IS ^^t^"- S LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Shelf-._iii..l . UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Siil¥BllV^ ^ims ^Qj^;^2^g> "21 Kwn^ sr>): --^sx^ li^^ol ^^^/^ TVIgante^^ *^^^^W:^ iO)^®)i:s>:i> >2)m)^3:)i -Mimm^^^^ ,=...-^. : i.«»fftVf£^ i. ms^ii^ . % "^LIPPINCOTT'S GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD. ' \ A COMPLETE PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER OB GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF TUB WORLD. CONTAINING NOTICES OF OVER ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FIVE THOUSAND PLACES. RECENT AND AUTHENTIC INFORMATION RESPECTING THE COUNTRIES, ISLANDS, RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, CITIES, TOWNS, Etc., IN EVERY PORTION OF THE GLOBE. NEW EDITION. THOROUGHLY REVISED, RE-WRITTEN, AND GREATLY ENLARGED. BY A NUMBER OF ABLE COLLABOEATOES. PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 18 8 0. i02 Copyright, 1880, by J. B. Lippincott & Co. A PREFACE. Since the publication of the first edition of Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazet- teer OF THE World, some twenty-five years ago, vast strides have been made in geographical knowledge, both by means of extensive explorations in the Old World and by the settlement and development of the New. During this period, va- rious improvements have been made in the successive editions of the Gazet- teer, with the addition of such supplementary matter as for the time being the completeness at which it aimed seemed to demand ; yet so great have been the recent changes in many parts of the world that it has been found necessarj', in the preparation of the present issue, to reconstruct the work entirely, in order to eliminate from its pages the names of many places which, after a temporary existence, have been abandoned, to include the vast number of places which have either entirelj' sprung up since the issue of former editions or have of late, by their growing importance, become entitled to a notice in the work, and to renew the descriptions of those older cities and towns whose enterprise and progress have outrun the accounts hitherto given of them. In the performance of this task the best and most recent foreign works of like character, both in the Eng- lish and in other tongues, have been freely laid under contribution ; reputable works of travel have been diligently consulted ; official documents have been largely relied upon ; and recourse has been had to what is believed to be the most extensive system of private corresj)ondence ever carried on in the execu- tion of a work of this character, tens of thousands of communications relating to the matter having passed between the editors and their correspondents, both at home and abroad. It is, perhaps, not too much to hope that with these facilities at command, coupled with some five years of diligent labor on the part of the editors in the preparation of the volume, a work has been produced that shall not be found unworthy of the patronage so liberally bestowed upon the earlier editions. Attention is invited to some of the leading characteristics of the work, which, it is believed, will demonstrate its superiority over any other work of its class now before the public : I. Orthography. — In regard to the correct spelling of the names of places in our own country and in those other portions of the globe in whose languages Roman letters or characters readily converted into corresponding Roman letters are used, the aim has been to follow the best recognized authority, or, in cases where authorities differ, to give all the various spellings with which the reader would be likely to meet, with references from the less desirable mode to the one under (5) 'f which the description appears. Thus, we give " Appalaga, or Aspalaga," a village of Florida, the corresponding reference being "Aspalaga, Florida. See Appalaga;" "Allapaha, or Alapaha," two modes of spelling the name of that river, with a reference in its alphabetical place from the latter spelling to the former; "Annandale, or Anandale," a village of ITew York; "Pecatonica, or Pekatonica," a village and river of Illinois; "Blnefields, or Blewfields," a town of Nicaragua; "Cassel, or Kassel," a city of Prussia; " Chicoana, or Chicuana," a town of the Argentine Hepublic, &c. ; with thousands of similar cases. In regard to the orthography of the names of places in countries whose alphabets bear no resemblance to the Roman alphabet, such as the Russian, Turkish, Arabic, Persian, &c., and whose geographical names are in consequence spelled differently by foreign writers of various nationalities (according to the characteristics of their several languages), the best method is believed to be for English writers to adopt a spelling that shall as nearly as possible represent the native ]3i'onunciation of the names. In the present work this system has been followed, giving as secondary spellings the forms adopted by writers foreign to us, each of whom is usually found to spell the names as they are pronounced in his own language. In pursuance of this plan we give as a leading spelling of the name of the capital of Fezzan, a country in Africa, " Moorzook," the French writers spelling it "Mourzouk" and the German "Murzuk," the orthog- raphy of each in the respective languages of the writers representing the same sound. The convenience of this system, and the importance of its general adop- tion, will be apparent when attention is called to the fact that in recent reputable English works several forms of spelling are given to the name in question, among which are Moorzouk, Mourzook, Murzouk, and Mourzuk, besides the regular French and German spellings, all of which forms seem to have been adopted with an utter disregard to any system. It must be manifest that a work of reference constructed with such a want of sj'stem would lose much of its prac- tical utility, as amid such a diversity of spellings as are given to Oriental names generally, the reader would often be at a loss to know under which spelling to look for the desired description of a place. No change, however, has been attempted in those spellings of Oriental names which universal usage appears to have established ; such, for instance, as Delhi, Khiva, &c. II. Pronunciation. — The importance of this feature, which is believed to have been first prominently brought to the attention of readers in the earliest edition of this work with anything like a successful attempt at a solution of the difficulties attending the undertaking, is so generally acknowledged that only a brief allusion need be made to it here. Manifestly, but one rule can be adopted as a guide to the pronunciation of the names of places in civilized coun- tries, viz., to pronounce them as nearly as possible according to the pronuncia- tion given by the educated people of their localities, except in the case of well- known names like Paris, Venice, Madrid, Munich, &c., the pronunciation of which among Englisli-speaking people has become so thoroughly Anglicized that PREFACE. for English speakers to give the native pronunciation would be sheer affectation; and in a few instances local pronunciations of a marked character have been noted, which, though perhaps hardly sanctioned by good usage, have become so generally adopted as to require recognition in this work. Such, for instance, are Corinth (locally pronounced ko-rinth'), a village of Vermont, and Chili (local pronunciation chi'li), a township of IsTew York. The pronunciation of the names of places in uncivilized countries must be mainly learned by comparing the spellings of the names by writers of different nationalities. Thus, in the case of the capital of Fezzan above named, if spelled by French writers Mourzouk and by German writers Murzuk, the pronunciation moor-zook' may be regarded as established. III. Ancient Names. — In a multitude of instances the ancient or classical names of places have been added whenever found to be supported by good au- thority; and even when, although given in other works of this class, investigation has proved them to be in a measure conjectural, the names" have fi'equently been retained, but followed by a mai'k of interrogation, the references classing them as supposed ancient names. Thus, under Adriatic will be found " (anc. A'dria and Ma're Adriai'icimi) ;" under Alicante, "(anc. Lucen' Uim) ;" imder Angers, "(anc. Jidiom'agiis);" under Antioch, " (anc. Antiochi'a);" under Astrabad, " (anc. Hyrca'- nia);" under Athens, "(anc. Aihe'nce);" under Azof, "(anc. Pa'lus Mmo'tis);" under Baltic, "(anc. Si'nus Goda'nus);" under Belgrade, "(anc. Singidu'num) ;" under Beloochistan, "(anc. Gedro'sia)," &c., with references generally from the ancient names in their alphabetical places to the modern names under which they occur. Much time and labor have been spent upon this feature of the work, which it is believed will be found of special value to readers of ancient history. IV. Other features of the work which are believed to be of sufficient impor- tance to warrant mention in this place are (1) the adjectives and appellations of the inhabitants, derived from the names of countries, cities, &c., and given at the close of the articles on those places; and (2) the signification of many of the geographical names, whenever such signification would convey to the mind of the reader some interesting geographical fact. Thus, under Albania is given "Adj. and inhab. Albanian, al-b4'ne-an, or Arnaoot, aR'na-oot^ ;" under Alexan- dria, "Adj. and inhab. Alexandrian, al-ex-an'dre-an, Arab. Skanderanee, sk&n-der- a'nee;" under Bohemia, "Adj. and inhab. Bohemian," &c. ; while as the signi- fication of Australia is given "southern region;" of Bombay, "good harbor;" of Bras d'Or, "arm of gold;" of Buenos Ayres, "good air," &c. It only remains for the collaborators to express their grateful acknowledgments to the multitude of their correspondents who have so cordially co-operated with them in the preparation of the work. Philadelphia, March 25, 1880. EXPLANATIONS. SIGNS RELATING TO ORTHOEPY. 5 or i sounds like « in fate. S, sounds like a in /ar, k sounds like a in fall. i or a sounds like a in faU % represents the prolonged sound of §-. a represents the obscure sound of a, as in organ, ai or ay is equivalent to a in fate. au and aw have the sound of a in fall. e, e, or ee sounds like e in mete. § or e sounds like e in met. e represents the obscure sound of e, as in Aer, ravel. i or i represents the long sound of ij as in pine. i or i represents the short sound of ij as in jpin. i represents the obscure sound of i, as in firm. 6 or o sounds like o in note, 6 or 6 sounds like o in not. o sounds like the French cu, or nearly like a prolonged sound of the e in her. 00 or oo sounds like oo in pool. o5 sounds like oo in wool. ou or 6w is sounded as in now and our. u sounds like u in pui-e. u sounds like u in rut. V (small capital) indicates the sound of the French eif, being pronounced nearly like e in her. th represents the sound of th in thin. TH represents the sound of th in this. D (small capital) indicates a sound similar to ^7* in this. G and K (small capitals) indicate the sound of the Ger- man ckj as in the Scottish word lock. gh represents the sound of g hard before e and i. H (small capital) indicates a strongly aspirated h. I [l liquid) is to be pronounced like Hi in million^ blend- ing the sounds of I and y consonant. ii in like manner blends the sounds of n and y conso- nant. M and N (small capitals) and n° are nasal, being similar in sound to ng. R (small capital) has the sound of rr in terror. ^ indicates a sound similar to our v. ABBREVIATIONS. E east or eastern. N north or northern. S south or southern. "W west or western. adj adjective. anc anciently. Arab Arabic. CO. or cos county or counties. Dan Danish. Flem Flemish. Fr French. Ger German. Gr Greek. Hun Hungarian. inhab inhabitant. It Italian. L Latin. lat latitude. Jon longitude. P. or Pop Population, Port Portuguese. pron pronunciation. Russ Russian. Sp Spanish. Sw Swedish. Turk. Turkish. To avoid a repetition of the same name, an ellipsis like the following is frequently employed, " Santomera, a village of Spain, province and 8 miles N.E. of Murcia," meaning, *Mn the province of Murcia, and 8 miles N.E. of the city of Murcia." ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. Ala Alabama. Alaska Alaska. Ariz Arizona. Ark Arkansas. Cal California. Col Colorado. Conn Connecticut. Dak Dakota. Del Delaware. D.C District of Columbia. Fla Florida. Ga Ge Idaho Idaho. Ill Illinois. Ind Indiana. Ind. Ter. Indian Territory. Iowa Iowa. Kan Kansas. Ky. Kentucky. La Louisiana. Me Maine. Md Maryland. Mass Massachusetts. Mich Michigan. Minn Minnesota. In cases where words have more than one accented syllable, the or primary, thus ' ; as in Tangipahoa, tan^je-pa-ho'. Every lette pronunciation of names is to be pronounced with its proper Englih added pronunciations by j, and g has the sound of g in getj give, gn like ch in chill, child, choice. Miss Mississippi. Mo Missouri. Mont Montana. Neb Nebraska. Nev Nevada. N.H New Hampshire. N.J New Jersey. N. Mex New Mexico. N.Y New York. N.C North Carolina. Ohio. Oreg Oregon. Pa Pennsylvania. R.I Rhode Island. S.C South Carolina. Tenn Tennessee. Tex Texas. Utah Utah. Vt Vermont. Va Virginia. Wash Washington Terri W.Va West Virginia. Wis Wisconsin. Wyo Wyoming. tory. secondary accent is marked thus \ and the principal, r or combination of letters occurring in the syllabled ih sound. The soft sound of g is always indicated in ess, &o. ; ch in pronunciations is always to be sounded (8) PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER WORLD. A. AA AAR Aa^ iS., a contraction of the old German ATika, and the same with Aacli or ^cA, signifies "^ flowing water." It prob- ably has the same root with the Latin Aqua. (See Aix-la- Chapelle.) Aa, ^i or \, the name of a multitude of little streams in Germany, Netherlands, France, (tc, the principal of which are the following : Aa, an affluent of the Ems, which it joins at Miinster. Aa, or Treider-Aa, tri'der-S,, a river of European Russia, in Livonia, flowing W. into the Gulf of Riga. Aa, a river of Prance, department of Nord, flowing into the North Sea near Gravelines. Aa, a river of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, forms the lakes Baldegg and Hallwyl, and joins the Aar near Aarau. Aa, or Sarner-Aa, saR'ner-a, a river of Switzerland, canton of Unterwalden, traverses Lakes Lungern and Sarnen, and enters the Lake of the Four Cantons near Alpnach, Aa, a river of the Netherlands, in Brabant, passes Hel- mond, and joins the Dommel at Bois-le-Duc. Aa, or Grande-Aa, gr6Nd-|', a river of Belgium, in the province of Antwerp, is a tributary of the Little Nethe. Aa, or Straet-van- Aa, strS-t-van-iV, a hamlet of Bel- gium, 5 miles S.W. of Brussels. It gives name to a promi- nent family, often mentioned in the history of Flanders. Aabenraa, the Danish for Apenrade. Aach, ?iK, a town of Baden, 15 miles N.E. of Schaff- hausen, on the river of the same name, which falls into Lake Constance. Pop. 914. Aachen, ^'^en, a government of Rhenish Prussia, bordering on the Netherlands and Belgium. Area, 1604 square miles. It is traversed by the Ruhr, is generally fer- tile, produces much coal and lead, and has large and varied manufactures. Chief towns, Aix-la-Chapelle, Biiren, Eupen, and Eschweiler. Pop. (1S75) 502,544. Aachen, a city of Germany. See Aix-la-Chapelle. Aadorf, a'donf, a town of Switerland, canton of Thur- gau, on a railway, 3 miles from Frauenfeld. Pop. 2121. Aaf j ord , aw-fe-oRd', a fiord, or bay, and town of Norway, stift of Trondhjem, is the seat of fisheries and of a large coastwise trade. Pop. 1800. Aagard, aw'gand, a village of Denmark, in North Jut- land. 25 miles AV.N.W. of Aalborg, celebrated for the battle of St. Jiii-gens Berg, a.d. 1441. Aakirkeby, aw-keeR'keh-bii\ a town of Denmark, island of Bornholm, near the S. coast, with a church of black marble, quarried in its vicinity. Pop. 745. Aal, awl, a town of Norway, on the Ustedal, 120 miles N.W. of Bergen. Pop. 4500. Aalhorg, awl'boRG, i.e. ''Ee! Castle" (L. Athnr'gum), a city and seaport of Denmark, in Jutland, on the S. shore of the Lymfiord, near its mouth in the Cattegat. Lat. 57° 2' 46" N.J Ion. 9° 55' 38" E. It is a bishop's see; has a nautical school, a royal castle, a large herring-fishery, and manufactures of gloves, soap, pistols, &c. It exports butter, fish, and grain, and is famous for its horses. Pop. 11,721. The stift of Aalborg, one of the four ecclesiastical divisions of Jutland, has a pop. of 160,000. Area of the amt of Aal- borg, a political division, 1133 square miles; pop. 87,089. Aalbuch, ^I'booK, a group of mountains of Germany, in the N.E. part of the Alb or Swabian Alps, in Wiirtem- berg. It has no lofty summits, is largely covered with beech forests, and has two historic peaks, — the Hohen- staufen and the Hohenrechberg, each with its ruined castle, — the former once the seat of an imperial family, and the latter the home of the princes of Hohenrechberg. Aalen, sVl^n, a town and railway junction of Wiirtem- berg, on the Kocher, 40 miles E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 5552. Aalesund, aw'leh-soond ("Eel Sound"), a seaport town of Norway. Lat. 62° 24' N. ; Ion. 6° 6' E. Pop. 3658. Aalsmeer, ^Is'maiR, a village of the Netherlands, in North Holland, 8" miles S.W. of Amsterdam. Pop, 3158. Aalst, S,lst, a village of the Netherlands, in North Bra- bant, 3 miles by rail S. of Eindhoven. Pop. 616, Aalst, a town of Belgium. See Alost. Aalten, 3,1'ten, a village of the Netherlands, province of Gelderland, on the Aa, 29 miles E. of Arnhem. Pop. 6084. Aaniodt, or Aamadt, aw'mott, a town of Norway, on the Glommen, 86 miles N.N.E. of Christiania. Pop. 3000. Aar, a river of Prussia, See Ahr. Aar, S,R (anc. Ohrin'ga), a river of Switzerland, rises in the Grimsel and Schreckhorn, canton of Bern, forms the re- markable fall of Handeck, traverses the lakes of Brienz and Thun, passes Thun, Bern, Soleure, and Aarau, and falls into the Rhine opposite Waldshut. It is navigable from the Rhine to Thun. — Aar is the name of several German rivers. Aarafat, a mountain of Arabia. See Arafat. Aarau, or Aran, 5,'row, a town of Switzerland, capital of the canton of Aargau, on the Aar, 41 miles N.E. of Bern. Pop. 5449. The tunnel of the Basel & Zurich Railway passes under the town. Aarau has an academy and library, manufactories of ribbons, cotton cloth^ mathematical instru- ments, leather, and vitriol, and a cannon-foundry. Aarberg, aR'b^RG, a town of Switzerland, on an island in the Aar, ]2i miles N.W. of Bern. Pop. 1226. Aarburg, or Arburg, In'booRG, a town of Switzer- land, on the Aar, 6 miles by rail S.W. of Aarau. Pop. 1879. Aardenburg, SR'den-b6ouG\ a town of the Nether- lands, province of Zeeland, 4 miles S.E. of Sluis. Pop. 1685. Aared, Arid, Ared, i'red, or Aroudh, 3-'rood, some- times designates a mountain -group or highland of Nedjed, in Arabia, near the Persian Gulf; but more frequently it is used to designate a province in Nedjed, containing Riad, the capital of that country. It has much fertile soil. Pop. over 100,000. Aargau, ^R'gow (Fr. Argovie, aR^goVee' ; L. Argo'via), a canton of Switzerland, bounded by the cantons of Zurich, Zug, Lucerne, Bern, Soleure, and Basel, and by the Rhine, which separates it from Baden. Area, 503 square miles. Pop. 201,567, more than one-half being Protestants. Surface undulating, and traversed by the Aar, Reuss, and Limmat. Soil well cultivated. Vineyards extensive. Principal man- ufactures, cottons, silks, and linens; these, with straw hats, cattle, cheese, and corn, form the chief exi^orts. The name, which is German, signifies the "country or district of the Aar." Capital, Aarau. Aarhuus, oR'hooce, a seaport and bishop's see of Den- mark, in Jutland, on the Cattegat, at the mouth of the Molle-Aue, 37 miles S.E. of Yiborg. Lat. 56° P' 27" N.; Ion. 10° 12' 46" E. Pop. 15,025. It has a cathedral, a lyceum, museum, and library, various raaniifactures, and a regular steam communication with Copenhagen. Aarlanderveen, aR'l^n-d9r-v^«''*atown of the Neth- 9 / AAR 10 erlands, in the province of South Hollandj 17 miles S.S.E, of Haarlem. Pop. 2S28. Aarle-Rixtel, ^R'leh-rix'tel, a village of the Nether- lands, North Brabantj 3 miles S. of Helmond. Pop. 1540. Aarmuhle, aR'moo-leh, a village and railway station of Switzerland, canton of Bernj adjoining Interlaehen. Pop., with Interlaehen, 1896. Aaroe, aw'ro^eh. a small island of Prussia, Sleswick, in the Little Belt, 10 miles E. of Iladersleben. Opposite the island, on the E. coast of Sleswick, is the village of Aaroe- sund, aw'rb^e-soond'. Aarou, a peninsula of France. See Saint-Malo. Aaron, il'ron, a post-hamlet of Switzerland co., Ind., in Pleasant township, 43 miles W.S.W. of Cincinnati, 0. It has a church. Aaron Lake, a large lake in Millerville township, Douglas CO., Minn. It has no outlet, Aaronsburg, a'ronz-biirg, a post-village in Haines township, Centre co.. Pa., about 20 miles E. of Bellefonte. It has 3 churches, a tannery, carriage-shop, and chair-fac- tory. Pop. about 450. Aaron's Run, a post-office of Montgomery co,, Ky. Aarschot, a town of Belgium. See Aerschot. Aarum, a village of the Netherlands. See Arum. Aas, as, a village of France, Basses-Pyrenees, IS miles S.E. of Oloron, It has mines of iron and lead. Pop. 404, Aasgaardstrad, ^s'g^Rd-str5,d^ a village of Norway, on the W. side of the Gulf "of Christiania. Pop. 460. Aast, ast, a village of France^ Basses-Pyrenees, 6 miles S.W. of Montaner. It has a mineral spring. Pop. 209. Aastad, ah'stad, a township of Otter Tail co., Minn. Pop. 118. Aasy, El, a river of Syria. See Orontes. Aath, a town of Belgium. See Ath. Aba, oh^boh', a town of Hungary, 11 miles S. of Stuhl- weissenburg. It has mineral springs. Pop. 2997. Ababde, S,-ba,b'deh, Shek-Abade, shik-i-bi'deh, or Sheik Abadeh, sh^'ik i-b3,'deh, a village of Middle Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, 8 miles S. of Beni Hassan. Lat. 27° 43' N. ; Ion. 30° 57' E. Near it are the ruins of the ancient Antinoe, or Antinoopolis, a city built by the Emperor Hadrian, and named from his favorite Anti- nous, who was drowned in the Nile. These remains, which are entirely Roman, are supposed to occupy the site of a still more ancient city, named Besa, famed for its oracles, and mentioned by Abulfeda under the name of Ansina, or Anshiek, by which the place is still sometimes designated. Little of it now remains except its theatre, the substructure of various buildings, and the hippodrome without the walls. Abacaxis, a-b^-ka-shees', a river of Brazil, passes through Lake Guaribas, and falls into the Furo or Mauhe, an aflluent of the Amazon. Lat. 4° S. ; Ion. 5S° 30' W. Abaco, a.'bd,-ko, or Lucaya, loo-ki'y^, one of the Bahama Islands, SO miles in length by about 20 in breadth. A natural perforation of tlie rock at its S.E. point forms a landmark well known to seamen as the Hole in the Wall. Lat. of light-house, 25° 51' 30" N. ; Ion, 77° 10' 45" W.; elevation, 160 feet. Pop. 2362, Little Abaco, 28 miles long, lies immediately W. of the N. extremity of the above, which is called, for distinction, " Great Abaco." Abad, ob'^od', a village of Hungary, county of Middle Szolnok, on the Theiss. Pop., with Tisza-Szalok, 3S90. Abadeh, S,-ba'deh, a town of Persia, 110 miles N. of Sheeraz, famed for its gardens of delicious fruit. Pop. 5400. Abai, or Abay, K~hV, a town and harbor on the N.W. coast of Borneo, about lat. 6° 21' N. Abai, or Abay. See Bahr-el-Azrek. Abaite, S,-bi'ti., a river of Brazil, flows N.E. into the Sao Francisco. Length, 135 miles. Abakausk, i-ba-kansk', a fortified town of Siberia, government of Yeniseisk, on the Abakan, near its junction with the Yenisei. Lat. 54° N.; Ion. 91° 30' E. It is re- markable for the ancient tombs in its vicinity, which contain carved work of an extraordinary character. Pop. 1000. Abalak, a-ba-ia,k', a town of Siberia, S.E. of Tobolsk, on the Irtish; a celebrated place of pilgrimage. Pop. 550. Aballaba, ancient town of England. See Appleby, Aballo, the ancient name of Avallon, Abana, a river of Syria. See Barrada. Abitncay, i-Bin-ki', a town of Peru, capital of the de- partment of Apurimac, and of the province of its own name, on the Abanoay, 65 miles W.S.W. of Cuzco. Much sugar is raised in the vicinity. Pop. estimated at 5000. Abanilla, ^-hi-neel'yi, a fortified town of Spain, IS miles N.E. of Mur^ft. Pop. a?aout 4000. Abano, &-ba.'no, atown of Italy, 5 miles S.W. of Padua. ABB Pop. 3439, It is famous for its sulphureous waters and mud baths, much resorted to in cutaneous diseases. Abasia, a-bash'e-£L, or Abad'za, a circle in the Rus- sian government of Kooban, in the Caucasus, on the E. coast of the Black Sea, and S. of Abkasia. It is divided by a mountain-range into two parts, — Great (or Southern) and Little Abasia. Pop. 42,000. See Abkasia. Abatagoush, ab-a-ta-goosh', a large bay on Lake Mistassini, North-West Territories, Canada, 333 miles N. of Montreal. On it is a Hudson Bay Company's post. Abatamagomaw, ab-at-a-ma-go'maw, a lake of the North-West Territories, Canada, 272 miles N. of Montreal, and 10 miles N.W. of Lake Nikoubau. It is about 12 miles long and 9 miles wide, and is crowded with low rocky islands. Copper and iron ores are found on the margin, and lime- stone and building-stones are abundant. Lake Abatama- gomaw has its outlet in the S.W. part by one of the branches of the Notaway River. Abatis Villa, a town of France. See Abbeville. Abatsho, Abatscho, abat'sho, or Abitsche, i-bit'sheh, a large town of Africa, on the left bank of the navigable river Benuwe. Lat. 7° 50' N. ; Ion. 8° 50' E. Abatzkaya, 4-b^ts-kS.'y^. a town of Siberia, on the Ishim, 125 miles S.E. of Tobolsk. Pop. 2000. Aba Uj Var, oVboh' oo^e v^r', a county or district of Hungary. Area, 1117 square miles. Pop, 166,666. Abay, a town of Borneo. See Abai. Abb, ibb, a fortified town of Arabia, in Yemen, 80 miles E. of Mocha. Pop. about 4000. Abbadia, sib-ba-dee'S,, a town of Italy, province of Turin, 2 miles W. of Pinerolo. Pop. 1620. Abbadia, S,b-bS,-dee'a, a town and port of Brazil, on the Areguitiba, near the Atlantic, 25 miles S.W. of Sergipe. Abbadia San Salvadore, ^b-ba-dee'S, s^n s3il-v5,- do'ri, a town of Italy, 17 miles S.W. of Chiusi. Pop. 3685. Near it is the ** Abbey of San Salvadore." Abba- Jaret, or Abba- Jared. See Abba-Yared. Abbasabad, &b-bil-si-bM', a fortified town of Asiatic Russia, on the Aras (Araxes), 8 miles S. of Nakhchivan. Abbasanta, ^b-bS,-sin'ta„ or Aqua Santa, ^k'w^ sin'tS,, a town of Sardinia, province of Cagliarj. Pop. 1399. Abba-Yared, Abba-Yaret, or Abba-Jaret, ab'- bd ya'rSt, a mountain of Abyssinia. Elevation, 14,918 feet. Abbaye, a village of Switzerland. See L'Abbave. Abbaye (ab'ba^) Point, upper peninsulaof Michigan, is between Huron and Keweenaw Bays, on Lake Superior, Abbenrode, S,b'ben-roMeh, a town of Prussia, 18 miles W.N.W. of Halberstadt. It has paper-mills and iron-works. Abbeokoota, Abbeokuta, ab-be-o-koo'tS., or Ab- belkUta, ab-be-koo'td, a large town of Western Africa, cap- ital of the province of Egba, kingdom of Yarriba or Yoruba, 60 miles N.E. of Badagry, in the Bight of Benin, It is built on granite hills of moderate elevation. Its streets are nar- row and irregular. Its population was composed of the in- habitants of a number of towns and villages destroj'ed during a war that took place in 1817; and since that period Ab- beokoota has become the important place it now is, being about 2 miles long, and nearly as broad, with a pop. of about 100,000. Abbeville, ibVveel' (L. Abatis Villa), a fortified town of France, department of Somme, on the Somme, 12 miles from the English Channel, 25 miles N.W. of Amiens, on the Railway du Nord and the Canal de la Somme. Pop. 18,208. It is well built, with houses mostly of brick, some fine public edifices, especially the cathedral, a large cloth-factory founded in 1669, and manufactories of velvet, bonnets, carpets, and cordage. It has a great trade in grain, oil-seeds, wines, *fec. Vessels of 150 tons come up the Somme to Abbeville. Ab'beville, a county in theAV.N.W. part of South Caro- lina, has an area of about 950 square miles, of which about one-fourth is woodland. It is bounded on the S.W, by the Savannah River, which separates it from Georgia, and on the N.E.'by the Saluda, and is also drained by Little River. The surface is undulating; the soil is mostly fertile. Cot- ton, maize, and wheat are the staple products. The county is intersected by the Greris Station. ^tolia, e-to'le-a, a district of Greece, on the continent, between lat. 38° 17' and 3S° 50' N., and Ion. 21° 10' and 22° 5' E., forming with Acarnania one of the governments of the kingdom. It is mostly mountainous, but along the Corinthian gulf barley, rye, and olives are raised. Chief river, the Phidaris. Capital of the government, Missolonghi. Adj. and inhab. iEroLiAN, e-to'le-an. iEtoI'ikon, or Anatol'iko, a town of Greece, 6 miles N.W. of Missolonghi, on an island in a lagoon. Pop. 2964. Afar, d^far', or Danakil, d^-nd.'kcel, a nomadic people of Eastern Africa, inhabitating the regions known as Dan- kali, Adal, and Add. They are of many tribes, and are a finely-formed, warlike race, with crisped hair and nearly black complexion. They are Mohammedans. Affoltern, if-fol'tern, a village of Switzerland, canton of Bern, S miles N.W. of Bern. Pop. 1061. Gross-Affoltern, in the same canton, has 1594 pop. Atfoltern, a village of Switzerland, canton of Zurich, 4 miles N.N.W. of Zurich. Pop. 2020. Afghanistan, af-ginHs-tan' ("Afghan-land" or "Af- ghan-country"), an inland country of Asia, lying between lat. 28° 50' and 36° 30' N., and Ion. 62° and 72° 30' E., having E. the Punjab, S. Bhawlpoor, Sinde, and Beloochistan, W. the Persian dominions, and N. Toorkistan, of which it in- cludes a part. Area estimated at 225,000 square miles, and the population at about 5,000,000. From the table-land in the N., varying from 15,000 to 16,000 feet in height (the highest part being the Hindoo-Koosh, 20,493 feet), many mountain-ranges proceed to the S., E., and W. Although by far the greater portion of Afghanistan is a land of deserts and mountains, of inhospitable character, there are many fertile valleys, well watered, covered with clover, thyme, violets, and odoriferous plants, and remarkable for their picturesque beauty. In these spots grain is grown in abundance, and fruits of all kinds abound, including oranges, grapes, pome- granates, apricots, apples, quinces, peaches, pears, plums, almonds, and walnuts. The most extensive of these valleys or plains are those of Cabool and Peshawer ; but there is also an exceedingly rich level tract in the vicinity of Herat. A great part of Seistan, in the S.W. part, is a mere desert, as is likewise a large portion of the adjacent country, extending over a space of about 300 miles in length by 100 in breadth. The climate is various, the cold being often severe in the higher regions, and the heat Intense in the lower. The sum- mits of the mountains are often covered with snow, T-vhilc the summer heat of the plains is almost intolerable. Sebee, in lat. 29° 20' N. and Ion. 67° 58' E., is regarded as the hot- test place in the territory. It is also extremely hot, in the summer, at Candahar, the thermometer being frequently above 110° in the shade; while in winter the inhabitants suflcr from cold, fuel being extremely scarce. At Cabool the snow lies for several months together, during which the people remain in their houses and sleep close to the stoves, the thermometer falling to 5° or 6° below zero. The prevailing winds are from the west, and are in general cold; the easterly winds are hot. The climate, on the whole, however, is favorable to the human constitution, and in some parts highly salubrious : diseases are few ; the principal are fevers, agues, smallpox, and ophthalmia. Afghanistan is a sort of feudal monarchy, the crown being hereditary. It is now divided into four principal parts ; 1, Caboolistan, or Afghanistan proper, in the N.E., governed by an ameer or khan, subsidized by the British, and recognized by them as sovereign of Afghanistan; 2, Eastern Khorassan, or the kingdom of Herat, which is under an Afghan prince; 3, Khoondooz and Balkh, with Khooloom and the Four Do- mains, on the N., long regarded as a part of Toorkistan, but now subject to the Afghan power; 4, the Helmund basin, of which the E. part is called Candahar, and the W. Seis- tan ; but a part of Seistan is not under the Afghan sway. The chief rivers are the Cabool, Helmund, Gomul, Lora, (tc, but none is of great size. The morass Hamoon, in the S.W., scarcely belongs to Afghanistan : the only lake of consequence is that of Abistada. The vegetation in the lowlands is like that of India ; rice, cotton, the sugar-cane, millet, maize, and turmeric are raised. In the uplands,, the timber-trees, herbs, and fruits of Europe grow, and wheat, barley, beans, turnips, mustard, and grasses are cultivated. Cabool excels in the variety and excellence of its fruits. To- bacco is extensively produced. Gold, silver, mercury, iron, lead, copper, antimony, coal, sulphur, and naphtha are met with. Arts and husbandry are in a very low condition ; carpets are made at Herat, but other manufactures are few, mostly confined to cotton, woollen, felt, and silk stuffs for home use, with saddlery, harness, and cattle-trappings. Sheep and goats are abundant, producing a fine wool, used in the manufacture of shawls. Imports, coarse cottons, indigo, muslins, silks, and brocade, ivory, wax, sandal-wood, sugar, and spices, from India ; horses, gold and silver, and cloth, from Toorkistan ; silks, cotton, and embroidery, from Persia ; slaves, from Arabia and Abyssinia; silks, tea, porcelain, dyes, and precious metals, overland from China ; and dates and coeoanuts, from Beloochistan. The exports consist of madder, assafoetida, tobacco, fruits, and horses, with furs, AEI 24 shawls, and wool, to India; shawls, turbans, indigo, and other Indian produce, to Toorkistan ; and the same articles, with Herat carpets, to Persia. The transit trade is con- siderable, and wholly conducted by means of camels and horses, the employment of wheeled vehicles being impracti- cable. The population comprises Beloochees, Oozbecks, Hu- sarehs, Eimauks, Persians, and Hindoos j but the great mass are of the Afghan race, and Mohammedans of the Soonite sect. They are classed as Indo-Europeans, and speak the Puchtoo language, which is so harsh that Mohammed called it " the language of hell.'* There are numerous other lan- guages spoken. Perhaps no people in the world are more turbulent or more impatient of restraint than those of Af- ghanistan. Chief cities, Cabool, Candahar, Herat, Peshawer, Jelalabad, and Ghuznee. Adj. and inhab. Afghan, af-gS,n' or af-ghaun'. Atloom, Afiouni, Afium, ^-fe-oom', or Afium- Karahissar, ka^r^'his-saR' ("Black Castle of Opium"), a city of Asia Minor, 50 miles S.S.E. of Kutaieh. Pop. about 20,000. It is pretty well built; has a citadel crown- ing a lofty rock, numerous mosques, chapels, baths, khans, manufactures of felts, carpets, arms, saddlery, stirrups, and a large trade in opium, grown near it, whence its name. Afioom is the seat of an Armenian bishop. Aflaj, d'fl^j', asraall hilly "VVahabee district of ISTedjed, in Arabia, S.W. of Aared. Pop. 16,000. Chief town, Kharfah. Aflenz, 5,f l^nts, a village of Styria (Austria), has mar- ble-quarries. Pop. 2645. Afognak, i-fog-ndk', an inhabited island ofif the coast of Alaska, N. of Kadiak, and separated from the mainland by Shelikoff Strait. Afragola, d-frS,-go'lS-, a town of Italy, province and 6 miles N.N.E. of Naples. Pop. of commune, 17,899. It has extensive manufactures of straw bonnets. Africa, af're-ka (Gr. Lih'ya ; Fr. Afriqve, d^freek'; Ger. Afrika, i'fre-k'^; It., Sp., and Port., Africa, a'fre-k^), a continent and vast peninsula connected with Asia by the Isthmus of Suez. It is bounded on the N. by the Mediter- ranean, on the E. by the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, on the S. by the Southern Ocean, on the "W. and S.W. by the Atlantic Ocean. It lies between lat. 37° 20' N. and 35° S., and between 51° 22' E. Ion. and 17° 33' W., being about 5000 miles in length from Cape Blanco to Cape Agulhas, which, is the most southern point. Its greatest breadth is nearly 4800 miles, from Cape Guardafui, or Ras JerdaEfoon, which is the most eastern point, to Cape Verd, which is the western extremity. The area is estimated at 11,500,000 square miles. The coast-line, which measures about 16,000 miles, is less indented than those of the other continents, and presents few good harbors and no great gulfs or iulets except the Gulf of Guinea, which is only a gradual bend or trending of the shore. The civilization of Africa has been retarded by this compact configuration, which offers no facilities for penetrating into the interior by navigable waters. Africa is nearly all in the torrid zone, and is the warmest of all the continents. The most impor- tant capes have been mentioned above, except the Cape of Good Hope, which is near the southern extremity. Face of the Country, — Among the remarkable physical features of Africa is the desert of Sahara, the largest in the world, extending from Nubia, or the Nile, to the Atlantic Ocean. It is about 3000 miles long, several hundred miles wide, and has an area of about 2,000,000 square miles. The Sahara is not, however, a monotonous plain or an immense expanse of sand. Its uniformity is broken by high table- lands, rocky bills, wadys or ravines, and fertile oases. The rocks found near the surface are mostly granite and sand- stone. The barrenness of the soil is caused by the absence of rain. (SeeSAHAUA.) The principal oases of this desert are those of Ashen, Fezzan, and Seewah. Between the Sa- hara and the northwest coast are the fertile and well-watered countries of Algeria and Morocco, In central Africa, be- tween the Sahara and the equator, is a vast table-land, rising by successive terraces from the coast to the interior. The general elevation of this table-land is estimated at about 4000 feet above the sea, but its surface presents great inequalities, from the depressions which are occupied by the great lakes, to the high mountains which rise above its level. A Inrge part of equatorial Africa is a blank on the map, having not yet been explored. This unexplored region is probably the most elevated part of the continent, for here are the sources of the Nile and other great rivers. The principal liiciiji- .>!■ \ -irms of mountains are the Atlas, in thenortliui i: iln \ i., ;,^inian Mountains; the Mountains of Kong, Im I ,,. !i '.ii!Mr;i and the basin of the Joliba; a range call^il Liq.iita, uhicli is the east escarpment of the plateau of South Africa; a system of equatorial mountains AFR culminating in Mounts Kilima-Njaro and Kenia, covered with perpetual snow, — these are sometimes called Mountains of the Moon ; the Cameroons Mountains, near the Gulf of Guinea; the Sierra Maxengo, which extends northward from the 16th parallel of south latitude, and is supposed to rise 17,000 feet above the sea. The highest mountain that has been discovered on this continent is Kilima-Njaro (lat. 3° 40' S., Ion. 37° 15' E.), the height of which is estimated at 18,715 feet (some say 20,000) above the level of the sea. Mount Kenia, which is about lat. 1° S., is computed to be 18,000 feet high. Mount Abba-Yared, a peak of the Abys- sinian Mountains, is estimated at 15,000 feet. The highest peak of the Atlas group is Mount Miltseen (or Miltsin), 11,400 feet. Among the remarkable volcanoes are the Cameroons IMountains, on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, the highest peak of which is 13,700 feet above the sea-level. Africa appears to be less disturbed by volcanic action and earthquakes than the other continents. Rivera and Lakes. — Compared with America and Asia, this continent is deficient in great navigable rivers. The capabilities of the African rivers as avenues of approach to the interior are comparatively small, most of them being either obstructed by sand-bars at the mouths or by rapids and cataracts at no great distance from the coast. There are two large areas of continental drainage from which no water flows directly to the ocean. The principal rivers are the Nile, the Joliba, Quorra, or Niger, the Senegal, the Congo or Zaire, the Zambezi or Quilimane, the Juba, the Limpopo, the Orange or Gareep, the Atbara, the Blue Nile (Bahr-el-Azrek), the Gambia, the Rio Grande, and the Shari. In Northern Africa there is an area of about 4,000,000 square miles, extending from the Nile valley to the Atlantic, from which not a single river finds its way to the ocean. The Nile (Bahr-el-Abiad) rises near the equa- tor among high mountains, issues from a large lake called Albert Nyanza, flows northward through Sennaar, Nubia, and Egypt, and enters the Mediterranean after a course of about 3500 miles. The Nile is the oldest of historical rivers, and yet its origin remained a mystery or secret almost to the present day. (See Nile.) " Among African rivers," says Sir John Herschel, "the Nile is the only conspicuous one, and is in many respects the most remarkable river in the Avorld, — as the seat of the earliest civilization, as a per- petual witness to the stability of those great natural arrange- ments by which the wants of one region are supplied by the superfluities of another, and as a geological chronometer by which some insight may be obtained into the duration of the existing order of things antecedent to history." (Physical Geography.) The greatest rivers of Western Africa are the Joliba (Niger), which enters the Gulf of Guinea through the Bight of Benin, and the Congo, which enters the South Atlantic Ocean. Among the large lakes of Africa are the Chad or Tsad, which is in Borneo or Soodan, under lat. 14° N., and is about 200 miles long; Albert Ny- anza, under the equator, about 150 miles long; Victoria Nyanza, one of the sources of the Nile, and intersected by the equator; Lake Nyassa, in theS.E. part, between lat. 11° and 14° S., about 250 miles long ; Lake Tanganyika, which is nearly 100 miles S. of Lake Albert Nyanza, and has an area of about 10,000 square miles; Lake Bembea, in Abys- sinia; and Lake N'gami, which is near 20° S. lat. and 23° E, Ion. For fuller descriptions of rivers and lakes, see sep- arate articles. Climate. — Africa lies mostly in the torrid zone, and is the hottest of all the continents ; but the greatest heat is not found under the equator, for hero the heat is tempered by the great elevation of the surface, by the shade of dense forests, and by copious rains, which fall almost incessantly during six or more months of the year. The highest tem- perature is found in the arid desert of Sahara, and in Nubia, where the Arabs say " the soil is like fire and the wind like a flame.*' Whirlwinds extremely hot and dry, carrying snnd up into the atmosphere, often occur in these deserts. Northern Africa is exposed to hot winds which blow from the Sahara, and are called Sirocco in Morocco, Khamsin in Egypt, and Harmattan in other parts. The western coasts of Africa be- tween the tropics are very unhealthy. The swamps, marshes, and alluvions of the rivers give its climate a fatal distinc- tion for pestilential malaria. About one-third of the Euro- peans who have endeavored to ascend the Senegal River have perished in the attempt. Many travellers have lost their lives in expeditions to discover the source of the Niger. The year in Africa (except the Sahara) is divided into two seasons, the wet, whioh is the coldest season, and the dry, which is the period of greatest heat. Some regions, how- ever, have two wet seasons in a year. The winds and rains depend on the movement of the laud boneatb the sun, or AFR 25 the relative position of the sun, which generally causes rain in tropical regions when it comes to the zenith. In Abys- sinia, Bornoo, and Soodan the rainy season is between April and the 1st of October. Near the mouth of the Zam- bezi, and in other parts of Southern Africa, the rainy sea- son commences in October or November and continues till March. The Gruinea Coast has its greater rainy season from March to June, and its lesser rains occur in October and November. The average temperatures of the extreme months of the year at various points in Africa are given in the following table : APR Jan. July. Jan. July. o6.S 02 75.6 82 86 86 94.3 83.8 77.5 80.2 Gonaokoro (5° N.)... Ankober, Abyssinia. 89.3 62 83.3 74.3 79.7 Sierra Leone Mouth of Niger. Cape Town (3i° S.).. Elmina, Gold Coast.. 67.6 76.7 Minerals. — Gold, copper, iron, diamonds, salt, limestone, granite, sandstone, trachyte, trap, gneiss, and other meta- morphic rocks are found in various places. Gold is, pei-- haps, the metal most widely distributed. The gold-fields of the Transvaal territory and of the country which ex- tends thence to the Zambezi are numerous, but no yield has as yet been discovered of sufheient quantities to over- come the difficulties of working and of transport to the distant seaports. The diamond-fields in the districts of the Vaal and Orange Rivers are steadily worked, and give good returns. Vegetable Productions, — In the extreme north, groves of oranges and olives, plains covered with barley, maize, and wheat, forests of evergreen oaks, pines, and cork-trees, in- termixed with the fig-tree, cypress, arbutus, sandarach ( Cal- litris), and myrtle, form the principal features of the laud- scape. The region of the Atlas produces 7 or more sj^ecics of oaks. Among the indigenous and cultivated plants of Egypt are the papyrus, cotton, doum palm, acacia, onion, lotus, tamarind, wheat, and rice. In the arid region which lies S. of the Atlas Mountains and on the borders of Sahara, the date palm {Phcenix dactylifera) is very abundant and forms the characteristic feature. It is peculiarly adapted to a hot and dry climate, and flourishes where few other trees could grow. The natives of these regions depend on the date almost entirely for their subsistence, and use the sap of the tree as a beverage. Palms of different species are found in nearly all parts of the continent except the ex- treme south. The coffee-tree grows in Benguela, Liberia, and Abyssinia, the latter being its native country, and also producing oranges, lemons, and peaches. Senegambia and other tropical regions produce the baobab or monkey- bread tree {Adansotiia digitata), the trunk of which is said to attain a diameter of 20 feet. The region which lies between lat. 10° N. and 10° S. is mostly covered with dense forests of gigantic trees, and a rank growth of underbrush and creeping plants almost impervious to the rays of a ver- tical sun. " The climbing plants," says Livingstone, " from the size of whip-cord to that of a man-of-war's hawser, are so numerous that the ancient path is the only passage." Among the valuable productions of the western coast and tropical portions are the cotton-tree, coffee, the Ebeis Gtii- neeasis, which affords palm oil and wine, the cabbage palm, the butter-tree, the banana, the gum copal, the yam, the papaw, the pea-nut [Arachis hi/pogsea), tamarind, and custard-apple. Frankincense, myrrh, cinnamon, and other spices grow in Northeastern Africa. In the temperate parts of South Africa heaths grow in great profusion and are the most characteristic vegetation. About 500 species of heaths, many of which bear beautiful flowers, have been discovered here. " South Africa," says Sir John Herschel, " has a very peculiar and striking vegetation. The mesemhryanihemum and stapelia families are especially abundant, but little con- spicuous in comparison with the heaths, which there luxu- riate in astonishing profusion, as well as the geraniums and pelargonia. Innumerable bulbous genera and everlastings clothe the sandy flats and mountain terraces with beautiful flowers." Animals. — Africa is remarkable for the multitude and variety of its animals, and the fauna of this continent differs in many respects from that of the other grand divis- ions of the globe. Some writers state that there are 250 species of mammals peculiar to Africa. According to An- drew Murray, -±72 species of terrestrial mammals are pecu- liar to this continent, and among them are 94 species of quadrumana, 76 of carnivora, 74 of ungulata, and 121 of rodentia. Among the carnivorous animals are the lion, leopard, panther, hyena, wolf, fox, dog, jackal, ichneumon, caracal, and civet-cat. Lions, leopards, and panthers are numerous in nearlj-^ all parts of the continent. A few bears inhabit the Atlas Mountains. The order of pachydermata is represented by the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, zebra, and wild boar. Africa is said to produce about 70 species of ruminantia, among which are the buffalo, giraffe, eland, and 50 or more other species of antelope. Large herds of the eland are found in South Africa. The giraffe, one of the quadrupeds peculiar to Africa, ranges from the limits of the Cape Colony as far as the Sahara and Nubia. The camel is commonly used as a beast of burden in Northern Africa. The gorilla, the most formidable of the apes, is limited to a narrow region of Central Africa. The baboon, chimpanzee, and seveiul species of monkey are found in many parts of the continent. Among the large reptiles is the crocodile, which abounds in the Nile and nearly all the large rivers and lakes. Africa is the chief home of the ostrich, which prefers the desert and open plains. Among the other birds are the vulture, falcon, secretary-bird, quail, partridge, and guinea-fowl, which is the only indigenous bird of the gallinaceous order. Many thousand species of insects are found here. The locust has been from time immemorial the scourge of this continent, which is also infested by termites or white ants, and by venomous flies called zebub and tsetse. Popidation and Races. — Between the Mediterranean Sea and lat. 20° N. the population consists largely of tribes or races that are not indigenous, being Arabs, Turks, Moors, and Frenchmen, who have gained possession by conquest. Egypt is in part peopled by Copts, supposed to be descend- ants of the ancient Egyptians, but probably a mixed race. They profess the Christian religion, and speak a peculiar language called Coptic. A large majority of the African population belongs to two races, perhaps the only primitive or aboriginal races of this continent, the Berbers and the Negroes or Ethiopian race. The Berbers are nomadic tribes who occupy the mountainous regions of Barbary and the Sahara, and are sometimes called Kabyles. The Berber nation or people is one of great antiquity, and ever since the earliest historical period has been spread over all North- ern Africa {Mauritania and Numidia) from the Bed Sea to the Straits of Gibraltar. They are athletic, warlike, and ad- dicted to predatory modes of gaining a subsistence. They are zealous Mohammedans. The Berber language has some afiinity with the Semitic languages. A part of South Africa is peopled with Hottentots, who are entirely diflerent from the negro race. The color of their skin is olive or dull yellow, resembling a dried tobacco-leaf. They are short in stature, about 4^ feet high, with oblique eyes, thin beard, and high cheek-bones. They are a lively, cheerful, good- humored people, of pastoral habits. The Ethiopic race occupies Central Africa and nearly all the countries between Cape Colony and the 20th parallel of N. latitude. A line draWn from the mouth of the Senegal to Cape Guardafui passes near the northern limit of the negro population. They are characterized by thick lips, woolly hair, and receding foreheads, with a skin which varies from black to brown. Mohammedanism and Fetish- ism are the prevailing religions of Africa. Human sacri- fices are pi-actised by some tribes on great occasions. Among the principal negro nations are the Mandingoes, the Foolahs, the Yolofs, and the Ashantees. They are in a low state of intellectual development, have made little progress in civil- ization, and can hardly be said to have any political insti- tutions. The number of languages spoken in Africa is esti- mated by some writers at 150, and the total population at from 180,000,000 to 200,000,000. Commerce. — The commerce of Africa, owing to its barbar- ous state, unhealthy climate, and want of navigable rivers and inlets, has never been in proportion to the extent of its area. The principal articles exported are gold, ivory, palm oil, slaves, gums, wax, feathers, timber, hides, and dates. Large quantities of gum senega! are exported by the Moor- ish tribes. Civilized nations have endeavored, with partial success, to suppress the exportation of slaves. There is also a very extensive internal trade in slaves. The cowrie, a small shell imported from the Maldive Islands, is the com- mon circulating medium in Central and Southern Africa. Political Divisions. — The most important divisions are Algeria, Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, Bambarra, Senegambia, Liberia, Ashantee, Dahomey, Gando, Borneo, Adamawa, Baghirmi, Loango, Congo, Angola, Benguela, Cape Colony, Orange Free State, Madagascar, Mozambique, Zanguebar, Adel, Cazembe, Abyssinia, Darfoor, Kordofan, Waday, Soo- dan, Sennaar, Nubia, Egypt, Houssa, AFH European Settlements. — Algeria is a French, colony, and the French have possessions on the Senegal and G-ambia. The British have settlements at the Cape of Good Hope, Sierra Leone, Natal, and on the Gold Coast. The republic of Liberia was founded by the American Colonization Society for the reception of free negroes. The Portuguese have pos- sessions on the E. coast in Mozambique, and on the W. coast at Angola and Benguela. The Canary Islands belong to the Spaniards, who also have possessions at Fernando Po and Annobon. ffietory of Discovery. — Northeastern Africa was the home of the first civilized nation of the world, — the Egyptians. The famous and powerful state of Carthage afterwards oc- cupied Northern Africa, which subsequently became a part of the Koman empire. It is supposed that the peninsular form of Africa was known to the ancients, and that the Phoenicians circumnavigated it; but probably none of these nations explored the interior beyond the desert of Sahara. The people who first explored the interior of Northern Africa were the Arabs, who by means of the camel were able to cross the great desert and penetrate to Central Africa. The Portuguese navigators of the fifteenth century were the first to give anything like an accurate outline of the E. and W. coasts and to complete the circumnavigation of Africa. They discovered' the Cape of Good Hope in 1487, and Vasco da Gama doubled that cape in 1498. The Dutch planted a colony at the Cape of Good Hope in 1650. Bruce travelled in Abyssinia about 1770. In 1788 a society was formed in London to promote the exploration of Africa. Under the auspices of this society, Mungo Park, Burckhardt, and others made impoi'tant discoveries. In 1822, Denham, Clapperton, and Oudney crossed the desert of Sahara, and discovered Lake Chad and Bornoo. In 1830, Lander explored the Joliba or Niger to its mouth. The Rev. Mr. Rebmann discovered about 1S4S Mount Kilima-Njaro, supposed to be the highest in Africa. In 1849, Dr. Livingstone began to explore South Africa, and discovered Lake N'gami. He spent many years in travel, explored the Zambezi River, and made important contributions to the geography of South Africa. Captains Burton and Speke discovered about 1858-59 Lakes Tangan- yika and Victoria Nyanza. In 1864, Sir Samuel Baker dis- covered Lake Albert Nyanza; in 1866-67 Karl Mauch dis- covered extensive gold-fields between the Limpopo and Zambezi Rivers ; and in 1874-77 H. M. Stanley crossed the continent via the Albert Nyanza, the Victoria Nyanza, and the Congo River. Adj. and inhab. African, af're-kan (Fr. Africain, .Vfre^kS-N^', fern. Africaine, i^fre^kin' ; Ger. Aprikanisch, S,-fre-kd,'nish ; inhab. Afrikaner, i-fre- k^ nerj. African, Africain, or Africaine. See Africa. African Islands, a group of low islets in the Indian Ocean, N. of the Amirante Islands. Lat. 4° 55' S.; Ion. 53° 33' E. Afrika, Afrikanisch, Afrikaner. See Africa. Afrikiah, or Afrikiyah. See Mehdia. Afrique, the French name of Africa. Afshars, Afchars, or Afschars, arsharz', one of the many tribes of Persia forming classes apart from the origi- nal Persians. They are divided into two principal branches, Shamloo (Shamlu) and Kirkloo (Kirklu), and form a numer- ous tribe, principally residing in towns, and found in the greatest numbers at Abiverd and Kelat. Af'ton, a post-office of Berrien co., Ga. Afton, a township of De Kalb co., 111. Pop. 873. Afton, a station in the Indian Territory, on the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad, 12 miles N.E. of Vinita. Afton, a township of Cherokee co., Iowa. Pop. 483. Afton, a township of Howard co., Iowa. Pop. 661. Afton, a post-village, capital of Union eo., Iowa, in Union township, on a railroad, 105 miles W. of Ottumwa. Afton has 2 banks, 2 weekly papers, a union school, 5 churches, a foundry, plough-factory, &,q. Pop. 1123. Afton, a post-township of Sedgwick co., Kansas. P. 429. Afton, a post-village in Afton township, Washington CO., Minn., on Lake St. Croix, 6 miles from Hudson, Wis., and about 16 miles E.S.E. of St. Paul. It has a church, an academy, and several steam saw-mills. Pop. of township in 1875, 964. Afton, a post-village of Frontier co., Neb., 40 miles from Plum Creek Railroad Station. It has a church. Afton, a post-village of New Jersey. See Colttmbia. Afton, a post-village in Afton township, Chenango co., N.Y., on the Susquehanna River and the Albany & Sus- quehanna Railroad, 28 miles E. by N. of Binghamton, and 114 miles W.S.W. of Albany. It has 5 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, and an academy. Pop. of village, 457 ; of township, 1931. •■> AGD Afton, a post-hamlet of Clermont co., 0., and a station on the Cincinnati & Eastern Railroad, 5 miles E. of Batavia. It has 2 churches, and 2 or 3 stores. Afton, a post-village and watering-place of Nelson co., Va., on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad where it crosses or perforates the Blue Ridge, 16 miles S.E. of Staunton. It has a hotel, 2 churches, and several stores. Here is a tunnel 1 mile long in the Blue Ridge. Afton, a post-village of Rock co., Wis., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 8 miles N. by W. of Beloit, and 39 miles S.S.E. of Madison. It has a church. Pop. 150. Afvestadt, or Afvestad. See Avestad. Afzul-Gnrh, Afzalgarh, or Ufzulgurh, urziil- gur', a town of Hindostan, Bijnaur district, near the Kumaon Mountains. Lat. 29° 26' N.; Ion. 78° 40' E. Pop. 8350. A£!;a, ^'gi, a low granitic mountain-chain of Arabia, forming part of the N.W. limit of Nedjed. Agably, or Aghably, a^ga'blee, a town of Africa, oasis of Tooat, on the route from Tripoli to Timbuctoo. Lat. 26° 40' N.; Ion. 0° 58' E. It is built of stone, and is said to be well provided with water, Agadeer, Agadir, a-ga-deer', or Santa Cruz, a fortified town and the most southern seaport of Morocco, province of Soos, on the Atlantic, 23 miles S.E. of Cape Ghir. Lat. 30° 26' 35" N. ; Ion. 9° 35' 56" E. Pop. 1000. Agadez, Agades, a.g'a-d^z\ Agdes, or Agdas, ^g'das, a city of Africa, capital of the kingdom of Asben, in an oasis of the Sahara. Lat. 18° 10' N. ; Ion. 13° E. Agadez was formerly a large city, with a population of from 50,000 to 60,000, but now estimated not to exceed 8000. Agalegas, 4-gi-li'gis, or Oalega, g5,-li'gi, an island in the Indian Ocean, about lat. 10° 21' S., Ion. 56° 38' B. It is 11 miles in length, Againe, i-gS,'mIh, a pi-ovince of Tigre, in Abyssinia, in the N.E. part of that territory, and W. from the great salt plain in which the country terminates N.E. Agamen'ticus Mountain, in York eo.. Me., about 4 miles from the ocean, important as a landmark for seamen. The summit is 673 feet above the sea-level. Agana, S,-g^n'ya, or San Ignacio de Agaiia, sin eeg-nith'e-o dd, ^-g^n'yS,, a fortified Spanish town, and capi- tal of Guahan, one of the Ladrones, on its W. coast. It contains several schools and convents, government house, royal magazine. Sec. Pop. 5055. Agangueo, a-gS,n~ga'o, a town of Mexico, in Michoacan, 20 miles W.N.W. of Morelia, in a mountainous forest and raining district, BOOO feet above the sea. Pop. 1800. Agar, a town of India. See Auggur. Agarpara, in India. See Agurpara. Agarrib, a mountain of Egypt. Sec Agreed. Ag'ate, a station in Elbert co., Col., on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 66 miles E.S.E. of Denver. Agate, a station in Sweetwater co., Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 71 miles W. by S. of Rawlins. Ag'ate Har'bor, in the N. part of the upper peninsula of Michigan, on Keweenaw Point. Agatha, the ancient name of Agde. Agathapolis. See Sant' Agata dei Goti. Agatho, or Agatton, a town of Guinea. See Gato. Agathyrnum, an ancient town of Sicily. See Naso. Agattoo, or Agattu, a-gjlt-too', a small island of the Aleutian group. Lat. 52° 43' N.; Ion, 173° 37' W. Called also Krooglee (Krugli) or Crooked Island. Agaunum, Switzerland. See Saint Maurice. Ag^awam', a post-village of Hampden co., Mass., is in Agawam township, about 1 mile W. of the Connecticut River, and 4 miles S.W. of Springfield. Pop. of township, 2248. It has 5 churches, a paper-mill, a woollen-factory, and a brick-yard. Agawam, Plymouth co., Mass. See East Wareham. Ag^awam' River, a small stream of Plymouth co., in the E, part of Massachusetts, which unites its waters with Buttermilk Bay. The Westfield River (q. v.), in Massachu- setts, is also called Agawam in the lower part of its course. Agayak, a,-g<\-y3,k', island, Alaska. See Seven Islands. Agazzano, ii-gits-fL'no, a town of Italy, province and 12 miles S.W. of Piacenza. Pop. 2575. Agbomey, a town of Africa. See Abomey. Agdas, a city of Africa. See Agadez. Agde, igd (anc. Ag'atha), a town of France, depart- ment of Ilerault, on the Hdrault, and on the Railway and Canal du Midi, 2 miles from the Mediterranean, and 30 miles S.W. of Montpellier. Pop. S829. It is pleasantly situated, but, being built of black basalt, has a grim appear- ance, and is popularly called "the Black town." It has a college, a school of navigation, and an active coasting trade. Its port is defended by Fort Brescou, on Breseou Island. AGD 27 AGR Agdeh, ig'd^h, Aghda, or Augdeh, a town of Persia, 70 miles W.N.W. of Yezd, on the road to Isjiahan. AgdeS) a city of Africa. See Agadez. Agedicum, and Agedincum. See Sens. Agedunum, an ancient name of Ahun". Agen, aV.hS,N°' (anc. Agiit'num), a town of France, cap ital of the department of Lot-et-Garonne, on the Garonne and on a railway, 73 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 18,887 It has some good public edilices, including the prefectur two seminaries, a lyceum with a library of 20,000 volumes, and several churches. It has a court of appeal, largo sail- cloth factory, distilleries, and manufactures of serge, cotton prints, starch, leather, (fee, and an ancient cathedral, built partly in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. A'gencyj a township of Wapello co., Iowa. Pop. in 1S75, exclusive of Agency City, 564. Agency, a township of Osage co., Kansas, contains Quenemo. Pop. in 1878, 1350. Agency, a post-village of Buchanan co., Mo., on a rail- road, 11 miles S.E. of St. Joseph. It has a church and flouring-mills. Name of station. Agency Ford. Agency City, a post-village of Wapello co,, Iowa, on a railroad, 6 miles E. of Ottumwa. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a newspaper office. Pop. 630, Agency Ford, a railroad station, Mo. See Agencv. Agen'da, a post-office of Republic co., Kansas, 35 miles from Waterville. Agendicuni, an ancient name of Sens. Agenois, i^zhi^nw^', or Agenais, d.'zhi^ni', an ancient district of France, in Guienne. It constituted part of the old kingdom of Aquitaine. Agerj i-HaiR', a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 25 miles N.N.E. of Lerida, in a valley. Pop. 2000. Ager Lugdunensis, the Latin name of Lyonnois. Ageroe, ^'gher-b^?h, an island off the W. coast of Nor- way, province of Trondhjem. Pop. 4000. Agerola, d-ji-ro'la, a town of Italy, province of Na- ples, lU miles W.S.W. of Salerno. Pop. 3951, Agger, S,g'gher, a natural water communication between the Lym-Fiord and the North Sea, in Denmark, formed during a storm in 1325. Aggershuus, ig'ghers-hooss\ or Akershus, an amt of Norway, stift of Christiania, having an area of 1986 square miles. Pop. 116,365, Capital, Christiania. Aggersoe, ^g'ghers-o'^eh, a small island of Denmark, in the G-reat Belt, 3 miles S.W. of Seeland. Aggira, a town of Sicily. See Agira. Aggius, ad'je-ooce, a village of the island of Sardinia, 35 miles N.B. of Sassari. Pop, 2658. Aghably, a town of Africa. See Agably. Agliades, a town of Africa. See Agadez. Agharoon, or Agharun, ^-gS,-roon', or Khanzir, kin'zeer {i.e., "hog"), a village of Turkey in Asia, pashalic of Diarbekir, in the mountains of Darkush-Dagh. Aghda, a town of Persia. See Agdeh. Aghmat, ^G^mS,t', a fortified town of Morocco, on the Wady Entis, and on the N. declivity of Mount Atlas, 30 miles S. of Morocco. Pop. about 6000. Aglior, d'Gor, or Hin-Gol', a river of Beloochistan, falling into the Arabian Sea. Length, 50 miles. Aglirim, or Aughrim, awg'rim or awn'rim, a parish of Ireland, co. of Galway, 13 miles N.E. of Loughrea. It is famous for the victory obtained here in 1691 by the troops of William III. over those of James II. Agincourt, ^^zhS,No^kooR', or Azincourt, ^^ziN^^- kooR', a village of France, Pas-de-Calais, 13 miles N.W.of St. Pol, near which, on the 2oth of October, 1415, the English, under Henry V., defeated a vastly superior French force. Pop. 450. Agiunum, an ancient name of Agen. Agio Strati, a'jo stra'tee, a Turkish island of the Gre- cian Archipelago, 46 miles W.N.W. of Mitylene. Agira, Aggira, ^--jee'ra, or San Filippo d'Argiro, sJln fe-Iip'po daR-jec'ro (anc. Agyrhim), a town of Sicily, province of Catania, 9 miles S.E. of Nicosia. It has ex- tensive marble-quarries. Pop. 11,876. AgUa' ChauUdgha'ta, a village of India, in Dacca. Lat. 23° 38' 18" N.; Ion. 90° 14' 8" E. Pop. 4010. Aglar, a town of Austria, See Aquileja. Agliano, al-yS,'no, a village of Italy, province of Ales- sandria, near Mdntegrosso. Pop. 2785. Aglie, ^\'j^, or Aglia, al'y^, a town of Italy, province of Turin, 9 miles S.W. of Ivrea. Pop. 3650. It is beautifully situated upon a hill, and has a splendid royal palace, with pai'ks and gardens. Aglish, a town of Ireland. See Castlebar. Agly, i'glee', or Gly, glee, a river of France, depart- ments of Aude and Pyr6n€es-0rien tales, falls into the Medi- terranean near Bacares. AgAiondesham, a town of England. See Aacersham. Agna, in'yi, a town of Italy, province of Padua, 6 miles S.E. of Conselve. Pop. 2797. Agnadello, dn-yi-dSl'lo, a village of Italy, province of Cremona, 10 miles E. of Lodi. Here, in 1509, Louis VII. of Fi-ance gained a victory over the Austrians; and here, in 1705, Prince Eugene was defeated by the Duke of Ven- dome. Pop. 1485. Agnana, in-yd'nd,, a town of Italy, province of Reggio, 3 miles N. of Gerace. Pop. 1195. Agnano, £Ln-yS,'no, a small lake of Italy, 4 miles W. of Naples, occupying the crater of an extinct volcano. This lake has been drained. Near it are the Grotta del Cane and the sulphur baths of San Germano. Ag'ner's Hill, a post-office of Rockbridge co., Va. Ag'nes City, a post-office of Lyon co., Kansas, about 48 miles W.S.W. of Topeka. It is in Agnes City township, 12 miles E. of Council Grove. Pop. of township in 1878,355. Ag'new, a hamlet in Swan Creek township, Saginaw CO., Mich., on a railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Saginaw City. It has a lumber-mill. Name of the station, Agnew's Mills. AgneAV's Mills, a post-office in Richland township, Venango co., Pa. Agnew's Station, in Venango co., Pa., is on the Emlenton k Shippenville Railroad, 2 miles E. of Emlenton. Agno, an'yo, a river of Italy, an affluent of the Adige from the left. Length, above 50 miles. See Anio. A^no, an'yo, a village of Switzerland, canton of Ticino, on Lake Agno, 3 miles W. of Lugano. Pop. 865. Agnone, an-yo'ni, a town of Italy, province and 20 miles N.AV. of Campobasso. Pop. 11,073. It is celebrated for its copper-works. Ag^nur', or Ak'nur', a town of the Punjab, on the Chenaub, 95 miles N.N.W. of Lahore. Lat. 33° N.j Ion. 75° E. Ago, i'goo, a small island of Sweden, in the Gulf of Bothnia. Lat. 61° 32' N.; Ion. 17° 22' E. Agoa Fria, i'gwa free'S, {i.e., "cold water"), a town of Brazil, province and 100 miles N. by AV. of Bahia. Agoa de Pao, a'gwS- di powM^, a mountain of the island of St. Michael, Azores, near its centre, 3066 feet high. Agoa de PSo, a village on the S. shore of the island of St. Michael, 15 miles E. of Ponta Delgada. Pop. 3210. Agoa Quente, a'gwa kfin'ti ("hot water" or "hot spring"), a town of Brazil, province of Goyaz, near the mouth of the Rio das Almas, 190 miles N.E. of Goyaz. Agoas Doces, i'gwS-s do'c^s ("sweet water"), a town of Brazil, Minas-Geraes, on a tributary of the Sao Francisco. Ago'gebic Lake, in the W. part of the upper penin- sula of Michigan. Itsoutiet joins Ontonagon River. Length, following the bend of the lake, 15 miles; breadth, 2 miles. Agogna, ^.-gon'yi, or Gogna, gon'yS,, a river of Italy, rises in Lake Orta, and, flowing S., enters the Po, 16 miles N.E. of Alessandria. Agou, S,^g6N<'', a seaport of France, department of Manche, at the mouth of the Seine, opposite Jersey, and 5 miles W. of Coutances. Pop. 1602. Agooua, &--goo'n4, a small state of Western Africa, on the Gold Coast, under British protection, between lat. 5° 25' and 5° 45' N., Ion. 10' and 40' W. It is about 30 miles from E. to W., and about 20 from N. to S. Agordo, a-goR'do, a town of Italy, in a fruitful plain, 12 miles N.W. of Belluno. It possesses, in the valley of Imperina, rich copper-mines. Pop. 3153. Agost, S,-gost', a town of Spain, in Valencia, 12 miles W. of Alicante. It is of Arab origin, and has an ancient castle and a fountain. Pop. 1969. Agosta, ^-gos'ta, or Augusta, ow-goos't3., a city of Sicily, province of Catania, on a peninsula in the Medi- ten-anean, 19 miles by rail N. of Syracuse. Pop. 11,897. In 1693 it was nearly destroyed by an earthquake. Exports salt, oil, wines, and honey. Agows, a'gowz\ a people of Abyssinia, divided into several distinct tribes, one of which inhabits the fertile country lying immediately AY. of the sources of the Blue Nile, in the territory of Amhara ; another inhabits the dis- trict on the E. bank of the Tacazze, in Tigrg ; a third oc- cupies a tract on the N. bank of the same river, also in Tigre. The Agow (Agao) language is referred by some authorities to the Indo-European, but by most to the Ethi- opic stock. The Agow tribes are mostly Christian ; others, like the Falasha, are of the Jewish faith j while otiiers are heathens, of savage habits. Agra, S-'gri, a division of the North-West Provinces of British India, Area, 9020 square miles; population, 5,038,136. AGR It borders upon Oude, Allahabad, Rajpootana, Meerut, Ac, It is a fertile region, and its people are mostly of Aryan stock, speaking the Hindostanee. It is generally flat, and desti- tute of wood. In many parts there is a deficiency of water. The soil is well adapted to the cultivation of indigo, cotton, tobacco, and sugar ; wheat and barley, however, form the principal crops, and rice is cultivated in the vicinity of the rivers. Cotton is the staple product. One of its five districts is also called Agra; area, 1908 square miles; pop. 1,096,367. Agra, S-'gril, or Akbarabad, ak-bar^4-bad', a city of Hindostan, capital of the province of the same name, on the right bank of the river Jumna, 115 miles S.S.E. of Delhi, 740 miles W.N.W. of Calcutta, 630 miles by rail N.N.E. of Bombay, and 1000 miles N. by W. of Madras. Lat. 27° 11' N. ; Ion. 78° E. A part of the city is now in a ruinous state, but it still maintains much of its original splendor, and has prospered greatly under English rule. The houses generally are lofty, consisting of several stories ; the streets are exti-emely narrow. Agra contains some fine public build- ings of recent date, and some of its more ancient structures are on a scale of great magnificence. Of these the most celebrated is Tauj (or Taj) Mahal, a mausoleum built in the seventeenth century by the Emperor Shah Jehan, in com- memoration of his favorite queen. This superb edifice, the finest in India, forms a quadrangle of 190 square yards, with a lofty dome of 70 feet diameter in the centre, and tall minarets rising from the angles. It is built of white mar- ble; and the great central hall is paved with squares of various-colored marble, while the walls, tombs, and screens are ornamented with exquisite mosaic-work. The whole cost of the building is said to have been 3,174,802 pounds sterling. It is surrounded by a garden adorned with foun- tains and containing a profusion of fine trees and flowering shrubs. It is now in charge of the British government, and is kejjt in the highest order. Agra has a government col- lege, 3 mission colleges, a medical school, and a splendid mosque. Its trade consists chiefly in the exportation of indigo, silk, and sugar, and the importation of horses, camels, grain, fresh and dried fruits, and manufactured silk and cotton. Pop. 149,008. From 1504 to 1647, Agra was the seat of the Mohammedan empire in India. It was taken by the British in the Mahratta war, October 17, 1803. Agrakhaii, ^g-rS,-kan', a cape in the Caspian Sea, Rus- sian territory, lat. 43° 40' N., Ion. 4S° 10' B., with a bay of the same name on the N. side. Agram, og'rom', or Zagrab, z^^gr4b' (L. Zagrahia), a city of Austro-Hungary, capital of Croatia and Slavonia, is on two railways, and near the Save, 160 miles S.S.W. of Vi- enna. It is handsome, has many good buildings, including a cathedral and the government house. It is the seat of a Catholic archbishop, and of the superior courts of Croatia, Slavonia, and the Banat : is a centre of South-Slavic learn- ing, and has many seminaries and gymnasia, and several learned societies ; manufactures silks and porcelain, and has a large trade. Pop. 19,857 ; of the county of Agram, 261,124. Agramunt, 5,-grS,-moont', a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 30 miles N.E. of Lerida, on the Sio. Pop. 2402. Agrapha, i'gr5,-f ^, a village in Corfu. Pop. 1100. Agrapho, S,'gra,-fo, a part of the Pindus Mountains in Greece, between Thessaly and Epirus. Agrate-Brianza, &-gr3,'ti!i-bre-a,n'za,, a village of Italy, province of Milan, 3 miles E. of Monza. Pop. 3473. Agreda, ^-gri'o^, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 23 miles N.E. of Soria. Pop. 3120. It is divided by the Queiles, which is crossed by a fine bridge. Agreda, i-gri,'d3,, a town of the United States of Co- lombia, state of Popayan, with gold-mines. Agreeb, Agrib, ^-greeb', Agarrib, ^^gar-reeb', or Grarib, gr^-reeb', Mount, or Jebel Khareeb (Cha- rib, Gharib, or Kharib), j^b'^1 KH^-^reeb', a mountain of Egypt, about 16 miles inland from the Gulf of Suez. Lat. 28° 12' N. ; Ion. 32° 42' E. It is of a conical form, about 7000 feet high, and can be seen at a distance of 100 miles. Agres, S^'gres, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 22 miles N. of Alicante. Pop. 1644. Agric'ola, a post- village of Mahaska co., Iowa, 8 miles S. of Montezuma, and about 18 miles N.N.E. of Oskaloosa. It has 2 churches. Agricola, a post-office of Parker co., Tex. Agi'icul'tural ColMege, a post-ofiice of Prince George's co., Md., on the railroad, 29 miles from Balti- more, and about 8 miles N.E. of Washington. Here is the Maryliind Agriciiltural College, with about 150 students. Agricultural College, Pa. See State Collkge. Agrigeutum, an ancient city of Sicily. See Giiigenti. Agris, 3,^gree', a village of Eranoe, department of Cha- rente, 5 miles N.E. of La Kochefouoauld, Pop. 1303. AGU Agris, og'r^s, or Egres, eg're.s, a Roumanian village in Hungary, county of Arad. Pop. 2663. Agropoli, ^-gr6p'o-lee, a maritime town of Italy, prov- ince and 30 miles S.E. of Salerno. Pop. 2217. Agtelek, ogHi''lSk', a village of Hungary, county of Gomor. Pop. 450. Here is the stalactite grotto of Baradla. Agua Caiiente, a'gwa ka,-lo-^n'ti [i.e., " warm water," or " warm spring"), a small settlement in San Diego co., Cal., about 00 miles N.E. of San Diego. It is named from a warm spring in the vicinity. Aguachapa, i^gw3,-ch&,'pd., a town of Central America, republic of San Salvador, 30 miles from the Pacific, on the road between the city of Guatemala and Sonsonate. Lat. 14° N.; Ion. 89° 40' W. Aguadilla, i-gw^-ceel'yS,, a town and seaport of the island of Porto Rico, on its N.W. coast, 65 miles W. of San Juan. Pop. SOOO. The anchorage is good. Agua Oulce, S,'gw^ dool'si {i.e., "sweet water"), a creek of Nueces eo., Tex., flows into Laguna del Madre. Agua Fria, a'gw^ free'a, a river in Arizona, the largest northern tributary of the Gila. It has at first a northward course, but turns, and thenceforth flows southward, and joins the Gila about lat. 23° 25' N. Agua Fria, ^'gwa free'd, a village of Mariposa co., Cal., at the W. base of the Sierra Nevada, about 70 miles S.E. of Stockton. Agua Fria {i.e., " cold spring"), a small village of New Mexico, in Santa Ee co., 6 miles S.W. of Santa Pe. It has a Roman Catholic chapel. Agua Fria Valley, a post-office of Yavapai co., Arizona. Aguapehi, i^gwi-pi-hee', a river of Brazil, rises near lat. 16° 15' S,, and, after a course of about 100 miles, falls into the Jauru, an affluent of the Paraguay. Aguarico, a^gwi-ree'ko, a river of Ecuador, rises near the Colombian frontier, and flows in an indirect S.E. course to join the river Napo, traversing several lakes. It is 240 miles in length, and flows in an Indian country. Aguaron, S,-gwS,-ron', a village of Spain, province of Saragossa. Pop. 2140. Aguas Calientes, S,'gwS,s ka,-le-^n'tes, a town of Mexico, state of Aguas Calientes, 270 miles N.W. of the city of Mexico. Lat. 22° N.; Ion. 101° 45' W. It stands in a plain upwards of 6000 feet above the sea, and is favor- ably situated for trade, the road from Zacatecas to Sonora and Durango crossing here the highway from San Luis Potosi to Guadalajara. It has numerous churches, con- vents, and a hospital, and is surrounded by gardens with olives, vines, figs, pears, &*c. In the vicinity are warm springs, from which the town takes its name. Pop. 22,534. Aguas Calientes, a state of Mexico, on the Anahuac plateau, in the S.E. central part of the country. High mountains abound in the western part, and extensive plains in the east. Among its products are wheat, barley, beans, lithographic and building stone, and precious metals. Capi- tal, Aguas Calientes. Pop. 89,715. Aguas Calientes, a town and railway station of Peru, 27 miles from Arequipa. Elevation, 9737 feet. It has copious warm sulphur springs. Agua, Volcan ae. See Volcan de Agua. Agueda, ^-gk'jyh, a river of Spain, afQuent of the Douro, forming part of the boundary of Portugal. Agueda, k-gk'dk, a town of Portugal, district of Aveiro, in Douro, 13 miles S.E. of Aveiro. Pop. 3561. Agugliano, i-gool-y3-'no, a village of Italy, in the March of Ancona. Pop. 2S02. Aguilar de Campo, i-ghe-lau' di kS,m'po, a town of Spain, 59 miles N.N.E. of Palencia, on the Pisuerga, sur- rounded by ruined walls. Pop. 1637. Aguilar de Campos, A-ghe-lan' di kS.m'poeo, a town of Spain, 34 miles N.W. of A^alladolid. Pop. 1026. Aguilar de la Frontera, 4-ghe-laR' d^ li fron- ti'rS,, a town of Spain, 22 miles S.S.E. of Cordova, on the Cabra. It has three elegant public squares, a town-hall, several chapels, a hospital, a dismantled Moorish castle, and several schools. It trades in corn and wine. Pop. 12,300, Aguilas, d.'ghe-lds, a town of Spain, in Murcia, on the Mediterranean, 37 miles S.W. of Cartagena, with a small but secure port. It exports grain. Pop. about 5500. Agiiimes, i-gwoe'm^s, a town of the Gran Oanaria Island, at the foot of Mount Guayadeque. " Pop. 3073. Agulenitza, iil-goo-li\-nit's5-, a town of Grooeo, in the Morea, nomc of Messenia, 20 miles S.E. of Castouni. Agulhas, d-gool'yi\s {sometimes improperly written IjaguUas), Cape and Bank. The former is in lat. 34° 51' 30" S., Ion. 19° 56' 30" E., being the southernmost point of Africa, and is situated about 100 miles E.S.E. from AGU tho Cape of Good Hope. Its highest part is 455 feet above the level of tho sea. A light-house 6a tho cape stands on an elevation about 52 feet above high water; the tower is 70 feet high, and the light is seen for upwards of IS miles. Agur, a town of India. See Aiiggur. Agurpara, or Agarpara, i-gar-pd-'ri, a town of India, in Bengal, 7 miles N. of Calcutta, It has a church and an orphanage. Pop. 26,S01. Agyrium, a city of ancient Sicily. See Agira. Ahadkoi, S,-ha,d-koy', a village of Asiatic Turkey, Ana- tolia, 6 miles from Ushak. It has ruins supposed to be those of the ancient Trajanoj^olh. Ahanta, K-h^n'ik, a state on the Gold Coast of Africa, extending from the Ancober to the Chama; bounded on the \V. by ApoUonia, and on the E. by the Fantee territories. It is the richest and most improved district on this coast. Ahapop'ka, a large lake of Orange and Sumter cos., Fla., one of the sources of the Ocklawaha River. Ahar, d,-har', a town of Persia, province of Azerbaijan, on an affluent of the Koor, 60 miles N.E. of Tabreez. It has 700 houses, enclosed by a ruined wall. Aliaus, i'howss, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, on the Aa, 27 miles \y.N.W. of Munster. Pop. 1690. Ahii, 3;^ee' or Tyee', or Peacock Island, a small uninhabited island in the Low Archipelago, Paumotu group, Pacific Ocean, surrounded by a coral belt from 200 to 500 feet in breadth. Lat. 14° 35' S. ; Ion. 143° 8' W. Ahiolo, A-Hee'o-lo, Akhioli, S,K-hee^o-lee', or Aki- alee, a-kee^a-lee' (anc. Anchi'ale, Ancki'alus), a town and seaport of Eastern Roumelia, on the Black Sea, 48 miles S.S.W. of Varna. It has some trade in salt. Ahlen, i'len, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 18 miles S.E. of Miinster, on the Worse, It has distilleries, oil- mills, and manufactures of linen. Pop. 3535. Ahlfetd, or Alfeld, al'f^lt, a town of Prussia, on the Leine, and on a railway, 27 miles S. of the city of Hanover. It has 3 hospitals, a seminary, and paper- and oil-mills. Pop. 2815. Ahmar, or El-Ahmar, el-a,h'mar (the " red mound"), called also El-Koin, the site of Hieracoujwlis, a very an- cient city of Upper Egypt, which stood on the W. bank of the Nile, about lat. 25° 10' N., Ion, 32° 40' E., nearly op- posite El-Kab. Ahmedabad, 5,^med-S,-ba,d' {i.e., "abode of Ahmed"), a city of India, presidency of Bombay, capital of a district of its own name, on the Sabermuttee River, 310 miles by rail 'N. of the city of Bombay. It was founded in 1412, and was long a splendid Mohammedan capital, but has greatly de- clined. It has 2 steam cotton'-mills and large silk-works. Its great mosque and its Jain temple are fine structures. Here is a famous well, with underground galleries. Pop. in 1872, 116,873. Ahmedabad, a district of Guzerat province, Bombay presidency, India, at the head of the Gulf of Cambay, lying W. of Kaira, and bounded in part by the Guicowar's territo- ries. Area, 3844 square miles. Capital, Ahmedabad, Pop. (1872) 829,637. It is low and hot, but produces much cotton. Ahmednuggur, ^^med-nug'giir, or Ah^madna'- gar, a city and fort, capital of a district of the same name, on the Seena, and on a railway, 64 miles N.E. of Poonah. Pop. 3^.841. The city, enclosed by a wali, is half a mile from the fort, which is stone built, 1 mile in circuit, and occupied by a British garrison. It was taken by the British under General Wellesley, August 12, 1803. Near it is a fine palace of the former native princes. Ahmednuggur, a district of British India, province of Guzerat. Lat. 18° 6'~19° 50' N. ; Ion. 73° 40'-75° 37' E. Area, 6577 square miles. Capital, Ahmednuggur. Pop. 773.938. Ahmednuggur, a town in the province of Guzerat, on the left bank of the Sabermuttee. Lat. 23° 40' N. ; Ion. 73° 10' E. Pop. about 10,000. Ahmednuggur, a town of India, North-West Prov- inces, 40 miles S'.E. of Alighur. Pop. 6740. Ahmedpoor-Barra, i-med-poor' bar'ri {i.e., "the great"), a town of Bhawlpoor, Hindostan, in a well -irrigated and fertile tract, 30 miles S.W. of Bhawlpoor, Pop. 30,000, It is meanly built, but has a large mosque, a fort, and manu- factures of gunpowder, cotton, silks, and scarfs. Ahmedpoor-Chuta, choo'tS. (i.e., "the little"), a town in Hindostan, Bhawlpoor, near the Indus. It is large, and enclosed by mud walls. Ahmed-Shahee (or Shahi). See Candahar. Ah^mood', or Amod, a town of British India, Tiresi- dency of Bombay, 12 miles N. by W. of Baroach. P . 6125, Ahnapee, or Ahnepee, ah-na-pee', a thriving post- village and township of Kewaunee co.. Wis., on Lake 3 AIG Michigan, at the mouth of tho Ahnapee River, about 100 miles N. of Milwaukee. It contains ti churches, 6 hotels, 1 newspaper ofBce, 25 stores, 2 tanneries, 2 grist-mills, 2 saw- mills, and 1 furniture-factory. Pop. of the village in 1875, 103S ; of the township, 1319. Ahr or Aar, &b, a river of Prussia, in the Rhine prov- ince, rising in the Eiffelberg Mountains, and falling into the Rhine near Sinzig, opposite the town of Lintz. Ahrensbok, i'rens-bbk^ a village of Oldenburg, Ger- many, 10 miles N.E. of Lubeck. Pop. 1882. Alirensburg, i'rens-bQORG\ a village of Prussia, in Holstein, 13 miles N.E. of Hamburg. Pop. 1473. Ahrweiler, aR'*rier, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 23 miles N.W. of Coblentz, on the Ahr, has a large trade in wine, and manufactures of woollens and leather. Pop. 3803, Ahuachapam, i-whi-chi-pim', a town of San Sal- vador, Central America, near a lake of the same name, 20 miles N.W. of San Salvador. Pop. 8000, one-half Indians. Ahun, ^~uNi>' or d"huN=' (anc. Ar/edu'tutm), a town of France, department of Creuse, 11 miles S.E. of Gueret. Pop. 245^0. In its vicinity are coal-mines. Ahus or Ahuis, o'hooss, a village of Sweden, on the Baltic, 12 miles S.E. of Christianstad, of which it is the port, having a good harbor at the mouth of the Helgei. Ahwaz, iV3.z', or AhHvuz' (written also Hawaz), a town of Persia, in Khoozistan, 48 miles S. of Shooster, on the Karoon. Lat. 31° 22' N. ; Ion. 49° E. Pop. 1600. Ai, i, a river of Russia in Europe, province of Oren- boorg, rising in the Ural Mountains, flows generally N.W., and falls into the river Oofa, after a course of 170 miles. Ai, a town of France. See Ay. Ai, i, a post-hamlet in Fulton township, Fulton co., 0., 23 miles W. of Toledo. It has a church. Aias, i'ds (anc. yE'r/ie), a town of Asia Minor, on the Gulf of Iskanderoon, 35 miles S.E. of Adana. Aiasaluk, or Aiasalouk. See Ayasoolook. Aibling, I'bling, a town of Upper Bavaria, 28 miles S.S.E. of Munich. It has mineral baths. Pop. 1963. Aicha or Aycha, i'Ka, a village of Bohemia, 19 miles N. by E. of Buntzlau. Pop. 2430. Aichach, I'k^k, a town of Bavaria, on the Paar, 11 miles N.E. of Augsburg. Pop. 2551. Aid, ad, a post-ofBce at Marion, in Aid township, Law- rence CO., 0. Pop. of township, 1476. Aidab, iM^b', or Djidyd, je-deed', a seaport town of Nubia, on the Red Sea, 171 miles N.W. of Berenice. Lat. 22° 3' N. ; Ion. 37° 10' B. Aiden, a village of California. See Adin. Aiden (a'den) Lair, a post-hamlet of Essex co., N.T., in Minerva township, about 95 miles N. of Albany. Aidenville, a village of California. See Adin. Aidin, i-deen', or Guzel-Hissar, gu^zSl' his^san', written .also Iden (anc. Tral'les), a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Asia Minor, on the Mender, 81 miles by railway S.E. of Smyrna. It is 4 miles in circuit, and is the residence of a pasha, and a place of great trade. Bazaars, shaded by trees, line the streets. It contains many fine mosc[ues, churches, and synagogues. Pop. 35,000. Aidin, a vilayet or province of Turkey, in Asia Minor. Area, 19,950 square miles. Chief towns, Smyrna (the capi- tal), Maneesa, and Aidin. Chief exports, grain, carpets, cotton, figs, raisins, galls, liquorice, opium, sesame, sponges, vallonia, and wool. Pop. 1,040,570. Aidiujik, iMin-jeek', a town of Asia Minor, near the peninsula of Cyzicus and Sea of Marmora, 60 miles W. by N. of Brusa. It has 400 or 600 houses. Aidiingen, Id'ling-^n, a town of Wiir; — berg, Ger- many, 6 miles W. of Bdhlingen. Pop. 1604. Aidone, I-do'ni, a town of Sicily, province of Catania, 35 miles S.W. of the city of Catania. Pop. 6418. Aidos, i'dos\ a town of Turkey, in Eastern Roumelia, on a river of the same name, 75 miles N.E. of Adrianople. It has extensive ruins. Aielgorad, a town of Russia. See Akekman. Aieu, a native name of Bootan. Aigash, i^gash', or Aigas, i-giss', a beautiful island in Inverness-shire, Scotland, formed by the river Beauly. Aigen, i'gh^n, the name of numerous small places in Austria, Bavaria, and AYiirtemberg. Aigle, i'g'l, a town of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, 21 miles by rail S.E. of Lausanne. Black marble is quarried in its vicinity. Pop. 3307. Aigle, a town of France. See L aigle. Aignan, in-ySN^^', a village of France, department of Gers, 20 miles N.W. of Mirande. Pop. 1700. Aigre, aign or egE, a town of France, department of Charente, 20 miles N.N.AV. of Angouleme. Pop. 1760. AIG 30 AIR Aigrefeuille, aig'r^ful' or 8g'r^fu'y?h, a village of France, department of Charente-Inferieure, 13 miles by rail N. of Eoohefort. Pop. 1750. Aiguebelle, aig^bSll', a town of France, in Savoy, on the left bank of the Arc, 15 miles by rail E. of Chambory. It ia celebrated for the victory gained by the French and Span- iards over the king of Savoy in 1742. Near it begins the road constructed by Napoleon over Mont Cenis. Pop. 1080. Aigueblanche, aig'blONsh', a village of France, Savoy, birthplace of Peter of Aigueblanche, Bishop of Hereford. Pop. 496. Aiguefonde, aig'f isd', a village of France, department of Tarn, 4 miles W. of Mazamet. Pop. 2041. Aigueperse, aig'p^nss' (L. A'qaa Spar'sa), a town of France, department of Puy-de-DOmo, 11 miles by rail N.N.E. of Kiom. Pop. 2640. It has mineral springs. Aigues-Chaudes. See Eaux Chaudes. Aigues-Mortes, aig^moBt' (L. A'qrix Mor'tuss), a town of Prance, department of Gard, in a marshy tract, on a railway, 3 miles from the Mediterranean, and 21 miles S.W. of Nimes. It still retains its ancient fortifications, which present a perfect specimen of a feudal fortress. The town is fuU of mediueval antiquities, and has a trade in fish, wine, salt, soap, &e. It communicates with the sea by the Grand Kobine Canal. Pop. 3935. Aigues-Vives, aigVeev' (L. A'quai Vi'va), a village of France, in Gard, 15 miles S.S.W. of Nlmes. Pop. 1900. Aiguille, ]j', a mountain of France, in Isere. Aiguillon, i'ghee'ydH"', a town of France, department of Lot-et-Garonne, at the confluence of the Lot (here crossed by a tubular railway bridge) with the Garonne, 15 miles N.W. of Agen. Pop. 3576. Aigiirande, i'gii'risd', a town of France, department of Indre, 13 miles S.W. of La Chatre. Pop. 1480. Ayerbangis, i'yer-ba,ng'ghis, a town of the East Indies, on the W. coast of Sumatra, 30 miles S.E. of Natal. Ayoe Islands, Malay Archipelago. See Aiou. Aiken, a'k^n, a county of South Carolina, bordering on Georgia, has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Savannah lliver, and is inter- sected by the Edisto Kiver. The surface is undulating or hilly, and is extensively covered with forests ; the soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the South Carolina fiailroad. It was formed in 1871 out of parts of Barnwell and Edgefield counties. Capital, Aiken. P. (1875) 30,304. Aiken, a village of Minnesota. See Aitkin. Aiken, a post-village, capital of Aiken co., S.C., on the South Carolina Railroad, 17 miles B.N.E. of Augusta, Ga. It is a place of winter resort for invalids from the Northern States, and is said to be growing rapidly. One daily and 1 or 2 weekly papers are published here. Aiken has 7 churches and several schools. Pop. of Aiken township, 2259. Aiken, a post-office of Bell eo., Tex. Ailah, a town of Arabia. See Akabah. Ailano, i-la'no, a town of Italy, province of Caserta, 9 miles W. of Piedimonte. Pop. 1391. Ailan'thus, a post-ofBce of Ottawa co., Kansas, about 25 miles N. of Salina. Aillevillers, ail^y^Veeryiit', a town of France, depart- ment of Haute-Sa&ne, on the Vesoul-Nancy Railway, 20 miles N.W. of Lure. Pop. 2745. Ailmouth, a town of England. See Alemouth. Ailsa (ile'sa) Craig, a remarkable island of columnar basalt, at the entrance of the Firth of Clyde, in Scotland, rising to an elevation of 1000 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 55° 15' N. ; Ion. 5° 7' W. Ailsa Craig, a town in Middlesex eo., Ontario, Canada, on the Grand Trunk Railway, 24 miles W. of London. It contains several factories, a printing-ofBoe, &b. Pop. 750. Ailu Islands, Pacific. See Kkusenstern Islands. Ailutaki, i-loo-ta'kee, or Whylostacke, wi-los-ta'ke, one of the Hervey Islands, in the Pacific. Lat. 18° 32' S. ; Ion. 159° 24' W. It is 9 miles long, hilly and fertile ; and its encircling coral reef fences it from the sea and makes the anchorage good for small vessels. Its native people are Christians. Pop. 2000. Aimaraez, or Ayinaraes, i-mi-ri-es', almost i-mi- rice', a province of Peru, department of Cuzco, at the foot of the Cordillera de Iluambo, about 130 miles long (from N. to S.) by 20 wide. It comprises 60 villages. Pop. 15,000. Aiinargues, i'mang', a town of Franco, department of Gard, on a railway, 12 miles S.W. of Nimes. Pop. 2830. Aime- (or Ayme-) la-Cute, aim- (or &m) Ih-kbV (anc. Axima), a village of France, in Savoy, 9 miles N.E. of Mouticrs. Pop. 1050. Ain, Ino (anc. Daiiua ?), a rivor of Franco, rises in the Jura Mountains, near Nozeroy, and joins the Rhone on the right, 18 miles above Lyons. Length, 118 miles. Ain, a department in the E. of France, bordering on Switzerland. Area, 2258 square miles. Pop. 365,462. On the E. it is mountainous, and in the S. and W. marshy. The Rhone bounds it on the E. and S., and the Saone on the W. ; the Ain traverses its centre. Chief town, Bourg. The number of artificial lakes in the department — the largest not above 2 miles long — exceeds 1600. They are found in the marshy tract called La Dombes, and are maintained for fish-breeding, but at regular intervals are drained off and their beds attbrd crops of grain. Ain, 4ne, or ine, an Arabic word signifying " fountain," forming a part of the names of numerous places in Arabia and North Africa. Ain, a post-office of Grant co.. Ark. Ainad, i'njd', or Ainaud, i'naud', a town and district of Arabia, Hadramaut, on the Wady Hagger, 200 miles N.E. of Aden. Lat. 15° 12' N. ; Ion. 47° 10' W. Pop. 10,000. Ainada, a town of Turkey. See Inada. Ainay-le-Chateau, rni'-Ieh-shaH6', a town of France, in AUier, 20 miles N. of Montlupon. Pop. 2200. Ain-Madi, ine-ma,'dee\ a town of Algeria, built on a hill, about 40 miles W. of Laghouat. Pop. about 500. Aino, i'no, Ainoo, or Ainou, i'noo, a race of men inhabiting the Kooril Islands, Yesso, Saghalin, and parts of the Siberian province of Primorskaya. The Japanese, Loo- chooans, and Coreans are believed to be largely of Aino descent. The Ainos are a gentle and inoffensive race, but little elevated above the savage state. They have full beards, and are the "hairy Koorils" of navigators; but the statement that their bodies are entirely covered with hair is an exaggeration. In Japan they are called Mozin ; in Siberia, Ghiiiak ; and it is asserted that some of the native tribes of Formosa and the Malay Islands are of Aino stock. Ain-Oonah, Ane-oo'n3,h, or Ainune, i-noo'neh, a haven of Arabia, on the Red Sea, E. of the entrance to the Gulf of Akabah. Lat. 28° 3' N. ; Ion. 35° 18' E. The inte- rior of the haven is about 12 miles long, 6 broad, and from 12 to 13 fathoms in depth ; a secure place of shelter. Ain-Salah, ine- (or ine-) si'lah, or Insalah, in- si'lih, a town of Africa, in the Sahara, district of Tooat. Ain-Sefisifa, ine-si-fe-se-fi', or simply Sefisifa, a village of Algeria, 161 miles S.S.W. of Oran. Pop. 400. Ain-Sefra, i.ne-sit'vk. a village of Algeria, 151 miles S.S.W. of Oran. Lat. 33° 30' N. ; Ion. 1° W. Pop. 800. Ain sty, ine'stee, a district of England, in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Area; 84 square miles. Pop. 53,240, excluding the city of l^ork. Ainsworth, anz'worth, a post-village of W.ashington CO., Iowa, on a railroad, 32 miles W.S.W. of Muscatine. It has 4 churches, and a flour-mill. Pop. about 350. Aintab, ine-tib' (anc. Antiochi'a ad Tau'rum), a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the S. slope of Mount Taurus. 60 miles N.N.E. of Aleppo. Pop. 20,000. It is well built, and abun- dantly supplied with water. It has large bazaars, and man- ufactures of goat-skins, leather, and woollen clotlxs. Ain-Tacazze, 4ne-td-k4t'si (i.e., the "fountain or source of the Tacazze"), a small lake in Abyssinia, in the S. part of TigrS, whence flows the river Tacazze. Ain-Tedles, ine-t8d'Iaz, a village of Algeria, province of Oran, 12 miles N.E. of Mostaganem. Pop. 3039. Ain-Zarbe, ine-zaa'beh, Anazarbus, i-ni-zaii'biis, or Anzarba, in-zaa'bi (anc. Cmsare'a Awjus'ta), a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalio of Adana, on the Jyhoon (anc. Pijr'amua), 36 miles N.E. of Adana, and foi-morly a resi- dence of the Christian princes of Antioch. Aiou, i'ow\ (or Yowl) Islands, a circular group of low isles in the Malay Archipelago, about 100 miles N. by AY. from the N.W. extremity of Papua or New Guinea. Aipe, I'peh, a town of the United States of ColombLa, state of Tolima, 22 miles N. of Neyva. Pop. 3450. Air, ir, a town of Bengal, in Shahabad, Pop. 3454. Air, or Ahir. See Asben. Airaines, A^rine' or ih-3n', a commune and town of France, department of Sommo, 16 miles N.W. of Amiens, with important manufactures. Pop. 2127. Airasca, i-ris'ki, a town of Italy, 5 miles E.N.E. of Pinerolo. Pop. 2080. Aircourt, a town of Ireland. See Eyrecoifrt. Airdrie, air'drce, a town of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 11 miles E. by N. of Glasgow, with which it is connected by canal and railway. Pop. 13,448. It is well built, paved, and lighted with gas; has a neat towu-houso, a public library, banks, and several schools and charities. The iron and coal of its vicinity are very oxtonsivoly wrought. It AIR unites with Lanark, Hamilton, &g., in sending one member to the House of Commons. Airds (airdz), The, a district of Scotland, co. of Ax-gylc, remarkable for its picturesque scenery. Aird's Moss, a tract of moorland in Scotland, co. of Ayr, between the Ayr and the Lugar. Aire, ain, or Aire-sur-1'Adour, aiR-siin-liMoon' (anc. Vi'cits Ju'llus, afterwards Atu'rea), an episcopal town of France, department of Landes, on the left bank of the Adour, 20 miles by rail S.E. of Mont-de-Marsan. It is well built, and contains a college and a cathedral. It was at one time the capital of the Visigoths. Pop. 4361. Aire, ain, or Aire-sur-la-Lys, aiu-siiR-l^-leece', a fortified town of France, department of Pas-de-Calais, on the navigable river Lys, and on three canals, 10 miles by rail S.E. of St. Omer. Pop. S303. It is well built, has a Gothic church, belfry, barracks, library, and college, and is the seat of varied manufactures. Aire, air, a river of England, co. of York, joins the Ouse 5 miles N.W. of aoole. Chief affluent, the Calder, Airey, a village of Ontario. See Aldborough. Airey's, air'iz, a post-village of Dorchester co., Md., on the Dorchester tfe Delaware Railroad, 6 miles E. of Cam- bridge. It has 2 churches, a flour -mill, and a saw-mill. Air'Held, a post-office of Southampton co., Va. Air Hill, a post-office of Montgomery co., 0., is at Weaver Station, on a railroad, 8 miles W.N.W. of Dayton. Air Line, a post-office of Hart co., Ga., 6 miles from Hartwell. Air Mount, a post-hamlet of Talabusha co., Miss., 12 miles from CofFeeville. It has a church. Airola, i-ro'ld., a town of Italy, province of Benevcnto, 23 miles N.E. of Naples. Pop. 5116, Airole, i-ro'li, a village of Northwestern Italy, province of Porto Maurizio. Pop. 1624. AirolO, i-ro'lo (Ger. Alhersweil, il'b§rs-ia,-sh6h'r' or a'ia,-shi'- her {i.e., the "exalted city;" ano. Philadelphi'a, founded 200 years B.C. by Attalus Philadelphus), a walled city of Asia Minor, at the N.E. base of Mount Tmolus, 83 miles by railway E. of Smyrna. Pop. 15,000. It is a Greek arch- bishop's see, has numerous remains of antiquity, 5 Chris- tian churches, 15 mosques, and an active trade. Alashgerd, a town of Armenia. See ToPEAK-KnLAH. Alas'ka (called Aliaska by the Russians; a corruption of Al-ay-ek-sa, "great country," the name given by the native islanders to the mainland), a territory of the United States, bounded N. by the Arctic Ocean, E. by the North-West Territories of Canada, W. and S. by the Pacific Ocean and Behring's Sea and Strait, including also the Alexander, the Kadiak, the Aleutian, the Pribylofi', and many other islands. Its southernmost point is the S. extremity of AmStignak Island (51° 19' N. lat.). From Dixon's Entrance, the E. boundary passes along Portland Channel to lat. 56° N., ■where the continent is reached. From this point it follows the Coast Range of mountains to 111° W. Ion. The 141st meridian is the E. boundary from this point northward. Its W. limit runs so as to include St. Lawrence Island and the Isle of Attoo (lat. 82° 58' N., Ion. 187° 34' W.). Point Barrow, lat. 71° 27' N., Ion. 156° 15' W., is the most north- ern point of the mainland. The N. coast is low and with- out good harbors ; but the Pacific coast-line is much broken, and excellent anchorage is to be had at many points. Area, 580,107 square miles, of which 31,205 are insular. (Dall.) Face of the Country. — High mountain-ranges lie S. of lat. 65°, of which the Coast Range contains the loftiest peaks (Mt. St. Elias, 17,000 feet; Mt. Fairweather, 14,782; Mt. Crillon, 13,500; Mt. Iliamna, 12,066). Tliis range ter- minates with the great peninsula of Aliaska ; but the Aleu- tian Islands may be regarded as the peaks of its submarine continuation. Volcanoes occur both in the Coast Range and upon the islands, but of these only ten are known to have been active in recent years. The so-called Alaskan Mountains are formed by the blending of the N.W. exten- sion of the Rocky Mountains with spurs of the Coast Range. Northward occur the Romfinzolf Mountains ; but the greater part of the N. is a broken and hilly plateau. The N. coast is marked by a low range of hills. Geolorjij, Miiierah, — It is believed that the Rocky Moun- tains were upheaved in the Jurassic time, while the Coast Range is referred to a relatively late period of the Creta- ceous. Gi'eat volcanic convulsions must have rent the west- ern coast at the time when were formed the inlets and fiords which so characterize it. Beds of cretaceous and mioeene lignites are found, the latter abounding in fossil exogenous trees of existing genera. Remains of existing species of mol- lusks, and even of mammals, are abundant. In the Yukon Valley there are plentiful remains of species of elephant. In the deeper valleys glaciers are almost everywhere to be seen. Dikes of plutonic rock are common in many parts. Hot and mineral springs abound on the islands as well as the mainland. Most of the Alaskan coal is a tertiary lignite of fair quality. Gold-quartz, silver, petroleum, native cop- per, copper ores, iron, lead, cinnabar, kaolin, fine garnets, and amber are known to exist. Sulphur is believed to be very abundant. Fossil ivory of some value has been obtained. Climate, Af/ricidtural Gapabilitiea, Vegetation. — The cli- mate is very much milder than that of corresponding lati- tudes on the E. coast of America. That of the Aleutian Islands is much like that of the Western Islands of Scotland. In the valley of the great river Yukon (the principal stream and the great highway of the interior) there are large fertile plains and extensive marshes, underlaid by a layer of ice which never molts, even in summer, when the surface is covered by a luxuriant vegetation. The summer on the Pacific coast, even in the far N., is generally warm, sunny, and pleasant, owing to the influence of the warm Kuro Sitvo, the Gulf Stream of the Pacific, aided by the sunlight 36 ALA of the long Arctic day. On the Upper Yukon the summer heat is really intense. The winter in the S. is by no means very cold. At Sitka, sound ice is never formed, and the winter temperature is about that of Washington, D.C. The rain-fall is copious, and foggy weather is common on the coasts and islands. Hence there are many streams, of which the Yukon, Kuskoquim, Tananah, Stfkine, and Chilkiht are worthy of mention. The I'ukon is navigable in sum- mer some 700 miles. Timber is abundant almost every- where, but many of the islands and coast regions have few trees, and obtain their timber and fuel from the driftwood which the rivers bring down. The white spruce aifords strong, light, and durable spars. But the best timber is the noble yellow cedar, which is of unsurpassed excellence. Balsam fir and hemlock abound. The birch affords good timber. Poplars, willows, and alders are common. Edible berries are abundant, and of many kinds. Grass grows luxuriantly even in the far N. At Fort Yukon, N. of the Arctic circle (lat, 66° 34'), barley, potatoes, and turnips have been grown. Cattle have been introduced upon the islands with an encouraging prospect of success. Cranber- ries have been expoi'ted to California. Fish are abundant in both salt and fresh waters. The cod (not the true cod of the Atlantic), herrings, and a smelt called oulachan, abound, the latter affording a copious supply of oil. Many species of salmon are caught in the streams. Whitefish, much resembling those of the great lakes, are also abun- dant. Whale-fishing is carried on extensively in Behring Sea and the Arctic. At present the principal revenue of this territory is derived from the fur trade. Fur seals and sea-otters are taken, subject to strict regulations prescribed by the United States government to prevent the extinction of the species. The skins of fox, sable, beaver, lynx, wol- verine, bear, wolf, muskrat, deer, and other animals are also procured. The oil of seals and walrus, and the ivory of the latter species, are articles of export. The Native Races are partly of Innuit or Esquimaux stock, and partly of the red Indian race. The Aleutians appear to be a branch of the Innuit, and there are tribes of mixed origin. The Indians are of two great families, each of which comprises several tribes or bands. The Thlinket race is the one most peculiar to Alaska; for the great Tin- neh family extends southward and appears to include the Apaches, Comanches, and other far-distant tribes. History. — Vitus Behring, an officer in the Russian ser vice, in 1728, sailed into the Arctic Sea; but he never saw this coast till 1741, just before his death. The region be- came a field for Russian maritime adventure and trade, and the pioneers were guilty of many enormities among the peaceable islanders. In 1776, Captain Cook, with Van- couver, Ledyard, Bligh, and other distinguished subor- dinates, visited these shores. The first Russian bishop was appointed in 1796. The Russian-American Company was chartered in 1799. In 1S04, Sitka (New Archangel) was founded by Baranoff, who had long ruled in these regions. In 1864—67 portions of the country were explored, at a cost of some 83.000,000, by the employees of the Western Union Telegraph Company, with the design of running a telegraph, via Behring's Strait, to the Old World ; but the success of the Atlantic telegraph caused the ultimate failure of this project. In 1867 the territory was purchased by the United States from Russia for 87,200,000 in gold. Before this time it was generally called Russian America. Its capital is Sitka, on Baranoff Island. In 1S70, W. H. Dall estimated the pop. at 29.097, of whom about 2000 were whites and half-breeds. See Dall's Alaska and its Hesonrces. Alaska, a post-village of Morgan co., Ind., about 35 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. It has a church. Alaska, a post-village of Kent co., Mich., in Caledonia township, on 'Thoi-napple River, 14 or 15 miles S.E. of Grand Rapids. It has 1 church, 2 flour-mills, 1 saw-mill, and several stores. Pop. about 300. Alaska, a station in Northumberland CO., Pa., on the Mahanoy & Shamokin Railroad, 7 miles from Shamokin, and 22 miles from Mahanoy City. Alaska, a post-village of Kewaunee co.. Wis., on Lake Michigan, about 110 miles N. by E. from Milwaukee. It is a shipping-point for timber, posts, &e. Alassio, ft-l^s'se-o, a seaport town of Italy, Genoa, on the Mediterranean. 4 miles S.W. of .\lbenga. Pop. 4635. Alassoiia, a-lis-so'ni, a town of European Turkey, 35 miles N.E. of Trikhala. Pop. 3000. Alata, i-li'ti, a small river in Abyssinia, a tributary of Bahr-el-Azrek, near its confluence with which occurs the celebrated cataract of Alata. Alata, i-li'ti, a village in the island of Corsica, about 6 miles N. of Ajaccio. Pop. 665. ALA 37 ALB Ala-Taghy a mountain of Turkey. See Ala-Dagh. Alatali^ a town of India. See Bhagw angola. Alatainaha, a river of Georgia. See Altamaha. Alateer, or Alatyr, 1-Ii-teeK', a river of Russia, rising in tlie government of Penza, falls into the Soora, after a course of upwards of 125 miles. Alateer, or Alatyr, a town of Russia, 80 miles N.W. of Simbeersk, at the junction of the Alateer and Soora Rivers. Pop. S0S5. Alatri, a-li'tree (anc. Ala'trium), a town of Italy, a bishop's see, 6 miles N. of Frosinone. Pop. 13,681. It has a manufactory of woollen goods, and is of high antiquity, its walls exhibiting remains of cyclopean architecture. Alattyau, orct^yon', a village of Hungary, county of Heves. Pop. 2209. Alatyr, a river and town of Russia. See Alateer. Alausi, i-low-see', a valley and town of Ecuador, on the Alausi, 7980 feet above the sea. Pop. of town, 6000. Alava, 3,'1^-va, a province of Northern Spain (one of the three Basque provinces), between lat. 42° 20' and 43° N., comprising an area of 1292 square miles. Capital, Vittorla. Pop. 103,320. The surface is mountainous. Alaya, k-lVyi. (anc. Corace'sium), a decayed town of Asiatic Turkey, on a promontory in the Mediterranean, 100 miles S.S.W. of Konieh. Pop. 2000. It has a good anchorage, but no harbor. Alayor, 3,-li-yoR', or Aleyor, i-Ii-yoB', a town in the island of Minorca, belonging to Spain, about 10 miles AV.N.W. of Port Mahon. Pop. 4603. Alazon, i-13,-zon', a river of Russia, joins the Koor 125 miles S.E. of Tiflis, after a S.E. course of 140 miles. Alb or Alp, ilp, called also the SAva'bian Alps, a chain of mountains appertaining almost exclusively to Wiirtemberg, extending S.W. to N.E. 84 miles. Alba, al'bi (anc. AVba Pompe'ia), a town of Italy, on the Tanaro, 35 miles by rail S.E. of Turin. Pop. 10,296. Alba, a town of Italy, province of Aquila, at the foot of Monte-Velino, 4 miles N. of Avezzano. It is the Al'ba Fuceii'tia of the Romans. Alba, a supposed ancient name of Estella. Al'ba, a township of Henry co.. 111. Pop. 295. Alba, a post-village of Fillmore co., Minn., in Beaver township, 36 miles S. of Rochester. It has 2 churches. Alba, a township of Jackson co., Minn. Pop. 142. Alba, a post-village of Jasper co.. Mo., in Mineral township, 5 miles from Oronogo, and about 65 miles W. of Springfield. It has a Friends' meeting. Alba, a post-borough of Bradford co.. Pa., on the Northern Central Railroad, 44 miles N. by B. from Wil- liamsport. It has 2 churches, 1 carriage-shop, and the Alba Iron Paint 'Works. Pop. 222. Alba Augusta, the supposed ancient name of Aps. Alba Augusta, an ancient name for Alby. Albacete, M-ba-thi'ti, a town of Spain, in Murcia, 138 miles by rail S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 11,860. It manufac- tures steel goods, and has large cattle-fairs in September. Albacete, a province of Spain, in Murcia and New Castile. Area, 5972 square miles. It is in part mountain- ous, with fertile valleys and plains. Capital, Albacete. Pop. 220,973. Albacutya Lake, a fresh-water lake of Victoria, Aus- tralia, county of Weeah, 10 miles N. of Lake Hindmarsh. Albade, all'bad, a post-office of Caldwell co., Tex., 20 miles from Austin. Alba de Tormes, al'bi di ton'mes, a town of Spain, 14 miles S.E. of Salamanca, on the Tormes. Pop. 2360. Albairate, al-bi-ri'ti, a village of Italy, province of Milan, 2 miles N.E. of Abbiategrasso. Pop. 2163. Albala, il'bi-la, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 20 miles S.S.E. of Caceres. Pop. 2133. Albalate del Arzobispo, il-bi-li'ti dSl an-tho- bees'po, a town of Spain, in Aragon, 46 miles S.E. of Sara- gossa, on an affluent of the Ebro. Pop. 4354. Alba Lelusiana, the Latin for 'Wissembourg. Al'ban, a post-hamlet of Portage co.. Wis., in New Hope township, 10 miles N. of Amherst Station. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Albanchez, 8,l-b3,n-ch5th', a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, province and 28 miles N.E. of Almeria. Pop. 1980. Albauchez, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province and 16 miles E. of Jaen. Pop. 1195. Alban des Hurtieres, 4rb6s°' dize un'te-ain', a village of France, 6 miles S. of Aiguebelle. Pop. 1209. Albanella, k\-hi,-nhV\k, a town of Italy, province of Salerno, 4 miles N.N.E. of Capaccio. Pop. 2414. Albania, al-bi'ne-a (modern &r. pron. 3,l-b3.-nee'4 ; Turk. Arnaoodlik, Aniaootleek, or Arnaouilik, aR'ni-oot"- Icek), called Shkiperi (shkip'^-ree^) by the natives (from ehlcipe, '' a rock"), a mountainous country of European Turkey, between lat. 39° and 43° N., and Ion. 19° 5' and 21° 28' E. Extreme length, about 290 miles; breadth, from 40 to 90 miles. Bounded W. and S.W. by the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. It is comi^osed of ridges of mountains, nearly all of which have a direction N.W. and S.E. The principal heights vary from about 2500 to 8500 feet above tho sea. Albania has no great rivers. It partakes of the peculiar system of subterranean streams that characterizes Greece. Epirus is especially remarkable for its circular basins, its cavities without water, its ponds and watercourses that disappear at certain seasons. In the import and export trade of Albania, vessels under tho British, Austrian, Greek, and Ottoman flags are almost the only ones engaged. The exports are shipped chiefly at Prevesa, Parga, Avlona, Du- razzo, &G. The internal trade is carried on by means of pack-horses. Albania is under the government of different Turkish pashas. The people are partly Moslems and partly Christians. The Albanians speak a language of their own, which is not clearly allied to any other known tongue, but is regarded as of the Indo-European stock. They are a warlike race, much given to robbery and brigandage. Pop- ulation estimated at from 1,200,000 to 1,600,000. Adj. and inhab. Albanian, al-bi'ne-an, or Arnaoot (Arnaout), an'n^-oot^ ; native, Shkip^atar' or Skip^atar'. Albania, a river of Italy. See Albegna. Albania, the supposed ancient name of Aubagne. Albano, 3,1-ba'no (anc. Alba'mim), an episcopal city of Italy, on the Via Appia, 12 miles by railway S.E. of Rome. Pop. 6297. It is celebrated for beauty of scenery and purity of air, and is a favorite summer resort of the Roman nobil- ity. It comprises the ruins of Domitian's palace and of a prajtorian camp, with the modern villas of the princes Bar- berini, Altieri, &o. It has a large convent, and a museum of antiquities from Alba Longa. Albano, a town of Italy, in Basilicata, province and 11 miles E.S.B. of Potenza. Pop. 2769. Albano, a lake and mountain of Italy, 13 miles S.E. of Rome. The lake, 6 miles in circumference, is the crater of an extinct volcano, near which are many elegant villas, several grottoes, and the village of Castel-Gandolfo (q. v.). There are many historical monuments in its vicinity ; among others, an aqueduct cut in the flank of the mountain by the Romans during their contest with the Veientes in the year 394 B.C., to drain oft the waters of the lake, as instructed by the oracle of Delphi. — Alba Loncja stood on its N.E. margin. — Mount Albano or Monte Cavo, on the E., and 2046 feet above the lake, has on its summit the ruins of the temple of Latian Jupiter {Jupiter Latialis), commanding a mag- nificent prospect over the scene of the last six books of the JEneid and of the early history of the Roman state. Albanum, an ancient name of the city of Albano. Albanville, all'ban-vil, a post-ofiice of Monroe co., "Wis., about 45 miles E. of La Crosse. Albany, al'ba-ne, a district of Scotland, usually called Breadalbane. 'The second son of the sovereign of Great Britain has occasionally been styled the Duke of Albany. Al'bany, a river of the North-West Territories, Canada, takes its rise in Lake St. Joseph, lat. 51° N., Ion. 90° 20' W., and falls into James's Bay. Total length, 320 miles. About 120 miles from its estuary it spreads into numerous branches extending far to the westward and southward and forming a chain of communication with the waters of Lake Superior, Lake Winnipeg, and Severn River. Albany, airb,a-ne, a county in the E. part of New York, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Hudson River, and is drained by the Catskill, Nor- manskill, and Patroon Creeks. The Mohawk River touches the N.E. part of the county. The surface is hilly, and is diversifled by a range of highlands called the Helderbergs, which rise nearly 1000 feet above the tide. Forests of the beech, chestnut, elm, hickory, oak, pine, sugar-maple, etc., abound. Hay, butter, oats, potatoes, Indian corn, and cattle are the staple products. Upper Silurian limestone of the Helderberg group crops out in this county, which has also quarries of water-lime and Onondaga limestone. The east- ern terminus of the Erie Canal is in this county, which is intersected by the New York Central Railroad and the Al- bany & Susquehanna Railroad. Other railroads connect with these at Albany, which is the county town and the capital of the state. A'aluation of real and personal estate, 8152,055,765. Pop. in 1870, 133,052, of whom 93,738 were natives and 39,314 were foreigners; in 1875, 147,530. Albany, a county of Wyoming Territory, borders on Colorado. It is intersected by the North Fork of the Platte River and by the Laramie Eiver. The surface is finely ALB 38 ALB diversified by high, mountains and fertile plains and val- leys. The most prominent feature of this county is Lar- amie Peak, which rises about 10,000 feet above the level of the sea. Here is a vast beautiful open plain or table- land, called Laramie Plain, which produces good pasture. Many cattle and sheep are reared here. Among its min- erals are granite and iron ore. This county is intersected by the Union Pacific Railroad. Capital, Laramie. Pop. in 1870, 2021, of whom 1296 were natives. Albany, a hamlet of Saline co.. Ark., 7 miles from Mabelvale. It has 2 churches. Albany, a post-office of Levy co., Fla. Albany, a post-village, capital of Dougherty co., Ga., on Flint River, at the mouth of Kinchafoona Creek, 107 miles S.S.W. of Macon. It is on the Southwestern Rail- road, and is the west terminus of the Brunswick &, Albany Railroad, and the north terminus of a branch of the At- lantic & Grulf Railroad. Cotton is shipped in steamboats at this place, which is the head of navigation. Two weekly papers are published here. Albany has a bank, and 8 churches. Pop. 2101. Albany, a post-village of Whitesides co.. 111., on the Mississippi River, 5 or 6 miles below Clinton, Iowa, and on the "Western Union Railroad, 31 miles N.E. of Rock Island. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and a lumber-mill. Pop. 606; of Albany township, 805. Albany, a post-village of Delaware co., Ind., in Dela- ware township, on the Mississinewa River, about 10 miles N.E. of Muncie and 40 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a drug-store, and 3 general stores. Albany, a post-hamlet of Davis co., Iowa, about 16 miles S.AV. of Ottumwa. Albany, a post-office or hamlet of Nemaha co., Kansas, in Rock Creek township, 2^ miles N. of Sabetha. Albany, a post-village, capital of Clinton co., Ky., about 125 miles S. of Frankfort, and 4 miles from the N. bound- ary of Tennessee. It contains a court-house, 3 churches, an academy, a tannery, a steam flour-mill, etc. Pop. 163. Albany, a landing-place in Caddo parish. La., on a navigable lake, 10 miles from Shreveport. Albany, a post-township of Oxford co.. Me., about 33 miles N.W. of Lewiston. It has 2 churches, and a spool- factory. Pop. 651. Albany, a post-office and station of Stearns co., Minn., in Albany township, on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 12 miles E. by S. of Melrose. It has a church. Pop. of Albany township, 314. Albany, a post-village, capital of Gentry co., Mo., in Athens township, on Grand River, or its west fork, about 50 miles N.N.E. of St. Joseph. It has 1 bank, a high school, 2 newspaper offices, 4 churches, a foundry, a flouring- mill, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 607, Albany, a township of Carroll co., N.H,, 74 miles N.E. of Concord ; has a church. Post-office, Chocorua. Pop. 339. Albany, a city, capital of the state of New York, and of Albany co., is on the W, bank of the Hudson River, 142 miles N. of New York. It is at the junction of several railways, — the New York Central & Hudson River, the Bos- ton &, Albany, the Albany A Susquehanna, the Rensselaer &. Saratoga, &c. Lat. 42° 39' 3" N. ; Ion. 73° 32' W. The city is well built, with some very fine streets, and several parks and open squares set with trees; and, as viewed from the river, its appearance is imposing. It is an important centre of the Western trade; its railways, with the river (here connecting with the great lakes by the Erie Canal, and with Lake Champlain by the Champlain Canal), giving the city great advantages as a receiving and distributing point, especially for grain, cattle, and lumber. The river is here crossed by two substantial railway bridges. A fine canal basin and docks have been constructed. The city has numerous and extensive iron-foundries, 2 large blast-fur- naces, several large boot- and shoe-factories, 15 breweries, and as many malt-houses, and largo manufactories of pianos, card-board, glazed and colored papers, metallic wares, *fcc. Prominent among its public buildings are the new state capitol, one of the most costly structures of its class in the world; the old state hall, a fine structure of white marble; the city buildings; the state normal school; the state geo- logical and agricultural hall, with libraries and two museums illustrating the natural history and resources of the state; the new general government building for post-office, Ac. ; the Dudley observatory and the medical and law schools, affiliated, since 1871, with Union College, Schenectady, under the title of Union University; the Albany High School, the Albany Academy, the Albany Female Academy, the hospitals, the county penitentiary, the state arsenal, Ac. The state library contains over 100,000 volumes. The Albany Institute, the Young Men's Association, with a hall and good library, the St. Agnes School, the Child's Hospital, the House of Shelter, the Orphan Asylum, the Almshouse, and the Lunatic Asylum are among the other institutions of the city. There are also commodious county buildings. Albany has 9 banks and savings institutions, besides private banking establishments. The city has a good and well-managed drainage-system, and is supplied with water from Patroon's Creek by works leading from a reservoir 5 miles distant; but the Hudson River affords a copious supplementary supply, water being pumped by steam for this purpose into the Bleecker reservoir, ele- vated 246 feet, and to another reservoir, 301 feet high. Albany is the seat of a Catholic and of a Protestant Epis- copal bishop, and has about 60 churches, the Catholic cathedral being the largest and handsomest; but several others are elegant structures. Most of the Protestant de- nominations have places of worship. The Catholics have a system of parochial schools, with two academies, oi']>han- ages, hospitals, and several convents. The city has 9 daily, 2 semi-weekly, and 8 weekly newspapers. Street railways extend to every part of the town and to its principal suburbs, among which are West Albany, with extensive cattle -y ard s ; East Albany, or Greenbush, and Bath, on the E. side of the river ; and Kenwood, with several educational and benevolent institutions. The Dutch established a trading-post on Castle Island, immediately below the pres- ent site of Albany, in 1614. Fort Orange was erected where the city now stands in 1623. The place was subse- quently known as Beaver Wyck and Williamstadt. It received the name of Albany (in honor of the Duke of York and Albany, afterwards James II.) when it came into the possession of the English in 1664. It was chartered a city in 1686. Pop. in 1800, 5289; in 1820, 12,630; in 1840, 33,721; in 1850, 50,703; in 1860, 62,367; in 1870, 69,422; and in 1875, 86,013. Albany, or Lee, a village of Athens co., 0., in Lee township, about 44 miles E. of Chillicothe, and 10 miles S.W. of Athens. It contains 2 churches, the Atwood In- stitute, Enterprise Academy (colored), and 1 newspaper office. The name of its post-office is Lee. Pop. about 750. Albany, a post-village of Tuscarawas co,, 0., in Wash- ington township, about 37 miles N.E. of Zanesville. It contains 2 churches, the Haiiwood Normal Institute, and a flour-mill. Albany, a post-village, the capital of Linn co., Oregon, on the E. bank of the Willamette River, and on the Oregon A California Railroad, 26 or 28 miles S. of Salem, and 81 miles S. by W. from Portland. Small steamboats ascend the river to this place. It is in an extensive valley, noted for its beauty and fertility. One daily and 3 weekly news- papers are published here. Albany contains a court-house, 7 churches, the Albany Collegiate Institute, and 1 bank. Pop. 1992. Albany, a post-township of Berks co.. Pa., is contiguous to the Kittatinny or Blue Mountain, and is traversed by the Berks A Lehigh Railroad. Albany Station is 23 miles N. of Reading. Albany contains villages named Kempton and Fetherolfisville or Trexler. It has 4 tanneries, 7 grist- mills, and 4 distilleries. Pop, 1510. Albany, a township of Bradford co., Pa., contains New Albany and Laddsburg. Pop. 1379. Albany, a village or station of Henry co., Tenn., on the Louisville A Memphis Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Paris. Albany, a post-village, capital of Shackelford co,, Tex., about 135 miles W. of Fort AYorth. It has a court-house. Albany, a post-township of Orleans co., Vt., about 36 miles N. by E. of Montpelier, and 4 miles S.W. of Iras- burg. It has an academy, 6 churches, and manufactures of lumber and starch. Pop. 1151. Albany, a post-village of Green co.. Wis., in Albany township, and on Sugar River, 7 miles N. of Brodhead, and about 28 miles S. of Madison. It has several mills, and 2 churches. Pop. of township in 1875, 1150. Albany, a township of Pepin co., Wis. Post-office, East Pepin. Pop. 375. Albany, a town and seaport of West Australia, on King George Sound. Lat. 35° 3' S.; Ion. 117° 52' 40" E. Albany and Boston, a station in Houghton co., Mich., on the Mineral Range Railroad, 6 miles N. of Hancock. Albany Centre, a post-hamlet of Orleans co., Vt., 10 miles from Barton. Albany Island, off" Capo York, Queensland, Australia, is in lat. 10° 40' S,, Ion. 142° 35' E. It is 3 miles long, and 1 mile in breadth, and is fertile and well wooded. The island shelters the excellent port of Somerset or Port Albany. ALB 39 ALB Albany lake, in Long Lake township, Hamilton CO., N.Y., in the Great Adirondack Wilderness, discharges its waters through Beaver and Black Rivers into Lake Ontario. Albany Land'ing, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co., Ky., on Cumberland River, 40 miles S.E. of Glasgow. It has a church. Alba Pompeia, the ancient name of Alba. Albaredo, ^1-bft-rA'do, a village of Northern Italy, 15 miles S.E. of Verona, near the Adige. Pop. 4243. Albareto di Borgotaro, ^l-bi-ri'to dee boR-go-tS,'- Bo, a village of Italy, province of Parma. Pop. 3733. Al Baretun, a town of Egypt. See Baretoon. Albarracin, ^l-baR-R^-theen', a town of Spain, on the Guadalaviar, 19 miles W.N.W. of Teruel. Pop. 2500. AI-Bassan, a town of Turkey. See El-Bassan. Albate, ^l-b3,'ti. a village of Italy, 3 miles by rail S. S.E. of Como. Pop. 1383. Al'baton, a post-hamlet of Monona co., Iowa, in Fair- view township, on or near the Missouri River, 7 miles from Sloan Railroad Station. Al'batross Island, a small island of Bass's Strait, Australia; lat. 40° 22' S., Ion. 144° 39' E. Albaugh, Franklin co., N.Y. See Aleurg. Albay, al-bi', a town of Luzon, Philippine Islands, capi- tal of a province, and residence of a governor. The prov- ince is fertile, but subject to frequent volcanic eruptions. Pop. 19,546 ; of the province, 340,000. Albay Bay or Gulf, on the coast of the island of Lu- zon, one of the Philippines. It is large and secure, and almost landlocked. Albayda, il-bi'Di, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 12 miles S.W. of San Felipe. Pop. 3200. Albee, ^I'bee, a township of Saginaw co., Mich., 10 miles from Chesaning : has manufactures of lumber. Pop. 197. Albegna, S,l-ben'y&, or Albania, il-bain'yS, (anc. Al- bmia), a river of Italy, rises in Monte Labro, flows S.W., and enters the Mediterranean, 5 miles N. of Orbitello. Albemarle, a town of France. See Aumale. Albemarle', a county in the central part of Virginia, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the James River, and is drained by the Rivanna and Hardware Rivers. The Blue Ridge extends along the N.W. border of this county, which has a finely diversified surface and abounds with picturesque scenery. The soil is generally fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and tobacco are the staple products of the county. It is intersected by the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad and the Virginia Midland & Great Southern Railroad. Thomas Jefferson was born in this county. Capital, Charlottesville. Valuation of real and personal estate, S13,242,985. Pop. in 1870, 27,544, of whom 27,335 were natives and 209 were foreigners. Albemarle, a post-hamlet of Assumption parish, La., 5 miles from Napoleonville. It is on the Bayou Lafourche, 80 miles above New Orleans. Much sugar is produced here. Albemarle, a post-village, capital of Stanley co., N.C., about 3S miles E. of Charlotte. It has a church, an acad- emy, and a manufactory of furniture. Pop. about 200 ; of Albemarle township, 1600. Albemarle Island, the largest of the Galapagos Is- lands, in the Pacific Ocean ; lat. 0° 56' S., Ion. 91° 38' W. Summit, 4700 feet in elevation. Albemarle Sound, in the N.B. part of North Caro- lina, extends from the mouths of the Chowan and Roanoke Rivers nearly to the Atlantic Ocean, from which it is sepa- rated by a long narrow island. It is about 55 miles long from E. to W., and varies in width from 4 to 15 miles. The water is nearly fresh, is rather shallow, and is not affected by the tide. Vessels can pass from this sound into Pamlico Sound, and thence into the ocean. It also communicates with Currituck Sound by an inlet. Alben, towns of Austria. See Planina and Albona. Albendorf, al'ben-doRf\ a village of Prussian Silesia, 8 miles W.N.W. of Glatz. Near it is the sanctuary of New Jerusalem, said to be visited annually by 80,000 pilgrims. Albenga, al-bJn'gS, (anc. Al'bium Inijau'niim), a sea- port city of Italy, on a railway, 44 miles S.W, of Genoa. Pop. 4247. It has Roman antiquities and feudal edifices. Albens, firb8N»', a town of France, in Savoy, on a rail- way, 6 miles N.N.E. of Aix. Albera tigure, al-hA'r4 le-goo'ri, a village of Italy, province of Alessandria. Pop. 1049. Alberbury, il'ber-ber-e, a parish of England and Wales, counties of Salop and Montgomery. Old Parr was born in this parish in 1483. Alberca, al-bfiR'ki, a town of Spain, 4 miles S. of Mur- cia. Pop. 1640. The name Alberca is also given to a river in Alicante, a mountain in Avila, a town in New Castile (pop. 1270), and a village in Leon (pop. 1701). Albercne, ^l-b^R'chi, a river of Spain, rises in Old Castile, and, after a course of 150 miles, falls into the Tagus. Alberes (41-baiR') Mountains, the name of the E. portion of the Pyrenees. Alberique, 41-bi-ree'ki, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 11 miles N. of San Felipe. Pop. 3000. Alber'ni, a large lumber and saw-mill establishment on Barclay Sound, W. coast of Vancouver Island, British Co- lumbia. The Alberni Canal is a long and narrow fiord or channel extending inward from the above-named sound. Alberobello, irbi-ro-bSl'lo, a town of Italy, province of Foggia. Pop. 4408. Alberona, 41-bi-ro'ni, a town of Italy, in a valley, 22 miles W. of Foggia. Pop. 3550. Alberschweiler, irber-sh^i'ler, a village of Bavaria, in the Palatinate, 3 miles E'.N.E. of Annweiler. Pop. 2067. Alberschwende, ^rber-sh*en'd?h, a village of Aus- tria, in the Tyrol, 8 miles E.S.E. of Bregenz. Pop. 1847. Albersdorf, 4rhers-doRf\ a village of Prussia, in Hol- stein, 19 miles S.W. of Rendsburg. Albert, irbaiR' (formerly called Ancre), a town of France, department of Somme, on the Railway du Nord, 18 miles N.E. of Amiens, with woollen- and cotton-factories, foundries, saltpetre-works, and paper-mills. Pop. 4019. Al'bert, a county of New Brunswick, on the Bay of Fundy. This county contains valuable albertite-mines and gypsum-quarries. Capital, Hopewell Cape. Pop. 10,672. Alber'ta, a township of Benton co., Minn. Pop. 263. Alberta, a post-ofiBce of Meigs co., 0., is at Dansville, a hamlet 21 miles from Hamden. Al'bert Bridge, apost- village in Cape Breton co., Nova Scotia, on Mira River, 12 miles E.S.E. of Sidney. P. 250. Alberti, il-ben'tce, a village of Hungary, co. of Pesth, 29 miles by rail S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 3319. Al'bert Lake, in South Australia, Russell co., joins Lake Victoria by a strait at its N. extremity. Albert Lake, a large lake of Wood and Hamlin cos., Dakota. Albert Lea (lee), a post-village, capital of Freeborn co., Minn., is finely situated on a small lake of its own name, in Albert Lea township, and on the Southern Minnesota Rail- road, 130 miles W. of La Crosse, and about 100 miles S. by W. from St. Paul. The lake is 6 or 8 miles long. Two weekly newspapers are published here. It has 7 churches, 2 banks, a high school, 5 grain elevators, 1 first-class hotel, 1 iron-foundry, 2 brick-yards, 1 brewery, 1 fiouring-mill, and 1 plnning-mill. Pop. of township, 1897. Albert Mines, a mining village in Albert co., New Brunswick, 20 miles S. by E. of Moncton. It contains rich and extensive coal- or "albertite"-mines. A tram- way, 5i miles long, connects the mines with Hillsborough, a port of entry. Pop. 200. Al'bert Nyan'za (native name, as written by Baker, M'wootan N'zige), a great lake of Eastern Central Africa, one of the sources of the White Nile, was first visited by Baker in 1864. It is about 150 miles long, with a breadth of about 50 miles. It is in a rocky region, and is very deep, except in the S. It receives the waters of the Victoria Nyanza (which lies 80 miles southeastward) through the Kari or Somerset River. Elevation, 2720 feet. Al'berton, or E'lysville, a post-village of Howard co., Md., on the Patapsco River and the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- read, at Elysville Station, 20 miles W. of Baltimore. It has a cotton-factory. The name of its post-office is Alberton. Pop. 300. Al'berton, a seaport town of Prince Edward Island, Prince CO., on the Cascumpeque River, and on the Prince Edward Island Railway, 93 miles N.N.W. of Charlottetown. It contains Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Methodist churches, a Catholic chapel, and several stores and mills. The port, called Cascumpeque or Holland Harbor, is the best on the northern side of the island. Pop. 600. Alberton, a post-village in Wentworth co., Ontario, Canada, 12 miles from Hamilton. Pop. 100. Albertopoli. See Albert-Ville. Albert River, two rivers of Australia: one, in Queens- land, falls into the Gulf of Carpentaria ; the other, in Vic- toria, flows into the Pacific near Port Albert. Al'bertson, a post-ofBce of Duplin co., N.C., in Albert- son township, IS miles from Mount Olive Station. Pop. of the township, 667. Albert- Ville, arbalR'veel' (It. AliertopoH, Jll-bSr-top'- o-le), a town of France, in Savoy, on the river Arly, 12 miles N.E. of Chamhery. It has a normal school, and comprises the former towns of Conflans and L'Hopital. Pop. 4398. ALB Al'bertville, a post-ofRoe of Marshall co., Alai., at Jones Chapel High School, 21 miles from Atalla. Albese, al-bi'si, or Albesio, Jll-bil'se-o, a village of Italy, 4 miles E.S.E. of Como. Pop. 1492. Albettoiie, il-bSt-to'ni, a village of Italy, in Venetia, 15 miles S. of Vicenza. Pop. 1752. Albi, il'bee, a town of Italy, in Calabria, 11 miles N.W. of Catanzaro. Pop. 1997. Albi, a city of France. See Alby. Al'bia, a station in the Indian Territory, on the St. Louis li San Francisco Railroad, B miles N.E. of Vinita. Albia, al'be-a,, a post-village, capital of Monroe co., Iowa, is the S. terminus of the Central Railroad of Iowa, and is on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, 25 miles W. of Ottumwa, and 24 miles S.S.W. of Oskaloosa, at the junction of the Albia, Knoxvillo & Des Moines Railroad. It has a court-house, 1 national bank, 1 other bank, 2 news- paper offices, a graded school, and 6 churches. Pop. 1893. Albia, a post-office of Washington co., Kansas. Albia, a village of New York, a suburb of Troy. Albiano, &l-be-^'no, a village of Italy, province of Massa e Carrara, 16 miles S. by E. of Pontremoli. P. 1260. Albiano d'lvrea, 41-be-4'no dee-vri'^, a village of It.aly, province of Turin. Pop. 2060. Albidona, iI-be-do'n?l, a village of Italy, in Cosenza, 20 miles N.E. of Castrovillari, near the Gulf of Taranto. Albiga, Albigeois, or Albigenses. See Alby. Albignasego, al-been-y§,-si'go, a village of Italy, 4 miles S. of Padua. Pop. 3170. Albigowa, 5,1-be-go'va, a village of Austria, in Galicia, circle of Rzeszow. Pop. 1269. Albin, a town of France. See Aubin. Al'biii, a township of Brown co., Minn. Pop. 344. Albi'na, a post-office of Howell co.. Mo. Albina, il-be'na, a post- village of Multnomah co., Ore- gon, on the Willamette River, 12 miles from its mouth, and 1 mile from Bast Portland. It has 2 churches, a b.ank, a foundry and machine-shop, a saw-mill, and a ship-yard. Grain is shipped here in ocean steamers. Albinea, il-be-ni'a, a town of Italy, province of Reggio in Emilia, near Soandiano. Pop. 3301. Albinen, il-bee'nen, or Arbigiion, ar'been'yis"', a village of Switzerland, canton of Valais, situated on an abrupt mountain over 4000 feet high, and accessible only by a series of nearly perpendicular ladders, which the in- habitants ascend and descend at all hours. Pop. 340. Albinia, the ancient name of Albegna. Albinn, the ancient name of Albyn, meaning Scotland. Albino, al-bee'no, a town of Northern Italy, 8 miles N.E. of Bergamo, on the Serio. Pop. 2974. Albion, il'be-on, the ancient name of Great Britain, said incorrectly to have been given to it on account of the lofty white cliffs on the S. shores of the island. Albion, ai'be-on or al'be-on, a post-village of Mendo- cino CO., Cal., on the Pacific Ocean, at the mouth of Albion River, about 135 miles N.N.W. of San Francisco. It has a lumber-mill, and is mainly supported by the lumber busi- ness. Albion River affords an unsafe anchorage. Pop. 115. Albion, a post-village, capital of Edwards co.. 111., on the Louisville, New Albany & St. Louis Railroad, 56 miles N.W. of Evansville, Ind. It has 5 churches, and a news- paper office. Pop. about 1000 ; of Albion township, 2856. Albion, a post-village, capital of Noble co., Ind., is situated near Elkhart River, on a railroad, about 30 miles N.W. of Fort Wayne, and 128 miles from Chicago. It has 5 churches, a bank, a high school, a newspaper office, a tari- nery, a flour-mill, and manufactures of sash, blinds, and agri- cultural maohinory. Pop. about 800 ; of Albion township, about 1000. Albion, a township of Butler co., Iowa. Pop. 1014. Albion, a township of Howard co., Iowa. Pop. 620. Albion, a post-village in Iowa township, Marshall co., Iowa, on the Iowa River and the Central Railroad of Iowa, 7 miles N.W. of Marshalltown. It has 3 churches, and is the seat of the Iowa Central College (Methodist Episcopal). Pop. in 1875, 508. Albion, a township of Republic co., Kansas, about 25 miles W.N.W. of Washington. Pop. in 1878, 375. Albion, a post-hamlot in Albion township, Kennebec CO., Me., 25 miles N.E. of Augusta. It has 2 churches, 3 stores, a saw-mill, and a planing-mill. Pop. 75 ; of the township, 1356. Albion, a post-village in Albion and Sheridan town- ships, Calhoun co., Mich., on the Kalamazoo River, and on the Michigan Central Railroad, 20 miles W. of Jackson, 96 miles W. of Detroit, and 39 miles S.S.W. of Lansing. The Lansing division of the Lake Shore &■ Michigan Southern ) ALB Railroad crosses the Michigan Central Railroad at this point. It has 6 churches, 1 national bank, 2 other banks, a Methodist institution called Albion College (which was founded in 1860, and has about 200 students), a graded school, and a public library. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Albion has also a tannery, a machine- shop, 2 flour-mills, and manufactures of .agricultural im- plements, sash, blinds, and windmills. Pop. about 2400 ; of Albion township, 2409. Albion, a post-hamlet of Wright co., Minn., in Albion township, about 46 miles W.N.W. of Minneapolis. Pop. of township, 355. Albion, a post-village, capital of Boone co.. Neb., 40 miles N.W. of Columbus. It has a graded school, 1 news- paper office, 2 churches, and a good flouring-mill. Albion, a post-village, the capital of Orleans co., N.Y., on the Erie Canal and New York Central Railroad, 30 miles W. of Rochester, and 52 miles N.E. of Buffalo. It has 2 national banks, 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, the Albion Academy, and Phipps Union Seminary; also a Catholic academy. Here are several flour-mills and manufactures of iron, &c. Pop. of Albion township, 5447. Albion, a township of Oswego co., N.Y., traversed by the Rome & Watertown Railroad, contains several manufac- turing hamlets. Albion Station (Sand Bank Post-Offloe) is 36 miles N.W. of Rome. Pop. in 1875, 2479. Albion, a post-village in Jackson township, Ashland CO., 0., 3 miles from West Salem, and about 26 miles N.E. of Mansfield. It has 2 churches, a carriage-shop, and a chair-factory. Albion, a post-borough of Erie co.. Pa., on the Beaver & Erie Canal and the Erie & Pittsburg Railroad, 26 miles S.W. of Erie. It has a church, a high school, and manu- factures of oars and horse-rakes. Pop. about 1000. Albion, a post-village in Lincoln township. Providence CO., R.I., on the Providence & Worcester Railroad, 11 miles N. by W. from Providence, and 1 mile W. of Blaokstone B-iver. It has 2 churches and a cotton-factory. Pop. 402. Albion, a post-village and township of Dane co., Wis., 3 miles from Edgerton, and about 14 miles N. of Janesville. Koshkonong Lake touches the S.E. part of the township. It has an academy and 3 churches. Total pop. 1261. Albion, a township of Jackson co.. Wis. It includes Black River Falls. Pop. in 1875, 2768. Albion, a township of Trempealeau eo.. Wis. Pop. 370. Albion, or Bol'ton, a post-village in Cardwell co., Ontario, Canada, on the Humber River, and on a railway, 25 miles from Toronto. It contains 2 telegraph offices, sev- eral stores, a flour- and grist-mill, a woollen-mill, an iron- foundry, and has a weekly newspaper. Pop. 1000. Albion Mines, or Coal Mines, or Stel'larton, a mining village in Pictou co., Nova Scotia, on East River, and on the Intercolonial Railway (station called Stellarton), 101 miles N.E. of Halifax, and 6 miles by rail from Pictou Har- bor. Here are mines, from which large quantities of coal are raised. The village contains a telegraph office and about 15 stores. Pop. 2000. Albis, a river of Germany. See Elbe. Albis, mountains in Switzerland. See Zduich. Albissola Marina, il-bis-so'li mi-ree'ni, a town of Italy, province of Genoa, 2 miles by rail N.E. of Savona, with extensive manufactures of porcelain vases. Pop. 1650. Albissola Superiore, il-bis-so'ia, soo-pi-i-e-o'ri, a town of Italy, separated from the above by the Sansobia. Pop. 2130. Albiuin Ingaunum, the ancient name of Albenga. Albium Intiinelium. See Vintimiglia. Albizzate, dl-bit-si'ti, a town of Italy, province of Milan, 6 miles N. of Gallarate. Pop. 1920. Alblasserdam, 41-blfc'ser-dim\ a village of the Neth- erlands, South Holland, 9 miles S.E. of Rotterdam, on the navio-able river Merwede. It has ship-yards. Pop. 39S1. Albocacer, il-bo-k£l'th«r, a town of Spain, in Valen- cia. 32 miles N.W. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 1560. Alboloduy, il-bo-lo-doo'e, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, 20 miles N.N.W. from Almeria, on the left bank of the river Almeria. Pop. 1949. Albon, irbANo', a town of Franco, department of Drome, 5 miles N N.E. of St. Vallier, near the Rhone. Pop. 2401. Albona, ill-bo'nSi (Ger. Alben, ai'ben; Illyrian, Labhi, ia,-been'), a town of Istria, 42 miles S.E. of Triest. Pop. 2084. Albondon, il-bon-dOn', a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 38 miles S. of Madrid. Pop. 3392. Albonese, ill-bo-nS,'si, a village of Italy, province of Padua, 3 miles N.N.W. of Mortara. Pop. 1121. Alboran, ill-bo-riln', a small island in the Mediterra- nean, belonging to Spain. Lat, 35° 56' N. ; Ion. 3° 0' 40" W. ALB 41 Alborea, al-bo-r4'4, a town of Spain, in Murcia, 22 miles N.N.W. of Albacete. Pop. 1721. Alborg, a town of Denmark. See Aalborg. Albosagsia, 41-bo-sild'jil, a village of Italy, 3 miles S.S.W. of Sonclrio, in the valley of the Adda. Pop. 2038. Al Bostan, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See El Bostan. Albox, il-boH', a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 40 miles N.N.B. of Almeria, on the banks of the Rambla do Oria, which divides the town into the two quarters of San Fran- cisco and La Lema. It has a prison, hospital, manufactory of pottery, and a fine square. Pop. 3705. Albrechtsdorf, il'brfiicts-dfiRf \ a town of Bohemia, 5 miles E.N.E. of Gablonz ; has largo glass-works. Pop. 4259. Albright, awl'brit, a post-hamlet of Preston Co., W. Va., on Cheat River, 47 miles W. of Keyser. It has 2 churches. Pop. 100. Albright's, township, Alamance CO., N.C. Pop. 625. Albrightsville, awl'brits-vil, a post-hamlet of Carbon CO., Pa., about 15 miles N.E. of Mauch Chunk. Albuera, al-boo-i'ri, a river of Spain, province of Badajos, flows into the Guadiana, Length, 50 miles. Albuera, il-boo-i'rS, or il-bwi'ri, or La Albuera, li il-bwi'ri, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 13 miles S.E. of Badajos, on the river of the same name. On the 16th of May, 1811, the British and allies, under General Beresford, here gained a victory over the Erench, commanded by Marshal Soult. Pop. 450. Albufeira, 3,1-boo-fi'e-rJl, a seaport town of Portugal, province of Algarve, on the Atlantic, 46 miles E. of Cape St. Vincent. Pop. 4078. Its harbor, which admits the largest vessels, is defended by a citadel and batteries. Albufera, il-boo-fi'ri, a lake of Spain, on the coast, 7 miles S. of Valencia, 11 miles in length by 4 in breadth. It communicates with the Mediterranean. Albula, 41'boo-li, a mountain-pass of Switzerland, Orisons, leads across Mount Albula from the valley of Ber- giin to the Upper Engadine, and from the basin of the Rhine to that of the Inn. Its highest point is 7713 feet. Albuiiol, 41-boon-yol', a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province of Granada, 35 miles W. by S. of Almeria, near the coast of the Mediterranean. Pop. 4080. Albuquerque, il-boo-kSR'ki, a town of Spain, in Es- tremadura, 26 miles N. of Badajos. Pop. 7527. It has a castle, and manufactures of cotton and woollen cloths. Albuquerque, al-boo-kSr'ki, a post-village, capital of Bernalillo co.. New Mexico, on the Rio Grande, about 56 miles S.W. of Santa Fe. It is at an elevation of about 5000 feet above the level of the sea. It has a Catholic church, a house of the Jesuits, and a weekly paper. This place has an extensive trade in wool and hides. Albuquerque, arbu-ker'kee, a post-ofiice of Wilson CO., Tex. Albuquerque (al-boo-k^R'ki) Islands, or South- West Keys, a group in the Caribbean Sea, 110 miles E. of the Mosquito coast. Lat. 12° 4' N. ; Ion. 81° 50' W. Alburg, awl'burg, a post-township of Grand Isle oo., Vt., about 32 miles N. of Burlington, is a peninsula washed by Lake Champlain on all sides except the N. It is intersected by the Central Vermont Railroad, and contains a post-hamlet and a station of its own name, 16 miles N.N.W. of St. Albans. It has 4 churches. Pop. 1716. Alburg (incorrectly Albaugh), a post-hamlet in Moira township, Franklin co., N.T., 3 miles from Moira Railroad Station. It has a church. Alburg Centre, a post-hamlet of Grand Isle co., Vt., on Lake Champlain, about 38 miles N. of Burlington, and 3i miles from Alburg Springs. It has a church. Alburg Springs, a post-village in Alburg township, Grand Isle co., Vt., on Lake Champlain and the Central Vermont Railroad, 8 miles E. of Rouse's Point. It has mineral springs, 2 hotels, 2 churches, and an academy. Alburtis, al-biir'tis, a post- village in Lower Maoungie township, Lehigh co.. Pa., on a branch of the Reading Railroad, 12 miles S.W. of Allentown. It is the south ter- minus of the Catasauqua A Fogelsville Railroad. It has a church, iron-mines, and 2 blast-furnaces owned by the Thomas Iron Company. Pop. about 800. Albury, al'ber-rc, a town of Australia, in New South Wales, at the head of steam navigation on the Murray River, 386 miles by railway S.W. of Sydney, and opposite Wodonga, in Victoria. It has extensive wine-cellars. Pop. 2592. Albury, a post-village in Prince Edward co., Ontario, Canada, 9 miles from Belleville. Pop. 100. Albuzzano, S,l-boot-si'no, a village of Italy, 4 miles E. of Pavia. Pop. 1558. Alby, or Albi, al'bee or irbee' (L. Albiga, Al'ha An- gus' ta), a city of France, capital of the department of Tarn, ALC on the left bunk of the Tarn, 338 miles S. of Paris, and 42 miles N.E. of Toulouse, at 'the junction of several railways. It is the seat of an archbishop. It is ill built, the streets being narrow and irregular. Besides a tribunal of com- merce and a college, there are in the town a museum of natural history, a society of rural economy, trade, and sta- tistics, and a public library of more than 14,000 volumes; also normal schools, a divinity school, a theatre, and bar- racks. The manufactures are of castings, linen, sacking, cottons, handkerchiefs, and wax candles. The town suft'ered much in the religious wars of France ; and from it the re- formers of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, called in French Albigcois (iPbeo^zhwi' ; Latin, .;U6iaha, or Alapaha, a thriving post-village of Berrien co., Ga., on the Brunswick & Albany Railroad, 112 miles W. of Brunswick. It has 1 church, 1 newspaper office, and manufactures of chairs, lumber, blinds, &e. Allapee, a town of Hindostan. See Alii'ei::. Allaputty, or AUapatti, ^ri3,-put'tee, an island nt the extreme N. of Ceylon, and near the isle of Jaffna. It is covered with palms, and is inhabited by Malabar fisher- men. Pop. 1800. Lat. 9° 45' N. ; Ion. 80° 2' E. Al'lard's Cor'ners, a hamlet of Orange co., N.Y., 2i miles from Waldcn Station. Allariz, d,I-y3L-reeth', a walled town of Spain, in Gali- cia, 13 miles S.E. of Orense. Pop. 1760. Allarniont, alMaR^m6N°', a village of France, depart- ment of Vosges, 13 miles N.N.E. of St. Die. Pop. 816. Allass (4l-l4ss') Strait is between the islands of Lom- bok and Sumbawa, in the Malay Archipelago. Length, about 50 miles ; breadth, at the narrowest part, 9 miles. Allassac, ^rias^s&k', a town of France, department of Correze, 15 miles W. of Tulle. Pop. 1248. All^atoo'na, a post-office and station of Bartow co., Ga., on the Western & Atlantic Railroad, 40 miles N.N.W. of Atlanta. It is near the Allatoona Pass, where General J. E. Johnston made a stand in May, 1864, when pursued by General Sherman, and is surrounded by picturesque scenery. A battle was fought here October 5, 1864, between the Union forces under General Corse and the Confederates under General French. AUauch, 3;riosh', a town of France, department of Bouches-du-Rh6ne, 6 miles N.E. of Marseilles. Pop. 1386. AUa-Yar-ka-Tanda, or Alli-Yar-ka-Tanda, S,l-le-yar-k5,-t^n'da, a town of Sinde, 20 miles E. of Hyder- abad. Pop. 8500. It has cotton manufactures and dye-works. Alle, al'leh, a river of East Prussia, falls into the Pregel 27 miles above Konigsberg. Its length is about 115 miles. Allee Blanche, kVW blONsh (/.e., the ''white pas- sage"), a lofty valley of Italy, bounded on the N. by the Mont Blanc chain. It owes its name to the deep snoif with which it is always covered even in summer. Al'legan, a county in the S.W. part of Michigan, has an area of about 850 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by Lake Michigan, and intersected by Kalamazoo River. The surface is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, butter, hay, and lumber are the staple products of the county. Among the forest trees are the sugar-maple, ash, beech, oak, and tulip-tree. The county is intersected by the Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, and a branch of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad. Capital, Alle- gan. Valuation of real and personal estate, $15,795,133. Pop. in 1870, 32,105, of whom 26.519 were natives and 5586 were foreigners; in 1874, 32,381. Allegan, a post-office of Rice co., Kansas. Allegan, a post-village, the capital of Allegan co., Mich., is on the Kalamazoo River, at the head of naviga- tion, in Allegan township, and on the Kalamazoo division of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 160 miles W. of Detroit, 33 miles S.S.W. of Grand Rapids, and 25 miles N.W. of Kalamazoo. The Michigan Lake Shore Railroad connects it with Grand Haven. Large quantities of lumber sawn in Allegan co. are shipped at this place. It has 2 national banks, 2 newspaper offices, a public library, 3 fiouring-mills, 2 planing-mills, 2 saw-mills, an iron-foundry, woollen-mill, car-works, .tc., 8 churches, an academy or high school, and 2 superior hotels. It is sup- plied with water by the Holly system, and has extensive water-power, which is employed in several mills. Pop. in 1870, 2374; of the township, 3642; of the village in 1878, about 4100. Allegany, a county of New York. See Allkghany. Alleghany,"--- al-le-gi'nee, a river of the United States, a branch of the Ohio, rises in Potter co.. Pa., and, turning northward, makes an extensive detour in Cattaraugus co., N.Y, Having re-crossed the northern boundary of Penn- sylvania, it runs southwestward through the oil region to Franklin, Venango co. From this point it flows southeast- ward to the mouth of Mahoning Creek, below which it pur- sues a southwest course through Armstrong and Alleghany COS. until it unites with the Monongahela at Pittsburg. The stream formed by this confluence is the Ohio River. The length of the Alleghany is perhaps 350 miles. Small steamboats can ascend it 200 miles or more from Pittsburg, This river traverses a hilly country, in which bituminous coal, petroleum^ and pine timber are abundant. * It is much to be desire.1 Hint ii uiiilnim ortlui-mi'liy of this name should be adopted. In N<« Ymk it is rMnini,Mil\ uvitton AUeqami, in Pennsylvania, .1//,-//..,,//. un-i in \^u^^\uv^ luul the Southern States, ^/?er;;m»;/, thiHi-li ii,-arly all -rill.- M oiks M,, -I'noral geography, even those publislicil in jS\'\v York Mini l'inri-\ ivunia, spcH the name AiXEGHANY. Theimpropritly, i;.>i i,i yay ;ii.-.iinHly, of this discrepancy in tlie BpelUnp; of this wawu- will It .--rtMi by referring to a representation of New York ami rriiii>yl\aina on the same map. We shall there find at times o\w and the same river named Alleohcmi near its source, while lower down, for the distance of some 40'or 60 miles, il is AUoffami, and then again AUeghcmj for the rest of its course. If we have oceasion to speak of tlio moun- tains, we must, urn, nliii;;- lo tins mrlho.l. .-all Ili-MU AUajn,}!! m a dcbci-iption of New Yoik ; A!!,.,h<,ni in aii uilirlv on IViinsylvunia; and AUi-qlmmi in tr.-alin- .-r Vii-iuia or any of the Southoi'll or Western St^ites. ALL Alleg'hany, a county in the N."\Y. part of Maryland. It is bounded on the S. by the Potomac River and its North Branch. The main Alleghany Mountain traverses this county, the surface of which is also diversified by other high ridges. Here. occur broad fertile valleys called glades, which are adapted to pasturage and supply superior butter and mutton. Among the mineral resources are bituminous coal, iron ore, limestone, and sandstone. In some years over 2,000,000 tons of excellent coal are mined in the Cumberland district in this county. It is intersected by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Capital, Cumberland, Valuation of real and personal estate, $24,328,620. Pop. in 1870, 38,536, of whom 30,567 were natives and 7969 were foreigners. Since 1S70 the dimensions of this county have been reduced by the formation of Garrett co. Alleghany, or Allegany, a county in the S.W. part of New York, bordering on Pennsylvania, has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is intersected by the Genesee River, which runs northward, and is also drained by the Canisteo River and Angelica and Canaseraga Creeks. The surface is elevated and hilly, with several deep ravines. Forests of the ash, beech, elm, hickory, white oak, pine, sugar-maple, &e.. cover more than one-third of the county. The soil is fertile and adapted to pasturage. Hay, oats, cattle, lumber, butter, milk, and wool are the staple products. Devonian sandstones of the Portage and Chemung groups crop out here. Some of these are used for building- stones and grindstones. This county is intersected by the Erie Railroad and the Genesee Canal. Capitals, Belmont and Angelica. Valuation of real and personal estate, S23,893,857. Pop. in 1870, 40,814, of whom 37,268 were natives of the United States; in 1875, 41,721. Alleghany, a county in the N.W. part of North Caro- lina, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is drained by the New River. The surface is mountainous. The Blue Ridge, one of the Alleghanies, extends along the S.E. border of the county. The soil produces some Indian corn, oats, &c. Capital, Gnp Civil. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, 81,049,554. Pop. in 1870, 3691, of whom 3687 were natives and 4 were foreigners. Alleghany, or Allegheny, a county in the W. part of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 750 square miles. The Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers unite near the middle of the county and form the Ohio, which traverses the N.W. part. It is also drained by the Youghiogheny River and Chartiers and Turtle Creeks. The surface is diversified by hills, valleys, and deep ravines, and presents beautiful scenery. The soil of the S.E. part is based on limestone and is very fertile. Oats, maize, hay, butter, wool, potatoes, horses, and cattle are the staple products. 2,635,431 tons of bituminous coal were mined in 1870 in this county near Pittsburg, which is the capital. Here are extensive manu- factures of iron, glass, ^c. The value of all the products manufactured in this county in 1870 was §88,789,414. The Pennsylvania Railroad connects at Pittsburg with other im- portant railroads. Alleghany was in 1870 the second county of the state in respect to population and wealth. Valuation of real and personal estate, $355,181,070. Pop. in 1870, 262,204, of whom 186,307 were natives and 75,897 were foreigners. Alleghany, a county of Virginia, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is intersected by Jackson's River, a branch of the James Puver. On the E. border of the county the Cowpasture and Jackson's Rivers unite to form the James. The surface is diversified by mountains and fertile Talleys, and the main ridge of the Alleghany Mountains extends along the N."\V. border. The Red Sweet Springs are in this county. It is intersected by the Chesapeake & Ohio P^ailroad. Capital, Covington. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,391,005. Pop. in 1870, 3674, of whom 3566 were natives and 108 were foreigners. Alleghany, a post- village and mining-camp of Sierra CO., Cal., on Kanaka Creek, about 60 miles E.N.E. of Marys- ville. Pop. in 1S70, 240. Alleghany, or Allegany, a post-village of Cattarau- gus CO., N.Y., on the Alleghany River, in a towilship of its own name, and on the Erie Railroad, 61 miles E.S.E. of Dun- kirk, and 398 miles from New York city. It contains 1 newspaper office, a Catholic college, convent, and academy, 3 or 4 churches, 2 hotels. 3 steam saw-mills, a grist-mill, &c. Pop. 746 : of the township, 2485. Alleghany, a township of Davidson CO., N.C. Pop. 436. Alleghany (or Allegheny), a city of Alleghany co., Pa., on the Alleghany River, opposite Pittsburg. It is the S.W. terminus of the Western Pennsylvania Railroad, and is on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad. It has many fine residences, numerous and extensive iron- and ALL steel-works, including rolling-mills, locomotive- and ma- chine-shops, and foundries, also several cotton- and woollen- mills, and manufactories of leather, flour, beer, salt, etc. It has 2 theological schools (one United and Reformed Presby- terian, the other Presbyterian), nearly 50 churches, 4 national banks, 4 savings-banks, and several state and private banks. It is the seat of the Western Penitentiary of Pennsylvania, of a house of industry, and of a widows" home ; has several convents and orphanages, a fine park (containing 100 acres), water-works, and street-railways. Two newspapers, a daily and a weekly, are published here. Pop. in 1860, 28,702; in 1870, 53,180. Alleghany, or Allegheny, a township of Armstrong CO., Pa. Pop. 2568, exclusive of Aladdin and Leechburg. Alleghany, or Allegheny, a township of Blair co,. Pa. Pop. 1913. It contains El Dorado. Alleghany, or Allegheny, a township of Butler co,. Pa. Pop. 890. It has important coal-mines. Alleghany, or Allegheny, a township of Cambria co., Pa. Pop. 1230, exclusive of a part of Chest Springs. Alleghany, or Allegheny, a township of Potter co., Pa. Pop. 625. Alleghany, or Allegheny, a township of Somerset CO., Pa. Pop. 1133. It contains Fairhope. Alleghany, or Allegheny, a township of Venango CO., Pa. It includes the village of Lambs and the borough of Pleasantville, and produces petroleum. Pop., exclusive of Pleasantville, 1485. Alleghany, or Allegheny, a station in Warren co., Pa., on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, 63 miles from Erie, and 3 miles W. of Warren. Alleghany, or Allegheny, a township of Westmore- land CO., Pa. Pop. 1710. It contains Markle, and Garver's Ferry. Alleghany, a village of Alleghany co., Va., on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, o miles E. of the White Sul- phur Springs. Post-office, Alleghany Station. Alleghany, a station of Montgomery co.. Va.. on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 76 miles W.S.W. of Lynchburg. See Shawsville. Alleghany (or Allegheny) Bridge, a post-hamlet of McKeanco., Pa., in Eldred township, on the Alleghany River, about 36 miles N. of Emporium. It has 1 church, and manufactures of lumber. The township has 14 steam saw-mills. Alleghany (or Allegheny) Furnace, a station in Blair co.. Pa., on the Hollidaysbui-g Branch Railroad, 1 mile S. of Altoona. Half a mile distant is the hamlet of the same name, the seat of iron-works. It is in Logan township. Alleghany (or Allegheny) Junction, a station in Westmoreland co.. Pa., on the Western Pennsylvania Rail- road where it crosses the Alleghany Valley Railroad, near the Alleghany River, 29 miles N.E. of Pittsburg. It is called also West Penn Junction. See Lucesco. Alleghany Mountains, a term of various applica- tion, sometimes used as synonymous with the Appalachian System (see Appalachian Mountains), but by some writers applied to that portion of the system which is comprised in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina, and which forms the water-shed between the Atlantic and the Mississippi River. In a more restricted sense the Alleghanies include the mountain-ridges of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, except the Kitta- tinny and South Mountains in Pennsylvania and the Blue Ridge in Virginia. These ridges are remarkable for their parallelism, regularity, rectilineal direction, and evenness of outline. *' These mountains," says Guyot, " are curved into arches, either entire or broken on the top, forming a system of long straight parallel ridges of about equal height, with intervening trough-like valleys, justifying a comparison to the folds of a garment. The crest of the ridges, seen at the horizon, appears like a uniform, unin- dented line, without sharp peaks or deep passes. The main valleys are longitudinal, the transverse valleys being few and unimportant." The general direction of the ridges is nearly parallel with the Atlantic coast. Their average height in Pennsylvania and Virginia is about 2000 or 2400 feet above the tide. They are composed of stratified rocks of the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous ages. Prom the absence of rocks more recent than the coal formation, geologists infer that the Alleghanies are older than the Alps or the Andes. Their original height has been greatly reduced by denudation or erosion. They are rich in coal and iron ore. Limestone is also abundant in these moun- tains or in the intervening valleys. Among the valuable forest trees which abound on them are the beech, ash. white oak, chestnut, hickory, white pine, and wild cherry. ALL Alleghany Springs, a post-office of Montgomery eo., Va., 80 miles W. by S. of Lynchburg, and 3 miles from Alleghany Railroad Station, which is on the Atlantic, Mis- sissippi &, Ohio Railroad, 77 miles W. of Lynchburg. The springs afford a highly useful saline water, and are much visited in summer. The scenery here is very fine. Alleghany Station, Va. See Alleghany. Alleghe, ll-li'gi, a village of Italy, province of Bel- luno, on a little lake, 9 miles N. of Agordo. Pop. 1250. Allegheny, Pa. See Alleghany. AUegran'za (Sp. Alerp-anza, i-li-gr^n'thj), the most northern of the Canary Islands, 10 miles N. of Lanzarote Lat. 29° 26' N. ; Ion. 13° 31' W. It is an extinct volcano. Allegre, M'laig'r', a town of France, department of Haute-Loire, 12 miles N.W. of Le Puy. Pop. 1927. Allfegre, avillageof France, department of Gard, 7 miles S.E. of St. Ambroii. It has mines of bitumen. Pop. 1250. Allegrip'pus, a station in Blair co.. Pa., on the Penn- sylvania Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Altoona. Al'leguash, a large river of Maine, rises on the border of Somerset and Piscataquis cos., flows S.E. anS then N. and N.N.B., traversing many lakes, one of which is called by its own name, and falls into the Walloostook or main St. John, near the N. border of the state. Its valley is chiefly in Aroostook co., and has very few permanent inhabitants. Length, over 200 miles. Aileins, ariiN°', a village of France, department of Bouehes-du-Rhone, 9 miles E. of Eyguieres. Pop. 1180. Allemagne and Allemanni. See Germany. Allemance, al-leh-mance', a post-office of Guilford co., N.C., about 70 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh. Allemance County. See Alamance. APIemands', or Des Allemands, diz alMeh'- m^nds', a post-hamlet of St. Charles parish, La., on Bayou Des Allemands and Morgan's Louisiana &, Texas Railroad, 32 miles W. of New Orleans. It has a church, and manu- factures of cypress wooden-ware and pirogues (boats). Allemania, a hamlet of Louisi.ana. See Alemania. Al'leman's, a post-village of Clearfield co.. Pa., in Gulick township, about 20 miles N. of Altoona. It has a church and a saw-mill. Coal is found here. AUemond-en-Oysans, arm6No'-d()N-wa,'zaNo', a village of France, department of Isere, in a beautiful val- ley, about 18 miles S.E. of Grenoble. Pop. 1216. Al'len, a county in the E.N.E. part of Indiana, bor- dering on Ohio, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is drained by the Mamnee River, and its branches, the St. Joseph and the St. Mary, which unite at Fort Wayne ; also by the Aboite and Crooked Creeks and Eel River. The surfiice is level ; the soil is fertile. Forests of the beech, white ash, elm, hickory, white oak, sugar-maple, black walnut, and other trees cover one-third or more of the county. Wheat, Indian corn, hay, horses, cattle, butter, and pork are the staple products. Lumber is one of the chief articles of expoi-t. Devonian rocks underlie part of the soil. It is intersected by the Wabash & Erie Canal, the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago, the Grand Rapids & Indiana, and other railroads. Valuation of real and personal estate, 839,193,500. Pop. in 1870, 43,494, of whom 34,735 were natives and S759 were foreigners. Allen, a county in the S.E. part of Kansas, has an area of 504 square miles. It is intersected by the Neosho River and drained by Deer and Elm Creeks. The surface is nearly level or undulating; the soil is fertile. A large portion of the county is prairie. Indian corn, wheat, oats, live stock, and hay are the staple products. It is inter- sected by the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad and the Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston Railroad. Beds of coal are found here. Capital, lola. Valuation of real and personal estate, §2,913,422. Pop. in 1870, 7022, of whom 6365 were natives and 657 were foreigners ; in 1878, 8964. Allen, a county in the S. part of Kentucky, border- ing on Tennessee, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by Big Barren River. The sur- face is nearly level; the soil is moderately fertile. Cavern- ous limestone abounds in this county, and salt springs are found here. Indian corn, wheat, tobacco, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Soottsvillo. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,906,720. Pop. in 1870, 10,296, of whom 10,287 were natives and 9 were foreigners. Allen, a county in the W.N.W. part of Ohio, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by the Auglaize and Ottawa Rivers. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests, in which the ash, beech, elm, sugar-maple, and oak abound. The soil is fer- tile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, butter, horses, and wool are the staple products. Upper Silurian limestone of the Hel- 52 ALL derberg or water-lime group underlies nearly all of this county. It is intersected by the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne k Chicago and the Dayton & Michigan Railroads ; also by the Miami & Erie Canal. Capital, Lima. Valuation of real and personal estate, $12,664,050. Pop. in 1870, 23,623, of whom 21,557 were natives and 2066 were foreigners. Allen, a post-village of Yavapai co., Arizona. It hag a church. Allen, a post-township of La Salle co., BI., about 18 miles S.S.E. of Ottawa. It has a church. Coal is found here. Pop. 877. Allen, a township of McLean co., 111. Pop. 1224. It contains Stamford. Allen, a post-township of Miami co., Ind. Allen Post- Office is at the village of Lincoln (which see). Pop of the township, 1042. Allen, a township of Noble co., Ind. Pop. 1754. It contains Avilla and Lisbon. Allen, a township of Harrison co., Iowa. Pop. 90. Allen, a township of Polk ec, Iowa. Pop. 630. It contains Avon Station. Allen, a township of Warren co., Iowa, contiguous to Allen in Polk co. Pop. 869. It contains Carlisle. Allen, a township of Jewell co., Kansas. Pop. in 1875. 257 ; in 1878, 485. Allen, a post-ofBce of Lyon co., Kansas, about 40 miles S.W. of Topeka. Allen, a post-village of Hillsdale co., Mich., in Allen township, ] miles W.N.W. of Hillsdale, and 1 mile from Allen Station on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad. It has 2 churches, a bank, a union school, a tiour- mill, Ac. Pop. about 700 : of the township, 1604. Allen, a township of Worth co.. Mo. Pop. 1352. Allen, a post-township of Alleghany co., N.Y., 56 miles S.E. of Euflklo. It contains 4 churches. Pop. 777. Allen, a township of Darke co., 0. Pop. 781. Allen, a township of Hancock co., 0. Pop. 969. It contains Van Buren. Allen, a township of Union CO., 0. Pop. 1198. It con- tains Pottersburg. Allen, a post-office of Cumberland co.. Pa., at Church- town, about 13 miles W.S.W. of Harrisburg. Allen, a township of Northampton co.. Pa. Pop. 815. Allen, a station in Susquehanna co., Pa., on the Mon- trose Railroad, 5 miles S. of Montrose. Allen, a township of Washington co., Pa. It contains Allcnport. Much bituminous coal and excellent glass-sand are here obtained. Pop. 815. Allen, a post-hamlet of Collin co., Tex., on the Houston & Texas Central Railroad, 24 miles N. of Dallas. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and a cotton-gin. Allen, Bog of. See Bog of Allen. AUenbiirg, il'Ien-booEG", a town of East Prussia, on the Alle, 30 miles S.E. of Konigsberg. Pop. 2426. Allenhurg, a town of Hungary, on the Koros. Al'len Centre, a post-office of Alleghany co., N.T., is in Allen township, about 55 miles S.E. of Buffalo. Allen Creek, a post-office of Oceana co., Mich., 21 miles E. of Pentwater. APIendale', a town and parish of England, co. of Northumberland, 33 miles E. of Carlisle, on the East Allen. The inhabitants are employed principally in the lead-mines in the vicinity. Pop. of parish, 5397. Al'lendale, a post-hamlet of Solano co., Cal., on the Vaca Valley Railroad, 6 miles N. of Vacaville. Allendale, a post-village of Wabash eo., HI., on the Cairo k Vincennes Railroad, 15 miles S.W. of Vincennes. It has a church, a flouring-mill, 3 warehouses, and 3 gen- eral stores. Laid out in 1870. Pop. about 200. Allendale, a post-hamlet of Green CO., Ky., about 70 miles S. of Louisville. Allendale, a post-hamlet of Ottawa co., Mieh., 20 miles E. of Grand Haven, and about 75 miles W.N.W. of Lansing. It is in Allendale township. It has a church .and a lumber-mill. Pop. 767. Allendale, a post-village of Worth co.. Mo., in Smith township, 35 miles from Hopkins, and about 06 miles N.N.E. of St. Joseph. It has a graded school. Pop, about 200. Allendale, the station name of Allenwood, N.J. Allendale, a post-hamlet of Bergen eo., N.J., on the Erie Railroad, 25 miles N. of Jersey City. It has 2 or 3 churches, a woollen-mill. Ac. Allendale, a post-office of Jefferson oo., N.Y., 14 miles S. of Watertown. Allendale, a village of Providence co.. R.I., in North Providence township, on the Providence & Springfield Rail- ALL road, 5 miles N.W. of Providence. It has a church, and manufactures of Allendale sheetings and quilts. The near- est post-office is Ccntredale. Pop. 2U3. AUeudale, a post-village aad township of Barnwell CO., S.C., on the Port Koyai Railroad, 53 miles S.E.- of Au- gusta, Ga. It has 2 or 3 churches, the Allendale high school, and numerous stores. Pop. of township, 1847. Alleudale, a post-village in Simcoe co., Ontario, on an arm of Lake Simcoe, and on the Northern Railway, 63 miles N.N.W. from Toronto. Pop. 200. Alleudorf, iri?n-doRf\ a town of Prussia, on the Werra, 2-i miles E. of Cassel. Some wine and silk are pro- duced, and a good deal of tobacco is raised and manufac- tured. Pop. 2907. Allendorf is likewise the name of numer- ous villages in Hesse, Prussia, and other parts of Germany. AlUenford', a post-village in Bruce co., Ontario, Can- ada, 13^ miles from Owen Sound. Pop. 150, AlUenport', a post-hamlet of Washington co.. Pa., in Allen township, on the Monongahela River, about 30 miles S. of Pittsburg, It has a church. Coal is mined here. Al'lenSy a post-hamlet of Richmond co., Ga., on the Augusta Branch of the Central Railroad of Georgia, about 15 miles S. by E, of Augusta. Allen's, a post-office of Miami co., 0., is at Lena, a ham- let on the Pan Handle Railroad, 10 miles E. of Piqua. Allen's, a station in Lycoming co.. Pa., on the Phila- delphia & Erie Railroad, 2 miles E. of Williamsport. Allen's, a station in Houston co., Tex., on the Galves- ton, Houston & Henderson Railroad, 9 miles S.E, of Houston. Al'lensburg, a village of Highland co., 0., about 44 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. Allen's Creek, a post-office of Monroe co., Ind. Allen's Creek, N.Y., rises in "Wyoming co., runs northeastward through Genesee co., and enters the Genesee River in Monroe co. Length, about 50 miles. Allen's Creek, a post-hamlet of Amherst co., Va., on the James River, 10 miles from Amherst Court-House. Allen's Cross Roads, a hamlet of Warren co,, Va., on the Shenandoah River, about 28 miles S. of Winchester. Allen's Fac'tory, a post-village of Marion co., Ala., 35 miles S. of Tuscumbia. It has a church and a manu- factory of cotton yarn. Allen's Fresh, a post-village of Charles co., Md., about 34 miles S. of Washington, D.C. It has 2 churches. Allen's Grove, a township of Mason co,, 111. Pop. 1199. It contains the villages of Natrona and San Jose. Allen's Grove, a post-township of Scott co., Iowa, is traversed by the Bavenport &, St. Paul Railroad, about 20 miles N.N.AY. of Davenport. It is bounded on the N. by the Wapsipinicon River. Pop. 684. Allen's Grove, a post-village of Walworth co.. Wis., in Darien township, on the Western Union Railroad, 15 miles E.N.E. of Beloit, and 5 miles from Clinton. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Pop. about 250. Allen's Hill, a post-village of Ontario co., N.Y., in Richmond township, about 25 miles S. by E. from Rochester. It has 2 churches, a steam flour-mill, saw-mill, &c. Allen's Isle, an island at the head of the Gulf of Car- pentaria, in Australia. Lat. 17° 5' S. ; Ion. 139° 25' E. Allen's Mills, a post-hamlet of Jefl'erson co., Pa., on Mill Creek, about 11 miles E.N.E. of Brookville. Allen Springs, a post-office of Lake co., Cal. Allen Springs, a post-hamlet of Allen co., Ky., 15 miles S.E. of Bowling Green. It has 2 churches and a sul- phur spring. Allen's Spring, a post-office of Pope co., 111. Allen's Station, in Haywood co., Tenn., is on the Louisville & Memphis Railroad, 64 miles N.E. of Memphis. Allenstein, 5,l'len-stine\ a town of East Prussia, on the AUe, 65 miles S. of Konigsberg. Pop. 5529. Alien's Store, a post-office of Casey co., Ky. Allen's Store, a post-office of Tishemingo co.. Miss. Allen's Store, a post-office of Athens co., 0. Al'IenstOAVn, a post-township and station of Merrimac CO., N.H., on the Suncook Valley Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Concord. The township is bounded on the W. by the Mer- rimac River, and has a cotton -factory. Pop. 804. Al'lensville, a post-hamlet of Switzerland co., Ind. Allensville, a post-village of Todd co., Ky., on the Louisville & Memphis Railroad, 43 miles S.W. of Bowling Green. It has 3 churches, 2 carriage-shops, and 2 hotels. Pop. about 500. Allensville, a township of Person co., N.C. Pop. 1120. AJlensville, a post-village of Vinton co., 0., in Rich- land township, about 22 miles E. of Chillicothe. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a woollen -factory. Allensville, a post-village of Menno township, Mifflin 53 ALL CO., Pa., 10 miles from Mill Creek. It has 3 churches and a woollen-mill. Pop. about 300. AlOenton, a post-village of Wilcox co., Ala., about 60 miles S.W. of Montgomery. It is on the Selma & Gulf Railroad, 35 miles S. of Selma. It has 3 churches. Allenton, a post-village of St. Louis co.. Mo., on the Missouri & Pacific Railroad, 33 miles W.S.W. of St. Louis. It has a church. Allenton, a post-village of Robeson co., N.C, with a station on the Carolina Central Railroad, 62 miles W.N.W. of Wilmington. Allenton, a post-hamlet of Washington co., R.I., 22 miles S. of Providence. It has a church. Pop. 60. AI'lentOAVn, a post-office of Turner co., Dakota. Allentown, a post-village of Monmouth co., N.J., in Upper Freehold township, 2^ miles from Newtown Station of the Camden & Amboy Railroad, and about 12 miles E.S.E, of Trenton. It has 6 churches, a fine public school-house, and 2 grist-mills. Pop. about 1400. Allentown, a post-village of Allen co., 0., on Ottawa River, 2^ miles from Eiida Railroad Station, and about S8 miles N.W. of Columbus. It has 3 churches. Pop. 90. Allentown, a former borough of Alleghany co., Pa., about 4 miles S. of Pittsburg. It has been annexed to Pittsburg, and Is now the 31st ward of that city. AllentOAVn, a handsome city, capital of Lehigh co., Pa., on the right bank of the Lehigh River, and on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, about 60 miles N. by W. from Philadelphia, 90 miles E.N.E. of Harrisburg, and 16 miles S.W. of Easton. It is the E. terminus of the East Penn- sylvania Branch of the Reading Railroad. The Lehigh «fc Susquehanna Railroad passes along the other side of the river. Allentown is built on high ground and is surrounded by a beautiful and fertile country. The houses are mostly built of brick and stone. The streets are wide, straight, and lighted with gas. It has about 20 churches, 2 high schools, 2 national banks, 2 savings-banks, 3 daily news- papers, and 6 weekly papers, of which 4 are in German. Here is Muhlenberg College, which is under the direction of the Lutherans; also Allentown Female College. The prosperity of the city is largely derived from the manufac- ture of pig iron and forged and rolled iron. Here are several extensive furnaces, rolling-mills, forges, and iron- foundries. Pop. in I860, 8025 ; in 1870, 13,884. Al'lenville, a post-hamlet of Cape Girardeau co.. Mo., on the St. Louis Tille, a village in Plainiicid, Windhnmco., Conn., on Moosup River, 1 mile from Moosup Station. It has a church, and manufactures of cottons, &o. AIna, all'na, a post-township of Lincoln co., Mo., on the Sheepsoott River, at the head of tho tide, about 20 miles ALN SiS.B. of Augusta. It has 2 churches and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 747. Alne, d.ln ? the name of three small rivers of England, in the counties of Cumberland, Northumberlund, and Warwick, Aluemouth, a town of England. See Alemouth. Alney, d.l'nee, an island in the river SoverUj England^ CO. and half a mile from Gloucester. Al no, il'no, an island in the Gulf of Bothnia, 9 miles long by 4 miles broad. Lat. 62° 25' N.; Ion. 17° 20' E. Alnovia, a town of Hungary. See Jolsva. Alnwick, or AInewick, an'nik, a market-town and parish of England, eo. of Northumberland, on the river Alne, from which it derives its name, 32 miles by railway N. of Newcastle. The streets are in general spacious^ well paved, and lighted with gas, and the town throughout is abundantly supplied with water. The houses are mostly of freestone, and many of them handsome. Pop. G21S. Alnwick Castle, the seat of the Duke of Northum- berland, adjoins the above town on the N. It covers five acres, and has belonged to the Percy family since the reign of Edward II. Al-Obeid, a town of Africa. See Obeid. Aloisdorf, H'o-ees-donr, a village of Moravia, 30 miles N.N.W. of Olmiitz, with large iron-works. Pop. 2000. Alonia, a-lo'nee-S,, or £inian Pasha, le-mfLn' p^'- shi^ (anc. Halo'ne), a small island of Asiatic Turkey, in the Sea of Marmora. It has a town of the same name. Alon'zaville, a post-office of Shenandoah co., Va. Alooshta, or Aluschta, i-loosh'tii, sometimes written Alouchta, an ancient Tartar town of Kussia, on the S. coast of the Crimea, 22 miles S.E. of Simferopol. In the sixth century, its castle, which bore the name of Aloustou, was repaired by the Emperor Justinian. The ruins of the castle still remain. Aloota, Alouta, or Aluta, A-loo'ti, called also Alt, 4lt, a rapid river of Transylvania, rises in the Carpathian Mountains, crosses Wallachia, and joins the Danube at Nicopolis, after a course of 270 miles. Aiora, ^-lo'rS,, a city of Spain, in Andalusia, 24 miles N.W. of Malaga. Agriculture, pressing of oil, and the manufacture of soap are the chief industries. Pop. S370. Alore, d-lor', a large village of British India, presidency of Madras, 17 miles N.W. of Nellore. Alorie, &-lo'ree, a large town of Western Africa, in Yarriba, 40 miles S.S.W. of Katunga, and 180 miles N.E. of Lagos. Lat. 8° 15' N,j Ion. 5° 46' E. Alosuo, i-los'no, a town of Spain, 19 miles N.W. of Huelva. Pop. 3061. Alost, a'lost, or Aalst, |lst, a town of Belgium, in East Flanders, 15 miles by rail W.N.AV. of Brussels. It is trav- ersed by the Dender, which has been converted into a canal, from Alost to the Scheldt at Dendermonde, 8 miles below. The handsomest building is the church of St. Mar- tin, one of the finest in Belgium. The chief public insti- tutions besides the college, a handsome structure, are the hospital, the academy of design, the chamber of commerce, and the horticultural society. Corn, oil, and particularly hops, are extensively grown in the neighborhood. Lace, leather, tobacco, beer, spirits, linen, cottons, chemicals, and metallic iron goods are manufactured. Alost was anciently the capital of Imperial Flanders. Pop. 18,978. Alouchta, a town of Bussia. See Alooshta. Alouta, a river of Europe. See Aloota. Alozayua, d,-lo-thi'nS., a town of Spain, in Granada, N.E. of Coin. Pop. 3218. Alp, a mountain-range of Germany. See Alb. Alpalh^O, a,l-pS,l-yowK^',a village of Portugal, in Alem- tejo, 9 miles N.W. of Portalegre. Pop. 1769. Alpar, oPpiii', a village of Hungary, co. of Bihar, 5 miles E.S.E. of Grosswardein. Pop. 1050. Alpar, a village of Hungary, co. of Pesth, on the Theiss, 11 miles N.W. of Csongrad. Pop. 2154. Alpbach, S,lp-b^K', a village of the Tyrol (Austria), 4 miles S.S.E. of Battenberg. Pop. 1024. Alpedrinha, al-pil-dreen'y^L, a village of Portugal, province of Beira, 10 miles S. of Fundao. Pop. 1634. Alpeu, the German for Alps, which see. Alpeua, al-pe'na, a county in the N.E. part of Michigan, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Lake Huron and Thunder Bay, and intersected by the Nenelaw and Thunder Bay Bivers. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests. Among the products of the soil are oats and potatoes. Lumber is the chief article of export. Capital, Alpena. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,977,460. Pop. in 1870, 2756, of whom 1266 were natives; in 1874, 4807. Alpena, a post-town, capital of Alpena co., Mich., on 57 ALP Thunder Bay, at the mouth of Thunder Bay River, about 125 miles N. by E. from Saginaw City. It has 7 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 2 banks, a union school, 10 saw-mills, 2 planing-mills, 2 foundries, and 3 shingle-mills. A large quantity of lumber is sawn in the vicinity and shipped at this port. Pop. 3964. AJpera, al-pi'r&, a town of Spain, in Murcia, 30 miles N.E. of Albacete. Pop. 2815. Alpes, the Latin and French for Alps. Alpes, Basses. See Basses-Alpes. Alpes Caniicae, ancient name of the Carnic Alps. Alpes Cottiie, ancient name of the Cottian Alps. Alijes Diuaricce, Latin name of the Dinauic Alps. Alpes, Hautes. See Hautes-Alpes. Alpes-3Iaritimes, S,lp^mfl,^reeHeem', the southeastr ernmost department of France, consisting of the former cointe of Nice, ceded to France from Italy in 1S6U, together with the arrondissement of Grasse, detached from the de- partment of A''ar. Area, 1518 square miles. On the N. and E., ranges of the Alps divide it from Italy ; on the S. it is bounded by the Mediterranean, and on the W. by the de- partments of Var and Basses-Alpes. It is one of the most picturesque regions in France, having a diversified surface, a mild and agreeable climate, fertile valleys, and well-tim- bered mountains. It is traversed by several railways. The olive, orange, lemon, citron, and vine flourish here, and the cultivation of flowers for perfumers' use is a leading indus- try. Grain, timber, tobacco, silk, honey, wax, oil, and soap are largely produced. Copper, lignite, manganese, and lead are mined. One-sixth of the area is covered with forests. Capital, Nice. Pop. in 1876, 203,604. Alpes Noricse, Latin name of the Nobic Alps. Al'pha, a post-office of Yell co., Ark. Alpha, a new post-village of Henry co., 111., in Oxford township, on the Chicago, Burlington &, Quincy Railroad where it crosses the St. Louis, Rock Island & Chicago Rail- road, 26 miles N.N.E. of Monmouth, and 18 miles W. of Galva. It has 2 churches. Alpha, a post-hamlet of Scott co., Ind., about 20 miles W.N.W. of Madison. Alpha, a post-office of Clinton co., Ky. Alpha, a post-office of Caldwell parish, La. Alpha, a post-village of Grundy co., Mo., 15 miles from Trenton, and about 16 miles N.N.E. of Chillicothe. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of lumber, ploughs, flour, .fcc. Pop. about 200. It is also called Nevada. Alpha, a post-office and station of Eureka co., Nevada, on the Eureka &, Palisade Railroad, 40 miles N. of Eureka. Alpha, a post-village of Greene co., 0., on the Dayton & Xenia Railroad, at Harbine's Station, 10 miles E.S.E. of Dayton. It has a church, flour-mill, saw-mill, and oil-mill. Alphse, the ancient name of Pisa. Alpharet'ta, a post-village, capital of Milton co., Ga., about 27 miles N. of Atlanta. It has an academy, a church, a tannery, &c. Pop. 126. Alphen, il'fen, a town of the Netherlands, in South Holland, on the Rhine, 7 miles E. of Leyden. Pop. 3171. Alphen-en-Riel, 5.1'f§n-6n-reel, a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, 11 miles S.E. of Breda. Pop. 1736. Alpheus, a river of Greece. See Rouphia. Alphonse (arfonz') Islands, two small islands, sur- rounded by extensive reefs, situated in the Indian Ocean. The N. point is in lat. 6° 59' 30" S., Ion. 52° 41' E. Alpiguauo, S-I-peen-yS-'no, a town of Italy, province of Turin. Pop. 1906. Alpiue, al'peen or al'pin, a county of California, bor- dering on Nevada, has an area of about 950 square miles. It is drained by the Stanislaus and Mokelumne Rivers, which rise within its limits. The surface is mountainous, and is mostly covered with forests of spruce and pine trees, which grow to a large size. This county comprises several peaks of the Sierra Nevada, one of which, called Silver Mountain, rises more than 10,000 feet abo-^e the sea-level. Silver-mines have been opened in this county, which con- tains abundance of granite and quartz. Capital, Mark- leeville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $346,525. Pop. in 1S70, 685, of whom 485 were natives and 200 were foreigners. Alpine, a post-village of Talladega co., Ala., on the Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad, 99 miles N.N.E. of Selma. It has 2 churches. Alpine, a post- village of Clark co., Ark., 25 miles S.W. of Hot Springs, and about 80 miles W.S.W. of Little Rock. It has 1 or 2 churches and a steam mill. Alpine, a station in Los Angeles co., Cal., on the South- ern Pacific Railroad, 65 miles N. of Los Angeles. ALE Alpine^ a post-office of Lake cc, Colorado. Alpine, a post-village of Chattooga co., Ga., 12 miles from Valley Head Station, and 44 miles S. by W. of Chattanooga. It has ?, churches and an academy. Pop. about 450. Alpine, a post-hamlet and station of Fayette co., Ind., on the Whitewater River and the Cincinnati & Whitewater Valley Railroad, 6 or 7 miles S. of Connersville. It has a church, grist-mill, and saw-mill. Pop. about 40. Alpine, a post-village of Kent co., Mich., in Alpine township, and on the Grand Rapids, Newaygo & Lake Shore Railroad, 8 miles N.N.W. of Grand Rapids. It has 3 churches, a floui'-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 300 ; of township, 1348. Alpine, a post-village of Fillmore co., Neb., 12 miles from Fairmont. It has 2 churches. Alpine, a post-village of Bergen co., N.J., is near the Palisades of the Hudson, and in Harrington township, about 20 miles N. of New York. It has a church. Alpine, a post-village of Schuyler co., N.Y., in Cath- arine township, on Cayuta Creek, 6 miles E. of Havana, and about 18 miles N.N.E. of Elmira. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of flour, lumber, and furniture. Alpine, a post-hamlet of York co.. Pa., in Warrington township, about 14 miles S. of Harrisburg. Alpine City, a post- village of Utah co., Utah, and a station on the American Fork Railroad. Alpine Depot, a hamlet of Morgan co., W. Va., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 6 miles N. of Berkeley Springs. Fine glass-sand is obtained here. Alpirsbach, ^l'peeRs-biK\ a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Kinzig. Pop. 1250. Alpnach, a,lp'n3,K, or Alpnacht, 3,lp'n^Kt, a village of Switzerland, canton of Unterwalden, on the S.AY. arm of the Lake of Lucerne, S miles S.S.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 1630. The Slide of Alpnach was a remarkable wooden railway, by which timber from Mount Pilatus was formerly conveyed down to the lake. Al'port, a river port in Victoria co., Ontario, on Lake Muskoka, 4 miles from Bracebridge. Alpowa, al'poVa, a post-office of Columbia co., Wash- ington, 15 miles W. of Lewiston, Idaho. Alps, ^l2:»s, a range of mountains the most remarkable in Europe in extent, and surpassed in height by the Cau- casus alone among European mountains. They form a crescent-shaped chain, covering the greater part of Swit- zerland, and part of France, Northern Italy, Bavaria, Aus- tria, and Bosnia, forming the central portion of the great mountain-system which, in a manner more or less connected, extends from Cape Finisterre, on the Atlantic, to the Black Sea. The Alps may be said to originate on the shores of the Mediterranean, between Lyons and Nice. Separating the basin of the Rhone from the afiiuents of the Po, the chain stretches across Switzerland and the Tyrol to the sources of the Drave and the Salzach, where it bifurcates. The N. branch covers the country round Salzburg, in Upper Austria, and proceeds N.B. to Galicia; while the S. branch subdivides on the frontiers of Illyria into two branches, in- cluding the basin of the Save, and appears to terminate at the head of the Gulf of Quarnero, at the banks of the Kulpa. From this river, however, a chain stretches S.E. through Dalmatia and Bosnia, lowering down at the river Narenta (an affluent of the Adriatic), which is conventionally as- sumed as the S.E. boundary of the Alps. From the slopes of the Alps flow, directly or by affluents, the great rivers of Central Europe, the Danube, Rhine, Rhone, and Po. From the Jura Mountains the Alps are separated by the narrow gorge through which the Rhone passes below Geneva, and from the Apennines by the valley of Savona. The Alps comprise the following divisions. The Western Alps consist of branches which have a general direction from S. to N. They extend, under the name of the Mari- time Alps, from the sea to Monte Viso, near the sources of the Po. The Cottian Alps prolong the chain to Mont Cenis, and include Mont Gen^vre; and the Graian Alps include Little St. Bernard, and terminate at Mont Blanc. The Eastern Alps, which extend from W. to E., having much greater breadth, are separated into a northern and a southern series ; the former comprise the Bernese Alps, on the N. of the valley of the Rhone, the Alps of St. Gall, on the N.W. of the valley of the Rhine, the Noric Alps, extending from Lake Constance to the Kahlenberg, near Vienna, and the Styrian Alps, a small chain between the Noric and Carnic Alps. The southern series is composed of the Pennine Alps, between Mont Blanc and Monte Rosa; thoLepontine Alps, thence to the San Bernardino, near the sources of the Upjrer Rhine ; the Rhaotian Alps, which terminate at Monte CrocBj near the sources of the Piave j and the Carnio Alps, 58 ALP extending to the lowest part of the river Mur, which sepa- rates them from the mountains of Bakony, The Dinaric Alps, N.E. of the Adriatic, link this system to that of Albania and Greece. Mont Blanc, which attains an eleva- tion of 15,810 feet, is the culminating point of the Alps and of all Europe ; the other principal summits are Monte Rosa, 15,208 feet, Finster-Aarhorn, in the Bernese Alps, 14,026 feet, Monte Viso, 12,585 feet, the Ortler-Spitze, in the Rh^- tian Alps, 12,852 feet, the Gross Glockner. in the Noric Alps, 13,10(J feet, the Terglou, in the Carnic Alps, 9380 feet, and the Eisenhut {see Styria), in the Styrian Alps. The passes of the Alps, called "in French coIb, that is, de- pressions, are roads by which communication is efiected l3etween districts on opposite sides of the mountains. They may be divided into three classes : 1, those practicable for wheeled carriages ; 2, those praeticable for horses or mules ; 3, those suited only for foot-passengers. Of the first class, by far the most frequented are the Mont Cenis, 6775 feet high, a route from France to Italy; the Simplon, 6592 feet high, from Valais into Piedmont; the Spliigen, 6935 feet high, and the San Bernardino, from the Grisons into Lombardy. Under the Col de Frejus the Mont Cenis Rail- way tunnel has been executed ; and another tunnel, the St. Gothard, in the Central Alps, is in process of construction. A railway across the Mont Cenis pass has also been in oper- ation. Other parses are the Col de Tenda, in the Maritime Alps, 6160 feet; the pass of Mont Genevre, in the Cottian Alps, 6560 feet; the pass of the Great St. Bernard, S150 feet; and the pass of Mount St. Gothard, in the Lepontine Alps, 6976 feet. The higher Alps are covered with perpetual snow, and present, with their magnificent glaciers, innumerable cas- cades, and the forests and meadows which cover their flanks, the most imposing and picturesque scenery in Europe. It is calculated that in the Alps there are fields of ice covering an area of 1500 square miles, of 100 feet in thickness. Gla- ciers are to be met with in various regions, but those of the Alps have been more minutely investigated than any others. They present the appearance of a frozen torrent, frequently several miles in length, traversed by deep rents called crev- asses, and are composed of snow frozen into granular ice, or rather of a compound of ice and water more or less yield- ing, according to the state of wetness or infiltration. Gla- ciers are by no jneans stationary, except probably during winter, but continually moving, their rate of progress during summer being from 18 to 24 inches in 24 hours. On their surface they bear large quantities of stones, some of them of enormous size, brought down from the mountain recesses. These heaps are deposited at the foot of the gla- ciers, and form terminal moraines, presenting the geologist with materials for studying the structure of the mountains whence they have been derived. In thickness, glaciers range from a few feet to several hundreds. In the valleys above the glaciers, lakes are sometimes formed, which, burst- ing their barriers, rush down with destructive fury. Among the remarkable phenomena connected with the Alps are the whirlwinds, called tonrmentes (tooR^'mfiNt') by the French, and Gmcen (goox'en) by the Germans. They arise with great violence, often accompanied by thunder and lightning, tossing the snow in eddying clouds, and frequently setting in motion the still more formidable avalanche. The last (called in French Lavanche, l^WfiNsh', or Lavangcj la^vONzh'; German, Laxcine, l4-wee'neh, or Lamowe,\oyr~ l^ee'n^h) may he described as enormous masses of snow, which, detached by various causes from their original posi- tion, roll with tremendous noise and force over rock and preci- pice, down to the plains below. A touch of the foot, or the slightest motion of the air, even that produced by the sound of a small bell or other instrument, is often sufficient to set the avalanche in motion. The most destructive are those which are composed of hardened snow, and which, rolling or sliding down, carry all before them. From the frequent occurrence of avalanches, some parts of the Alps arc entirely uninhab- ited; and in others large patches of the tallest and strongest trees are left standing, in order to arrest their progress. The higher ridges of the Alps consist of granite, gneiss, and other primitive rocks, flanked by a wide extent of limestone, sandstone, and slate. The summits ascend con- siderably above the line of perpetual snow (in this latitude about 8900 feet above the sea) : glaciers descend as low as 3400 feet above the sea. Wheat is raised at an olevnlion of 3600 feet ; oats, at 4900 feet ; barley, at 5100 feet ; pines and larches, as high as 6500 feet above the sea; and the Alpine rose reaches the limit of perpetual snow. The mineral products are chiefly iron, copper, and lead ; but quicksilver, rock-salt, and some gold and silver are mot with. Adj. Alpine, il'pln. ALP ALT- A-lps, a post-haralet of Rensselaer Co., N.Y., in Nassau township, 16 miles S.E. of Troy. Alps, JjOwer, in France. See Basses-Alpes. Alps, Swabiau, mountains. See Alb. Alps, Upper, in France. See Hautes-Alpes. Alps'ville, a village in South Versailles township, Al- leghany CO., Pa., on the Youghiogheny River and the Pitts- burg & Connellsville Railroad, near Coultersville, 21 miles S.S.E. of Pittsburg. It has a church, also coal-mines, ic. Alpuente, 41-poo-Sn'ti or il-pwSn'ti, a town of Spain, 48 miles N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 1165. It was a Roman station, and has many ancient remains. AIpujarras,orAlpuxarras,JLl-poo-Haii'His, a moun- tainous region of Spain, in Granada, extending from the Mediterranean to the Sierra Nevada, divided between the provinces of Granada and Almeria. Alqui'na, a post-village of Fayette co., Ind., about 20 miles S.S.W. of Richmond; has a church, and lumber-mills. Al'resford, a market-town of England, co. of Hants, 7 miles N.E. of Winchester. Pop. 1623. Old Alresford, a parish, co. of Hants, adjoins the above. Alroe, ^I'ro^eh, an island of Denmark, at the moutb of theHorsens-Fiord. Lat. 55° 50' N.; Ion. 10° 6' E. It con- tains a village called Alroe-By. Pop. 300. Alsace, irs^ss' (L. Alsatia, al-si'she-aj Ger. Elsassy Sl's^ss), an old German province, having the Rhine on the E., and the Vosges Mountains on the W. Ceded to France in 1648, it formed the French departments of Haut-Rhin and Bas-Rhin until 1S71, when it was nearly all restored to Germany and became a part of the new province of Alsace- Lorraine. It now forms the districts of Ober-Elsass (Upper Alsace), area 1353 square miles, pop. 452,642, and Nieder- Elsass (Lower Alsace), area 1844 square miles, pop. 697,350. A large majority of the people speak German. Alsace, al'sass, a post-township of Berks co., Pa., about 3 miles E. of Reading. It has 2 churches, 1 woollen-mill, and several grist-mills. Pop. 1294. Alsace-IiOrraine, irate' loR^Rin' (Ger. EIsaaa-Loth- ringen, el'sdss lot'ring-en), a province of Germany, under direct impex'ial government. Formed in 1871 from the ter- ritories acquired from the French by the treaty of May 10, it received a definite government in 1S74. It is divided into the districts of Ober- and Nieder-Elsass (see Alsace) and Lorraine (which see). Area, 5603 square miles. It is a fertile and well-timbered region, with great mineral wealth, and with active and varied manufactures. Capital, Stras- burg. Chief towns, Strasburg, Miilhausen, Metz, and Colmar. Pop. 1,531,804. Al-Salik, or Al-Salih, 5,1-si^leeK', a town of Arabia, about 2 miles from its S. coast. It has 200 houses. The surrounding country is well cultivated. Alsasua, il-si'soo-4, a village of Spain, province of Navarre, on the Northern Railway, at the junction of the Pamplona-Barcelona line. Pop. 1342. Alsatia, al-si'she-a, a landing-place of East Carroll parish. La., on the Mississippi River, 45 miles above Vicks- burg. Miss. Here is Illawara Post-Ofiice. Alsatia, the Latin name of Alsace. Alsdorf, 3,ls'doRf, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 8 miles N.N.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 1762. Alsea, aPse'a, or Alse'ya, a post- village of Benton co., Oregon, on the Alseya River, 36 miles S.W. of Albany. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Alsekh, al'sSk, or Behring's (ber'ingz) River, a stream of Alaska, reaches the sea N.W. of Cape Fairweather, by 6 mouths, which are at times covered by the water, form- ing a lagoon called Dry Bay. Alsemljerg, dl's^m-beRG^ a village of Belgium, 9 miles S. of Brussels. Pop. 1183. Alsen, il'sen, an island of Prussia, Sleswick, in the Baltic, near the mainland. Pop. about 25,000. Al'sen, a post-office of Clay co., Dakota. Alsenborn, irsen-boRn\ a village of Bavaria, in the Palatinate, 8 miles E.N.E. of Kaiserslautern. Pop. 1018. Alseno, 41-ai'no, a town of Italy, province and 18 miles B.S.E. of Piacenza. Pop. 4381. Alsenz, 3,1'sents, a village of Germany, kingdom of Bavaria, in the Palatinate, 20 miles N. of Kaiserslautern. It has coal-mines. Pop. 1589. Alsey, all'se, a post-village of Scott co.. 111., on the St. Louis, Rock Island & Chicago Railroad, 60 miles N. of Alton. It has several churches. Alse'ya, a small river of Benton co., Oregon, runs nearly northwestward, and enters the Paciiic Ocean. It is about 60 miles long. Alsfeld, ais'ff^lt, a town of Hesse, on the Schwalm, 26 miles E.N.E. of Giessen. Pop. 3612. Alshcim, ils'hime, a village of Hesse (Germany), 13 miles N.N.W. of Worms. Pop. 1579. Al Sibkah, il sib'ki, or JLowdeah, low-deo'a (i.e., El AVatee'a, ''low or marshy ground"), an extensive salt lake of Tunis, lat. 33° 30' N., Ion. 9° E. Length, about 80 miles; breadth, nearly 20 miles. In summer it is dried up, exhibiting nothing but a crust of salt. Alsleben, ils'li'b^n, a town of Prussi.an Saxony, in Mcrseburg, 29 miles S. of Magdeburg. Pop. 2920. Alt (Old) Alsleben, an adjoining village. Pop. 2270. Also, oPsho', a Hungarian prefix, signifying "lower," and often seen in the names of towns, Alsu-Apsa, orsho' op'shoh^ (Ger. Uiitet-opsa, oon'ter- op'sd,), a town of Hungary, CO. of Marmaros, 7 miles N.N.W. of Szigeth. Pop. 3420. Also-Csernaton, ol^sho' chgr'nl'ton\ a town of Aus- tro-Hungary, Transylvania, circle of Kronstadt. Pop. 2129. Also-Dabas, oPsho' dob^osh', a village of Hungary, CO. of Pesth. Pop. 2250. Also-Dios, the Hungarian name of Nussdoef. Also-Dubrava, orsho' doo-broh'voh\ a village of Hungary, co. of Szalad, on the Murakoz, near the junction of the Mur with the Drave. Als6-F6her-Var, srsho' feh'^r vS,r (Ger. Untenveis- senburg, oon'ter--fris'sen-booRG'), a county of Transylvania. Austro-Hungary, takes its name from its principal town, Karlsbui'g, which was once called Als6-F6her-V4r in the Hungarian language. Pop. 227,260. Also-Kosinye, srsho' ko-aeen'y^\ a town of the Croato-Slavonian frontier, Austro-Hungary, 12 miles S. of Ottocsa. Pop. 3120. Al s6-Ku bin, orsho' koo^ been', atownof Hungary, cap- ital of theco. of Arva, 32 miles N.N.E. of Neusohl. P. 1360. Also-Lipnicza, oPsho' lip^neet's6h\ a Slovak village of Upper Hungary, co. of Arva, 44 miles N.W. of Kesmark. It has lignite-mines. Pop. 1960. Als6-Metzenz6f,6rsho'met^sta'zSf',orUnterraet- zeiiseifeii, oonH-^r-met's^n-si-f^n, a German town of North Hungary, co. of Torna, 17 miles W. of Kaschau. It has iron- and copper-mines and furnaces. Pop. 3480. Als6-Mislye,orsho'meesh'l'ytt, a village of Hungary, CO. of Aba-uj-A^ar, 7 miles from Kaschau. Pop. 1060. Also-Nemedi, oPsho' nS'mydee\ a village of Hun- gary, CO. of Pesth. Pop. 2160 (Calvinists). Also-Pazariste, oPsho' pohV.ohh-eesh'teh, a village of Austro-Hungary, Croato-Slavonian military ftontier. It has remarkable caves. Pop. 2000. Also-Torya, oPsho' tor'yoh\ a village of Transyl- vania, Austro-Hungary, 38 miles N. of Haromszek: has sul- phur-mines, acid saline springs, and is near the extinct vol- cano BUdo. Pop. 2150, including the adjacent Felso-Torya. Also-Vidra, srsho' vee'dr6h\ a village of Hungary, in Transylvania, co. of Als6-F6her-V^r; remarkable for its petrifactions. Pop. 2266. Als6-Viss6, oPsho' vish^sho', a village of Hungary, CO. of Marmaros, 20 miles S.E. of Szigeth. Pop. 1700. Alstiidde, or Alstedde, il'stid-deh, a village of Westphalia, Prussia, 6 miles N.W. of Ahaus. Pop. 1485. Alstahoug, ils't^-hoog\ a village of Norway, province of Nordland, the most northern bishopric in Europe, on the S. shore of the island of Alston. Alstead, al'stSd, a post-township of Cheshire co., N.H., about 15 miles N. of Keene, contains the villages of Alstead and Alstead Centre. Pop. 1213. Al stead, a post-village of Cheshire co., N.H., in Alstead township, 6 miles E.N.E. of Bellows Falls, Vt. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a piiper-mill. Alstead Centre, a post-hamlet of Cheshire co., N.H., in Alstead township, about 14 miles N. by W. of Keene, and 6 miles from Cold River Station. It has a church. Alsten, il'sten, an island of Norway, province of Nord- land. Lat. 66° N.; Ion. 13° E. The island is mountainous; one of the Seven Sisters has an elevation of 4379 feet. Alster, il'st^r, a navigable river of Prussia, rises in Hol- stein, and flows into the Elbe at Hamburg. Alston, a town of England. See Aldstone. Alston, all'ston, a post-village of Fairfield co., S.C., on Broad River and on the Greenville & Columbia Railroad at the terminus of the Spartanburg & Union Railroad, 25 miles N.W. of Columbia. It has several churches. AlSAvede, als'wi-deh, a village of Westphalia, Prussia, 3 miles N.W. of Liibbecke. Pop. 1216. Alt, alt, or Alten, il't^n, a German word, signifying "old," the prefix of numerous names in Central Europe, as Alt-Ofen, "Old Ofen." Such compounds are sometimes given under the names to which they are prefixed. Alt, a river of Transylvania. See Aloota. AM?. Alta, al'td., or Alte^ a village of Portugal, N. of Louie. Alta, kl'tq., a post-village of Placer co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 68 miles N.N.E. of Sacramento. It is 2 miles from the Great American Canon, and ha^ 2 hotels and several lumber-mills. Gold is found near here. Alta^ a post-hamlet of Peoria cc, 111., in Medina town- ship, on the Rock Island Eailroad, 12 miles N. of Peoria. Alta, a post-village of Buena Vista co., Iowa, in Noko- mis township, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 59 miles W. of Fort Dodge. It has 2 churches, 2 hotels, and 2 elevators for grain. Pop. 200. Aita, a post-office of Harvey co., Kansas, in Alta town- ship, 10 miles N. of Burton Railroad Station. The town- ship is drained by the Little Arkansas River. Pop. 417. Alta, a station in Richland co., 0., on the Sandusky, Mansfield & Newark Railroad, 4 miles S.W. of Mansfield. Alta, a post-office and mining-camp of Salt Lake co., Utah, is at the head of Little Cottonwood Canon, 7 miles from Wasatch Railroad Station. It has 1 church and sev- eral silver-mines. A horse tramway connects Alta with "Wasatch Station. Alta California, the Spanish for Upper California. Altafulla, k\'iSi,-{ooVyk, a town of Spain, 6 miles E. of Tarragona. Pop. 1150. Alta Gracia, il'ta gri'se-i, a town of the United States of Colombia, on the Orinoco, 40 miles S. of Bogota. Alta Gracia, a town of the Argentine Republic, prov- ince of Cordova, 25 miles S.W. of Cordova. Pop. 4000. Alta Gracia, a town of Venezuela, at the mouth of the Maracaybo Strait. Altai, ll-ti', more correctly Alta Yeen Oola {i.e., "golden mountain"), a group of mountains projecting into the plains of Siberia from the N.W. angle of the elevated table-land of Central Asia, and lying between the sources of the Irtish on the W. and the Yenisei on the E. At the present day the name Altai is given by natives and Russian settlers to the country occupied by the Kalmuks, and is thus confined in its application within comparatively narrow bounds. European geographers, on the other hand, have used it for a chain of mountains extending continuously from the upper waters of the Irtish E. to Lake Baikal. The Altai Mountains, according to the still wider usage pre- vailing at present, extend through 6^ degrees of latitude, viz., from the vicinity of Tomsk, at the N. foot of the Alatoo, or from lat. 56° N., to the confluence of the Bookhtarma and Irtish, in lat. 49° 30' N. ; and through 7 degrees of longitude, from the mountains of Kolyvan, in the W. (Ion. 82° E.), to the Sayan chain, in the E. Like all the other great Asiatic ranges, this system may be regarded as a spur or oflshoot of the great Pameer plateau, " the dome of the world." It is in fact not a range, but a group composed of many ranges, most of which appear to have a generally E. and W. direction. These ranges occupy about 40,000 geographical square miles of Russian terri- tory; but the Altai Mountains also cover a considerable part of Mongolia, which is Chinese; and some Kalmuks pay taxes to the agents of both empires. The S.W. slopes of the Oobinsk, Oolbinsk, and Toorgoosoon ranges pour some streams into the Irtish, while the N.E. face of the Alatoo range contributes to the Yenisei ; but with few ex- ceptions the rivers, which are large as well as numerous, all liow into the main branch of the Obi. The Altai group has been described as a vast promontory, connected on the S. with the mainland of primitive rocks, and surrounded on the other three sides by an ocean of diluvial deposits. The physiognomy of the Altai Mountains in their AV. and S. divisions is generally grand and interesting. The rivers, which are very numerous, flow rapidly with full streams; and the forms of the stratified and metamorphic rocks, of the limestones, porphyry, and granite, with the snowy mountains in the distance, lend to the scene the charm of perpetual novelty. The banks of the Katoonya, in the heart of the mountains, present a landscape of most im- pressive character : an immense wall of rock extending from W. to E. supports fields of perpetual snow and glaciers, from the midst of which rise numerous rocky points ; while in the distance are seen the two towering peaks named the Pillars of the Katoonya, which are supposed to be the high- est summits of the Altai Mountains. The absolute height of the Pillars has been estimated by Dr. Gebler at 11,723 feet, and by Tchihatcheflfat 12,790 feet. The area covered by perpetual snow in the Altai is very considerable, but the height of the snow-line, which is very irregular, does not appear to have been yet ascertained by exact observation. In the S. and more elevated portion of the Altai its general elevation does not, perhaps, fall much short of 8000 feet. The glaciers occupy a largo extent, but they never descend 60 ALT far below the snow-line. The Altai Mountains owe their importance chiefly to their mineral treasures, gold, silver, copper, and iron. A variety of porphyry, commonly styled jasper, which is formed in the lathe into handsome vases and takes a fine polish, may be enumerated among the valu- able minerals of the Altai. Alt-Alsleben, a village of Prussia. See Alsleeen. Altamaha,airta-ma-haw', ariver of Georgia, is formed by the union of the Ocmulgee and Oconee, which unite at the S. extremity of Montgomery co. It runs southeastward through a level and sandy tract, partly covered with forests of pine-trees, and enters the Atlantic Ocean 12 miles below Darien. It is nearly 160 miles long, and is navigable for small vessels through its whole extent. Altamaha, a post-office of Tatnall co., Ga. Altamira, al-t^-mee'ra, a town of Mexico, state of Tamaulipas, 10 miles N.W. of Tampico. Altamont, a town of Italy. See Altomonte. Altamout, al'td-mont, a post-office of Alameda co., Cal,, on the Central Pacific Railroad, 56 miles E. of San Francisco. Altamont, a post-hamlet of Orange co., Fla., on the Wekiva River, about 75 miles S. of Palatka. It has a church, a steam saw-mill, and several orange-groves. Altamont, a post-village of Effingham co.. 111., in Mound township, on the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad where it crosses the Springfield &■ Illinois South- eastern Railroad, 75 miles S.E. of Springfield, and 228 miles from Chicago. It is the S. terminus of the Chicago & Pa- ducah Railroad. It has 5 churches, 1 collegiate institute, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 1200. Altamont, a post-office of Labette co., Kansas. Altamout, a post-office and station of Garrett co., Md., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 3 miles N.E. of Deer Park. It is about 2700 feet above tide-water. Altamont, a small post-village of Grundy co., Tenn., about 75 miles S.E. of Nashville. It is on the Cumberland Mountain, and surrounded by interesting scenery. It has a hotel, store, &c. Altamura, al-ta-moo'ra, a town of Italy^ in the prov- ince of Bari, at the foot of the Apennines, 28 miles S.W. of Bari. It is built on the ruins of the ancient Lupatia, It has a trade in wine, oil, and wheat. Pop. 17,109. Altar, artait', a village of Mexico, in Sonora, about 125 miles (direct) N.N.W. of Guaymas. Pop. 1800. Alt-Arad,alt-i'r^t (Hun. OArad, oor^od'), a free city, capital of the county or district of Arad, is a bishop's see, and contains a Greek theological seminary, a Catholic gym- nasium, and a Wallachian normal school. It is 59 miles by rail E.S.E. of Szegedin. It manufactures tobacco and snuft', and has an important fair, second only to the fairs of Pesth and Debreczin. Pop. 32,725. See Neu-Arad. Altare, S,l-ta'ri, a village of Italy, province of Genoa, 10 miles W. of Savona, in the Ligurian Alps. Pop. 1760. Altata, al-ta't^, a port of Mexico, in Cinaloa, on the Gulf of California, at the mouth of the river Culiacan. Lat. 25° 3' N.; Ion. 108° 10' W. Altavilla Irpina, &l-ti-vil'J3, Ir-pee'ni, a village of Italy, 6 miles N. of Avellino. It has mineral springs. Pop. 3500. Altavilla IHilicia, me-lee'chS,, a village and com- mune of Sicily, 11 miles N.W. of Termini. Pop. 2720. Altavilla Monferrato, mon-f^R-R^'to, a village of Italy, province of Alessandria. Pop. 1280. Altavilla Silentina, see-Un-tee'n^, a town of Italy, province of Salerno, 10 miles S. of Campagna. Pop. 3110. Altavilla Vicentina, vee-ch^n-tee'n^, a village of Italy, province and 4 miles S.W. of Vieenza. Pop. 1630. Al'taville, a hamlet of Calaveras co., Cal., 1 mile from Angel's Camp. Al'ta Vis'ta, a post-office of Lincoln co., Minn. Alta Vista (local pron. all'ta vis'ta), a post-hamlet of Daviess co.. Mo., 5 miles from Winstonville Railroad Station. It has a union church. Al-taAval, an island of the Red Sea. See Attawal. Altay, alHa', a post-village of Schuyler co., N.Y., in Tyrone township, about 27 miles N.N.W. of Elmira. It has 1 church, 1 steam flouring-mill, and 2 saw-mills. Altay 3Iountains, or Alta Yceu Oola. See Altai. Alt-Bcrun, a town of Prussia. See Beuun. Alt-IJreisaoh, a town of Germany. See Breisach. Alt-])riichliaiisen, ilt brooK^how'z^n, a town of Prussia, in linnnviT, 5 miles W.N.W. of Hoya. Pop. 1111. Alt-l{untzlau, ilt boonts'low {i.e., "Old Buntzlau'*), a town of Bohemia, on the Elbe, opposite Brandcis, 14 miles E.N.E. of Prague, It has a collegiate church, with ALT 61 ALT a monument to St. Wenceslaus, resorted to by pilgrims. See JrNG-BuNTZLAU. Altbiiron, ilt-bii'ron, a village of Switzerland, canton of Lucerne, 7 miles N.W. of Willisau. Pop. 1091. Alt-Czetlicze, atown of Bohemia. See Alt-Zedlitz. Altdamm, ilt'dJmm, a fortiiied city of Prussia, prov- ince of Pomerania, 4 miles E.S.E. of Stettin, where the river Pliine flows into Dammsche-See. Pop. 429S. Altdorf, a town of Switzerland. See Altorp. Altdorf, ait'doRf, or Altorf, il'tonf, a town of Bavaria, on the Schwarzau, 13 miles E.S.E. of Nuremberg. Pop. 3160. Altdorf, a village in the grand duchy of Baden, on the high-road from Offenburg to Freiburg. Altdorf is also the name of numerous other unimportant localities. Altdorf, a village of Prussian Silesia, 2 miles N.W. of Plesse. Pop. 1926. Altdorf Weingarten, *in'gaRH?n, a village of AViir- temberg, 2 miles N.E. of Ravensburg. Pop. 2450. Altea, il-ti'i, a seaport town of Spain, on a bay of the same name, province and 27 miles N.E. of Alicante, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 5193. Alt-Eibau, 41t-i'bow, or Eibau, a town of Saxony, 5 miles S.E. of Ebersbach. It has large linen-works. Pop. 4598 ; of the adjacent Neu-Bibau, 864. Alten, irten, a river of Norway, province of Finmark, falls into the Alten-Fiord after a course of about 50 miles. Altena, il'te-ni, atown of Prussia, Westphalia, 18 miles S.W. of Arnsberg. on the Lenne. Pop. 7122. It has manu- factures of needles, gloves, iron, and steel. Altena, a city of Prussia. See Altona. Altenau, Jl'ten-Sw', a mining-town of Prussia, in Han- over, in the Harz' Mountains, E. of Clausthal. Pop. 1368. Altenau is also the name of several other villages in Prussia, Bavaria, &c. Altenl)ecken, !lI't?n-b5kVn, a village of Prussia, in Westphalia, 9 miles E.N.E. of Paderborn. Pop. 1193. Altenberg, ai'ten-bSnc' ("old hill"), the name of nu- merous towns, villages, and districts throughout Germany, of which the only one worthy of being named is in Saxony, 20 miles S. of Dresden, capital of the bailiwick of the same name. It is the seat of local courts of justice._ Pop. 2183. Altenberg, Vieille-OTontagne, ye'id' m6No"tan', Kalmis,kil'mIs,orlVeutraI-Moresnet,nuh~tra,l'mo"- r^s'nJ,', a little neutral district, on the frontier of the Rhine province, Prussia, and of the Belgian province of Liege, with a village of the same names. It is governed conjointly by Prussian and Belgian officials, the Code Napoleon being in force. It pays a tax to each government. Hat-making and zinc-mining are leading industries. Pop. 3000. Altenbrnch, il'ten-brooK\ a parish of 7 villages in Prussia, Hanover, 4 miles S.E. of Cuxhaven. Pop. 2158. Altenburg, duchy. See Saxe-Altenburg. Altenburg, irten-booRG' ("old castle"), a city of Ger- many, capital of Saxe-Altenburg, 26 miles S. of Leipsic by railway. Lat. 50° 56' N. ; Ion. 12° 27' E. It is built upon Several hills, has some fine streets and many handsome edi- fices, and is the seat of the higher court and government offices. It has a normal school, a fine palace, a museum of art, a gymnasium, a considerable library, hospitals, philo- sophical, horticultural, historical, and antiquarian societies, a drawing academy, a theatre, Ac. The manufactures are of linen, worsted, brandy, starch, porcelain, optical instru- ments, &o. Pop. 22,263. Altenburg (Hun. Magyar Ovar, mod'yoR' oS'5r'), a market-town of Hungary, 47 miles S.E. of Vienna, in a marsh, on an island in the Leytha. Pop. 3454. At least 48 places in Germany have the name of Altenburg. Altenburg, all'ten-burg, a post-village of Perry co., Mo., about 90 miles S.S.E.'of St. Louis. It is 6 miles W. of Grand Tower, 111. It has 2 claurches, 1 flour-mill, Ac. Altendorf, a,l'ten-doKr ("old village"), the name of numerous villages in Bavaria, Austria, Prussia, Saxony, Ac, Altendorf, the name of two villages of Moravia (Aus- tria), one in the circle of Prerau (pop. 1200), another in the circle of Olmiitz, with large manufactures (pop. 2130). Altendorf, a village of Prussia, in Hanover, 9 miles E. of Neuhaus. Pop. 1696. Altendorf, a village of Prussian Saxony, 11 miles W.S.W. of Sangerhausen. Pop. 1245. Altendorf, a village of Prussia, in Westphalia, 11 miles S.S.W. of Bochum. It has coal-mines. Pop. 2014. Altendorf, a village of Prussia, in Silesia^ nearly con- tiguous to the town of Ratibor. Pop. 2990. Altendorf, a village of the kingdom of Saxony, 4 miles W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 1550. Altendorf, a village of Switzerland, canton of Schwytz, on the S. shore of Lake Zurich. Pop- 1296. Altendorf-Frohnhausen, fron'how-zen, a district or suburb, 3 miles E. of Essen, Rhenish Prussia, has many coal-mines, whose output is employed in the iron- and steel- works of Essen. Pop. 10,412. Altenessen, il'ten-^s^sen, a suburb of Essen, Rhenish Prussia, 2 miles N. of that city. Much coal is here mined, partly for use in the Essen works and partly for shipment. Pop., with surroundings, 11,000. Altengaard, 3,l'ten-goRd\ a seaport of Norway, Fin- mark, on the Alten, at the head of a fiord, 53 miles S.S.W. of Hammerfest. Lat. 69° 55' N. ; Ion. 23° 6' 20" E. Alten- Gottern, 41'ten-got'tern, a village of Prussian Saxony, 24 miles N.W. of Erfurt. Pop. 1691. Altenharen, il'ten-hi^ren, a village of Prussia, in Hanover, 8 miles N. of Meppen, on the right bank of the Ems. Pop. 1200. Altenheim, 3,l'ten-hime\ a village of the grand duchy of Baden, in a rich champaign country. Pop. 2125. Altenhof, il'ten-hsr, a village of Prussia, Sleswick, 3 miles S.E. of Eckernforde. Pop. 506. Altenkirchen, jtl'ten-keenKVn (i.e., "old churches"), a fortified town of Prussia, 16 miles N. of Coblentz, on the Wied. Pop. 1472. There are several other places in Ger- many named Altenkirchen. Altenmarkt, ai't^n-maKkr (i.e., "old market"), the name of numerous unimportant places in Germany. Altenmarkt, a village of Bavaria, nearly adjacent to the town of Vilshofen, being just S. of the latter, and 2 miles S. of the Danube. Pop. 1401. Altenotting, in Germany. See Alt-Oetting. Altenplatow, il'ten-pllHov, a village of Prussian Saxony, 2 miles N.W. of Genthin. Pop. 1866. Altenstadt, il'ten-stto* {i.e., "old town"), the name of seven unimportant places in Bavaria, two in Hesse, one in Wiirtemberg, and one in Austria. Altenstadt, or Altstadt, ilt'stitt, a village of Ger- many, Lower Alsace, 1 mile S.E. of Weissenburg. Pop. 1217. Altenstadt, a village of Germany, in Hesse-Darmstadt, 5 miles S.E. of Friedberg. Pop. 1053. Altenstadt, a village of Germany, in Wiirtemberg, 1 mile N.W. of Geislingen, on the river Fils. Pop. 1365. Altensteig, or Altenstaig, al'ten-stiG\ a villagej of Wiirtemberg, in the Bl.ick Forest, on a steep mountain-side, 10 miles N.W. of Nagold. Pop. 2005. Altenweddingen, ai'ten-es,Austro-Hungary. SeeKARANSEBES. Alt-Karlsthal, 4lt kaRls'tAl, a village of Austrian Silesia, 12 miles N.N.E. of Freudenthal. Pop. 1996. Alt-Keer, a village of Hungary. See Keer. Alt-Kemnitz, llt-k^m'nits ("Old Kemnitz"), a town of Prussian Silesia, 33 miles S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1260. Altkirch, ^It'keeRK, a village of Germany, in Upper Alsace, on the Basel-Belfort Railway, 17 miles W. of Basel. It has extensive potteries. Pop. 2955. Altkloster, d,lt'kl6s-t§r, a village of Prussia, province of Posen, 11 miles S. of Wollstein. Pop. 1165. Altmannsdorf, alt'mins-doRf\ a village of Austria, 3 miles S. of Vienna. Pop. 1036. Alt'man's, a station in Hampton co., S.C., on the Port Royal Railroad, 36 miles N.N.W. of Port Royal. Altmark, alt'mank, a former district of Prussia, to the left of the river Elbe, now a part of the circle of Magdeburg. AltmarU, a village of Prussia, province of Prussia, 6 miles E. of Stuhm. Pop. 1137. Alt-Morschen, a,lt-moR'shen, a village of Prussia, circle of Cassel, 5 miles S.E. of Melsungen. Pop. 787. Altmithl, ilt'miil, a river of Bavaria, rises 7 miles N.E. of Rothenburg, passes Leutersbausen, Gunzenhausen, and Eichstadt, and joins the Danube at Kelheim. The Ludioigs Canal, lOS miles long, or canal of the Maine and Danube, between Bamberg on the Regnitz and Dietfurt on the Alt- miihl, connects the Rhine and the Danube. Al'to, a township of Lee co.. 111. Pop. 832. Alto, a post-village of Howard co., Ind., in Harrison township, 5 miles S.S.W. of Kokomo, and 2 miles from the Frankfort fALFi. Amalthea^ a-mal'the-a, or more correctly a-mal-the'a, a village of Franklin co., 6., in Blendon township, on Ga- hanna Creek, 3 miles from Westerville Railroad Station, and about 13 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. It has 2 churches and an academy. The name of the post-office is Central College. Araambahi, i-m.am-ba^ee', or Amambay, i-mim- bi', a mountain-range and river of Urazil : the former, aboixt 200 miles long, forms the water-shed between the Parana and Par.aguay Rivers ; and from its eastern slope flows the river to the Parana, which it joins after a course of about 100 miles. Amana, S,-m3,-n3,', a river of Venezuela, province of Cumana, rises near Urica, and falls into the Gulf of Paria. Length, 140 miles. Ainana, a-mi-ni', a lake in Brazil, formed by a bi- furcation of the Tijuaca. It lies in lat. 2° 35' S., Ion. 64° 38' W., and is about 20 miles long by 10 miles broad. About 8 miles N. of the lake is a village of the same name. Am'ana, a township of Iowa co., Iowa, is the principal abode of the " Community of True Inspiration," a society of German Protestant Christians, followers to some extent of Bohme and Schwenkenfeld. They removed hither in 1854 from Ebenezer, N.Y. Pop. in 1875, 1624. Post- offices, South Amana and Homestead. Anianahea, a cape of Africa. See ApoLtONi.\. Amance, a'mONss' (anc. Amen'lia ?), a village of France, department of Meurthe, 37 miles N.W. of Nancy. Pop. 470. Anian'da, a township of Allen co., 0. Pop. 1376. It contains Royalton and New Strasburg. Amanda, a village of Butler co., 0., in Lemon town- ship, on the Miami Canal, about 10 miles N.E. of Hamilton, and 1 mile E. of the Miami River. It is 1 mile from Hen- derson Railroad Station. It has 2 churches, 1 academy, 1 flouring-mill, and 1 paper-mill. Pop. 226. Amanda, a post-village of Fairfield co., 0., in Amanda township, on the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley Railroad, 110 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati, and 7 miles S.W. of Lancas- ter. It has 2 churches. Pop. of township, 1547. Amanda, a township of Hancock co., 0. Pop. 1469. Anian'daville, a post-office of Hart co., Ga. Amandaville, a hamlet of Cumberland co., Ky., on Crocus Creek, 55 miles E. of Glasgow. It has a church, a grist-mill, and several oil-wells. It is 2 or 3 miles from the Cumberland River. Amaudola, i-man'do-la, a town of Italy, 16 miles N.W. of Ascoli. Pop. 4761. Amandopolis, the ancient name of SAiNT-AsrAND. Araanian Gates, a pass of Syria. See Beilan. Amanlis, a^m6NGMee', a village of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine. Pop. 2409. Aman's Store, a post-office of Onslow co., N.C. Amantea, a-m4n-ti'a, a fortified seaport of Italy, 15 miles S.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 4480. Amanus, a mountain of Turkey. See AL?*rA-DAGH, Amapala, a-ma'pi-1^, a port of entry of Honduras, on the Pacific coast, lat. 13° 17' N., Ion. 87° 34' W., is on the island of Tigre, in the Bay of Fonseca. The harbor is com- modious and easy of access, the climate healthful, and the natural scenery beautiful. Pop. about 1000. Am'aqua, a township of Boone co., Iowa. Pop. 468. Amarakan'taka, Amarkan'tak, or Omerkan'- tak, a great plateau of Central India, where the Sone, the Nerbudda, and other streams arise. It has a mean altitude of about 5000 feet, and is covered mainly by forests and jungles, the abode of the Gonds, Koles, and other wild tribes. Amarante, 5,-m4-riln'ti, a town of Portugal, province of Minho, on the Tamega, a tributary of the Douro, 38 miles N.E. of Oporto. Pop. 1448. Amarapoora, Amarapura, im-il-ra-poo'ra, or Um'raerapoo'ra, a city, formerly capital of the Bur- mese dominions, on the Irrawaddy, 6 miles N.E. of Ava. In 1800 the population was estimated at 175,000, but, the seat of government having been removed in 1S19, it has rapidly declined. Most of its houses are of bamboo. Amaravati, a town of India. See AsrRAwuTTi. Amar'gosa, a river of Nevada and Southeastern California, twice crossed by the parallel of 36° N. lat., flows into the Death Valley, a desolate region reported to be 150 feet below the sea-level. This valley is also called AMA the Amargosa Besert, and the mountains N.E. of the river's upper course arc sometimes called the Amargosa Mountains. Amargura, ^-man-goo'ri, an island and volcano in the South Pacific Ocean, one of the Friendly Islands. Lat. 17° 58' S.; Ion. 174° 16' W. Amaribo, ^-m3.Ve-bo', or Mana, m3,^n3,', a river in French Guiana, rises about lat. 3° 35' N., and, after a course of 146 miles, falls into the Atlantic. Am'asa, a station in Mercer co.. Pa., where the James- town & Franklin Railroad crosses the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 5 miles S.E, of Jamestown. Amasia, Amasieh, or Amasiyah, i-mi'see'a, a city of Asia Minor, on the Yeshil-Irmak (anc. /)•)'»), 95 miles N.W. of Seovas, and 63 miles S. by W. of Samsoon. Pop. estimated at from 20,000 to 25,000. It stands on both banks of the river, between almost perpendicular rocks. Many of the houses are built of stone; it has a strong cita- del, a fine mosque, well-supplied bazaars, and a considerable trade in silk, fruits, wine, and salt. Outside of the city are the excavated " tombs of the kings," described by Strabo. Amastra, i-mis'tra,, Amas'erah, or Amasreh, i-m4s'reh (anc. Aviaa'tris), a fortified seaport town of Asia Minor, on a rocky peninsula in the Black Sea, 60 miles N.E. of Ereglee. Pop. about 800. Amastra, the ancient name of Mistretta. Amataka, Pacific Ocean. See York Island. Amathonte, a-mi-thon'ti (anc. Am'athus}, a village of the island of Cyprus, near its S. coast, apparently the same place as Old Limasol. See Limasol. Amathus, supposed ancient name of Szalt. Amatignak (a-mat'ig-n^k) Island, the southernmost land of Alaika Territory, lat. 51° 19' N., Ion. 179° 8' 30" W. Amatitlan, a,-ma-tee-tian', or Amititan, a-mee-tee- tin', a town of Guatemala, capital of a department of the same name, on Lake Amatitlan, 15 miles S. of the city of Guatemala. Lat. 14° 30' N. ; Ion. 90° 17' W. It is irregu- larly built, and none of the houses have more than the ground story ; they are principally constructed of mud. The wells in the town are all brackish ; and most of those in the vicinity, particularly in low situations, are boiling hot, but perfectly clear and free from impurities. The in- habitants, nearly all mulattoes and zamboes, are active, in- dustrious, and enterprising. The production of cochineal is a leading employment. Pop. about 10,000. Amato, i-mi'to, a village of Italy, 9 miles B. of Catan- zaro. Pop. 1524. Amatrice, i-mS,-tree'chi, a town of Italy, province and 22 miles N. of Aquila. It has a manufactory of woollen stuffs, and a school. Pop. 6304. Amatuli Island, Alaska. See Barren Islands. Amaxichi, a-m4x-ee'kee, a seaport town of Greece, capital of the island of Santa Maura or Lcucadia, on its E. coast, and separated from the castle of Santa Maura by a lagoon about 1 mile across. Pop. of town and citadel, 6000. The harbor, improved by a mole, is adapted only for small craft. Amaxichi is the residence of a Greek archbishop, and near it are remains of Cyclopean walls, probably those of the ancient Len'cas. Amay, i'mi', a town of Belgium, province of Liege, on the railway from Namur, 14i miles S.W. of Liege. Pop. 2660. Amazoc, a-ma-sok', a town of Mexico, state of Puebla, 12 miles S.S.E. of Puebla. It is a large and well-built town. Amazon, am'a-zon (Sp. pron. im-i-thijn'), sometimes called Maranon,ma,-r£ln-yon', or Orellana,o-rai-ya-'na,, a great South American river, which exceeds in volume every other river on the globe. It rises in the Peruvian Andes by two branches, the Marafion (or Tunguragua) and the Uca- yale or Apurimac. The Marafion, which some geographers consider the head -stream or main river, rises in Lake Lauri- oocha, near the silver-mines of Cerro de Pasco, in lat. 10° 30' S. and Ion. 76° 10' W. Its source is about 60 miles from the Pacific. It flows nearly northward for about 500 miles, in a continuous series of cataracts and rapids, in a deep val- ley between the parallel Cordilleras of Peru. Striking the boundary of Ecuador about lat. 5° S., it there turns to the right, runs eastward, and forms the boundary between Peru and Ecuador, to its confluence with the Ucayale. Below this junction the Amazon separates Ecuador from Peru as long ,as these countries are conterminous. It afterwards enters Brazil, flows nearly eastward across the great equatorial plain of the continent, and enters the Atlantic Ocean under the equator. It is the only large river whose course is all near the same latitude. Its length, including the windings, is estimated at 4000 miles. Its breadth is well proportioned to its length. It is li miles wide at Tabatinga, 2000 miles from its mouth, 3 miles wide at the entrance of the Madeira, and 10 miles wide below Santarem, which is 500 miles from AMA AMB the ocean. The average velocity of its current is 3 miles an hour. It is navigable for large ships 2200 miles from its mouth, and opens an easy communication from the Atlantic almost to the foot of the Andes. The area drained by this river and its tributaries is estimated at 2,000,000 square miles. The depth of the Amazon at some places is 50 fathoms. Its average depth below Mand,os, which is 1000 miles from its mouth, is 27 fathoms. It enters the sea through an estuary which is about 150 miles wide and encloses a large island named Marajo or Joannes. The volume and impetus of the river are so great that it carries its fresh water un- mixed into the sea a distance of about 200 miles. Although it carries down a larger amount of sediment than any other river, it has not formed any delta. " Its vast expanse," says Orton, "presenting below Teffe magnificent reaches, with blank horizons, and forming a barrier between different species of animals; its system of back-channels joining the tributaries and linking a series of lagunes too many ever to be named ; its network of navigable waters, stretching over one-third of the continent ; its oceanic fauna — porpoises and manatees, gulls and frigate-birds — remind the traveller of a great inland sea. The side-channels through the forest, called by the Indians igarapSe or canoe-paths, are one of the characteristic features of the Amazon. They often run to a great distance parallel to the great river and intersecting the tributaries, so that one can go from Santarem 1000 miles up the Amazon without once entering it. These natural highways will be of immense advantage for intercommuni- cation." No cataract or waterfall interrupts navigation on the main stream for 2400 miles, and, as a trade-wind blows constantly westward against the current, the navigation up or down has always something in its favor. Including the tributaries, many of which are large navigable rivers, the Amazon opens to the ocean about 10,000 miles of interior navigation for large vessels. According td G-. E. Church, "it offers not less than 15,000 miles of waters suitable for steamboat navigation." A decree of the Brazilian govern- ment in 1867 opened this navigation to the flags of all Eu- ropean nations. But as yet no busy towns are found along its banks, except Para, near its mouth. This river flows through a forest unparalleled in extent, an evergreen forest so dense and impenetrable as to defy access except by navi- gation, and tenanted by innumerable animals, among which the monkey tribe holds a conspicuous place. Here the mag- nificent trees are draped and festooned with parasitical creepers, climbing plants, tillandsias, lianas, &c. The human population of this region is very sparse. In the most densely peopled part of it there is, according to Orton, only 1 man to every 4 square miles. During the rainy season the river overflows its banks, submerging the country for hundreds of miles. This region produces a great variety of valuable timber. Within an area of half a mile square Agassiz counted 117 kinds of wood, many of which are fitted by their hardness, tints, and beautiful grain for fine cabinet- work. The same naturalist found about 2000 species of fish in the Amazon and its tributaries. "Turtles," says Orton, " are perhaps the most important product of the Amazon, furnishing the best meat on the Upper Amazon." A re- markable feature in the Amazonian fauna is the abundance of cetaceans, porpoises, and manatees through nearly the whole extent of the river. The Amazon has 12 tributaries each of which is 1000 miles long. The greatest of these is the Madeira. The principal tributaries that enter from the N. are the Napo, the Putumayo, the Japura, and the Kio Negro, here ar- ranged in order as they occur to a person who floats down the stream. Those that are received from the S. arc the TJcayale, the Jabari or Yavari, the Jutay, the Juruil, the Teffe, the Purus, the Madeira, the Tapajos, the Xingu, and the Tocantins. These, like the Nile, discharge their waters by several mouths. The Rio Negro is connected with the Orinoco by the Cassiquiare, which is a natural and naviga- ble canal traversing a plain which is too low and level to form a water-shed between the two rivers. The descent of the Amazon is only 2 inches to the mile below the mouth of the Napo, which is 1800 miles in a direct line from the ocean. The Atlantic tide is perceptible atObidos, 450 miles above the city of Pard. At the mouth of the river is a re- markable tidal phenomenon, called the bore or plrort'jco {prordca ?), which occurs about the time of fuU moon. The water of the ocean rushes into the river in waves about 15 feet high, moving with a violence and momentum which are dangerous to small craft. The Indian name of the river, Amassona, is said to sig- nify "boat-dcstroycr." The part of the Amazon above the mouth of the Rio Negro is called ^oHmocns by the natives. The difference between high water and low water is about 50 feet. The Amazon and its branches are subject to an annual rise, which occurs with regularity, but not simulta- neously, in all parts. The principal rise or inundation commences about March 1, and continues till June. Thft Lower Amazon is at its minimum in September or October, The period of high water in the northern affluents is in summer and autumn, but the Amazon receives its largest accession from the southern affluents when the sun is on the south side of the equator, in November, December, and January. The mouth of the Amazon was discovered in 1500 by a Spaniard named Pinzon, but the first European who navigated or explored it was Orellana, who in 1541 de- scended the stream from the mouth of the Napo to the sea. Agassiz made a scientific exploration of this river in 1865. Am'azon, a post-oflnce of Franklin co., Neb. Amazonas, a-ma-zo'nas, a vast province of Brazil, bounded N.W. and S.W. by British Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, E. by the Madeira and the province of Grao Para. Area, 753,469 square miles. It is bisected by the Amazon and traversed by many of its navigable tributaries, and is mainly covered by dense forests. Capital, Mandos. Pop. in 1872, 57,610, exclusive of many savage Indians. Aniiazoiias,a-mS,~so'na.s, a department of Peru, bounded N. by Ecuador, E. by the department of Loreto, S. by that of Libertad, and W. by tha.t of Caxamarca. Area, 14,129 square miles. It is traversed by the Ucayale, which is re- garded by many as the true Amazon. It contains two provinces, Chachapoyas and Magnas, and is mainly covered by virgin forests. Capital, Chachapoyas. Pop. 34,245. Amazouas, a territory forming the southernmost part of Venezuela. Area, 13,580 square miles. P. (1873) 23,048. Amazonas, a South American name for the Amazon. Amazo'nia, a post-village of Andrew co., Mo., on the Missouri River, and on the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad, 9 miles N. of St. Joseph, It has 1 or 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a lumber-mill. Pop. about 250. Amazuma, a-ma-zoo'm&,, a large town of West Africa, on the Niger, about lat. 5° 10' N., Ion. 6° 10' E. Amtoabikoi, am-ba-be-koy', a village of Lower Egypt, 58 miles N.W. of Cairo. Ambaca, am-bi'kd, a town of Angola, Portuguese West Africa, in lat. 9°"S., Ion. 15° 30' E., 140 miles E. by S. of Loanda, is the capital of the fertile province of Ambaca, which has a population of 40,000 and rears many cattle. The town has declined, and is now a small place. Ambacia, an ancient name of Amboise. AmbagamuAva, S.m-b^-ga-moo'w^, a town of Ceylon, in the Kandy district. Pop. 3032. Ambala, a town of India. See Umballah. Ambalega, ^m-ba-li'ga, a town near the centre of the island of :Madura, Malay Archipelago. It is surrounded by fine woods, has a temple, and 4000 inhabitants. Ambalema, am-ba-U'mS., a town of the United States of Colombia, state of Cundinamarca, on the Magdalena, 60 miles W.N.W. of Bogota, ships excellent tobacco. Pop.-9731. Amballa, a town of India. See Umballah. Ambares, 6M'b.Vri', a village of France, department of Gironde, 3 miles N.N.E. of Carbon-Blanc. Pop. 2784. Ambas, ^m'b^s {or Am'boises^) Bay, a fine harbor of Africa, in the Bight of Biafra. Lat. 3° 58' N. ; Ion. 9° 16' E. Here the lofty Cameroons Mountains reach the sea : and the English mission town and sanitarium of Victoria stands near it. The Ambas Islands, small and elevated, lie off the inner port. Ambatiki, £lm-bi-tee'kee, an island in the Pacific, one of the Eeej ee group, of a dome shape, and rising to the height of 750 feet. Lat. 17° 47' S.; Ion. 179° 10' W. Ambato, or Hambato, flm-ba'to, a nevado or snowy summit of the Andes, in Peru, immediately N. of Arequipa. Ambato, am-ba'to, or Asiento d'Hambato, (V-se- en'to d^m-bi'to, a town of Ecuador, 100 miles S.E. of Quito. It was destroyed in 1698 by an eruption of Coto- paxi, but afterwards became more flourishing than before. It has extensive shoe-manufactories, and an active trade in grain, sugar, and cochineal. Pop. SOOO. Ambau, an island of the Pacific. See Ambow. Ambazac, fiM^bi,*zd.k', a town of France, department of Haute- Vionno, 10 miles N.N.W. of Limoges. Pop. 3231. Ambelakia, a,m-bi-lS,'kee'i, or Ampelakia, a town of European Turkey, Thessaly, on the S. slope of Mount Ossa, above the pass of Tempe, 15 miles N.E. of Larissa. It was at one time famous for its cotton- and yarn-spinning and dyeing. Pop. about 3000. Am'ber, a post-hamlet of Mason co., Mich., in Amber township, on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad,. 6 miles E. of LuUiugton. It has a lumber-mill and a wooden bowl AMB factory. Pop. about 100. The township is intersected by the Marquette River. Pop. 45S. Amber, a post- village of Onondaga co., N.Y., in Otisco township, on Otisco Lake, about 14 miles S.S.W. of Syracuse. It has a church. Amberes, a city of Belgium. See Antwerp. Am berg, am'blnG, a town of Bavai-ia, Upper Palati- nate, on both sides of the Vils, 35 miles by rail E. of Nu- remberg. It is well built, has broad and clean streets, and contains a lyceum, gymnasium, theological seminary, nor- mal school, public library, and several hospitals. It has a royal manufactory of arras, and also manufactures of cotton and faience. Pop. 11,688. Ambergris (am'ber-grees^) Key, an island off" the N.E. shore of British Honduras. Length, 20 miles from N.E. to S.W. ; average breadth, 3 miles. Amb^rieux, 6M''bA^re-uh', a town of France, depart- ment of Ain, at an important railway junction, IS miles S.S.E. of Bourg, Pop. 2954. Am'berley, a post-village in Huron co., Ontario, on Lake Huron, 22 miles from Goderich. Pop. 100. Am'ber Set'tlement, a hamlet of Chenango co., N.Y.. 1 mile from South New Berlin. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Am'berson's Val'ley, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Pa., in Fannett township, 16 miles N.W. of Shippensburg. Am'bersonville, or Am'berson, a village in Cher- okee CO., Ala., on the Selma, Home & Dalton Railroad, 38 miles S.W. of Rome, Ga. It has several stores and shops, and ships considerable cotton. There are 4 iron-furnaces and 2 churches near the place. The name of the post-office is Spring Garden ; that of the station, Amberson. Ambert, OM^baiR', a town of France, department of Puy-de-Dome, on the Dore, 35 miles by rail S.E. of Cler- mont. It has extensive paper-works and manufactures of ribbons. Pop. 7517. Ambia, am'be-a, a post-hamlet of Benton co., Ind., on the Bloomington division of the Waba-sh Railroad, 34 miles W. by N. of Lafayette ; also on the Lafayette, Muncie & Bloomington Railroad. It has several stores. Ambialet, 6M'be''S.^li', a village of France, department of Tarn, 10 miles E.N.E. of Alby. Pop. 2833. Ambiani, an ancient name of Amiens. Ambij, ^m-bi', a village of the Netherlands, province of Limburg. Pop. 859. Ambil, am-beel', one of the smaller Philippine islands, 70 miles S.W. of Manila, with a lofty volcanic mountain. Ambiliates, the supposed ancient name of Lamballe. Amblan, im-blin', a town of the Philippines, on the S.W. coast of the island of Negros, at the mouth of the Rio de Amblan. Pop. 3260. Amblail, or AmblauAV, ^mVlow', an island of the Malay Archipelago, 12 miles S.E. of Booro. Lat. 3° 52' S. ; Ion. 127° 16' E. It is 10 miles long, and is dependent on the Dutch government of Amboyna. Pop. about 1000. Amblecoat, or Amblecote, am'bel-kote, a villatce of England, co. of Stafford, N. of Stourbridge. Pop. 2771. Am'bler, a station in Montgomery co., Pa., on the North Pennsylvania Railroad, 15 miles N. of Philadelphia. Am'bleside, a market-town of England, co. of AVest- moreland, 12^ miles N.W. of Kendal. Pop. 1988. Ambleteuse, fiw^b'l-tuz', a decayed seaport of France, department of Pas-de-Calais, on the English Channel, 6 miles N. of Boulogne. Near it is the granite column which Napoleon erected to the grand army in 1805, Pop. 800. Ambleve, am'bU-veh, a river of Prussia and Belgium, flows W., and falls into the Ourthe 10 miles N. of Burbuy. Amboiana, or Amboiua, Moluccas. See Amboyna. Amboise, OMbVaz' (ane. Amba'cia), a town of France, department of Indre-et-Loire, on the Loire, and on the rail- way from Orleans to Tours, 14 miles E. of Tours. Pop. 4188. Its ancient castle is memorable in history as the residence of many French kings. Amboise is celebrated for the ^'con- juration d' Amhoise" formed against the Guises in 1560. It has extensive manufactures. Amboise, a cape and island of Africa. See Ambas. Ambo'lo, or Amboule, ^.m-bool', a town of the island of Madagascar, lat. 24° 15' S., Ion. 47° E., in a rich and beautiful valley, on a stream of the same name. Ambolon, S,m-bo-lon', one of the Philippine Islands, S.W. of Mindoro. Lat. 12° 9' N.; Ion. 121° 12' E. Ambon, OM^biNo', a town of France, department of Morbihan, with a small port on the Penerf. Pop. 1747. Ambonde, a country of Africa. See Angola. Am^boor', a town of British India, presidency and 108 miles W.S.W, of Madras. Pop. about 6000. Amboule, a town of Madagascar. See Ambolo. 67 AMB Ambow, or Ambau, dm^bow', a small island in the South Pacific, one of the Feejee group, 1 mile in length and about half a mile in breadth. Am^boy', a city of Lee co., 111., is in Amboy township, on Green River, and on the Illinois Central and the Chicago *fe Rock River Railroads, 117 miles S.E. of Dubuque, 16 miles N.AV. of Mendota, and 95 miles W. by S. from Chi- cago. It contains a town hall, 2 banks, 6 churches, a news- paper office, a high school, 2 flouring-mills, and large re- pair-shops of the railroad company, which employ 200 men. Pop. 2825 ; of the township, 1279'. Amboy, a post-hamlet of Miami co., Ind., on the rail- road which connects Logansport with Marion, 25 miles E.S.E. of Logansport. It has 2 churches. Amboy, a post-hamlet of Hillsdale co., Mich., in Am- boy township, 14 miles S. of Hillsdale. The township has 2 churches, 5 saw-mills, and 2 grist-mills. Pop. of town- ship, 1232. Amboy, a township of Cottonwood co,, Minn. Pop. 62. Amboy, N.J. See South Ambov and Perth Amboy. Amboy, a village of Onondaga co., N.Y.. in Camillus township, on the Erie Canal and New York Central Rail- road, 6 miles W. of Syracuse, and 1 mile from Belle Isle Post-Office. It has a church. Pop. 128. Amboy, a township of Oswego co., N.Y. Pop. 1431. It contains Amboy Centre, Cartersville, and West Amboy. Amboy, a post-village of Ashtabula co., 0., on Con- neaut River and the Lake Shore Railroad, 67 miles E.N.E. of Cleveland. It has 2 churches, 2 grist-mills, a cheese- factory, and several cigar-factories. Pop. about 500. Amboy, a township of Fulton co.. 0. Pop. 1089. Amboy Centre, a post-village of Oswego co., N.Y., in Amboy township, about 27 miles N.N.E. of Syracuse. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of leather and lumber, Amboy Junction, a station on the Newark k Eliza- beth Branch Railroad, 2 miles N. of Elizabeth, N.J. Amboyna, or Amboina, S^m-boi'na, Apon, or Thau (Malay, Amhtni, "dew''), an island in the Malay Archipelago, the most important of the Moluccas, lying E. of Booro. Lat. (Allavy Point) 3° 46' S.; Ion, 127° 59' E. The island is about 30 miles long, by about 10 miles in breadth at its broadest part. Area, 282 square miles. Itissub- ject to earthquakes, and is of a primitive formation, granite in some localities rising even to the summits of the moun- tains. Cloves, sago, maize, yams, and fruits are the staple products. In 1796 the island was captured by the British; it was restored to the Dutch in 1801, but was again taken in 1810, and finally restored to Holland in 1814. The govern- ment of Amboyna includes, besides theabove, Booro, Amblau, Ceram, Manipa, and several smaller islands. Pop. 94,745. Amboyna, Amboiana, or Amboyana, am-boi- Ei'na, capital of the above island and of the Dutch govern- ment of Amboyna, on the Bay of Amboyna. (Lat. of Fort Victoria, 3° 41' 7" S. ; ion. 128° 10' E.) It is clean, neat, and regularly built, with straight and wide streets. A public garden is attached to the town, and a row of houses, adorned with nutmeg-trees, terminates in a long esplanade. The Bay of Amboyna is about 20 miles long and from 2 to 7 broad, the roads secure and commodious, and the anchorage good, with a depth of from 20 to 45 fathoms. Pop. 13,000. Ambracia, and Ainbraeius Sinus. See Arta; also Plasencia (in Spain). Ambrieres, flM'bre-aiR', a town of France, department and 6 miles N. of Mayenne, on the A''arenne. Pop. 2615. Ambrim, or Ambrym, ilm-breem', an island in the Pacific, New Hebrides, lat. 16° 9' 30" S., Ion. 107° 50' E. It is 50 miles in circumference, fertile, and cultivated. Ambriz, am'briz or 4,m-breez', a small Portuguese town and district of Africa, Guinea, with a port at the mouth of the river Ambriz, on the Atlantic Ocean, 70 miles N. of Loanda. It has an extensive trade in ivory, copal, india- rubber, archil, Ac. Ambrizette, S,m-bre-zett' or S,m-bre-z5t'ti, a Portu- guese district of Africa, between the Congo and Ambrizette Rivers, with a town on the coast, 30 railes N. of Ambriz. Ambronay, OM^bro^ni', a town of France, department of Ain. 15 miles S.E, of Bourg. Pop. 1728. Am'brose, a post-office of Indiana co., Pa. Ambro'sia, a post-office of East Baton Rougo parish. La. Ambrym, an island of the New Hebrides. See Ambeim. Ambuim, ^m'^boo-eeoi', or Ombe, 6m'b§h, aregion in Benguela, West Africa, bounded roughly by the meridians of 14° and 15° E. Ion. and the parallels of 10° 40' and 11° 30' S. lat. Area, 3000 square miles. It is governed by three native independent chiefs ; is traversed by the rivers Longa, Cuvo, and Sumbe; has a rich soil, and exports ivory, wax, copal, and archil. Pop. 75,000. AMB ( Ambukol, im'boo'kol', a village of Nubia, on the Nile. Lat. 18° i' 31" N.; Ion. 31° 3i' 46" E. Ambun, a native name of Amuoyna. Amchit'ka, one of the Aleutian Islands, lat 51° 2.5' N., Ion. 180° 45' W. It is large, low, and flat, with one peak 1873 feet high. It contains lignite and kaolin. Amdeu, a village of Switzerland. See Ammon. Amdjherra, a town and state of India. See Ajijerah. Amealco, i-mi-41'ko, a village of Mexieo, state of Queretaro, 42 miles S.E. of Queretaro. Pop. 2000. Ameca, 4-mS,'k4, a village of Mexico, state of Jalisco, 70 miles S.W. of Guadalajara. Pop. 1500. Amed, a town of Asia. See Diarbekir. Amee, or Ami, 4-mee', a river of India, rises (lat. 27° 8' N., Ion. 82° 38' E.) in Goruckpoor, flows S.E. 70 miles to a small lake, and thence traverses a fertile plain, reach- ing the river Raptee below the town of Goruckpoor. Ameenana, a-mee-n4'ni, a town of Sinde, on an island foi-med by the Narra and Indus, 12 miles N. of Sehwan. Ameerabad, or Amirabad, 3,-meer-i-b5,d', a town of India, North-West Provinces, district of Furruckabad. Pop. 7096. Ameerghur, a town of India. See UsrEERGHUR. Ameglia, 3,-niSl'yi, a village of Italy, province of Genoa, 4 miles S.E. of Lerici. Pop. 1850. Ameide, 5,-mi'deh, a village of the Netherlands, on the Leek, with a brewery. Pop. 1317. Ameland, 3,'me-liut\ an island of the Netherlands, in the North Sea, 4 miles N. of the coast of Friesland. It is 13 miles in length by 2 miles in width. Pop. 2287. Amelia, 3,-mJ,'le-d, or Ameria, 1-mi're-i, a town of Italy, 22 miles S.W. of Spoleto. It is the see of a bishop, having a cathedral, 3 churches, and some convents. It was the ancient Ame'ria, one of the oldest cities of Umbria. Pop. 7207. Ame'lia, a county of Virginia, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is bounded by the Appomattox River on nearly all sides except the S., and is also drained by Nama- zine and other creeks. The surface is hilly or undulating ; the soil has been impoverished. Tobacco, wheat, Ac, are the staple products. It is intersected by the Richmond & Danville Railroad. Capital, Amelia Court-House. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, .'?2,546,059. Pop. in 1870, 9878, of whom 9673 were natives and 205 were foreigners. Amelia, a post-village of Clermont co., 0., in Pierce and Batavia townships, 25 miles E. by S. from Cincinnati. It has 2 churches, a drug-store, and several general stores. Amelia, a township of Orangeburg co., S.C. Pop. 2040. It contains Lewisville. Amelia Court-House, a post-village, capital of Ame- lia CO., Va., on the Richmond & Danville Railroad, 36 miles S.W. of Richmond. It has 2 churches and an academy. Amelia Island is situated on the coast of Nassau co., in the N.E. part of Florida. It is 16 miles in length and 4 in breadth, and is separated from the mainland by a chan- nel from 2 to 4 miles wide. It has 4 light-houses. The soil is generally fertile. See Fersandina. Ame'liasburg, or Rob'Iiii's Mills, a post-village in Prince Edward co., Ontario, at the outlet of Roblin Lake in the Bay of Quinte, 3 miles S. of Belleville. It is a port at which steamers call. Pop. 200. Amelie-leS"Bains, i'mi'lee'li^biu"', or Arles- les-Bains, aRri4^b4N°', a village of France, department of Pyrenees-Orientales, 3 miles W. of Ceret. Pop. 1390. Am'elith, a locality in Kochville township, Saginaw CO., Mich., 5 miles S. of Salzburg Station, has a church. Am-el-Saghier, a town of Egypt. See GvVRAH. Amendolara, i-mSn-do-U'ri, a village of Italy, on the Gulf of Taranto, 25 miles N.E. of Castrovillari. Pop. 1629. Ameni, or Ameny, S.'mi'nee\ one of the Laccadive Islands, lat. 11° 6' N., Ion. 72° 41' E. Diameter, 1 mile. Ame'nia, or Ame'niaville, a post-village in Amenia township, Dutchess eo., N.Y., on the New York & Harlem Railroad, 86 miles N. by B. from New York. It contains 4 churches, the Amenia Seminary, 1 national bank, a con- densed-milk factory, a newspaper ofiice, and a manufactory of sash and blinds. The township has mines of iron, and contains villages named Wassaic and South Amenia. Pop. of township, 2795. Amenia Union, a post-village of Dutchess co., N.Y., in Amenia township, about 60 miles S.S.E. of Albany. - It has 2 churches, a plough-factory, and a hotel. It is partly in the state of Connecticut. Amcno, i-rai'no, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 1 mile E. of Orta. Pop. 1793. Amentia, the supposed ancient name of Amance. Ameria, a town of Italy. See Amelia. ! AME America, a-mer'e-ka (Pr. Ameriqtie, 3.'m5,^reek' ; Ger. Amcnlca, a-mi're-ki; It., Sp., and Port., America, S,-mi'- re-kd), a continent and one of the grand divisions of the globe, sometimes called the New World, was discovered by Christopher Columbus, a Genoese, in 1492, but named America in honor of Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, who visited South America in 1499. It is the longest continuous body of land on the globe, and is larger than any other continent except Asia. It is bounded on the N. by the Arctic Ocean, on the E. by the Atlantic, on the S. by the Antarctic, and on the W. by the Pacific Ocean. It extends from Point Barrow, lat. 71° 24' N., to Cape Froward, the most southern point of the mainland, about lat. 64° S., Cape Horn being on an island, in lat. 56° 58' 40" S. It is about 9000 miles long, having an area estimated at 15,850,000 square miles. America consists of two vast peninsulas, called North and South America, connected by the Isthmus of Darien or Panama, the narrowest p.art of which is about 28 miles wide. 'These two peninsulas are similar in outline, being nearly triangular. Both are very broad in the north, and gradually contract towards the south, till they termi- nate, one in a narrow isthmus and the other in a narrow promontory. Each has a chain of lofty volcanic mountains near its western coast, vast plains in the interior, and a lower ridge of mountains near the eastern side, in which there are no traces of recent volcanic action. The physical features of America are on the most gigantic scale. Here are the greatest rivers and lakes in the world, the highest mountains, except the Himalayas, the largest number of active volcanoes, and the most magnificent forests. The interior is penetrated by the gigantio rivers Amazon, Mississippi, Columbia, and La Plata, and their affluents, which surpass those of the other continents in length, and still more in facilities for inland navigation. No part of this continent is so far from the ocean as tha central regions of Africa and Asia, and it possesses few ex- tensive tracts that are not accessible through its magnifi- cent natural water-courses. The population of America is estimated at 84,000,000. Adj. and inhab. Americas, a-m§r'e-kan (Fr. Aiiericain, a'mrree^kis"'; Ger. adj. Amerikanisch, a.-mi-re-ka,'ni5h ; inhab. Amerikanischer, i-mi-re-ka'nish-§r). North America (Fr. Ameriqtie du Nord, a'mi^reek' dii noR; Ger. Nord Amerika, nort i-mi're-ki; Span. America Setentrional, i-mi're-ki si-tSn-tre-o-nal') is a vast penin- sula, which some geographers call a continent, and is con- nected with South America by the Isthmus of Panama. It is bounded on the N. by the Arctic Ocean, on the E. by the Atlantic, and on the W. by the Pacific. The Gulf of Mex- ieo forms a large part of the southern boundary. This pen- insula is very irregular in form, and is deeply indented by bays, gulfs, and inlets, principally from the Atlantic Ocean. Its area is estimated at about 8,892,000 square miles, and its coast-line at 27,500 miles. Its population is reckoned at about 58,000,000. The political divisions are British Amer- ica, the United States, the republic of Mexico, Balize (a British colony), and the several states of the former republic of Central America, viz., Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and San Salvador. See Ce.n'tral America. Islands, Bays, and Gidfs. — Between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea is an extensive archipelago, called the West Indies, which extends eastward from the Gulf of Mexieo nearly to the 60th meridian of W. longitude. The largest of these islands are Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica, and Porto Rico, which are known as the Greater Antilles, connected with which to the uortheiistward are the Bahamas, and to the southward the Lesser Antilles, the whole forming a system which extends from near the southern point of Florida to the coast of A''enezuela in South America. The other principal islands are Greenland (supposed to be in- sular), Newfoundland, Cape Breton, and Long Island, in the Atlantic; and Vancouver, Queen Charlotte's, Kadiak, Sitka, and the Aleutian Islands, in the Paeille Oi-run. The Arctic Ocean encloses many large but burrcn islands, of which little is known. The eastern side of this coulinent is indented by large bodies of water, called Baffin's Bay, Hudson's Bay (a great interior sea), the Gulf of St. Law- rence, which gives entrance to the great lakes, the Bay of Fundy, Chesapeake Bay, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Bay of Honduras. The inlets of the Pacific coast are not so many or so largo. The most important of those are the Gulf of California, the Golden Gate, opening into the Bay of San Francisco, Puget Sound, the Gulf of Georgia, Cook's Inlet, and Bristol Bay. Mountains, Table-lands, d-c.—Tho mountain-ranges of North America form two widely distant highland regions, separated from each other by tbo vast interior plain which AME 69 contains the great fresh-water lakes and is drained to the S. by the Mississippi River and its tributaries, to the N.E. by the St. Lawrence, which is the outlet of the great lakes, and to the N. by the Saskatchewan, the Athabasca, the Mackenzie, and numerous smaller streams. This plain ex- tends from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean, about 2S00 miles, and between it and the Pacific Ocean the highest ranges are found, extending nearly N. and S. parallel with the coast of that ocean. A system or chain called the Rocky Mountains, a continuation of the Andes, extends from the Isthmus of Panama to the Arctic Ocean. The Sierra Madre of Mexico is connected with this system, which in the United States forms the continental divide or water-shed between the Pacific and the Mississippi. The highest peaks in North America are Popocatepetl, in Mexico, 17,784 feet high ; Mount St. Elias, in Alaska, which is said to be 17,000 feet; Orizaba, in Mexico, 17,3SU feet; Mount Brown, 15,990 feet; Mount Hooker, 15,700 feet; Mount Whitney, Cal., 14,898 feet ; Mount Fairweather, 14,782 feet. Many other peaks of the Rocky Mountains are more than 14,000 feet, and are covered with perpetual snow. Their sides are generally clothed with forests of fir, pine, and other coniferous trees. (See Rocky Mountains.) Between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean is a long and lofty range, which is nearly parallel with the coast (and not more than 150 miles from it), and is called in California the Sierra Nevada. Its northern continuation in Oregon and Washington is called the Cascade Range. The highest peak of this range is Mount St. Elias, which is a volcano. Among the remarkable mountains of the Sierra Nevada are Mount Whitney and Mount Shasta (14,440 feet). (See Sierra Nevada.) Between the Sierra Nevada and the Wahsatch Mountains (a range which crosses Utah about midway between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada) is an arid plateau called the Great Basin or Fremont's Basin, which is about 500 miles in extent and has an elevation of nearly 5000 feet. Here are salt lakes which have no outlet, and rivers which send no tribute to the sea. The central part of Mexico is a high table-land, sometimes called Anahuac, the elevation of which is from 6000 to SOOO feet. From this plateau, which is bounded on the E. and W. by high mountains, rise Popocatepetl and other volcanoes. Another large plateau occurs in New Mexico, with an elevation of from 4000 to 6000 feet. About half the area of North America from the Alleghanies to the Rocky Mountains, including part of Canada and Labrador, has been characterized by Humboldt as "an almost con- tinuous region of savannas and prairies." The great fertile basin of the Mississippi is the most characteristic and val- uable part of North America. A large part of this plain was originally covered with dense forests. In North America, as in other continents, the great ocean is bordered by a chain of high mountains, and the lesser ocean, the Atlantic, by a chain or system much inferior in height and in breadth. This is the Appalachian system (or Alleghanies), which determines the trend of the Atlantic coast, to which it is nearly parallel. Its direction is nearly N.E. and S.W, The term Alleghanies is usually confined to that part of this system which is included in Pennsyl- vania and Virginia, consisting of a series of parallel ridges .separated by narrow valleys. The northern part of New York is occupied by a group called the Adirondacks. The highest peak of the Appalachian system is in North Caro- lina. It is estimated to be 6707 feet high. See Appala- chian Mountains. Rivers and Lakes. — No continent is more amply supplied with large navigable rivers, opening the interior to the commerce of the world. " All the great development of the hydraulic system is on the east side of the Pacific mountain-chain." From the great interior plain the Mac- kenzie River runs northward to the Arctic Ocean, the St. Lawrence into the Atlantic, and the Mississippi and Rio Grande del Norte southward to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi with its tributaries affords a greater extent of inland navigation than all the rivers of Europe. The other principal rivers are the Missouri, the Arkansas, the Ohio, the St. Lawrence, the Red River, the Kansas, the Colorado, which enters the Gulf of California, the Nel- son, the Platte, the Yukon, and the Columbia, which enters the Pacific Ocean. Steamboats ascend the Mississippi to St. Paul, about 2200 miles from its mouth, and they ascend the Missouri to Fort Benton, which is 3900 miles from the Gulf of Mexico and about 2500 miles from the junction of the Missouri with the Mississippi. The length of this river, including the Missouri, is about 4300 miles. "Within a radius of ten miles," says Hayden, " may be found the sources of three of the largest rivers in America, — the AME Columbia, the Missouri, and the Colorado." The St. Law- rence is the outlet of five great lakes, — namely, Superior, which has an area of about 32,000 square miles, Huron (21,000 square miles), Michigan (about 20,000 square miles), Erie, and Ontario. These constitute the largest collection of fresh water on the globe, are connected by straits and short rivers, and are channels of a very extensive commerce, in which hundreds of steamboats are employed. All the water which issues from four of these lakes plunges over a precipice at Niagara Falls, the most magnificent cataract in the world. The other principal lakes are the Athabasca, the Winnipeg, the Slave Lake, and the Great Bear Lake, in British America ; Champlain and Great Salt Lake, in the United States; and Lake Nicaragua, in the state of Nic- aragua. The states of Maine, New York, Michigan, Min- nesota, Florida, and Oregon contain multitudes of beautiful lakes from 1 to 45 miles in length. Climate, — The climate is variable, and generally healthy, but is subject to great extremes of heat and cold. The tem- perature of the Atlantic coast in winter is about 10° lower than that of places of the same latitude in Western Europe; but the climate of the Pacific slope in California and Oregon is milder than that of the Atlantic states. In British America and the Northern United States the winters are long and severe. The north and northwest winds, coming from the Arctic regions, are not obstructed by any chain of moun- tains, and often I'educe the temperature even of the Middle States to 10° or 15° below zero. "The extreme cold of Northeast America," says Sir John Herschel, "is evidently referable to the delivery of the whole circulating water of the Arctic Ocean along its coast, and through the intricacies of Bafiin's and Hudson's Bays, and the channels leading into them, deep into the continent." The difference between the mean summer temperature and that of winter amounts to 44° at Philadelphia and 54° at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. The entire range of the ther- mometer at San Diego, California, is only 5U° Fahr., but in the Atlantic states it is 110° or more. The table-lands of Mexico, though in the torrid zone, have a delightful and temperate climate, except the liability to long droughts. The extremes of heat and cold in the Mississippi Valley are as great as on the Atlantic coast. In Central America the climate of the lowlands is hot and unhealthy. The year is divided into two seasons, the wet and the dry. The sun is vertical in the wet season, which comes between April and October. During this season, sometimes called winter, the sun is almost continually hidden by clouds, and rain often falls in torrents. The dry season lasts from October to April or May. Geology and Minerals. — Palaeozoic strata, Silurian, De- vonian, and Carboniferous, are largely developed in the United States. The Alleghany mountain -system belongs chietiy to the older and newer Palaeozoic, the Silurian and Devonian groups of rocks, being flanked on both sides by bands of the Carboniferous series, which on the west expand into extensive coal-fields. "The North American conti- nent," says the Encycloptedia Britannica, "aSbrds an in- teresting study of the geological changes and adjustments by which the mighty work of preparation for what promises to be a noble development of humanity was slowly effected in the remote epochs of the past. The oldest sedimentary rocks anywhere found on the globe are those which under- lie the whole of Canada, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, the Labrador peninsula, and the country N. of Lake Supe- rior." These are called the Laure^itian. Metamorphic and tertiary strata occupy a large part of the continent. The Cretaceous system is largely developed in Dakota, Nebraska, Texas, Utah, and other western states and territories. The Colorado River flows for about 300 miles in a pro- found chasm between vertical walls which are at some places a mile high. It opens all the series of geological strata down to their granite foundation. Volcanic rocks abound in the Cascade Range and in other regions between the Pa- cific and the Rocky Mountains. The nucleus of the Sierra Nevada is mostly formed of granite, gneiss, trachyte, &c. Here are rich mines of gold, which also abounds in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Idaho, California, and Mon- tana, and is found in British Columbia, in Arizona, in the Black Hills of Dakota, in Georgia, and in the Carolinas. There are rich silver-mines in Mexico, Nevada, New Mexico, Montana, Utah, and Colorado. Copper abounds in the upper peninsula of Michigan, on the shores of Lake Superior. Iron, lead, and coal abound in many of the United States. Anti- mony, cobalt, nickel, platinum, titanium, quicksilver, tin, zinc, (fee, are found. Large quantities of petroleum are procured in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, and Ken- tucky, The greatest known deposits of coal in the world 70 AME are those of the United States. In Central America, ig- neous and volcanic rocks abound; among the mineral prod- ucts are gold, quicksilver, granite, silver, lead, marble, jasper, sulphur, and iron. Vegetable Productions. — The flora of the eastern part of North America, from the 36th parallel to the Arctic re- gions, differs from that of Europe in the paucity of umbel- liferous and cruciferous plants, in the absence of heaths, and in the abundance of astos and solidagos. The forests of this region produce many species of oak, maple, ash, beech, birch, cedar, hickory, fir, gum, pine, poplar, wild cherry, "willow, chestnut, elm, locust, linden, cypress ( Taxo- dium), tulip-tree, walnut, rERicA. Amerique, the French for America. Amerique du Nord. See America. Amerique Meridionale, and Amerique du Sud, the French for South America. Amerique Septentrionale. See America. Ameriscoggin, former name of the Androscoggin. Amerkote, Am'er-kot', or Om'erkote', a town and fort of India, in Sinde, 90 miles E. of Hyderabad. Lat. 25° 19' N. ; Ion. 69" 47' E. It is the birthplace of the Em- peror Akbar. The fort is about half a mile from the town. Amerougen, i'mer-ong'en, a village of the Nether- lands, province and 21 miles S.E. of Utrecht. Pop. 2212. Amersfort, or Amersfoort, ^.'m^rs-foRt", a town of the Netherlands, province of Utrecht, with a port on the Eem, 124 miles N.E. of Utrecht. Pop. 13,199. It has manufactures of cotton and woollen stuffs, glass, silk, beer, and an active trade in dried herrings, tobacco, and corn. Amersham, am'er-sham, or Agmondesham, a market-town and parish of England, co. of Bucks, 27 miles S.E. of Buckingham. The poet Waller was born in Coles- hill, in this parish. Pop. 3259. Ames, amz, a post-village of Story co., Iowa, on the South Skunk River and the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- road, at the N. terminus of the Des Moines aria, river. See Amoo-Darya. Amour, a river of Siberia. See Amoor. Amouraug, a village of Celebes. See Amoorang. Amour Point, a headland on the S.E. side of Forteau Bay, Labrador. Lat. 51° 27' 35" N. ; Ion. 56° 50' 53" "VV. On it is a light-house. Amoy, 5,-moi', or Emoui, a seaport town of China, on an island of the same name, province of Fo-Kien, lat. 24° 10' 3" N., Ion. 118° 13' 5" E., nearly opposite the centre of the island of Formosa, The name is a corruption of the Chinese word Heamuu, It is situated at the S. end of the island, at the mouth of two united rivers, one of which communicates with the city of Chang-choo-foo, of which Amoy, though itself a large and populous city, is considered merely the port. Amoy is built on a declivity, sloping to the harbor, and, including its suburbs, is about 9 miles in circumference. The streets are narrow and dirty, but many of the buildings are of an extraordinary size. The native imports are rattans, tea, rice, sugar, and camphor from For- mosa and Foo-Choo, alum and cotton from Shanghai, and grain, pulse, oil-cake, iron, and a coarse cotton goods from the northern ports. The foreign imports are Bengal and Bombay cotton, cotton goods, cotton yarn, iron, lead, steel, betel-nut, opium, indigo, pepper, rattans, rice, grain, b^che- dc-mor, sharks' fins, and buffalo and dcers' horns. The native exports are tea, camphor, sugar, sugar-candy, earth- enware, paper umbrellas, paper, joss-paper, joss-stick, &c. The merchants of Amoy are distinguished for their enter- prise, and are considered among the wealthiest in the em- pire. Amoy was captured by the British on August 26, 1841, and by the treaty of Nanking, dated August 29, 1842, that port, with others, was opened to their trade. A sup- plementary treaty, datedOctober 8, 1843, established a tariff and admitted other foreigners to the same privileges as British subjects. The population — mostly employed in the coasting trade — amounts to about 300,000; pop. of the island, 400,000, Ampaiiam, &.m-p3L'nd,m, a town of the Malay Archi- pelago, on the W. coast of Lombok. Lat. 8° 32' S. ; Ion. 116° 9' E. It has a poor roadstead, but considerable trade. Ampata, dm'pil-td^, Amp'ta, or Omp'ta, a town of Bengal, on the Dammoodah, 22 miles W. of Calcutta. Large vessels can ascend to it, and boats bring down coal from Bancoorah and Burdwan. Pop. 3460. Ampaza,4m-pd'2^, a seaport town of East Africa, Zan- guebar, on the island of Patta, in lat. 2° S., Ion. 40° 50' E. Ampelakia, a town of Turkey. See Ambelakia. Ampcr, a river of Germany. See Ammer. Am'persaud Mountaiu, N.Y., a peak of the Adiron- d'^cks, is in Franklin co., between Mt, Seward and the Lower Saranac Lake. Altitude, 3432 feet. Its summit commands a beautiful view of the Saranac lake region. At its S, base is a small lake called Ampersand Pond, of which the elevation is 2078 feet. Ampezzo, &,m-pet'so, a village of Austria,,in the Tyrol, 25 miles S.E. of Brixen. Pop. 2979. Ampezzo, dm-pet'so, a village of Northern Italy, 11 miles W. of Tolmezzo. Pop. 1S96. Ampfing, S,mp'fing, a village of Bavaria, 5 miles by rail "W, of MUhldorf. Here Moreau commenced his famous retreat in 1800. Pop. 888. Amphila, or Amfila, dm-fee'li, a bay and port of the Danakil country, on the Red Sea. Lat. 14° 42' N. ; Ion. 40° 22' E. OS" the port lie the Amphila Islands, 13 in number, small, flat, sandy, and uninhabited. Amphinome (am-fin'o-me) Shoals, on the N.W. coast of Australia; lat. 19° 41' S., Ion. 119° 24' E. Amphissa, a town of Greece. See Salona. Amphitrite (am-fe-tri'tee) Islands, a part of the group of the Paracels, in the China Sea, lying to the S.E. of Hainan, near 16° N. lat. and 112° E. Ion. They are in two groups, having a deep channel between them. Am^ping', a treaty-port of Formosa, on its AV. coast, is small, and important only as the port for Tai-Wan, the capital, which is 4 miles distant. Amping is partly built of the bricks of an old Dutch fort. It has a custom-house, fort, barracks, and large salterns. Its harbor is very shallow, and most of the trade is carried on by means of catamarans and boats, the ships anchoring at some distance. Chief exports, sugar and rattans. Amp] epuis, ow'pleh-pwee', a town of France, in Rhone, 19 miles by rail W. of Villefranche. Pop. 6444. Ampolla, iLm-pol'yi, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on the Gulf of Ampolla, 16 miles E. of Tortosa. Pop. 1800. Amposta, S,m-pos'tS,, a town of Spain, on the Ebro, 18 miles from its mouth, and 8 miles below Tortosa. It is near the Valencia-Barcelona Railway, and a canal 6 miles long connects it with San Caxlos de la Rapita. Pop. 2816, Ampt'hill, a market-town of England, on a railway, CO. and 8 miles S. by W. of Bedford. Pop. 2220. Ampudia, S,m-poo'De-3,, a town of Spain, IS miles S-AV. of Palencia. Pop. 1072. Ampuis, 6>r'pwee', a village of France, department of RhGne, on the Rhone, 3 miles from Condrieu. Pop. 1861. Ampurdan, ^m-pooB-dan', a district of Spain, province of Catalonia, between the river Ter and the town of Rosas, It is the most fertile district in the province. Ampurias, S,m-poo're-S.s, a poor hamlet of Spain, in Catalonia, on the site of a flourishing city (the anc. Emporiie), with a small harbor on the Gulf of Rosas. It is adjacent to, and now a small suburb of, the town of La Escala. Amran, dm^r^n', a walled town of Arabia, Yemen, 25 miles N.N.W. of Sana. Pop. 2000. AMR 76 AMS Am ran, imVdn', a town and fort of Hindostan, in the Guieowar's dominions, Guzerat, 18 miles N.B. of Jooria. Amran (3,mV&n') Mountains, a range in the S.E. part of Afghanistan, the highest summits of which attain an elevation of 9000 feet. Amrawutti, S,m-ra-wut'tee, or Amaravati, 3,m-a- ra-vd'tee, written also Amraoti, a city of India, capital of the district of its own name, on the Bombay-Nagpoor Railway, 28 miles S.E. of Ellichpoor. It is a large cotton- mart. Pop. 23,410. Amrawutti, or Amaravati, a town of British India, presidency of Madras, 10 miles N.N.W. of Guntoor, with some Hindoo antiquities, on the S. bank of the Kistnah. Amrawutti, or Amraoti, a district of East Berar, British India. Lat. 20° 23'-21'' 7' N. ; Ion. 77° 24'-78° 13' E. Area, 2566 square miles. Capital, Amrawutti. Pop. 407,276. Am'ree^ a village of Sinde, on the right bank of the Indus, 18 miles S.S.W. of Sehw;an. It was formerly large. Amreeli, Amrili, am-ree'le, UmreyUee, or TJm- reyle, lim-ree'le, a walled town of the Guicowar's domin- ions, India, on the Kattywar peninsula, 130 miles S.W. of Ahmedabad. Estimated pop. 8000; with suburbs, 32,000. Amritsir, am-rit'sir, Amrit'sur, or Amrit'sar, written also Umritsir, um-rit'sir, a city of the Punjab, in the Baree Doab, 40 miles E. of Lahore, and 330 miles by railway N.AV. of Delhi, Lat. 31° 40' N. ; Ion. 74° 66' E. It is of a compact, circular form, about 9 miles in circum- ference. The shops and bazaars exhibit, in great abundance, the richest products of India. An ample supply of excel- lent water is obtained from 650 wells. Amritsir has been long celebrated as a holy place, possessing a sacred temple situated on an island in the centre of a reservoir or tank about 150 paces square, constructed in 1581 by Ram Das, the fourth spiritual leader of the Sikhs, who gave to the work the name of "Amrita Saras," or "fount of immortal- ity." But the most remarkable object in the town is the large fortress built by Runjeet Singh, surrounded by a deep ditch of about 2 miles' circuit. A canal was constructed by the same chief from Amritsir to the Ravee, a distance of about 30 miles. The staple manufactures are shawls, silks, and woollen and cotton cloths. Amritsir has also an ex- tensive transit trade with various parts of India, and is an emporium for many of their productions, including large quantities of rock salt. Pop. 135,813. Amritsir, or Amritsar, a division of the Punjab, British India, lying between the Chenaub and the Beas, and bounded N. by Cashmere. It contains the districts of Am- ritsir, Sealkote, and Goordaspoor. Area, 5333 square miles. Pop. 2,744,870. Area of the Amritsir district, 1556 square miles. Capital, Amritsir. Pop. 832,750, Amrooah, ^m-roo'a, or Umrohah, iim-ro'^, a town of Rohilcund, British India (North-West Provinces), district and 20 miles N.N.W. of Moradabad. Lat. 28° 54' N.; Ion. 78° 33' E. Pop. 32,314, Am'rom, Am'ron, or Antrum, d,m'ro6m, a crescent- shaped island of Prussia (Sleswick), in the German Ocean, about 17 miles from the mainland. Pop. 571, Amsanctus Lacus. See Lago di Amsancto. Amschelberg, am'shel-b^RG^, a town of Bohemia, 28 miles S. by E. of Prague. It has active and varied manu- factures. Pop. 3718. Ams'den, a post-hamlet of Montcalm co., Mich., in Eair Plain township, 3 miles from Fenwick Railroad Station, and about 44 miles N.W. of Lansing. It has manufactures of flour, lumber, &c. Pop. about 100. Amsden, a post-office and station of Seneca co., 0., on the Lake Erie & Louisville Railroad, 11 miles N.W. of Tiffin, and 15 miles from Fremont. Amsteg, im'st^G, a village of Switzerland, on theReuss, and on the route of the St. Gothard. Amstel, im'stel, asmall river of the Netherlands, North Holland, formed by the union of the Drecht and the My- drecht, traverses the city of Amsterdam, .i nd enters its harbor after a northward course of about 10 miles, Amstelveen, a,m'stel-vain' ("turf or turf-lands of the Amstel"), a village of North Holland, near the Amstel, 5 miles S.S.W, of Amsterdam. Pop. 5050. Am'sterdam (Dutch pron, S-m^st^r-d^m'), formerly Amstelredamme, or Amsteldamme (the "dike or dam of the Amstel ;" L. AmHteloda' mum), an important commercial city, one of the capitals of the kingdom of the Netherlands, at the former confluence of the Amstel with the Y, a lake-like river, now mostly drained; but a small part remains and serves as a port for the city. It has a now arti- ficial harbor on the North Sea, with which it is connected by the great North Sea ship canal, 1 5 miles long ; smaller vessels reach Amsterdam by the canal from the Helder, or may pass the locks in th9 great dam of the Y, entering from the Zuyder Zee. It is the terminus of important railways and canals. Lat. 52° 22' 5" N, ; Ion, 4° 53' 2" E. It is the largest and most important town in Holland, constitutionally its capital, but the residence of the sovereign is at the Hague, Amster- dam stands on soft, wet ground, under which, at the depth of 50 feet, is a bed of sand. Into this sand piles are driven, on which buildings are reared. The city is surrounded by grassy meadows, and on the W. are many saw-mills. Of the principal streets, for length, breadth, and elegance, many vie with those of any capital in Europe. In the centre of most of the streets is a canal, cither side of which is lined with broad, brick-paved quays, with rows of trees. The houses are mostly of brick, almost all approached by flights of steps J many are six and seven stories high, pointed at the top, with the gable towards the street, and decorated above with a forked chimney-stack. The city is cut up into islands by the canals, over which there are many bridges, generally with a draw in the centre. The vessels to be seen in all parts of the city, loading and unloading, and passing along the canals; the lifting and lowering of drawbridges j the transit of merchandise on sledges, and the general stir of business, give the streets of Amsterdam a lively appear- ance. The town is supplied with water mainly from the sand-dunes near Haarlem, Among the most remarkable buildings is the palace, for- merly the town hall. It is a stone edifice, in the form of a parallelogram, 262 feet long, 206 feet broad, and 108 feet high, resting on 13,659 piles driven 70 feet into the ground. It contains a great hall. 111 feet long, 52 feet wide, and 90 feet high, lined with white Italian marble. The justiciary hall, next to the palace, is the finest building in the city. The new Stadthuis, the Bourse, the royal museum, and the numerous docks and basins are noteworthy structures. The New Church {Nlemce Kerk), founded in 1408, is 350 feet long, by 210 feet wide across the transepts; the upper part rests on 52 stone pillars, and is lighted by 75 large windows, some of which are finely painted. It contains the tombs of Admiral de Ruyter, of the poet Vondel, and of various other notables. The Old Church {Onde Kerk), founded in the fourteenth century, contains the tombs of several Dutch ad- mirals, and an organ said to be second only to that of Haar- lem. Amsterdam is remarkable for the number and excellence of its benevolent and charitable institutions. It possesses many excellent educational institutions, both of a general and a special kind. Like the benevolent institutions, some of them are for particular religious de- nominations. Among them may be named the Athcitaeum Illustre, with library, botanic garden, school of anatomy, and chairs of art, law, medicine, and theology, the city Latin school, the naval school, the seminaries for educating preachers, and the medical and clinical school. Of institu- tions of literature, science, and art, there are the royal academy of fine arts, founded in 1820 ; the music school, founded in 1784; the royal Dutch institution for science, literature, and fine arts ; the society of literature and fine arts called Arti et Amicitise; and that called Felix Mentis. The museum of pictures, founded in 1798, contains fine works of Dutch masters, and one of the most remarkable collections of prints in Europe. The excellent Six collection of pictures (a private gallery) is worthy of mention ; also the museum Hoop, the museum Fodor, and other fine-art collections. The principal manufactures include linen, silk, velvets, thread, porcelain, print-goods, chemicals, tobacco, soap, oil, canvas, cordage, the refining of salt, sugar, and other sub- stances, glass-blowing, brewing, and distilling, steam-engines and machinery, iron steamers, and ship-building. Its lapi- dary work is especially famous. Amsterdam ranks much higher as a trading than as a manufacturing town. Its com- merce is immense; and its exchange is one of the chief com- mercial centres of the world. It is a great emporium for butter, cheese, provisions, spices, gin, fish, and manufactured goods of every class. The government is vested in a senate or a council of 36 members, and 12 burgomasters. The members of the coun- cil hold office during life, and fill the vacancies that occur in their number by their own suffrages. The police system is admirable. Early in the thirteenth century Amsterdam was a mere fishing-village, with a small castle, the residence of the lords of Amstel. Towards the middle of that century it was constituted a town. The sie^e and consequent decline of Antwerp in 1585, and the shutting of the navigation of the Scheldt in 1648, were the moans of raising Amsterdam to the rank, which it long retained, of the first commoroial city in Europe, Among the famous men to whttm Amster- dam has given birth may be named Spinosa, tho naturalist AMS Swammerdam, the paintei*s Adrian and William Vander- velde and John and Michael Van Huysum, and Admiral deRuyter. Pop. 289,982, Am'sterdam, a township of Hancock co., Iowa. Pop. 200. It contains Upper Grove. AmsterdaiUj a hamlet of Marion eo., Iowa, on the Des Moines River, 3 miles from Pella. It has 2 brick-kilns. Amsterdam, a post-village of Montgomery co., N.Y., is in Amsterdam township, on the Mohawk River and the New York Central Railroad, 33 miles N.W. of Albany, and 62 miles E. by S. from Utica. It contains 2 national banks, 2, other banks, the Amsterdam Academy, and several churches. Two weekly newspapers are issued here. It has manufactures of carpets, knit goods, springs, and various other articles. Pop. about 6000 j of the township, 9064. Amsterdam, a post-hamlet of Jefferson' co., 0., about 36 miles S.E. of Canton. It has 2 churches. Pop. 89. Amsterdam, a post-hamlet of Botetourt co., Va., 55 miles W. of Lynchburg. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 90. Amsterdam., an island of the Pacific. See Toxgataboo. Amsterdam Island, in the Indian Ocean, about 60 miles N. of the island of St, Paul. Lat. 38° 53' S. ; Ion. 77° 37' E. It is 4i miles in length, 2i miles in breadth, 2760 feet in elevation, and evidently the crater of an extinct volcano, having numerous hot springs. Amsterdam, New. See New AsrsTERDAM, Amstetten, am'stet'ten, a village of Austria, near the Ips, 28 miles by rail E.S.E. of Lintz. The French here defeatedtheAustrians and Russians, Nov. 5, 1S05. Pop. 1220. Amt, a word, found in the German and Scandinavian languages, sometimes designating, in a general sense, any public office or jurisdiction, but used also in some countries, as Denmark and Norway, as the name of a specific admin- istrative division. Thus, Denmark is divided into 18 amtei: In a similar way Norway is divided into amts, which in all are 20 in number. Amtchitka, or Amtschitka. See Amchitka. Amt-Gehren, a village of Germany. See Gehren. Amtzell, d.mt'sell, a village and castle of Wiirtemberg, circle of Danube, 4J miles W.N.W. of Wangen. Pop. 1391. Amu, a river of Toorkistan. See Amoo-Darya. Amucu, a lake of South America. See Amicu. Amn-Daria, or Amu-Darja. See Amoo-Darya. Ainulgawein, d-mul-ga- win', a town of Arabia, at the entrance of the Persian Gulf; lat. 25° 35' N., Ion. 55° 42' E. Amur, a river of Siberia. See Ajioor, Amura Bhauriari, S,-moo-ri' b'haw-ree-i-ree', a vil- lage of Bengal, in Chumparun, Pop. 7031. Amurang, a village of Celebes. See Amooraxg. Amusco, *^i-moos'ko, a town of Spain, 11 miles N. of Valencia. Pop. 1832. Amwas, a village of Palestine. See Amoas. Am'well, a post-office of Wayne co., 0., is at Russell Station on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, IS miles W. by S. of Akron. Amvvell, a township of Washington co.. Pa. Pop. 1879. It has mines of coal, and contains the villages of Lone Pine and Amity. Amyoon, or Amyun, d,m-yoon', a town of Syria, 10 miles S.S.E. of Tripoli. Amy's (a'miz) Creek, a post-office, Habersham co., Ga. Aua, a town of Spain. See Anna. Anaa, 3,^na', a group of small coral islands, in the Low Archipelago, Pacific Ocean. Of these, Chain Island (which see) is the most important. The people have been Chris- tianized, and are under French protection. Anabara, S,-nS,'bS,-r^', a river of Siberia, rises about lat. 66° 30' N., Ion. 107° E., and falls into the Arctic Ocean in lat. 72° 40' N., Ion. 112° 30' E. The Anabara is joined at its embouchure by the Glen or Olia, which runs nearly parallel with it for between 200 and 300 miles. The entire course of the former is about 400 miles, Anabon, an African island. See Annobon. Anacapa (^-nil-kS,'p5.) Island, the easternmost of the Santa Barbara group, lat. 34° N., Ion. 119° 23' W., off the coast of Ventura co., Cal. Auacapri, a-ni-ka'pree, a town of Italy, island of Capri, at its N.W. extremity, on Mount Solaro, formerly ascended by about 800 steps cut in the rock. Pop, 1675. Anachoretes, islands of the Pacific. See Anchorites, Anachuana, ^-n^-choo-5.'nS,, a village and bay, N. coast of the Isthmus of Panama : lat. 6° 41' N., Ion. 77° 38' W. Anaclache, S,-nd,-kla'chi, a nevado or snowy peak of the Bolivian Andes, supposed to bo upwards of 18,000 feet high, in lat. 18° 12' S., Ion. 69° 20' W. Anaco'co, a post-office of Vernon parish, La. Aiiacos'tia, a post-office of Washington, D.C., is at 77 ANA Uniontown, on the Anaoostia or East Branch of the Potomac, nearly li miles S.E. of the Capitol. See Uniontown. Aiiadar'co, a post-hamlet of Rusk co., Te.x., 13 miles from Henderson. It has 3 churches and an academy. AnadarMio, a post-office of the Indian Territory, on the Washita River, about 80 miles from the boundary of Texas. Here is an Indian agency, called Wichita Agency. Anadeer, Anadir, or Anadyr, ^-ni'deer, a river of Northeast Asia, in Siberia, traversing the centre of the Chookchee country, N, of Kamchatka. It rises in Lake Ivachno, about lat. 66° 30' N., Ion. 173° E., flows first AY., then E., and falls into an inlet of the Sea of Anadeer (North Pacific), Ion. 178° B. Course, about 450 miles. Anadeersk (:i-n^-deersk'), the only station on it, is in lat. 65° 10' N., Ion. 167° 10' E. Anadia, ^-n3,-dee'S,, a small town of Brazil, province of Alagoas, 45 miles E. of a city of that name. Pop. 1200. Anadia, A-nfL-dee'i, or Arcos, aR'kos, a village of Portugal, 17 miles N. of Coimbra. Pop, 1615, Anadoli, or Anadolia, Asia. See Anatolia. Anadyr, or Anadir. See Anadeer, Anagni, i-n4n'yee, a town of Italy, 37 miles E.S.E. of Rome. Pop. 8220, It is the see of a bishop. Anafa, or Anna, 3,'nd, a town of Asiatic Turkey, on tlie Euphrates, 155 miles N.W. of Hillah, Pop. about 3000. It is picturesquely enclosed by rocks and date-groves. Anaheim, £L'n3,-hime, a post-village of Los Angeles CO., CaL, on the Santa Anna River, about 8 miles from the sea, and 25 miles S.E. of Los Angeles. It is in a beautiful valley ,and has a genial climate. Large quantities of grapes are produced here from 1500 acres of vineyards. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, and manufac- tures of farm-implements, wine-casks, (fee. Pop. about 1800, The Anaheim Branch of the Southern Pacific Railroad con- nects this place with Los Angeles. The lands in the vicinity are irrigated by means of ditches. Anaheim Landing, in Los Angeles co,, Cal., is on the Pacific coast, 13 miles W.S.W. of Anaheim. At this point there are warehouses, a lumber-yard, &c., and freight and passengers are landed by means of lighters, Anahuac, ^-n^-wak', the aboriginal name given by the Aztecs to an extensive plateau or table-land in the cen- tral part of Mexico. Its average height is about 7000 feet above the level of the sea. Among the peaks that rise from this plateau is the volcano Popocatepetl, 17,784 feet high. Anahuac is said to comprise more than half of the territory now belonging to Mexico. The term has often been vaguely applied to regions of difi'erent extent. Anahuac, a post-hamlet of Chambers co., Tex., is on or near Galveston Bay, 35 miles N.E. of Galveston. Anajaz, i-na-zhS.z', a river of Brazil, island of Joannes or Marajo, falls into the estuary of the Amazon, after a W. course of about 80 miles, in lat. 0° 52' S., Ion. 51° 30' W. Anaklia, S,-nS,'kle-A, a fortress and seaport of Russia, in Mingrelia, on the E. shore of the Black Sea, at the mouth of the Ingoor, 60 miles W.N.AV. of Kootais, Anak-Soongi, d^nS,k' soon'ghee, a small state on the W. coast of Sumatra, between the rivers Manjoota and Urie. Its capital is Mocomoco. Analabu, a town of Sumatra, See Nalabu, Analativoe, an-ara-tee-vo', a small island W. of Jaff- napatam, and near the island of Ceylon. Analo'mink, a post-office of Monroe co., Pa., is at Spragueville Railroad Station. Anam, or Annam, ^n^nSm', called also Cochin China, a kingdom or empire of Indo-China, under Erench protection since 1874, having China on the N., the China Sea on the E., French Cochin China on the S., and Laos and Siam on the W. Its former limits have been greatly re- duced by the cession of six provinces to the French, and by the establishment of Cambodia as an independent kingdom under French protection, the present kingdom consisting mainly of Tonquin and a part of Cochin China. The country is by treaty open to foreigners, who are. however, not welcomed by the people. The coast is considerably in- dented, especially at the mouths of the rivers, where it affords many safe and commodious harbors. The country presents from the sea a varied landscape of bold headlands, picturesque valleys, well-cultivated slopes, and low plains, frequently terminating in sand-hills, with a background of mountains in the distance. Along the coast there are nu- merous groups of islands. ToNQUix, the northernmost province, extends along the E. coast from 23° 20' to about 20° N. It is mountainous, but in the E. is level, terminating towards the sea in an alluvial plain. It is fertile, yielding rice, cotton, fruits, ginger, and spices, with silk- and varnish-treeSj areca palms, &q. The ANA principal river is the Sang-Koi, which flows from the inte- rior in a S.E. direction and falls into the Gulf of Tonquin by several outlets. It has numerous tributaries, and several branches are joined together by canals, both for irrigation and for commerce. The other principal streams are the Koa- Gok, or Tonquin, and the Rok-Bok. The climate resembles that of Bengal, but participates in the oppressive heats and disagreeable cold of China. It is subject to typhoons, which sweep the land with inconceivable violence. Tonquin is rich in metals, producing gold, silver, copper, iron, salt, and coal. The principal town or capital is Hanoi, on the Sang- Koi. Chief port, Hai-I'ong. Up to a very recent date the sovereign acknowledged a kind of feudal subjection to the Emperor of China. Cochin China Proper, lying between Tonquin and the French provinces, is about 90 miles in breadth, bounded on the W. by a range of barren mountains. The country for 10 miles inland is generally sterile, but contains many fer- tile spots. Its sandy soil also bears productions peculiar to this region : the eagle-wood attains greater perfection here than anywhere else. In the more favored districts, grain, leguminous plants, sugar, and cinnamon are produced in great abundance. The coast is beautiful and grand, being indented with numerous bays, backed by mountains which rise to a height of several thousand feet and are broken into innumerable valleys and ravines. There are a number of rivers, but none of much importance. The capital is Hue. The province of Champa, or Tsiampa, is now mostly in- cluded in French Cochin China. The geology of Anam presents little variety, its prevail- ing formations being eozoic, and consisting mainly of granite or sienite, with occasional marble, limestone, and hornblendej but coal-bearing strata are reported, as well as extensive alluvial plains. Although nominally patriarchal, the government of Anara is actually despotic, even the nobility deriving their name and power from the sovereign. There are two classes of mandarins, — civil and military, — divided into ten orders, two of which compose the king's counci!. The entire army consists of 120,000 men. Attempts were made many years ago to organize the army upon the European system ; but as a military power Anam was never formidable. The mass of the people are subject to the most abject superstition. The doctrines of Booddhaare professed. Ven- eration for the departed dead is general; and the temples containing their tablets are the most sacred spots of wor- ship. The language resembles the Chinese. It is without inflection, and shows a great mass of monosyllabic words. It is by no means mellifluous, and is spoken with extraor- dinary rapidity by the natives. In writing, they use the Chinese character. Marriage is a matter of traffic. Polyg- amy is allowed, but the first espoused is considered the wife. The population of Anam is, according to the Grotha Almanac (1878), 20,000,000. Adj. and inhab. Anamese, an-am- eez', or Anamite. Anamaboe, or Annamaboe, a^na-ma-bo', a British fort of Africa, on the Gold Coast, 11 miles E.N.E. of Cape Coast Castle. Lat. 5° 10' N. ; Ion. 1° 5' W. Pop. 4500. It is the residence of a governor. It exports palm oil, gold- dust, ivory, and grain. Ana Maria (fl'nS, mi-ree'a) Island, or Palm Key, an island oft' the coast of Manatee eo., Fla. Anambas, a~nS,m'b3:S, a group of small, wooded, and rocky islands in the China Sea, between Borneo and Ma- lacca. Lat. 2° 20'-3° 30' N. ; Ion. 105° 22'-10G° 29' E. The people are Mohammedan Malays of bad reputation, subject to the rajah of Lingen. Pop. 1500. Siantan, the largest island, sometimes gives its name to the whole group. AuamirapUCU, S,-ni-me-rfL-poo-koo', a river of Brazil, province of Paril, falls into the estuary of the Amazon, in Jat. 0° 15' S., Ion. 50° 55' \V. Length, about 200 miles. Anamooka Island. See Annamooko. Anamo'sa, a post-village, capital of Jones co., Iowa, on the AVapsipinicon River at the mouth of Buff"alo Creek, and on the Dubuque & Southwestern Railroad where it crosses or meets the Iowa Midland Railroad, 54 miles S.W. of Du- buque, and 25 miles E.N.E. of Cedar Rapids. It has 1 national bank, 1 other bank, 2 newspaper offices, a graded school, 5 churches, and manufactures of brooms, carriages, and soap. A state penitentiary is located hero. Pop. 1605. Anamullay, Annamul!ay,3,-na-mul-U',Animal- 16, i-ne-mil-li', or Animalaya, ^-ne-ma-li'ya. Hills, a group of mountains in Coirabatoor, Southern India, about 65 miles S. of the Neilgherries, nearly 50 miles long from E. to W., and 35 miles in breadth. They are detached from the Western Ghauts, although they are regarded as belong- ing to the same system. The highest peak is Ancimudi, 78 ANA 8S37 feetj the highest point of Southern India. They abound in wild beasts and savage men, and produce teak timber. Anamullay, a town of British India, presidency of Madras, district of Coimbatoor, 23 miles S.E. of Paul- ghautcherry. Anana, i-n3,'ni, a town of Spain, province of Alava, 17 miles W.S.W. of Vitoria. Pop. 836. Anan^apoor', or Anandapur, a town of India, in the Keunjhar state, 52 miles N.N.E. of Cuttack. Anan'atapooi', or An'antpoor', a town of British India, district and 68 miles S.E. of Bellary. Pop. 4971. Anandale, a village of New York. See Annandale. An'andale, a post-village of Butler co.. Pa., in Cherry township, about a mile from Anandale Station on the She- nango & Alleghany Railroad, and 26 miles E.S.E. of Mercer. It has a church and a hotel. An^andpoor'j a town of India, Punjab (Jullinder dis- trict), on the Sutlej, 150 miles E.S.E. of Lahore. Pop, 6860. Ananicf, or Ananiev (6er. Ananjem), i-n^n-yev', a town of Russia, on the Tiligool, 95 miles by rail N. of Odessa. Pop. 11,402. Ananoor, or Ananur, ^-ni-noor', a town of Georgia, on an affluent of the Koor, and on the great road from Tiflis across the Caucasus, 32 miles N. of Tiflis. Anantpoor, a town of India, See Ananat.ipoor. Anapa, ^-n^-p^', a seaport and fortified town of Rus- sia, in Abasia, on the Black Sea. Lat. 44° 54' 1" N. ; Ion. 37° IS' 6" B. The port is tolerably good for small vessels, but the outer road is safely accessible only in the fine seasons. Aiiapasheher, a town of India. See AsopsHEnK. Aiiaphe, S,-ni'fee, called also Anaphi, Naiiphio, and Amphio, a Greek island of the J3gean, one of the Sporades, but included in the nome of the Cyclades, lat. 36° 26' N., Ion. 25° 47' E. It is 7 miles long and 2 miles broad, is high and rocky, and produces onions, grain, and honey, but has no port. Pop. of the town of Anaphe, 1000 ; of the island, 1350. Anapli, a town of Greece. See Naupli.a. Anapu, a river of Brazil. See Uanapd. Anai^ua, i-n^'kwA, a post-hamlet of Victoria co., Tex., near the San Antonio, about 20 miles S. of Victoria. Anarajapnra, Anuradhapura, or Anooradha- poora. See ANUK.A.rAHP00RA. Anar'kali, a suburb of Lahore, British India, and the seat of the civil administration for the Punjab. Pop. 8000. Anas, the ancient name of the Guadiana. Anastasia, an-a-sti-'she-a, an island on the E. coast of Florida, is 18 miles long and 1^ broad. Lat. about 29° 40' N.; Ion. 81° W. Anata, i'ni'ti (anc. An'athotli), a village of Palestine, 4 miles N.E. of Jerusalem, the reputed birthplace of the prophet Jeremiah. It appears to have been once a place of strength, having remains of ancient walls and columns. Anatolia, an-a-to'le-a, or Anadolia, 4-nd-do'le-i, written also Anado'li anil Nato'lia (probably from the Greek "Ai-aTo^^, Anatoli, i.e., the " rising," " Orient," or " East"), a name given to the peninsula forming the W. extremity of Asia, and in its most usual application identical with Asia Minor. The judicial division of Ana- tolia comprehends the Turkish vilayets of Kbodavendi- ghar, Aidin, Konieh, Adana, Angora, Kastamoonee, Seevas, Trebizond, and the islands, and in its widest sense ap- pears to include all Asiatic Turkey. Anatolia proper is included between the 36th and 42d parallels of N. hit., and between the 26th and 41st meridians of E. Ion. ; bounded N. by the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmora, and the Dardanelles, W. by the Grecian Archipelago, and S. by the Mediterranean Sea; while its eastern boundary', which is more arbitrary, is usually defined by a line connecting the Alma-Dagh, near the Bay of Iskanderoon, with the Eu- phrates, and thence up to its source, whence it runs down the Choruk to the Black Sea. Its greatest length, from the Gulf of Adramyti, E. to the Euphrates, somewhat exceeds 700 miles, and its greatest breadth, from Cape Anamoor, in Karamania, to Cape Korempe, in Anatolia, is about 420 miles. Estimated area, about 270,000 square miles. The N. coast, facing the Black Sea, is bold and stoop, but grad- ually falls as it approaches the Bosporus. The W. coast presents an outline jagged and irregular, with cliffs high and precipitous, and includes the Gulfs of Adramyti, Fouges, Smyrna, Soala-Nova, Mcndolia, and Cos, while the S. coast presents a bold, irregular outline, with steep and lofty rooks, its chief bays or indentations being the Gulfs of Makrco (or Makri), Phincka, Adalia, and Iskanderoon. The surface may bo termed an elevated plateau dotted with salt lakes, and enclosed by two ranges or oft'shoots of the Armenian mountain-system, — the Taurus and Anti- ANA 79 ANC Taurus, i-unning E. and W. not far from the shores of the Levant and Bhick Sea respectively. The S. range, or Tau- rus, commences close to the Euphrates, where Akjah-D.agh reaches an elevation of about 1U,000 feet, and, running W. with a very irregular course, terminates in the islands of the Grecian Archipelago. It has numerous offsets, which, as well as various portions of the main range, are known by special names, as AUah-Dagh, Bulghar-Dagh, Jebel-Gooreen (Gurin, or Kurin), &o. The N. or Anti-Taurus range stretches from the Choruk W., parallel to the Black Sea, and terminates at the Bosporus (see Anti-Taurus). Be- tween these two main ranges there are many smaller ones, some of which attain a great elevation ; and, indeed, every- where lofty mountain-masses, more or less connected, are to be met with. Mount Arga3us, or Arjish-Dagh, is 13,000 feet, the highest in Anatolia. Various others attain an elevation of from 7000 to 10,000 feet. The centre of this peninsula is an extensive plateau, averaging about 5000 feet in height, about 250 miles in length from N.E. to S.W., and about lliO miles in breadth, partly drained by the rivers flowing into the Black Sea, but covered also with salt lakes, marshes, and rivers having no visible outlets. The largest rivei*s of Anatolia flow into the Black Sea, but their courses have been imperfectly explored. The largest are the Kizil- Irmak (ane. ifa'ltjs), the Yeshil-Irmak (anc. I'ria), and the Sakareeyah (anc. Sanga'rius). The only important rivers flowing towards the Grecian Archipelago are the Bakeer- Chai (anc. Cai'eus), the Sarabat (anc. Her'mus), and the Mender (anc. Mxaii'der). It may be said, generally, that granite, serpentine, and schist form the substance of the upper, and limestone of the lower, regions of Anatolia, trachytic rocks being also found E., which are succeeded on the W. and partly overlaid by black volcanic breccia, with angular blocks of trachyte ; while the extreme W. part of the peninsula and its S. coasts consist almost wholly of calcareous rocks. Volcanic cones, and other unquestionable traces of igneous action, extend over a considerable space, and earthquakes still occasionally occur. Anatolia contains also numerous thermal and sul- phurous springs. Marble exists in great abundance, an advantage which the sculptors and builders among the early Greek colonists turned largely to account. Coal has been discovered along the coast of the Black Sea, but has not been worked to much extent. The climate admits of no general description, owing to the diversity in the elevation of the surface. The "W. shores have been celebrated in all ages for their genial warmth. The coast facing the Black Sea is almost equally favored as to temperature, and enjoys the additional advantage of fre- quent rains. ThC' elevated plains of the interior are ex- tremely cold in winter. The climate of Karamania, unlike that of the N. part, is oppressively hot in summer ; very little rain falls, and hence from April to November the in- habitants have little water except what is preserved in tanks. The N. slope of the central plateau so abounds with forests of walnut, box, oak, beech, plane, ash, and other timber that the Turks have called one of its forests the Agateh- Deng'is, or Sea of Trees. It is 120 miles long by 40 miles in breadth. The trees here are of a larger growth than in most other countries under the same parallel, especially in the sheltered valleys of the S.W. Sugar-canes grow in Pamphylia; and wine, olives, cotton, silk, opium, rhubarb, and figs are abundantly raised in the valleys of the S. The flora of Western and Southern Anatolia is extremely beau- tiful, and will bear comparison with that of Sicily and the S. of Spain. Shrubs and evergreens are abundant, — the latter including the myrtle, which here attains an immense size, bay, daphne, laurel, and a variety of holly. Some of the vast and frigid plains of the interior produce only stunted shrubs, saline plants, wormwood, sage, and ferns. Wheat, boxAvood, salt fish, figs, barley, millet, sesame, rags, oil, cattle, mohair, wool, opium, scammony, hides, galls, oil-seeds, tragacanth, raisins, wax, tobacco, and soap are leading articles of export. Garden vegetables are ex- tensively grown. The Ottoman Turks form about nine-tenths of the popu- lation : nor have they for many centuries varied to any considerable extent from their primitive type. There are many thousands of so-called Turks who are descended from Greek ancestors. About one-twentieth part are Greeks, an unprincipled, dishonest race ; and the remainder comprise Jews, Armenians, Koords, and Gypsies, the last of whom are itinerant jobbers and tinkers. The total population has been estimated to be about 4,500,000. Agriculture is in the most rude and primitive state. Boads, as understood in Europe, arc wholly unknown, but relays of horses are main- tained at distant intervals and are stationed at the large towns on the leading routes. There are three lines of rail- way, aggregating, in 1S76, 220 miles. The principal cities of Anatolia are Smyrna, Trebizond, Iskanderoon, Adramyti, Angora, Seevas, Sinope, Samsoon, Konieb, Kaisareeyeh, and Afioom. Adj. and inhab. Anatolian, an-a-to'le-an. Auatolico, &-nJl-tol'e-ko, an island of Greece, govern- ment of J5tolia, 6 miles N.W. of Missolonghi, in the Gulf of Patras, and wholly covered by a town of 400 houses. Anava, k-nk-vi,', or Guanahau, gw3,-ni-how', a river of Brazil, a tributary of the Rio Branco or Parima. Its whole length is about 200 miles. Anavaj the ancient name of Chaudak. Anavelhana, 5,-n5,-vel-yi'n3,, a river of Brazil, an af- fluent of the Rio Negro. It flows nearly due S., and falls into that river near Taroma. Length, about 220 miles. Anawauk, an-a-wok', a post-ofRce of Le Sueur co., Minn., about 20 miles W. of Faribault. Aiiazarbus, a town of Turkey. See Ain-Zarbe. Anazo, a-nS,'zo\, or Hanazo, a considerable river of Abyssinia, formed by the junction of the Melee and the united streams of Ancona and Sabalatte, from which point the Anazo flows nearly due B., taking the name of the Yasso (yis'so) latterly, till it comes within 10 miles of the Sea of Bab-el-Mandeb, when it sinks into the sand. Anbar, an-bar'j a town of Russian Toorkistan, 20 miles N.E. of Khiva. Anbar, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Feloojah. Ancachs, an'kachs', a department of Peru, bounded N. by the department of Libertad, S. by that of Lima, and extending from the Paciflc eastward to the head-waters of the Amazon. Area, 17,405 square miles. It is rich in minerals, and is traversed by a railway. Capital, Huaraz. Pop. 284,091. Ancarano, in-k^-r&'no, a village of Italy, province of Teramo, 15 miles N.N.E. of Teramo. Pop. 1532. Ancaster, ang'kas-ter, a post-village in Wentworth oo., Ontario, Canada, 7 miles W.S.W. of Hamilton. It contains a knitting-factory, an iron-foundry, carding- and woollen- mills, and an agricultural implement factory. Pop. 600. Aiicede, S,n-si'di, a town of Portugal, on the Douro, 28 miles E. of Oporto. Pop. 3090. Ancenis, oso'seh-nee' (anc. Andene'shim?) a town of France, department of Loire-Inferieure, on the Loire, 21 miles by rail N.E. of Nantes. Pop. 4358. Ancerma, a town of South America. See Anzbrma. Ancerville, SNo^sSnVeel', a town of France, depart- ment of Mouse, 11 miles S.W. of Bar-le-Duc. Pop. 2120. Ancliiale, and Anchialus, ancient names of Ahiolo. Aucholme, an'cholm, a river of England, co. of Lin- coln, flows at first W. past Market-Kasen, and then north- ward to join the Humber. Anchorage, angk'or-aj, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ky., on the Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington Railroad, 12 miles E. of Louisville. It contains 3 churches, a female seminary, an academy for boys, and a manufactory of hemp bagging. Pop. about 600. Anchorage, a post-office of Buffalo co., Wis. Anchor (angk'or) Island, a small island of New Zea- land, on the N. side of the entrance into Dusky Bay. Anchor Islands, two islands off the E. coast of Brazil, province of Rio de Janeiro, 3 miles E. of Cape Frio. Anchorites, angk'9r-ites, a group of small islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about 280 miles N. of Papua. Anciaens, iN^-se-^'^NS, a town of Portugal, province of Tras-os-Montee, near the Douro, 70 miles E.N.E. of Oporto, with thermal springs. Pop. 778. Anci&o, S,n-se-4'6No, or almost in-sowN»', a village of Estremadura, Portugal, 9 miles B. of Pombal. Pop. 2529. Ancienne Lorette, S.-jo'se-en' lo-rStt', a thriving post- vilhige and parish in Quebec co., Quebec, on the Gosford Railway, 9 miles N.W. of the city of Quebec. It has a large lumber trade. Pop. 2233, including 250 Huron Indians. Anclam, a town of Prussia. See Anklam. An'clote River forms a part of the boundary between Hernando and Hillsborough cos., Fla., and falls into the Gulf of Mexico. Off its mouth are the Anolote Keys. Anco, in'ko, a town of S. -thern Peru, department of Ayacucho, on an afiluent of the Apurimac, 40 miles E. of Ayacucho. Anco'ber, a river of Africa, on the Gold Coast, lat. 4° 54' N., Ion. 2° 16' 15" W. See Ankober. Ancohuma, mountain-peaks. See Andes. Ancolan (an'ko-lin') Islands, a group of small islands in the North Pacific Ocean, off the N.W. coast of the S. end of Luzon. Ancona, 3,n-ko'n!l (anc. Anco'na, Gr. 'AyKiiv, Ancoti, i.e., '* elbow," " bend," or " angle," in allusion to its position ANC AND in an angle of the coast), a city and free port of Central Italy, on the Adriatic, 185 miles by railway N.E. of Rome; it is connected also with Bologna and Brindisi by rail. Lat. 43° 37' 7" N.; Ion. 13° 30' 5" E. It is built on the slope of a hill, in an amphitheatre between two hills, on one of which stands the citadel, and on the other the cathedral. It is divided into two parts, the Citta Vecchia (chit-tS,' v§k'- ke-S.) and the Citta, Nuova (chit-ta' noo-o'vS,) : the former occupies the higher ground, and is inhabited by the poorer classes; the latter is situated along the shores of the gulf. Ancona is the seat of a civil tribunal, of a military com- mandant, and of a bishop. It has a college, 2 hospitals, 10 churches, and a lazaretto. Among the most remarkable buildings are the government palace, the town house, the merchants' hall, the cathedral, and on the mole the tri- umphal Corinthian arch of Trajan, built of Parian marble. Ancona is an entrepot for European goods for the Levant. The port, which is the only good one on this side the Adri- atic between Venice and Manfredonia, is formed by a mole and a breakwater. Ancona is supposed to have been founded by a Doric colony, or by a band of Syracusan patriots, who fled from the tyranny of Dionysius, about 400 years B.C. In the time of Ca3sar it fell into the hands of the Romans. The Emperor Trajan and Clement XII. improved and beau- tified the harbor. In 1798 the city was taken by the ^French ; and in the following year it surrendered to the allied Rus- sian, Turkish, and Austrian army, after a long resistance. Pop. 4o,741. Ancona, a province of Italy, in the Marches, divided into 51 communes. Area^, 740 square miles. Capital, An- cona. Pop. in 1871, 262,349. The March of Ancona (It. Marca d' Ancona, mS,R'ki dS-n-ko'na), was an old division of territory in Central Italy, which in the Middle Ages in- cluded the country between the duchy of Urbino and the march of Fermo. See Marches. Anco'na, a post-village of Livingston co.. 111., in Read- ing township, on the Chicago, Pekin k Southwestern Rail- road, 6 miles S.W. of Streator. It has a church, a graded school, and a carriage-shop. Pop. 250. Anco'ra, a post- village of Camden co., N.J., in Winslow township, on the Camden & Atlantic Railroad, 25 miles S.E. of Camden. It has an industrial school, and manufactures of pearl buttons and phrenological busts. It is ^ mile from the New Jersey Southern Railroad. An'cram, a post-village of Columbia co., N.Y., in An- cram township, on the Rhinebeck &, Connecticut Railroad, 25 miles from Rhinecliff, and about 17 miles S.E. of Hudson. It has 2 churches, and a paper-mill for straw paper. Pop. of the township, 1715. Ancram Ijead Mine, or Hot Ground, a post- hamlet of Columbia co., N.Y., in Ancram township, on the Poughkeepsie & Eastern Railroad, 30 miles N.E. of Pough- keepsie. Galena, blende, and copper pyrites are found here. It has a church. Ancre, a town of France. See Albetit. An'croft, a village of England, in Northumberland, 6 miles S. of Berwick. Pop. 1991, An'crum, a parish and village of Scotland, co. of Rox- burgh. In this parish was fought the battle of Ancrum Moors, in 1544, between the Scotch and English. Ancrum, a post-office of Hamilton eo., Fla., on the Su- wanee River. Ancud, ^n-kooth', or San Carlos de Ancud, sin kar'los di S,n-kooth', a port of Chili, on the N. coast of Chiloe, capital of the province of Chiloe, has a stife and spacious harbor. Lat. 41° 52' S.; Ion, 73° 55' W. It is much visited by whalemen, and exports hams and wood. It is a bishop's see. Pop. in 1875, 4366. Ancy, ftso^see', a village of France, department of Rhone. Pop. 880. It has manufactures of silk stuffs. Ancy, fiN^^see', a village of Germany, in Lorraine, 8 miles S.W. of Metz. Pop. 955. Ancy-le-Franc, dNo^see'-Ieh-frftN^', a town of France, department of Yonne, on the Arman^on, 10 miles S.E. of Tonnerre. Pop. 1772. Ancyra, a city of Asia Minor. See Angora. Andacollo, 3,n-diL-kol'yo, a village of Chili, 28 miles S.S.E. of Coquimbo, in a rich mining-district. It has an image of the Virgin which brings hither 20,000 pilgrims yearly. Pop. 1580. Andad-Xihan,^n-dfld-k£ln', or Andejan,an-di-iS.n', a town of Asiatic Russia, in Ferghana, on the Jaxartes, 55 miles E.S.E. of Khokan. The town is large, and is sur- rounded with gardens and a moated fort. Andahuaylas, in-d^-wi'lAs, a town of Southern Peru, department of Apurimac, on the Andahuaylas, 60 miles S.E. of Huamanga. Andaia, a river of Brazil. See Andaya. Andalgala, in-dal-gd'la, a town of the Argentine Re- public, province of Catamarca, 75 miles N. of Catamarca, in a rich mining and agricultural region. Pop. 3073. Andali, in-da'lee, a village of Italy, province of Catan- zaro, 12 miles E.S.E. of Catanzaro. Pop. 1292. Andalusia, an-da-lu'she-a (Sp. Andalucicij In-d^-loo- thee'a; Fr. Andaluaic, 6NoMaHU'zee' ; Gcv. Andalueien, ^n- d^-loo'ze-en), the largest of the ancient divisions of the S. of Spain, bounded S.E. and S. by the Mediterranean and the Straits of Gibraltar, S.W. by the Atlantic, and AV. by Por- tugal. It is now divided into the following provinces, which are named from their chief towns : Almeria, Granada, Jaen, Malaga, Cadiz, Cordova, Huelva, and Seville. Andalusia is traversed by the Sierras Morena and Nevada; the climate on the coasts is extremely warm, and the soil is very fertile. The Vandals were established in this country in the fifth century, whence it was called Vandabisia, afterwards cor- rupted into Andalusia. After the dismemberment of the empire of the Caliphs in 1030, Andalusia formed the king- doms of Cordova, Seville, Jaen, Almeria, Malaga, and Gra- nada, all successively conquered by the kings of Castile. Area, 33,760 square miles. P. 3,261,988. Adj. and inhah. AndaLusian, an-da-lu'she-an (Sp. Andaluz, ^n-dS--Iooth'). Andalusia, an-da-lu'she-a, a post-village, capital of Covington co., Ala., on the Conecuh River, about SO miles S. of Montgomery. It has a church. Andalusia, a post-village of Rock Island co., 111., on the Mississippi River, 12 miles below Davenport, Iowa. It has 3 churches. Pop. of Andalusia township, 878. Andalusia, a post-village of Bucks co., Pa., near the Delaware River, and on the railroad from Philadelphia to Trenton, 12 miles N.E. of the former. It has an Episcopal chapel, and schools called Andalusia Hall and Potter Hall. Andalusie, Audalusien, Andaluz. See Anba- LrsiA. Andaman (an-da-man') Islands, a group of islands in the Bay of Bengal, between lat. 10° and 13*^ N., and nearly under the 93d degree of E. Ion., 180 miles S.W. of Cape Negrais. The Great and Little Andaman Islands are separated by Duncan's Passage. Area, 2551 square miles. The native population is scanty, and belongs to a puny race of blacks called Mincopies, who are as degraded savages as any in the world. The islands now form a British convict settlement for East Indian criminals. Chief settlement, Port Blair, on Chatham Island. Pop. 13,500. Andamarca, &n-dS,-maR'kS,, a village of Bolivia, 75 miles S. of Oruro. Pop. 1600. Andance, 6n«M6nss', a village of France, department of Ardeche, on the Rhone, 6 miles S. of Serrieres. Pop. 1596. Andar, a town of Africa. See Saint Louis. Andaya, or Andaia, ^n-di'a, a river of Brazil, rises in the Serra Matta Gorda, and falls into the Sao Francisco at lat. 18° 10' S. Length, 120 miles. Andaye, or Hendaye, 6n«MA', a small seaport of France, department of Basses-Pyrenees, 12 miles S.W. of Bayonne, on the Bidassoa. Pop. about 700. Andecavi, or Andegavi. See Angers. Andeer, &n'daiK\ a town of Switzerland, canton of Grisons, on the Rhine, 14 miles S.S.W. of Chur. Pop. 5S3. Andejan, in Asiatic Russia. See Andad-Khan. Andellingen, in'del-fing^^n, a town of Switzerland, 17 miles N.E. of Zurich, on the Thur, here crossed by a railway bridge. Pop. 1935. Andellc, 6w°M^ll', a river of France, falls into the Seine above Pont-de-l'Arche. Length, 24 miles. Andelot, SN^^M^h-lo', a town of France, in Haute- Marne, 12 miles N.E. of Chaumont. Pop. 1600. Andclys, a town of France. See Les Andelys. Andcmatunum, the ancient name of Langres, Andenaes, anMe-nis', a village of the Loffoden Islands, Norway, on the Isle of Andoen. It has large fisheries, and a trade in down and feathers. Pop. 1650. Andenesium, supposed ancient name of Ancents. Andenne, 6N°Mfinn', a town of Belgium, province of Namur, on the Meuse, 11 miles by rail E. of N:imur. Pop. 5760. It has manufactures of porcelain and tobacco-pipes. Andera (or Anderot) Island. Soel. vrcADiVE Islks. Anderab, £in*der-a,b', or In, !n-(liM-ftb'. a town of Budukhshan.abo'ut 85 miles N.N.K. nfCulio.. I. at the junc- tion of the Andorab and Kiasan. It is a populous place. Anderabia, a Persian island. Sec Inpkrabia. Anderleclit, An'dor-l^Kt', a town of Belgium, province of Brabant, arrondisscincnt of Brussels, of which city it forms a suburb on the S.W. Pop. 7465. Andermatt, an'der-mAtt\ or Urseren, oon'sij-ron, (Ital. Or'aera), a village of Switzerland, in the valley of AND 81 Urseren, IS miles S. of Altorf. Near it is the Devil's Bridge, .crossing the Reuss, and forming part of the route across Mount St. Gothard into Italy. Pop. 744. Anderuach, ^n'der-n^lK' {unc. Antitnacum or Antonia- cum), a town of Prussia, on the Khine, 10 miles by rail N.W. of Coblentz. It is famous for the production of millstones and trass or cement. Pop. 44S2. Anderot, or Anderov. See Laccadive Isles. An'derson, a county in the E. part of Kansas, has an area of 576 square miles. It is drained by Pottawatomie Creek. The surface is nearly level ; the soil is fertile. In- dian corn, horses, cattle, hay, and oats are the staple products. The county contains extensive prairies (about 94 per cent.). It is intersected by the Leavenworth, Law- rence & Galveston Railroad. Coal is found here. Capital, Garnett. Valuation of real and personal estate. S3,342,02G. Pop. in 1S70, 5220, of whom 47S2 were natives and 438 were foreigners j in 1875, 5809; in 187S, 6000. Anderson, a county in the N, central part of Ken- tucky, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the navigable Kentucky River, and is inter- sected by Salt River. The surface is partly level, and mostly undulating ; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, hemp, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Lawrenceburg. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,305,870. Pop. in 1870, 5449, of whom 5412 were natives of the United States. Anderson, a county in the N.W. part of South Caro- lina, has an area of about 800 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Saluda, and on the S.W, by the Savan- nah River. It is also intersected by the Kiowee River. The surface is hilly ; the soil, is fertile, A large portion of the county is woodland. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. It is traversed by the Greenville & Co- lumbia Railroad. Capital, Anderson Court-House. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, 85,968,134. Pop. in 1870, 24,049, of whom 23,965 were natives of the United States; in 1875, 29,127. Anderson, a county of East Tennessee, has an area estimated at 500 square miles. It is intersected by Clinch River, and also drained by Powell's River. The surface is partly occupied by the Cumberland Mountain. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Indian corn, oats, and wheat are the staple products. Among the forest trees are the oak, hickory, and sugar-maple. Coal and salt springs are found here. The county is traversed by the Knoxvillo & Ohio Railroad. Capital, Clinton. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $2,535,442. Pop. in 1870, 8704, of whom 8625 were natives and 79 were foreigners. Anderson, a county in the E. central part of Texas, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Neehes, and on the W. by the Trinity River, which is navigable by steamboats. The surface is undu- lating; the soil is fertile. The county is liberally supplied with timber. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, and pork are the staple products. It is intersected by the International & Great Northern Railroad, 2 branches of which meet at Palestine. Capital, Palestine. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $1,668,141. Pop. in 1870, 9229, of whom 9190 were natives and 39 were foreigners. Anderson, a hamlet in Jackson co., Ala., on the Nash- ville & Chattanooga Railroad, 10 miles N.W. of Stevenson. Coal and iron are found here. Anderson, a post-village and township of Mendocino CO., Cal., about 120 miles W.N.W. of Sacramento. The name of the post-office is Christine. Pop. 623; of township, 679. Anderson, Shasta co., Cal. See American Ranch. Anderson, a hamlet of Santa Rosa co., Fla,, on Santa Rosa Sound, about 35 miles E. of Pensacola. Anderson, a station in Clayton township, Adams co., 111., on the Keokuk Branch of the Wabash Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Clayton. Anderson, a township of Clark co.. 111. Pop. 947. Anderson, a station in Macoupin co., 111., on the Chi- cago & Alton Railroad, 4 miles N.E. of Carlinville. Anderson, a post-village, capital of Madison co., Ind., is on the West Fork of White River, and on the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroad, 175 miles S.S.E. of Chi- cago, and 35 miles N.E. of Indianapolis. It is also on the railroad which connects Indianapolis with Bellefontaine, 0,, and is the S. terminus of the Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan Railroad, It has 2 national banks, 1 other bank, graded schools, and 5 churches. Three weekly papers arc issued here. Pop. 3126 ; of Anderson township, 4713. It has also man- ufactures of carriages, chairs, engines, furniture, sash, &c. Anderson, a township of Perry co., Ind. Pop. 1136. Anderson, a township of Rusheo., Ind. Pop. 1452. Anderson, a township of AVarrick co., Ind. Pop. 842. AND Anderson, a township of Mills co., Iowa. Pop. 531. Anderson, a post-office of Howard co., Md. Anderson, a post-office of Pope co., Minn. Anderson, a post-office of Clinton eo., Mo., about 20 miles S.E. of St. Joseph. Anderson, a hamlet of Warren co., N.J., in Mansfield township, 1 mile from Port Murray Railroad Station. It has 1 church, and a flour-mill on the Musconetcong River. Anderson, a township of Hamilton co., 0., on the Ohio River, above Cincinnati. Pop. 4077. It contains New- town and Mount Washington. Anderson, a post-village of Rossco., 0., ila Union town- ship, on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 9 miles N.W. of Chillicothe. It has 2 churches. Anderson, a township, Williamsburg co., S.C. Pop. 576. Anderson, a post-office and station of Franklin co., Tenn., on the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, 49 miles W. of Chattanooga. It has 2 churches, a tannery, &c. Anderson, a post-village, capital of Grimes eo., Tex., about 68 miles N.N.W. of Houston. It is 10 miles N.E. of Navnsota. It has 2 churches and an academy. Pop. 495. Anderson, a station in Preston co., W. Ya., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 21 miles E. of Grafton. Anderson, a post-office of Burnett co., Wis., 21 miles from Rush City, Minn. An'dersonburg, a post-hamlet of Perry co.. Pa., about 20 miles N.W. of Carlisle. It has a hotel and several mills. Anderson Conrt-House, a post-village, capital of Anderson co., S.C, on a branch of the Greenville & Colum- bia Railroad, which here connects with the Blue Ridge Rail- road, 126 miles W.N.W. of Columbia. It has 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 1 national bank, 1 other bank, and a col- legiate institute. Pop. 1579. Anderson Island, Alaska. See Saint Lawrence. Anderson River, in British Columbia, enters the Eraser River, from the E., 25 miles above Yale. Anderson's, a station in Washoe co., Nevada, on the Virginia &. Truckee Railroad, 3^ miles S. of Reno. Anderson's, atownship of Caswell co., N.C. Pop. 1544. Anderson's, a station in Mifflin co., Pa., on the Penn- sylvania Railroad, and on the Juniata River, 66 miles by rail N.W. of Harrisburg. Anderson's Corners, Quebec. See Six Mile Cross. Anderson's Creek,apost-officeof Lauderdale co., Ala. Anderson's Creek, of Clearfield co.. Pa., enters the W. branch of Susquehanna River. Anderson's Creek, of Indiana, rises in Crawford co., and forms the boundary between Spencer and Perry coun- ties, until it falls into the Ohio near Troy. Anderson's Ferry, a station in Hamilton co., 0., on the Indianapolis, Cincinnati it Lafayette Railroad, and on the Ohio River, 6 miles below Cincinnati. Anderson's Inlet, or Venus Bay, in Victoria, Australia, N. of Bass's Strait, between Capes Liptrap and Patterson, receives Tarwin River. Anderson's Mills, a post-ofiice of Pickens co., S.C, Anderson's 31ills, a post-office of Travis co., Tex. Anderson's Springs, a summer resort of Lake co., Cal., in Lower Lake township, 10 miles from the Geysers, and about 80 miles N. of San Francisco. It has medicinal springs, which are resorted to for rheumatism, liver-com- plaints, paralysis, &c. Elevation, 1950 feet above the sea. Anderson's Store, a post-office of Caswell co., N.C, 28 miles S. of Danville, Va. An'dersontown, a post-hamlet of Caroline co., Md., about 45 miles E. by S. of Annapolis. AndersontoAvn, a post-office of York eo.. Pa. An'dersonville, a post-village of Sumter co., Ga., on the Southwestern Railroad, 60 miles S.W. of Macon. Here many Union prisoners were confined in the civil war. It has 2 churches and a large national cemetery. Andersonville, a post-village of Franklin co., Ind., in Posey township, about 54 miles E.S.E. of Indianapolis, It has 3 churches. Pop. about 200. Andersonville, New Jersey. See Anderson. Andersonville, a manufacturing village in the town of Fine, St. Lawrence co., N.Y.. 25 miles E.N.E. of Gou- verneur Station. Here is Fine Post-Office. Andersonville, a post-village of Rossco., 0., in Union township, on the Ohio & Erie Canal, 6 miles N. of Chilli- cothe. It has 2 churches. Andersonville, a hamlet of Anderson co., S.C, near the Savannah River, 14 miles W.S.W. of Anderson Couii;- House. It has a church, a cotton-factory, and a flour-mill. Andersonville, a post-office of Anderson co., Tenn. An'derson VVool'len Mills, a hamlet of Union co.. Ky., near the Ohio River, 15 miles from Shawneetown, 111. AND 82 Andes, an'diz, a post-village of Delaware co., N.Y., in Andes township, 12 miles from Delhi, and about 63 miles S.W. of Albany. It has a national bank, an academy or collegiate institute, 1 nexvspaper office, 2 or 3 churches, and 2 tanneries. Pop. about 500,- of township, 2840. It is traversed by the E. branch of the Delaware River. Andes, an'diz (Sp. Cordillera de los Andes, koR-deel- yi'ri di loce an'dSs), a range of mountains of such vast extent and altitude as to render it one of the most remark- able physical features of the globe. Commencing at Cape Horn, it extends nearly parallel to the Pacific coast through- out South America to the Isthmus of Panama, a distance of about 4500 miles. From this point it is continued, and, under different names, traverses the North American continent from S. to N., terminating in Point Barrow on the Arctic Ocean ; extending in all through nearly 130 de- grees of latitude, or about 9000 miles. The Andes consist, for the most part, of a series of lofty ridges running more or less parallel to each other, and covering, with their plateaus and declivities, nearly a sixth part of South America. From its S. extremity the main chain runs along the W. shore of Terra del Fuego, and consists of rocky summits, rising in many places to 2000 or 3000 feet, the culminating point of this por- tion (Mount Sarmiento) being 6910 feet above the sea. The Patagonian Andes run directly northward as far as lat. 42° S., flanked by rocky and mountainous islands in the Pacific, that seem to have been disunited from the mainland by vol- canic agency. The Andes of Chili, from lat. 42° to lat. 21° S., form a single chain, dividing itself northward into several ridges. The principal peaks are the volcanoes of Antuco (16,000 feet high), Maypu (15,000 feet high), and Tupungato (15,000 feet high) ; but the culminating point, notonly of this portion, but of the entire range of the Andes, is the nevado of Aconcagua, which rises 22,422 feet above the sea. The line of perpetual snow in these latitudes is about 14,000 feet above the sea. Between the Chilian Andes and the Pacific — a dis- tance varying from 80 to 150 miles — are extensive plains elevated from 1000 to 1500 feet above the sea. In the S. these are mostly clothed with a rich vegetation; but the more elevated mountain-regions are nearly destitute of plants. The Bolivian Andes, forming the central division of the system, extend northward from lat. 21° to lat. 14° S., presenting one immense mass of rocks, stretching in length over 7 degrees of latitude and in breadth from 200 to 250 miles. In this section the chain separates, about lat. 19° S., into two great longitudinal ridges, the E. called the Cordillera Keal, and the W. the Cordillera of the Coast. These run parallel to each other, enclosing the table-land of Desa- guadero, elevated 12,700 feet above the sea, extending 400 miles in length, and from 30 to SO miles in breadth along the top of the Andes. These parallel Cordilleras, situated at a distance of about 230 miles from each other, are united at various points by enormous transverse groups, or by single ranges crossing them like dikes. The descent to the Pa- cific is exceedingly steep ; the dip is also very sudden to the E., whence offshoots diverge to the lower plains. The fol- lowing are some of the principal summits in this portion of the Andes : AND I. COHDILLE- COAST. Bahama Parinacota.... Gualateiri.... Pomarape Misti Chipicani Sorata Illimani iillL Ancohuma.. Chacbacomani Supaiwasi, or Huayna Potosi Peak Mesada Nevada Angel Peak Cacaca ... Cololo S. lat. "W.lon, 15° 52' 16°"o'" 19° 30' 16° 30' 1G° 10' 10° 25' 14° 57' 68° 52' 69° 11' 69° 17' 6903' 71° 23' G9° 47' 67° 49' N. Peak, S. Peak., N. Peak, S. Peak., N. Peak, 22,350 22,030 21,960 21,700 18,538 19,740 21,286 21,060 21,149 21,043 21,286 20,235 20,260 19,356 19,060 18,210 17,930 The highest summits are W. of the Desaguadero. The Peruvian Andes, separated from the Pacific by a desert from 50 to 100 miles broad, extend from lat. 14° to lat. 5° S., and detach two eastern offsets, one of which runs N.M^ be- tween the Maraiion and Huallaga Rivers, and the other between the Huallaga and the llcayale, enclosing a plateau 11,000 feet high, called Pasco or Hiianuco. The main range, termed the Cordillera of the Coast, runs W.N.W. in a direc- tion parallel to and about 70 miles distant from the Pacific, The Andes of Ecuador commence at lat. 5° S., and run nearly due N. to the table-land of Quito, which is 200 miles long, .SO miles broad, elevated 9600 feet above the sea, and surrounded by the most magnificent series of volcanoes in the world. The E. range comprises the volcanoes of Sangay (17,120 feet), Tunguragua (16.579 feet), Cotopaxi (18,880 feet), Anti^ana (19,148 feet), and Mount Cayambe (19,535 feet high). On the W, range stands Mount Chim- borazo, 21,420 feet above the sea. On the E. side, lat. 2° N., is the mountain-knot of Paramo, from which extend three separate chains: 1, that of Suma Paz, running N.E. past Lake Maracaybo, and terminating near Caracas, on the Caribbean Sea; 2, the chain of Quindiu, extending N.N.E. between the rivers Cauca and Magdalena; and, 3, the chain of Choco, which follows the Pacific coast to the Isthmus of Panama, where it forms the link between the Andes and the Rocky Mountain system of North America. North of the 5th parallel, the only summits within the line of pei-pctual snow are in the E. chain. The volcano of To- lima, in lat. 4° 46' N., Ion. 75° 37' W., rises 18,270 feet. This gigantic mountain-chain is traversed in different parts by passes or roads at heights almost equal to those of the extreme summits of the European ranges. Most of these are narrow, steep, and dangerous. The pass from Arequipa to Puno is 14,660 feet high ; and the one leading from Lima to Tarma and Pasco is 15.760 feet, being the highest known pass of the Andes. There are numerous other passes across the Andes, many of which exceed 15,000 feet in height. At best, these are as a rule practicable only for mules and llamas, and in many cases the traveller is carried over upon the backs of natives. A great commer- cial road runs longitudinally along the Andes from TrujiUo to Popayan, not much less than 1000 miles. In Peru rail- ways have been constructed from the sea eastward to the Titicaca basin, across the principal Andean range. The Oroya Railway has a tunnel 15,645 feet above sea-level. The Andes are composed partly of granite, gneiss, mica, and clay-slate, but chiefly of greenstone, porphyry, and ba- salt, with limestone, red sandstone, and conglomerate. Salt and gypsum are also found, and seams of coal at a great elevation. The topaz, amethyst, and other gems are abun- dant. Volcanoes are numerous in the Chilian Andes, where there are no less than nineteen in a state of activity; and the mountains of Ecuador consist altogether of volcanic summits, either now or formerly in active ignition. Hardly any other portion of the globe is subject to such frequent and destructive earthquakes as the countries embosomed within the Andes, and those lying between them and the Pacific. The Andes are celebrated for their mineral riches, producing gold and silver in large quantities, with platinum, mercury, copper, lead, and iron. Except in the far S., glaciers are of rare occurrence in the Andes, being found only in the narrow ravines which furrow the sides of some of the great summits. The limit of perpetual snow reaches the height of 13,800 feet in the W. Cordillera of Chili ; near the equator it is 15,000 feet, and in the Bolivian Andes (lat. 21° S.), 17,000 feet above the sea. The potato is cul- tivated in the Andes at an elevation of 9800 to 13,000 feet. "Wheat grows at a height of 10,000 feet, and oats ripen near Lake Titicaca, at an elevation of 12,795 feet. The name Andes is derived from the Peruvian word Anti, signifying " copper." It was first given to a range near Cuzco, but was afterwards applied to the entire chain. Ancles, Los Andes, or Santa Rosa de los An- des, sin't^ r6'zS, di loce in'd^s, a town of Chili, province of Aconcagua, 18 miles by rail E. by S. of San PeHpe. Pop. 4445. Andevooron'to, or Andevonrante, in-de-voo- rin'ta, a large village on the E. coast of Madagascar, near the mouth of a river of the same name. Pop. 2000. Andhalgaon, an-daPgi-on', a town of India, Cen- tral Provinces, 17 miles N.E. of Bhundara. Pop. 3270. Andiary, fl,n-de-5,'ree, two villages of Western Africa, in the Bondoo country, near lat. 14° 6' N., Ion. 13° W, Andiphillo, a town of Turkey. See Antiphilo. Andkhoo,d,nd^koo', Ankkoui, in-koo'e, or Ankoi% a town of Afghan Toorkistan, capital of the province or oasis of Andkhoo, one of the " Four Domains'' of the country, on the N. slope of the Huzareh Mountains, about 70 miles W. of Balkh. It is on one of the great commercial routes between Bokhara and Afghanistan. Pop., composed of Sooneo Mohammedans, from 25,000 to 30,000. Andlan, ilnd'low, a village of Germany, Lower Alsaco, on the Andlau, an aflluent o"f the HI, 9 miles N.N.W. of Schlettstadt. Pop. 2024, AND Andoain, 4n-do-ine', a town of Spain, in Biscay, on a railway, 6 miles from St. Sebastian. Pop. 1050. Andoen, ^nd'o-^n {i.e., ''Duck Island"), one of the Loifoden Islands, off the W. coast of Norway, 20 miles long and 10 miles broad. Lat. 69° 20' N. ; Ion. 15° 15' E. Andolsheiin, in'dols-hime* (Fr. pron. fiNoMorzSm'), a village of Alsace, 3i miles S.B. of Colmar. It has a con- sistorial Protestant church. Pop. 970. Andora, in-do'ri, or Marina d'Andora, mi-ree'nJl d^n-do'ri, ft town of Italy, on the W. coast of the Gulf of Genoa, 3 miles by rail S.S.W. of Alassio. Pop. 1848. Andorno Caccioriia, in-doR'no kit-ohoR'ni, a town of Italy, 13 miles N.E. of Ivrea, on the Cervo. It was the birthplace of the painter Cagliari. Pop. 2354. Andorossa^ a town of Greece. See Androussa. Andorra, 4n-doR'R3, (Fr. Andorre, 6noMorr'), a neu- tral country with the name of a republic, situated on the S. slope of the Pyrenees, between the French department of Ari^ge and the Spanish province of Lerida, extending from lat. 42° 22' to 42° 43' N., and from Ion. t° 25' to 1° 55' E., surrounded by high mountains, on which the snow lies for si.x months in the year. Area, 150 square miles. Its cli- mate is cold, but healthy ; soil unproductive in grain, but contains many rich mines of iron, and one of lead. The government, a democracy, is vested in 24 consuls, elected by the whole population. It is nominally subject to the suze- rainty of France and of the bishop of Urgel. The inhab- itants, mostly shepherds, speak the Catalan language. Pop. about 12,000. The independence of this little state dates from Charlemagne, in 790. Adj. and inhab. Andorrese, an-doR-Rcez'. Andorra, a small, ancient town, capital of the above republic, at the foot of Mount Montelar, 12 miles N. of Urgel. Pop. about 1000. Andosilla, an-do-seel'yi, a village of Spain, in Na- varre, 35 miles S.S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 1640. AndouiUe, &NoMoo^ee^yi', a town of France, depart- ment of Mayenne, 6 miles S.E. of ChaiUand. Pop. 2960. An'dover, a borough and market-town of England, co. of Hants. 12 miles N.W. of Winchester, and 63 miles by railway W.S.W. of London. Pop. 5601. An'dover, a post-township of Tolland co., Conn., on the Hartford, Providence & Fishkill Railroad, 23 miles E. of Hartford. It has 2 churches. Pop. 461. Andover, a post-village of Henry co., 111., in Andover townsliip, about 25 miles N. by E. from Galesburg. It has 3 churches. Pop. of township, 1767. Andover, a post-hamlet of Oxford co., Me., in Andover township, about 45 miles N.W. of Lewiston. The township has 2 churches and several starch-faetoi'ies. Pop. 757. Andover, a post-village of Esse.Y co., Mass., is in An- dover township, and on the Boston & Maine Railroad, 23 miles N. of Boston, and about 10 miles E. of Lowell. It contains 1 savings-bank, 1 national bank, the Abbott Female Academy, a free public library of 3600 volumes, and a lib- erally endowed institution called Phillips Academy, which was founded in 1778. It is also the seat of Andover Theo- logical Seminary, which was founded in 1807 and is under the control of the Congregationalists. This seminary has an endowment of $550,000 and a library of about 30,000 volumes. The number of students is nearly 100, and the number of alumni about 2000. It has 12 professors. The " Bibliotheca Sacra," a religious periodical of high reputa- tion, is published here quarterly. 'The seminary and academy are under the same board of trustees, and have a productive property of about §500,000, and an unproductive property of about $300,000. Andover township is bounded on the N.W. by the Mer- rimac River, and is intersected by the Lowell & Lawrence Railroad. It has 2 woollen-factories and 9 churches. It contains also villages named Ballard Vale, Frye Village, and West Andover Village. From Lowell Junction, within the limits of this town, the Lowell & Andover Railroad extends 10 miles to Lowell. Pop. 6097. Andover, a post-hamlet of Harrison co., Mo., 18 miles from Leon, Iowa. Andover, a post-township of Merrimac co., N.H., about 24 miles N.W. of Concord, is contiguous to Mount Kearsarge. It has manufactures of carriages, lumber, paper, &c., and 3 churches. Pop. 1206. It contains villages named Andover, Potter Place, and West Andover. Andover Post-OfEce is on the Northern Railroad, 29 miles from Concord. Andover, a post-village of Sussex co., N.J., in Andover township, on the Sussex Railroad, 5 miles S. of Newton. It has 2 churches and an academy, also limestone-quarries and iron-mines. Pop. of township, 1126. Andover, a post-village of Alleghany co., N.Y., in An- 83 AND dover township, and on the Erie Railroad, 76 miles W. of Elmira, and 16 miles E.S.E. of Belmont. It has 3 or 4 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, grist-mill, tan- nery, foundry, and manufactures of carriages and furniture. Pop. about 800 ; of township, 1983. Andover, a post-village of Ashtabula co., 0., in An- dover township, on the Franklin division of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, at the junction of the Toungstown Branch, 13 miles S.E. of Jefferson. Pop. about 500. The township has 4 churches ; also manufac- tures of cheese and butter. Pop. 921. Andover, a post-township of Windsor co., Vt., about 28 miles S. by E. of Rutland. It has 2 churches and 2 lum- ber-mills. Pop. 58S. Andover, or Tobique, a post-village in Victoria co.. New Brunswick, on the river St. John, opposite the mouth of the Tobique Rivei-, 50 miles N. of Woodstock. Steamers ply between Andover and Woodstock. Pop. 400. Andrajjcry, a river of Sumatra. See Indragiri. Andralx, .^n-dri'in, Andrache, ^n-draoh, or An- draig, a town on the S.W. coast of Majorca, 8 miles S.S.W. of Palma. Pop. about 2000. Andrapa, the ancient name of Kir-Shehr. Andrarum, iu'dri-rOom, a town of Sweden, 26 miles S. by W. of Christianstad, with alum-works. Pop. 460. Andrava (in-dra'vi) Bay, Madagascar, E. coast, about 60 miles S.B. of Cape Amber. Lat. (Berry Head) 12° 56' 8" S. ; Ion. 49° 56' 6" E. Andreanov (An-dri-^n'ov) or Andreno'vian Is- lands, a group of thirty islands in the North Pacific, be- longing to the United States, and forming the central division of the Aleutian Islands. Lat. 52° 67' N. Andreasberg, 3.n-drJ,'£Ls-b^RG^, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, in the Harz Mountains, 13 miles S.W. of Elbin- gerode, on the declivity of the Andreasberg, at the S. foot of the Brocken, 1936 feet above the sea. It owes its origin to the mines of iron, silver, lead, copper, cobalt, and arsenic, which exist in the neighborhood. Pop. 3321. Andreeva, S.n-dri"S-v3.' ? or Enderi, Sn*der-ee', a town of Russia (Caucasus), 40 miles S. of Kizliar. It is the prin- cipal town of 'a Tartar district, loosely governed by chiefs, but really subject to Russia. There are here some Moslem seminaries. Pop. of town, about 12,000. Andreiev, Andreief, or Andrejew, §,n-dri-y?v', a village of Russian Poland, government of Kielce. P. 2540. Andrenovian Islands. See Anbreanov. Andretta, in'drSt'tS,, a town of Italy, in the Apen- nines, province and 33 miles B. of Avellino. Pop. 4372. An'drew, a county in the N.AV. part of Missouri, has an area of about 430 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Nodaway River, and on the S.W. by the Missouri, and is also drained by the Platte River. The surface is un- dulating ; the soil is productive. It contains large forests of hard timber, including the ash, elm, hickory, oak, and sugar-maple. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and live-stock are the staple products. It is intersected by the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad. Capital, Savannah. Valuation of real and personal estate, $8,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 16,137, of whom 14,261 were natives of the United States. Andrew, a post-village of Jackson co., Iowa, in Perry township, about 27 miles S. of Dubuque. It has 4 churches and 1 carriage-shop. Pop. 264. Andrew Chapel, a post-office of Madison co., Tenn. An'dreAVS, a county of Texas, bounded W. by New Mexico, is a part of the Llano Estaeado. Andrews, a station in Camden co., N.J., on the Wil- liamstown Railroad, 5* miles S.W. of Atco. Andrews, a post-hamlet of Morrow co., 0., in Congress township, 48 miles N. by B. from Columbus. It has a church. Andrews, a post-office of Spottsylvania co., Va. An'drews In'stitute, a post-hamlet of De Kalb eo., Ala., 4 miles from Collinsville Railroad Station. It has 1 church, and a school called Andrews Institute. Andrews Mills, a post-hamlet of Darlington co., S.C, 10 miles from Timmonsville. It hits 1 church and 1 grist-mill. An'drews Set'tlement, a post-hamlct of Potter co.. Pa., 19 miles from Genesee Railroad Station. iVndrews, St., Scotland. See Saint Andrews. Andrews Station, a post-office of Los Angeles co., Cal., on the Southern Paoiflo Railroad, 29 miles N. by W. of Los Angeles. An'drewsville, a mining locality in Carbon co.. Pa., 9 miles W. of Mauch Chunk, on the Lehigh Coal & Naviga- tion Co.'s Railroad. Andrewsville, a post-villa-ge in Lanark co., Ontario, 2J miles from Merrickville. Pop. 100. AND Andreze, ON^VU-eli^zi', a village of France, department of Maine-et-Loire, 9 iuiles N.N.W. of Cholet. Pop. 1400. Andria, an'dre-a, a town of Italy, 30 miles W.N.W. of Bari. It is built on a plain, is the seat of a bishop, and has a fine old cathedral, a college, and vionU de piite. It has a trade in almonds. Pop. 34,063. Andrichau, a town of Austria. See Andrychow, Andriuople, the French for Adrianople. Andritz, dn-dreets', a village of Austria, in Styria, 3 miles N. of Gratz. Pop. 1767. Audritzena, an-drit-si'nS,, a town of Greece, in Mes- senia, 20 miles N.E. of Kyparissia. Pop., with vicinity, 7345. AndrO) in'dro, or Andros, ^n'dros, an island of the Greek Archipelago, the northernmost of the Cyclades, is 25 miles long and 6 miles broad, mountainous and fertile. Chief town, Andro ; but the best port is Gaurion, or Gaurio, on the W. Pop. 19,674. Andro, Andros, or Cas'tro, a town of Greece, capi- tal of the island and eparchy of Andro, on the E. coast. It is the see of Greek and Catholic bishops ; has a spacious port for small craft, and manufactures silks and carpets. P. 5000. An ^droscog'gin, a river of the United States, is formed by the junction of the Magalloway River and the outlet of XJmbagog Lake. It runs southward through part of Coos CO., N,H., crosses the western boundary of Maine, and runs nearly eastward through Oxford co. It afterwards flows southward through Androscoggin co. and enters the Kennebec River about IS miles from its mouth and 5 miles above Bath. Its length is about 160 miles ; drainage- area, 3600 square miles. Total fall of Androscoggin proper, 1256 feet; mean discharge, 15,000,000 cubic feet per hour. Androscoggin, a county in the S.W. part of Maine, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is intersected by the Androscoggin River, which affords extensive water- power, and it contains several small lakes. A large portion of the county is covered with forests. The soil is product- ive. Butter, hay, and potatoes are the staple products of the land. The inhabitants are extensively engaged in the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods and shoes. The county is intersected by several divisions of the Maine Cen- tral Railroad. Capital, Auburn. Lewiston-is the largest city. Valuation of real and personal estate, $23,163,709. Pop. in 1870, 35,866, of whom 32,236 were natives and 3630 were foreigners. Andros Island, one of the Bahamas, is 90 miles long and from 10 to 40 miles broad. It is generally low and swampy, and is subject to some extent to overflow from the sea, but is well timbered, and exports wood and sponges. It is often spoken of as a group of islands, since the lagoons and marshes divide it into three principal and many minor parts. Pop, 1366, mostly living at lied Bay, in the N. Andros Island, a fertile island of 4000 acres in the delta of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, Sacra- mento CO., Cal. The island has been diked against floods. Post-Office, Isleton. Androussa, Andrusa, iLn-droo'si, or Andoros'sa, a town of Greece, in Messonia, 7 miles N.W. of Kalamata. Andrychow, an-dreo'Kov, or Andrichau, ^n'dre- k6w\ a town of Austria, in Galicia, 5 miles W. of Wadowice, on the Wieprz. Pop. 3766, with manufactures of linen. Andi^ar, or Anduxar, an-doo'nar (anc. lUhur'gia), a town of Spain, on a railway, 20 miles N.W. of Jaen, at the foot of the Sierra Morena, on the Guadalquivir. A fine road, lined with trees, leads to the river. Some export trade is done in grain, fruit, and cattle, and in immense numbers of porous pitchers, bottles, and jars for cooling water. It is an unhealthy town, experiencing great extremes of heat and cold. Pop. 15,865. Au^diilo', a country of Africa, between lat. 9° 40' and 11° 10' S. and Ion. 16° 50' and 17° 40' E. Area, 2400 square miles. Pop. 40,000. It has great undulating plains, with much forest, and its peaceful and thrifty inhabitants export wax and ivory. The chief river, the Bale, descends from the Bulum-Bulu Steppe, and flows N. to the Kulatu, a principal affluent of the Coanza. Anduze, 6n°VIUz', a town of Trance, department of Gard, on the Garden d'Anduze, 5^ miles 8.17. of Alais, Pop. 5303, mostly Protestants. Its environs are fine, and it has manufactories of hats, silk twist, and leather. An'dy, a post-office of Monongalia co., W. Va. Ancgada, i-ni-gS,'d^ (Sp. for "drowned" island), the northernmost of the Virgin Islands, British West Indies. Area, 13 square miles. It is low and flat, 10 miles long and very narrow. Much of its surface is liable to bo washed by heavy seas. It is surrounded by dangerous reefs, and pro- duces some salt. Pop. 380, mostly wreckers. Lat. 19° N. ; Ion. between 64° and 65° W. t ANG Aneimudi, or Aneimadi. See Anamullay Hills. Aneityum Island, in the Pacific. See Annatom. An^ekallu', An^ikool', or AnUkal', a town of India, in Mysore, 20 miles S.S.E. of Bangalore. Pop. 6612. Anesus, the ancient name of the river Enns. Anet, a^ni', a village of France, department of Eure- et-Loir, 9 miles N.E. of Dreux, between the Eure and the Vesgre. Pop. 1418. Near it is Ivry, where Henry IV., in 1690, gained a victory over the armies of the League. Anet, d.*nA' (Ger. Ins), a village of Switzerland, 22 miles W.N.W. from Berne. Pop. 1541. Anfe, S,n'f^h, a small port of Morocco, S.W. of Sale. An§;an), an island in the Persian Gulf. See Angaum. Angara, ^ng-gi-rd', a large river of Siberia, issues from Lake Baikal, at lat. 51° 30' N., Ion. 102° 45' E., and, pass- ing the town of Irkootsk, pursues a N. and W. course for about 1000 miles, and falls into the Yenisei. One of the tributaries of Lake Baikal is called the Upper Angara. Angaraes, dn-gd-r^'fis, a town of Peru, capital of a province of its own name, department of Huancavelica. Angaum, d,n-gawm', or Angam, 5.n-gam', called also Angar and Mengam , an inhabited island at the entrance of the Persian Gulf. Lat. 26° 37' N.; Ion. 55° 54' E. It is from 5 to 8 miles long. Angaziya, or Angazija, 3,n-g^-zee'yfl,, or Great Comoro, the largest of the Comoro Islands. See Comoro. Angecourt, fiNzh^tooR', a town of France, department of Ardennes, 5 miles S.W. of Sedan. Pop. 650. Ange Gardien, 6Nzh g^r'd§-6N°', a post-village and parish in Montmorency co., Quebec, Canada, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 10 miles below Quebec. Pop. 1049, Ange Gardien, Rouville co., Quebec. See Canrobert. Angeja, dn-zhi'zhi, a town of Portugal, Eeira, 6 miles N.E. of Aveiro. Pop. 2125. Angeles, California. See Los Angeles. Angeles, a town of Chili. See Los Angeles. Angelica, an-jel'i-ka, a post-village, one of the capi- tals of Alleghany co., N.Y., is in Angelica township, on a creek of the same name, about 60 miles S.E. of Buffalo, and 20 miles W. of Hornellsville. It contains 5 or 6 churcheSj the Angelica Academy, 1 national bank, 1 newspaper oflace, 1 tannery, 1 paper-mill, 2 grist-mills, &c. Pop. about 1000; of the township, 1500. The Genesee River runs through the township. Angelica, a station in Butler co,, Pa"., on the Earns City &, Butler Railroad, \h miles from Earns City. Angelica, a post-township of Shawano co., Wis., about 20 miles N.AV. of the city of Green Bay. It has 4 large lumber-mills. Pop. 236. Angelina, an^jel-e'na, a river in the E. part of Texas, rises in Smith county, flows in a S.S.E. direction, forms the boundary between Angelina and Nacogdoches counties, and enters the Neches River about 13 miles N.E. of Woodville. Length estimated at 150 miles. Angelina, a county in the E. part of Texas, has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Angelina River, and on the S.W. by the Neches. The surface is undulating and mostly covered with forests ; the soil is fertile. Cotton, maize, pork, Ac, are the staple products. Capital, Homer. Valuation of real and personal estate, $323,497. Pop. in 1S70, 39S5, of whom 3976 were natives and 9 were foreigners. Angel Island, a post-office and military post (Camp Reynolds) of Marin co., Cal., on a small island in the harbor of San Francisco, 2 miles from Saucelito Station. Angellas, the ancient name of Iznajar. An'gell's Cor'ners, a hamlet of AVayne co., N.Y., 4 miles from Clyde. An'gellville, hamlet, Mooers township, Clinton co., N.Y. Angein, ^ng'Sln, a fertile district of Prussia, in Sles- wick, between the Sley and the Elensburg Fiord, is sup- posed to take its name from the Angles, a Low-German people who colonized and gave its name to England. The inhabitants speak Danish, and are a hardy and industrious race. Pop. 38,000. An'gelo, a township of Monroe co., Wis. Pop. 6S1. Angel Peak, Andes Mountains. See Andes. An'gel's, a township of Calaveras oo., Cal. Pop. 1748. Angel's Camp, a post-village of Calaveras co., Cal., about 15 miles N.W. of Sonora, and 60 miles S.E. of Sacra- mento. Gold is found here in quartz. It has 1 drug-store, 4 general stores, and 2 churches. Pop. about 250. Angera, An-ji-'ri, a town of Italy, on the E. shore of Lago Maggioro, 3S miles N.W. of Milan, with ruins of a castle, and numerous Roman antiquities. Tho vicinity fur- nishes the wine called rCcca^ Pop. 24S4. Angerap, &n'ga-rap\ a river of Eastern Prussia, rises ANG 85 ANG in the Mauersee, passes Angerburg, and at Insterburg joins the Inster to form the Pregel. Angerburg, ing'?r-booiiG\ a town of Prussia, 30 miles S.W. of Grumbinnenj on the Mauersee. It has normal and deaf-mute schools. Pop. 4007. Angerlo, ilng'Her-lo\ a village of the Netherlands, 9 mil^es E. of Arnhem. Pop. 1671. Augermanu, ong'^r-m^in, a river of Sweden, rises near the border of Norway, and, flowing S.E., enters the Gulf of Bothnia, N. of Hernosand. Length, 120 miles. Angermannland, ong'er-m4n-lind, or Ansrerma- nia, an old province of Sweden, now part of the province of Hernosand. Angermunde, &ng'er-miin'deh, a town of Prussia, 42 miles by rail N.E. of Berlin, on Lake Munde. Pop. 5569. Angern, ^ng'ern, a village of Prussian Saxony, 17 miles N.N.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1150. An^gero'na, a post-hamlet of Jackson cc, W. Va., about 36 miles S. by W. of Parkersburg, and 5 miles from the Ohio River. It has a church, grist-mill, saw-mill, &c. Angers, an'jerz, formerly written Angiers, Fr, pron. fiNo^zhi' (anc. Juliom'agus), a fortified city of France, capi- tal of the department of Maine-et-Loire, on the Maine, just below the junction of the Sarthe and the Mayenne, and 4 miles N. of its junction with the Loire, on the railway from Tours to Nantes, 190 miles S.W. of Paris. Lat. of cnthedral, 47°2S'17"N.; Ion. 0° 33' 10" "W. Among its structures are the ruins of a castle, once the stronghold of the Dukes of Anjou, now a powder-magazine, several fine old churches and dwellings, the cathedral, vestiges of a Roman aqueduct, the Hospice St. Jean, founded by Henry II. of England, and the tower of St. Austin. The Maine "divides Angers into an upper and a lower town, and its old walls are converted into boulevards, planted with trees and lined with handsome houses. It has several rich museums, a library of 45,000 volumes, a school of arts and trades, a school of painting, a conservatory of music, and many professional and other schools. It is a bishop's see, and is the seat of several learned societies of high repute. It has manufactories of linen and woollen stufls, cotton and silk twist, and hosiery, sugar and was refineries, tanneries, and a trade in wine, corn, and slates. Bernier the traveller and David the sculptor were natives of Angers. The population was, in 1670, about 50,000. After the revocation of the edict of Nantes it gradually declined, and in 1789, before the revolution, was 27,596. Since 1815 the prosperity of the city has revived. Pop. in 1876, 56,846. Angers, 6N«*zhi', a post-village in Ottawa co., Quebec, on the Ottawa River, 14 miles from Ottawa. Pop. 250. Angerville, 6s°^zh§r'veer, a town of France, depart- ment of Seine-et-Oise, on the railway from Paris to Orleans, 11 miles S.W. of Etarapes. Pop, 1550. Angerville, a town of France, department of Seine- Inf^rieure, near Havre. Pop. 1025. Angerville, a village of France, department of Seine- Inferieure, near Yvetot. Pop. 1346. Angey Kyoong, 3,n'jo ke-oong', an island of India, on the Aracan coast, in Hunter's Bay, is 18 miles long and 3 miles wide. It is densely wooded, high, and uninhabited. Lat, 19° 47'-20° 4' N.; Ion. 93° 10' E. Anghiari, in-ghc-i're (anc. Gas'trum Angula're?),^. town of Italy, 10 miles N.E. of Arezzo. Pop. 7064. Anghiari, or Angiari, a village of Italy, on the Adige, 2 miles N.N.W. of Legnago. Pop. 2132. Angicos, in-zhee'koce, a town of Brazil, province of Rio Grande do Norte, near the Conchas, about 30 miles from its mouth. Pop. of the district, 2000. Angier, a town of the East Indies. See Anjer. Angiers, a town of France. See Angers. Angistri, S,n-jis'tree, or Ankistri, 4n-kis'tree, an island in the Gulf of ^gina, 5 miles S.W. of ^gina. Ang^kor', a town of Siamese Cambodia, capital of a province of the same name, is 5 miles N. of the famous ruins of Angkor- or Nakhor-Vat. Anglais, the French for English and Exglishsian. Angle, d^a'g'l, a mountain of France, department of Puy-de-Bome, near which are the springs of Mont d'Or. Angles, 6s°^gl^s', a town of France, department of Tarn, 15 miles S.E. of Castres. Pop. 2680. Anglesey, or Anglesea, ang'g'1-see (anc. Mo'na), an island and county of Wales, in the Irish Sea, connected with the county of Carnarvon by bridges across Menai Strait. It is 20 miles long and 17 miles broad. Pop. 51,040. The soil is mostly fertile, and tolerably well cultivated for wheat, bar- ley, and oats, which, with cattle, fish, eop])er, and lead, are exported to Liverpool, &c. Menai Strait Is crossed by a magnificent suspension -bridge, 580 feet between the piers and 100 feet above low-water mark, and by the great Bri- tannia tubular bridge, for the conveyance of railway trains. Anglesea is the Mo'na of Tacitus, who represents it as the chief seat of the Druids in Britain, and it has numerous prehistoric remains. Anglesey, a mining village of Anglesey co., Victoria, Australia, on the river Goulburn. Lat. 37° 12' S. ; Ion. 145° 43' E. Pop. 1030. Anglet, 6N«^gli', a town of France, department of Basses- Pyrenees, 3 miles N.W. of Bayonne. Pop. 3780. Angleterre, the French name of England. Angleur, ON^^glur', a village of Belgium, 3 miles S.E. of Liege, lies between the Mouse and Onrthe. Pop. 1870. Angoisse, fiNo^gwice', a village of France, department of Dordogne, 24 miles S.E. of Nontron. Pop. 1130. Angot, in-gol', a town of Chili, capital of Angol terri- tory, 115 miles S.E. of Concepcion, is connected by railway with San Rosendo, 60 miles distant. Pop. 3845. Angol, a territory of the S. of Chili, in Araucania. Cap- ital, Angol. Area, 2115 square miles. Pop. in 1875, 20,056. Angola, an-go'la, formerly Don'go or Ambonde, am-bon'd^, a country on the W. coast of Africa, commencing about lat. 8° 20' S., and extending to the river Coanza, in lat. 19° 20' S. The country is flat and sterile along the coast, but mountainous in the interior, though nowhere attaining any great elevation. It is copiously watered by various rivers, with their numerous tributaries. Among the former are the Coanza, the Bengo, and the Danda. The nights are cool, and the dews sufBciently copious to pro- mote vegetation. Iron ore is found in various parts of the country; gold and copper also exist. Here are met with nearly all the species of the known wild animals of Africa, including lions, leopards, hyenas, elephants, rhi- noceroses, hippopotami, &c, Angola long possessed an infamous notoriety for the extent of its slave-trade. The coast of Angola was discovered in 1486 by the Portuguese, who soon after beg.an to form settlements on the Congo and at various points S. of that river. They still occupy the country, having a number of forts and commercial estab- lishments at different places, in some instances extending many hundreds of miles into the interior, where the Portu- guese colonists and natives meet for the purpose of trading. In a larger sense Angola comprises also Benguela and Mossamedes. Estimated pop. 2,000,000. Angola, an-go'lah, a post-hamlet of Sussex co., Del., on or near the sea, about 44 miles S. by E. from Dover. It has 1 grist-mill and 1 saw-mill. Angola, a post- village, capital of Steuben co., Ind., in Pleasant township, on the Fort Wayne, Jackson & Sag- inaw Railroad, 42 miles N. by E. of Fort Wayne. It has 3 churches, 2 banks, and 1 machine-shop. Two weekly papers are issued here. Pop. 1072. Angola, a post-ofiice of West Feliciana parish, La. Angola, a post-village of Erie co., N.Y., in Evans township, on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Rail- road, 21 miles S.S.W. of Bufi'alo, and about 2 miles from Lake Erie. It has 2 churches, a union school, and manu- factures of carriages, furniture, sash, blinds, &c. Pop. 600. Angola, a post-office of Pender co., N.C, Angola Bay Swamp, an extensive marsh in New Hanover, Duplin, and Onslow cos., N.C, separated on the S. by Holly Shelter Creek from the Holly Shelter Swamp. Angolalla, an-go-13.riS,, or Angolala, a town of Abyssinia, in Shoa, 17 miles W. of Ankober. It holds the second rank as the favorite residence of the sovereign. Angool, Angu!, or XJngool, un-gool', a native state of Orissa, India, under British control, bounded N. by the Central Provinces, E. by Talcher and Hindole, S. by Nur- sinhpoor, S.W. by the Mahanuddy, and W. by Athmullik. Area, 811 square miles. Pop. 78,374. Capital, Angool. Angora, an-go'ra or an-goo'ra (Turk. Engoor or Engour, 5n-gooR'; anc. Ancij'ra), a town of Asiatic Turkey, 215 miles E.S.E. of Constantinople. Lat. 40° 29' N.; Ion. 33° 20' E. It is surrounded with ruined walls, and contains a dilapi- dated castle. There are 17 or IS khans, and a market-place, once handsome, but now in ruins, considerable remains of Byzantine architecture, and a few relics of earlier times, both Greek and Roman. Angora is celebrated for the long- haired goats bred in its vicinity, the wool of which is largely exported. The items of export next in importance are me- rino twist and goats' hides, dyestufFe, mastic, tragacanth, and other gums ; also honey and wax. Angora is the seat of a Greek and a Catholic Armenian bishop. The popula- tion has been variously estimated, but is probably about 35,000, of whom nearly 10,000 are Greeks and Armenians. Angora, a mountainous vilayet or province of Turkey, in Asia Minor, divided into 16 districts. It has many fer- ANG i tile valleys, exports mohair (sheared from the famous An- gora goats), wool, gum tragacanth, opium, and yellow-ber- ries. Area, 26,650 square miles. Capital, Angora. The population, which in 1864 numbered 514,080^ was much diminished by the famines of 1874-76. Ango'ra, a station on the West Chester & Philadelphia Railroad, 3 miles from West Philadelphia, Pa. Augoruoo, Angornou, or Angornu, S,n-gor-noo', written also Angornow, a town of Bornoo, Central Africa, 15 miles S.E. of Kooka, near the W. hank of Lake Chad. Pop. 30,000. Though only a straggling collection of mud cabins, it is the centre of a large trade in slaves, cotton, amber, coral, metals, &c. Angosta, an-gos'ta, Angozha, Aiigoxa, ^n-go'- sha, or Angoclie, an-go'shi, a smallcountry of East Africa, claimed by Portugal, has a coast-line of 90 miles, and lies chiefly in the valley of a river of the same name, which is navigable 180 miles. It produces cocoa and sesame oils, coir, peanuts, ivory, copal, and archil. Capital, Angosta, a town of 1000 inhabitants, on the river Angosta, 12 miles from the sea, iat. 16° S., Ion. 39° 45' E. The people are mostly Arabs. Off the coast are the Angosta coral islands, small, low, and well wooded. Angostura, a,n-gos-too'r3,, or Ciudad Bolivar, se- oo-dS,d' bo-lee' van, an important commercial town of Vene- zuela, capital of Guayana, on the right bank of the Orinoco River, 240 miles from the sea. The pass in which Angostura lies is defended by Fort San Rafell, situated on a hill, across the river from the town. From the mouth of the Orinoco ' to this city the voyage occupies from 20 to 25 days; back again, from 5 to 15 days. Angostura exports cotton, indigo, tobacco, coffee, cattle, &c. It is the see of a bishop, and con- tains a college. Pop. 8486. Angoul^me, fiNo^gooM^m' or ftwo^goo^laim' (anc. Fncu- lis'ina or Icuh'a'ma), a city in the W. of France, capital of the department of Charente, on the Oharente, and on a railway, 66 miles N.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 25,116. It is situated on an isolated hill, 200 feet above the river, and, being built of white stone, has a clean, cheerful appearance. It has an old castle, a cathedral, court-house, theatre, pub- lic library, hospitals, a royal college, numerous paper-mills, distilleries, a cannon^foundry, manufactures of serges and earthenware, and an extensive trade, facilitated by a small port on the Charente. Angoiunois, ON^^goo^mwS.', an old province of France, of which the capital was Angouleme, now forming the de- partment of Charente and part of Dordogne, Angoxa, or Angozha. See Angosta. Angoy', or N'goi'o, a small native state of West Africa, bounded W. by the sea, and S. by the river Congo. Chief towns, Cabenda and Embomma. Augra, d.ng'gra, a Portuguese word signifying a " creek," "bay," or "station for ships." Angra, flng'gr&,, a seaport town belonging to Portugal, on the S. side of Terceira, and capital of the Azores Islands. Lat. of custom-house, 38° 33' 9" N.; Ion. 27° 13' 7" W. It is well built and regular, and its situation beautiful. There are here magazines of stores for the use of the navy, and for merchant-vessels in distress. Angra is the seat of the local government, and of a bishop's court, which extends its jurisdiction over all the Azores. Its harbor is the only good one in the island. Its chief exports are wine, grain, and fruits. Pop. 11,281. Aligrab, in-gr3,b', a river of Abyssinia, taking its rise in Bembea, falls into the Tacazze in lat. 14° 20' N. Angra de Cintra (S,ng'grS, di seen'trS.) Bay is on the N.W. coast of Africa. The S. part of the bay is in lat. 22° 58' N., Ion. 16° 30' W, Its extent inland is about 4 miles. Angra dos Reis (or Reyes), ing'gri doce ri'^s {or rize), a seaport of Brazil, on a bay of the same name, 70 miles W. of Rio Janeiro. Lat. 23° 4' S.; Ion. 44° 30' E. The bay affords anchorage for the largest vessels. Angra Pequefia (orPequenha), S.ng'gr^ pi-kin'yS, ()'.e., " little bay"), or Santa Cruz,sS,n'ta-crooce, a bay on the W. coast of Africa, lat. 26° 38' 18" S., Ion. 15° E. An^grazatoad', or English Bazaar, the chief town of the Maldah district, Bengal, on the W. bank of the Mahananda, 55 miles N, of Moorshedabad. It has a for- tified magistrate's house and a large trade in provisions. Pop. 12.850. Angri, ^n'gree, a town of Italy, on the railway from Naples to Nocera, province and Hi miles N.W. of Salerno. Pop. 10,332. Angrogna, iln-gron'yi, a town of Italy, 37 miles S.W. of Turin. Pop. 2434. Anguilla, ang-ghil'la (Sp. Angnila, 3,n-ghce'l3,), or Snake Island, one of the British West India islands, i ANI Leeward Group, 8 miles N. of St. Martin. Area, 35 square miles. Pop. 2773. Off its N.E. coast is the little island Anguilletta. Anguil'Ia, a hamlet of Clay co., Ind., on Eel River, about 20 miles S.E. of Terre Haute. Anguillara, a,n-gwil-U'r^, a village of Northern Italy, 23 miles S. of Padua, on the Adige. Pop. 3987. Anguillara, a village of Italy, province and 19 miles N.W. of Rome, on Lake Bracciano. Pop, 880. Angula, a town of British India. See Ongole. Angus, ang'gus, the old name of Forfarshire, Scotland. Its titular earldom belongs to the Duke of Hamilton. Angus, ang'gus, a post-village in Simcoe co., Ontario, 73 miles by rail N. of Toronto. Pop. 400. Angus, ang'gus, a post-hamlet and station of Navarro CO., 'Jex., on the Houston & Texas Central Railroad, 6 miles S. of Corsicana. Anhalt, in'hdlt, a duchy of Germany, surrounded by Prussian territory, chiefly between lat. 51° and 52° N. and Ion. 11° and 13° E. Area, 906 square miles. It consists of two principal and four smaller parts, all detached from one another. The reigning family is one of the oldest in Europe. The title of Prince of Anhalt was first conferred in 1213, and in 1586 four ducal lines were established. The line of Anhalt-Zerbst became extinct in 1793 ; that of An- halt-Kothen in 1847; the male line of Anhalt-Bernburg in 1863; since which time the former line of Anhalt-Dessau has ruled the reunited state. The country is agricultural, but the mountainous parts of the W. afford timber and metals. The people are mostly Protestants, and elect 36 representatives to a diet. Chief towns, Dessau, the capital, Bernburg, and Kothen. Pop. in 1875, 213,565. Anhanduhy-Mirim, an-yin-doo-ee' me-recNo', and Anhanduhy - Guazu, ^n-y^n-doo-ee' gw3,-zoo', two rivers in Brazil, province of Matto-Grosso, rising in the Serra Galhano, within 22 miles of each other, and falling into the Rio Yermelho, the former about lat. 20° 30' S., the latter in lat. 21° 20' S. ; the course of the one being about 150 miles, and that of the other 200 miles. Anhemby, or Anhembi, See Tiete. Anholt, in'hfilt, an island of Denmark, N. of Jutland, in the Cattegat. Lat. of the light-house at its N.E. ex- tremity, 56° 44' 17" N. ; Ion. 11° 39' 8" E. It is 7 miles in length, by 4 in breadth. Pop. 200. Anholt, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, on an affluent of the Yssel, 13 miles N.E. of Cleves. Pop. 1715. It is the residence of the Princes of Salm-Salni. Anhoui, a province of China. See Ngan-Hoei. Ani, a town of Turkey. See Anni. Aniakchak {i'ne-ak-chak) Bay, Alaska, enters the peninsula of Aliaska from the S.E. Lat. 56° 45' N. j Ion. 157° W. Aniane, S-hie-^n', a town of France, department of Hgrault, on the Corbieres, 16 miles W.N.W. of Montpellier. Its old abbey is now a prison. It has manufactures of leather, cottons, soaps, essences, and chemicals. Pop. 3312. Aniba, 3,-ne-bS,', a small river of Brazilian Guiana. After a course of 100 miles, it forms, with other small afflu- ents of the Amazon, the island of Ramos, in lat. 2° 36' S, Aniche, 3,^neesh', a village of France, department of Nord, 8 miles E.S.E. of Douai, with extensive coal-mines, glass-works, sugar-mills, and chemical works. Pop. 4501. Anicuns, S,-ne-koons', a small river of Brazil, province of Goyaz, rises in the Serra Escalvada, and, after a course of about 200 miles, falls into the Curumba. Anieh, a town of Arabia. See Anizeh. Aniene, a river of Italy. See Teveuone. Anilore, 5,-ne-Io'ri, a small river of Brazil, province of Pari, falls into the Madeira, lat. 5° 10' S., Ion. 60° 40' W., after a N.N.W. course of about 130 miles. Animally, or Animalaya, India. See Anamullay. An'imas City, a new post-village of La Plata co.. Col., on the Animas River, about 25 miles S. of Silverton. It has a manufactory of coke. Coal is found near it. Animas Forks, a post-village of San Juan co., Col., about 20 miles N.N.E. of Silverton. It is surrounded by high mountains and rich silver-mines. It has concentration works, 2 saw-mills, a smelting-furnace, &o. It is chiefly supported by mining silver. Animas River, or Rio Animas, Col., rises near the San Juan Mountains, runs southward through La Plata co., and enters the Rio do San Juan in Taos co., New Mexico. It is about 150 miles long, and is a clear, rapid mountain- stream. Coal is found in the valley of this river. Auiilon, i-neen-yon', a village of Spain, in Aragon, 45 miles from Saragossa. Pop. 173S. Anio, a river of Italy, See Tevkrone. ANI AniOf 3,'ne-o, or Agno, S-n'yo, a river of Italy, prov- ince of Caserta, falls into the Gulf of Gaeta. Aniooy, i-ne-oo'^, or Auiuj or Auiuy, in-yoo'^, Greater and Lesser, two rivers in the N.E. of Siberia, country of the Chookchees. The former rises about lat. 67° lU' N., and, after a W. course of 270 miles, falls into the Kolyma by three outlets, at lat. 68° N. The latter rises in lat. 66° 30' N., and, after a N.W. course of about 250 miles, also joins the Kolyma, at nearly the same point with the Greater Aniooy. Anisus, the ancient name of the river Enns. Auita, an-ee'ta, a post-village of Cass co., Iowa, in Grant township, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Kail- road, 6S miles W. by S. from Des Moines. It has a church and a bank. Pop. 325. Anizeh, J'nee'zeh, or Hanifah, hS,-nee'fa, a town of Arabia, in Nedjed, lat. 26° 34' N., Ion. 43° 25' E., at the junction of many caravan-routes, is a place of commer- cial importance. It is the birthplace of Abd-ul-Wahab, founder of the sect of Wahabees. Pop. about 30,000. Ani- ZEH or Anezeh is also the name of a great Bedouin tribe of Northern and Central Arabia and of Syria. ADJar^ in^jar', an uninhabited island of the Persian Gulf, S.W. of Kishm. Lat. 26° 41' N. ; Ion. 55° 56' E. An^jar', a district and fortified town of West Hindo- stan, in Cutch, the town and fort situated 10 miles from the Gulf of Cutch. Pop. of the town, 10,000. Anje-Diva, in-jeh-dee'va, or Anjadee'pa, an island on the Malabar coa«t, in lat. 14° 45' N., Ion. 74° 15' E. It is 1 mile long, and belongs to Portugal. Aujenga, 4n-jeng'ga, or AnjuteDga, in-joo-teng'ga, a seaport of India, in Travancore, about 70 miles N. by W. of Cape Comorin, in lat. 8° 39' 9" N., Ion. 76° 45' E. Anjer, in'yer, written also Anjier, a seaport of the Dutch East Indies, on the W. coast of Java, in the Straits of Sunda. Lat. 6° 3' 10" S. ; Ion. 105° 56' 43" E. Abjos, an'zhoce, a village of Brazil, province of Sao Pe- dro do Rio Grande, on a branch of the Jacuhy. Pop. 2653. A11JOU9 an'joo, or an-joo' (Fr. pron. 6N°^zhoo'), an old province of France, intersected by the Loire, and now form- ing the department of Maine-et-Loire, and parts of Sarthe, Mayenne, and Indre-et-Loire. Its capital was Angei's. Anjou^n, one of the Comoro Islands. See Johanna. Anjutenga, a town of India. See Anjenga. AnUtapil'ly, a' considerable town of British India, presidency of Madras, 24 miles W, of Vizagapatam. Ankara, dn-ki'r^, a country in the N. end of the island of Madagascar, extending on the E. side of the island from Cape Amber to lat. 14° 25' S., and on the W. side to the river Samberanoo. The country is generally elevated, formed by small hills and plateaus, and cut by deep ravines. The coasts are deeply indented with extensive well-sheltered bays. Agriculture and cattle-raising are the chief occupa- tions of the inhabitants. Ankassgerry? an-kJs-gh^r'ree, or Ankosgerry, a town of Hindostan, 40 miles S.E. of Bangalore. Ankeny, ang'ke-ne, a post-village and station of Polk CO., Iowa, on the Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad, 11 miles N. of Des Moines. Ankenytown, ang'ke-ne-town\ a station in Knox co., 0., on the Sandusky, Mansfield & Newark Railroad, 11 miles N. of Mt. Vernon. Ankkoui, a town of Tartary. See Andkhoo. Anklam, or Anclam, &n'kl£Lm, a town of Prussia, Pomerania, 47 miles by rail N.W. of Stettin, on the Peene, 7 miles from its mouth in the Stettiner Haff. Pop. 11,440. Ankleswar, unUdi-swiir', Asklesar, or Ungley- sur, un^gli-sur', a town of India, district and 5 miles by rail S. of Baroach. Pop. 9414. Ankober, Ancober, or Ankobar, in-ko'b^r, a town of Abyssinia, in Shoa, on a mountain, near lat. 9° 34' N. and Ion. 39° 53' E., at an elevation of 8198 feet. Pop. es- timated at 15,000. It consists of clusters of thatched houses, enclosed by stockades, and interspersed with trees. Chief buildings, a royal residence, and several churches. Ankoi, a town of Tartary. See Andkhoo. Ankova, ^n-ko'vi, or Imerina, e-mi-ree'n3,, a prov- ince of Madagascar, occupying the centre of the island, and the most powerful of all the states in it. It is destitute of wood, and of roads or other means of conveyance, a fact which confines the consumption of its produce, chiefly rice and cotton, to the inhabitants. Anloo, ^n-lo', a town of the Netherlands, province of Drenthe, 7 miles N.E. of Assen. P., with commune, 3073. Ann, a township of Cottonwood co., Minn. Pop. 202. Anna, an'nS,, or Ana, i'na, a town of Spain, 41 miles S.W. of Valencia. Pop. 1660. 8T ANN Anna, a town of Turkey. See Anah. Anna, 4n'na, a post-village of Union co.. 111., in Anna township, and on the Illinois Central Railroad, 36 miles N. of Cairo, and 21 miles S. of Carbondale. It has 1 bank, 6 churches, 1 graded school, 1 newspaper oflice, 1 pottery, 1 lime-kiln, and 1 large steam fruit-drying establishment. A state lunatic asylum is located here. Pop. 1269 j of Anna township, 2697. Anna, a post-office of Sibley co., Minn. Anna, a post-village of Shelby co., 0., on the S. line of Dinsmore township, and on the Dayton & Michigan Rail- road, 49 miles N. of D.ayton, and 9 miles N. of Sidney. It has 2 churches, 2 hotels, 2 saw-mills, and 2 grain-warehouses. Anna, an island of the Pacific. See Current Island. Annaba, a town of Algeria. See Bona. An'nabel'la, a post-office of Sevier co., Utah. An'naberg' (Ger. pron. Jn'ni-bSRG^), a mining town of the kingdom of Saxony, in Erzgebirge, on a railway, IS miles S. of Chemnitz. Pop. 11,693. It has mines of silver, tin, and cobalt, manufactories of fine lace and silk ribbons, a lyceum, and a good library. Annaberg is also the name of numerous places throughout Germany. Annabona, an African island. See Annceon. Annaburg, an'na-booEG\ a market-town of Prussian Saxony, 12 miles N. of Torgau, has an asylum for soldiers' children. Pop. 1399 ; of the asylum and royal castle, 485. An'nadale, a hamlet in Westfield township, Richmond CO., N.Y., on the Staten Island Railroad, 7 miles S.W. of Edgewater. Annagance, an'na-gans', a post-viliage in Kings co.. New Brunswick, 60 miles by rail N. of St. John. Pop. 100. Annagh, 3,n-ni', two islands of Ireland, province of Connaught, co. of Mayo : one between the island of Achill and the mainland, and the other in Loch Conn. Annah, a town of Turkey. See Anah. An'naly, a township of Sonoma co., Cal. Pop. 2374. Annam, a country of Asia. See An am. Annamaboe, in Africa. See Anamaboe. Anna Mines, a station in Athens township, St. Clair CO., III., on the St. Louis, Belleville & Southern Illinois Railroad, 31 miles S.E. of St. Louis. Coal is obtained hero. An'namoo'ko, called also Namoo'lia, or Rot'ter- dam Island, one of the Friendly Islands. Lat. 20° 15' S. ; Ion. 175° 2' W. The people are Protestant Christians, and number 2000. An'nan, a borough, seaport, .and railway junction of Scotland, 15 miles E.S.E. of Dumfries, on a river of the same name, U miles from the Solway Firth, has cotton- mills, ship-yards, and a coasting-trade. Pop. 3177. An^nandale', the valley of the Annan, Scotland, co. of Dumfries, a tract of country about 30 miles in length and from 15 to 18 in breadth. An'nandale, a post-village of Hunterdon co., N.J., in Clinton township, on the Central Railroad of New Jersey, 50 miles from Jersey City, and about 30 miles N. of Tren- ton. It has 3 churches, and a manufactory of sash and blinds. Pop. about 500. Annandale,or Anandale, a post-village of Dutchess CO., N.Y., is on the Hudson River, about 95 miles N. of New York, and 2 miles from Barrytown Station. Here is St. Stephen's College (Episcopal). Pop. 347. Annandale, a village, Pennsylvania. See Anandale. Annandale, a post-hamlet of Fairfa.x co., Va., 3 miles from Springfield Railroad Station. It has a church. Annandale, or Grand River Wharf, a post-vil- l.age in Kings CO., Prince Edward Island, on Grand River, 10 miles from Georgetown. Pop. 160. Annap'olis, a river of Nova Scotia, expands at its mouth into a wide estuary and falls into the Bay of Fundy, after a course of about 70 miles. It abounds with salmon. Annap'olis, a post-village of Crawford CO., 111., in Lick- ing township, 14 miles N. by W. of Robinson. It has a church and several stores. Pop. about 150. Annapolis, a post-village of Parke co., Ind., in Penn township, about 33 miles N.N.E. of Terre Haute. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and manufactures of pumps and stoneware. Pop. 279. Annapolis, a city, port of entry, and the capital of Mary- land and of Anne Arundel co., is on the S.W. bank of the Severn River, 2 or 3 miles from its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, 30 miles S. by E. from Baltimore, and about 40 miles by" railroad E. by N. from Washington. Lat. 38° 68' 60" N. ; Ion. 76° 30' W. It is the southeast terminus of the Annapolis &, Elk Ridge Railroad, which connects with the Washington Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. It contains the governor's house, a fine state-house, 6 churches, 2 national banks, the United States Naval Academy, St. ANN John's Coirege (which was founded in 1789, and is partly sup- ported by the state), a house of the Redemptorists, a convent, &.C. Four weekly newspapers are published here. The naval academy was established here in 1845, was removed during the civil war, and was re-established in 1865. Annapolis has 12 oyster-packing establishments. This town was founded about 1649, and was first called Pi'ovidence. In 1708 it was chartered as a city, and received the name of Annapolis in honor of Queen Anne. Pop. 5744. Annapolis, a post-village of Iron cc, Mo., on Big Creek, and on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Kailroad, 1(18 miles S. of St. Louis. It has 2 churches, a lumber-mill, and a mineral spring. Annapolis, a borough in Liberty township, Crawford CO., 0., 6S miles N. of Columbus. It has 2 churches, a bank, a printing-office, and 3 schools. Pop. 253, Here is Sul- phur Spring Post-Office. Annapolis, a post-village of Jefferson co., 0., about 128 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. It has 3 churches, and 1 steam- mill. Pop. 139, Annapolis, formerly Port Royal, a port of entry of Nova Scotia, at the mouth of the river Annapolis, a fine inlet of the Bay of Fundy, 129 miles W". of Halifax. It is the most ancient settlement in this part of North America, having been founded in 1604 by De Monts, a Frenchman. In the time of Queen Anne it was occupied by the British, whence the name of Annapolis, or City of Anne. It was the seat of government until 1749. A railway extends hence to Windsor, and the town has daily steam communication with St. John, New Brunswick, distant 63 miles. It has a branch bank, a Dominion savings-bank, a reading-room and library, a weekly newspaper, 9 hotels, and about 26 stores. Ship- building is largely engaged in. Pop. 800. Annapolis, a county of Nova Scotia, having the Bay of Fundy for its N. boundary. It is traversed by the Wind- sor & Annapolis Railway. The land is of a very superior quality, consisting of diked salt marsh, intervale, and up- land. Area, 1350 square miles. Pop. 18,121. Annapolis Junction, a post-hamlet of Anne Arun- del CO., Md., on the Washington Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, at its junction with the Annapolis & Elk Ridge Railroad, 20 miles S.W. of Baltimore, and 20 miles from Annapolis. Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. See Ankapolis. Annappes, £Ln''nap', a village of France, dej^artment of Nord, 4 miles S.W. of Lannoy, and on the Lille-Tournay Railway. Pop. 2307. Ann Ar'bor, a city of Michigan, and the capitnl of Washtenaw co., is pleasantly situated on the Huron River, and on the Michigan Central Railroad, 38 miles W. of De- troit, 38 miles E, of Jackson, and 246 miles E. by N. from Chicago. It has 10 churches, 1 or 2 national banks, 1 savings- bank, a high-school building which cost $60,000, large hotels called the Gregory House and Cook House, 3 breweries, and manufactures of agricultural implements, carriages, furni- ture, paper, woollen goods, sash, blinds, &g. It is the seat of the University of Michigan, which was founded in 1837 and is liberally endowed by the state, having an annual in- come of about $75,000. Its students number about 1200, and its Faculty about 35. It comprises colleges or depart- ments of medicine and law, besides the literary department. A building, called University Hall, was erected in 1872 at a cost of $120,000. Connected with the university are an astro- nomical observatory and a library of 22,000 volumes. Three weekly newspapers are published here, and a bi-weekly paper edited by students of the university. The "Michigan University Medical Journal" is also issued here. Pop. in 1870, 7363; in 1874, 6692, or, including township, 8091. Ann Arbor, a township of Wjishtenaw co., Mich. Pop., exclusive of Ann Arbor city, 1399. Anna, Santa, in South America, &c. See Santa Anna. An^natoni', an island in the Pacific Ocean, New Heb- rides. Lat. 21*^ S.; Ion. 170° E. Pop. 1500. An'naton, a post-hamlet of Grant co., Wis., in Clifton township, on Platte River, about 65 miles W.S.W. of Mad- ison. It has a flour-mill. An'nawan, a post-village of Henry co., Ill,, in An- nawan township, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 146 miles W. by S. from Chicago. Coal is mined here. It has 3 churches, a high school, and a fiouring-mill. Pop. of township, 1261. Anne Arundel, ann a-run'del, a county in the central part of Maryland, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Patapsco River, which sepa- rates it from Baltimore, on the E. by Chesapeake Bay, and on the W. by the Patuxent River. It is partly drained by the Severn River. The surface is hilly or undulating j the i ANN soil is mostly fertile. Among the minerals are red sand- stone, serpentine, and iron ore. The staple products of the soil are tobacco, Indian corn, and wheat. It is intersected by the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad and the Annapolis and Elk Ridge Railroad, Capital, Annapolis. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,237,999. Pop. in 1870, 24,457, of whom 23,562 were natives of the United States, Annecy, S,nn^see', a town of France, capital of Haute- Savoie, at the N.W. extremity of a lake of the sanie name, 33 miles by rail N.E. of Chambery. Pop. 11,554. It has a cathedral, bishop's palace, an old castle, a fine library, a college, a museum, and many factories. Annecy, a lake of France, 22 miles S. of Geneva, is 9 miles in length from N.W. to S.E., from 1 to 2 miles in breadth, and 1426 feet above the sea. At its N.W. extrem- ity it empties into the Fieran, an affluent of the Rhone. Annecy le Vieux, S-nn'see' leh ve-uh' (anc. Bau'tie?) a village of France, 2^ miles N.E. of Annecy. Pop. 1344, Annemasse, 3,nn^mass', a town of France, in Haute- Savoie, on the Arve, 6 miles E, of Carouge. Pop. 1205. Annesley Bay, in Abyssinia. See Ansley Bay. Annestown, anz'town, a village of Ireland, co. and 10^ miles S.W. of Waterford, on a small bay. Pop, 149. An'net, one of the Scilly Islands, on the S.W. coast of England, off the Land's End. Anne'ta, a post-hamlet of Parker co., Tex., 21 miles 'W. of Fort Worth. It has a church. Annevoye, dnnVwd.', a village of Belgium, province of Namur, on the Meuse, N. of Dinant. Pop. 650. Anneyron, Sn^n4V6Nc', a town of France, department of Drome, 19 miles N.N.E. of Valence. Pop. 2976. Anni, or Ani, ^n'nee (L. Abuicum), a ruined city of Asiatic Turkey, 28 miles E. by S. of Kars, on the Arpa-Chai. Until taken by Alp Arslan, in 1064, it was the capital of the Pakradian (Bagratian) kings of Armenia. Annico, an-nee'ko, a village of Italy, 8 miles N.W. of Cremona. Pop. 2302. An'nieville, a post-hamlet of Clay co., Iowa, in Lin- coln township, 6 miles S. of Spencer. An'nin, a township of McKean co., Pa. Pop. 760. Annin Creek, a post-office of McKean co.. Pa., about 30 miles N. of Emporium. An^nisq[uam', a post-village of Essex co., Mass., is in the N. part of the city of Gloucester, and is on the sea- coast at the mouth of Squam River. It has a fine beach, and a harbor with a light-house, and is a summer resort. An'niston, a post-hamlet of Calhoun eo., Ala., on the Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad, 14 miles S.W. of Jackson- ville. It has iron-mines, a church, and the works of the Woodstock Iron Company. Annobon, an'no-bon' (Port. Anno Bom, an^no-b6M«'), a small but beautiful island on the W. coast of Africa. Lat. 1° 24' S. ; Ion. 5° 35' E, It is 4 miles long, and 2 wide, and rises to the height of 3000 feet. Area, 10 square miles. It is covered with rich vegetation. It belongs to Spain. Pop. about 2000. Chief town, San Antonio de Praia. Anno^ulin, dn^nuhUiN^^', a town of France, department of Nord, 11 miles S.E. of Lille. Pop. 3805. Anno'na, a post-office of Red River co., Tex. Annonay, an'no'ni' (L. Aiinoneum or Amwniacum), a town of France, department of Ardeche, at the junction of the Cance and the D^aflme, 37 miles S. of Lyons. Pop. 18,445. It has thriving manufactures of glove-leather, and is noted for its paper, gloves, cordage, thread, &g. It has a college, a library, and good public buildings. Auiione, a.n-no'ni, a town of Italy, on the Tanaro, and on a railway, 15 miles W.S.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 1609. Annone di Brianza, 4n-no'ni, de bre-^n'z^, a village of Italy, province of Como, 6 miles S.W. of Lccco, on the W. bank of the Lake of Annone. Pop. 1263. Annone Veneto, ^n-no'ni vi-ni'to, a village of Italy, province of Venice, 7 miles W. of Portogruaro. Pop. 2030. Annot, itn^no', a town of France, department of Basses- Alpes, 24 miles S.E. of Digne. Pop. 1157. Aniisville, anz'vil, a township of Oneida co., N.Y., contains Taherg, and has important agricultural and manu- facturing interests. Pop, 2634. Anusville, a small hamlet of Westchester co., N.T., 2i miles from Peekskill. It has a mnnufju'tory of lampblack. Ann'ville, formerly Mil'lcr^town, a post-village of Lebanon co., Pa., in North Anin illo township, on the Leb- anon A^'alley Railroad, 5 miles W. uf Lebanon. It has 1 bank, a graded school, 3 hotels, 4 flour-mills, 2 coach-fac- tories, several lime-kilns, 6 churches, and extensive quarries of limestone. Here is Lebanon Valley College, founded by the United Brethren in ISGG. Pop. about 1500. Annweiler, ilnn'^iH^r, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, on ANO 8 the Queich, 7 miles W. of Landau. Pop. 2731. It. has ruins of the castle of Ti'iefels. Ano'ka, a county of Minnesota, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Mis- sissippi River, and is intersected by Rum River. The sur- face is diversified with forests and small lakes ; the soil pro- duces wheat, oats, hay, &,c. Lumber is one of the principal products of the county, which is traversed by the St. Paul &, Pacific Railroad. Capital, Anoka. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,179,542. Pop. in 1870, 39i0, of whom 2868 were natives of the United States ; in 1875, 5709. Anoka, a post-office and station of Cass co., Ind., on the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroad, 5 miles S.E. of Logansport. at the junction of the line running to Co- lumbus with that running to Cincinnati. Anoka, a post-village, capital of Anoka co., Minn., on the Mississippi River, at the mouth of Rum River, and on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 27 miles N.W. of St. Paul. It has 1 bank, 7 churches, and several large steam saw- mills. Two weekly papers are published here. Pop. of Anoka township in 1870, 1498 ; in 1875, 2420. Anoo'ila or Cherry Island, in the Pacific. Lat. 11° 37' S. ; Ion. 169° 47' E. Pop. about 200, of the true Poly- nesian stock. Anopshehr, Aniipshahr, an-9p-shair', or Anapa- sheher, 3.-na-pa-shSH'her, a town of British India, in Meerut, on the Ganges, 65 miles B.S.E. of Delhi. P. 10,644. Anor, 5,'noK', a town of France, department of Nord, 10 miles S.E. of Avesnes. Pop. 3637. It has iron-works. Anost, i^nost', a town of France, department of Saone- et-Loire, 15 miles N.W. of Autun. Pop. 3660. Anot'to Bay, a port of entry on the N. coast of Jamaica. Lat. 18° 19' N.; Ion. 76° 33' W. Anover de Tajo, i-no-vain' di ti'no, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 18 miles N.E. of Toledo. Pop. 1809. Anrath, Jn'rlt, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern- ment of Dusseldorf, 6 miles S.W. of Crefeld. Pop. 3827. Anrochte, in'roK^eh, a village of Prussia, in West- phalia, 16 miles N.E. of Arnsherg. Pop. 1339. Ans , 6no or 4ns, a village of Belgium, 1 i miles N.W. of Liege, on the Waremme Railway. Pop. 5874. Ansbach, a city of Bavaria, See Anspach. Anse, 5ns, a village of France, department of Rh5ne, near the Saone, 13 miles by rail N. of Lyons. Pop. 2036. Anse aux Griffons, Quebec. See Griffin's Cove. Anse-Bertrand, oss-bSttHrON"', acommune of Guade- loupe, Antilles, on the coast, N. of Grande-Terre. Pop. 4500. Anse d' Ariel, ONs-danHi', orLes Anses d'Arlet, liz-ONS-daRHi', a town of the French West Indies, on the S. coast of Martinique, 30 miles from Fort de France. P. 2399. Anseghem, fixs^gON"', a town and commune of Bel- gium, in West Flanders, 12 miles E. of Courtray, on the Audenarde Railway. Pop. 3650. AnsermaNueva, in-sSn'mi noo-i'vi, a village of the United States of Colombia, 7 miles N.N.W. of Cartage. Pop. 1609. Ansina and Ansineh, former names of Ababde. Ans'ley Bay, or Goob Duc'noo', an inlet of the Red Sea, Abyssinia, extending S. from Dissee Isl.and. Anso, 3,n'so', a town of Spain, province of Huesca, 21 miles N.W. of J .ca. Pop. 1700. It exports excellent wool. An'son, a county in the S. part of North Carolina, has an area of about 550 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Rocky River, and on the E. by the Yadkin or Pedee. The surface is undulating or hilly, and extensively covered with forests ; the soil is mostly fertile. Cotton, In- dian corn, wheat, &a., are the staple products. Granite is found in this county, which is intersected by the Carolina Central Railroad. Capital, Wadeshorough. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,830,404. Pop. in 1870, 12,428, of whom 12,406 were natives and 22 were foreigners. Anson, a post-township of Somerset co., Me., about 40 miles N. of Augusta, and on the Somerset Railroad, 22 miles N.N.W. of West Waterville, is hounded on the E. by the Kennebec River. It contains the villages of North Anson and Madison Bridge. It has 4 churches, an academy, and manufactures of cheese, moccasins, &c. Pop. 1745. Anson Post-Office is on the river, 8 miles above Norridgewook. Ansou, a post-hamlet of Clark co., Mo., 4i miles from Croton, Iowa. It has a church. Anson, a township of Chippewa eo.. Wis. Pop. 630. An'son Bay, in the Canton River, China, on the right bank of the Boca Tigris, at its entrance, between the prom- ontories of Chuen-Pee and An-Ung-Hoy. Anson Bay, on the N.W. coast of Australia, lat. 13° 30' S., Ion. 130° E. It receives the river Daly. There are other bays of the same name in Corea and Tinian. ANT Ansonia, in-so-nee'a, a town of Italy, province of Caserta, circle of Gaeta. Pop. 3228. Anso'nia, a post-village of New Haven co., Conn., is in Derby township, on the east bank of the Naugatuok River, nearly 2 miles from its mouth, and on the Nauga- tuok Railroad, 15 miles N. by E. from Bridgeport, and 10 miles W. of New Haven, with which it is connected by the New Haven & Derby Railroad. It has a bank, 5 churches, a weekly paper, an iron-foundry, and manufactures of clocks, brass and copper goods, woollen goods, Ac. Pop. 2749. Ansonia, or Dal'Ias, a post-village of Darke co., 0., in Brown township, on the railroad connecting Indianapolis with Bellefontaine, 49 miles W. by S. from the latter. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a tile-factory, and manu- factures of staves and wheels. Pop. about 900. Ansonia, a post-hamlet of Tioga co., Pa., on Pine Creek, about 8 miles W. of Wellsborough. Anson's Island, or JLord Anson's Island, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, called by the natives Booka. Lat. 6° 0' S. ; Ion. 154° 34' E. An'sonville, a post-village of Anson co., N.C., in An- sonville township, 10 miles from Wadeshorough. It has several churches, and the Carolina Central College. Pop. of the township, 1843. Ansonville, a post-village of Clearfield co., Pa, in Jor- dan township, about 28 miles N. by W. from Altoona. It has a church. Anspach, ^ns'piic, or Ansbach, a fortified city of Bavaria, on the Bez.at, and on a railway, 25 miles S.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 12,636. It has a royal castle, ancient residence of the margraves of Anspach-Baireuth, two hos- pitals, a gymnasium, an orphanage, deaf-and-dumb school, a public library of 15,000 volumes, and manufactures of cotton and half-silken stuffs, tobacco, earthenware, playing- cards, cutlery, and white lead. An'sted, a post-hamlet of Fayette eo., W. Va., has coal-mines, and is connected with Hawk's Nest by a narrow- gauge railroad. It is 2J miles from Hawk's Nest Station. An'struther (Easter and Wester), two contiguous parliamentary boroughs and parishes of Scotland, co. of Fife, forming, with Kilrenny, a continuous narrow town along the Firth of Forth, 13i miles S.E. of Cupar. United pop. 4312. Anstruther Easter was the birthplace of the Rev. Dr. Chalmers. Anta, in'ti, a town of Peru, 25 miles N.W. of Cuzco. Lat. 13° 25' S. ; Ion. 70° 35' W. Anta, an'ta, a small lake of Brazil, province of Rio de Janeiro, near Cabo Frio. Antscopolis, the ancient name of Gatj-el-Kebeer. Antafalva, on'toh-fol'voh (Slavic, Kovocica), a town of Austro-Hungary, Banato-Servian confines, 18 miles from Pancsova. Pop. 3218. Antakia, the Turkish name of Antioch. Antalo, or Antalow, in-ti'lo, a town of Abyssinia, state of Tigre, 160 miles E.N.E. of Gondar. Antananarivo, Madagascar. See Tananarivoo. Antang, 4nH8,ng', a village and district of Java, lat. 7° 43' S., Ion. 119° 0' E., about 2000 feet above the sea. Pop. of district, 8000 to 10,000. Antarc'tic Circle, one of the lesser circles of the globe, is parallel to the equator, and is placed 23° 27*' from the S. pole. It marks the N. limit of the S. polar zone. Antarctic Ocean, the name given to the expanse of water around the .South Pole, within the limit of the Ant- arctic Circle, but frequently used in a more extensive sense to designate the cold oceanic regions in high southern lati- tudes, without any verv positive regard to the limits of the Antarctic Circle. The-Antarctic Ocean was long considered impenetrable for ships, on account of the ice, which extends much farther from the pole than in the Arctic Ocean. Jan- uary 28, 1841, Sir James Ross, in lat. 77° 32' S., Ion. 167° E., discovered a volcano 12,400 feet above the sea, which he named Mount Erebus, after one of the ships of the expedi- tion. A little farther E. another was seen, which was named Mount Terror, after the other ship of the expedition. Sir James is of the opinion that no vegetation exists in this high southern latitude, no trace of it having been visible on Frank- lin Island (12 miles long and 6 broad), in lat. 76° 8' S., Ion. 168° 12' E. It would also appear that the seas are com- paratively shallow in these regions, the soundings of the Erebus and Terror rarely exceeding 400 fathoms, and being more frequently from 200 to 300. The position of the south- ern magnetic pole Sir James places in Victoria Land, in lat. 76° 5' S., Ion. 154° 8' E. The extreme points which have been reached by navigators are (Biscoe, February 1, 1831) lat. 68° 51' S., Ion. 12° E. ; (Ross, February 2, 1841) lat. 78° 10' S., Ion. 161° 27' W. ANT ! Antas, S,n'tis, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 40 miles N.E. of Almeria. Pop. 1297. An'telope, a county in tlie N.E. part of Nebraska, has an area of S64 square miles. It is intersected, by the Elk- horn River. The surface is undulating or nearly level j the soil is fertile. Capital, Oakdale. Pop. in 1876, 1303. Antelope, a township of Mono co., Cal. Pop. 162. Antelope, a township of Tehama co., Cal. Pop. 320. Antelope, a post-office of Marion co., Kansas, 12 miles N. of Florence. Antelope, a post-hamlet of Antelope co.. Neb., on Elk- horn River, about 16 miles N.W. of Oakdale. Antelope, a station in Cheyenne co., Neb., on the Union Paciiic Railroad, 451 miles W. of Omaha. Antelope, a post-office of Wasco co,, Oregon. Antelope or Church Island, the largest island in the Great Salt Lake, Utah, is 15 miles long, and affords sheep pasturage. Antelope Creek, of Tehama co., Cal., runs south- westward, and enters the Sacramento at or near Red Bluff. Antelope Springs, a post-office and watering-place of Hinsdale co., Col., 105 miles from Eort Garland. It has a hot sulphur spring. An'telope Val'ley, a post-office of Yavapai co., Ari- zona. Copper and gold are found here. Antequera, in-ti-ki'r^ (anc. Antiqua'ria), a city of Spain, in Andalusia, 28 miles N.N.W. of Malaga. Pop. 27,201. The city, which is clean and well built, has 8 squares, 6 churches, an infirmary, a poor-house, a foundling- hospital, a general hospital, 2 collegiate schools, a theologi- cal seminary, numerous convents, several hermitages, and an extramural cemetery. In the old town, which lies higher up the hill than the modern city, there are remains of a Moorish castle, built on Roman foundations. The city is well supplied with good water. There are within its limits water-mills fur spinning and weaving woollen fabrics, 10 tanneries, 10 earthenware-factories, and several dyers. Anterrieux, 6K*^HfiR-iie-uh' (anc. AjirferiiHWi), a village of France, department of Cantal. Pop. 245. Antery, or Antari, ^nHa-ree', a town of Hindostan, 15 miles S.S.E. of Gwalior. Antes, an't?z, a township of Blair co., Pa. See Antis. Antes Fort, a post-hamlet of Lycoming co., Pa., in Nippenose township, on the Philadelphia &, Erie Railroad at Jersey Shore Station, 12 miles W. of Williamsport. It has a church. AntestoAvn, Pa., the former name of Bellwood. Antheit, ON^^Hit', a village of Belgium, province of Liege, 3 miles W.S.W. of Iluy. It has mines, and lead- and zinc-works. Pop. 2420. Anthonie's (an'to-niz) Mill, a post-hamlet of Craw- ford CO., Mo., 88 miles S.W. of St. Louis. It has an iron- furnace and lumber-mills. An'thony, a post-hamlet of Delaware co., Ind., 6 or 7 miles from Muncie. Anthony, a post-hamlet of Hunterdon co., N.J., about 40 miles N. of Trenton. It has a church. Anthony, a township of Lycoming co.. Pa. Pop. 543. Anthony, a township of Montour co., Pa. Pop. 959. Anthony, a post-village of Kent co., R.L, in Coventry township, on the Hartford, Providence & Eishkill Railroad, 14 miles S.S.AV. of Providence. It has a church, a cotton- mill, a savings-bank, and a national bank. Pop. 755, Anthony Honse, a post-office of Nevada co., Cal. Anthony Kaan, an island of the Pacific. See Oraison. Anthony's (or St. Anthony's) Nose, in Montgom- ery CO., N.Y., the extremity of a hill or niountain called the Klips {i.e., "rock" or "cliff"), on the N. bank of the Mo- hawk, resembling a nose, 300 or 400 feet long. Anthony's (or St, Anthony's) Nose, in Putnam CO., N.Y., a bold promontory on the E. side of the Hudson, projecting from the S. side of Breakneck Hill, at the N. en- trance to the highlands, 57 miles from New York, An'thony's Tun'nel, a station in Clarion co.. Pa., on the Low Grade division of the Alleghany Valley Rail- road, 80 miles N.E. of Pittsburg, An'thracite, a station, Alleghany co., Pa., on the Pitts- burg & Connellsville Railroad, 13 miles S.E. of Pittsburg. Antihes, 6N«^teeb' {^nQ.Antip'olis), a strongly fortified seaport town of Franco, department of Var, on the Mediter- ranean, and on a railway, 15 miles S.W. of Nice, Lat. 43° 35' 9" N. ; Ion. 7° 7' 55" E. Pop. 6850, mostly employed in fishing, curing fish, and trading in dried fruits and oil. Its port, small but deep, is defended at its entrance by Port Carr6, on a rocky islet, on which is a light-house. On every side the town is environed by olive, orange, and vine planta- tions, Pounded by a Greek colony from MarseilleBj b.o. 340. ) ANT Anticiacum, the Latin name of Inzago. Anticosti, an-te-kos'te, a large island of Canada, prov- ince of Quebec, in the estuary of the St. Lawrence, between lat. 49° and 50° N. and Ion. 62° and 65° "VV, Area, 3845 square miles. The north coast is high and without harbors, the south shore low and very dangerous. There are 4 light- houses on the island. Anticosti Island is a valuable resort for seal- and bear-hunting, and for salmon-, trout-, cod-, and herring-fishing. There is much excellent soil. On the low lands on the S. coast there exist more than 160 square miles of peat bog, of 2 to 3 feet thickness, and of excellent quality. Marl, plumbago, and other valuable minerals are reported. Pop. 102 in 1870, since which time it has been colonized to some extent. Antietani (an-tee'tam) Creek rises in Franklin co., Pa., crosses the southern boundary of that state, runs southward through Washington co., Md., and enters the Potomac River about 7 miles N. of Harj^er's Perry. A great battle was fought on the banks of this creek, near Sharpsburg, between the Union forces commanded by Gen. McClellan and the Confederates commanded by Gen. Lee, on the 17th of September, 1862. The Union army lost 11,426 killed and wounded, but remained master of the field, Antignano, S,n-teen-y3,'no, a town of Austria, in Istria, 32 miles N.W. of Fiume, Pop, 1438. Antignano, a town of Italy, 9 miles S.W. of Asti, on an affluent of the Tanaro. Pop. 1752. Antigny, ON^Heen^yee', a village of France, department of Vienne, 2 miles S.W. of St. Savin. Pop. 1042. Antigonish, anHig^o^neesh', a county in the N.E. of Nova Scotia, bounded N. by St, George's Bay. Area, 500 square miles. Capital, Antigonish. Pop. 16,512, Antigonish, formerly Syd'ney, or Sid'ney, a town at the E, extremity of Nova Scotia, in the co. of Antigonish, 40 miles E. of New Glasgow, It is the county town, and the seat of the Catholic bishop of Arichat. It has a large college, a cathedral, a Catholic seminary, a telegraph office, a weekly newspaper, a branch bank, about 20 stores, and 4 hotels. The inhabitants are chiefly of Scotch descent. St. George's Bay, a fine inlet of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is situated opposite the town. It is navigable for vessels draw- ing 10 feet of water. Pop. 1000. Antigonish Harhor, a beautiful settlement at the head of St, George's Bay, Antigonish co.. Nova Scotia, 43 miles from New Glasgow, commands a fine view of the bay. Cape Breton, and surrounding counti-y. Soil fertile and well cultivated. It contains a post-office, 1 store, 2 saw- mills, and a grist-mill. Pop. 150. Antigua, dn-tee'gd, one of the British West Indies, colony of the Leeward Islands, is in lat. 17° 2'~17° 13' N,, Ion. 61° 44'-61° 58' W, Area, 108 square miles. It is 20 miles long, and somewhat circular in outline, has a broken and elevated surface, and its soil is fertile, resting upon calcareous and trap rocks. The climate is dry and pleas- ant; but in summer fearful hurricanes sometimes occur. The province of Antigua (including Barbuda and some minor islands) is the most important member of the general colony of the Leeward Islands, and has a governor and legislature, and an Anglican and a Moravian bishop. Chief exports, sugar, molasses, and rum. The towns are St. John's, the capital, Palmouth, Parham, and English Har- bor. Pop. in 1871, exclusive of Barbuda, 34,344, mostly blacks. Antigua was discovered in 1493 by Columbus ; set- tled by the British in 1632. Average sugar crop, 12,000 hogsheads a year. Antigua, S.n-tee'g3,, a town in Panay, Philippine Islands, It has a church and a school. Pop. 4219, Antigua, or La Antigua, li .'In-tee'gd., a town of the island of Puertcvcntura, in the Canaries, Pop. lOSS. Antigiiedad, ^n-tee-gwA-D^c', a town of Spain, 15 miles N.E. of Palencia. Pop. 1017. An'ti-ltih'anus, or Anti-Leb'anon, a mountain- range of Palestine, running parallel to and E. of the Leb- anon chain, the two enclosing the valley of Coele-Syria. It becomes detached from Mount Lebanon about lat. 34° N., extends southward to nearly opposite where Lebanon ter- minates, and there subdivides into two chains, which bound the valley of the Jordan, the Dead Sea, and the Arabah. Antilles, iLnHeol', or in-til'l^z (Lat. Antil'lm; Pr. Hcs Antillea, eol-ii6N'**tocI' ; Sp. AntUlas, An-teel'yis; Ger. -4h- tillen, An-til'l?n), a term applied to a part of the AVcst India Islands consisting of two groups, called the Greater Antilles and Leaser Antilles, which latter are also named Caribbean Islands, The Greater Antilles comprise Cuba, Jamaica, Hayti, Porto Kioo, and several very small isles near their coasts. The Lesser Antilles are numerous small islands, mostly arranged in a long row, which is curved like a ores- ANT 91 ANT cent, between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The principal islands of this group are Trinidad, Tobago, Barbadoes, Grenada, St. Lucia, Martinique, Dominica, Gua- deloupe, Antigua, and St. Vincent. Of these, 8 are British, and 2, Guadeloupe and Martinique, belong to France; others belong to the Netherlands, Denmark, letoii, a post-village of Cape Girardeau co., Mo., about 90 miles S.S.E. of St. Louis. It has a brewery. Appleton, a post-office of Butler co., Neb. Appleton, a post-hamlet of Licking co., 0., about 30 miles N.E. of Columbus. It has 2 churches. Pop. 56. Appleton, a post-hamlet of Barnwell co., S.C, on the Port Royal Railroad, 49 miles E.S.E. of Augusta, Ga. AlJpIeton, a post-hamlet of Lawrence co., Tenn., 18 miles S.W. of Pulaski. Appleton, a city, the capital of Outagamie co.. Wis., on Fox River and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. 20 miles N. by E. of Oshkosh, 29 miles S.W. of Green Bay, and 213 miles from Chicago. The Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad connects it with Milwaukee, 120 miles distant. It is pleasantly situated on a plateau about 70 feet above the river, and near the rapids called Grand Chute, which afi'ord abundant water-power. It has 2 na- tional banks and 8 churches, and is the seat of Lawrence University (Methodist Episcopal), which was founded in 1849. One daily and 3 weekly papers are issued here, also 2 monthly periodicals. It has 4 flour-mills, 2 paper-mills, 3 saw-mills, 1 woollen-mill, and manufactures of chairs, hubs, spokes, staves, and machinery and farm-implements. Pop. in 1870, 4518; in 1875, 6730. Appleton, a post-village in Lanark co., Ontario, on the Mississippi River, 26 miles S.W. of Ottawa. It has water- power, and several mills and woollen-factories. Pop. 300. Appleton City, a post-village of St. Clair co., Mo., on the Missouri, Kansas sorus, the ancient name of LossiNi. Apt, JLpt (anc. Ap'ta Ju'lia), a town of France, depart- ment of Vaucluse, on the Calavon, 29 miles E.S.E. of Avi- gnon. Pop. 5940. It is enclosed by old walls, and has a curious cathedral and many Roman antiquities, with manu- factures of woollen and cotton stuffs, earthenware, and con- fectionery. It was embellished by Caisar. Ap'to, a post-village in Simooe co., Ontario, 11 miles from Barrie. Pop. 100. Aptos, ap'tos, a post-hamlet of Santa Cruz co., Cal., on the Santa Cruz Railroad, 10 miles B. of Santa Cruz. It has a church. Apulia, i-pu'le-a, or La Puglia, \K pool'yi, an an- cient province of Southern Italy, one of tlie divisions of Magna Griecia, and at present a oompm-thvento of the king- dom of Italy, forming the provinces of Bari, F'oggia, and Lecce. Area, 8541 square miles. Pop. in 1875, 1,404,604. Apu'lia, a post-village of Onondaga co., N.Y., in Fabius 96 AQU township, on the Syracuse, Binghamton & New York Rail- road, 19 miles S. of Syracuse. It has a church, a chair- factory, and a cheese-factory. Pop. ISl. Apure, ^-poo'ri, a river of Venezuela, and one of the chief tributaries of the Orinoco, rises in the United States of Colombia, near lat. 7° N. and Ion. 72° W., flows generally eastward, and joins the Orinoco in lat. 7° 40' N. and Ion. 66° 45' W. Its affluents, including the Portuguesa and Gua- rico, are mostly from the N. On it are the towns of Nutrias and San Fernando. Apure, a state of Venezuela, in the Llanos, bounded N. by the river Apure, B. by the Orinoco, S. by the Meta, and W. by the United States of Colombia. Area, 18,859 square miles. Capital, San Fernando. It is devoted almost entirely to grazing. Pop. 18,635. Apurimae, J-poo-re-m^k', a river of South America, rises in a lake in the Andes of Peru, in lat. 16° 38' S., Ion. 76° 25' W., which may be considered the true source of the Amazon. It flows through a mountainous country in a N. direction, and, joining the Ucay or Vilcamayu in lat. 9° 15' S., Ion. 72° 30' W., forms the Uoayale, the principal head- stream of the Amazon. Its whole course, till it meets the Ucay, is between 500 and 600 miles. Apurimae, a department of Peru, divided into the provinces of Abancay, Aimaraez, Anta, Andahuaylas, and Cotabambas. Capital, Abancay. Pop. 119,246. Aqs, a town of France. See Dax. Aquackanock, New Jersey. See Acquackanonck. AquiE, the ancient name of Acqhi. AqUtC Albulre, supposed ancient name of Solfatara. Aquae Augustae, the ancient name of Dax. AqusD BilbilitanEe, the ancient name of Alhambra. Aqufe JSorvonis. See Bourbonne-les-Bains. Aquae Calidee, the Latin name of Caldas-de-Mombuy. Aqure Calido;, the ancient name of Hammam-Lef. AquEE Calida:, the ancient name of Vichy. Aquae Calidae Ciliorum. See Orense. Aquae Convenarum. See Bagnebes-de-Luchon. AqufE riavise, the ancient name of Chaves. Aquae Gratianae, the ancient name of Aix. Aquae Latae, the supposed ancient name of Igualada. Aquae Mortuae, the Latin name of Aighes-Mortes. AqUcC Nerae, the supposed ancient name of Neris. Aquae Perennes, the Latin name of Epernay. Aquae Sextiae, an ancient name of Aix. Aquae Solis, the ancient name of Bath. Aquae Statiellae, the ancient name of Acqoi. Aquae Tacapitanae. See El Hammah db Cabes. Aquae Tauri, ancient name of Bagni della Porretta, Aquae Tibilitance. See Hammam-el-Behdaah. Aquae Vivae, the Latin name of Aigues-Vives. Aquaforte, i^kwa-for'te, a fishing-settlement and har- bor of Newfoundland,'48 miles S. of St. John's. Pop. 213. Aqua Fria (a'kwa free'a) Valley, a post-oflice of Yavapai co., Arizona, 16 miles E. of Prescott, AquambOjor Aquamboe, i-kwam*bo', written also Akaraboe, a country of Africa, Upper Guinea, E. of the river Volta, with a town of the same name. Aquapim, i-kwi-peem' or 4-kwi-peeN=', a region of the Gold Coast of Africa, about lat. 6° N. and Ion. 0°, having S. the Gulf of Guinea. The inhabitants live mostly on yams and dried fish. They have some domestic manu- factures, but most of the woven fabrics in use are of English manufacture, and are paid for in palm oil and gold-dust. It is under British protection. Aquara, i-kwi'ri, a village of Italy, province of Sa- lerno, 16i miles S.S.E. of Campagna. Pop. 3338. Aquaria, a supposed ancient name of Bygui^res. Aquas'co, or Wood'ville, a post-village of Prince George's Co., Md., about 28 miles S.S.E. of Washington, D.C. It has 2 churches. Aquashicola, a-kwash'i-ko-la or ak'wa-shiok'9-la, a post-oBice of Carbon' co.. Pa.,' is at' Millport, 2 miles from Lehigh Gap. See Millport. Aqua Sparsa, the Latin name of Aigueperse. Aquebogue, ak'kwe-bog, a village in Rivcrhead town- ship, Sufl'olk CO., N.Y., west of Rivorhead village, has a church, and several stores and shops. Pop. 360, exclusive of Old Aquebogue or Jamesport. Aqueduct, ak'kwe-diiot, a station in Perry co.. Pa., on the Juniata River, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 18 miles N.N.W. of Harrisburg. Aquetong, ak'we-tijng, a post-hamlet of Bucks 00., Pa., in Solebury township, 3 miles from Lambertvillo, N.J. It has a church, a paper-mill, dec. Aquia Creek, Va. See Acqcia Creek. Aquiauum, a supposed ancient name of Evian. AQU 5 Aquila, i'kwe-li, a fortified city of Italy, capital of the province of Aquila, on the Aterno, 58 miles N.E. of Rome. Pop. 15,732. This is one of the best-built and most com- mercial cities in the Abruzzi. It is a bishop's see, has manu- factures of paper and linen, and is the seat of a college and an academy. Aquila was built by the Emperor Prederick II. from the ruins of the ancient Amiter'nnm, some vestiges of which city are still traceable. Aquila, formerly Abruzzo Ulteriore (i-broot'so ool-tLre-o'ri) II., a province of Italy, in the Abruzzi, between the Apennines and the province of Rome. Area, 2609 square miles. Capital, Aquila. Pop. 332,784. Aquila, the Latin name of Laigle. Aquileja, i-kwc-li'yi, or AgMar', a town of Austria, government of Triest, at the head of the Adriatic, 22 miles N.N.W. of Triest. Pop. 828. In the time of the Romans this was the centre of commerce between the N. and S. of Europe; and its population was reckoned at 100,000 before it was taken and burned by Attila. It was then called the second Home, and the Emperor Augustus often resided in it. Many remains of antiquity are found in its vicinity. Aquil'la, a post-office of Franklin co., Ga., 9 miles N.E. of Carnesville. Aquiuo, JL-kwee'no (anc. Aqui'num), a town and bishop's see of Italy, province of Caserta, on the railway from Rome to Naples, 5 miles N.E. of Pontecorvo. Pop. 2115. It was the birthplace of Juvenal and Thomas Aquinas. Aquiras, 3,-kee'r&s, a small, poor village of Brazil, but the oldest in the province of Cearii, on the Pacoti, between Lake Aquiras and the ocean. Aquis Granura. See Aix-la-Chapelle. Aquitaine, ak^ve-tine' (Fr. pron. a'keeHen' ; 1j. Aqui- ta'nia), one of the four great divisions of Gaul as known to the Romans. It subsequently took the name of Guienne, and at present forms the departments of Gironde and Lot- et-Garonne. Aquitanicus Sinus. See Bay of Biscay. Aquokee, a river of Georgia. See TocoA. Aquo'ue, a post-office of Slacon co., N.C. Ara, k'i% a river of Spain, in Aragon, unites with the Cinca about 25 miles N. of Barbastro. Length, 45 miles. Arabali, a'ra-ba (Arab, for "desert"), or The Ara- bah, called also El Ghor, a valley in Arabia leading from the southern extremity of the Dead Sea to the north- ern end of the Gulf of Akabah. It is 112 miles long, and has the steep and lofty range of Mount Seir on the east, the western escarpment being less elevated. The same name is given to the great desert between Babylon and Jerusalem. Arabat, ar'a-bat', a fortress of the Crimea, on the Sea of Azof, 70 miles E.N.E. of Simferopol. Arabat, a narrow tongue of land, 70 miles long, sepa- rating the Sea of Azof from the Putrid Sea. See Sivash. Aiabat-el-Mad"foon', called also Madfuneh, a village of Egypt, 6 miles from the W. bank of the Nile, and 100 miles below Thebes, is on the site of the ancient Abydos. Here is a ruined Memnonium, dedicated to Osiris ; and here were found two famous "tablets of Abydos," one now in the British Museum, and the other at Cairo. Arabe'la, a village of Michigan. See Arbela. Arabgheer, Arabgir, i-rib-gheer', or Arabkir, 3,-r4b-keer' (anc. Arabrace ?), a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashaUc of Seevas, near the Euphrates, 135 miles S.S.W. of Trebizond. It is enclosed by a forest of fruit-trees, and is reputed to have 6000 houses. Arabia, a-ri'be-a, called in poetical language Araby, &r'a-be (Arab. t/ezeere(-or/eziVe(-e^-jLra6, je-zeer'etcl a'rab, i.e.] " the Isle or Peninsula of the Arabs ;" Turk, and Per- sian, Arabistan, ^-rjib-e-stin', i.e., "Arab country;" Fr. Arabic, a,Ha,'bee'; Ger. Arabien, a-ra,'be-?n; I,. Ara'bia), the S.W. part of Asia, is encompassed on three sides by the sea, on the N.E. by the Persian Gulf, on the S.E. by the Indian Ocean, and on the S.W. by the Red Sea. Its most S. point — Ras Arab (Cape St. Anthony) — stands in lat. 12° 35' N., Ion. 43° 56' E. Thirty miles to the W. of it arc the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. The most eastern point of Ara- bia^Ras-al-Had— stands in lat. 22° 23' N., Ion. 59° 55' E. A line drawn from the head of the Gulf of Suez to that of the Persian Gulf, and marking the limits of the Arabian peninsula on the N., will run nearly in the 30th parallel of N. latitude. But beyond or N. of this line extends a vast desert, which, being occupied chiefly by Arab tribes, is also called Arabia : it is bounded on the E. by the valley of the Euphrates, on the W. by the depressed tract in which lie the Jordan and the Dead Sea, while towards the N. it grad- ually contracts, till it terminates in about lat. 34° N. ; so that Arabia extends in length from N. to S. through 21 degrees of latitude, or nearly 1300 geographical miles, while its average 7 ARA breadth maybe about 600 miles. It includes also the penin- sula of Sinai, between the Gulf of Suez and that of Akabah. The area docs not fall short of 920,000 square miles. Notwithstanding the interest attaching to a country the inhabitants of which have enacted most important parts in the history of mankind, we still remain very imperfectly acquainted with it. European travellers have hitherto pene- trated to a short distance only from its coasts. AYe know, however, that Arabia, taken collectively, is an arid, sun- burnt wilderness, — the hills naked rocks, the plains rough stone or drifting sand. In this dreary waste may be traced, here and there, particularly near the mountains in the S. half of the peninsula, some green spots which receive the benefit of rains; and thewadies or valleys, descending from the rain-collecting heights, figure as so many green lines, more or less strongly marked. But it is seldom that the tracts of cultivated land, even in the plains, attuin a width of 20 miles ; so that all the irrigated lowlands and all the green wadies, taken together, bear but a small proportion to the whole peninsula. Ai'abia is commonly divided into three parts ; Arabia Felix, or happi/; Petii^ea, or stony; and Desekta, or desert. Ar.abia Felix borders on the Persian Gulf, the In- dian Ocean, and the S. part of the Red Sea ; Arabia Petraja lies on the Red Sea, N. of Arabia Felix, and is understood to include the territory N.AY. of Arabia Descrta; Arabia Deserta includes all the central portion. Among the Ara- bians these names are not known. They call Arabia Deserta, Nedjed or Nej'd; Arabia Petrcea, El Hejaz; Arabia Felix is divided into Yemen, Hadramaut, Oman, and Lahsa; which will be treated of under their respective heads. The above divisions are very loosely laid down, and the limits have varied considerably at different periods. The cultivated tracts of Arabia are generally in the vi- cinity of the mountains, the torrents from which, in the rainy season, collect soil and endow it with fertility. There are also some oases or productive spots, surrounded by deserts, and which seem to indicate that the waters of streams lost in the sands higher up are here brought to the surface. The mountains rise, as far as we have any knowledge of them, at no great distance from the sea-shore, and form a kind of elevated frame, which encloses the greater part of the peninsula. On the \f., along the shores of the Red Sea — a distance of 1000 miles — the Arabian mountains are conspicuous throughout, presenting peaked summits of naked rock, from 5000 to 8000 feet in height, and varying from 12 to 60 miles in distance from the coast. The sterility of Arabia is sufficiently proclaimed when it is stated that that vast country has no considerable and scarcely any permanent rivers. A few small streams, in- deed, in Oman, as the Massora and Sib, are said to contain water and to flow throughout the year. To the extreme dryness of the atmosphere and its free- dom from cloud or vapor — conditions tending to accelerate evaporation and the radiation of heat — may be ascribed the remarkable degree of cold occasionally felt in Arabia, and which has given rise to very erroneous conjectures respect- ing the elevation of that country. At Tayf, not above 3200 feet in absolute elevation, and in lat. 21° 12' N., snow is said to fall once in every four years ; and the Inountains in the neighborhood, from 6000 to 6000 feet high, arc an- nually covered with snow. Farther S., ice and snow are of frequent occurrence on mountains from 6000 to 8000 feet in height; while on the opposite side of the Red Sea they are hardly known at the height of 12,000 feet. Yet Muscat, on the coast of Oman, is perhaps the hottest inhahited place on earth, — a distinction which it owes in a measure to its situation beneath bare cliffs, which reverberate the heat. At this place the thermometer in the shade in June gen- erally rises above 100° Fahr. in the afternoon. The heat of Mocha, also, and the adjacent tehdma, is to Europeans in- supportable in summer. The violent changes of tempera- ture which occur are prejudicial to health. The humid S. wind, the cold and dry N. wind, and the storms from the E., attended with clouds of fine sand, all bring with them the seeds of disease. The coast of El Hejaz is thought to be particularly unhealthy, and of late the plague, from which Arabia previously boasted to be exempt, has been added to the list of endemic diseases. The flora of Arabia seems to be made up of contribu- tions from Africa, India, and Armenia, and the date-palm thrives even where the ground is covered with incrustations of salt. On the S. coast, towards Oman, the mango and cocoanut are occasionally met with. Farther inland grow the fig-tree, the tamarind, the almond, and, in Oman, the orange, the lemon, and the citron. AVith these grow laven- der, wormwood, jasmine, and other scented plants. As the ARA mountains are ascended, the vegetation assumes a more European character. Apricots, plums, pomegranates, and grapes are found at the height of from 3000 to 4000 feet; and above these the mountains are covered with forests of juniper. The cotton-plant and the sugar-cane grow in the tehiima or coast-lands ; the gum arable, the aloe, and the cassia fistula prefer the bills j and the tree which yields frankincense abounds in the mountains of Shejer or Shehr. The Arabs cultivate wheat, rice, barley, and dooi-rah or Jiolcus vnlgare, besides bananas, watermelons, and other garden-produce; but their chief dependence is on their date plantations. These occupy everywhere the irriguous land, the level margin of the stream, the low sea-marsh, or the hollow moistened by land-springs. The borders only of these favored spots, if they admit of having water occa- sionally led to them, are given up to the cultivation of grain. Near every large date jjlantation there is ordinarily a fort, with high walls and dry ditch, round which is col- lected nearly the whole population of the district or loady. The cultivation of coffee was introduced into Arabia from Southern Abyssinia ; and the best coffee exported from Mocha, even at the present day, is the produce of Abyssinia. The Bedouin procures his supplies of cloth, oil, and other luxuries in exchange for civet, musk, ostrich-feathers, and other trifles, but chiefly for his horses and camels. The trade in coffee, almonds, balsam, senna, and gums enriches a few proprietors, but the chief mercantile wealth of Arabia always has been derived from the carrying trade. The Arab is the active factor who distributes the cotton cloth of India through- out half-civilized Africa, and carries back ivory, gums, and dyewoods. The productions of Arabia are, as a source of wealth, quite insignificant in comparison with the advan- tages of occupying the coasts which connect India with Africa and Europe. The pearl banks in the Persian Gulf extend from Bahrein E. above 300 miles. These give em- ployment to nearly 30,000 men and from 1500 to 2000 boats, yielding some $1,000,000 yearly. There is also some sponge, coral, and pearl fishery in the B-ed Sea, on the coasts of El Hejaz. On the S. coasts of Arabia the fishermen collect much ambergris and tortoise-shell, with immense quantities of fish, particularly on the coast between Mahrah and Oman. It seems certain that the trade-routes of the Arabs in the flourishing days of Tyre and Sidon nearly coincided with those followed in the days of the Caliphs, when the caravans started from Bahrein for Bagdad, and thence crossed the Syrian deserts to Aleppo, Damascus, or Egypt ; or from Dhofar and the ports of Hadramaut they passed through Yemen on their way N. The establishment of the Moham- medan religion had the effect of reviving this branch of industry, for the pilgrimage to Mecca, which was enjoined on all true believers, drew crowds from all parts of the Mo- hammedan world. This conflux of strangers required large supplies, and gave great activity to trade; besides, the pil- grim caravans experienced favor and protection in all Mo- hammedan countries ; and hence the merchants, taking advantage of the security thus enjoyed, united commercial speculation with the work of piety. These caravans (or kdfilahs, as the Arabs call them) are at times exceedingly numerous. There ai-e authentic accounts of caravans to Mecca which numbered 120,000 camels. The ordinary com- mercial caravans rarely exceed 1000 loaded camels. History. — In early times Arabia was called by the He- brews Kedem, or the " East," and its inhabitants Benu Kedem, or people of the East, The name Arabia, when it occurs in the Scriptures, is not applied to the whole penin- sula. The doctors of the Koran ascribe the origin of the Arab nation to the sons of Irani (Aram), Ad, Thameed, Jorhum, Ac, whose posterity are styled Arah-el-Arahah, or thorough -bred Arabs. The sons of Kahtan (Yoktan) arc entitled Mootarabah {Mtitar ah ah), or Arabs by adoption; and the Ishmaelites are named, in a similar sense. Musta- rabah. But it may be inferred iVom the Hebrew Scriptures that some of the posterity of Ham settled in Southern Arabia, which was thus closely connected with the land of Canaan (Phenicia) ; and this connection is also testified by profane historians. The different branches of the Semitic race, who occupied at an early epoch the Arabian peninsula, spoke different dialects ; but the prevalence since acquired by the language of the Koran has for the most part effaced such distinctions. The upper classes in Mahrah, and especially in Dhofar, speak a peculiar language called Ehkili, the an- cient Himyaritic. At March, as well as at several places along the S. coast, inscriptions in the Himyaritic tongue and characters (probably the unknown character described by Arab writers under the name of Mnanad) have been copied ; and from the .study of them it has been found that the Himyaritic language bore a close resemblance to Syriac and ARA Hebrew, and still more to Ethiopic, Anterior to Moham- med, Himyaritic was the general language of Southern Arabia; but the language of the Koran quickly displaced it. The tribes who now speak Ehkeelee (Ehkili) are to be considered descendants of that portion of the population who rejected the proffered IsMm in the first instance, but have since received it. The others lost, with their language, a chief mark of race, but they still retain habits and dis- positions which broadly distinguish them from their Ish- maelite neighbors farther N. It would appear that Jews were always numerous in Arabia. Their Scripture found favor with the people, who were quite willing to believe themselves the posterity of Yoktan, or of Abraham. Hence the great majority are probably not Israelites, but descend- iints of Judaizing Arabs. Jews are to be found in all the chief market-towns of Arabia, except in El Hejaz, where they are forbidden. In Muscat alone they are exempt from insult and vexation. The northern tribes seem to have bor- rowed from the pantheons of all the nations with whom they came in contact; and the Kaaba is said to have con- tained at one time 300 idols. But Mohammed put an end to this superstition by establishing a pure monotheism, with which he associated much ritual observance. The Ishmael- ites, the fellow-countrymen of Mohammed, hastened to rally round him as soon as success began to gleam on his career, but in the S., where Judaism and Christianity had gained firmer footing, the new creed met with obstinate resistance. With the diffusion of the new faith a new destiny seemed opened to the Arabs. Within the course of a few genera- tions, Arab dynasties were established from Central Asia and the frontiers of India, to the shores of the Atlantic, in Mo- rocco and Spain. In the flourishing days of the Caliphs the Arab merchant visited China, the interior of Africa, the shores of the Baltic, and Siberia. Arab commerce at one time embraced nearly the whole of the Old AVorld. But this wide-spread superiority was transient. The power of the Caliphs was extinguished, after many a struggle, by that of the Ottomans, and in trade the Arabs were gradually and completely supplanted by Western nations. Adj. Ara- bian, a-ri'be-an, Arabic, ^r'a-bik, and Arabesque, S>r^a- besk'; inbab. Arab, d,r'ab, and Arabian. Ara'bia, a post-hamlet of Lawrence co., 0., about 14 miles N.E. of Ironton. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Arabian Gulf, a name applied to the Bed Sea. Ara'bian Sea, a large sea on the S.W, coast of Asia, lying between the peninsula of Hindostan on the E. and Arabia on the W. The distance from the Arabian to the Indian coast may be, at the broadest part, about 1500 miles. Arabicus Sinus, a Latin name of the Bed Sea. Arable and Arabien. See Arabia. Arabis, a river of Southern Asia. See Poorally. Arabischen Meerbusen, the German for Bed Ska. Arabistan', an Oriental name of Arabia, and of the other regions where the Arabs dwell. Arabkir, a town of Turkey. See Arabgheer. Arabo and Arabona, ancient names of Raab. Ar'aby, a station in Frederick co., Md., on the Balti- more & Ohio Bailroad, 57 miles W. of Baltimore. Araby, the poetical name of Arabia. Aracajii, i-ra,-kS,-zboo', a town of Brazil, capital of the province of Sergipe, on the river Cotindiba, 5 miles from the sea, and 15 miles below Maroim. It has a good anchor- age, the bar not admitting ships of more than 12 feet draught. Steamboats ply to Maroim. Chief exports, cot- ton, sugar, and hides. Pop. 5000. Aracan, Arrakan, or Arracan, ^rVa-kan' or i-ri- k3,n' (called by the natives Rakhahtg, n\-King' or rS-kiK"^), a division of British Burmah, extending along the E. side of the Bay of Bengal, between lat. 16° and 21° 3:V N., and Ion. 92° and 95° E., having on the E. the Burmese dominions, from which it is separated by the Yoomadung mountain-range, and on the N. the British district of Chittagong. Area estimated at 18,530 square miles. Pop. 488,565. The chief rivers are the Aracan, Myoo, Naaf, and Sandoway, all in some degree navigable. Along the coasts are numerous islands. The soil of the higher grounds is a rich loam ; that of the lower iind most extensive portion is chiefly argillaceous. Elevated forests, wooded valleys, rivers, and small lakes form the gen- eral features of the mountain district. Between the moun- tains and the sea, thickly-wooded jungles, intersected by rivers, lakes, creeks, and inlets, render communication ex- ceedingly difficult. The chief products are rice, indigo, cotton, timber, salt, oil, buffalo hides and horns, ivory, to- bacco, silk, and fruits, which are exported in return for betel and British and Indian manufactures. Iron, coal, and naphtha are found along the coast. Araoan is subdivided into the districts of Akynb, Kamree, Northern Araenn, and ARA 99 Sandoway ; chief town, Akyab ; chief militiry station, Kyook Phyoo. This province was conquered by the Bur- mese in 1784, and taken from them by the British m 1824. Adj. and inhab. Akacanese, ar^a-kan-eez'. Aracan (officially called Myo-Houng), an ancient city, capital of Northern Aracan, on the river Aracan, 50 miles from the sea. Lat. 20° 35' N. ; Ion. 93° 3' 39" E. It had in 1825 95,000 inhabitants; in 1872 only 3282. Aracan (or Kuladyne) River rises in the Burmese dominions, lat. 23° N., Ion. 94° E., and, after a generally southward course of 200 miles, enters the Bay of Bengal in Aracan, 15 miles N.E. of Akyab. Aracati or Aracaty, a.-r3,-kS,-tee', a river-port of Brazil, about 65 miles S.E. of Ceard, on the Rio Jaguaribe (" river of jaguars"), 10 miles from the sea. Lat. 4° 31' S. ; Ion. 37° 48' W. It contains a handsome town hall, a prison, 3 schools, and 5 churches. The principal exports are cotton, sugar, and hides. Pop. about 6000. Aracati, or Aracaty, a river of Brazil, province of Ceard,, enters the Atlantic by two mouths, about lat. 3° S. Length, 120 miles. Aracci Vetus, the ancient name of Aroche. Aracena, S,-ra-thi'n^, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province of Huelva, 33 miles N.W. of Seville. Pop. 4120. Aracthus, the ancient name of Arta. Ara^uahi, i-r3,-swi-hee', a river of Brazil, province of Minas-Geracs, rises in the Serra Esmeralda, flows N.E., and falls into the Jequitinhonha. Length, about 200 miles. Arad, or^od', a market-town of Hungary, on the Maros, 145 miles S.E. of Pesth, divided by the river into Alt-Arad and Neu-Arad. See Alt-Arad. Arad, a county of Hungary, bordering upon Transyl- vania. Area, 2720 square miles. Pop. 304,713. Aradea, ^-rS,-di'd, a village of Italy, province of Lecce, 10 miles E.N.E. of Gallipoli. Pop. 1875. Aradus, the ancient name of Ruad. Arse FlaviPE, supposed ancient nameof Heiligenberg. Arafat (iV^-faf), or Jebel-er-Rahm, jeb'gl-^r- rSh'm {i.e., "the mountain of mei*cy")> a granite hill of Arabia, 15 miles B. of Mecca. It is about 1 or li miles in circuit, and its summit is nearly 200 feet above the level of the plain. It is one of the principal objects of pilgrimage to Mohammedans, who affirm that it was the place where Adam first received his wife Eve, after they had been ex- pelled from Paradise and separated from each other 120 years. The mountain not being large enough to accommo- date all that go annually on pilgrimage, the law declares that the plain in the immediate neighborhood may be re- garded as comprised under the term Mount of Arafat. Arafoo'ra or Arafura (a-r§,-foo'ri) Sea, that part of the Pacific which lies N. of Australia, and is partly en- closed by Papua, the Aroo Islands, Timor Lant, Timor, etc. See Alfooras. Ar'ago, a post-village of Richardson co., Neb., on the Missouri River, 5 miles from Craig, Mo., and about 85 miles below Nebraska City. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a private bank, and a machine-shop. Pop. 364. Aragon, or Arragon, 4r'ra-gon (Sp. pron. aR-RSl- gon' J Fr. Aragon, ^H-i^giKo' ; It. Aragona, i-ri-go'ni; Ger. j4ra(/07i)e7i,, i-r^-go'ne-en : L. Ara(/o'n?o), an ancient kingdom of Spain, bounded N. by France, E. by Catalonia, S. by Valencia and New Castile, and AY. by the Castiles ^ and Navarre. Length, 225 miles ,• average breadth, 84 miles; area, 17,973 square miles. It is divided into the provinces of Huesca, Saragossa, and Teruel, and is encom- passed by the Pyrenees, the Sierras of Morella, Albarracin, Molina, and Soria, while offsets of these chains traverse the interior in all directions. Several peaks of the Pyrenees rise upwards of 10,000 feet above the sea, their tops covered with perpetual snovr. Their sides are clothed with forests, while lower down are rich and extensive pastures, with many beautiful .and fertile valleys. The largest level tract is formed by the valley of the Ebro, which, entering on the W., flows S.E., dividing the province into two nearly equal parts. The Guadalaviar, the Jucar, and the Tagus have their sources in the extreme S., and the Aragon in the N.W. On the mountains, and especially among the Pyrenees, it is cold, but becomes much warmer in the valleys. High and piercing winds from the N.W. and S.E. prevail. The flora of Aragon is varied and extensive. Its minerals are mar- bles, jaspers, coal, copper, iron, lead, quicksilver, cobalt, and alum. Extensive tracts are stony and barren, while others, though capable of cultivation, are neglected. Still, excel- lent crops are obtained of grain and fruit, saffron, flax, and hemp. Silk-worms are reared in considerable numbers. The commerce is limited. The principal means of transport are the Ebro, the canal of Aragon, and the railways which ARA traverse the country. Pop. 928,718. The kingdom of Ara- gon was founded in 1034, and was united to the crown of Castile by Ferdinand the Catholic, who married Isabella in Xi74. Adj. and inhab. Aragonese, 4r'a-go-neez'. Aragon, a river of Spain, rises in the Pyrenees, and, flowing through Navarre, joins the Ebro opposite Alfaro, after a S.W. course of 80 miles. Chief affluent, the Arga. Aragona, a,-rS.-go'n3,, a town of Sicily, 7i miles N.N.E. of Girgenti. Pop. 11,424. It has a castle, with paintings and antiquities. Near it is the mud volcano of Maccaluba. Aragona, Aragonia, Aragonese. See Aragos. Aragonia, the Latin name of Aragon. Aragua,a-ra'gw3., or Guzman Blanco, gooth-min' blin'ko, a state of Venezuela, hounded by the statesof Cara- bobo and Guarico and the district of Caracas. It is a very fertile and beautiful region, so elevated as to produce many of the crops of the temperate zone. Area, 2675 square miles. Capital, Aragua. Pop. 94,151. Aragua, or Victoria, a town of Venezuela, capital of the state of the same name, 175 miles S.E. of Caracas, on the W. branch of the river Unare. Pop. 6523. Aragua, a town of Venezuela, state of Cumana, 50 miles S.E. of the city of Cumana. Pop. 3000. Araguai, a river of South America. See Pilcomayo. Araguari, S,-ra-gw6,-ree', a river of Brazil, province of Pari, in Brazilian Guiana, rises in the Serra de Tumcara- que, and falls into the Atlantic in lat. 1° 50' N. Total course, about 160 miles. Araguay, i-ri-gwi', or Araguaya, a-r4-gwi'i, alarge river of Brazil, rises in the mountains near lat. 18° 10' S., Ion. 51° 30' W. It flows northward between the provinces of Goyaz and Matto-Grosso, and joins the Tocantins at Sao Joao, after a course of 1000 miles, about the middle of which it separates into two arms, enclosing the island of Banana], 200 miles in length. This river flows through about 13 degrees of latitude, and is navigable 750 miles, or more. The east branch is called the Furo. Aralial, a-ra-hal', a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 22 miles E.S.E. from Seville. It has 2 squares, 3 churches, schools, hospital, and manufactures of felt hats, soap, gypsum, earthenware, oil, and wine. Pop. 9287. Araish, a town of Morocco. See El-Araish. Ara Jovis, the ancient name of Aranjuez. Arakan, a province and river of India. See Aracan. Arakhova, a-ri-ko'v4, a village of Greece, nome of Phthiotis and Phocis, on the S. declivity of Mount Parnas- sus, 15 miles W.N.W. of Livadia. Pop. 2000. Aral, a river of India. See Arrul. Aral (ir'al) Sea, an extensive lake or inland sea in Asiatic Russia, between about lat. 43° 42' and 47° 0' N. and Ion. 68° 18' and 61° 46' E. Excepting the Caspian, from which it lies from 150 to 200 miles E., and from which it is separated bv the plateau of Oost-Oort (Ust-XJrt), it is the largest inland sea of the Eastern Hemisphere. Total area, 24,500 square miles. Its length is 265 miles ; great- est breadth, 145 miles. It has for many years been dimin- ishing rapidly in area. The W. shore of the Aral Sea is formed bv the Oost-Oort plateau, which rises upwards of 600 feet a'bove the level of the lake, but shelves gradually down to the water. No rivers enter the sea on its W. shore ; those that enter from the E. and S. are the Sihon or Jax- artes, and the Amoo-Darya or Oxus. The Aral Sea, though not deep, has water sufficient to admit of being navigated by small vessels. Its maximum depth is 37 fathoms. Its waters abound with fish, especially sturgeon, carp, silurus, and herring. Seals are also met with. The water is salt- ish, though not unpleasantly so ; it may be used for culinary purposes, and is drunk freely by horses. In winter it freezes. The Aral Sea lies between the steppes of Kirgheez and Khiva, in the great depression of Western Asia. Its elevation is uncertain, but by recent explorers it is estimated at from 150 to 200 feet above the level of the Caspian, of which, in times remote, it doubtless formed a part. The lake has no visible outlet, and, as its affluents do not furnish a supply of w.ater equal to the amount of evaporation that takes place, it is decreasing in size. This lake is called by the Kirgheez Aral-Tekgheez, i.e., " island sea" {oral signifying "island"), from the mul- titude of islands which it contains. Aramengo, i-ri-men'go, a town of Italy, province of Alessandria. 3 miles E. of Cocconato. Pop. 1128. Aramin'go, formerly a district of Philadelphia oo.. Pa., but now "included within the limits of the city, about 4\ miles N. by E. of the State-house. Aramingo, a station in Montgomery CO., Pa., on the Reading Railro.ad. 5 miles N.W. of Phoenixville. Aramon, ilh-3.'m6N»', a town of France, department of ARA G-ard, on the Khonc, 15 miles E.N.E. of Nimes. It has a trade in wine, olives, and oil. Pop. 2070. Aran, k-rkn', a valley of Spain, province of Lerida, sur- rounded by the elevated summits of the Pyrenees, and liable to dangerous avalanches. Aranda-de-Duero, d,-r3.n'dS,-di-dwi'rOj a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 48 miles S. of Burgos, on the Douro. It was in ancient times a fortification of some importance, and still retains part of its walls. Pop. 5197. Araiigua, a river of South America. See Daiman. Aranjuez, il-riin-Hw^th' (anc. A'ra Jo'vis), a town and royal residence of Spain, on the left bank of the Tagus, in New Castile, 28 miles by railway S.S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 10,725. This town contains palaces, hotels, cafes, and nu- merous public gardens, spacious streets, and elegant squares, theatres, and bull-rings. It has also a hospital, and an institution for public instruction. Aransas, ar-an'sas, a small river of Texas, rises in Bee CO., and, flowing southeastward, forms the boundary be- tween San Patricio co. on one side, and Refugio co. on the other, until it empties itself into Aransas Bay. Aransas, a county of Texas, bounded S.E. by the Gulf of Mexico, and comprising most of the lands adjacent to Aransas Bay and its branches. Capital, Rockport. Aransas, a post-village of Bee co., Tex., on the Rio Aransas, 40 miles from the sea. It has 2 churches. Aransas Bay, on the coast of Texas, immediately N. of Corpus Christi Bay. Length, about 18 miles ; greatest breadth, 8 miles. Its N.AV. part is also called Copano Bay. Aransas Pass, Texas, the principal entrance to Aran- sas Bay, serves also as an entrance to Corpus Christi Bay, on the S.W. St. Joseph Island is on the right, and Mus- tang Island on the left, with Low Island in front. Lat. of light-house 27° 51' 51" N. ; Ion. 97° 2' 58" W. It is an important channel of trade, though it has a shifting bar. Aranyos, 6hh-|.n'"yosh\ a river of Austria, Transylva- nia, passes Thorda, and joins the Maros on the left. Aranyos-Maroth, ohM-an'yosh^ mohh-ot', a town of Hungary, co. of Barsch, 87 miles N.W. of Buda. Pop. 2130. Aranyos-Medgyes, 6h*r|n'y6sh^ mcd^yesh', a town of Hungary, co. and 14 miles E. by N. of Szathm£ir. Pop. 2350. Arapahoe, a-rap'a-ho, a county in the E. part of Colo- rado, is drained by the South Fork of the Platte, the Re- publican Fork of the Kansas River, and by Beaver Creek. ■The surface of the western part is mountainous. The east- ern portion is an extensive arid plain, in which timber and water are scarce. The soil in some parts is productive, and the climate is delightful. The county is partly intersected by the Denver Pacific Railroad, which connects with other railroads at Denver, which is the county town and the capi- tal of Colorado. Gold is found near the western border of thecounty. Valuation of realandpersonalestate,SOj500,000. In 1870 this was the most populous county in Colorado. Pop. 6829, of whom 5129 were natives of the United States. Arapahoe, a county in the S.W. of Kansas, is partly drained by the Cimarron River. The surface is undulating prairie. Area, 576 square miles. Arapahoe, a station in Bent co., Col., on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 35 miles E. of Kit Carson. Arapahoe, a post-hamlet of Furnas co., Neb., 40 miles from Plum Creek Railroad Station. It has a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and 2 or 3 stores. Arapahoe Indians, a tribe formerly dwelling be- tween the South Fork of Platte River and the head-waters of the Arkansas, but now located in the Indian Territory, and associated with the Cheyennes. The Arapahoes in 1876 were 1703 in number. Arapahoe Peak, Colorado, a mountain in lat. 40° 1' 13" N., Ion. 105° 38' 39" AV. It has an altitude of 13,520 feet above the sea-level. Arapiles, ^-ra-pee'lSs, a village of Spain, 4 miles S.E. of Salamanca. Pop. 400. This was the scene of a battle in which Wellington defeated the French, July 22, 1812. Arar, a river of France. See Saone. Ararat, ar'a-rat\ a mountain of Western Asia, in Ar- menia, forming the point of contact of Russia with Turkey and Persia, to each of which it partly belongs. It lies in the S. portion of the extensive plain of the Aras, about 35 miles broad, and of whose length about 70 miles can be taken in by the eye. It consists of two mountains, the G-reat Ararat on the N.W., and the Little Ararat on the S.E., their summits being about 7 miles apart. The sum- mit of the Great Ararat lies in lat. 39° 42' N., Ion. 43° 38' E., and is 17,260 feet above the sea-level and 14,320 feet above the plain of the Aras. The N.E. slope of the moun- tain is about 14 miles in lengthj and the S.W. about 20 miles. On the former, visible even from Erivan, 32 miles distant, is a deep, crater-like chasm. The mountain is cov- ered with perpetual snow and ice from about 3 miles from its summit downward in an oblique direction. On the entire N. half, from about 14,000 feet above the sea, it shoots up in one rigid crest to its summit, and then stretches down- ward, on its S. side, to a level not quite so low, forming what is called the Silver Crest of Ararat. Little Ararat rises 13,093 feet above the sea-level, and 10,140 feet above the plain of the Aras, and is free from snow in September and October. Its declivities are greater and steeper than those of the Great Ararat, and its almost conical form is marked with furrows, that radiate downward from its sum- mit. The top of the Great Ararat was first reached, Octo- ber 9, 1829, by Professor Parrot. Ar'arat, a small river of North Carolina, which eitfeers Yadkin River from the N.W., a few miles E. of Rockford. Ararat, North Carolina. See Pilot Mountain. Ararat (local pron. a-ra-rat'), a post-hamlet of Ararat township, Susquehanna co.. Pa., on the Jefferson Branch of the Erie Railroad, 18 miles N. of Carbondale. The town- ship has 3 churches, and a pop. of 771. Ararat, a post-office of Patrick co., Va., 40 miles E.S.E. of Max Meadows. Ararat, a mining borough in Ripon co., Victoria, Aus- tralia, on the river Hopkins. Lat. 37° 17' S. ; Ion. 142° 57' E. Pop. 2370. Ararauma, &-rS,-row'm5., a salt-water lake of Brazil, province of Rio de Janeiro. Length, from E. to W., 22i miles; greatest breadth, 7^ miles. It communicates with the sea, to which it lies parallel. Depth, from 26 to SO feet. Ararus, the ancient name of the river Sereth. Aras, an-3,s' (anc. Araxes, S,-rax'^z), a river of Armenia, rises in the Turkish pashalic ,of Erzroom, near lat. 41° 30' N. and Ion. 41° 10' E., flows eastward through Russian Armenia, and joins the Koor 60 miles W. of its mouth in the Caspian. Total course, upwards of 500 miles, very rapid, but often fordable. Chief affluents, Arpa-Chai, Kara- Soo, and Zenghi. On it are the towns of Abbasabad and Hasan-Kaleh. Arasaig, 5,r*ra-sig', a village, district, and promontory of Scotland, co. of Inverness, on the W. coast. Arassuahay, or Arasuahi. See Ara^ttahi. Aratica, a-ra-tee'ka, one of the Society Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 15° 26' S., Ion. 145° 39' 46" W. It is 8 miles in length by 5 miles across. Aran, a town of Switzerland. See Aarau. Arauca, a-row'ki, a village of the United States of Colombia, state of Boyaca, on the Rio Arauca, a tributary of the Orinoco, near the border of Venezuela. It has a large trade. Pop. 1548. Araucania, 5,-raw-k^'ne-S,, or Araucana, d-raw- kd.'nS, (Sp. pron. 5,-r5w-lia'ni), a territory in the S. part of Chili, between lat. 37° 29' and 40° ]8' S., having the Andes on the E., and the Pacific on the W. Its entire length is about 200 miles; its breadth, from 90 to 180. It differs little in its physical features or productions from other parts of Chili, but its climate is cooler and much more rainy than that of the north. Its inhabitants, though greatly overrated by the Spanish writers, are one of the most re- markable, perhaps, of all the uncivilized races. With some of the vices common to all nations, the Araucanians possess many noble qualities. They are generous and humane to- ' wards the vanquished, courteous, hospitable, benevolent, and grateful ; enthusiastic lovers of liberty, and ever ready to sacrifice their lives in the service of their country, the in- dependence of which they maintained for centuries by their indomitable courage and singular aptitude for war, but they have of late mostly submitted to the Chilian authority, and it is stated that their numbers are much reduced. Seeing the evils of which gold is the cause, the Araucanians, after they had expelled the Spaniards from their country, closed their mines, avowing the most profound contempt for that metal. They are susceptible of mental culture, but despise the restraints of civilization. Their oratory is highly fig- urative and allegorical, at the same time lively, bold, and original. They have little commerce, and all their trans- actions are conducted by barter. The articles which they usually give in exchange for goods are horses and horned cattle. Polygamy obtains among the Araucanians. and celibacy is considered ignominious. Their religion is simple. They acknowledge a Supreme Being, whom they believe to bo attended b^' some inferior deities, who execute his behests. They believe also in the immortality of the soul. Adj. and inhab. Araucanian, &-raw-ki'ne-an. Arauco, fl,-row'lco, a province in the S. of Chili, com- prising much of the region known as Araucania. Area, AEA 101 ARC including the territories of Lebti and Imperial, 8076 square miles. Pop. in 1S75, 61,307. Arauco, a town of Chili, capital of the above provinee, on the Bay of Arauco, 230 miles S. by W, of Valparaiso. Arauco, or Concepcion de Arauco, kon-sep-se- on' di 3,-r6w'ko, a town of the Argentine Republic, province and 60 miles N. of La Rioja. Pop. 3237. Araules, iVol', a villaije of France, in Haute-Loire, 7 miles S. of Yssingeaux. Pop. 1950. Araure, i-row'ri, a'city of Venezuela, on the Acarigua^ an affluent of the Portuguesa, 60 miles E.N.E. of Trujillo. Lat. 9° 17' N. ; Ion. 69° 28' W. It contains a handsome square and church, and is in a well-watered, fertile district, which yields cotton and cofiee and pastures numerous herds of cattle. Pop. 6460. Arauris, the ancient name of the river Hebattlt. Arausio, the ancient name of Orange. Aravulli (ar^a-vul'lee) Mountains, a low range of mountains which traverse the territory of Ajmeer, from S.S.W. to N.N.E., from lat. 24° to 28° N., or 3U0 miles. Arawan, El-Arawan, ^I k-r^-w?Ln', or Al-Ar«u- an, Sl\ a-roo-w^n^, a town of Sahara, 125 miles N. of Tim- buctoo. Lat. 18° 55' N. ; Ion, 3° W. Araxas, S,-rS,'5hS,s, a town of Brazil, province of Minas- Geraes, on the Rio das Velhas. It lies W. of the Matto Gordo mountains. Pop. 4000. Araxes, a river of Armenia. See Aras. Araxes, a river of Persia. See Bundemeer, Arayat, a-ri'at, a town of the Philippine Islands, in Luzon, 50 miles N.N.E. of Manila. Pop. 7765. Arba, an'^bd,', or JL'Avba, laR^bi', a village of Algeria, 12 miles S.S.E. of Algiers. Pop. 3500. Ar'ba, a post-village of Randolph co., Ind., in Green Fork township, about 14 miles N. of Richmond. It has 2 churches and a carriage-shop. Arbacoo'chee, a post-hamlet of Cleburne co., Ala., 22 miles from Oxford. It has a church. Arbe, an'bi, or Rab, rib, an island in the Adriatic, Gulf of Quarnero, belonging to Austria, 11^ miles in length. The principal town, of the same name, is on the S.W. side of the island ; it is built on a hill, and contains a cathedral and collegiate church. Pop. of island, 4000. Arbeca, ar-bi'kS,, a village of Spain, in Catalonia, on the Urgel canal, 12 miles E.S.E. of Lerida. Pop. 2540. Arbeia, the ancient name of Arbil. Arbe'la, or Arabe'Sa, a post-hamlet of Tuscola co., Mich., in Arbela township, about 20 miles S.E. of East Sag- inaw. Pop. of township, 979. Arbela, a post-village of Scotland co., Mo., on the Mis- souri, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Memphis. It has 2 churches, a pump-factory, and a grist-mill. Arbela of Galilee, in Palestine, identified by Robin- son with Irbid (Arab. Irhil), is on the W. side of the Lake of Tiberias, 3^ miles N.W. of Tiberias. Arbil, ar-beel', or Erbil, er-beel' (anc. Arhe'la), a walled town of Asiatic Turkey, 40 miles E. by S. of Mosul. Pop. 6000. It has some large mosques, baths, and bazaars. Here Alexander the Great obtained his final victory over Darius, B.C. 331. Arboga, aR-bo'gS,, a town of Sweden, on a railway, 30 miles S.W. of Westerns. Pop, 3269. It has an active trade with Stockholm by the Arboga River and Ma^lar Lake. Arbois, aR^bwi', a town of France, department of Jura, on the Cuisance, and on a railway, 6 miles N.E. of Poligny. Pop. 5276, It is celebrated for its wine, oil, and manufac- tures of earthenware and paper. Arboleas, aR-bo-li'S,s, or Arboledas, aR-bo-U'p^s, a town of Spain, 41 miles N.N.E. of Almeria. Pop. 1289. Arboletes, aR-bo-li't5s. a seaport town of Colombia, on the Gulf of Darieu. Lat. 8° 55' N. ; Ion, 76° 25' W. Arbon, aR^b^N^' (L. Ar'hor Fe'Hx), a town of Switzer- land, canton of Thurgau, 15 miles S.E. of Constance, on Lake Constance. Pop. 1300. Arbon, a town of Africa. See Arebo. Ar'bor Hill, a post-office of Adair co,, Iowa, on Middle River, about 45 miles W.S.W. of Des Moines. Arbor Mill, a post-hamlet of Augusta co., Va., 5 J miles from Staunton. Arboro, aR'bo-ro, a village of Italy, 10 miles N.N.W. of Vercelli. Pop. 1609. Ar'borville, a post-hamlet of York co., Neb., on the North Blue River, 14 miles S. of Clarksville Railroad Sta- tion. It has 1 church. Ar'bor Vi'tse, a post-office of Bullock co., Ala., 2 miles from Thomas Station. Arbos, aR'boce, a town of Spain, on a railway, 22 miles N.E. of Tarragona. Pop. 1313. Arbroath, ar'broth, formerly Ab'erbroth^ock, a seaport and manufacturing town of Scotland, co. of Forfar, at the mouth of the Brothock, whence the name of the town, — the prefix Aber (Gaelic) designating the mouth of a river, or its point of junction with the sea. Lat. 56° 33' 7" N. ; Ion. 2° 35' W. It is 16 miles N.E. of Dundee, on the Dundee & Arbroath Railway. The houses are generally well built, and the whole town has a prosperous appearance. There are public reading-rooms in the town, with a well- supported public library, and excellent scientific, educa- tional, and charitable institutions. It has 30 spinning- mills, 17 factories, 6 branch banks, and a savings-bank. The principal manufactures are yarn spun from flax and hemp, canvas, brown and bleached linen, leather, cast iron, and bone-dust. The town owes its rise, if not its origin, to an important monastic institution planted here in 1178 by AVilliam the Lion. Pop. 20,170. Arbueias, ar-boo'the-&.s, a village of Spain, in Cata- lonia, 9 miles S.W. of Santa Coloma de Fames. Pop. 2980. Ar'buckle, a post-hamlet fi,nd station of Colusa co., Cal., on the Northern Railroad, 37 miles N. of Davisville. Arbuckle, a post-hamlet of Mason co., W. Va., on the Kanawha River, 14 miles E.S.E. of Point Pleasant. Arbus, aR'booce, a village in the island of Sardinia, 30 miles N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 3684, employed in adjacent silver- and lead-mines. Arc, ank, or Arco, aR'ko, a river of France, Savoy, joins the Isere after a N.W, course of 90 miles. Arc, a river of France, Bouches-du-Rhone, enters the Etang de Berre after a W. course of about 30 miles. Arc is also the name of several villages of France, de- ^partments of Doubs, Haute-Saone, and Cote-d'Or, Arcachon, aR^kS,^sh6No', a town of France, department of Gironde, 35 miles by rail S.W. of Bordeaux, on the Bassin d'Arcachon. It is an exceedingly popular summer bathing- place, as well as a winter resort for invalids. It has a large steam fishing-fleet, exports naval stores, and is renowned for its extensive oyster-beds. Pop. 3696. Arcada, ar-ka'da, a township of Gratiot co., Mich. Pop. 970, It contains Alma. Arcada, a township of Lapeer co., Mich. Pop. 621. ArVade', a station in Sacramento co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Sacramento. Arcade, a post-village of Wyoming co., N.Y,, is on Cattaraugus Creek, in Arcade township, 1 mile from Arcade Station on the Buffalo, New York & Philadelphia Railroad, and 36 miles S.E. of Bufi'alo. It has 3 churches, the Arcade Academy, a bank, a newspaper office, a tannery, and a woollen -factory. Pop. about 900 ; of township, 1742. Arcade, Adams co.. Wis., the former name of Arkdale. Arcadia, ar-ki'de-a (modern Gr. Arkadia, aR-k&- dee'a), an ancient independent government, now a nome of Greece, in the centre of the Morea, divided into the depart- ments of Mantinea, Cynuria, Megalopolis, and Gortynia. The country is mountainous, and affords excellent pasturage. Area, 2020 square miles. Pop. 131,740. Capital, Tripolitza. Adj. and inhab. Arcadian, ar-ki'de-an. Arcadia, a town of Greece. See Kyparissia. Arca'dia, a post-office of Montgomery co., Ala. Arcadia, a post-office of Hall co., Ga., 4 miles from the Atlanta &, Richmond Air-Line Railroad. Arcadia, a post-hamlet of Morgan co., 111., in Arcadia township, about 33 miles AV. of Springfield, It has 2 churches. Pop. of township, 1251. Arcadia, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ind., in Jack- son township, on the Indianapolis, Peru &, Chicago Railroad, 31 miles N. by E. from Indianapolis. It has a graded school, 3 or 4 general stores, 2 churches, and a furniture- factory. Pop. about 300. Arcadia, a post-village of Carroll co., Iowa, in Arcadia township, on the Chicago &, Northwestern Railroad, 43 miles W. of Grand Junction. It has a church, a bank, 3 hotels, a graded school, and a furniture -factory. Much grain is shipped here. Pop. about 400 ; of township, 511. Arcadia, a post-hamlet of Crawford co., Kansas, 15 miles S. by E. from Fort Scott. It has a flour-mill. Arcadia, a post-village of Bienville parish, La., about 50 miles E. of Shreveport. It has 2 churches, a hotel, and several stores. Arcadia, a post-hamlet of Manistee co., Mich,, on Lake Michigan, about 16 miles N. of Manistee. Pop. of Arcadia township, 226. Arcadia, a post-village and summer resort of Iron co., Mo., in Arcadia township, on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 89 miles S. by W. from St. Louis. It is contiguous to Ironton. It has a church, a large hotel, &c. Pop. 250. Pop. of township, 3058. ARC 102 ARC Arcadia, a post-hamlet of Valley cc, Neb., near the Middle Loup River, 60 miles N. of Kearney Junction. Arcadia, a post-village of Wayne co., N.T., in Arcadia township, and on the Erie Canal, about 30 miles E.S.E. of Rochester, and 1 mile E. of Newark. It has 2 churches. The township is intersected by the New York Central Railroad, and contains the village of Newark. Pop. 5660. Arcadia, a post-office of Davidson co., N.C. Arcadia, a township of Halifax co., N.C. Pop. 2898. It contains Halifax. Arcadia, a post-village of Washington township, Han- cock CO., 0., on the Lake Erie & Louisville Railroad, 10 miles N.E, of Findlay. It has 3 churches. Pop. 288. Arcadia, a post-village of Washington co., R.I., about 27 miles S.S.W. of Providence, and 3 miles from Hope Val- ley. It has a church and 2 cotton-mills. Pop. 150. Arcadia, a post-office of Sullivan co., Tenn. Arcadia, a post-village of Mason co., Washington ter- ritory, on an arm or inlet of Puget Sound, 10 miles N. of Olympia. It has some ship-building. Arcadia, a post-village of Arcadia township, Trempea- leau CO., Wis., on the Trempealeau River, 47 miles by rail N.W. of La Crosse, It is on the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad, 23 miles N.N.B. of Winona. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a woollen-factory, 2 flouring-mills, a news- paper office, and 3 hotels. Laid out in 1874. Pop. about 1000; of township, 2832.. Arcadia, a village in Yarmouth co., Nova Scotia, on the seashore, 3 miles from Yarmouth. It contains several mills and factories. Pop. 500. Arcse, the supposed ancient name of HyiIres. Arcana, ar-ka'na, a post-office of Grant co., Ind., about 45 miles S.S.W. of Eort AVayne. Arca'num, a post- village of Twin township, Darke co., 0., on the Dayton & Union Railroad, 26 miles N.W. of Day- ton. It has 2 churches, a bank, a normal and graded school, a newspaper office, 2 planing-mills, and a manufactory of sash and doors. Pop. 450. Areas, aR'k^s, a group of small islets or rocks in the Gulf of Mexico. Lat. 20° 12' 6" N. ; Ion. 91° 59' 2" W. Areas, aR'kis, an island of Senegambia, at the mouth of the Rio Grande. Lat. 11° 40' N. ; Ion. 15° 33' W. Areata, ar-ka'ta, a post-village of Humboldt co., Cal., on the north end of Humboldt Bay, about 230 miles from San Francisco, and 8 miles N.E. of Eureka. It has 3 churches and several lumber-mills. Redwood timber abounds here. Steamboats ply between Areata and San Francisco. Aree, aR'chi, a town of Italy, province of Caserta, 10^ miles S.S.W. of Sora. Pop. 3690. Are-en-Barrois, aRk-6No-haR^Rwd', a town of France, in Haute-Marne, 13 miles S.W. of Chaumont. Pop. 1253. Areene, aR-chi'ni, a village of Italy, province of Ber- gamo, in a fertile district. Pop. 1724. Arc-et-la-Maison-du-Bois,aRk-i-U-mi^z6N«'dU- bw4', a village of France, in Haute-Sa6ne, closely adjacent to the town of Gray. Pop. 2650. Arc-et-Seiians, aRk-i-s^h^nSN^', a village of France, departmentof Doubs, at the junction of the Dijon-Neufchatel and Besan^on-Lyons Railways, 9 miles from Quingey. It has important salt-works. Pop. 1425. Arcevia, ar-chi've-S,, a town of Italy, province of An- cona, 40 miles W. of Ancona. Pop. 9051. Arch, an island of the Pacific. See Ark. Arch , aRK, a village of Austria, in Carniola, 5 miles S.W. of Gurkfeld. Pop. 1450. Arehadinskaia, or Artschadinskaja, arVha,-din- ski'y^, a village of Russia, province of the Don Cossacks, 155 miles N.E. of Novo-Cherkask. Pop. 2870. Archalla, a supposed ancient name of Ereglee. Archangel, ark-in'j^l (Russ. pron. aRk-S.ng'gh51), or Arkhanghelsk, ank-dng-ghSlsk', a government of Rus- sia in Europe, extending from the Ural Mountains on the E. to Finland on the W., a distance of about 920 miles, and from Vologda and Olonets on the S. to the Arctic Ocean, about 400 miles. Area, 286,739 square miles. It includes part of Karelia and of Russian Lapland, also the islands of Nova Zembla. The White Sea occupies a large space in its centre. The province is one continuous flat, and nearly an unvaried scene of desolation and sterility, especially in the northern parts, where the ground remains frozen for nine months in the year. Nor are the southern portions much more inviting. Here meagre pastures, marshes, swamps, and extensive forests occupy neai'ly all the surface, leaving but little for cultivation. Almost the only crops raised are hemp, flax, potatoes, and some rye, neither the climate nor the soil admitting of the cultivation of oats or wheat. Tho climate is excessively cold in winter and hot in summer, with sudden transitions between the two extremes. The timber forms the principal wealth. Pop. 281,112. Archangel, a town of Russia in Europe, capital of the above, on the Dwina, 20 miles from its embouchure in the Bay of Archangel, and 670 miles N.E. of St. Petersburg. Lat. 64° 32' N. ; Ion. 40° 33' B. It is ill built, and consists of two principal and irregular streets, connected by narrow lanes and paved with wood. The houses are mostly of wood, and two stories in height. The most remarkable buildings in the town are the great bazaar or mart, and a marine hospital. There are 11 churches, an ecclesiastical seminary, a gymnasium, and schools for navigation and en- gineering. In or near the town there are a sugar-refinery, a royal dock-yard, some ship-yards for building merchant- ships and coasting-vessels, rope-walks, Ac. The harbor is at the island of Solombaly, about a mile from the town, and is usually free from ice only from July to September. The trade of Archangel extends as far as Siberia, and along the coasts of the White Sea, E. and W., but it is greatly de- pendent on the demand from the more southerly ports of Europe, and especially from England, for corn. The exports consist principally of linseed, flax, tow, tallow, train-oil, bass matting, provisions, feathers, oil-cake, grain, deals, battens and ends, pitch and tar. This is one of the oldest ports in Russia, having been founded in 1584, and was long the only one. It is the seat of an archbishop, and the resi- dence of a civil and a military governor. Pop. 19,936. Archangel Bay, in Russia, opens to the White Sea, having Cape Keretzkoi on the N.E., and Cape Onega on the S.AV., distant from each other 85 miles. It penetrates in- land about 65 miles. Archangel, New (Alaska). See Sitka. Arehangelsk, Russia. See Archangel. Archangelsk, or Arkhangelsk, aRk-3,ng-gh&Isk', a town of Russia, Orenboorg, 150 miles S.E. of Menselinsk. Archangelsk, or Arkhangelsk, towns of Russia, governments of Yekaterinoslav, Kherson, and Simbeersk. Arehbald, arch'bS,Idj a post-town of Lackawanna co., Pa., in the Lackawanna Valley, and on the Delaware tfc Hudson Railroad, 6 miles S.S.W. of Carbondale, and 10 miles N.E. of Scranton. It has 2 extensive coal-breakerSj 3 churches, a graded school, and several hotels. Its pros- perity is derived from rich mines of anthracite which are worked in the vicinity. Pop, 2571, Archbold, arch'bold, a post-village of Fulton co., 0., in German township, on the Lake Shore Railroad (Air-Line division), 40 miles W. by S. from Toledo. It has 4 churches, a saw-mill, and a planing-mill. Pop. 373. Archelais, a supposed ancient name of Ereglee. Archena, aR-cha'nd, a town of Spain, 14 miles N.W. of Murcia, with extensive warm baths. Pop. 1766. Ar'cher, a county in the N. part of Texas, drained by the Little Wichita and its branches. It is reported to con- tain copper and bismuth ores. Area, 900 square miles. Archer, a post-village of Alachua co., Fla., on the rail- road which connects Fornandina with Cedar Keys, 15 miles S.W. of Gainesville. It has a church, several stores, and a manufactory of naval supplies. Archer, a post-hamlet of Richardson co.. Neb., about 90 miles S.E. of Lincoln. Archer, a township of Harrison co., 0., about 3 miles N. of Cadiz. Pop. 726, Archer, a post-hamlet of Harrison co., 0., in North, township, 2 miles from New Market Railroad Station, and about 8 miles N.W. of Cadiz. It has 2 churches. Archer, a station in Laramie co., Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 8 miles E. by N, of Cheyenne. Archer Lodge, a post-oflice of Johnston co., N.C. Archer's Fork, a post-office of Washington co., 0,, 20 miles E. by N. of Marietta. Arches, ansh, a village of France, in Vosges, on tho Moselle, 10 miles by rail S.E. of Epinay. Pop. 1650. Archi, an'kee, a town of Italy, province of Chieti, 24 miles W. of Vasto. Pop. 3126. Archidona, an-che-do'ni. a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, on a railway, 34 miles N. of Malaga, built on the S. slope of a rugged and lofty mountain, 10 miles W.N.AV. of Loja. In the neighborhood are rich orchards, giving occu- pation to many of the inhabitants, who are also employed in Aveaving, expressing oil, and curing bacon, whioh they export in large quantities. Pop. 7620. Archidona, an-che-do'n^, a town of Eouador, 90 milea E.S.E. of Quito. Pop. 2000. Archigny, an^shoon^yee', a village of Franco, depart- ment of Vienne, 12 miles S.E. of Chiitcllorault. Pop. 1875. It is tho centre of a community descended from Acadian (Nova Scotian) refugees; founded in 1703. ARC 103 ARD Archipelago, ar-ke-pd'a-go, a name which, although neither its origin nor precise signification have been ascer- tained, is now generally understood to mean a sea inter- spersed with numerous islands or islets ; but applied more especially to the j^gean Sea (which see). Archipelago, Eastern. See Malay Archipelago. Archipel de Hawaii. See Hawaii. Archipel de la Perouse. See Perouse Islands. Archipel de Tahiti, the JFrench of Society Islands. Archivel, ar-ch^-vel', a town of Spain, in Murcia, 12 miles AY.S.W. of Caravaca. Pop. 1465. Arch Spring, a post-hamlet of Blair co., Pa., in Tyrone township. 2 miles from Union Furnace Station. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a sulphur spring. Archudi, or Arkudi, aR-koo'dcc, one of the smallest of the Ionian Islands, 4 miles N.N.E. of Ithaca. Arcidosso, aR-che-dos'so, a town of Italy, province of Grosseto, S miles "W. by N. of Radieofani. Pop. 4091. Arcisate, aR-che-s^'ti, a village of Italy, in Como, 3 miles N.N.E. of Varese, and near Lake Lugano. Pop. 1585. Arcis-sur-Aube, aR^see'siiR-ob, a town of France, department of Aube, on the Aube, and on a railway, 16 miles N. by E. of Troyes. Pop. 27S4. Arco, a river of France, in Savoy. See Arc. Arco, an'ko, a town of Austria, Tyrol, 8 miles W. of Roveredo, on the Sarca. Pop. 1995. Areola, aR-ko'U, an ancient town of Italy, province of Genoa, celebrated for its wines. Pop. 4335. Areola, ar-ko'la, apost-othce of Bullock co., Ga. Areola, a post-village of Douglas co., 111., in Areola township, on the Illinois Central Railroad where it crosses the Paris & Decatur Raih'oad, 15S miles S. by W. from Chicago, and 40 miles E.S.E. of Decatur. It contains 7 churches, a national bank, and a graded school. Three newspapers are issued here. Pop. of township, 2332. Areola, a post-village of Allen co., Ind., in Lake town- ship, on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 8 miles N.W. of Fort Wayne. It has 2 churches. Pop. 250. Areola, a post-hamlet of Monona co., Iowa, near the Little Sioux River, 7 miles E. of Onawa, and about 60 miles N. of Council Bluffs. Areola, a post-hamlet of Tangipahoa parish, La., and a station on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 4 miles N. of Amite City. It has a church. Areola, a hamlet of Washington co., Minn., on the St. Croix River, 7 miles above Stillwater. It has a steam mill. Areola, a post-office of Washington co., Miss. Areola, a post-hamlet of Dade co., Mo., 35 miles S.E. of Nevada. It has a church. Areola, a post-hamlet of Bergen co., N.J., in Midland township, 2 miles from the Midland Railroad, and 4 miles E. of Paterson. It has a church and a woollen-factory. Areola, a post-hamlet of Warren co., N.C., about 50 miles N.E. of Raleigh. It has 2 stores. Areola, a station in Montgomery co., Pa., on the Per- kiomen Railroad, 3 miles N. of Perkiomon Junction. Areola, a post-ofBce of Fort Bend co., Tex., on the In- ternational & Great Northern Railroad, at its junction with the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Railroad, 20 miles S. of Hous- ton, and 42 miles from Galveston. Areola, a post-office of Loudoun co., Va., about 30 miles W. of Washington, D.C., is at a hamlet named Gum Spring. Areole, aR-ko'li, a village of Italy, 15 miles E.S.E. of Verona, on an affluent of the Adige. Pop. 2801. Areole is celebrated for the victory gained there by Napoleon over the Austrians, November 17, 1796. Arcona, island of Riigen. See Arkona. Arcona, ar-ko'na, a hamlet of Jewell co., Kansas, in Washington township, 45 miles S. by W. from Edgar, Neb. It has a church. Arconate, aR-ko-nS,'ti, a village of Italy, province of Milan, 11 miles N.N.W. of Abbiategrasso. Pop. 2471. Arconsat, aR%6Nt=''sS.', a town of France, in Puy-de- DGme, 9 miles E. of St. Remy. Pop. 2096. Arcore, aR-ko'ri, a village of Italy, province of Milan, 4 miles N.E. of Monza. Arcos de la Frontera, an'koce di Id. fron-td'rl, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 30 miles N.E. of Cadiz, on an elevated rock near the Guadalete. The name is derived from its being built in the form of a "bow." The addition de fa Frontera ("of the frontier or limit") was derived from its position on the old Moorish frontier. Pop. 15,378, It was formerly strongly fortified. Chief manufactures, leather (which is celebrated), caps, hats, esparto grass work, thread, and ropes. There are several villages in Spain and Portu- gal named Arcos. Arcos de Valle do Vez, aR'koce di v3.1'li do vez, a village of Portugal, 15 miles N. of Braga. Pop. 2200. Arcot, ar^cot' (North and South), two contiguous mari- time districts of British India, presidency of Madras, com- prising the whole country from Coleroon River on the S. to the frontier of the Nellore district on the N., and E. of Cudda- pah, Mysore, and Salem, with the exception of the Chingleput district, lying round Madras. United area, 19,925 square miles. Pop. 3,770,192. Surface, low near the sea; inland, hilly, with extensive jungles. Chief rivers, the Coleroon and Palaur; on the N.E. coast is the Pulicat lake. Chief city and towns, Arcot, A''ellore, and Cuddalore. Arcot was ceded in 1801 to the East India Company. Ar^eot', Arucati, or Arookatee, 3,-roo-k5,'tee, a a\iy once the Mohammedan capital of the Carnatic, on the Palaur, and on a railway, 10 miles W. by S. of Madras. Lat. (fort) 12° 54' 14" N,; Ion. 79° 22' 23" E. It was first established as capital of the Carnatic in 1716. It was ceded to the East India Company in 1801, along with the whole district. . The town, which is inhabited chiefly by Moham- medans, is of modern erection, enclosed by walls, and con- tains a few buildings worthy of notice. Pop. 53,474. Arcs, IjCs, a village of France. See Les Arcs. Arctias, ark'she-as or ark'te-as, an island of the Black Sea, coast of Asia Minor, 2 miles ^Y.N.W. of Keresoon. Are'tic, a manufacturing village of Kent co., R.I., in Warwick township, on the Hartford, Providence & Fishkill Railroad, 12 miles S.W. of Providence. It has 2 churches, a large cotton -factory, and a printing-office. The nearest post-ofBce is River Point. Pop. 1173. Arctic Highlands, a country situated in the N.E. part of Baffin's Bay, on the W. coast of Greenland; discov- ered, in 1818, by Captain Ross, who gave it the name it now bears. The coast trends S.E. and N.W., extending UO miles, is ice-bound, and it is only about the bases of the rocks, chiefly granite and gneiss, close by the sea, that a stunted and scanty vegetation is to be seen. Arctic Ocean (named from Arc'tos, Gr. 'ApKTos, the " Bear," the constellation of which is principally included within the celestial Arctic Circle), the expanse of water that surrounds the North Pole and is a continuation of the Atlantic Ocean, with which it is connected by a wide sea, between Greenland and Norway. It communicates with the Pacific Ocean through Behring's. Strait, and comprises all the water or ice within the Arctic Circle, which is 23^ degrees from the North Pole. It washes the northern shores of Asia, Europe, and North America. No navigator has ever reached the centre of this frigid zone, the ex- ploration of which is extremely difficult and perilous. The progress of vessels is obstructed even in summer by im- mense icebergs and fields of ice. Some of the icebergs are so large that they rise 300 feet above the water in which they float. Here are also masses of floating ice, which have a rapid rotatory motion and dash against each other with tremendous violence. The mercury here sinks 50° or more below zero. Dense fogs, violent storms, and almost pei-- petual darkness increase the horrors and dangers that beset the navigator of this ocean. For the purpose of discovering a northwest passage, or an open polar sea, many expeditions have been conducted to the Arctic regions without success by Capt. Parry, Sir John Franklin, Br. Kane, and others. In 1S27, Capt. Parry reached a point in lat. 82° 45' and Ion. 19° 25' E. This appears to be the highest northern latitude which has ever been visited. Capt. Hall, commander of the "' Polaris," by travelling on the ice in a sledge, pene- trated to lat. 82° 16' N. in 1871. There is an extraordinary abundance of animal life in the Arctic Ocean, which has also valuable whale-fisheries. The water is extremely clear, shells being visible at the depth of 80 fathoms. Arcueil, aR^kuI', a village of France, department of Seine, 3 miles S. of Paris, on the railway from Paris to Sceaux, Pop. 5034. Arcy-sur-Cure, aR^see'siiR-kiiR, a village of France, in Yonne, on a railway, 14 miles S.E. of Auxerre. Pop. 1460. Ardabeel, Ardabil, or Ardabyl, an-da-beel', a town of Persia, in Azcrbaiian, on the Kara-Soo, 90 miles E. by N. of Tabreez. Pop. 12,000. Ardagh, aR'd^n, a village and parish of Ireland, co. of Longford, 6 miles S.E. of Longford. It is a Catholic bishop's see. Pop. of parish, 2337. Ardahan, aR-d^-nS^n', or Ardagan, aR-dd,-gS,n', a for- tified town of Asiatic Russia, in thedistrictofKars, acquired by Russia in the war of 1877-78. It is on the Koor, 45 miles N.N.W. of Kars. Ardales, an-da'J^s, a town of Spain, 30 miles N.W. of Malaga. Pop. 3912. Ardatov, au-da-tov', a town of Russia, government of ARD 104 ARD Simbeersk, on the Alateer (Alatyr), 14 miles "W. of tlie town of Alateer. Pop. 6090. It has two cathedrals. Artlatov, a town of Russia, government and 8 miles S.W. of Nizhnee-Novgorod. Pop. 2962. Ardchattaii, ard-Kat'tan, a district of Argyleshire, Scotland, consisting of the united parishes of Ardchattan and Muckairn. Pop. 1790. Ardea, aR-di'a,, a village of Italy, 24 miles S. of Rome, and 3 miles from the Mediterranean. This ruined capital of the ancient Jiutuli occupies the rock on which stood its citadel, where some remains are still traceable. Pop. 300. Ardebil, or Ardebyl, Persia. See Akdabeel. Ardeche, auMaish' or aRVT^sh', a river of France, the largest stream in the department to which it gives its name. Its source is among the Cevennes; and, after a course of 45 miles, amid magnificent natural scenery, it falls into the Rhone about a mile from Pont St. Esprit. In the lower part is the fall of Ray-Pic, above 100 feet high, and below is the Bridge of Arc, a remarkable natural curiosity. Ardeche, a department in the S.E. of France, between the departments of Loire, Isere, Drome, A'aucluse, Gard, Lozere, and Haute-Loire. Area, 2110 square miles. The whole department is of a mountainous character. Numer- ous volcanoes must have been active at no very remote geological period. Several of the craters still exhale me- phitic vapors, and warm springs issue from their sides. The streams are the Ardeche, the Erieux, and the Doux. They have all an E. course, and belong to the basin of the Rhone. Among the metals have been found silver, anti- mony, leadj and iron, which is now extensively wrought, and, in connection with the limestone and valuable coal- fields, supplies furnaces and forges which rank as the most important in France. Basalt is the chief building-stone in the district, but good marble is extensively quarried. The chestnut covers extensive tracts. In the S., both the fig and the olive thrive; and the department abounds with mul- berry-trees, which supply food for silk-worms. A large quantity of wine is produced. Cattle, sheep, goats, asses, and mules are largely bred. The department is divided into the arrondissements of Privas, Largentiere, and Tour- non. Previous to 1790 this territory formed a portion of Vivarais, a dependence of Languedoc. Capital, Privas. Pop. in 1876,384,378. Ar^dee' {Atherdee, "town on the Dee"), a town and parish of Ireland, co. of Louth, on the Dee, 12 miles N.W. of Drogheda. Pop. of town, 2972. It has two old castles (one now a court-house), a church of the thirteenth cen- tury, a Roman Catholic chapel, work-house, savings-bank, dispensar^s and several schools. Ardekoo, or Ardeku, arMe-koo', written also Arde- kouil or Ardekan, a town of Persia, in Khorassan, two days' journey N.W. of Yezd. Pop. 5000. Ardelan, ar-de-lin', a district of Persia, in Koordis- tan, forming a part of the province of Irak-Ajemee. Chief towns, Sinna and Kermanshah. Ardelica, the ancient name of Peschiera. Ar'deii, an ancient forest of England, believed to have covered at one time a large part of the midland and eastern counties. No vestiges of it remain, except in certain parish and township names. Ar'deUj a post-ofiice of Buncombe co., N.C. Ardeu, a post-ofiice of ^yashington co.. Pa., on the Chartiers Railroad, 3 miles N. of Washington. Arden, a post-village in Frontenac co., Ontario, 40 miles from Napanee. Pop. 100. Ardenlieim? ar'den-hime, a station in Huntingdon CO., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 2 miles N.W. of Huntingdon. Ardennes, or Ar'den, aR'dSn or aRMSn', Forest of (anc. Arduenhia Syl'va). This region, familiar to the read- ers of Shakspeare (see Arden, England), is a vast system of heights and forests, embracing a part of Belgium, parts of the Rhino province of Germany, with districts in Luxem- burg and in France, and extending W. to the sources of the Somme, the Oise, the Scheldt, and the Sambre, and E. to the Moselle. The Ardennes of Ctesar's time extended to the Rhine, and consisted of an immense forest. At present the name is confined to the wooded heights which, extending N.W. to S.E. on each side of the Meuse, descend between Painte-Mcnehould and Luxemburg, and are finally lost in the plains of the ancient Champagne. Ardennes, a department in the N.E. of Franco, formed of the N. part of the old province of Champagne and a small part of the provinces of Picardy and French Flanders, having on the N. and N.E. Belgian Luxembourg, W. the department of Aisne, S. Marno, and E. Meuse. Area, 1955 square miles. Rivers, the Meuse, the Bar, the Vence, the Sormonne, the Aisne, the Aire, the Vaux, and the Retourne. The climate is generally cold and humid; the soil is moun- tainous, and much wooded in the N. The department con- tains iron-mines, slate- and marble -quarries, potter's clay, and sand. Abundance of coin is raised in the rich valleys ; cider and beer are made, with a little wine. It has manu- factures of fire-arms and of metallic wares generally, earth- enware, glass, marble goods, woollen cloths, shawls, clock- works, and chemical products. Ardennes is divided into the arrondissements of Mezieres, Rethel, Rocroy, Sedan, and Vouziers, its chief towns. Capital, Mezieres. Pop. in 1876,320,782. Ardenno, aR-d^n'no, a village of Italy, in the Valtel- lina, 12 miles W. of Sondrio. Pop. 1953. Ardentes San 3Iartin, aR'dfiNt' siN^^ maRH4K°', a commune and village of France, department of Indre, on the Indre, 6 miles S.E. of Chateauroux. Pop. 2450. Ardes, aRd, a town of France, department of Puy-de- DGme, on the Couze, 10 miles S.W. of Issoire. Pop. 1412. Ardesio, aR-di'se-o, an ancient village of Italy, in Ber- gamo. Pop. 1949. It has extensive marble-quarries. Ardestau, or Ardistan, aR^d^-stan', a town of Per- sia, 86 miles N.E. of Ispahan. Ard^fert', a village and parish of Ireland, in Munster, CO. of Kerry, 4 miles N.W. of Tralee. Pop. 192. Ardfin'nan, a village of Ireland, co. of Tipperary, on the Suir, 6^ miles S.W. of Clonmel. Pop. 560. Ardglass', a seaport town of Ireland, co. of Down, on the Irish Sea, 6 miles S.E. of Downpatrick. Pop. of town, 613, chiefly engaged in fisheries. The pier has a light- house. This town enjoyed a flourishing commerce during the Lancastrian dynasty. Ardish, a town of Turkey. See Akhlat. Ardistan, a town of Persia. See Ardestan. Ardmeanach, Scotland. See Cro5[arty. Ardmore', a maritime town of Ireland, co. of Water- ford, on Ardmore Head, 4 miles N.E. of Youghal. Pop. 407. Ard'more, a post-village of Montgomery co.. Pa., in Lower Merion township, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 7 miles from West Philadelphia. It has a church, a graded school, and manufactures of cotton, wool, and flour. Here is a fine railroad depot, which cost nearly $40,000. This place was formerly named Athensville. Pop. about 900. Ard^naglass' Bay, an inlet on the W. coast of Ire- land, in Connaught, co. of Sligo. It extends inland for 6 miles, and receives the Owenbeg Riverj and at its head is the town of Ballysadare. Arduamurchan, ard-na-miir'Kan, a very extensive parish of Scotland, cos. of Inverness and Argyle. Ardnamurchan Point, a cape in Scotland, the west- ernmost point of the mainland of Britain. It contains a light-house. Lat. 56° 43' 45" N.; Ion. 6° 13' 30" W. Ardnaree, Ireland. See Ballina. Ardoch, an'doK, or Braco, brd'ko, a village of Scot- land, CO. of Perth, 4 miles S.S.W. of Muthill. Ardore, aR-do'ri, a town of Italy, province of Reggio di Calabria, 7 miles by rail S.S.W. of Gerace. Pop, 5141. Ardoye, aR^dw^', a market-town of Belgium, province of West Flanders, 16 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 6100, engaged in linen-bleaching, brewing, and tbe manufacture of wax and tallow candles. Ar'drah, or Az'em, a town of Africa, kingdom of Dahomey, lat. 6° 35' N., Ion. 3° 42' E., about 20 miles from the sea-coast. Pop. 10,000. Ardres, aRd'r, a town of France, department of Pas-de- Calais, 10 miles by rail S.E. of Calais. Pop. 2189. Near this was held, in 1520, the celebrated interview of the " Field of the Cloth of Gold," between Henry VIII. and Francis I. Ardrishaig', a village and port of Scotland, in Argyle- shire, on Loch Gilp and the Crinan Canal, 19 miles S.S.W. of Inverary. Pop. 1177. Ardrossan, ar-dros'san, a town of Scotland, co. and 16 miles N.W. of Ayr, on the Firth of Clyde, opposite the Isle of Arran. It is now a fashionable bathing-place, with 5 churches, 3 banks, good hotels, and handsome villas j and it communicates by a branch railway with the Glas- gow and Ayr lines at Kilwinning, and by steam-packets with Arran, Belfast, and Liverpool. Tho harbor, formed at an immense expense, is sheltered by a pier and by Horso Island, and has a light-house on the breakwater. Tho ex- port of coal and iron is important. Lat. 55° 38' 27" N.j Ion. 4° 49' 28" W. Pop. 4228. Ard'straAV, a parish of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Ty- rone, comprising the town of Newtown-Stewart and the villages of Ardstraw and Douglas Bridge. Arduenna Sylva, tho ancient name of Artiennes. Ard'wick, a suburb of Manchester, England, and ARD 105 within the bounds of its borough. The Sheffield Railway joins that of Birmingham in this suburb. Pop, 28,066. Ardz-Room, or Ardz-Rum, See Erzroom. Areas, 3,-ri'is. or SSo Miguel das Areas, sown** me-ghSr dis S,-ri'^s, a town of Brazil, in the province of Sao Paulo, 110. miles N.W. of Rio Janeiro. Pop. 5000. Ar^ebo', Ar^obo', or Arbon, an'b6N°'j a town of Africa, in Guinea, 30 miles S.W. of Benin, on the Benin River, 40 miles from its mouth. Areca Island, in the Strait of Malacca. See Penang. Arechavaleta, S;-rA,-ch&-v3,-U'ti, a town of Spain, in Guipuzcoa, 27 miles N.E. of Vitoria. Pop. S60. Arecibo, a-ri-see'bo, a seaport of Porto Rico, Spanish "West Indies, on the Rio Arecibo, near the sea, and 45 miles W. of San Juan, It is the capita! of the province of Arecibo. Its roadstead is exposed to N. and N.E. winds, and only small vessels can load here. Pop. 11,187. Arecife, d-ri-see'fi {i.e., the "reef"), a seaport town of the Canaries, on the S.E. coast of Lanzarote. Pop. 2500, Ared, a province of Arabia. See Aared. Arelas, Arelate, or Arelatum. See Arles. Aremberg'-Meppen (il'rem-bgRG^ mSp'pen), a former duchy, situated between Oldenburg and the Netherlands, now a part of Hanover. Area, 740 square miles. It is trav- ersed by the Ems, and consists chiefly of sandy moors and heaths. It gives title to a line of dukes; but the duchy has been mediatized, and has only a nominal existence. Arena, a-ri'nS,, a town of Abyssinia, on Howakel Bay, on the W. shore of the Red Sea, 50 miles S.E. of Arkeeko, Arena, S,-ri'ni, a town of Italy, province of Pavia, 18^^ miles by rail N.E. of Voghera. Pop. 3673. Arena, ^-ree'nd, a township of Mendocino co., Cal. Arena, a post-village of Iowa co.. Wis,, in Arena town- ship, 1 mile S. of the Wisconsin River, and on the Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railroad, 29 miles W, of Madison. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, and a graded school. Pop. about 500; of township, 1930. Ar^enac', a post-hamlet and township of Bay co., Mich,, on Saginaw Bay, 28 miles N. of Bay City. Pop. 381. Arena Coniitis, See Guavezande. Arenas, 3,-ri'n3,s, a Spanish word signifying "sands," the name sometimes given to islands, capes, sand-banks, &e. Arenas de San Pedro, 3,-ri'n^s di sS^n pi'nro, a village of Spain, in Old Castile, 36 miles S.W. of Avila. Pop. 2300. Ar'endahl, a post-hamlet in Arendahl township, Eill- more co., Minn., about 22 miles S.W. of Winona. The township is intersected by Root River and the Southern Minnesota Railroad. Pop. 946. Arendal,S.'ren-dar, a seaport town of Norway, 36 miles N.E. of Christiansand, on the Skager-Rack, at the mouth of the Nid-Elv. It is built on islands and rocks projecting into the commodious haven formed within the islands of Tromoe and Hiseroe. The buildings are of wood, clustered in declivities, and scattered up the surrounding heights, one of which is crowned by a handsome church. The town has a commercial and other schools, a custom-house, and yards for ship-building. Near it are iron-mines. Pop. 5800. Arendonck, a,Ven-d6nk', a town of Belgium, 29 miles N.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 3650, employed in stocking- and linen-weaving, and in distilling. Arendsee, ft,'rent-si\ a town of Prussian Saxony, 53 miles N. of Magdeburg, on a lake. Pop. 2143. Arendtsville, S,r'ents-vil, a post-hamlet of Adams co., Pa., 7i miles N.E. of Gettysburg. It has a church, a "Woollen-mill, 3 stores, Ac. Arensberg, a town of Germany. See Arnsberg. Arensburg, S.'rens-b66RG\ a town of Russia, in Livo- nia, capital of the island of Oesel, on its S. coast, in the Gulf of Riga. It has an active commerce. Pop. 3256. Arenskrone, a town of Germany. SeeDEUTscn-IvRONE. Arenys de Mar, d,-ri-nees' di maR, a seaport town of Spain, on the Mediterranean, in Catalonia, 25 miles by rail N.E. of Barcelona. Pop. 5385. Arenys de Munt, S,-ri-nees' di moont, a village of Spain, a little N. of the foregoing. Pop. 1379. Arenzano, a-r§n-zi'no, a village of Italy, 15 miles by railway W. of Genoa. Pop. 3807. Ar'enzville, a post-village in Arenzville township, Cass CO., 111., on the Rockfovd, Rook Island &St. Louis Rail- road, 80 miles N. of Alton. The township has 4 churches, and a pop. of 884. Arequipa, S,-ri-kee'pS-, the most southern department of Peru, extending along the Pacific, between lat. 15° and 21° S. and Ion. 69° and 75° W., having on the E. and S. Bolivia. Pop. 160,282. Arequipa, a city of Peru, capital of the department of AUG the same name, 450 miles S.E. of Lima, and about 40 miles from the shores of the Pacific. Lat. 16° 16' S. ; Ion. 72° 31' W. Railways connect it with Mollendo and Puno. It is a bishop's see, and is finely situated, 7775 feet above the sea-level, on the plain of Quilca, on the river Chili, which is here crossed by a handsome stone bridge. It enjoys a delightful climate, and is one of the best-built towns of South America. It has a square ornamented with an elegant bronze foun- tain, a cathedral, a university, a medical school, several churches, nunneries, convents, a college, and a hospitaL The houses and public edifices are all of stone, generally only of one floor, with thick walls and vaulted roofs, to resist the shocks of earthquakes, which are so destructive as to have laid the city in ruins on different occasions. It has manufactures of woollen and cotton stuffs and gold and silver tissue, with an active and flourishing trade. In the vicinity are gold- and silver-mines, and the land round the town is fertile and well cultivated. Pop. about 35,000. Arequipa, a mountain of Peru. See Misti. Ares, i'res, a seaport of Spain, 9 miles N.E. of Co- runna, with ruins of extensive fortifications. Pop. 1850. Ar^ethu'sa, a celebrated fountain of Sicily, in the city of Syracuse. It springs from the earth under an arch in the rock a short distance from the sea, from which it is sep- arated by the city wall only. The water, described by the ancient writei-s as pure and sweet, is now brackish from the sea having found access to it. Arette, a'r^tt', a town of France, department of Basses- Pyrenees, 11 miles from Oloron. Pop. 2065. Arevalo, ^-rh-yk'lo, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 28 miles N. of Avila, on a railway. Pop. 3114. Arezzo, i-rSt'so (anc. Arre'Hum), a city of Italy, Tus- cany, capital of the province of its own name, on the Chiana, an affluent of the Arno, 55 miles by rail S.E. of Florence. Pop. 10,400. Its walls are evidently Etruscan, and it abounds in architectural remains of the Middle Ages. Chief edifices, a cathedral, and several other churches rich in works of art; the famous loggie of Vasari, in the principal Square, comprising a theatre, town hall, hospital, a museum, and a library. It is a bishop's see. Ancient Arretium was famous for its manufacture of ten-a-cotta and fine red pot- tery. The principal manufactures of modern Arezzo are silks, woollen stuffs, and pins. The city is celebrated for the great number of eminent men who were born in it, Arezzo, a province of Italy, in Tuscany, between the provinces of Florence, Pesaro and Urbino, Siena, and Umbria. It is traversed by the Apennines, and has large forests. Area, 1276 square miles. Capital, Arezzo. Pop. 234,645. Arga, an'g^, a river of Spain, in Navarre, rising in the Pyrenees, falls into the Aragon, after a course of 60 miles. Argpeus, ar-jee'us (Turk. Arjish-Dagh, ar-jeesh' dd.G, or Erdjish- (or Erjish-) Bagh, er-jeesh' das), the loftiest mountain of Asia Minor, 12 miles S. of Kaisareeyeh. Cir- cumference, about 60 miles; height, 13,100 feet. It is isolated, except on the S.E. side, where it is connected with a branch of the Taurus, and its flanks are studded with volcanic cones. The snow-line is 10,700 feet high. Argamasilla de Alba, aR-g^-m^-seel'yS, di al'bd, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 84- miles by rail S.S.E. of Madrid, on the Guadiana. Pop. 1600. Argamasilla de Calatrava, aR-gi-m3,-seery^ di ka-la-tr&'v^, a town of Spain, 13 miles by rail S. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 2186. Argana Maden. See Arghana-Maden. Arganda del Rey, aR-gd.n'dS, d^l rA'e, a town of Spain, 16 miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 3314. Arganil, aR-gS,-neer, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 28 miles E.N.E, of Coimbra. Pop. 2625. Ar^gaum', a village of Central India, 38 miles W.S.W. of EUichpoor, Here the troops under the Duke of Wel- lington (then General AVellesley) totally defeated the Nag- poor forces, November 28, 1803, Argel and Argelino. See Algiers. Argelfes, aRzhUi' or an^zh^h-li', a town of France, in Hautes-Pyr^n^es, 17 miles S.S.W. of Tarbes. Pop. 1660. Argeles-sur-Mer, anzhMi' sUr maiR, a village of France, in Pyr^n^es-Orientales, 12 miles S. of Perpignan by railway, and near the sea. Pop. 2600. Argens, aR^zhdN^', a river of France, department of Var, falls into the Mediterranean about 2^ miles S.W. of Frejus. Course, about 60 miles. Argenta, an-jSn'tS,, a town of Italy, on the Po, IS miles S.E. of Ferrara. Pop., with a large commune, 16,242. Argen'ta, a post-village of Pulaski co., Ark., on the Memphis k Little Rook and Little Rock & Fort Smith Rail- roads, and on the N. bank of the Arkansas River, about 2 ARa 106 ARG miles from Little Rock. It has a church, a public hall, a fiour-mill, and 3 large railroad shops. Pop. about 1000. Argeuta, a post-village of Macon co., 111., on the In- dianapolis, Bloomington & Western Railroad, 12 miles N.E. of Decatur. Argenta, a station on the Kalamazoo division of the Michigan Southern Railroad, 9 miles N. of Kalamazoo. Argeuta, a post-village of Beaver Head co., Montana, about 14 miles N.E. of Bannock City. Gold and silver are found near this place. It has a smelting-furnace. Argenta, a station in Lander co., Nevada, on the Cen- tral Pacific Railroad and the river Humboldt, 72 miles E. of Winnemucca. Argentan, ait^zhON^HdNo' (L. Argenum o^ndiArgentonium Caatrum), a town of France, department of Orne, at the crossing of two railways, 22 miles N.N.W, of Alengon. Pop. 5376. It is well built and clean, and has a normal school, a college, and manufactures of embroideries and lace called ^0Mi( d' Argentan, with bleaching-grounds, tanneries, and glove-works. Argentaria, supposed ancient name of Largentiere. Argentaria Island. See Argentiera. Argentaro, an-j^n-ta'ro, or EgrisooTTagh, cg're- 800^ t^G, a mountain of Turkey in Europe, one of the high- est of the Balkan range between Servia and Macedonia, Argentaro, aR-j§n-t3,'ro, a mountain promontory of Italy, projecting into the Mediterranean at the S. extremity of Tuscany, immediately W. of Orbitello. Its culminating point, la Cima delle tre Croci, is 1700 feet high. Argentat, aR^zhdN^HS.', a town of France, department of Correze, on the Dordogne, 20 miles S.E. of Tulle. It has coal-mines. Pop. 3242. Argenteau, aR^zhftwoHo', a village of Belgium, on the Meuse, 6 miles by rail N.E. of Liege. Pop. 755. Argenteuil, an^zhfiNo^tul' {h.Argento'lhim), a town of France, department of Seine-et-Oise, on the Seine, and on a railway, 11 miles N.E. of Versailles. Pop. 807S. Argenteuil, aR^zhftNoHuI', a county of Quebec, Canada, bounded on the S. by the Ottawa River. Area, 935 square miles. It is watered by the Rouge and North Rivers and several smaller streams. The part bordering on the Ottawa is traversed by the Carillon &, Grenville Railway, The pro- jected Northern Colonization Railway will pass through the county. Chief town, Lachute. Pop. 12,806. Argentiera, aR-jSn-te-i'r^, Argentaria, aR-jSn-tS,- ree'S,, or Khimoli, Kee'mo-lee (anc. Cimo'lia or Cimo'lua, and Echinu'sa, or "isle of vipers"), an island in the Gre- cian Archipelago. Lat. 36° 49' 3" N. ; Ion. 24° 33' 5" E. It is eighteen miles in circumference, and of volcanic forma- tion, and was anciently famed for its detergent Cimolian earth. Argentiere, aR'zhONc'te-aiR', orii' Argentiere, laR^- zh6N°He-aiR', a commune and hamlet of France, department of Hautes-Alpes, 9 miles S.E. of Brian^on, on the right bank of the Durance. Pop. 1149. See Col d'Argentiere, Argentina, aR-H^n-tee'nfL, a small port and settlement of the Argentine Republic, at the head of Blanco Bay, 390 miles S.S.W. of Buenos Ayres. Pop. 1470. Argentine, ar'jen-tine, a post-village of Genesee co., Mich., in Argentine tow-nship, 4 miles from Linden Bail- road Station, and about IS miles S.W. of Flint. It has a church and a flour-mill. Pop. about 200. The township is intersected by the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad. Pop. of the township, 1037. Argentine Pass, Colorado, a depression of the main or Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. Lat. 39° 37' 50" N.^ Ion. 105° 46' 30" W. Elevation, 13,100 feet. It is nearly 2 miles from Gray's Peak. Argentine (ar'jen-tine) Republic (Sp. Bepiiblica Argentina, ri-poob'le-kd. aR-nen-tee'n^ ; Fr. Jiepublique Argentine, ri^pubHeek' aR^zhdNo^teen' : Ger. Argenti- niacke Confo deration, aR-Gh^n-tee'ne-sheh kon-f d-di-riU- se-on'), a South American republic, bounded on the N. by Bolivia, on the E. by Brazil, Uruguay, and the Atlantic Ocean, on the S. by the Atlantic and Patagonia, and on the W. by the Andes, which separate it from Chili. It extends from lat. 22° to 41° S., a distance of about 1300 miles, and is mostly included between 55° and 70° W. Ion. Its average breadth is nearly 700 miles. The area is estimated at 900,000 square miles, excluding Patagonia, which is claimed as a part of this republic. The Argentine Republic is nearly all in the temperate zone. Face of the Countri/. — This country has no high moun- tains except the Andes, which extend along the W. boundary for 1300 miles. Among the mountain-peaks which rise between the Argentine Republic and Chili are Aconcagua (22,422 feet high) and Tupungato, the former of which is said to be the highest on the continent. The summits of these peaks are covered with perpetual snow. The north- western part of the country is occupied by several ranges or branches of the Andes, Between the Cordillera and the great plains are fertile valleys and well- watered hilly regions. The term " Argentine Mesopotamia" is applied to a fertile tract of low land which lies between the rivers Parang and Uruguay. The northern part of this tract is extensively covered by forests. The central part of the republic is a vast plain called the Pampas, which is nearly destitute of forests. The soil of the Pampas is fertile, and produces pasture for immense herds of cattle and horses, which are the principal resources of the natives. This great plain, which is generally level, has a deep alluvial soil, which in the wet season is covered with long grass and gi- gantic thistles; in the dry season vegetation disappears, and this plain becomes a desert. A stone can hardly be found here for hundreds of miles. The Argentine Republic comprises part of an extensive arid plain or desert called the Gran Chaco, which lies on the N. border of the Pampas, Many saline lakes occur in the southern part of the Pampas. liivera and Lakes. — The principal rivers are the Parang, the Paraguay, the Uruguay, the Pilcomayo, and the Vermejo. Several of these unite in the E. part and pour their waters into the Atlantic through a common outlet called the Rio de la Plata, which is a wide estuary rather than a river. At its mouth, between Cape St. Antonio and Cape St. Mary, it is 170 miles wide. Above Montevideo the navigable chan- nel is contracted between sand-banks, and the water on its southern shore is so shallow that vessels of moderate size bound for Buenos Ayres are compelled to anchor 6 or 8 miles from the land. The main branches of the Plata are the ParanA and the Uruguay. The former runs nearly southward after it enters this republic from Brazil. It is about 2200 miles long. Steamboats can ascend the Parang and its affluent the Paraguay about 1000 miles. The largest affluents of the Parana are the Paraguay, the Salado, and the Vermejo, which are all navigable. The lower Pil- comayo River forms part of the boundary between Para- guay and the Argentine Republic by a treaty concluded in February, 1876. The great plains called Pampas are not traversed by any important or permanent rivers except the Rio Colorado, which runs southeastward and enters the At- lantic after a course of about 500 miles. Marshes, lagoons, and temporary lakes are numerous in the central and south- ern plains. Many of these disappear in the dry season, leaving the ground covered with saline deposits. Near the left bank of the Parand, is a large shallow lake of fresh water, called Ibera. Climate. — The climate is generally healthy. In the ex- treme northern part the heat is oppressive. The elevated plains of Mendoza enjoy an agreeable and temperate climate, and the wide region between Mendoza and Buenos Ayres has one of the finest climates in the world. The mean an- nual temperature at Buenos Ayres is about 64° Fahr. The central and southern plains are subject to long droughts. The pampero, a violent wind blowing from the S.W. in the dry season, raises clouds of dust that darken the air. Geologii and Minerals. — Granite, gneiss, and porphyry abound in the mountains on the W. border of the republic. The islands of the river Parand are also granitic. The formation of the Pampas is alluvial. In the southern part of the Pampas occur fossils of gigantic extinct animals called Megatherium, Glyptodon, Ac. Gold, silver, and cop- per are found in the Aconquija Cordillera, which separates Catamarca from Tucuman. It is stated that mines of silver and copper have been discovered in La Rioja, and mines of gold in the province of Cordova. Among the other minerals are coal, iron, sulphur, and salt. The mineral resources are almost entirely unexplored. Plants and Animals. — The flora of the Pampas is not rich nor remarkable for variety. The most characteristic plants of the Gran Chaco are thorny mimosas and species of cactus. Palms and other tropical trees are found in Salta and other northern provinces. Extensive forests occur along the river ParanA. The provinces of Cordova, Santiago, and Tucuman are covered with forests of magnificent trees of excellent timber. The mat6, or Paraguay tea, is indigenous here. Among the cultivated plants are cotton, sugar-cane, tobacco, maize, rice, wheat, grapes, and peaches. The principal indigenous animals are the jaguar, the puma or cougar, the ounce, the tapir, the capybara, the llama, the armadillo, the ostrich, and the condor. The im- mense herds of cattle and horses that roam over the Pampas are of European breeds. Agricnltnre, Commerce, t&c, — The chief wealth of this republio consists in cattle, horses, and ahoep. Agriculture ARG 107 ARG is SO generally neglected tliat this nation does not produce sufficient grain or vegetable food for home consumption. The natives look with contempt on foreigners who are em- ployed in agriculture. Small quantities of cotton, sugar- cane, tobacco, wheat, maize, and rice are raised. There are no important manufactures. Some of the Indians make blankets, cloth, mantles (ponchos), &c., of wool. The chief articles of export are hides, tallow, wool, feathers, bones, sheep, copper, and jerked beef, amounting to about $50,000,000 annually. This republic has 12 lines of railway, with an aggregate length of about 1000 miles. The mines of precious metals are so far from the sea, and so difficult of aoeess, that they have not yet been extensively worked. Population and Government. — The Spaniards are the dom- inant race, but are less numerous than the aborigines, who are mostly uncivilized, A large part of the population is composed of mestizoes, or half-breeds, called Gauchos, who live on horseback and eat beef almost exclusively. They are employed in taming wild horses and in catching and slaughtering cattle. They pass much time in gaming, smoking, and fighting. The Pampas and Gran Chaco are infested by several tribes of savage Indians of predatory habits and cruel disposition. Considerable numbers of French, Italian, and other European immigrants have re- cently settled in this republic. The Catholic religion pre- dominates here, but other religions are tolerated. The number of immigrants who came to this country in 1S74 was 68,277. The government is a federal republic, administered by a president, who is elected for a term of 6 years. There are two legislative bodies, the senate and the chamber of dep- uties. The senate is composed of 2 members from each province. Buenos Ayres is the capital of the republic, which is divided into 14 provinces, — namely, Buenos Ayres, Cata- marca, Cordova, Corrientes, Entre Bios, Jujuy, La Kioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiago, and Tucuman. The population, according to the census of 1869, was 1,737,923; or, including residents of Patagonia and other unorganized territory, 1,877,490. History , — In 1527, Sebastian Cabot, in the service of the King of Spain, entered the Plata and ascended the river Paranfi. Don Pedro de Mendoza built a fort on the site of Buenos Ayres in 1535, and explored the interior. Soon after this date the Spaniards founded several towns, and began the conquest of the country. For nearly two centuries these Spanish colonies were governed by the Viceroy of Peru. Revolutionary movements commenced here, as in other American colonies of Spain, about 1810. The people were involved in civil wars, some fighting for the king and others for independence. The deputies of several provinces met in 1816, renounced their allegiance to the King of Spain, and founded a republic under the name of La Plata. Since that time the country has been disturbed by frequent revo- lutions and civil wars. Two parties. Federalists and Uni- tarians, contended for mastery. Gen. Kosas was the leader of the Federalists, who opposed a strong central govern- ment and desired a federation of states which should be nearly independent. The Federalist* were victorious, and Rosas acted as dictator from 1835 to 1852. He was defeated in that year by the united forces of Brazil, Paraguay, and Gen. Urquiza. Rosas went into exile, and Urquiza was elected president. The province of Buenos Ayres seceded in 1853, and initiated another civil war. After Urquiza had gained several victories, Buenos Ayres rejoined the confed- eration in 1860. Between 1865 and 1870 the allied powers of the Argentine Republic and Brazil waged war against Paraguay. Ar^entinische Confoderation, the German for Argentine Republic. Argentolium, the Latin name of Argenteuil. Argentonium Castrura, the Latin for Argentan. Argenton-sur-Creuse,aR*zh6N<'H6No'silRkruz (anc. Argentom'agus), a town of France, department of Indre, on the Creuze, 20 miles by rail S.W. of Chateauroux. Pop. 5274, It has ruins of an ancient castle, and manufactures of woollen cloths. Argentoratum, the ancient name of Strasburg. Argentre , aR'^zhfiN-'Hri', a village of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 5 miles S.S.E. of^Vitre. Pop. 2175. Argentre-sous-Laval, aRV^hftN^Hri' soo Wv?lV, a village of France, in Mayenne, 6 miles E. of Laval. P. 1564. Argenujie, the Latin name of Argentan. Arghana-Madeii,arv^g^-ni'-m3,'dSn, a town of Asiatic Turkey, 33 miles N.W. of Diarbekir, on the Tigris, near its source. Pop. about 4000. It has copper-mines. Arghuri, a village of Armenia. See Argooree. Argigo, a town of Abyssinia. See Arkeeko. Argillite, ar'jil-lite, a post-hamlet of Greenup co., Ky., on the Eastern Kentucky Railroad, 16 miles N.E. of Grayson. Argine-Po, ar-jee'ni-po, a village of Italy, province of Pavia, 10 miles E.N.B. of Voghera. Pop. 1480. Argiro-Kastro, Albania. See Argyro-Castro. Ar'gO (anc. Gaugodes or Gora?), an island of Nubia, in the Nile, between lat. 19° 10' and 19° 32' N. Length, from N. to S., 25 miles ; breadth, 5 miles. Ar'gO, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co., Ala., on the Ala- bama & Chattanooga Railroad, 21 miles N.E. of Birmingham. Argo, a post-office of Carroll co., 111., about 30 miles S.AV. of Freeport. Argo, a post-office of Winona co., Minn. Argo, a post-office of Crawford co., Mo., about 75 miles W.S.W. of St. Louis. Ar'gol', a village of France, department of Finistere, 11 miles N.W. of Chateaulin. Pop. 1333. Argolicus Sinus, ancient name of Gulf of Naxtplia, Ar'golis and Cor'inth, a nome of Greece, in the N.E. part of the Morea. Area, 1442 square miles. Capital, Nauplia. Pop. 127,820. The district of Argolis comprises a small part of the ancient Ar'golis, and extends along the N. shore of the Gulf of Nauplia. Argonne, aR^gonn', or Forest of Argonne, a re- gion of France, departments of Meuse and Ardennes. It forms a small plateau, partly covered with wood, extending from Toul to Mezieres, and separating the basins of the Aisne and the Meuse. Argoon, or Argun, ar-goon', a river of Asia, rises in a lake in Chinese Tartary, and, flowing from S. to N., sepa- rates the Russian and Chinese Empires, and joins the Shilka to form the Amoor. Argoonsk is a fort of Russia, on the left bank of the Argoon, in lat. 51° 51' N., Ion. 119° 50' B. Argoon, or Argun, a river in the Russian dominions, Circassia, rises in the Caucasus, flows N.N.E., and joins the Terek in Ion. 46° 10' E. Argooree, or Arguri, aR-goo'ree, a village of Russian Armenia. 186 miles S. of Tiflis, on the N.E. slope of Mount Ararat, about 5400 feet above the sea. This was formerly one of the largest and most beautiful villages in Armenia. On July 2, 1840, a great earthquake destroyed the village of Argooree, and the monastery and chapel of St. James, with some 1500 of the inhabitants. Only 114 people escaped. Argos, ar'gos, a town of Greece, nome of Argolis and Corinth, fi miles N.N.W. of Nauplia, near the head of its gulf, and 20 miles S.S.W. of Corinth. Pop. with surround- ings, 10,620, It is considered the most ancient city of Greece, and was long the capital of Argolis. The ruins of Argos Amphilochicum, Acarnania, exist at the S.E. corner of "the Gulf of Arta, 15 miles E.S.E. of Vonitza. Argos, a post-village of Marshall co., Ind., in Walnut township, on the Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago Railroad, 8 miles S. of Plymouth, and 110 miles N. of Indianapolis. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and manufactures of furniture, fl-our, and lumber. Pop. SOO. Argostoli, aR-gos'to-le, a seaport town of Greece, capi- tal of the island of Cephalonia, on its S.AV. side, with an excellent port in the Gulf of Argostoli. Lat. 38° 10' N.j Ion. 19° 59' 3'' E. Here are mills driven by remarkable streams flowing from the sea into crevices or caverns of the island. It is the residence of a Greek bishop. Pop. 8016. Argouges, an'^goozh', a town of France, department of Manche, 15 miles from Avranches. Pop. 1392, Argoun, a river of Asia. See Argoon. Argovie, and Argovia. See Aargatt. Arguenon, aR^gheh-nis"', a river of France, depart- ment of C6tes-du-Nord, falls into the English Channel at Le Guildo, 10 miles W.S.W. of St. Malo. Arguin, aR-goo-een' or an-gween', an island off the W. of Africa, 25 miles S.E. of Cape Blanco, and about 8 miles from the shore. Lat. 20° 27' N.; Ion. 16° 37' W. It is 4 miles long and 3 miles broad. The dangerous bank of Arguin extends N. to S. 135 miles, from near Cape Blanco to Cape Mirik. It is the seat of a great fishery. Arguin is claimed by France. Arguin, a town of "West Africa, on the coast, about 50 miles S.E. of Cape Blanco. It was once a French settlement. Argun, a river of Russia. See Argoon. Arguri, a village of Armenia. See Argooree. Argurokastron, modern Greek for Argyro-Castro. Ar'gus, a post-hamlet of Crenshaw co., Ala., about 36 miles S. of Montgomery. It has a church, Ar'gusville, a post-office of Lassen co., Cal. Argusville, a post-village of Schoharie co., N.T., 9 miles N. of Cobleskill, and about 50 miles W. of Albany. It has 3 churches, a grist-mill, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 250, ARG 1 Argyle, or Argyll, ar-ghile', a county of Scotland, on its W. side, greatly indented by arms of the sea, and having on the N. Inverness-shire, on the E. the counties of Perth and Dumbarton, and on the W. and S. the Atlantic and Irish Channel. It includes the islands of Mull, Islay, Jura, Tiree, Coll, lona or Icolmkill, Stafta, &c. Area, 3255 square miles, of which nearly a half belongs to the islands. Pop. 75,679. Surface mostly rugged and mountainous. Loch Awe is in this county. Great numbers of cattle are reared here for export to southern markets. Chief towns, Inverary, Campbeltown^ and Oban. It returns 1 member to the House of Commons. Argyle gives the title of duke to the head of the Campbell family. Argyle, ar-ghile', a station in Clinch co., Ga., on the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, 15 miles N,E. of Dupont. Argyle, a post-village of Winnebago co., 111., in Harlem township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 10 miles N.E. of Rockford. It has a church, and an elevator for grain. The village was settled by Scottish immigrants. Argyle, a post-hamlet of Sumner co., Kansas, on Good River, 2U miles S. of Wichita. It has a church. Argyle, a post-township of Penobscot co., Me., on the W. bank of the Penobscot River, 20 miles N. of Bangor. It has manufactures of shingles and lumber. Pop. 307. Argyle, a post-township of Sanilac co., Mich., about 45 miles E. of Bay City. Pop. 122. Argyle, a post- village of Washington co., N.Y., in Argyle township, 45 miles N. by E. from Albany. It con- tains the Argyle Academy and several churches. Pop. 351 ; of the township, 2850. Argyle, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co., N.C., about 16 miles W. of Fayetteville. Argyle, a station in Robeson co., N.C., on the Carolina Central Railroad, 9 miles W.N.W. of Lumberton. Argyle, a station name for Petrolia, Pa. Argyle, a post-village of Lafayette co.. Wis., in Argyle township, on the Pecatonica River, 14 miles E. by N. of Darlington. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a saw- mill. Pop. of township, 1154. Argyle, a post-village and township in Yarmouth co.. Nova Scotia, On the sea-coast, 19 miles S.E. of Yarmouth. Pop. of township, 1333. Argyle, a post- village in Victoria co., Ontario, 67 miles by rail N.N.E. of Toronto. Pop. 100. Argyle Lauding, a hamlet of Washington co., Miss., on the Mississippi River, 2 miles from Greenville. Argyll, a county of Scotland. See Argyle. Argyro-Castro, aR'ghe-ro kis'tro (modern Greek Ar- ^urokastron ; Turk. Ert/ree Kastree), a town of Albania, vilayet of Yanina, on the DeropuU, a tributary of the Vo- yussa, 47 miles N.W. of Yanina. Pop. about 6000. It is picturesquely situated, and has many mosques, a ruined castle, and a good bazaar. It is celebrated for its snufl". Ar'i, a post-office of Noble co., Ind. Aria, the ancient name of eastern provinces of Persia. Ariabiiium, supposed ancient name of MttLHAUSEN. Arialdunum, supposed ancient name of Rute. Ariana, 5,r-e-an'a, a township, Grundy co., 111. P. 337, Ariano, 5,-re-^'no, a town of Italy, province of Avellino, in the Apennines, 17 miles by railway E. of Bcnevento. Pop. 14,347. It has a mountain-fortress, a cathedral, a diocesan school, manufactures of earthenware, and an export trade in wine and in butter. Aria Palus, the ancient name of Hamoon. Arica, fL-ree'kS,, a maritime town of Peru, department of Moquegua, 200 miles S.S.E. of Arequipa. Lat. 18° 28' S.; Ion. 70° 10' W. It was formerly a much more im- portant place than now. It has manufactures of glass beads, and is the principal port through which the foreign business is carried on with Bolivia. It is connected by rail- way with Tacna. Pop. of the town, though once estimated at 30,000, is now only about 4000. Aricati, a town and river of Brazil. See Aracati, Arichat, S,-re-shit', a seaport of Nova Scotia, on Isle Madame. Lat. 45° 28' N. ; Ion. 61° 3' W. It has im- portant fishery establishments, and is the chief town of the county of Richmond. It has a Catholic bishop, a large ladies' seminary, a convent, an English academy, and a good harbor. A lead-mine has been worked at the head of the harbor. Pop. 1058. Arid, ir'id, a group of small islands in the Indian Ocean. Lat. 46° 56' S. ; Ion. 47° 30' E. Ariege, i^re-aizh', a river of France, rises in the East- ern Pyrenees, traverses the departments of Ari6go and llaute- Garonne, and joins the Garonne. Length, 90 miles. Ari6ge, a department in the S. of France, having S. the Pyrenees and Spain ; W., Haute-Garonne j N.E., Aude j and ARI S.E., Pyrenees-Orientales. Area, 1738 square miles. Two- thirds of the province is covered with mountains, which rise from N. to S., and reach their greatest elevation on the ex- treme frontier in the Pyrenees. The principal summit is Montcalm, 10,611 feet high. The various branches, stretch- ing from E. to W., separate the department into two valleys, the one watered by the Ariege and the other by the Salat. In the N. the climate is mild and temperate; but in the S. the heat is oppressive in summer and the cold extreme in winter. The higher lands in the S. furnish wood and pas- turage; the lower are remarkable for their fertility. The vine is cultivated up to the middle of the higher mountains. Large numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats are reared. The staple trade of the department is in iron, the principal mines of which are on the Vicdessos. Lead and copper are pro- cured in various places ; also small quantities of silver. Marble, gypsum, slates, and coal are worked. Chief com- merce in iron, wood for building, grain, and cheese; and manufactures of steel wares, paper, cotton, and woollen cloth. It is divided into the arrondissements of Foix, Pamiers, and St. Girons. Capital, Foix. Pop. in 1876, 244,795. Ariel, a're-?l, a post-office of Wayne co.. Pa., on the Pennsylvania Coal Company's Railroad, 15 miles W. of Hawley. Here are 2 stations. No. 12 and No. 19, each of which has a stationary engine, one for each of the two lines of the railroad. Arielli, i-re-Sl'lee, a town of Italy, province and 9 miles S.E. of Chieti. Pop. 1203. Arienzo, i-re-^n'zo, a town of Italy, province of Ca- serta, on a railway, 18 miles N.E. of Naples. Pop. 3757. Ariet'ta, a post-township of Hamilton co., N.Y., in the " Great North Woods." It contains Lake Piseco, a resort for anglers and tourists. Pop. 139. Arigal, S,'re-g^l, a mountain of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Donegal, 7^ miles E. of Guidore Bay. Height, 2462 feet. Arime, an ancient name of the island of Ischia. Ariminuni, the ancient name of Rimini. Arlington, a post-village of Atchison co., Kansas, on the Delaware River, 2 miles from Larkin Station, and about 32 miles N.N.E. of Topeka. It has a church and a mill. Arinos, i-ree'noce, a river of Brazil, province of Matto- Grosso, rises in the Parecis Mountains, takes a N.W. course, and falls into the river Tapajos, an affluent of the Amazon, in lat. 9° 30' S.. Ion. 68° 20' W. Length, about 700 miles. Ariiithod, 3,V5,NaHo', a town of France, department of Jura, 19 miles S. of Lons-le-Saulniei*. Pop. 1255. Ar'ioii, a post-township of Cloud co., KansaSj about 7 miles S.W. of Concordia. Pop. 351. Aripo, i-ree'po, or Arip'po, a village of Ceylon, on its W. coast, 35 miles N.N.E. of Calpentyn. It is the residence of government authorities during the pearl-fishing season. Arisaig, 5.r-i-s^k', a post-village in Antigonish co., Nova Scotia, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 32^ miles N.E. of New Glasgow. Pop. 150. Arish, El, a village of Egypt. See El-Areesh, Arispe, 3,-ns'p4, a town of Mexico, capital of Sonora, on the Sonora River, in the Sierra Madre. Pop. about 3000. There are extensive ruins N.W. of the town, and numerous mines in its vicinity. Aris'pe, a township of Bureau eo., 111. Pop. 1216. It includes part of Tiskilwa. Aris'pie, a post-office of Pottawatomie co., Kansas. Aristiza'ble Island, British Columbia, in lat. 52° 40' N., Ion, 129° W., lies in Queen Charlotte's Sound, is 27 miles long, and is separated by Laredo Channel from Princess Royal Island. Aritli, d,H'eet', a town of France, in Savoy, near the river Cheran. Pop. 912. Aritzu, a village of Sardinia. See Arizii. Ariza, il-ree'thii,, a town of Spain, on a railway, 70 miles S.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 1232. Arize, iVeez', or Larize, U^reez', a river of France, after a course of about 25 miles, falls into the Garonne, op- posite Carbonne. It traverses Roche-du-Mas, one of the most remarkable caverns of the Pyrenees. Arizo'na, a territory of the United States, bordering on Mexico, is bounded N. by Utah and Nevada. E. by New Mexico, S. by Mexico, and W. by California and Nevada. The 37th degree of N. lat. is its northern, and the 109th degree of W. Ion. its eastern limit, and nearly all the W. border is washed by the navigable Rio Coloi-ado of the West. Area, 113,916 square miles. Arizona is entirely within the valley of the Colorado, two of whose principal tributaries, the Gila and the Little Col- orado, traverse it from E. to W. Many of the streams of the territory flow to a greater or less extent in deeply- ARI 109 ARK eroded chasms or canons, the most remarkable of which is the Grand Canon of the Colorado, whose walls for more than 300 miles rise usually from 3000 to 6000 feet sheer from the water's edge; and the passage of boats along this gloomy course can only be effected at extreme peril, owing to the frequency of rocks and rapids. The rainfall of Arizona is small, and mostly occurs in winter. Hence the streams are mainly useful as sources of supply for works of irrigation and for mining purposes. Where irrigation can be effected, the soil usually proves richly productive, even on alkaline plains which were apparently worthless desert ; while vast tracts of waste and mountain land have proved to be ad- mirably adapted to wool-growing and cattle-raising, not- withstanding the fact that vegetation is for the most part scanty. Most of the mountain-chains may be regarded as spurs stretching irregularly westward across high and broken plateaus which slope W. and S. from the Rocky Mountains; but there are many isolated and precipitous meaaa and detached mountain-groups. In the mountains of the N.B. there is a good growth of timber, largely conif- erous (pine, cedar, juniper, and fir). Elsewhere the mes- quite, Cottonwood, various species of cactus, grease-wood, ereasote-bush or stinkweed, agave, yucca, and the so-called sage-bush are characteristic plants. Among the remarkable shrubs and trees are the Fouquiera splendena, the palo de hierro, the New Mexican locust, the green-bark, or palo verde, the Jerusalem thorn, a peculiar species of plane-tree, and numerous others quite unknown on the Atlantic slope. At one point on the Little Colorado there are more than 1000 cords of silicified wood in one pile; and the Tz'iassic marls, here 1000 feet deep, are filled with petrified coniferous trees, many of the logs being 60 feet in length. Geology and Minerals. — -It is stated that the various canons of Arizona afford sections of every geological forma- tion known in America, and present unsurpassed facilities for the study of the earth's crust to the depth of some 25,000 feet. There is a vast amount of granitic and plutonic rock in the mountain-ranges, apparently thrown out in dikes and lava-streams of almost every geological age excepting the most recent. Immense lava-beds exist in the N., but at present there are no active volcanoes. The great wealth of the territory consists in its mineral treasures. Gold, silver, lead, copper, iron, sulphur, coal, cinnabar, salt, borax, and other valuable mineral substances abound. The mining and working of gold and silver ores are thus far the leading indus- trial pursuits. The mines were wrought for many years by Mexican and Spanish proprietors ; but the scanty water- supply and the difficulties of transportation have very gen- erally prevented the profitable working of the mines on any large scale. The construction of the Southern Pacific Rail- way, which is to traverse this territory, must greatly de- velop the mining interests of Arizona; for in abundance and richness her ores of the precious metals are believed to be unsurpassed. Olhnate. — On account of the scanty rainfall, there is a gen- QvaA absence of those catarrhal diseases which result from an overplus of moisture in air and soil. The mountain- regions have a delightfully cool climate. Snow is nowhere perpetual, and is rare except upon mountain-peaks in win- ter. In the S.W. the summer heat is excessive, and mala- rial fevers are not unknown upon the bottom-lands of the Lower Colorado. These lowlands, with similar tracts along the Gila and Salt Rivers, constitute perhaps the best agri- cultural sections of the territory. From the nature of the country, pastoral occupations must always thrive better than strictly agricultural pursuits. The census returns of 1870 would indicate that wheat, barley, and maize were the principal crops. The Pueblo Indians and other half-civilized tribes have been for an unknown period successfully engaged in agriculture ; and the remains of many ancient aqueducts, now dry, show that at a former period irrigation was extensively practised. The number of acres capable of profitable irrigation is officially estimated at 6,000,000 or more, and the area of good pasturage is given as 55,000,000 acres, the whole comprising six-sevenths of the territorial area; but other authorities regard the greater part of Arizona as utterly waste land. The extension of agriculture in California has driven great numbers of flock- masters with their sheep to Arizona, and the number of sheep in the territory is placed at about 2,000,000. History. — Spanish missions were established in this re- gion before 1600 {?), and long before the advent of the whites there were, as at present, Indian communities which had attained a respectable degree of civilization. Very remark- able ruins of this prehistoric period exist in the territory. These ancient houses, like the casas grandes of some of the present half-civilized tribes of Arizona and New Mexico, were simply great tenement-houses of several stories, each con- taining in some instances hundreds and even thousands of inhabitants. These great structures were built of stone or sun-dried brick, and served for defence against hostile tribes as well as for habitations. Some degree of communism was probably observed. In 1848 all this region N. of the Gila was ceded, together with New Mexico, of which it was then a part, to the United States. In 1853 the Gadsden Pur- chase, S. of the Gila, was made from Mexico. Of this the greater part now belongs to Arizona. The region was long desolated by the ravages of Indians, and was the abode of many outlawed whites, chiefly Mexican. In 1863 it was organized as a territory. Counties and Towns. — There are seven counties, — Mari- copa, Mohave, Pima, Pinal, Pah-Ute, Yavapai, and Yuma. The chief towns are Tucson, Yuma (opposite Fort Yuma, Cal., on the Colorado), Prescott, the capital, Phoenix, Flor- ence, and Mineral Park. Education. — There is a system of free public schools es- tablished by law, the governor, secretary, and treasurer of the territory being a board of education. There are also county superintendents of schools. Some Indian reserva- tions have special mission-schools, aided more or less directly by the United States government. Population. — In this region there was reported in 1860 a white population of 6482. In 1870 the population was 9658, exclusive of untaxed Indians, said to number 32,052 : in 1876, white population, 30,191 ; Indians, 26,642. The Indians are of several tribes, and may be divided into village or half- civilized Indians, and the wild or savage tribes. The former are, by treaty with Mexico, citizens of the United States, but in practice they are not regarded as such. Of the wild tribes the Apaches were the most formidable, and were long the terror of the whole region. They have since been sub- dued by United States troops, and have been broken up into many bands and placed upon reservations, where they are, as a rule, improving in character and civilization. The village Indians are mostly Roman Catholics. The Roman Catholic church is the only strongly organized religious de- nomination in the territory, which constitutes a vicariate apostolic, and has a missionary bishop whose seat is at Tucson. Arizona, a post-village of Claiborne parish. La., about 60 miles E.N.E. of Shreveport. It has 2 churches, a cotton- factory, and a seminary. Pop. 400. Arizona, or Newton, a post-hamlet of Burt co., Neb., on the Missouri River, about 44 miles N. by W. from Omaha. It is connected by ferry with Little Sioux, Iowa (River Sioux Station). It has a church. Arizona City, Arizona, the former name of Yuma. Arizu, or Aritzu, ^--rit-soo', or Aritzo, ^-rit-zo'. a village of Sardinia, 40 miles N. of Cagliari. Pop. 2102. Arja, an'jS,, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Bag- dad, on the Euphrates, 92 miles N.W, of Bassorah. Arjeplog, aR'ye-plogV, a town of Swedish Lapland, on the Horn-Afvan, 175 miles N.N.E. of Umed. Arjish, au^jeesh', a river of Roumania, rises in the Carpathian Mountains, and joins the Danube 42 miles S.S.E. of Bucharest. Length, 150 miles. Arjisli, a town on the above river, 90 miles N.W. of Bucharest, with a rich convent, many churches, and a for- tress. Pop. 3000. Arjish, or Arjish-Dagh. See AncEtrs. Arjona, an-no'n^, a town of Spain, Andalusia, 15 miles N.W. of Jaen, has manufactures of pottery. Pop. 4010. Arjonilla, aR-Ho-neel'y^, a market-town of Spain, on a railway, 5 miles N.W. of Arjona. Pop. 3600. Arjuzanx, aR^zhii^s6N<»', a village of France, in Landes, 18 miles N.W. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 750. Ark, or Arch, ank, a small island off the coast of Tas- mania. Lat. 43° 17' S.; Ion. 147° 19' E. Ark^abut'la, a post-hamlet of Tate co.. Miss., 10 miles from Coldwater. It has a church. Arkadel'phia, a post-village of Blount co., Ala., 10 miles from Blount Springs. It has 3 churches and an academy. Arkadelphia, a post-town, capital of Clark co.. Ark., on the W. bank of the Ouachita River, and on the Arkansas division of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Rail- road, 65 miles S.W. of Little Rock. It has a bank, 6 churches, a Baptist college, a high school, a plough -factory, salt-works, Ac. A newspaper is published here. Pop. 948. Arkadia, Greece. See AncAoiA ; also Kyparissia. Arkan'sas (formerly pronounced ar'kan-saw^), a large river of the United States, is an affluent of the Mississippi. It rises on or near Mt. Arkansas, in Colorado, at a height of nearly 10,000 feet, about lat. 39° 20' N. and Ion. 100° ARK 110 ARK 15' "W. It runs southward and southeastward to the Poncho Pass, and passes through a deep canon 40 miles long to the eastern side of the Front Range. After it has reached the town of Pueblo, its general direction is eastward for about 400 miles. It descends 2408 feet in a distance of 206 miles, from the mouth of the Apishpa River to the Pawnee. It traverses the great treeless arid plains of Colorado and Western Kansas, and near the middle of the latter state changes its course to the southeast. Having crossed the southern boundary of Kansas, it runs southeastward through the Indian Territory, in which it receives large affluents named Cimarron and Canadian Rivers from the right, and the Neosho River from the left. Pursuing a south- east course, it intersects the state of Arkansas, which it divides into nearly equal parts, and enters the Mississippi River at Napoleon, in Desha co. It is not obstructed by falls or rapids after it descends into the plains of Western Kansas. The length of this river is about 2000 miles, and the area of the basin it drains is 189,000 miles. Small steamboats can ascend it about 650 miles from its mouth, except during low water. The diflference between high and low water is about 25 feet at Fort Smith, and more at places nearer the mouth. Arkansas, a S. central state of the American Union, bounded N. by Missouri, E. by the Mississippi River, which separates it from Tennessee and Mississippi, S. by Louisiana and Texas, and W. by Texas and the Indian Territory. Its southern limit is 33° N. lat., and its northern is the parallel of 36° 30'. Area, 52,198 square miles. The Face of the Country is quite varied. The Ozark Mountains, a broken range of hills, with some peaks of considerable height, extend in a S.W. direction from Mis- souri as far as the Arkansas River. Outlying members of this hill-system are the Black Hills of the N., the Ouachita Hills of the S., and the Cane Hills of the N.W. The Mississippi river-bottoms are very extensive and usually level, with many marshes and bayous, overflow being pre- vented by an extensive and costly system of levees and dikes. Westward from this the land rises gently till the hill-country is reached. In the S. are numerous prairie- tracts, while other regions are beautifully diversified with hills and valleys. All parts of the state are finely tim- bered. There are dense pine forests of great extent ; also abundance of white, overoup, and other oaks, hickory, pe- can, hornbeam, linn, locust, walnut, cbicot, bois-d'arc, cy- press, cedar, and many other useful trees. Abundant and very remarkable remains of a prehistoric period exist in the N.E., where dikes, roads, mounds, and relics of old fortifi- cations have been traced. Minerals. — Coal is known to exist in more than 12 coun- ties, lying on both sides of the Arkansas River. The coals are of a semi -anthracite character, and of a high grade of excellence, but are not extensively wrought. Lignite, said to be of good quality, exists in the S.E. tertiary. The mineral wealth of Arkansas is great. Besides coal there is abundance of rich argentiferous galena, and excellent ores of zinc and iron are known to exist at various- points. The valuable novaculite, or hone-stone, is largely obtained. Grindstones, marble, burr millstone, slate, copper ore, gran- ite, and kaolin are among the plentiful mineral treasures of Arkansas. The famous Hot Springs, renowned for their efficacy in a wide range of diseases, are in Garland co., and there are other mineral and thermal waters. Climate. — The climate of the marshy and flat alluvial dis- tricts is hot, and people not acclimated are exposed to severe febrile attacks. But the remainder of the state, and espe- cially the hill-region, has a very pleasant and salubrious climate. Neither the severe N. winds of Texas nor the long droughts of Kansas are experienced here. The Ozark region has a high reputation as a sanitary retreat for persons suf- fering from pulmonary disease. Counties and Towns. — Arkansas is divided into 74 coun- ties : Arkansas, Ashley, Baxter, Benton, Boone, Bradley, Calhoun, Carroll, Chicot, Clark, Clay, Columbia, Conway, Craighead, Crawford, Crittenden, Cross, Dallas, Desha, Dor- sey, Drew, Faulkner, Franklin, Fulton, Garland, Grant, Greene, Hempstead, Hot Spring, Howard, Independence, Izard, Jackson, Jefi'erson, Johnson, La Fayette, Lawrence, Lee, Lincoln, Little River, Logan, Lonoke,' Madison, Marion, Miller, Mississippi, Monroe, Montgomery, Nevada, Newton, Ouachita, Perry, Phillips, Pike, Poinsett, Polk, Pope, Prairie, Pulaski, Randolph, St. Francis, Saline, Scott, Searcy, Se- bastian, Sevier, Sharp, Stone, Union, Van Buren, Washing- ton, White, Woodruff, Yell. The principal towns are Little Rock, the capital (pop, in 1870, 12,380) ; Fort Smith, pop. 2227; Van Buron, pop. 3296; Pine Bluff, pop. 2081; and Helena, on the Mississippi, pop. 2249. Other places of con- sequence are Fayetteville, Hot Springs, Camden, Arkadel- phia, Hope, and Texarkana. Industrial Pursuits, — Agriculture has always been the leading industrial interest, for much of the soil is of unsur- passed fertility. Cotton and corn, produced mainly in the southeastern half of the state, are the most important prod- ucts. The raising of live-stock is also an important pur- suit. Manufacturing has not been until lately tried upon a noteworthy scale. At present there are some manufactures of cotton and woollen goods, leather, lumber, Ac. ; and for enterprises of this class the state affords excellent facilities. Mining operations have been undertaken at a few points. The working of novaculite, or hone-stone, is already an im- portant pursuit. The commerce of the state is much facili- tated by the navigable rivers. These are, besides the Mis- sissippi, the Arkansas, navigable across the entire state; the Ouachita, navigable two-thirds of the year to Arkadelphia ; the Red River, which crosses the S.W. angle of the state; the St. Francis, navigable for some 150 miles in high stages of the water; the White River, navigable to Batesville, 400 miles; and the Black River, navigable 100 miles: besides other rivers and bayous adapted to flat-boat navigation. Railroads connect the principal towns with one another and with the commercial centres of neighboring states. Education. — The constitution of 1874 provides for the maintenance of an effective system of free public schools. The secretary of state is superintendent of schools, and there are also county superintendents. There is a State Industrial University at Fayetteville, with a normal department and a training-school. Other schools reported are St. John's Col- lege, Little Rock ; Cane Hill College, Boonsborough ; Judson University, Prospect Bluff; and St. Andrew's College, Fort Smith. The state maintains a school for the blind at Little Rock, and a deaf-mute institute, also at Little Rock. There are many private schools and academies in the state, as well as a system of Catholic schools. The Public Debt.— In 1874 the state debt amounted to $12,108,247, of which S4,400,000 was the old state debt, nearly one-half of which was due the United States. The new debt was incurred for the benefit of railroads, for the construction of levees along the hanks of rivers, and for other internal improvements. In 1875, however, the state gov- ernment repudiated its new debt, on the ground that it was created by alien adventurers. History. — Arkansas was a part of French Louisiana, which was purchased in 1803 by the United States. It became a portion of Missouri Territory in 1812, and was set off and organized as Arkansas Territory in 1819. The state was admitted to the Union in 1836 : it was but slowly developed until 1850, but in the decade following its population was doubled. A state convention in 1861 passed an ordinance of secession (March 4), and before a long time Arkansas became the scene of active military operations. In 1864, the state being held under Federal military sway, an amended constitution was adopted; but the military rule was not relaxed until 1868, when a new constitution Avas adopted, and Arkansas was re-admitted to congressional representation. The recent great extension of railroads in Arkansas has been followed by a large immigration, and there is reason to believe that the great natural resources of the state will insure a full measure of future industrial prosperity. Population. — In 1810 this region, then a part of Louisiana, had 1062 inhabitants, exclusive of Indians. In 1820 the population was 14,255; in 1830, 30,388; in 1840, 97,574 (with its present limits) ; in 1850, 209,897 ; in 1860, 435,450 ; in 1870, 484,471. Until a very late period its principal population has been settled near the navigable streams ; but the railroads have opened up for settlement large areas of valuable land. In 1870 there were 362,115 whites and 122,169 colored people; and there was a very considerable excess in the number of males as compared with females, as is usually the case in newly-settled communities. Arkansas, a county in the S.E. part of Arkansas, has an area of about 1050 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by White River, and on the S.W. by the Arkansas River, which is navigable by steamboats, and is intersected by Metoe Bayou. The surface is mostly level ; the soil is fer- tile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Nearly one-third of this county is occupied by Grand Pniirio. Among the forest trees are the ash, hickory, eira, oak, and yellow pine. Capital, Do Witt. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,830,313. Pop. in 1870, 8268, of whom 8137 wore natives and 131 were foreigners. Arkansas City, a post-village of Chicot co.. Ark., on the Mississippi River and the Little Rock, Mississippi River A Texas Railroad, 74 miles S.E. of Pine Bluff. It has 2 ARK 1 churches, a newspaper office, manufactures of lumber, and about 300 houses. Its railroad station is called ArkapoUs. Arkansas City, a post- village of Cowley co., Kansas, on the Arkansas River, about 14 miles S. of Winfield. One weekly newspaper is issued here. It has 3 churches, 2 banks, and manufactures of farming-implements, &c. Arkansas Post, a post- village of Arkansas co., Ark., on the Arkansas River, about 80 miles S.E. of Little Rock. Ar'kansaw^ a post-hamlet of Pepin co., Wis., in "Waterville township, 22 miles S. by W. of Menoraonee. It has a church, and manufactures of furniture, lumber, &c. ArkapoUs, Arkansas. See Arkansas City. Ark'dale, a post-village of Adams co., Wis., 24 miles N.E. of Now Lisbon. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Arkeeko, or Arkiko, ar-kee'ko, written also Argee- go, a seaport of Abyssinia, on a bay of the Red Sea, opposite the island of Massowah. Lat. 15° 35' N. ; Ion. 39° 25' E. Ar'kell, a post-village in Wellington co., Ontario, 5 miles from Guelph. Pop. 100. Arkhangelsk. See Auchangel and Archangelsk. Arkhouri, a village of Armenia. See Argooree. Ar'kinsk', a Cossack settlement in Siberia, about 30 miles AV. of Okhotsk, on the Okhota. Arklow, ark'lo, a maritime town and pari.sh of Ireland, CO. of Wicklow, on the Avoca, 39 miles S.S.E. of Dublin. Pop. 5178. Ar'koe, formerly Bridgewater, a post-hamlet of Nodaway co., Mo., on the railroad between St. Joseph and Maryville, 37 miles N. of St. Joseph. It has 2 churches and 1 grist-mill. Arko'ua, a post-village in Lambton co., Ontario, 7 miles S. of Widder. It contains a foundry, and several mills and factories. Pop. 500. Arkona, or Arcona, aR-ko'n3,, a promontory on the N. coast of the island of Riigen, in the Baltic. There is here a fixed light. Lat. 54° 40' 9" N. ; Ion. 13° 26' 2" E. Ark'port, a post-village of Steuben co., N.Y., in Hor- nellsville township, on the Erie Railroad, 5 miles N.N.W. of Hornellsville. It has a church. Arkudi, an island of Greece. See Archudi. Ark'ville, or Dean's Cor'ners, a post-hamlet of Delaware co., N.Y., on the Ulster & Delaware Railroad, 48 miles W.N.W. of Rondout. It has S houses and several mills. The station is called Dean's Corners. Arkwright, ark'rite, a township of Chautauqua co., N.Y. It contains a church and several butter- and cheese- factories. Pop. llol. See Arkwright Summit. ArkAvright, a village of Cranston township. Providence CO., and Coventry township, Kent co., R.I., on the Paw- tuxet River and the Pawtuxet Valley Railroad. It has manufactures of cotton goods. Pop. 242. ArkAvright, a post-village in Bruce co., Ontario, 22 miles from Owen Sound. Pop. 150. Arkwright Suni'mit, a post-hamlet of Arkwright township, Chautauqua co., N.Y., about 22 miles N. of Jamestown. Arlanc, or Arlant^ aRHduG', a town of France, in Puy- de-Dome, 40 miles S.E. of Clermont. Pop. 4167. Ar'land, a post-office and station of Jackson co., Mich., on the Grand River Valley division of the Michigan Cen- tral Railroad, 15 miles N.W. of Jackson. Arlanza, aR-lan'thS,, a river of Spain, in Old Castile, rising in the Sierra de Neila, flows AY., and joins the Ar- lanzon after a course of 60 miles. ArEanzon, aR-lin-thon', a river of Spain, in Old Cas- tile, rises in the Sierra Pineda, and, flowing S.W., falls into the Pisuerga, after a course of 70 miles. Arlar'ka, a township of Macon co., N.C. Pop. 542. Arlay, aR^i', a village of France, department of Jura, 7 miles N. of Lons-le-Sauluier. Pop. 1477. Arlberg, aRl'b^RG^ or Adiersberg, i'dlers-bSRG^ ("eagle's mount"), a branch of the Rhsetian AlpSj in the W. of the Tyrol and the Vorarlberg. Aries, arlz (Fr. pron. aRl ; anc. Ar'elas, Arela'te, or Are- la'Uim), a city of France, department of Bouches-du- Rhone, on the left bank of the Rhone, where it subdivides to form its delta, at a railway junction, 15 miles from the Mediter- ranean, and 44 miles N.AV. of Marseilles. It is enclosed with old walls, and has streets tolerably regular and spa- cious. Around the principal square is a series of public buildings, viz., the Hotel de Ville, containing a public library, the museum, and a Gothic monastery, and in the centre is an ancient obelisk. The celebrated statue of the "Venus of Aries" was discovered in the theatre. The other build- ings of note are a cathedral of the seventh century and the church of Notre-Dame. Among its Roman antiquities is an amphitheatre, which is supposed to have surpassed that 1 ARL of NImes. Aries has a chamber of commerce, an agricul- tural society, a college, and a school of hydrography. The chief manufactures are hats, sausages, olive oil, soap, &c. Aries enjoys excellent facilities for trade. The great rail- way which connects the Mediterranean with the English Channel passes through Aries, while a branch of the same unites the town to Nimes. In addition to its steam com- munication on the Rhone, it is connected by canals with Durance and with Port de Bouc. Pop. in 1872, 24,625. Arlesheim, aR'l?s-hime\ a small town of Switzerland, about 5 miles S. of the town of Basel. Pop. 967. Arlcs-les-Balns. See Am£lie-les-Bains. Arles-sur-Tech, aRrsiinH^sh', a town of France, Pyrenees-Orientales, 20 miles S.W. of Perpignan, has an ancient church, chocolate-works, &c. Pop. 2542. Arleuf, aRHuf, a town of France, department of Nievre, arrondissement of Chateau-Chinon. Pop. 2617. Arleux, anHuh', a town of France, department of Nord, 6 miles S. of Douai. Pop. 1675. Ar'lington, a post-village of Calhoun co., Ga., on the Southwestern Railroad, 36 miles W. of Albany. About 5000 bales of cotton are annually shipped here. It has several stores. Arlington, a post-village of Bureau co., HI., in "West- field township, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, 93 miles W.S.W. of Chicago. It has 3 churches. Arlington, formerly Burlington or Beech Grove, a post-village of Rush co., Ind., in Posey township, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Indianapolis Railroad, 7 miles W.N.W. of Rushville, It has 2 churches, several general stores, and a flour-mill. Pop. 21S. Arlington, a township of Woodbury co., Iowa. Pop. 77. Arlington, a post-office of Reno co., Kansas. Arlington, a post-village of Ballard co., Ky., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 20 miles S. by E. of Cairo, 111. It has an academy, 4 churches, a flour- mill, and several dry-goods stores. Arlington, formerly Hookstown, a post-village of Baltimore co., Md., on the Western Maryland Railroad, 5 miles N. of Baltimore. It has 2 churches. Here is the Mount Hope Retreat for the insane. Arlington, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mass., in Arlington township, on the Middlesex Central Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of Boston. The name of this village and town- ship was changed in 1867 from West Cambridge to Arling- ton. It has 5 churches, a savings-bank, and manufactures of pianos, picture-frames, saws, &c. One weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. 3906. Arlington, a township. Van Buren co., Mich. P. 1362. Arlington, a post-village of Sibley co., Minn., in Ar- lington township, 12 miles S. of Glencoe. It has 2 stores. Pop. of township, 846. Arlington, a post-village of Phelps co., Mo., on the Gasconade River and the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad, 12 miles W. of Rolla, and 126 miles S.W. of St. Louis. It has 3 stores and 1 church. Pop. of Arlington township, 1190, Arlington, a post-hamlet of Otoe co., Neb., on the Midland Pacific Railroad, 16 miles W. of Nebraska City. Arlington, a post-village of Hudson co., N.J., on the Montclair & Greenwood Lake Railroad, 8 miles from New York City. It has a church and a newspaper oflice. Arlington, a post- village of Madison township, Han- cock CO., 0., about 10 miles S. of Findlay, and SO miles , N.N.W. of Columbus. It has 2 churches, a lumber-mill, and 3 or 4 stores. Pop. about 300. Arlington, a post-office of Wayne co., Pa., 12 miles from Hawley. Arlington, a post-village of Tarrant co., Tex., on the Texas & Pacific Railroad, 18 miles W. of Dallas. It has 2 churches, a seminary, a newspaper ofiice, a flour-mill, &e. Pop. about 300. Arlington, a post-village of Arlington township, Ben- nington CO., Vt., on the Batten Kill River and the Harlem Extension Railroad, 16 miles N. of Bennington. It has a church and several factories. The township has 4 churches. Pop. of township, 1636. It contains hamlets named East and West Arlington, and has 5 circular-saw-mills, and manu- factures of chairs, sash, blinds, &g. Arlington, a post-village of Alexandria co., Va., on the AVashington & Ohio Railroad, 5 miles N.W. of Alexan- dria, and 3 miles from Washington, D. C. It has 3 churches. Near here are two national cemeteries, containing the graves of nearly 16,000 soldiers. Arlington, a post-township of Columbia co., Wis., and a station on the railroad which connects Madison with Por- tage, 17 miles S. of Portage. Arlington Post-Ofliceis about 18 miles N. of Madison. It has 3 churches. Pop. 1009. ARL 112 ARM Arlington Heights (formerly Dunton), a post-vil- lage of Cook CO., 111., in Wheeling township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 22 miles N.W. of Chicago. It has 3 hotels, 3'churches, a graded school, a foundry, a flour- mill, and a newspaper office. Pop. 1500. Arlington Heights, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mass., in Arlington township, on the Middlesex Central Railroad, 8 miles W.N.W. of Boston. It is situated on a hill which commands a fine view. It has a church, a fine hotel for summer boarders, and manufactures of fancy wood- work, fur goods, and wine-presses. Arlon, aE'lfts"', or Arel, ^Vel' (anc. Orolan'num), a town of Belgium, capital of Belgian LuxeD^bourg, on a rail- way, 16 miles W.N.AV. of Luxemburg. Pop. 5708. It has an academy, athenteum, foundries, manufactures of wool, and an extensive trade in grain. Arluno, aR-loo'no, a village of Italy, province of Milan, 12 miles S.E. of Gallarate. Pop. 3014. Arma, an'mi, or Santiago de Arma, sin-to-^'go di aR'mil, a town of the United States of Colombia, 220 miles N.N.E. of Popayan, on an afiluent of the Cauca. Armacao, aR-m£L-sowNo', a town of Brazil, in the island of Santa Catharina. Lat. 27° 30' S. ; Ion. 48° 40' W. Armada, ar-ma'da, a post-village of Macomb co., Mich., in Armada township, and on the Michigan Air Line Railroad, 29 miles S.W. of Port Huron, and about 30 miles (direct) N. of Detroit. It has 4 churches, a union school, and manufactures of cheese, flour, and staves. Pop. 494 ; of Armada township, 1552. Armada, a post-ofiice of Buffalo co., Neb. Ar'madale', a village of Scotland, in Linlithgowshire, 2 miles W. of Linlithgow. Pop. 2708. Armagh, ar^mi', a county of Ireland, in Ulster. Area, 512 square miles. Pop. 179,260. Surface mountainous in the S.W., elsewhere flat or undulating. Chief rivers, the Callan, Blackwater, Bann, and Newry water. It returns 2 members to the House of Commons. Capital, Armagh. Armagh (Ard-magha, "the lofty field"), a city and borough of Ireland, capital of the above county, and the seat of Anglican and Catholic archbishops (each entitled " Primate of all Ireland"), 70 miles N. by W. of Dublin. It is connected by railway with Belfast, is well built, chiefly of hard, red marble ; the streets diverge from the cathedral down the sides of a hill, and are clean, lighted with gas, and well supplied with water. It has 2 cathedrals, a num- ber of churches of different denominations, a county court- house, prison, county infirmary, lunatic asylum, bank, a public library with about 15,000 volumes, and observatory. The city has a trade in corn, linen, and yarn. Pop. 8946. Armagh, ar'mah, a post-village of Indiana co.. Pa., about 56 miles E. of Pittsburg. It has 2 churches and an iron-foundry. It is 3 miles from Nineveh Station. Pop. 177. Armagh, a township of Mifilin co., Pa. Pop. 1373. It contains Milroy. Armagh, or Saint-Cajetan, siN»*ki"zheh't6N°', a post-village in Belleohasse co., Quebec, 24 miles S.E. of St. Valier. It has a large lumber trade. Pop. 300. Armagnac, an'min^yik', a small territory of France, in the old province of Gascony, now in the departments of Gers, Hautes-Pyrenees, and Tarn-et-Garonne. Armancon, aR^m6N<'"s6No', a river of France, rises in the Cote d'Or, and falls into the Yonne 5 miles above Joigny. Armand, aR'm5N»', or Saint-Honore, siNt'o'no^Ri', a post-village in Temiscouata co., Quebec, 20 miles from Riviere du Loup en has. Pop. 100. Armar, a town of India. See Urmur. Armenia, ar-mee'ne-a (f-ark. Erminee'ycli ; Russ. Ar- menya; the Minni of the Scriptures), a country of West- ern Asia, not now politically existing, but of great historical interest. It varied in extent at different epochs, but it may be regarded as lying between lat. 36° 50' and 41° 40' N., and Ion. 36° 20' and 48° 40' E. It was known as Armenia Major and Armenia Minor, or the Greater and the Less Armenia. Armenia Major, commencing at Someisat, stretches along the Euphrates, which bounds it on the W., till near Erzengan, a few miles to the S. of which it leaves the river and keeps the direction of Trebizond as far as the mountains S. of Goomish-Khaneh. It proceeds N.E. along this range, then skirts the N. extremity of the district of Kars, and, passing onward to near Tiflis, runs along the right bank of the Koor, whose course it follows to the Caspian, which now becomes the boundary on the E. Leaving the Caspian, it turns S.W. in the direction of Tabreez, and passes through the districts of Van and Diarbekir, on the frontiers of which it again meets the Euphrates at Someisat. Armenia Minor lies along the range of the Kof-Tagh, which runs W. almost parallel to tho Black Sea, and forms its N. boundary as far as a point on the river Halys, or Kizil-Irmak, not far from the Black Sea. Armenia Minor follows the course of this river for about 180 miles, and, continuing S.W., meets the Taurus, which becomes its boundary almost to the sea near Alas, on the W. side of the Bay of Iskanderoon. From this point it sweeps round the S. side of the districts of Adana and Marash, and meets the Euphrates, which thus intersects Armenia almost centrally, and forms the natural boundaries between the two divisions now described. Ar- menia is now divided between Russia, Persia, and Turkey. According to the native historians, Aram, the seventh king of the first dynasty, about 1800 B.C. gave a settled character to the kingdom. The Armenians call themselves Haiks or Haikan.s, and trace their origin to Ilaico, a con- temporary of the Assyrian king Belus. Of the cities of ancient Armenia, some ruins display a good style of archi- tecture. The chief towns are Erivan, Erzroom, Nakhchivan, Van, and Akhalzikh. Of ancient capitals, the most impor- tant was Artaxata. The greater part of the surface consti- tutes an elevated table-land. Mount Ararat, near the centre, rises to an elevation of 17,260 feet. It is watered by the rivers Koor, Aras, Choruk, and the two heads of the Eu- phrates, and contains the sources of the Tigris, and the three lakes of Van, Ooroomeeyah, and Gookeka. The climate in the higher regions is very cold, while the valleys in summer are scorched with heat. Soil various ; it has fertile corn- lands and pastures, and its valleys produce excellent cotton, rice, tobacco, grapes, and other fruits.! Copper-, lead-, alum-, and some silver-mines are wrought. The manufactures are unimportant. The native Armenians, estimated at one- seventh of the whole population, are distinguished for enterprise in commercial and banking transactions. They preserve their own language, which is regarded as Indo- European in its relationship. The Armenian Christians mostly belong to an ecclesiastical establishment of their own, similar in many respects to the Greek Church; al- though many have adhered to the Roman Catholic Church ever since the fifteenth century, but these retain their own rite. Adj. and inhab. Armenian, ar-mee'ne-an. Arme'nia, a township of Bradford co.. Pa. Pop. 391. Armenia, a post-township of Juneau co., Wis., 14 miles S.E. of Remington, is bounded on tho E. by the Wis- consin River. Pop. 236. Armenierstadt. See S/,amos-U.tvar. Armeno, aR-mi'no, a town of Italy, 29 miles N.N.W. of Novara. Pop. 1797. Arment, ar^ment', Er'ment', or Her'mont' (anc. Hermon'thia), a village of Upper Egypt, on the Nile, about 8 miles S.W. of Thebes. Armentieres, an'mSicHe-aiR', a town of France, de- partment of Nord, on the Lys, and on the railway from Calais to Paris, 9 miles N.AV. of Lille. Pop. 15,579, em- ployed in manufactures of cotton, linen, lace, thread, leather, soap, iron, oil, brick, and sail-cloth. It has an active trade in cotton goods and agricultural produce. Armento, aR-m5n'to, a town of Italy, province and 27 miles S.S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 2960. Ar'mians'koi-Bazar, or Bazar of the Arme- nians, a large village in tho S. of Russia, government of Taurida, 81 miles S.E. by B. of Kherson. Ar'midale, a town of Australia, in New South Wales, 313 miles N. of Sydney. It has a newspaper, and is the see of a Catholic bishop. Armiesburg, ar'mlz-burg, a post-hamlet of Parke co., Ind., on Big Raccoon Creek, 24 miles N. of Terro Haute, and li miles from Montezuma Station. It has a flour-mill. Ar'mington, a post-hamlet of Tazewell co.. 111., on the Illinois Midland Railroad, 34 miles S.E. of Peoria, and 24 miles S.E. of Pekin. It has a church. Armonisch, ar-mo'nish, or Armenis, ar'men'ish, a village of Croatia (Austro-Hungary), in the Banato-Rou- manian frontier district. Pop. 2002. Ar'monk, a post-village of Westchester co., N.Y., in North Castle township, about 35 miles N.N.E. of New York city. It has 2 churches. Armoree, or Armor!, ar-mo-ree', a town of India, district of Chanda, SO miles S.E. of Nagpoor. Pop. 6672. Ar'mory Village, Mass., is now a part of the village of MiLI.BXIRY. Ar'mour, a post-hamlet of Brunswick co., N.C., on the Carolina Central Railroad, 20 miles W.N.W. of Wilmington. It has 2 churches. Arm'strong, a county in tho S. part of Dakota, has an area of 360 square miles. It is intersected by the Dakota or James River. Capital, Milltown. Armstrong, a county in the W. central part of Penn- sylvania, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is in- ARM 113 ARN tersected by the Alleghany River, and bounded on the N. by Red Bank Creek and on the S.W. by the Kiskiminetas River. It is also drained by the Buflalo, Cowanshannoc, Crooked, and Mahoning Creeks. The surface is hilly or undulating, and extensively covered with forests ; the soil is mostly fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, cattle, and butter are the staple products. The chief mineral resources are petroleum, coal, iron, and limestone. The county is in- tersected by the Alleghany Valley Railroad. Capital, Kit- tanning. Valuation of real and personal estate, §26,021,280. Pop. in 1870, 43,382, of whom 39,828 were natives and 3554 were foreigners. Armstrong) a post- village of Vermilion co., 111., on the Havana, Rantoul & Eastern Railroad, 15 miles W. of Alvin. It has a church. Armstrong, a township, Vanderburg co., Ind. P. 1290. Armstrong, a post- village of Wyandotte co., Kansas, in Wyandotte township, on the Kansas River, and on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 1 mile W. of Kansas City. It has 3 churches and a graded school. Here are some machine- shops of the railroad. Armstrong, a post-office of Freeborn co., Minn. Armstrong, a station in Hennepin co., Minn., on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 24 miles W. of Minneapolis. Armstrong, a post-hamlet of Allen co., 0., 10 miles from Lima. It has a store and a grist-mill. Armstrong, a station in Alleghany co.. Pa., on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 9 miles N.E. of Pittsburg. Armstrong, a township of Indiana co., Pa. Pop. 1435. It contains Shelocta. Armstrong, a township of Lycoming co., Pa. Pop. 1424. It affords beautiful jet-black marble. Armstrong, Westmoreland co., Pa. See Armstrong Coal Wouks. Armstrong, a post-hamlet of Erath co., Tex., 80 miles N.W. of Waco. It has a church. Armstrong Coal Works, a village of Westmoreland CO., Pa., in Sewickley township, on the Pittsburg division of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, at Armstrong Station, 26 miles S.E. of Pittsburg. Here is a coal-mine, in which about 180 men are employed. Arm'strong's Cor'ners, a post-hamlet of Fond du Lac CO., Wis., about 15 miles E.S.E. of Fond du Lao. It has a church. Armstrong's Grove, a post-township of Emmett co., Iowa. Pop. 192. Armstrong's Mills, a post-hamlet of Belmont co., 0., on Captina Creek and the Bellaire & Southwestern Railroad, about 15 miles S.W. of Bellaire. It has a church, a woollen- factory, and a flour-mill. Armucliee, ar-muk'e, a post-oflSce of Floyd co., Ga., 10 miles N. of Rome. Armuijen, a town of Netherlands. See Arnemuyden. Armyros, aR-mee'ros, a town of European Turkey, in Thessaly, 3 miles N.W. of the Gulf of Volo. Armyros, a village of Albania, 17 miles S.W. of Arta, on the E. side of the Gulf of Arta, Am, a post-hamlet of Bay co., Mich., in Merritt town- ship, on the Detroit & Bay City Railroad, 10 miles S.E. of Bay City. Ar'na, or Ar'ni, a village of the Grecian Archipelago, on the N.W. shore of the island of Andros. Pop. 1000. Arna, ar'nS,, a town of Africa, at the W. limit of the Libyan desert, on the Kookoo, 420 miles N.E. of Lake Chad. Arnac-Pompadour, aR'nik'p^M'p^MooR', a village of France, in Correze, 18 miles N.W. of Brives. Pop. 1400. Arnal'la, or Arnell', an island of India, on the coast of Concan, 35 miles N. of Bombay. It is divided from the mainland by a narrow navigable strait. Arnaoodlik, Arnaootleek, or Arnaoutlik. See Albania. Arnara, ar-n3,'ra,, a village of Italy, province of Rome, 6 miles N W. of Frosinone. Pop. 2019. Arnau, an'nuw, a town of Bohemia, on the Elbe, and on a railway, 17 miles N.E. of Gitschin. Pop. 2258. Arnaudville, ar^no'vil, a post-village of St. Landry parish, La., on the Bayou Teche, 80 miles N.N.W. of Mor- gan City. It has a church. Arnay-Ie-Duc, aR^ni'l^h-diik, a town of France, de- partment of Cote d'Or, 29 miles S.W. of Dijon. Pop. 2567. Arnebnrg, aR'neh-booRG^ a town of Prussian Saxony, 45 miles N.N.E. of Magdeburg, on the Elbe. Pop. 2042. Ar'neckeville, a post-hamlet of De Witt co., Tex., about 5 miles S. of Cuero. It has a church. Arnedo, aR-ni'DO, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 29 miles S.E. of Logrono. Pop. 3435. It has a considerable trade in fruit and wine. Arnee, or Arni, ar'nee, a town of British India, presi- dency and 22 miles N.W. of Madras. Arnee, or Arni, a town of British India, presidency and 74 miles S.W. of Madras. Arnemuyden, aR-n?h-moi'den, almost aR-neh-mi'den, or Armuyen, aR-moi'en, a town of the Netherlands, island of Walcheren, 2 miles from Middelburg. Pop. 1697. Ar'nettsville, a post-hamlet of Monongalia co.,W. Va., 8 miles from Fairmont. Ar'ney, a post-hamlet of Owen co., Ind., about 35 miles S.E. of Terre Haute. Ar'neytown, a village of Burlington co., N.J., about 14 miles S.E. of Trenton. Arn'heim, a post-village of Brown co., 0., 15 miles N. of Ripley, and about 44 miles E. by S. from Cincinnati. It has 3 churches. Pop, 117. Arn'hem, written also Arnheim, arn'hime, a forti- fied town of the Netherlands, capital of Gelderland, on tbe Rhine, here crossed by a bridge of boats, 50 miles S.E. of Amsterdam, with which, and with Utrecht, it is connected by railway. Pop. 34,004. It is an ancient town, is well built, surrounded by country houses and gardens, and has a governor's palace, 3 Protestant and 2 Catholic churches, 4 hospitals, 2 orphanages, a grammar-school, learned societies, courts of assize and commerce, manufactures of woollen, cotton, paper, and tobacco, a good port on the river, and an active trade. In 1586, Sir Philip Sydney died at Arnhem, from a wound received in the battle of Zutphen. In 1795 the town was taken by the French, who were driven out by the Prussians in November, 1813. Arn'hem Bay, Australia, is a deep inlet on the N.E. coast of Arnhem 's Land, near lat. 12° S. and Ion. 136° E. Arnhem's Land, on the N. coast of Australia: the region between the Gulf of Cai-pentaria and Anson Bay. Arnis, aR'nis, an island and fishing-village of Prussia, on the Sley, 2 miles S. of Cappeln. Pop. 1050. Ar'no (anc. Ar'nua), a river of Italy, in Tuscany, rises in Monte Falterona (Apennines), at an elevation of 4430 feet above the sea, 25 miles N. of Arezzo, fl.ows at first S.E. and then N.W., almost describing a circle, until it receives the Sieve, 10 miles E. of Florence ; after which its course is W. to the Mediterranean, which it enters by an artificial mouth, 7 miles below Pisa. Distance from source to mouth, 75 miles. Chief affluents, the Sieve, Chiana, Pesa, Elsa, and Era. Its valley is one of the richest and most beautiful tracts in Italy. Florence, Figline, Empoli, and Pisa are situated on or near the banks of the Arno, which is navi- gable from the sea to Florence. Ar'no, a post-office of Douglas co.. Mo., about 40 miles S.E. of Springfield. Ar'nold, a village and parish of England, co. and 4 miles N. by E. of Nottingham. Pop, 4634. Ar'nold, a post-office of Dougherty co., Ga., 4 miles from Hardaway Railroad Station. Arnold, or Ging's Station, a hamlet of Union town- ship, Rush CO., Ind., on the railroad from Cambridge to Co- lumbus, 6 miles N.E. of Rushville. Arnold, a station in Clay co.. Mo., on a railroad, 7 miles N.E, of Kansas City. Arnold, a post-office of Custer co.. Neb. Ar'nold's, a station in Middlesex co.. Conn., on the Connecticut Valley Railroad, about 4 miles S.E. of Haddam, and on the Connecticut River. Ar'noldsburg, a post-hamlet of Calhoun co., W. Va. It has a church. Arnold's Creek, of Indiana, flows into the Ohio 2 miles below Rising Sun. Arnoldsdorf, aR'nolts-doRr, a town of Prussia, in Silesia, S.E. of Neisse, with paper-mills. Pop. 1417. Arnold's Mills, a hamlet of Cumberland township. Providence co., R.I. Pop. 35. Arnold's Mills, a post-office of Pickens co., S.C., 3^ miles from Easley. Arnold's Park, a station in Alleghany co.. Pa., on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 19 miles N.E. of Pittsburg, Arnold's Store, apost-ofl^ice of Anne Arundel co., Md. Ar'noldsville, a post-hamlet of Buchanan co.. Mo,, about 17 miles S.S.E. of St. Joseph. It has 2 stores. Ar'noldton, a small manufacturing village of Esopus township, Ulster co., N.Y., on Rondout Creek. Arnon, an^n^N"', a river of France, falls into the Cher after a N. course of 84 miles. Ar'not, a post-village of Tioga co.. Pa., in Bloss town- ship, on a branch of the Tioga Railroad, 4 miles W. by S. of Blossburg, and 34 miles N. of Williamsport. It has 4 churches and extensive manufactures of lumber. Here are rich mines of semi-bituminous coal. Pop. about 3000. ARN 114 ARR Arn^pri'or, a post-village in Kenfrew co., Ontario, on the Madawaska River, near its confluence with the Ottawa, 40 miles by rail W. of Ottawa. It contains several grist-, saw-, and woollen-raills, a printing-office, a branch bank, and has a large lumber trade. There are marble-quarries and iron-mines in the vicinity. Pop. 1714. Arnsberg, anns'b^RG, or Arensberg, S,'r§ns-b5RG\ a city of Prussia, at one time capital of Westphalia, is situ- ated on the spur of a hill half encircled by the Ruhr, on a railway, 44 miles S.S.E. of Munster. It is divided into the old and new town, and has several churches, a normal and an agricultural school, and a gymnasium. In the Middle Ages, Arnsberg was one of the principal seats of the Vehmic court. Pop. 5123. Arns'berg, a post-hamlet of Cape Girardeau co.. Mo., 30 miles from Marquand. It has a church. Arnsdorf, anns'doRf, a village of Prussian Silesia, cir- cle of Hirsehberg, with a castle and paper-mills. Pop. 1512. Arnsdorf is the name of 35 small villages in Germany and Austria. Arnstadt, aRn'st&.tt, a town of Germany, in Schwarz- burg-Sondershausen, on the Gera, and on a railway, 10 miles S. of Erfurt. Pop. 9243, with manufactures of iron, paper, hardware, &c. It has a castle of the Prince of Schwarzburg. Arnstein, aRn'stine, a town of Bavaria, on the AVerrn, 11 miles N. of WUrxburg. Pop. 1597. Amswalde, anns'wal-deh, a town of Prussia, in Bran- denburg, on the Stettin & Posen Railway, 20 miles S.E. of Stargard, manufactures hats, cloth, and spirits. Pop. 6521. Arnus, the Latin for the river Arno. Aro, k'vo, or A11O9 i'no, a large town of "West Africa, equidistant from the river Niger on the W., the Old Calabar on the E., and the Bight of Biafra on the S. Aroa, JL-ro'i, a town of Venezuela, on the Aroa, 30 miles from the Gulf of Triste, and 70 miles by rail from Tacicas (orTuc^cas), has copper-mines. The Aroa River rises in the sierra, about 50 miles S.S.W. of the town, and, after a course of 80 miles, falls into the Gulf of Triste. ArobO) a town of Africa. See Arebo. Aroche^ S,-ro'chi (anc. Arac'ci Ve'tus), a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 44 miles N. of Huelva. Pop. 3123. Arok-Szallas, a'rok^sir^s^'j ^ village of Hungary, 44 miles E.N.E. of Pesth, and an entrepot for the trade be- tween that city and Upper Hungary. Pop. 9625. Arolscn, i'rol-sen, a town of West Germany, capital of Waldeek, on the Aar, 21 miles N.N.W. of Cassel. Pop. 2460, It has manufactories of woollen cloth and of leather. Aroma, ar-o'ma, a post- village of Kankakee co.. III., in Aroma township, and on the Kankakee River, about 60 miles S. by W. from Chicago. Pop. of the township, 1100. Aroma, a post-hamlet of Hamilton eo., Ind., 36 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis. It has a church. Aroma, a post-hamlet of Dickinson co., Kansas, on Lyon's Creek, about 27 miles S.S.W. of Junction City. It has a church. Aromatum Promontorium. See Cape Guardafui. Aron, ah-6No', a river of France, department of Nievre, joins the Loire near Decize. Length, 25 miles. Aron, a village of France, 3 miles E. of Mayenne, on an affluent of the Mayenne. It has iron-works. Pop. 1652. Arona, a-ro'n£, a town of Italy, province and 23 miles N.N.W. of Novara, on the S.W. shore of Lago Maggiore. Pop. 3153. It is well built, and has a high school, several churches, a port and a dockyard on the lake, and is con- nected with Milan by railway. On a hill in its vicinity is a colossal statue of St. Charles Borromeo. Arona, 5,-ro'n^, a town in the island of Teneriffe, Ca- naries, situated at the foot of Mount Escalona. Aroo, Arroo, or Arru (ar'roo') Islands, a group N. of Australia, lying between lat. 5° 20' and 6° 55' S. and Ion. 134° lU' and 134° 45' E., 80 miles S.W. of Papua, the largest being 80 miles long and 45 miles broad. They are separated by narrow straits. To the E. of the group is an extensive coral reef, where pearls and trepang abound. The inhabitants are a mixture of the Malay and Polynesian negro races, and some have adopted Christianity. The products comprise pearl, mother-of-pearl, tortoise-shell, birds of paradise, and trepang, which are exchanged for calicoes, iron, hardware, arms, and gunpowder. Dobbo, a town on the island of Wamma, inhabited by some Dutoh and Chinese merchants, ig the greatest mart in the N. of Australasia. Pop. of the group estimated at 60,000. Arooan, a town of Sahara. See Arawan. Arooat, Arouat, Aruat. See Laghouat. Arookatec, a city of India. Seo Arcot. Aroondoo, or Aroundou, iL'roon'doo', a village of West Africa, on the Senegal. Aroos'took, a river of Maine, rises in Piscataquis co., runs northeastward through Aroostook co., and enters the St. John River in New Brunswick. Length, 140 miles. Aroostook, a large county forming the N.E. extremity of Maine, borders on Canada. It is intersected by the river St. John, which forms part of its N. boundary. It is also drained by the Aroostook and several lesser rivers. The surface is partly hilly, and is mostly covered with dense forests, in which the sugar-maple abounds. Area, 6800 square miles. The soil in some parts is fertile. The staple products are oats, hay, butter, potatoes, and lumber. Capi- tal, Houlton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,184,179. Pop. in 1870, 29,609, of whom 22,002 were natives and 7607 were foreigners. Aroostook, a post-village in Victoria co.. New Bruns- wick, on the Aroostook River, near its confluence with the St. John, 66 miles by rail N. of Woodstock. It has a woollen- mill. Pop. 400. Arosis, ancient name of a river of Persia, See Tab. Arouau, a town of Sahara. See Arawan. Arouat, a town of Africa. Sec Laghouat. Arouca,a.-roo'k^, atownof Portugal, province of Douro, 28 miles S.W. of Lamego. Pop. 2500. Aroundou, a village of Africa. See Aroondoo. Arpa-Chai, or Arpatchai,ar^pa-chi', a river of Ar- menia, joins the Aras about 50 miles N. of Mount Ararat. Length, 80 miles. Arpaia, aR-pi'A, a village of Italy, province of Bene- vento, 2\ miles E.N.E. of Arienzo, supposed to occupy the site of the Roman Caudium. Arpajon, aR^p^''zh6N°', a town of France, depai-tment of Seine-et-Oise, 15 miles by rail S.S.E. of Versailles. P. 2790. Arpajon, a village of France, department of Cantal, 2 miles S.S.E. of Aurillac. Pop. 894. Arpino, aR-pee'no (anc. Arpi'num), a town of Italy, province of Caserta, 6 miles S.W. from Sora. It has a col- lege, several churches and convents, and manufactories of cloths and woollen stuffs, also tanneries, and in the environs is an extensive paper-mill. Arpino was founded by the Volsci, and erected into a municipal town by the Romans, who wrested it from the Samnites. It is celebrated as the birthplace of Marius and Cicero. The surrounding scenery is singularly beautiful. Pop. 11,522. Arqua, an-kwd', or Arquato, aR-kwi'to (anc. Ar- qna'tum), a village of Italy, on a railway, 12^ miles S.W. of Padua, among the Euganean hills, Petrarch died at this place, July 19, 1374. Pop. 1131. Arqua, a village of Italy, 5 miles S.S.W. of Rovigo, Pop. 2870, engaged in silk-culture. Arqua, aR'kw^, a decayed town of Mexico, state of Zacatecas. It was well built, and formerly contained nu- merous squares and churches. Pop. about 4000. Arquata, aR-kwd,'td,, a town of Italy, on the Tronto, 17 miles W.S.AV. of Ascoli. Pop. 4181. Arquata, a town of Italy, in Alessandria, on the Scrivia, 8 miles by rail S.E. of Novi. Pop. 2751. Arquato, a town of Italy, near Padua. See Arqua. Arquennes, aR^k^nn', a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 17 miles N.E. of Mons. Pop. 2225. Arques, ank, a river of France, department of Seine-In- f^rieure, is navigable from Arques to the English Channel. Arques, a town of France, department of Seine-Inf6- rieure, on the Arques, 3 miles by railway S.E. of Dieppe, with ruins of an ancient castle, an imporbint stronghold in the Middle Ages. In 1589, Henry IV. here conquered the Leaguers under the Duke of Mayenne. Pop. 968. Arques, a village of France, department of Pas-de- Calais, 2 miles S.E. of St. Omer. Pop. 3762. Arquiau, an^kec^dNo', a village of France, department of Nievre, 10 miles N.N.E. of St. Amand. Pop. 1770. Arracan, a province and river of India. See Aracan. Arrag;on, an ancient kingdom of Spain. See Aragon. Ar'rah, a town of British India, Bengal, district of Sha^ habad, on a railway, 36 miles W. of Patna. Pop. 39,386. Arraial de Cocaes, aR-Ri-d.!' di ko-ki'^Ns, a mining village of Brazil, in the province of Minas-Geraes, about lat. 20° S., Ion. 44° W. The houses are neat, and surrounded by gardens filled with orange- and coftee-trees, bananas, alajara. Arriate, aR-Re-a'ti, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province of Malaga, 4 miles N.E. of Ronda. Pop. 2954. Arrifana, aR-Re-fi'ni, a fort, bay, and island on the S.W. coast of Portugal, province of Algarve, the first in lat. 37° 15' N., Ion. 8° 52' W. Arrifana de Sousa, Portugal. See Penapiel. Ar'rington, a township of Wayne eo., 111. Pop. 1640. Arrington, a post-oflSce of Williamson co., Tenn. Arrington, a post-hamlet of Nelson co., Yn., on the Midland Railroad, 25 miles N. by E. from Lynchburg. Arroas (ar-ro'is) Islands, a group of small islands in the Straits of Malacca, about 35 miles from Sumatra. Arroe, an island of Denmark. See Aeroe. Arroe, ar-ro' (or Harnish, har'nish"). Islands, a cluster of islands in the Red Sea, about 30 miles N.W. of Mocha. The S.W. end of the largest, called Great Arroe, or Harnish Island, is in lat. 13° 39' N., Ion. 42° 39' E. Arroeskiobing. See Aeroeskioeing. Arronches, an-Ron'shSs, a town of Portugal, in Alem- tejo, on the Caya, 18 miles N.N.W. of Elvas. Pop. 1700. Arrondissement, aR^RiNMeess^mfiN^', an administra- tive division of France and Algeria, larger than the canton, but smaller than the department, and governed either by the departmental prefect or by a sub-prefect. It has also a council, with one member from each of the cantons, and hygienic and other boards. Arrone, aa-Ro'ni, a village of Italy, in Umbria, 8 miles S. of Terni. Pop. 1650. Arroniz, aR-RO-neeth', a village of Spain, in Navarre, 28 miles S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 1740. Arroux, aR^Roo', a river of France, departments of CCte d'Or and Saone-et- Loire, joins the Loire. Length, 65 miles. Ar'roiv, a river of Wales and England, joins the Lugg near Leominster. Length, 30 miles. Arrow, a stream of England, rising in the Lickey Hills, CO. of AVorcester, joins the Alne at Alcester. Arroiv, a lake and river of Ireland, co. of Sligo. The lake is studded with islands, and highly picturesque. The river flows from its N. extremity, and, after a N.W. course of 20 miles, enters Ardnaglass Bay. Ar'row Lake, in British Columbia, Canada, is an ex- pansion of the Columbia River, about 95 miles long from N. to S. It has the Selkirk Mountains on the E. and the Gold Range on the W., is crossed by the 51st degree of N. lat., and is often regarded as forming two lakes, — Upper and Lower Arrow Lake. Arrow Lake, on or near the boundary of Lake co., Minn., and of Canada. It discharges its waters by the Ar- row River into Lake Superior. Arrow Rock, a post-village of Saline co., Mo., in Ar- row Rock township, on the Missouri River, 18 miles above Boonville, and about 30 miles N.N.E. of Sedalia. It has 4 churches and a bank. Pop. of the township, 3174. Arrowsic, ir-row'sik, a post-office of Sagadahoc co.. Me., 5 miles S.S.E. of Bath. It is in Arrowsic township, which is a small island at the mouth of Kennebec River. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 252. Ar'roAVsmith, a post-village of McLean co.. 111., in Arrowsmith township, on the Wabash Railroad, 20 miles E. of Bloomington. It has a church, a graded school, a grain elevator, and several stores. Pop. of the township. 927. Ar'rowsmith, a mountain of Tasmania. Lat. 42° 7' S. ; Ion. 146° 3' E. It is 4075 feet in elevation. Arrowsmith, a river of Western Australia, rises in Herschell range, and falls into the sea in lat. 29° 30' S. Ar'roy'o, a station in Elbert co.. Col., on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 24 miles N.W. of Kit Carson. Arroyo, a post-hamlet of Elk co., Pa., on the Clarion River, 10 miles W.S.W. of Ridgway. It has a church, and manufactures of pine lumber. The river here winds be- tween rugged pine-covered hills. Arroyo del Puerco, aa-Ro'yo dSl pw^R'ko ("pig brook"), a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 10 miles W. of Caceres. It contains a church in which are several fine paintings, 6 endowed schools, and a hospital. Pop. 5727. Arroyo Grande, ar-ro'yo grSn'dc, a post-hamlet of San Luis Obispo co., Cal., 5 miles from the Pacific Ocean. Arroyo Molinos de Montanches, aR-no'yo mo- lee'noce di mon-tin'ch6s, or Arroyo del Molino, aR- Ro'yo dSl mo-lee'no, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 27 miles S.S.E. of Caceres. Here the French were surprised and defeated by Lord Hill, October 28, 1811. Pop. 1782. Arru Islands, Australasia. See Aroo. Arrul, Anil, or Aral, a'rul, a river of India, flows out of the Indus, on the W. side, about lat. 27° 40' N., 25 miles below Sukkur. It is called the Western Narra until it reaches Lake Munchar (or Manchar), 100 miles below its origin; but in its lower course it is called Arrul. It rejoins the Indus in lat. 26° 24' N., Ion. 67° 56' E. It is much preferred for navigation during the rainy season to the Indus proper, since its current is moderate, while that of the Indus is swift. Arsacides Islands. See Solomon Islands. Arsago, aR-sa'go, a village of Italy, 6 miles S.S.W. of Milan, with ruins of a very ancient temple. Pop. 1038. Arsamas, or Arzamas, aa-zd-mis', a town in Rus- sia, government and 65 miles S. of Nizhnee-Novgorod. Lat. 55° 25' N. ; Ion. 43° 20' E. Pop. 10,517. Arsenaria, the ancient name of Arzew. Ars-en-Re, aRz*6N»hi', a town of France, department of Charente-lnforieure, on the W. coast of the island of RS, 17 miles W. of La Rochelle. Pop. 3170. Arsie, aR-se-i', a village of Italy, province of Belluno, 3 miles S.W. of Fonzaso. Pop. 6702. Arsiero, an-se-i'ro, a village of Italy, 6 miles N. of Schio. Pop. 3369. Arsinoe, a town of Egypt. .See MKniNET-EL-FAYOOM. Arsissa,ancient nameof alakeof Asia. See Lake Van. Arsoli, an'so-lce, a village of Central Italy, 13 miles N.E. of Tivoli. Pop. 1830. Ars-sur-Moselle, aR^siiR^mo^zell', a town of Ger- many, in Lorraine, 6 miles by rail S.W. of Metz. It has extensive manufactures. Pop. 5330. Arsunda, aR-soon'd&, a village of Sweden, on a beau- tiful lake, 17 miles S.W. of Gefle. Pop. 1918. Art, a post-ofiice of Clay co., Ind. Art, ant, a French island of the Belep group. Pacific Ocean, about 35 miles from New Caledonia. AKT 1 Art, or Arth, aitt, a village of Switzerland, 7 miles W.N.W. of Sohwytz, at the S. extremity of the Zugersee, and near the foot of Mount Righi. Pop. 244G. Arta, an'ti (ano. Arac'thus), a river of European Tur- key, in Albania, rises in Mount Mozzovo, and flows to the Giilf of Arta. Total course, about 60 miles. Arta, aE'ti, Nar'da, or Zar'ta (ano. Ambra'cia), a town of Albania, 42 miles S. of Yanina, on the left bank of the Arta, 7 miles from its mouth. Pop. estimated at from 5000 to 9000, mostly Greeks. It has a large cathedral, a ruined convent of the ninth century, a citadel, with manu- factories of cottong, woollens, &q. See Gulf of Arta. Ar'ta, a town of Majorca, near the N.W. part of the island, on a range (jf hills which extend E. to Cape Pera. Pop. 4535. Chief industry, manufactures of coarse linen, dyeing, and fishing. Commerce in fruit. Arta, aii'ti, a village of Italy, province of Udine, 21 miles N. of Udine. It has mineral springs. Pop. 2318." Artace, the ancient name of Artakee. Artajona, aR-ti-Ho'nsl, a town of Spain, province of Navarre, IS miles S. of Pamplona. Pop. 2100. Artakee, or Artaki, aRHd-kee' (anc. Ar'taee), a town of Asia Minor, on the W. shore of the peninsula of Cyzicus (Sea of Marmora), 70 miles S.W. of Constantinople. P. 4000. Artana, aR-ti'na, a town of Spain, Valencia, 11 miles S.Vf. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 2611. Artas, aR^t^ss', or ArUoss', a beautiful and fertile valley of Palestine, near Bethlehem. It is supposed to occupy the site of the gardens of Solomon. The name is not improbably a corruption of the Latin hortiis, a " garden." Artaxata, ar-tax-i'ti, a former capital of Armenia, now a mass of ruins, on the Aras, 68 miles S.S.E. of Erivan. Artegna, an-tain'yS,, a village of Italy, province of TJdine, 3 miles S. of Gemona. Pop. 3030. Arteijo, an-ti'e-no, a village of Spain, in Galicia, with mineral springs, on the Bolano, at its mouth, near Corunna. Artemesia, Ontario, Canada. See Flesherton. Artemita, the supposed ancient name of Van. Axtemouth, a river of Madagascar. See Dartmouth. Arteuara, an-ti-ni'ri, a town of the Canaries, near the centre of the island Gran Canaria. Pop. 1075. Artenay, ant'ni', a town of France, department of Loiret, on a railway, 13 miles N. of Orleans. Pop. 1015. Artern, aR't^rn, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the gov- ernment of Merseburg, 30 miles W.S.W. of Halle. Pop. 3883, employed in refining salt and nitre. Artesia, ar-tee'zhij-a, a township of Iroquois eo.. III., traversed by the Illinois Central Railroad. Pop. 1269. Artesia, a post-village of Lowndes CO., Miss., on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, at the junction of the Starkville and Columbus Branches, 14 miles S.W. of Columbus, and 84 miles N. of Meridian. It has a church. Arth, a village of Switzerland. See Art. Arthabas'lia, a county in the S. part of Quebec. Area, 685 square miles. It is traversed by the Grank Trunk Rail- way, and drained by the Nicolet River and its branches. Chief town, St. Christophe d'Arthabaska. Pop. 17,611. Arthabas'ka Station, or Victo'riaviUe, a post- village in Arthabaska eo., Quebec, on the Grand Trunk Railway, at its junction with the Three Rivers Branch, 108 miles E. of Montreal. It contains several mills, and has a large lumber trade. Pop. 400. See East Arthabaska. Arthabaskaville, Quebec. See Saist-Christophe d'Arthabaska. Arthez, aiiHi', a town of France, department of Basses- Pyrenees, 8 miles E.S.E. of Orthez. Pop. 1476. Arthez d'Assoii, aRHi'dis"s6N»', a village of France, department of Basses-Pyrenees. Pop. 1427. Arthon, aRH6N°','a village of France, department of Loire-Inferieure, 8 miles E. of Pornic. Pop. 2300. Ar'thur, a post-village of Moultrie co., 111., on the Illinois Midland Railroad, 9 miles W. of Areola, partly in Douglas CO. It has 1 or 2 churches. Pop. about 250. Arthur, a post-hamlet of Pike co., Ind., in Patoka town- ship, on the Louisville, Now Albany & St. Louis Railroad, 20 miles E. of Princeton. It has a church. Coal is found here. Pop. 120. Arthur, a village in Wellington co., Ontario, 72 miles by rail W. by N. of Toronto. It is in a fine agricultural dis- trict, and has saw-, grist-, flax-, and planing-mills, woollen-, shingle-, and potash-factories, a tannery, and a weekly news- paper. Pop. 900. Ar'thur, a river of Tasmania, falls into the sea in lat. 41° 10' S., Ion. 144° 40' E. Length, 60 miles. Arthur, Great and Little. See Scilly Islands. Ar'thur Islands, a small group in the Mulgrave Archi- 6 ARV Arthur's 9 a station in Lexington co., S.C., on the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 7 miles S.W. of Columbia. Ar'thursburg, a post-hamlet of Dutchess co., N.Y., in La Grange township, on the Dutchess & Columbia Railroad, 17 miles N.E. of Newburg. Ar'lhur's Seat, a famous hill in Scotland, immedi- ately S.E. of Edinburgh, 822 feet above the sea. Ar'thur's Seat, a hill on the S. coast of Australia, between Port Phillip and the ocean. Height, 1031 feet. Ar'thur's Stone, a cromlech on the top of Cefn Brjn, a hill of "Wales, Glamorganshire, 9 miles W. of Swansea. It consists of a block of millstone, 14 feet in length, and 7 feet 2 inches in thickness, resting on 8 supporters. Ar'thurstoivn, a hamlet of Ireland, co. of Wexford, on Waterford harbor, 7 miles from Waterford. Artichoke Lake, a post-office of Big Stone co., Minn, Artlenburg, aRt'len-boORCT\ a town of Hanover (Prus- sia), on the Elbe, 9 miles N.N.E. of Luneburg. Pop. 887. Artois, aRHwi', an old province of Prance, which, with part of Picardy, forms the present department of Pas-de- Calais. Arras was its capital. Artoss, a valley of Palestine. See Artas, Artveen, or Artvin, aRt-veen', a town of Asiatic Rus- sia, on the Choruk River, here crossed by a bridge, 34 miles S.E. of Batoom, and 60 miles W. of Ardahan. Estimated pop. 5500. It is mostly built of wood, but has some good stone residences, and is a Catholic bishop's see. Chief ex- ports, butter, wax, honey, olives, and oil. Aruat, a town of Africa. See Laghouat. Aruba, &-roo'bS., or Oru'ba, an island, one of the Dutch Antilles, near the coast of Venezuela. Lat. (of Fort Zout- man) 12° 28' 30" N. ; Ion. 70° 11' W, Pop. 5670. Arucas, d-roo'kis, a town on the W. shore of Gomera, one of the Canaries, having a church, chapel, school, and spacious public granary. Pop. 1233. Arucati, a town of India. See Arcot. Arudy, clh-iiMee', a town of France, in Basses-Pyrenees, 14 miles S.S.W. of Pau. Pop. 194-1. Arul, a river of India. See Arrul. Aruni,or Aarum, |'rum, a village of the Netherlands, in Friesland, 5 miles S. by E, from Harlingen. Pop. 1168. Ar'un, a river of England, Sussex, enters the English Channel at Little Hampton. Length, 40 miles. Arundel, ^r'un-del, a borough of Sussex, England, on the Arun, and on a railway, 50 miles S.S.W. of London. Its castle is the seat of the Duke of Norfolk. Pop. 2956. Arupium, name of an ancient town. See Atjersberg. Arva, aR'vd, a river of Spain, in Aragon, falls into the Ebro near Tauste. Arva, S.R'v6h^, a village of Hungary, N.E. of Als6-Kubin, on the Arva. Pop, 400. Arva, the northernmost county of Hungary. Area, 802 square miles. Capital, Alsd-Kubin. Pop. 82,364. Arva, a river in the N. part of Hungary, flows through the district of Arva into the Waag. Arva, or St. John's, a post-village in Middlesex co., Ontario, on the Thames River, 6 miles N. of London. It contains a woollen -factory and several mills. Pop. 200. Arva'da, a post-village of Jefferson co., Colorado, on the Colorado Central Railroad, 8 miles W. of Denver. It has a church. Ar^^e, anv (It. Arvo^ an'vo), a river of France, rises in the Col de Balme, and joins the Rhone below the Lake of Geneva. Length, 45 miles. Arvee, Arwee, or Arvi, ar'-^ee, a town of India, Cen- tral Provinces, capital of a sub-district of the same name, in Nagpoor, is about 50 miles W. by S. of Nagpoor, and has a large cotton-market. Pop. 8256. Arverni, the ancient name of Auvergne. Arvert, anVaiR', a town of France, department of Cha- rente-Inferieure, IS miles S.W. of Rochefort. Pop. 2405. Arveyres, aR^vaiR', a village of France, in Gironde, on the Dordogne, 3 miles S. of Libourne. Pop. 14S5. Arveyron, auVi^r^No', a streamlet in France, Savoy, an affluent of the Arve. Arvika, a town of Sweden. See Oscarstad. Arvillard, aR^veo^yaR', a village of France, in Savoy, 3 miles S. of La Rochetto. Pojj. 1250. Arvo, the Italian name ot the river Arve. Ar'von, a township of Baraga co., Mich. It contains the post-village of Skanee. Arvon, a post-hamlet of Arvon township, Houghton CO., Mich., on Huron Bay (of Lake Superior), 12 or 14 miles N.E. of L'Anso. It has quarries of slate. Arvonia, ar-vo'ne-ij., a post-village of Osage co., Kan- sas, in Arvonia township, 4 miles from the Atohison, To- ARV 117 ASC peka & Santa F6 Railroad. It has a churcli. Arvonia Station is 42 miles S.S.W. of Topeka. Coal is mined here. Pop, of township, 560. Arvoredo (aR-vo-ri'do) Island, on the S.E, coast of Brazil. Lat. 27° 17' S. ; Ion. 48° 22' W. Arwee, a town of India. See Arvee. Arxata, the ancient name of Nakhchivan. Arys, S.'ris, a town of East Prussia, on the Lake of Arys, 55 miles S.S.W. of Gumbinnen. Pop, 1229. Arzamas, a town of Russia. See'AnsAWAS. Arzana, aRd-zi'nS,, a town on the island of Sardinia, N. of Cagliari. Pop. 1665. Arzano, aRd-za'no, a village of Italy, 3 miles N. of Naples. It has some beautiful villas. Flax and hemp are much cultivated in the neighborhood. Pop. 6466. Arzaw, a town of Algeria. See Ahzkw. Arzberg, auts'b^RG, a town of Bavaria, in Upper Fran- conia, 8 miles E.N.E. of Wunsiedel. Pop. 2108. Arzen, a supposed ancient name of Erzroom. ArzeAV, ar^ze-yoo', or Arzeo, ar-zi'o, sometimes writ- ten Arzaw (Fr. Arzeu, aR''zifh' ; anc. Avsena'ria), a sea- port town of Algeria, 23 miles E.N.E. of Oran, on the Mediterranean. It is a military station, and is connected by railway mth the interior. Pop. 2187. Arzianorum Oppidum , an ancient town. See Erzen. Arzigiiano, aRd-zeen-yd.'no, a town of Italy, 10 miles "W. of "Vicenza. Pop. 8130, who manufacture woollen cloths, leather, and silk twist. Near it are coal-mines. Arzilla, ait-zil'li or aR-zee'li, a fortified seaport town of Morocco, province of Fez, on the Atlantic, 23 miles S.S.W. of Cape Spartel. Pop. 600. Arzo, and'zo, a village of Switzerland, in Ticino, 14 miles S. of Lugano, with quarries of marble. Pop. 697. Arzobispo Island, Pacific Ocean. See Bonin Islands. Arzroom, a city of Turkey. See Erzroom. A'sa, or Five Lakes, a post-hamlet of Lapeer co., Mich., in Mayfield township, on a branch of the Detroit & Bay City Railroad, at Five Lakes Station, 10 miles from Lapeer. It has manufactures of pine lumber and shingles. Pop. about 150. Asab, a bay of Abyssinia. See Assab Bay. Asahan, or Assahan, &.s-sS,-hin', a town on the N.E. coast of Sumatra, capital of a district, and on a navigable river of the same name, 20 miles from the Straits of Malacca. Asal, a lake of Africa. See Assal. Asam, a nrovince of India. See Assam. Asama-lTama, 4-sS,'rai-y^'md,, or Asama-no- Dake, d-sd,'md,-no-dd.k', a lofty and very active volcano in Japan, in the island of Hondo. Asangaro, S,s-an-g^'ro. a town of Peru, N. of Lake Titicaca, on a river of the same name, about 10 miles from its embouchure in the lake. Lat. 15° 30' S. ; Ion. 71° 30' W. Pop. 2000. Asanja, a village of Servia,nearSemendria. Pop. 3140. Asaro, 5,-si'ro, a town of Sicily, in Catania, on a rail- way, 9 miles N.E. of Castro-Giovanni. Pop. 3270. Asarys, a town of Asia. See Hesarab. Asbach, is'bd.K\ a village of Rhenish Prussia, 15 miles N. of Neuwied. Pop. 335. Asben,is^ben', a considerable kingdom of Africa, in the Sahara, about lat. 20° N., Ion. 7° E. It is also called Air. Capital, Agadez. Asben is also the name of a town or cara- van-station in the kingdom. Asberg, a town of Germany. See Asperg. Asbury, az'ber-re, a post-office of Troup co., Ga., 64 miles S.W. of Atlanta. It is at Harrisonville. Asbury, the station-name of Repaupo, N.J. Asbury, a post- village of Warren co., N. J., near the New Jersey Central Railroad, 14 miles E. of Easton, Pa., and 62 miles from New York City. It has 2 churches, 2 flouring- raills, a woollen-mill, &c. See South Asbury. Asbury, a post-hamlet of Tompkins co., N.Y., on the Utica, Ithaca & Elmira Railroad, 7 miles N. of Freeville. It has a church and a flour-mill. Asbury, a village of Wake co., N.C., in Carey township, on the North Carolina Railroad, 6 miles W. of Raleigh. It has 2 churches. Asbury, a post-office of Knox co., Tenn., 6 miles from Knoxville. Asbury, a post-village of Greenbrier co., W. Va., 9 miles from Alderson. It has 2 churches. Asbury Grove, a station in Hamilton township, Essex 00., Mass., is the terminus of a branch railroad 1 mile long extending to Wenham on the Eastern Railroad. Here a great annual camp-meeting is held. Asbury Park, a post-village and summer resort of Mon- mouth CO., N.J., in Ocean township, on the Atlantic Ocean and on the New York & Long Branch Railroad, 6 miles S. of Long Branch, and 36 miles S. of New York. It is bounded on the S. by Wesley Lake, which separates it from Ocean Grove. Several of its streets are over 100 feet wide. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a steam saw-mill, and about 250 houses. Ascalon, as'ka-lon, Asculan, S,s^koo-lin', or Asca- laan, ^s^k5.-13,n' (anc. Aehkelon), a ruined seaport of Syria, 40 miles W.S.W. of Jerusalem, and 14 miles N. by W. of Gaza. Lat. 31° 39' N.; Ion. 34° 31' E. Ascalon was a city of the Philistines, but afterwards fell into the hands of the Jews, and of various other nations in succession. A little to the N. is a small modern village, named Scalo'na. Ascanius Lacus, Asia Minor. See Lakk of Isneek. Ascawan'a Lake, a lake in Putnam Valley township, Putnam co., N.Y., 2 miles long and 1 mile broad. Ascea, ^-shi'i, a village of Italy, near the sea, and 11 miles S.AV. of Vallo dclla Lucania. Pop. 2170. Ascension, as-sen'shun, an island in the Atlantic, be- longing to Great Britain, 2S0 miles N.W. of St. Helena. It is 8 miles long. Lat. 7° 55' S. ; Ion. 14° 25' W. Pop. about 400. It is of volcanic origin; one peak is 2870 feet high. It was discovered on Ascension Day, 1501. Ascension, a parish in the S.E. part of Louisiana, has an area of about 420 square miles. It is intersected by the Mississippi River, and bounded on the N.E. by the Amite. The surface is an alluvial plain, which is lower than the banks of the river, and is subject to inundation. Sugar- cane and Indian corn are the staple products of the soil. Capital, Donaldsonville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,589,685. Pop. in 1870, 11,577, of whom 11,312 were natives and 265 were foreigners. Ascension, a post-office of Sullivan co., Ind., is at Farmersburg Railroad Station, 16 miles S. of Terre Haute. Ascension Bay, on the E. coast of Yucatan, N. of Espiritu Santo Bay. Asch, dsh, the westernmost town of Bohemia, 13 miles by rail N.W. of Eger. Pop. 9405. It has manufactures of cotton hosiery, woollen fabrics, and wire. Aschach, ^sh'd.K, a town of Upper Austria, on the Danube, 13 miles N.W. of Lintz. Pop. 1460. Aschafas, islands in the Red Sea. Sec Ashafas. Aschaflenburg, ash -af fen -burg (Ger. pron. a-shS,f'- fen-booRG^), a town of Bavaria, Lower Franconia, on the Maine, 23 miles by rail E.S.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 9212. It has a royal residence, collections of art, a library, a Gothic church, a gymnasium, and manufactures of soap, woollens, straw goods, paper, and tobacco. Asche, or Assche, is'K?h {Fr. pron. S.sh), a town of Belgium, province of Brabant, 6 miles N.W. of Brussels. It has breweries, distilleries, tanneries, and soap-works, and a trade in linen, grain, and hops. Pop. 6095. Aschendorf, ^sh'^n-doRr, a village of Hanover, Prus- sia, 26 miles N. of Meppen, near the Ems. Pop. 1752. Aschersleben, S,sh^ers-li'b?n, a town of Prussia, 33 miles by rail S.S.W. of Magdeburg, on the Fine, near its junction with the Wipper. It has a gymnasium, a poor- house, and a foundling hospital. The chief articles pro- duced are frieze, flannel, stockings, leather, earthenware, brandy, beer, and vinegar. Pop. 9212. Asciano, S--shi'no, a village of Italy, 20 miles by rail S.E. of Sienna, in the Val d'Ombrone. Pop. 2100. Ascoli, &,s'ko-Ie (anc. Aa'cidum Pice'num), an ancient episcopal city of Italy, in the Marches, on the Tronto, 53 miles S. of Ancona, and 16 miles W. of the Adriatic. Pop. 17,344. It is well built, handsome, and has old walls and a citadel. Chief edifices, a cathedral and numerous other churches; a palazzo, containing a museum, library, and theatre ; a Jesuits' college, and governor's residence. Ascoli di Satriano, ds'ko-le dee si-tre-S,'no (anc. As'eulum), a town of Italy, 25 miles by rail S. of Foggia. Pop. 6275. It has a castle, a cathedral, and diocesan school. Ascoli-Piceno, is'ko-le pee-chi'no, a province of Italy, in the Marches. Area, 809 square miles. It pro- duces wine, silk, lignite, iron, and alabaster. Capital, Ascoli. Pop. 203,004. Ascona, S-s-ko'nS-, a village of Switzerland, canton of Ticino, on Lago Maggiore, 2 miles S.S.W. of Locarno, has a priests' seminary, dynamite-works, &c. Pop. 1021. Ascope, ^LS-ko'pA,, or Ascopea, is-ko-pi'i, a town of Peru, province of TrujUlo, 40 miles N. of Trujillo. As'cot Heath, England, co. of Berks, 6 miles S.W, of Windsor. It is known for its races. Ascq, isk, a village of France, department of Nord, 4 miles S.W. of Lannoy. Pop. 2186. Asculan, a town of Palestine. See Ascalon. Asculum, an ancient name of Ascoli di Satriano. ASC 118 Asculum Picenum, an ancient name of Ascoli. Ascut'ney jyiountaiii, Vermont, is an isolated peak in Windsor co., about 2 miles W. of the Connecticut Kiver. Its altitude is 3320 feet above the sea. It is formed of granite and beautiful syenite. It commands an extensive prospect. Ascut'neyville, a post-village of Windsor go., Vt., on the Connecticut Kiver, about 5 miles below Windsor, in Weathersfield township. It has a church. Asdood, Asdoud, or Asdud, ^s^dood' {a.nc.A8h'dod and Azo'tu8)j a small village of Palestine, on the Mediter- ranean, 21 miles S. of Jaffa. It was anciently one of the five principal cities of the Philistines. Aseer, or Asir, a^seeu', an independent state and tribe of Arabia, occupying the high land on the confines of El Hejaz, Yemen, and Nedjed. It appears to be of recent origin. The limits of Aseer do not admit of being precisely defi^ned. It is situated in the interior of the country, near the 18th parallel of N. lat., and comprises several fertile valleys, the chain of which may extend 80 miles in length. They have probably an elevation of from 3000 to 4000 feet, while the rocky crests around them may rise from 1000 to 1500 feet higher. In the lower valleys the date-palm grows j cotton is also cultivated. Higher up, the date-groves are inter- spersed with almonds, figs, apricots, peaches, and vines ; and the sides of the hills, where they offer any soil, are clothed with juniper. The people are bigoted followers of Abd-el-Wahab, by whom, it is said, they were first con- verted to Mohammedanism, Principal town, Kolakh. Aseerghur, a^seer-gur', or Hasser, h^s's^r, a town and fort of British India, presidency of Bombay, district of Candeish, 12 miles N. of IJoorhanpoor. Pop. 2731. Asek, a town of Persia. See Ask. Asele, ^-si'li, a parish and village of Asele Lappmark, in Northern Sweden, 110 miles N.W. of Ume5,, on the Angermaun River. Asfi, a town of Africa. See Saffee. Ash, a village of England, in Surrey, on branches of the Southeastern & Southwestern Railways, 4 miles N.E. of Farnham, and near Aldershot. Pop. 1626. Ash, a township of Monroe co., Mich, Pop. 1746. It contains Athlone. Ashafas, or Aschafas, ish-3,'fds, a group of small islands in the Red Sea. Lat. about 16° N. Ashangee, or Achanghi, d,sh-3-n'ghee^, a lake of Abyssinia, in Tigre. Greatest length, about 25 miles; breadth, about 14 miles. Ashautee, Achanti, ^sh^in'tee, As^sanHee', or Sianti, se^anHee', an extensive and powerful kingdom of Western Africa, on the Gold Coast, Upper Guinea, extend- ing from lat. 5° 0' to 9° 30' N., and from Ion. 0° 55' E. to 4° 7' W. ; bounded N. by the Kong Mountains, S. by the British Gold Coast possessions, W. by the Assinie River, and E. by the Volta River. It is thus about 310 miles from E. to W., and nearly the same from N. to S., its gen- eral form being compact. It is well watered, the country being intersected by several considerable streams besides those named. The country is in general mountainous, though it has no great elevations. It is covered with dense forests, which are wholly impenetrable, excepting by paths which have been opened in various places with great labor. Ashantee abounds in gold : the richest mines are in Gaman, where the precious metal is found in large pieces, some of about 4 pounds' weight, called rock-gold. The ore is of a deep color, and is dug out of pits from 5 to 9 feet in depth. The Ashantees are warlike and fero- cious, with a love for shedding human blood amounting to a passion. Human sacrifices are made with a frequency and an atrocity of circumstances hardly credible. The Ashantees excel in the manufactxire of cotton cloths and in the brilliancy of their dyes. They also make good earthen- ware, leather, and iron, making sword-blades of superior workmanship. But it is in the fabrication of articles in gold that they display the greatest skill. The chief article of export is gold, with ivory and some dye-woods. Their principal imports are muskets, gunpowder, liquors, tobacco, iron, tin, copper, and lead. Their currency is gold in dust and lumps, and the cowrie-shell. The government of Ashan- tee is a despotism, alleged to be controlled by an aristocracy consisting of four persons, and an assembly of caboccers or captains. The capital is Coomassie. Population estimated at 3,000,000. Adj. and inhab. Ash^an'tee. Ashapoo, South Carolina. See Ashepoo. Ashawa, ash'a-wa, a post-office and station of Polk oo., Iowa, on the Des Moines & Foi-t Bodge Railroad, 8 miles N.N.W. of Bes Moines, It is near the Bes Moines River. Ash'away, a post-village of Washington oo., R.I., in Hopkinton township, near the Charles or Pawoatuck River, ASH 4i miles N.N.E. ofWesterly, and 10 miles N.E. of Stonington, Conn. It has a church, a national bank, a savings-bank, a graded school, 2 or 3 wooHen-mills, and a manufactory of cordage and twine. Pop. 512. Ash'borough, a post-village of Clay co., Ind., 8 miles S. of Brazil, and 20 miles B.S.E. of Terre Haute. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a mill, and a coal-mine. Pop. 137. Ashborough, a post-village, capital of Randolph co., N.C, in Ashborough township, about 70 miles W. of Raleigh It has 1 newspaper office, 2 churches, and a seminary. Pop. 182; of the township, 1172. Ashbourne, or Ashburu, ash'biirn, a town of Eng- land, on a railway, co. and 12^ miles N.W. of Derby. Pop. 2083. The town is neatly built, and has a large church erected in 1240, a grammar-school, and manufactures of cotton fabrics and lace. Ashbourne, or Ashburn, a village of Ireland, co. of Meath, 14 miles N.N.W. of Dublin. Ash'bourne, a station in Montgomery co.. Pa., on the North Pennsylvania Railroad, 7 miles N. of Philadelphia. Ashburn, a village of Ireland. See Ashbouhne. Ash'burn, a post-oflBce and station of Pike co,. Mo., near the Mississippi River, 15 miles by rail below Hanni- bal, on the St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern Railroad. Ash'burn, a post-village in Ontario co., Ontario, 10 miles from Whitby. Pop. 150. Ash'burnhani, a post-village of Worcester co., Mass., in Ashburnham township, on the Ashburnham Railroad, 55 miles W.N.W. of Boston. This railroad connects it with the Eitehburg Railroad, and is 3 miles long. It contains 4 churches, a national bank, a savings-bank, the Gushing Academy, and a large chair-factory. The township has 2 cotton-mills, and contains villages named North Ashburn- ham and Ashburnham Depot. Total pop. 2141. Ash'burnhani, a market-town in Peterborough co., Ontario, on the Otonabee, opposite Peterborough. Ash'burnhani Depot (de'po), a post-village of Wor- cester CO., Mass., in Ashburnham township, on the Vermont & Massachusetts Railroad, at the junction of the Cheshire Railroad and of the Ashburnham Railroad, 11 miles W.N.W. of Fitchburg. It has 5 chair-factories. This place is also called SoDTH Ashburnham. Ash'burton, a parliamentary borough, market-town, and parish of England, co. of Devon, on a railway, 16 miles S.W. of Exeter. Pop. 2335. It has woollen-mills, a ven- erable church, a grammar-school, and numerous charities. Ash'by, a post-township of Middlesex co., Mass., about 6 miles N. of Eitchburg. It has 2 churches, and manufac- tures of lumber, pails, and tubs. Pop. 962. Ashby, a post-village of Houston co., Tex., 18 miles from Crockett. It has a church, an academy, a grist-mill, and a steam cotton-gin. Ashby, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co., Va., 28 miles from Farmville. It has a general store. Ashby-de-Ia-Zouch, ash'be-dSl-a-zooch', a town and parish of England, on a railway, 19 miles N.W. of Leicester. Pop. 7302. It has a ruined castle, in which Mary, Queen of Scots, was once confined ; an ancient church, a grammar-school, a theatre, salt-water baths, resorted to by visitors, manufactures of hosiery, hats, and bricks, and iron-smelting-works. Ash'by's, a station in Franklin oo., Ind., on the White Water Valley Railroad, 7 miles N.W. of Harrison, Ohio. Ash'bysburg, a post-village of Webster co., Ky., on Green River, about 40 miles S.S.E. of Evansvillo, Ind. It has a church and a tobacco-factory. Ash'by's Mills, a post-village of Montgomery oo., Ind., at or near Ashby's Station on the Louisville, New Albany &, Chicago Railroad, 14 miles S. of Crawfordsville. It is in Clark township. It has a church and a distillery. Ash Camp, a post-office of Pike co., Ky. Ash'com, a station in Bedford co.. Pa., on the railroad from Mt. Dallas to Bedford, 6 miles E. of Bedford. Ash Creek, a post-ofSce of Rook co., Minn. Ash Creek, a post-office of Oktibbeha oo.. Miss. Ash Creek, a post-office of Hill co., Tex., 12 miles S.E. of Hillsborough. Ashdalag, ish-di-lig', written also Achdalagh, a largo and beautiful village in Russian Armenia, about 35 miles N.W. of Erivan, high up on the S. slope of the Ala- ghez Mountains. It is inhabited exclusively by Christians. Ashdod, a village of Palestine. See Asdood. Ashe, ash, a county forming the N.W. extremity of North Carolina, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is drained by the New River and its North Fork. A range called Stone Mountains extends along the N.W. border of this county, the surface of which is diversified by mountains ASH 1 and valleys and is mostly covered with forests. The soil produces grass, Indian corn, &c. Capital, Jefferson. Val- uation of real and personal estate, 81,666,418. Pop. in 1870, 9573, of whom 9569 were natives of the United States. A-She-Hoh, Ajeho, a^zheh'ho', or Alchuku, 41- choo-koo', a city of Manchooria, province of Kirin, 30 miles S. of the river Soongaree. It has a large trade. Lat. 45° 30' N. Pop. 30,000. Ash^epoo', or Ash'apoo', a small river of Colleton CO., S.C., which flows into the sea through an estuary called Coosaw River. Ashepoo, apost-hamlet and station of Colleton co., S.C, on the Ashepoo River, and on the Savannah A Charleston Railroad, 35 miles W. of Charleston. Ash'ersville, a post-office of Clay co., Ind. Ash'erville, a post-hamlet of Mitchell co., Kansas, in Asherville township, on Solomon River, 8 miles S.E. of Beloit. Pop. of the township, 308. Asherville, a post-village of Stoddard co., Mo., 8 miles from Poplin Railroad Station. It has 2 churches. Asheville, a village of Alabama. See Ashville. Asheville, or Ashville, ash'vil, a flourishing post- village, capital of Buncombe CO., N.C., is situated on high ground, about 1 mile E. of the French Broad River, and on the route of the Western North Carolina Railroad and the Cincinnati, Cumberland Gap & Charleston Railroad, about 210 miles (direct) W. of Raleigh. It has 5 churches and a tobacco-factory. Three weekly papers are published here. Pop. about 2000. Ashewa, a hamlet of Iowa. See Ashawa. Ash'field, or Ashfield Plain, a post-village and summer resort of Franklin co., Mass., 32 miles N.N.W. of Springtield. It has 3 churches, an academy, a fire-insurance company, a fine public library, and manufactures of lumber and wooden-ware. Pop. of Ashfield township, 1190. Ash Flat, a post-hamlet of Sharp co., Ark., about 33 miles N. of Batesville. Near it are several churches. Ash'ford, a town of England, co. of Kent, 12^ miles S.W. of Canterbury, and 53 miles by rail from London. Pop. 8458. The principal street, nearly half a mile in length, is paved and lighted. The church, once collegiate, is. large, and has some superb monuments. Ashford, a chapelry of England, co. of Derby, on the Wey, 2 miles N.W. of Bakewell. Pop. 713. Ash'ford, a post- village and township of Windham co.. Conn., 32 miles B.N.E. of Hartford. It has 4 churches and the Ashford Academy. General Nathaniel Lyon was born here. Pop. 1241. Ashford, a post-village of Cattaraugus co., N.Y., in Ashford township, about 34 miles S. by E. of Buffalo, and 9 miles N. of Ellicottville. It has a church, and manufac- tures of butter and cheese. Pop. of the township, 1891. Ashford, a post-village of Fond du Lac co.. Wis., in Ashford township, about 15 miles S. by E. from Fond du Lac. Pop. of the township, 2006. Ash Grove, a post-township of Iroquois co.. III., about 38 miles N. by W. of Danville. Pop. 1146. It contains a village named Glenwood or Pitchin. Ash Grove, a township of Shelby co.. III. Pop. 1499. Ash Grove, a post-oflice and station of Tippecanoe co., Ind., on the Louisville, New Albany &, Chicago Railroad, 9 miles N.N.E. of Lafayette. Ash Grove, a post-village of Davis co., Iowa, in Marion township, 13 miles N.W. of Bloomfield. It has 2 churches. Ash Grove, a post-office of Rooks co., Kansas. Ash Grove, a post-village of Greene co.. Mo., on Sac Eiver, about 20 miles W.N.W. of Springfield. It has a church, several stores, and a carriage-shop. Ash Grove, a post-oflice of Franklin co.. Neb. Ash Grove, a hamlet of Washington co., N. Y., 2i miles from Cambridge. Ash Hill, a post-hamlet of Butler co., Mo., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, Cairo Branch, 9 miles E. of Poplar Bluff Junction. It has a church and a saw-mill. Pop. of Ash Hill township, 491. Ash'ippun, a post-township of Dodge co., Wis., 35 miles N.W. of Milwaukee, is bounded on the W. by Rock Kiver. It contains a small village named Alderley. The soil is fertile. Pop. 1442. Ashkelon, the ancient name of Ascalon. Ash'kum, apost- village of Iroquois co.. III., in Ashkum township, on the Illinois Central Railroad (Chicago division), 73 miles S.S.W. of Chicago. It has a high school, a news- paper office, 2 churches, 3 grain elevators, a steam flouring- mill, and a banking office. Pop. of the township, 1315. Ash'land, a county in the N.E. central part of Ohio, has an area of about 390 square miles. It is drained by the 9 ASH Black Fork and Lake Fork of the Mohican or Walhonding River. The surface is hilly in the southern part and undu- l.ating in the other parts of the county. Among the forest trees the hickory, oak, ash, and sugar-maple abound. The soil is very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, butter, cheese, and wool are the staple products. It is intersected by the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad and the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad. Capital, Ashland. Valuation of real and personal estate, $16,067,439. Pop. in 1870, 21,933, of whom 20,718 were natives of the United States. Ashland, a county in theN.W. part of Wisconsin, border- ing on Lake Superior. It is drained by the Namakagon, the White River, and the head-streams of the Chippewa. The surface is uneven or hilly, and mostly covered with forests. Among the indigenous trees of this county is the sugar- maple. Lumber is one of its principal productions, and iron ore is abundant. It is intersected by the Wisconsin Central Railroad. Capital, Ashland. Valuation of real and personal estate, .5167,280. Pop. in 1870, 221, of whom 174 were natives and 47 were foreigners ; in 1875, 730. Ashland, a post-village, capital of Clay co., Ala., about SO miles N.N.E. of Montgomery. It has 3 churches and 1 academy. Pop. 118. Ashland, a post-village of New Castle co., Del., on the Wilmington & Western Railroad, 12 miles from Wilmington. Here are large flouring-mills. Ashland, a post-village of Cass co.. 111., on the Chicago & Alton Railroad where it crosses the Springfield Branch of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 21 miles W.N.W. of Springfield, and 200 miles S.W. of Chicago. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of farm-implements. Pop. 203. Ashland, a post-hamlet of Henry co., Ind., on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, 4 miles E.S.E. of New Castle. It has a church. Ashland, a township of Morgan co., Ind. Pop. 969. Ashland, a village of Wabash co., Ind., about 40 miles E. by S. from Logansport. See La Fostaine. Ashland, a post-village of Wapello co., lowii, near the Des Moines River and the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, about 11 miles S.E. of Ottumwa. It is 3 miles N. of Eldon Station. It has a church and graded school. Pop. 181. Ashland, a post-office of Ness co., Kansas. Ashland, a township of Riley co., Kansas. Pop. 206. Ashland, a post-village of Boyd eo., Ky., on the Ohio River, about 10 miles above Ironton, 0. It is the E. terminus of the Lexington & Big Sandy Railroad. It has a national bank, 5 churches, a seminary, and the Norton Iron Works. A weekly paper is published here. Coal is mined near this place. Pop. 1469. Ashland, a post-hamlet of Aroostook co., Me., in Ash- land township, on the Aroostook River, 50 miles N.N.W. of Houlton. It has 2 churches, 3 stores, and manufactures of lumber and cheese. Pop. of the township, 445. Ashland, a post-village of Baltimore co., Md., on the Gunpowder Eiver and on the Northern Central Pvailroad, 16 miles N. of Baltimore. It has 1 church, about 60 houses, and a furnaee for pig-iron. Ashland, a station in Queen Anne co., Md., on the Queen Anne & Kent Railroad, 7 miles E. of Centreville. Ashland, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mass., in Ashland township, and on the Boston & Albany Railroad, 24 miles W.S.W. of Boston, and 20 miles E. of Worcester. A weekly newspaper is published here. Ashland has 3 churches, manutactures of boots, carriages, paper, &c. Pop. of township, 2211. It is also a terminus of the Hopkinton Railroad, which affords connection with Providence. Ashland, a post-township of Newaygo co., Mich., is drained by the Muskegon River, and intersected by the Grand Rapids, Newaygo & Lake Shore Railroad. Ashland Post-Office is at Grant Station, and Ashland Station, on that road (with Lake Post-Office), is 8 miles S. of Newaygo. Grain and lumber are exported. Pop. 923. Ashland, a township of Dodge co., Minn. Pop. 635. Ashland, a post-village, capital of Benton co.. Miss., is 15 miles E. of Michigan City, a station on the Mississippi Central Railroad. It has a newspaper and 2 churches. Ashland, a post-village of Boone co.. Mo., in Cedar township, about 17 miles N.N.W. of Jefferson City. It has a church and a plough-factory. Ashland, a post-village of Saunders co.. Neb., on Salt Creek, 2 miles from its entrance into Platte River, and on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, 24 miles N.E. of Lincoln, and 42 miles by rail S.W. of Omaha. It has 3 churches, 2 flour-mills, and a machine-shop, is an im- portant shipping-point, and has valuable stone-quarries. A weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. 653. Ashland, a post-village of Grafton co., N.H., in Ash- ASH 120 ASH land township, on the Pemigewasset River, and on the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad, 45 miles N. of Con- cord. It has 2 churches, a hotel, a bank, and manufactures of manila paper, leather-board, and woollen goods. The township is bounded on the N.E. by Squam Lake. Pop. of the township, 885. Ashland, a station in Camden co., N.J., on the Camden & Atlantic Railroad, 10 miles S.E. of Philadelphia. Ashland, a township of Chemung co., N.Y., on the Pennsylvania line. Pop. 1080. Ashland, a post-village of Greene co., N.Y., in Ash- land township, about 40 miles S.W. of Albany. It is near the Catskill Mountains. It has 4 churches, and a cigar- factory. Pop. of the township, 938. Ashland, a post-village, capital of Ashland co., 0., on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 50 miles W.S.W. of Akron, and 196 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. It contains 1 national bank, 2 other banks, 2 newspaper offices issuing weekly papers, and 8 churches, and has a manufactory of spring-bed bottoms. Pop. about 3500. Ashland, a post-village of Jackson co., Oregon, about 18 miles S.E. of Jacksonville, and 114 miles from Roscburg. It has an iron-foundry, 2 saw-mills, a grist-mill, a woollen- mill, a newspaper office, and an academy. Pop. about 600. Ashland, a hamlet of Cambria co.. Pa., 6 miles from Gallitzin Station. It has a steam saw-mill and a shingle-mill. Ashland, a township of Clarion co., Pa. Pop. 758. Ashland, a post-borough of Schuylkill co.. Pa., on the Mahanoy & Shamokin Branch of the Philadelphia & Read- ing Railroad, 12 miles N.W. of Pottsville, 119 miles N.W. of Philadelphia, and 21 miles W. of Tamaqua. Its pros- perity is derived from rich mines of anthracite coal. There are in the vicinity 8 collieries, some of which are very ex- tensive. It contains 11 churches, 3 banks (of which 2 are national), 4 large school-houses, a large public hall, 3 foun- dries, 3 machine-shops, and a manufactory of railroad-cars. One or 2 weekly newspapers are published here. It has a planing-mill, a distillery, a soap-factory, a plough-factory, &c. Pop. 5714, Ashland, a village in Scituate township, Providence CO., R.I., 4 miles from Hope Station, has a church, and manufactures of cotton goods. Pop. 118. Ashland, a village of Wayne co., Tenn., on Buffalo River, about 70 miles S.W. of Nashville. It has 2 churches. Ashland, a post-village of Hunt co., Tex., 28 miles S. of Bonham. It has 3 churches. Ashland, a post-village of Hanover co., Va., on the Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Railroad, 17 miles N. by W. from Richmond. It contains the Randolph Macon College^ 5 churches, and a newspaper office. Pop. 491. Ashland, a post-village, capital of Ashland co., Wis., on Lake Superior, at the terminus of the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 351 miles by rail N.N.W. of Milwaukee. It has a bank, a newspaper office, 3 churches, and several lumber- mills. Pop. of Ashland township, 268, Ashland City, a post-village, capital of Cheatham co., Tenn., on the Cumberland River, about 30 miles N.W. of Nashville. It has a court-house and a church. Pop. 121. Ash'ley, a county in the S.E. part of Arkansas, bor- dering on Louisiana, has an area of about 860 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by Saline and Ouachita Rivers, and intersected by Bartholomew Bayou (navigable by steam- boats). The surface is undulating or nearly level; the soil is fertile. A large proportion of the county is wood- land. Cotton, Indian corn, and live-stock are the staple products. Capital, Hamburg. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $2,266,189. Pop. in 1870, 8042, of whom 7991 were natives and 51 were foreigners. Ashley, a post-village of Washington co.. 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad where it crosses the St. Louis A Southeastern Railroad, 60 miles E.S.E. of St. Louis, and 99 miles N. of Cairo. It has 3 churches, a bank, 2 flour-mills, a pottery, a brick-yard, &g. Pop. 1030. Ashley, a post-office of Kent co., Mich. Ashley, a township of Stearns eo., Minn. Pop. 183. Ashley, a post-village of Pike co., Mo.. 6 miles from Bowling Green, and about 75 miles N.W. of St. Louis. It has a seminary, 4 churches, a steam saw-mill, a flouring- mill, &c. Pop. 368. Ashley, a post-village of Delaware co., 0., in Oxford township, on the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & In- dianapolis Railroad, 34 miles N. of Columbus, and 24 miles S. by W. from Gallon. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, a fluur-mill, &c. Pop. 454. Ashley, a post-borough of Luzerne co.. Pa., in the Wy- oming Valley, on the Central Railroad of New Jersey (Lehigh & Susquehanna division), at the junction of the Nanticokc Railroad, 3 miles from Wilkesbarre. It has a graded school, a savings-bank, 3 churches, and some workshops of the rail- road company. Here are rich mines of coal. Ashley is sur- rounded by beautiful scenery. Engines and coal-cars are manufactured here. Pop. about 4500. Ashley, a river of South Carolina, rises in Colleton co., runs southeastward, and enters Charleston Harbor at the city of Charleston. This city is on a point of land formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. Ashley Falls, a post-village of Berkshire co., Mass., in Sheffield township, on the Housatonic River and the Housatonic Railroad, 35 miles S. of Pittsfield. It has a church, a hotel, a graded school, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, 2 carriage-shops, &c. Ashley's Fork, a tributary of Green River, Utah, enters the river on the left, about 25 miles in a direct line above Du Chesne River. Ash'leyville, a post-hamlet of Hampden co., Mass., in AVest Springfield township, on the west bank of the Connec- ticut River, li miles N.W. of Chicopee. Ash'mead, a post-office of Ellsworth co., Kansas, 12 miles from Ellsworth. Ash'mont, a station within the limits of Boston, Mass., on a branch of the Old Colony Railroad, 5 miles from its terminus in Boston. Ash'more, a county of Dakota, bounded on the E. by the Missouri River. Ashmore, a post-village of Coles co.. 111., in Ashmore township, and on the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 37 miles W. of Terre Haute, and 8 miles E. of Charleston. It has 3 churches, a carriage-factory, &c. Pop. about 500 ; of township, 2088. Ashmunein, a village of Egypt. See Oshmooneyn. Ash^petuck', a small stream of Fairfield co., in the S.W. part of Connecticut, flows into Saugatuck River. Ash Point, a hamlet of Nemaha co., Kansas, about 25 miles E. of Marysville. Ash Port, a post-village of Lauderdale co., Tenn., on the Mississippi River, about 48 miles N. of Memphis. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and a cotton-gin. Ash Ridge, a post-office of Brown co., 0. Ash Ridge, a post-office of Richland co.. Wis., 14 miles N.N.W. of Richland Centre. Ashruff, ash^ruf, Ashraf, ^shV^if', or Ushruff, ush^- riif', a decayed town of Persia, province of Mazanderan, 50 miles W. of Astrabad. It contains about 500 houses, thinly scattered through an extensive jungle. Lat. 36*^ 41' 45" N. ; ion, 53° 33' 53" E. Ashtabu'la, the most northeastern county of Ohio, borders on Pennsylvania. Area, about 720 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Lake Erie, is intersected by Grand River, and is also drained bj' the Ashtabula and Con- neaut Rivers and Pymatuning and Rock Creeks. The sur- face is nearly level, and is diversified by several low "lake ridges" and terraces. Forests of the ash, beech, elm, white oak, hickory, sugar-maple, &c., cover nearly one-fourth of the county. The soil contains much clay, is fertile, and adapted to pasturage. Hay, oats, butter, cheese, wool, and cattle are the staple products. Devonian shale underlies the greater part of the soil. Among its minerals is Berea grit, a sandstone good for grindstones and for buildings. This county is intersected by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad and the Ashtabula, Youngstown & Pitts- burg Railroad. Capital, Jefferson. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1 9,425,000. Pop. in 1870, 32,517, of whom 30,300 were natives and 2217 were foreigners. Ashtabula, a small river of Ohio, runs northwestward through Ashtabula co., and enters Lake Erie at Harbor, 3 miles N. of the village of Ashtabula. At its mouth is a light-house. Ashtabula, a post-village and township of Ashtabula CO., on the river of the same name, and on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 54 miles E.N.E. of Cleve- land, and 3 miles from Lake Erie. It has 2 national banks, 1 other bank, 2 newspaper offices, and (J churches. It is a station on the Ashtabula, Youngstown it Pittsburg Raih-oad, 60 miles N. of Youngstown. It has also a rolling-mill, a machine-shop, 2 shaft -factories, and 2 manufactories of sash, blinds, and doors. Pop. of village, 1999 ; of township. 3394. Ashtaroth, ash'ta-roth, an ancient city of Syria, ni^med in Scripture as the capital of " Og, king of Bashan," iden- tified with the Tel el Ashtcn^h, pashalic of Damascus, in the Hauran, about 60 miles S.S.W. of Damascus. Ashto'la (the CaHne of Nearchus), an uninhabited island of the Indian Ocean, lat. 25° S' N., Ion. (33° 48' E., 12 miles from the Mekran coast, in Beloochistan. Ash'ton, a post-village of Lee co., 111., in Ashton town- ASH 121 AST ship, on the Chicago & Northwestern Kailroad, 84 miles W. of Chicago, and 14 miles E. of Dixon. It has 5 churches, a bank, a graded school, 4 grain elevators, a steam flouring- mill, and quarries of fine building-stone. Here is a stone school-house which cost $28,000. Pop. about 1000. Ashtou, a township of Monona co., Iowa. Pop. 129. Ashtoii, a post-village of Osceola co., Mich., in. Lincoln township, on the Grand Rapids *fc Indiana Railroad, 76 miles N. of Grand Rapids. It has a church, 2 stores, a saw-mill, and 2 hotels. Pop. about 120, Ashton, a post-hamlet of Clarke co.. Mo., on the Mis- souri, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad, 20 miles W.N.W, of Alex- andria. It has a church and a distillery. Ashton, a post-office of Pender co., N.C., on the Wil- mington & Wcldon Railroad, about 17 miles N. of Wil- mington. Ashton, a village of Carbon co., Pa., on the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company's Railroad, 10 miles W. of Mauch Chunk. It has 2 churches. Coal is mined here. Ashtou, a post-village of Providence co., R.I., in Cum- berland and Lincoln townships, on the Blackstone River and the Providence & Worcester Railroad, 10 miles N. of Providence. It has 2 churches and a cotton-mill. Pop. 759. Ashtou, a post-office of Sumter co., S.C. Ashton, a hamlet of San Augustine co., Tex., about 140 miles N.N.E. of Houston. It has a church and a tannery. Ashton, a post-hamlet of Bane co., Wis., about 11 miles N.W. of Madison. AshtoUy a post-village in Carleton co., Ontario, on the river Jock, 23 miles S.W. of Ottawa. It contains 5 stores, 2 hotels, a foundry, and a tannery. Pop. 250. Ashton-in-Mack'eriield, or Ashton-le- Wil- lows, a village of Lancashire, England, 2 miles N.W. of Newton. It has coal-mines and cotton-works. Pop. 7465. Ashtou-under-Ijyne, a parliamentary borough, manufacturing town, and parish of England, co. of Lancas- ter, on the Tame, 6^^ miles by railway E.N.E. of Manches- ter. The town is mostly ill built, but it has a large church of the time of Henry V., a good market-house, extensive public baths, workhouse, hosjjital, 3 banks, a savings-bank, various schools and charities, assembly-rooms, a theatre, and mechanics' institute, with a large Independent chapel, and places of worship for Methodists, Baptists, Unitarians, Cath- olics, Moravians, and Jews. It is well situated for manu- facturing industry, coal being plentiful, and canals from Manchester, Huddersfield, and Derbyshire meeting in the parish. The principal manufactures are cotton-yarn spin- ning, and weaving calicoes and ginghams by the power- loom. Ashton-under-Lyne sends one member to the House of Commons. The increase of the wealth and population of this town within the last half-century has been very remarkable. Pop. in 1871, 37,389. Ashuap^mouchouau', or Cha^mou^chou^an', a large river of Quebec, rises in the highlands near Mistas- sini Lake, and, running S.E., enters the W. side of Lake St. John, lat. 48° 39' N., Ion. 72^ 10' W. Length, about 170 miles. A little above the 92d mile it divides into two branches. One of these comes from the N.K.E., and, being the larger, is called the Chief River. The other branch retains the name of the Ashuapmouchouan. Ashuapmouchouan (''the place where the elk is laid wait for"), a lake of Quebec, 150 miles W. of Lake St. John. Lat. 49° 27' N. ; Ion. 73° 55' W. Length, 10 miles ; average breadth, 4 miles. It receives the waters of several lakes, and has its outlet in the river Ashuapmouchouan. Ashuelot, ash^yu-e'lpt or ash'we-lot, a river of New Hampshix'e, runs southwestward through Cheshire co., and enters the Connecticut River about 18 miles S.W. of Keene. Its length is nearly 75 miles. Ashuelot, a post-village of Cheshire co., N.H., in Win- chester township, on the Ashuelot River and the Ashuelot Railroad, 15 miles S.S.W. of Keene, and 2 miles from Win- chester. It has 1 church, 1 hotel, and manufactures of blankets and beaver cloth. Ash Valley, a post-hamlet of Pawnee co., Kansas, in Walnut township, 10 miles from Earned. Ash'ville, or Asheville, a post-village, capital of St. Clair CO., Ala., on the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad, 102 miles S.S.W. of Chattanooga. It has 3 churches, an acad- emy, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 300. Ashville, a village of Chautauqua co., N.Y., in Har- mony township, on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 7 miles W.S.W. of Jamestown, and 20 miles N.E. of Corry, Pa. It has 3 churches and several mills. Pop. 350. The name of its post-office is Harmony. Ashville, a post-office and station of Pickaway co., 0., on the Scioto Valley Railroad, 21 miles S. by E. of Columbus. Ash^wanip'i, or Ham'ilton, a river of Labrador, has its source near the head-waters of the east branch of the Moisic, and, after a course of 600 miles, enters the Atlantic through Esquimaux Bay or Hamilton Inlet. At its mouth it is nearly 1^ miles wide. About 100 miles up occur the great falls. Six miles above the falls the river suddenly contracts to about 100 yards, then rushing in a continuous rapid again contracts to a breadth of 50 yards ere it pre- cipitates itself over the falls, below which its course for about 30 miles lies between walls of rock that rise some- times to the height of 300 feet on either side. This fall is reported to exceed in height the Falls of Niagara. Ash'AVOOd, a hamlet of Maury co., Tenn., 6 miles W. of Columbia. It has 2 churches and an academy. AshAVOod Station, apost-hamlet, Wilkinson CO., Miss., on the West Feliciana Railroad, 4 miles S. of Woodville. Asia, i'she-a (not i'zhe-a), (Fr. Asie, a^zee' ; Ger. Asien^ ^'ze-^n ; Lat., It., Sp., and Port., Asia, k'sG-i), the largestof the great divisions of the globe. Its mainland is bounded N. by the Arctic Ocean, S. by the Indian Ocean, E. by the North Pacific, W. by Europe, and S.W. by Africa. Its greatest length is from the Dardanelles to Behring's Strait, a distance of about 7500 miles; its greatest breadth from Cape Severo-Vostochnoi, in Siberia, to Cape Romania, at the S. extremity of the Malay Peninsula, about 5160 miles. Asia is joined to Europe throughout most of its western limit, being in part separated from it by an arbitrary line formed by the Ural Mountains; it is connected with Africa by the Isthmus of Suez. On the E. it is separated from America by Behring's Strait, where the two continents ap- proach within 36 miles of each other. As viewed on a globe, its general shape is roughly triangular. The coasts are irregular, especially on the S. and E., where it is indented by immense bays and gulfs, forming projections of correspond- ing magnitude. The principal of the former are the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Gulf of Siam, on the S. coast ; the Gulf of Tonquin, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, Gulf of Tartary, Sea of Okhotsk, and Sea of Anadeer, on the E. coast. On the N., the indentations arc equally nu- merous, but, with the exception of the Gulf of Obi, not of the same extent. The more remarkable peninsulas are those of Hindostan, Malacca, Indo-China, Corea, and Anadeer, on the S. and E. coasts. The principal islands and island groups within the limits of this division of the globe are, on the S. and E., the Laccadives, Maldives, the Chagos Archipelago, Ceylon, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands ; the Mergui Archipelago, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and the Sunda and Banda Islands; the Moluccas, Sooloo Islands, Philippines, the island of Hainan, Formosa, Chusan, Hong-Kong, the Japanese Empire, Saghalin (or Saghalien), and the Koorils; on the N., Kotelnoi, Eadlevskoi, New Siberia, and (accord- ing to Humboldt) Nova Zembla. What is called " Wallace's line" divides the islands of Southeastern Asia from those of Australasia and Polynesia, — a line nearly coinciding with the meridian of 120° E. Ion., to the westward of which the plants and animals are for the most part of a distinctly Asiatic type. The mainland of Asia is comprised between lat. 1° 15' and 78° 20' N., and Ion. 27° E. and 170° W. If its islands are included, its southern limit will extend to lat. 11° S., the southernmost point of Rottee, a small island S. of Timor. The countries comprised within its limits are Asiatic Turkey, Arabia, Persia, Beloochistan, Afghanis- tan, India, Burmah, Siam, Anam, Malacca, China, Japan, Manchooria, Corea, Mongolia, Thibet, Tartary, and Asiatic Russia : to these, and to the islands above enumerated, the reader is referred for details. The vast extent of Asia, the diversity of its surface, and its physical structure, render it difficult to give a view of its general conformation at once accurate and intelligible. It may, however, be characterized generally, notwithstanding its enormous elevations, as a flat country, its mean level above the sea not exceeding 1150 feet, while a third part has not more than 255 feet of mean height. The whole of that portion lying N.W. of the Thian-Shan Mountains and N. of the Altai is one prodigious plain or tract of lowland, one- third larger than Europe, the elevation of which is little more than from 200 to 1200 feet. The southern portion, which stretches along the Indian Ocean, is composed, like- wise, of comparatively level regions; so is also a great part of the interior, where the plateaus are from 2000 to 4000 feet above the sea. It may be added that the heights of several plateaus of Central Asia have been greatly over-es- timated, and that there is little doubt that, if carefully meas- ured, most of them would be found to fail far short of the heights at present assigned them ; while no small part of the continent is actually below sea-level. The extensive country N. and E. of the Caspian Sea, and around the Sea of Aral, ASI 122 Asr forms a vast concavity of this character. The prodigious mountain-systems of Asia are no less remarkable than its vast plains and deserts. "With the exception of the Ural Mountains, none of any note occur N. of lat. 50° and W. of Ion. 120° E. ; but E. of that meridian the Aldan Mountains and the Yablonoi and Stanovoi attain a con- siderable elevation. S. of lat. 50° and N. of lat. 31° are to be found the principal mountain-systems of Asia, con- sisting of four great ranges, nearly parallel to one another and to the equator ; the largest extending, in an almost un- broken liue, under the various names of Taurus, Elbrooz, Hindoo-Koosh, and Kuen-Lun, from the Bosporus to China proper, E. of the 100th meridian, forming, as it were, the backbone of the continent. The subsidiary systems lie at various angles to the equator ; taut, generally speaking, they run parallel to the coasts, the greater number, however, having a direction S.E. to N.W., as in Arabia, Persia, on the coast of Malabar, in the peninsula of Burmah, Anam, and Malacca; while on the coast of Coromandel, in Northern India, China, Manchooria, and N.E. Siberia, the general direction is S.W. to N.E. The great mountain-systems of Central Asia are the Him- alaya, the Altai, the Thian-Shan or Celestial Mountains, and the Kuen-Lun, all, roughly speaking, parallel to the equator, and all offshoots of the great Pameer plateau or steppe, which from its height and magnitude has been called the dome or roof of the world. This region, as well as Thibet, has a general elevation of over 15,000 feet. The Himalaya range, the general course of which is from N.W. to S.E., consists of three parts, the Hindoo-Koosh or Indian Caucasus, which extends from the Paropamisan range, in Af- ghanistan, to Cashmere, the Himalaya, which stretches from the A^'alley of Cashmere to Bootan, with a semicircular inflec- tion, and, lastly, the mountains of Bootan and Assam. The highest summit yet ascertained with certainty is that of Mt. Everest, the highest mountain in the world, — over 29,000 feet in height. There are more than 40 rising above 21,000 feet. Most of the passes are above 15,000 feet in height, and some of them 19,000. The line of perpetual congelation is at an elevation, on the S. side, of 12,9S1 feet, on the N. side, of 16,620 feet; a difference which is supposed to be owing to the greater serenity of the sky on the N. sidOj the lees fre- quent formation of snow in very cold dry air, and the radi- ation of heat from the neighboring plains, which are much nearer than those on the S. Vegetation is prolonged on the Himalayas to the height of upwards of 18,000 ieet. The system of the Altai surrounds the sources of the Irtish and Yenisei. The Thian-Shan or Celestial Mountains run nearly along the 42d parallel of N. lat., rising in Tartary, and terminating in the Desert of Gobi, in Mongolia. Little is known of the country between the Thian-Shan Moun- tains and those of the Altai, — a space about 400 miles in breadth. The Kuen-Lun Mountains run nearly parallel with tho former range, and in some parts with the Hindoo- Koosh also. They rise a little to the E. of the 100th degree of E. longitude, and, under various names of Hindoo-Koosh, Elbrooz, and Taurus, running W. and N.W., closely skirt the Caspian and Black Seas on the S., terminating to the W. of the latter, thus forming, with the exception of the American Cordillera, the longest line of elevation on the globe. These and other chains will be found noticed in the articles on the countries in which they occur, and more fully described under their own names. The continent of Asia has few volcanoes in a state of activity, though its islands are crowded with them. In "Western Asia the only active volcano existing is Demavend, 70 miles S. of the S. shore of the Caspian. The table-land of Western Asia was at one time the seat of intense com- motion, now nearly extinct. In the table-land of Eastern Asia occurs the Thian-Shan, where there are two active volcanoes. In Kamchatka, however, there are no fewer than 9 volcanoes in a state of activity. Earthquakes are frequent and violent in many parts of Asia. The places most subject to these visitations are Asia Minor, the Persian Mountains, the regions between Lake Baikal and the vol- cano of Ho-Cheoo, in the S.E. of Tartary, the province of Cutch, in India, and especially the great archipelagoes. The table-lands of Asia, like all the other physical fea- tures of that vast continent, are gigantic. That of Iran, in Persia, occupies an area of 170,000 square miles, and is generally from 4000 to 7000 feet above tho sea; while that of Thibet comprises 760,000 square miles. The table-lands of tho interior are frequently cold and sterile, snow falling through every month of the year. Among the less extensive table-lands arc those of the Punjab, of Central India, of the Deccan, and of Mysore. Nearly the whole of Northwestern Asia is one vast plain or undulating surface, occupying up- wards of 7,000,000 square miles. The great plain or steppe of Ishim, in Siberia, extends from the E. slope of the S. extremity of the Ural Mountains, across the Tobol, to the Irtish, a distance of about 700 miles. It is covered in part with dense forests. Next to this plain is the steppe of Baraba, occupying the space between the Irtish and the Upper Obi. To the S. of these steppes is another, several hundred miles in extent, lying between the Altai Mountains and the E. confines of Tartary, and including Lake Ten- gheez. In the E. of China there is an alluvial plain of 210,000 square miles, most of it productive and highly cul- tivated ; and in Hindostan there are plains that extend 2000 miles along the S. slope of the Himalayas. The steppes of Asia generally consist of rich pastures, intermingled with woods, barren sands, lakes, pools, and streams of salt and bitter waters. Beserts are numerous in Asia, and many of them of great extent. The most remarkable is that of the Great Gobi or Shamo (i.e., " sea of sand"), its whole length being probably not under 1200 miles. This is a portion of the great Han-hai, or " dried-up sea" of Central and Eastern Asia, a vast elevated basin, whose waters do not reach the ocean. It is regarded as the bed of a former inland sea. The great salt desert of Irak-Ajemee, in Persia, is about 390 miles in length and 210 miles in breadth. There are, besides, other deserts in this division of the globe, the whole occupy- ing three-tenths of its entire surface. Asia contains some of the largest rivers in the world. Those in Western Asia are the Euphrates and Tigris ; in Eastern Asia, the Amoor, the Hoang-Ho, the Yang-tse- Kiang, the Hong-Kiang, and the Sang-Koi or Tonquin; in Northern Asia, the Obi, the Ii-tish, the Yenisei, the Lena, the Indighirka, and the Kolyma; in Southern Asia, the Indus and its confluents, the Beas, Bavee, Jhylum, Chenaub, and Sutlej ; the Ganges, the Brahmapootra, the Irrawaddy, the Salwin, the Menam, and the Me-Kong. Some of the basins of these rivers are of vast extent. The river of greatest length is the Yang-tse-Kiang, the entire length of which is 2900 miles; that of the Yenisei is 2500 miles. The largest lake or inland sea of Asia is the Caspian ; it has no outlet, is about 750 miles in length from N. to S., and about 230 miles in breadth. Next in extent is the Sea of Aral. The other principal lakes to the E. are Lake Balkash or Tengheez, and Lake Baikal, in Siberia. There are, besides, a number of smaller lakes dispersed over the continent. A great many of them have no outlets, and are consequently salt. All the precious and useful minerals are found in Asia. Diamonds are found in Bundelcund, the Deccan, the Ural Mountains, Borneo, Ceylon, and other places. Piock-crys- tals, amethysts, rubies, turquoises, cornelians, lapis-lazuli, topazes, and other precious stones are found in many differ- ent quarters. Gold is, perhaps, most abundant in the Altai chain. Silver is a prodrict of China, Asiatic Kussia, Anam, and the Japanese and Ottoman Empires ; mercury, of China, Thibet, Japan, India, and Ceylon. Tin is met with over all the Malay peninsula, in Burmah, China, and some of the islands of the Malay Archipelago; copper and iron in Japan, Russia, Thibet, Hindostan, Anam, Persia, and Tur- key ; in most of which countries lead also is found. Coal has been discovered in Northern China, in Bengal, and in some of the islands, and doubtless exists in many localities not yet explored. Salt is very generally diffused over the continent, few extensive districts being altogether destitute of salt lakes or springs; but our knowledge of the distri- bution of the mineral wealth of Asia, as well as on many other points, is still exceedingly imperfect. Asia, from its vast extent, stretching from the polar circle to the equator, possesses every variety of climate, from ex- cessive heat to the most intense cold. This variety of cli- mate is further increased by local influences, particularly by the great heights of its table-lands and mountains, by its comparatively compact configuration, and by the great ex- tension of land it presents towards the pole. Beyond the 56th parallel of N. latitude, which includes all Siberia, the ground is permanently frozen, in some places to a great depth, and a degree of cold exceeding 90° below the freez- ing-point is here of annual occurrence ; while in other parts of the same region, such as Tobolsk and Irkootsk, the sum- mers are equal to those of Berlin and Cherbourg, but are succeeded by winters of great severity. The violent winds called typhoons prevail in Southeastern Asia between lat. 4° and 40° N., their sphere of action diminishing westerly to a space included between 13° and 2C° N. lat. Thcso destructive winds blow at all seasons, but rarely between May and December. The monsoons, which also prevail in this quarter of tho world, extend into Asia, from their cen- tral region in the Indian Ocean, as far as lat. 36° N,, in- ASI 1 eluding China, all Hindostan, the Punjab, and part of Thibet. They blow regularly from the S.W. from April to October, and from the N.E. from October to April ; the change being accompanied by heavy rain and violent storms of thunder and lightning. The rainless regions of Asia are of vast extent; one of these extends from Belhi, in Northern Hindostan, to near Nerchinsk, in Southeastern Siberia, a distance of about 2500 miles, with a width of about 1200 miles. It thus includes part of Thibet, the great desert of Gobi, and a part of Mongolia, — a space estimated to com- prise 2,000,000 square miles. The other is a continuation of the vast rainless region which, commencing on the borders of Morocco, terminates in Beloochistan, of which it includes the greater part, with a large portion of Persia, the N. part of Arabia, and the S. of Syria. Vegetation. — The vegetation of Asia is as various as its climate. The extreme S. portions only present all the char- acteristics of tropical vegetation. A remarkable peculiarity of the flora of Eastern Asia is the prevalence of tropical types throughout the temperate region. No cereals are cultivated in Asia N. of about lat. 62° N. The tea-plant is cultivated in China and Cochin China, between lat. 17° and 35° N., Ion. 94° and 120° E., which includes Assam ; but it is most successful between the parallels of 25° and .33° N. It is also cultivated in Japan, and in various parts of India. Cotton is grown in India, Burmah, Siam, Anam, and China. Sugar and indigo are produced in India and in the other countries to the E. Ceylon and Java are famed for their coffee. Cinnamon luxuriates in Ceylon, and is grown in Anam ; and nutmegs, cloves, and pepper are products of the Malay Archipelago. In the latter, also, the sago-palm attains the highest perfection. The oak, walnut, box, cedar, cocoa-palm, rattan, bamboo, teak, poon, sal, and toon-tree are among the many useful products of Asia. The quadrupeds of the continent and islands include the elephant, rhinoceros, camel, lion, tiger, leopard, panther, hyena, tapir, wolf, bear, wild boar, hog, dog, antelope, deer, chamois, stag, ox, buifalo, horse, goat, sheep, wild ass, mon- key, ape, fox, hare, squirrel, jackal, elk, marten, cat, yak, wild eat, and weasel. The Asiatic lion is confined to a comparatively limited region. The tiger has its chief hab- itation in the sultry jungles of Bengal and the islands of Java and Sumatra, but it is found as far N. as the Caspian and the Altai Mountains. Among the most remarkable of the Asiatic bears are the Syrian bear, the Thibet bear, and the sun-bear of Sumatra. The buffalo is a native of China, India, Borneo, and the Sunda Islands. The goat of Cash- mere and that of Angora produce excellent wool. Among reptiles are crocodiles, the cobra de capello and other poi- sonous serpents, the python, tortoises, chameleons, &c. The number and variety of birds in Asia are too great to allow of either enumeration or description; they include eagles, vultures, quails, pheasants, starlings, herons, storks, cranes, swans, wild ducks, pelicans, nightingales, &e. In Southeastern Asia and the islands of the Malay Archipel- ago, birds of the most gorgeous plumage abound. Asia is peculiarly prolific in gallinaceous fowls, some of them pos- sessing most brilliant plumage. Asia is supposed to have been the cradle of the human race. It contains a vast variety of tribes and nations. The main divisions or families consist of the great Aryan or Indo-European group; the Semitic nations ; the Mongolian, including the Uralian-Einnish races, and perhaps the Dra- vijiian families of India; the Malays ; and a number of minor groups of uncertain affinity. There are probably not fewer than a thousand languages and well-marked dialects spoken in Asia. It is remarkable that every widely-preva- lent religious system is of Asiatic origin. The prevailing re- ligions of Asia are Brahraanism and Booddhism ; the former being professed in Hindostan, the latter in China, Japan, Anam, Siam, the Burman Empire, Ceylon, and among the Mongols and Toongooses. In the S.W. of Asia Islamism prevails; and Mohammedans are numerous in India, Ma- lacca., and many parts of the Malay Archipelago. The term Asia, the origin of which is unknown, was first applied to a small province of the peninsula now called Asia Minor, but has since been gradually extended to the whole Asiatic continent. The early history of Asia may be re- garded as that of the world. Here the human race is sup- posed to have been first planted ; and here also arose primi- tive families, tribes, nations, and dynasties, of whose history only a few fragments remain. The course of Asiatic history is too long and its import too weighty to be satisfactorily summed up in a few lines ; but it may be believed that the great Anglo-Indian empire in the S., and the less populous but far more extensive Russian dominion in Northern and Central Asia, are to be the most important factors in the 3 ASO history of her near future. These two powers are uow the only formidable ones in Asia, save China alone. Population. — The entire population of Asia is estimated at 8211,000,000, — British India containing nearly a fourth of that number. Outside the European colonies there are no trustworthy statistics ; but for the Chinese empire alone there is claimed a population of more than 3(50,000,000. It is safe to say that more than one- half the population of the globe is Asiatic. Adj. Asiatic, i^she-at'ik, and Asian, i'she-iin (poetical) ; inhab. Asiatic (Fr. Asiatique, 5,'zee'- J,'teek'; Ger. adj. Asiatisch, 4-ze-a'tish, inhab. Asiate, i-ze-^'teh). Asiago, 4-see'i-go, a town of Italy, province of Vi- cenza, capital of the district termed the "Seven Com- munes," inhabited by a race of German descent, 22 miles N. of Vicenza. Pop. of district, 29,000 ; of town, 6493. Asia IsleSy a low, wooded group in the Malay Archi- pelago, E. of Gilolo. Lat. 1° N. ; Ion. 131° 17' E. Asia Minor. See Anatolia. Asiatic Archipelago. See Malay Archipelago. Asie, Asien, Asiatic, Asiatique. See Asia. Asiniagomy, i-se-m5,-go'raee, a lake in Canada, prov- ince of Ontario, lat. 48° 35' N., Ion. 85° 30' W. It is about 12 miles in length, and from 2 to 4 miles in breadth, and enters the E. extremity of Lake Superior by a stream about 36 miles long. Asinalunga, 3,-see"ni-loon'g3,, or Sina Longa, see'ni lon'g^, a town of Italy, 36 miles by rail from Sienna, on the E. slope of the hill which separates the Val di Chiana and Val d'Ombrone. Pop. 8898. Asiliara, 3.-se-ni'ri, a small island otf the N.W. ex- tremity of the island of Sardinia, lat. 41° 5' N., Ion. 8° 15' E. It is about 10 miles long. It has a light-house, and a port called Trahuccato (tri-book-ki'to). Pop. 270. Asir, a state of Arabia. See Aseer. Asirmintar, i-seer-min-t3.r', a volcano in Onekotan, one of the Kooril Islands. Lat. 49° 40' N. ; Ion. 156° E. Asisia, an ancient name of Asseria. Ask, ^sk, or Asek, is'ek, a town of Persia, province of Mazandcran, at the foot of Mount Demavend, 6900 feet above the sea, and 60 miles S.W. of Saree. It is said to comprise from 1000 to 1500 houses. Askalon, a city of Syria. See Ascalon. As'kam , a post-hamlet of Luzerne co.. Pa., on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 5 miles S.W. of Wilkesbarre. Askeaton, as-ki'ton, a town of Ireland, co. of Lim- erick, on the Deel, 17 miles W.S.W. of Limerick. Pop. 2118. Askeaton, AVisconsin. See Holland Station. As'kern, or As'kerne, atown of England, co. of York, West Riding,, 7 miles by rail N. by W. of Doneaster. P. 457. Askersund, is'ker-soond\ a town of Sweden, 27 miles S.W. of Orebro, on Lake Wetter. Pop. 1397. As'kew, or Dunn's I^anding, a post-village of Lee CO., Ark., on the Mississippi, 25 miles above Helena. Askha, an Aleutian island. See Atka. Askoe, ftsk'o'^h, a small island of Denmark, in the Great Bolt, 2 miles off the N. coast of Laaland. Pop. 150. Askoe, an island of Norway, lat. 60° 27' N., separated from the coast by a narrow strait. Pop. 2400. Asia, is'18,, Assela, is'seh-li\ or El Asia, SI Hs'lJl, a village and oasis of Algeria, 149 miles S. of Oran, lat. 33° 32' N., ion. 0° 30' W., on a small stream of the same name, which waters the little gardens that compose the principal riches of the inhabitants. Pop. 400. Asmaushausen, or Assnianushausen, is'mins- how^z^n, a village of Pnissia, in Nassau, on the Rhine, and on a railw.ay, 2 miles N.W. of Riidesheim. Pop. 772. Asmildkloster, 4s-mild-klos't§r, a village of Den- mark, in North Jutland, on the E. side of Viborg Lake. Asna, a town of Egypt. See Esneh. As'nen, a lake of Sweden, in the laen of Kronoberg, 20 miles long and 15 miles broad. It is navigated by steamboats, and sends its waters to the Baltic by the Morums An. Asnieres, 4s^ne-aiR', the name of several villages of France, one of which, on the Seine, is 4 miles from Paris, at the junction of several railways. Pop. 5784. Aso, i'so, or Asone, 3,-so'nd (ane. Aso'na), a river of Italy, enters the Adriatic 7 miles S.E. of Fermo. Asola, 5,-so'U, a fortified town of Italy, 19 miles W.N.W. of Mantua, capital of the district, on the Chiese. It has manufactories of silk twist. Pop. 5865. Asolo, i-so'lo, an ancient fortified town of Italy, 19 miles N.W. of Treviso. Pop. 5437. Asone, or Asona, a river of Italy. See Aso. Asooree, the Hindoo for Ossoree. Asoph, a sea of Europe. See Azof. ASO 124 ASS Asopo, i-so'po, or Aso'pus, a river of Greece, in Bceotia, rises S. of Thebes, flows eastward, and enters the Channel of Euboea. Length, about 24 miles. Aspadana, the ancient name of Ispahan. Aspalaga, Plorida. See Appalaga. Aspe, S,s'pi, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 17 miles W. of Alicante. It has flour-mills, oil-mills, soap-factories, brandy-distilleries, and marble-quarries. Pop. 7185. Aspe, Asp, a valley of France, department of Basses- Pyrenees, extending about 27 miles from S. to N., from Mont Aepe to the ridge of the Pyrenees, near Oloron. As'pelund, a post-ofiice of Goodhue co., Minn. As'pen, a post-hamlet of Uintah co., Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 18 miles S.E. of Evanston. Eleva- tion, 7463 feet. Coal is mined and lumber sawed here. Aspen Grove, a post-office of Rockingham co., N.C. Aspen Hill, a post-hamlet of Giles co., Tenn., on the railroad which connects Nashville with Decatur, 88 miles S. of Nashville. It has 2 churches. Aspen Wall, a post-office of Charlotte co., Va. As'per, a post-ofiice of Livingston co.. Mo., about 9 miles from Bedford Railroad Station. Asperen, As'pi-ren, a town of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 20 miles E. by N. of Dort. Pop. 1447. Asperg, d.s'p^nG, or Asberg, a town of Wiirtemberg, on a railway, 8 miles N. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2039. Near it is the castle of Hohen-Asperg, on a steep rock. Aspern, or Gross Aspern, groce As'p^rn, a village of Austria, 5 miles E.N.E. of Vienna, celebrated for a battle fought May 21 and 22, 1809, between the French under Napoleon and the Austrians under the Archduke Charles. Aspet, S,s''pd.', a town of France, department of Haute- Garonne, 60 miles S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. 2565. Asphaltites, Lake. See Dead Sea. Asphodel, Ontario. See Westwood. As'pinAvall, a post-hamlet of Nemaha co., Neb., on the Missouri River, 9 miles below Brownville. AspiUAVall, a post-hamlet of Bradford co., Pa., in Wells township, 16 miles S. by W. of Elmira, N.Y. It has 2 churches. As'pinwall, or Colon, ko-lon', a seaport of the United States of Colombia, on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, 47 miles from Panama, 2000 miles from New York, and nearly equidistant from San Francisco and Valparaiso, being about 3300 miles from each place. The harbor has a depth of water sufficient for the largest ships, and is very spacious. It has semi-monthly communication with both New York and San Francisco by steamers. British, French, and German mail-steamers have a landing here, and also at Panama, the mail being transported across the isthmus at this point. A railroad 47 miles in length, connecting As- pinwall with Panama, was opened February 17, 1855. A large depot has been built near the centre of the town j the track communicates with the wharf at which the steamers land. Aspinwall exports many fine bananas. It was founded about 1850, and is said to contain 2500 inhabitants. Aspiran, as^pe^rON^', a village of France, department of H^rault, on a railway, 5 miles S. of Clermont. Pop. 1435. Aspot'ogan^ Harbor, a seaport in Lunenburg co., Nova Scotia, on the Atlantic coast, 50 miles W. of Halifax. Asprieres, is^pre-ain', a village of France, department of Aveyron, 14 miles N.N.E. of Villefranche. Pop. 1821. Aspromonte, the Italian for Apremont. Aspro-Potaino,as-pro-pot'a-mo (i.e., "white river;" anc. Achelo'm), the largest river of the kingdom of Greece, rises near Mezzovo in Albania, flows S.S.W., separating Acar- nania on the W. from Eurytania, Thessaly, and ^tolia on the E., and enters the Ionian Sea (Mediterranean) 15 miles W. of Missolonghi. Length, 100 miles. Aspnzi, as-poo^zee', a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of Marash, 5 miles S. of Malateeyeh. It is surrounded by gardens and orchards, and is resorted to as a summer resi- dence by the inhabitants of Malateeyeh. As'py Bay, a hamlet in Victoria co.. Nova Scotia, on the coast of Cape Breton Island. It is the place of landing of an Atlantic telegraph cable. Assab (is^sib') Bay, in Abyssinia, about 40 miles N.W. of the narrowest part of the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. It is 16 miles in length, and upwards of 5 miles in width. As'sabet, a small river of Massachusetts, rises in Wor- cester CO., runs northeastward, and unites with the Sudbury River in Middlesex co., about 1 mile from Concord. The stream formed by this union is the Concord River. Assaca, A.s-s5,'kS,, a province of Africa, on the Gold Coast, with a town of the same name, 5 miles W. of Fort Orange. Pop. estimated at 2000. Assachinskaya, Assatchinskaya or Assatchin- skaja Sopka, S,s-sS,-chin-ski'yS, sop'kd, an active volcano in Kamchatka. Lat. 52° 2' N. ; Ion. 157° 43' E. Assahan, a town of Sumatra. See Asahan. Assal, &s^sS,l', a salt lake of Eastern Africa, 25 miles S.W. of Tajoorah, about lat. 11° 40 N. and Ion. 42° 40' E. It is 570 feet below the level of the sea, and of an oval form, 8 miles in length from N. to S., and about 4 miles in breadth. The shores are covered with a thick salt crust, which in most places rests on the ground, the waters having subsided. Numerous caravans resort to this lake to carry away the salt. As^sam', or Asam, a province of British India, in the valley of the Brahmapootra, between lat. 22° and 28° 15' N. and Ion. 90° and 98° E. Length, 500 miles j average breadth, about 60 miles. It includes Goalpara, Camroop, Durrung, Nowgong, Seebsaugur, Luckimpoor, Cachar, the Naga Hills, Cossyah and Jynteah Hills, Garrow Hills, «fec. Area of Assam, with Sylhet, 55,384 square miles. Pop. in 1872, 4,132,019, In the larger sense the name designates a natural division of country bounded N. by the sub- Himalaya, E. by Burmah, S. by Sylhet, and W. by Bengal. Much of the Brahmapootra Valley is studded over with, little conical green hills, rising abruptly from the level plains to the height of from 200 to 700 feet, bounded on the N. and E. by lofty mountains. It contains extensive tracts of well-cultivated land, among which are some dis- tricts above the reach of inundation, and suited for crops of all kinds. Though the country is intersected with half- filled channels and stagnant lakes, yet in the dry season it is very susceptible of cultivation, and amply repays any labor and expense bestowed upon it. The soil is, for the most part, composed of rich black mould, though occasion- ally of red stifi' clay. Assam has a very large number of rivers, tributaries of the Brahmapootra, both from the northern and from the southern mountains. Gold is found in nearly all the moun- tain-streams that flow into the Brahmapootra, and also in the latter river itself. Iron abounds in most of the hill- countries. Coal has been discovered in several places, and limestone in considerable quantities. There are also mines of precious stones and of amber. In the Naga Hills are brine-springs, and petroleum is found in small quantities. Very violent storms are frequent during April, May, and June, accompanied with tremendous thunder and light- ning, hail-showers, and torrents of rain. The rainy season lasts six months, commencing in April and ending in Octo- ber. During this season one universal deluge prevails, and all the labors of the field are necessarily suspended. Rice is the principal crop ; sugar-cane grows well, but does not attract much attention. Mustard, cotton, and opium are extensively cultivated. The tea-tree, which grows wild on the mountains in great abundance, has become an im- portant article of cultivation. Cofl'ee, in its natural state, also grows luxuriantly, but attracts little attention. The betel-nut palm is cultivated to a large extent. The rattan grows wild, and forms impenetrable jungles. The plantain grows abundantly on most of the hills. Lac, india-rubber, silk, and ivory are important products. Wild elephants are numerous; and the forests are inhab- ited by the rhinoceros. Tigers, leopards, bears, buffaloes, wild hogs, porcupines, flying squirrels, otters, and an in- finite variety of monkeys and snakes, are common. The white ant is very destructive. Crocodiles and tortoises are also numerous. Ever since Assam was ceded by Burmah, in 1826, it has been gaining in importance as well as in population. Much British capital is here invested, especi- ally in the tea-culture ; but the country is even now very imperfectly developed. Brahminism has superseded Bood- dhism in this province. The chief town is Gowhatty. The Assamese language resembles the Bengalee. Adj. and inhab. Assamese, as^sam-eez'. Assamareh, is-sd.-md.'r§h, a large village of AVestern Africa, on the Niger, about lat. 5° b'$>' N., Ion. 6° 45' E. Cam-wood abounds here, and is an article of commerce. Assamoo'sick, a post-ofiice of Southampton co., Va. Assan'i>ink or Assun'pink Creek rises in Mon- mouth CO., N.J., runs northwestward and southwestward, and enters the Delaware River at Trenton. Assarli, ds-sau'lee, or Assarlo, (Is-sau'lo, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Roumelia, on the left bank of the Maritza, N.W. of Adrianople. Assaro, a village of Sicily. See Asaro. Assatchinskaya. See Assachinskaya. Assateague (as^sa-teeg') Island, on the E. coast of Northampton co., Va., has alight-house of brick, 129 feet high, lat. 37° 54' 37" N., Ion. 75° 21' 4" W. Northwest- ward is Assateague Bay (partly in Maryland). ASS As'saAVe Lake, in Cass co., Minn., is traversed by Plantagenet River, and lies a few miles E. of Itasca Lake. Assaye, or Assye, S,s-si', a small town of Hindostan, in the Nizam's dominions, 260 miles N. of Hyderabad. It is memorable as the place where the Buke of Wellington (then General Wellesley) commenced his career of victory, September 23, 1803, by defeating, with 4500 men, the com- bined forces of Scindia and the Nagpoor Raja, amounting to 30,000 men. Assche^ a town of Belgium. See Asche. Asseerghur, a fort of India. See Aseebghur, Assela, a town of Algeria. See Asla. Asse-le-Boisne, as'si'le-bwS,n', a village of France, in Sarthe, 3 miles N.N.W. of Fresnay. Pop. 1714. Assein, ^s's^In, a village of Prussia, in Westphalia, 5 miles E. of Dortmund. It has coal-mines. Pop. 1620. Assen, as's^n, a town of the Netherlands, capital of the province of Drenthe, on the Hoorn-diep, and on a railway, 15i miles S. of Groningeh. Pop. 6836. It communicates with the Zuyder Zee by the Smilder Canal. Assendelft, ds's§n-d^lft\ a village of the Netherlands, in North Holland, 9^ miles N.W. of Amsterdam. Pop. 3200. Assenede, 5,s-sen'e-deh, or Assende, ^s^sfiNd', a vil- lage of Belgium, province of East Flanders, on a railway, 12+ miles N.N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 4200, with woollen- and cotton-manufactures, dye- and soap-works, and breweries. Asscnheim, &s's?n-hime\ a town of Germany, in Hesse, 14 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 827. Assens, ^s'sens, a maritime town of Denmark, island of Funen, 20 miles S.W. of Odense. Pop. 3581. Asseria, S,s-si-ree'S,, or Podgraje, a town of Dalma- tia, with ruins which show that it has once been a splendid city. It is the Asisia of Ptolemy. Assin, as^seen', a small state in the Ashantee territory, on the Amissa. Assinee, a river and village of Guinea. See Assinie. Assiniboia, in British America. See Manitoba. Assin'iboin, or Assin'iboine, a river of North America, rises in the S. part of the British possessions, runs nearly eastward through Manitoba, and enters the Red River of the North at Winnipeg. Length, about 600 miles. Assiniboin Indians, a Canadian tribe of the Dakota stock, inhabiting parts of Manitoba and the North-West Territories. They are divided into Mountain and Prairie Assiniboins, are few in numbers, and quite peaceable. They are of several bands, or minor tribes. Assinie, is^se^nee', a French colonial establishment in Africa, on the river Assinie, which divides the Gold Coast from the Ivory Coast, lat. 5° 7' N. Here the river expands into a large lake, called Ahy. Gold dust, ivory, and skins are exported. None but French vessels are allowed to en- gage in trade. The river forms a part of the W. limit of Ashantee. Its navigatiori is impeded by rapids. Assioot, a city of Egypt. See Sioot. Assis'cunk Creek, Burlington eo., N.J., falls into the Delaware River a little above Burlington. Assisi, or Asisi, S,-see'see, a town of Italy, on a rail- way, 16 miles S.E. of Perugia. Pop. 3300. It is pic- turesquely situated on a steep hill, surrounded by battle- mented walls and a long line of aqueducts. Its churches are adorned with early specimens of Italian painting. The cathedral is a structure of the eleventh century. There are 20 other churches and 12 monasteries. Assisi has been a bishop's see ever since a.d. 240. It has manufactures of needles and files. Assmannshausen. See Asmanshauses. Asso, ^s'so, a village of Italy, 8 miles by rail N.E. of Como, on the Lambro. Pop. 1349. Asso, 3,s'so, a town and fort on the N.W. coast of the island of Cephalonia, 15 miles N. of Argostoli. Pop. 600. Assofoodah, ^s-so-foo'di, a town of the Foolah coun- try, West Africa, about lat. 10° 25' N., Ion. 2° 35' E. The natives are Mohammedans. Pop. 12,000. Asson, ^s^sAn"', a village of France, department of Basses-Pyrenees. 3 miles S. of Nay. Pop. 2634. Asso'net, a village in Freetown, Bristol co., Mass., half a mile from Assonet Station, on the Old Colony Rail- road, 9 miles N.E. of Fall River. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of guns and tacks. Assoor, Assour, or Assur, as^soor', a town of Nubia, Dongola, on the Nile, about 10 miles N.W. of Meroe, cele- brated for the numbers of its pyramids. Assouan, Assowan, or Assuan. See Asswan. Assuapmoussoin. See Ashtjapmouchouan. Assuay, a department of Ecuador. See Asuay. AssumcSio, the Portuguese name of Assumption. Assumption, as-sump'shUn, one of the Ladrone Is- 125 AST lands. Pacific Ocean. Lat. lO^' 41' N. ; Ion. 145° 27' E. It is 10 miles in circuit. Altitude of summit, 2026 feet. Assumption, one of the Aldabra group of islands, Indian Ocean. Lat. 9° 46' S. ; Ion. 46° 34' E. Assump'tion (Sp. Aauncion, {l-soon-se-6n' ; Port. As- anmpqdo, Ss-soom-sowN°'), a city of South America, capital of Paraguay, on the Paraguay River, 650 miles N. of Buenos Ayres. Lat. 25° 18' S.; Ion. 57° 30' W. It is connected by railway with Paraguary. It is a bishop's see. Founded in 1535 by a colony of Spaniards, from its advantageous position it became in a few years a city of importance. It has a cathedral, a government palace, a public library, a custom-house, a military hospital, and a college. In 1869 the city was bombarded and plundered by the Brazil- ians. The houses are generally of brick, one story high, and covered with tiles. Some of the streets are paved: and the place presents a neat appearance. The inhabitants trade in tobacco, hides, mandioca, cedar, and especially in yerha mate, or Paraguay tea. Pop. 30,000. Assump'tion, a parish in the S.E. part of Louisiana, has an area of about 350 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by Grand River, and is intersected by Bayou La Fourche, a navigable outlet of the Mississippi River. Lake Verret, 10 miles long, is situated in this parish. The surface is low and nearly level; the soil is alluvial and fertile. Sugar- cane, rice, and maize are the staple products. In 1870 this parish produced 499,135 gallons of molasses, a greater quantity than any other parish in the state. Capital, Na- poleonville or Assumption. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,938,474. Pop. in 1870, 13,234, of whom 12,994 were natives and 240 were foreigners. Assumption, a post-village of Christian co., 111., in Assumption township, and on the Central Railroad, 23 miles S. by W. from Decatur, and 9 miles N. of Pana. It has 5 churches and 1 newspaper office. P. 590 ; of township, 1246. Assumption, or Napoleonville, a post-village, capital of Assumption parish, La. See Napoleonville. Assumption, a county, village, and river of Quebec. See L'AssoMPTiON. Assunpink Creek, New Jersey. See Assanpink. Assur, a town of Nubia. See Assooit. Asswan, Assouan, or Assuan, ds-swan', written also As^sowan', Es^souan', Es^suan', Es'wan', and Es^ovan',atown of Upper Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, remarkable for its commerce, its picturesque situ- ation, and the monuments of antiquity found in its neigh- borhood. From this place a railway extends to a point above the first cataract of the Nile. Close to it, on the south, are the ruins of the town built by the Arabs on the site of the ancient Syene. Near it are extensive syenite-quarries. Lat. 24° 5' N.; Ion. 32° 55' B. Pop. 3500. Adj. and inhab. Asswanee, as-swan'ee. Assye, a village of India. See Assaye. As'synt, a very extensive maritime parish of Scotland, CO. of Sutherland. In this district the Marquis of Montrose was defeated and taken prisoner. Pop. 3006. Assyria, as-sir'e-a, a name which is usually appropri- ated to the first of what are known as the four great empires of the world, but which in geography is more correctly con- fined to what was called Assyria Proper, and nearly corre- responds with the modern Koordistan. Its capital was Nineveh, of which the ancient ruins may still be traced (see Nineveh); but, though it had many other important cities, even the sites of the greater number are unknown. Adj. and inhab. Assyiuan, as-sir'e-an. Assyr'ia, a post-hamlet and township forming the S.E. part of Barry co., Mich., about 34 miles S.W. of Lansing. It has 2 churches. Pop. 1175. Astabel Sherm Antar, as-t3,'bel shSnm ^nHaR', or Istabl Antar, is-ti'b'l ^nHau', a town of Arabia, in El Hejaz, on the Red Sea. Lat. 26° 24' N. Near it is a good anchor station, in a deep bay formed in coral rocks. Astaboras, a river of Nubia. See Atbaha. Astacenus Sinus. See Gulf of Ismeed. Astacus, a supposed ancient name of Dragomestre. AstatTort, 5.sHS.f^foR', a town of France, Lot-et-Garonne, on the Gers, 12 miles by rail S.E. of Agen. Pop. 2160. Astapa, a town of Spain. See Estepa. Asta Pompeia, an ancient name of Asti. Astara, S,sH£l-ri', a frontier town of Russia, in Georgia, upon the river Astara, which forms the boundary between Russia and Persia, and on the Caspian Sea. Astell's (as^tellz') Island, off the N. coast of Aus- tralia, at the entrance of Arnhem Bay. Asten, or Asthen, ^s't§n, a village of the Nether- lands, in North Brabant, 12 miles E.S.E. of Eindhoven. Pop. 3198. AST 126 ASU Astene, 3,8-ti'ni, a town of Belgium, in "West Flanders, on the Lys, 2 miles E. of Deynze. Pop, 1430. Asteraliady a city of Persia. See Astrabad. Asthen, a village of Holland. See Asten. Asti, 5,s'tee (anc. As'ta Pompe'ia), a city of Italy, prov- ince of Alessandria, near the Tanaro, and on the Turin & Genoa Railway, 35| miles E.S.E. of Turin. Another rail- way connects it with Milan. The town is surrounded with decaying walls, celebrated for their 100 towers, although few of these now remain. It is in general badly built, al- though it contains many noble mansions ; the streets are wide. It is the seat of a bishop, has a royal college, a court of justice, a school of jurisprudence, several fine churches, and a theological seminary, a rich, picturesque building. The cathedral is a venerable Gothic building, in which are numerous fine paintings. Tho city has some silk-manufac- tories ; but there is otherwise little trade. The vineyards in the vicinity supply the best wines produced in Piedmont. Alfieri was born here in the year 1749. Asti is a town of high antiquity. Pop. 31,033. Astigi, an ancient name of EcuA. As'ton, a township of Delaware co., Pa. Pop. 1845. Aston Mills, a post-oflice of Delaware co., Pa. As'tonville, a hamlet of Lycoming co., Pa., 1 mile from Ralston. It has a lumber-mill and an iron-furnace. As'tor, As'tar, or Ha'zo, a province of Cashmere, traversed by the Astor River. It lies between Bultee and Cashmere proper, at the W. end of the Himalaya. Chief town, Astor, a large village at the junction of the Astor and Haripo Rivers. As'tor, or Hasara, hi'sS^H-i^ a river of Asia, a tribu- tary of the Indus N. of the Himalaya, joining it after a northwestward course. Astoria, Jls-ton'gd. (anc. Astu'rica Augue'ta), a walled town in Spain, 26 miles W.S.W. of Leon, on the Tuerto, and on a railway. Pop. 4810. It has an old castle, is a bishop's see, with a Gothic cathedral, convents, manufac- tories of linen, cloth, and yarn, and some Roman antiqui- ties. Near it is the Lake of Sanabria, with the insular castle of the Counts of Benavente. Asto'ria, a post-village of Fulton co., 111., in Astoria township, and on the St. Louis, Rock Island &, Chicago Railroad, 106 miles N. of Alton, and about 50 miles N.W. of Springfield. It has 4 churches. Pop. of township, 2118. Astoria, a post-ofBce of Wright co., Mo. Astoria, a former post-village of Queens co., N.Y., is on the East River, nearly 5 miles N.E. of Brooklyn, and 2 miles E. of the Central Park of New York. It is separated from Blackwell's Island by an expansion of the river called Hal- lett's Cove. It has 7 churches and a manufactory of jewelry. Pop. in 1870, 6204. It now constitutes the 4th and 5th wards of Long Island City. Astoria, a post-village and port of entry, capital of Clatsop CO., Oregon, on the S. bank of the Columbia River, about 10 miles from its mouth, and 70 miles by land N.W. of Portland. It has a new custom-house, 4 churches, and several canneries for salmon. A daily newspaper is issued here. Pop. 639. Astrabad, ^sHri-bid', Asterabad, a,s^t§r-S,-b^d', a city of Persia, capital of a province of its own name, sit- uated at the foot of the N. slope of the Elbrooz range, and on a small stream which falls into Astrabad Bay, in the S.E. part of the Caspian, about 20 miles below. It has a circuit of about 3 miles, and is surrounded by a dry ditch and by a mud wall, or mound, on which a low parapet, loop- holed for musketi-y, has been erected. A great part of the town is in ruins, but the parts still standing have a lively appearance. The large extent of open space within the town, laid out in fine gardens, is one of its attractive fea- tures. The manufactures are chiefly confined to a few silk and cotton stuffs. It has several mosques, schools, bazaars, and caravansaries, and a telegraph -station. Its pestilential atmosphere has procured for it the ominous surname of City of the Plague. During the summer rains, no inhabitant whose circumstances enable him to depart remains within it. Astrabad is always governed by a prince. Pop. 20,000. Astrabad (anc. Hyrca'nia), a small but fertile and well- wooded province of Persia, bounded N. by the Caspian. It is a beautiful land, but is very sickly, and exposed to severe Turcoman raids. It is regarded as the most loyal of the provinces. Capital, Astrabad. Astrakhan, ^s-tr3,-K{ln', a city of Russia, capital of a government of its own name, on an elevated island in the Volga, about 30 miles from its embouchure in the Caspian Sea. Lnt. -16° 25' N. ; Ion. 48° 0' E. It is irregularly built, with crooked streets, mostly unpaved and dirty. The streets and canals are bordered by trees. The public build- ings of note are the archiepiscopal palace, the government ofiices, and the factory halls for the Russian, Asiatic, and Hindoo merchants. Astrakhan is the seat of Greek and Armenian archbishops. It contains a high court of civil and criminal jurisdiction, a theological seminary, a botanic garden, a gymnasium, a fine cathedral, and several mosques and heathen temples. The manufactures are considerable. The fisheries form the staple trade of the city, immense quantities of fish, caviare, and isinglass being exported to foreign countries. In the fishing-season from 20,000 to 30,000 persons connected with the fisheries resort to the city. The haven of Astrakhan is now so sanded up as to leave only sis feet depth of water ; so that large vessels have to land their cargoes on an island nearer the Caspian. Steam- boats are employed on the river. Pop. 48,220. Adj. and inhab. Astrakhanese, ^s-tri-kan-eez'. Astrakhan, a government of Russia in Europe, on the N.AV. coast of the Caspian Sea, between lat. 44° 40' and 49° 45' N., Ion. 43° 5' and 51° 5' E., having the Maloi Oozen for its N.E. boundary, and the Manitch for its S.W. It is divided into two nearly equal parts by the Volga, which traverses it from N.W. to S.E. Its coast-line is about 520 miles in length, and is crowded throughout its whole extent with small islands, rocks, and shifting sand- banks. The entire length of the province is 370 miles, its greatest breadth 250. Area, 86,340 square miles. It con- sists wholly of two vast steppes or plains, separated from each other by the Volga. The soil consists generally of mud, salt, and sand intermixed, and in some parts of ex- tensive salt marshes, rendering it a sterile waste, destitute of wood. A few fertile tracts are met with on the Volga, including some excellent pastures. Here corn is grown, with fruits, herds, vines, tobacco, and cotton. Salt lakes and pools are numerous throughout the province ; the largest of the former, Baskoochatskoe, is situated E. of the Volga, and is about 12 miles in length and 5 in breadth. The fish- eries of the Volga and Caspian are of great value. Many thousand persons are employed in taking fish, chiefly stur- geon ; from the roe and bladder large quantities of isinglass and caviare are manufactured. Pop. 601,513. Astropalia, an island of the ^gean. See Stampalia. Astros, as'tros, or Astro, as'tro, a town of Greece, in Arcadia, 15 miles S. of Argos, on the Gulf of Nauplia. Astudillo, is-too-neel'yo, a town of Spain, in Leon, 22 miles N.N.E. of Palencia. It contains 3 churches, a town hall, a convent, and a hospital. Pop. 4500. Astura, as-too'ra, a village of Italy, province of Rome, on a peninsula in the Mediterranean (anc. In'sida Astu'rse), at the mouth of the river Astura, 39 miles S.E. of Rome. It has a small harbor, and a lofty tower, supposed to occupy the site of the villa of Cicero, near which he was put to death by order of Antony, B.C. 43. Asturias, S,s-too're-Ss (Fr. ies Aaturies, liz dsHiih'ee'), an ancient division of Spain (now included principally in the modern province of Oviedo), was formerly the kingdom of Asturia, and the only part unconquered by the Moors. It was inhabited by a race who maintained their independence against the Carthaginians, but were subdued by the Romans in the time of Augustus. After the fall of the Roman em- pire, Spain was overrun by the Goths and Vandals. Upon the Moorish invasion, at the beginning of the eighth cen- tury, the mountains of Asturias again became the refuge of those who still struggled against the enemies of Spain; Pelayo was elected king, and shortly after defeated the Moors at Covadonga, in a battle which may be considered as the inauguration of the sanguinary struggle which lasted for eight centuries and ended in the final expulsion of the Moors. In 13S8 it became a principality, and wtvs ap- pointed appanage of the heir to the Spanish throne, who also has the title of Prince of Asturias. A remarkable security of person and property has long existed in this country ; and one consequence is that tho peasantry, instead of congregating in walled towns for protection, live in small farms, and often own the land which they cultivate. Tho patois spoken by the peasantry difiers from the Galician, and is called Bable. Travelling in Asturias is performed on mule- or horseback, the roads being impassable to carriages. Adj. and inhab. Asturian, as-too're-an. Asturica Augnsta, an ancient name of Astokga. Asnay, or Assuay, 3.s-soo-i' or ds-swi', a department of Ecuador, length about 644 miles, breadth about 276 miles. It lies on the E. slope and to the E. of tho Andes, and stretches E. over the immeasurable plains of the Ama- zon to the Orinoco and the confines of Brazil. ThoW. part is covered by the paramo or desert of Asuay, whence tho department is named. This paramo is a desert mass of mountains running E. and W., joining tho two N. and S. ASU 127 ATC parallel ranges of mountains, and forms the S. boundary of the plateau of Quito. The department is watered by numerous affluents of the Amazon. Pop. 149,103. Asuncion, i-soon-se-ou', or Nueva £sparta, nwi'- vi es-pan'td, a town of Venezuela, capital of the state of Nueva Esparta, on the N. side of the island of Margarita. Pop. 2758. Asuncion. See Assumption. Asuri, the Hindoo for Ossoree. Aswab'anon, or Ashwau'banon, a township of Brown co., Wis., on the Fox River. Pop. 385. AsHvad', or Assaouad, as^saw'w^d\ a great oasis of the Sahara, 6 days' journey N, of Tirabuctoo. It is peopled by Arabs, who speak an African language and are subject to Timbuctoo. Aswada, a river of Guinea. See Volt a. Asylum, a-si'lum, a station in Mercer co., N.J., on the Belvidere Delaware Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Trenton. Here is the New Jersey Lunatic Asylum. Asylum, a post-hamlet of Bradford co., Pa., in Asylum township, about 10 miles S.E. of Towanda. It has a church and a grist-mill. The township is bounded on the N.E. by the Susquehanna River. Pop. 1155. Asyr, a state of Arabia. See Aseeb. Aszalo, 6s's3,-lo', a market-town of Hungary, 25 miles by rail S. by W. of Kasehau. Pop. 1600. Aszod, 6s'sod\ a town of Hungary, 22 miles by rail N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 2553. Atabapo, 3,-ti-b5,'po, a considerable river of A''enezuela, rises in lat. 3° 10' N., Ion. 66° 44' W., flows nearly W. for about 70 or 80 miles, then turning N. falls into the Orinoco at San Fernando. Length, about 140 miles. Atacama, 3,-tS,-ki'mil, the northernmost province of Chili, is bounded by Bolivia on the N., the Argentine Re- public on the E., the province of Coquimbo on the S., and the Pacific on the W. Area, 38,742 square miles. It con- sists partly of sandy desert plains and partly of arid stony hills ; but in the S. and among the Andes there are streams, with fertile valleys. The province has rich mines of gold, copper, and silver, — the two latter metals being produced in great abundance. It is traversed by several railways. Capital, Copiap6. Pop. in 1875, 71,498. Atacama, a maritime department of Bolivia, extend- ing from the Andes to the Pacific. It is a desert region, but contains rich silver-mines, and produces salt and sodic nitrate. With the department of Mejillones it forms the entire seaboard of Bolivia. Atacamcs, il-ti-ki'm§s, a small seaport town of Ecua- dor, 15 miles S.W. of Esmeraldas. A'tahnam or At'tenam River, a considerable af- fluent of the Yakima River, in the S.E. of "Washington Territory. Ataki, 5,-t3,'kee, a town of Bessarabia, European Russia, on the Dniester, opposite Moheelev. Pop. about 7000. Atalanta, a village and gulf in Greece. See Talanda. Atalaya, a,-t^-li'a,, a town of Brazil, 15 miles S.S.W. of Alagoas, at the mouth of the Alagoas River. Pop. 2000. Atalaya, a fort of Brazil, 80 miles N.E. of Par^, on the Atlantic, near the mouth of the Para River. Atalaya, i-ta-li'S., a town of the island of G-ran Canaria, near Las Palmas, the habitations of which are excavated in regular terraces on the side of Mt. San Antonio. Pop. 2000, At^alis'sa, a post-village of Muscatine co., Iowa, in Goshen township, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 34 miles W. of Davenport. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Pop. about 300. Atalla, a village of Alabama. See AttAlla. Atanjauja, a town and river of Peru. See Jauja. Atany, ohHin', a village of Hungary, 4 miles N.E- of H6ves. Pop. 27S3 (Calvinists). Ataraipu, 3,-ti-ri-poo' {the "devil's rock"), a remark- able isolated pyramidal granitic peak in British Guiana, lat. 2° 55' N., Ion. 58° 48' AV. For 350 feet above its base the mountain is wooded, and for 550 feet more it rises in a pyramidal form, destitute of vegetation. Atarfe, i-tan'fi, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, 3 miles N.E. of Santa Fe. Pop. 2093. Atasarai, 4-ta*si-rr, or IsMampoor', a town of Bengal, district and 30 miles S. of Patna. It has a great trade in produce, and especially in tobacco. Pop. 4621. At^asco'sa, a county in the S. part of Texas, has an area of about 1050 square miles. It is intersected by the Atascosa River. The surface is extensively covered with forests. The soil is fertile, and produces pasture for large herds of cattle. Capital, Pleasanton. Valuation of real and personal estate, §925,847. Pop. in 1870, 2915, of whom 2601 were natives and 314 were foreigners. Atascosa, a post-hamlet of Bexar co., Tex., IS miles S.W. of San Antonio. Atascosa River rises in the S. part of Texas, runs southeastward through Atascosa co., and enters the Rio Frio 3 or 4 miles from its mouth. Length, about 100 miles. Atash-Khouda, Atash-Kudda. See Atesh-Ga. Atauai, ^-tow-i', or Tauai, tow-i', also written Al Kaui, Kauai, Atooi, and Atui, one of the Sandwich Islands, lat. 22° 8' N., Ion. 159° 20' W., about 240 miles N.N.W. of Hawaii. It is of an oval form, 40 miles long, and more than 24 miles in greatest breadth. Area, 780 square miles. Pop. 4961. Atauu, ^-town', a decayed town of Spain, province of Guipuzcoa, 8 miles S.S.W. of Tolosa. Pop, 278. Atax, the ancient name of Atjde. Atbara, ^t-b^'rd, a territory of Nubia, sometimes called the island of Meroe, it being partially insulated by the river Atbara on the N.E., the Bahr-el-Azrek on the W. and S.W., and the Nile on the N.W. Atbara (anc. Astab'oras), a river of Northeastern Af- rica, rises in Abyssinia near Lake Dembea, and runs in a N.N.W. direction. It receives a large affluent named Tacazze, traverses Southern Nubia, and enters the Nile at Ed-Damer. Its length is estimated at 450 miles. It is the last tributary that the Nile receives. The Khedive of Egypt has con- structed a barrage or dam across the Atbara, near its mouth, to regulate the floods of the region, and especially to exclude the Nile flood from the crops of the Atbara Valley. Atbo, a town of Egypt. See Edfoo, Atcha, an Aleutian island. See Atka. Atchafalaya (atch-af-a-Ii'a) Bayou, Louisiana, is an outlet of the Red River or of the Mississippi. It origi- nates at the N. end of Point Coupee parish, where the Rea River enters the Mississippi. It runs nearly southward to Chetimaches Lake, from the south end of which it issues and enters the Gulf of Mexico (Atchafalaya Bay) at the S.E. extremity of St. Mary's parish. Length, about 220 miles. It is navigable by steamboats. In times of inunda- tion part of the water of the Mississippi is discharged through this channel. There is danger that the Red River, which now discharges a part of its waters through the Atchafalaya, ;piay make it the principal outlet ; and indeed it is believed that this bayou was once a part of the Red River. Atehak, or Atcham, an Aleutian island. See Atka. Atchera, it-chi'rS,, a town of British India, in Bom- bay, on the Malabar coast, 55 miles N. of Goa. Atchin, or Atcheen, East Indies. See Acheen. Atchinsk, d-cheensk', a town of Siberia, government of Yeniseisk, 75 miles W. of Krasnoyarsk, on the Choolim. Atchinsk, a town of Russia, government of Perm, and in the vicinity of the city of that name. Atch'ison, a county in the N.E. part of Kansas, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Missouri River, and is intersected by Grasshopper or Delaware Creek. The surface is pleasantly diversified; the soil is fertile. The county contains a large proportion of prairie (about 90 percent.), and is liberally supplied with timber and building-stone (limestone). Indian corn, oats, hay, and live-stock are the staple products. This county is intersected by several railroads, which are noticed under Atchison city, the capital. Valuation of real and personal estate, §7,450,234. Pop. in 1870, 15,507, of whom 12,518 were natives of the United States; in 1878, 20,600. Atchison, a county forming the N.W. extremity of Missoifri, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the E, by the Nodaway River, and on the W. by the Missouri River, and is intersected by the Nishna- batona and Tarkio Rivers. The surface is partly level and partly undulating; the soil is mostly fertile. This county contains extensive prairies, among which groves or forests are distributed. The staple products are Indian corn, wheat, pork, and live-stock. It is intersected by the Kansas City, St. Joseph es Moines. It has 1 national bank, 1 other bank, 3 printing-oflices issuing weekly papers, 2 graded schools, and 5 churches. Pop. of village, 1832 ; of the township, 2343. Atlantic, a post-hamlet of Norfolk co., Mass., in Quincy township, on Boston harbor, 5 miles S. of Boston. It is on the Old Colony Railroad, at the junction of the Granite Branch, which is the oldest railroad in the United States. It has an iron-foundry and a felting-mill. Atlantic, a seaside resort and station in Revere, Sufll'olk CO., Mass., on the Boston, Revere Beach & Lynn Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Boston. Atlantic, a township of Monmouth co., N.J. Pop. 1713. It contains Colt's Neck, Scobeyvillo, Ac. Atlantic, a post-hamlet of Crawford co., Pa., on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 19 miles S.W. of Mead- villc. It has 1 church. Pop. about 150. Atlantic, a post-hamlet of Accomac co., Va., is on or near the sea-coast, 11 miles from Stockton, Md. It has a church and about 12 houses. Atlantic City, a fashionable summer resort of Atlantic CO., N.J., GO miles S.E. of Philadelphia, is on the Atlantic Ocean, and on a narrow sandy island called Absecom Beach, extending from Great Egg Harbor Inlet on the S. to Abse- com Inlet on the N. It is the S.E. terminus of the Camden 6 Atlantic Railroad (broad gauge) and of the Philadelphia & Atlantic City Railroad (narrow gauge). The island is 10 miles long, | of a mile wide, and is separated from the main- land by a narrow channel or strait. Here is a good beach for bathing ; also a high brick light-house, called Absecom Light, near the N. point of the island. Atlantic City was incoi-po- rated in 1854. It has 7 churches (1 Catholic, 2 Episcopal, 1 Friends, 2 Methodist, and 1 Presbyterian), a newspaper ofiice, about 700 fine cottages and summer residences, and 75 boarding-houses and hotels, each capable of accommo- dating from 50 to 750 guests. The principal business street is Atlantic Avenue, which is 100 feet wide, and is crossed at right angles by many other avenues, bearing the names of the states of the Union. There are also avenues named Arctic and Pacific, extending parallel with Atlantic Avenue. Pop. in 1870, 1043. Atlantic City, a village of Norfolk co., Va., on Tan- ner's Creek, 1 mile N. of Norfolk. It has a church. It is mainly supported by ship-building and the oyster business. Atlantic City, a post-village of Carter co., Wyoming, is on the N.E. slope of the Rocky Mountains, near the South Pass. It has 1 public school. Gold is found near this place. Atlantic Island, in the Pacific, in Micronesia, lat. 1° 5' N,, Ion. 16° 5' E., half-way between the E. extremity of the Caroline group and the S. end of the Ralick chain. Atlantic Mine, a post-office and mining-village of Houghton CO., Mich., in Adams township, 5 miles from Houghton. It has a copper-mine. Pop. about 400. Atlantic Ocean, a vast expanse of water which sepa- rates America from Europe and Africa, and extends from the Arctic to the Antarctic circle. It is only half as large as the Pacific Ocean. The part of it which is enclosed by land on both sides is about 7000 miles Iqng. The greatest breadth is about 4400 miles, and the narrowest part is nearly 1600 miles wide. It is the only ocean widely open at the north, extending from pole to pole, the only ready channel for the exchange of the polar and equatorial waters. It has been compared by Humboldt to a long valley with parallel sides, the projecting body of Africa fitting into the recess of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, as South America and Cape St. Roque fit into the Gulf of Guinea. This ocean is divided by the equator into two portions, the North At- lantic and South Atlantic. The principal islands enclosed by it are the British Islands, the Antilles, Iceland, and New- foundland. It is remarkable for the extent of the inland seas which are connected with it, namely, the Baltic, the Mediterranean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson's Bay. "The main feature of the Atlantic basin," says Guyot, " seems to be a deep valley which runs with an average depth of 20,000 feet or more, along and parallel to the coasts of the New World. A large swell, over 10.000 feet higher, bearing perhaps the islands of Tristan d'Acunha, St. Helena, Ascension, and, in the North Atlantic, the Azores, separates it from another valley, only 15,000 feet deep, which stretches along and close to the coast of Africa. Both val- leys rise northward and are confounded in one basin on the so-called telegraphic plateau between Newfoundland and Ireland, whose average depth is about 12,000 feet, and the greiitest 2400 fathoms, or 14,000 feet." The greatest depth of the Atlantic has not been ascertained. Some navigators claim to have made soundings where the water was 45,000 feet deep; but "the methods of sounding employed," says Dana, " have been shown to be unsatisfactory, and the results there- ATL 1 fore are valueless." The Challenger expedition of 1S73, employing the nearly perfect methods of later years, ob- tained a maximum depth of 23,250 feet about 100 miles N. of St. Thomas (West Indies.) The principal currents of the Atlantic are the equatorial current and the Gulf Stream. The former flows westward from the Gulf of Guinea, with a velocity of 30 to 70 miles a day. iS^ear Cape St. Roque it divides into two branches, one of which runs southward along the coast of Brazil, and the other flows along the coast of Guiana into the Caribbean Sea. The Gulf Stream originates in the Gulf of Mexico, from which it flows through the Strait of Florida with a velocity of about SO miles a day. It runs along the coast of the United States, grad- ually expanding in volume and decreasing in velocity. (See Gulf Stream.) Turning eastward, it crosses the Atlantic to the Azores, and divides into two branches, one of which proceeds to the British Isles. The other branch runs south- ward to the tropical parts of Africa. The Gulf Stream is distinguished from the other parts of the ocean by its higher temperature and blue color. The confluence of two of these currents in the North Atlantic forms a great whirlpool or eddy, which collects a vast quantity of sea-weed which floats on the surface and has no roots. This part of the sea, which is said to have an area of many thousand square miles, is called the Mar de Sargasso. The botanical name of the weed is Sarc/assum baceifenim. It is rendered buoyant by small air-vessels or bladders attached to the leaves. The southwest wind which is prevalent in the North Atlantic enables a sailing-vessel to make a voyage from New York to Liverpool in about 22 days, whereas the voyage in the opposite direction requires 35 or more days on an average. Four cables have been extended across this ocean to convey electric telegraphs between Europe and the United States, and one from Lisbon to Brazil. There is no reason to believe that the ancients had any definite or adequate idea of the extent of the Atlantic Ocean, though doubtless in very early times they were familiar with the existence of a great western sea, which — ■ in order to distinguish it from the Mediterranean — the Greeks named 'ATAarriKT) da\arough. It has a church, a hotel, and 2 medicinal springs. Aus'tintown, a post-village of Mahoning co., 0., in Austintown township, and on the Niles & New Lisbon Branch Railroad, 6 miles S. of Niles, and 5 or 6 miles W. of Youngstown. It has 5 churches. Pop, of township, 1 948. Aus'tinville, a post-hamlet of Bradford co., Pa., about 44 miles N. by E. from Williamsport. It has a church. Austinville, a hamlet of Wythe co., Va., on New River, 10 miles from Max Meadows Railroad Station. It has a church, a lead-mine, and a smelting-furnace for lead. Austral Archipelago, aws'tral ar-ke-pel'a-go, or Toobooai (too-boo-i') Islands, a group in the Pacific, S. of the Society Islands, and S.W. of the Low Archipelago. Lat. 21° 50'-23° 42' S.; Ion. 155°-147° 11' W. They are all small, and are, or have been, populous. Australasia, aws-tral-^'she-a, a division of the globe forming a part of Oceanica, extending between the equator and lat. 47° S., consisting of the continent of Australia, Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), New Zealand, and those parts of the Malay Archipelago and Polynesia between Ion. 130° and 170° E., viz., Papua, the Aroo Islands, Timor Laut, New Britain, New Ireland, New Caledonia, and the Ad- miralty, Solomon, New Hebrides, and Queen Charlotte's Islands, and, according to some geographers, the Feejee Islands and other groups. It is also called Melanesia ("black islands"), many of its native inhabitants being black. Australasia, signifying "Southern Asia," was for- merly regarded as belonging to Asia. Australia, aws-trA'le-a (Fr. Azistralie, osHr5.Uee',- Ger. Au8tralien, 6ws-tri'le-en), (I'.e., "southern" region), formerly New Holland, the largest island in the world, but often, on account of its vast extent, regarded as a con- tinent, is situated within 10° 47' and 39° 11' S. lat., and 113° and 153° 30' E. Ion. ; having the Pacific on the E. and S., the Indian Ocean on the W., and the Arafoora Sea on the N. It is 2500 miles in length from E. to W., and measures 1950 miles from N. to S. The area and population of its political divisions (all of them British colonies) and of the whole continent are approximately as follows : Colonies. Area in square miles. Population. Remarks. 678,600 325,000 88,198 914,730 978,299 163,.517 584,278 823,449 213,271 26,209 For 1874. " 1875. South Australia, with Northern Territory " 1876. " 1874. 2,984,827 1,810,724 The above are oflScial estimates for areas : some of them differ widely from other published estimates ; and the population is exclusive of the aborigines of the interior, whose numbers are placed at 55,000. Some of the boundary- lines are unsettled ; and the above figures include the area and population of the coast islands. The whole area is about that of the United States without Alaska. The eoast-line is some 8000 miles long; and there is a conspicuous paucity of inlets, except on the N., where we find the Gulf of Carpentaria, Van Diemen's Gulf, Queen's Channel, and Cambridge Gulf. On the N.W., Admiralty Gulf, Collier Bay, and King Sound are noteworthy indenta- tions of the coast. Others are Exmouth Gulf and Shark Bay, on the Vf. ; Spencer Gulf, Gulf of St. Vincent, Port Phillip Bay, Encounter Bay, and the Great Australian Bight, on the S. ; and Moreton Bay, Hervey Bay, and Broad Sound, on the E. Along the whole E. coast, from Cape York south- ward, extends a mountain-range called the Australian Alps, with various other local names. This range is 1700 miles long, and has an average height of 1500 feet, and nowhere reaches the perpetual snow-line ; but it was long a formi- dable barrier to communication with the interior. The east- ern slope is thus very narrow, and its streams are short and rapid, iJowing frequently in deeply-worn canons; but in many cases their estuaries are deep, and serve as harbors, which otherwise would be almost wholly wanting on this coast. On the ^V. coast there is a corresponding mountain- range of some extent. Australia is singularly deficient in large rivers. The Murray and its tributaries, the Barling, Murrumbidgee, and Lachlan, are the largest ; and the main stream atfords a considerable extent of steam navigation. Other considerable streams are Koper and Victoria Rivers, in the N. ; the Burdekin, Brisbane, and Fitzroy, in Queens- land; Swan, Murehison, Gaseoyne, Fortescue, De Grey, Glenelg, Endeavor, Johnstone, and Prince Regent Rivers, in the W. and N.W. In Victoria the longest streams are the Glenelg, Avoca, Hopkins, Goulburn, Loddon, "VVan- non, and Wimmera, all inconsiderable, but some of great importance in irrigation and in mining operations. Among the streams of the E. coast are the Hawkesbury, Hunter, Shoalhaven, Clarence, Macleay, and Manning. The streams are in many cases dried up or reduced to a succession of AXIS 142 AUS Lakes, both salt and fresh, are somewhat numerous, but many of them dry up in summer. Geology. — Most of the great geological stages of the world's growth have left their traces in Australia. The great plains of the interior are mostly of tertiary sandstone, and the remains of the same epoch are everywhere abun- dant, except in the E., where marine deposits of the tertiary age are wanting. Deep accumulations of the drift occur in the S.E., often fossiliferous, and not unfrequently aurifer- ous ; but most of the gold is from Lower Silurian strata. The Permian and Triassie rocks have not been observed. In the eastern colonies there are very important areas of true carboniferous formation. The mountains, especially westward, are largely of granite. There are abundant evi- dences of volcanic action ; but it is believed that there is no volcano now active in the whole continent. Mineral Wealth. — Australia has since 1851 stood in the first rank for the production of gold; but the rich alluvial mines at first worked are now to a great extent exhausted, and the present product is mostly from quartz-reefs. Gold is chiefly worked in New South Wales, Victoria, and, to some extent, in Queensland. Victoria and South Australia, the latter especially, have rich deposits of copper. Queensland and New South Wales lead in the mining of tin. Good iron ore and excellent coal are very abundant in large areas of the eastern colonies. Valuable oil-shales abound. Cinnabar, lead, and silver are reported at various points. Diamonds have been found, and other precious stones occur. Climate. — The absence of high interior mountains causes a marked deficiency in the rainfall of Australia, except along the eastern border. Consequently there are great areas of desert land, especially south westward ; and many well-settled regions are exposed to hot winds from the in- terior, which come laden with dust and discomfort, but are not prejudicial to health. In the N. the tropical heats are much modified by a strong monsoon. Australia is singularly free from endemic and zymotic diseases; but in some sec- tions the introduction of irrigation-works is reported to have induced the prevalence of fevers. There is very little snow or ice in Australia, except in the higher southern mountains and during the winter months (which are June, July, and August). On the coast and in the plains frosts seldom occur, even in the extreme south. Vegetation. — The botany of Australia is very remarkable, comparatively few species being common to Australia and to other quarters of the globe. Vegetation in the E. and N. is much richer than elsewhere. Of timber trees, the genus EucalnptuB alone has some 400 species, some of them exceedingly valuable for their timber, bark, or gum ; and one of them is believed to afford the tallest trees in the world. Many of the trees are evergreen, and many have vertical leaves and thus cast but little shade. The tewart, jarrah, iron-bark, and blue gum (all Eucalypti), the he and she oaks ( Caauarina), several acacias, and some noble conif- erous trees {Armicnria, etc.) afford useful timber. In the N. grows the baobab, or gouty-stem [Adanaonia Gregorii). The grass-tree (a large lily) produces a valuable gum. There are very few native food-plants or useful indigenous fruits. In the desert tracts grows a useless Spinifex, the character- istic plant of the waterless regions. The arable parts of Australia have proved well fitted for nearly all the crops of Europe and America. Wheat, barley, maize, the vine, the silk-mulberry, and northward cotton, sugar-cane, and trop- ical fruits, grow to perfection. European forage plants are to some extent succeeding the native grasses. Animals. — The zoology of Australia is even more re- markable than its botany. There are 110 known existing species of marsupial mammals here (kangaroos, wombats, phalangers, etc.) : indeed, excepting a few American and some extinct species, all the known marsupials are Aus- tralasian. Australia has no native carnivora except the dog, unless we so designate the flesh-eating marsupials ; and the ruminating beasts, the monkeys, and, indeed, most of the higher animal orders, are wanting. There are over 20 kinds of bats, and several rats ; these, with man, the dog, some seals and cetaceans, andthedugong (a marine sirenian, valuable for its oil), are the only native placental mammals. There are two or three bird-like monotremata, of which the duck-billed platypus is the most remarkable. Of the birds we may notice the bliick swan, the emu, and the brush turkeys, which hatch their young in mounds of fermenting rubbish. There are many parrots, and not a few valuable game-birds. Of reptiles, two species of crocodile occur in the N., and there are many lizards and serpents, most of the latter venomous, and some of them deadly, Batrachians abound ; and the sea-fisheries are valuable, as well as those of the river Murray. Several very singular fresh-water fishes have been described. Of the domestic animals, the sheep is the most important ; and the wool of Australia ranks as its most valuable commercial product, — surpassing in quantity, and certainly equalling in quality, that of any other country. Horses are largely bred for exportation to India, The camel has been introduced to some extent, and has done good service in the explorations of the interior. The native peoples of Australia are of many tribes and languages, but appear to be of one original stock, somewhat closely allied to the Papuan, and more remotely to the Negrillo races of the Malay archipelago. They are very degraded, have slender religious notions, and have no agri- culture, and no navigation except in the rudest canoes and floats. They practise cannibalism to some extent, and live mainly by hunting and fishing, but devour worms, insects, and such other repulsive objects. Their dwellings and clothing are of the simplest kind. A recent authority states that they learn the English language with wonderful facility and are by no means deficient in good sense. Those of the N. and N.W. stand highest in point of intelligence. They use the spear and the boomerang in war and in hunting. History. — Australia is mentioned as Great Java and as Terra Australia by Poi-tuguese and Dutch authorities of the sixteenth century. The Spaniard Torres, and the Dutch explorers Hartog and Tasman, explored large por- tions of its coast, and gave it the name of New Holland; but no colonization was attempted until 1788, after Cook had examined a large portion of the coast and taken a formal possession of the same as British territory. The Australian colonies were penal institutions, a large share of the settlers being convicts, up to 1837, since which time comparatively few felons have been sent out, and these chiefly to Western Australia, — the sentence being to *' penal servitude" instead of to mere " transportation." Some notice of the settlement of each of the colonies will be found under the appro- priate headings. Sheep-raising was introduced in 1803, and wool has since been the principal commercial staple of the country. Gold was discovered in 1851, and since that time no small share of the world's supply of that metal has been from this quarter. Where rains are sufficient, and where irrigation is practicable, general agriculture receives profit- able attention. New South Wales is becoming the seat of important manufactures. All the colonies are virtually autonomic, but the governors are appointed by the crown, and the home governm-ent has certain reserved prerogatives. The recent extension of railway facilities, and the con- nection of Australia with Asia and Europe by telegraph cable, have much facilitated business. An interesting part of Australian history is the record of interior exploration. This has been going on, in spite of many obstacles, ever since 1800, and is by no means yet complete. The names of Hunter, Oxley, Sturt, Leichardt, Stuart, Mitchell, Eyre, Burke, Wills, Ilowitt, Warburton, and Porrest are promi- nent in this connection : and the general result of the work is the establishment of the fact that great areas of the west and centre are hopelessly desert. Austra'lia, a post-hamlet of Bolivar co., Miss., on the Mississippi River. Australian Alps, a mountain-range of Australia, in the colonies of Victoria and New South Wales, extending from lat. 38° S., Ion. 146° 36' E., in a N.E. direction fur about 200 miles, and forming part of the great Australian chain from Wilson's Promontory to Cape York. Austrasia, Austrasie. See Ostrasia. Austro-Hungary, aws'tro-hiing'ga-re, or the Aus'- tro-Hunga'rian Moii'archy (Pr. Autriche-Hongrie, 0^treesh'-b6No^gree', or Monarchie Avstro-Hongroiae, mo'- nar^she' osHro'-hiN^^grwiz' ; Ger. Oesterreich-vngariache Monarchie, os'ter-riK^-oon-gi're-sh^h mo-nar-Ke'), an ex- tensive empire of Central Europe, and one of the six great European powers. It is mostly included between lat. 42° and 51° N., and Ion. 9° and 26° E. It is bounded on the N. by Prussia and Russian Poland, E. by Russia and Mol- davia, S. by Turkey, S.W. by the Adriatic Sea, and W. by Bavaria, Italy, and Switzerland. Capital, Vienna. Area, 247,880 square miles. Pop. in 1876, 35,011,077. This empire is a heterogeneous combination of various states or countries inhabited by peoples differing from one another in race, language, religion, and laws. Phyaical Features. — This is the most mountainous coun- try of Europe except Switzerland. Tyrol and Styria, which are in the S.W. part of the empire, are occupied by several groups of Alpine mountains, called the Rha^tian, Noric, Car- nic, Julian, and Dinarie Alps. The highest mountain in the empire is the Ortler-Spitze, a peak of the Rhiutian Alps, which has an altitude of 12,814 feet above the sca-lovul. The long ourvilinear range of the Carpathian Mountains AUS 143 AUT extends along the N.E. border of Hungary, and separates that kingdom from Galieia. The mountains are partly cov- ered with vegetation, and forests of ash, elm, tir, oak, &e. Tyrol has its glaciers, perpetual snow, and avalanches, and abounds in grand and picturesque scenery. The most im- portant river is the Danube, which crosses the W. frontier at Passau, runs southeastward, and forms part of the south- ern boundary of the empire. The other principal rivers are the Dniester, the Elbe, the Mur, the Theiss, the Oder, the Drave, and the Save. The Vistula forms a small part of the N. boundary. Steamboats navigate the Danube, which is an important commercial highway. The largest lake in the empire is the Balatony or Flatten See, 46 miles long. Many other lakes occur in the mountainous districts. Geologi/ and Minerals. — The Alpine mountains are com- posed of granite, gneiss, mica-slate, limestone, &c. Large masses of dolomite are found in the Tyrolese mountains. The tertiary formation is largely developed in the plains and lowlands. The granitic mountains of Hungary are rich in gold and silver. This empire surpasses most coun- tries of Europe in mineral resources. The annual product of gold is about 64,000 ounces, and that of silver 1,476,000 ounces. Gold, silver, copper, coal, iron, lead, tin, quick- silver, salt, zinc, cobalt, antimony, bismuth, nickel, man- ganese, chrome, marble, slate, and precious stones are found in various places. Iron is the most important mineral product. Coal and lignite are largely mined. Climate, Vegetahle Productions, &c. — The climate may be divided into three zones, the most northern of which com- prises part of Bohemia, Galicla, and Moravia. Here the winters are long and cold, and the staple products are wheat, barley, oats, rye, flax, and hemp. The central zone lies between 46° and 49° N. lat., including Lower and Upper Austria, the greater part of Hungary, Ac. Vienna, which is in this zone, has a mean annual temperature of 50°, a maximum of 94°, and a minimum of 2° Fahr. In the south- ern zone, including Dalmatia, the seasons are more mild and equable. Here the vine, olive, and maize flourish. Nearly one-third of the productive area of the empire is covered with forests of ash, beech, chestnut, elm, oak, pine, &c. The flora of Austro-Hungary is remarkable for its variety, comprising about 4000 species of flowering plants. The soil of the plains and hills is generally fertile. A large portion of it is adapted to the culture of grapes for wine. Hungary produces a celebrated wine called Tokay. Among the wild animals are bears, wolves, wild boars, foxes, deer, lynxes, wild cats, and otters. The number of horses in the country at the latest returns was 3,525,842, and the number of horned cattle 12,704,405. The quantity of grain pro- duced annually is about 400,000,000 bushels. Industry and Gommeree, — The majority of the Austrian people are engaged in agriculture and pursuits connected with the forests. The proportion of those employed in trade and manufactures varies, amounting to 30 per cent, in Lower Austria, 24 per cent, in Bohemia, 22 in Moravia, 19 in Upper Austria, and 14 in Tyrol. The manufactures have made great progress during the last 25 years. Among the manu- factured products are cotton, woollen, linen, and silk stuffs, wares of gold, copper, iron, silver, tin, and zinc, leather, paper, beer, chemicals, brandy, porcelain, glassware, and musical instruments. The principal seats of the cotton, woollen, and linen manufactures are in Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and Vienna. Bohemia has the most important manufactures of glass and porcelain. The largest manu- factories of steel, cutlery, iron, and hardware are in Carin- thia. Lower and Upper Austria, Bohemia, and Styria. This empire is not favorably situated for commerce, on account of its inland position and the small extent of its sea-coast. Triest is its principal seaport. The Danube affords about 800 miles of steam navigation within the limits of Austro-Hungary, and about 10,000 miles of railway have been completed. The chief articles of export are cotton goods, woollen goods, linen, iron, leather, wine, grain, salt, timber, tobacco, and olive oil. The chief articles imported are raw cotton, coifee, cotton goods, iron rails and wrought iron, and tobacco. The value of the exports for 1875 amounted to 496,700,000 florins (1 florin = 47 cents). The imports for that year were valued at 544,400,000 florins. The public debt in January, 1876, was 2,724,192,146 florins. Races and Religiona. — This empire is inhabited by three principal races, — the German or Teutonic (about 9,000,000), the Slavonic (about 16,500,000), and the Magyars or Hun- garians (about 5,500,000). The Slavonic race comprises Czechs, Croats, Ruthens, Poles, Slovacks, Serbians, Morlacks, Vinds, and other peoples. There are also many Rouma- nians. The languages spoken by the different races are German, Slavonian, Magyar, &c. j but French is the diplo- matic language of the empire. The Roman Catholic reli- gion is professed by the imperial family and a large majority of the people. The number of Protestants in Hungary is estimated at 2,500,000, and there are large numbers of Jews and member's of the Greek Church in different parts of the empire. Divisions and Government. — The following table gives the area and civil population of the different provinces (or crown-lands), of which at present there are 18. The last four in the table are in Transleithania. Lower Austria Upper Austria Salzburg Styria Carinthia Carniola KUstenland Tyrol and Voralber Bohemia Moravia Silesia Galieia Bukowina Dalmatia Hungary Transylvania „. Croatia and Slavoni Military Frontier... Fiume Total 3,074 11,287 19,983 4,037 87,045 21,159 16,785 7,239 1,990,708 736,557 153,159 1,137,990 373,705 469,996 582,079 878,907 5,140,544 1,997,897 511,581 5,418,016 548,518 456,961 11,530,397 2,101,727 1,164,793 699,228 13,314 35,911,077 The head of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy is the em- peror nnd king, who is also the head of the array and of the executive. The succession is hereditary in the order of primogeniture in the male line of the house of Hapsburg- Lothringen, and, failing this, in the female line. The em- pire consists of two states or parts, — the empire of Austria (or Cisleithania), in which the dominant race is the German, and the kingdom of Hungary {or Transleithania), in which the Magyar influence predominates. Each of these has its own parliament and ministers, while the army, navy, and foreign relations are common. These are directed by a controlling body called the Delegntions, consisting of 60 members for each state, two-thirds being elected by the lower house and one-third by the upper house of each of the parliamentary bodies. The assent of the emperor is required to give validity to their decisions. The executive is vested in three departments, — a ministry of foreign affairs, a ministry of war, and a ministry of finance. These are responsible to the Delegations. The parliament of Austria, called Reichsrath, consists of an upper and a lower house. The upper house is composed of princes of the imperial family, of hereditary nobles, of archbishops and bishops, and of life-members nominated by the emperor on account of their meritorious services. The members of the lower house are elected by the vote of all citizens who are of age and possess a small property quali- fication. The emperor convokes the Reichsrath annually. Military service is compulsory for all citizens who are able to bear arms and have attained the age of 20. A law of 1868 fixed the number of the army on a war footing at 800,000 men, but in time of peace the number is 252,000. For several centuries the Austrian princes of the house of Hapsburg were Emperors of Germany; but in 1806 the old elective empire was abolished, and the hereditary dominions of the Hapsburgs were erected into the Empire of Austria. In succeeding years the western portion of the empire was included in the German Bund, of which Austria was for many years the most influential member. In June, 1866, as competitors for the supremacy of Germany, Austria and Prussia were involved in war; andin the following month the Prussians gained at Sadowa a decisive victory, the result of which was that Austria was excluded from the German Bund and was compelled to cede Venetia to Italy. In 1867 the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was formed, with a new constitution, containing the above-named conditions. Autancurry, aw-tan-kur'ree, or Autuucaray, a sea- port of India, presidency of Madras, 11 miles E. of Ramnad. It has a coasting trade in rice and tobacco. Autauga, aw-taw'ga, a county in the central part of Alabama, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Alabama River, and is partly AUT 144 ATA drained by Autauga and Mulberry Creeks. The surface is hilly or undulating ; the soil is fertile. A large portion of the county is covered with forests. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. The Selma, Kome & Dalton Rail- road passes along the W. border of this county, which is also traversed by the South & North Alabama Railroad. Capital, Prattville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,379,744. Pop. in 1870, 11,623, of whom 11,590 were natives and 33 were foreigners. Autau'gaville, a post-village of Autauga cq., Ala., about 25 miles E. of Selma, and 2 miles from the Alabama River. It has 3 churches, 2 cotton -factories, an academy, a flour-mill, and abundant water-power. Pop. about SOO. Auterive, oH^h-reev', a town of France, department of Haute-Garonne, on the right bank of the Arlege, 16 miles by rail S. of Toulouse. Pop. 3313. Auteuil) o^tul', formerly a village of France, depart- ment of Seine, now the 16th arrondissement of Paris. Authie, o^tee', and Authion, o^te-^N"', two small rivers of France : the former flows N.W., between the de- partments of Somme and Pas-de-Calais, and enters the English Channel 25 miles S. of Boulogne, after a course of 35 miles; the latter, in the department of Maine-ct-Loire, joins the Loire 4 miles S.E. of Angers, after a W. course of about 35 miles. Autissiodorum, Autessiodurum. See Auxerre. Autlan de la Grana, 6w-tldn' dd 1^ gra'n^, a town of Mexico, state of Jalisco, 140 miles S.W. of Ouadalajara. It has a trade in cacao, salt, and cochineal. Pop. 4000. Autolin de Villanueva, ow-to-leen' di veePyi- nwi'v^, a village of Spain, in the Asturias, on the sea, 2 miles N. of Navia. Pop. 2500. Autriche, and Autrichien. See Austro-Hungary. Autricum, the ancient name of Chartres. Autumn Leaves, a post-office of Wayne co.. Pa. Autun, oHuN«' (anc. Bihrac'te, afterwards Aur.}ustodit' - mim), a city of France, department of Saone-et-Loire, on the Arroux, 60 miles N.W. of Macon, and 230 miles by rail S.E. of Paris. Pop. 11,684. It is picturesquely seated at the foot of finely-wooded mountains, and has a lofty Gothic cathedral, a college, a bishop's palace, library, museum, seminary, and tribunal of commerce, with manufactures of carpets, serges, cottonades, horse-cloths, leather, flour, pot- tery, castings, and paper, and a trade in timber, hemp, and cattle. Large masses of its ancient walls remain, with two very beautiful and perfect gates, the ruins of an amphithea- tre and of several temples, a pyramid, and numerous frag- ments of other Roman edifices j it has also a choice collection of ancient medals. Auvergne, oVaiRn' (anc. Arver'ni), an old province of France, forming the present departments of Cantal, Puy- de-D6me, and a small part of Haute-Loire. It was divided into Upper and Lower Auvergne, and had for capitals, re- spectively, St. Flour and Clermont. Auvergne Mountains, a branch of the Cevennes, extending chiefly in the departments of Puy-de-Dome and Cantal, and separating the basins of the Allier, Cher, and Creuse from those of the Lot and Dordogne. These moun- tains form extensive and confused groups, which contain the culminating points of the interior of France, viz., Mont Dor, 6188 feet; Cantal, G093 feet; and Puy-de-Dome, 4806 feet. They contain a great number of extinct vol- canoes, and present sites of most picturesque grandeur. The cone of Mont Dor rises abruptly to a height of several thousand feet, and is composed of scoriEe, pumice-stone, and fine detritus mixed with beds of basalt. The minor volca- noes form anixTcguIar ridge, extending along a platform 18 miles in length. They are generally truncated at the top, and the crater is often entire. Auvers, oVaiR', a village of France, in Seine-et-Oise, on a railway, 3 miles E.N.E. of Pontoise. Pop. 1720. Auvillar, or Auviilars, oVeeryau' or oVee^yaR', a town and port of France, in Tarn-et-Garonne, on the Garonne, 13 miles by rail W.S.W. of Moissac. Pop. 1745. AuY Cayes, O-ki', Cayes, ki, or Les Cayes, 1^- ki', a town of Hayti, on the S. coast, 92 miles W.S.W. of Port Republican. It is a bishop's see, and has some trade. Auverre, o'^saiR' (anc. Autiaaiodo'rum), a city of France, capital of the department of Yonne, 105 miles by rail S.S.E. of Paris, on the Yonne. Pop. 15,497. It is surrounded by vineyards, and by boulevards occupying the site of its an- cient walls, and has some good streets, a quay along the Yonne, fine Gothic churches, a curious clock-tower, a public library of 30,000 volumes, museum, college, tribunal of commerce, theatre, normal school, hospital, &c., with a trade in wines, timber, and charcoal, and in hosiery, coun- terpanes, barrels, and musical strings manufactured here. Auximum, the ancient name of Osimo. Auxon, ox^Ano' or ok^s^N"', a town of France, depart- ment of Aube, 15 miles S.S.W. of Troyes. Pop. 1605. Auxoiine, ok^sonn', a fortified town of France, depart- ment of Cote-d'Or, on the Saone, and on a railway, 17 miles S.E. of Dijon. It has an arsenal, barracks, and magazines, with manufactures of woollen cloth and nails. Pop. 5911. Auxvasse, oVass', a post-hamlet of Callaway co., Mo., on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 12 miles S. of Mexico. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 100. Auxy-le-Chateau, ok^see'leh-sha^to', a town of France, department of Pas-de-Calais, on the Authie, 15 miles S.W. of St. Pol. Pop. 2950. Auzances, o^'zOnss', a town of France, department of Crease, 32 miles S.E. of Gueret. Pop. 1249. Auzon, o'z6n°', a village of France, in Haute-Loire, on the Allier, 34 miles N.W. of Le Puy. Pop. 1510. Ava, ^'vS, (anc. Aevg-icay "a fish-pond"), a city, for- merly capital of the Burmese dominions, on the Irrawaddy, 350 miles N. of Rangoon. Lat. 21° 58' N. _; Ion. 95° 58' 10" E. It. consists of an outer and an inner city, both forti- fied. Estimated pop. 25,000. Ava, il'va, a town of Japan, on the island of Hondo, 50 miles E.S.E. of Tokio, formerly capital of a principality of the same name. Ava, a town of Japan, on the island of Shikoku, lat. 33° 53' N., Ion. 134° 12' E., with the best harbor in the island, formerly capital of a principality of the same name. Ava, kingdom. See Burmah. Ava, ah'vah or a'vah, a post-ofiice of Berrien co., Ga., about 50 miles E.S.E. of Albany. Ava, a post-village of Jackson co.. 111., on the Cairo & St. Louis Railroad, 75 miles S.E. of St. Louis. It has a church and several stores. Pop. about 350. Ava, a post-village of Douglas co.. Mo., in Benton town- ship, 35 miles S.E. of Marshfield. It has several stores. Ava, a post-village of Oneida co., N.Y"., in Ava town- ship, about 16 miles N. of Rome. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of cheese and lumber. Pop. of township, 1160. Ava, a post-hamlet of Noble co., 0., in Noble township, on the Marietta, Pittsburg &, Cleveland Railroad, 43 miles N. of Marietta. It has a church. Avach, a village of Scotland. See Avoch. Avacha, Avatcha, or Avatscha, 3,-v^'chi, some- times written Avatchka, ^-vS,tch'kS,, a town of Kam- chatka, on Avacha Bay, 20 miles S. of Avachinskaya Mountain. Avacha, Avatcha, or Avatscha, a bay in the S.E. part of Kamchatka, affording the best harbor on the coast. On it are the towns of Avacha and Petropaulovski, at the latter of which it receives the waters of the Avacha River. Avachinskaya, Avatchinskaya, or Awatschin- skaja, i-va-chin-ski'y^, also called Mount Avacha, an active volcano in Kamchatka, in lat. 53° 15' N., Ion. 158° 50' E. ; elevation, 9055 feet. At its summit is a crater several hundred yards in circumference, and on its E. side, at an elevation of 5000 feet, is another crater, similar in origin and appearance to Monte Somma (Vesu- vius). In 1827, 1837, and 1855 Avachinskaya was in vio- lent eruption. Avadsi, a town of Japan. See Avasi. Availles Ijimousine, d^^^I' (or ^'vi'y^h) lee^moo^- zeen', a town of France, department of Vienne, on the Vienne, 17 miles E. of Civray. Pop. 2074. Av'alanche, a post-hamlet of Vernon co., Wis., in Webster township, 38 miles S.E. of La Crosse. It is on an affluent of the Kickapoo River, and has a woollen-factory. Avalanche Lake, a small lake in Essex co.,, N.Y., among the Adirondacks, is at the E. base of Mount Mcln- tyre. Here is a great trap dike, by which "Mount Mc- Martin, which rises boldly from Avalanche Lake, is nearly bisected." The surface of this lake is 2900 feet above the tide. Aval Island, in the Persian Gulf. See Bahrein. AvaUon, A'vdri6>'«' (anc. Ahal'lo), a town of France, department of Yonne, on the Voisin, and on a railway, 20 miles S.E, of Auxerre. It has an active trade, and manu- factures of cloths, thread, leather, and paper. Pop. 5(»22. Avalon, av'a-lon, a large peninsula, forming the S.E. part of Newfoundland, having Trinity Bay on the N., and Plaoentia Bay on the S. Av'alon, a station of Howard co., Md., on the Balti- more &. Ohio Railroad, 10 miles S.AV. of Baltimore. Avalon, a post-village of Livingston co.. Mo., 13 miles S.S.E. of Chillicothe, and 5 miles from Bedford Stjition. It has 2 churches, an academy, and a plough-factory. Avana, a city of Cuba. See Havana. AVA 145 AVE Avar, 3,-vaR', or Avaria, 3,^T4're-i, a name of the khanat of Khorntzak, a native state of the Russian govern- ment of Daghestan, in the Caucasus. Area, 585 square miles. Its khan, or prince, is a vassal of the Czar. The Avares are a brave race, probably of Lcsghian stock, and are Soonnite Mohammedans. Pop. 30,545. Avarella, Cape, Cochin China. See Cape Varella. Avaricum, an ancient name of Bourges. Avasi, 3,'va,'see\ Avadsi, JVid'see\ or Soomo'to, a town of Japan, on the island of Avasi. Lat. 34° 21' N. ; Ion. 134° 47' E. Avasi, Avadsi, or Awadsi, an island of Japan, in the strait between Hondo and Shikoku, is 30 miles long. Chief town, Avasi, or Soomoto. Avas Uj Var, oh'vosh' oo-c-vIr', a village of Hungary, CO. of Szathmdr, 13 miles W.S.W.'of Szigeth. Pop. 2320. Avatanak, S,-v3,-t5,n'5.k, one of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, in the Fox group. Avatcha, a town and bay of Kamchatka. See Avacha. A'vebury, Aiv, or A'bury, a village and parish of England, co. of Wilts, 6 miles W. of Marlborough. Its church is of high antiquity, and in the vicinity are interesting pre- historic remains. Pop. 764. Aveiras de Cima, i-vi'e-ris dJ, see'ma, a town of Portugal, 20 miles S.W. of Santarem. Pop. 1884. Aveiro, i-vi'e-ro, a seaport town of Portugal, province of Beira, on the estuary of the Vouga, 31 miles N.W. of Coimbra. Pop. 6456. It has extensive fisheries, and com- merce in salt, fish, oil, wine, and oranges. Aveiro, i-vi'e-ro, a town of Brazil, on the Tapajos, 70 miles S.E. of Santarem. Lat. 3° 28' S.; Jon. 55° 25' W. Avelghem, or Avelgehem, S.'vel-gh5m\ or ^.'v^l- H3m\ a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, on the Scheldt, and on a railway, 8 miles S.E. of Courtrai. Pop. 3650. Avella, i-v41'li, a town of Italy, 20 miles E.N.E. of Naples. Pop. 3714. Near it are the remains of Abel'la, celebrated by Virgil (Jineid, vii. 740). Avellino, i-v§l-lee'no (anc. Abelli'num), a fortified episcopal city of Italy, capital of the province of Avellino, 28 miles E. of Naples. Pop. 19,761. It has a cathedral, sev- eral churches, a college, a public granary, manufactures of woollen fabrics, paper, macaroni, and sausages, and an ex- tensive trade in hazel-nuts, chestnuts, and corn. Avellino, formerly Principato Ultra, a province of Italy, in Campania, is traversed by the Apennines. It has a broken surface, with many fertile valleys. Area, 1409 square miles. Capital, Avellino. Pop. 375,691. Ave'na, a post-village of Fayette eo., 111., in Avena township, on the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Rail- road, 10 miles E. by N. of Vandalia. It has a church and a grist-mill. Pop. of the township, 1182. Avenches, ICvlmsh', or Winisburg, *if'lis-booRG' (anc. Aven'ticiiin), a town of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, 5 miles S.W. of Morat. Pop. 1835. This was the capital of the Helvetii, and afterwards a flourishing Roman colony, destroyed by the Huns in 447. Its ancient walls can be traced for a circuit of more than 5 miles, and it has many Roman remains. Avendale, a parish of Scotland. See Avoxdale. Aven'ger, formerly Hickory Hill, a post-village of Cass CO., Tex., 15 miles from Jefferson. It has 3 churches and a steam-mill. A'vening, a post-village in Simcoe co., Ontario, 8 miles from Stayner. It contains 2 woollen-factories, and flour- and saw-mills. Pop. 200. Avenio, the ancient name of Avignon. Aventicum, an ancient name of Avenches. Av'eiiue, a post-oflice of Franklin co., 0., and a station on the Columbus division of the Cincinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Columbus. Avenue, a station in Alleghany co.. Pa., on the Western Pennsylvania Railroad, 22 miles N.E. of Alleghany City. Avenue City, a post-hamlet of Andrew co.. Mo., on the One Hundred and Two River, about 8 miles N.N.E. of St. Joseph. It has a grist-mill. Pop. about 100. Avenwedde, i'ven-wSdMeh, a village-of Prussia, West- phalia, 32 miles S.W. 'of Minden. Pop. 3552. Avenza, i-v8n'zi, or Lavenza, U-v5n'z3„ a town of Italy, on the torrent Avenza, near the sea, 3 miles by rail S.W. of Carrara. It has a port, and ships fine marble. Here is a splendid castle. Pop. 3254. Avereest, iVer-aist', a village of the Netherlands, in Overyssel, 21 mi'les E.N.E. of Kampen. Pop. 3781. A'verill, a station in Clay eo., Minn., on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 7 miles N. of Glyndon. Averill, a township of Essex co., Vt. Pop. 14. Averill's Station, a post-hamlet of Midland co., 10 Mich., on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of Midland, and 25 miles N.W. of East Saginaw. It has a church and a shingle-mill. Pop. about 100. Avernakoe, 3,-ver'na-ko"5h, a small island of Den- mark, near the S. coast of Funen. Averno, ^-vfiR'no (anc. Aver'mu ; Gr.'Aopi/o!, "without a bird"), a lake, 10 miles W. of Naples, near the Bay of Baja. It occupies the crater of an extinct volcano about half a mile in diameter, is very deep, and has no outlet. It was anciently surrounded by dense forests, and so unhealthy that it was believed no bird could fly over it without being destroyed, whence its name. Its banks are partly occupied by gardens and vineyards. Agrippa formed a canal between Lake Averno and the sea, but the communication was de- stroyed by an eruption of Monte Novo in 1538. Averoe, 4'ver-o"eh, an island of Norway, at the entrance to the Stavnoesfi'ord. Lat. 62° 57' N. Chief town, Kornstad. Aversa, i-vSR'si, a town of Italy, province of Caserta, 9 miles N. of Naples, on a delightful plain covered with orange-trees. It is a bustling and lively place, spacious and well built. It is the seat of a bishop, and contains 9 churches, several convents, a foundling hospital, and a lunatic asylum. Aversa is famed for its wine, and for its almond cakes, called torrone. It communicates with Naples by railway. Pop. 18,248. A'very, a post-otfice of Jo Daviess co.. 111. Avery, a township of Hancock co., Iowa. Pop. 114. Avery, a township of Humboldt co., Iowa. Pop. 185. Avery, a post-vill,age of Monroe co., Iowa, in Mantua township, 6 miles E. or S.E. of Albia. It has 2 churches. Coal is mined near this place. Avery, a post-hiimlet of Berrien co., Mich., on the Michigan Central Railroad, 9 miles E. of New Bufi'alo. It has a steam saw-mill. Pop. about 75. Avery, a station of Wyoming co.. Pa., on the Montrose Railroad, 10 miles N. of Tunkhannock. A'verysborough, or A'verasborough, a small post-village of Harnett co., N.C., on Cape Fear River, about 35 miles S. of Raleigh. It has 1 church. A battle was fought here March 16, 1865, between the Confederates under Gen. Hardee and the Union troops under Gen. Sherman. Avery's Creek, a post-township of Buncombe co., N.C., 20 miles from Old Fort. Pop. 655. Avery's Gore, a tract of land in Frtinklin co., Vt. Pop. 34. This is one of several tracts which in 1791 were granted to Samuel Avery. There is a tract of the same name in Essex co., others in Addison and Chittenden cos. Avery's Rock Light-House stands at the head of Machiiis Bay, Me. Aves, i'vis (or Bird) Island, an uninhabited island, 147 miles W. of Dominica. Lat. 15° 40' N. ; Ion. 63° 38' W. Aves (or Bird) Islands, a small group of the Lesser Antilles, E.S.E. of the island of Buen Ayre, so named from the vast number of birds which frequent them. The only inhabitants are a few fishers. Avesa, Jl-vi's4, a village of Italy, 3 miles N. of Verona, near the Adige. Pop. 2053. Avesnes, i'vain', a fortified town of France, department of Nord, on the Helpe, and on a railway, 51 miles S.E. of Lille. It is well built, and has oil-mills, manufactories of soap and leather, and a trade in flax, iron, timber, stone, hops, and cheese. Pop. 3603. Avesnes le Comte (leh k6Nt), a town of France, in Pas-de-Calais, 11 miles W. by S. of Arras. Pop. 1485. Avesnes-les-Aubert, 3.'vain' lAz o'baiR', a town of France, in Nord, 6 miles E.N.E. of Cambrai. Pop. 1485. Avessac, i'v5s*s4k', a village of France, department of Loire-Inferieure, 4 miles E. of St. Nicolas. Pop. 3430. Avestad, or Afvestad, i'vfe-tad\ a small town of Sweden, on the Dal, 35 miles S.E. of Falun. Pop. 800. Aveyron, 4'vA'r6N»' (anc. Veronins ?), a river of France, rises in Aveyron, passes into Tarn-et-Garonne, and joins the Tarn 7 miles N.W. of Montauban. Length, 90 miles. Aveyron, a department of France, surrounded by the departments of Cantal, Lozere, Gard, Herault, Tarn, Tarn- et-Garonne, and Lot. Capital, Rodez. Area, 3340 square miles. Pop. in 1876, 413,826. It is one of the most moun- tainous departments in France. The principal rivers are the Lot, the Truyere, and the Viaur, Tarn, and Aveyron. The soil is not very fertile, and the climate is often severe. Many cattle and sheep are reared, and the celebrated Roque- fort cheese forms an important article of export. The coal- and iron-mines here are among the most important in France. Manufactures principally of metallic wares, with leather, woollen stuffs, hosiery, gloves, cotton yarn, and paper. The department is subdivided into the arrondissements of Rodez, Espalion, Millau, Villefranche, and Saint-Afi"rique. AVE 146 AVO Avezzano, S.-vfit-sa'nOj a town of Italy, province and 22 miles S. of Aquila. Pop. 5116. It has a palace, and stands near the lately-drained Fucine Lake. Aviano, ^-ve-a'no, a town of Northern Italy, 30 miles W. of Udine, near Monte Cavallo. Pop. 6S05. Aviemore, d,v'e-mor, a village of Scotland, co. of Moray, on the Spey, 25 miles S.E. of Inverness. AvigLiana, a-veel-y&.'n^, a town of Italy, 14 miles by rail W. of Turin. It has manufactures of woollen cloth and silk twist. Pop. 3541, Avigliano, a-veel-ya'no, a town of Italy, province of Potenza, near the bifurcation of the Apennines, 11 miles N.W. of Potenza. Pop. 15,982, Avignon, a,Veen^y6N«' (Sp. ^vrnon, ^-veen-yon' ; It. Avignone, a-veen-yo'ni; anc. Avenio), a city of France, capital of the department of Vaucluse, situated on the Rhone, here crossed by a suspension bridge, its fine old stone bridge of St. Benezet being now impassable ; 403 miles by rail S.S.E. of Paris, and 53 miles N.N.W. of Mar- seilles. Lat. 43° 57' N. ; Ion. 4° 4S' 3S" E. It is a very ancient city, built on a gently undulating surface, and sur- rounded by lofty walls which are crowned with battlements flanked with square towers and adorned with handsome gates. Along the ramparts is a boulevard planted with elms, from the lofty platform of which, particularly from the Boms, — a rock which starts up abruptly from the Rhone to a height of ISO feet, — a fine view is obtained. The town is well built, but the streets are narrow. Avignon is the seat of an archbishop, and has courts of primary jurisdic- tion and of commerce, a college, a primary normal school, a public library of 70,000 volumes, an athenreum, a museum of natural history, a collection of pictures and antiquities, a botanical garden, and a school of design. Among its charitable institutions are an asylum for the aged, an orphan hospital, and a lunatic asylum. The cathedral, a building of great extent, is said to have been founded in the first ages of Christianity, on the ruins of a heathen temple, and, after its destruction by the bar- barians of the North, was re-built by Charlemagne. The richly sculptured chapel of the Resurrection is a master- piece. Several popes officiated in this cathedral, and Inno- cent VI., Urban V., and Gregory XI. were consecrated in it. The former palace of the popes, now used as a barrack, is a vast irregular Gothic structure, built at different periods, with strong towers, some of them 150 feet high. The church of the Cordeliers and the tomb of Petrarch's Laura were destroyed at the revolution. The sllk-manufacture and the preparation of madder are leading industries. The city has also manufactures of vel- vet, woollen and cotton goods, chemicals, dyes, matches, machinery, iron, paper, &g., and a trade in wine, brandy, grain, and other articles. Steamers ply to Lyons and Aries. Avignon is at the junction of several railways. It is supposed to have been founded by the Greeks, who settled at Massilia, now Marseilles. After the Romans it passed under the domination of Goths and other Northern barba- rians. In 730 it was taken by Saracens, who possessed it till 737. After a variety of fortunes, during which it passed to the Counts of Provence, it was sold in 1348 to Clement VI. From that time Avignon continued to be possessed for more than four centuries by the popes, of whom not fewer than seven reigned in it, besides three others, generally re- garded as antipopes, who, on the deposition of Gregory XI., the last of the seven, set up their throne here, and main- tained it for 40 years. It was governed by the popes until 1791. Pop. in 1876, 38,008. Avignonet, 3,''veen''yo^ni', a town of France, in Haute- Garonne, 23 miles by rail S.E. of Toulouse. Pop. 2048. Avila, a've-lS, (anc. Obila), an episcopal city of Spain, in Old Castile, capital of the province of the same name, on the Adaja, and on a railway, 53 miles N.W. of Madrid. It has a cathedral, and manufactories of woollen and cotton fabrics, 2 fine convents, and a seminary. Pop. 6125. Avila, a province of Spain, the S. part of the former province of Old Castile. Area, 2982 square miles. Pop. (1870) 175,219, Level in the N., but mountainous in the centre and S. Principal rivers, Adaja, Alberete, and Tormes. Chief industry, cattle-rearing. Chief exports, wool and pork. AviTda, a post-office of Marion co., Kansas. Avlles, i-ve-lfis' (L. Flavionaria), a seaport town of Spain, in Asturias, 10 miles N.W. of Oviedo, at the mouth of the chief branch of the Avilcs, Pop. 3207. Avil'la,a post-village of Noble co., Ind., in Allen town- ship, on the Grand Rapids &, Indiana Railroad where it crosses the Baltimore ifc Ohio Railroad, 22 miles N. by W. from Fort "Wayne, and 9 miles W. of Auburn. It has 2 churches. Pop. 138, Avilla, a post-village of Jasper co.. Mo., about 12 miles E.N.E. of Carthage. It has 3 churches. Avington, New York. See Greenwood Lake. Avifion, the Spanish for Avignon. Avintes, S.-veen-tSs', a town of Portugal, near the right bank of the Douro, forming a suburb of Oporto. Pop. 3992. Avio, a've-o, a town of the Tyrol, 14 miles by railS.S.W. of Roveredo, on the Adige. It has manufactories of silk and velvet. Pop. 3183. Avise, a town of Persia. See Haweeza. Avisio, S,-vee'se-o, or Lavis, la-vees', a river of the Tyrol, rises in the glaciers of the Marmolada, flows through the valleys of Fassa, Fiemme, and Cembra, and finally reaches the Adige at Lavis. Length, 60 miles. Its course is in one of the grandest mountain-regions of the Alps. Aviston, a'vis-ton, a post-village of Clinton co,, 111,, on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 34 miles E. of St. Louis. It has a church, a flour-mill, a drug-store, and several gen- eral stores. Pop. about 400. Aviz, 3,-veez' (anc. Avisinm ?), a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, on the river Aviz, 27 miles S.W. of Portalegre. Pop. 1256. It gives name to the order of knights of Aviz. Avize, S-Veez', a town of France, department of Marne, 6 miles S.S.E. of Epernay. It is an entrepot for champagne wines, which are stored here in vast caves. Pop. 1992. Avlona, ^v-lo'n^, or Valona, v^-lo'n3, (anc. Anloiia), a town and seaport of Albania, on the Gulf of Avlona, in the Adriatic, 33 miles S.W. of Berat. Lat. of fort, 40° 27' 5" N. ; Ion. 19° 26' 5" E, Pop. about 6000, comprising Christians, Turks, and Jews. Its harbor, which is the best on the Al- banian coast, is defended by Cape Linguetta on the S.W., and by the small island of Sasseno on the N.W. Avoca, ^-vo'ka, or Ovo'ca, a valley and river of Ire- land, CO. of Wicklow, celebrated as the scene nnd subject of one of Moore's songs. The river is formed by the " Meet- ing of the Waters," Avonbeg and Avonmore, and after a S.E. course of 6 miles enters the Irish Sea near Arklow. Avo'ca, a post-office of Lawrence co,, Ala., about 22 miles S.E. of Florence. Avoca, a post-village of Benton co., Ark., 29 miles N. of Fayetteville. Near here are several churches and a flour-mill. Avoca, a township of Livingston co.. 111., traversed by the Chicago & Padueah Railroad. Pop. 825. Here is Cham- plin Station. Avoca, a post-hamlet of Lawrence co., Ind., in Mar- shall township, 6 miles N.W. of Bedford. It has a church. Avoca, a post-village of Pottawattamie co., Iowa, in Knox township, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 40 miles N.E. of Council Blufls. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, 2 flouring-mills, and a carriage-shop. Pop. 846. Avoca, a post-otfice of Jackson co., Kansas, 16 miles W. by S. from Holton. Avoca, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co., Mo., 49 miles S.S.W. of St. Louis. Avoca, a post-office- of Cass co.. Neb. Avoca, a post-village of Steuben co., N.Y., in Avoca township, on the Conhocton River, and on the Rochester division of the Erie Railroad, 67 miles S. by E. from Rochester, and 8 miles N.W. of Bath. It has 3 churches, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 492 j of township, 1740, Avoca, a post-office of Bertie co., N.C. Avoca, a post-village of Iowa co., Wis., on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 48 miles W. by N. from Madison, and about 1 mile S. of the AVisconsin River. It has 3 churches and a high school. Pop. 41S. Avoch, a'vftK, Avach, ^'vS-k, or Auach, Ji'wiK, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of Ross. Pop. 1114. Avola, il-vo'li, a seaport town of Sicily, 13 miles S.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 11,912, It has a tunny-fishery, a re- finery of home-grown sugar, and an active trade in corn, cattle, oil, and fruits. It was built after the earthquake of 1693, which destroyed the ancient Avola. Avo'la, a post-hamletof Vernon co., Mo., 12 miles from Nevada. It has a church. Avon, iS^^N"', a village of France, in Scine-et-Marne, 2 miles by rail N.E. of Fontaineblcau. Pop. 1323. Avon, A,'v9n, two rivers of Wales, one in Monmouth CO., the other in Glamorgan co,, both falling into Swansea Bay. Several Scotch rivers of the same name arc affiucnts of the Clyde, Spey, and Anntm, and one joins the Forth 2 miles W. of Borr(t\vstounncss. Avon, or Hampshire Avon, a river of England, rises near Devizes, flows southward through Wilts and Hants, and enters the English Channel. Length, 65 miles. Avon, or liOWer Avon, a river of England, rises near AVO 147 AXE Tetbury, flows W. through the counties of Gloucester, Wilts, and Somerset, and enters the Bristol Channel 7 miles N.W. of Bristol. Length, 80 miles. It is connected with the Thames hy the Kennet & Avon Canal. Avon, or Upper Avon, a river in England, rises at Avon-well, near Naseby, county of Northampton, flows mostly S.W. through the counties of Leicester, Warwick, and Wor- cester, past Stratford and Evesham, and, after a course of nearly 100 miles, joins the Severn at -Tewkesbury. Its affluents are the Alne, Leame, Stour, and Swift. A'von, a post-hamlet of Hartford co., Conn., in Avon township, on the Farmington River, and on the New Haven & Northampton Railroad, 37 miles N. of New Haven, and 9 miles W. by N. of Hartford. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 987. Avon, a post-village of Fulton co., 111., in Union town- ,ship, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 20 miles S. of Galesburg, and 79 miles N.E. of Quincy. It has a bank, 5 churches, a union school, and a wagon-fac- tory. Pop. about HOO. Avon, a township of Lake co., 111. Pop. 1005. Avon (local pron. av'on), a small post-village of Hen- dricks CO., Ind., on the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 12 miles W. of Indianapolis. It has a church. Avon, or Avon Station, a post-hamlet of Polk co., Iowa, on or near the Des Moines River, about 6 miles S.E. of Des Moines City. It is on the Indianola & Winterset Branch Railroad. The name of its post-office is Avon Station. Coal is found here. Avon, a post-township of Cofi"ey co., Kansas. Pop. 383. Avon, a township of Franklin co., Me., 15 miles N.W. of Farmington. Pop. 610. Avon, a township of Oakland co., Mich. Pop. 1856. Avon, a post-hamlet of Stearns co., Minn., in Avon township, on the St. Paul &, Pacific Railroad, Northern Line, 90 miles N.W. of St. Paul. It has a church, and a manufactory of staves and heading. Here are several lakes. Pop. of Avon township, 319. Avon, a post-hamlet of St. Genevieve co., Mo., about 65 miles S. of St. Louis. It has a church. Avon, a post-office of Hamilton co., Neb., 8 miles from Central City. Avon, a post-village and fashionable resort of Living- ston CO., N.Y., in Avon township, on the right or east bank of the Genesee River, and on the Rochester division of the Erie Railroad, 19 miles S. of Rochester. It is 24 miles E. by S. from Batavia, with which it is connected by the Attica Branch Railroad. It is situated on a terrace about 100 feet higher than the river, and commands a beautiful view. Here are mineral springs, which are visited by many in- valids in summer. The DansvilleA Mount Morris Railroad extends from this place southward to Dansville. Avon has several good hotels. Pop. 900 ; of the township, 3038. The township has 6 churches, a foundry, and 2 planing-raills. Avon, a post-village of Lorain co., 0., in Avon town- ship, about IS miles W. of Cleveland. It has a grist-mill and several general stores. Pop. about 500. The township is bounded on the N. by Lake Erie. Pop. 1924. It con- tains a village named French Creek. Avon, a post-village of Lebanon co., Pa., in North Lebanon township, on the Lebanon Valley Railroad, 2 miles E. of Lebanon. It has a church, a steam grist-mill, 2 warehouses for grain, and 3-i dwellings. Avon, a post-village of Nelson co., Va., 4 miles from Afton Railroad Station, which is 16 miles S.E, of Staunton. It has 2 churches and an academy. Avon, a township of Rock co.. Wis. Pop. 878. It contains Avon Centre. Avon, a beautiful river of Nova Scotia, rises in Avon Lake, and runs N.N.E. into the Minas Basin. Length, about 30 miles. Avon, a post-village in Middlesex co., Ontario, 17 miles from IngersoU. Pop. 100. Avon, ^'von, a river in Western Australia., Swan River Colony, has a N.W. course through the counties of Grant- ham and York, and joins the Swan River at Northam. Avon Centre, a post-village of Rock co.. Wis., in Avon township, on Sugar River, about 15 miles W. of Beloit. It has 2 churches and a fiour-mill. Avondale, 3,v'9n-dal, a parish of Scotland, co. of Lan- ark, containing Strathaven, 4 miles W. of which the battle of Drumclog, in which Claverhouse was defeated by the Covenanters, was fought June 1, ] 697, and is commemorated by a Gothic monument at Druraclog. Avondale, 4v'9n-dal, a post-office of Adair co., Iowa. Avondale, a post-office of Carroll co., Md., on the Western Maryland Railroad, 3 miles W. of Westminster. Avondale, a post-village of Essex co., N.J., in Frank- lin township, on the Paterson, Newark & New York Branch of the Erie Railroad, 3^- miles N. of Newark. It has 2 churches and a stone-quarry. Avondale, formerly Boyd's Mills, a post-hamlet and station of Coshocton co., 0., in White Eyes township. It has a cliurch. Avondale, a village of Hamilton co., 0., and a suburb of Cincinnati, in Mill Creek township, 2 miles from Avon- dale Railroad Station, and about 3 miles from the centre of the city. It has 5 churches, a graded school, and many fine residences. Incorporated in 1864. Avondale, a station in Licking co., 0., on the Newark & Somerset Railroad, 8 miles S. of Newark; also on the Licking Summit Reservoir, and on True Lovers" Lake. It is a pleasant summer resort. It has a hotel and a church. Avondale, a post-village of Chester co.. Pa., on the Pennsylvania & Delaware Railroad where it crosses the Philadelphia & Baltimore Central Railroad, 40 miles W.S.W. of Philadelphia. It has 2 churches, a high school, a foundry and machine-shop, a cheese -factory, and a coach- factory. Pop. about 500, Avondale, Luzerne co., Pa. See Grand Tunnel. Avondale, a post-village in Pictou co.. Nova Scotia, on the proposed New Glasgow & Louisburg Railway, 20 miles from New Glasgow. Pop. 157. . Avondale, Nova Scotia. See Newport Landing. Avon Isles, two islands on Bampton Reef, between Aus- tralia and New Caledonia. Lat. 19° 31' S. ; Ion. 158° 10' E. Avon Lake, a post-office of Lorain co., 0., on Lake Brie, about 14 miles W. of Cleveland. Avon Lake, a pretty sheet of water in Lunenburg CO., Nova Scotia, gives rise to the Avon River. Av'onmore% a post-village in Stormont co., Ontario, 18 miles from Cornwall. Pop. 100. Av'onport, a post-village in Kings co.. Nova Scotia, on the Avon River, and on the Windsor & Annapolis Railway, 57 miles from Halifax. Pop. 200. Avon Springs, New York. See Avon. Avon Station, Iowa. See Avon. Av'onville, a village in Cumberland co., Nova Scotia, on Wallace River, 12 miles from Wentworth. It has a church, several stores, and saw- and grist-mills. Pop. 200. Avoyelles, av-oi-elz', vulgarly, a-vi'^1, a parish of Louisiana, has an area of about 800 square miles. It is intersected by Red River, which also forms part of its N. boundary. It is partly bounded on the E. by the Atcha- falaya Bayou. The surface is nearly level, and is so low that it is subject to inundation. The soil is alluvial and fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Capital, Marksville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,000,209. Pop. in IS70, 12,926, of whom 12,613 were natives and 313 were foreigners. Avranches, ^vh-6Nsh' (L. Abran'cm)y a town of Prance, department of Manche, near the See, 32 miles S.W. of St. L6. In the ruins of its cathedral is preserved the stone on which Henry II. of England knelt to receive absolution for the murder of Becket. It has manufactures of lace, a salmon -fish cry, and a public library. This city was. taken and razed by the Bretons in 1203. In the fourteenth cen- tury it fell into the power of the English, who kept it till 1450. In 1562 the Protestants were here defeated by the Catholic party. Pop. 8137. Avranchin, ^vh-fiNo^shiN"^' {Ahricati'nus Pa'guef), an ancient district of France, now comprised in the department of Manche. Awa, towns of Japan. See Ava. Awaj, a river of Syria. See Barrada. A'w^alt, a post-office of Franklin co., Tenn., 8 miles from Estill Springs. Awar, an island in the China Sea. See Adr. Awasi, or Awadsi, Japan. See Avasi. Awatchinskaya. See Avachinskaya. Awatska, Kamchatka. See Avacha. Aw'righa, or Ou'raghen, a powerful tribe of the Tuaricks (Tawarek) of the Sahara; their name, written Af&rik by some Arabian writers, is thought by many to be the original of the name Africa, or at least to be closely allied therewith. Ax, a town of France. See Dax. Ax, d.ks, a town of France, deparment of Ariege, 21 miles S.E. of Foi.\,onthe Arigge, has thermal springs. Pop. 1693. Ax'bridge, a municipal town and parish of England, CO. of Somerset, 9 miles N.W. of Wells. Pop. 830. Axe, ax, a small river of England, co. of Devon, passes Axminster, and enters the English Channel near Colyton. Axel, S,x'el, a fortified town of the Netherlands, prov- AXH 148 ince of Zealand, on an island in the Scbeldt, and on a rail- way, 22 miles W. of Antwerp. Pop. 2658. Axholme (aks'Olm) Isle, England, co. of Lincoln, in its N.W. part, is formed by the rivers Trent, Don, and Idle. Axiaca, the supposed ancient name of Ochakov. Axim, i'sheeng' or ixHm', a town of Africa, on the Guinea Coast, 73 miles "W. of Cape Coast Castle. Lat. 44° 52' N. J Ion. 2° 14' W. Axim was taken from the Portu- guese in 1642, and confirmed to the Netherlands by the treaty of Westphalia; in 1873 it was ceded to the English. Pop. 750. Axima, an ancient name of Aisie-la-CSte. Axiopolis, the supposed ancient name of Galatz. Axius, the ancient name of the Vardar. Ax'ley, a township of Johnson co., 111. Pop. 1199. It includes JBelknap. Ax'minster, a market-town and parish of England, CO. of Devon, on the Axe, and on a railwa.y, 24 miles E. by N. of Exeter. Pop. 2S61. Its church or minster was founded by King Athelstan, in memory of a battle fought with the Danes in the vicinity. Axminster was formerly noted for its carpet-manufacture. It produces small quan- tities of woollen cloths and gloves. Axona, the ancient name of Aisne. Axoom, Axoum, or Axum, ^k'soom', written also Aksum {Gr, Av^ovfj.7}, Auxoume, 'Afov/^ii?, Axonmis, or 'A^iliixa, AxCm-a), an ancient and decayed town of Abyssinia, state of Tigre, 85 miles N.W. of Antalo. Pop. about 3000. It has a Christian church, in which the chronicles of Axoom are kept. Among its antiquities are a monolith obelisk GO feet in height and finely sculptured, numerous prostrate obelisks, and an inscription of the fourth century. Adj. AxuMiTic or Axoomitic, ax-oo-mit'ik ; inhab. Axum- iTE, ax'^oom'ite. Ax'tell, a post-hamlet of Marshall co., Kansas, on the St. Joseph & Denver City Kailroad, 24 miles E. of Marys- ville. It has a cheese-factory. Ay, or Ai, T, a town of France, department of Marne, near the Marne, 14 miles S. of Reims. Pop. 4149. Ayacucho, i-^-koo'cho, a department of South Peru, mostly between lat. 12° and 16° S. and Ion. 72° and 76° W., having the department of Junin on the N., Cuzco on the E., and the Andes on the S. and W., shutting it off from the department of Lima. Area, 24,213 square miles. Chief rivers, the Apurimac and its tributaries, the Urubamba, Pampas, and Mantaro. Principal towns, Ayacucho and Anta. Pop. 142,205. Ayacucho, formerly Huainanga,or Guamanga, hwS,~m&n'g&,, a town of Peru, capital of the al)ove depart- ment, 140 miles W.N.W. of Cuzco. It has a university, a Catholic bishop, a priests' seminary, a hospital, and a trade in cochineal. Pop. 20,000. The name was changed to Ayacucho to commemorate the great victory of December 9, 1824, which was gained at a small place named Ayacucho and broke the power of Spain in South America. Ayamoiite, i-3,-mon'td., a seaport town of Spain, 80 miles W.S.W. of Seville, on the Guadiana, near its mouth, which here forms the boundary between Spain and Por- tugal. It has 3 public squares, 2 churches, a town house, a well-endowed hospital, and a prison. Pop. 5972. Ayasoolook, i-S,-soo-look', written also Ayasalouk and Ajasaluk, i-3,-s^-look', a village of Asia Minor, on the site of the ancient Ephesus. See Ephesus. Aybar, i-baii', a town of Spain, in Navarre, 35 miles S.E. of Pamplona, on the Aragon. Pop. 1024. Aydelott, a'd^-lot, a post-hamlet of Benton co., Ind., 8 miles from Tenipleton. Ayer, air, or Ayer Junction, a post-village of Mid- dlesex CO., Mass., in Ayer township, near the Nashua River, and on the Worcester & Nashua Railroad where it crosses the Fitchburg Railroad, 35 miles W.N.W. of Boston, and 15 miles S.W. of Lowell, at the junction of the Stony Brook and Peterborough ifc Shirley Railroads. Ayer has 4 churches, a newspaper office, a high school, an iron-foundry, and manufactures of carriages, farming-implements, leather, lumber, &c. The name of its post-office is Ayer. Pop. of the township, 1872. Ayerl)e y Aldcas, i-^u'bi e il-di'is, a town of Spain, in Aragon, 2 miles N.W. of Huesca. Pop. 2006. Ayer's (airz) Flat, a post-village, Stansteadco., Quebec, 18 miles by rail S.S.W. from Lennoxville. Pop. 200. Ayer's (airz) Hill, a post-oflice of Potter co.. Pa. Ayer's Village, a post-village of Essex co., Mass., is a part of the city of Haverhill, and is 4t miles W. of Haver- hill Railroad Station. It has a public hall, 1 church, and about 50 dwellings. Ayersville, airz'vil, a post-office of Habersham eo., Ga., on the Atlanta & Richmond Air-Line Railroad, 86 miles N.E. of Atlanta. Ayersville, a post-hamlet of Putnam co.. Mo., about 60 miles N. by E. of Chillicothe. It has a church. Ayersville, a post-office of Stokes co., N.C. Ayersville, a post-hamlet of Defiance co,, 0., 5 miles S.E. of Defiance. It has a church. Aygacha, i-gd'chd, a town of Bolivia, on Lake Titicaca, 50 miles by rail W. of La Paz. Aylesbury, ailz'ber-e (Sax. Aegleaherr/), a parliament- ary borough and town of England, capital of the county of Bucks, 38 miles from London by the London & Birming- ham Railway and Branch. Pop. 28,760. The town, situ- ated in the rich tract called the Vale of Aylesbury, is noted for the ducks reared here, and for its lace and straw-work. Aylesbury returns 2 members to Parliament. Aylesford, ailz'ford, a parish, railway station, and vil- lage of England, co. of Kent, 32 miles from London. The cromlech called Kitseoity-house, now destroyed, was sup- posed to mark the burial-place of Catigern, who, with his opponent Horsa, was killed here in the third recorded bat- tle between the Britons and Saxons, a.d. 455. Pop. 2100. Aylesford, a post-village in Kings co.. Nova Scotia, on a railway, 87 miles from Halifax. It has 10 stores. Pop. 200. Aylesworth, ailz'worth, a station in Porter co., Ind., on the Columbus 2 441,493 387,673 401,601 Constance. 5820 1,507,179 The country is divided into 11 circles. Surface mountainous, covered for four-fifths of its extent by the Black Forest, with the contreforts which extend from it; the Alp, the Heihgenberg, and the Randen are on the E., and on the S. the Schwarzwald and Odenwald, which bound the eastern valley of the Rhine, from which they rise abruptly and form a chain of ]>lateau3 gradually descending towards the north, and varying from 2000 to 4000 feet in elevation. The culminating points are the Feldberg, 4675 feet: the Kandel, 4160 feet; the Blauen, 3822 feet; the Katzenbuckel, summit of the Odenwald, 2300 feet; the Randen, 2600 feet; and the Kaiserstuhl, an isolated volcanic mass near Brei- sach, 1900 feet. The western part of the territory is a plain, extending between the Rhine and the mountains from Basel to Mannheim. Principal rivers, the Rhine, which forms the S. and W. boundary, the Murg, Kinzig, Weissmain, Neekar, and Danube. The Lake of Constance forms part of the S.E. frontier. The climate is very mild in the valley of the Rhine, and rigorous in the mountain districts. The vine is cultivated at on elevation of 1400 feet. The soil is in general very fertile, especially in the valleys of the Rhine and Neekar. Agriculture supplies the chief wealth of the state, and is conducted with skill. Barley, wheat, maize, potatoes, tine hemp, flax, and to- bacco are raised. The cultivation of fruit is extensively carried on. The produce of wine is of much importance. Mineral products comprise salt from springs, alum, viti'iol, sulphur, coal, iron, copper, lead, and a little silver. The duchy is extremely rich in mineral springs. Manufactures have of late materially increased ; the principal are cotton- spinning and weaving, ribbon-making, and the production of beet sugar. Important branches of industry in the Schwarzwald are the manufactures of straw plait, wooden ornaments, watches, clocks, jewelry, musical boxes, toys, schmiereeife (a kind of soap), charcoal, tar, oil of cade, &c. Principal exports, timber, wine, corn, and Mrschwasser, salt, linen, and cotton goods, wooden clocks, straw hats, and paper. A complete system of railways exists, constructed and operated by the government. The government is administered by the grand duke, a chamber of peers, and a chamber consisting of 22 deputies from towns and 41 from rural districts ; it has the reputa- tion of being tolerant and liberal. The majority of the population is Roman Catholic, but the reigning family is Protestant. The grand duchy possesses an excellent system of public instruction^ and the schools are numerous. ■ At- tendance at school is obligator}' on all children. Baden has two universities, among the most ancient and celebrated in Germany ; that of Heidelberg has a faculty for Lutheran and that of Freiburg for Catholic theology. Judicial courts, subordinate to the supreme court at Mannheim, sit at Constance, Freiburg, Mannheim, Offenburg, and Carlsruhe. Baden has 4 votes in the federal council, and her troops form the 14th corps of the German army. Baden, commonly Baden-Baden, bi'den bi'den (anc. Civ'itaa Aure'Ua Aqtien'sia), a town and watering- place in the grand duchy of Baden, in a valley of the Schwarzwald, on the Oehlbach, IS miles S.S.W. of Carls- ruhe. The town is 6 miles from the Rhine, and is connected by a branch with the railway from Mannheim to Basel. It is crowned by an old castle, a vast ruined edifice of the tenth or eleventh century. The principal buildings are a church, with the tombs of its margraves, a new castle, with subterra- nean vaults, a hall of antiquities, a pump-room over the chief spring, the conversationa-haue, art-gallery, and library. The water is conveyed by pipes to numerous hotels, in which baths are fitted up. There are 13 springs of a saline nature, varying in temperature from 117° to 154° Fahrenheit, con- taining also iron and free carbonic acid. This is generally considered the most beautifully situated of all the German watering-places. July and August are the months in which it is most frequented, but visitors arrive from May to Octo- ber. Pop. 10,080. Baden (anc. Ther'mm Helvet' inr, ), a town of Switzer- land, canton of Aargau, on tho Limmat, 14 miles by rail N.W. of Zurich. Its sulphur-baths (temperature 117° Fahrenheit) are frequented by the Swiss. Pop. 3412. Baden, or Baaden, bi'den (anc. Ther'mx Gc'lise), a town of Lower Austria, 12 miles by railS.S.W. of Vienna, on the Sehwiiohat. It has an imperial castle, many rich private mansions, several hospitals, and famous mineral springs. Tho springs are sulphurous, and vary in temperature from 92° to 97° Fahrenheit. Pop. 5847. Baden, biVias"', a village of France, department of Morbilian, 10 miles S.W. of Vannes. Pop. 2639. Baden, ba'd^n, a station in San Matoo oo., Cal., on tho Southern Pacific Railroad, 11 miles S. of San Franoisco. BAD 153 BAG Ba'den, a post-village of St. Louis co., Mo., on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 6 miles N. of St. Louis. It has 4 churches. Baden, a hamlet of Gage co., Jfeb., about 2S miles S. by W. from Lincoln. Baden, a post-village of Beaver co., Pa., on the Ohio River, and on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 28 miles by rail N.W. of Pittsburg. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, a flour-mill, &c. Baden, a post-village in Waterloo co., Ontario, on a railway, 72 miles W. of Toronto. It contains an iron- foundry, woollen-, flax-, and stave- factories, a brewery, and several stores. Pop. 600. Baden-Baden, Germany. See Baden. Baden-Baden, post-office at MiUersburg, 111. Baden-Hausen, b^M^n-how'zen, a village of Bruns- wick, in the Harz, SJ miles S. of Seesen. Pop. 937. Badenoch, H'den-OK\ an extensive Highland dis- trict of Scotland, forming the S.E. part of Inverness-shire, and traversed by the river Spey. Badenweiier, baM§n-wi'l?r, a village of Baden, 2 miles E. of Miilheim, has alkaline thermal springs. P. 471. Ba'ders, a post-office of Schuyler co., 111., is at Osceola. Badgastein, Austria. See Gastein. Badg'er, a township of Webster co., Iowa. Pop. 479. Badger, a post-hamlet of Portage co., Wis., in Lanark township, 8 miles S.W. of Waupaca. Badger Creek, a post-office of Lyon co., Kansas, 6 miles from Emporia. Badger Hill, a post-office of Tama co., Iowa. Badger Lake, a post-office of Monona co., Iowa. Badger 3Iills, a post-village of Chippewa co.. Wis., on the Chippewa River, in Lafayette township, and on the Chippewa Falls <& Western Railroad, 6 miles N.E. of Eau Claire. It has a large lumber-mill and grist-mill. Badia, bd.-dee'S., a town of Italy, on the Adige, 11 miles W.N.W. of Rovigo. Pop. 5901, who manufacture pottery, and trade in corn, flax, cheese, leather, and silk. Badia Calavena, bii-dee'il ki-l^-vi'n;l, a town of Northern Italy, 14 miles N.N.E. of Verona. Pop. 2303. Badia Tedalda, ba.-dee'S, ti-dHl'dS,, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, 23 miles N.E. of Arezzo. Pop. 2246. Badis, a town of Morocco. See Velez de Gomera. BaditO, bi-dee'to, a post-hamlet of Huerfano co.. Col., on the Huerfano River, 50 miles S.S.W. of Pueblo. Badkert, bod'keRt', a town of Hungary, 28 miles S.S.E. of Kecskemet. Pop. 3656. Badku, a town of Russia. See Bakoo. Bad Lands. See Mauvaises Terres. Badne'ra, a town of the Amrawutti district, British India, on the Indian Peninsular Railway. Pop. 6876. Badnoor, or Badnur. See Budnoor. Badolato, b^-do-l^'to, a town of Italy, in Calabria, on the sea, 15 miles S. of Squillace. Pop. 3932. Badong, bS,Mong', a commercial state on the S. side of the island of Bali, Malay Archipelago. Area, about 100 square miles. It has a seaport town of the same name, with a Butch settlement, and exports rice, cofiFee, tobacco, maize, cattle, and pigs, receiving in return European manufactures, opium, and Chinese coin. Pop. 130,000. • Badonviller, b^MdNoVee'vain', a town of France, in Meurthe-et-Moselle, 19 miles S.E. of Lun^ville. Pop. 2069. Badoor, a river of Beloochistan. See Doostee. Badr, a town of Arabia. See Bedu. BadulMa, a military post in Ceylon, 40 miles S.E. of Kandy, and 2100 feet above the sea. It has a fort, bar- racks, and a hospital. Baepa, a city of Spain. See Baeza. Baelegem, ba'Ieh-Hem\ a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 9 miles by rail E. by S. of Ghent. Pop. 2700. Baelen, biVlen, a town of Belgium, in Antwerp, 14 miles S.E. of Turnhout, on the Great Nethe. Pop. 3425. Baelen, a village of Belgium, province of Liege, 5 miles N.E. of Verviers, with iron-works. Pop. 2780. Baena, bd.-d,'na, or Vaena, vi-i'ni (anc. Cas'tra Vinia'na ?), a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 24 miles S.S.E. of Cordova, on the Marbella. Pop. 11,607. Baependi,bfL-i-p^n'dee, a town of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, 180 miles W.N.W. of Rio Janeiro. Baerum, bi'room, a village of Norway, 7 miles W. of Christiania, on a stream of the same name, has iron-forges. Baesrode, b3s-ro'deh, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 3 miles by rail E. of Dendermonde. Pop. 2910. BteterrEe, the ancient name of Bkziers. Bfetis, the ancient name of the GuADALQiiivin. Baeza, or Bae^a, bi-i'thi (anc. Bca'tla), a town of Spain^ in Andalusia, 22 miles E.N.E. of Jaen, has numer- ous churches, monasteries, &g. Its principal edifices are the cathedral, now united to that of Jaen, the university, and the old monastery of St. Philip de Neri. Baeza is the seat of several courts, and possesses a seminary in which both theology and philosophy are taught, an economical society, and several endowed schools. The principal manufactures are cloth, leather, and soap. The sculptor Gaspar Becerra was born here in 1520. Pop. 13,203. Baeza, bd.-i'sa, a town of South America, in Ecuador, 90 miles E.S.E. of Quito, on the Coca River. The popula- tion has been stated at 600, but the town is said by Orton to consist of only two small houses. Ba Falenie, a river of Senegambia. See Faleme. Bafia, b^f'f^ (anc. Pa'phos, of which the modern name is a corruption), a town on the S.W. coast of Cyprus, 56 miles W.S.W. of Nicosia. It is defended by a small citadel ; the port is accessible only for small boats. It is a Greek bishop's see. Baffa was an important place under the Vene- tian rule, and occupies the site of the Nova Paplms of the ancients. Pop. 1000. Baffa, a harbor of Guinea. See Bassa. Baffin Land, a great island of British North Amer- ica, bounded E. by Baffin's Bay, and W. by the Gulf of Boothia, Fox Channel, and Hudson's Strait. It is crossed by the Arctic Circle. Baffin's Bay, a large gulf in the N.E. part of North America, is bounded on the E, by Greenland. It commu- nicates with the Atlantic Ocean by Davis Strait, and with the Arctic Ocean by Lancaster Sound and Smith's Sound, It is about 850 miles long, and extends northward as far as 77° 30' N. latitude. The greatest width is nearly 400 miles. It is said to be 6500 feet deep in some places. The shores are rocky and precipitous and overlooked by high moun- tains. This bay was named in honor of William Baffin, who first explored it in 1616. Black whales, seals, and polar bears abound in its waters and on its coasts. Dr. Kane de- scribes the great pack of icebergs that occupies the middle of this bay. There were 250 icebergs of the first magnitude (mostly over 260 feet high) visible at one time. Baitfin's Island, a small island in Fox's Channel, N. branch of Hudson's Bay. Lat. 65° 40' N. ; Ion. 83° 29' W. Baffin's Islands, three small islands on the E. shore of Baffin's Bay. Lat. 74° 4' N. ; Ion. 58° W. Ba-Fing, a river of AVestern Africa, the principal head-stream of the Senegal. Baflfo, bif'fo, a town of the Mahee country, Dahomey, Western Africa, at the foot of one of the Kong Mountains. Baflo, bif-lo', a village of the Netherlands, province of Groningen, 15 miles N.W. of Appingedam. Pop. 2366. Bafra, bi'frd, a town of Asia Minor, pashalic of Seevas, on the Kizil-Irmak, 49 miles S.E. of Sinope. Pop. 2000. Bagacum, the ancient name of Bavav. Bagagen, ba-g^-zb^No', a river of Brazil, province of Goyaz, joins the Maranhao about 20 miles above the mouth of that stream. Length, 160 miles. Bagalen, a region of Java. See Baglen. Baganga, ba-ging'ga, a seaport town and bay, Malay Archipelago, on the E. coast of the island of Mindanao. Bagaria, bS.-gA-ree'a, or Bagheria, bi-gi-ree'i, a town of Sicily, 7 miles E. of Palermo. Pop. 10,651. Bagdad, Mg-dS,d' orbag'dad, sometimes written Bag- dat, a celebrated city of Asiatic Turkey, formerly capital of the Empire of the Caliphs, now capital of the pashalic of the same name, on both banks of the Tigris, 190 miles above its junction with the Euphrates. Lat. 33° 19' 50" N. ; Ion. 44° 22' 38" E. The city is of an irregular, oblong form, and about 3 miles in circuit, and, as seen from a distance, has a striking appearance, being surrounded by formidable- looking walls of brick, strengthened with round towers and mounted with cannon. A forest of palm- and date-trees growing around and within the city adds to the picturesque elfect. The interior, however, disappoints the expectations which a distant view is calculated to excite. Bagdad was for many ages the great emporium for commerce of all the surrounding countries, but it has of late years much de- clined. The chief imports are cotton twist, calicoes, shirt- ings, prints, shawls, woollen cloths, and dyes. The returns are specie, Persian tombak, galls, hides, indigo, pearls, cashmere shawls, coflfee, gums, myrrh, Ac. Bagdad has few manufactures : the principal are red and yellow leather, both of which are much esteemed, and a kind of plush, of rich and beautiful patterns, which is used by the Turks for covering cushions and sofas. The climate of Bagdad is in- tensely hot in summer, but on the whole salubrious, although subject during part of the summer to a hot wind, known by the name oisamiel or simoom. Rain rarely falls later than the beginning of May or earlier than towards the end of BAG 154 BAG Two striking features of this city are the im- mense numbers of negro slaves and white donkeys that throng the streets. The population, which once exceeded 100,000, is at present officially placed at 40,000. The streets are narrow and irregular, and the houses are meanly built ; but some fine old structures remain, comprising the " gate of the talisman," the tomb of Zobeide, the wife of the Caliph Haroun-al-Raschid, and the tomb of a Turkish saint of the twelfth century. The edifice of its famous college, founded in 1233, now serves for a caravansary and for the custom-house. A citadel, of no great strength, commands the passage of the Tigris. There are about 100 mosques. The bazaars are large, and abound with most of the goods sold in European markets. This city, built out of the ruins of Ctesiphou, was founded by Almanzor in 763, and continued to flourish under succeeding caliphs, until sacked by Hoola- koo in 12^9. It has been held by the Turks since 1638. Bagdad, bd.g-did' {anc. Chaldm'a, 3Ie8opota'niia), a vilayet or province forming the S.E, portion of Asiatic Turkey. Length from N.W. to S.E., 630 miles ; greatest breadth, about 450 miles. The Euphrates and Tigris flow through the province, and unite at Korna. The country E. of the Tigris includes Koordistan and Khoozistan ; the plains of the former are fertile, producing grain and fruit; the latter, possessing a good soil in some parts, is generally a desert waste ; it is, however, famed for its dates. The country to the W. of the Euphrates is a flat, arid, sandy desert, destitute of herbage, except near the banks of the river, which are very fertile. The lower part is healthy, producing abundant rice crops. Pop. about 2,000,000. Bag'dad, a post-village of Shelby co., Ky., on the Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington Eailroad, 13 miles W.N.W. of Frankfort. It has a church. Bagdad, a village of Florida. See Blackwateu. Bagdad, a station in Westmoreland co.. Pa., on the Western Pennsylvania Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of Alleghany Junction. Bagdad, a post-hamlet of Smith co,, Tenn., about 56 miles E.N.E. of Nashville, has a store and a church. Bagdad, a post-village of Williamson co., Tex., 12 miles from Round Rock Station. It has 4 churches, 2 steam-mills. 3 stores, and a masonic institute. Bagdad, a town of Mexico, in Tamaulipas, on the Rio Grande, near its mouth, is ill built, and subject to overflow. It was a prominent seaport in 1861-64, and the seat of a large blockade-running trade with Texas. Bagdat, b^gMit', or Bagdadshik, a town of Russia, Transftaucasia, 15 miles S.S.E. of Kootais. Pop. 1600. Bage, bS.'zhi, a village of Brazil, province of Sao Pedro do Rio Grande, near Piratinim, on the S. frontier of the province. It has a church and 2000 inhabitants. Bage-Ia-Ville, bi'zhi'-ld-veei', a town of France, department of Ain, near Bage-Ie-Chatel. Pop. 2142. Bage-le-Chatel, bi^zhi'-leh-sha^tSl', a village of France, in Ain, 15 miles W.N.W. of Bourg. Pop. 75S. Bag'enbun Head, a cape of Ireland, co. of Wexford, at the entrance of Bannow Bay. Bag'gettsville, a post-office of Robertson co., Tenn. Bagh, a town of Beloochistan. See B'hag. Baghal, a state of India. See Bagul. Bagh^erat', a town of India, in Jessore, 20 miles S.E. of Culna, is on the navigable river Bairab. Bagheria, a town of Sicily. See Bagaria. Baghirnii, or Bagirmi, ba-gheer'me, written also Begharmeh and Bagliermeh, astate of Central Africa, in the valley of the Shari, S. of Lake Chad, and S.W. of Bornoo, is about 240 miles long from N. to S., and 150 miles broadb It is level and not unfertile, but is subject to drought. The dominant people are Mohammedan negroes, of a wai-like race, and are cruel in the extreme, while the mass of the people arc degraded heathens. The country pays tribute to Bornoo and Waday. Capital, Masenia. Baghistan, a ruin of Persia. See Behistun. Bagh^jaMa, a town of India, in Bengal, lat. 22° 47' 38" N.. Ion. 88° 47' 16" E., 30 miles N.E. of Calcutta. Pop. 9718. Baghput, or Baghpat, bAg^put', a town of the Mee- rut district, North-West Provinces, British India, 19 miles N. of Delhi. Pop. 7887. Baghtschi- Serai, See Bakhchee-Sarai. Baghulcuiid, India. See Rewah. Baglen, or Bagaleil, big'a-Ien, a fertile Dutch prov- ince of Java, near its centre, bounded S. by the ocean. Area, 923 square miles. Pop. 865,470. It exports teak, rice, jute, cotfee, tea, fruits, sugar, and many other products. Bag'ley, a post-oflice and station of Menominee co., Mich., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 34 miles N. of Menominee. Bagley, a station in Otsego co., Mich., on the Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw Railroad, 117 miles N.N.W. of Bay City. Bagna, bin'yS,, or Bagni, bin'yee, a town of Turkey in Europe, 40 miles W. of Philippopolis, on the Maritza. Bagnacavallo, ban'ya-k^-val'lo, a town of Italy, 11 miles AV. of Ravenna. Pop. 3885. Bagnaja, h?Ln-yk'yi, a village of Italy, 3 miles N.E. of Viterbo. Pop. 2731. Bagiia-Louka, a town of Turkey. See Banialooka. Bag'nalstOAvn, or Bag'enalstown, a town of Ire- land, CO. and 10 miles S. of Carlow, on the Barrow. P. 21G1. Bagiian, b^g^nan', or Baguan, bag^wan', an island off' the E. coast of Borneo. Lat. 6° 8' N. ; Ion. 118° 30' E. Bagnara, bin-yS,'ri, a town of Italy, province of Reggio di Calabria, on the Gulf of Gioja, 16 miles N.E. of Reggio. Pop. 6229. Good wine is produced in the vicinity. Bagnara, a town of Italy, 20 miles W.S.W. of Ra- venna. Pop. 1953. Bagnasco, bdn-ya,s'ko, a town of Italy, 25 miles E.S.E. of Coni, on the Tanaro. Pop. 1500. Bagnferes-de-Bigorre,b^n^yaiR'-deh-bee^goR'(anc. Vi'cua Aquen'sia), a town of France, in Hautes-Pyrenees, on the Adour, and on a railway, 13 miles S.S.E. of Tarbes. Pop. 9470. It is a cheerful, clean town, with white houses, shaded promenades, and channels of clear water running through its streets. It has excellent hotels, a public library, a theatre, a concert-room, a college, a hospital, a tine mu- seum, a Protestant church, and manufactures of woollens, linens, and crape called "bareges." There are over 60 quarries of colored marble here, and in the vicinity are numerous fine drives. There ai'e many bathing establish- ments, the springs varying in temperature from 72° to 124° Fahr. Its waters were resorted to by the Romans, and are still annually visited by thousands of strangers. Bagneres-de-Luchon, bS,n^yaiR'-deh-lii^sh6N'^' (the A'qitse Convena'rum of the Romans), a town of France, de- partment of Garonne, in the Pyrenees, 5 miles from the Spanish frontier, and 22 miles S.S.W. of St. Gaudens. Pop. 3829. It has celebrated sulphurous thermal springs. Bagnes-Ie-Chable, bS.ii^-l§h-shS,b'l, or Chable, called also Bagnes, a village of Switzerland, in Valais, on the Dranse, 7 miles S.E. of Martigny. Pop. 4254. Bagni, a town of Turkey. See Bagna. Bagni, biLn'yee, the name of several villages of Italy, so called from their mineral baths. Bagni, a town of Sicily, 12 miles W.S.W. of Syracuse. Pop. 5628. Bagni della Porretta, b^n'yee dSl'U poR-nfit'ti, a village of Italy, 2 miles N.E. of Civita Vecchia, with min- eral springs, called by Pliny the A'qme Tau'ri, and a re- markable aqueduct constructed by Trajan. Bagni di Lucca, bin'yee dee look'ki, a village of Italy, 11 miles N. of Lucca. Pop. of commune, 9222. Bagni di Pisa, bS.n'yee dee pee'z^, a village of Italy, 4 miles N.E. of Pisa. Bagni Morba, bin'yee moR'bi, a village of Italy, in Tuscany, 30 miles W.S.W. of Sienna, with mineral springs. Bagno, ban'yo, a town of Italy, province of Florence, >~-dii'-m6ii»"-doB', a vil- lage of France, Puy-de-Dome, 20 miles W. of Issoire. Pop. 1193. Baiocasses, an ancient name of Bayeux. Bair, a station in York co.. Pa., on the Hanover & York Railroad, 7 miles S.W. of Y'ork. Bairamitsh, bl-ri-mitch' or bi-ri-meetch', a town of Asia Minor, 25 miles N.W. of Adramyti. Baird's, Kentucky. See Bkakd's Station. Baird's Mill, a post-hamlet of Wilson co., Tenn., 7 miles from Lebanon. It has 2 churches and a flouring-mill. Bairds'town, a post-village of Oglethorpe co., Ga., on the Athens Branch of the Georgia Railroad, about 30 miles S.E. of Athens. It has a church. Bairdstown, a post-office of Sullivan co.. Mo., 8 miles from Milan. BAI 1 Bairdstown, a post-village of Wood eo., 0., in Bloom township, on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 41 miles E. of Defiance. It has 2 churches, 1 planing-mill, &q. Bairdstown, a village of Westmoreland co., Pa., in Derry township, on the Conemaugh River, | of a mile from Blairsville. Pop. about 250. Bairea, a town of India. See Byria. Baireuth, bi'ruth (Ger. pron. bi'roit), a city of Bava- ria, capital of Upper Franconia, on the Red Main, 126 miles N. of Munich. Lat. 49° 56' N. ; Ion. 11° 38' E. It is an important railway junction, is well built, and has public fountains and promenades, a palace, opera-house, riding- school, theatre, a Protestant consistory, gymnasia, gram- mar and diocesan schools, manufactures of cotton and woollen cloths, tobacco and pipes, parchment, leather, and porcelain. Baireuth was formerly the capital of a mar- graviate. In the neighborhood are the palaces Fantaisie and Hermitage. The first is surrounded by gardens, which are a favorite resort of the inhabitants. In the last is shown the apartment of Frederick the Great, and here his sister, the margravine, wrote her memoirs. In a cemetery at the entrance of the town is a monument erected to Jean Paul Friedrich Richter, who died here in 1825. Baireuth has of late been conspicuous as the place of Wagner's musi- cal festivals. Pop. in 1875, 19,180. Bairout, or Bairut, Syria. See Bkyhoot. Bairro, bi'no, a village of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, 4 miles N. of Sao Sebastiao. It has a convent of Fran- ciscans, and the inhabitants, all Indians, are fishermen. Bairro das Silveiras, bi'no das seel-vi'e-ras, a vil- lage of Brazil, on the N.E. frontiers of the province of Sao Paulo, near the town of Lorena. Pop. 2000. Bais, bi, a village of France, on an affluent of the Ma- yenne, 12 miles E.S.E. of Mayenne. Pop. 2138. Bais, a village of France, department of lUe-et-Vilaine, 9 miles S.S.W. of Vitre. Pop. 3017. Baise, or Bayze, bize or b6z, a river of France, flows N. through the departments of Hautes-Pyrenges, Gers, and Haute-Garonne, and joins the Garonne near Aiguillon. Length, 145 miles. The towns of Mirande, Valence, Con- dom, and Nerae are on its banks. Baisieux, bi'ze-uh', a village of France, department of Nord, 6 miles S.E. of Lannoy. Pop. 2020. Baiso, bi'so, a town of Italy, in Emilia, 20 miles S. of Reggio. Pop. 3403. Baisy-Thy, bi^zee^-tee', a village of Belgium, in Bra- bant, 1 5 miles S. of Brussels. Pop. 2340. Bait'ing Hoi 'low, a post-village of Suffolk co., N.Y., in Riverhead township, 6 miles from Riverhead. It has 2 churches and a broom-factory. Pop. about 450. Baitool, or Betul, bi^tooV, a district of the Central Provinces, British India, in a hill country, with great forests ; about lat. 21° 20'-22° 35' N., Ion. 77° 20'-78° 35' E. Capl ital, Budnoor. Area, 4118 square miles. Pop. 284,055. Baitool, or Betul, a town of India, in the above dis- trict, 112 miles N.W. of Nagpoor. Pop. 4466. Baix, bi.\ or bi, a village of France, department of Ardeche, 7 miles E. of Privas. Pop. 1224. Baixas, bSx^5,s', a town of France, department of Pyr6- nees-Orientales, 6 miles N. of Perpignan. Pop. 2621. Baja, boh'yoh\ a town of Hungary, co. of BiScs, on the Danube, 90 miles S. of Pesth. It has a gymnasium, Roman Catholic and Greek churches, a synagogue, diocesan school, castle, and a large market for hogs. Pop, 18,110. Baja, b3,'y3,, a town of Moldavia, on the Moldava, 65 miles W.N.W. of Yassy. Baja, bi'yi (L. Bai'm), an ancient city of Italy, 10 miles W. of Naples, on the Bay of Baja. Pop. 800. Ilaiie was a principal port and favorite watering-place of the ancient Romans. Ba.ja California, the Spanish for Lowbh California. Bajada de Santa F6, hk-nk'mi, di An'ik fA, or Pa- rana, pi-ri-nl', a town of the Argentine Republic, capital of Entre Rios, on the Rio Paranii, nearly opposite Santa F^, and 240 miles above Buenos Ayres. Pop. 6000. Baja de Rama, bi'yi di ri'mi, a town of Wallaehia, 68 miles N.W. of Krajova. Bajaur, or Bajour, bi^jawr', a district of Afghanis- tan, in lat. 35° N. and between Ion. 71° and 72° E., sepa- rated from the Hindoo-Koosh range on the N. by Kafiris- tan and Chitral. Estimated area, 370 square miles. Pop. 120,000. It is a fertile plain, enclosed by mountains cov- ered with forests and yielding iron ore of good quality. Ba,jaur, or Ba,)our, a town and capital of the above, 130 miles N.E. of Cabool. Lat, 34° 50' N. ; Ion. 71° 30' E. Pop. 5000. Bajazid, a town of Armenia. See Bayazeed. 8 BAK Bajibo, or B^iebo, ba-jee'bo. Old and New, two towns of Western Africa, on opposite banks of the Niger. Lat. 9° 31' N. ; Ion. 4° 25' E. Bajmocz, a town of Hungary. See Baimocz. Bajmok, or Bajmak, b6h'ee-mok\ a town of Hun- gary, CO. of Bics, 13 miles by rail W.S.W. of Theresien- Btadt. Pop. 6446. Bajna, b6h'ee-n6h\ a town of Hungary, co. and 16 miles S.W. of Gran. Pop. 2010. Bakabanya,boh*koh"bin'yoh\ a mining town of Hun- gary, CO. of Hont, 10 miles S.W. of Schemnitz. Pop. 3207. Bakanair, a town and state of India. See Bickaneer. Bakau, or Bacau, b4"kow', written also Bakova and Bakoo, a town of Roumania, in Moldavia, on a rail- way, 50 miles W.S.W. of Yassy. It has a fine church, a mon- astery, a promenade, and some fine houses. Pop. 13,118. Bakeer- (or Bakir-) Chai, bi^kfer'chi (i.e., "cop- per river") (anc. Cai'ciis), a river of Asia Minor, falling into the Gulf of Sandarlee, in lat. 38° 45' N., Ion. 27° E. Bakeer-Kooreh-See, or Bakir-Kureh-Si, bi."- keer'-koo'reh-see {i.e., ''copper district"), a small town of Asia Minor, near the Black Sea, 70 miles W.S.W. of Sinope. It is supposed to be the Sandracur' gium of Strabo. Ba^kel', a walled town of Senegal, with a large stone fortress and a French garrison, on the Senegal, 350 miles E.S.E. of St. Louis. It is an important mart. Pop. 2495. Bake Oven, a post-office of Wasco co., Oregon. Ba'ker, a county in the N.E. part of Florida, has an area of about 625 square miles. It is partly drained by St. Mary's River. The surface is nearly level ; the soil is mostly sandy. Cotton and Indian corn are cultivated here. The Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroad passes along the S. border of the county. Capital, Sanderson. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $162,000. Pop. in 1870, 1325, of whom 1320 were natives. Baker, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, has an area of about 420 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Flint River, navigable by steamboats. The surface is level, and extensively covered with forests ; the soil is fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Capital, Newton, Valuation of real and personal estate, SI, 179,945, Pop, in 1870, 0843, of whom 6833 were natives. Baker, a county in the E. part of Oregon, bordering on Idaho. It is bounded on the E. by the Snake or Lewis River, and is also drained by the Malheur, Powder, and Owyhee Rivers. The surface is mountainous or hilly. The valleys and plains produce oats, barley, hay, pot.atoes, Ac. This county has gold-mines the product of which in 1870 was valued at $107,189. These were mostly placer-mines. Silver is also found here. Capital, Baker City. Valuation of real and personal estate, 81,093,695. Pop. in 1870, 2804, of whom 1757 were Americans ; in 1875, 2099. Baker, a post-office of Hall co., Ga. Baker, a township of Martin co., Ind. Pop, 1018. Baker, a township of Morgan co., Ind. Pop. 456. Baker, a post-ofRce of Jefferson co., Iowa, about 9 miles N. of Fairfield. Baker, a township of O'Brien CO., Iowa. Pop. 199. Baker, a township of Crawford Co., Kansas. Pop. 966, Baker, a township of Linn co,. Mo, Pop, 1269, Baker, a post-office of St, Clair co,, Mo,, 22 miles from Clinton. Baker, a station in Davidson co., Tenn., on the Nash- ville & Chattanooga Railroad, 7 miles S.E. of Nashville. Baker City, a post-village, capital of Baker co., Ore- gon, on or near Powder River, about 300 miles E. of Salem. It iias 3 churches, an academy, and a weekly newspaper. It is surrounded by high mountains. Pop. 312. Baker Island, in the Pacific (lat. 0° 13' 30" N.; Ion. 176° 29' 30" W.), was taken possession of by the United States in 1857. It aifords much guano. Water is obtained from the sea by distillation. The anchorage is unsafe. The isl.and has a movable wharf, and is not inhabited. Baker's, a station in Chester co., Pa., on the Pennsyl- vania \bff', a village of France, department of Ar- dennes, 14 miles S.E. of Sedan. Pop. 1650. Balanga, ba-Ung'gi, a town of Luzon, on the W. side of the Bay of Manila. Bal'anguine', or Ban'ging'ee, one of the Sooloo Islands. Lat. 5° 57' 30" N.; Ion. 121° 39' E. The island was once a haunt of pirates. It now belongs to Spain. Balapoor, or Balapur, India. See Ballapoor. Balarnc-les-Bains, biMJ'riik'-li-biuo, a village of France, in Herault, with hot sulphur-springs. Pop. 745. Balasfalra, bohM6sh'f61'v6h\ atown of Transylvania, 18 miles N.E. of Karlsburg, is the residence of a Greek bishop, and has a gymnasium and normal school. P. 1200. Balashev, or Balachef, ba-li-shSf, a town of Rus- sia, government and 125 miles W. of Saratov. Pop. 7186. Bal^asinore', a small native state of India, in Gu- zerat. Area, 258 square miles. Pop. 41,985. Its capital, Balasinore, is 48 miles N. of Baroda. BaPasore', or BaPasor', a district of Orissa, British India, lat. 20° 43' 50"-21° 56' 30" N., Ion. 86° IS' 40"-87° 30' 20" B., on the Bay of Bengal. It is an alluvial region, divided into the Salt Tract, near the sea, the Arable Tract or Rice country, and the Submontane or Jungle tract. Capital, Balasore. Area, 2028 square miles. Pop. 770,232. Balasore, or Valeswa'ra, a town of India, capital of the above, on the Boorabullung River, 16 miles from its mouth. It was once an important port, but the formation of a bar at the river's mouth has injured the town. It still has a good coasting-trade. Pop. 18,263. Balassa-Gyarmath, boh'!6sh'shoh"-dyoR*mot', a town of Hungary, co. of Neograd, 40 miles N.N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 6435. Balatony, bS,'16hHon\ or Balaton Lake (Ger. Plat- ten-Sce, plit'ten-si' ; anc. Peho), the largest lake in Hun- gary, 65 miles'S.W. of Pesth. Length, from S.W. to N.E., 46 miles: greatest breadth, about 10 miles. Its waters are slightly salt. It is navigated by steamboats. This great lake, or submerged marsh, receives upwards of 30 streams, the largest of which is the Szalaj and its surplus waters are carried to the Danube by the Sio and Sarviz. Balayan, b4-li-yin', a bay in the island of Luzon, opposite the N. end of Mindoro Island, .about 9 miles long by 6 broad. A village of the same name lies N. of the bay. Balayan, a province of Luzon. See Batangas. Balaze, h^^Wzit', a village of France, department of Loire, 6 miles N.E. of Vitr6. Pop. 1827. Balbec, a town of Syria. See Baalbec. Bal'bec, a post-office of Jay co., Ind., about 40 miles S. of Fort Wayne. Balbirnie, bil-bjr'nee, a village of Scotland, co. of Fife, 74 miles N. of Kirkcaldy, on the Leven. Balbrig'gan, a town of Ireland, co. of Dublin, on the Irish Sea, fsi miles by rail N.N.E. of Dublin. Pop. 2332. Balby, bil'bee, a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, li miles S.W. of Doncastor. Pop. 2038. Balcar'ry, a small se.iport of Scotland, on the W. side of the entrance to Auehincairn Bay and Solway Firth, 10 miles E.S.E. of Kirkcudbright. Balsas, or Balsas, bil'sis (from 6a/sa, a "float"), a river of Brazil, rises in the Serra Gorvados, which separates Maranhao from Goyaz, and falls into the Parnahiba, in lat. 7° 15' S., Ion. 45° 10' W. Length, 200 miles. Balcha'ri, an island of India, one of the Sunderbunds of the Ganges delta, W. of the entrance to Mutla Kiver. Bal'cony Falls, a post-hamlet of Rockbridge co., Va., on James River where it passes through the Blue Ridge, 28 miles N.W. of Lynchburg. Bald Creek, a post-office of Yancey co., N.C. Bald Eagle, a station in Blair co., Pa., on the Bald Eagle Valley Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Tyrone. Post-office name, Olivia. Bald Eagle, a township of Clinton co., Pa. Pop. 950, exclusive of Mill Hall. Bald £agle, a post-hamlet of York co.. Pa., in Fawn township, 2 miles from Woodbine Railroad Station, and about 24 miles S. by W. of Lancaster. Bald Eagle Creek, of Pennsylvania, runs northeast- ward through the middle of Centre CO., and enters the West Branch of the Susquehanna at Lock Haven. The valley of this creek is bounded on the S.E. by a long straight ridge called Bald Eagle Mountain, which traverses the counties of Centre and Clinton. This ridge extends southwestward into Blair and Bedford, where it is called Dunning's Mountain. Baldegg, bal'deg, a village of Switzerland, on a lake of the same name, 9 miles N. of Lucerne. The lake is 34 miles long, 1 mile broad, and 1529 feet in elevation. Baldenbiirg, bal'den-booRG\ a small town of West Prussia, 33 miles N.W. of Konitz. Pop. 1200. Balderas, bil-di'ris, a town of Spain, 30 miles S.S.W. of Leon. Pop. 4320. It has manufactures of leather and hats. Baldern, b3,l'dern, a small town of Wiirtemberg, 9 miles S.E. of EUwangen.' Pop. 594. Bald'erson, a post-village in Lanark co., Ontario, 6 miles from Perth. Pop. 100. Bald'face, a granitic mountain of New Hampshire, near the line between Carroll and Coos cos. It is about 15 miles N. of North Conway. Altitude, 3600 feet. Baldface Mountain, a peak of the Adirondacks, in Essex CO., N.Y., has an altitude of 3903 feet above the tide. Bald Friar, a station in Cecil co., Md., on the Colum- bia & Port Deposit Railroad, 9 miles N.AV. of Port Deposit. Bald Head, a cape on the S.W. coast of Australia, forming the S.W. entrance into King George's Sound. Lat. (of S. point) 35° 7' S. ; Ion. 118° 1' E. Bald Head, a headkand of the United States, in Maine ; lat. 43° 13' N., Ion. 70° 34' 30" W. Bald Head, a headland at the S.W. extremity of Smith's Island, N.C; lat. 33° 51' N., Ion. 78° W. Baldissero, bil-dis-si'ro, a village of Italy, province of Turin, 14 miles E. of the city of Turin. Pop. 1878. Baldissero, a village of Italy, province of Cuneo, S miles S. of Alba. Pop. 1170. Baldissero di Roletto, bil-dis-si'ro dee ro-l^t'to, an old town of Italy, Piedmont, near Pinerolo. Pop. 909. Baldjik, a town of Turkey. See Baltshik. Bald Knob, a post-office of Boone co., W. Va. Bald 3Iount, a post-hamlet of Luzerne co., Pa., in Newton township, 19 miles N.N.E. of Wilkesbarre. Bald Mountain, California, stands at the N. extremity of Tulare co., and has an altitude of 7936 feet above the sea. Bald Mountain, Colorado, a peak of the Front Range, has an altitude of 11,493 feet. Silver is found in it. Bald Mountain, a post-office of Gilpin co., Colorado, is at Nevada. Bald Mountain, a portion of the Unaka or Smoky Range, having Carter co., Tenn., on the N.W., and MitchslI CO.. N.C, on the S.E. One of its peaks, called likewise Bald Mountain, is 5552 feet high. There are many other mountains called by this name in Western North Carolina. Bald Mountain, a hamlet of Washington co.. N.Y., in Greenwich township, and 4 miles from Greenwich Sta- tion. It has a church and large lime-kilns. Baldock, bil'dock, a town and parish of England, co. of Herts, 34 miles by rail W.N.W. of London. Pop. 2055. Bal'dock, or Bel'doc, a post-office and station of Barnwell to., S.C, on the Port Royal Railroad, 44 miles from Augusta, Ga. Pop. of Baldock township, 1176. Bal'don, or Baldone, bil'dA-n^h, a town of Russia, in Courland, 25 miles E. of Mitau. It has hot baths. Bnldoylc, bal-doyl', a village and watering-place of Ireland, miles by rail N.E. of Dublin. Pop. 602. Bald Prairie, a post-village of Robertson co., Tex., 12 miles W. of Marquez. It has 2 churches and 2 stores. Bald Rock, a post-office of Laurel co., Ky. Baldshik, a town of Turkey. See Baltshik. BAL 161 BAL Bald'win, a county in the S.W. pnrt of Alabama, has an area of about 1700 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Alabama River, on the E. by the Perdido, on the S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and on the W. by Mobile River and Mobile Bay. The surface is nearly level ; the soil is sandy and inferior. It produces small quantities of maize, cotton, &c. The county is intersected by the Mobile & Montgomery Railroad. Capital, Daphne. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,220,827. Pop. in 1870, 6004, of whom 5S53 were natives and 151 were foreigners. Baldwin, a county near the central part of Georgia, has an area of about 250 square miles. It is intersected by the Oconee River. The surface is partly hilly ; the valley of the Oconee has a fertile soil. Primary rocks are found in the N.W. part of the county, and tertiary strata in the S.E. part. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple .products, It is traversed by the Central Georgia Railroad. Capital. Milledgeville. Valuation of real and pergonal estate, $1,484,252. Pop. in 1870, 10,618, of whom 10,5,35 were natives and 83 were foreigners. Baldwin, a post-village of Buval eo., Fla., on the Florida Central Railroad where it crosses the Atlantic, Gulf & West India Transit Railroad, 19 miles W. by S. from Jacksonville. It has a church, 2 stores, 2 schools, and a distillery of turpentine. Pop. about 150. Baldwin, a post-village of Randolph co.. 111., on the Cairo & St. Louis Railroad, 45 miles S.E. of St. Louis. It has 3 churches. Coal is found here. Incorporated in 1876. Baldwin, a post-village of Jackson co., Iowa, on the Clinton & Anamosa Branch Railroad, 24 miles B. of Ana- mosa. It has 2 churches and several stores. Pop. 300. Baldwin, a village of St. Mary's parish. La., about 25 miles from Morgan City. It has 2 churches and an institu- tion called " Thompson University." Baldwin, a township of Cumberland co.. Me., on the Saco River, and on the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad, 32 miles W.N.AV. of Portland. It has active manufactures. (Post-offices, East, North, and West Baldwin.) Pop. 1101. Baldwin, a post-office of Baltimore co., Md. Baldwin, a township of Delta co., Mich. Pop. 261. Baldwin, a township of Iosco co., Mich. Pop. 1103. Baldwin, a post-village, capital of Lake co., Mich., is on the Marquette River, and on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, 30 miles E. of Ludington. It has a newspaper office and manufactures of lumber and shingles. Pop. 200. Baldwin, a township of Sherburne co., Minn. Pop. 404. It contains Santiago. Baldwin, a township of Chemung co., N.Y. Pop. 1006. It contains Hammond Corners, or North Chemung. Baldwin, a station of Essex co., N.Y., in Ticonderoga township, is the western terminus of a railroad extending to Fort Ticonderoga, 5 miles distant. It is on Lake George, near its outlet, and has a steamboat-landing. Baldwin, a post-village of Queens co., N.Y., in Hemp- stead township, on the Southern Railroad of Long Island, 23 miles E. of New York. It has 2 churches. Pop. 500. Baldwin, a post-office of Clermont co., 0. Baldwin, a township of Alleghany co., Pa. Pop. 3104. It has important coal-mines, and contains Hope Church. Baldwin, a post-office of Butler co.. Pa., at Fairview. Baldwin, a village of Dauphin co.. Pa., on the Sus- quehanna River, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 2 or 3 miles S.E. of Harrisburg. It has a newspaper office, a man- ufactory of Bessemer steel, and 4 churches. Pop. about 2000. The name of its post-office is Steelton. Baldwin, a post-village of St. Croix co.. Wis., in Bald- win township, on the West Wisconsin Railroad, 41 miles E. of St. Paul, Minn., and 21 miles E. of Hudson. It has 3 churches, 3 hotels, a graded school, 2 newspaper offices, and manufactures of lumber, flour, carriages, threshing- machines, sash, blinds, &c. Pop. 602. Baldwin, a post-village in Addington co., Ontario, 15 miles from Napanee. Pop. 100. Baldwin City, a post-village of Douglas co., Kansas, on the Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston Railroad, 15 miles S. of Lawrence. Here is Baker University (Meth- odist Episcopal), founded in 1857. This village has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Pop. about 700. Baldwin's, a village in Jackson co., Mich., on the railroad from Jackson to Fort Wayne, Ind., 11 miles S.W. of Jackson. It has 2 churches. Pop. 400. The name of the post-office is Horton. Baldwin's, a station in Chester co.. Pa., on the Chester Valley Railroad, 2 miles E. of Downingtown. Baldwin's Mills, a post-office of Waupaca co.. Wis., on the Waupaca River, about 35 miles N.N.W. of Oshkosh. Bald'winsville, a post-village of Worcester co., Mass., 11 in Templeton township, on the Vermont & Massachusetts Railroad, 21 miles W. of Fitchburg, and also on the Ware River Railroad, 44 miles N.N.E. of Palmer. It has 2 churches, a savings-bank, a paper-mill, and manufactures of cane-seat chairs, toys, and furniture. Baldwinsville, a post-village of Onondaga co., N.Y., on the Seneca River and the Oswego & Syracuse Railroad, 12 miles N.W. of Syracuse, and 23 miles S.S.E. of Oswego. It has a national bank, a state bank, a free academy, 5 large flouring-mills, a foundry, and a woollen-factory. It has also a newspaper office and 5 churches. Pop. 2130. Baldwinsville, Queens co., N.Y. See Baldwin. Bald'winville, a hamlet of Edgar co., 111., 6 miles N.E. of Paris. Bald'wyn, a post-village of Lee co.. Miss., on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 31 miles S. of Corinth. It has 10 stores, 4 churches, an academy, &c. Pop. about 700. Bald'y Peak, a mountain of the Sangre de Cristo range, is in the S. part of Colorado, near the line between Costilla and Huerfano cos. Altitude, 14,176 feet. Bale, a town of Switzerland. See Basel. Balearic (bare-ar'ik) Isles (anc. Jialea'res), a group of islands in the Mediterranean, between lat. 38° 40' and 40° 5' N. and Ion. 1° and 5° E., consisting of Majorca, Minorca, Ivi^a, Formentera, Cabrera, and several islets, and forming an administrative province of Spain. Capital, Palma. United area, 2200 square miles. Pop. 289,225. The climate is temperate and healthy ; soil fertile. Balearis Major. See Majorca. Balearis Minor. See Minorca. Balejooree, or Balijuri, bi-le-joo'ree, a town of India, North-West Provinces, in Rohilcund, district and 30 miles N. of Moradabad. Pop. 8253. Balerna, ba-l^u'ni, a village of Switzerland, Ticino, 5 miles by rail N.W. of Como. Pop. 1109. Bal'eshare', an island of Scotland, in the Hebrides, S. of the island of North Uist, Inverness-shire. Pop. 246. Bale's Mills, a post-hamlet of Lee co., Yti., 14 miles E. of Cumberland Gap. It has 1 flour-mill and 1 saw-mill. Balestrate, baMes-tri'ti, a town of Sicily, 22 miles W. of Palermo. Pop. 2413. Baleswar, bil-es-war', a large river of the Ganges delta, leaves the Ganges below Kooshtia, is at first called Garai, next takes the name of Mudhoomattee, and is called Baleswar in its tidal portions ; but in the estuary it is fre- quently named Haringhata. Since 1800 it has become one of the principal outlets of the Ganges. Bal'fron, a village of Scotland, oo. of Stirling, 16 miles W.S.W. of Stirling. Pop. 1085. Balfnrosh, bil'fur-osh', Balfroosh, Balfronch, or Balfrusch, bil-froosh', written also Balfrush or Balfurush (originally TJoi/iiriis/!, the "mart of burdens"), a town of Persia, province of Mazanderan, on the Bahbul, 12 miles from its mouth in the Caspian, and 20 miles W. of Saree. Pop. estimated at 100,000. It is built in the midst of a forest, and is large, straggling, and interspersed with gardens; streets broad and straight, but unpaved ; houses mostly of brick. It has numerous bazaars and caravan- saries, from 20 to 30 Mohammedan colleges, and a large general trade. It communicates with its port on the Cas- pian by a good road for wheeled vehicles. Balga, bill'gi, a village of East Prussia, 24 miles S.W. of Konigsberg, on the Frische-Haff. Pop. 983. Balgach, bil'gaK, a village of Switzerland, 11 miles E. of St. Gall, with sulphur springs and baths. Pop. 1419. Bali,b!l'lee, Bally, b§,l'lee, or Little Java, an island of the Malay Archipelago, immediately B. of Java. This island is 75 miles in length and 50 miles in greatest breadth. Two mountain-chains traverse it from E. to W. Culmi- nating point, the volcano of Agoong, 12,379 feet high. The island is abundantly supplied with water. Principal exports, rice, cotton, cofiee, tobacco, hides, oil, edible birds'-nests, ca- techu, and cotton cloths and yarn ; Imports, opium, betel, gold, silver, and ivory. Much coffee is carried to Singapore from the N. coast. Bali is subdivided among eight petty states : of these, Badong, in the S., is the chief. The village system prevails here, as in Java and India, and the Hindoo is the predominant religion. Principal towns, Badong in the S., Billing in the N., and Karang-Assam on the E. coast. The Strait of Bali, between this island and Java, is, where narrowest, only 3 miles across. The people are of Malay stock, with a written language of their own, called Balinese. Pop. about 800,000. Bali, bi'le, or Bal'Iy, a village of Bengal, on the Hoogly, 5 miles by rail N. of Howrah. Pop. 3544. Bali, a town of Bengal, in Burdwan, on the river Dhal- kisor, 40 miles W. by N. of Calcutta. Pop. 8819. BAL ] Baliabarda, a town of Greece. See Patkas. Baligrod, ba'le-grod\ a town of Austrian Galicia, 18 miles S.S.B. of Sanok, in the Carpathians. Pop. 900. Balikesr, b^-lce-kes's'r, Balu-Kissar, bi-Ioo-liis'- sar, or Balik-Shehr, b5,Milt^shSh'her, a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 7o miles S.W. of Brusa. It is peopled by- Turks and Armenians. Pop. about 12,000. Baliquatro, bi-le-kwa'tro, the N.W. pointofthe island of Samar, one of the Philippines ; also, a small island in the Strait of San Bernardino, between that point and the island of Luzon. Lat. 12° 40' N. ; Ion. 124° ]0' E. Balize, Belize, ba-leez', or British Honduras (Mexican-Spanish, Saliza, bd-Iee's^, said to have been named from one Wallis, a buccaneer), a British colony of Central America, bounded N. and N.W. by Campeachy, a Mexican state, E. by the Gulf of Honduras, S. by Guate- mala, and W. by Guatemala and Mexico. Land area, 9000 square miles. The coast is low and swampy, fenced from the open sea by lines of keys and islands. The W. frontier is mountainous, and dense forests abound. Mahogany, log- wood, and sugar are leading exports. Agriculture is in its infancy. The climate is hot, moist, and unhealthy for white people, yet there are few epidemics, while earthquakes and hurricanes are unknown. The colony has a lieutenant-gov- ernor, a legislature, and a privy council. The country is divided into 3 districts, Northern, Balize, and Southern. Chief towns, Balize, the capital, and Corozal, in the extreme N. Pop. in 1870, 24,710, mostly negroes. Balize, a town, capital of the above colony, on the Bay of Honduras, at the mouth of an arm of the river Balize. Lat. 17° 29' 18" N.; lon.SS°12'W. It has 7 churches, a court- house, a hospital, a government house, and an iron market- house. It is well built, and consists in part of brick houses, while some of tho inferior buildings stand on piles. The anchorage is safe, and the harbor deep and spacious. The surrounding country is swampy. The chief trade is in ma- hogany, but this has declined ; logwood, cedar, cocoanuts, skins, and sugar are also shipped. The exports and imports average about $1,000,000 each per annum. Pop. 4000, mostly blacks. Balize, a river which rises in Guatemala, and flows N.B. through British Honduras, reaching the Gulf of Hon- duras near the town of Balize. It is navigable 290 miles. Balize, ba-leez', one of the pilot-towns near the mouth of the Mississippi River, in Plaquemines parish, La. It is a. small village, whose houses stand on piles. Balkan, b^l-k3.n' (anc. Nss'inus), an important moun- tain-chain of Europe, extending from the plain of Sophia, in Bulgaria, Ion. 2a° E., to Cape Emineh, on the Black Sea, and forming the boundary between Bulgaria and Eastern Koumelia. The name Kodja Balkan is limited to the por- tion of the ancient Hmmiis west of the Balkan of Shipka. The western part of the Great Balkan runs S.S.E. and N.N.W., and is connected with the mountains of Middle Europe by the ranges of Montenegro, Herzegovina, and the Dinaric Alps on the W., and the mountains of Greece on the S. The chain in general is 4900 feet in elevation. It slopes abruptly S. to the alluvial plain of Tatar-Bazardjik and Philippopolis, but terminates more gently on the N. by means of the crests of the Balkan of Etropol. The eastern part of the Balkan consists of a series of minor chains, decreasing in elevation as they approach the plains of the Danube on the N. and the Black Sea on the E. The Emineh Dagh is 2660 feet in elevation. The range is trav- ersed by only one great route, that of the gate of Trajan. Balkany, biPkafi'javillageof Hungary,co.ofSzabolcs, 7 miles S. of Nagy-Kall6. Pop. 3977. Balkash, birkish', or Tengheez (Tenghiz), ten'- gcez', an extensive lake of Asiatic Russia, between lat. 43° and 47° N. and Ion. 73° and 80° E. It is situated near the north edge of the great central basin of the continental streams, and receives the waters of the Eelee (Hi) and sev- eral smaller streams, but has no outlet. Length, from N.E. to S.W., 345 miles; greatest breadth, 55 miles. It is salt, and is surrounded by uninhabited wastes. It is compara- tively shallow. Baikh, bilk, a province of Central Asia, the ancient kingdom of Ilaclria, now subordinate to tho Emoer of Af- ghanistan, extending between lat. 35° and 37° N. and Ion. 64° and 69° E., having on the N. the Amoo Darya, on the E. Budukhshan, on the S. tho Hindoo-Koosh Mountains, and W. the desert. Length, about 250 miles; breadth, 120 miles. Capital, Takhtapool. BaIkh (unc. Ziirias'pa and Bac'Ua), a city of the above, is on the Adirsiah or BaIkh River, 105 miles W. of Khoon- dooa.i The modern town, now almost depopulated, is en- closed by a mud wall, and occupies but a fraction of the BAL surface embraced by tbe ancient city, tbe remains of which cover a space 20 miles in circumference. Balkhan (bil'Kin') Bay, an inlet of the Caspian Sea, between lat. 39° and 40° N. and Ion. 53° and 54° E. Ball, a township of Sangamon co., 111. Pop. 986. Balla, bal'ld, a village of Ireland, co. of -Mayo, 8 miles by rail S.E. of Castlebar. Pop. 453. Ballaghadereen, baria-na-di'reen, a town of Ireland, CO. of Mayo, 30 miles E.N.E.' of Castlebar. Pop. 1496. Bal'lah, or iCl-Bal'lah, a shallow lagoon or lake on the Isthmus of Suez and traversed by the Suez Canal. It lies between Lakes Timsah and Menzaleh. Bal'lahac, a hamlet or gold-raining camp of Sierra CO., Cal., 60 miles N.E. of Marysville. Ballahulish, bi-U-hoo'lish, or Ballachulish, b^- lS,-Koo'lish, a village and parish of Scotland, counties of Inverness and Argyle, on Lochs Leven and Linnhe, l\^ miles S.S.W. of Eort William. Pop. of village, 994. Hallan, bSiriON"', a village of France, Indre-et-Loire, 4 miles S.W. of Tours. Pop. 1160. Ballantrae, biri&n-tri', a maritime village of Scot- land, 28 miles S.S.W. of Ayr. Pop. 515. BaVlantrae, a post-village in York co., Ontario, 8 miles from Aurora. Pop. 100. Bal'lantyne's, a post-village in Frontenac co., On- tario, 8 miles by rail E. of Kingston. Pop. ISO. Ballapoor, or Balapur, bi-la-poor', a town of the Akola district, Berar, British India, 31 miles S.W. of El- lichpoor. It is celebrated for its turbans. Pop. 12,631. Ballapoor, or Chik'ka Ballapoor, a town of India, province and 130 miles N.E. of Mysore. Pop. 8756. Ballapoor, or Dodda Ballapoor, a town of India, in Mysore, 25 miles N. of Bangalore. Pop. 7445. BalMarat', a city of Victoria, Australia, 55 miles by rail N.AV. of Geelong, on the river Yarrowee. It is well built, is at the junction of three railways, and has several banks, a general hospital, an almshouse, an orphanage, many quartz-mills, and a large product of fine gold, Bal- larat is the seat of Anglican and Catholic bishops. It is divided into Ballarat proper (pop. in 1871, 24,308), Ballarat East, a separate municipality (pop. 16,397), and Sebastopol (pop. 6496). Bal'lard, a county in the W, part of Kentucky, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Ohio River, and on the W. by the Mississippi, and intersected by Mayfield Creek. The surface is nearly level, and mostly covered with forests ; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, tobacco, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Bland ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,800,000. Pop. in 1870, 12,576, of whom 12,484 were natives and 92 were foreigners. It is intersected by the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad. Bal'lard's Falls, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Kansas, on Little Blue River, 10 miles above WaterviUe. Bal'lardsville, an incorporated town of Oldham co., Ky., 4 miles from La Grange, has a church, several shops, ifec. It is on Floyd's Fork of Salt River. BalMard Vale, a post-village of Essex co., Mass., in Andover township, on the Boston & Maine Railroad, 21 miles N. by W. of Boston. It has 2 churches and a manu- factory of flannel. Pop. about 600. Balldri, a district and city of India. See Bellary. Ballas, binds', a town of Upper Egypt, on the Nile, about lat. 26° N., Ion. 32° 42' E., celebrated for its earthen jars, called Ballasee, which are much used. Large rafts made of Ballasee jars are floated down the Nile to market. Ballatcr, bil'Ia-ter, a village of Scotland, co. of Aber- deen, 37 miles by rail S.S.W. of Aberdeen. Pop. 691. Ball Camp, a post-village of Knox co., Tenn., 6 miles from Ebenezer. It has a church, an academy, &c. Ball Creek, or Kent City, a post-hamlet of Kent CO., Mich., in Tyrone township, on the Grand Rapids & Newaygo Railroad, about 20 miles N. of Grand Rapids. Balleek, Ireland, the former name of Ballina. Ballena, bdl-li'ni (native pron. b^-yA'nil), a post- oflice of San Diego co., Cal., 50 miles N.E. of San Diego. Balleiias, a village of California. See Bolinas. Balleiistadt, bil'K^n-st^tt\ a town of Germany, in An- halt, on a railway, 15 miles S.E. of llalberstadt.. Pop. 4395. Bal'lentine's Mills, a post-office of Wake oo., N.C. Balleuy (bal'l§-ne) Islands, five small voloanio islands in the Antarctic. Lat. 06° 44' S.; Ion. 163° E. Balleroy, bATl^h-rwi', a town of France, department of Calvados, 9 miles S.W. of Baycux. Pop. 1220. Bailey, lUount, Californiiv See Mount Balley. Ball Flat, a post-otlice of Cherokee co., Ala. Ball Gronud, a post-ollice of Cherokee oo., Gn. BAL 163 BAL Bali Hill, a hamlet of Carroll oo., Ind., li miles from Cutler Railroad Station. Bal'libay, a post-hamlet of Bradford oo., Pa., in Her- rick township, S miles from Rummerfield. Ballibay, a town of Ireland. See Ballybay. Balliett, bal'le-et, a post-office of Venango co., Pa. Bal'liettsville, a post-office of Lehigh co., Pa. Balligomingo, baPe-go-ming'go, a village of Mont- gomery CO., Pa., 1 mile from West Conshohocken Station, and 16 miles N.W. of Philadelphia. It has a church and a woollen-factory. Pop. 470. Balliiia, bil'e-ni' (formerly Balleek, "the ford of flags"), a town of Ireland, co. of Mayo, on the n.avigable river Moy, IS miles N.N.E. of Castlebar. It has a work- house, sessions-house, hospital, dispensary, public schools, barracks, and two bridges across the Moy ; with breweries, flour-mills, manufactories of snufi" and linen, and a trade in cured provisions, fish, *fec. Pop. 5551. BaPlin'afad, a post-village in Wellington co., On- tario, 6 miles from Georgetown. Pop. 150. BalUinahiuch^, a barony, parish, demesne, lake, river, seat, and ruined castle of Ireland, 37 miles W.N.W. of Galway. Pop. of barony, 23,969. Ballinahinch, a town of Ireland, co. of Down, 13 miles by rail S.W. of Belfast. Pop. 1000. BaPlinakill', a town of Ireland, Queen's co., 11 miles S. of Maryborough. Pop. 7i5. BalMinamore', a village of Ireland, co. of Leitrim, 13 miles N.E. of Carrick-on-Sliannon. Pop. 534. BaPlinamuck', a village of Ireland, 11 miles N.N.E. of Longford. Here the French troops under General Hum- bert surrendered to the English, September 8, 1798. BalMinaskel'ligs (orBalMinskel'ligs) Bay, Ire- land, CO. of Kerry, between Hog Head on the E. and Bolus Head on the W. Breadth, 5 miles. Ballinasloe, bariin-a-slO', a town of Ireland, counties of Galway and Roscommon, on the Suck, 22 miles S. of Ros- common, and 91 miles by rail W.S.W. of Dublin. The Suck divides it into two portions. The town is neatly built, and has public schools, a lunatic asylum, a court-house and bridewell, market-house, workhouse, and savings-bank, flour-mills, tan-yards, breweries, coach- and hat-manufac- tories, &c. Here a great annual cattle fair is held in Octo- ber. Pop. 4619. BalMincol'lig, a town of Ireland, co. of Cork, on the Lee, 5 miles by rail W. of Cork. Pop. 524. BaPlingar'ry, a village of Ireland, co. of Tipperary, 20 miles N.E. of Clonmel. Pop. of the town, 339. Bal'Iinger's, a station in Leeco., Iowa, on the Keokuk A St. Paul Railroad, 6 miles N. of Keokuk. BalMinrobe', a town of Ireland, co. of Mayo, on the Robe, near its mouth in Lough Mask, and 16 miles S.S.E. of Castlebar. Pop. 240S. Ballinskelligs Bay. See Ballinaskelligs. Ball Kuob, a post-hamlet of Hood co., Tex., on the Brazos River, 45 miles S.W. of Fort Worth. Ball Mountain, a township, Watauga co., N.C. P. 320. Ballon, biri6N°', a town of Fi-ance, department of Sarthe, near the left bank of the Orne, 12 miles N.N.E. of Le Mans. Pop. 1720. Ballo'na, a station in Los Angeles co., Cal., on the railroad from Santa Monica to Los Angeles, 9 miles W. of Los Angeles. Ballon d'Alsace, b5.ri4x»' dirsiss', one of the loftiest mountains of the Vosges chain, on the boundary between France and Germany, 4101 feet high. Ballon de Guebwiller, biri6NIills, a village in Stark co., 0., on the Tus- carawas Valley Railroad, 12 miles S. by W. of Massillon, in Sugar Creek township. It has 2 churches, a bank, a planing-mill, and a graded school. BAR 178 BAR Barr's lUills, a post-hamlet of Tuscarawas co., 0., in Sugar Creek township, on Sugar Creek, 11 miles W. of Dover. It has 1 or 2 mills. Barr's Store, a post-township of Macoupin co., 111., about 25 miles S. of Jacksonville. Pop. 999. Barrs'vilie, a post-hamlet of Columbia co., Fla., 1-t miles from Lake Citj. Barrum ad Albulam, Latin for BAn-suii-AuBE. Barrum ad Sequanam, Latin for Bar-sor-Seine. Barry, bA,r'ree, a county in the S.W. central part of Michigan, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by Thornapple River, and also drained by Fall Creek. The surface is undulating, and is adorned with numerous small lakes. A large portion is covered with forests, in which the ash, beech, oak, sugar-maple, and tulip-tree abound. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, butter, and wool are the staple products. It is traversed by the Grand River Valley division of the Michigan Centr'al Railroad. Capital, Hastings. Valuation of real and personal estate, $11,174,848. Pop. in 1870, 22,199; in 1874, 22,051. Barry, a county in the S.W. part of Missouri, border- ing on Arkansas, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is drained by White River and Plat Creek. The surface is hilly, and extensively covered with forests of the ash, hick- ory, oak, yellow pine, &c. j the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and live-stock are the staple productions. Among the minerals of this county are carboniferous limestone and lead. Capital, Cassville. Valuation of real and personal estate, §2,500,000. Pop. in 1870, 10,373, of whom 10,345 were natives and 28 were foreigners. Barry, a post-village of Pike co.. 111., in Barry town- ship, on the Wabash Railroad, 19 miles E. of Hannibal, Mo., and 27 miles S.E. of Quincy. It has 3 churches, a news- paper office, a bank, a graded school, 3 flouring-mills, and a woollen-mill. Pop. 1600 ; of the township, 2496. Barry, a post-office of Coffey co., Kansas. Barry, a post-village of Frederick co., Md., on the Po- tomac River, the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, and the Balti- more & Ohio Railroad, at Berlin Station, 75 miles W. of Baltimore. It has a church and a flour-mill. Barry, a township of Barry co., Mich. Pop. 1230. Barry, a post-village of Clay and Platte cos.. Mo., 10 miles N. of Kansas City. It has 2 churches. Pop. 150. Barry, a post-office of Cuyahoga co., 0., about 16 miles E. by S. of Cleveland. Barry, a post-village of Schuylkill co., Pa., in Barry township, about 12 miles W.N.W. of Pottsville, and 44 miles N.N.E. of Harrieburg. Pop. of township, 950. BarrytOAVii, bir'ree-town, a post-village of Dutchess CO., N.Y., in Red Hook township, on the Hudson River, and on the Hudson River Railroad, 94 miles N. of New York. It has 3 churches. Pop. 248. Barryville, bir'ree-vil, a post-offiee of Delaware co., Iowa, about 50 miles W. by S. from Dubuque. Barryville, a post-office of Macon co.. Mo. Barryville, a post-village of Sullivan co., N.Y., on the Delaware & Hudson Canal, and on the Delaware River (which separates it from Shohola Station on the Erie Kail- road), 19 miles W.N.W. of Port Jervis. It has 2 churches, a suspension bridge, and a boat-yard. Pop. about 250. Barryville, a post-office of Stark co., 0., is at Harrie- burg, about 10 miles N.E. of Canton. Bars, a town and county of Hungary. See Barsch. Barsac, ban^s^k', a town of France, in Gironde, on the Garonne, 19 miles by rail S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 2870. Barsch, bansh (Hun. Barf<, bonsh), a town of Hungary, capital of the county, 57 miles N.N.W. of Pesth, and di- vided by the river Gran into Old and New Ba.rsch (pop. respectively 1000 and 820), foi*merly a free fortified town. The county of Barsch has 137,191 inhabitants. In the S. it is rich in grain and fruit. The mountains iu the N. formerly yielded gold and silver. Barsi, a town of India. See Bursee. Bars'ness, a township of Pope co., Minn, Pop. 153. Barsoe, baR'so^eh, a small island of Denmark, in the Little Belt, 9 miles N.E. of Apenrade. Pop. 89. Bar-sur-Aube, baR-sUu-Db (L. Bar'nim ad Al'hu- lam), an ancient town of France, department of Aube, 33 miles by rail E.S.E. of Troyes, on the Aube. It has a com- merce in wine, wood, hemp, and wool. Pop. 4463. llar-sur-Oriiain. Sco Bar-le-Duc. Bar- sur- Seine, bau-sliR-sine (L. Bar'nim adSeq'ua- nani), a town of Prance, department of Aube, 20 miles by rail S.E. of Troyes, on the loft bank of the Seine. This was an important town in the Middle Ages. It was the scone of a severe engagement between Napoleon and the allies, 25th May, 1814. Pop. 2798. Bart, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co.. Pa., in Bart town- ship, about 50 miles W. of Philadelphia. The township has 4 churches, a cotton -factory, and nickel-minea which are the richest in the United States. Pop. of township, 1432. Bartan, banUin', a town of Anatolia, on the Bartan- Soo (anc. Pnrthe'niua), near its mouth in the Black Sea, 45 miles N.E. of Ereglee. It has 5 mosques. Pop. 6500. Barteii, ban'ten, a town of East Prussia, 47 miles S.E, of Konigsberg. Pop. 1735. Bartenheiiu, baR'ten-hime^ (Er. pron. baRHen-Sm'), a village of Alsace, Germany, on a railway, 12 miles from Mulhausen. Pop. 1885. Bartenstein, baR't?n-stine\ a town of East Prussia, 33 miles by rail S.S.E. of Konigsberg, on the Alle. Pop. 5879, engaged in the manufacture of linens, woollens, etc. Bartfa, boRt'foh^ or Bartfeld, baRt'fSlt, a town of North Hungary, co. of Saros, on the Tepla, 155 miles N.E. of Pesth, is celebrated for its hot baths. Pop. 5303. Bart'gestown, a post-office of Rice co., Kansas. Barth, or Bart, baRt, a seaport of Prussia, Pomerania, on the Binnensee, at the mouth of the Barth, 17 miles W.N.W. of Straisund. Pop. 5774. Bartholma, or Sanct Bartholma, s^nkt bar- tol'mi, a village of Austria, in Carniola, 8 miles E.N.E. of Neustadtl-Rudolphswerth. Pop. 3786. Bartholomaussee, Bavai'ia. See Konigsee. Barthol'omew, a county in the S.E. central part of Indiana, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is drained by the Driftwood Pork of White River, and by Clifty and Plat Rock Creeks. The surface is partly level and partly hilly; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and live-stock are the staple products. In 1S70 this county produced 1,529,675 bushels of Indian corn, — more than any other county in the state. It is intersected by the Jef- fersonville, Madison *t Indianapolis Railroad. Two branches of that road also connect at Columbus, which is the capital. Valuation of real and personal estate, $12,661,600. Pop. in 1870, 21,133, of whom 19,700 were Americans. BartholomeAV, Drew co., Ark. See Baxter. BarthoIomeAV Bayou, bi'oo, a river of Arkansas, rises in Jefferson co., near Pine Bluff. Its general direc- tion is nearly southward until it crosses the southern bound- ary of the state and enters Morehouse parish in Louisiana. It runs thence southwestward, and enters the Ouachita River about 13 miles W. of Bastrop. Its length is about 275 miles. It is said to be navigable by steamboats for 200 miles. Bartholomew's Station, in Washington co., Md., is on the Washington County Branch of the Baltimore &, Ohio Railroad, 21 miles S. of Hagerstown. Bar'tholow's Water Station, in Frederick co., Md.. is on the Baltimore *fc Ohio Railroad, 47 miles W. of Baltimore. Bar'tleson, a station on the St. Louis, Lawrence k Western Railroad, 3 miles E. of Stanley, Kansas. Bar'tle's Station, a station in Lawrence co., 0., on the Iron Railroad, 12 miles N. of Ironton. BartMett, a station on the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad, 10 miles N.N.W. of Little Rock, Ark. Bartlett, a post-village of Cook co., HI., in Hanover township, on the Chicago &. Pacific Railroad, 29 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. It has a church, a steam grist-mill, a hotel, and several carriage-shops. Pop. about 150. Bartlett, a post-village of Fremont co., Iowa, on the Kansas City, St. Joseph &' Council Bluffs Railroad, 26 miles S. of Council Bluffs. Pop. 106. Bartlett, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., N.H., in Bart- lett township, on the Saco River, and on the Portland k vSut, a bay on the S. side of Northumberland Strait, forming part of the boundary between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Between the head of this bay and Cumberland Basin is an isthmus 11 miles wide. Bay View, a post-office of Hillsborough co., Fla. Bay View, a station in Baltimore co., Md., on the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, 4 miles N.E. of Baltimore. Bay View', a post-hamlet of Cecil co.. Md., near Chesa- peake Bay, 3 miles from North East, and 27 miles W.S.W. of Wilmington, Del. It has a church and 2 woollen-mills. Bay View, a post-office of Essex co., Mass., is on the sea-coast in the N. part of the city of Gloucester, 5 miles from Gloucester Railroad Station. Here are quarries of fine granite, and a church. Bay View, a station in Erie co., N.Y., on Lake Erie, and on the Lake Shore Railroad, about 7 miles S. of Buffalo. Bay View, a post-hamlet of Northampton co., Va., on Chesapeake Bay, about 40 miles N.N.E. of Norfolk. It has a church. Bay View, a village in Door co., Wis., in Sturgeon Bay township, separated by Sturgeon Bay from the town of that name. Bay View, a post-village of Milwaukee co.. Wis., on Lake Michigan, 2 miles S. of Milwaukee. It is on the Chicago &, Northwestern Railroad. It has 4 churches, a rolling-mill, blast-furnaces, &c. Bay Village, a post-village of Cross co.. Ark., 40 miles from Forrest City. It has a church, foundry, grist-mill, &c. Bay'ville, a post-hamlet of Ocean co., N.J., and a station on the Toms River &, Waretown Railroad, 4 miles S. of Toms River. It has a church. Bayville, a post-office of Queens co., N.Y. Bay'way, a station in Union co., N.J., on the New York and Long Branch Railroad, 2 miles S. of Elizabeth- port. Bayze, a river of France. See Baise. BAZ 190 BEA Baza^ bi'thi (anc. Bas'ti), a city of Spain, Andalusia, 53 miles E.N.E. of Granada. It has a hospital, college, and prison. It is famed in early Spanish history. Pop. 7272. Bazaar, ba-zar', a post-township of Chase co., Kansas, 25 miles S.W. of Emporia. Pop. 3b4. Bazaar of the Armenians. See Armianskoi-Bazar. BazadoiSj bi^zi^dwi', an old division of France, now comprised in the departments of Gironde and Lot-et-Ga- ronne. Its capital was Bazas. Bazar-Khan, biV.ar-K^n', a town of Asia Minor, 58 miles N. of Makree, is a mart for surrounding villages. Bazaruto (bi-zi-roo'to) Islands, on the E. coast of Africa, 110 miles S. of Sofala. Lat. 21° 37' S. ; Ion. 36° E. Bazas, bJL^zi' (anc. Coa'sium, afterwards Vaaa'tm), a town of France, department of Gironde, on a railway, 37 miles S.S.E. of Bordeaux, on the Beuve. Pop. 9534. Bazeilles, bi^zaii' or b^^zA'y^h, a village of France, department of Ardennes, 2 miles from Sedan. Pop. 2048. Bazele, a village of Belgium. See Basele. Bazet'ta, a township of Trumbull co., 0. Pop. 1240. It contains the village of Cortland. Bazette, ba-zet', a post-village of Navarro Co., Tex., 14 miles E. of Corsicana, and 4 miles W. of Trinity Biver. It has 4 churches. Bazile, ba-zeel', a post-hamlet, Knox co.. Neb., 40 miles S.W. of Yankton, Dakota, It has a church and a flour-mill. Bazin, bi-zin', orBez'inek' (Ger. Basing, bo'sing), a town of Hungary, co. and 11 miles by rail N.N.E. of Pres- burg, with mineral springs and baths. Pop. 4300. Bazine, ba-zeen', a post-office of Ness co., Kansas, 30 miles S. by W. of Ellis Railroad Station. Bazira, Afghanistan. See Ba.iaur. Bazoche-Gouet, ba^zosh' goo^4', a village of France, in Eure-et-Loir, near Nogent-Ie-Rotrou. Pop. 2037. Bazouges-la-Perouse, bi'zoozh' li pi'rooz', a town of France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 17 miles N.N.E. of Fougeres. Pop. 4160. Bazzano, bit-si'no, a town of Italy, 11 miles N. of Bologna. Pop. 2918. Beach, a township of Mower Co., Minn. Pop. 101. Beach'aniville, a post-hamlet of Nuckolls co.. Neb., 10 miles N.W. of Nelson. It has 2 churches. Beach Blulf, a station in Essex co., Mass., on the Swampscott k Marblehead Branch of the Eastern Railroad, 2 miles from Swampscott. Beach'burg, or South West'meath, a post-village, Renfrew co., Ontario, 15 miles from Pembroke. Pop. 200. Beach City, a post-village of Stark co., 0., in Sugar Creek township, on the Cleveland, Tuscarawas Valley k Wheeling Railroad, 12 miles S. of Massillon. It has a bank, 2 churches, a high school, a flour-mill, and a brick-kiln. Pop. about 300. Beach Creek, a post-office of Hawkins co., Tenn. Beach'es Corner, a post-office of Greene co., N.Y. Beach Glen, a hamlet of Morris co., N.J., on the Hibernia Mine Railroad, 3 miles N.N.E. of Rookaway. Beach Grove, a post-office of Walker co., Ala., 44 miles N. of Tuscaloosa, Beach Ha'ven, a summer resort of Ocean co., N.J., is on the Atlantic Ocean, in Eaglewood township, and on Long Beach, 7 miles E. of Tuckerton. Here is a hotel which has room for 300 guests. Long Beach is a narrow island, sepa- rated from the mainland by Tuckerton Bay, in which lish and oysters abound. Beach Haven, a post-village of Salem township, Luzerne co., Pa., on the Susquehanna River, and on the Lackawanna k Bloomsburg Railroad, 24 miles S.W. of Wilkesbarre. It has 2 churches, a steam tiour-mill, &c. Beach Isle, off" the coast of Hancock co.. Me. Pop. 9. Beach Land, a hamlet of Warren co., Miss., 9 miles from Bovina Railroad Station. It has a church. Beach'mont, a station in Saff'olk co., Mass., on the sea-shore, and on the Boston, Revere Beach & Lynn Rail- road, 3 miles N.E. of Boston. BeachPond,apost-hamlet of Wayne CO., Pa., 8 miles E.N.E. of Honesdale. It has 2 churches. Beach Ridge, a post-office at Hall's Station, Niagara CO., N.Y., on the New York Central Railroad, about 20 miles N. by E. of Bufl'alo. Beach View, a station in Ocean co., N.J., on the Tuck- erton Railroad, 10 miles N. of Tuckerton. Beach'ville, a post-oifice of Metealf co., Ky. Beachville, a post-office of Williamson co., Tenn. Beachville, a post^village in Oxford co., Ontario, on the Great Western Railroad, 22 miles E. of London. It contains 3 churches, saw-, flour-, and shingle-mills, a foun- dry, and a machine-shop. Pop. 200. Beachy {beech'ee) Head, a headland on the S. coast of England, projecting into the English Channel, 2^ miles S.S.W. of Eastbourne. It consists of chalk cliffs, rising perpendicularly to 564 feet above the sea, and has a light- house. Lat. 50° 44' N.; Ion. 0° 13' B. Beacon, be'kon, a post-village of Mahaska co., Iowa, in Oskaloosa township, 2 miles from Oskaloosa Station. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Coal is mined here by 2 companies. Pop. 141. Beacon, a post-hamlet of Marquette co., Mich., is | of a mile from Champion. Iron is mined here. Beacon Falls, a post-village in Beacon Falls town- ship. New Haven co.. Conn., on the Naugatuck River, and on the Naugatuck Railroad, 9 miles S. of Waterbury. It has a church, a tannery, and a woollen-manufactory. Beacon Hill, or Old Beacon, a mountain in Dutch- ess CO., N.Y., near FishkiU, is one of the highest summits of the Highlands, having an elevation of about 1470 feet. Beacousfield, bee'konz-feeld or bek'raz-feeld, a town of England, co. of Bucks, 23 miles W.N.W. of London. Pop. 1524. Bcacull, bee^kuU' (native Yiamla), a fort and small town of British India, presidency of Madras, on the Mala- bar coast, 95 miles N.W. of Calicut. Beadle, bee'd'l, a county in the E. central part of Dakota. Area, 1260 square miles. It is drained by the Dakota or James River. Beadle Hill, or Beadley's Corners, a hamlet of Wa.shington co., N.Y., in Easton township, 2^ miles from West Cambridge Railroad Station. It has about 25 dwell- ings. Here is South Easton Post-Office. Beagle (bee'g'l) Bank, an extensive coral sand-bank on the N.W. coast of Australia. Lat. 15° S. ; Ion. 123° E. Beagle Island and Reef, an island on the coast of South Australia, about 60 miles N.N.W. from the entrance into Spencer's Gulf. Lat. 34° 49' S. ; Ion. 134° 49' E. Beale, bed, a township of Juniata co.. Pa. Pop. 1039. It contains Academia. Bealeton, beel'ton, a post-hamlet of Fauquier co., Va., on the Washington City, Virginia Midland k Great Southern Railroad, 54 miles S.W. of Washington. It has a church. BealetOAvn, beel'town, a hamlet of Juniata co., Pa., in Tuscarora township, 13 miles S.W. of Port Royal. It has grist- and saw-mills. Here is Honey Grove Post-Office. Beall's (belz) Mills, apost-office of Gilmer co., W. Va. Beallsville, Frederick co., Md. See Harmony. BeaHsville,belz'viI, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Md., 2^ miles from Barnesville Station, and about 32 miles N.W. of Wiishington, D.C. Pop. about 40. Beallsville, a post-village of Monroe co., 0., in Sunbury township, about 40 miles N.N.E. of Marietta. It has 4 churches, 1 high school, 1 flour-mill, and 1 steam saw-mill. It is 10 miles N.E. of Woodsfleld. Pop. 324. Beallsville, a post-village of Washington co.. Pa., about 30 miles S. of Pittsburg. It has 1 church and 1 bank. Pop. 297. Beal'ton, a post- village in Norfolk co., Ontario, 7 miles from Waterford. Pop. 100. Beal'ville, a station in Kern co., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 89 miles S.E. of Tulare. Beaman, bee'man, a post-village of Grundy co., Iowa, in Clay township, and a station on the Farmers' Union Rail- road, 10 miles E. by N. of Liscomb. It has a church. Beaman, a post-village and station of Pettis co., Mo., in Bowling Green township, on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Sedalia. It was formerly called Buncombe, nnd the post-office Marlin. Beam'er's Mills, a hamlet of Monroe co., W. Va.. 7 miles from Ronceverte. It has a lumber-mill and a woollen- manufactory. Beaminster, bee'min-ster, a market-town of England, 00. of Dorset, on the Birt, 15 miles W.N.W. of Dorchester. It is a handsome town, and has manufactures of sail-cloth, tin, iron, copper, and earthenwares. Pop. of parish, 2585. Beam's Mills, a post-office of Cleveland co.. N.C., 5 miles from Cherryville Station. Here is a flour-mill. Beamsville, beomz'vil, a post-hamlet of Darke co., 0., about 1 mile from Dawn Railroad Station. Beamsville, a post-village in Lincoln eo., Ontario, 22 miles by rail E.S.E. of Hamilton. It has an iron-foundry, saw-mills, a distillery, a potash -factory, and several carriage- factories. Pop. ioo"o. Beamville, bcom'vil, a post-village of Alleghany co.. Pa., in Jeiferson township, 3 miles from Pine Creek Eailrond Station. It has 3 ehurohes. Bean Blos'som, the name of thepost-offioo at George- town, Brown co., Ind. BBA 191 /BEA Bean Blossom, a township of Monroe cc, Ind. Pop. 1316. It includes IMt. Tabor and Stinesville. Bean Blossom Creek, Indiana, rises in Brown co., runs westward, and enters the West Fork of White River at the N.W. corner of Monroe co. Bean Creek, or Tiffin River, rises in the southern part of Michigan, runs southward into Ohio, intersects Fulton and Williams oos., and enters the Maumee Kiver at Defiance. It is nearly 100 miles long. Beau Hill, a village of New London co.. Conn., in Norwich township, 1 mile from Yantic Railroad Station. It has 2 churches, and 2 manufactories of blankets and flannels. A street-railway connects it with Norwich. Bean's Corners, a post-hamlet of Franklin co.. Me., 2 miles from AVilton Railroad Station, and about 30 miles N.AV. of Augusta. It has a church. Bean's Cove, a post-office of Bedford Co., Pa. Bean's Station, a post-hamlet of Grainger co., Tcnn., 10 miles from Morristown, and about 35 miles N.B. of Knox- ville. It has a church. Here is a summer resort called Mineral Hill. Bean'town, a post-hamlet of Charles co., Md., on the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad (Pope's Creek Branch), 57 miles S. of Baltimore. Near here are 2 churches. Beanville, New York. See Shongo. Bear, a station in New Castle co., Del., on the New Castle &, Frenchtown Railroad, 12 miles S. of Wilmington. Bear, a post-hamlet of Richland co.. Wis., 21 miles N.W. of Richland Centre. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Beara, be-i'ra, a considerable town of British India, 40 miles E.S.E. of Surat. Bear Branch, a post-hamlet of Ohio co., Ind., about 22 miles E.N.E. of Madison. It has 2 churches. Bear Branch, a post-office of Linn co., Mo., 10 miles from Brooklield. Bear Branch, a post-office of De Kalb co., Tenn. Bear Branch, a post-office of Wyoming co., W. Va. Bear Brook, a post-village in Russell co., Ontario, 10 miles from Cumberland. Pop. 100. Bear Camp, a hamlet of Carroll co., N.H., on the Great Falls & North Conway Railroad, 20 miles S. of North Conway. It has a steam saw-mill and 8 or 10 houses. Bear Camp Kiver, in Carroll co., in the E. part of New Hampshire, falls into Ossipee Lake. Bear Canon, kan'yun, a post-office of Douglas co., Col., about 28 miles S. of Denver. Bear Creek, an affluent of the Tennessee, rises in Franklin co., Ala., runs northwestward to the E. border of Mississippi, then turns northward, and enters the Tennessee at the N.W. extremity of Colbert co., Ala. Bear Creek, Iowa, rises in the E. central part of the state, runs eastward through Poweshiek co., and enters the Iowa River about 1 mile above Marengo. Bear Creek, Kentucky, rises in Grayson co., runs nearly southwestward, and enters Green River about 11 miles N. of Bowling Green. Bear Creek, of Lenawee co., Mich., flows into the Raisin River. Bear Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters the Alleghany River in Armstrong co. Bear Creek, a post-office of Searcy co., Ark. Bear Creek, Henry co., Ga. See Hampton. Bear Creek, a township of Christian co.. 111. Pop. 720. Bear Creek, a township of Hancock co.. 111. Pop. 1117. It contains B.asco. Bear Creek, a township of Montgomery co., 111. Pop. 1650. It contains Donnellson, Bear Creek, a township of Jay co., Ind. Pop. 1247. It contains Winchester. Bear Creek, a township of Poweshiek co., Iowa. Pop. 670, exclusive of Brooklyn. Bear Creek, a hamlet of Boyd co., Ky., 15 miles from Huntington, W. Va. It has 1 or 2 churches. Bear Creek, township, Emmett co., Mich. Pop. 368. Bear Creek, a hamlet of Hinds co.. Miss., 14 miles from Terry Railroad Station. It has a church. Bear Creek, a post-hamlet of Cedar co., Mo., about 36 miles N.N.W. of Springfield. It has a church. Bear Creek, township, Montgomery co.. Mo. P. 2200. Bear Creek, a post-office of Gage co.. Neb, Bear Creek, a hamlet of Wayne co., N.Y., on Lake Ontario, 4 miles from Ontario Railroad Station. Iron ore is shipped here. Bear Creek, a post-hamlet of Chatham co., N.C, 12 miles from Egypt Railroad Station. It has a church and a flour-mill. Pop. of Bear Creek township, 1328. Bear Creek, a post-office of Scioto co., 0. Bear Creek, a station. Carbon co.. Pa., on the Lehigh A Susquehanna Railroad, 5 miles N. of Mauch Chunk. Bear Creek, a station in Clarion co.. Pa., on the Alle- ghany Valley Railroad, 82 miles N.E. of Pittsburg. Bear Creek, a township of Luzerne eo.. Pa. Pop. 135. Bear Creek, a post-office of Parker co.. Tex. Bear Creek, a township of Sauk oo.. Wis. Pop. 808. Bear Creek, a post-township of Waupaca co.. Wis., 11 miles S.S.E. of New London, and 30 miles N.W. of Ap- pleton. It has 2 churches. Pop. 777. Beard's (beerds) Creek, of Georgia, rises in Tatnall CO., and flows southward into the Altamaha. Beard's Station, a post-office of Oldham oo., Ky., on the Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington Railroad, IS miles N.E. of Louisville. Here are 2 stores. Beards'town, a thriving post-village, capital of Cass CO., 111., in Beai'dstown township, on the southeast bank of the Illinois River, aiid on the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad, 112 miles N. of St. Louis, and 40 miles W.N.W. of Springfield. It is a terminus of the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern Railroad. Two weekly newspapers are published here. It has 7 churches, 2 banks, a graded school, a foundry, a machine-shop, a woollen-mill, &c. Pop. 2528 ; of the township, 3582. Beardstown, a post-hamlet of Perry co., Tenn., on Buffalo Creek, about 75 miles S.W. of Nashville. Bearfield, bair'feeld, township. Perry co., 0. Pop. 901. Bear (hair) Gap, a post-office of Columbia oo.. Pa. Bear Grove, a township of Fayette co.. III. Pop. 992. Bear Grove, a township of Cass co., Iowa. Pop. 500. Bear Grove, a post-hamlet of Guthrie co., Iowa, in Bear Grove township, 14 miles from Adair Station, and about 60 miles W. of Des Moines. It has 2 stores. Pop. of township, 524. Bear Gnlch, a post-village of Lawrence co., Dakota, in the Black Hills, 250 miles from Bismarck. Gold is mined here. Bear Head, a post-office of Todd co., Minn. Bear Hill, a post-office of Montague co., Tex. Bear, bair (or Bere) Island, an island off the W. coast of Ireland, in Bantry Bay, 13 miles W. of Bantry. Bear Island, Alaska. See St. Matthew. Bear Island, or McPherson's Ferry, a post-set- tlement in Richmond co., Nova Scotia, 4 miles from Port Hawkesbury. Pop. 175. Bear Island, a post-village in York co., New Bruns- wick, on the St. John, 24 miles W. of Fredericton. Pop. 250. Bear Island, in the Northern Ocean, 315 miles S. of Cape South, Spitzbergen. Lat. 74° 30' N. ; Ion. 20° E. Bear Islands, three islands in J.ames's Bay, Canada: one in lat. 54° 24' N., Ion. 80° 50' W. ; another in lat. 54° 32' N. ; the third in lat. 54° 46' N. Bear Islands, a group of islands in the North Polar Sea, off the N.E. coiist of Siberia, between lat. 70° and 70° 30' N. and Ion. 164° and 168° E. Bear Isle, off the coast of Hancock co.. Me. Pop. 13. Bear Lake, Canada. See Great Bear Lake. Bear Lake, is partly in Rich co., Utah, and is inter- sected by the S. boundary of Idaho. It is about 20 miles long, 7 miles wide, .and 176 feet deep. " It is a beautiful lake," says Hayden, " set like an emerald in the mountains. Not even the waters of the Yellowstone Lake present such vivid coloring." Bear Lake, a county forming the S.E. extremity of Idaho, borders on Utah and Wyoming. Area estimated at 1100 square miles. It is intersected by Bear River, and comprises the northern part of Bear Lake. Its surface is mountainous. Capital, Paris. Bear Lake, a post-village of Manistee co., Mich., in Bear Lake township, 5 miles from Lake Michigan, and 18 miles N.E. of Manistee. It has 2 churches, and manufac- tures of lumber and flour. It is on a small lake of the same name. Pop. about 150; of the township, 561. Bear Lake, a post-hamlet and railroad station of War- ren CO., Pa., in Freehold township, about 36 miles E.S.E. of Erie, on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 9 miles N.E. of Corry. It has 2 churches, a lumber-mill, Ac. Bear Lake Mills, Michigan. See Berlamont. Bear Mountain, Pennsylvania, is situated near the N.E. extremity of Dauphin co. At its foot flows Bear Creek, on which is the Bear Valley Coal Basin. The moun- tains enclosing Bear Valley rise about 750 feet above the level of the creek. B^arn, bi'an', an old province of France, of which the capital was Pau, now forming, with a small part of the department of Basses-Pyrenees. BEA 192 Bear Point, a post-village in Shelburne co., Nova Scotia, 8 miles from Barrington. Pop. 200. Bear River, of California, rises in the Sierra Nevada, runs southwestwarcl, drains part of Nevada co., forms the boundary between Placer and Yuba cos., and enters the Feather River about 20 miles S. of Marysville. Bear River, of Utah and Idaho, rises in the Uintah Mountains, in the N. part of Utah, and runs first north- ward. It flows northwestward through Bear Lake co,, Idaho, abruptly changes its course to the S., returns into Utah, and enters the Great Salt Lake in Box Elder co,, about 16 miles below Corinne. It is nearly 450 miles long, although the direct distance from its source to its mouth is only about 90 miles. Nearly half of it is in Idaho. It is not navigable. Its valley is narrow, and confined by rugged mountains. Coal is found on the banks of this river where the Central Pacific Railroad crosses it. *' At the bend of Bear Riverj" says Hayden, "is located the most interesting group of soda springs known on the continent. They occupy an area of about six square miles." Bear River, of British Columbia, enters the Fraser River in lat. 53° 53' N., Ion. 122° 45' W. Bear River, of Nova Scotia, rises in Bigby co., and, flowing N.W., falls into Digby Basin ; for a part of its course it forms the line between the counties of Annapolis and Digby. Bear River (East Side), or Hills'burg, a post-village in Annapolis co., Nova Scotia, 14 miles from Annapolis. Bear River (West Side), a post-village in Digby co., Nova vScotia, at the head of navigation of Bear River, 9 miles from Digby. It has an iron-foundry, tanneries, lum- ber-mills, and ship-yards. Pop. 900. Bear River City, a post-office of Box Elder co., Utah. Bear Run, a station on the Pittsburg, Connellsville & Washington Railroad, 15 miles S.E. of Connellsville, Pa. Bears'dale, a station in Macon co.. Ill,, on the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad, 5 miles N.W. of Decatur. Bear Skin, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Va. Bear's Mouth, post-office, Deer Lodge co., Montana. Bears'ville, a post-hamlet of Ulster CO., N.Y.. in Wood- stock township, 12 miles N.W. of Kingston ; has 2 saw-mills. Bear'town, apost-village of Deer Lodge co., Montana, about 70 miles W. by N. of Helena. Beartown, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co., Pa., in Caernarvon township, aboiit 17 miles S. of Reading. Bear Valley, a post-village of Mariposa co., Cal., 30 miles from Merced Railroad Station, and about 84 miles E.S.E. of Stockton. Gold is found here in quartz-veins and placer-mines. It has 2 churches. This is the headquarters of the Mariposa Land and Mining Company. Bear Valley, a post-office of Wabasha co., Minn. Bear Valley, a post-hamlet of Richland co., Wis., in Ithaca township, about 10 miles E. of Richland Centre. Bear Wal'iow, a post-village of Hart co., Ky., 4 miles E. of Horse Cave. It has a church and a flouring-mill. Bear Wallow, a post-office of Henderson co., N.C., 20 miles S.S.W. of Old Fort. Bear Wallow, a post-hamlet of Tazewell co., Va., 40 miles from Saltville. Bear'ytown, a village of Seneca co., N.y., in Fayette and Varick townships, 4 miles E. of McDougall Station. It has 3 churches. Here is Fayette Post-Office. Beas, Bias, bee'ds, or Beypasha, bi'pash\^ (anc. Hyph'asis), one of the great rivers of the Punjab, India, rises in the Himalaya Mountains, 13,200 feet above the sea- level. Lat. 32° 34' N. ; Ion. 77° 12' E. It flows generally southwestward, and joins the Sutlej at Endreesa, 35 miles S.S.E. of Amritsir, after a course estimated at 350 miles. Chief affluents, the Hulku and the Binoa. Beasley (beez'le) Hill, post-office, Johnston co.. N.C. Beasley's (beez'liz) Fork, a post-office of Adams co., 0., 40 miles S. of Hillsborough. Beason, be's(}n, a post-village of Logan co., 111., in Oran township, on the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western Railroad, 10 miles E. of Lincoln. It has a church and a flour-mill. Beath, beeth or baith, a parish and village of Scotland, CO. of Fife, 5i miles N.N.W. of Aberdour, with coal- and iron-mines. Pop. 3534. Beatia, the ancient name of Baeza. Beatrice, bee'a-treece, a post-village, capital of Gage CO., Neb., on the Big Blue River, 40 miles in direct line S. of Lincoln, which by railroad is 51 miles distant. The Beatrice Branch Railroad, 31 miles long, connects it with Crete, a station on the Burlington & Missouri River Rail- road. Hero are quarries of magnesian limestone, a good material for building. Beatrice has 5 churches, 2 banka, 2 newspaper offices, a graded school, manufactures of cement, flour- and lumber-mills, and a United States land office. Beattie, ba'tee, a post-village of Marshall co., Kansas, on the St. Joseph & Denver City Railroad, 14 miles E. of Marysville. It has a church, a graded school, a broom- factory, and a cheese-factory. Beattie's, a station in Coos co., N.H., on the Grand Trunk Railroad, 19 miles S.E. of Island Pond, Vt. Beattie's Ford, a post-ofiice of Lincoln co., N.C, on the Catawba River, about 20 miles N.N.W. of Charlotte. Beatty, ba'tee, a post-village of Westmoreland co.. Pa., in Unity township, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 3S miles B. of Pittsburg. It has a large Benedictine abbey, semi- nary, and convent, Beatty's,ba'tiz, a station on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Raih'oad, 7 miles S. of Michigan City, Ind. Beattyville, ba't?-vil, a post-village, capital of Lee CO., Ky., is on the Kentucky River, at the junction of its three forks, about 60 miles E.S.E. of Lexington. It has a court-house. Coal abounds here. Pop. 123. Beatyestown, or BeattiestOAVn, ba'teez-town, a post-hamlet of Warren co., N. J., 45 miles N. of Trenton, and 3 miles from Hackettstown. It has a hotel and a grist-mill. Beaty's (ba'tiz) Jttills, a post-hamlet of Marion co., W. Va., 4^ miles from Mannington Railroad Station. It has a church, a lumber-mill, and a grist-mill. Beaucaire, bo'^kin', a town of Prance, department of Gard, on the right bank of the Rhone, 13 miles by rail E. of N!mes, opposite Tarascon, Avith which it is connected by a suspension bridge, at the head of the Canal de Beaucaire, and near the junction of railways from Avignon to Mar- seilles, Cette, and Alais. Its annual fair, in July, is attended by merchants from all parts of Europe, and is the most con- siderable in France. Pop. SSOO. Beaucamps-le-Vieux, bo'kftNo'-leh-ve-uh' (i.e., "the Old Beaucamps"), a village of France, dej^artment of Somme, 22 miles W. of Amiens. Pop. 1746. Beauce, boce (anc. Bel'sia?) a district of France, part of the ancient Orleannois, now forming parts of the depart- ments of Loir-et-Cher and Eure-et-Loir. Beauce, boce, a county of Quebec, bounded S.E. by the state of Maine. It is watered by the Chaudiere River (in which gold is found), and traversed by the Levis *fe Kennebec Railway. Capital, St. Francois de la Beauce. Area, 3265 square miles. Pop. 27,253. Beauchene, bo''shain', a small island in the South Atlantic, 34 miles S, of East Falkland Island. Lat. 52° 55' S.; Ion. 59° 12' W. Beaucoup,bo^koop', a small bayou of Caldwell parish. La., flows southea-stward into Bayou Castor. Beaucoup, a post-hamlet of Washington co., III., on the St. Louis &. Southeastern Railroad, 54 miles E.S.E. of St. Louis. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Beaucoup Creek, Illinois, rises in Washington co., runs southward, intersects Perry co., and enters the Big Muddy River in Jackson co. It is nearly 70 miles long. Beaucoup Mines, a station in Perry eo.. 111., on the St. Louis, Belleville & Southern Illinois Railroad. 2 miles N.W. of Pinckneyville. Here coal is raised and shipped. Beaucourt, bo'^koon', a village of France, on a rail- way, 10 miles S.S.E. of Belfort. Pop. 3545, Beaudreau Village, Canada. See Boupreatt. Beaufay, bo^fi', a village of France, department of Sarthe, 10 miles N.N.E. of Le Mans. Pop. 2021, Beauford, bo'f^rd, a township of Blue Earth co,, Minn., about 12 iniles S. of Mankato. Pop. 461. Beaufort, bo^fon', a town of France, Savoy, on the Doron, 33 miles E.N.E. of Chamb^ry, It has an extensive trade in the gruyeres cheese. Pop. 2462. Beaufort (/.e,, "fine fort"), a town of France, depart- ment of Maine-et-Loire, 16 miles E. of Angers. It has a college, and manufactures of canvas and coarse linens. Pop, 5308. Beaufort, a village of France, department of Jura, S miles S.W. of Lons-le-Saulnier. Pop. 1299. Beaufort, bo'fort, a group of islands in Boothia Gulf, Canada. The N.W. or outer island is in lat, 69° 55' N., Ion. 97° 5' W. Beaufort, a bay of Alaska, on the Arctic coast, is in lat. 70° N., Ion. 142° AV. Beaufort, bo'fort, a county in the E. part of North Carolina, bordering on Pamlico Sound, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is intersected by the Pamlico River, which is here navigable. The surface is level, and partly occupied by swamps; the soil is sandy. The greater part of the county is covered with forests. Cotton, Indian corn, and lumber are the staple produotsi Capital, Washington. BEA Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,016,070. Pop. in 1S70, 13,011, of whom 12,9S8 were Americans. Beaufort, bu'fort, a county forming the S. extremity of South Carolina, has an area of about 1650 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Combahee River, on the S.E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the S.W. by the Savan- nah River. The surface is nearly level, and mostly covered with forests; the soil is fertile. Cotton, rice, maize, and sweet potatoes are the staple products. This county is in- tersected by the Port Royal Railroad and the Savannah & Charleston Railroad. It comprises several islands, which produce the sea-island cotton and enclose the good harbor of Port Royal. Capital, Beaufort. Valuation of real and personal estate, $11,669,471. Pop. in 1S70, 34,359, of whom 34,200 were natives and 159 were foreigners. Much phos- phate of lime is exported from this county, Beaufort, bu'fort, a post-village of ITranklin co., Mo., about 55 miles AV". by S. of St. Louis, and 10 miles "W. of Union. It has 1 flour-mill and 2 general stores. Beaufort, bo'f9rt, a port of entry, the capital of Car- teret CO., N.C., is on an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, at the mouth of Newport River, about 90 miles E.N.E. of Wil- mington, and 40 miles S.E. of New-Berne. A body of water about 2 miles wide separates it from Morebead, the S.E. terminus of the Atlantic & North Carolina Railroad. It hal a safe harbor, the entrance to which is defended by Fort Macon, which is 1^ miles from Beaufort. It has 5 churches (3 white and 2 colored). Pop. 2430. Beaufort, bu'f9rt, a port of entry, capital of Beaufort CO., S.C, is on Port Royal or Beaufort Island, and on an inlet called Port Royal River, about 14 miles from the ocean, and 55 miles W.S.W. of Charleston. It is a station on the Port Royal Railroad, and is 108 miles from Augusta, Ga., and 4 miles from Port Royal, the termini of that road. It has a gooil harbor, accessible to vessels drawing 15 feet of water. Cotton, phosphate of lime, and lumber are the chief articles of export. One or 2 weekly newspapers are published here. Beaufort has 1 bank and 7 churches. Pop. 1739; of Beaufort township, 5511. Beaugency, boVhdNo'see' (L. Belgcnci'acum), a town of France, department of Loiret, on the Loire, 15 miles by rail S.W. of Orleans. It has manufactures of woollens, and an extensive trade in wines. Pop. 5039. Beau Grand,township, Cheboygan CO., Mich. Pop. 366. Beauharuois, bo^an^nw^-', a county in the S.W. of the province of Quebec, Canada, bounded on the N.W. by the St. Lawrence. Area, 250 square miles. It is drained by the Chateauguay River. The chief staples are oats, wool, and the products of the dairy. The chief town is Beauharnois. Pop. 14,757. Beauharnois, the chief town of the co. of Beauhar- nois, Quebec, Canada, on Lake St. Louis (formed by the St. Lawrence), 33 miles S.W. of Montreal. It contains several factories, grist-mills, flax-mills, a pottery, a foundry, a brewery, 2 churches, a convent, printing-office, and a branch bank, and has a large trade. Pop. 1423. Beaujeu, bo^zhuh', a town of France, department of Rh6ne, on tho Ardiere, 30 miles by rail N.N.W. of Lyons, with manufactures of paper, cottons, and hats. Pop. 3884. Beaujolais, bo^zhoMi', a district of France, part of the ancient Lyonnais. Its capital was the town of Beaujeu. It now forms the N. part of the department of Rhone and a small part of Loire. Beaulieu, bo'le-uh', almost boPyuh' (/.e., "beautiful place"), a town of France, department of Correze, on the Dordogne, 20 miles S. of Tulle. Pop. 2571. Beaulieu is also the name of many other communes and villages of France. Beaulieu, bew'lee, or £xe, ex, a tidal river of Eng- land, CO. of Hants, rises near Lyndhurst, and enters the English Channel OJ miles E.N.E. of Lymington. Beaulieu, or Exe, a parish of England, co. of Hants, situated on the river of the same name, at its mouth, 6 miles N.E. of Lymington. Beaulieu has the remains of an abbey, founded by King John. In this sanctuary Margaret of Anjou, and afterwards Perkin Warbeck, took refuge, and within its manorial bounds exemption from arrest for debt is still enjoyed. Beaulieu Station, on the Southwestern Railway, is 9 miles W.S.W. of Southampton. Beaulieu, a former name of Bewdly. Beaulieu, boMe-uh', a post-village in Montmorency co., Quebec, on the island of Orleans, 4^ miles N.E. of Quebec. Pop. 150. Beaumarchais, bu^maR^shi', a town of France, in Gers, 25 miles W.S.W. of Auch. Pop. 1237. Beaumaris, bo-mi'ris, a town of North Wales, capi- tal of the island and co. of Anglesey, near the N, entrance 13 193 BEA of Menai Strait, 3 miles N. of Bangor. The town is neatly built, and has a free grammar-school, good hotels, town and county halls, a prison, a.nd a custom-house, with re- mains of a castle erected by Edward I. The Bay of Beau- maris affords safe anchorage, and the town is resorted to for sea-bathing. Pop. 2291. Beaumont, bo^mdNo', a town of France, in Puy-de- Bome, 2 miles S. of Clermont. Pop. 1565. Beaumont, bo^mdN"'. a town of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 19 miles S.E. of Mons. Pop. 2100. Beaumont, bu-m6nt', a post-office of Chatham co., N.C., on Rocky River, about 40 miles S.W. of Raleigh, Beaumont, a post-village, capital of Jeflerson co., Tex., on the Nechcs River, here crossed by a railroad bridge, and on the Texas & New Orleans Railroad, S3 miles E. by N. from Houston. Lumber is shipped here. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, 5 lumber-mills, and 3 shingle-mills. Pop. about 1500. Beaumont, bo''m6N«', a post- village in Bellechasse co., Quebec, on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, 9 miles be- low Quebec. It contains grist- and saw-mills and woollen- factories. Pop. 600. Beaumont de liomagne, bo^mftN"' d?h logman', a town of France, in Tarn-et-Garonne, on the Gimone, 20 miles S.W. of Montauban. Pop. 5456. Beaumont-le-Vicomte, bo*m6N°'-leh-vee^k6Nt', a village of France, on the Sarthe, 15i miles N.N.W. of Le Mans. Pop. 2234. Beaumont-sur-Oise, bo^m6Na'-suR-wA.z (or wiz), a village of France, department of Seine-et-Oise, 20 miles by rail N. of Paris. Pop. 2560. Beaumont is also the name of several other villages and communes in France. Beaune,bon (ano. Vellaunodu'num),fiU>vtn of France, department of Cote-d'Or, at the foot of the Cote-d'Or Moun- tain, on the railway from Paris to Lyons, 23 miles S.S.W. of Dijon. It has a noble hospital, founded in 1443, a fine mediteval church, a library of 35,000 volumes, manufactures of woollen cloth, cutlery, leather, vinegar, and casks, and an extensive trade in the wines of Burgundy. Pop. 10,907. Beaune-la-Rolande, bon-ld-roH6Nd', a village of France, in Loiret, 26 miles N.E. of Orleans. Pop. 1820. Beauport, bO'port', a post-village and parish in Que- bec CO., Quebec, on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, 2 miles below Quebec. It contains large grist-mills, nail- and match -factories, and a lunatic asylum. Pop. 4053. Beaupre, bo^pri', a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 20° 17' S. ; Ion. 166° 17' E. Beaupreau, bo^pri^o', a town of France, in Maine-et- Loire, on the Evre, 27 miles S.AY. of Angers. Pop. 4434. Beauquesne, boMvi,n', a village of France, department of Somme, 5 miles S.S.E. of Boullens. Pop. 3003. Beauregard, bo^reh-gard', a village of Copiah CO., Miss., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 44 miles S.S.W. of Jackson, and 1 mile N. of Wesson. One news- paper is published here. It has several saw-mills. Pop. 315. Beauregard (boVe^gan') Isles, several small islands in the river St. Lawrence, opposite Vercheres, Quebec. Beaurepaire, bo^r?h-piR', a town of France, depart- ment of Isere, 14 miles S.E. of Vienne. Pop. 259S. Beauvais,boVi' (anc. -Be/Zoi/ac«7«and Csesarom'agjts), a city of FrancOj capital of the department of Oise, at the confluence of the Avelon with the Therain, in a rich valley surrounded by wooded hills, 54 miles by rail N.N.W. of Paris. Several branches of the river run through and by the side of the town, forming canals, which are of great ser- vice to manufactures. It has clean open streets, and pleas- ant boulevards ; its cathedral is one of the largest in France, but incomplete. Beauvais was formerly fortified. It has a chamber of raanufiictures, a commercial tribunal, a communal college, a public library, tanneries, dye-works, and manufac- tures of flannels, woollen cloths, linens, tapestry, velvets, and printed cottons. It is a place of great antiquity, having existed under the Romans. It was besieged in vain by the English in 1443. One of the most remarkable events in its history is the siege which it successfully stood in 1472 against an army of 80,000 Burgundians under Charles the Bold, It is a bishop's see. Pop. 15,542. Beauvais, bo-va', a township of St. Genevieve co.. Mo. Pop. 1306, Beauval, boS^^il', a town of France, department of Somme, 14 miles N,N.E. of Amiens. Pop. 2640. Beauville, boS'eel' or boVil', a town of France, in Lot-et-Garonne, 13 miles E.N.E. of Agen. Pop. 1274. Beauvoir, boVor', a post-office and station of Harri- son CO., Miss., on tho New Orleans & Mobile Railroad. Beauvoir-sur-Mer, boVwaR'-suR-maiR, a town of France, in Vendee, 3 miles from the sea, and 30 miles S.W, of BEA 194 BEA Nantes. Pop. 2068. Beauvoir {i.e., "beautiful view") is the name of several villages of France. Beauzac, bo^zik', a village of France, in Haute-Loire, 12 miles N. of Yssingeaux. Pop. 2818. Beaver, bee'ver, a county in Western Pennsylvania, bor- dering on Ohio, has an area of about 550 square miles. It is intersected by the Ohio River, and is also drained by the Beaver and Little Beaver llivers and Raccoon and Cone- quenessing Creeks. The surface is undulating or hilly ; the soil is generally fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, butter, and wool are the staple products. Limestone, petro- leum, and beds of bituminous coal are found in this county, which ia intersected by the Cleveland & Pittsburg Rail- road and the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad. Capital, Beaver. Valuation of real and personal estate, $34,065,895. Pop. in 1S70, 36,148, of whom 32,134 were natives and 4014 were foreigners. Beaver, a county in the S.AV. part of Utah, is partly drained by the Beaver River. A range called the Iron Mountains extends along the E. border of the county. A large part of it is an arid plain or table-land in which timber and water are scarce. Wheat, maize, barley, and wool are the staple products of the soil. Iron ore is found here. Capital, Beaver. Valuation of real and personal estate, $118,750. Pop. in 1870, 2007, of whom 1405 were natives and 602 were foreigners. Beaver, a township of Iroquois co., 111. Pop. 1278. It contains Donavan. Beaver, a township of Newton co., Ind. Pop. 637. Beaver, a township of Pulaski co., Ind. Pop. 489. Beaver, a township of Boone co., Iowa. Pop. 195. Beaver, a township of Butler co., Iowa. Pop. 1017. Beaver, a township of Dallas co,, Iowa. Pop. 427. Beaver, a township of Grundy co., Iowa. Pop. 503. Beaver, a township of Guthrie co., Iowa. Pop. 539. Beaver, a township of Polk co., Iowa. Pop. 1692. Beaver, a township of Cowley co., Kansas. Pop. 376. Beaver, a township of Republic co., Kansas. Pop. 2-16. Beaver, a post-office of Floyd co., Ky, Beaver, a township of Bay co., Mich. Pop. 170. Beaver, a station in Delta co., Mich., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 17 miles N. of Escanaba. Beaver, a township of Newaygo co., Mich. Pop. 200. Beaver, a township of Fillmore co., Minn. Pop. 511. It contains the post-village of Alba. Beaver, a post-village of Winona co., Minn., in White- water township, on the Minneska, about 22 miles W.N.W. of Winona. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a planing-miU. Beaver, a post-ofi&ce of Douglas co.. Mo, Beaver, a station in Phelps co., Mo., on the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad, 120 miles S.W. of St. Louis. Beaver, a township of Taney co.. Mo. Pop. 581. Beaver, a post-of&ce of Cherokee co., N.C., 41 miles from Sweetwater, Tenn. Beaver, a station in Beaver Creek township. Greene CO., 0., on the Dayton & Xenia Railroad, 4 miles W.N.W. of Xenia. It has a distillery and a Hour-mill. Beaver, a township of Mahoning co., 0. Pop. 1933. It contains East Lewistown and Lima. Beaver, a township of Noble co., 0. Pop. 1684. It contains Williamsburg. Beaver, a post-township of Pike co., 0., 65 miles S. by E. from Columbus. Pop. 694. Beaver, a post-borough, capital of Beaver co., Pa., on the north bank of the Ohio River, at the mouth of Beaver River, and on the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad, 27 miles N.W. of Pittsburg. It contains 2 banks, the Beaver Col- legiate and Musical Institute, a female seminary, 4 churches, and 3 weekly newspapers. Pop. 1120. Beaver, a township of Clarion co., Pa., in the oil region. Pop. 1338. It contains Edenburg, Beaver City, Monroe- ville, and Triangle. Beaver, a township of Columbia co., Pa. Pop. 958. It contains Beaver Valley and Glen City, and has coal-mines. Beaver, a township of Crawford co., Pa. Pop. 1177. Beaver, a station in Dauphin co., Pa., on the Lebanon Valley Railroad, 7 miles E. of Harrisburg. Beaver, a township of JeflFerson co., Pa. Pop. 1094. Beaver, a township of Snyder co., Pa. Pop. 1766. It contains Beavortown. Beaver, a post-hamlet of Anderson co., Tex., 12 miles from Palestine. Beaver, a post-villago, capital of Beaver co., Utah, on a river of its own name, about 200 miles S. by W. from Salt Lake City. It is 140 miles from York Railroad Sta- tion. It has a newspaper office, 2 churches, an (icademy, a woollen-factory, and a tannery. Pop. about 2000. Beaver, a post-hamlet of Thurston co., Washington, about 10 miles S. of Olympia. Beaver, a township of Clark co., Wis, Pop. 197. Beaver, Juneau co.. Wis. See Beaver Mill. Beaver Bank, a post-village in Halifax co.. Nova Scotia, 16 miles by rail N. by W. of Halifax. Pop. 100. Beaver Bay, a post-village, capital of Lake co., Minn., on Lake Superior, 55 miles N.E. of Duluth. It has a lumber- mill. Pop. of Beaver Bay township, 161. Beaver Brook, a post-office and station of Jefferson CO., Col., on the railroad from Golden to Black Hawk, 8 miles W. of Golden. Beaver Brook, a station in Essex co., Mass., on the Salem & Lawrence Branch Railroad, 7 miles N.W. of Salem. Beaver Brook, a post-office of Sullivan co., N.Y. Beaver Centre, a post-village of Crawford co.. Pa., in Beaver township, 4 miles W. of Spring Railroad Station, and about 20 miles N.W. of Meadville. It has 2 churches. Beaver City, a post-hamlet of Newton co., Ind., about 48 miles N.N.W. of Lafayette. Beaver City, a post-village, capital of Furnas uo., Neb., in the valley of Beaver Creek, 50 miles S.S.W. of Plum Creek. It has a newspaper office, a grist-mill, &e. Beaver City, a village of Clarion co.. Pa., in Beaver township, on the Emlenton & Shippenville Railroad, 1^ miles W. of Edenburg. It has a church, a machine-shop, and about 150 houses. Oil abounds here. Beaver Cove, Nova Scotia. See Boisdale. Beaver Creek, of Marengo co., Ala., flows into the Tombigbee River. Beaver Creek, of Alabama, enters the Alabama from the W, in Wilcox co. Beaver Creek, of Colorado, rises in Douglas co., runs nearly northward, intersects Arapahoe co., and enters the South Fork of the Platte in Weld co. Length, 100 miles. Beaver Creek, of Indiana, enters the AVhite River in Martin co. Beaver Creek, of Iowa, runs first southward, and drains the W. part of Dubuque co. It then runs southeast- ward through Jones co., and enters the Maquoketa River about 7 miles S.W. of Andrew. Length, nearly 80 miles. Beaver Creek, of Iowa, rises in the W. central part of the state. It flows southward through Boone co. and south- eastward through Dallas co., and enters the Des Moines River about 6 miles above the city of Des Moines. It is nearly 75 miles long. Beaver Creek, of Iowa, runs eastward, drains the S. part of Butler co., and enters the Cedar River 2 or 3 miles above Cedar Falls. Beaver Creek, of Kansas, rises in Sherman co., runs nearly northeastward, passes into Nebraska, and enters the Republican River 5 miles above Orleans. It is probably 200 miles long. It flows through extensive treeless plains. B eaver Creek, of Lenawee co., Mich., flows into Raisin River near Adrian. Beaver Creek, of Missouri, flows into White River from the left, in Taney co., a few miles below Forsyth. Little Beaver enters the above creek in the same county. Beaver Creek, of Nebraska, rises in Holt co., runs southeastward, and enters the Loup Fork at Monroe, in Platte CO. It is nearly 150 miles long. Beaver Creek, of Nebraska, rises in Hamilton co., flows eastward through York co., and enters the AVest Fork of the Big Blue River. Beaver Creek, of New Mexico and Texas, rises in Colfax CO. of the former, runs eastward into Texas, and enters the North Fork of the Canadian River, or unites with another creek to form that fork. Beaver Creek, of Ohio, runs nearly northeastward through Henry co., and enters the Maumeo in Wood co. Beaver Creek, of South Carolina, enters the Congaree from the right, at the S.E, extremity of Lexington co, Beaver Creek, of Wisconsin, drains part of Trempea- leau CO., and enters Blaok River 5 miles S. of Galesville. Beaver Creek, a post-office of Dale co., Ala. Beaver Creek, a station in Fremont co., Colorado, on the Canon City Branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Rail- road, 23 miles W.N.W. of South Pueblo. Beaver Creek, a post-hamlet of Bond co.. 111., in Beaver Creek township, 9 miles from Greenville, and about 75 miles S. of Springfield. It has a church. Pop. of township, 1490. Beaver Creek, a post-village of Washington co., Md., 6^ miles from Hagerstown. It has 3 oliurahes, 3 flour-mills, and 4 stores. Pop. about 300. Beaver Creek, a post-office of Rook co., Minn., about 10 miles from Luverno. Pop. of Boaver Creek township, 262. BEA 195 BEA Beaver Creek, a post-office of Ashe co., N.C., 45 miles S. of Marion, Va. Beaver Creek, township, Jones co., N.C. Pop. 1108. Beaver Creek, a township of Wilkes co., N.C. Pop. 960. Beaver Creek, a township of Greene co., 0. Pop. 2289. It contains Alpha and Beaver. Beaver Creek, a post-office of Jefferson co., Tenn., on the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad. Beaver Creek, a post-office of Clay co.j Tex. Beaver Creek, a post-office of Jackson co.. Wis. Beaver Cross'ing", a post-hamlet of Seward co., Neb., about 16 miles S.W. of Seward. Beaver Dale, a post-office of Lamar co., Ala. Beaverdale, a post-hamlet of Whitfield co., Ga., 8 miles from Red Clay Railroad Station. Beaver Dam, a post-hamlet of Kosciusko co., Ind.. about 32 miles N.N.E. of Logansport. It has a church. Beaver Dam, a post-hamlet of Ohio co., Ky., on the Louisville, Paducah tfe Southwestern Railroad, 108 miles S.W. of Louisville. It has a church. Beaver Dam, a post-hamlet of Ottawa co., Mich., li miles from Vriesland Railroad Station. It has a church. Beaver Dam, a township of Butler co., Mo. Pop. 786. Beaver Dam, a township of Bladen co., N.C. Pop. 619. Beaver Dam, township, Cherokee co., N.C. Pop. 763. Beaver Dam, township, Haywood co., N.C. Pop. 1745. Beaver Dam, township, Richmond co., N.C. Pop. 635. Beaver Dam, a post-hamlet of Union co., N.C, on the Carolina Central Railroad, 34 miles S.E. of Charlotte. Beaver Dam, township, Watauga co., N.C. Pop. 413. Beaver Dam, Long Island, N.Y. See Westhahpton. Beaver Dam, a post-village of Allen co., 0., in Rich- land township, on the Lake Erie & Louisville Railroad, ID miles N.E. of Lima. It has grist-, planing-, and saw-mills. Beaver Dam (Wayne Post-Office), a village of Erie co.. Pa., in Wayne township, 1^ miles from Concord Railroad Station, and 7 miles W. of Corry. It has 4 churches, a cheese-factory, &c. Beaver Dam, a post-office of Anderson co., S.C. Beaver Dam, a city of Dodge co., Wis., at the S.E. end and outlet of Beaver Lake, and on the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railroad, 63 miles W.N.W. of Milwau- kee, 35 miles E. by S. from Portage City, and about 40 miles N.E. of Madison. It contains 12 churches, a national bank, a high school, the Wayland Institute, 2 weekly newspapers, 2 flouring-mills, 2 woollen-factories, and manufactures of carriages and farming-implements. Pop. 3455 ; of Beaver Dam township. 1501. Beaver Lake is 9 miles long, and from 1 to 3 miles wide. Beaver Dam Creek, of Georgia, rises in Burke co., and enters Brier Creek, Beaver Dam Creek, of Georgia, runs southeastward through Elbert co, and enters the Savannah River. Beaver Dam Creek, of Michigan, rises in Gratiot CO.. runs eastward, and enters the Shiawassee River about 10 miles S.W. of Saginaw City. Beaver Dam Creek, of Wisconsin, issues from a lake of the same name in Dodge county. It runs southward, and enters the Crawfish River in the same county. Beaver Dam Depot, a post-village of Hanover co., Va., on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 40 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. Beaver Dam Mills, a post-offiee of Hanover co., Va.. Beaver Dams, a small village of Queen Anne co., Md. Beaver Dams, a post-hamlet of Schuyler co., N.Y., in Dix township, 7 miles S.W. of Havana. It has 2 churches. Beaver Falls, a post-village, capital of Renville co,, Minn., in Beaver Falls township, on the Chanah River, about 2 miles from its entrance into the Minnesota River, and 65 miles W.N.W. of Mankato. A newspaper is pub- lished here. Pop. of township, 634. Beaver Falls, a post-village of Lewis co., N.Y., on Beaver River, 60 miles N. of Utica, and 5 from Castorland. It has a church, 2 stores, 2 large saw-mills, and a tannery. Beaver Falls, a post-borough of Beaver co., Pa., on the W. bank of Beaver River, and on the Pittsburg, Fort AVayne & Chicago and Erie & Pittsburg Railroads, 34 miles N.W. of Pittsburg, and about 20 miles S. of New- castle. The railroad here crosses the river by a bridge which connects this town with New Brighton. It has man- ufactures of cutlery, paper, Ac. (for which the river affords motive power), 2 banks, 8 churches, large file-works, flour- ing-mills, steel-works, 2 planing-mills, an axe-factory, a shovel-factory, several brick -yards and paper-mills. Nearly 1500 operatives are employed here in manufactures. The capital invested in them is about §2,600,000. Coal abounds in the vicinity. Here are 3 wells of natural gas, which is used in furnaces of factories. The Harmony Society of Economy own and control nearly every establishment in this place. Pop. about 5000. Beaver Furnace, a small village of Union co., Pa. Beaver Harbor, a post-village in Charlotte co., New Brunswick, at the mouth of the Magaguadavic River, 10 miles from St. George. Pop. 150. Beaver Harbor, in British Columbia, near the E. ex- tremity of Vancouver Island, has beds of surface coal. Beaver Head, a river which rises in the Rocky Moun- tains, in the extreme S.W. part of Montana, runs north- ward and northeastward through Beaver Head co., and unites with the Big Hole or Wisdom River about 30 miles N.W. of Virginia City, The stream formed by this junction is the Jefferson River. Gold is found in its valley. Beaver Head, a southwestern county of Montana, borders on Idaho. It is drained by Big Hole or Wisdom River and Beaver Head River, both of which rise in it. The " Divide," or main range of the Rocky Mountains, extends along the S.W. border of this county. Here is Big Hole Prairie, which is said to be 50 miles long and adapted to pasturage. The plains or lower parts of the surface are nearly 5000 feet above the sea. Gold is the chief article of export, and silver is said to be found. The reported value of the gold mined in this county in 1870 was $366,340. Among its minerals are carboniferous limestone and co- lumnar basalt. Capital, Bannack City. Valuation of real and personal estate, $528,511. Pop. in 1S70, 722. Beaver Hill, a post-oflace of Overton co., Tenn. Beaver Island, in the N. part of Lake Michigan, is about 50 miles long. It is the largest of a group of islands which are parts of Manitou co., Mich, It has a light-house. Beaver Island, Erieco., N.Y., a small island in Niag- ara River, and in Grand Island township. Area, 30 acres. It has a fine club-house. Beaver Island, Alaska. See Pribylov Islands. Beaver Island, a small island on the S.E. coast of Nova Scotia, near Cape Canso. Lat. 44° 49' 34" N. ; Ion. 62° 20' 13" W. On it is a light-house. Beaver Island, township, Stokes co., N.C. Pop. 1247. Beaver Kill, a creek of New York, rises in Ulster CO., runs westward, traverses Sullivan co., and enters the East Branch of the Delaware in Delaware co. Beaver Kill, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., N.Y., 5 miles from Westfield Flats Station, It has a tanDer5% Beaver Lake, in Newton co., Ind., is about 8 miles long and 4 miles wide, and is the largest lake in the state. Beaver Lake, in Barron co., Wis., is the principal source of Hay River. See also Beaver Dam, Wis. Beaver Lake, a post-oflfice of Minnehaha co., Dakota. Beaver Lake, a post-hamlet of Ogemaw co., Mich., and a station on the Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw Railroad, 62 miles N. by AV, of Bay City. It has a lumber-mill, Beaver Lick, a post- village of Boone co., Ky., 5 miles from Walton Railroad Station. It has a church and 3 stores. Beaver Meadow, a station in Mobile co., Ala., on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, and on Chickasabogue River. 25 miles N.W. of Mobile. Half a mile distant is Beaver Meadow village, which has a paper-mill and 2 churches. The name of the post-office is Chickasabogue. Beaver MeadoAV, a post-bamlet of Chenango co., N.Y., in Otselic township, on the Auburn Branch of the New York & Oswego Midland Railroad, about 35 miles S.E. of Syracuse. It has a church. Beaver Meadows, a post-village of Carbon co., Pa., in Banks township, on the Audenried Branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 13 miles N.W. of Mauch Chunk. Here are mines of anthracite. It has 2 churches and 2 collieries. Beaver 3Iill, a post-village of Juneau co., Wis., in Kingston township, on the Wisconsin A''alley Railroad, at Beaver Station, 18 miles N.E. of Tomah, It has 1 or 2 lumber-mills. Beaver Mills, a post-office of Nicholas co., W. Va. Beaver Pond, a post-hamlet of Lexington co., S.C, 15 miles from Lexington Court-House. It has a church. Beaver Pond, a post-office of Amelia co., Va., 6 miles from Chula Depot. Beaver Ridge, a post-hamlet of Knox co., Tenn., 6 miles from Powell's Railroad Station. It has a church, an academy, a store, and a mill. Beaver River, a smalt stream which rises in Rocking- ham CO., N.H. It runs southward into Massachusetts, and enters the Merrimac River in Dracut, below Lowell. Beaver River, of New York, rises near the N.W. corner of Hamilton co., intersects Herkimer co., runs west- ward, and enters Black River 9 miles N. of Lowville. Beaver River, of Pennsylvania, is formed by the Ma- honing and Shenango R-ivers, which unite in Lawrence ec, about 3 miles S. of New Castle. It runs southward, and enters the Ohio River in Beaver eo. at Rochester. The direct distance from the junction of its branches to its mouth is about 20 miles. Beaver River, in Grey co., Ontario, takes its rise in a small lake 2 miles S.W. of Flesherton, and finds its outlet at the village of Thornbury, on Georgian Bay. Beaver River, or Brook'vllle, a post-village in Digby CO., Nova Scotia, 14JmilesN. of Yarmouth. Pop. 150. Beaver River Corner, a post-village in Yarmouth CO., Nova Scotia, at the mouth of Beaver River, 13 miles N. by W, of Yarmouth. Shipbuilding is carried on here. Pop. 400. BeaverRun, apost-hamlet of Sussex co., N.J., 2miles W. of Hamburg. It has manufactures of ploughs and other farm-implements. Beaver Springs, a post-office of Snyder eo., Pa., is at Adamsburg, about 22 miles N.E. of Lewistown. BeavertaiV, the southernmost point of Canonicut Island, Newport co., R.I. Lat. 41° 26' 56" N.j Ion. 71° 23' 39" W. It has a granite light-house and a fog-horn. Beaver Timber, a post-office of Newton co., Ind., 15 miles N. of Kentland. Beavertou, bee'ver-ton, a hamlet of Lamar co., Ala., 35 miles from Aberdeen, Miss. It has a church. Beaverton, a small post-hamlet of Boone co., 111., 4 miles N. of Poplar Grove. It has a grist-mill. Beaverton, a post-ofEice of Washington co., Oregon, on the Oregon Central Railroad, 12 miles S.W. of Portland. Beaverton, a post-village in Ontario co., Ontario, on Lake Simcoe, at the mouth of Beaver River, 66 miles by rail N. of Port Hope. It contains an iron-foundry, mills, and factories. Pop. 700. Beavertown, bee'v§r-t6wn, a village of Montgomery CO., 0., in Van Buren township, 4^ miles from Dayton. It has a church, a graded school, and a quarry of fine limestone. Beavertown, a post-village of Snyder co., Pa., in Beaver township, on the Lewistown division of the Penn- sylvania Railroad, 25 miles S.AV. of Sunbui-y. It has 2 churches, a tannery, a foundry, &c. Beaver Val'ley, a post-office of St. Clair co., Ala. Beaver Valley, a small post-village of New Castle co., Del., on Brandywine Creek, about 8 miles N. of Wilmington. Beaver Valley, a post-hamlet of Columbia co.. Pa., on the Catawissa & Williamsport Railroad, 23 miles E. of Danville. It has 1 or 2 churches, a store, and a mill. Beaverville, bee'ver-vil, a post-office of Iroquois co., 111., is at St. Mary, a hamlet on the Cincinnati, Lafayette & Chicago Railroad, 73 miles S. of Chicago. It has a church. Bebayh-el-Hagar, be-bi'-el-hd'gar, orBebek-el- Hadjar, bi-bSk' el hS.d'jar (anc. Iseum?) a ruined town of Egypt, 14 miles W.S.W. of Mansoorah, with extensive remains of antiquity. Bebehan, a town of Persia. See Behbehan. Bee, or Le Bee, leh bek, a village of France, depart- ment of Eure, 2 miles from Brlonne. Pop. 653. Becaguimec, New Brunswick. See Hautland. Becancour, bi^kftNo^koor', a large river of Quebec, rises in the co. of Beauce, and, flowing through the cos. of Megantic. Arthabaska, and Nicolet, falls into the St. Law- rence at the village of Becancour. Total length, 70 miles, Becancour, the chief town of Nicolet co., Quebec, is at the mouth of the Becancour River, SO miles S.W. of Quebec. It has several mills, and a large trade. Pop. 600. Becancour Station, a post-village in Megantic co., Quebec, on the Nicolet River, 42 miles by rail S.W. of Quebec. Pop. 100. Becca'ria, a township of Clearfield co.. Pa. Pop. 1239. Beccles, b^k'klz, a town of England, co. of Suffolk, on the navigable river Waveney, at a railway junction, 33 miles N.E. of Ipswich. It has a free school, a grammar- school, a town hall, a large jail, and a theatre. By the river, Beocles maintains an active trade in coals and corn, and a good deal of malting is carried on. Pop. 4844. Bec-du-Raz, bSk-dii-r3,z, or Point Raz, a danger- ous promontory on the W. coast of France. Lat. 48° 2' 12" N.; Ion. 4° 43' 42" W. There is a light-house on it. Becerril de Campos, bi-th Sit -reel' dsV k^ra'poce, a town of v^pain. 19 miles N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 3000. B^cherel, baish'rdl', a town of France, in Ille-et-Vi- laine, 16 miles N.W. of Renncs. Pop. 780. Bechin, bi-'icin, a town of Bohemia, circuit of Tabor, 54 miles S, of Prague. Pop. 2137, Bechtellsville, b3K't(jlz-vil, a post-village of Berks CO., Pa., in Washington township, on the Colebrookdale Railroad, 11 miles N. of Pottstown. It has a blast-furnace, a grist-mill, a hotel, and about 25 residences. Bechtheim, b^Kt'hime, a town of Germany, in Hesse, 19 miles S. of Mentz. Pop, 1347. Bechuanas, Betchuannas, bSt-choo-S,'naz, written also Bichuanas and Boshuanas, bosh-oo-a'naz, a na- tion of South Africa, inhabiting the country N. of lat, 27° S. and between Ion. 22° and 28° E. They are superior to the Kaffres in arts, civilization, and personal appearance, their complexion being of a brighter brown, and their fea- tures more European; but they are regarded as of kindred stock, both being offshoots of the Bantu stem. They in- habit large towns, the houses of which are well constructed and remarkable for their neatness. They cultivate the soil, and store their grain for winter consumption. They are of many tribes, some of them now partly Christianized. Beckaneer, India. See Bickaneer. Beckenried, bek'en-reet\ a village of Switzerland, in Unterwalden, 6 miles N.E. of Stanz, on the Lake of Lu- cerne. It has a trade in mayenzieger cheese. Pop. 1308. Beck'er, a county in the N.W. central part of Minne- sota. Area, 1440 square miles. It is drained by the Red River of the North, which rises within its limits. The sur- face is elevated, and is diversified by several lakes, one of which is the source of Red River. The soil is mostly pro- ductive. The county is intersected by the North Pacific Railroad. Valuation of real and personal estate, $750,573. Capital, Detroit City. Pop. in 1875, 2256. Becker, a post-village of Sherburne co., Minn., on Elk River, and on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 56 miles N.W. of St. Paul. It has a grain elevator, a hotel or caravansary for immigrants, and a church. Pop. of township, 440. Becker's Corners, apost-hamlet of Albany co., N.Y., about 10 miles S. of Albany. It has a church. Beck'ersville,a post-hamlet of Berks co., Pa., about 10 miles S. of Reading. It has a flour-mill. Beck'et, or North Becket, a post-village of Berk- shire CO., Mass., in Becket township, on the Boston & Al- bany Railroad, 37 miles W.N.AV. of Springfield. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a tannery, a basket- factory, a grist-mill, .. 111., in Pearl township, bh miles from Pearl Railroad Station. Bee Creek, a township of Mitchell co., N.C. Pop. 189. Bee Creek, a post-office of Bledsoe co., Tenn. Beeder, Bider, Bidar, or Beder, bee'd^r, one of the old provinces of India, between lat. 16° and 20° N. and Ion. 76° and S0° E., now included in the Nizam's dominions. Beeder, a fortified city of India, the former capital of the above, 75 miles N.W. of Hyderabad. It was formerly a great city, and is still a large town. Beef Island, a small islet of the Virgin Islands, British West Indies, just E. of Tortola. Bee Fork, a post-office of Reynolds co., Mo. Beek, baik, a village of the Netherlands, in Limburg, 6i miles N.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 2515. Beek is also the name of several villages in Belgian Limbourg. Beek, a town of Rhenish Prussia, circle of Duisburg, near the confluence of the Emsche and the Rhine. Pop. 7310. Beek'man, or Beek'manville, a post-village of Dutchess CO., N.Y., in Beekman township, 15 miles S.E. of Poughkeepsie. It has a church. The township has beds of marble and mines of iron, and includes part of the Fish- kilt Mountains. It contains hamlets named Green Haven, Poughquag, and Sylvan Lake. Pop. of the township, 1486. Beek'raan's Cor'ners, a hamlet of Schoharie co., N.Y., in Sharon township, 3 miles from Seward Station. It has a church. Pop. 20. Beek'mantown, a post-village of Clinton co., N.Y., in Beekmantown township, 4^ miles by rail N. of Platts- burg. It has 2 churches and a starch -factory. The town- ship is bounded on the E. by Lake Champlain, and is inter- sected by the railroad from Plattsburgto Mooers. Pop. 2383. Beekmantown, or North Tar'rytown, a village of Westchester co.. N.Y., is a suburb of Tarrytown, on the Hudson River. It has 4 churches, the Irving Institute, and manufactures of edge-tools and shoes. Pop. 2206. ) BEE Bee'ler's Station, a post-hamlet of Marshall co., W. Va., 8 miles from Moundsville. It has a church. Bee'ler's Sum'mit, in Washington co., Md., is a station on the Washington County Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 17 miles S. of Ilagerstown. Bee Lick, a post-hamlet of Lincoln co., Ky., 10 miles from Crab Orchard. It has a church. Bee Log, a post-hamlet of Yancey co., N.C, 40 miles N.W. of Marion. It has 2 churches. Beeniah, or Bhinia, bee'mS,, a river of Southern India, rises 40 miles N. of Poonah, flows S.E., and joins the Kistnah 15 miles S.W. of Muktul. Length, 400 miles. Chief affluent, the Seena. Bee'merville, a post- village of Sussex co., N.J., about 36 miles N.W. of Paterson. It has a church and a car- riage-factory. Beemster, baim'stfr, one of the most populous of the ■polderfi or drained grounds of the Netherlands, in North Holland, 13 miles N. of Amsterdam. It has an area of SOOO acres, with a village called Beemster. Pop. 3S17. Beer, a town of Turkey. See Bir. Beer-Al'ston, iU'stcjn, a town of England, co. of Devon, near the Tamar, S miles N.W. of Plymouth. Beeranah, bee-ri'na, a village of Hindostan, in the province of Ajmeer, 60 miles N.AV. of Hansi. Beerbhooin, or Birbhum, boer'b'hoom' (Sanscrit, Virabhumi, " land of heroes"), the northernmost district of the Burdwan division, Bengal, enclosed by Burdwan and Moorshedabad districts and the Santal Pergunnahs, Capital, Beerbhoom. Area, 1344 square miles. Pop. 696,943. Beerblioom, or Soo'ry (Suri), atown of India, capi- tal of the above district, lat. 23° 54' 25" N., Ion. 87° 34' 23" B., 52 miles S.W. of Moorshedabad. Pop. 9000. Beereh- Jeek, a town of Turkey. See Bir. Beerfelden, baiR'fel-den, a village of Hesse, on the Mumling, 23 miles E.N.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 2643. Beerjooii, a town of Persia. See Bhir.ian. Beernem, baiR'nem, a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 5 miles S.E. of Bruges. Pop. 3900. Beeroo, Beroo, or Biru, beeVoo', a kingdom of West Africa, N. of Bambarra. Beer-Re'gis, a market-town and parish of England, CO. of Dorset, 7 miles N.W. of Wavcham. Pop, 1336. Beers, a post-office of Alleghany co.. Pa., about 13 miles W.N.W. of Pittsburg. Beerse, baiR's^h, or Beerze, baiR'zeh, a river of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, an affluent of the Dommel, into which it falls near Boxtel. Beersheba, be-er'she-ba (anc. Sir-ee-Seba), a ruined border town of Palestine, 40 miles S.S.W. of Jerusalem. It was a favorite station of the patriarch Abraham, and the southern limit of the Promised Land. Beersheba Springs, a post-village of Grundy co., Tenn., on the Cumberland Table Land, is a watering-place, 5 miles N. of Altamont. Here is a chalybeate spring, with a hotel, 1800 feet .above the level of Nashville. Beersville, beerz'vil, a hamlet of Northampton co.. Pa., 4 miles from Bath Station, and -jt mile from Petersville Post- Office. It has a store and 13 dwellings. Beerta, b.iiR'ti, a village of the Netherlands, province and 24 miles E. by S. of Groningen. Pop. 3743. Beeskow,bi'skov, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 17i miles S.W. of Frankfort, on the Spree, has kilns and breweries, and manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics. Pop. 4227. Beesley's (beez'liz) Point, a post-village of Cape May CO., N.J., in Upper township, on the sea-coast, at the mouth of Great Egg Harbor River, about 14 miles W.S.W. of Atlantic City. It has 2 churches and a hotel. The houses are on a single street several miles in length. Bee'son's, a station in Fayette co., Ind., on the White- water Valley Railroad, and on the Fort Wayne, Munoio & Cincinnati Railroad, 5 miles N. of Connersville. Bee Spring, a post-hamlet of Edmondson co., Ky., 10 miles from Brownsville. Bee'sulnug'gur, or Bis^na'gar, a town of India, in Guzerat, 120 miles N.N.W. of Baroda. It is a seat of trade, and has cotton manufactures. Pop. 18,000. Beesulpoor, or Bisalpur, bee's!il-poor', a town of India, in the Bareilly district, 25 miles S.W. of Bareilly. Pop. 9250. Beesulpoor, or Bisalpur, a tovvn of India, state of Joodpoor, IS miles B. of Joodpoor. Pop. 4050. Bees'ville, a post-office of Buckingham co., Va. Beetgum, bait'giim, a village of the Netherlands, in Friesland, 5 miles N.W. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 952. Bee'town, a post- village of Grant co., Wis., in Beetown BEE 200 BEJ township, about 26 miles N.N.W. of Dabuque, and 80 miles W.S.W. of Madison. It has 2 churches, and a furnace for smelting lead. Pop. of township, 1717. Bee'trace', a post-office of Appanoose oo., Iowa, about 18 miles W. of Bloomfield. Bee'ville, a post-village, capital of Bee co., Tex., on Medio Creek, 28 miles W. of Goliad. It has a court-house, 2 churches, and 2 hotels. Pop. about 200. Its wealth con- sists mainly of cattle, sheep, and horses. Befort, a town of France. See Belfort. Bega, bi'goh\ a river of Eastern Hungary, joins the Theiss 21 miles E. of Peterwardein. Begard, beh-gaR', a village of France, in C6tes-du- Nord, 7 miles N.W. of Guingamp. Pop. 4653. Beg-Bazaar,a town of Asia Minor. See Bei-Bazar. Begemder, be-ghem'der, a province of Abyssinia, B. of Demboa, about 2U0 miles long, and 50 or 60 miles wide. Begharmi, a country of Central Africa. See Baghirmi. Beghram, bi'gram', a plain and the remains of a city of Afghanistan, 35 miles N.JST.E. of Cabool. Begis, a town of Spain. See Bejis. Begkos, b§g'kos\ Beikos, or Beicos, bi'kos, a large village in Asia Minor, on a bay of its own name in the Bosporus, 8 miles N.N.E. of Scutari. In ancient Gfreek mythology this locality was the scene of the contest between Pollux and Amycus. Begles, bai'g'l, a village of France, in Gironde, 2 miles by rail S. of Bordeaux, on the Garonne. Pop. 4764. Beg- Sheher, b«g-shjtt'her. Beg- Shehr,beg-shgH'r', or Bey- Sheher, bi-sh^H'her, a lake and river of Asia Minor. The lake (probably the ancient Coralie or Kara- jeli), 44 miles S.W. of Konieh, is about 20 miles long, from 5 to 10 miles broad, and contains many islands. It discharges itself into the Soglah Lake, 25 miles S.B., by the Beg-Sheher Biver; the towns of Beg-Sheher and Kereli are on its E. shore. Beg-Sheher, bSg-sh^n'her or shaih'her, Bei-She- her, or Bey-Sheher, bi-shen'her, a town of Asia Minor, 38 miles S.W. of Konieh, on both sides of the river Beg- Sheher, here crossed by a stone bridge of seven arches. Behar, India. See Bahar, also Cooch Bahar. Behbehan, or Babahan, ba-ba-han', a walled town of Persia, province of Ears, in a fertile plain, 130 miles W.N.W. of Sheeraz. Pop. 4000. Behera, bi-ni'ra, one of the seven prefectures nf Lower Egypt, is a fertile cotton-growing tract, traversed by the Mahmoodeeyeh Canal and the Alexandria-Cairo Railway. Capital, Damanhoor. Pop. 214,293. Behistuii, bi'his-toon', Bisutun, bee'soo-toon', or Baghistan, bigHs-tin' (anc. Mona Bagieta'nm), a moun- tain-side in Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, 27 miles B. of Kermanshah, with a very remarkable inscription in the cuneiform writing, and minor records in Arabic and Greek. The main inscription, first translated by Rawlinson in 1846, records the exploits of Darius Hystaspes, and dates from the fifth century B.C. Behle, bi'leh, a village of Prussia, 10 miles N.N.W. of Czarnikow. Pop. 2318. Behneseh, bSh'nJs'eh, a town of Egypt, on the Bahr- Yoosuf (Joseph's Canal), 48 miles S.S.W. of Beni-Sooef. It has ruins of the ancient Oxt/rynchnn. Behobie, bi'o'bce', or Behobia, bi-ho-bee'i, a ham- let of France, in Basses-Pyrenees, with a custom-house in the pass of the Pyrenees, on the route to Spain. Pop. 200. Behrend, a town of Prussia. See Berent. Behrens, bee'renz, a post-hamlet and station of Cham- paign CO., 111., in East Bend township, on the Havana, Eantoul & Eastern Railroad, 10 miles W. of Rantoul. It has 2 stores and 8 or 9 houses. Behring(bee'ring; Dan. pron. bi'ring) Bay, Yaku- tat (yi'koo-tit) Bay, or Ad'miralty Bay, Alaska, an inlet of the Pacific, about lat. 59° 45' N., Ion. 139° 45' W. Behriug Sea, or Sea of Karachat'ka, is that part of the North Pacific Ocean between the Aleutian Islands, in lat. 55° N., and Behring Strait, in lat. 66° N., by which latter it communicates with the Arctic Ocean. It has on its W. side Kamchatka and the Chookchee country, with the Gulf of Anadeer, and on its E. side Alaska, with Norton Sound and Bristol Bay. It contains several large islands, and receives the Anadeer, Yukon, and other largo rivers. It is in general shallow, with a muddy bottom. Fogs are almost perpetual in this sea. Behring's Island, in the S.W. part of Behring Sea, one of the Commander Group, a Russian island, sometimes regarded as one of the Aleutians. Lat. (W. point) 65° 17' N.; Ion. 165° 46' E. It was named from the navigator Behring, who died on the island, December 8, 1741. Behring's River, Alaska. See Alsekh. Behring Strait, the channel which separates Asia and America at their nearest approach to each other, and connects the Arctic with the Pacific Ocean. Between East Cape (Asia), lat. 66° 6' N., Ion. 169° 38' W., and Cape Prince of Wales (Alaska), lat. 65° 46' N., Ion. 168° 16' E., it is 36 miles across. Its depth in the middle is about 30 fathoms. Shores rocky, bare, and greatly indented. It was dis- covered by Vitus Behring in 1728. It contains the Diomede Islands. Behut, one of the rivers of the Punjab. See Jhylum. Bei-Bazar, bi-ba-zar', or Beg-Bazaar, beg-bi- zar', a town of Asia Minor, on an afiluent of the Sakareeyah, 52 miles W. of Angora. Pop. 4750. Beicos, or Beikos. See Begkos. Beiertheim, bi'er-time\ a village of Baden, near Carlsruhe, with mineral springs. Pop. 1110. Beigerlaud, or Beijerland. See Beyerland. Beila, BeiIah,orBeylah, Beloochistan. See Bela. Beilan, bi-lan', a town and pass of Syria, on the E. side of the Gulf of Iskanderoon. The pass, between the mountains Rhossus and Amanus, is considered identical with the Amanian Gates of antiquity. The town, near the crest of the pass, has stone houses and numerous aqueducts. Here the Egyptians defeated the Turks in 1832. Pop. 5000. Beilen, or Beylen, bi'len, a village of the Nether- lands, in Drenthe, 10 miles S.S.W. of Assen. Pop. of com- mune. 3910. Beilngries, bil'n'grees\ a town of Bavaria, on the Altmuhl, 18 miles N. of Ingolstadt. Pop. 1620. Beilstein, bile'stine, a town of Wurtemberg, 7 miles S.E. of Heilbronn. Pop. 1426. Beira, or Beyra, bi'e-r&, a province of Portugal, be- tween lat. 39° 30' and 41° 30' N. and Ion. 6° 40' and 9° 50' W., having on the E. Spain, and on the W. the Atlantic. Area, 9244 square miles. Pop. in 1875, 1,319,598. Surface mountainous, traversed by the Serra da Estrella ; soil not fertile. Chief rivers, the Douro, forming the N. boundary, and the Tagus, on the S. frontier. Products, wine, wheat, barley, maize, olives, and fruits. On the mountains many sheep are pastured, and celebrated cheese is made. Chief towns, Coimbra, Ovar, Aveiro, Viseu, and Lamego. It is divided into five districts, and contains three divisions, Beira-Alta, Beira-Baixa, and Beira-Mar. The heir-ap- parent to the Portuguese throne has the title of Prince of Beira. Beirut, Beirout, or Beiroot. See Beyeoot. Beisan, bi'sin (anc. Bethshan and Scythop'olis), a vil- lage of Palestine, near the Jordan, 66 miles N.N.E. of Jeru- salem. It consists of 60 or 70 houses, with remains of an acropolis, a Roman bridge, fragments of houses and columns, a theatre, and excavated tombs. Bei-Shehr, Asia Minor. See Beg-Sheher. Beitaveud, biH^-vend', a village of Persia, in Irak- Ajemee, 15 miles N.E. of Shooster. Beiteen, or Beitin, a town of Palestine. See Bethel. Beit-el-Fakih, bit^-el-fa'kin' (" house of a saint"), a maritime town of Arabia, in Yemen, on the Red Sea, 37 miles N. of Hodeida. Pop. about SOOO. It is a large, open town, with a strong citadel, a mosque, and houses of brick and clay. Cofi'ee, wax, gums, coin, pearls, and incense are car- ried hence by caravans from all parts of Arabia. Beit-el-Lehm, a village of Palestine. See Bethlehem. Beit-el-Ma, bif-el-mi', a village of Syria, on the Orontes, 5 miles S.W. of Antioch, supposed to occupy a portion of the site of the ancient Daphne. Beith, beoth, a town of Scotland, cos. of Ayr and Ren- frew, 20 miles by rail N. of Ayr. Pop. 3707. Beith's (heeths) Landing, a post-ofiice of Desha co.. Ark., on the Mississippi River. Beit-Jibreeu (Jibrin). See ELEUTHERoroLis. Beitoor-el-Foka and Beitoor-el-Tahta, vil- lages of Palestine. See Beth-Horon. Beit'ner's, a station in Grand Traverse co., Mich., on the Traverse City Railroad, 6 miles S.E. of Traverse City. Beitstad, bit'stid, a town of Norway, 66 miles ff.E. of Trondhjem, on Beitstad-fiord. Pop. 2700. Beja, bi'zhi (anc. Pax Ju'lia), a town of Portugal, in Alemtcjo, 60 miles by rail S.S.W. of Evora. It has a castle, cathedral, hospital, tanneries, and a manufacture of earthenwares, and is a bishop's see. Pop. 6(i00. Beja, bi'zhi, a village of Brazil, on the Rio Parii, 35 milos S.W. of Paril. Beja, orBcgia, a town of Africa, 60 miles W. of Tunis. Bejaiioor, bc\ia-poor' (formerly written Visiaponr), an old province of Southern India, between htt. 15° and 18° N. and Ion. 73° and 78° B., intersected by the Kistnah BEJ 201 BEL River, and bounded southward by its tributary the Toom- buddra. It is now subdivided among the dominions of the Nizam, the British districts of Concan, Poonah, Darwar, &g., and the Portuguese territory of Goa. Bejapoor (Bijapur, or B^aipur, formerly Visia- pour, or Vijayapura), a city of India, once the splendid capital of the sovereignty of the same name, but now prin- cipally in ruins. Its remains are of a deeply interesting char- acter. It is 245 miles S.E. of Bombay, in the Sattarah district. Pop. 13,245. Bejapoor, a town of the G-uicowar's dominions, 40 miles N. by E. of Ahmedabad. Lat. 23° 37' N. ; Ion. 72° 46' E. Bejar, b^-nan', a town of Spain, 45 miles S. of Sala- manca, in the valley of the Sierra de Bejar. It has cloth- manufactories. Pop. 10,683. Bejar, a county of Texas. See Bexar. Bejawer, a state of Hindostan. See Bijawar. Bejer, a town of Spain. See Vejer. Bejetsk, bi-zh^tsk', a town of Russia, government and 67 miles N.N.E. of Tver, near the Mologa. It has a large annual fair for corn, iron, silk, and other goods. Pop. 320U. Beji§rhur, bee'je-gur', or By aigarh, a town of India, in the Alighur district, 18 miles S.E. of Coel. Pop. 5779. Bejis, or Begis, bA-nees', a town of Spain, 36 miles "W. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 580. Bejour, a state of Hindostan. See Bija"War. Bej Ileal, bA-Hoo-ki,l', a town of the island of Cuba, 15 miles by rail S. of Havana. Pop. 2165. Bejtima, bi-Hoo'ma,, a town of Venezuela, state of Carabobo, 15 miles S.W. of Valencia. Pop. 7844, B6kes, bi^k^sh', or Bekesvar, bVkSshH'fir', a town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, 57 miles S.W. of Bebreczin. It has a trade in cattle, corn, and honey. Pup. 22,547; of the county, 209,729. Bela, or Vela, India. See Bailah. Bela, Belah, Bella, or Beylah, bi'lS,, a town of Beloochistan, capital of the province of Loos, near the Poo- rally River, and 120 miles S. of Khozdar. Pop. 5000. Bela, bi'lohS a town of North Hungary, co. of Zips, 5 miles N.E. of Kesinark. Pop. 242S. See also Valaszka. Bela-Bauya, a town of Hungary. See DUlln. Belabre, b^Vlibr', a town of France, department of Indre, 7 miles S.E. of Le Blanc. Pop. 2216. Belad-el-Djeryd. See Beled-el-Jereed. Belaia, bi-li'S,, or Bielaja^ byi-li'yi, a river of Rus- sia, rises in the Ural Mountains, in the government of Oren- boorg, flows S.E., then N. and N.E., and joins the Kama. Length, about 550 miles. Belaia Tserkov, or Belaja Zerkow, a town of Russia. See Bielaya Tserkov. BePair', a station in Leon co., Fla., on the railroad from St. Mark's to Tallahassee, 4 miles S. of Tallahassee. Belair, a post-village of Richmond co., Ga., on the Georgia Railroad, 10 miles W. of Augusta. It has a church. Bel Air, a hamlet of Illinois. See Bell Air. Belair, a post-office and plantation of Plaquemines parish. La., 29 miles below New Orleans. Belair, a post-village, capital of Harford co., Md., 24 miles N.E. of Baltimore, and 15 miles W. of Havre de Grace. Belair has 5 churches, 2 weekly newspapers, the Harford Academy, a carriage-shop, and 3 hotels. Pop. 633. Bel Air, a small manufacturing village of Berkshire CO., Mass., 1^ miles N. of Pittstield, but withiia the city limits. It has a woollen-factory. Belair, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co., S.C., 1 mile from the Catawba River, and about 25 miles S. of Charlotte, N.C. It has a church. Bel Air Road, Baltimore co., Md. See Gardenville. Belak, the Illyrian for Villach. Belalcazar, bA--m-ka'thaR, a town of Spain, 43 miles N.N.W. of Cordova. It manufactures, woollens. Pop. 4420. Belasx>oor, biH^s-poor', a town of India, on the Sut- lej, 185 miles N.W. of Delhi. Belaspoor, Bilaspur, beeM^s^poor', or BeMas- pore', a district of the Central Provinces, British India, forms the N. extremity of the Chutteesgurh plateau. Lat. 21° 45'-23° 10' N.; Ion. 81° 30'-83° 15' E. It is generally hilly, and is traversed by the Mahanuddy. Area, 2089 square miles. Capital, Belaspoor. Pop. 715,398. Belaspoor, a town of India, capital of the above, on the river Urpa. Lat. 22° 2' N.; Ion. 82° 5' E. Pop. 6190. Belaun, be-Iawn', or Belawan, be-law'an, a small island of the Sooloo Archipelago, about 35 miles S. of the island of Baseelan. Lat. (E. point) 6° N. ; Ion. 1&2° 8' E. Bclbeud, Pennsylvania. See Belle Bend. Belbeys, or Belbeis, bgrb^se', a town of Egypt, on the E. arm of the Nile, 28 miles N.N.E. of Cairo. Pop. 5000. Belcastro, b31-kS,s'tro, a town of Italy, province and 14 miles N.E. of Catanzaro. Pop. 1166. Belcele, b§l-si'l?h, a village of Belgium, in East Flan- ders, 17 miles E.N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 3100. Bel'cher, a post-hamlet of AVashington co., N.Y., 10 miles N. of Salem. It has a church. Bel'cher Islands, two small groups in Hudson Bay. Lat. 66° N. ; Ion. 80° W. Belcher's, a post-office of Prairie co.. Ark. Bel'chertowii, a post-village of Hampshire co., Mass., in Belchertown township, and on the New London Northern Raih'oad, 10 miles S.E. of Amherst, and about 18 miles N.E. of Springfield. It has 3 churches, a high school, a hotel, and a carriage -factory. Pop. of township, 2315. Belchite, bfil-chee'ti, a town of Spain, 22 miles S.S.E. of Saragossa. Here, June IS, 1809, the French under Suehet defeated the Spaniards under Blake. The town has woollen- manufactures. Pop. 3275. Beldaii'ga, or Bedan'go, a village of Bengal, Moor- shedabad district. Lat. 23° 56' N. ; Ion. 88° IS' E. P. 6037. BeI'deu, a post-village of Wabash co., Ind., in Lagro township, on the Wabash River and Canal, and on the Wabash Railroad, about 33 miles W.S.W. of Fort Wayne. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-miJl. Beldeil, a post-village of Wayne co., Mich., in Huron township, on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, 15 miles N. of Monroe. It has a church, a saw-mill, and a mineral spring. Pop. 200. Beldeu, a post-hamlet of Broome co., N.Y., in Coles- ville township, on the Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, about IS miles N.E. of Binghamton. Belden, a post-village of Lorain co., 0., in Grafton township, on the Cleveland & Tuscarawas Valley Railroad, 11 miles S.E. of Elyria. It has 2 churches, an oil-refinery, and several wells of lubricating oil. Bel'denville, a post-hamlet of Pierce co.. Wis., about 20 miles S.E. of Hudson. Bel'ding, a post-village of Ionia co., Mich., in Otisco township, near the Detroit, Lansing tfc Lake Michigan Rail- road, and on Flat River, 2 miles from Kiddville Station, and 12 miles N.W. of Ionia. It has 1 or 2 churches, a lumber-mill, a flour-mill, and manufactures of carriages, sash, &G. Pop. about 400. Beldoc, a village of South Carolina. See Baldock. Beled-el- Jereed, Beled-el-Jerid, Belad-el- Djeryd, Beled-el-Jerede, bSl'ed-el-jer-eed', written also Biled-ul-Gerid, bil'§d-6ol-jer-eed' (i.e., "country of dates"), a name given by geographers to that part of the Barbary States which lies in the Sahara. As a descriptive term it is well chosen, but locally it is applied only to the Tunisian part of the region. Beled-es-Soodau, in Africa. See Soodax. Belem, bi-lfiN«', a town of Portugal, 2 miles S. of Lis- bon, on the right bank and near the mouth of the Tagus. Lat. of the castle, 38° 40' N.; Ion. 9° 14' W. It is now a part of Lisbon (which see). Belem, a city of Brazil. See Para. Beleii, biL-len', or Belem, bi-l^m', a town of the Ar- gentine Republic, province and 45 miles W. by S. of Cata- marca. Pop. 3820. Be'len, a post-village, capital of Quitman co., Miss., on the Coldwater, 25 miles W.S.W, of Sardis. It has 2 churches. Belen, bi-l^n', a post-village, capital of Valencia co.. New Mexico, on or near the Rio Grande, about 95 miles S.S.W. of Santa Fe. It has a church, a newspaper office, and several schools. Beleiiyes, biMSn'y^sh\ a town of Hungary, co. of Bihar, on the Koros, 30 miles S.S.E. of Grosswardein, Pop. 2105. Be'Iep Islands, a group lying 25 or 30 miles N. of New Caledonia, in Australasia, and claimed by France. Chief isles, Art, Poot, and Dau-Teama. Be'iew Creek Mills, a post-office of Forsyth co., N.C. Belew's Creek, a post-office of Jefferson co., Mo. Belfast, b^l-fSst', a seaport and borough of Ireland, 88 miles N.N.E. of Dublin. Lat. 54° 36' 24" N.; Ion. 5° 56' 12" W. It is the second city of Ireland in trade and population, and the first in manufactures. It stands mainly in the county of Antrim, but a large suburb called Bally- macarret is in the county Down, and is connected with the main town by three bridges. Belfast is mostly on low ground, on the Lagan, near its embouchure in Belfast Bay, and, owing to its extremely low position, has nothing imposing in its appearance. The houses, mostly of brick, are well built, and many of them are handsome; the streets are spacious and clean. Its port has been greatly improved of late, and many docks and basins have been constructed. BEL 2 At the head of the educational institutions is the Queen's College, a magnificent structure of brick and stone, opened for students in 184:9. The other educational establishments are the Royal Academical Institution, founded in 1310, the General Assembly's College, Wesleyan and Catholic schools, a botanic garden, the Belfast Academy, and numerous national schools and private seminaries. The charitable and benev- olent institutions comprise the poorhouse, medical, surgical, lying-in, and fever hospitals, the lunatic asylum, the deaf and dumb and the blind asylum, the Ulster female peniten- tiary, and the union workhouse. Other public buildings are the commercial buildings, corn exchange, museum, white and brown linen-halls, theatre, and music hall. Belfast is the great depot of the linen trade of the North of Ireland, as well as the chief seat of the manufactories of linen. It has also saw-mills, extensive ship-yards, breweries, soap-, glass-, felt-, chemical, and dye-works, foundries and machine-shops, and yards for manufacturing ropes and sail- cloth. The commerce of Belfast is very considerable, and is rapidly increasing. Some of the best iron ships afloat have been built here. The chief articles of export are cot- ton and linen manufactures, corn, meal, flour, provisions, flax, tow, and horses. Belfast returns 2 members to Parliament. The country around is extremely beautiful, the lough being a fine object; and the hills which bound it and partly encircle the town are under cultivation, while their slopes are thickly studded with the villas and country-houses of merchants. It is comparatively a modern town, and was erected into a mu- nicipal and parliamentary borough about 1610. Numerous railways centre in Belfast. The population is largely Prot- estant, but the Catholic bishop of Down and Connor has his see-house here. There are many fine churches. In recent growth Belfast far excels all other towns in Ireland. Pop. in 1841, 75,308; in 1861, 119,242; in 1871,174,412. BePfast', a post-oflSce of Grant co.. Ark. Belfast, a post-village of Lee co., Iowa, on Des Moines Biver, and on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, 20 miles N.W. of Keokuk. It has a saw-mill and a stave-factory. Belfast, a city and port of entry, capital of Waldo co., Me., is on the W. side of Penobscot Bay (which is the estuary between the Penobscot River and the ocean), about 35 miles S.S.AV. of Bangor, 42 miles E. by N. from Augusta, and 30 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. It is the S.E. terminus of the Belfast division of the Maine Central Railroad, by which route it is 130 miles N.E. of Portland. It is situated on the side of a hill which over- looks a wide expanse of water, and has a good harbor, which is sufficiently deep for the largest ships and is seldom ob- structed by ice. Many of, the inhabitants are employed in trade, navigation, and ship-building. Hay, granite, and potatoes are the chief articles of export. Belfast has a court-house, 6 churches, a high school, a national bank, a savings-bank, 2 or 3 weekly newspapers, and manufactures of bricks, carriages, machinery, paper, axes, sash, blinds, &c. It was incorporated in 1853. Pop. 5278. Belfast, a post-office of Baltimore co,, Md., about 20 miles N. of Baltimore. Belfast, a post-village of Alleghany co., N.Y., in Bel- fast township, on the Genesee River and the Genesee Valley Canal, 10 miles N.W. of Belmont, and about 30 miles S. of Warsaw. It has 3 churches, 1 bank, the Gen- esee Valley Seminary, and manufactures of carriages, cheese, sash, and blinds. Pop. of the township, 1598. Belfast, a post-village of Clermont co., 0., in Stone Liek township, about 22 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. It has 2 or 3 stores. Belfast, a hamlet of Highland co., 0., 55 miles E. of Cincinnati. Pop. 72. The name of its post-office is Bell. Belfast, a township of Fulton co.. Pa. Pop. 856. Belfast, a post-village of Northampton co.. Pa., about ■ 10 miles N.N.W. of Easton. It has 3 general stores. Belfast, a village of Marshall eo., Tenn., 6 miles from Lewisburg. It has 2 churches and an academy, Belfast, orEI'don,apost-vinage in Queens CO., Prince Edward Island, 24 miles S.E, of Charlottetown, Pop. 150. Belfast, a post-village in Huron co., Ontario, 18 miles from Goderich. Pop. 150. Belfast, a borough of Victoria, Australia, county of Villiers, on a bay called Port Fairy, lat. 38° 23' S,, Ion. 142° 14' E., at the mouth of the river Moyne. It is well built, and has some commercial importance. Pop. 2485. Belfast Mills, a post-hamlet of Russell co., Va., 12 miles from Saltville. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Bel'field, a post-offico of Rush co., Kansas. Beltiel Western Railroad, 16 miles W. of Pleasant Hill. It has 4 churches, a steam flour-mill, and several stores. Pop. about 350. Belton, a post-village of Anderson co., S.C, on the Greenville & Columbia Railroad at its junction with the Anderson Branch of that road, 117 miles W.N.W. of Co- lumbia, and 25 miles S. by W. from Greenville. It has 3 churches, 2 hotels, &c. Pop. of township, 1364. Belton, a post- village, capital of Bell co., Tex., on Leon River, about 60 miles N.N.E. of Austin. Two weekly news- papers are published here. It has 2 banks, S churches, a masonic institute, 2 newspaper ofiices, and the Chamberlain Institute. Pop. estimated at 1500. Bel'tram, a station in Polk co., Minn., on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 16 miles S. of Crookston. Beltrami, bel-tram'e, a county in the N.W. part of Minnesota, is partly bounded on the N. by Red Lake, and on the S.E. by the Mississippi River and Cass Lake. It contains several other lakes. The surface is elevated and partly covered with forests. Valuation of real and personal estate, S112,27fi. Pop. in 1870, 80, of whom 73 were natives. Belts, Great and Little. The Great Belt is a strait forming the central communication between the Baltic and the Cattegat, and separating the island of Punen from See- land. Its length is 37 miles, its medium breadth 18 miles. The depth of its channel ranges between 6 and 26 fathoms. It has many shoals, and navigation is diificult. In autumn and winter it is often encumbered with drift ice. The Little Belt is a strait forming the western communication between the Baltic and the Cattegat, and separating the island of Funen from Jutland. Its length is 30 miles: its breadth, from 1000 3'ards to 12 miles; its depth, between 5 and 30 fathoms. The same inconveniences and dangers beset this passage as the former. It is annually frozen up from December to April. The two Belts, with the Sound, form the only communication between the Baltic and the Cattegat. Belts'ville, a post-village of Prince George's co., Md., on the Washington Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- road, 28 miles S.W. of Baltimore. It has 2 churches. Iron ore is mined here. BelHur'bet,atownof Ireland, CO. and Similes N.N.W. of Cavan, on the Earn. Pop. 1759. Belur-Tagh, mountains of Asia. See Bolor-Tagh. Belvedere, b^l-vi-di'ri, a town of Italy, on the Med- iterranean, 32 miles N.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 4858. Belvedere, a town of Italy, in the Marches, 15 miles W. of Ancona. Pop. 2396. Belvedere, b^l-vA-di'r^, a hamlet of Saxe-Weimar, near Weimar, with a summer palace of the grand dukes. Belvedere, a lake of Ireland. See Ennel. Belves, b^lv, a town of France, in Dordogne, on a rail- way, 13 miles S.W. of Sarlat. Pop. 2517. Belvidere, bePve-deer', a post-village, the capital of Boone co., 111., on the Kishwaukee River, in Belvidere township, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad (Freeport Line), 78 miles W.N.W. of Chicago, and 43 miles E. of Freeport. A branch railroad extends from this place northward through Beloit. Belvidere has 2 graded schools, a national bank, 1 other bank, 11 churches, 2 flouring-mills, a plough-factory, and manufactories of cheese, reapers, and boots and shoes. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 3231 ; of the township, 4410. Belvidere, a post-office of Monona co., Iowa, on Maple River, and in Belvidere township, 9 miles from Onawa. Pop. of township, 245. Belvidere, township, Montcalna co., Mich. Pop. 123. BEL 210 BEN Belvidere^ a post-ofiBee and township of Goodhue co., Minn., 10 miles from Red Wing. Pop. 1036. Belvidere, a post-village of Thayer co., Neb., in the valley of the Big Sandy Creek, and on the St. Joseph & Denver City Railroad, 24 miles N.W. of Fairbury. It has 2 grain elevators and 3 dry-goods stores. Belvidere, the capital of Warren co., N.J., Is on the Delaware River, at the mouth of Pequest Creek, 10 miles below the Water Gapj and on the Belvidere division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 14 miles N.N.E. of Easton. It con- tains 5 churches, a national bank, 3 fiouring-mills, a cotton- mill, 2 carriage- factories, 4 hotels, and a seminary for girls. Two weekly newspapers are published here. The Request Creek affords abundant water-power, A bridge crosses the Delaware at Belvidere. Iron ore, slate, limestone, and mag- nesia are found in the vicinity. Pop. 1S82. Belvidere, a post-village of Alleghany co., N.Y., in Amity township, on the Genesee River, and on the Erie Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Belmont, and 90 miles E. by S, of Dunkirk. It has saw-mills, a church, and a cheese -factory. Belvidere, a post-village and township of Perquimans CO., N.C., on Perquimans River, 40 miles S. of Suffolk,. Va. The township lias an academy and 3 churches. Pop. 2403. Belvidere, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Tenn., on the Winchester & Alabama Railroad, 7 miles S.W. of Win- chester. Belvidere, a mountainous post-township of Lamoille CO., Vt., about 37 miles N. of Montpelicr. It has a church and 5 saw-mills. Pop. 369. Belvidere, a township of Buffalo co., Wis. Pop. 637. Belvidere Corners, a post-hamlet of Lamoille co., Vt., about 40 miles N.E. of Burlington. Belvidere Mills, a post-office of Goodhue co., Minn. Bel'vin, a township of Pitt co., N.C. Pop. 2151. Belvoir, bee'ver, a district of England, cos. of Leices- ter and Lincoln, 10 miles N.N.E. of Melton-Mowbray, Area, 170 acres. Pop. ISO, chiefly dependants of the Duke of Rutland, whose noble seat, Belvoir Castle, stands here. Bel'voir% a post-office of Douglas co., Kansas, on the St. Louis, Lawrence A Western Railroad, 13 miles W.S.W. of Lawrence. Belvoir, a village of Missouri. See Schell City. Belvue, bePvu', a post-village of Pottawatomie co., Kansas, on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 30 miles W.N.W. of Topeka. It has a church and a flouring-mill. Belvue, a post-office of Shawano co., Wis, Belz, b^Its, a town of Austrian Galicia, 40 miles N. of Lemberg, Pop. 2670. Belz, b^lz, a village of France, department of Morbi- han, 19 miles W. of Vannes. Pop. 2103. Belzig, bSlt'siG, a town of Prussia, 19 miles S.S.E. of Brandenburg. Pop. 2475. Bern, a post-office of Gasconade co., Mo., about 75 miles W.S.W. of St. Louie. Bern, a post-office of Green co.. Wis. Be'man, a post-office of Morris co., Kansas, 12 miles from Council Grove. Bembatoo'ka, called also Bem^batook' and Bora^betok', a bay and town on the N.W. coast of Madagascar. Lat. 16° S. ; Ion. 46° E. Bem'bridge, a village and watering-placo of the Isle of Wight, at its E. extremity, on Brading harbor, consists mostly of elegant residences, surrounded by beautiful seen cry. Be^ment', a post-village of Piatt co., 111., in Bement township, and on the Wabash Railroad where it crosses the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, 20 miles E. by N. from De- catur, and 166 miles S.S.AV. of Chicago. It has 4 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, a bank, and a flour- mill. Pop. of township, 1471; of the village, about 1000. Bem'erton, a parish of England, co. of Wilts, cele- brated as the home of George Herbert. Bemlica, b6m-fee'ka, a town of Portugal, 8 miles N.W. of Lisbon. Pop. 3571. Bernini (bLmee'ne) or Bimiiii Islands, a small group of the Bahamas. Lat. 25° 40' N. ; Ion. 79° 10' W. Pop. 210. Be'mis, a station of Carroll co., N.H., on the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad, in the White Mountains, 5 miles S.E. of Crawford's. Here is Mount Crawford Post-Office. Bemis Station, in Middlesex co., Mass., is on the Watertown Branch of the Fitchburg Railroad, 9 miles W. of Boston. Be'mus Heights, a post-hamlet of Saratoga co., N.Y., in Stillwater township, on the W. bank of the Hudson River, 24 miles N. of Albany. Here oeourred an engagement be- tween Generals Gates and Burgoyne in September, 1777. Bemus Point, a post-office and summer resort of Chau- tauqua CO., N.T., on Chautauqua Lake, 10 miles W.N.W, of Jamestown. Here is a church. Ben, Bein, or Bhein, a Gaelic word, signifying "an elevated summit," and applied, with various distinguishing affixes, to a number of the highest Scottish mountains. Benabarre, bi-nS.-baR'Ri, a town of Spain, 44 miles E. of Iluesca. Pop. 2090. Benacus liacus. See Lago di Garda. Bena'da, a post-office of De Witt co., Tex. Benaguacil, bi-nii-gwa-theer, a town of Spain, prov- ince and 11 miles N.W. of Valencia. It has manufactures of linens. Pop. 4240. Ben- Ahin, b€n^-S,^^No', a village of Belgium, province of Liege, 2 miles W. of Huy. Pop. 1850. Bena'ja, a station in Guilford co., N.C, on the Rich- mond & Danville Railroad, 15 miles N. of Greensborough. ■Elevation, 678 feet. Benamargosa, bi-n&,-maR-go'sS,, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 18 miles E. by N. of Malaga. Pop. 3813. Benameji, b^-n3,-mA.-Hee', a town of Spain, 39 miles S.S.E. of Cordova, on the Genii. Pop. 4525. Benamocarra, bi-na-mo-kan'Ra, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 20 miles E. by N. of Malaga. Pop. 4953. Benanoir', one of the peaks or "paps" of the island of Jura, in Scotland. Elevation, 2420 feet. Benaocaz, bi-nd.-o-kath', a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, 60 miles N.E. of Cadiz. Pop. 1960. Benaojan, b^-nS,-o-nan', a town of Spain, in Andalu- sia, 42 miles W.N.W. of Malaga. Pop. 2310. Benares, ben-a'rez (anc. Fara^msA?', or Kasi,i.€., "the splendid"), a city of India, capital of the district and di- vision, one of the most ancient and renowned cities in the world, is on the Ganges, 390 miles N.W. of Calcutta. Lat. 25° 7' N. ; Ion. 83° 4' E. It is the religious capital of the Hindoos, the chief centre of Brahmanieai learning, and is a holy place in the opinion of Hindoos and Booddhists alike. It is therefore a great place for pilgrimages, and has many beautiful temples. It is celebrated for its gold filigree-work, its gold-embroidered stuffs, its silks, gems, and shawls, and has a large trade in saltpetre, indigo, sugar, and English goods. The city is an important railway centre, and is the seat of Queen's College, a government school, also of a mis- sion college, normal schools, orphanages, hospitals, and asy- lums for the insane, for lepers, and for the blind. Here are fine government buildings, and the public gardens ai-e famous. Many Europeans reside here, chiefly in the N.W. suburb of Sekrole or Sikrol. Pop. 175,188. Benares, a division of the North-West Provinces, British India, comprises the districts of Benares, Mirza- poor, Ghazeepoor, Azimghur, Bustee, and Goruckpoor. Cap- ital, Benares. Area, 18,314 square miles. Pop. 8,178,147. Benares, a district of the above division, lat. 25° 7'- 25° 32' N., Ion. 82° 45'-S3° 38' E. It is level, calcareous, and mostly of great fertility, and is traversed by the Ganges. Capital, Benares. Area, 996 square miles. Pop. 793,699. Beuasal, bi.-na,-sir, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 30 miles N. of Castellon de la Plana, Pop. 1820. Benasque, a town of Spain. See Venasque. Benatek, b^-na't^k, or Benatky, b&n-^t'kee, a town of Bohemia, 21 miles N.E. of Prague. Pop. 1568. Bena- tek is also the name of several villages in Bohemia. Ben-Aven, b§n-i'ven, a mountain of Scotland, one of the Grampians, between the cos. of Aberdeen and Banff. Benavente, bi-nd.-v^n'tA, a town of Spain, 34 miles N. of Zamora. Pop. 4536. It has Roman remains. Benavente, bi-ni-vSn'ti, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 27 miles N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 2520. Benbaun, bfin^bawn', amountain of the Binabola group, Ireland, co. of Galway. Elevation, 2395 feet. Benbecula, b§n-bi-koo'U, one of the Hebrides Islands, between North and South Uist, about 8 mjles in length and in breadth. It is low, flat, and little productive. Pop. 1563. Ben'boAV, a post-hamlet of Marion co., Mo., 7 miles from Durham Railroad Station, It has 2 churches. Ben'burb', a village of Ireland, co. of Tyrone, on the Blackwater, 5 miles N.W. of Armagh. Pop. 340. Bencarnum, a supposed ancient name of Lesgar. Bench'ley, a post-hamlet of Robertson co., Tex., on the line of Brazos co., on the Houston »fe Texas Central Railroad, 8 miles N. of Bryan. It has 2 churches. Bcncoolen, or Benkoelen, bfin-koo'len (native, Banijkaooloo, bilng-kJl-oo'loo), a residency and seaport town of the Dutch East Indies, on the W. coast of the island of Sumatra. Lnt. 3° 47' 6" S. ; Ion. 102° 19' E. The residency comprises 9690 square miles. Pop. 140,126. Pop. of town, 6000. Beucruachan, b6n-kroo'Kan, a mountain of Scotland, BEN 211 BEN CO. of Argyle, between Lochs Etive and Awe. Its height is estimated at 3670 feet. Bend, a post-office of Chicot cc, Ark. Bend, a post-office of Texas co., Mo., 25 miles E.S.E. of Lebanon. Ben Da'vis, a post-hamlet of Marion co., Ind., in Wayne township, on the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad. It has 2 churches. Bendemeer, or Bendemir. See Bundemeer. Ben'der, or Bendery, ben'der-e, a fortified town of Kussia, in Bessarabia, on the Dniester, 48 miles from its mouth, and 6S miles by rail W.N.W. of Odessa. It has varied manufactures, and a large trade by the river. In its en- vii'ons is Varnitza, where Charles XII. took refuge after the battle of Poltava. Bender was taken by the Russians in 1770, in 1789, and in 1S09. Pop. 24,443, Ben'der, a station in Johnson co.. 111., on the Cairo'& Vincennes Railroad, 31 miles N.E. of Cairo. Bender Abbas, a town of Persia. See Gombroon. Bender-Bushir, a town of Persia. See Bdshire. Ben'dersville, a post-village of Adams co., Pa., about 28 miles S.W. of Harrisburg. It has 3 churches, a coach- factory, and several stores. Pop. about 300. Bendorf, b^n'douf, a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the right bank of the Rhine, and on a railway, 4i miles N. of Coblentz. It is in a mining district, and has iron-forges and manufactures of woollen. Pop. 3045. Bendramo, b^n-drS,'mo, a town of Asia Minor, on the Sea of Marmora, S. of the peninsula of Cyzicus. Bendzin, b^nd'zeen\ a town of Russian Poland, gov- ernment and 100 miles by rail S. of Petrikau. Pop. 6231. Bene, bi'ni (anc. Angus'ta Bagienno'rumf), a town of Italy, in Piedmont, province and IS miles N.E. of Coni. It has a college, a hospital, and a castle. Pop. 6131, Benebola, a mountain of Ireland, See Binabola. Ben^edic'ta, a post-township of Aroostook co., Me., 40 miles S.W. of Houlton. It has a church. Pop. 413. Benedictbeuern, b^n^fi-dikt-boi'^nn, a hamlet of Ba- varia, 8^ miles W. of Tolz, with celebrated glass-works and marble-quarries.' Pop. 1072. Bene'ia, a post-village of Calhoun co., Miss., on the Yalabusha River, 35 miles E. of Grenada. It has a church. Beneschau, b4'n§h-show\ a town of Bohemia, 24 miles S.S.E. of Prague. Pop. 2074. Several villages in Bohemia and in Prussian Silesia have this name. Benest, bi^nfist', a village of Erance, department of Charente, 10 miles W. of Confolens, Pop. 1443. Benestare, bi-n^s-ta'ri, a town of Italy, in Calabria, near Gerace. Pop. 3173. Benet, bi^ni', a village of France, department of Ven- due, on a railway, 12 miles S.E. of Fontenay. Pop. 2635. Benevente, bi-ni-v6n'ti, a town of Brazil, province of Espirito Santo, 47 miles S. of Victoria, on the Atlantic, at the mouth of the river Benevente. The harbor is much frequented, and ship-building is carried on. Pop. 3000. Benevento, b&n-i-v^n'to (anc. Beneveii' turn), a, city oi Italy, capital of a province, is situated near the confluence of the Galore and Sabato, about 45 miles by rail N.E. of Naples, It occupies the site of the ancient town, and, except Rome, perhaps no other Italian city can boast of so many remains of antiquity. The Arch of Trajan, now the Porta Aurea, is still nearly perfect. The chief modern buildings are a cathedral, town hall, dioc6san school and library, hos- pitals, and several palaces. It is an archbishop's see, and has manufactures of leather, parchment, and metallic goods. Under the Lombards, Benevento was the capital of a power- ful duchy. Pop. 20,133. Benevento, a fertile province of Italy, in Campania, enclosed by Campobasso, Foggia, Avellino, and Caserta. Capital, Benevento. Area, 676 square miles. Pop. 232,008, Ben^evo'Ia, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Md., on Beaver Creek, 9 miles S. of Hagerstown. Ben^ezet', or Ben^ezette', a post-office and station of Elk CO., Pa., in Benezette township, on the Low Grade division of the Alleghany "Valley Railroad, 16 miles W. of Driftwood. Pop. of township. 902. Benezet, a station in Montgomery co., Pa., on the Yardleyville Branch of the North Pennsylvania Railroad (Bound Brook Route), 10 miles N. of Philadelphia. Benfeld, bSn'f^lt^ (Fr. pron. bON^^f^kl'), a town of Lower Alsace, 10^ miles N.N.W. of Schlettstadt. Pop. 2603. Benfer, Pa. See Paxtonville. Ben Fick'lin, a small post-village, capital of Tom Green co., Tex.. 230 miles N.W. of Austin. Ben'fleldside, a town and railway junction of Dur- ham, England, 13 miles W.N.W. of Durham. It has paper- mills and iron-works. Pop. 4432. Ben Frank'lin, a post-office of Murray co., Minn. Ben Franklin, a post- village of Delta co., Tex., on the North Fork of Sulphur River, about 22 miles S.W. of Paris. It has 5 churches. Bengal, ben-gawl' (anc. Beugala, ben-gi'lS), called also Lower Bengal, to distinguish it from the former presidency of the same name, a lieutenant-governorship, the largest and most populous of the twelve main divisions of British India, consisting of the provinces of Bengal, Bahar, Orissa, and Chuta-Nagpoor. The term "presidency of Bengal," still in popular use, includes also the North- western Provinces, Oude, the Punjab, and Assam, and is sometimes made to cover British Burmah. Area of Lower Bengal, 194,417 square miles. It is bounded N. by Assam, Bootan, and Nepaul, E. by Burmah, S, by Burmah. Madras, and the Bay of Bengal, and W. by the North-Western and Central Provinces; and thus extends from the Himalayas to the sea. It is traversed by the great rivers Ganges, Brahmapootra, and Mahanuddy, with their many tribu- taries and offshoots; and numerous canals and railways facilitate internal communication. There is every variety of soil ; but the inarable mountains of the frontiers, and the occasional sand-wastes, cover but a relatively small area, and the greater part of the land is an alluvial plain of the richest description ; although portions of the Ganges delta are but densely-wooded swampy jungles. The leading in- dustries are agricultural. Rice, wheat, opium, indigo, lac, betel, silk, jute, sugar, cotton, flax, oil-seeds, ginger, pepper, and turmeric are extensively produced. Tea and Peruvian bark are latterly grown to some extent. The elephant, tiger, panther, antelope, and some remarkable species of the ox or buffalo tribe are found in this country ; and there are many kinds of deadly serpents. The river-fisheries are ex- tensive. Coal is quite largely wrought, and there are mines of ii'on and copper. The people of Bengal are of many races and tribes, but the prominentpeoplesareof more or less pure Aryan descent, and the principal spoken languages (Bengalee, Hindostanee, Uriya, and Assamese) are classed as Indo-European ; but along the eastern and northern frontiers are hill-tribes allied in language to the people of Indo-China and of Thibet; and in the W. and S.W. are many aboriginal and little-civ- ilized peoples of Kolarian and Dravidian stock. Two-thirds of the people are of the Hindoo faith ; and of the remainder the large majority are Soonnite Mohammedans. Christianity has made more progress in the wild aboriginal tribes than among the more civilized peoples. The local government is subject to the supervision of the general governmentof India. The legislative council consists partly of natives; but the civil service is largely in the hands of Englishmen, who give heavy bonds for the faithful discharge of their duties. The people generally are very poor; but the country, with an apparently light rate of taxation, affords a large revenue. The army is small, and consists of about 3000 white and 9000 native troops. Bengal is exceedingly populous ; and some of the worst famines and pestilences ever known have had their seat in these regions. The chief manufactures, until recently, have been of domestic character ; but mats, rope, gunnybags, oil, &c., have been long produced in large amounts, and, with hides, saltpetre, rice, opium, jute, lin- seed, lac, and indigo, are leading articles of export. There are many populous towns, of which Calcutta and Patna are the chief. Total pop. in 1872, 64,444,379. The capital, largest city, and great commercial centre is Calcutta, which is also the capital of the empire of India. Bengal rnoPER, or the province of Bengal, the eastern portion of the above country, has more than one-half of the above population, and more than one-third of the whole area. It is divided into 2S administrative districts. Ac- cording to the original usage, only the country between Boglipoor and the sea was called Bengal. Area of the province, 84,198 square miles. Pop. in 1872, 36,564,708. Ben'gal, a post-office of Bullock co., Ga. Ben'gal, a post-township of Clinton co., Mich., about 20 miles N. of Lansing, is intersected by the Detroit & Mil- waukee Railroad. It has a steam saw-mill. Pop. 1200. Bengawan, a river of Java. See Solo. Ben^azi, or Benghasy,b^n-gi'zee(anc. Bereni'ce), a town of Africa, Barca, on the Gulf of Sidra (anc. Syr'tis Ma'jor), 420 miles E.S.E. of Tripoli. Lat. 32° 6' 8" N. ; Ion. 20° 2' 7" E. Pop. about 6000. It is situated in a fer- tile plain, but is miserably built and filthy, and its port is shnllow. It has a castle, and a trade with Barbary, Egypt, and Malta in wool, oxen, ostrich-feathers, sponges, sheep, butter, and corn. Near this city traces of ancient buildings are met with buried in the sand, Bengermow, a town of India. See Bangeemow. BEN 212 BEN Ben'gore Head, a promontory on the N. coast of Ireland, co. of Antrim, E. of the Giant's Causeway. Lat. 55= 16' N. J Ion. 6° 30' W. Ben'gower, a mountain of the Binabola group, co. of Galway, Ireland. Elevation, 2336 feet. Benguela, ben-gi'l^, a maritime country of "W^estern Africa, claimed by Portugal, between lat. 9° and 16° S., and having N. Angola, from which it is separated by the river Coanza, and W. the Atlantic. Surface mountainous, rising progressively inland by a series of terraces. The principal rivers have all a W. course. The climate is very unhealthy. The thermometer varies from 94° to 105° Fahr. in the shade at noon. The soil is well watered and very productive; little corn is raised, but tropical fruits, vegetables, and cattle are abundant, and fine turtles are obtained on the sea-coast. Mineral products comprise copper, sulj^hur, petroleum, and gold. Among the natives are fierce savages, whose incur- sions are much dreaded by the Portuguese. Fetishism is the prevailing superstition. Beasts of prey, including the lion and hyena, are numerous. Benguela, Novo Redondo, (fcc, on the coast, and a few stations in the interior, are oc- cupied by the Portuguese, whose rule extends little beyond those settlements. Benguela, New Beng:uela, or St. Philip de Benguela (Port. Sdo Felipe de Benguela, sowN^ fi-lee'pi d'X b^n-gi'l^), a seaport town, capital of the above, with a noble harbor on the Atlantic. Lat. 12° 33' 9" S. ; Ion. 13° 25' 2" E. It is situated in a charming valley. Pop. 3000, of whom one-third are whites and mulattoes. The streets are straight and wide, and the buildings are mostly of clay and palm branches, but there are some good houses. The ruins of Old Benguela, the original capital of the country, are situated on the coast, 130 miles N.N.E. of New Benguela. Ben'ha, a town of Egypt, in the Galioobyeh province, at an important railway junction, 29 miles N. of Cairo. Pop. 5200. Ben'ham's Store, a post-hamlet of Ripley co., Ind., 12 miles from Osgood Railroad Station. It has a church, a foundry, &c. Ben Hill, a post-hamlet of Fulton co., Ga., about 5 miles from Atlanta. It has a church and a wagon-shop. Beni, bi-nee', or Paro, p^'ro, a river of South Amer- ica, in Bolivia, formed by the junction of the Chuqueapo and Mapiri, in lat. 16° S. and Ion. 69° W. It flows mostly northward, through the department of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and in lat. 10° 35' S. joins the Mamore to form the Madeira, of which it is the main source. It is over 3300 feet wide at its mouth, and 50 feet in depth. The country it traverses is extremely fertile and rich in metals. Afflu- ents, the Coendo, La Paz, Tuche, Masisi, &c. The towns of San Miguel, Mani, and Pueblo de los Reyes are on its banks, in the upper half of its course. Beni, or Veni, vi-nee', a department of Bolivia, de- riving its name from the above river, having S. the depart- ments of La Paz, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz, N. and E. Brazil, and W. Peru. Chief towns, Trinidad and Loreto. Area, 295,417 square miles. Pop. 153,973. Benicarlo, bi-n^-kait'lo, a seaport town of Spain, 42 miles N.E. of Castellon de la Plana, on the Mediterranean. It is ill built and mean. It has a ruined castle, a fishing- port, and a trade in wines, which are exported. Pop. 7000. Benicia, be-nish'e-a, a town of Solano co., Cal., on the north side of the Strait of Carquinez, about 40 miles N.E. of San Francisco, and 56 miles S.W. of Saci'amento. It is at the head of navigation for the largest ships, and contains the lai'ge depot and machine-shops of the Pacific Mail Steam- ship Company. It has also a United States arsenal, 3 churches, a Protestant Episcopal institution called the Mis- sionary College of St. Augustine, a young ladies' seminary, a Dominican monastery, convent, academy, several tan- neries, cement-factory, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 1656. Benidorm, bi-ne-doum', a town of Spain, 25 miles N.E. of Alicante, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 3720. Near the coast there is an island of the same name. Beniganim, b4-ne-g^-neem', a town of Spain, in Valencia, 5 miles S.E. of San Felipe de Jativa, Pop. 3300. Beni-Hassan, bi'nee-hils'sdn, a village of Egypt, 15 miles S.S.E. of Minieh, on the right bank of the Nile. In its environs are numerous rock-hewn tombs. Beni-Isguen, bi'nee-isVh^n', a town of Algeria, in the Sahara, on the Wady Mzab. Lat. 33° 30' N.; Ion. 2° E. It is strongly built, and is surrounded by a rampart. Pop. 5500. Benin, ben-een', a negro country of "Western Africa, in Upper Guinea, on the Bight of Benin (Gulf of Guinea), ex- tending along the coast on both sides of the Benin River, without definite limits, and without political unity. It was once a powerful state ; but at present the King of Benin rules only an unimportant district near the town of Benin. The coast is indented with estuaries, some of them of con- siderable breadth, and studded with islands. The country is flat for some distance inland, when it begins gradually to rise, till it attains a height of between 2000 and 3000 feet. It is very rich in vegetable productions. Cotton is indige- nous, and is woven by the women. Human sacrifices are numerous, and cruelty, in most atrocious forms, is charac- teristic of the people. An extensive trafiic in slaves is car- ried on, and there is a trade in salt, palm oil, and blue coral. Benin, a large town of "Western Africa, capital of the above, lat. 6° 12' N., Ion. 5° 45' E., on the right bank of the river of the same name. The houses are set down with- out the slightest regard to order, and often at wide distances from one another. They are built of clay, neatly thatched with reeds or leaves, and kept exceedingly clean. Benin was at one time the great emporium of the district for slaves j but it is now much decayed. Pop. estimated at 15,000. Benin, Bight of. See Bight of Benin. Benin River (called by the Portuguese Rio For- moso, ree'o fon-mo'so), in Western Africa, and assumed by some geographers to be one of the mouths of the Niger, falls into the Gulf of Guinea about lat. 5° 46' N., Ion. 5° 4' E. It divides into two branches, both of which have been navi- gated by steamers, the one for a distance of 50 miles, and the other for a distance of 70 miles. The river is 2 milea wide at its mouth, across which is a bar with 12 feet of water at spring tides. Benioleed, bi'ne-o-leed', or Beni-Ulid, bi^ne-oo- leed', a town and valley of Africa, vilayet and 100 miles S.S.E. of Tripoli. Benisa, bi-nee'sS,, a town of Spain, 39 miles N.E. of Alicante, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 4234. Benisaleni, bi-ne-s^-Um', a Spanish town, island of Majorca, S miles by rail S.W. of Inca. Pop. 3125. Benischi, a town of Silesia. See Bennisch. Beni-Sooef, Beni-Souef, or Benee-Suweyf, bSn'e-swfif, a town of Egypt, on the right bank of the Nile, 62 miles by rail S.S.W. of Cairo. It is the entrepot for the produce of the rich valley of Fayoom, and has linen- and cotton-mills, carpet-works, and alabaster-quarries. P. 7000. Ben'jamin, a hamlet of Lewis co., Mo., S miles from Canton Railroad Station. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a steam saw-mill. Ben'jaminville, a hamlet of McLean co., 111., 1^ miles from Holder Station, which is 10 miles E. of Bloomington. It has a church. Benkoelen, East Indies. See Bencoolen. Benkovacs, b^n^koVotch', or Benkovatz, bSn^ko^- vots', a town of Austro-Hungary, in Dalmatia, 22 miles E.S.E. of Zara. Pop. of commune, 11,537. Benlawers, b^n-law'erz, a mountain of Scotland, co. and 32 miles W.N.W. of 'Perth, on the W. side of Loch Tay, 3945 feet in elevation. It commands a fine view. Benledi, ben-lM'dee, a mountain of Scotland, co. of Perth, 4 miles W.N.W. of Callander, 2S63 feet in height. Ben-Lomond, bSn-lo'mpnd, a mountain of Scotland, CO. of Stirling, at the S.W. extremity of the Grampian chain. 27 miles AV.N.W. of Stirling. Height, 3100 feet. On the N. this mountain terminates by a precipice 2000 feet in height ; on its W. side is Loch Lomond. Ben-Lo'mond, a mountain of Tasmania, 25 miles E. of Launceston. Elevation, 5000 feet. Ben Lo'mond, a post-hamlet of Sevier co.. Ark., about 70 miles W.S.W. of Arkadelphia. Bcn-Macdhui, b^n-mak-doo'e, or Ben-Macdhu, bSn-mak-doo', a mountain in Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, on the border of Inverness-shire. Height, 4305 feet. Beninil'ler, a post-village in Huron co., Ontario, 6 miles from Goderich. Pop. 150. Ben-More, b^n-mor', a mountain of Scotland, in the Hebrides, island of Mull, 9 miles S.S.W. of Torosay. Height, 3819 feet. Beninorc Head, Ireland, See Fair Head. Benncbeola, a mountain of Ireland, See Binabola. Benncckenstein, b^n-n^k'^n-stine^, a town of Prus- sian Saxony, in a detached territory in the Harz, Bruns- wick, 22 miles S.AV. of Halberstadt. Pop. 3355. Ben'ner, a township of Centre co., Pa. Pop. 1362. Ben'nersville, the former name of Half Moon, Pa. Ben'net, a post-oflice of Arapahoe co., Colorado. Bennct Island, an island on tho N. side of Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland. Pop. 45. Ben'net's, a stntion on the Texas & Pacific Railroad, 17 miles E. of Paris, Tex. Beu'net Spring, township, Barnwell co.,S.C. P. 1742. BEN 213 BEN Ben'nett, a station of Cheyenne co., Neb., on the Union Pacific Railroad, 2S miles W. of Sidney. Bennett, a station in Cape May co., N.J., on the West Jersey Railroad, 4 miles N. of Cape May City. Bennett, a post-office and station of Alleghany co.. Pa., is in the borough of Millvale, and on the Western Penn- sylvania Railroad, 2 miles N.E. of Alleghany City, at the junction of the Lawrence ville rings, a post-hamlet of Baltimore co., Md., at Bentley Station on the Northern Central Railroad, 32 miles N. of Baltimore. It has a church, 2 (straw) papor- mills, and a felt-mill. Bent'leyville, a post-village of Washington co., Pa., in Somerset township, 30 miles S. of Pittsburg, and 9 miles S.S.W. of I\lonongahola City. It has a church. Pop. 277. Bent'ly, a post-office of Calhoun co., Miss. Bent Monntain, a post-hamlet of Roanoke oo., Va., about 6 miles from Alleghany Springs. Benton, ben'ton, a county forming the N.W. extremity of Arkansas, bordering on Missouri, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is drained by White and Illinois Rivers and other streams. The surface is undulating or nearly level; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, pork, &c., are the staple products. Among the forest trees are the hickory, white oak, and yellow pine. Capital, Benton- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, 83,095,197, Pop. in 1870, 13,831, of whom 13,7S2 were Americans. Benton, a county in the W.N.W. part of Indiana, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is drained by Pine and Sugar Creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is fertile. A large portion of it is prairie. Indian corn, oats, and cattle are the staple products. The county is intersected by the Bloomington division of the Wabash Railroad, and the Cincinnati, Lafayette & Chicago Railroad. Capital, Fowler. Valuation of real and personal estate, $8,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 5615, of whom 4929 were natives and 686 were foreigners. Benton, a county in the E. central part of Iowa, has an area of 720 square miles. It is intersected by Cedar River. The Iowa River touches the S.W. extremity of the county, which is partly drained by Prairie Creek. The surface is undulating; the soil is fertile. The prairies of this county are more extensive than the woodlands. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and cattle are the staple products. Devonian rocks, covered with a thick deposit of drift, un- derlie the soil. It is intersected by the Chicago & North- western Railroad, and by the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad. Capital, Vinton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $13,584,774. Pop. in 1870, 22,454, of whom 18,849 were Americans; in 1875, 22,807. Benton, a county in the central part of Minnesota, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the W, by the Mississippi River, and is also drained by Elk River. The surface is diversified with prairies and forests; the soil is mostly fertile, and produces wheat, Indian corn, oats, &e. This county is intersected by the St. Paul & Pa- cific Railroad. Capital, Sauk Rapids. Valuation of real and personal estate, $548,151. Pop. in 1870, 1558, of whom 1075 were natives and 483 were foreigners; in 1875, 1974. Benton, a county in the N. part of Mississippi, border- ing on Tennessee, has an area of nearly 400 square miles. It is partly drained by Wolf River, and is intersected by Tippah Creek. The surface is undulating, and mostly cov- ered with forests of the beech, elm, hickory, magnolia, white oak, tulip-ti-ee, &c. ; the soil is fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Capital, Ashland. The census of 1870 gives no statistics of this county, which was formed after that year. Benton, a county in the W. central part of Missouri, has an area of about 800 square miles. It is intersected by the Osage River, and is also drained by the Pomme de Terre and Grand Rivers. The surface is undulating or hilly; the soil is fertile. Among its mineral resources are lead, car- boniferous limestone, and Lower Silurian magnesian lime- stones, which crop out in picturesque bluffs at the Osage River. Some of these are good building-stones. A large portion of the county is covered with forests of the ash, elm, hickory, white oak, black walnut, wild cherry, &c. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Warsaw, Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 11,322, of whom 10,198 were Americans. Benton, a county in the W. part of Oregon, has an area of about 1200 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Willamette River, and on the W. by the Pacific Ocean, It is also drained by the Alseya River. The surface is diversi- fied by the mountains and valleys of the Coast Range, which extends through the middle of the county. The soil of the valleys is adapted to pasturage. Wheat, oats, wool, lumber, &Q., are the staple products. Capital, Corvallis, Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,268,000. Pop. in 1S70, 4584, of whom 43'41 were Americans; in 1S75, 3258. Benton, a county of West Tennessee, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Tennessee River, navigable by steamboats, and on the N.W. by the Big Sandy River. The surface is nearly level and mostly covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, tobacco, and pork arc the staple products. This county is intersected by the Nashville & Northwestern Railroad. Capital, Camden. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,830,343. Pop. in 1S70, S234, of whom 8206 were natives and 28 were foreigners. Benton, a post-village of Lowndes co., Ala., on the Alabama River, and on the Western Railroad, 31 miles W. of Montgomery. It has 2 ehurohes. Pop. about 300. Benton, a post-village, capital of Saline oo., Ark., on or BEN 215 BEN near the Saline River, and on the Arkansas division of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 23 miles S.W. of Little Rook. It has a court-house, a church, an academy, and a pottery. Benton, a post-village of Mono co., Cal., on the B. slope of the Sierra Nevad.a, about 225 miles E. of San Fran- cisco. It has 2 quartz-mills and a silver-mine. Mining is the chief business of the place. Pop. about iOO. Benton, a post-hamlet of Columbia co., Fla., near the Suwanee River, 20 miles N. of Lake City. It has a public hall, a cotton-gin, and a grist-mill. Benton, a post-village, capital of Franklin co.. 111., is on a prairie about 90 miles S.B. of St. Louis, Mo. It is IS miles E. of Duquoin. It has 3 churches, a bank, a high school, and 2 flouring-mills. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 615. Benton, a township of Lake co., 111., the northeastern- most township in the state. Pop. 640. Benton Station, on the Chicago &■ Northwestern Railroad, is 40 miles N. of Chicago. Benton, a post-village of Elkhart co., Ind., in Benton township, and on Elkhart River, 8 miles S.S.E. of Goshen. It has 2 churches and a flouring-mill. Pop. 203 j of the township, IISS. Benton, a township of Monroe co., Ind, Pop. 867. Benton, a township of Benton co., Iowa. Pop. 679. Benton, a station in Benton co., Iowa, on the railroad from Vinton to Traer, 30 miles by rail N.W. of Cedar Rapids. Benton, a township of Cass co., Iowa. Pop. 502. Benton, a township of Des Moines co., Iowa. Pop. 1303. Benton, a township of Fremont co., Iowa. Pop. 809, exclusive of Eastport and Percival. Benton, a township of Keokuk co., Iowa. Pop. H99. Benton, a township of Lucas co., Iowa. Pop. 703. Benton, a post-hamlet of Mills co., Iowa, about 25 miles S.E. of Council Bluffs. Benton, a township of Ringgold co., Iowa. Pop. 431. Benton, a township of Taylor co., Iowa. Pop. 659, ex- clusive of Bedford. Benton, a township of Wayne co., Iowa. Pop. 892. Benton, a post-township of Butler co., Kansas, about 15 miles W. by S. of El Dorado. Pop. 447. Benton, or Benton Station, a hamlet of Kenton CO., Ky., on the Kentucky Central Railroad, 18 miles S. of Covington. It has 2 tobacco-houses. Benton, a post-village, capital of Marshall co., Ky., on Clark's River, about 25 miles S.E. of Paducah, It has an academy and 3 churches. Benton, a post-village of Bossier parish. La., 14 miles N. of Shreveport. It has a church and 5 stores. Pop. about 200. Benton, a post-hamlet of Kennebec co., Me., in Benton township, on the Sebasticook River, and on the Maine Central Railroad, 23 miles N.N.E. of Augusta. Pop. of the town- ship, 1180. Benton, a township of Berrien co., Mich. Pop. 2524. It includes Benton Harbor. Benton,a township of Cheboygan CO., Mich. Pop. 1488. Benton, a township of Eaton co., Mich. Pop. 1442. Benton, a post-office of Washtenaw co., Mich. Benton, a post-hamlet of Carver co., Minn., in Benton township, on the Hastings & Dakota division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 56 miles W. of Hastings, and 18 miles B. of Glencoe. It has 3 stores. Pop. of the township, 1394. Benton, a post-village of Yazoo co.. Miss., about 40 miles N. of Jackson, and 10 miles E. of Yazoo City. It has a church and several stores. Benton, a township of Adair co.. Mo. Pop. 3369. It contains Kirksville, the county seat. Benton, a township of Atchison co., Mo. Pop. 680. Benton, a township of Cedar co.. Mo. Pop. 1130. Benton, a township of Christian co.. Mo. Pop. 527. Benton, a township of Crawford co.. Mo. Pop. 1184. Benton, a township of Dallaa co.. Mo. Pop. 2055. It includes the village of Buffalo. Benton, a township of Daviess co., Mo. Pop. 1199. Benton, a township of Douglas co., Mo. Pop. 379. Benton, a township of Holt co., Mo. Pop. 2226. Benton, a township of Howell co.. Mo. Pop. S09. Benton, or Benton City, a station of Johnson co., Mo., on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, 51 miles W. of Sedalia. Benton, a township of Knox co., Mo. Pop. 1002. Benton, a township of Linn co.. Mo. Pop. 696. Benton, a township of Newton co.. Mo. Pop. 968. Benton, a township of Osage co.. Mo. Pop. 2513. Benton, a township of Polk co.. Mo. Pop. 1650. Benton, a station in St. Louis co., Mo., on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 7 miles W. by S. of St. Louis. Benton, a post-hamlet of Scott co.. Mo., 4 miles from Morley Railroad Station, and about 10 miles S.W. of Com- merce. It has a church. Benton, a township of Wayne co.. Mo. Pop. 1291. Benton, a township of Webster co.. Mo. Pop. 768. It contains Henderson. Benton, a post-hamlet of Saunders co.. Neb., on the south bank of the Platte River, about 45 miles N. of Lin- coln, and 3 miles from North Bend Station, which is on the Union Pacific Railroad. It has a church. Benton, a post-township of Grafton co., N.H., about 24 miles N.N.W. of Plymouth, has a mountainous surface. Here are several lumber-mills. Pop. 375. Benton, a township of Yates co., N.Y., is on the west shore of Seneca Lake, and is intersected by the Northern Central Railroad. Benton Station is 4i miles N. of Penn Yan. The township contains part of Penn Yan, and the villages of Bellona and Benton Centre. Pop. 2410. Benton, a village of Green township. Brown co., 0., i mile from Mount Grab, has a church and a mineral spring. Benton, a village of Crawford co., 0., in Texas town- ship, 12 miles N.W. of Bucyrus. It has 2 churches, a grist- mill, and a union school. Here is Poplar Post-Office. Benton,avillageof Hancock CO., in Blanchard township, 0., 8 miles from Findlay, and about 50 miles S. of Toledo. The name of its post-office is Benton Ridge. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. about 450. Benton, a township of Hocking co., 0. Pop. 1448. It contains Bloomingville. Benton, a post-hamlet of Holmes co., 0., 24 miles S.W. of Massillon. It has a church. Pop. 99. Benton, a township of Monroe co., 0. Pop. 987. It contains Brownsville. Benton, a township of Ottawa co., 0. Pop. 1152. It contains Graytown. Benton, a township of Paulding co., 0. Pop. 404. Benton, a township of Pike co., 0. Pop. 1119. Benton, a post-village of Columbia co.. Pa., in Benton township, and on Fishing Creek, 15 miles from Bloomsburg, and about 30 miles W. of AVilkesbai-re. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, and manufactures of flour and lumber. Pop. of the township, 1053. Benton, a township of Lackawiinna co.. Pa. P. 1055. Benton, a station in Henry co., Tenn., on the Louis- ville & Memphis Railroad, 47 miles S.W. of Clarksville. Benton, a post-village, capital of Polk co., Tenn., is about 40 miles E.N.E. of Chattanooga, and 3 miles S. of the Hiawassee River. It has a court-house, an academy, and 3 churches. Pop. 250. Benton, a post-village of Atascosa co., Tex., 25 miles from San Antonio. It has 3 churches, and a school called the Benton Institute. Benton, a post-village of Lafayette co., Wis., is in Benton township, on Fevre River, 14 miles N. of Galena, and about 17 miles E.N.E. of Dubuque. It has 3 churches, and a Franciscan convent. Lead is found here. Pop. of the township, 1681. Benton is on the Galena & Southern AVisconsin Railroad. Benton, or Bankin's Mills, a post-village in Carlc- ton CO., New Brunswick, on Eel River, 19 miles by rail S. of Woodstock. Pop. 200. Benton Centre, a post-village of Yates co., N.Y., in Benton township, 1 mile from Benton Railroad Station, which is 4i miles N. of Penn Yan. It has 2 churches. Benton City, a post-hamlet of Audrain co.. Mo., on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 6 or 7 miles S.E. of Mexico. It has 2 churches in the vicinity. Benton Creek, a post-office and station of Dent co., Mo., on the St. Louis, Salem & Little Rook Railroad, 11 miles N. of Salem. Benton Harbor, a post-village of Berrien co., Mich., in Benton township, on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the St. Joseph River, and on the Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, 60 miles by water E.N.E. of Chicago, and 16 miles N.W. of Berrien Springs. Two weekly newspapers are published here. It is in a great fruit region. Large quantities of fruits and other produce are shipped here in steamboats. It has 4 churches, 2 banks, a graded school, and manufactures of flour, lumber, furniture, fruit-baskets, &c. Pop. about 1400. Benton Ridge, a post-office of Hancock co., 0. See Benton. Benton's Ferry, a post-office of Livingston parish. La. Benton's Ferry, a post-hamlet of Marion co., W. Va., BEN BER on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 17 miles N.W. of Graf- ton, and on Tygart's Valley River. It has a church. BenHonsport', a post-village of Van Buren co., Iowa, on the Bes Moines River, opposite Vernon, and on the Keokuk & Bes Moines Railroad, 39 miles N.W. of Keokuk, and 7 miles E. of Keosauqua. It has 4 churches, a bank, a graded school, a woollen-factory, a flour-miil, &c. Here are quarries of fine limestone and beds of coal. Pop. 338. Benton Station, in Benton co., Tenn., about 1 mile W. of the Tennessee River, and on the Louisville & Mem- phis Railroad, 24 miles N.E. of Paris. Ben'tonville, a post-village, capital of Benton co.. Ark., about 24 miles N. of Fayetteville, and 170 miles N.W. of Little Rock. It has 3 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, a high school, 2 tobacco-factories, and a flouring-mill. Bentouville, a post- village of Fayette co., Ind., in Posey township, on the railroad between Cambridge & Rushville, about 22 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. It has 2 churches and a steam saw-mill. Pop. 150. Bentonville, a post-village of Johnson eo., N.C., about 20 miles W. of Goldsborough, was the scene of a battle be- tween the army of General Sherman and that of General Johnston in March, 1865. It has 3 churches. Bentonville, a post-village of Adams co., 0., in Sprigg township, about 55 miles E.S.E. of Cincinnati, 5 miles from the Ohio River, and 12 miles from Maysville, Ky. It has 3 or 4 churches, a graded school, a chair-factory, and a flour-mill. Pop. 310. Bentonviile, a post-hamlet of Warren co., Va., 10 miles from Front Royal. It has 2 churches. Bentotte, bfin-tott', a small town of Ceylon, on Ceylon River, 12 miles S. of Caltura. Bent's Boad Crossing, a station in Bent co.. Col., on the Arkansas Valley Railroad, 3 miles S.E. of Kit Carson. Benuwe, Benne, ben-oo-e', Binoue, or Binu6, bin-oo-i', formerly called Chad'da, or Tsad'da, a river of Africa, the principal eastern tributary of the river Niger, which it joins about 230 miles from the sea. It has been navigated by steamer to a point 350 miles above the conflu- ence; but the people on its banks are mostly warlike sav- ages, and the stream has not become a channel of commerce. Beiivanue, b^nVa-noo', a post-hamlet of Clay co., Tex., on Red River, 110 miles W. of Benison. Benvenue, b^n've-noo', a post-hamlet of Dauphin co., Pa., in Reed township, on the Susquehanna River, at the mouth of the Juniata, 1 mile from the Pennsylvania Rail- road, and about 15 miles above Harrisburg. Ben'ville, a post-office of Jennings co., Ind. Ben Wade, a township of Pope co., Minn. Pop. 409. Ben Wheel'er, a post-office of Van Zandt co., Tex. Ben'wood, a small mining village of Clay eo., Ind., 2 miles from Knightsville. It has a church. Block coal is mined here. Benwood, a post-village of Marshall co., W. Va., on the Ohio River, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 4 miles S. of Wheeling, and opposite Bellaire. It has 2 churches, a rolling-mill, and a blast-furnace. Ben-Wyvis, bSn-wi'vis, a mountain of Scotland, co. of Ross, 8 miles N.W. of Dingwall. Height, 2720 feet. Benzerta, a town of Africa. See Bizerta. Ben'zie, a county in the N.W. part of Michigan, has an area of about 350 square miles. It is bounded on the W. and N.W. by Lake Michigan, and contains several lakes. The surface is extensively covered with forests, in which the sugar-maple abounds. The soil produces wheat, Indian corn, potatoes, &>c. Capital, Benzonia. Valuation of real and personal estate, $461,119. Pop. in 1870, 2184, of whom 1842 were natives and 342 were foreigners; in 1874, 2663. Ben'zing^er, a township of Elk co., Pa. Pop. 1630, exclusive of St. Mary's. Benzinger Station is on the Phil- adelphia & Erie Railroad, 13 miles E. of Ridgway. The township has mines of coal. Benzo'nia, a post-village, capital of Benzie co., Mich., in Benzonia township, about 6 miles E. of Lake Michigan, and 30 miles W.S.W. of Traverse City. It has a church, a newspaper office, several lumber-mills, and a flour-mill. Here is the Grand Traverse College (Congregationalist). Pop. of township, 235. Beodra, bi-o'dri, a town of Hungary, in theBanat, 47 miles W. of Temesvar. Pop. 4025. Beowawe, be-o-wah'we. a post-office and station of Eureka co., Nov., on the Central Pacific Raih-oad, 51 miles S.W. of Elko. Bcquia, bi.-kee'i, Bacoya, bi-ko'yfi,, or Boquio, bo-koo'o, the northernmost of the Grenadines, British West India Islands, lat. 13° N., Ion. 61° IS' W., 8 miles S. of St. Vincent. Length, from N.E. to S.W., 7 miles; breadth, 1*^ miles. On its W. side is Admiralty Bay. Berar, bi-rar', a province or commissionership of British India, in the Deccan, comprising the districts of Akola, Woon, Amrawutti, Bassim, Booldanah, and Ellichpoor. The first three are collectively called East Berar, and the others form West Berar. Area, 17,500 square miles. Its S. portion (Balaghaut) is a hill-region, but the rest is a fertile plain with some barren tracts. The country produces much cotton and millet. Chief towns, Ellichpoor and Amrawutti. Pop. 2,231,565. The old kingdom of Berar was much more extensive. Berat, bSr-^t', Belgrad, bSl-grM', Bielagorad, be-i-l^-go-ra,d', Arnaoot- (or Arnaut-) Be]i§;rad, an-ni-oot'-bfil-e-grad', Arnaout-BeIigradi,aR-na-oot' b^l-e-grd'dee, or Velagrada, v^l-a-grS,'d&, a town of European Turkey, in Albania, on the Ergent, 30 miles N.E. of Avlona. Pop. 10,000, of whom two-thirds are Greeks and one-third Turks. It consists of an upper town or citadel, containing several Greek churches and about 250 houses, and a lower town, with numerous mosques and a good bazaar. Berat is a Greek bishop's see. Beraun, bd.'rown {L. Berou'na, or Berau'num), a town of Bohemia, on the Beraun River, 20 miles by rail S.W. of Prague. Pop. 4010, employed in potteries, iron-forges, coal-mines, and stone-quarries. Ber'ber, Dar Ber'ber, El Mekheir, El Mook- heiref, or El Mesherif, a town of Nubia, on the Nile, near the confluence of the Atbara. Lat. 17° 58' 58" N.; Ion, 32° 6' E. It stretches for several miles along the E. bank of the river, and is mostly built of mud huts, but its fine trees and gardens give it a pleasant aspect. Pop. 8000. The names Berber and Dar Berber ai-e often applied to the whole district. Ber'bera (anc. Ma'lao), a seaport of East Africa, on a bay of the Gulf of Aden, 160 miles E.S.E. of Zeyla. Lat. 10° 26' 15" N. ; Ion. 45° 7' 57" E. An annual fair is held here from October till April, at which from 10,000 to 20,000 persons assemble, and to which coffee, ostrich-feathers, gums, hides, gold-dust, cattle, ivory, and slaves are sent fi'om the interior of Africa, and iron, Indian piece-goods, cotton, rice, (fee, from Arabia and other parts. The port is claimed and occupied by Egypt, and has a light-house. The per- manent population is very small, but the recent construction of water-works now renders the place habitable. Most of the foreign merchants are from India. Ber'bers, a name given by the Arabs to the original inhabitants of North Africa, who, howevei", do not recognize it, calling themselves, in their own languages, Amazeergh or Tamzeerght. In Algeria they are called Kabyles. They are generally hostile to the Arabs, and are much superior to them in industry. They are Mohammedans, but are seldom so strict as the Arabs in the Moslem observances. B erbice, ber-beece', a county of British Guiana, bounded E. by the Corentyn River, which separates it from Dutch Guiana, W. by Abari Creek, and N. by the sea. It has 95 miles of coast-line, and was once a distinct colony. Ex- ports, sugar, timber, cofli'ee, and rum. Pop. in 1871, 35,557, including New Amsterdam, the chief town. Berbice River, in the above district, rises in about lat. 3° 30' N., Ion. 58° W., having at first a N. and after- wards a N.E. course, between the Essequibo and the Coren- tyn Rivers, and joins the Atlantic by an estuary 5 miles in width, 10 miles N, of New Amsterdam, in lat. 6° 21' N., Ion. 57° 12' W. Berceto, bfiR-ehi'to, a picturesque village of Italy, 28 miles S.W. of Parma. Pop., with surroundings, 6283. Berchcm^ bSu'K^m, a town of Belgium, in East Flan- ders, on the Scheldt, 19 miles S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 2310. Berchem, a village of Belgium, 2 miles S. of Ant- werp, on the railway to Brussels. Pop. 660. Berchem, a village of the Netherlands, in North Bra- bant, 13 miles N.E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop, 1999. Berching, hSu'Ring, a town of Bavaria, on Ludwig's Canal, 30 miles W.N.W. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1467. Berchtesgraden, bSuK't^s-gfi-M^n, a market-town of Bavaria. 12 miles S. of Salzburg. Pop. 1763. Berck-sur-3Ier, bfiuk-siiii-maiii, a village of France, in Pas-do-Calais, on tlie English Channel, 8 miles S.W. of Montrouil. Pop. 3293. Bercy, bfiiOsee', a village of Franco, on the right bunk of the Seine, forming a S.E. suburb of Paris. Pop. 14.195. Ber^dan', a post-village of Greene oo.. 111., on the Chi- cago Si Alton Railroad, 37 miles N. of Alton : has a church. Berdiansk, bfiu-de-insk', a thriving uuiritime town of Riissia, in Taurida, on the N. shore of the Sea of Azof, 150 miles N.E. of Simferopol. It was founded in 1827. Its BER 217 BER prosperity is ascribed to the excellence of its port, and to the coal-mines and salt-lakes in its vicinity. The roadstead is the best in the Sea of Azof. A light-house stands at its entrance. Pop. 12,425. Berdichev, Berditchev, or Berditschew, bSn- de-cb^v', a town of Russian Poland, government of Kiev, on a railway, 24 miles S. of Zhitomeer (Jitomir). It is important for its commerce and its fairs. It has also large manufactures. Pop., mostly Jews, 52,786. Bere'a, a post-village of Madison co., Ky., about 40 miles S.S.E. of Lexington. Here is an institution entitled Berea College, which was founded in 1858, also a non-secta- rian church and a lumber-mill. Berea, a post-village of Granville co., N.C., on Tar River, 10 miles S. by W. of Oxford. It has a church, a tannery, a flouring-mill, and a coach -factory. Berea, a post-village of Cuyahoga co., 0., on Rocky River, and on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 13 miles S.W. of Cleveland. Another railroad extends from this place southwestward to Columbus. Berea is the seat of the Baldwin University (Methodist Episcopal), which was founded in 1856. One weekly newspaper is published here. Berea has 7 churches, a national bank, and an ex- tensive quarry of grindstones. Pop. in 1870, 1628. Berea, a post-hamlet of Ritchie co., W. Va., about 15 miles S. of Harrisville. It has a church and a flour-mill. Bereczk, b^r^Stsk', a town of Transylvania, 9 miles E.N.E, of Kezdi-V^s^rhely. Pop. 44G9. Beree, or Berie, ber*ee', a town of India, in the Kohtuk district, Oude, 45 miles W. of Delhi. Pop. 9723. Beregh, bi.*r5g', or Varmegye, vor^mM'yeh, acounty of Hungary, west of the Theiss. Chief towns, Bereghszasz and Munkacs. Pop. 159,223. Beregh, a town of Hungary, in the above county, 14 miles S. of Munkacs. Pop. 1650. Bereghszasz, bdV^g^s^ss', a town of Hungary, co. of Beregh, 27 miles by rail "W". of Huszth. It has Roman Cath- olic, Greek, and Protestant churches. Pop. 6252. Bereguardo, bi-ri-gwait'do, a village of Italy, 9 miles N.W. of Pavia. Pop, 1249. Bere Island, Ireland. See Bear Island. Berek Marsa, a town of Egypt. See Baretoon. Beren'da, a post-office and station of Fresno co., Cal., on the Visalia division of the Central Pacific Railroad, 93 miles S.>S.E. of Stockton. Bereng, a valley of Cashmere. See Bureng. Berenice, the ancient name of Bengazi. Ber^eni'ce, a ruined city of Egypt, anciently the em- porium of its commerce with India, on a bay of the Red Sea, 20 miles S.W. of Ras-Bernass. It has the remains of a temple of Serapis. Berent, or Behrend, bi'rfint, a town of Prussia, gov- ernment and 32 miles S.W. of Dantzic. Pop. 4135. Bereny,Jasz, Hungary. See Jasz-Bereny. Beresford, ber'es-ford, a post-village of Volusia co., Fla., on St. John's River, 75 miles S. of St. Augustine. It has 2 churches, 3 stores, and 1 lumber-mill. Beresford, or Sainte- Agathe-des-Monts, siNt- S,^git'-di-m6Not, a post-village in Terrebonne co., Quebec, 30 miles N.W. of St. .Jerome. Pop. 225. Beresina, or Berezina, bSu-e-zee'ni, a river of Russia, government of Minsk, flows generally S., and joins the Dnieper in lat. 52° 28' N. Length, 200 miles. It is navigable, and is connected with the Diina by a canal^ which thus establishes a communication between the Baltic and Black Seas. Beresina, a village of Russia, on the right bank of the Beresina, 48 miles E. of Minsk. Berestie and Berestoff, old names of Brest-Litovsk. Berethalom, biVi'tiHom', Berthalm, bSR'tdlm, or Birthelm, beer'telm, a town of Hungary, in Transyl- vania, 30 miles N.E. of Hermannstadt. Pop. 2225. Berettyo, b4*'r§t'yo\ a river of East Hungary, rises in the Beregh hills, and falls into the Koros near Szarvas. Length, 170 miles. Berettyo-Ujfalu, biS-fit'yo^-oo^ee-fiMoo', a market- town of Hungary, co. of Bihar, 30 miles by rail N.W. of Grosswardein. Pop. 4800. Berezina, a river of Russia. See Beresina. Berezna, bi-rSz'nS., a town of Russia, on the Desna, government and 20 miles E. of Chernigov. Pop. 9678. Berezov, or BerezoiT, b^r-ez-off', written also Be- rezoAV, a town of Siberia, government and 400 miles N.N.W. of Tobolsk, on the Sosva. Pop. 1561. Berezov, a gold-mining village of Asiatic Russia, gov- ernment of Perm, N.E. of Yekatorinboorg. Berg (Duchvof), on the Rhine, between Cologne and Coblentz, formed by Napoleon in 1806, and ceded to Prussia in 1815, is now comprised in Prussian Westphalia. Berg, b^RG, numerous villages in Germany, the princi- pal of which is in Wiirtemberg, 1^ miles N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1875. Berg, a post-ofiice of BuflFalo co., Neb. Berga, b^n'gA, a town of Spain, 51 miles N.N.W. of Barcelona. It has a garrison, a hospital, and several con- vents. Pop. 5600. Bergania, hkR-gk'mk (anc. Per'gamus), a ruined city of Asia Minor, on the Bakeer-Chai, 42 miles N.N.E. of Smyrna. It has extensive remains of a palace, an amphi- theatre, triumphal arches, and bridges, intermixed with huts, burial-grounds, mosques, and khans. Pop. 2500. Bergamo, bSu'gi-mo (anc. Ber'yomum), a fortified city of Italy, capital of the province, at a railway junction, 39 miles N.E. of Milan. It is one of the most picturesque cities in North Italy, and has numerous churches and chapels, a cathedral, monasteries, nunneries, a town hall, many charitable institutions, a college, athen^um, academy of the fine arts, diocesan and other schools, a public library, a military asylum, and several theatres, with extensive man- ■ ufactures of silk, woollen, cotton, and linen fabrics, silk twist, and iron goods. It has also large cattle-markets, and a considerable trade in grindstones, quarried in the vicinity. It is a bishop's see. Pop. 37,363. Bergamo, a province of Italy, in Lombardy, enclosed by Sondrio, Tyrol, Brescia, Cremona, Milan, and Como. Area, 1027 square miles. It is mountainous and wooded in the N., level and fertile in the S. Wine, linen, and silk are leading products. Capital, Bergamo. Pop. 368,152. Bergantino, b§R-g^n-tee'no, a town of North Italy, 25 miles W. of Rovigo. Pop. 3268. Bergedorf, bgR'gheh-doRf^ (?".e., "hill village"), a town of Germany, belonging to Hamburg, on a railway, 10 miles E.S.E. of Hamburg. Pop. 3600. Bergeijk, b^R'Ghike, a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, 25 miles S. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1758. Bergen, bSu'ghen, a fortified city and seaport of Nor- way, capital of a province, on a peninsula, at the end of a deep bay, on the Atlantic, 190 miles W.N.W, of Christiania. Lat. 60° 24' N. ; Ion. 5° 18' E. It is well built and pic- turesque, and has a cathedral, several other churches, hos- pitals, charitable institutions, a theatre, national museum, diocesan college, naval academy and other schools, and 5 public libraries. Bergen is surrounded by elevated moun- tains on the land side, which renders the climate humid. It is the seat of a court of secondary jurisdiction, and of one of the three public treasuries of Norway. It has a branch of the Norwegian bank, and is the station of a naval squad- ron. Its harbor, deep and sheltered, but rocky, is defended by several forts. It has manufactures of earthenware, to- bacco, and cordage ; distilling and ship-building are carried on. The fishery is, however, the principal employment. Bergen has a large trade in fish, roes, fish oil, blubber, skins, horns, moss, lobsters, timber, iron, and feathers. The foreign trade is mostly with the eountnes of Northern Europe. Principal imports, corn, brandy and wines, cotton and woollen manufactures, colonial produce, and hemp. Bergen was founded in the eleventh century, and was at an early period a town of the Hanseatic League. The city consti- tutes an amt, or civil province, and is the seat of a Lutheran bishop. It sends four representatives to the storthing, or senate of Norway. Its vicinity is exceedingly pictu- resque, having mountains on three sides, and the fiord, with its islands, in front. Many villas are scattered along the heights, commanding fine views. Pop. in 1875, 34,384, Bergen, one of the six stifta or dioceses of Norway, Area, 14.812 square miles. Pop. in 1875, 284,135. Bergen, blac'^n (Wendish, Gora), a town of Prussia, near the centre of the island of RUgen, of which it is the capital, 15 miles N.E. of Stralsund. It has manufactures of woollen cloth and brandy. Pop. 3616. Bergen, a village of Prussia, in Hanover, 34 miles S.W. of LUneburg. It has linen-manufactures. Pop. 979. Bergen, b^R'nen, a town of the Netherlands, province of Limburg. on the right bank of the Meuse, 30 miles E.S.E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 4478. Bergen, the Flemish for Mons, a town of Belgium, Bergen, ber'ghen, a county of New Jersey, bordering on New York, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Hudson River, and is partly drained by the Hackensack and P^amapo Rivers. The sur- face is mostly hilly or mountainous. The bank of the Hud- son in this county is a vertical or steep rocky wall, called the Palisades, about 480 feet high, composed of an igneous rock called trap. The soil in some parts is fertile. Indian BER 2 corn, potatoes, hay, butter, »fcc., are the staple pi'oducts. The county is intersected by the New York & Oswego Mid- land, Erie, and Northern New Jersey Railroads. Capital, Hackensack. Valuation of real and personal estate, $35,649,660. Pop. in 1870, 30,122, of whom 23,273 were natives and 6849 were foreigners. Bergen, a post-hamlet of Allamakee co., Iowa (and partly in Houston co., Minn.), 22 miles N.E. of Decorah. It has a flour-mill. Bergen, or Burgin, a post-hamlet of Mercer co., Ky., on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, 30 miles S. of Lex- ington. It has a church. Bergenia post-township of McLeod co., Minn., about 50 miles W. of St. Paul. It is traversed by the South Pork of Crow River. Pop. 878. Bergen, a post-village of Hudson co., N.J., now a part of Jersey City, about 2 miles W. of Jersey City Post- Office. It was annexed to Jersey City in 1871. Bergen, a post-village of Genesee co., N.Y., in Bergen township, and on the New York Central Railroad, 18 miles "W.S.W. of Rochester. It has 5 churches and a money-order .post-office. Pop. about 500 j of township, 1971. Bergen, a township of Marathon co.. Wis. Pop. 159. Bergen, a post- township of Vernon co.. Wis., is bounded on the W. by the Mississippi River. Pop. 936. Bergen Fields, N.J. See Schraalenburg. Bergen Junction, a station on the Delaware, Lack- awanna ifc Western and Erie Railroads, 3 miles W. of Ho- boken, N.J. Berg'en-op-Zoom, or more correctly Berg-op- Zooni, b^RG'-op-zome^j a town of the Netherlands, prov- ince of North Brabant, on the Zoom, near its junction with the East Scheldt, 22 miles by rail W.S.AV. of Breda. Lat. 51° 29' 1" N.; Ion. 4° 17' 5" E. It has a good harbor, 2 arsenals, a town house, a Latin school, a school of architec- ture, manufactures of earthenware, and a considerable trade in anchovies. Pop. 9231. Bergen (ber'gh^n) Point, a post-village of Hudson CO., N.J., now a part of Bayonne, on Newark Bay, and on the Central Railroad of New Jersey, 8 miles S.W. of New York City, and 3 miles E. of Elizabeth. It has many fine residences and several large hotels. See Bayonne. Berger, ber'jer, a station in Cook co., 111., on the Co- lumbus & Indiana Central Railroad, 23 miles S. of Chicago. Berger, a post-village of Franklin co.. Mo., on the Mis- souri River, and on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 75 miles W. of St. Louis. It has 2 or 3 churches and several stores. Berger, a station in Luzerne co.. Pa., on the Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroad, 21 miles S.S.E. of Wilkesbarre. Bergerac, b^R^zh^h-rak', a town of France, depart- ment of Dordogne, and on the Dordogne River, 30 miles S.S.W. of Perigueux. It has a communal college and a public library, and manufactures of paper, leather, iron- and copper-wares, serges, and hosiery, and exports white wines, liqueurs, and provisions to Bordeaux. Pop. 8679. Berg'er's Store, a post-hamlet of Pittsylvania co., Va., S miles from Whittle Depot. It has a church. Berg'erville, a post-village in Quebec co., Canada, 3 miles from Quebec. Berge's (ber'jez) Gap, a post-hamlet of Wise co., Va., in Powell's Valley, 55 miles N.N.W. of Bristol, Tenn. Bergheiin, b^iic'hime (Fr. pron. b^R^gh^m'), a town of Alsace, Sh miles N. of Colmar. Pop. 3072. Bergheini, beite'hirae, a town of Rhenish Prussia, on a railway, 14 miles W.N.W, of Cologne. Pop. 1236. Bergheini, a village of O-ermany, 4 miles S.E. of Wal- deck, with a castle of the Princes of Waldeck. Pop. 239. This is the name also of other villages in Germany. Berg'holtz, a post-village of Niagara co., N.Y., in Wheatfield township, 15 miles N. of Buflalo, and 2 miles S. of the Central Railroad. It has a church and 3 stores. Bergiscli-Gladbach, beRg'ish-gl^d'bfiK, or Miirk- Gladbach, mauk-gldd'baK, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 10 miles by rail N.E. of Cologne. It has large and varied manufactures. Pop. 6195. Bergomuin, the ancient name of Bergamo, Bergoo, or Bergou, bfir-goo', an extensive territory in the interiorof Africa, generally called Waday (which see). Berg- op- Zoom. See Beugen-op-Zoom. Bergovatz, Berkovatz, b6RK'o-v3.ts, or Bergot- sclia, b^R-got'shi, a town of Bulgaria, 50 miles S.S.E. of Widdin. Pop. 6UU0. Bergreichenstein, bSRG-riK'en-stmo\ or Kasz- PersUy-Hory, kuss-peRsh'kee^-hoR'ee\ a town of Bo- hemia, 42 miles W.N.W. of Budwois. Pop. 2200. Bergstadt, b5iiG'sta,tt, a town of Moravia, 19 miles N. of OlmUtz. Pop. 1560. 8 BEK Bergues, b§Rg, a town of France, department of Nord, on the Colne, 5 miles by rail S.S.E. of Dunkerque. It has a communal college, a hospital, and a public library, distil- leries, salt- and sugar-refineries, manufactories of soap, to- bacco, and earthenware, and commerce in cattle, cheese, and lace. Pop. 5738. Berguni, bSR'Hum or b^R'cum, a village of the Neth- erlands, in Eriesland, on the Bergum Lake, 8 miles E. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 2676. Bergiin, b^R'giin, a village of Switzerland, canton of Grisons, on the N. slope of the Albula Mountain, and on the route from Chur to the Engadine. Elevation, 4544 feet. Pop. 418. Below the village is the remarkable valley of the Bergiinerstein. Bergusia, the ancient name of Balaguer. Bergusium, the ancient name of Bolrgoin. Bergzaberu, beRG'tsa'bern, a town of Rhenish Bava- ria, on a railway, 8 miles S.W. of Landau. Pop. 2283. Berhanipoor, b^r^am-poor', or Barhampnr, biir^- am-poor', a town of India, capital of the Moorshedabad dis- trict, Bengal, on the river Bhagirathi, 170 miles from the sea, and 5 miles S. of Moorshedabad. It has extensive bar- racks and other public buildings, and a government college and schools. Pop, 27,110. Berhampoor, a town of the Ganjam district, Madras, British India, 23 miles W, of Ganjam. It is an important military establishment, and has active manufactures of silks, cottons, sugar, and confections; but the native quarter is ill built. Pop. 20,000. See also Boorhampoor. Beringen, b^'ring-en, a village of Switzerland, canton and 3 miles W. of Schaffhausen. Pop. 1435. Ber'ing's, a station on the International & Great Northern Railroad, 39 miles N. of Houston, Tex. Berislav, or Berislaw, bi-re-slav', a town of South- ern Russia, government and 25 miles E. of Kherson, on the Dnieper. Pop. 6495. Berizina, a village of Algeria. See Brizina. Berja, b^r'na, a town of Spain, 22 miles W. of Alme- ria, on the Sierra de Gador. Pop. 1074. Berka, b^n'kil, a village of Germany, duchy of Saxe- AVeimar, on the Ilm, 6 miles S. of Weimar. Pop. 1648. Berka, a village of Germany, duchy of Saxe-Weimar, on the Werra, 11 miles W.S.W. of Eisenach. Pop. 1139. Berkeley, berk'lee, a market-town of England, co. and 15 miles S.S.W. of Gloucester, on an eminence in the vale of Berkeley, near the Severn, and on the Gloucester & Bristol Railway. Berkeley Castle, on an eminence S.E. of the town, is a large irregular pile, regarded as one of the finest feudal structures in the kingdom. Its vale is noted for rich pasturage and "double Gloucester" cheese. Pop. 1161. Berkeley, berk'lee, a county in the N.E. part of West Virginia, has an area of about 250 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Potomac River, and partly drained by Opequan Creek, The surface is diversified by mountains or high ridges. This county comprises a portion of the Great Valley of Virginia. The soil is mostly based on limestone, and is very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and butter are the staple products. Iron ore is found in this county. It is intersected by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Capi- tal, Martinsburg. Valuation of real and personal estate, $7,373,664. Pop. in 1870, 14,900, of whom 14,261 were natives and 639 were foreigners. Berkeley, a post-village of Alameda co., Cal., near the Bay of San Francisco, 7 or S miles N.E. of San Fran- cisco, and 5 miles N, of Oakland. It is the terminus of the Berkeley Branch of the Northern Railway. Berkeley com- mands a beautiful view of the bay and the hills around it. It contains 2 churches, a n^ewspnper otfice, and a state institution for the deaf, dumb, and blind. It is the seat of the University of California, which was founded in 1855 and which is under the control of the state. The number of students is about 300. The university comprises a college of agriculture, and departments of chemistry, engineering, mining, and mechanics, Berkeley, a station on the Martinsburg & Potomac Railroad, ik miles N. of Martinsburg, W. Va. Berkeley, a post-village in Grey co., Ontario, 97i miles by rail N.W. of Toronto. Pop. 150. Berkeley Sound, in East Falkland Island, near its N.E. extremity. Lat. 51° 30' S. ; Ion. 57° 56' W. Berkeley Sound, British Columbia. See Nitinat. Berkeley Springs, or Bath, a post-village and sum- mer resort, capital of Morgan co., W. A'n., is iibuut 34 miles E. of Cumberland, Md.. 80 miles N.W. vi A\ ashington, D.C., and 4 miles S. of the Potomac River and the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Hero are medicinal springs, which are fre- quented by invalids and have a temperature of 74° Fahr. BER 219 BER The name of the post-office is Berkeley Springs. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, and a tannery. Pop. 407. Ber'key, a post-office of Lucas co., 0. Berk'ley, a post-hamlet of Madison co., Ala., 15 miles S.E. of Huntsville. It has 2 churches. Berkley, a post-township of Bristol co., Mass., ahout 4 miles S. of Taunton, is bounded on the W. by the Taunton Eiver. It has 2 churches. The noted Dighton Rocli is in this township. Pop. 781. Berkley, a hamlet of Gloueester co., N.J., in Greenwich township, on the Swedesborough Branch of the West Jersey Railroad, 5 miles S.W. of Woodbury. It has a church, a saw-mill, and a carriage-shop. Berkley, a station in Berks co., Pa., on the Berks & Lehigh Railroad, 7 miles N. of Reading. Berkley, a post-hamlet of Somerset co.. Pa., in Summit township, i miles from Meyersdale. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a woollen-factory. Pop. 69. Berkley, a village in Cumberland township. Providence CO., R.I., on the Providence & Worcester Railroad, adjacent to Lonsdale, is the seat of active manufactures, and has 2 churches. Pop. 544. Berkley, a flourishing town of Norfolk co., Va., on the Elizabeth River, opposite Norfolk, and on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad. It has 5 churches, 3 ship- yards, an academy, and 4 lumber-mills. A bridge SO rods long connects Berkley with Norfolk. Pop. about 2200. Berks, or Berk'shire, berk'shir, formerly written and still often pronounced Bark'shire, an inland county of England, having on the N. the counties of 0.xford and Bucks, on the E. Surrey, on the S. Hants, and on the W. Wilts and Gloucester. Area, 703 square miles. The surface is beautifully varied, and generally well wooded. The Thames forms all its N. boundary ; the other principal rivers are its affluents the Kenuet and Loddon. A tract of downs extends through its centre ; its S.E. and E. parts are occupied by Windsor Forest and Park. The soil is fertile ; subsoil, chalk, gravel, and clay. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. Many parts of the county, especially in the vales of the Kennet and the " White-horse," are noted for fertility. Property is greatly subdivided. Few farms consist of more than 500 acres. The manufactures are unimportant : those of woollens, for which the county was once famous, have en- tirely disappeared. Chief town, Reading. Numerous canals and railways traverse the county. It returns 8 members to the House of Commons, 3 of whom sit for the county. Pop. in 1871, 196,475. Berks, a county in the S.E. part of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is intersected by the Schuylkill River, and is also drained by Maiden, Tulpe- hocken, and other creeks. The Kittatinny or Blue Moun- tain extends along the N.W. border of this county, the sur- face of which is pleasantly diversified. A large part of it is a fertile limestone valley between the Kittatinny and the South Mountain. Silurian limestone and slate are found hero. The staple products of the soil are wheat, Indian corn, oats, live-stock, butter, and hay. Rich mines of iron are worked in this county, which has extensive manufac- tures of forged and rolled iron, flour, hats and caps, leather, &e. Among the indigenous trees are the hickory, chestnut, and oak. It is intersected by the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad and several of its branches. The Wilmington & Reading Railroad also terminates at Reading, which is the capital. Valuation of real and personal estate, $155,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 106,701, of whom 101,315 were natives, mostly of German descent, and 5386 were foreigners. Berkshire, berk'shir, a county forming the W. ex- tremity of Massachusetts, e.xtending across the breadth of the State, is drained by the Deerfield, Farmington, Housa- tonic, Hoosac, and Westfield Rivers, which afford abundant water-power. The surface is partly mountainous and partly hilly. Saddle Mountain, in the N. part, with an altitude of 3505 feet, is the highest point in the state. This county abounds in picturesque scenery. The soil is mostly fertile, and adapted to pasturage and dairies. Forests of the beech, elm, hickory, oak, sugar-maple, &c., cover part of the sur- face. Butter, cheese, hay, oats, potatoes, Ac, are the staple products of the soil. Fine marble, limestone, and iron are abundant in this county, which has important manufactures of woollen and cotton goods, paper, iron, shoes, leather, &o. It is intersected by the Boston & Albany Railroad, the Housatonie Railroad, and the Pittsfield & North Adams Railroad. Area, 1000 square miles. Capital, Pittsfield. Valuation of real and personal estate, $50,381,804. Pop. in 1875, 68,270, of whom 52,985 were Americans. The great Hoosac Tunnel, 5 miles long, is in this county. Berkshire, a village in Newtown township, Fairfield CO., Conn., 2i miles from Newtown Station, has a church, a comb-factory, and a button-factory. Berkshire, a post-village of Berkshire co., Mass., in Lanesborough township, on the Pittsfield & North Adams Railroad, 6 miles N.N.E. of Pittsfield. It has a chapel and a manufactory of window-glass. Berkshire, a post-village of Tioga co., N.T., in Berk- shire township, on Owego Creek, and on the Southern Cen- tral Railroad, 15 miles N.N.E. of Owego. It has 2 churches, 2 saw-mills, an axe-factory, a tannery, Ac. Pop. of the township, 1304. Berkshire, a post-hamlet of Delaware co., 0., in Berk- shire township, 20 miles N. of E. from Columbus. It has 2 churches. The township contains the village of Sunbury, and is intersected by the Cleveland, Mount Vernon & Colum- bus Railroad. It has 5 churches. Pop. of township, 1336. Berkshire, a post-township of Franklin co., Vt., about 20 miles E.N.E. of St. Albans, is drained by the Missisquoi River. It contains a village named East Berkshire, which is on a branch of the Vermont Central Railroad, and a hamlet named West Berkshire. It has 5 churches. Pop. 1009. Berkshire Valley, a hamlet of Morris co., N.J., 4 miles N.W. of Dover. Berlaer, bSn'lir, a village of Belgium, province of Antwerp, miles N.B. of Mechlin. Pop. 3700. Berlaimont, bSR'li^m6N"', a town of France, in Nord, on the Sambre, 8 miles N.W. of Avesnes. Pop. 2655. Ber'lamont, a post-village of Van Buren co., Mich., on the South Haven division of the Michigan Central Rail- road, 25 miles W. by N. of Kalamazoo. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Pop. about 125. Berlaiiga, b^R-Un'ga, a town of Spain, 22 miles S.W. of Soria. Pop. 1810. Berlanga, a town of Spain, 65 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 4500. Berlat, Berlad, bSn'iat', Birlat, Byrlat, beerMit', or Barladu, baR'laMoo', a town of Roumania (Moldavia), 146 miles by rail N.N.W. of Bucharest, has a Ij-ceum, nor- mal and other schools, and a great corn trade. Pop. 26,568. Berleburg, b8u'leh-booRG\ a town of Prussia, in West- phalia, 28 miles S.S.E. of Arnsberg. It has manufactures of woollen cloths, and near it are iron-forges. Pop. 1858. Berlengas, b8R-l^n'ga,s (Fr. Berliiupies, bgRM5,No'), a group of small rocky islands ofi' the W. coast of Portugal, pi-ovince of Estremadura, 10 miles N.W. of Peniche. The principal island, Berlenga, is defended by a fortress. Berlichingen, bSa'liK-ing-en, a village of Wiirtem- berg, on the Jaxt, 7i miles W.N.W. of KUnzelsau, the natal place of the family from which sprang the robber-knight Gotz von Berlichingen "with the iron hand." Pop. 1199. Berlikum, b8R'le-kilm, a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, 5 miles E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 2526. Berlikum, a village of the Netherlands, province of West Friesland, has a large annual fair. Pop. 1592. Berlin, ber'lin (Ger. pron. bSR-Ieen' ; L. Beroli'num or Berli'num), a city, capital of Prussia, and of the empire of Germany, 156 m'iles E.S.E. of Hamburg, 100 miles N. of Dresden, and about 700 miles N.E. of Paris. Lat. 52° 45' 16" N., Ion. 13° 23' 53" E. ; elevation above the sea, 115 feet; mean temperature of the year, 48°. 2; summer, 64°. 5 j winter, 31°.4 Fahrenheit. Berlin is by far the largest town in Germany, and for the beauty and size of its build- ings, the regularity of its streets, the importance of its institutions of science and art, and its activity, industry, and trade, is one of the finest cities in Europe. It is built on a sandy plain on both banks of the navigable Spree. The city was formerly walled, and entered by gates, one of which, the Brandenburg gate on its W., is a colossal structure, sur- mounted by an image of victory, in a car drawn by 4 horses, and one of the most elegant of the kind in Europe. Of the 50 or more bridges which cross the Spree and its branches, the principal are the long bridge, with an equestrian statue of the great elector Frederick William ; the Schlossbriicke, or palace bridge, with groups in marble ; and Frederick's bridge, consisting of 8 arches and constructed of iron. The city gen- erally is regular and handsome, but the houses are of little elevation. The most celebrated street is that called '' Unter- den-Linden," a broad and imposing street, planted with 4 rows of lime-trees, ornamented by an equestrian statue of Frederick the Great, and terminated by the Brandenburg gate at the one end and the royal palace .at the other. The other streets most worthy of notice are Friedrich street, Wilhelm street, Paris square, Wilhelms place. Belle Alliance place, the Koniggratz street, and the Gens-d'Armes market. Around the principal squares and streets are grouped numerous pub- lic buildings, among which are the royal castle and palace, the arsenal, the university, museums, exchange, opera-house, BER 220 BER theatres, and the palaces of the princes. The city is adorned with a very great number of monuments and works of art. Berlin has numerous and excellent hotels and cafes, and its public conveyances are under the best management. In summer droskeys are kept in the streets for hire. Berlin is the great centre of instruction and intellectual development in Northern Germany; its educational establishments are numerous and celebrated. The university, founded in 1S09, and comprising schools of jurisprudence, medicine, and phi- losophy, has had about 4000 students in a single year. There are several gymnasia, Protestant theological seminaries, a military school, schools of artillery, military engineering, architecture, sculpture, painting, and music ; a preparatory school of music, and many elementary schools. It has ex- tensive public libraries, among which the royal library, founded in 1650, has 700,000 printed volumes and 15,000 MSS. Among its valuable collections are royal museums of painting, sculpture, antiquities, coins, and medals, 8 public museums, an astronomical and magnetic observatory, and a botanic garden, one of the richest and most complete in Europe, Its celebrated academic institutions comprise the academy of sciences, academy of the fine arts, academy for the encouragement of industry, and the academy of music: a geographical society, founded in 1828, and a society of natural history. Among its charitable institutions are the Hotel des Invalides, for 300 soldiers and 12 officers, and an orphan hospital. Berlin is the first city in Germany for the variety and importance of its manufactured products. The different articles of industry are cloths, linens, carpets, silks, ribbons, and printed cottons, iron-wares, especially the beautiful cast-iron articles called *' Berlin jewelry," paper, porcelain, mathematical and optical instruments, chemical and dye-stuffs, including the celebrated " Prussian blue," and musical instruments. Among its great industrial es- tablishments are the royal iron-foundry and royal porcelain manufactory. The productions of the press in typography, cartography, and lithography are numerous and excellent. For the encouragement of commerce there is a royal bank, a royal mercantile marine {Sechandbtnys-Institut), established in 1772, and steam-packet companies. All the great rail- roads in the kingdom meet in Berlin; and its position, on a navigable river connected by canals with the Elbe, Oder, and Vistula, renders communication easy. Two centuries ago Berlin was a place of little importance. It was confined to the immediate bank of the Spree and the island which divides its channel, and consisted of a series of villages, which have gradually verged into each other and now form its different quarters. The first important improvement was made by the great elector Frederick Wil- liam, who planted the Unter-den-Linden. Frederick the Great determined to make it worthy of his extended do- minions, and proceeded to build upon it, to supply the wants not so much of actual as of an anticipated popula- tion. Pop. in 1740, 90,000; in 1840, 331,894; in 1875, 966,858. Ber'Iiii, a hamlet of Ashley co., Ark., 52 miles N.E. of Monroe, La. It has 2 churches. Berlin, a post-office of Colusa co., Cal. ; also a station on the Northern Railway, 41 miles N. of Davisville. Berlin, a post-township of Hartford co.. Conn., on the Hartford & New Haven Railroad, 11 miles S.S.W. of Hart- ford, at the junction of the New Britain & Middletown Branches, It has 4 churches, a savings-bank, manufac- tures of iron goods, hardware, tools, &c. Pop. 2436. It contains a village named Kensington. Berlin, a post-office of Richland co., Dakota. Berlin, a township of Bureau co., 111. Pop. 1469. It contains Maiden. Berlin, a post-village of Sangamon co.. 111., 2 miles N. of Berlin Station on the Wabash Railroad, and 16 miles W. by S.from Springfield. It has 4 churches, a graded school, a steam flouring-mill, and a plough-factory. Pop. about 500. Berlin Station is at Nbw Berlin. Berlin, a hamlet of Clinton co., Ind., about 38 miles N. of Indianapolis. Berlin, a township of Clinton co., Iowa. Pop. 740. Berlin, a hamlet of Hardin co., Iowa, in Jackson town- ship, about 65 miles N.N.E. of Des Moines, and 6 miles N.W. of Eldora. Berlin, a hamlet of Riley co., Kansas, in Grant town- ship, 11 miles from Ogden Railroad Station, and about 20 miles N. of Junction City. It has a cheese -factory. Berlin, a post-village of Bracken co., Ky., on the Cov- ington, Flemingsburg & Pound Gap Railroad, It has 3 churches, a seminary, and a manufactory of mill machinery. Pop. about 200. Berlin, a village of Frederick co., Md., is near the vil- lage of Barry. Pop. 208. Berlin Station is on the Potomac, 6 miles E. of Harper's Ferry, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 75 miles W. of Baltimore. Berlin, a post-village of Worcester co., Md., on the Wicomico & Pocomoke Railroad where it crosses the Wor- cester Railroad, 23 miles E. by S. from Salisbury, and about 7 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. It has 4 ciiurches, an academy or high school, and a newspaper office. Pop. 697. Berlin, a post-village of Worcester co., Mass., in Berlin township, on the Boston, Clinton & Fitchburg Railroad, 40 miles W. of Boston. It has 2 churches' and a high school. Pop. of township, 987. Berlin, a township of Ionia co., Mich. Pop. 1659. Berlin, a township of Monroe co., Mich. Pop. 2026. It contains Newport. Berlin, a post-village of Ottawa co., Mich., in Wright township, on the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, 9 or 10 miles N.W. of Grand Rapids. It has 2 churches, a grist- mill, a woollen-mill, and a union school. Pop. about 250. Berlin, a township of St. Clair co., Mich. Pop. 1131. Berlin, a post-township of Steele co., Minn., about 40 miles S.E. of Mankato. It is diversified by lakes, prairies, and groves. Pop. 616. Berlin, a post-hamlet of Gentry co.. Mo., 12 miles from Pattonsburg. It has a church. Berlin, a village of Lafayette co., Mo., on or near the Missouri River, in Dover township. It has several churches and a hemp-factory. Pop. about 350. Berlin, a township of Coos co., N.H., on the Grand Trunk Railroad. Pop. 529. See Berlin Falls. Berlin, formerly Longacoming, a post-village of Camden co., N.J., in AVaterford township, on the Camden & Atlantic Railroad, 17 miles S.E. of Camden. It has 3 churches, 2 wagon-shops, and a graded school. Berlin, a station in Queens co., N.Y., on the Southern Railroad of Long Island, 1 mile from Jamaica. Berlin, a post-village of Rensselaer co., N.T., in Berlin township, on the Harlem Extension Railroad, about 22 miles E. of Albany. It has 2 churches, 5 stores, 2 grist- mills, and manufactures of corks and shirts. Pop. about 400. It is sometimes called North Berlin. The township contains also South Berlin. Pop. of township, 20S8. Berlin, or Tank'town, a hamlet of Delaware co., 0., in Berlin township, and on the Cleveland, Columbus & Cin- cinnati Railroad, 20 miles N. of Columbus, and 4 miles by a branch road S.E. of Delaware, It has a church. Pop. of township, 1330. Its post-office is named Tanktown. Berlin, a township of Erie co., 0. Pop. 1741. It eon- tains Ceylon, Berlin Heights, and Berlinville. Berlin, a post-village of Holmes co., 0., in Berlin town- ship, about 85 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of carriages, flour, leather, and wool. Pop. 224 ; of township, 1007. Berlin, a village of Jackson co., 0., in Milton town- ship, on the Portsmouth Branch of the Marietta & Cincin- nati Railroad, 50 miles N.E. of Portsmouth. It has a church, an academy, a flour-mill. &c. Pop. 233. The name of its post-office is Berlin Cross Roads. Berlin, a township of Knox co., 0. Pop. 887. Berlin, a township of Mahoning co., 0. Pop. 963. It contains Berlin Centre. Berlin, a village of Shelby co., 0., in McLean town- ship, on the Miami & Erie Canal, about 46 miles N. by W. from Dayton. It has 1 or 2 churches, a flour-mill, a stave- factory, 2 boat-yards, and 2 furniture-factories. Pop. 266. Berlin, a post-borough of Somerset co.. Pa., is near the western base of the Alleghany Mountains, about 52 miles S.S.W. of Altoona, and 70 m"iles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. It has 5 churches and a national bank. Bituminous coal abounds here. Pop. 640. Berlin, a township of Wayne co., Pa. Pop. 1295. Berlin, a post-village of Marshall co., Tenn., 44 miles S. of Nashville. It has a church and a tan-yard, and is at or near South Berlin Station, Duck River Valley Railroad. Berlin, a hamlet of Washington co., Tex., 4 miles W. of Brenham. Berlin, a post-hamlet of Washington oo., Vt., 3 or 4 miles S. of Montpelier. It is in Berlin township, which is drained by the Winooski River and intersected by the Cen- tral Vermont Railroad. The township has 4 churches, a tannery, and several mills. Pop. 1474. Berlin, a post-hamlet of Southampton co., Va., about 44 miles W. of Norfolk. Berlin, a city of Green Lake co., AVis., is in Berlin township, on Fox River, and on a branch of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 24 miles W. by S. of Osh- kosh, about 30 miles N.W. of Fond du Lac, and 96 miles by BER 221 BER railroad N.N.W. of Milwaukee, Its trade is facilitated by the steam navigation on Fox River. Two weekly news- papers are issued here. Berlin has a high school, a national bank, S churches, a woollen-mill, a tannery, and manufac- tures of caskets, coffins, flour, &c. Pop. of city, 3341, Berlin, a township of Marathon co., Wis. Pop. 1124. Berlin, the chief town of Waterloo co., Ontario, on Grand River, and on the Grand Trunk Railroad, 62^ miles from Toronto. It has a bank agency, a telegraph office, 2 newspaper offices, several churches, a button-factory, 2 breweries, and several mills and factories. Pop. 2743. Berlin, a mining-town of Victoria, Australia, in Glad- atone CO. Pop. 1714. Berlin Centre, a post-hamlet of Mahoning co., 0., in Berlin township, about 32 miles E. by S. from Akron. It has a college and 2 churches. Berlinchen, b§R'lin-Ken, a town of Prussia, in Bran- denburg, 52 miles N.E. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Pop. 3620. Berlin Cross Roads, Jackson co., 0. See Berlin. Berlin Falls, a post-hamlet of Coos co., N.H., in Ber- lin township, on the Androscoggin River, and on the Grand Trunk Railroad, 98 miles N.W. of Portland. It has a lumber-mill. The river here descends nearly 200 feet in the course of a mile, and presents admirable scenery. Berlingues, the French for the Berlengas Islands. Berlin Heights, a post-village of Erie co., 0., is sit- uated on high ground in Berlin township, 3 miles from Lake Erie, 3 miles S. of Ceylon Railroad Station, and 15 or 16 miles E.S.E. of Sandusky. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a carriage-shop, &c. Pop. about 450. Berlin Station, Erie co., 0. See Ceylon. Ber'linsville, a post-village of Northampton co.. Pa., in Lehigh township, about 16 miles N.N.W. of Allentown. It has a church, slate-quarries, and manufactures of slate. Berlinum, the Latin for Berlin. Ber'linville, a post-hamlet of Erie co., 0., in Berlin township, 18 miles W. of Oberlin. It has a town hall, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 150. Berniejo, a river of South America. See Verme.io. Bermeo, b&R-mi'o, a seaport town of Spain, on the Bay of Biscay, 14 miles N.E. of Bilbao, Pop. 3913. Ber'niondsey,'a parish of England, and a suburb of the metropolis, co. of Surrey, included in the borough of Southwark, on the East. Pop. 80,424, employed in ship- building, in extensive tanneries, and in a large retail trade. Bermondsey has a large Roman Catholic population, a con- vent, and many schools, and other charities. Bermnda (or Somers) Islands, or The Bermu- das, ber-moo'daz, a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Great Britain, 580 miles S.E. of Cape Hatteras; situated between lat. 32° 14' and 32° 25' N. and Ion. 64° 3S' and 64° 52' W. They lie S.W. and N.E., based on the edge of a coral bank, and only occupy a space of about 18 miles by 6, though said to be 365 in number. They are separated from one another by very narrow chan- nels, and are mostly rocky islets, five only being of any considerable size. They are of difficult access, being en- closed on three sides, N., W., and S., by formidable coral reefs, nearly all under water, and extending in some parts 10 miles from the islands, the only reefs of this description occurring in the whole central expanse of the Atlantic Ocean. The islands have little elevation, and in their gen- eral aspect much resemble the West India Islands. The climate is delightful, an uninterrupted spring clothing the fields and trees with perpetual verdure. Severe thunder- storms, however, frequently occur; and when south winds prevail the atmosphere becomes charged with humidity. Almost every description of fruit and vegetable grows here abundantly ; the arrow-root is said to be superior to that of any other place. The orange-orchards of the islands are e.xtending and improving. It is remarkable that there are neither springs nor fresh-water streams in the Bermudas, and only a few wells, the water of which is brackish. Some attention is given to building vessels, generally of cedar, small, swift, and durable. Plaiting straw and the midrib of the palmetto leaf is also carried on to some ex- tent. Principal exports, arrow-root, potatoes, tomatoes, and onions, which are shipped extensively to the United States. The largest harbor is that of St. George's, a beautiful bay, capable of containing a large fleet, but of difficult ingress and egress from the narrowness of its entrance. It is strongly fortified, and generally garrisoned by a regiment of the line, with artillery. The legislature consists of a governor, council, and legislative assembly. The council is composed of 8 members and a president, nominated by the governor, but subject to confirmation by the crown; the house of assembly of 36 members, returned by the nine tribes or parishes into which the islands are divided. An establishment for convicts has been placed on Boaz Island. The capital is Hamilton, on Great Bermuda or Long Island. There is regular steam communication between Bermuda and New York. Pop. in 1S71, 12,121. Inhab. Bermu- DiAN, b^r-moo'de-an. Bermn'da, a post-office of Conecuh co., Ala. Bermuda, a post-office of Natchitoches parish. La. Bermu'da Hun'dred, a village of Chesterfield co., Va., on the James River, about 18 miles S.S.E. of Rich- mond. It has a church. Bermu'dian, a post-hamlet of Adams co., Pa., in Lat- imore township, about 22 miles S.S.W. of Harrisburg. It has 2 coach-shops and 2 stores. Bern, b?rn {Fr. Berne, b^Rn ; Ger. Bern, b^Rn), a can- ton of Switzerland, by far the most populous in the Confed- eration, and the largest in area, excepting the Grisons, sit- uated between lat. 46° 20' and 47° 30' N. and Ion. 6° 50' and 8° 27' E. Bounded N. by France, E. by the cantons Soleure, Aargau, Lucerne, Unterwalden, and Uri, S. by the Valais, and W.byVaud, Ereyburg, and Neufchatel. Area, 2660 square miles. The country is very mountainous, com- prising, in the S., many of the highest points of the Alps, as the Finster-Aarhorn, Jungfrau,Schreckhorn,and Miinch, the terraces and contreforts of which form the Bernese Oberland, celebrated for the beauty of its valleys, the chief of which are the Simmenthal, Lauterbrunnen, Grindelwald, and Hasli. The N. part of the canton is covered by the Jura Mountains, the two regions being separated by the valley of the Aar. Nearly the whole territory belongs to the basin of the Rhine, and is drained by the Aar and its tributaries. Climate healthy ; excessively cold in the region of the Alps, where the perpetual snow forms the most ex- tensive glaciers in Switzerland. The mountains arc covered with forests of pine and beech, and the soil is fertile in the valleys. The amount of grain, potatoes, hemp, and flax is insufficient for consumption. The vine is cultivated to a considerable extent in the valleys of the Thiele, and on the lakes Neufchatel, Bienne, and Thun. Manufacturing and the rearing of cattle are the chief sources of wealth, the cattle of the Emmen and Saane being the best in Switzer- land; and the cheese there produced is one of the chief articles of commerce. The horses of the Emmenthal are much esteemed. Among the many mineral springs those of Weissenburg, Blumenstein, Frutigen, and Gurnigel are most frequented. The chief objects of industry are the manufactures of linens and woollens, iron- and copper- wares, watchmaking, and the wooden-wares of the Ober- land. The canton is traversed by excellent roads, and steam-packets ply on the lakes and on the river Aar. The educational establishments are numerous and excellent. Pop. in 1876, 528,670, mostly Protestant. Capital, Bern. Adj. and inhab. Bernese, bern-eez'. Bern or Berne, bSan (L. Ber'na), a town, capital of Switzerland, and of the canton of the same name, mainly built on a small peninsula formed by the Aar, here crossed by several bridges, which connect the old town with its new quarter, 80 miles N.E. of Geneva, and 23 miles S. of Basel. Elevation (of observatory), 1856 feet. It is the terminus of several railways. It is the finest town in Switzerland, and one of the most handsome in Europe; it is entirely built of freestone, and is remarkable for the arcades formed by the houses in allits principal streets, and for its numerous fountains, many of which are ornamented with curious sculpture. It has a Gothic cathedral : a university, founded in 1834; an observatory; a public library with 45,000 vol- umes and a collection of MSS. ; a museum ; an arsenal; a mint, in which the coins of several cantons are struck ; and many charitable institutions. Its chief industry consists in the manufacture of gunpowder, fire-arms, and mathematical instruments, straw hats, paper, and leather. The property belonging to the corporation is very largo; and the revenue suffices not only to defray the public expenses, but also to provide all the citizens with fuel, and still leaves a surplus. Bern owes its foundation to Berchtokl, fifth Duke of Zah- ringen, who, in 1191, fortified the peninsula on which the town stands, and invited merchants and craftsmen to resort thither for protection. In 1218 it was raised to the rank of a free town of the empire, with extensive privileges. Bern is said to derive its name from bilren, the plural of the German word biir (a bear) ; and that animal figures on the armorial bearings of the town, as well as on the coins, sign-posts, fountains, and public buildings. For many cen- turies living bears have been maintained at the public ex- pense as part of the state property. The great majority of the inhabitants are Protestants. Pop. in 1870, 36,001. BER BER Bern, a township of Athens co., 0. Pop. 1014. Bern, a station in Berks co., Pa., on the Philadelphia 6 Reading Railroad, 20 miles S.E. of Pottsville. Bern, a township of Berks co., Pa. Pop. 2124. Berna, the Latin for Bern, a town of Switzerland. Bernados, a name once given to the Barbadoes Islands. . Bernadotte, ber^na-dot', a post-village of Fulton co., 111., in Bernadotte township, on Spoon River, 4 miles from Ipat'-a Railroad Station, and about 45 miles W.S.W. of Peoria. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and 4 stores. Pop. of township, 1253. Bernadotte, a post-township of Nicollet co., Minn., on Swan Lake, 13 miles from Nicollet. Pop. 4S2. Ber^nal', a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 4 miles S. of San Francisco, Cal. Bernalda, b^R-n^l'dd,, a town of Italy, province and 46 miles S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 6295. Bernalillo, b5r-n&,-lee'y6, a county of New Mexico, is intersected by the Rio Grande and Rio Puereo. The surface is partly mountainous. A peak, called Mount Taylor, ap- pears to be of volcanic origin. Primary, Silurian, and cre- taceous rocks are found in different parts of the county. The soil in some parts is fertile and adapted to pasturage. Irrigation is required in order to raise good crops of grain. There were in this county, in 1870, 126,010 sheep. Cap- ital, Albuquerque. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,350,000. Pop. in 1870, 7591, of whom 7509 were natives. Bernalillo, a post-village of Bernalillo co.. New Mex- ico, on the Rio (Irande, about 16 miles above Albuquerque. It has a church, a convent, a college, and a manufactory of wine. Pop. 745. Ber^nard', a post-village of Chicot co.. Ark., on the Mississippi River, about 30 miles S. of Arkansas City. It has a church and a steamboat-landing. Bernar'do, a post-hamlet of San Diego co., Cal., about 34 miles N. by E. of San Diego. Bernardo Prairie, a post-oflBce and settlement of Colorado co., Tex., 6 miles from AUeyton Railroad Station. It has a church and a tannery. Berhiards', a township of Somerset co., N.J. Pop. 2369. It contains Bernardsville and Basking Ridge. Ber'nardston, a post-hamlet of Franklin co.. Mass., in Bernardston township, on the Connecticut River Railroad, 7 miles N. of Greenfield, It has a public library, and a school called Powers Institute. The township has 5 churches, also 3 saw-mills. Pop. 991. Bernard's Town, a post-office of Webster co.,'W.Va. Bernards'ville, a post-hamlet and station of Somerset CO., N.J., in Bernards township, on the New Jersey West Line Railroad, 27 miles W. by S. of Newark. It has a church and a flour-mill. Bernau, beR'now, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- denburg, 13 miles by rail N.E. of Berlin. Pop. 5567, em- ployed in weaving woollen, cotton, and silk stuffs, and in loreweries. Bernay, bSR^ni', atownof France, department of Eure, on the Charentonne, at a railway junction, 25 miles W.N.W. of Evreux. It has a communal college, and manufactures of woollen cloths, linens, and yarns. The town is full of old buildings of much antiquarian interest. Pop. 5806. Bernburaj, bern'burg or berin'booRG, a town of Ger- many, duchy of Anhalt, on the Saale, 23 miles S. of Magde- burg. It consists of an old and a new town, both enclosed by walls, and has a castle, several churches, council-house, high schools, and orphan asylum. It has manufactures of sugar, iron castings, porcelain, paper, and starch. It is connected by railways with Berlin, Magdeburg, and Dres- den. Pop. in 1875, 16,935. Berne, Switzerland. See Bern. Berne, b^R'neh, a town of Germany, duchy and 11 miles by rail E. of Oldenburg. Pop. 694. Berne, bern,apost-hamletof Adams co.,Ind., in Monroe township, on the Cincinnati, Richmond & Fort Wayne Rail- road, 33 miles S.S.E. of Fort Wayne. It has 2 churches. Berne, a post-village of Dodge co., Minn., in Milton township, about 20 miles N.W. of Rochester. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a grist-mill. Berne, a post-township of Albany co., N.Y., about 18 miles W. by S. of Albany. It contains villages named Bernville or Berne, East Berne, and West Berne. Pop. 2567. Berne, a township of Fairfield co., 0. Pop. 3050, It contains the villages of East Lancaster and Sugar Grove. Berne Station is on the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley Railroad, 5 miles E. of Lancaster, Berne, Noble co., 0. See Carlisle. Berne, a post-office of Berks co., Pa. Berne, or Drys'daleville, a post-village in Huron CO., Ontario, 16 miles from Seaforth. Pop. 100. Berneck, b^R'nek, a town of Bavaria, Upper Franco- nia, 8 miles N.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1355. Berneck, b^R-n^k', a village of Switzerland, canton and 11 miles E. of St. Gall. It has manufactures of em- broidered muslins. Pop. 2137. Bernera, ber-ni'ri, or Barnera, bar-ni'r^., three islands of the Hebrides, — one sometimes called Berneray, the southernmost of the Barra group, another in Harris Sound, and the third on the W. side of the island of Lewis. Bernese Oberland, Switzerland. See Bern. Bern'hard's Bay, a post-hamlet of Oswego co., N.Y., on the N. shore of Oneida Lake, and on the New York & Oswego Midland Railroad, 36 miles E.S.E. of Oswego. It has a church. Ber'nice, a post-village of Sullivan co.. Pa., on the State Line & Erie Railroad, 29 miles S, of Towanda. It has mines of semi-anthracite coal, an enormous coal-breaker, and a steam mill. The coal is described as "free-burning, without clinker." Bernier, ber-neer', a small island of Western Australia, N.W. of Shark Bay. Lat. 24° 50' S.; Ion. 113° 15' E. Bernina, bSn-nep'n^, a mountain of the Rhsetian Alps, Switzerland, canton of Grisons, 36 miles S.E. of Chur, re- markable for its extensive glacier. The Pass of Bernina forms a communication between the Upper Engadine and the Valtelline, at an elevation of 7672 feet. Bernkastel, bSnn'k^s-tel, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 23 miles N.E. of Treves. Pop. 2100. Ber'non, a village in Woonsocket township. Providence CO., R.I., contiguous to Woonsocket village. It has exten- sive cotton-mills and a church. Pop. 1482. Berustadt, b^nn'statt, a town of Prussian Silesia, on a railway, 22 miles E. of Breslau. It has a ducal castle, and manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics. Pop. 3861. Bernstadt, a town of Bohemia, See Schatzlar. Bernstein, b^nn'stine, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, 55 miles N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 2477. Bern'ville, or Berne, a post-village of Albany co., N.Y., in Berne township, about 20 miles from Albany. It has 5 stores, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and 3 churches. Pop. 250. The name of its post-office is Berne. Bernville, a post-borough of Berks co., Pa., in Penn township, on Tulpehocken Creek and the Union Canal, 13 miles N.W. of Reading. It has 2 churches, 2 graded schools, a printing-ofiice, a foundry, 2 carriage-factories, a machine-shop, and an active trade in coal, lumber, grain, &c. The houses are mostly built of brick. Pop. about 600. Ber«ea (of Syria). See Alkppo. Beroea (of Macedonia). See Vehia. Berolinum, the Latin for Berlin. Beronda, or Baronda, ba-ron'd4, a petty state of India, in Bundelcund. Area, 275 square miles. Pop. 24,000, Beroo, a kingdom of Africa. See Beeroo. Ber^ra-Vol', an independent territory and town of Northern Afghanistan, the town situated in a valley and on a river of the same name, 108 miles N. of Peshawer. Berre, baiR, a town of France, in Bouches-du-Rhone, 16 miles N.W. of Marseilles. Pop. 1980. Ber'reman, a township of Jo Daviess co.. 111. Pop. 559, Berri, a district in France. See Berry. Berrian, bSrVe-a,n', a town of Africa, in the Sahara of Algeria, 25 miles E. of Gardaia. Pop. about 3500. Berrien, ber're-en, a county in the S. part of Georgia, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the B. by the AUapaha River, and on the W. by Little River. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively cov- ered with forests of pine and other trees; the soil is sandy, and produces some maize, sweet potatoes, oats, &c. It is intersected by the Brunswick & Albany Railroad. Capital, Nashville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $838,451. Pop. in 1870, 4518, of whom 4510 were Americans. Berrien, a county forming the S.W. extremity of Mich- igan, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by Lake Michigan, and is intersected by St. Joseph's River, and partly drained by the Paw Paw River. The surface is undulating, and extensively covered with dense forests of the ash, oak, beech, and sugar-maple. The soil is partly a deep rich sandy loam. Wheat, Indian corn, fruits, butter, cattle, horses, and hay are the staple products. The products of the orchards in 1870 wore valued at $579,608. The county is intersected by the Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore Railroad and the Michigan Central Railroad. Capi- tal, Berrien Springs. Valuation of real and personal estate, $25,584,976. Pop. in 1870, 35,104, of whom 30,047 were natives and 5057 were foreigners; in 1874, 35,029. BEE 223 BER Berrien, a township of Berrien co., Mick. Pop. 1381. Berrien Centre, a post-office of Berrien co., Mich., 10 miles N. of Niles. Berrien's Island, an island of 12 acres' area, in East River, within the limits of Long Island City, N.Y. It lies off Lawrence Point. Berrien Springs, a post-village, capital of Berrien CO., Mich., in Oronoko township, on the St. Joseph River, 10 miles N.W. of Niles, and about 70 miles B. of Chicago. It has 3 churches, a high school, 2 newspaper offices, a planing-mill, and medicinal springs. Pop. 662. Berrin, ber-reen', a town of Western Africa, Senegam- bia, on the Casamanza. Lat. 12° 28' N. ; Ion. 16° 28' W, Berry, or Berri, ber'ree (Fr. pron. bSR^Ree'), one of the old provinces of France, near its centre, now forming the departments of Cher and Indre ; its capital was Bourges. Ber'ry, or Clarks'ville, a post-village of Sangamon CO., 111., in Cooper township, on the Ohio *fc Mississippi Railroad, 12 miles S.E. of Springfield. It has a church. Here are Berry Post-Office and Clarksville Station. Berry, a township of Dane co.. Wis. Pop. 1135. Berry Creek, a post-hamlet of Butte co., Cal., 17 miles from Oroville, It has a hotel and a saw-mill. Berry Hill, a post-office of Rockingham eo., N.C. Ber^ryhill's', a township of Mecklenburg co., N.C. Pop. UU. Ber'ry Islands, a group of well-wooded keys in the Bahamas, about 35 miles N.W. of Nassau. All are small. They are at the N.E. extremity of Great Bahama Bank. Pop. 202. Crreat Harbor Key is the largest. Ber'rysburg, a post-borough of Mifflin township, Dau- phin CO., Pa., in Lykens Valley, about 30 miles N. of Har- risburg. Coal is mined near it. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of chairs and tombstones. Pop. 451. Berry's Creek, a post-hamlet of Williamson co., Tex., 24 miles from Round Rock Railroad Station. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Berry's Lick, a post-office of Butler co., Ky., 20 miles from Auburn. Berry's 3Iill, a post-hamlet of Franklin co.. Me., in Carthage township, 12 miles from North Jay Station. It has a grist-mill and a lumber-mill. Ber'ry's Station, or Ber'ryville, a post-village of Harrison co., Ky., on the Kentucky Central Railroad, 54 miles S. of Cincinnati, 0. It has a church, a seminary, and manufactures of ploughs and wagons. Pop. 235. Ber'rysville, a post-hamlet of Highland co., 0., about 54 miles E. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches. Pop, 78. Ber'rytown, a post-office of Cassco., 111. Ber'ryvale, a post-office and settlement of Siskiyou CO., Cal., at the base of Mount Shasta, 77 miles from Red- ding. Here are 2 hotels. Ber'ryville, a post-village of Carroll co.. Ark., 1 mile from Osage Creek, and about 44 miles N.E. of Fayetteville. It has 3 churches, an academy, and a newspaper office. Berryville, Harrison co., Ky. See Berry's Station. Berryville, a post-office of Wayne co., Ky., 6 miles S. of Monticello. Berryville, a post-hamlet of Otsego co., Mich., 9^ miles from Gaylord Railroad Station. It has a church, a grist- mill, and a saw-mill. Berryville, a post-office of Henderson co., Tex. Berryville, a post-village, capital of Clarke co., Va., in the Shenandoah Valley, 11 or 12 miles E. of Winchester, and about 60 miles W.N.W. of Washington, D.C. It has a bank, 6 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, and a coach -factory. Pop. 580. Bersiinis, b^a^se'mee', or Betsiamites, bSt^sc-i^- meet', a post- village in Saguenay co., Quebec, 90 miles N.E. of Tadousac. It is a Hudson Bay Company's post, and in- habited chiefly by Indians. Pop. 552. See Betsiamites. Bertha, a Latin name of Perth, in Scotland. Berthalm, a town of Hungary, See Berethaloh. Berthelsdorf, bSa'tels-doRT, a village of Saxony, IS miles S.E. of Bautzen. Pop. 1902. Berthier, bSR*te-i', a county in the western part of the province of Quebec, Canada, on the St. Lawrence. Area, 2170 square miles. It is drained by the L'Assomption River. The chief products are woollen goods, linens, flax, oats, and tobacco. Chief town, Berthier-en-Haut. Pop. 19,993. Berthier- en-Bas,bSR'te-i'-6No-bS,, or Bellechasse de Berthier, b^irshiss' d^h bSRHe-i', a village in Belle- chasse co., Quebec, on the right bank of the river St. Law- rence, and on a railway, 40 miles by water S.E. of Quebec. Pop. 300. Berthier-en-Haut, bSR'te-i'-6M<»-h6, a river-port of Quebec, the chief town of Berthier co., on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, 45 miles N.E. of Montreal. It has a telegraph-office, a foundry, several tanneries, and a number of stores. Pop. 1433. Bertholdsdorf, bSu'tolSs-doRr, a town of Austria, 8 miles S. of Vienna, with an old church, a castle, and warm baths. Pop. 3262. Berthoud . a town of Switzerland. See BtritGDORF, Bertie, b^r'tee, a county in the N.E. part of North Carolina, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Chowan River, and on the S. and W. by the Roanoke. Albemarle Sound touches the S.E. part of the county. The surface is nearly level, and mostly covered with forests; the soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and sweet potatoes are the staple products. Capital, Windsor. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,996,358. Pop. in 1870, 12,950, of whom 12,947 were natives of the United States. Bertignat, b^RHeen\vS.', a village of France, depart- ment of Puy-de-Bome, 9 miles from Ambert. Pop. 2127. Bertincourt, b^R^tS-No^kooR', a village of France, in Pas-de-Calais, 16 miles S.S.E. of Arras. Pop. 1636. Bertinoro, b^R-te-no'ro, a town of Italy, 7 miles S.E. of Forli, is celebrated for its wines. It is a bishop's see. Pop. 6540. Ber'tram, a post-village of Linn co., Iowa, in Bertram township, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 9 miles E. of Cedar Rapids. It has a church, a hotel, and a saw- and flour-mill. Pop. 200. The township is bounded on the S.W. by Cedar River. Pop. 824. BerHrand', a post-village of Rapides parish, La,, on Red River, 10 miles above Alexandria. It has 2 churches. Ber'trand, a post-village in Niles township, Berrien CO., Mich., on the St. Joseph River, and on the South Bend division of the Michigan Central Railroad, 5 miles S. of Niles. It has a church, a flouring-mill, and a brick-yard. Pop. about 300 ; of township, 1361. Ber^rand', a post-hamlet of Mississippi co.. Mo., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad (Cairo division), 20 miles W.S.W. of Cairo, 111. It has a church and a steam mill. Bertrich, benfrlK, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 6 miles S.W. of Cochem, with mineral baths. Pop. 360. Bertry, b^R*tree', a village of France, department of Nord, 18 miles by rail S.E. of Cambrai. Pop. 2933. Berunibah, a state of India. See Baramba. Berun, bi-roon' {called Alt-Berun, ''Old Berun," to distinguish it from the neighboring Neu-Berun), a village of Prussia, in Silesia, 11 miles N.E. of Pless, on Lake Berun. Pop. 1733; of Neu-Berun, 430. Berut, or Beront, a town of Syria. See Betroot. Berutschird, a town of Persia. See Booroogird. Bervie, b^r'vee, or Inverbervie, in'ver-berVee, a town of Scotland, co. of Kincardine, on the North Sea, 8i miles S.S.W. of Stonehaven. It is on a railway, near the mouth of the river Bervie, the harbor being at Gourdon, 1 mile S. Pop. 1859. Ber'vie, a post-village in Bruce co., Ontario, 22 miles W. of Walkerton. Pop. 100. Ber'ville, a post-office of St. Clair co., Mich. Berwick, or Berwickshire, bSr'rik-shirj a county of Scotland, forming its S.E. extremity, on the coast of the German Ocean, and bounded on the S. by Northumberland and W. by Haddington and Edinburgh shires. Area, 464 sc[uare miles. Its N. part consists of the barren Lammer- moor hills ; but the district of Lauderdale in the W. and that of the Merse in the S. are level, and among the most fertile and best-cultivated tracts in Britain, The principal rivers are the Tweed and the Eye, with the Leader, Whit- adder, Blackadder, and other affluents of the Tweed. Cap- ital, Greenlaw. This county returns one member to the House of Commons. Pop. 36,486. Berwick, a town of England. See Berwick-ox-Tweed. Ber'wick, a post- village of Warren eo.,IIl.,in Berwick township, about 15 miles S.W. of Galesburg. It has 2 churches. Pop. of township, 1066. Berwick, a post-village of York co., Me., in Berwick township, on Salmon Falls River, ^ mile from Great Palls Railroad Station, and about 44 miles S.W. of Portland. It has a church and several steam mills. The township is bounded on the W, by Salmon Falls River, and is about 5 miles N.E. of Dover, N.H. It has manufactures of car- riages, lumber, furniture, shoes, sash, blinds, &c. Pop. 2291. Berwick, a station in Newton co.. Mo., on the St. Louis *fe San Francisco Railroad, 18 miles N.E. of Neosho. BerAVick, a post-village of Seneca co., 0., on the Cin- cinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland Railroad, 9 miles S.W. of Tiffin. It has a church, a flour-mill, Padueah Railroad, 4.^ miles S. of Louisville. Here is St. John Post-Office. Bethlehem, a post-hamlct of Henry co., Ky., about 45 miles E.N.E. of Louisville. Bethlehem, a post-hamlet of Caroline co., Md., 7 miles from Easton, and 2 miles from the Choptank. It has a church. Bethlehem, a post-office of Benton co., Miss, Bethlehem, a post-village of Grafton co., N.H., in Bethlehem to\ynship, on the Ammonoosuc River, 3 miles from Bethlehem Station on the Boston, Concord & Mon- treal Railroad (Mt. Washington Branch), 124 miles N. of Concord, and 22 miles W. of Mt. Washington. It has a superior hotel, the Sinclair House, and several large board- ing-houses. Pop. of the township, 998. Bethlehem, a post-village of Huntej-don co., N.J., in Bethlehem township, on the Central Railroad of New Jer- sey (at Valley Station), about 12 miles from Easton, Pa. The township has 5 churches. It contains a village named Bloomsbury. Pop. of township, 2211. Bethlehem, a township of Albany co., N.Y. Pop. 3763. It is contiguous to the city of Albany. See Beth- lehem Centre. Bethlehem Station is on the Athens & Schenectady Railroad, 22 miles from Schenectady. Bethlehem, a township of Coshocton co., 0. Pop. 850. It contains Warsaw. Bethlehem, a township of Stark co., 0. Pop. 2148. It contains Navarre. Bethlehem, a post-borough and summer resort of Northampton eo.. Pa., is pleasantly situated on the left bank of the Lehigh River, and in Bethlehem township, 5 miles E. of AUentown, 55 miles N. of Philadelphia, and 12 miles S.W. of Easton. It is the N. terminus of the North Penn- sylvania Railroad, which here connects with the Lehigh Valley Railroad and the Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroad. The Lehigh & Lackawanna Railroad extends from this place northward. It was founded by the Moravians in 1741, and has a school called Moravian Seminary for Young Ladies, and a Moravian theological seminary. One daily and 2 weekly newspapers, and a monthly Moravian periodical in German, are published here. Bethlehem has 2 national banks, II churches, and several breweries, tanneries, and mills. A bridge across the river connects this town with South Bethlehem, the seat of Lehigh University (Protestant Episcopal), which was founded in 1866 by Asa Packer, who gave it an endowment of §500,000. In the vicinity are zinc-works, iron -furnaces, rolling-mills, &c. Pop. 4532; or, including South Bethlehem, 8068. Bethlehem, a post-office of Clarendon co., S.C. Bethlehem Centre, a post-hamlet of Albany co., N.Y., in Bethlehem township, 5 miles S.W. of Albany. Bethlehem Hollow, a post-office of Grafton co., N.H., is at Bethlehem Station on the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad, See Bethlehem. Beth'nal Green, an Eastern suburb of London, co, of Middlesex, England. Pop. 120,104. Beth'page, a post-office of McDonald co.. Mo. Bethpage, a village in Oyster Bay township, Queens CO., N.Y., on the Long Island Central Railroad, 31 miles S.E. from Long Island City. It has manufactures of brick. Bethpage, a post-village of Sumner co., Tenn., 11 miles N. of Gallatin. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a tobacco-factory. Bethpage Junction, in Queens eo., N.Y., is on the Central Railroad, 29 miles from Long Island City, at the junction of the Bethpage Branch. Bethsaida (b^th-si'j-da) of Galilee, an ancienttown of Palestine, which probably stood on the shore of Lake Tiberias; but its site is undetermined. Bethsaida of Gauloni'tis (afterwards Jn'lias) was on the N.E. side of Lake Tiberias, 21 miles S. of Paneas; it is now wholly in ruins. Bethshan, a village of Palestine. See Beisan. Beth-She'mesh, an ancient city of Palestine, the remains of which are supposed by Robinson to be at Ain ShemSj a village 15 miles W.S.W. of Jerusalem, where are extensive ancient ruins. B^thune, hd^tiin', a strongly fortified town of France, department of Pas-de-Calais, at a railway junction, 20 miles N.N.W. of Arras. It has a castle, college, Gothic church, and commerce in cheese, grain, oil, and lint. Pop. 4594. Bet'ick, in Central Asia, is an important ferry across the Amoo-Darya, 60 miles S.W. of Bokhara. The river here is 650 yards across and from 25 to 29 feet in depth. Betisbooka, or Betisbouka, b^-tis-boo'ki, a con- siderable river of Madagascar, enters Mozambique Channel (Bembatooka Bay) on its N.W. coast. About 15 miles from its mouth it enlarges into a gulf with numerous islands. Betlis, or Bedlis, Asiatic Turkey. See Bitus. Betluga, or Bctlon^a. See Vetlooga. Betogabra, a city of Palestine, See Ei.eutberopolis. Betsiamites, b^t^se-i^meet', or Bersimis, bSu^se^- mee', a river in Saguenay co., Quebec, falls into the estuary of the St. Lawrence, 200 miles below Quebec. At its mouth are great deposits of black iron-sand. The Betsiamites pro- duces very largo salmon. See BEnsiMis. Bettemburg, bSt'tSm-bung\ a village of the Nether- lands, at a railway junction, 5 miles S.S.W. of Luxemburg. Pop. 1210. BET 227 BEV Bettendorf, bfit't^n-doRf, a village of the Nether- lands, in Luxemburg, 3 miles N.E. of Diekirch. Pop. 1100. Bettenhausen, b^t't?n-h6w^z§n, a village of Prussia, in Nieder-Hessen, on the Losse. Pop. 1103. Bettenhausen, a village of Germany, in Saxe-Meinin- gen, on the Herpf, near Meiningen. Pop. 804. Bet'terton, a hamlet and shipping-point of Kent co., Md., on Chesapeake Bay, 4^ miles from Still Pond Railroad Station. It has a church and a steamboat-landing. Bettiah, bet-tee'a, a town of India, Chumparun district, Bengal, 95 miles N.N.W. of Patna. It is the residence of the Maharajah of Bettiah, and has a Catholic mission and a dispensary. Pop. 19,708. Bet'tieville, a post-village of Shelby co., Tenn., 2^ miles fx-om Woodstock Railroad Station. It has 2 churches. Bcttleru, a town of Bohemia. See Zebrak. Betts'burg, a hamlet of Chenango co., N.Y., 2 miles from Afton. Bettschwandeii,b5tch'wd,n-den, a village of Switzer- land, 7 miles S.S.W. of Glarus, on the Linth. Pop. 231. Betts'ville, a post-village of Seneca co., 0., in Liberty township, on the Toledo, Tiffin & Eastern Railroad, 9 miles N.N.W. of Tiffin, and 33 miles from Toledo. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a planing-mill, and a sash- and blind-factory. Pop. 500. Betvvah., bSfwi, a river of Hindostan, rises in the Vind- hyan Mountains, Bhopaul, flows mostly N.E., and, after a total course of 360 miles, joins the Jumna, 30 miles E.S.E. of Kalpee. Betul, a district and town of India. See Baitool. BetuUetum^ the Latin name of La Biolle. Beulah, bii'la, a post-office of Lee co., Ala. Beulah^ a post-hamlet of Clayton co., Iowa, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, at its junction with the Iowa Eastern Railroad (narrow gauge), 10 miles W. of McGregor. Beulah, a post-hamlet of Crawfoi-d co., Kansas, in Sheridan township, on the Missouri River, Fort Scott & Gulf Railroad, 31 miles S. by W. of Fort Scott. It has a high school. Beulah, a village of Bolivar co.. Miss., 5 miles from Riverton Railroad Station, It has 2 churches and a jail. It was once the capital of the county. Beulah, a post-office of Union co., Miss. Beulah, a township of Johnston co., N.C. Pop. 1105. Beulah, a post-office of Greene co.. Tenn., on the French Broad River. Beulah, Goochland co., Va. See BuLA. Beulah, a post-office of Prince William co., Va. Beulahville, a post-office of King William co,, Va. Beulaville, bu'la-vil, a post-hamlet of Duplin co., N.C, in Limestone township, 17 miles from Magnolia. Beusichem, bo'ze-K^m\ a village of the Netherlands, in Gelderland, 7 miles N.W. of Thiel, Pop. 1731. Beutelsbach,boi'tels-ba,K\a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Beutel, 10 miles E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1377. Beuthen, boi'ten, a town of Prussian Silesia, 50 miles by rail S.E. of Oppeln, near the Polish frontier. It has manufactures of woollen cloths, glass, earthenwares, and zinc-wares. Pop. 15,710. Beuthen, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the Oder, and on a railway, 13 miles W.N.W. of Glogau. It has manu- factures of cloths and straw hats. Pop. 3826. Beuzeville, buzVeel', a town of France, in Eure, 7 miles W.of Pont-Audemer. Pop. 2455. Bevagua, bi-vin'yi, a town of Italy, 18 miles S.E. of Perugia. Pop. 481. Be'vans, a post-office of Sussex co., N.J., 7 miles from Branchville Station. Bevedero, bi-vi-di'ro, a considerable lake in the Ar- gentine Republic, province of Mendoza, between lat. 32*^ 45' and 34° 17 S., Ion. 66° and 66° 32' W. It is composed of two distinct portions, called the Greater and the Less Bevedero, connected by a river-channel about 8 itfiles long. The smallest, and most northerly, measures about 22 by 15 miles ; and the larger, 40 miles from N. to S., and from 3 to 25 miles from E. to W. Eev'eland (North and South) (Dutch pron. bi've- lS,nt^), two islands of the Netherlands, province of Zealand, in the mouth of the Scheldt, divided westward by a narrow channel from the island of Walcheren. Estimated aggre- gate area, 1211 square miles. South Beveland is the largest and most fertile, and has on it the town of Goes, the capital, and Fort Bath. Bevensen, bi'v^n-sen, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 13 miles by rail S.S.E. of -LUneburg. Pop. 1613. Beveren, a town of Belgium. See Bevern. Beverley, b§v'§r-le, a borough of England, co. of York, capital of the East Riding, with a station on the Hull & Bridgewater Railway, 9 miles N.N.W. of Hull. The minster, or college church, was founded about a.d. 700, by the Arch- bishop of York, St. John of Beverley. The present struc- ture is remarkable for elegance and extent : its AV. front has been considered the finest specimen of the perpendicular Gothic in England. St. Mary "s church is also a magnificent structure. The town has a very ancient grammar-school, a blue-coat school, a hospital for widows, with numerous other charities, varied manufactures, a theatre, reading- rooms, a mechanics' institution, and a fine market-cross. Its trade is facilitated by a canal communicating with the river Hull. It is the seat of a Catholic bishop. Pop. 10,218. Beverley, a village of Ontario. See Delta. Beverloo, biV^r-lo', a village of Belgium, province of Limbourg, 12 miles N.W. of Hasselt. Pop. 1140. Bev'erly, a post-hamlet of Sebastian co., Ark., 12 miles from Alma Railroad Station. It has a steam flouring-mill, Beverly, a post-village of Adams co.. III., in Beverly township, about 25 miles E.S.E. of Quincy. It has a church and a town hall. Pop. of township, 1173. Beverly, a post-hamlet of Christian co., Ky., 8 miles., from Hopkinsville. It has a church and a high school. Beverly, a station in Somerset co., Md., on the Eastern Shore Railroad, 18 miles N.N.E. of Crisfield. Beverly, a post-village of Esses co., Mass., in Beverly township, on a bay or inlet of the Atlantic, and on the Eastern Railroad, IS miles N.E. of Boston, 2 miles N.N.E. of Salem, at the junction of the Gloucester & Rockport Branch. It is separated from Salem by an inlet of the sea, which is crossed by a bridge. It has a good harbor, a na- tional bank, a savings-bank, a high school, a public library of 5000 volumes, a newspaper office, a masonic lodge, man- ufactures of shoes, carriages, morocco, potters' ware, bricks, machinery, and paper boxes. Many of the inhabitants are employed in navigation and the fisheries. Beverly owns about 30 vessels engaged in the cod-fishery. The township has 10 churches. Valuation of real and personal estate, $8,300,000. Pop. of township, 7330. Beverly, a post-office of Macon co., Mo., on the Han- nibal & St. Joseph Railroad (at Round Grove Station), 7 miles E. of Macon. Beverly, Platte co., Mo. See Beverly Station. Beverly, a post- village of Burlington co., N.J., in Bev- erly township, on the Delaware River, 15 miles above Phil- adelphia, and on the Camden & Amboy Railroad. It con- tains 5 churches, a newspaper office, and numerous residences and cottages of persons who do business in Philadelphia. It has a boarding-school, and manufactures of oil-cloths, woollen goods, and ropes. Pop. 1418 ; of the township, 2438. Here is a monument to soldiers who were killed in the < Beverly, a post-hamlet of Anson co., N.C, 6 miles from Wadesborough. It has 2 churches. Beverly, a post-village of Washington co., 0., in Water- ford township, on the Muskingum River, about IS miles N.W. of Marietta. Small steamboats can a-scend the river to this place. It has a national bank, the Beverly College (now used as an academy), 5 churches, 3 flouring-mills, 2 woollen-factories, a foundry, and a machine-shop. Pop. 814. Beverly, a post-office of Coryell co., Tex. Beverly, apost-viUage, capital of Randolph co.,W,Va., on Tygart's Valley River, about 120 miles E.N.E. of Charles- ton. It is situated in a valley between two ridges of moun- tains, and contains 3 churches, the Beverly Academy, a newspaper office, and a lumber-mill. Beverly Farms, a post-village of Essex co., Mass., in Beverly tiwnship, on the sea-coast, and on the Eastern Rail- road (Gloucester Branch), 20 miles N.E. of Boston, and 6 miles from Salem. It has a church. Beverly Station, a post-village of Platte co., Mo., on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, where it crosses the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Leavenworth. It is near the Missouri River. It has 2 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, and railroad repair-shops, Bevern, bi'v^m, or Beveren, bi'v?r-§n, a town of Belgium, in East Flanders, 5 miles by rail W. of Antwerp. Pop. 6999. Bevern, bi'v^rn, a village of Germany, duchy of Bruns- wick, 3 miles N.E. of Holzminden. Pop. 1919. Beverungen, b4'v§r-6ong''§n, a town of Prussia, West- phalia, 47 miles S.S.E. of Minden, on the Weser. Pop. 1659, Beverwyk, or Beverwijk, bi'v§r-wik\'atownof the Netherlands, province of North Holland, 7 miles by rail N. of Haarlem. Pop. 3203. BEV 228: BHA '■ Bevier, b?-veer', a fiourisliing post-village of Macon co., Ho., in Bevier township, on the Hannibal & St. Joseph Rail- road, 75 miles W. of Hannibal, and o miles W. of Macon City. It has 7 churches, a chair-factory, and 5 coal-shafts. The coal-mines of Bevier are among the most valuable in Mis- souri. Pop. 833; of the township, 1531. ' Bevilacqua, bi-ve-13,k'kwS,, a village of North Italy, 25 miles E. of Verona, with an old castle. Pop. 1483. ■' Bev'ill's Store, a post-office of Choctaw co., Ala. Bev'ilport, a hamlet of Jasper co., Tex., on Angelina River, near its union with the Neches, 9 miles W. of Jasper. It has 3 warehouses, 3 stores, and 6 dwellings. ' Bev'ington, a post-village of Madison co., Iowa, in Ci'^wford township, on the Indianola & Winterset Branch Railroad, 12 miles E. of Winterset, and 30 miles (by rail) S."W. of Des Moines. It has 2 elevators for grain, 2 stores, &c. Bev'insville, a village of Todd co., Ky., 20 miles from Allensville. It has 2 churches and a tobacco-factory. Be'v'is, a post-hamlet of Hamilton co., 0., in Colerain township, about 16 miles N.N.AV. of Cincinnati. It has 1 church. Bevis' Landing, Lewis co., Ky., is on the Ohio River, IB miles below Portsmouth, 0. Bewdley, bud'lee (originally, Beanlieu), a borough of England, co. and 14 miles N.N.W. of Worcester, on two railways, and on the Severn, across which it communicates T^ith its suburb, Wribbenhall, by a bridge. It is the seat of lictlve manufactures. Pop. .3021. ' Bew'leyville, a post-village of Breckenridge co., Ky., 18 miles from Muldraugh. It has 2 churches. Bex, bi,- a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, near the right bank of the Rhone, 26 miles by rail S.E. of Lau- sanne, It has salt-works and sulphur baths. Pop. 2453. Bexar, bi-ar' or bi-nar', a county in the S. central part of Texas, has an area of about 1400 square miles. It is in- tersected by the Bledina River, and bounded on the N.E. by t"he Cibolo River. The surface is hilly or undulating; the soil is partly fertile. A large portion of the county is prairie, which produces pasture for numerous cattle. Cap- ital, San Antonio. Valuation of real and personal estate, S'4,281,672. Pop. in 1S70, 16,043, of whom 10,766 were natives and 5277 were foreigners. It is partly intersected by the Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railroad. Bex'ar, a post-hamlet of Marion co., Ala., 40 miles N.E. 6^ Aberdeen, Miss. It has a church. '' Beyas, a river of the Punjab. See Beas. ' Beyed, bi^§d', a lofty mountain in Abyssinia, kingdom 6f Tigrej lat. 13° 18' N., Ion. 38° 40' E. It is covered with perpetual snow. Estimated height, 16,000 feet. ' Beyerland, bi'er-Unt\ Beigerland, or Beijer- land, an island of the Netherlands, between the Old Maas on the N. and Hollands-Diep on the S., 6 miles S. of Rot- terdam. Among its villages are Old Beyerland, pop. 4750 ; New Beyerland, pop. 1350 ; and South Beyerland, pop. 1728, It is 19 miles long and 10 broad. Beyhar, an old province of India. See Bahar. Beylah, a town of Beloochistan. See Bela. Beylen, a village of the Netherlands. See Beilen. Beypasha, a river of India. See Beas. . Beyra, a province of Portugal. See Beira. Beyroot, Beyrout, Beirout, bd'root, or Bairut (Turk. pron. bi'root''; that of the Arabs corresponds with the first ; Gr. Btjputo? ; L. Bery'tua), a seaport town of Syria, on a bay of the Mediterranean, 57 miles W.N.W. of Da^ inascus, and 3 miles S. of Cape Beyroot, which is in hit. 33° 50' N., Ion. 35° 26' E. Its walls are about 3 miles in cir- cumference, outside of which are suburbs equalling the town in extent. It has some large and well-supplied bazaars, a Protestant college for natives, a fine new aqueduct, affording a copious water-supply, and several mission-schools and convents. Streets narrow, but clean, it being plentifully furnished with springs; and it is said to have derived its driginal name from the Phoenician deity Baal Beerith, *' lord of wells." Along the shore are some remains of antiquity, cbmprising mosaic pavements, columns, and a thick wall. The harbor, protected by a mole, is adapted only for small boats; but in the bay beyond it ships may anchor in from 6 to 11 fathoms, and appropriations have been made for a tifew artificial port. The town has important manufactures of silk stuff's, and also of gold and silver thread. Much raw silk is produced from the silk-worms raised in the im- n^ediate vicinity. Principal exports, silk, galls, madder, gums, paints, grain, rags, wool;, sponges, oil-seeds, skins, ^nd, oils ; imports, muslins, cottons, tin, hardware, cloths, jtnd manufactured of Europe. Beyroot has a very hetero- grineoiis population, derived from nearly all the nations bf the Levant. No town in Syria can compare witli it in re- cent growth. Its population in 1840 was about 15,000, but at present is estimated at from 75,000 to 100,000. Bey-Sheher, Asia Minor. See Beg-Sheher. Bezdan, b^zM^n', a town of Hungary, co. of B^cs, on the Danube, 20 miles below Mohacz. A canal gives it steamboat communication with the Tbeiss. Pop. 7573. Bezg'hina, a town of Russia. See Novofedorovka. Beziers, bi^ze-i' (anc. Bmer'rse), a city of France, de- partment of Herault, on the Orb, and on several railways,' 44 miles S.AY. of Montpellier. It is built in a delightful situation, is remarkable for the salubrity of its climate, and has a Gothic church, a college, cavalry barracks, an aqueduct of Roman origin and ruins of a Roman amphi- theatre, a public library, tribunal of commerce, agricultural society, and manufactures of silk, hosiery, glass, parchment, gloves, verdigris, and confectionery, with tanneries, and extensive brandy-distilleries; and it is the centre of a con- siderable trade. In 1209 this city was the scene of a bar- barous massacre of the Albigenses. Pop. in 1876, 38,227. Bezoeki, or Bezuki, be-zoo'kee, a province of Java, occupying the whole E. end of that island. It is volcanic and mountainous. Pop. 318,478. Bezoeki, or Bezuki, a town of Java, capital of the above province, on the Strait of Madura, 89 miles E.S.E. of Soerabaya. It has a good trade. Bezons, beh-zftNo', a village of France, in Seine-et- Oise, 9 miles N." of Versailles, on the Seine. Pop. 1237. Bezora, bi-zo'rd, a town of British India, in Madras, 40 miles N.W. of Masulipatam, on the Kistnah. There are here a mosque and numerous Hindoo temples. Bhabua, b'h^^boo^S.', a town of Bengal, in Shahabad, 50 miles S.W. of Buxiir. Pop. 5071. Bhadrakh, a town of India. See Buddruck. BhadresAvar, b'h^d-r^s-war', a town of Bengal, on the Hoogly, about 18 miles by rail N. of Calcutta. Pop. 7417. Bhadrinath, b'had-rin-^t'h', a town of North Hindo- stan, Gurhwal, in a valley of the Himalayas, 80 miles N. of Almora, 10,294 feet above the sea, and remarkable for a temple which is visited annually by a great number of Hindoo pilgrims. Bhadrinath, a peak of the Himalayas, 17 miles W. of the above town, and 23,441 feet in height. Lat. 30° 42' N.; Ion. 79° 15' E. B'hag, Bagh, or Bhaus^h, b'h^g or bS-G, a town of Beloochistan, province of Cutch-Gundava, at the S- entrance of the Bolan pass, 60 miles N.W. of Shikarpoor (in Sinde). Lat. 28° 56' N. ; Ion. 67° 54' E. Pop, about 10,000. Bha^al, a state of India. See Bagul. Bha^alpur, in India. See Boglipoor. Bhagirathi, b'h3,-ghe-ra'tee, two rivers of India; (1) one of the principal head-streams of the Ganges ; (2) an important outlet of the Ganges, flows past Moorshedabad and Berhampoor, and at Nuddea takes the name of Hoogly (which see). In its upper course it becomes shallow in the dry season, but it is a very important channel of trade. Bhagwango'la, or Bogwango'la, a town of Ben- gal, on an old bed of the Ganges, 10 miles N.E. of Moor- shedabad, is the seat of a large trade. New Bhagwangola; or Alatali, 5 miles northeastward, on the new bed of the Ganges, is a great mart for indigo-seed and country produce^ the old town being reached by boats at high water only. Pop. about 4000. Bhamo, b'h^hno', or Bhanmo, b'hin^mo', a town of Burmah, on the Irrawaddy, 40 miles W. of the> Chinese frontier, and 180 miles N.N.E. of Ava. It is enclosed by a stockade, and better built than most Burmese towns. It comprises 500 houses, inhabited by Chinese and Shans. Woollen, cotton, and silk goods are imported from China by winter caravans; and the Shan tribes, who resort to the town, exchange their native products for salt, rice, and gnapee (a sauce made of dried fish). Old Bhamo, the original Shan town, is two days' journey farther up the Tapan, the nearest tributary of the Irrawaddy. Bhan!lara, a district of India. See Bhundara. Bhandere, b'ban-deer', a town of the Jhansi district, North-W-est Provinces, India. Pop. 7518. Bliangi-Keel, b'hin'jee-keel, a town of the B«nnoo district, Punjab, British India. Pop. 5339. Bhanpoora, b"hi\n-poo'r&. a walled town of India, in Indore, 38 miles E. of Noemutch. on the Rewah. It has a fort and palace of the Holkar, Pop. 20.000. Bharahut, or Bharahat, b"hA-ri-huV, a ruined city of India, 120 miles S.W. of Allahabad. Here are inter- esting remains of tho Booddhist period. OBharaich, b'hi-raitch', a district of India, province of Oude, lat. 28° 23'-27° 4' N., Ion. 82° 11 '-81° 9' E. Area, 2398 square miles. Itsoentrois occupied by a plateau, BHA 229 BIA a spur of the sub-Himalaya, at the foot of which is a marshy tract. Capital, Bharaich. Pop. 774,6-iO. Bharaich, or Baraitche, a town, capital of the above, on an affluent of the Goggra, 62 miles N.E. of Luck- now, is a place of great antiquity. It has manufactures of lire-works and native cloth. Pop. 18,889. Bharko, b'har'ko, a town of India, Boglipoor district. Pop. 3046. Bhartpur, or Bharatpura, India. See Bhurtpoor. Bhat'gong', Bhatgaon, bhiltvi-on', or Dhar'- mapatan', a town of India, in Nepaul, lat. 21° 37' N., Ion. 85° 22' E., 9 miles E. of Khatmandoo. It is a great resort for Brahmans, and is reported to have many Sanscrit libraries. Pop. about 50,000. Bhatneer, bit'neer', or Bhutneer, but'neer', called also Bhatniar and Bhutnair, a town of India, in Bick- aneer, 186 miles W.N.W. of Delhi. Lat. 29° 36' N. ; Ion. 74° 12' E. It is in a desert country, and was once the capital of the Bhatty people, a race of Mohammedan nomads. Bhattiana, b'hitHee-i'nJ,, or Sirsa, seer'sa, a region which was formerly a district of the Punjab, India, now a part of the Hissar division. Area, 3121 square miles. Its people are largely of the Bhatty race. Chief town, Sirsa. Pop. in 1872, 210,795. Hhaug, a town of Beloochistan. See B'hag. Bhaugulpoor, in India. See Boglipoor. BhavanesAvara, the ancient name of Bhobaneser. Bhavani-Kudal, b'hi-va'nc-koo-d3.1', a town of Brit- ish India, presidency of Madras, 58 miles N.E. of Coimba- toor, at the confluence of the Bhavani and Cavery Rivers. Here are famous temples of Vishnu and Siva. Bhawaii, a town of India. See Bhuwun. Bhawanipoor, b'hi-win-e-poor', a town of India, a few miles S.E. of Calcutta. It has several mission schools, a college, and a lunatic asylum for Europeans. Bhawarah,b'hi-wi'ri, a village of India, Durbungah district, Bengal, J mile S. of Mudhoobunee. Pop. 2804. Bhawlpoor, b'hawrpoor' or bawPpoor', written also Bhawa]pur, Bahawalpoor, and Da'odapoo'ra, a native state of India, feudal to the British. Lat. 27° 41'-30° 25' N. ; Ion. 69° 30'-73° 58' E. Area, 22,000 square miles. Length, 310 miles; greatest breadth, 110 miles. It is level, and in part a desert, less than one-fifth being arable. Cap- ital, Bhawlpoor. Pop. 472,791, chiefly Mohammedans. BhawlpoOFj the capital of the above state, on a branch of the Ghara, and on a railway, 70 miles S. of Mooltan, and 140 miles N.W. of Bickaneer. Lat. 29° 26' N. ; Ion. 71° 37' E. Pop. about 20,000. It is enclosed by gardens and by a mud wall 4 miles in circumference. The houses are meanly con- structed of brick, and the khan's residence is a very plain building. Hindoo weavers are numerous, Bhawlpoor is famous for its scarfs and turbans, manufactured bj^ Hin- doos ; and chintzes and other cotton goods are woven here. BheelS) beelz, a race of mountaineers of Hindostan, inhabiting the mountains of Candeish and the country along the Nerbudda from the plains of Newaur to those of Guze- rat. They differ from the other natives in appearance and manners, are small, have dark complexions, go almost in a state of nudity, and are constantly armed with bows and arrows. They are very brave and warlike, and since the organization of the Bheel Corps by the Indian government they have abandoned predatory habits and are becoming cultivators of the ground. Bheer, b'heer, a town of India, in Deccan, Nizam's do- minion, 70 miles S.S.E. of Aurungabad. Bhe'rah, a town of India, district and 30 miles N.E. of Shahpoor, on the Jhylum. Pop. 14,514. Bhewannee, Bhlwani, bee-wSn'nee, or Bowa- nee, b9-w5,'nee, a town of India, in the Rohtuk district. Lat. 28° 45' N. ; Ion, 76° 14' E. Pop. 32,254. Bhilsa, a town of India. See Bilsa. Bkimalaputana, the ancient name of Bimlipatam. Bhitnbur, or Bhiinbara, India. See Bimiser. Bhingar, b'hin^gar', or Bim^garh', a town of India, in the Ahmednuggur district. Pop. 5752. Bliirjan, beer'j&n', Beerjoon, beer'joon', or Mihr- jau, meer^j5,n', one of the easternmost towns of the Persian dominion, in the desert, 180 miles S. of Meshed. It com- prises 4000 brick houses, several caravansaries, mosques, and baths, a citadel, and a governor's palace. It has a local repute for the e.xcellence of its carpets ; but its inhabitants bear a bad reputation for dishonesty and treachery. Bhivapoor, b'hee-v^-poor', a town of India, district and 43 miles N.E. of Nagpoor. Pop. 4557. Bhobaneser, b'bo-ban-Js'er, or Bhuvaneswar, b'hoo-vin-es'war (ano. JBhavaneeicara), a town of British India, district of Pooree, in Orissa, 16 miles S. of Cuttacji. It has numerous remains of temples and sculptured figure?; and a tower 180 feet in height. It is mostly in ruins, but has a good trade in rice and cloth, and is a place of pil- grimage for worshippers of Siva. Bhoj^pore', or Bhojpur, b'hoj'poor', a town of the Shahabad district, Bengal, 8 miles by rail E. of Buxar. It is composed of two parts, Bhojpore Jadid (pop. 3890), and Bhojpore Kadim (pop. 3114), and is nearly contiguous to the larger town of Dumraon. Bhon'gaon', or Bhoe'gaon', a town of India, dis- trict and 7 miles N.E. of Mynporee. Pop. 6231. Bhooj, or Bhuj, b'hooj or booj, a strongly fortified city of Hindostan, capital of Cutch, and in a plain near its cenj- tre, 35 miles N. of the Gulf of Cutch. Lat. 23° 15' N. ; Ion. 69° 62' E. Pop. 30,000. Its white buildings, intermixed with date-groves, render it externally imposing; and its houses are mostly built within strong, walled enclosures, each presenting the appearance of a separate fort. It has a castellated palace with enamelled domes, numerous tem- ples, a mausoleum, and other public buildings, — the whole enclosed by a wall flanked with towers and furnished with artillery. Bhooj is renowned in India for its manufactures in gold and silver. The fort of the Bhooj was taken by the British in 1819, and both port and town suffered consider- ably from an earthquake the same year. Bhopaul, Bhopal, or Bopaul, bo'pawl, a native state of Central India, in Malwa. Lat. 22° 32'-23° 46' N..; Ion. 76° 26'-78° 50' E. Length, 157 miles; breadth, 76 miles; area, 6764 square miles. It is uneven, and in part mountainous, but is fertile, and is regarded as the best govr erned native state in India. Capital, Bhopaul. Pop. 663,666. Bhopaul, the ca.pital of the above state, 105 miles E, of Oojein, is enclosed by a dilapidated stone wall, outside of. which are some large pools, a fort, and a decayed suburb. Bhot, a Hindoo name of Thibet. Bhotan, or Bhootan. See Bootan. Bhowanipoor, b'ho-wan-e-poor', a village or station of British India, 96 miles W. of Dinagepoor. Here a great annual fair is held, from April 7 to April 17, at which 100,000 persons often assemble. Bhownugger, or Bhaonagar, b'hSw'nug'giir, a seaport and native state of India, on the W. side of the Gulf of Cambay, 51 miles S.W. of Cambay. Area of state, 2784 square miles. Pop. 399,688. Bhugwar, a river of Beloochistan. See Doostee. Bhiyee,b'hoo'jee, orboo'jee, apetty state of Hindostan, between the Sutlej and the Jumna. Pop. 9000. Bhundara, or Bhandara, b'hiin'd4h-i', a district of the Central Provinces, British India. Lat. 20°-22° N. ; Ion. 79°-81° E. Area, 3922 square miles. It is largely covered with jungle, has many small lakes, and is infested by wild beasts. The district includes 25 little native tributary states; whose united area is 1509 square miles. Chief town, Bhun- dara. .Pop. 564,819. Bhundara, or Bhandara, a town, the capital of tbp above, 38 miles E. of Nagpoor, is a neat and healthy place, and has a good local trade. Pop. 11,433. Bhurtpoor, or Bhartpur, b'hurt'poor', a state of Rajpootana, Upper India, lat. 26° 4S'-27° 61' N., Ion. 76° 64'-77° 49' E. ; is 77 miles long and 50 miles broad; area, 1974 square miles. It is level and fertile, and affords iron. It is governed by a rajah under British supervision. Cap- ital, Bhurtpoor. Pop. 743,710, chiefly Jats. Bhurtpoor, or Bhartpur, b'hiirt'poor'j written also Bharatpura, a city, capital of the above, 33 miles 'W. of Agra. Lat. 27° 12' N.; Ion. 85° 49' E. Pop. 100,000. ,_ Bhutan, a country of Asia. See Bootan. Bhutneer, a town of India. See Bh.4tneer. Bhutsar, b'hut'sar', a town of India, Boglipoor dis- trict. Pop. 4633. Bhuwun, b'hooHviln', a town of the Mozuffernuggur district, North-West Provinces, British India. Pop. .8481. Bhuvaneswar. See Bhob.aneser. Bia, bee'6h\ a village of Hungary, co. of Pesth, 10 miles S.W. of Buda, with a Reformed church. Pop. 1900. Biagrasso, a town of Italy. See Abbiategr.a.sso. Biala, be-i'li, a town of Austrian Galioia, on the river Biala, which separates it from Bielitz (which see). It is 43 miles W.S.W. of Cracow. Pop. 6535. Biala, or Bialo, a town of Silesia. See ZuLz. Biala, a town of Russian Poland, government and 37 miles E.S.E. of Siedlec. Pop. 6662. Bialla, be-S-l'l^, a small town of East Prussia, 68 miles S. of Gumbinnen. Pop. 1637. BialyKamien, be-^'le-ki-me.^n', a town of Austrian Galicla, 6 miles S.S.AV. of Olesko. Pop. 3089. Bialystok, be-il'is-tok, Bel'ostok, or Bielostok, BIA 230 BID b'ygl'Sa-tok, a town of Russian Poland, government and 52 miles by rail S.W. of Grodno. It has a gymnasium, a fine park, a palace, and many manufactures. Pop. 16,985. Biana, be-^n'i, a town of Hindostan, in the Bhurtpoor dominions, 54 miles S.W. of Agra. Biancavilla, be-in'ka-ril'lS. ("white villa"), a town of Sicily, 14 miles N.W. of Catania, on the declivity of Mount Etna. Exports grain, cotton, and silk. Pop. 12,6.31. Bianco, be-in'ko, or Bianca, be-iln'ki, an Italian word, signifying *' white," and forming a part of numerous names, as Cape Bianco, " White Cape." See Cape Bianco. Bianco, be-^n'ko, a town of Italy, province of Keggio di Calabria, 15 miles S.S.W. of Geraoe. Pop. 1931. Bianco is also the name of some villages in Italy and the Ionian Islands. Biandrate, be-in-dra'ti, a village of Italy, S miles W. of Novara. Pop. 1386. Bianze, be-ilnd'zi, a town of Italy, province of Novara, 30 miles by rail N. of Turin. Pop. 3535. Biapina, a mountain of Brazil. See Ibiapaea. Biar, be-au', a town of Spain, 30 miles N.W. of Ali- cante, with a castle and remains of fortifications. Pop. 2963. Bi'ard Town, a village of Lamar co., Tex., 9 miles from Paris. It has a church and an academy. Biarritz, be-an^Rits', a maritime village of France, on the Bay of Biscay, in Basses-Pyren6es, 5 miles by rail S.W. of Bayonne. Pop. 4660. It is a fashionable watering-place. Bias, a river of India. See Beas. Biasca, be-is'k3,, a town of Switzerland, in Ticino, 9 miles N. of Bellinzona. Pop. 871. Bibb, a county in the central part of Alabama, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is intersected by the Cahawba River. The surface is hilly or undulating, and extensively covered with forests ; the soil is partly fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Bituminous coal and iron ore are found in this county. The Alabama A Chattanooga Railroad touches the N.W. part of it. Capi- tal, Centreville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,130,089. Pop. in 1870, 7469, of whom 7447 were natives and 22 were foreigners. Bibb, a county in the central part of Georgia, has an area of about 250 square miles. It is intersected by the Ocmulgee River. The surface is hilly, and mostly covered with forests ; the soil is partly fertile. Cotton, maize, and sweet potatoes are the staple products of this county, which is traversed by the Central Georgia Railroad. Other rail- roads connect at Macon, the capital of the county. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $9,222,508. Pop. in 1870, 21,255, of whom 20,492 were natives and 763 were foreigners. Bibbiano, blb-be-3,'no, a town of Italy, in Emilia, province and 10 miles W.S.W. of Reggio. Pop. 5020. Bibbiena, bib-be-i'ni, a town of Italy, province and 16 miles N.N.W. of Arezzo. Pop. 5683. Bibb Mills Station, a post-offlce of Bibb co., Ala., on the Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad, about 30 miles N. of Selma. Bibbona, bib-bo'n3i, a town of Italy, 6 miles S.E. of Cecina. Pop. 4645. There is a fort of the same name on the Mediterranean, Si miles S.W. of the town. Bibb Springs, a post-ofRce of Bibb co., Ala. Bibb'ville, a post-hamlet of Bibb co., Ala., on the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad, about 28 miles E. of Tus- caloosa. It has a manufactory of fii-e-bricks. Biberach, beo'ber-iK\ a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Riss, 23 miles by rail' S.S.W. of tllm. Pop. 7091, engaged in weaving, bleaching, tanning, and fur-dressing, and in making toys, lace, beer, paper, bells, etc. Biberach, a village of Baden, on the Kinzig, 10 miles S.S.E. of Ofi'enburg. Pop. 1245. Biberich, a village of Prussia. See Biebiuch. Bibiana, be-be-i'nl, a village of Italy, 5 miles W. of Cavor. Pop. 3172. Bi'ble Grove, a post-hamlet of Clay co., 111., in Bible Grove township, 9 miles N.E. of Louisville. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 998. Bible Grove, a post-office of Scotland co.. Mo., 10 miles from Downing Railroad Station. Bible Hill, a post-hamlet of Decatur CO., Tenn. It has a church. Bib'lis, a village of Hesse, on a railway, 9 miles N.W. of Heppenheim. Pop. 2229. Bibracte, the ancient name of Autun. Bib rax Suessionum, supposed ancient name of Laon. Bic, bik, or Sainte-Cecile-de-Bic, sist-si'soel'- d^h-bik, a post-village in Rimouski co., Quebec, with a fine harbor on the St. Lawrence, 1814 miles by rail below Quebec, and 9 miles W. of Rimouski. Pop. 600. Bic, or L'Islet iau Massacre, leeMi' 3 mis^si'k'r, an island on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, opposite the village of Bic, Canada. It is 3 miles long by 5 mile broad. About two centuries ago 200 hundred Micmac Indians were murdered here by the Iroquois. Bicanere, a state of India. See Bickaneer. Biccari, bik'ki-re, a town of Italy, province and 18 miles W.S.W. of Foggia. Pop. 4120. Bicester, bis'ter, a town of England, co. and 11 miles N.N.E. of Oxford, on a railway. It has 2 endowed schools and a small lace manufacture. Pop. of parish, 3328. Bichana, be-chi'n^, a considerable town of Abyssinia, in Amhara, 160 miles S.S.E. of Gondar. Bichenponr, India. See Bishenpoor. Bichuanas, a nation of Africa. See Bechuanas. Bickaneer, Bicanir, Bik^nir, or Bicanere, bik'a-neer', a native state of India, in Rajpootana. Lat. 27° 30'-29° 55' N. ; Ion. 72° 30'-75° 40' E. Area, 1 7,676 square miles. It is a dismal region, largely covered with sand dunes, and has no permanent streams ; but its salt lakes afford a good revenue, and many sheep, camels, and horses are bred. The people are Jats, Bhatties, and Rajpoots, governed by a maharajah under British supervision. Capital, Bickaneer. Pop. 539,000. Bickaneer, a town, the capital of the above, 240 miles W.S.W. of Delhi. Lat. 28° N. ; Ion. 73° E. It is walled with stone, and has a strong citadel. Pop. 60,000. Bick'ley's Mills, a post-village of Russell co., Va., on the Clinch River, 29 miles N.W. of Abingdon. It has a church, 2 grist-mills, 2 saw-mills, and 2 tanneries. Bick'nell, a post-village of Knox co., Ind., on the In- dianapolis & Vineennes Railroad, 15 miles E.N.E. of Vin- cennes. It has 3 churches. Bick'nellsville, a hamlet of St. Lawrence co., N.Y., about 30 miles E. of Ogdensburg. It has a church, an iron- foundry, a flouring-mill, and a woollen-mill. Bicquette (bik'kef) Island, or Little Bic, a small island N. of Bic Island, in Canada, i mile long by i mile wide. Near its centre is a light-house. A gun is fired every half-hour during fog and snow-storms. Bicske, beetsh'keh\ a town of Hungary, 15 miles W. of Buda. Pop. 4600. Biczow, a town of Bohemia. See Bid.schow. Bida, bee'd^, a town of Africa, capital of the province or kingdom of Nyffe, about lat. 9° 5' N., Ion. 6° 5' E. Bidache, bee'dish', a town of France, in Basses- Pyre- nees, near the Bidouze, 20 miles E. of Bayonne. Pop. 2570. Bidassoa, be-nSs-so'i, a small river forming part of the boundary between France and Spain. It rises in Spain, and enters the Bay of Biscay at Fontarabia. Bid'deford, a city of York co.. Me., on the right bank of the Saco River, which separates it from the town of Saco, 6 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, 15 miles S.W. of Portland, and 93 miles N.N.E. of Boston. It is on the Portsmouth, Saco & Portland and Boston & Maine Rail- roads, each of which connects it with Boston and Portland. Its prosperity is derived chiefly from trade, and manufac- tures of cotton and woollen goods and machinery. Lumber and cotton goods are the chief articles of export. It has 10 churches, 2 national banks, 1 daily and 2 or 3 weekly newspapers, and several large saw-mills and cotton-mills. The river here falls 42 feet, and affords abundant water- power. Pop. 10,282. Bid'deford, a village in Prince co., Prince Edward Island, 20 miles by rail N.W. of Summerside. Pop. 120. Biddeford Pool, a post- village and bathing-place of York CO., Mo., on the coast, 6 miles S.E. of Biddeford. Bid'eford, a seaport town of England, co. of Devon, on the Torridge, li miles above the estuary of the Taw, and on a railway, 8 miles S.W. of Barnstaple. The town consists in part of old brick houses with timber frame-work. It has a stone bridge of 24 arches, a grammar-school, town hall, workhouse, and hospital for aged poor, with manufactures of ropes, sails, and earthenware, tan-yards, and docks. There is a spacious quay near the centre of the town, a,nd about 2i miles above the bridge the Torrington Canal joins the river. The trade of Bideford was formerly extensive, but its commercial importance has greatly declined. Pop. 6969. Near Bridgeport is the watering-place Appledore. Bidcnte, a river of Italy. See RoNCO. B id gh ikl i , bid-ghik'lee, a town of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 17 miles N. of Adalia. Pop. about 5000. Bidschow, beetsh'ov, or NCAV Bidschow (Bohcm. Biczow, beetsh'ov), a town of Bohemia, in the oircio of tho same name, 50 miles E.N.E. of Prague. Pop. 5123. Bid'well's, a station on the Pittsburg, Connollsville ake, a large lake in the mai-shy region of the S.E. of Missouri and the N.E. of Arkansas, traversed by Little River. Big Lake, a post-village of Sherburne co., Minn., in Big Lake township, on Elk River and Big Lake, and on the St. Paul & Pacific Railfoad, 4S miles N.W. of St. Paul. Pop. of the township, 225. Here is Orlando Post-Office. Big Jjaurel, law'rel, a post-office of Madison co., N.C, 13 miles N. of Marshall. Big'ler, a post-hamlet of Adams co.. Pa., 7 miles from Gettysburg. It has a church. Pop. 120. Bigler, a station in Clearfield co., Pa., on the Tyrone & Clearfield Railroad, 9 miles S.E. of Clearfield. Big'ley's Tip'ple, a station on the Pittsburg & Con- nellsville Railroad, 18 miles S.E. of Pittsburg, Pa. Big Lick, a post-office of Howell co., Mo. Big liick, a post-hamlet of Stanley co., N.C, in Big Lick township, 20 miles from Concord. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 1354. Big liick, a township of Hancock co., 0. Pop. 1179. Big liick, a post-office of Cumberland co., Tenn. Big liick, a post-village of Roanoke co., Va., on the Atlantic, Mississippi &, Ohio Railroad, 53 miles AV, by S. from Lynchburg, and 7 miles from Salem. It has 4 churches, 2 hotels, a newspaper office, a graded school, an iron-foun- dry, 4 tobacco-liictories, a planing-mill, 6 dry-goods stores, and a large trade in tobacco. Pop. about 500. Big liick Junction, in Dauphin co.. Pa., is in Ly- kens township, on the Summit Branch Railroad, 5 miles by rail N.E. from Lykens, and at the junction of a branch ex- tending to Big Lick colliery, 1^ miles distant, where an- thracite coal is mined. Big Mine Run Junction, Schuylkill co.. Pa., is on the Mahanoy &, Shamokin Railroad, 1 mile E. of Ashland. Big Mound, a township of AVayne eo., 111. Pop. IIOS. Big Mound, a post-village of Lee co.j Iowa, about 32 miles N.N.W. of Keokuk. It has a church. Here is a mound 30 feet high on the prairie. Big Mud'dy, a post-office of Franklin co.. III., 15 miles S.E. of Duquoin. Big Muddy River, Illinois, is formed by two branches which rise in Jefferson co. It runs southward and south- westward, intersects Franklin and Jackson cos., and enters the Mississippi Riv^er about 5 miles below Grand Tower. Its length is estimated at 140 miles. Big Neck, a post-hamlet of Adams co., 111., about 22 miles N.E. of Quincy. Big Nemaha, a river of Nebraska. See Nemaha. Big North Fork, a post-office of Baxter co., Ark. Big Oak Flat, a post-village of Tuolumne co., Cal., about 66 miles E. by S. from Stockton. Gold is found here. It has a church. Pop. of township, 1249. Big Opeon'go, a lake in the rear of the co. of Hast- ings, Ontario, about 40 miles long by 20 miles wide. It abounds with salmon trout. Bigorre, bee^goRR', an old subdivision of Southwestern France, province of Gascony, now forming part of the de- partment of Hautes-Pyrenees. See Bagneres-de-Bigorre, Big Ot'ter, a post-office of Clay co., W. Va. Big Patch, a post-hamlet of Grant co., Wis., 5 miles S. of Platteville. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Big Pigeon (pij'un) River rises in Haywood co., N.C, runs towards the N. and N.W., passes into Tennessee, and BIG 234 BIG enters the French Broad Kiver in Cocke co. It is nearly 120 miles long. Bit; Pine, a post-hamlet of Injo co., Cal., in Owens River^alley. Big Pine Creek, Indiana. See Pine Creek. Big Pine Creek, a post-office of Madison co., N.C. Big Pine (or Piney) Creek, Texas, intersects Trinity CO., and enters the Neches River at the E. extremity of that county. Big pine- Tree Creek, of Kershaw co., S.C., flows into the AVateree, near Camden. Big Pi'ney, a township of Pulaski co., Mo. Pop. 541. Big Piney, a hamlet of Texas co., Mo., 35 miles from RoUa. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Big Plain, a post-oflice of Madison co., 0., at Califor- nia, a hamlet about 18 miles S.W. of Columbus. Big Plover (pluv'^r) River, of Wisconsin, rises to- wards the N.E. part of the state, and flows into the Wis- consin at Portage Court-House. Big Pond, a post-office of Baxter co.. Ark. Big Pond, a post-hamlet of Bradford co., Pa., about 20 miles S. of Elmira, N.Y. It has a church. Big Prairie, pra'ree, a post-township of Newaygo co., Mich., is drained by Muskegon River. The post-office is 5 miles from Morgan Railroad Station. Pop. 400. Big Prairie, township, New Madrid co.. Mo. P. 1089. Big Prairie, a post-village of Wayne co., 0., and a station on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 13 miles S.W. of Wooster. It has a church. Big Rap'ids, a city, capital of Mecosta co., Mich., on the Muskegon River, and on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, 55 miles N. of the city of Grand Rapids, and SS miles S. of Traverse City. A branch of the Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore Railroad connects it with Muskegon. It has 2 banks, 6 churches, 2 weekly newspapers, 2 foun- dries, 2 machine-shops, several mills, and a furniture-factory. It is an important lumber-market, and has extensive man- ufactures oi' lumber, shingles, &c. It was incorporated as a city in 1869. Pop. 3103; of Big Rapids township, 396. Big Rapids Junction, a station in Muskegon co., Mich., on the Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, 4 miles N. of Muskegon, at the junction of the Big Rapida Branch. Big Ree'dy, a post-office of Edmondson co., Ky. Big Ren'ox, a post-office of Cumberland co., Ky. Big Riv'er, Missouri, drains part of Washington co., runs northward through Jefferson co., and enters the Mar- amee Kiver about 3 miles S. of Eureka Station on the Mis- souri Pacific Railroad. It is nearly 125 miles long. Big River, township, Mendocino co., Cal. Pop. 1911. Big River, a township of Jefferson co.. Mo. P. 2033. Big River, a township of St. Francois co., Mo. P. 436. Big River, a post-office of Pierce co., Wis. Big River Mills, a post-village of St. Francois co., Mo., on Big River, about 60 miles S. by W. of St. Louis. It has a church and a grist-mill. Big Rock, a post-hamlet of Kane co,, 111., in Big Rock township, on the Chicago &, Iowa Railroad, at Blunt Station, 52 miles W. of Chicago. The township has 3 churches. Pop. S29. Big Rock, a post-village of Scott co., Iowa, in Liberty township, on the Wapsipinicon River, and on the Davenport 6 St. Paul Railroad, 20 miles N.N.W. of Davenport. It has 2 churches and 2 flour-mills. Big Rock, a post-office of Stewart co., Tenn. Big Rock, a hamlet of Buchanan co., Va., 70 miles from Saltville. It has a church. Big Run, a post-village of Athens co., 0., in Rome township, on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 26 miles W. by S. from Marietta. It is a shipping-point for coal, petroleum, and timber, which abound here. Big Run, a post-village of Jefferson co., Pa., on Ma- honing Creek, about 45 miles N.W. of Altoona. It has a church, a grist-mill, a foundry, a saw-mill, *fec. Pop. 206. Big San'dy, a post-village of Benton co., Tenn., on Big Sandy River and the Louisville Birch Creek, a former name of Bernice, Pa. Birch'dale, a township of Todd co., Minn. Pop. 244. Birch Hill, a village in Warwick township, Kent co., R.I., 1 mile from River Point. It has a church, a foundry, and a machine-shop. Pop. 443. Birch'ington, a seaport of England, co. of Kent, Isle of Thanet, 3i miles W.S.W, of Margate, on a railway. In the church are many ancient monuments. Pop. 1137. Birch Lake, one of a chain of lakes on the line be- tween Minnesota and Canada (Keewatin district), between Knife and Bois Blanc Lakes. Birch Point, a plantation of Somerset co., Me. P. 2. Birch River, a post-hamlet of Nicholas co., W. Va., 10 miles from Gauley Bridge. It has an academy. Birch Run, a small post-village of Saginaw co., Mich., in Birch Run township,' and on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, 18 miles N. of Flint. It has a church, a flour- mill, and a lumber-mill. Pop. of township, 1213. Birch Run Ville, a post-hamlet of Chester co., Pa., 3 miles from Chester Springs. It has a church and a flour-mill. Birch'ton, a post-village in Compton co., Quebec, 10 miles by rail N.E. of Lennoxville. Pop. 100. Birch Tree, post-township, Shannon co., Mo. Pop. 312. Birch'ville, a village of Nevada co,, Cal., 15 miles N.W. of Nevada City. It has a church. Here is a gold- mine, which was rich, but is nearly exhausted. Birch'wood, a post-hamlet of James co., Tenn., 18 miles N. of Cleaveland. Bird, post-oflice, Oceana co., Mich., 12 miles B. of Hart. Bird Hill, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., Md., 6 miles from Westminster, Bird in Hand, formerly En'terprise, a post- village of Lancaster co., Pa., in East Lampeter township, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, S miles E. of Lancaster. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 250. Bird Island, riand, a small island off the E. coast of Cape Breton Island. Lat. 46° 23' 10" N. ; Ion. 60° 22' 30" W. On it is a light-house. Bird Island, one of the Sandwich Islands. Lat. 22° 20' N.; Ion. 160° W. Bird Island, one of the Low Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, near the middle of the group. Bird Island, a post-otRce of Renville co., Minn. Bird Island Cove, a large fishing-settlement on the N. side of Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, 3 miles from Bona- vista. Pop. 670. Bird Islands, AVest Indies. See Aves Islands. Bird Islands, of Africa. See Chaos. Bird Rocks, a light-house station on one of the Mag- dalen Islands, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Lat. 47° 50' 40" N.; Ion. 61° 8' 20" W. Bird's, a station in Colleton co,, S.C., on the South Car- olina Railroad, 44 miles N.W. of Charleston. Bird'sall, a post-township of Alleghany co., N.Y., 15 miles N.W. of Hornellsville. It has a cheese- factory, 3 steam saw-mills, and 3 churches. Pop. 797. Birdsborough, birds'bur-ruh, a post-village of Berks CO., Pa., on the Schuylkill River, and on the Philadelphia &, Reading Railroad, at its junction with the Wilmington tt Reading Railroad, 9 miles S.E. of Reading. It has 4 churches, 4 iron-furnaces, a rolling-mill, a nail-factory, tfec. Bird's Bridge, a post-office of Will co.. 111., on the Chicago, Rock Island k Pacific Railroad, 5 miles S.W. of Joliet. It is on the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Birds'dale, a post-office of Bell co., Tex. Birds'eye, a post-hamlet of Dubois co., Ind., in Jef- ferson township, 30 miles S.W. of Mitchell. It has a church. Coal is found here. Birdseye Rid^e, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co.. Mo,, 13 miles S.E. of Milan. Here is a dairy- and stock-farm of 1200 acres. Birdshan, a town of Persia. See Bhirjan. Bird's Landing, a post-hamlet of Solano co., Cal., 17 miles from Fairfield, It has a hotel and a store. Near it is a wharf on Montezuma Slough. Bird's Nest, a hamlet of Northampton co., Va., 10 miles from Eastville. It has a church and 2 stores. Bird Song, a post-hamlet of Benton co., Tenn., about 8 miles S. of Camden. Bird'song Creek, in the W. part of Tennessee, enters the Tennessee River from the left, in Benton co. Bird's Point, a station in Mississippi co., Mo,, on the Mississippi River, opposite Cairo, 111., is the eastern ter- minus of the Missouri division of the St. Louis, Iron Moun- tain k Southern Railroad, 239 miles by rail and 210 by water below St. Louis. Bird's Run, a post-ofiBce and station of Guernsey co., BIR 238 BIR 0., on the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleveland Railroad, 15 miles N. of Cambridge. Bird's Station, a post-office of Lawrence co., 111., on the Paris & Danville Railroad, 15 miles S. of Robinson. Birds^town, or BirdsHon, a post-hamlet of Na- varro CO., Tex., 12 miles N.E. of Wortham. It has several churches, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Birds'ville, a village of Burke co., Ga., i^ miles N. of Herndon Station. There are in the vicinity a church, a grain-mill, and a cotton-mill. Birdsville, a post-hamlet of Livingston co., Kj., on the Ohio River, 20 miles above Paducah. It has a church and a gri^t-mill. BirdsviUe, a post-office of Cocke co., Tenn., 8 miles from Newport, Bird'ville, a post-hamlet of Tarrant co., Tex., 30 miles W. by N. from Dallas. It has 2 or 3 dry-goods stores. Bireh- Jik, the Turkish for Bin, a town of Turkey. Bir-es-Seba, an ancient name of Eeersheba. Birioossa, Birioussa, or Biriusa, be-re-oos's^, a river of Siberia, one of the head-streams of the Ona, an affluent of the Choona, has a N. course of about 200 miles. Blriootch, Birioutche, be-re-ootch', or Biijutsch, beer-yootch', a town of Russia, on the Sosna-Tikhaia, gov- ernment and 76 miles S.S.W. of Voronezh. Pop. 3062. Birk'dale, a town of Lancashire, England, 1 mile by rail S. of Southport. Pop. 3375. Birkenberg, beeR'ken-beng, or Brezowa Hora, bri-zo'wd, ho'ri, a town of Bohemia, circle of Prague. Pop. 27S7. Birkenfeld, birk'en-f§lt^ or beeR'ken-fSlt\ a princi- pality of Germany, belonging to Oldenburg, but detached from the rest of that duchy, W, of the Rhine, and enclosed by Rhenish Prussia. Area, 194 square miles. The surface is mountainous and well wooded. Principal river, the Nahe, an affluent of the Rhine. Chief products, cattle, iron, flax, hemp, and oil-seeds. It is divided into 3 amis, — Birken- feld, Oberstein. and Nohfelden, — and was ceded to Olden- burg by the treaty of Vienna, in 1815. Pop. in 1875, 37,093, mostly Protestants. Birkeiifeldj a town of Germany, capital of the above, near the Nahe, 25 miles E.S.E. of Treves. Pop. 2245. Birk'enhead, a thriving town of England, co, of Chester, on the estuary of the Mersey, immediately oppo- site Liverpool, and 15 miles N.N.W. of Chester. It has wholly risen up since the formation of ship-building docks in 1824, on Wallasey pool, immediately on its N.W. side; and in 1844 a series of magnificent docks were begun on the side of the Mersey, and these have been from time to time very greatly extended. Besides many spacious streets and dwellings, there are a large square, several handsome churches, a medical college, an institute, a church, divinity school, several parks, a market-house 430 feet in length and 130 feet in breadth, a public slaughter-house, immense ware- houses, yards for building iron ships, machine-shops, and a great variety of industrial establishments. Coal, guano, and grain are largely imported; and in its vicinity are numer- ous villas, many of which are the residences of Birkenhead and Liverpool merchants. Birkenhead has railway commu- nication with all parts of England. Pop. in 1871, 45,418. Birk'enshaw, a town of England, in Yorkshire, 4 miles by rail S.E. of Bradford. Pop. 2033. Birket, been'k^t or biR'k^t {" lake"), the name of sev- eral lakes and places of Egypt and the East. Birket-el-Ballah. See Ballah. Birket-el-Hadji, hid'jee, or the "lake of pilgrims," a small lake 10 miles N.E. of Cairo, on the banks of which the pilgrims to Mecca, by way of Suez, assemble on their departure thither, and separate on their return. Birket-el-Karn (Korn, or Karoon), or Lake of the Horn, a lake of Egypt, in the Fayoom, is 35 miles long and 7 miles in greatest breadth. It is shallow and brackish, and is fed by two streams from the Nile, but has itself no outlet. It has one consid,erable island, and its surface is said to be 100 feet below the ordinary level of the Nile. It affords some fish. It was long supposed to be the Lake Mceris of antiquity; but it has been ascertained that the latter was an artificial basin which is now ordinarily dry. Birket-Loot, the Arabic name of the Dead Sea. Birket-el-Marioot. See Mareotis. Birk-Fell, a mountain of England, co. of Cumberland, on tbe S. side of Ullswater, 5 miles N. of Ambleside. Birk'ner, a post-village of St. Clair co.. 111., on the St. Louis &> Southeastern Ra.ilroad, 10 miles from East St. Louis, and 4 miles W. of Belleville. It has coal-mines, and is mainly supported by operations in coal. Pop. about 400, Birks City, a post-hamlet of Daviess co., Ky., on Green River, 10 miles W. of Owensborough. It has a church and a saw-mill. Bir'ley, a post-hamlet of Chase co., Kansas, 12 miles S. of Cottonwood Railroad Station. Birmah, or Birman Empire. See Burmah. Birmensdorf, beeR'mens-donr, a village of Switzer- land, canton of Aargau. Pop. 981. Birmingham, bir^ming-am, one of the principal man- ufacturing towns of England, co. and 17 miles N.W. of Warwick, 100 miles N.W, of London, and 78^ miles S.E. of Liverpool. The town, on the Rea, occupies the E. de- clivity of three hills. In its centre is a handsome quarter, containing the grammar-school of Edward IV., St. Philip's and Christ's churches. Queen's College, Midland Institute, central free library, theatre, and other edifices. The uneven ground on which the town is built facilitates its drainage. The superb town hall, in the classic style, occupies a com- manding site; it is built of Anglesea marble, and has a saloon 145 feet in length, 65 feet in breadth, and the same in height. The free grammar-school, founded in 1552, is a richly decorated Gothic edifice, rebuilt in 1834, after the design of Sir C. Barry, at a cost of nearly £50,000. It has a revenue now probably amounting to £11,000 a year. Queen's College, incorporated by royal charter in 1843, and munificently endowed, is in connection with the University of London, and attached to it are a medical school and Queen's Hospital. St. Martin's Church, in the Bull-ring, was built in the eighth century. Other principal buildings are a jail, lunatic asylum, theatre, a general hospital, dis- pensary, trade and corn exchanges, market-hall. Catholic cathedral, barracks, club-house, Birmingham town and dis- trict bank. Midland bank, central post-office, municipal buildings, and central railway station, which last is a point of junction of railways from London, Liverpool, Derby, Worcester, ade co., Ela., on Biscayne Bay (which opens into the Atlantic Ocean), 175 miles N.E. of Key West. Bisceglia, be-shJl'yS, or be-shil'yi, a seaport town of Italy, on the Adriatic, 21 miles by rail W.N.W. of Bari. It has many fine villas, a number of convents, several public res- ervoirs, a diocesan school, and a theatre. Its port admits only small vessels, and its trade is small. Pop. 21,518. Bischheim, bish'hime, a town of Alsace, 2 miles N. of Strasburg. Pop. 3828. Bischofsbiirg, bish'ofs-booRG\ a town of East Prus- sia, on the Dimmer, 60 miles S.S.E. of Konigsberg. It has manufactures of linen yarn and fabrics. Pop. 3787. Bischofsheim am Rhein,bish'ofs-hime' im rine, or Rheiii-Bischofsheim, a town of Germany, in Baden, 19 miles S.W. of Rastadt. Pop. 1586. Bischofsheim am Tauber, bish'ofs-hime* Im tow'- ber, or Tauber-Bischofsheim, a town of Germany, in Baden, 19 miles S.W. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 2833. • Bischofsheim vor dem Rhiin, bish'ofs-hlme^ foR dim ron, a town of Germany, in Bavaria, 40 miles N.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1470. Bischofs-Laak, bish'ofs-lS,k\ a town of Austro- Hungary, in Carniola, 15 miles N.E. of Laybach. Pop. 2050. Bischofsstcin, bish'ofs-stine\ a town of East Prus- sia, 46 miles S.S.E. of Konigsberg. It has manufactures of hosiery, leather, and woollen and linen fabrics. Pop. 3498. Bischofswerda, bish'ofs-wSRMi, a town of the king- dom of Saxony, on the railway from Dresden to Bautzen, 20 miles E.N.E. of Dresden. It has manufactures of linen and woollen fabrics. Pop. 3924. Bischofswerder, bish'ofs-w5r'd?r (Polish, Bislmpiecz, bis-koo'pe-Jtch), a town of West Prussia, on a railway, 25 miles S.E. of Marienwerder. Pop. 2061. Bischofszell, bish'ofs-ts^ir (i.e., "bishop's cell''), a town of Switzerland, canton of Thurgau, on the Sitter, near the Thur, 11 miles S.S.E. of Constance. Pop. 1624. Bischof-Teinitz, bish'of-ti'nits, or Teinitz, a town of Bohemia, 25 miles S.W. of Pilsen. It h;is a noble castle and park, manufactories of lace and linens, and glass-works. Pop. 2800. Bischweiler, bish'fti-I^r (Fr. Bi'scimiV/er, beeshVeer- BIS 240 BIS ■laiR'), a town of Alsace, on the Moder, and on a railway, 14 miles N. of Strasburg. It has manufactures of woollen and linen cloths, gloves, and earthenwares. It has also trade in leather, beer, and agricultural produce. In its environs is the rich iron-mine of Mittelhardt. Pop. 9231. See BiTSCHWEILKR. Bisenti, be-sen'tee, or Bisento, be-s^n'to, a town of Italy, province and 14 miles S.E. of Teramo. Pop. 2796. Bisentina, be-sen-tee'ni, or Possentina, pos-sSn- tee'na, an islet of Italy, in Lake Bolsena. Bisenz, bee'stots, a town of Moravia, 11 miles S.AV. of Hradisch. It has a fine castle and gardens, and grows ex- cellent wines. Pop. 3486. Bisert, be-saiEt', or Vysert, ve-saiRt', a river of Rus- sia, government of Perm, rises in the Ural Mountains, and, after a S.W. course of about SO miles, joins the Oofa a little above Krasno-Oolimsk. Biserta^ a town of Africa. See Bizerta. Bish'anpoor' Nar'has Khas, a town of India, district and about 25 miles S.S.E. of Durbungah, near the Little Gunduck River. Pop. 5266. Bish'op, a township of Effingham co., 111. Pop. 564. Bishop, a post-office of Jewell co., Kansas. Bishop and Clerk, a group of islands in the Pacific, S.W. of New Zealand. Lat. 55° 15' S. ; Ion. 158° 66' B. Bishop and Clerks, klarks, a group of rocky islands in St. George's Channel, otf the coast of Pembrokeshire, Wales, 6 miles W. of St. David's. Bishop- Auckland, awk'land, a town of England, co. of Durham, 11 miles by rail S.W. of Durham. It has a palace of the Bishop of Durham, a fine town house, cotton- factories, engine-works, and some collieries. Pop. 8736. Bish'opbridge, or Bish'opbriggs, a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 3 miles by rail N.N.B. of Glasgow. The quarries in its vicinity furnish much of the freestone of which Glasgow is built. Pop. 782. Bish'op Creek, a township of Inyo CO., Cal. Pop. 624. Bishop Creek, a post-village of Mono co., Cal., 100 miles E. of Mariposa. It has a church. Bishop Hill, a post-village of Henry eo., 111., in Weller township, on the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Galva. It has 2 churches and several stores. Bish'op's Castle, a borough of England, co. of Salop, IS miles by rail S.S.W. of Shrewsbury. The town contains remains of a castle of the Bishops of Hereford. Pop. 1805. Bish'op's Gate, a village in Brant co., Ontario, 7 miles from Brantford. Pop. 200. Bish'op's Head, a post-office of Dorchester eo., Md. Bish'op's Mills, a post-village in Grenville co., On- tario, 5 miles from Oxford. Pop. 150. Bish'op's Sta'tion, a post-office of Mason co.. 111., on the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville Railroad, 20 miles S.W. of Pekin. Bish'op's Stort'ford, a town of England, co. and 10 miles by rail E.N.E. of Hertford. Pop. of parish, 6250. Bish'op Street, a post-hamlet of Jeflerson eo., N.Y., 8 miles from Adams Railroad Station. It has a church. Bish'op's Walt'ham, a town of England, co. of Hants, 10 miles S.S.E. of Winchester. Pop. 2267. Bish'opthorpe, a parish of England, co. and 5 miles by rail S. of York. The palace here has been the residence of the Archbishop of York since the destruction of Cawood Oastle in the parliamentary war. Bish'opton, a village of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, 8 miles by rail E.S.E. of Greenock. Pop. 323. Bish'opville, a post-village of Worcester co., Md., on an inlet of the sea called St. Martin's River, 2 miles from Selbyville Station, Del. It has a church, an academy, a lumber-mill, and several general stores. Pop. about 250. Many perch and rock-fish are shipped here. Bishopville,apost-hamlet of Morgan co., 0., in Homer township, about 32 miles S. of Zanesville. It has 2 churches. Bishopville, a post-hamlet and township of Sumter CO., S.C, 45 miles E.N.E. of Columbia. It has 3 churches. Pop. 1701. Bish'op- Wear'mouth, a parish of England, co. of Durham, and forming the S. part of the town of Sunderland. See Sunderland. Bisignano, be-seen-yS,'no (anc. Bcsid'im), a town of Italy, province and 14 miles N. of Cosenza. It is defended by 11 citadel, and contains several convents and churches, a seminary, 2 hospitals, and a house of refuge. Pop. 4450. Biskara, Biscara, bis'ka-ri, or Biskra, bis'kri, a town of Algeria, Sahara, 214 miies S.E. of Algiers. Lat. 34° 47' N. ; Ion. 6° 22' E. Pop. 7367. Biskupiecz, the PolisTi for Bisciiofswerder. Bis'ley, a town of England, co. of Gloucester, 3i miles E.N.E. of Stroud. It has a church, an endowed free school, and manufactures of woollens. Pop. of parish, 4985. Bismarck, biz'mark, a post-office of Saguache oo., Col. Bismarck, a post-village, capital of Burleigh co., Da- kota, on the Missouri River, and on the Northern Pacific Railroad, 450 miles W. of Duluth. It has a church, a newspaper office, a bank, and in the season of navigation has a heavy trade with the river-stations above and below. Bismarck, a post-village of Vermilion co., IlL, in Newell township, on the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, at the junction of the Danville Branch with the Indiana division, 10 miles N. of Danville. Pop. about 150. Bismarck, a post-hamlet of Clayton co., Iowa, in Far- mersburg township, 50 miles N.W. of Dubuque, and on the Iowa Eastern Railroad, 5 miles S. of Beulah. Bismarck, a post-office of Wabaunsee co., Kansas. Bismarck, a township of Sibley co., Minn. Pop. 181. Bismarck, a post-village of St. Franyois co., Mo., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, at the junction of the Missouri division or Belmont Line with the Arkansas division of that road, 75 miles S. by W. from St. Louis. It has manufactures of carriages and lime, and mines of lead (galena). Fine granite is found here. Bismarck, a post-hamlet of Eaton co., Mich., in Sun- field township, about 25 miles W. of Lansing. It has a cheese-factory. Pop. about 150. Bismarck, a post-hamlet of Cuming co.. Neb., on the Elkhorn River, 6 miles S. from Wisner, and about 72 miles N.W. of Omaha. It has a church and a flour-mill. Bismarck, a post-hamlet of Huron co., 0.,in Sherman township, about 12 miles S.W. of Norwalk. It has achurch. Bismarck, a post-village of Lebanon co.. Pa., in Corn- wall township, 2 miles W. of Cornwall Railroad Station. It has a church and a manufactory of furniture. Bis'mark, a town of Prussian Saxony, 37 miles by rail N. of Magdeburg, with 6 yearly markets. Pop. 2065. Bisnagur, a deserted city of India. See Bijanagur. Bison (bt'son) Peak, Col., a mountain in lat. 39° 14' 15" N., Ion. 105° 29' 50" W.; has an altitude of 12,327 feet. Bissagos, bi3-s5,'goce, or Bijoo'ja Islands, off the W. coast of Africa, consist of 16 large and numerous small islands, between lat. 10° 2' and 11° 55' N. and Ion. 15° and 17° W., with many fine ports. They are in part claimed by Portugal. The Bissagos are very unhealthy, and are densely peopled by a savage negro race. The chief products are rice and fruit, and many cattle are reared. BissSlo, bis-sowN°', or Bass^o, bis-sowK»', an island and Portuguese settlement, opposite the delta of the Jeba River. Lat. of the fort, 11° 51' N. ; Ion. 15° 37' 6" W. Pop. 8000. This island was the great stronghold of the Por- tuo-uese slave-trade. It has considerable trade in hides, rice, wax, and Gambia produce. Bis'sell's, a post-office of Geauga Co., 0. Bisser, a state of India. See Bussaher. Bissingen, bis'sing-^n, a town of Bavaria, 41 miles S. of Anspach. Pop. 459. Bissingen is also the name of several villages of Wiirtemberg, the principal of which is 19 miles S.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1548. Bis^solee', or Bisuli, bis'soo-lee' (anc. Vimvili), a town of British India, in the Punjab, on the Eavee, 95 miles N.E. of Lahore. It has a large bazaar, and a vast palace, one of the finest of its kind in the East, and re- sembling a European feudal mansion. Bis'sumpoor', Bishnupur, bish^niih - poor', or Bish'enpore' (anc. Vinlmnpura), a town of the Ban- coorah district, Bengal, 77 miles W.N.W. of Calcutta. It has many mosques and temples, with extensive remains of antiquity. A large sijk-manufacture and the carving of stone cups and plates are carried on. Pop. 18,047. Bistagno, bis-tin'yo, a town of Italy, 21 miles S.S.W. of Alexandria. Pop. 2107. Bistam, bis-tim', or Bostam, bos-t4m', a town of Persia, province of Khorassan, 40 miles S.E. of Astrabad. Bistineau, bisHin'o', a lake, situated new the N.W. extremity of Louisiana, forms the boundary between Bos- sier and Bienville parishes, and extends N. and S. about 30 miles, following the bondings, -with a mean breadth of aboilt 2 miles. The Dorcheat Bayou enters the lake at the N. ex- tremity, and a short outlet connects it with Red Kiver on the S. Steamboats navigate its whole extent. Bistricza, bis-treet'si, atown of Croatia, IS miles N.E. of Agram. Pop., with commune, 6117. Bistritz, bis'trits, a river of Transylvania, rises in the Bistritz Mountains, and joins the Szamos after a W. course of about 50 miles. Bistritz, a river, rises at the E. extremity of Hungary, flows S.E. through Bukowina and Moldavia, and joins the BIS 241 Sereth near Bakau. Length, about 110 miles. It is named the " Golden Bistritz," from its auriferous sands. Bistritz, a fortified town of Transylvania, in Saxon- land, on the Bistritz River, 50 miles N.E. of Klausenburg. It has sever.al churches, a gymnasium, grammar-schools, and a considerable trade in cattle. Pop. 7212. Bistritz, a town of Moldavia, on the "Golden" Bis- tritz, 60 miles AV.S.W. of Yassy. Bistritz is also the name of several villages in Moravia, Bohemia, and lUyria. Bisuli, a town of India. See Bissolee. Bisutoon, or Bisutun. See Behistun. Bitburg, bit'booiiG, a town of Rhenish Prussia, ITmiles N.W. of Treves. Kear it many Roman antiquities have been discovered. Pop. 2360. Bitche, a town of Alsace-Lorraine. See Bitsch. Bitetto, be-tSt'to, a town of Italy, 10 miles by rail S. of Bari. Pop. 6340. Bithoor, or Bithur, beeHhoor', a town of India, 12 miles N.AY. of Cawnpoor, on the Ganges. Pop. 8322. Bithyn'ia, an ancient country in the N.W. of Asia Minor, bounded N. by the Black Sea and W. by the Sea of Marmora. It was long a Persian satrapy, was an inde- pendent kingdom from 278 to 27i B.C., and then became a Roman province. In 1298 it was conquered by the Turks, who have held the greater part of it ever since. Ancient capitals, Nicomedia and Nictea. Bitioog, Bitioug, or Bitiug, be-te-oog', a river of Russia, rises in the southern part of the government of Tam- bov, and, after a S. course of above 130 miles, joins the Don on the left about 15 miles above Pavlovsk. Bitlis, bitMces' or bit'liss', or Betlis, bet-lees', written also Biddis and Bcdiisi, a town of Asiatic Turkey, 62 miles W. of Van, on the W. side of Lake Van, and 5166 feet above the sea-level. It is irregularly built, and its stone houses give it the appearance of a European town. It contains 3 mosques, 12 convents, somebaths and caravan- saries, and an old castle. It has manufactures of cotton cloths celebrated for their bright-red dye, also of fire-arms and silver articles, and it exports tobacco of superior qual- ity. Pop. 12,000. Bitonto, be-ton'to (ano. Bitun'tum), a town of Italy, 10 miles W.S.W. of Bari. It is a bishop's see, is hand- somely built and thriving, and has a fine cathedral. Ex- cellent wine and oil are raised in the vicinity. Pop. 24,978. Bitritto, be-trit'to, a town of Italy, 6i miles W.S.'VV. of Bari. It has commerce in wine. Pop. 2300. Bitsch, or Bitche, beetch, a town and fortress of Al- sace-Lorraine, in a pass of the Vosges, 16 miles E.S.B. of Saargemiind. The fort, on an isolated rock in the middle of the town, is well supplied with water, and is regarded as next to impregnable. In the war of 1870-71 it was be- sieged and bombarded, but held out against Germany till the end of the war. The town, near a lake, has manufac- tures of paper and porcelain, and near it are large glass- works. Pop. 3047. Bitschweiler, beetch'fti^ler (in French, BitschwiUer, beetchVeeriain'), a town of Alsace, 18 miles N.N.E. of Belfort, on the Thuren. It has extensive iron-foundries, manufactures of machinery, and cotton-spinning. Pop. 2842. See Bischweiler. Bit'ter Creek, Wyoming, rises in the Rocky Moun- tains, runs nearly westward in Sweetwater Co., and enters Green River about 1 mile from Green River Station of the Pacific Railroad. Coal or lignite abounds near this creek. Bitter Creek, a station in Sweetwater co., Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 212 miles W. of Laramie. Bitterfeld, bit'ter-f^lt\ a town of Prussian Saxony, on the left bank of the Mulde, at a railway junction, 18 miles N.E. of Halle. It has manufactures of woollen cloth and earthenware, and was founded by a colony of Flemings in the twelfth century. Pop. 4972. Bitter Lakes, two basins, known respectively as the Great and Small Bitter Lakes, on the Isthmus of Suez, are traversed by the Suez Canal, and together aff"ord 23 miles of the canal's course. The smaller lake is 6 miles N. of Suez, and the larger is between the small lake and Lake Timsah. When the canal was cut these lakes were nearly dry. Bitter Root Mountains, a range of the Rooky Mountains, extending along the boundary between Idaho and Montana. The range extends from lat. 45° 30' nearly to 48*^ N. Gold is found near these mountains, which are mostly composed of granite or eozoic rocks. Bitter Root River, Montana, rises in the Rocky Mountains, runs northward, drains part of Missoula co., and unites with the Hell Gate River about 3 miles below Mis- soul.a. The stream formed by this junction is variously called Bitter Root or Missoula, and is a branch of Clarke's 16 BLA River. The upper part of the Bitter Root is sometimes called St. Mary's River. Gold is found near this river. Bitter Water, a post-ofRce of San Benito co., Cal. Bitti, bit'tee, a village of the island of Sardinia, 58 miles S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 3072. Bittoor, a town of British India. See Bithoor. Bituntum, the ancient name of Bitonto. Bituriges, the ancient name of Bourges. Biturritre, the ancient name of BiiDARRiDES. Biv'en's Grove, a post-office of Marshall co., Iowa._ Biveri, be-vi'ree, Biviere, be-ve-i'rA, or Lentini, ISn-tee'nee, a lake of Sicily, 17 miles W.N.W. of Agosta. In winter it is about 19 miles in circuit, but a great part of it is in summer a pestiferous marsh. It affords much fish. Biv'ingsville, a village of Spartanburg co., S.C., &\ miles from Spartanburg Court-House. It has 2 churches, a cotton-faetory, a grist-mill, Ac. Pop. about 600. Bivio, a village of Switzerland. See Stalla. Bivona, be-vo'n^ (anc. Hipjio'ninm and Yi'bo), a town of Sicily, 21 miles N.N.W. of Girgenti. Pop. 4017. Biwako, a lake of Japan. See Oits Mitsoo. Biysk, a town of Siberia. See Busk. Bize, beez, a village of France, in Aude, 11 miles N.W. of Narbonne. Pop. 1280. Bizerta, be-zSn'ta, or Benzerta, bSn-z^R'ti (anc. Hip'po Zir'itus or Zar'yius), the most northern town of Africa, a fortified seaport of Tunis, at the head of a gulf of the Mediterranean, and at the mouth of a lagoon, 38 miles N.W. of Tunis. It is defended by two castles, but is com- manded by adjacent heights. Though its port now admits only small vessels, it was formerly one of the best in the Mediterranean. Its lagoon has important fisheries. P. 8000. Bizovac, bee^soS'S,k', a village of Hungary, in Slavonia, 12 miles W.N.W. of Eszek. Pop. 6663. B.j. Names of places in Russia, Ac, beginning with these letters are referred to Bi. Bjorko, byoR'ki), an island of Sweden, in Lake Mselar, about 13 miles from Stockholm. On it are many ruins, and it is supposed that here stood the city of Bjorko. BlaclJ,astation on the Northern Railroad of California, 20 miles N. of Davisville. Black, a township of Posey co., Ind. Pop. 6291. It contains the city of Mount Vernon. Black, a station in Kent CO., Md., on the Kent County Railroad, 14 miles by rail E. by N. of Chestertown. Black Ash, apost-ofiiceof Henry co., 0., is at Standley Station on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Black Ash, a post-hamlet of Crawford co.. Pa., 10 miles N.E. of Cochranton. It has a church. Black Band, a post-office of Tuscarawas CO., 0., on the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleveland Railroad, 7 miles S. of Dover. Black Bayou, bi'oo, a small stream of Terre Bonne parish, La., communicates through Atchafalaya Bayou with the Gulf of Mexico. It is navigable by small steamers from the gulf to Tigerville. Black Bayou, a post-office of Caddo parish, La. Black Bear, a post-office and mining-camp of Siskiyou CO., Cal., 140 miles N.N.E. of Redding. It has a gold- mine and a quartz-mill. Black'berry, a post-township of Kane co.. 111., about 7 miles N.W. of Aurora. It is traversed by the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, Galena division, and contains vil- lages named Blackberry Station and La Fox. Pop. 1173. Blackberry Ridge, a post-office of Oceana co., Mich., on Lake Michigan, 12 niiles S. of Pentwater. Blackberry Station, a post-village of Kane co.. 111., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 44 miles W. of Chicago. It has 4 churches, a hotel, and a graded school. Pop. about 400. Black'bird, or Omaha (o'ma-haw) Re'serve', a county in the N.E. part of Nebraska, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Missouri River. The surface is undulating ; the soil is productive. The census of 1870 furnishes no statistics for this county, except the population, which was 31, besides 969 Indians of the Omaha tribe. Here is the Omaha Reservation, which comprises the whole county. Blackbird, a post-hainlet of New Castle co., Del., and a station 1 mile distant on the Delaware Railroad, 16 miles N. of Dover. Here is Forest Post-Office. Blackbird, a village of Blackbird co.. Nob., 65 miles by land N. by W. of Omaha, and 3 miles from Missouri River. It is the seat of Omaha Indian Agency. (Post-office name, Omaha Agency.) Black Bob, a post-office of Johnson co., Kansas. Black Brook, a post-village of Clinton co., N.Y., in BLA 242 BLA Black Brook township, about 22 miles S.W. of Plattsbui-g. It has 2 churches, 2 saw-mills, and 2 bloom-forges. The township is intersected by the Saranac Eiver, and has mines of iron ore. The surface is mountainous. Total pop. ,3561. Black Brook, a post-township of Polk co., Wis. Pop. 694. It contains Clear Lake Railroad Station. Black'burn, a borough of England, in Lancashire, at a railway junction, 15 miles H. of Preston, and 30 miles N.N.W. of Manchester. It has extensive cotton- and wool- len-mills, machine-works, foundries, and breweries (cotton goods being the leading product), a fine park, a town hall, court-house, and other public buildings. Coal, limestone, and building-stone are here abundant. Pop. 76,339; of parliamentary borough, 82,929. Black Bush, a post-vilLage in Kings co., Prince Ed- ward's Island, 50 milcs"from Charlottetown. Pop. 100. Black Buttes, bates, a station in Sweetwater co., AVyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 85 miles W. of Rawlins. Black Creek, a small stream of Alleghany co„ N.Y., flows northeastward, and enters the Genesee River 4 or 6 miles N, by W. of Angelica. The Genesee Valley Canal follows the course of this creek for about 10 miles. Black Creek, of Johnston co., N.C., flows into the Neuse a few miles below Smithfield. Black Creek, of Mississippi, rises in Marion co., and, flowing S.E., enters the Pascagoula River near the centre of Jackson co. Length, nearly 120 miles. Black Creek, South Carolina, rises in Chesterfield co., runs southeastward through Darlington Co., and enters the Great Pedee River about 15 miles E. of Darlington Court- House. It is nearly 100 miles long. Black Creek, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ala.,, on the South & North Alabama Railroad. Here is a coal-mine. Black Creek, a post-office of Scriven co., Ga. Black Creek, a post-office of Grant parish, La. Black Creek, a station in Mason co., Mich., on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, 13 miles E. of Ludington. Here is Ferryville Post-Office. Black Creek, Muskegon co., Mich. See Alma. Black Creek, a township of Shelby co., Mo. Pop. UlS. It contains Shelbyville. Black Creek, a post-village of Alleghany co., N.Y., in New Hudson township, 5 miles from Cuba Station, and about 56 miles S.E. of Bufi'alo. It has 2 churches and a cheese-factory. Pop. about 300. Black Creek, a post-hamlet of AVilson co., N.C., in Black Creek township, on the Wilmington A Weldon Rail- road, 18 miles N. of Goldsborough. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1474. Black Creek, a post-hamlet of Holmes co., 0., in Richland township, 1 mile from the Cleveland, Mount Ver- non & Columbus Railroad. Black Creek Sta,tion is at Na- poleon, 71 miles N.E. of Columbus. Black Creek, a township of Mercer co., 0. Pop. 1087. Black Creek, a township of Luzerne co.. Pa. Pop. 669. It contains Gowen Falls, Run City, and part of New London, and has mines of coal. Black Creek, township, Lexington co., S.C. Pop. 474. Black Creek, a post-office of Medina co., Tex. Black Creek, a post-ofiice of Outagamie co., Wis., in Black Creek township, and on the Green Biiy &, Minnesota Railroad, 23 miles W. of the town of Green Bay. The town- ship has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1009. Black Creek, Perth co., Ontario. See Sebringville. Black Creek, a post-village in Welland co., Ontario, on Niagara River, 7 miles by rail N.W. of Fort Erie. Pop. 150. Black Creek Junction, in Carbon eo.. Pa., is a sta- tion on the Ilazleton division of the Lehigh Valley Rail- road where the Mahanoy division unites with it, 3 miles W. of Penn Haven. Black Di'amond, formerly New York, a post-vil- lage of Contra Costa co., Cal., on Suisun Bay, 6 miles from Antioch, and about 40 miles N.E. of San Francisco. It is at the junction of the Sacramento & San Jo.aquin Rivers. It is a shipping-point for coal, which is mined near this place. It has a brick-yard, and a cannery for salmon, and is connected by railroad with Somcrsvillc. Black Earth, a post-village of Dane co., Wis., in Black Earth township, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 19 miles W. of Madison. It is on a creek of its own name. It has a high school, a newspaper ollice, 3 churches, and a flour-mill. Pop. of township, 897. Black Earth Creek, Wisconsin, rises in Dane co., runs northwestward, and enters the Wisconsin River about 7 miles below Mazomanie. Black'feet Indians, a tribe of aborigines now living in Montana and Britieh America. They comprise the sub- tribes of Bloods, Fiegans, Small Robes, Blackfeet proper, and others, are very generally Roman Catholics, and are now friendly to the whites. There are about 7200 Black- feet in the United States. The Blackfeet Sioux are of Dakota stock, and entirely distinct from the above. Black'fish, a small river of Arkansas, flows through Crittenden co. into St. Francis River. Blackfish, a post-hamlet of Crittenden co.. Ark. Black- fish Station is on tlie Memphis k Little Rock Railroad, S3 miles W. by S. of Memphis. Black'foot City, a post-village of Deer Lodge co., Montana, is on the Rocky Mountains, about 32 miles N.W. of Helena. Gold is found here. Blackfoot Creek, of Oneida co., Idaho, runs north- westward, and enters the Snake Eiver or Lewis Fork about lat. 43° 8' N. It is nearly 120 miles long. It traveraes a mountainous country. Blackfoot River, Montana, rises in Deer Lodge co., in the Rocky Mountains. It runs nearly southwestward, and unites with the Hell Gate Faver in Missoula co., about 7 miles above the town of Missoula. Black'ford, a county in the E.N.E. part of Indiana, has an area of about 200 square miles. It is drained by the Salamonie River. The surface is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, &c., are the staple products. It is traversed by the Fort Wayne, Mun- cie & Cincinnati Railroad. Capital, Hartford. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,250,000. Pop. in 1870, 6272, of whom 6081 were Americans. Black Forest (Ger. Schwarzwald, shwaRts'-wilt), a mountainous region of Southwestern Germany, in the grand duchy of Baden and the W. of WUrtemberg, between lat. 47° 30' and 49° 30' N. and Ion. 7° 40' and 9° E., separating the basins of the Rhine and Neckar. It is remarkable for its extensive forests, and its mines of silver, copper, zine, lead, and iron ; in many places it is 3700 feet above the sea, and the Feldberg, 4675 feet in elevation, is the loftiest mountain in Western Germany. The Danube, Neckar, Kin- zig, Murg, Eltz, Ac, rise in this region, the inhabitants of which are mainly engaged in rearing live-stock, trading in timber, and manufacturing wooden clocks, toys, and woollen fabrics. Schwarzwald (Black Forest) is one of the four circles of the kingdom of WUrtemberg. Area, 1843 square miles. Capital, Reutlingen. Pop. in 1875, 454,937. It was included in the Henyn'ia Sijl'va of the ancient Romans. The mountains of the Schwarzwald were sometimes called Hercyn'ii Mon'tea, Black Fork, a post-oflice of Scott co.. Ark. Black Fork, Ohio, a branch of the Mohican River, rises in Richland CO., runs southeastward, and unites with the Clear Fork in the S. part of Ashland co. It is nearly 70 miles long. Black Fork of Green River rises in the Uintah Moun- tains, in the S.W. part of Wyoming. It runs northward, eastward, and southeastward, and enters the Green River about 8 miles S. of the Union Pacific Railroad. It is nearly 120 miles long. Blackfork, a post-office of Tucker co., W. Va. Black Fox, a post-office and station of Johnson co.. Ark., on the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad, U miles N. of the Ark.ansas River, and about 90 miles W.N.W. of Little Rock. Black Hall, a station in Old Lyme township. New London co., Conn., on the Shore Line Railroad, 15 miles W. of New London. Black Ham'mer, a post-township of Houston oo., Minn., about 30 miles S. of Winona. Pop. 908. Black Hand, a stsition and village in Muskingum co., 0., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 15 miles N.W. of Zanesville. Near this place the Licking River flows through a remarkable gorge or canon, and the place takes its name from what is considered to be the impression of a human hand upon a rock. The village is half a mile from the station, and has 2 churches. Black Hawk, a county in the N.E. central part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Cedar River, which divides it into two nearly equal sections, and is partly drained by the Wapsipinioon. The surface is undulating; the soil is very fertile. A larga portion of this county is prairie. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, horses, cattle, and hay are the staple products. It is intersected by the Iowa division of the Illinois Central Rail- road, and by the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Rail- road. Cap'itJil, Waterloo. In 1870 this county produced 1,306,824 bushels of wheat. Valuation of real and personal BLA 243 BLA estate, $11,333,447. Pop. in 1870, 21,706 ; in 1875, 22,913, of whom 19,222 were Americans. Black Hawk, a post-office and mining-town of Gilpin CO., Col., is eituated high on the Snowy or Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, and on the Colorado Central Rail- road, 36 miles W. of Denver. It is adjacent to Central City^ and near the eastern border of the Middle Park. Here are rich gold-mines, and the smelting-works of the Boston & Colorado Smelting Co. Black Hawk has a daily newspaper, 2 churches, and a graded school. Pop. lOGS. Black Hawk, a station of Rock Island co., 111., on the Rock Island & Mercer County Railroad, 8 miles S. of Rock Island City. Black Hawk township contains Camden (or Milan), and has a population of 1723. Black Hawk, a township of Black Hawk co., Iowa. Pop. 763. Black Hawk, township, Grundy co., Iowa. Pop. 557. Black Hawk, township, Jetferson co., Iowa. Pop. 988. Black Hawk, a post-office of Osborne co., Kansas. Black Hawk, a post-office of Nicholas co., Ky., on the Maysville & Lexington Railroad. Here is a church. Black HaAvk, a post-office of Concordia parish, La., on the Mississippi River, 45 miles above Bayou Sara. Black Hawk, a post-village of Carroll co., Miss., 20 miles from Vaiden. It has 2 churches, a college, a flouring- mill, a carriage-shop, &c. Black Hawk, a post-office of Beaver eo.. Pa., about 33 miles W.N.W. of Pittsburg. Black Hawk, a post-hamlet of Sauk co., Wis., in Troy township, about 33 miles W.N.W. of Madison. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Black Hawk Creek, Iowa, rises in Grundy co., runs eastward and northeastward, and enters the Cedar River in Black Hawk co., about 1 mile above Waterloo. Black Head, a cape in England, co. of Cornwall, E. of Lizard Point; lat. 50° N., Ion. 5° 7' W. Black Head, a cape of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of An- trim, N. of the entrance of Belfast Lough; lat. 54° 46' N., Ion. 5° 42' W. Black Head, acapeof Ireland, in Munster, co. of Clare, S. side of Galway Bay ; lat. 53° 9' N., Ion. 9° 16' W. Black Head, a capeof Scotland, co. of Wigton, 6 miles W.S.W. (if Stranraer. Black Head Peak, Colorado, a peak of the San Juan Mountains, in the S. part of the state. Altitude, 12,514 feet above the sea-level. Black'heath, an open common in England, co. of Kent, 5 miles S.E. of London, and mostly in the parish of Greenwich, and adjoining its park. It is bordered by numerous handsome villas and rows of houses ; and on it is Morden College for decayed merchants. Blackheath is crossed by the Roman Watling Street, and is reached by several railways; on it various remains of the Middle Ages hare been discovered. It is a favorite place of holiday resort for the inhabitants of the metropolis. Black Hills, a range or group of mountains in the S.W. part of Dakota and the N.E. part of Wyoming, be- tween lat. 43° and 45° N. and Ion. 103° and 105° W. Harney Peak, the highest of this group, has an altitude of 7403 feet above the level of the sea. They are covered with extensive forests of pine and other coniferous trees. The Pinus ponderosa abounds here. The Azoic rocks, which form their central mass, are flanked with strata of Pots- dam sandstone. Hayden found Carboniferous strata rest- ing on those of the Potsdam period. " The nucleus," says Hayden, *^ is massive feldspathic granite." Gold, good carboniferous limestone, lead, and other minerals are found among these mountains. The gold is found in connection with quartz and metamorphic slate. This group is en- vironed by two branches of the Cheyenne River. This region is well wooded and well watered, produces excellent natural pasture, and is well adapted to the dairy business. "To a settler in a new country," says Jenney, " no question is of greater importance than the purity and abundance of the supply of water ; and in this respect the Black Hills are un- equalled by any region in the Great West." " The Black Hills are an oasis of verdure among the open and level plains. A luxuriant growth of grass spreads over the whole region." The soil in the valleys and parks is very fertile. Black Horse, a post-hamlet of Harford co., Md., about 28 miles N. of Baltimore. It has a woollen-mill, an acad- emy, and 2 churches. Black Horse, a post-hamlet of Chester co.. Pa., 46 miles W. of Philadelphia. Black'inton, a post- village of Berkshire co., Mass., in Adams and Williamstown townships, on the Troy & Boston Railroad and the Hoosae River. 3 miles W. of North Adams, and 2 miles E. of Williams College. It has a church, a public library, a graded school, and a manufactory of fancy Black Island, one of the sea-islands of Mcintosh co., Ga. Pop. 15. Black Island, an island at the entrance to Exploits Bay, Newfoundland, 15 miles from Twillingate. ' Black Isle, an island of Hancock co., Me., in the en- trance to Blue Hill Bay. Black Isle, in Scotland. See Cromarty (the shire). Black Jack, a hamlet of Sebastian co.. Ark., 30 miles from Fort Smith. It has 2 churches and a high school. Black Jack, a post-village of Douglas co., Kansas, about 16 miles S.S.E. of Lawrence. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a wagon-factory. Black Jack, a post-hamlet of Benton co.. Miss., 14 miles S. of Saulsbury, Tenn. It has a church. Black Jack, a post-oflice of St. Louis co.. Mo. Black Jack, township, Richmond co., N.C. Pop. 799. Black Jack, a post-hamlet of Robertson co., Tenn., 12 miles from Springfield. It has 10 families. Black Jack Grove, a post-village of Hopkins co., Tex., 35 miles from Mineola. It has 4 churches, 2 flour- mills, a seminary, and a broom-factory. Black Jack Springs, a post-hamlet of Fayette co., Tex., 10 miles from Schulenburg. Black Lake, of Natchitoches parish, La., is formed by a bayou of its own name, and discharges its waters through Saline Bayou. Black Lake, New York, is in the W. part of St. Law- rence CO., about 7 miles S. of Ogdensburg. It is 20 miles long, and is quite narrow in proportion to its length. In- dian River enters the south end of this lake, the shores of which are low. The water is discharged by a short outlet, which runs from the north end into the Oswegatchie River. Black Lake, a post-hamlet of Muskegon co., Mich., on Black Lake, in Norton township, and on the Michigan' Lake Shore Railroad, 5 miles S. of Muskegon. It has 2 saw-mills. Black Lake Bayou, Louisiana, drains parts of Clai- borne and Bienville parishes, runs southward, and enters Black Lake in Natchitoches parish. It is 100 miles long. Black'land, a post-office of Rockwall co., Tex. Black Land Cottage, post-office, Vernon parish, La. Black'lands, a post-village in Restigouche co.. New Brunswick, lU miles by rail from Dalhousie. Pop. 250. Black'Iey, or Blake'ly, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, 4 miles N. of Manchester. Some of the largest dye-works in England are established here. Pop. 5073. BlackleysviUe, black'liz-vil, a post-village of Wayne CO., 0., in Plain township, 8 miles W.S.W. of Wooster. It has 2 churches. Black Lick, or Smith'ville, a post-village of Frank- lin CO., 0., on the Pittsburg & Columbus Railroad, 10 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. It has 2 stores and a church. The name of its post-office is Black Lick. Black Lick, a township of Cambria co.. Pa. Pop. 646. Black Lick, a township of Indiana CO., Pa. Pop. 1016. Black Lick, a post-office of Wythe co., Va. Black Lick Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters the Cone- maugh in Indiana co. Black Lick Station, a post-village of Indiana co., Pa., on the Indiana Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 12 miles S. of Indiana borough. It has 2 churches, coal- works, and manufactures of tiles. Black Log Mountain, Pennsylvania, extends from the Juniata River south west ward, along the S.E, boundary of Mifflin CO., separating it from Juniata co. Black'ly's Corners, a post-office of Van Wert co., 0. Black'man, township, Jackson co... Mich. Pop. 1368. Black'nian's Mills, a post-oflice of Sampson co., N.C. Black'mar, a post-office and station of Saginaw co., Mich., on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, 12 miles S.E. of East Saginaw. It has a steam saw-mill and a shingle-mill. Black Mingo (ming'go), a post-oflSce of Williamsburg CO., S.C. Black'mon's, a station in Russell co., Ala., on the Mobile & Girard Railroad, 30 miles S.W. of Columbus, Ga. Black'monton, a post-office of Carroll co,, Miss., 10 miles from Vaiden. Blackmore, Mount. See Mount Blackmore. Black Mountain, Colorado, a peak of the Rocky Mountiiins, about 32 miles N.W, of Canon City. Altitude, 11,626 feet. It is near lat. 38° 43' N. Black Mountains, a group of mountains in the W. part of North Carolina, mostly in Yancey co. They are BLA 244 BLA the highest mountains of the Appalachian system. Some portions of this group are only about 5 miles W. of the Blue Bidge. According to the measurement of Thomas L. Cling- man, one of the peaks rises 6941 feet above the level of the sea. This is sometimes called Clingraan's Peak. Another peak, measured by Prof. Guyot and called by him the Black Dome, has an altitude of G707 feet, and is now generally'' conceded to be the highest peak in the state. This was formerly known as Mitchell's Peak. There are 12 peaks which are higher than Mount Washington, N.H. Among their names are Sandoz Knob, Balsam Cone, and Hairy Bear. Extensive forests of fir and other evergreen trees grow on these mountains. Black'ness, a village of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow, on the Pirth of Forth, U miles W.N.AV. of Edinburgh. Black Oak, a post-office of De ICalb co., Ala. Black Oak, a post-otiice of Izard co.. Ark. Black Oak, a station in Daviess co., Ind., on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 163 miles W. of Cincinnati. Black Oak, township, Mahaska co., Iowa. Pop. 1056. Black Oak, a station in Alleghany co., Md., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 16 miles S.W. of Cumberland. Black Oak, a post-office of Goodhue co., Minn. Black Oak, a post-hamlet of Caldwell co., Mo., 16 miles from Breckenridge. Black Oak Point, apost-hamlct of Hickory co.. Mo., 45 miles W.JN'.'W". of Lebanon. It has a church. Black Oak, a post-othce of Hopkins co., Tex., 24 miles from Mineola. Black Point, a post-hamlet of Marin co., Cal., on the sea-coast. Black'pool',a town of England, in Lancashire, on the sea, 20 miles by rail W. of Preston. It has a park, library, pier, a fine parade, and good public buildings, and is much visited for sea-bathing. Pop, 6100. Black Riv'er, Michigan, rises in Sanilac co., runs south- ward and southeastward, and enters the St. Clair River at or near Port Huron. It is nearly 80 miles long. Black River, Missouri, drains the greater part of Johnson co., and runs northeastward to Saline co.. through which it flows in an E. direction. It enters the La Mine River in Cooper co., about 10 miles "W. of Boonville. It is nearly 100 miles long. Two affluents, called Dan's Eork and Salt Fork, enter it from the N. or left hand. Black River, or Big Black River, rises in the S.E. part of Missouri, and runs nearly southeastward to Poplar Bluif. After it has passed into Arkansas its general direction is south westward. It enters the "White River, of which it is the largest affluent, at Jacksonport, Ark. Its whole length is nearly 400 miles. Small steamboats can ascend about 100 miles from its mouth. Black River, New York, rises near the line between Hamilton and Herkimer cos. It drains the N.E. part of Oneida co., intersects Lewis co., and passes thence to Jefferson co.j through which it runs westward until it enters Lake Ontario about S miles below AVatertown. It is nearly 200 miles long. At Lyon's Falls, in Lewis co., this river falls 63 feet, below which cataract it is navigable 40 miles to Carthage. Boats can pass from this river to the Erie Canal through the Black River Canal, which extends from Rome to Lyon's Falls. Black River, North Carolina, runs southward in Samp- son CO., and enters the South River on the east border of Bladen co. Black River, Ohio, drains part of Medina co., runs northward through Lorain co., and enters Lake Erie about 12 miles below Elyria, which is on the bank of this stream. Black River, South Carolina, drains parts of Sumter and Clarendon cos., runs southeastward through Williams- burg CO., and enters the Waccamaw River about 3 miles from Georgetown. Length, nearly 150 miles. Black River, a small stream of Orleans co., Vt., runs in a N.N.E. direction, and enters Lake Memphremagog. Vermont has another small Black River, which drains the S. part of Windsor co. and enters the Connecticut River. Black River, Wisconsin, rises in Taylor co., and runs southward through Clark co. to Neillsville, below which its general direction is southwest. It passes by Blnck River Falls, intersects Jackson co., and enters the Mississippi River 15 miles above La Crosse. It is 200 miles long. Black River, ariverof Jamaica, after a tortuous south- ward course of 33 miles enters Black River Bay in the Carib- bean Sea. At its mouth is Black River, a port of entry. Black River, of Charlevoix co., Quebec, runs through a very extensive and fertile tract of land, and enters the St. Lawrence opposite Hare Island, 20 miles above the mouth of the Saguenay. Black River, a large river of Quebec, enters the Ot- tawa from the N. after a course of 128 miles. It runs through a heavily-wooded country. Black River, a post-hamlet of Alcona co., Mich., 90 miles N. by E. of Standish. It has a shingle-mill. Black River, a township of Butler co., Mo. Pop, 492. Black River, township, Reynolds co., Mo. Pop. 12S0. Black River, a township of Wayneco., Mo. Pop. 743. Black River, a post-village of Jefferson co., N.Y., on Black River, and on the XTtica & Black River Railroad, 6 miles E.N.E. of Watertown. It contains 3 churches, a chair- factory, and a flouring- mill. It has abundant water-power. Pop. about 350. Black River, township, Cumberland co., N.C. P. 760. Black River, a township of Lorain co., 0., on Lake Erie, at the mouth of Black River, about 26 miles W. of Cleveland. Pop. 838. See Lorain. Black River, township, Georgetown co., S.C. Pop. 960. Black River, a post-village in Antigonish co., Nova Scotia, 60 miles S.E. of New Glasgow. Pop. 100. Black River, a post-viliage in St. John co., New Brunswick, on the Bay of Fundy, 17 miles from St. John, Ship-building is engaged in here. Pop. 200. Black River Chapel, a post-hamlet of Sampson co., N.C, on the Black (or South) River, about 30 miles from its mouth. It has a church. Black River Falls, the capital of Jackson co.. Wis., is on Black River, and on the West Wisconsin Railroad, 127 miles N.N.W. of Madison, and 55 miles S.E. of Eau Claire, It has a number of saw-mills and flour-mills, for which the river affords motive power. It contains a bank, 2 news- paper offices, 7 churches, a high school, a sash- and blind- factory, and 5 hotels. Pop. 1101. Black River Station, or St.-Ag:apit-de-Beau- rivage, saNt-d^glL^pee'-deh-bo^re-v^zh', a post-village in Lotbiniere co., Quebec, 21 miles by rail S.AV. of Quebec. Black Rock, Irelnnd. See Dublin. Black Rock, a post-hamlet of Fairfield co., Conn., on Long Island Sound, 3 miles from Bridgeport. It has a church and a large hotel. Black Rock, a post-hamlet of Baltimore co., Md., about 24 miles N. by W. of Baltimore. Black Rock, a former village of Erie eo., N.Y., on the Niagara River where it issues from Lake Erie, 2 miles N. of Buffalo. It is now a part of Buffalo. Here is a railroad station called Black Rock. Black Rock, a post-hamlet of Cleveland co., N.C, 8 miles from Buflalo Railroad Station. It has an academy. In the vicinity there are 3 churches. Black Rock, a hamlet of Montgomery co.. Pa., near the Schuylkill River, 1^ miles from Phoenixville. Black Rock, a post-office of York co.. Pa., and a sta- tion on the Bachman's Valley Railroad, 4 miles N. of Mel- rose, Md. Black Rock, a post-office of Grant co., W. A''a. Black Rock, a post-village in Cumberland co,, Nova Scotia, 7 miles from Parrsborough. Pop. 150. Black Run, a post-office of Muskingum co., 0. Black's, a station in Venango co., Pa., on the Alle- ghany Valley Railroad, 97 miles N.N.E. of Pittsburg. Blacks and Whites, Virginia. See Bellefomt. Blacks'burg', a post-village of Montgomery co., Va., 8 miles from Christiansburg, and about 75 miles W.S.W. of Lynchburg. It has a bank, and 5 churches. Here is the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College. Pop. 950. Black's Corners, Michigan. See Imlay. Black or Euxine (Hk'sin) Sea (Fr. Mer JSfoire, maiu nwan; ^ua, Pon'tuH Etixi'nua ; Turk. A'ora Dengis, k3.'rd d^ng'is), a great inlnnd sea between Europe and Asia, be- tween lat. 40° 45' and 46° 45' N. and Ion. 27° 30' and 41° 50' E. Extreme length, 700 miles; greatest breadth, 3S0 miles. Area, 168,500 square miles. Its drainage-area is about 940,000 square miles. It is surrounded by Russia, Rouma- nia, and Asiatic and European Turkey, and communicates by. the Strait of Yenikale with the Sea of Azof on the N.E., and by the Bosporus with the Sea of Marmora in the S.W. The shores of the Euxine are bold and high on the N.E., E., and S.W., but flat on the N. and N.W. ; its depth varies from 4 to 48 fathoms near its shores, but in the middle no soundings have been obtained at 160 fathoms. The water has on the average only one-half the salinity of the ocean. It has numerous small ports,* but the only gulf of impor- tance is that of Kerkinit, between the Crimea and the conti- nent of Russia. There are several islands near the mouth of the Danube, but few elsewhere. The chief affluents are the Danube, Dniester, Bug, Dnieper, the Don (by the Sea of Azof and the Strait of Yenikale), and the Ivooban in BLA 245 BLA Europe; and the Kizil-Irmak and Sakareeyah in Asia. It is calculated that the Black Sea receives one-third of the running waters of Europe; but investigation shows that the opinion that the Sea of Marmora is lower than the Eusine is founded in error. The Black Sea has no tide ; it is liable to frequent stormSj such as are generally met with in great hikes and enclosed seas; but its navigation is so far from being dangerous, as was formerly represented, that probably no sea of equal extent is more safe. The amount of evaporation which takes place in the Black Sea must be very great, as the discharge by the Bosporus is wholly in- sufficient to account for the disposal of the immense quanti- ties of water passed into it by its rivers. Black's Gap, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Pa., in Grreene township, 2i miles from the Mont Alto Railroad. It has a woollen-mill and mines of iron. Black'shear, a post-village, capital of Pierce co., Ga., about 2 miles N. of the Satilla River, and on the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, 86 miles S.AV. of Savannah. It has 3 churches, an academy, 4 lumber-mills, and 4 turpentine-dis- tilleries. Pop. about 800. Black's Mills, a post-village of Monmouth co., N.J., on the Manalapan River, about 24 miles E. of Trenton, and 2 miles from Manalapan Railroad Station. It has a Hour- mill and a saw-mill. Black'sod Bay, an extensive inlet on the coast of Ire- land, CO. of Mayo. Lat. 54° 5' N. ; Ion. 10° W, Black Springs, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Ark., 45 miles from Arkadelphia. It has a church. Black^springs', a post-office of Palo Pinto co., Tex. Black's Ridge, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., Va. Black's Station, a post-hamlet of Yolo co., Cal., on the California Pacific Railroad, about 26 miles N.W. of Sacramento. Black's Station, a post-hamlet of York co., S.C, on the Atlanta & Richmond Air-Line Railroad, 29 miles N.E. of Spartanburg. Black'stairs, a mountain-range of Ireland, forming part of the boundary between the counties of Carlow and Wexford. Mount Leinster, 2610 feet, is the highest peak. Black Stocks, a post-village of Chester co., S.C, on the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta Railroad. 53 miles Ni of Columbia. It has 2 churches. Pop. of township, 479. Black'stone, a post-village of Livingston co., 111., in Sunbury township, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 88 miles S.W, of Chicago. It has a church. Blackstone, a post-village, partly in a township of the same name, in Worcester co., Mass., and partly in Prov- idence CO., R.I., is on Blackstone River, and on the Prov- idence & Worcester Railroad where it crosses the Boston, Hartford & Erie Railroad, 18 miles N. by W. from Provi- dence, and 36 miles S.W. of Boston, It has 6 churches, a large manufactory of cotton prints, and manufactures of woollen goods, scythes, and shoddy. Pop. about 5000 ; of the township, 4640. The township contains villages named East Blackstone and Millville. Blackstone, in North Smithfield township. Providence CO., R.I., is that portion of the above village of Blackstone which lies in Rhode Island, Pop. in 1875, 364; of the adjacent village of Waterford, R.I., 285. Blackstone River rises in Worcester co., Mass., and runs southeastward. It traverses the N.E. part of Rhode Island, and enters Providence River near the city of Provi- dence. The part of this river which is in Rhode Island is called the Pawtueket or Seekonk River. It affords abundant water-power, which is employed in numerous manufactories. Length estimated at 75 miles. Black Sturgeon, stur'jun, a river of Ontario, enters the N. extremity of Black Bay, in Lake Superior. The Black Sturgeon is a rapid stream, and one of the largest rivers entering Lake Superior. It passes through several lakes. Black Sturgeon Ijake,onanver of the same name, in the district of Algoma, Ontario. It is about 13 miJes in length by 2 wide, and comes within 1 mile of the southern arm of Black Sturgeon Bay on Lake Nipigon. Blacks'ville, apost-villageof Monongalia eo., W. Va., about 36 miles S.E. of Wheeling. It is on the southern boundary of Pennsylvania. It has 2 churches, a woollen- factory, and a planing-mill. Pop. about 150. Black Swamp, a post-office of Sandusky co., 0., is at a village named Hessville, Black'ville, a post-hamlet of Conway co., Ark., on the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad. It has a church. Blackville, a post-village of Barnwell co., S.C, on the South Carolina Railroad, 90 miles W.N.W. of Charleston, and 30 miles E.S.E. of Aiken. It has a newspaper office. 2 banks, 4 churches, and a basket-factory. Pop. of Black- ville township, 2327. Here are several mineral springs. BlackHvall', a suburb of the English metropolis, co. of Middlesex, at the confluence of the Lee and the Thames, 4 miles E.S.E, of St. Paul's. Here are the Bast and West India docks. A railway 3^ miles in length connects Black- wall with the city of London. Vast iron ship-building yards have sprung up within a few years, and the first iron-clad ships of the navy were built here. Black Wal'nut, a hamlet of Ogle co., 111., 2 miles from Byron. Black Walnut, a post-hamlet of St. Charles eo., Mo., on the Missouri River, 10 miles E.N.E. of St. Charles. It has 2 churches. Black Walnut, a post-office of Wyoming co.. Pa., on the Pennsylvania & New York Railroad, and on the left bank of the Susquehanna, 19 miles N.W. of Tunkhannock, Black Walnut, a post-hamlet of Halifax co,, Va., about 30 miles E. of Danville. Black Warrior (wur'yiiv) River rises in the N. part of Alabama, and runs generally southwestward. It drains parts of Blount, Jefferson, and Tuscaloosa cos., and enters the Tombigbee River at the S. extremity of Greene co., about 1 mile above Demopolis. It is nearly 300 miles long, and flows through an extensive coal-lield. Steamboats can ascend it to Tuscaloosa or farther. The term Locust Fork is some- times applied to that part of the Black Warrior which is above the mouth of the Mulberry River. Black'AVater, a river of Ireland, co. of Cork, rises about 16 miles N.E. of Killarney, and enters the sea at Youghal, after a course estimated at 100 miles. Cappoquin, Mallow, Fermoy, Lismore, and Youghal are on its banks. Blackwater, a river of Ireland, in Ulster, falls into Lough Neagh at its S.W. corner. Caledon and Charlemont are the principal towns on its banks. Black'water (ane. Idxman'ia), a river of England, CO. of Essex, rises near Saffron-Walden, flows southeastward, and, after uniting with the Chelmer, falls into the arm of the North Sea called Blackwater Bay. BlackAVater, a river of England, co. of Hants, forms part of the boundary between that county and Berks, and joins the Loddon 5-^ miles S.W. of Wokingham. Blackwater, a neat village of England, co. of Hants, at its N.E. extremity, on the Blackwater River, 13 miles by rail S.E. of Reading. Black Water, a village of Walker co.. Ala., about 44 miles N.W. of Birmingham. It has 2 churches, a saw-mill, and a woollen-mill. Black'water, a post-hamlet of Sussex co., Del., 6^ miles from Frankfort Railroad Station. It has 2 churches. Blackwater, formerly Baghdad, a post-village of Santa Rosa co., Fla., on Pensacola Bay, at the mouth of Blackwater River, 2 miles below Milton. It has a church, 2 saw-mills, a ship-j-nrd, and a manufactory of sash and blinds. Pop. about 600. Blackwater, a post-hamlet of Wolfe co., Ky., 35 miles E. by S. of Mt. Sterling. It has a church. Blackwater, post-township, Cooper eo., Mo. Pop. 548. Blackwater, a township of Pettis co., Mo. Pop. 1603. It contains Dunksburg. Blackwater, a township of Saline co.. Mo. P. 1784. Black Water, a post-hamlet of Hancock co.. Tenn,, 18 miles from Rogersville. It has 2 churches and a seminary. Black Water, a post-office of Lee co., Va. Blackwater, a hamlet of Princess Anne co., Va., 23 miles from Norfolk. It has 2 churches, Blackwater, or Black River, New Hampshire, runs southeastward in Merrimac co., and enters the Contoo- cook River about 8 miles N.W. of Concord. Blackwater River, a small river of Virginia, rises in the Blue Ridge, runs eastward thi-ough Franklin co., and enters the Staunton River. Blackwater River, Virginia, drains parts of Surry and Sussex cos., runs first southeastward, then southward, forms the E. boundary of Southampton co.. and enters the Nottoway River at the line which separates Virginia from North Carolina. Black'watertown, a village of Ireland, eo. Armagh, on the Blackwater, 3 miles S.S.W. of Moy. Pop. 263. Black'well, a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 33 miles E. of Las Animas, Col. BlackwelPs, a township of Polk co.. N.C. P. 1179. Blackwell's Island, in the city of New York, a long, narrow island of 120 acres, in the East River, between New York and Long Island City. It is the site of several public asylums and hospitals, and of a city penitentiary. At its N. extremity is a light-house. BLA 246 BLA Blackwell's Mills, a post-hamlet of Somerset co.-, N.J., on the Millstone River, 2 miles from Millstone Rail- road Station. It hag a flour-mill. Blackwell Station, a post-hamlet of St. Francois co., Mo., on the St. Louis &i Iron Mountain Railroad, 51 miles S. of St. Louis. B lack Wolf, a station in Ellsworth co., Kansas, on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, and on the Smoky Hill River, 7 miles N. by W. from Ellsworth. Black Wolf, a post-office of Scott co., Tenn. Black Wolf, township, Winnebago co., Wis. Pop. 897. Black'wood River, in Western Australia, flows suc- cessively AV. and S., anti enters Flinders Bay. Black'woodtown, apost-village of Camden co., N.J., in Gloucester township, on Big Timber Creek, 12 miles S. by E. from Camden, and 4 miles from Kirkwood Station. It has 3 churches, a foundry, a flour-mill, a county alms- house, and a new county insane asylum. Bla'den, a county in the S. part of North Carolina, has an area of about 800 square miles. It is intersected by the Cape Fear River, and is bounded on the N.E. by South River. The surface is nearly level, and is mostly covered with forests, in which the pine abounds. The soil is sandy and inferior, but produces some Indian corn and sweet po- tatoes. Tar and turpentine are the chief articles of export. This county is traversed by the Carolina Central Railroad. Capital, Elizabethtown. Valuation of real and personal estate, S2,479,-tOO. Pop. in 1870, 12,831, of whom 12,813 were natives and 18 were foreigners. Bla'denborough, a post-village of Bladen co., N.C., on the Carolina Central Railroad, 55 miles W.N.W. of Wil- mington. It has 3 turpentine-distilleries and several stores. Pop. of Bladen township, 1005. Bla'deu Land'ing', Choctaw co., Ala., is on the Tom- bigbee River, -i miles from Bladen Springs. Bla'densbur^, a post-village of Wapello co., Iowa, on Cedar Creek, about 10 miles E.N.E. of Ottumwa, It has 2 churches and an Odd-Fellows' hall. Pop. about 200. Bladeiisburg, a post-village of Prince George's co., Md., on the Alexandria Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and on the east branch of the Potomac, about 5 miles N.E. of Washington. It has 5 churches, an academy, and a flour-mill. Pop. 410. AVilHam Wirt was born here. Bladensbur§^, a post-village of Knox co., 0., in Clay and Jackson townships, 13 miles S.E. of Mount Vernon. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, &o. Bla'den (or Bladon's) Springs, a post-village of Choctaw CO., Ala., 85 miles N. of Mobile. It is near the Tombigbee River. It has 4 churches, an academy, a tan- nery, and several mineral springs, Blaen-Houddan, blin-hon'THan, a hamlet of AVales, CO. of Glamorgan, 3 miles N.N.W. of Neath. Pop. 1900. Blaguac, bl3,n^yik', a town of France, Haute-Garonne, 2 miles N.N.W. of Toulouse. Pop. 1729. Blagovechensk, Blagovetchensk, bli-go-vi- chensk', or Blahovietchensk, bl^-HO-ve-A-chensk', written also Blagoweschtschenzk ('"annunciation"), ,a town of Russian Asia, capital of the Amoor government, .on the river Amoor. Lat. 50° 15' 14" N.j Ion. 127° 38' E. Pop. 3107, Blain, bl^No, a town of France, Loire-Inferieure, 20 .miles N.N.W. of Nantes, on the Isac, and on the canal be- tween Nantes and Brest. Pop. 6865. Blain, a post-village of Perry co., Pa., in Jackson town- ship, about 40 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. It has 4 churches, 2 flour-mills, and 1 or 2 tanneries. Pop. about 250. Blaine, a post-ofiice of Buena Vista co., Iowa. Blaine, a post-office of Pottawatomie co., Kansas. Blaine, a post-hamlet of Lawrence co., Ky., 13 miles from Willard, and 7 miles N.W. of Louisa. It has a church. Blaine, a post-hamlet and township of Aroostook co., Me., 26 miles from Houlton. It has 3 stores. Pop. 496. Blaine, a post-office of Gage oo., Neb. Blaine, a post-office of Portage co., Wis. Blaine Creek, Kentucky, runs northeastward through Lawrence co., and enters the Sandy River on the E. boundary of the state. Blain's Cross Roads, post-office, Grainger co., Tenn. Blainville, blS^No'veel', a village and commune in France, in Manche, 6 miles W. of Coutances. Pop. 1704. Blair, a county near the central part of Pennsylvania, .has an area of about 650 square miles. It is drained by the Frnnkstown Branch of the Juniata and by the Little Juniata River. The main range of the Alleghany Moun- tains extends along the N.W. border of this county, the sur- face of which is mostly mountainous. It contains several fertile valleys based on limestone. Wheat, Indian corn, and oats are the staple products of the soil. Iron ore is abundant here, and large quantities of pig-iron, blooms, and forged and rolled iron are prepared in this county. It is intersected by the Pennsylvania Railroad and several branches of the same. Capital, Hollidaysburg. Chief city, Altoona. Valuation of real and personal estate, $30,594,870. Pop. in 1870, 38,051, of whom 34,711 were Americans. Blair, a township of Clay co., 111. Pop. 857. Blair, a post-village of Randolph co., III., about 12 miles N. of Chester, and 6 miles S. of Sparta. It has 2 churches. Blair, a post-village of De Kalb co., Ind., on the St. Joseph River, at St. Joe Station on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 11 miles E. of Auburn, and 25 miles N.E. of Fort Wayne. It has a grain elevator. Pop. about 200. Blair, township. Grand Traverse co., Mich. Pop. 371. Blair, a post-village, capital of Washington co., Neb., on the Omaha & Northwestern Railroad at its junction with the Sioux City & Pacific Railroad, 30 miles N.N.W. of Omaha, and 3 miles AV. of the Missouri River. It has a bank, 4 churches, a graded school, 2 newspaper offices, a flouring-niill, 2 wagon-factories, 2 large elevators, 3 hotels, and about 20 stores. Pop. 885. Blair, a township of Blair co.. Pa. Pop. 1571. Blair, a post-office of Hancock co., W. Va. Blair, a post-hamlet of Trempealeau co., Wis., on the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad, 43 miles N.E. of Winona, Minn. It has 2 churches, a planing-mill, Vcstern Pennsylvania BLA 247 BXA division, 3 miles S.E. of Blairsville, and 63 miles W. of Al- toona. It has a ehurch. (Post-Oliice, Branch Junction.) Blair's Wharf, a post-office of Prince George co., Va. Blair'ton, a post-village in Peterboroagh co., Ontario, on Marmora Lake, 35 miles from Peterborough. Pop. 360. Blaisois, bli'zwi', a former division of France, in Or- leannols, of which Blois was the capital, now forming a great part of the department of Loir-et-Cher. Blaison, bli'zftNo', a town of France, in Malne-et-Lolre, 10 miles S.E. of Angers, on the Loire. Pop. 979. Blake, a township of Colleton co., S.C. Pop. 2255. Blake'ley, or Port Blake'ley, a post-village of Kits.ap CO., Washington, on Puget Sound, 10 miles W. of Seattle. It has a large lumber-mill. Pop. about 300. Blake'ly, a township of England. See Blackley. Blake'Iy, a village of Baldwin co., Ala., on the Tensas River (here navigable), near its mouth. Blakely Station is on the Mobile & Jlontgomery Railroad, 5 miles E. of Mobile, and 8 miles N. of Blakely, which has a ehurch, and manu- factures of tar, rosin, turpentine, and lumber. Blakely was founded in 1816, and was for a time a prosperous place, but has greatly declined in importance. Blakely, a post-village, capital of Early co., Ga., about 55 miles W.S.W. of Albany. It has 2 churches, a high school, a newspaper office, and manufactures of leather and lumber. Blakely, a post-village of Scott co., Minn., on the Min- nesota River, and on the St. Paul & Sioux City Railroad, 52 miles W.S.W. of St. Paul. It has 3 stores. Pop. of Blakely township, 720. Blakely (Peckville Post-Office), a borough of Lacka- wanna CO., Pa., in Blakely township, and on the Lackawanna River, 7 miles N.E. of Scranton. It is on the railroad be- tween Carbondale and Scranton, at Peckville Station. Here are mines of anthracite coal. It has 2 churches and a sash- factory. Pop. 659. The township contains also the boroughs of Archbald, Olyphant, Dickson, Winton, and Gibsonburg. Pop. 767. Blake'ney, a seaport of England, co. of Norfolk, 7 miles E. of Wells. It has an ancient church, and some fine remains of antiquity. Its harbor affords good shelter. Pop. of parish, 817. Blake's, a station on the Lafayette, Muncle & Bloom- ington Railroad, 9 miles E. of Paxton, 111. Blakes'burg, a post-village of Wapello co., Iowa, in Adams township, 12 miles S.E. of Albia, and about 14 miles W.S.W. of Ottumwa. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and a flour-mill. Pop. 236. Blake's Ferry, a post-office of Randolph co., Ala. Blake's Mills, a post-hamlet of Lawrence co., Tenn. It has a church and a grist-mill. Blakeville, a post-hamlet of Black Hawk co., Iowa, about 15 miles E.N.E. of Cedar Falls. Blamont, bl4'm6N''', a town of France, in Meurthe-et- Moselle, 18 miles E. of Luneville. Pop. 2287. Blamont, a town of France, department of Doubs, 8 miles S.S.E. of Montbeliard. Pop. 720. Blanca, bling'ki, a town of Spain, 20 miles N.W. of Murcla. Pop. 1530. Blan'ca Peak, a mountain of Costilla co., Col., about 6 miles N. of Fort Garland, is the highest peak of the Sierra Blanca group or Sangre de Cristo Range. Its altitude, ac- cording to Prof. Hayden, is 14,464 feet above sea-level. It is supposed to be the highest mountain in Colorado. Blanch'ard, a station on the North & South Railroad of Georgia, 10 miles N. of Columbus, Ga. Blanchard, a post-towushlp of Piscataquis co.. Me., about 20 miles W. of Dover. Pop. 164. Blanchard, a township of Hancock co., 0. Pop. 1304. It contains Benton Ridge. Blanchard, a township of Hardin co., 0. Pop. 1250. It.contaius the village of Dunkirk. Blanchard, a township of Putnam co., 0. Pop. 1593. It contains Gilboa. Blanchard, a post-office of Centre co.. Pa., is at Eagleville (which see), Blanchard, or Blanch'ardville, a post-village of Lafayette co.. Wis., in Blanchard township, on the east branch of the Pecatonica River, about 33 miles S.W. of Madison. It is 20 miles E. of Mineral Point. It has a church, a newspaper office, a grist-mill, and 2 stores. The name of its post-office is Blanohardville. Pop. 455 ; of township, 529. Blanchard's Fork of the Auglaize rises in Hardin CO., 0. It intersects Hancock co., runs westward in Putnaia CO., and unites with the Auglaize River about 15 miles W. of Ottawa. It is nearly 100 miles long. Blanche, blanch, a post-hamlet of Lincoln co., Tenn., about 90 miles S. of Nashville. It has 2 churches. Blanch'ester, a post-village of Clinton co., 0., on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 41 miles E.N.E. of Cincin- nati. A branch railroad extends from this point to Hills- borough, 21 miles. It has 2 churches, a high school, and a newspaper office. Pop. 513. Blanch'land, a village of England, co. of Northum- berland, on the Derwent, 9 miles S.S.E. of Hexham, with the remains of an abbey founded in 1165. Blanch'ville, a post-hamlet of Marshall co., Kansas, 7 miles from Waterville, Blanc, Mont. See Mont Blanc. Blanco, bling'ko, or Blanca, bling'kS,, a Spanish word, signifying "white," and forming a part of various names in different parts of the world. Blanco, blang'ko, a county near the central part of Texas, has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Perdinales (or Pedernales) River, and also drained by the Rio Blanco. The surface is hilly or undu- lating; the soil is fertile. Cattle, Indian corn, and cotton are the staple products. Capital, Blanco. Valuation of real and personal estate, $249,599. Pop. in 1870, 1187, of whom 1079 were natives and 108 were foreigners. Blanco, a post-hamlet of Monterey co., Cal., in Alisal township, 1 mile from the Southern Pacific Railroad. It has a church and a carriage-shop. Blanco, a post-village, capital of Blanco CO., Tex., on the Blanco River, 50 miles W. by S. from Austin. One weekly newspaper is published here. Blanco has a church, a money-order post-office, 3 flouring-mills, Ac. Gold and copper are said to be found here. Blanco, a river of Spain. See Guadalaviak. Bland, a county in the S.W. part of Virginia, has an area of about 350 square miles. It is drained by Walker's and Wolf Creeks, affluents of New River. The surface is partly mountainous, and is mostly covered with forests of oak, hickory, sugar-mople, chestnut, and other trees. The soil of the valleys produces wheat, Indian corn, oats, &a. Capital, Seddon. Valuation of real and personal estate, $797,432. Pop. in 1870, 4000, of whom 39S6 were natives and 14 were foreigners. Bland, a post-office of Gasconade co., Mo. Bland Court-House, a post-office of Bland co., Va., is at Seddon (which see). Bland'ford, or Blan'ford, a post-township of Hamp- den CO., Mass., about 20 miles W. by N. of Springfield. Pop. 964. It contains a hamlet called Blandford Centre, which has 2 churches. Blandford, the eastern suburb of Petersburg, Va., within the city limits, but belonging to the co. of Prince George. It has a cotton-factory, a distillery, and tobacco- works; also a celebrated old church, and 2 chapels. Bland'ford, a post-village of Lunenburg co.. Nova Scotia, 44 miles W. of Halifax. Pop. 100. Blandford, or St.-Louis-de-Blandford, sSn="- loo"ee'-deh-bl5N''"f6R', a post-village of Arthabaska co., Quebec, Canada, 8 miles from Stanford. Pop. 150. Bland'ford Fo'runi, a borough of England, co. of Dorset, on the Stour, here crossed by 3 bridges, and near the ford called by the Romans Trajec'tua Belanien'eiSf 17 miles N.E. of Dorchester. The town is very neatly and regularly built, with a church in the Grecian style. It has a town hall and a neat theatre, free grammar and blue-coat schools, almshouses, and a manufacture of shirt-buttons. It is on a railway. Pop. 1536. Blan'dinsville, a post-village of McDonough co.. 111., on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, 26 miles S.E. of Burlington, Iowa, and 64 miles W. by S. from Peoria. It has a bank, a newspaper office, a money-order post-office, a grain elevator, 2 steam flour-mills, a steam saw-mill, and 4 churches. Pop. 1566. It is near the boundary between Hire and Blandii^sville townships. Pop. of the latter, 1707. Blan'don, a post-village of Berks co.. Pa., in Maiden Creek township, on the East Pennsylvania Railroad, 8 miles N.N.E. of Reading. It has a rolling-mill and 2 flour-mills. Blandona, the ancient name of Zara-Vecchia. Bland's, a post-office of Saline co.. Ark. Bland'ville, a post-village, capital of Ballard oo.,Ky., on Mayfield Creek, about 28 miles W.S.W. of Paducah, and 4 or 5 miles E. of the Mississippi River. It has 2 churches and a college. Pop. 385. Blaiies, blin'y^s, a seaport town of Spain, 22 miles S. of Gerona. on the Mediterranean. Pop. 5900. Blan'ford, a town of Massachusetts. See Blandford. Blangy, bldN^'zhee', a town of France, in Seine-Infe- rieure, 13 miles N.E. of Neufohatel. Pop. 1681. BLA 248 Blankenberghe, bl4n'ken-bSaG\ a town and railway junction of Belgium, province of West Flanders, on the English Channel, 9 miles N.W. of Bruges. It is a fashion- able bathing-place, with a cursaal, a paved beach 1 mile long, a new artitioial port, and a light-house. Pop. 2.360. Blankenburg, blS,n'k?n-booRG\ a town of Germany, duchy and 50 miles by rail S.E. of Brunswick. It has a ducal palace, a gymnasium, and some factories. Pop. 385.3. Blankeiiburs[, a town of Germany, duchy of Sohwarz- burg-Rudolstadt, on the Rhine, 13 miles S.S.W. of Sonders- hausen. Pop. 1351. Blaiikeuburg, blin'ken-bo6iiG\ a hamlet of Switzer- land, canton of Bern, 19 miles S.W. of Thun. Blank'endale, a station on the Louisville, Harrod's Creek & Westport Railroad, 5 miles from Louisville, Ky. Blankenese? bldn'ken-d-^seh, a town of Prussia, in Holstein, on the Elbe, 6 miles by rail W. of Altona. Pop. 3336, mostly mariners and fishermen. Blankeiihayn, bl4n'k^n-hine\ a town of Germany, grand duchy and 9 miles S.S.E. of Weimar. Pop. 2241. Blaukensteiii, bl4n'ken-stine\ a town of Prussian Westphalia, 21 miles N.E. of Dusseldorf, on a railway, and on the Ruhr. Pop. 1319. Blank'et, a post-ofiice of Brown oo., Tex. Blanket Hill, a post-office of Armstrong co.. Pa.. Blauk'inship's Mill, a hamlet of McDonough eo., Mo., 11 miles from Neosho. It has a grist- and a saw-mill. Blanquefort, blftNk'foK', a village of France, in Gi- ronde, 6 miles by rail N.W. of Bordeaux. Pop. 2227. Blanquefort, a village of France, department of Lot- et-Garonno, 29 miles N.N.E. of Agen. Pop. 1592. Blanquilla, blin-keel'yi, an island of the Caribbean Sea, belonging to Venezuela, 74 miles N.N.E. of Tortuga, and having on its W. coast the village of Agueda. Blan'sett, a post-office of Scott co., Ark. Blantyre, blin-tire', a village of Scotland, oo, of Lanark, 8 miles by rail S.E. of Glasgow. Here are cotton- mills and dye-works. Pop. 393 ; of Blantyre Works, 1304. Blanzac, bl6N»^z^k', a town of France, department of Charente, 12 miles S.S.W. of Angouleme. Pop. 918. Blanzy, bl6N°^zee', a village of France, department of Saone-et- Loire, on the Canal du Centre, and on a railway, IS miles S.E. of Autun. Pop. 3215. Blar'ney, a village of Ireland, co. and 4 miles N.W. of Cork, on a rivulet of the same name. The beauty of its surrounding scenery has been rendered famous in song. In its castle is reported to be :l wonderful stone, the kissing of which has been popularly believed to have the power of imparting that peculiar style of eloquence termed " blarney." Blascon, the ancient name of Brescou. Blasentlorf, in Transylvania. See Balasfalva. Blasewitz, bla'zeh-wits^, a village of Sa.xony, 5 miles S.S.E. of Dresden, on the left bank of the Elbe. Pop. 1577. Blask'et Islands, a group of rooky islands on the W. coast of Ireland, at the entrance of Dingle Bay. Blatna, a town of Bohemia. See Platten. Blaton, bliHAN"', a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 15 miles S.E. of Tournay. Pop. 2780. Blaubeuren, blow^boi'ren, a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Blau, 10 miles by rail W.N.W. of Ulm. Pop. 2216. Blau'veltville, a post-hamlet of Rockland co., N.Y., in Orangetown township, on the Erie Railroad, and on the Nyaok it Northern Railroad, 26 miles N. of New York. It has 2 churches. Blaw'enburg, a small post-village of Somerset co., N.J., 14 miles N. by E. from Trenton. It is i mile from Skillman Station of the New York & Philadelphia Rail- road. It has a church. Blawenburg Stsition is on the Mer- cer & Somerset Railroad, 7 miles from Pennington. Blaye, bli (ano. Bla'via), a town of France, department and on the right bank of the Gironde, 24 miles N.N.W. of Bordeaux. It has a strong modern citadel, theatre, hos- pital, agricultural society, ttc, with considerable exports of wine, brandy, corn, fruits, and soap. Its harbor is defended by forts, and is much frequented. Pop. 4761. Bleach'ery, a station in Middlesex co., Mass., on the Boston & Lowell and Salem & Lowell Railroads, 1 mile S. of Lowell. Bleachery, a station in Middlesex co., Mass., on the Watertown Branch of the Fitchburg Railroad, 1 mile E. of Waltham. Bleak'wood, a post-hamlet of Newton co., Tex., 45 miles N. of Orange. BIcckede, or BIckedc, blSk'iM^h, a town of Han- over, 12 miles E. of Luneburg, on the Elbe. Pop. 739. Bledsoe, bled'so, a county in the S.E. central part of TennesseCj has an area of about 250 square miles. It is drained by the Sequatchie River. The surface is hilly or mountainous. Indian corn, oats, and wheat are cultivated here. Capital, Pikeville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,712,553. Pop. in 1870, 4870, of whom 4858 were natives of the United States. Bledsoe, a post-village of Lee co.. Ark., on the Mis- sissippi River, atjout 40 miles below Memphis. It has 2 churches and a steamboat-landing. Bledsoe's Lick, Tennessee. SeeCAsrALiAN Sphings. Bleeck'er, a post-township of Fulton co., N.Y., about 50 miles N.W. of Albany. It has 4 churches and several tanneries. Pop. 970. Blegno, or Bleiijo, bl^n'yo or blin'yo, a river of Switzerland, canton of Ticino, flows S. and joins the Ticino near Biasca. It gives its name to the Val di Blegno. Bleiberg, bli'bSue, or Bleibach, bli'b^K, a village of Illyria, 7 miles W. of Villach. The lead-mines at Blei- berg are the most extensive in Austria, and yield annually from 33,000 to 35,000 cwt. of excellent metal. Pop. 4601. Bleicherode,bli^Ker-o'deh, a town of Prussian Saxony, near the Wipper, 10 miles by rail S.W. of Nordhausen. Bleistadt, bli'statt, a mining town of Bohemia, 14 miles N.N.E. of Eger. Pop. 900. Bleistein, a town of Bavaria. See Pleistein. Bleiswijk, blise'wike, a village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 7 miles N. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1452. Bl ekinge , a province of Sweden. See Carlscrona, Bleling, blee'ling, written also Baliling, Bule- leng, Blilling, Blelling, Ac, a small principality and its capital, on the N. side of the island of Bali. The town, in lat. 8° 15' S., Ion. 115° 5' E., is the second on the island. Blencoe, blen'ko, a post-office and station of Monona CO., Iowa, on the Sioux & Pacific Railroad, 67 miles S.S.E. of Sioux City. Blen'don, a post-hamlet of Sedgwick co., Kansas, in Attica township, 12 miles from Wichita. Blendon, a post-township of Ottawa CO., Mich., about 15 miles S.W. of Grand Rapids. Pop. 639. Blendon Sta- tion is in Olive township, on the Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, 31 miles N. of Grand Junction. Blendon, a post-township of Franklin co., 0., about 10 miles N. by E. of Columbus, is traversed by the Cleveland, Mt. Vernon & Columbus Railroad. Pop, 1771. It contains a village named Westerville. Bleneau, bl^^no', a village of France, department of Yonne, 29 miles W.S.W. of Auxerre. Pop. 2058. Blenheim, bWn'im (Ger. Blindheim, blint'hime), a village of Bavaria, 23 miles N.N.W. of Augsburg, famous for the victory gained near it by the English and Imperial- ists over the French and Bavarians (called by the French the battle of Iliichstedt), August 2, 1704. Pop. 714. Blenheim, blSn'im or bl^n'hime, a township of Scho- harie CO., N.Y^, 12 miles S.W. of Middleburg. It has 2 churches and several manufactories. Pop. 1170. Blenheim, Kent co., Ontario. See Rondeau. Blenheim, a town of New Zealand, capital of Marl- borough province, at the junction of the Opawa and Omaka Rivers, both navigable for vessels of 100 tons. It has a bi-weekly newspaper. Great quantities of tallow, skins, flax, and wool are shipped by water from this place to Port Underwood. A railroad extends hence to Pioton, 18 miles. Blenheim (bl^n'im) Park (formerly Woodstock Park), a district of England, co. of Oxford, 62* miles W.N.AV. of London. Area, 2940 acres, being the demesne attached to Blenheim House, the seat of the Duke of Marl- borough. This edifice was given by the nation to the Duke of Marlborough, in honor of whose great victory, in 1704, it received its name. Blenjo, a river of Switzerland. See Blegno. Bleuk'insop, a township of England, co. of Northum- berland, 17 miles W. of Hexham. Pop. 664. Blen'nerhas'sett's Island, a small island in the Ohio, 2 miles below Parkersburg, W. Va. This island, once the property of Harman Blennerhassctt, is famous in con- nection with the enterprises of Aaron Burr. Blenneville, bl^nn'vil, a seaport town of Ireland, 00. of Kerry, lA miles S.W. of Tralee. Pop. 389. Blenod-les-Toul,bl?h-no'litooI, a village of France, in Mourthc-ct-Moselle, 5 miles S.S.W. of Toul. Pop. 1364. Blen's Creek, township, Forsyth oo.. N.C. Pop. 817. BI6r6, bl.Vr.'l', a town of Franco, department of Indro- ot-Loire, 16 miles by rail E.S.E. of Tours, on the Cher. Near the town is the famous castlo of Chenonccaux, on a kind of bridge across the Cher, and having a long gallery which leads from one side of the river to the other. It is in perfect preservation. Many fine pictures decorate tho interior. Pop. of B16r6, 3561. BLE 249 BLO Bles'sington, a town of Ireland, eo. of Wicklow, near the Liffey, 18 miles S.W. of Dublin. Pop. 409. It gave the title of Earl to the Gardner famil}', the widow of the last of whom was the well-known authoress, the late Countess of Blessington. Bles'sington, a post-village of Hastings co., Ontario, Canada, 7 miles from Shannonville. Pop. 250. Bletch'ingly, a town of England, Surrey, 18 miles by rail S. of London. Pop. of parish, 1916. Bletisama, the ancient name of Ledesjia. B16viUe, bliVeel', a village of France, department of Seine-Inferieure, 2 miles N. of Havre. Pop. 1712. Blevio, bli've-o, a village of Italy, near the Lago di Como, with numerous elegant villas. Pop. 815. Blew'fields, Central America. See Bluefields. Blidah, or Blida, blee'di, a town of Algeria, on the Metidjah, 30 miles by rail S.W. of Algiers. Pop. 811.3. Blieskastel, or Bliescastel, blees'kis-tSr, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Blies, 5^ miles by rail W. of Deux-Ponts. Pop. 1542. Bligh's (bliz) Islands, n group of the Feejee Archi- pelago, Pacific Oeean, named after their discoverer in 1789. Bligny-sur-Ouche, bleen^yee'-siiu-oosh, a town of France, in Cote-d'Or, 9 miles N. of Beaune. Pop. 1390. Billing, a town of the East Indies. See Bleling. Blindlieim, a village of Bavaria. See Blenheim. Blins'nion, a post-office of Moody co., Dakota. Bliskowice, a town of Moravia. See LispiTz. Bliss' Corners, a station on the Kochester & State Line Bailroad, 9 miles S. of Gainesville, N.Y. Bliss'lield, a post-village of Lenawee co., Mich., on Raisin River, in Blissfield township, and on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 10 miles E.S.E. of Adrian, and on the Canada Southern Railroad, 59 miles S.W. of Detroit. It has a bank, a graded school, 2 churches, a news- paper office, a flouring-mill, a foundry, a stave-factory, and manufactures of furniture, carriages, tobacco, and lumber. Pop. of township, 2048; of village, about 1600. Blissfield Jusction is 2 miles W. of the village, on the above-named railroads. Bliss'ville,a hamlet in Lisbon township. New London CO., Conn., 1 mile from Taftville Station. It has manu- factures of cotton warps and twine. Blissville, a village of Queens co., N.Y., is a part of Long Island City. It lias a church, a manufactory of tomb- stones, a large compressed-yeast factory, bone-boiling works, a distillery, and an oil-refinerj'. It is on the navigable Newtown Creek, 1 mile fay rail E. of Hunter's Point. Blissville (Fredericton Junction Post-Office), a village of Sunbury eo.. New Brunswick, 22 miles S.SiE. of Fred- ericton, at the junction of the European & North American and Fredericton Railways. Pop. 300. The neighboring village of South Branch Oromocto (pop. 200) has a post- office called Blissville. Blitar, a town of Java. See Brindiok. Blitong, a Malay island. See Billiton. Bliv'en's Mill, a post-hamlet of McHenry co.. III., in Burton township, on Nippersink Creek, about 64 miles N.N.W. of Chicago. It has 2 churches and a cheese-factory. Blizhni, bleezh'nee, or Nearer Islands, the west- ernmost group of the true or American Aleutian Islands. Block Creek, township, Wilson eo., N.C. Pop. 1474. Block'er, a post-office of Logan co.. Ark. Block'er's, a post-village of Cumberland co., N.C, 12 miles from Fayetteville. It has 2 churches. Blocker's, township, Edgefield co., S.C. Pop. 1035. Block House, Tioga co.. Pa. See Liberty. Block House, a post-office of Klikitat co.. Wash. Block Island, formerly Man'isees, in the Atlantic Ocean, is about 9 miles from the mainland of Rhode Island, to which it belongs. It is 7 or 8 miles long. A light-house has been erected at its northern end, lat. 41° 13' N., Ion. 71°35'W. Pop. 1147. See New Shoreham. Block'ley, a former township of Philadelphia, Pa. It still gives name to a hospital and almshouse in West Phila- delphia. iSlocksberg, a mountain in Germany. See Brocken. Blocks'burg, a post-hamlet of Humboldt eo., Cal., 120 miles N. of Cloverdale. It has 2 hotels. Pop. about 150. Block'ville, a post-village of Chautauqua co., N.Y., about 06 miles S.S.W. of Buffalo. It is 2i miles from Ash- ville Railroad Station. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 200. Blodg'et's Mills, a post-hamletof Cortland co., N.Y., and a station on the Syracuse, Binghamton & New York Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of Cortland. It has a church, a saw- mill, and a planing-mill. Biodg'ett, a post-office and station of Scott co.. Mo., on the St, Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 29 miles N.W. of Belmont. It has a church. Bloemendaal, bloo'm^n-dll, a village of the Nether- lands, in South Holland, U miles N.N.W. of Gouda. Bloemendaal, a village of the Netherlands, in North Holland, 3 miles N. of Haarlem, is one of the finest villages in the province. Pop. 3554. Bloemfontein, bloom^fon'tinc,the capital of the Orange Free State, South Africa, 286 miles W. by N. of Port Natal. It is the seat of an Anglican bishop. Pop. 1100. Blois, bloi, or, more correctly, blwi, a city of France, capital of the department of Loir-et-Cher, on both sides of the Loire, 112 miles S.W. of Paris, and 36 miles by rail S.W. of Orleans. Blois is picturesquely situated on a steep slope, crowned by its ancient castle. It is a bishop's see, and has a tribunal of commerce, a college, a normal school, a diocesan seminary, a botanic garden, and a public library. The most remarkable edifices are the hotel de vilie and the episcopal palace. The castle of Blois is celebrated from its historical associations, but has been rebuilt and extended so that nothing remains of its original structure except the Gothic tower. The town is of great antiquit}^, and was formerly the capital of an extensive county. There is here an ancient aqueduct cut in the rock by the Romans ; it is still used for supplying the town with water. The magnifi- cent dikes for the protection of the valleys from the en- croachments of the Loire commence at Blois. It has man- ufactures of gloves and porcelain, and an extensive trade in wine, timber, and brandy. Pop. in 1872, 19,860. Blokulla, blo-kool'la, a small island of Sweden, in the Baltic, between Oland and the mainland. Blokzyl, blok'zile, atown of the Netherlands, province of Overyssel, with a port on the E. coast of the Zuyder Zee, 15 miles N.N.W. of ZwoUe. Pop. 1666. Bloniberg, blom'b^RG, a village of Germany, in Lippe, on the Distel, 40 miles S.W. of Hanover. Pop. 2104. Blouie, blin'yi, a town of Poland, 16 miles W. of Warsaw. Pop. 1327. Blood's Depot, a post-village of Steuben co., N.Y., on the Rochester division of the Erie Railroad, 55 miles S. of Rochester. It has a church and a union school. Blood'ville, a hamlet of Saratoga co., N.Y., in Milton township, nearly 1 mile from Ballston Spa. It has a man- ufactory of axes and scythes. Blood'worth's, a post-office of Wilkinson co., Ga. Blood'y-Far'land, a promontory of Ireland, Ulster, CO. of Donegal, on its N.W. coast, 5 miles W.S.W. of the island of Innisboffin. Bloody Run, Pennsylvania. See Everett. Bloom, a post-village of Cook co.. 111., in Bloom town- ship, on the Chicago, Danville & A'incennes Railroad, where it crosses the Joliet division of the Michigan Central Rail- road, 33 miles S. of Chicago. It has 2 churches. Pop. of Bloom township, 1213. Bloom, a township of Osborne eo., Kansas. Pop. 200. Bloom, a township of Fairfield CO., 0. Pop. 2071. It contains Lithopolis, Greeneastle, and Jeff"Qrson. Bloom, a township of Morgan co., 0. Pop. 987. It contains Eagleport. Bloom, a township of Scioto co., 0. Pop. 2203. Bloom Station is on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, Portsmouth division, 20 miles N.E. of Portsmouth. The township in- cludes AVebster. Bloom, a township of Seneca co., 0. Pop. 1492. Bloom, a township of Wood co., 0. Pop. 1394. It contains Bairdstown. Bloom, a township of Clearfield co.. Pa. Pop. 315. Bloom, a township of Columbia co., Pa. Pop. same as that of Bloomsburg. with which its limits are identical. Bloom, a township of Richland co.. Wis. Pop. 1299. Bloom Centre, a post-hamlet of Logan co., 0., in Bloomfield township, about 25 miles N.E. of Piqua. It has a church. Bloom'dale, a post-village of Wood co., 0., in Bloom township, on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad {Chicago di- vision), 20 miles W. by N. of Tiffin. It has manufactures of brooms and lumber. Bloom'er, a post-hamlet of Sebastian co.. Ark., about IS miles E.S.E. of Fort Smith. Bloomer, a township of Montcalm co., Mich. Pop. 1816. It contains Carson City. Bloomer, a township of Chippewa co.. Wis. P. 1260. Bloomer, a post-office of Chippewa co., Wis., is at Vanville (which see). Bloomer Centre, apost-office of Montcalm co., Mich. Bloom'ery, a post-hamlet of Hampshire co., W. Va., BLO 250 BLO 17 miles from Paw Paw Railroad Station. It has an iron- furnace, a wooUen-miiij a tannery, 3 stores, and mines of brown hematite. Bloom'field, a post-office and steamboat-landing of Madison co., Ala., on the Tennessee River, 20 miles S. of Huntsville. Bloomfield, a post-hamlet of Benton co., Ark., about 28 miles N.W. of Fayetteville. It has 2 dry-goods stores and a church. Bioomfleld, a township of Nevada co., Cal., contains North Bloomfield, and has produced much gold. Pop. 636. Bloomfield, a post-village of Sonoma co., Cal., about 48 miles N.N.W. of San Francisco. It has 3 churches, a tannery, a steam grist-mill, and 2 hotels. Bloomfield, a post-village of Hartford co., Conn., in Bloomfield township, on the Connecticut Western Railroad, 5i miles N.W. of Hartford. The township has a high school and 4 churches. Pop. of the township, 1473. Bloomfield, a hamlet of Edgar co., 111., 3 miles S. of Chrisman. Bloomfield, a post-village of Johnson co., 111., on the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad, 37 miles N.N.E. of Cairo. It has 2 churches, a plough-factory, and a grist-mill. Many peaches, pears, plums, &c., are shipped here. Bloomfield, a post-village, capital of Greene co., Ind., in Richland township, about 1 mile E. of the West Fork of White River, and 44 miles S.E. of Terre Haute. Two weekly newspapers are published here. It has 3 churches, a bank, a seminary, and a sash- and door-factory. Pop. 656. Bloomfield, a township of La Grange co., Ind. Pop. 2254. It includes the town of La Grange. Bloomfield, a township, Clinton co., Iowa. Pop. 1364. Bloomfield, a post-village, capital of Davis Co., Iowa, is in Bloomfield township, on a high prairie, 1 mile S. of Fox River, and on the Burlington & Southwestern Railroad at its junction with the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 85 miles W. by S. from Burlington, and 21 miles S. of Ottumwa. It has a national bank, 2 other banks, S churches, and 2 flour-mills. It contains also the Southern Iowa Normal and Scientific Institute. Three or 4 weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 969 ; of township, additional, 1570. Bloomfield, a township of Polk co., Iowa. Pop. 1309. Bloomfield, township, Winneshiek co., Iowa. P. 1188. Bloomfield, a post-office of Elk co., Kansas, 45 miles W.N.W. of Independence. Bloomfield, township, Mitchell co., Kansas. Pop. 300. Bloomfield, a post-village of Nelson co., Ky., about 37 miles S.S.E. of Louisville, and 11 miles N.E. of Bards- town. It has 4 churches and a carriage-factory. Pop. 435. Bloomfield, a township of Huron co., Mich. Pop. 148. Bloomfield, a township of Oakland co., Mich. Pop. 1912. It contains Birmingham. Bloomfield, township, Fillmore co., Minn. P. 1013. Bloomfield, a post-village, capital of Stoddard co., Mo., about 130 miles 8. by E. from St. Louis, and 8 miles N. of De.xter City. It has a church, a seminary, 2 flour- mills, and a newspaper office. Pop. 379. Bloomfield, a post-village of Essex co., N. J., in Bloom- field township, on the Montclair & Greenwood Lake Rail- road, and on the Newark & Bloomfield Railroad, 4 miles N.N.W. of Newark, and 12 miles N.W. of New York City. The Morris Canal passes the village. One weekly news- paper is published here. Bloomfield has 5 churches, a savings-bank, and manufactures of organs, woollen goods, &Q. Pop. of the township, 4580. Bloomfield, a village of Coshocton and Holmes cos., 0., is mostly in Clark township, 8 miles S. of Millersburg. It has 2 churches, an academy, a fiouring-mill, and a planing- mill. The name of its post-office is Clark. Bloomfield, a township of .lackson co., 0. Pop. 1775. It contains Vega, Pattensville, and Winchester. Bloomfield, a village of Jefferson co., 0., in Wayne township, li miles from Bloosifield Station (which see). It has 3 churches and a flouring-mill. Here is Bloomingdalo Post-Office. Pop. 146. Bloomfield, a township of Logan co., 0. Pop. 655. Bloomfield, a post-hamlet of Morrow co., 0., 36 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. Bloomfield, a hamlet of Muskingum co., 0., 4 miles from New Concord Railrcad Station, and about 18 miles N.E. of Zanesville. It has 2 churches and a seminary. Pop. 98. The name of its post-office is Sago. Bloomfield, Pickaway co., 0. See South Bloomfielp. Bloomfield, a township of Trumbull co., 0. Pop. 798. Bloomfield Station is on the Ashtabula & Youngstown Rail- road, 29 miles S. of Ashtabula. Bloomfield, or Ore Bank, a station in Bedford co.. Pa., the terminus of a branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad from Roaring Spring, 3 miles distant. Bloomfield is 20 miles by rail S. of Altoona. Iron is mined here. Bloomfield, a post-township of Crawford co., Pa., about 15 miles N.N.W. of Titusville. Pop. 1262. It contains Lincolnville. Bloomfield, Perry co.. Pa. See New Bloomfield. Bloomfield, a post-office of Cooke co., Tex. Bloomfield, a post-township of Essex co., Vt., about 36 miles N.E. of St. Johnsbury, is bounded on the E. by the Connecticut River. Pop. 455. Bloomfield, a post-village of Loudoun co., Va., 6 miles from Round Hill Railroad Station. It has 2 churches and a seminary. Bloomfield, a township of Walworth co., Wis., on the Illinois line. Pop. 1107. It contains Genoa. Bloomfield, township, Waushara co., Wis. Pop. 1358. Bloomfield, a post-village in Kings co.. New Bruns- wick, 27 miles by rail N.E. of St. John. Pop. 200. Bloomfield, a post-village of Prince Edward co., On- tario, Canada, on Great Sandy Bay, Lake Ontario, 42 miles S.W. of Kingston. Pop. 400. Bloomfield, Ontario. See Socth Monaghan. Bloomfield Centre, a hamlet in Bloomfield town- ship, Oakland co., Mich., on or near the Detroit & Mil- waukee Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of Pontiac. Bloomfield Junction, New Jersey, is 1 mile N.W. of Newark, and 3 miles from Bloomfield, at the junction of the Newark it Bloomfield with the Morris & Essex Railroad. Bloomfield Station, ahamlet(Fair Play Post-Office) in Jefferson co., 0., on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, 18 miles W. of Steubenville, and lA miles from Bloomfield village. Bloom'ingburir, a post-village of Sullivan co., N.Y., in Mamakating township, on the New York & Oswego Mid- land Railroad, 77 miles N.N.W. of New Y'ork, and on the Delaware & Hudson Canal. It has 3 churches and an academy. Bloomingburg, a post-village of Fayette co., 0., in Paint township, on a branch of Sugar Creek, about 35 miles S.W. of Columbus. It has 3 churches, the Bloomingburg Academy, and a carriage-shop. Pop. 312. Bloom'in^^dale, a post-village of Chambers co., Ala., about 85 miles N.E. of Montgomery. It has 2 churches and a cotton-factory. Bloomingdale, a post-hamlet of Clay co., Dakota, 10 miles from Vermilion. It has a flour-mill and a store. Bloomingdale, a post-village of Du Page co.. 111., in Bloomingdale township, about 25 miles W.N.W. of Chicago, and 2 miles from Roselle Railroad Station. It has 2 churches. Pop. of township, 1141. Bloomingdale, a post-village of Parke co., Ind., in Penn township, about 65 miles W. of Indianapolis. It has the Bloomingdale Academy, a Friends' meeting-house, a flouring-mill, and a manufactory of stoneware. Bloomingdale, a post-office of Barton co., Kansas. Bloomingdale, a post-village of Van Buren co., Mich., in Bloomingdale township, and on the South Haven division of the Michigan Central Railroad, 23 miles W. of Kalamazoo, and 17 miles E. of South Haven. It has a church, a newspaper office, and manufactures of lumber and wooden bowls. Pop. of the township, 1690. Bloomingdale, a post-village of Passaic co., N.J., in Pompton township, on Pequannock Creek, and on the New Jersey Midland Railroad, 10 miles N.W. of Paterson, and 24 miles N.N.W. of Newark. It has 3 churches, a flour- mill, and manufactures of rubber goods, paper, Ac. Bloomingdale, a post-village of Essex co., N.Y., in St. Armand township, about 37 miles S.W. of Plattsburg, and 5 miles N.W. of Whitefaoe Mountain. It has a starch- factory and a grist-mill. Bloomingdale, Jefferson co., 0. See Bloomfield. Bloomingdale, a post-hamlet of Luzerne co., Pa., in Ross township, about 20 miles W. of Wilkcsbarre. It has a church. Bloomingdale, a post-village of Vernon co.. Wis., in Clinton township, 20 miles S. of Norwalk, and 30 miles S.E. of La Crosse. It has a tannery and a grist-mill. Bloomingdale, a post-village in Waterloo co., On- tario, 5 miles by rail N.E. of Berlin. Pop. 100. Bloom'ing Grove, a post-village of Franklin co., Ind., in Blooming Grovo township, about 28 miles S.S.W. of Richmond. It has a church, a pottery, a snw-niill, and a pump-factory. Pop. 130; of township, 801. Blooming Grove, a post-hamlet of Linn oo., Kan- BLO sas, on the Osage River, about 30 miles N. of Fort Scott. It is 3 miles from Barnard Station of the Missouri River, Fort Scott & Gulf Railroad. It has 2 flour-mills. Blooming Grove, a post-office of AVaseca co., Minn., in Blooming Grove township, about 2S miles S.E. of Mankato. The S. line of the township is 3 miles from Waseca Railroad Station. Pop. of the to\vnship, 673. Blooming Grove, a township of Orange co., N.Y., about 50 miles N.N.W. of New York, is intersected by a railroad which connects Newburg with Warwick. It con- tains Craigsville and Oxford Depot. Pop. 2465. Blooming Grove, a hamlet of Rensselaer co., N.Y., in North Greenbush township, about 3 miles E. of Albany, It has a church. Pop. about 150. Here is De Freestville Post-0 [lice. Blooming Grove, a village of Morrow co., 0., in North Bloomlield township, 5 miles S.E. of Gallon. It has 2 churches. Pop. 113. Blooming Grove, a township of Richland co., 0. Pop. 1199. It contains Rives. Blooming Grove, a post-hamlet of Pike co., Pa., in Blooming township, 17 miles S.S.E. of Honesdale. It has a large tannery and a grist-mill. It is near the Blooming Grove Park, which has an area of nearly 12,000 acres, with a fine club-house. The township has several lakes, and abounds in fish and game. Pop. 378. Blooming Grove, a post-hamlet of Navarro co., Tex., 15 miles W. of Corsicana. Blooming Grove, township, Dane co.. Wis. P. 1030. Bloom'ingport, a post-village in Washington town- ship, Randolph co., Ind., 3i miles from Lynn. It has 2 churches. Blooming Prairie, pra'ree. a post-village of Steele CO., Minn., in Blooming Prairie township, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 15 miles N. of Austin, and 86 miles S. of St. Paul. It has 3 churches, a bank, and a flouring-mill. Pop. 320; of township, additional, 272. Blooming Rose, a post-office of Pheips co., Mo., 35 miles S. by W. of Rolla. Bloom'ingsburg, a post-village of Fulton co., Ind., on the Tippecanoe River, in New Castle township, about 40 miles S. of South Bend. It has a church, a flour-mill, &c. Bloom'ington, a post-hamlet of Benton co., Ark., 60 miles from Pierce City, Mo. It has a church. Bloomington, a post-office of Bear Lake co., Idaho. Bloomington, a flourishing city of Illinois, the capi- tal of McLean oo., is on the Chicago & Alton Railroad at the junction of its Jacksonville division, and on the North- ern division of the Illinois Central Railroad, and the In- dianapolis, Bloomington A; Western Railroad, 44 miles N. of Decatur, 45 miles E.S.E. of Peoria, 59 miles N.N.E. of Springfield, and 126 miles S.S.W. of Chicago. It is the western terminus of the Bloomington division of the Wa- bash Railroad, and is one of the most important railroad centres in the state. It has a new stone court-house, which cost S100,000. Here is the Illinois Wesleyan University (Methodist Episcopal), which was founded in 1857 and has 17 instructors and about 125 students. The Illinois State Normal University is 2 miles N. of this city, at Normal (which see). The streets are lighted with gas. Bloomington contains 15 churches, the Major Female Col- lege, a Catholic academy, 6 banks, an opera-house, a high school, the machine-shops of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, which employ nearly 1000 men, and mills and factories of various kinds. Here are printing-offices which issue 2 daily newspapers and 5 weekly papers, one of which is in Ger- man. It has water-works which supply an abundance of water derived from a well dug in the prairie. A stand-pipe 204 feet high is connected with the water-works. Coal is mined here. Pop. in 1860, 7075; in 1870, 14,590 j present estimated pop. 24,000. Bloomington, a post-village, capital of Monroe co., Ind., is in Bloomington township, on the Louisville, New Albany &, Chicago Railroad, 97 miles N.N.W. of New Al- bany, and 60 miles by railroad S.S.W. of Indianapolis. It contains a court-house, 9 churches, a national bank, print- ing-offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers, a foundry, and manufactures of woollen goods, staves, Ac. It is the seat of the Indiana University, which was founded in 1823 by the state and has a library of 6000 volumes. Pop. 1032 ; of the township, 2860. Bloomington, township, Decatur oo., Iowa. Pop. 367. Bloomington, a township of Muscatine co., Iowa. Pop. 1156, exclusive of the city of Muscatine. Bloomington, a post-office of Ringgold co., Iowa. Bloomington,township, Butler CO., Kansas. Pop. 384. Bloomington, a post-village of Osborne co., Kansas, 251 BLO in the Solomon Valley, 40 miles N, of Russell Railroad Station. It has 2 churches. Bloomington, a post-village of Garrett co., Md., on the North Branch of the Potomac, at the mouth of Savage River, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 30 miles S.W. of Cumberland. It has a church and rich coal-mines. Four companies operate in coal near this place. Bloomington, a post-village of Hennepin co., Minn., in Bloomington township, near the Minnesota River, and about 18 miles S.W. of St. Paul. Bloomington Station is on the S. side of the river, in Scott co., and on the St. Paul & Sioux City Railroad, 22 miles S.W. of St. Paul. Pop. of the township, 769. Bloomington, or De Kalb, a villQ,ge of Buchanan CO., Mo., in Bloomington township, 12 miles S. of St. Joseph. Pop. 224; of township, 1487. Here is De Kalb Post-Office. Bloomington, a post-village of Macon co., Mo., Smiles from Bevier, and 6 or 7 miles N.W. of Macon City. It has 2 churches and a high school. Pop. 156. Bloomington, a hamlet of Webster co.. Mo., 15 miles S.E. of Marshfield. It has a church and a seminary. Here is Waldo Post-Office. Bloomington, a post-village, capital of Franklin co.. Neb., on the Republican River, 45 miles by rail S. of Kearney. It has 2 hotels, a United States land-office, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 200. Bloomington, a hamlet of Somerset co., N.J., in Franklin township, on the Raritan River, ^ mile from Bound Brook. It has several churches. Bloomington, a post-village of Clinton co., 0., in Wilson township, about 56 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. It has a church. Pop. 119. Bloomington, a post-hamlet of Clearfield co., Pa., about 33 miles N. of Altoona. Bloomington, a hamlet and watering-place of Putnam CO., Tenn., 50 miles E. of Lebanon. It has a church and a mineral spring. Bloomington, a post-village of Grant co.. Wis., in Bloomington township, about 10 miles W. of Lancaster, and 33 miles N.N.W. of Dubuque, Iowa. It has 3 churches, a bank, a graded school, a carriage-shop, a flour-mill, and 5 general stores. Pop. 365: of the township, 1209. Bloomington Ferry, a post-hamlet of Hennepin co., Minn., on the Minnesota River, about 20 miles W.S.W. of St. Paul. Bloom'ing Val'ley, a post-borough of Crawford co., Pa., 6 miles N.E. of Meadville. It has an academy, 2 churches, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 500. Bloom'ingville, a post-hamlet of Erie co., 0., 8 miles S. of Sandusky, and 1 mile from Prout's Railroad Station. Bloomingville (South Bloomingville Post-Office), a vil- lage of Hocking co., 0., about 45 miles S.S.E. of Columbus. It has a church and a grist-mill. Pop. about 200. Blooms'burg, a post-borough, capital of Columbia CO., Pa., on Fishing Creek, 1 mile N. of the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, and on the Lackawanna & Bloomsburg Railroad, 56 miles W.S.W. of Scranton, 12 miles E.N.E. of Danville, and 80 miles by railroad N.N.E. of Harrisburg. It contains 10 churches, a national bank, 2 other banks, the Bloomsburg State Normal School, 2 or 3 iron-furnaces, several good hotels, and 4 foundries. Three weekly newspapers are published here. The trade of Bloomsburg is facilitated by a canal connected with the Susquehanna River. The buildings of the normal school cost about $150,000. Pop. 3341. Bloomsburg, the former name of Turbeville, Va. Bloomsburg, a post-village in Norfolk co., Ontario, on Black Creek, 5 miles N.E. of Simcoe. Steamers run hence to Port Ryerse, on Lake Erie. Pop. 100. Blooms'bury, a post-village of Hunterdon co., N.J,, in Bethlehem township, on the Museonetcong River and the Central Railroad of New Jersey, 8 miles S.E. of Easton, Pa., and about 12 miles S. of Belvidere. It has 2 churches, 2 flouring-mills, a bank, and a foundry. BloomsMale, a post-village of St. Genevieve co.. Mo., in Jackson township, 6 miles from the Mississippi River. Bloom Switch, a post-office at Bloom Station, Soioto CO., 0., on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 20 miles E. by N. of Portsmouth. Bloom'ville, a post-village in Kortright township, Delaware co., N.Y., on the main (west) branch of the Delaware River, 8 miles E. of Delhi. It has a church. It is surrounded by hills, valleys, and rich dairy farms. Bloomville, a post-village of Seneca co., 0., in Bloom township, on the Mansfield, Coldwater & Lake Michigan Railroad, 10 miles S.E. of Tiffin. It has an academy, 3 churches, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 700, BLO 252 BLU Blos'erville, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co., Pa., about 10 miles W. by N. of Carlisle. BlosiS, a township of Tioga eo., Pa., containing the im- portant coal-mining town of Arnot. Pop. 4008. Since 1870 the township has been much reduced in area. Bloss'burg, a post-village of Tioga co., Pa., in Hamil- ton township, on the Tioga River, and on the Corning, Cowan- esque & Antrim Railroad, 41 miles S. of Corning, N.Y., and about 33 miles N. of Williamsport. Its prosperity is derived mainly from mines of semi-bituminous coal. It has 4 churches, a bank, a newspaper ofEice, a graded school, 2 machine-shops, a foundry, a tannery, and manufactures of window-glass, lumber, sash, itc. Pop. about 3500. Blos'som, a post-office of Erie co., N.Y. Blossom Mill, a post-office of Princess Anne co., Va. Blossom Prairie, pra'ree, a post-hamlet and station of Lamar co., Tex., on the Texas &, Pacific Railroad, 10 miles E. of Paris. It has a church and a seminary. Bloss'ville, a post-hamlet of Oneida co., N.Y., in Annsville township, on the Rome, Watertown k Ogdens- burg Railroad, at Taberg Station, 11 miles N.W. of Rome. It has a paper-mill and 3 saw-mills. Blotsheim, blots'hime (Fr. pron. blots'Sm'), a village of Alsace, 4 miles W. of Huningen. Pop. 2441. Blount, bliint, a county in the N. part of Alabama, has an area of 980 .square niilos. It is drained by the head- streams of Black Warrior R,iver, one of which is called the Mulberry Fork. The surface is hilly, and extensively cov- ered with forests of good timber. Indian corn, cotton, wheat, &o., are the staple products. Coal is found here. This county is intersected by the South & North Alabama Railroad. Capital, Blountsville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $961,690. Pop. in 1870, 9945, of whom 9934 were natives of the United States. Blount, a county of East Tennessee, has an area of about 950 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Holston River, navigable by steamboats, and on the S.W. by the Little Tennessee River. The surface is diversified by Chilhowee Mountain and Iron or Smoky Mountain, which extends along the S.E. border. A large part of the county is covered with forests of the oak, pine, *fec. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and oats are the staple products. Marble, limestone, and iron ore are found here. Capital, Marysville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,746,681. Pop. in 1870, 14,237, of whom 14,180 wore natives and 57 were foreigners. Blount, a post-township of Vermilion Co., 111., about 5 miles N.AV". of Danville. It contains a village named Hig- ginsville. Pop. 1532. Blount's Creek, a post-office of Beaufort co., N.C. Blount's (or Blunt's) Ferry, a post-hamlet of Co- lumbia CO., Fla., on the Suwanee River, 18 miles E.N.E. of Jasper. It has a church. Blount Spring, a post-village and summer resort of Blount CO., Ala., on the South & North Alabama Railroad where it crosses the Mulberry River, 34 miles N. of Bir- mingham. It has a mineral spring, 3 churches, an acad- emy, and 2 flour-mills. Pop. about 300. Blount Station, Kane co., 111. See Big Rock. Blounts'ville, a post-village, capital of Blount eo., Ala., about 50 miles S. of Huntsville, and 16 miles from Blount's Spring. It has a court-house and 2 churches. Pop. about 300. Blountsville, or Bluntsville, a post-village of Henry CO., Ind., in Stoney Creek township, about 27 miles N.W. of Richmond. It has 2 churches and 3 or 4 stores. Pop. 178. Blountsville, a post-village, capital of Sullivan co., Tenn., about 100 miles E.N.E. of Knoxville, and 9 miles S.W. of Bristol. It has a court-house, an academy, and 3 churches. Pop. 180, Blount Town, a hamlet and shipping-point of Cal- houn CO., Fla., on the Appalachicola River, 30 miles below Chattahoochee. It has 2 churches. Blow'ing Rock, a post-office of Watauga co., N.C. Blow'out, a post-office of Llano co., Tex. Bliicher, a town of Prussia. See BiJderich. Bludenz, bloo'd^nts, a town of Austria, on the Ille, 12 miles by rail S.E. of Feldkirch, It has a castle, and alum- works. Pop. 2466. BludOAVitz, bloo'do-*it8, a town of Austrian Silesia, 10 miles W. of Leschen, consisting of 3 contiguous villages, — Obeh, o'b^r, Mittisl, mit't^I, and Niedkk, nee'd^r, Blu- dowitz. Pop., respectively, 910, 703, and 2660. Blue, a post-office of Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory. Blue, a township of Pottawatomie co., Kan. Pop. 591. Blue, a township of Jackson co., Mo. Pop. 3603, ex- elusive of the city of Independence. Blue Ball, a post-office of Scott co.. Ark. Blue Ball, a hamlet of Monmouth eo., N.J., about 30 miles E. of Trenton. See Tckkey. Blue Ball, a post-office of Butler co., 0. Blue Ball, a station in Clearfield CO., Pa., on the Tyrone & Clearfield Railroad, 20 miles S.E. of Clearfield. Eleva- tion, 1513 feet. Much fire-clay is shipped hence. Blue Ball, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co., Pa., 20 miles E.N.E. of Lancaster. Blue Bayou, bi'oo, of Louisiana, flows S.E., on the boundary between Terre Bonne and La Fourche parishes, and enters the Gulf of Mexico. It traverses a flat, swampy district, in which there is but little arable land. Blue Bell, a post-office of Guernsey co., 0., on the Eastern Ohio Railroad, 50 miles N. of Marietta. Blue Bell, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co.. Pa., in Whitpain township, 2 miles from Penllyn Station, which is 17 miles N. of Philadelphia. It has 2 churches. Blue Canon, kan'yon, a post-hamlet and station of Placer co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 78 miles N.E. of Sacramento. It has 1 or 2 lumber-mills. Blue Creek, a post-office of White co., Ga. Blue Creek, a township of Adams co., Ind. Pop. 280, Blue Creek, a post-office of Franklin co., Ind. Blue Creek, a post-oflice of Adams co., 0., 9 miles N. of Rome. Blue Creek, a township of Paulding co., 0. Pop. 163. Blue Creek, a station in Box Elder co., Utah, on the Central Pacific Railroad, 44 miles N.W. of Ogden, and on Blue Creek, which flows into the Great Salt Lake. Blue Cut, a post-hamlet of .Topes co., Iowa, on the Iowa Midland Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Anamosa. It has 2 warehouses for grain. Blue £agle, a post-office of Clay co.. Mo. Blue Earth, a county in the S. part of Minnesota, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is partly bounded on the N. by Minnesota River, is intersected by Blue Earth River, and also drained by the Cobb and Watonwan Rivers. The surface is undulating, and is diversified by prairies, forests, and small lakes. The soil is very fertile. Wheat, oats, Indian corn, hay, and butter are the staple products. It has plenty of timber, among which are the ash, white oak, sugar-maple, and elm. Limestone is abundant in this county, which is traversed by the Winona & St. Peter Rail- road and the St. Paul & Sioux City Railroad, Capital, Mankato. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,214,178, Pop. in 1870, 17,302, of whom 12,148 were natives and 5154 were foreigners ; in 1875, 20,942. Blue £arth City, a post-village, capital of Faribault CO., Minn., on Blue Earth River, about 40 miles S. of Man- kato. It is in a township of the same name. It has a court-house, a graded school, a bank, 4 churches, 2 grist- mills, and 14 stores. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. of the township, 1177. Blue Earth (or Mankato) River, Minnesota, rises near the S. boundary of the state. It runs northward, drains Faribault co., intersects Blue Earth co., and enters the Minnesota River 2 miles above Mankato. Length, estimated at 90 miles. Blue Eye, a post-office of Stone co.. Mo. Blue'fields, or Blew'fields, a river and town of the Mosquito Territory, Nicaragua, the river entering an inlet of the Caribbean Sea, in lat. 12° N., Ion. 83° W., after an eastward course of several hundred miles, for the last SO miles of which it is navigable. At its mouth is the town, on a commanding height, with a good harbor. Pop. 600. Blue Gap, a post-hamlet of Coleman co,, Tex., 20 miles N.W. of Coleman. It has a chair-factory. Blue Grass, a post-village of Vermilion co.. 111., about 3 miles from Potomac Railroad Station, and 21 miles N.N.W. of D.anville. Blue Grass, a post-office of Fulton co., Ind. Blue Grass, a post-village of Scott co., Iowa, in Buf- falo and Blue Grass townships, about 10 miles W. of Dav- enport. It has 3 churches, a bank, and several factories. Pop. of the township, 1389. Blue Hill, a post-office of Mitohell co., Kansas. Blue Hill, a post-village of Hancock co.. Me., is in Blue Hill township, on an inlet of the sea called Blue Hill Bay, 15 miles from Buoksport, and about 34 miles S.S.B. of Bangor. It has 2 churches, the Blue Hill Aoadoniy, manu- factures of lumber, and 3 granite-quarries. Fluor-spar and apatite are found here. Pop. of the township, 1707, Blue Hill, a post-hnmlet of Norfolk eo., Mass., in Mil- ton township, 2 miles from Mattapan Railroad Station. Blue Hill Falls, a post-hamlet of Hancock eo.. Me., on an inlet of the sea, in Blue Hill township, 17i miles BLU 253 BLU S.S.B. of Bucksport, has a copper-mine, and manufactures of fish-barrels, and of fish oil from porgies taken in the vicinity. Blue House, a hamlet of Colleton cc, S.C., 3 miles N. of Whitehall Railroad Station. It has a turpentine-distil- lery and a church. Blue Island, a post-village of Cook co., 111., in Cal- umet and Worth townships, on Calumet River, and on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 15 miles S. of Chicago, also on the Dummy Railroad, and on the Chicago, Danville &■ Vincennes Railroad, 20 miles from the initial station at Chicago. It has a high school, 6 churches, and 2 newspaper ofBces. Pop. about 2400, Blue Islaud, a village of Saline co., Neb., on the Big Blue River, and on the Beatrice Branch of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, 30 miles S.S.AV. of Lincoln. Blue Jack'et, a station in the Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory, on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, 12 miles N. of Vinita Junction. Blue Knob, a post-hamlet of Blair co., Pa., 5 miles S.W. of Newry. Blue Lake, township, Muskegon co., Mich. Pop. 297. Blue Lick, a post-office of Franklin co., Ala. Blue Lick, a post-hamlet of Clarke co., Ind., in Union township, 2 miles from Memphis. It has 2 churches. Blue Lick Springs, a post-village and watering- place of Nicholas co., Ky., is on the Licking River, about 48 miles N.E. of Lexington. Here are mineral springs, the water of which is exported. It has 2 churches. Blue Mill, a post-office of Jackson co., Mo. Blue Mound, township, McLean co., 111. Pop. 1219. Blue Mound, a post-village of Macon co.. 111., in Blue Mound or Pleasant View township, and on the Wabash Railroad, 15 miles S.W. of Decatur. It has 3 churches. Pop. about 450 ; of township, 1089. Blue Mound, township, Livingston co., Mo. P. 1048. Blue Mound, a post-hamlet of Dane co., Wis., in Blue Mound township, about 24 miles W. by S. from Madison. Pop. of the township, 1090. Blue Mounds, a post-hamlet of Linn co., Kansas, in Blue Mound township, about 27 miles N.W. of Fort Scott. It has a nursery. Pop. of the township, 523. Blue Mounds, post-township, Pope co., Minn. P. 177. Blue Mountain, a post-offiee of Stone co.. Ark. Blue Mountain, a post-offiee of Tippah co., Miss. Blue Mountain, Pennsylvania. See Kittatinny. Blue Mountains, a long range in the N.E. part of Oregon. The northern extremity of this range is near lat. 46° N., from which it extends southwestward through Uma- tilla CO. Forests of pine and fir grow on these mountains, which are composed chiefly of granitic rocks. Blue Mountains, a range in the eastern portion of Jamaica. The principal ridge extends from E. to W., and varies in height from 5000 to above 6000 feet. Blue Mountains, a range in Eastern Australia, New South Wales. Lat. 33°-34° S. ; Ion. 150°-151° E. Blue Point, a post-office of Effingham co., 111., on the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, 5 miles N. of Altamont. Blue Point, a station on the Boston & Maine Rail- road, 9 miles S.W. of Portland, Me., and on Saco Bay. Blue Point, a post-village of Suffolk co., N.Y., on Great South Bay, in Brookhaven township, on the Long Island Railroad, 1 mile W. of Patchogue. It has 2 churches. Good oysters abound here. Pop. 321. Blue Rapids, a post-town of Marshall co., Kansas, on the Big Blue River, at the mouth of the Little Blue River, and on the Central Branch of the Union Pacific Railroad, 95 miles W. of Atchison, and about 36 miles N. of Manhat- tan. It is in Blue Rapids township. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, a paper-mill, a bank, an oil-mill, and large flouring- and woollen-mills, for which the river affords water-power. Pop. of the township, 1247. Blue Rid§;e, a long mountain-ridge of Virginia and North Carolina, is the south easternmost ridge of the Alle- ghanies or Appalachian Mountains. Its direction is nearly N.E. and S.W. The ridge, which in Maryland and Penn- sylvania is called South Mountain, is a continuation of the Blue Ridge, which extends southwestward through Georgia to Alabama. Among the highest points of this ridge in Virginia are the Peaks of Otter, 4200 feet above the sea- level. Silurian limestone and sandstone are abundant in this ridge. Forests of the ash, hickory, chestnut, oak, maple, and other trees cover a large portion of it. Blue Ridffe, a post-office of Fannin co., Ga. Blue Rid^e, a township of Piatt co.. III. Pop. 1120. It contains Mansfield. Blue Ridge, a post-hamlet of Shelby co., Ind., in Liberty township, 6 or 7 miles E. of Shelbyville. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Blue Ridg^e, a post-hamlet of Harrison co., Mo., about 60 miles E.N.E. of St. Joseph. It has a church. Blue Ridge, a post-township of Henderson co., N.C., near the mountain of the same name. It has 2 churches. Pop. 1354. Blue Ridge, a township of Macon co., N.C. Pop. 157. Blue Ridge,atownshipof Watauga CO., N.C. Pop.4C0. Blue Ridge, a post-otfice of Collin co., Tex. Blue Ridge, a post-office of Botetourt co., Va. Blue Ridge Furnace, a station in Frederick co., Md., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and on the Potomac, 4 miles below Harper's Ferry. Blue Ridge Spring, a post-office and summer resort of Botetourt co., Va., at Blue Ridge Station on the Atlan- tic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 42 miles W. of Lynchburg. Blue Ridge Summit, a post-village and summer resort of Franklin co., Pa., on the Western Maryland Rail- road, 17 miles E.N.E. of Hagerstown, Md., on the Blue Ridge, at Mason and Dixon's Line. It has 4 large hotels. Blue River, Colorado, rises near Quandary Peak and Mount Lincoln, runs in a N.N.W. direction, and enters the Grand River near the W. border of the Middle Park. Length, 59 miles. Blue (or Big Blue) River, Indiana, rises in Henry CO., runs southwestward, and drains parts of Rush and Shelby COS. About 1 mile below Edinburg it unites with Sugar Creek to form the East Fork of White River. Blue River, of Southern Indiana, rises in Washington CO., runs southwestward, drains part of Han*ison co., and enters the Ohio River about 1 mile above Leavenworth. It is nearly 90 miles long. Blue River, Nebraska. See Big Blue Riveu. Blue River, of Grant co., Wis., runs northward, and enters the Wi?consin River at Blue River Railroad Station. Blue River, a township of Hancock co., Ind. P. 1125. Blue River, a township of Harrison co., Ind. Pop. 1198. It contains Hancock. Blue River, a township of Henry co., Ind. Pop. 862. Blue River, township, Johnson co., Ind. Pop. 2573. Blue River, a post-offiee of Washington co., Ind. Blue River, a post-hamlet of Grant co.. Wis., in Waterstown township, on the Wisconsin River, at the mouth of Blue River, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, f)3 miles W. of Madison. Pop. 40. Blue River, a township of Grant co., Wis. Pop. 826, Blue River Peak, Colorado, a mountain in lat. 39° 46' 9" N., Ion. 106° 20' W. Its altitude is about 13,000 feet above the sea-level. Blue Rock, a post-hamlet of Muskingum co., 0.. in Blue Rock township, 11 miles S.S.E. of Zanesville. The township is bounded on the W, by the Muskingum River, and has 5 churches, and a pop. of 1093. Blue Rock, a post-office of Chester co., Pa., is at Springfield Railroad Station, 20 miles S. by E. of Reading. Blue's Crossing, a post-office of Moore co., N.C. Blue Spring, a post-hamlet of Gordon co., Ga.. on the Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad, 25 miles N. of Rome. Blue Spring, a post-office of Randolph eo., W. Va. Blue Spring Run, a post-office of Alleghany co., Va. Blue Springs, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Mo., about 22 miles E.S.E. of Kansas City. It has 2 churches. Blue Springs, a post-village of Gage co.. Neb., on the Big Blue River, 10 miles from Beatrice, and about 50 miles S. of Lincoln. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a fiour- ing-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 300. Blue Springs, Tennessee. See Erie. Blue Spring Station, a post-office of Bradley co., Tenn., on the Cleveland & Dalton Branch Railroad, 10 miles S. of Cleveland. Blue-Stack Mountain, Ireland, Ulster, co. of Done- gal, near Glenties, has an elevation of 2213 feet. Blue Stem, a post-office of Russell co., Kansas. Blue'stone, a small river in the S. part of West Virginia, flows northeastward through Mercer co., and falls into the New River, 5 miles above the mouth of the Greenbrier. Blue Stone, a post-office of Tazewell co., Va. Blue Stores, a post-hamlet of Columbia co., N.T., 5 miles from Livingston Rjiilroad Station. Blue Sul'phur Springs, a post-office and summer resort of Greenbrier co., W. Va., 9 miles from Alderson Railroad Station. It has mineral springs. Blue'vale, a post-village in Huron co., Ontai'io, on Maitland River. 16 miles by rail S.E. of Lucknow. It con- tains several stores and hotels, 3 churches, and saw-, grist-, carding-, and shingle-mills. Pop. 300. BLU 254 BOA Bine Val'ley, a post-hamlet of York oo., Neb., about 45 miles W. of Lincoln. Blue'ville, a village of Christian co., III., in Buckhart township, on the Springfield division of the Ohio & Missis- sippi Railroad, 17 miles S.B. of Springfield. Blue Wing, a post-office of Granville eo., N.C. Bluff, a township of Johnson co.. 111. Pop. 1325. It contains Edinburg. Bluff, a township of Monroe co.. 111. Pop. 925. Bluff, a post-office of Fayette oo., Te.t. Bluff Centre, a post-office of Clay co., Dakota. Bluff City, a post-hamlet of Morgan co., Ala., on the Tennessee River, 11 miles above Decatur. It has a mill and a cotton-gin. Much cotton is shipped here annually. Bluff City, a post-office of Nevada co.. Ark. Bluff City, a post-office of Schuyler eo., 111., on the Illinois River. Bluff City, a post-hamlet of Henderson co., Ky., on the Ohio River, 12 miles from Henderson. Bluff Creek, a post-hamlet of Johnson co., Ind., on White River, about 15 miles S. by W. of Indianapolis. It has 2 churches. Bluff Creeic, township, Monroe co., Iowa. Pop. 906. Bluff Creek, a post-office of East Feliciana parish, La. Bluff Dale, a post-hamlet of Greene co.. 111., in Bluff Dale township, about 40 miles N.N.W. of Alton. It has .3 churches. Pop. of the township, 1110. Bluff Dale, a post-office of Erath co., Tex. Bluff Hall, a station in Adams co., III., on the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis Railroad, 10 miles S.S.E, of Quincy. Bluff Harbor, a seaport of the province of Otago, New Zealand, on Foveaux Strait, 20 miles by rail S.E. of Invercargill. It ships many railway ties and much produce. Bluff Point, a post-office of Jay co., Ind. Bluff Point, a post-hamlet of Yates co., N.Y., on Keuka Lake, it miles S.W. of Penn Yan. It has a church. Many grapes .are produced here. Bluff Point, a post-office of Hickman co., Tenn. Bluff'port (South Pultney Post-Office), a hamlet of Steuben co., N.Y., on Keuka Lake, 16 miles N.N.E. of Bath. It has a church, a carriage-shop, and a grape-box factory. Bluffs, a post-village of Scott co., 111., on the Wabash Railroad, at its junction with the HQ,nnibal & Naples Rail- road, 17 miles W. of Jacksonville, and 4 miles E. of Naples. It has 2 churches. Bluff Siding, a station on the Green Bay A Minnesota and Chicago & Northwestern Railroads, 2 miles from Wi- nona. Minn. Bluffs Mills, a hamlet of Cumberland co., N.C, 7 miles from Fayetteville. It has 2 churches and a cotton- factory. Bluff Spring, a post-hamlet of Clay oo., Ala., 16 miles N.E. of Goodwatcr Railroad Station. It has a flour-mill, a earding-machine, and a church. Bluff Springs, a post-office of Escambia co., Fla., on the Pensacola Railroad, 39 miles N. of Pcnsacola. Bluff Springs, a post-hamlet of Cass co.. 111., on the Springfield division of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 5 miles S.E. of Beardstown. It has a church and a flour-mill. Bluff Springs, a post-office of Hickman co., Tenn. Bluff Springs, a post-office of Travis co., Tex. Bluff'ton, a post-hamlet of Yell CO., Ark., on theFourche La Fave River, 40 miles S.W. of Dardanelle. It has a church and a flour-mill. Bluffton, a post-village of Clay co., Ga., 10 miles from Arlington. It has a church and an academy. Bluffton, a post-village, capital of Wells co., Ind., on the S. bank of the Wabash River, and on the Fort Wayne, Muncie & Cincinnati Railroad, 24 miles S. of Fort Wayne, and 41 miles N. by E, from Muncie, It has 5 churches, a national bank, a union school, 2 newspaper offices, 6 saw- mills, 2 planing-mills, a woollen-mill, and 3 carriage-shops. Pop. about 2000. Bluffton, a post-village of AVinneshiek co., Iowa, on the Upper Iowa River, in Bluffton township. 12 miles N.N.W. of Decorah. It has a graded school. The river is bordered by limestone bluffs. Pop. of the township, 870. Bluffton, a post-hamlet of Ottawa co., Kansas, 18 miles from Salina. It has a church. Bluffton, a post-village of Muskegon co., Mich., in Lakeside township, on Lake Michigan, 5 miles from Mus- kegon City. It has 3 large lumber-mills. Pop. about 200. Bluffton, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Mo,, on the Missouri River, 2 miles from Morrison Station of the Mis- souri Pacific Railroad, Bluffton, a post-village of Allen oo., 0., in Richland township, on the Lake Erie & Louisville Railroad, 16 miles N.E. of Lima, and 52 miles W.S.W. of Fremont. It has a bank, 5 churches, and a newspaper office. Pop, 489. Bluffton, a post-village of Beaufort co., S.C., near the sea-coast, about 22 miles N.E. of Savannah. It has 2 churches. Pop. of township, 2047. Bluffton, a post- village of Llano co., Tex., is on or near the Colorado River, 45 miles from Round Rock Railroad Station. It has 2 churches and several mills. Bluff'ville, a post-office of Ellsworth co., Kansas. Blum, a station on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, IS miles N. of Poplar Bluff, Mo. Blumenstein, bloo'm?n-stine\ a village of Switzer- land, canton of Bern, at the foot of the Stockhorn, 5 miles W, of Thun, with mineral springs. Pop. 933. Blumenthal, bloo'men-t3,r, a village of Prussia, in Hanover, 11 miles N.W. of Bremen, near the Weser, with a small port. Pop. 371. Blumenthal is also the name of other villages in Germany. Blum'iield, a post-township of Saginaw co., Mich., about 10 miles E. of East Saginaw. Pop. 1165. Blumfield Junction, a post-haralet of Saginaw co., Mich., in Blumfield township. Pop. 100. Blunt, Kane co.. Ill, See Big Rock. Blunt's Ferry, Florida. See Blount's Ferky. Blunt's Spring, Alabama. See Blount's Spring. BIyham, or Blijham, bU'him, a village of the Neth- erlands, in Groningen, 3 miles S.W. of Winschoten. P. 810. BIyth, or BIythe, bliTH, a seaport town of England, co. of Northumberland, on the Blyth River, at its mouth, 11 miles by r.ail N.N.E. of Newcastle. It has a good harbor, a light-house in lat. 55° 7' N., Ion. 1° 30' 2" W., a dry-dock, a custom-house, and exports coal, iron, and salt. Pop- 2918. Blyth, or BIythe, a river of England, co, of Suffolk, rises near Laxfield, and enters the North Sea near South- wold, On it are the towns of Blythburgh and Halesworth. Blyth, or BIythe, a river of England, co. of North- umberland, flows into the North Sea at Blyth. Blyth, bliTH, a post-village in Huron co., Ontario, 10| miles from Clinton. It contains several stores and hotels, grist-, saw-, shingle-, and planing-mills, woollen-, carding-, and cabinet-factories, and a brick-field. Pop. 700. BIythe, Hith, a township of Schuylkill co., Pa. Pop. 1924, exclusive of Middleport and New Philadelphia. BIytheville, blirH'vil, now a part of Joplin, Mo. B lythewood, bliTH'wood, a post-hamlet of Fairfield CO., S.C, on the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta Railroad. It has 2 churches, a female college, and a distillery of turpentine. BIy'ville, a post-office of Knox co., Neb., 10 miles S.W. of Yankton, Dakota. Bo, or Po, a group of seven islands in the Malay Arch- ipelago, E,S,E, of Gilolo, Lat. 1° 17' S. : Ion. 129° 18' E. Boa Bahia, a city of India. See Bombay. Boad, or Bod, bod, a tributary state of Orissa, India, bounded N. by the Mahanuddy, and surrounded in great part by native states in Madras and the Central Provinces, Area, 2064 square miles, including the Khond Mais, a tract under British authority, — Boad proper being under a native rajah. Pop. of the Khond Mais, 51,810; of Boad proper, 57,058. Capital, Boad, a small town on the Mahanuddy. Boadilla de Rioseco, bo-3,-THeeryi di re-o-si'ko, a town of Spain, 26 miles N.N.W. of Palencia. Pop. 1180. Bo'a Island, in Ireland, co. of Fermanagh, is the largest island in Lough Erne. Acres, 1400. Boali, bo-i'lee, Bovali, bo-vi'lee, Bouali, boo-i'le, or IjOaugo, lo-ang'go, a townof Africa, capital of Loango, on the river Boali, near the sea. Lat. 4° 30' S. : Ion. 12° 1' E. It is a sickly plaoe, but exports dye-woods, ivory, and the other products of Guinea. Pop. about 15,000. Boalsburg, bolz'biirg, a post- village of Centre co.. Pa., in Harris township, and in Penn Valley, about 40 miles E.N.E. of Altoona, .and 12 miles S. of Bellefonte, It con- tains 4 churches. Pop, 371, Board Camp, a post-hamlet of Polk oo,. Ark,, 75 miles W. of Hot Springs. It has 2 churches, an academy, and a grist-mill. Board Land'ing, a post-office of Horry oo., S.C. Boardman, bord'man, a township of Clayton co.. Iowa. Pop. 1709, exclusive of El Kader, Boardman, township, Kalkaska co,, Mich, Pop. 127. Boardman, a post-township, Mahoning co., 0., 5 miles S. of Youngstown. It has 3 ehurohos. Pop. 817. Boardman, a post-village of St. Croi.x co,. Wis,, in Richmond township, on Willow River, and on the North Wisconsin Railroad, 11 or 12 miles N.E. of Hudson. It has 2 flouring-mills, a saw-mill, and 2 stores. Board Tree, a post-office of Marshall co., W. Va., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 39 miles S.E. of Whooling. BOA : Boardville, a village of New Jersey. See Erskine. Boat'land, a post-office of Fentress co., Tenn. Boavista, bo-a-vecs'ti, or Bonavis'ta (i.e., "line view"), an island of Africa, the easternmost of the Cape Verd Islands. Lat. of N.W. point, 16° 13' IS" N. ; Ion. 22° 66' 2-1" W. It is of a pentagonal form, 20 miles in length. The surface is flat, with two basaltic peaks in the centre. The island is very dry, and cultivation is neglected, the population being chietiy occupied in the collection and export of archil and salt. It has a railway, and 3 ports for large vessels. Chief towns, Kabil (the capital) and Porto Sal Rey. Pop. 2634. Bo'az? a post-hamlet of Graves co., Ky., on the Paducah & Memphis Railroad, l-l miles S. of Paducah, on or near Mayfield Creek. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Boaz, a post-hamlet of Richland co.. Wis., in Dayton township, 9 miles W. of Richland Centre. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Bob, a hn.mlet of Saline co., Ark., 7 miles from Benton Railroad Station. It has a church. Bobbio, bob'be-o, a town of Italy, on the Trebbia, 24 miles S.W. of Piacenza. It is a bishop's see, and has a once famous library. Pop. 4632. Bobcaygeon, bob-ka'jun, a village in Victoria co., Ontario, between Sturgeon and Pigeon Lakes, 18 miles N. of Lindsay. A canal passes through the village, connecting the above lakes and giving important water communica- tion. Bobcaygeon is a great lumber depot. It contains saw- and planing-mills, and a printing-ofiice issuing a weekly newspaper. Steamers run regularly between here and Lindsay and other important towns. Pop. 1000. Bob Creek, a post-office of Chippewa co., Wis. Bo'ber, a river of Prussian Silesia, rises on the Bohe- mian frontier, flows N.N.W., and joins the Oder at Crossen. Length, 115 miles. Chief affluent, the Queiss, on the left. Bober, a river of Poland. See Bobr. Boberka, bo'b?r-ki", or Bobrka, a town of Austrian Poland, Galieia, 21 miles S.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 2760. Bobersberg, bo'bers-bCRo', a town of Prussia, Bran- denburg, 17 miles S. of Crossen, on the Bober. Pop. 1646. Bobia, bo'be-a, or Pi'rate Isle, a populous island of Africa, in the Bay of Amboises, coast of Guinea. It was once a large island, but is continually decreasing by the action of the waves. Bo'bil'ee, or Bobil'ly, a town of British India, presidency of Madras, 36 miles W.N.W. of Chicacole. Bobingen, bo'bing-en, a village of Bavaria, 36 miles W.N.W. of Munich. Pop. 1703. Boblingen, bob'ling-?n, a town of Wiirtemberg, 11 miles S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 3S26. Bobr, bo'b'r, a navigable river of Poland, tributary to the Narew. Its length is about 60 miles. Bobrinetz, or Bobrinez, bo'bree-nMz', a town of Russia, 100 miles N. of Kherson. Pop. 6663. Bobrka, a town of Austrian Poland. See Boberka. Bobrov', or Bo'broff', a town of Russia, 00 miles S.E. of Voronezh, on the Bitioog. Pop. 3134. Bobrowi, an island of Alaska. See Pribylov Islands. Bobruisk, bo-broo-isk', a town of Russia, government and 88 miles S.E. of Minsk, on the Beresina. Pop. 24,681. Bob'toivn, a hamlet of Greene co.. Pa., in Dunkard township, 18 miles S.W. of Uniontown. BobtOAVn, a post-hamlet of Marion co., W. Va., 2.V miles from Benton's Ferry. Bo'ca, a post-village of Nevada co., Cal., on the Truckee River, and on the Central Pacific Railroad, 27 miles S.AV. of Reno. It has a church, a bank, a brewery, a large lumber- mill, and a newspaper office. Boca, bo'ki (i.e., ** mouth, inlet, or entrance"), a term applied to numerous straits and rivers. Boca Chica, bo'ki chee'kS, (t.e., "little mouth or en- trance"), a deep but narrow entrance to the port of Carta- geuii, Colombia, 28 miles S.W. of the town. Boca del Dragon, bo'ka dil drS,-gan' {i.e., "dragon's mouth"), a passage, in Colombia, state of Panama, leading from Liike Chiriqui into the Caribbean Sea. Boca del Toro. See Bocas del Toro. Boca de Maypu, bo'kd di mi-poo', a port of Chili, province of Santiago, on the sea, at the mouth of the Maypu. It is connected by a railway with San Antonio, 3 miles distant. Boca de Navios, bo'kS, di ni've-oce (i.e., "entrance for ships"), the southern and largest mouth of the Orinoco River, South America. Socage, or IjC Bocage, l?h bo'kizh', an old district of Prance, in Normandy, of which Vire was the capital. It is now included in the department of Calvados. )5 BOD Socage, part of the department of La Vendee, France, so called on account of the great quantity of wood with which it is covered. Boca Grande. See Charlotte Haubor, Fla. Bocaina, bo-ki'ni, a mountain -range of Brazil, prov- ince of Rio de Janeiro. It is an offset of the Orgaos or Organ Mountains. Bocairent, bo-kI-r5nt', or Bocayrente, bo-ki-rSn'- ti, a town of Spain, 30 miles N.N.W. of Alicante. It has manufactures of cloth, soap, and paper. Pop. 4400. Bocas del Toro,bo'kasdfil to'ro,a port of the United States of Colombia, state of Panama, on an island of the same name, and on one of the entrances to that magnilicent harbor, the Bay of Chiriqui. The town is in lat. 9'^ 2b' N., Ion. 82° 12' W. It exports cocoanuts, sarsaparilla, india- rubber, and turtle-shell. Pop. 30U0. Boca (or Bocca) Tigris, bok'H tee'gris, or The Bogue, the entrance to the Canton River, China, about lat. 22° 45' N., Ion. 113° 35' E. All the estuary of the river southward of this is called the *' Outer Waters." The Bogue hag on its E. side the islands An-Ung-Hoy and Chuen-Pee, on its W. Tycoektow Island, and in its centre the rocky islets North and South Wantung, — all fortified. Bocca di Cattaro. See Gulf of Cattaro. Bocchetta (bok-kSt'ti) Mountain, one of the AVest Apennines, traversed by the road from Genoa to Novi. The summit of the pass is 2556 feet high, Bocchigliero, bok-keel-yi'ro, a town of Italy, prov- ince of Cosenza, 12 miles S.S.E. of Rossano. Pop. 3179. Bochnia, boK'ne-S,, a town of Austria, in Galieia, 25 miles by rail E.S.E. of Cracow. It has several churches, a gymnasium, and mines of rock salt. Pop. 8040. Bochold, or Bocholt, both pronounced boK'Mt, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 44 miles W. of Miinster, on the Aa. It has a castle, and manufactures of cotton, wool- len, and silk fabrics, hosiery, and brandy. There are ex- tensive iron-works in its vicinity. Pop. 6125. Bochum, boK'oom, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 35 miles by rail N.E. of Dusseldorf. It has coal-mines, and manufactures of woollen cloths, cassimeres, hardwares, steel, coke, carpets, etc. Pop. 28,368. Bockau, bok'kow, a town of Saxony, 4 miles W.N.W. of Schwarzenberg. Pop. 1854. Bockenetn, bok'k?n-^m, a town of Hanover, in Prus- sia, 16 miles S.S.E. of Hildesheim. Pop. 1862. Bockenheim, bok'ken-hime\ a town of Prussia, 3 miles by rail N.W. of Frankfort-on-the-Main. It has man- ufactures of piano-fortes, jewelry, and iron-ware. Pop. 8476. Bockfluss, bok'flooss, a town of Lower Austria, with a castle. 15 miles N.W. of Marchegg. Pop. 1540. Bocognano, bo-k6n-yil'no, a village of the island of Corsica, 20 miles N.E. of Ajaccio. Pop. 1324. Bocza, bot'sd., a town of Hungary, co. of Liptau, 11 miles S.E. of Verbiez. Pop. 1385. Bod, a state of India. See Boad. Bodami Castrum, the Latin for Bodmann. Bodcau (bod'kow) Lake, of Bossier parish, in the N.W. part of Louisiana. Bodcau Bayou or River enters the N.E. extremity, and also forms the outlet by which the water is discharged from the other end into Red River. Length, about 20 miles; greatest breadth, 3 or 4 miles. Bodcau Bayou or River, of Arkansas and Louisiana, rises in the S.W. part of the former state, and, flowing south- ward into Louisiana, enters Red River in Bossier parish, after passing through Bodcau Lake. Bodega, bo-di'gd, township, Sonoma co., Cal. P. 1407. Bodega Corners, a village of Sonoma co., Cal., in Bodega township, about 54 miles N.N.W. of San Francisco. It has 2 churches, 3 stores, and manufactures of cheese and redwood lumber. Here is Smith's Ranch Post-Office. Bodega Roads, a station in Sonoma co., Cal., on the Northern Pacific Coast Railroad, 64 miles W.N.W. of San Francisco. It is near Bodega Bay, the entrance to which from the sea is in lat. 38° 18' 20.37" N., Ion. 123° 2' 28.8" W. The bay itself is of a very irregular shape. Length, perhaps 10 miles; greatest breadth, 4 or 5 miles. It is a good anchorage in summer, small vessels being able to cross the bar at high water. There was a settlement of Russians established at Bodega Roads in 1812. Bodegas, a town of Ecuador. See Babahovo. Bodegraven, bo'deh-griVen, a village of the Nether- lands, on the Rhine, 12 'miles S.E. of Leyden. Pop. 3036. BoMenham, apost-hamlet of Giles co., Tenn., 70 miles S. by W. from Nashville. It has a grist-mill and a store. Boden-See, Germany. See Lake of Constance. Bodenstadt, bo'den-stitt\ a town of Moravia, 19 miles E.N.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 1487. BOD 256 BOG Bodensteln^ a town of Austria. See Pottenstein. Bodenwerder, bo'den--ft^SR'der, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, on the Weser, enclosed by the territory of Bruns- wick, 12 miles S.E. of Hameln. Pop. 1307. Bodersweier, bo'd^rs-^^rer, a village of Baden, 4i miles S.S.W. of Bischofsheim. Pop. 1103. Bodie, bo'dee, a post-village of Mono co., Cal., in Bridgeport township, about 100 miles from Carson City, Nev. It has a bank, a newspaper office, and 2 mills for gold ore. Here are rich gold-mines. Pop. about 1000. Bodincomagus, a town of ancient Italy. See Casale. Bodinesville, bo'dinz'vil, a post-haralet of Lycoming CO.. Pa., on the Northern Central Railroad, 20 miles N. of Williarasport. It has a church, a tannery, and a saw-mill. Bod'ley, a post-hamlet of Lucas co., 0., on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 5 miles W. of Toledo. Bodmann, bod'minn {li. Bud ami Ca«^n/w), a village of Baden, on the Lake of Constance, 42 miles N.W. of Bre- genz, with ruins of an ancient castle, the former residence of the lieutenants ( Bote-mann or liodmanro, i.e., "messenger" or '^ ler/atiis") of the Carlovingian kings, whence the lake was named Bodman-See or Boden-See. Pop. 891. Bod'min, a borough of England, capital of Cornwall, 14 miles by rail S.E. of Wadebridge, and 232 miles AV.S.W. of London. The town consists of a long street, situated between two hills. It has a grammar-school founded by Queen Elizabeth, a mayoralty house, a court-house, a jail and house of correction, a lunatic asylum, a market-house, and a corn-market. The chief manufacture is of shoes. It sends one member to the House of Commons. Bodmin was at one time the seat of the Bishop of Cornwall; it is now one of the stannary towns. Pop. 4672. Bododriga, the supposed ancient name of Boppard. Bodoe, bo'dti^eb, a small seaport of Norway, nearly op- posite the S. extremity of the LofFoden Islands. Pop. 253. Bodrogh-Kercsztur, boVlrog'-ki^SsHoon', a town of Hungary, co. of Zemplin, on the Bodrogh, a tributary of the Theiss, 3 miles N.AV. of Tokay. Pop. 1870. Bodrum, a town of Asia Minor. See Boodroom. Bod'y Camp, a post-office of Bedford co., Va., 9 miles from Liberty. Bod'y's Island, a long, narrow, and low strip of sand, separating Albemarle and Roanoke Sounds (N.C.) from the Atlantic. Its S. extremity is at Oregon Inlet. 2 miles N. of which is alight-house 150 feet high, lat. 35° 4S' 47" N., Ion. 75° 33' 20" W., the tallest structure of the kind in the United States. Boeder's Store, a post-office of Osage eo., Mo. Boen, bw6No, a town of France, department of Loire, 9 miles N.N.AV. of Montbrison. Pop. 1895. Boeo Cape, Sicily. See Cape Boeo. Bccotia, be-o'she-a, or Viotia (modern G-r. pron. ve-o- tee'd : Gr. Botwrm, Boiutia), a district, anciently a republic, of Greece, bounded E. by the Eubcean Channel, and S. by Attica, with which it forms a nome in the kingdom of Greece. (See Attica.) Surface well watered and fertile. Mount Helicon is on its S.E. border. Boerchenville, ber'cben-vil, a post-hamlet of Benton CO., Mo., 23 raiies from Sedalia. It has 2 churches. Boerne, ber'nee, a post-village, capital of Kendall co., Tex., on the Rio Cibolo, 30 miles N.W. of San Antonio. It has 2 churches. Boerne was founded in ISol by Ger- mans. It has a genial climate, and is a resort for invalids. Boeroe, an island, Malay Archipelago. See Boono. Boerum, a village of the Netherlands. See Burum. BcBuf, bef (Fr. pron. buf), a station in Assumption parish, La., on Morgan's Louisiana & Texas Railroad, 7- miles E. of Brashear. Bceuf, a township of Franklin co.. Mo. Pop, 3910. Bceuf, a township of Gasconade co._, Mo. Pop. 1277. Boeuf Bayou, bef bi'oo, drains part of Chicot co., Ark., and passes thence into Louisiana. It runs south- westward through West Carroll and Richland parishes, and enters the Ouachita River at the south extremity of Frank- lin parish. Its length is estimated at 200 miles. It is navigable during high water. Bceuf Creek, a post-office of Franklin co.. Mo, Boeuf River, a post-office of Caldwell parish, La. Bo^, two rivers of European Russia. See Bug. Bo'gran or Neiv-Year River (the "AlJnn Water" of Oxley), a river of New South Wales, Australia, rises in Harvey range near lat. 33° S., Ion. 148*^ 30' E., flows gen- erally N.W., and joins the Barling River about lat. 30° S., Ion. ]40° E. Total course, 450 miles. Bo'^aiisville,a township of Union co., S.C. P. 1S91. Bo^t;ard', a township of Daviess co., Ind. Pop. 1170. Bogard, a township of Henry co., Mo. Pop. 1117. Bogard Mound, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., Mo.j 8 miles from Carrollton, It has a church. Bogarra, bo-gaR'ni, a town of Spain, 32 miles S.W. of Albacete. Pop. 1200. Bo'gart, a post-village in Hastings co., Ontario, 28 miles N.N.E. of Belleville. Pop. 100. Bogdan, the Turkish name of Moldavia. Bogdoin Dabassoo (or Dabassu), bog'doin di- bis'soo, a salt lake of Russia, government of Astrakhan, at the foot of the mountain Eogdo Oola, 14 miles E. of Cherno- yarsk. It is about 10 miles long and 6 miles broad. Bogdo Kuren, See Oorga. Bog'do Oo'la, a mountain of South Russia, in the N.W. of the government of Astrakhan. It rises abruptly out of the flat steppe, and is held sacred by the Kalmucks. Its summit contains fragments of mussel limestone, but is chiefly composed of rock salt. Little Bogdo Oola is another hill, 25 miles to the N. Bogen, bo'ghen, a town of Bavaria, on the Danube, at the foot of the Bogenberg, 6 miles E. of Straubing. Pop. 1300. Bogenberg, bo'ghen-b§RG\ a mountain of Bavaria, having upon it a village of the same name, with a chapel, a celetn-ated place of pilgrimage. Pop. 643. Bogenhausen, bo'gh^n-how^zen, a village of Bavaria, 2 miles N.E. of Munich, with a royal observatory. P. 972. Bogense, bo'ghen-seh, a seaport of Denmark, on the N. coast of the island of *Funen. Pop. 1000. Bo'gerville, a post-office of Jasper eo., Ga. Bog'gan's, a station of Anson co., N.C, on the Carolina Central Railroad, 48 miles E.S.E. of Charlotte. Boggs, a township of Centre co., Pa. Pop. 2135, ex- clusive of Milesburg. Boggs, a township of Clearfield co., Pa. Pop. 784. Boggs' MUX (Glenbrook Post-Office), a hamlet of Lake CO., Cal., 32 miles from Calistoga. It has a lumber-mill and a mineral spring. Boggs' Ruu, a station in Ohio co., W. Va., 2 miles S. of Wheeling, on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Boggs'town, a post-hamlet of Shelby co., Ind., on Sugar Creek, and on the Cincinnati & Martinsville Railroad, 9 miles N.E. of Franklin. It has 3 churches, a steam saw- mill, and about 12 residences. Boggs'ville, a village of Aecomac co., Va., on a navi- gable inlet of the sea. It has a church and a saw-mill. Produce is shipped here. Boghas Kieui (or Kewee), bo^gS,z' ki'wee, or Koi (identitied with the anc. Pterium), a village of Asia Minor, pashalic of Seevas, 88 miles S.W. of Amasia. Here are portions of a large temple and of a cyclopean wall, and 2 fortresses, besides various bas-reliefs. Boghaz, the Turkish for Bosporus. Bo'gia, or Bo'gias, a post-hamlet of Escambia co., Fla., on the railroad from Pensacola to Pollard, Ala., 32 miles N. of Pensacola. It has a church. Bogie, bo'ghee, a river of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, flows northward, and joins the Deveron near Huntly. Bogle, bo'g'l, a township of Gentry co.. Mo. Pop. 991. Bog^lipoor% Bhaugulpoor, or Bhagalpur, bawg^ul-poor', a town of India, capital of the district, on the Ganges, and on a railway, 105 miles N.W. of Moorshe- dabad. Pop. in 1872, 69,678. It has remarkable Jain temples, and is the seat of a large trade. Boglipoor, Bhaugulpoor, or Bhagalpur, a di- vision of the province of Bahar (Bengal), consisting of the districts of Boglipoor, Monghir, Purneah, and the Santal Pergunnahs. Area, 18,686 square miles. Pop. 6,613,358. Boglipoor dwtrict is enclosed by Nepaul, Purneah, the Santal Pergunnahs, Tirhoot, and Monghir. Capital, Boglipoor. Area, 4268 square miles. Pop. 1,826,290. Bog'nor, formerly Hothamp'ton, a town and bath- ing-place of England, co. of Sussex, on a railway, 6 miles S.E. of Chichester. It is sheltered from N. winds, and has many pleasant residences, but is accessible only to small coasting-vessels. Pop. 2811. Bogodookhov, Bogodoukhov,orBogodukhov, bo-go-doo-kov', a town of Russia, government and 39 miles N.W. of Kharkov. Pop. 9999. Bogoe, two islands of Denmark. See Baaooe, Bog of Allen, the general name applied to a series of bogs in Ireland stretching across the centre of the country from Wicklow Head to Galway on the S., and from llowtli Head to Sligo on the N. But the name is especially given to the great morasses of Kildaro and King's counties. Bogoochar, Bogoutchar, or Bogutschar, bo- goo-chan', a town of Russia, government and 133 miles S.S.E. of Voronezh, near the Don. Pop. 5151. BOG 2&7 BOH Bogooslav, Bogouslav, or Boguslaw, bo-goo- sliv', a town of Russia, government and 70 miles S.S.E. of Kiev, on the banks of the Rossa. Pop. 6000, Bo^oroditsky bo-go-ro-ditsk', a town of Russia, gov- ernment of Toola, 40 miles S.E. of Toola. It has a royal castie, and a trade in honey and flax. Pop. 7290. Bogoslo'va, or Bogosloff', a small island and vol- cano of Alaska, N.W. of Oonalaska, 1000 feet high. Lat. 53° 52' N. ; Ion. 167° 39' W. Bogoslovsk, bo-go-slovsk', a village of Russia, in the Ural Mountains, government and 185 miles N.E. of Perm. Bogota, bo-go-t^', formerly Santa Fe de Bo- gota, sS,n'ti fi di bo-go-tS-', a city, capital of the United States of Colombia, and of the state of Cundi- namarca, and the see of an archbishop, is situated on the San Francisco River, on an elevated plain, 8863 feet above the sea, at the foot of two lofty mountains, with a delightful climate, resembling a perpetual autumn ; the temperature rarely exceeding 59° Fahr. Lat. 4° 35' 48" "N,; Ion. 74° 13' 45" W. The streets are narrow, but reg- ular, crossing one another at right angles. The principal street, Calle Real, is very handsome, terminating at one end in a square, formed by the palace of the president, the cathedral, the custom-house, &c. Bogota being subject to earthquakes, the houses are low and strongly built of sun- dried brick. Traffic is carried on in the streets by mules, no vehicles of any kind being employed. The religious structures of the city are disproportionately numerous. Bogota contains a university, a large but unfinished (1878) federal capitol, a school of chemistry and mineralogy, a public library, an observatory, a botanic garden, and a theatre. It has manufactures of soap, cloth, leather, and the precious metals, and an active trade. The environs of Bogota are highly interesting. The Rio Francisco, which traverses the city, joins the Rio Bogota in the centre of the plain, and the conjoint waters descend in a S.W. direction through a ravine nearly 20 miles long. At the cataract of Tequendama the cleft between the rocks is only 36 feet wide, and the waters descend in an unbroken mass 650 feet. About 20 miles from the falls is the natural bridge of Ico- nonzo or Pandi, formed by two rocks that unite the opposite sides of a deep mountain-cleft, 300 feet above a small tor- rent. The Campo contains also coal-fields, and, towards the N. border, the rich salt-mines of Zipaquir^. Here also is Lake Guatavita, into which it is supposed the ancient in- habitants threw their treasures when conquered by the Spaniards. Bogota was founded by Quesada in 1538, and made an archbishopric in 1561. It was formerly capital of the Spanish viceroyalty of New Granada. Pop. 60,000. Bogo'ta, a station in Bergen co., N.J., on the New Jersey Midland Railroad, § of a mile S.E. of Hackensack. Bog^rah', Bog^ra', or Bog^ourah% written also Bag^ura', a district of Bengal, in the valley of the Brah- mapootra and partly within its delta system. Area, 1491 square miles. It is fertile and well timbered, but in part marshy. Capital, Bograh. Pop. 689,467. Bograh, Bogourah, or Bagura, a town of India, capital of the above district, on an affluent of the Attri. Lat. 24° 51' N. ; Ion. 89° 26' E. Pop., with suburbs, 5872. Bogue, bog, a post-hamlet of Columbus co., N.C., in Bogue township, on the Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 39 miles AV. of Wilmington. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of naval stores. Pop. of township, 1393. Bogue Chit'to, a small river, rises in Lincoln co., Miss., runs in a S.S.E. direction, and enters Pearl River in St. Tammany parish. La. It is also called Chitto Bayou. Bogue Chitto, a post-bamlet of Lincoln co., Miss., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 65 miles S. by W. from Jackson. It has a church. Bogue Ho'mo Creek, Mississippi, runs southward through Jones co., and enters the Leaf River in Perry co. Bogue, The, in China. See Boca Tiguis. Bo'gus, a post-hamlet of Siskiyou co., Cal,, about 120 miles from Reading. Boguslaw, a town of Russia. See Bogooslav. Bogwangola, a town of India. See Bhagwangola. Bohaiu, bo^iNo', a town of France, department of Aisne, 12 miles by rail N.N.E. of St. Quentin. Pop. 5501. Bohan'non, a station in Jefferson co., Ky., ontheLpuis- ville & Paducah Railroad, about 6 miles S.W. of Louisville. Bohemia, bo-hee'me-a (Ger. Bohmen, bo'm^n; Fr. Bokenie, bo-aim'), a political and administrative province and nominal kingdom of Austro-Hungary, Cisleithanian division, between lat. 48° 33' and 51° 3' N. and Ion. 12° and 16° 46' E.; bounded N. by Saxony and Prussian Silesia, E. by Prussia and Moravia, S. by Lower Austria, and W. by Bavaria. Length, from E. to W., 210 miles; breadth, 17 from N. to S., 171 miles. Area, 19,983 square miles. The territory forms an extensive, upland valley, with an inclina- tion to the N.W. It is surrounded on all sides by moun- tains, and belongs almost exclusively to the basin of the Elbe, by which stream the country is drained through a single defile on the Saxon frontier. Four chains of lofty mountains constitute the natural boundaries of the Bohemian basin. N. and N.E. it is sepa- rated from Silesia by the Riesengebirge, one of the principal branches of the Sudetic chain, of which the highest peaks are the Riesenkoppe or Schneekoppe (snow-top), 5394 feet; the double-capped Brunnberg or Bornberg, 5007 feet; and the Sturmhaube, 4756 feet. N. and N.W, it is separated from Saxony by the Erzgebirge, which are parted N.E. from the Riesengebirge by the defilo through which the Elbe leaves Bohemia. W. and S.W. it is separated from Bavaria and the archduchy of Austria by the Bohmerwald, which at its N.W. extremity is separated from the Erzgebirge by the depression through which the Eger flows. This chain, uniting at its S.W. extremity with the Bohmerwald and at its N.E. with the Riesengebirge, completes the circle of mountains by which Bohemia is enclosed. The Moravian chain is of gentle acclivity, of the average height of 3281 feet, and separates the basin of the Elbe and Moldau from that of the Danube. Several offsets from these chains, of inferior height, intersect the kingdom. One of the chief sources of the country's wealth has been its valuable minerals, found chiefly in the Erzgebirge and the spurs of the Fichtelgebirge. Of gold and silver it now yields little. But it produces coal, lignite, cinnabar, tin, bismuth, copper, zinc, nickel, lead, manganese, litharge, sulphur, alum, iron, arsenic, chrome, sulphate of iron and copper, and plumbago; some of these in considerable quan- tity. Precious stones, glass-sand, granite, freestone, grind- stones, millstones, porcelain earth, and potters' clay are obtained in various parts. Bohemia has no large lakes, but it is said to possess 20,000 ponds and 160 mineral springs. Of these last maybe speci- fied the saline chalybeate springs of Franzensbrunnen, and of Marienbad and Giesshiibel; the warm alkaline aperient springs of Carlsbad and Toplitz (166° and 99° Fahrenheit, respectively) ; the bitter cathartic waters of Sedlitz, Said- schitz, and Piillna; and the sulphurous springs of Toplitz. Three-fifths of the people are Czechs, a Slavic race, with a language of their own, a well-developed literature, and strong national feelings. Both the Czechs and the Germans hero are very generally Roman Catholics. The climate is in general healthy, and warmer in the low districts, the central parts, and towards the N. than in the S. In the Bohmerwald thesnow is often found 12 feet deep, and lies till the middle of April ; in some of the other ranges it remains throughout the whole year. Except in the lofty mountain-ranges, the soil of Bo- hemia is generally fertile, more especially in the N. and N.E. The principal crops raised are rye and oats, about equal in quantity; barley and wheat, about half the two former. Potatoes and turnips are grown extensively, and considerable quantities of legumes, poppies, rape and clover seeds, flax, and hemp. Of the hops, which are good, a large portion is sent to Bavaria. Fruit is abundant on the lower grounds; and in the warmer localities the vine ripens, and yields about 250,000 gallons of wine.- The breed of sheep is now greatly improved, and the wool excellent. The rearing of poultry and bees is extensively prosecuted. In manufacturing industry this country has long been one of the most important provinces of the empire. The chief seat of this industry is in the north and among the German population of the mountains; it consists principally in thread, linens, cotton, iron, woollens, glass, paper, beet- sugar, spirits, porcelain, woodenware, metallic goods, leather, &c. Glass has been a staple article of Bohemian manufac- ture since the thirteenth century, although it is not sup- posed to be so flourishing now as it was formerly. About one-third of the entire population of the kingdom, it is esti- mated, are employed in the various manufactui-es. The Elbe and the Moldau are navigated by steam -packets, and the country is everywhere traversed by railways. The Emperor of Austria bears the title of King of Bo- hemia, and is crowned at Prague. The Roman Catholic is the religion of the state, and the other sects are only toler- ated. Bohemia possesses numerous establishments for pub- lic instruction. The University of Prague is one of the most ancient and celebrated in Europe. There are many learned societies in Bohemia, with which are connected public libraries, botanic gardens, and scientific collections; and it has charitable institutions in all the principal cities. Bohemia derives its name frniu the Boil, a Celtic people. BOH 258 BOI or Bohemians, and ha Bohemia, a post-< Bohemia Mills, i who settled in the country about 600 years B.C., and who were expelled in the time of Augustus by the Marcoraanni. About the middle of the sixth century a numerous army of Czechs entered the country and subdued it. The first duke known to us by name is Przemislas, a peasant whom the Princess Libussa married in a.d. 632 and raised to the throne. In 1061 the Emperor Henry IV. gave the royal title to the Dukes of Bohemia. After many vicissitudes, Bohemia fell to the House of Austria, in the person of Fer- dinand the Archduke, brother of Charles V., and brother- in-law of Louis II., King of Hungary and Bohemia, who was killed in 1526 in a battle with the Turks, near Mohacs. At this period Bohemia possessed a comparatively free con- stitution, and most of its inhabitants were Protestants. In consequence of the encroachments of the succeeding em- perors on the religious liberties of the Protestants, serious disturbances arose. But the battle of the White Mountain, fought in November, 1620, put an end to the hopes of the Protestants, who were subjected by their conquerors, the Austrians, to a persecution scarcely paralleled in history. The Protestant religion, held by three-fourths of the people, became wellnigh extinct; the free constitution was totally subverted. More than 30,000 families, including many of the nobility, all the Protestant ministers and teachers, nu- merous mechanics, &c., were forcibly driven into exile or had their estates and property confiscated. On the death of Charles VI. (1740), Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria, claimed the crown, but Maria Theresa succeeded, after an arduous struggle, in securing possession of the kingdom. The Czechs in 1868-70 engaged in insurrectionary move- ments having in view the restoration of their nationality ; but these movements were suppressed without serious diffi- culty. Pop. in 1869, 5,140,544. Adj. and inhab. Bohe'- MiAN (Ger. adj. Bohhisch, bo'mish j inhab. Bohhe, bd'meh). Bohemia, bo-hce'me-a, a hamlet of Islip township, Suffolk CO., N.Y., 2 miles S. of Lakeland Station (Long Island Railroad). It is inhabited principally by Germans ; manufactures of cigars. Bfice of La Crosse co.. Wis. , hamlet of Cecil co,, Md., 2J miles from Middletown, Del., and 3 miles from Warwick, Md. It has a flour-mill and a wooUen-mill. Bohmen, Bohmisch, See Bohemia. Bohmerwald, bii'mer-^alt^ (i.e., " Bohemian Forest"), a chain of mountains in Europe, between Bohemia and Ba- varia, extending S.W. to N.E., and separating the basins of the Elbe and the Danube. Length, about 120 miles ; mean breadth, 25 miles. The principal summits are the Aber, 4848 feet, and the Kachelberg, 4743 feet in elevation. It is the Sylva Gabreta, forming part of the Hercynian forest, of the Romans. It is very wild and broken and steep to- wards Bavaria, with a much gentler slope towards Bohemia. Bohmisch Brod. See Buod. Bohmisch Leipa. See Leipa. Bohmisch Tribau, a town of Austria. See TrUbau. Bo^hol', one of the Philippine Islands, between Zebu and Leyte, and 70 miles N.W. of Mindanao. Lat. 10° N. ; Ion. 124° E. Length, 40 miles j average breadth, 30 miles. Pop, about 120,000. Bo^hon', a post-village of Mercer co,, Ky., 6 miles from Harrodsburg. It has a church. Bohorodczany, bo-ho-rot-chS,fl', a town of Austrian Galicia, 12 miles S.S.W. of Stanislawow. Pop. 3438. Bohus, boo'hoos, a district of Sweden, now a part of the laen of Gothenburg and Bohus. Boi-Abad, boy-3,-b3,d', a town of Asia Minor, on the Kara Soo, 45 miles S.S.W. of Sinope. It has numerous mosques, several inns, and a hill fort. Boiceville, boyss'vil, a post-hamlet of Ulster co., N.Y., in Olive township, on the Ulster &, Delaware Railroad, 17 miles W. of Kingston. It has a carriage-factory, Boiestown, boys'tijwn, a post-village in Northumber- land CO., New Brunswick, on the S.W. branch of the Mira- michi River, 38 miles N. of Fredoricton. Pop. 250. Boil'ilig: Spring, a post-village of Cumberland co., Pa., in South Middleton township, on the Harrisburg & Potomac Railroad, 19 miles W,S.W. of Harrisburg. It has 4 churches, 2 hotels, iron-mines, and manufactures of pig- iron and blooms. Boiling Spring, a township of Lexington co,, S.C, Pop. 354. It contains Barr's Station. Boiling Springs, a post-office of Wilcox co., Ala, Boil'ston, a post-office of Henderson co., N.C. Boiotia, the Greek for Bceotia. Boipeba-Velha, bo-e-pi'bi-vfil'yA,, a town of Brazil, province and 65 miles S.W. of Bahia, on the island of the same naui^. Bois Blanc (boy blink; Fr.pron.bwi blfiNo) Island, an island of Cheboygan co., Mich., in Lake Huron, 10 miles S.E. of Mackinaw. It is about 10 miles long and 3 miles broad, and has a light-house on its E. end. Bois Blanc Island, a long narrow island in the Detroit River, opposite Amherstburgh, Ontario. On its S. point is a light-house. Bois Blanc Lake, on the border of Lake co., Minn., is traversed by the Canada line. Bois Brule, boy bru-la' (Fr. pron. bwi briiMi'), a post-hamlet of Perry co., Mo., 8 miles S. of Chester, 111. Pop. of Bois Brule township, 1337. It has n church. Bois Brul6 River, or simply Brule River, forms part of the boundary between Marquette co., Mich., and Oconto CO,, Wis, It runs in an E.S.E, direction, and unites with the Michigamme River at the N.W. extremity of Menominee co., Mich. Bois'dale, or Beaver Cove, a post-village in Cape Breton co.. Nova Scotia, on Little Bras d'Or Lake, 26 miles from Sydney, Pop. 500. Bois d'Arc, boMark', a township of Montgomery co,, 111. Pop. 1177. Bois d'Arc, a post-hamlet of Greene co.. Mo., about 12 miles N.W, of Springfield. Bois d'Arc Creek, Ellis co., Tex., flows eastward into Trinity River. Bois d'Arc River, of Texas, also called East Fork of the Trinity, rises in the N. part of the state, and, flowing southward, enters Trinity River in Kaufman co. Bois-de-Lessines, bwa-deh-15s^seen', a village of Belgium, Hainaut, 28 miles N.E. of Tournay. Pop. 1639. Bois^, or Boisee, local pron. boi'ze, Fr, pron. bwi- zi', a county in the W, part of Idaho, is drained by the Payette, which rises in it. The surface is mostly moun- tainous. A portion of the highlands is covered with forests of pine. The chief resources of this county are mines of gold, the product of which in 1870 was valued at $375,441. Limestone abounds here. Capital, Idaho City. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,405,017. Pop. in 1870, 3834, of whom 1183 were natives and 2651 were foreigners. Bois6 City, the capital of Idaho Territory and of Ada CO., is on the Boise River, at the head of a fertile valley, about 50 miles S.W. of Idaho City. Lat. 43° 36' N. ; Ion. 116° 20' W. The situation is beautiful. The city con- tains a prison, a United States assay-office, a national bank, a school called St. Michael's Institute, 5 private schools, a printing-office which issues a weekly and a tri-weekly newspaper, and 4 churches. Gold is found here, and is the chief article of export. Boise City became the capital of Idaho in 1864. It is in close proximity to Fort Bois6. Pop. about 2000. Boise (or Boisee) River, of Idaho, is sometimes called Big Wood River. It rises by several branches in Alturas co. The main stream runs westward through Ada CO., and enters the Snake or Lewis River on the W. border of Idaho. Gold is found near its branches and in the upper part of the BoisS basin. Bois'fort, or Boist'fort, a post-office of Lewis co., Washington, 14 miles from Newaukum Station. Bois-Guillaume, bwS.-ghee^yorae' (?.e., "William's woods"), a village of France, Seine-Inferieure, 2 miles N. of Rouen. Pop. 4046. Bois-le-Duc,bw3i-leh-dUk' {Y>niQ\i,' S Hertogeuhoach, " the duke's wood"), a fortified city of the Netherlands, capital of North Brabant, at the junction of the Dommel and the Aa, 28 miles by rail S.S.E. of Utrecht. It is about 6 miles in circumference, well built, and intersected by sev- eral canals. Its buildings comprise one of the finest churches in the Netherlands, a town hall, a grammar-school, a col- lege, an academy of arts, ah arsenal, several hospitals, and a prison. It has manufactures of linens, thread, needles, cut- lery, and mirrors, with breweries and distilleries, and a con- siderable trade. It is the seat of a Catholic archbishop. It was founded in 1184 by a duke of Brabant, in a wood, whence its name. Pop. in 1876, 24,538. Boisleux, bw^'luh', a village of France, on a railway, 4 miles S.W, of Arras. Pop. 688. Boissezon, bwi^s^h-zftN**', a village of France, in Tarn, 7 miles E.S.E. of Castres. Pop. 2702. Boissy, bwiV'sce', or Boissy Saint Leger, bwil^see' silN" li-zhi', a village of Franco, department of Seine-et- Oise, 10 miles S.E. of Paris. Near it are the superb ohMoau of Gros-Bois and many handsome country-houses. Pop, 937. Other villages of France have the namo Boissy. Boitza, a village of Austria. See Oohskndorp. Boitzeiiburg, or Boizenbur^^ boit'aon-boQRuS a town of Germany, in Mccklouburg-Sohwerin, on tlie right BOI i bank of the Elbe, and on a railway, 34 miles S.W. of Schwerin. It has a wool-market, manufacturing establish- ments, ship-building docks, *fec. Pop. 3581. Boitzenburg, or Boizenburg, a village of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 52 miles N. of Berlin. Pop. 955. Bojaua, bo-ya.'nS,{anc. Barha'na), a river of European Turke}', flows from the Lake of Scutari, and enters the Adri- atic 8 miles S. of Scutari. Length, 65 miles. Bojano, bo-yi'no (anc. Bovia'nnm), a town of Italy, a bishop's see, 10 miles S.AV. of Campobasso. Pop. 5606. Bojanowo, bo-yi-no'vo, a town of Prussian Poland, 44 miles N.N.W. of Breslau. Pop. 2017. Boka, bo'koh\ a village of Hungary, co. of Torontal, on the Temes, 33 miles S.S.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 2100. Boke's Creek, a township of Logan co., 0. Pop. 1344. It contains West Ridgway. Boke's Creek, a post-office of Union co., 0., is at Summerville, a hamlet about 40 miles N.W. of Columbus. Boke's (or Boque's) Creek, Ohio, drains parts of Logan and Union cos., runs nearly eastward, and enters the Scioto River 6 or 7 miles N.W. of Delaware. Bokhara, Bochara, bo-Ka'rd, Boukara, Bu- chara, boo'Ka.'Ri, or Bucharia, boo-KfL're-S,, sometimes called Oozbekistan, or Uzbekistan, ooz'b^kMs^tS-n', "land of the Oozbeks" (the anc. Sogdia'na, and Trana- oxia'naj including also a part of anc. Bactria), called also Great Bucha'ria, a country of Central Asia, in Toor- kistan. In a wide sense the term Bokhara includes a portion of Northern Afghanistan; and indeed some authors appear to make it synonymous with the name Toorkistan ; but the khanate of Bokhara at present is a relatively small state, under Russian control, separated from Afghan Toorkistan by the Amoo-Darya. Area, 100,000 square miles. It is in- habited mainly by peoples of Turkish stock and of many tribes, the Oozbeks predominating. The Zerafshan is the principal river. Cotton, tobacco, indigo, wool, silk, grain, fruits, and vegetables are raised extensively ; and fine horses, shawl-goats, asses, and camels are largely bred. The mineral wealth of the country is believed to be great. Ti-ade is chiefly with Russia, and is carried on by caravans. Capital, Bokhara. Pop. about 1,000,000. Adj. and in- hab. BoKHARiAN, bo-ki're-an, and Bukharian, bu-k3,'re- an ; also Bokharese, bo^kl-reez'. Bokhara ("the treasury of sciences"), a city of Central Asia, capital of the above, near the Zerafshan River, 130 miles W.S.W. of Samarcand. Lat. 39° 48' N. ; Ion. 64° 26' E. It is in a flat country, among hills, is 8 miles in cir- cumference, enclosed by earthen ramparts, entered by 12 gates, and intersected by canals. The streets are very nar- row, and the houses mostly small and flat-roofed. In the centre is the citadel, containing the palaee and the residences of the state oSicers. Bokhara is said to have 365 mosques, several of great architectural beauty, and 80 colleges, this city having been long famous as a seat of Mohammedan learning. Pop. 30,000. Bokol, bo^kol', a large village of Senegambia, near the Senegal River, in lat. 16° 24' N., Ion. 15° 24' W. Bokstein, a village of Austria. See Beckstkin. Bolabola, bo'ItL-bo'li, or Borabora, bo'r4-bo'r§,, written also Bonabona, bo'nS,-bo'n^, one of the Society Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, situated N.W. of Tahiti, and nearly 30 miles in circumference, well wooded and populous. It is a high peak, once volcanic, and now fenced from the sea by a ring of coral islets. BoMand's, a post-office of Itawamba co., Miss. Bolanos, bo-l^n'yoce, a town of Mexico, in Jalisco, 65 miles N.N.W. of Guadalajara, remarkable on account of the silver-mines in its neighborhood. Bolan (boMin') Pass, a defile in the mountains of Beloochistan, consisting of a succession of ravines, about 55 miles in aggregate length (from near Dadur to Shawl), on the route from the Lower Indus to the table-land of Afghan- istan. Lat. 29° 30' to 29° 52' N. ; Ion. between 67° and 67° 40' E. The greatest elevation is 5793 feet. The Bolan River rises in this pass at 4494 feet above the sea. BoMar Springs, a post-village of Bath co., Va., 30 miles from Millborough Railroad Station. It has 2 churches, a mineral spring, a hotel, and a lumber-mill. Bolawadun, or Bolavadin. See Bulavadeen. Bolbe, the ancient name of Beshek, a lake of Turkey. Bolbec, borb^K', a town of France, department of Seine-Inferieure, on the railway from Paris to Havre, and on the Bolbec, which furnishes abundant water-power, 21 miles E.N.E. of Havre. It is well built, and ornamented with fountains, and is the seat of large and thriving man- ufactures of cotton fabrics, also woollen- and linen -factories, dye-works, and tanneries. Pop. 10,143. BOL Bolbitine, or Bolbitinum. See Rosetta. BolckOAV, bol'ko, a post-village of Andrew co.. Mo., on the One Hundred and Two River, and the Creston Branch' of the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Blufts Railroad, 26 miles N. of St. Joseph. It has 2 churches. Pop. 250. Bold Branch, a post-hamlet of Abbeville co., S.C., 12 miles S.W. of Abbeville Court-House. Bold Brook, a village in Russia township, Herkimer CO., N.Y., with several saw-mills and box-factories. Bold Spring, a post-office of Franklin co., Ga. Bold Spring, a post-office of Humphreys co., Tenn. Bold Springs, a post-office of McLennan co., Tex., 17 miles N. of Waco. Bolechow, bo-li'kov, a town of Austrian Galicia, 14 miles S. of Stry, on a branch of the Dniester. Pop. 2300. Bolerium Promontorium. See Land's End. Boles, bolz, a post-office of Scott co.. Ark. Boles, a post-hamlet of Franklin co.. Mo., at Augusta Station on the Missouri Pacific Railroad. It has a flour- mill and a saw-mill. Pop. of Boles township, 5183, including the village of Pacific. See Augusta. Bolesville, bolz'vil, a post-office of Pope co., Ark. Bo'ley Spring, a post-office of Fayette co., Ala., 34 miles N. of Tuscaloosa. Coal is found here. Bolgary, bol-gi'ree, a village of Russia, 60 miles S. of Kazan, on the Volga. Pop. 900. BoPgrad', a town of Russia, in Bessarabia, 25 miles N. of Ismail, on Lake Yalpookh. Pop. 9000. Boli, or Boly? bo'lee (anc. Hadrianop' olw), a town of Asia Minor, 76 miles N.W. of Angora. It is a poor place, with a dozen mosques and a ruined castle. Pop. 8000. Boligee, bo-le-jee', a post-office and station of Greene CO., Ala., on the Alabama «fe Chattanooga Railroad, 10 miles S, of Eutaw. BoNIImen, bol-il-m^n', or Manitch, mS,-neetch', called also Bolchai Ilmen and Great Liman, a lake in Russia, formed by the Manitch, between the governments of Don Cossacks and Stavropol. It is a long, narrow, ir- regular expanse of brackish water, stretching nearly 50 miles from S.E. to N.W. Bolinas, bo-lee'nas, or Ballenas, b4-yi'n^g, a post- village of Marin co., Ca!., on Bolinas Bay, about IS miles N.W. of San Francisco. It has 2 or 3 churches. Produce is shipped here. Bolinas Bay is a safe anchorage in sum- mer, the lagoon being readily accessible to small craft, ex- cept in heavy weather. Bolingbroke, bo'ling-brook, a town of England, co. of Lincoln, 3^ miles W.S.W, of Spilsby. It has remains of the castle in which Henry IV. was born. Pop. 987. Bolingbroke, boMing-brook, a post-hamlet of Monroe CO., Ga.,on the Macon & Western Railroad, 15 miles W.N. W. of Macon, It has several stores. Bo'lington, a post-office of Loudoun co., Va., 4 miles from Berlin Railroad Station, Md. Bolivar, bo-lee'van, a state of the United States of Colombia, on the Atlantic, between the states of Panama and Magdalena. Area, 21,345 square miles. Capital, Car- tagena. Chief commercial centre, Barranquilla. Pop. 241,704. Bolivar, a national territory of the United States of Colombia. Pop. 7751. Bolivar, a state of Venezuela, on the Caribbean Sea. Area, 5515 square miles. Capital, Petare. Chief port, La Guayra. It is a mountainous region, producing much coffee. Pop. 129,143. Bolivar, bol-e-var' or bol'^-var, a county in the N.W. part of Mississippi, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Mississippi River, and is partly drained by the Sunflower River. The surface is slightly undulating, and is extensively covered with forests; the soil is fertile. Cotton is the staple product, and Indian corn is cultivated. Capita!, Rosedale. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,333,977. Pop, in 1870, 9732, of whom 9542 were natives and 190 were foreigners. Bolivar, a station in Jackson co., Ala., on the Nash- ville & Chattanooga Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Stevenson. Bolivar, a township of Benton co., Ind. Pop. 776. Bolivar, a post-hamlet of Frederick co., Md., about 60 miles W. by N. of Baltimore, Bolivar, a post-village of Bolivar co., Miss., on the Mississippi River, 15 miles from Chicot, Ark., and about 125 miles N.N.W. of Jackson. It has a church. Bolivar, a post-village, capital of Polk co.. Mo., 30 miles N. by W. from Springfield, and about 85 miles S. of Sedalia. It has a bank and 3 churches. Two weekly news- papers are published here. Pop. 635. Bolivar, a post-village of Alleghany co., N.Y., in Boli- BOL 260 BOL var township, about 70 miles W. of Elmira. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 1002. - Bolivar, a post-village of Tuscarawas co., 0., in Law- rence township, on the Tuscarawas River, and on the Ohio Canal, 13 miles below Massillon, and 32 miles S. of Akron. It has 4 churches. Pop. 413. Bolivar, a post-village of Westmoreland co., Pa., on the Conemaugh River, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 59 miles E. of Pittsburg. It has a town hall, a church, a flour- mill, a saw-mill, and 3 kilns for fire-bricks. Pop. 298. Bolivar, a post-village, the capital of Hardeman co., Tenn., is on the Mississippi Central Railroad, where it crosses the Hatehie River, 23 miles S.S.W. of Jackson, and about 68 miles B. by N. from Memphis. It is at the head of navigation on the river. One weekly newspaper is pub- lished here. Bolivar has a steam-mill, a woollen-factory, the St. James Female College, and 8 churches. Pop. 889. Bolivar, a post-village of Denton co., Tex., on Clear Creek, 12 miles N. by W. of Denton. It has a church. Bolivar, a village of Jefferson co., W. Va., near the Potomac River, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 1 mile from Harper's Ferry Station. It has 2 churches. Bolivar City (Ciudad Bolivar). See Angostura. Bolivar Point, in Chambers co., Tex., at the N. side of the entrance to Galveston Bay, is the W. extremity of a long and low peninsula. It has a light-house. Lat. 29° 22' N.: Ion. 94° 45' 34" W. Bolivia, bo-liv'e-a (Sp. nron. bo-lee've-^; Fr. Bolivie, boUeVee'), formerly called Upper Peru, a South Amer- ican republic, is bounded on the N. and E. by Brazil, on the S. by the Argentine Rejiublic, and on the W. by Peru and the Pacific Ocean. It is mostly included between lat. 10° and 23° S. and between Ion. 58° and 71° W., and is about 1100 miles long and 800 miles wide. Area estimated at 850,000 square miles. Pop. about 2,000,000. Capital, Oruro. Physical Features. — Western Bolivia is the highest and most mountainous country of the two Americas, It com- prises two parallel chains of the Andes, the main chain, and a more eastern chain called the Cordillera Real. These two chains meet near the volcano of Sahama, which is 22,350 feet high. The highest peaks of the Cordillera Real are Sorata (21,286 feet) and Mount Illimani, said to be 21,149 feet high. The elevation of the line of perpetual snow on these mountains is about 17,000 feet. Among the remark- able features of Bolivia is the great table-land, which con- tains Lake Titicaca, has an elevation of 12,900 feet, and is enclosed between the Cordillera Real and the main chain of the Andes. This lake is about 120 miles long and 700 feet deep; and its valley includes Lake Aullagas, which receives the surplus waters of Lake Titicaca, through the river Des- aguadero, but has itself no outlet. In the N.E. part of Bolivia is an extensive plain or low- land covered with tropical forests, in which are found many species of valuable timber trees. This plain is well watered by the affluents of the Madeira, which rise in the Andes. The principal rivers are the navigable Paraguay, which flows southward along the eastern frontier ; the Pilcomayo, which flows southeastward and enters the Paraguay ; the Mamore, the Rio Beni or Paro, the Guapore, and the Mo- chupa. The last four belong to the basin of the Amazon. Climate and Productions.— BoVivin Vies \u the torrid zone, but has a great variety of climate, depending on the eleva- tion of the land. The mountains are covered with per- petual snow, and in the highest table-lands there is frost every night of the year, but the air is dry and pure. At Potosi, which has an elevation of about 13.400 feet, the nights are always piercingly cold, but the rays of the sun are hot and powerful between 2 and 5 p.m. Between the altitude of 9500 and 11,000 feet the climate is temperate and wheat and maize are cultivated. Perpetual summer reigns in the lowest region, called Yunga, comprising all below 5000 feet, which produces all tropical fruits and vege- tation. The northern plains have a hot and humid climate, and are covered with dense forests. Among the indigenous plants are the palm, the cinchona, the Theohromn Cacao, the bamboo or Bambusa, the mate or Paraguay tea, and the Erythroxylon or coca. Bolivia also produces balsam, ba- nanas, caoutchouc or rubber, vanilla, copal, coff'eo. cotton, sugar, potatoes, maize, tobacco, the chirimoya, farina, nnd sai'sapariila. The Bolivians chew large quantities of the coca-leaf, which is a powerful stimulant. Geolofiy and Minerals. — G ranite, porphyry, and trachyte ttbound in the Bolivian Andes. Silurian strata are largely developed in different parts. This republic is noted for the variety and richness of its mineral resources, having nu- merous mines of gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, mercury, and iron. Coal is found in the departments of JBeni and Chu- quisaca. The silver-mines of Potosi have long been cel- ebrated, and are among the richest in the world. These mines are near the summit of a mountain which is 15,977 feet high. Silver was first discovered here in 1545 ; but at present the most productive silver-mines are those of Cara- coles, which are near the sea and are accessible by railway. Gold is found in the Andes, and in several departments. The development of the mineral resources of Bolivia has been hindered by the distance of the mines from navigable water, and the expense of transporting the ore or metal to the coast. The departments of Atacama, Chuquisaca, and Oruro are rich in copper ; and in the dry coast region saliter and crude borax are abundant. Among the indigenous ani- mals are the jaguar, tapir, peccary, armadillo, sloth, guanaco, llama, alpaca, chinchilla, monkey, and vicuna. The alpaca and llama are domesticated, and exist in large numbers in the high table-lands and mountains. Multitudes of wild cattle roam over the grassy plains called campos. Commerce, &c. — This state is not favorably situated for foreign commerce, possessing only a small extent of sea- board, and that in a desert behind which the lofty Cordil- lera forms an almost impassable barrier. Thus the richest provinces are nearly isolated and debarred from intercourse with foreign countries. There are few if any good roads in this country, and carriages or wheeled vehicles are almost unknown. Bolivia has in operation, however, 3 shoit railways, and one of the main outlets of Western Bolivia is the Peruvian railroad from Lake Titicaca to the seaport of MoUendo. The chief articles of export are silver, gold, alpaca wool, guano, coff"ee, cinchona bark, cacao, nutria and chinchilla fur, leather, hides, copal, vanilla, and nitrate of soda. The value of the products exported in one year is about $6,000,000. Eaccs, Government, &c. — The population is mostly com- posed of aborigines or Indians, and mixed races, called mestizoes, zamhoes, and mulattoes, who have some Spanish blood mixed with Indian or negro. Some of the Indians are civilized, especially the Aymara and Quichua tribes, who are remnants of the great Inca nation and inhabit the highlands of Western Bolivia. They are gentle, indolent, reserved, timid, and apathetic. The eastern plains are in- habited by tribes of wild Indians who have no sympathy or affinity with the Aymaras and Quichuas. The predominant religion of Bolivia is Roman Catholic, and the prevailing language is Spanish. The republic is divided into 11 de- partments, namely, Atacama, Beni, Chuquisaca, Cocha- bamba, La Paz, Melgareja, Mejillones, Oruro, Potosi, Santa Cruz, and Tarija. The public debt in 1875 amounted to about $18,000,000, according to the Almanach dc Gotha. This republic was founded in 1825, and named in honor of Simon Bolivar, the Liberator. The territory included in the new state was previously called Upper Peru. The con- stitution, which was approved by Bolivar, secured religious toleration, civil liberty, and equal rights. The executive government consists of a president, a vice-president, and three secretaries of state. The legislative functions are exercised by three chambers, — the senate, the chamber of tribunes, and the chamber of censors. The censors are appointed for life. Bolivia has been disturbed by frequent revolutions and civil wars. Bolkenhain, bol'k^n-hine^ a town of Prussian Silesia, on the Neisse. Pop. 2634. Bolkhov, boI-Kov', or BoPkhofT', a town of Russia, government and 30 miles N. of Orel, on the Noogra. It is well built, and has manufactures of leather, gloves, hats, and hosiery, with a trade in hemp, linseed oil, tallow, and hides. Pop. 18,385. Boll, b611, a village of "Wurtemberg, 5 miles ^S.W. of Goppingen, with mineral springs and baths. Pop,' 1450. Bollate, bol-]a,'t^, a town of Italy, province and 6 miles N.AV. of Milan. Pop. 4997. Bolleiie, or Bollenne, boriuin', a town of France, department of Vaucluso, 22 miles N. of Avignon. It has silk-spinning and manufactures of castor-oil. Pop. 5693. Bol'ling, a post-village of Butler co., Ala., on the Mobile & Montgomery Railroad, 53 miles S.S.W. of Mont- gomery. It has a church, and a large Unnber-mill. Bollin^en, bol'ling-^n, or Bollis^cn, boi'lio-^n, a village of Switzerland, canton and 2 miles N.E. of Bern. It has mineral baths, and an insane asylum. Pop. 3S28, Boll'iiisrer, a county in the S.E. part of Missouri, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is pjirtly drained by Castor River. The surface is hilly or uneven, an.! ii Inrge part of it is covered with forests; the soil is mostly lertilo. Indian corn, wheat, oats, pork, &c., are the stupU' ]troduet9. Beds of kaolin and iron ore are found in this county, which is intersected by the St. Louis & Iron Mountain Railroad. BOL 261 BOL Capital, Marble Hill, sometimes called Dallas. Valuation of real and personal estate, §2,106,000. Pop. in 1870, 81fi2, of whom 7823 were natives and 339 were foreigners. Boll'inger's Mills, a post-hamlet of Bollinger oo., jMo., 15 miles S.W. of Lutesville. Boiling's {bowl'ings) Landing, a post-hamlet of Buckingham co., Va., on the James River, 4 miles from Scottsviile. BoUullosdel Condado,bol-yool'yocedSlkon-dil'Do, a town of Spain, 20 miles N.E. of Huelva. Pop. 3529. Bollweiler, b61'wi-l§r {French, BollwiUer, bftirvee*- yaiii'}, a village of Alsace, 7 miles by rail N.N.W. of Mul- hausen. Pop. 1227. Bolm, bolm, or BuUom, bul'Iom, adistrict of British West Africa, S.S.E. from the peninsula of Sierra Leone, extending N. from the Sherboro River to Yawry Bay, and intersected nearly in the centre by the 8th parallel of N. lat. Bol'inen, a lake of Sweden, 53 miles N.N.W. of Chris- tianstad, 20 miles long by 7 miles broad. In it is the island of Bolmso. Pop. 1090. Bologna, bo-l6n'yi (Fr. Bologne, boMon' ; Sp. Bolonia, bo-lo'ne-^ ; anc. Fclsi'na, Bono'nia), a city of Italy, capital of a province of the same name, and of Emilia, finely situ- ated in a plain, at the crossing of two important railways, 24 miles S.E. of Modena, and 27 miles S.W. of Ferrara. LaL 44° 29' 54" N. ; Ion. 11° 21' E. Elevation, 205 feet above the sea. It forms an oval, enclosed by a brick wall, about 2 miles in leugth by 1;^ miles in breadth, entered by 12 gates, and intersected by the Reno Canal. The city is interesting for its rich colonnades, affording a shelter from the sun and rain, its well-paved streets, noble institutions, and intelligent population. Its university, one of the most ancient in Europe (founded 1119), had at one time 10,000 students. It has an academy of fine arts, with rich gal- leries of painting and sculpture, a grand school of music, a library with 200,000 volumes, cabinets of natural history, an observatory, a botanic garden (one of the richest in Europe), and a museum of antiquity. The principal churches are San Stefano, one of the oldest in Italy ; the cathedral, a fine edifice of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with paintings by the Caracci; San Petronio, with magnifi- cent works ; San Domenico, San Bartolommeo, &c., many of which date from the early centuries of the Christian era. The other principal edifices are the palazzo publico, the podesta palace, numerous fine private palaces, the famous tower of Asinelli, 272 feet high, built in 1110, and the leaning tower of Garisenda. Bologna has numerous hos- pitals, theatres, and schools, manufactures of crape, chemical products, wax candles, musical instruments, paper, silks, velvets, cards, and sausages, and a considerable trade. The city abounds in works of art of the highest interest. It is an archbishop's see. Bologna takes a prominent place in the ancient and medieval history of Italy. It was origi- nally auEtruscan town. Pop. in 1871, 89,104. Bologna, a fertile province of Italy, in Emilia, en- closed by Ferrara, Ravenna, Modena, and Florence. Capital, Bologna. Area, 1392 square miles. Pop. 439,232. Bolonchen, bo-lon-chen', a village of Mexico, state of Yucatan, 50 miles N.E. of Campeacby. It derives its name from two Maya words, boleuy " nine," and cfien, *' wells," — nine wells having formed from time immemorial the centre of a population, and these wells being in the plaza of the village. At a short distance from the village is a very remarkable cave. Pop. 7000. Bolongo Islands, India. See Broken Islands. Bolor-Tagh, boHon'-tAg', sometimes written Belur- Tagh or Beloor-Tagh, a great mountain -chain of Cen- tral Asia, which separates the Chinese Empire on the E. from Khoondooz and Kafiristan on the W. It extends be- tween lat. 33° and 45° N. and Ion. 70° and 75° E., forming a part of the table-land of Pameer, connected with the Hindoo-Koosh on the S. and the Thian-Shan Mountains in the centre. Its culminating points, between lat. 35° and 40°, are supposed to exceed 19,000 feet in elevation. The term is vaguely used. Bolo'ta, a hamlet of San Joaquin co., Cal., 6 miles from Peters Railroad Station. Bolotana, bo-lo-ta'na. a town of Italy, island of Sar- dinia, 28 miles E. of Bosa.' Pop, 2905. Bol'sa, a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 5 miles N.W. of Hollister, Cal. Bolsas, bol'sAs, a river of Mexico, after a long west- erly course, in a part of which it separates the states of Mexico and Michoacan, enters the Pacific Ocean 225 miles S.W. of Mexico. Bolsena, bol-si'ni (anc. Vohin'ii or Vohin'ixim)^ a town of Italy, 20 miles N.N.W. of Viterbo, on the northern shore of the Lake of Bolsena, It was one of the 12 Etrus- can cities, and there are extant interesting remains of the Roman period. Pop. 2690. The Lake of Bolsena (Lacus Vohiniensis) is 10 miles long and 8 miles broad, and dis- charges its waters by the Marta River S.W. into the Mediterranean. In it are the islands of Bisentina and Martana. Bolsheretsk, bol-sh^r-^tsk', Bolcheriet/,bol-shir- yfitz', or Bolscherezk, bol-sher-^zk'', a seaport town of Kamchatka, 120 miles W. of Petropaulovski. Pop. 487. Bolshoy'a, or Bolschaja-Reka, bol-shJL'y^-ri'ki, one of the largest rivers of Kamchatka, flowing into the Okhotsk Sea. Bolson de lUapimi, bol-son' di m&-pee'mee, a wild and rocky district in the N. part of Mexico, in the state of Durango. Area, nearly 60,000 square miles. It is peopled only by Indian tribes. Bol'sover (often pronounced bow'zer), a town of Eng- land, CO, of Derby, 6 miles E, of Chesterfield. It has im- portant stone-quarries, an ancient church, with a fine sepul- chral chapel of the Cavendish family, and a castle, still habitable. Pop, 1819. Bolsover, Victoria co., Ontario. See Balsover. Bol'ster's 3Iills, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co.. Me., 9 miles W. of Oxford. It has 1 or 2 saw-mills. Bolsward, bols-want', a town of the Netherlands, in Friesland, 14 miles S.W. of Leeuwarden. It has a Latin school, manufactures of woollens, and a large trade in butter. Pop. 4747. Boltaiia, bol-t^n'y3,, a town of Spain, Aragon, 30 miles N.E. of Huesca, on the Ara. Pop. 1005. Bolton, or Bolton le Moors, boPton le moors, a large manufacturing town and borough of England, co. of Lancaster, at the junction of several railways, 12 miles N.W, of Manchester, and 175 miles N.N.W. of London. It is well supplied with water, and of late years has grown rapidly in wealth and population. Principal edifices, an ancient parish church, several handsome chapels of ease, numerous dissenting places of worship, a grammar-school founded in 1641, a charity school endowed in 1693, 2 town halls, 2 cloth-halls, a neat exchange, a theatre, assem- bly- and concert-rooms, &c. It has several good libraries, a mechanics' institute, daily and Sunday schools, and sev- eral large charity endowments. The woollen manufactures of Bolton, introduced by Flemings in 1337, were in a flourishing state before the reign of Henry VIII., but the town has since become one of the principal seats of the English cotton manufacture. Bolton has also large paper-, flax-, and saw-mills, chemical works, and foundries. The numerous coal-pits wrought in the vicinity, with canal car- riage to Manchester, have greatly promoted the prosperity of the town. Bolton sends two members to the House of Commons. Pop. in 1871, 82,853. Bolton, bol'tgn, a post-township of Tolland co., Conn., traversed by the Providence, Hartford &, Fishkill Railroad. Bolton Station on that road is 17 miles E. of Hartford. It has a paper-mill, granite-quarries, and 2 churches. P. 576. Bolton, Cobb CO., Ga. See Boltonville. Bolton, a township of Cowley co., Kansas. Pop. 868. Bolton, a station in Baltimore co., Md., on the North- ern Central Railroad, 1 mile from Baltimore. Bolton, a post- township of Worcester co., Mass., on the Nashua River, and on the Boston, Clinton &, Fitchburg Rail- road, 43 miles by rail W. by N. of Boston. It has a high school and 3 churches. Pop. 987. Bolton, or Bolton Depot, a post-village of Hinds CO., Miss., on the Vicksburg & Meridian Railroad, 27 miles E. of Vicksburg. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, a steam gin, and a wagon -factory. About 8000 bales of cot- ton are annually shipped here. Its post-office is Bolton Depot, but the name of the village is Bolton. Bolton, a post-hamlet of Harrison co., Mo., 20 miles N.W. of Trenton. It has 2 churches. Bolton, a post-hamlet of Warren co., N.Y., in Bolton township, and on the W. shore of Lake George, about 15 miles W. of Whitehall. The township has 4 churches, and manufactures of leather. Pop. of the township, 1123. Bolton, a post-office of Brunswick co., N.C. Bolton, a post-township of Chittenden co., Vt., is in- tersected by the Winooski River, and traversed by the Cen- tral Vermont Railroad. Bolton Post-Office and Station is on that road, IS miles W.N.W. of Montpelier. It has manu- factures of lumber and butter-tubs. Pop. 711. Boltou, Cardwell co,, Ontario. See Albion. Bolton Centre, or Kimbolton, a post-village in Brome co., Quebec, on the Missisquoi River, 14 miles from Waterloo. Pop. 200. BOL 1 Boltou Corners, Ontario. See Cotswold. Bolton Depot, Mississippi, See Boltox. Boltonville, bol'ton-vil, a post-hamlet of Cobb co., Ga., on the Chattahoochee River, and on the Western & Atlantic Railroad, 6 or 7 miles N.N.W. of Atlanta. Boltonville, a post-hamlet of Orange co., Vt., in New- bury township, 34i miles E. by S. of Montpelier, on the Montpelier &. Wells River Railroad. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Boltonville, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Wis., 7 miles N.E. of Barton Station, and about 28 miles S.E. of Fond du Lac. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Bolt's Corners, a hamlet of Cayuga co., N.Y., in Scipio township, J of a mile from Scipio Railroad Station. Bolt's Fork, a post-oflBce of Boyd co., Ky. Bolundshuhur, India. See Boolundshahur. Bolva, bfil'va, a river of Russia, rises in the N.W. of the government of Kalooga, and, after a S. course, joins the Desna near Briansk. Bolzano, a town of Germany. See Botzen. Bowman's Blutf, a post-office of Henderson co., N.C. Bomarsund, bo'mar-soond\ improperly written Bo- mersund, formerly an important fortress of Russia, on the S.E. side of the island of Aland. Lat. 60° 12' 40" N, ; Ion. 20° 15' E. The little village of Bomar is in the imme- diate vicinity. Bomarsund was taken by the allied fleets of England and France, August 16, 1854, and the fortifica- tions were blown up by the conquerors. Bomba, bom'bi, a village of Italy, province of Aquila, 18 miles W.S.W. of Vasto. Pop. 2200. Bombay, bom^ba' (Port. ISovi Bahia, b^N** bi-ee'd, or Boa Bahia, bo'i bjl-ee'3,, i.e., "good harbor," but this ety- mology is questioned by many), a city, seaport, and capital of the presidency of the same name, on the island of Bom- bay (now artificially converted into a peninsula, all of which is included in the municipal limits). Lat. 18° 56' N. ; Ion. 72° 53' E. Its northern parts are sparsely built. Since the opening of its extensive railway communications, and the development of cotton-culture in India, Bombay has wonderfully increased in wealth and importance. At present it far surpasses Madras, and presses closely upon Calcutta, in these respects. It is well built, with spacious streets, fine public and mercantile buildings, and all the sanitary im- provements of a European capital. There are large cotton- mills, tanneries, dye-works, and shops for metal-work, as well as native distilleries. The chief exports are cotton, grain, and opium. Bombay is the seat of an Anglican bishop and of a universit3^ It is connected by railways with most of the large cities of India, and by telegraph cable and by steamer lines via Suez with Great Britain. Many of its leading merchants are Parsees. In point of health and comfort few places in India excel Bombay. In the new town are Elphinstone College, Sir J. Jejeebhoy's hosjjital, the By- cuUa church and club, the house of correction, the theatre, and the great Hindoo temple of Momba Devi. On the S.W. the fort is connected by Colabba causeway with the island of Colabba, on which are the light-house, observatory, lunatic asylum, some mercantile buildings, and a stone pier. The harbor of Bombay is unequalled for safety in all India. It affords good anchorage for ships of the largest burden ; on it are also excellent building- and other docks for ships of the first class. Pop. in 1872, 644,405. Bombay Island, on which the city is situated, is one of a cluster of islands, and the largest of all, except Salsette, with which it has long been connected by a mound and arched stone bridge; and since the construction of the rail- way embankments it has become a peninsula. Area, 22 square miles. It is 11 miles long from N. to S., and 3 miles broad, formed by two ranges of rock of unequal length, run- ning parallel to each other on opposite sides of the island. The interior was formerly liable to be overflowed by the sea, which is now prevented by substantial works and embank- ments, but the lower parts are still covered with water during the rainy monsoon. On the S.W. the island ter- minates in a rocky peninsula 60 feet high, called Malabar Point, stretching far into the sea. It is adorned with a pleasing variety of country-seats, interspersed with groves of coeoanut-trees, and traversed in all directions by good roads. Magnificent views are obtained from this point. The S.E. extremity of the island again terminates in a simi- lar but much longer projection. Here, also, are a number of spacious houses, most of which are surrounded by small gardens and overshadowed by mangoes, palms, and tama- rinds. This island is, next to Madras, tho oldest of the British possessions in the East. It was occupied by Portu- gal in 1522, and was given to Charles II. of Great Britain in 1661 as part of the dowry of his queen. BON Bombay, a governorship or presidency of British India, bounded W. by the Arabian Sea, and enclosed elsewhere by Beloochistan, the Punjab, Rajpootana, Indore, the Central Provinces, Berar, the Nizam's country, Madras, and Mysore. Area, including Sinde, 190,512 square miles, of which 67,370 belong to native states. The country is marked by several mountain-ranges, the most important being the Western Ghauts, extending along the coast. The well-marked dis- tricts called the Carnatic, the Deccan, the Concan, Gruzerat, and Sinde are among the natural divisions of the country. The principal rivers are the Indus, the Nerbudda, and the Taptee. The Runn of Cutch, a singular arm of the sea, periodically converted into a marshy desert tract, is a most remarkable natural feature. Rice, several sorts of millet, wheat, oil-seeds, cotton, and other fibres, teak, and salt are among the staple products. The governorship is divided into 24 administrative districts. There are some 2000 miles of railway and about 5000 miles of telegraph-wire in opera- tion. Manufacturing is quite largely carried on by the natives, and has of late been undertaken on an important scale, European machinery and capital being employed. Capita], Bombay. Pop. in 1872, 23,133,688. Bom^bay', a post-hamlet of Franklin co., N.T., in Bombay township, about 15 miles W.N.W. of Malone. It has a church. The township contains a village named Hogansburg, and has 4 churches, and includes a part of the St. Regis Indian reservatian. Pop. 1397. Bombay Hook Island, Kent co., Del., has Delaware Bay on the E., and is divided from the mainland by Duck Creek. At its N. end stands a light-house, lat. 39° 21' 46" N., Ion. 75° 30' 19" W. Bombay Hook Station, on Dela- ware Bay, is connected by rail with Clayton, and is a sea- bathing resort and steamboat-landing. Bombazine (bom^ba-zeen')(orBoni^aseen')Lrake, Rutland co., Vt., is nearly 12 miles W. of Rutland. It is about 8 miles long and 1^ miles wide. Bombetok, a bay of Madagascar. See Bembatooka. Bomersund, Russia. See Bomarsund. Bom-Fim, biN^-feeN" {i.e., "good end"), a village of Brazil, province and 95 miles S.E. of Goyaz. Pop. 800. Bom-Fim, a village of Brazil, province and 65 miles W. of Rio Janeiro. Pop. 3000. Bom-Fim is the name of other villages in the provinces of Minas-Geraes (pop. 2000), Maranhao, and Bahia. Bom-Jardim, bftN^-zhaR-deeN"' (i.e., "good garden"), a town of Brazil, province and 210 miles S. of Ceari. Pop. 6000, half of whom are Indians. Bom-Jardim, a village of Brazil, province of Bahia. Pop. 1200. Bom-Jesus,b6No-zhi'soos, the name of numerous places in Brazil, all unimportant. Among them are a village in the province of Pernambuco, three villages in the province of Bahia, and an island on the Bay of Rio Janeiro. Bommel,bora'mel (Dutc)!, Zu It Bommel, ziltbom'mel), a town of the Netherlands, province of Gelderland, on the Waal, 25 miles E. of Dort. Bommel, or Deu Bommel, d§n bom'm^l, a village of the Netherlands, island of Overflakkee, 7 miles W. of Willemstad. Pop. 1465. Bommel-Fiord, bom'm^l-fe-oRd', a sti-ait between the islands of Storen and Bommel-Oe (bom'rael-o'eh), on the ^Y. coast of Norway. Lat. 59° 40' N. ; Ion. 5° 20' E. Bommel waard, bom'm^l-wi\Rt\ an island of the Netherlands, province of Gelderland, between the Waal and the Maas, on which is the fortress of Loevenstein. Bomst, bomst, a town of Prussia, province and 50 miles by rail W.S.AV. of Posen. Pop. 2272. Bom-Successo, b6No-soos-si'so, or Ibituruna, ee- be-too-roo'ni, a village of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, 250 miles N.E. of Villa Rica. See also Porto Calvo. Bon, Cape. See Cape Bon. Bona, or Bonah, bo'n^ (Fr. B6ne, bon ; Arab. ^«- ')}aha or Belcd-el-Anah ; anc. Hip^jjo-Re' giua), a fortified seaport town of Algeria, 85 miles N.E. of Constantine, on a bay of the Mediterranean, near the mouth of the Seibous. Lat. 36° 53' 58" N. ; Ion. 7° 46' 5" E. It is the terminus of two railways. Tho town is French in character, having greatly outgrown its ancient walls, and has many new squares, markets, bazaars, shops, cafes, reading-rooms, a theatre, &c., manufactures of native clothing, soap, tapes- try, and saddlory, and an excellent trade in iron ore, cork, corn, wool, hides, wax, and coral. S. of Bona are ihe ruins of Hippo- Regius, once the see of St. Augustine. Bona has regular steam communication with IMai"seilles, Cette, Algiers, and Tunis. It has a fine now artificial port. Pop. in 1872, 16,196. Bonabona, Society Islands. See Bolabola. BON 263 BON Bonacca, bon-ak'kil. or Guanaja, gw4-ni'Hi, one of the Bay Islands, Caribbean Sea. Honduras, 30 miles N. of Cape Honduras. Lat. 16° 28' N. ; Ion. 8o° 55' W. It is about 9 miles long and from 1 to 3 miles broad, and has a port called Bonacca. Bon Accord, Johnson cc, Iowa. See South Ltbertv. Bonai, bo^ni', the southernmost of the tributary states of Chuta-Nagpoor, Bengal, is enclosed by the native states of Gangpoor, Bamra, and Keunjhar, and the Singbhoom district. Area, 1297 square miles. Pop., 24,832. It is a mountain region, and is heavily timbered. It is governed by a rajah under British direction. Capital, Bonai Gurh (or Garh). a village of 300 houses, lat. 28° 49' N., Ion. 85° E. Bon^air', a post-hamlet of Howard co., Iowa, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Kailroad, 5 or 6 miles N.W. of Cresco. Bonair, a station of Bucks co., Pa., on the Northeast Pennsylvania Kailroad, 17 miles N. of Philadelphia. Bon Air, a former village of White co., Tonn., on the Cumberland Mountains, 8 miles E. of Sparta. It had a mineral spring, and was a noted place of summer resort, but was burned during the war. Near it are mines of coal. Bon-Air, an island, West Indies. See Buen-Ayrk. Bonan'za, a post-village of Lake co., Oregon, about 90 miles E. by S. from Jacksonville. It has a saw-mill and a fish-oil factory. Bo'naparte, a post- village of Van Buren co., Iowa, on the Des Moines River, in Bonaparte township, and on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, 35 miles N.W. of Keokuk. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, an academy, and manufactures of flour, woollen goods, sash, doors, and blinds. Here is a large woollen-factory, employing nearly 90 hands. Pod. 1000; of the township, 1349. Bon Aqna, ak'wa, a post-hamlet of Hickman co., Tenn., about 40 miles W.S.W. of Nashville, has a church. It is near the Bon Aqua mineral springs. Bon Aqua Sta- tion is on the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad, 39 miles W. of Nashville. Bonati, bo-na'tee, a town of Italy, 3 miles N.E. of Policastro. Pop. 3038. Bonaventura, South America. See Buenaventura. Bonaventure, bon^S-H'Sn^tur', a river of Quebec, emp- ties into the Bay of Chaleurs, near New Carlisle. Length, 75 miles. It can be ascended to its source in canoes. It is a fine salmon stream. Its banks are covered with pines. Bonaventure, a county of Quebec, Canada, separated by the river Restigouche and the Bay of Chaleurs from New Brunswick. Chief town, New Carlisle. Area, 3290 square miles. Pop. 15,923. Bonaventure, Quebec. See New Richmond. Bonaveuture Island, an island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and in Gasp€ co., Quebec, opposite Perc6. It is 2\ miles long by | of a mile wide, and is well settled. It forms a natural breakwater between Perce and the gulf. Bonaventure River, a post-village in Bonaventure CO., Quebec, on the Bay of Chaleurs, 10 miles N.W. of New Carlisle. Pop. 150. Bon'aville, a post-hamlet of McPherson co., Kansas, 23 miles from Salina. It has a church. Bonavista, an island of Africa. See Boavista. Bonavis'ta, the chief town of the district of Bonavista, Newfoundland, on the east coast, 100 miles N. by W. of St. John's. It is a port of entry, and one of the oldest settle- ments in Newfoundland. Pop. 2600. Bonavista Bay, on the E. coast of Newfoundland, lat. 48° 42' N., Ion. 53° 8' W. There are many small islands and rocks in the bay, rendering the navigation both dangerous and intricate. Bon'brook, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Va., about 44 miles W.S.W. of Lynchburg. Bond, a county in the S.W. central part of Illinois, has an area of about 390 square miles. It is intersected by Shoal Creek. The Kaskaskia River touches its S.E. extremity. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and numerous tracts of timber. The soil is fertile, Indian corn, wheat, oats, and live-stock are the staple products. Beds of coal are found in this county, which is intersected by the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad. Capi- tal, Greenville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $9,706,196. Pop. in 1870, 13,152, of whom 11,980 were natives and 1172 were foreigners. Bond) a township of Lawrence co., Ill, Pop. 1087. Bond, a post-hamlet of Douglas co., Kansas, in Clinton township, 5 miles from Clinton Railroad Station. Bondeno, bon-di'no (sinc. Padihnim), a town of Italy, 11 miles W.N.W. of Ferrara. Pop., with surroundings, 13,454. Bond Head, a post-village in Simcoe co,, Ontario, 6 miles from Bradford. It contains a telegraph-office, a foundry, and a grist-mill. Pop. 500. Bond Head Harbor, Ontario. See Newcastle. Bond Hill, a post-office and station in Hamilton co., 0., on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 9 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. Bon'din, post-township, Murray co., Minn. Pop. 55. Bondoo, or Bondou, bonMoo', a country in Sene- gambia, bounded N. by Galam, W. by Foota-Damga, E. by the- Faleme, which separates it from Bambook, and S. by Tenda-Maie; extent about 97 miles N. to S., and 89 miles E. to W. It is mostly flat, and is watered by nu- merous small streams. It is well cultivated, producing cotton, millet, maize, indigo, pistachio-nuts, tobacco, &c. Vegetation is exuberant, and there are extensive forests. Iron abounds, but is not worked, and also some gold is ob- tained. The people have horses, cattle, and sheep. Wild beasts are numerous. The natives are spirited, brave, and (for Africans) industrious; weaving is carried on to some extent, chiefly of long and narrow slips of cotton, which, besides being made up into garments, serve as currency. The Bondoo people are chiefly Foolahs, but include several tribes J many of them can read and write Arabic, and nearly all are Mohammedans. Pop. about 1,500,000. Bond's, a station in McCracken co., Ky., on the Padu- cah & Memphis Railroad, 5 miles S. of Paducah. Bond's, a seaside resort of Ocean co., N.J., in Eagle- wood township, on Long Beach Island, 2 miles by steamer from Long Beach, Bond's Mills, a post-hamlet of Twiggs co., Ga., 3 miles from No. IS (Reid's) on the Macon & Brunswick Railroad. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Bond's Mills, a hamlet of Anderson co., Ky., on Salt River, 19 miles S. of Frankfort. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Bond's Mills, a post-office and station of Wexford CO., Mich., on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, 6 miles N. of Cadillac. Here is a lumber-mill. Bond's Mines, a post-hamlet of Morgan co.. Mo., 35 miles from Tipton Railroad Station. It has lead-mines. Bond's Sta'tion, a post-office of Shelby co., Tenn.,' on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 15 miles N.E. of Memphis. Bond's Vil'lage,apost-village of Hampden CO., Mass., in Palmer township, on the Swift River, and on the Spring- field, Athol & Northeastern Railroad, 19 miles E.N.E. of Springfield. It has a church, a cotton-faetory, a paper- mill, a grist-mill, &c. Bondu'el, a post-hamlet of Shawano co.. Wis., 20 miles N. of Seymour Railroad Station. It has 2 churches. Bondues, b^NoMil'. a town of France, department of Nord, 5 miles N. of Lille. Pop. 3300, Bond'ville,a post-office and station of Champaign co., 111., on the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Westeim Railroad, 7 miles W. of Champaign. It has a church. Bondville, Mass. See Bond's Village. Bondville, a post-hamlet of Bennington co., Yt., in Winhall township, 11 miles E. of Manchester. It has a church, a tannery, and a manufactory of chair-stocks. Bondy, b6No-dee', a village of France, department of Seine, 7 miles by rail E.N.E, of Paris, near, the forest of Bondy, with numerous country residences. Pop. 1623. Bone, a town of Algeria. See Bona. Bone Cave, a post-office of Van Buren co., Tenn., 8^^ miles from Spencer. Bonefro, bo-ni'fro, a town of Italy, province of Campo- basso, 6i miles S.S.E. of Larino. Pop. 4453. Bone Gap, a post-hamlet of Edwards co.. Ill,, 7 miles N. of Albion. It has 2 churches. Bonei, a state of India. See Bonai. Bonesecour Bay. See Bonsecodrs Bay. Bone Springs, a post-office of Reno co., Kansas. Bon'fils Station, a post-hamlet of St. Louis co.. Mo., on the Missouri River, and on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 20 miles N.W. of St. Louis. It has a church. Bonfouca, bon'foo'ki, a post-office of St. Tammany parish. La. Bon§^, or Pongr, a province of Burmah. See Pong. Bon^gard', a post-office of Carver co., Minn. Bong^ard's Corners, a post-village in Prince Edward CO., Ontario, on Quinte Bay, 9 miles from Picton. Pop. 200. Bon^^ay, Bangey, bon-gi', or Ban§:avi, bS^u-gi'vee, an island of the Malay Archipelago, on the E. coast of Cel- ebes: lat. (S. point) 2° 10' S., Ion. 123° 53' E. It givea name to a group of about 100 islets. BON 264 BON Bong'O, Philippine Islands. See Bunwool. Bongoos, bon^goos', a town of Sumatra, W. coast, on a bay of the same name, a few miles S. of Padang. Bonham, bon'am, a post-village, capital of Fannin cc, Tex., is on Bois d'Arc Creek, in a fertile prairie, and on the Texas & Pacific Railroad (Trans-Continental division), 27 miles E. of Sherman, It lies about 11 miles S. of Red River, and 70 miles N.N.E. of Dallas. It has 6 churches, a bank, a college, 2 flour-mills, and manufactures of harness, wagons, &c. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. about 2000. Bon'hill, a village of Scotland, co. and 3 miles N. of Dumbarton. Smollett was born at Bonhill Mansion-House in 1721. Pop. 2olO. Bonhomme, bon-hom', a county in the S.S.E. part of Dakota, hasanareaof about 525 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Missouri River. The surface is mostly prairie; the soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and hay are the chief products. Capital, Bonhomme. A''alua- tion of real and personal estate, $335,000. Pop. in 1870, 608, of whom o92 were natives and 216 were foreigners. Bonhomme^ a post-village, capital of Bonhomme co., Dakota, on the north bank of the Missouri River, 22 miles W. of Yankton. It has 2 churches and a newspaper oflice. Bonhomme, a post-township of St. Louis co., Mo., includes the villages of Ballwinand Manchester, Pop. 6162. Bonhomme^ Col du. See Col du Bonhomme. Boni, bo'nee, or Bony {called by the inhabitants Sewa), a territory in the S.W. peninsula of the island of Celebes, on the west side of the gulf of the same name, N. of Boolekomba, about 80 miles in length, and stretcliing from a half to two-thirds across the peninsula. The N. part is beautiful and fertile, producing rice, sago, and cassia. The inhabitants excel in the working of gold, iron, and cotton, in which they trade with the whole archipelago. The ancient institutions of Boni are remarkable for their near approach to constitutional monarchy, but the country is now a Dutch colony. Its people are of the Bugis race, and are Mobam- medans, with a written language. Chief town, Boni. Lat, 1° 37' S.; Ion. 126^ 32' E, Pop. 200,000. Bonie^a state of India. See Bonai. Bonifacio, bo-ne-f^'cho, a fortified seaport town of Corsica, on a small peninsula in the strait of same name, 85 miles by road S.S.E, of Ajaccio. It has a secure harbor, an arsenal, a light-house, and a considerable trade. Pop. 3496. Bonifati, bo-ne-fS,'tee, a town of Italy, province and 28 miles N.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 3329. Bonilla, bo-neel'yA,, a town of Spain, 28 miles W.N.W. of Avila. Pop. 556. Bonillo, bo-neel'vo, a town of Spain, 34: miles W.N.W. of Albacete. Pop. 4220. Bonin, bo-neen', or Arzobispo (an - so - bees ' po) Islands, a group in the Magellan Archipelago, North Pacific, between lat. 26° 30' and 27^ 44' N. and Ion. 140° and 143° E., consist of three groups, the most northerly called Parry Islands, and the most southerly, Baily Islands. The principal of the central group are Peel and Kater Islands, at the former of which some English and other Europeans are settled, as well as some natives of the Sand- wich Islands. The Japanese have a claim upon these islands, and have made some attempts at colonization. Area, 32 square miles. Pop. of Japanese colony in 1876, 69. Bonito, bo-nee't6, a town of Italy, province of Avel- lino, 6 miles S.W. of Ariano. Pop. 3507. Bonmahon, a village of Ireland. See Bdnmahon. Bonn, bonn, a village of Switzerland, 4 miles N. of Freyburg, on the Saane, with mineral springs, Bonn, bonn (L. Bon'na)^ a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the left bank of the Rhine, 15 miles S.S.E. of Cologne, with which it communicates by the river and by railway. Bonn is the seat of a celebrated university, founded in 1818, and occupying an old castle of the Electors of Cologne. It has a librjiry of 200,000 volumes, with a museum of Rhen- ish antiquities. Connected with the university are an ob- servatory, a rich botanic garden, and museum of natural history with an extensive collection of minerals, and a school of agriculture, with an experimental farm, at the chateau of Poppelsdorf. Bonn has an active commerce, and manufactures of cotton, silk, and tobacco. It is a very ancient town, and has a venerable cathedral and town hospital; it has also many private educational establish- ments. Its environs are very beautiful. It is the seat of an Old Catholic bishop. Pop. in 1875, 28,075. Bonn, a post-office of Grage co., Neb. Bonn, a hamlet of Washington co., 0., in Salem town- ship, 2 miles from Whipple Railroad Station. There are 2 or 3 churches about 1 mile from Bonn. Bonn'afon, a station within the limits of Philadelphia, Pa., on the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, 4 miles from its initial station. Bonnat, bon'nS,', a town of France, department of Creuse, 11 miles N. of Gueret. Pop. 2712. Bonneau's (bon-noz') Depot, a small post-village of Charleston co., S.C, on the Northeastern Railroad, 37 miles N. of Charleston. It has a church and 3 stores. Bonneauville, bon'no-vll, a post-hamlet of Adams CO., Pa., about 36 miles S, by W. of Harrisburg. It has 2 churches and a plough -factory. Bonne (bon) Bay, on the W. coast of Newfoundland, is a deep indentation running southeastward into the land, about lat. 49° 30' N., Ion. 58° W. At the distance of about 6 miles from the entrance it splits into two parts, the East Arm and the South Arm. It is much frequented by United States and Nova Scotia fishermen on account of its herring. Bonnechere (bon'shair') Point, Castleford, or Ferrall's I^andin^, a post-village in Renfrew co., On- tario, on the Ottawa, at the mouth of Bonnechere River, and 6 miles by rail N.W. of Sand Point. Pop. 100, Bonnefemme, bonTaim', a township of Howard co., Mo. Pop. 1249. Bonne Femme Creek, of Missouri, flows through the middle of Howard co., and, passing the county seat, falls into the Missouri River about 6 miles below Booneville. Bon'ner, a post-office of Jackson parish, La. Bon'nersville, a post-office of Ransom co., Dakota. Bonnetable, bon^niUab'l', a town of France, depart- ment of Sarthe, on the Dives, and on a railway, 15 miles N.E. of Le Mans. Pop. 4855. Bonnet Carre, bon'n^t kir'ree or bon^ni' karVi', a post-village, capital of St. John Baptist parish, La., on the right bank of the Mississippi River, about 44 miles above New Orleans, and 1^ miles from the New Orleans, Mobile k Texas Railroad. It has a newspaper office. Bonne Terre, bon tair, a post-office of St. Francois CO., Mo. Bonneval, bonnVS.!', a town of France, in Eure-et- Loir, on the Loir, 19 miles S.S.W. of Chartres. Pop. 3016. Bonneville, bonnVeel' (L. Bonnop'olis?), a town of France, in Haute-Savoie, on the right bank of the Arve, 15 miles by rail E.S.E. of Geneva. Pop. 2127. Bonneville, bon'vil, a station in Weber co., Utah, on the Central Pacific Railroad, 9 miles N. of Ogden. Bon'nie Brook, a hamlet of Butler co.. Pa., in Sum- mit township, on the Karns City ol', a town of Russia, government of pyltava, 20 miles S.E. of Kiev. Pop. 5959. Borissoglebsk, bo-ris-so-gl5bsk', a town of Russia, government and lllO miles S.S.E. of Tambov. Pop. 8619. Borissoglebsk, a town of Russia, government and 23 miles N.W. of Yaroslav, on the Volga. Pop. 12,254. BorissoVjbo-ree'sov, a town of Russia, government and 38 miles by rail N.E. of Minsk, on the Beresina. Near this the disastrous passage of Beresina was effected by the French, 26th and 27th of November, 1812. Pop. 5223. Borja, bou'ni, a town of Spain, Aragon, 39 miles W.N.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 5400. Borja, boR'ni, a town of South America, in Ecuador, on the Amazon, just E. of Santiago, and at the head of navigation, 2600 miles distant from the sea. Borjas, boR'HS.s, an ancient town of Spain, 10 miles E.S.E. of Lerida. Pop. 3313. Borkai, boR-ki', or Borgui^ bon-ghee', a bay in the Arctic Ocean, on the Siberian coast, between lat. 70° 4' and 72° N., Ion. 129° and 133° E. Borkal, boR'kil. or Berkel, bfiR'kel, a river of Rhen- ish Prussia and the Netherlands, flows W. through Gelder- land, and joins the Yssol at Zutphen. Length, 60 miles. BorkelOy a town of the Netherlands. See Borculo. Borken, bon'k^n, a town of Germany, in Prussian West- phalia. 34 miles AV.S.W. of Muilster, on the Aa. Pop. 3066. Borken^ a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, 20 miles by rail S.S.W. of Cassel. Pop. 1180. BorkUy a country of Africa. See Borgoo. d BOR Borkulo, a town in the Netherlands. See Borculo. Borkuniy boR'koom, an island in the North Sea, be- longing to Prussia, at the mouth of the Ems, 26 miles N.W. of Emden. Lat. of light-house, 53° 35' N.; Ion. 6° 41' E. The island is low, and divided into two parts by a narrow channel. Length, 6 miles; breadth, 2 miles. Pop. 573. Bormes^boRm, a village of France, department of Var, 20 miles E.N.E. of Toulon. Pop. 2178. Bormida, boR-mee'da, a river of Italy, joins the Ta- naro near Alessandria, after a N.E. course of 28 miles. Bormio, boR'me-o (Ger. Worms, ^oRrns), a town of Northern Italy, 29 miles N.E. of Sondrio, near the Adda. Pop. 1686. N. of Bormio, at Molina, on the Adda, are the salt baths called Bagni di Bormio (ban'yee dee boR'me-o). Borna, bou'nS,, a town of Saxony, 16 miles by rail S.S.E. of Leipsic. It has manufactures of woollen cloths and earthenwares. Pop. 5751. Borne, boR'neb or boRn, a village of the Netherlands, province of Overyssel, 4 miles N.E. of Delden, Pop. 3632. Borneo, bor'ne-o (native, Poo'lo Kalamantin, ka- l3,m^mS.nHin', or Klemmantan, klem^m3,nHan'), the largest island in the world, excepting Australia, is in the Malay Archipelago, lat. 7° N.-4° 20' S., Ion. 109°-11S° E. The island lies about half in the northern and half in the south- ern hemisphere, and is of roughly hexagonal outline, with an area of 12,745 square miles, the coast-line being broken by comparatively few bays and inlets. Much of the in^ terior is little known. The centre seems to be a plateati from which diverge several mountain-chains, of which the principal one runs from S.W. to N.E. along the longest axis of the island. Between the mountain-ranges are alluvial plains, which towards the ocean are often swampy; and these plains and swamps are at many points rapidly en- croaching upon the shallow seas. Borneo is for the most part a seething jungle, densely clad with rich and varied vegetation. Its copious rains feed numerous streams, sev- eral of which afibrd considerable reaches of navigable water. The heat is not generally oppressive, but as a whole the island has a bad reputation in respect to health. The min- eral wealth of Borneo is great. Considerable gold is ob- tained here; also some coal, and great quantities of anti- mony. Diamonds are occasionally found, and mercury, salt, petroleum, tin, copper, and iron are known to exist. Among the wild animals are the panther, the bear, the orang-outang, and other apes, the rhinoceros, the elephant (probably introduced), deer of several kinds, wild swine, wild oxen, civets, and many others. Insects and reptiles are exceedingly abundant, the flying frog being one of the rarest of the known species. Of the native races of men, the Dyaks aro the most re- markable and least civilized ; but the Malays have long been the dominant race on the coasts. The seaports are largely peopled by Chinese and their half-breed descendants. The vegetable products of the island include excellent timber of many kinds, some cotton, palm-fibre, sago, camphor, gutta- percha, betel, nutmegs, cloves, cinnamon, gambir, rattans, and rice ; and nearly all the tropical fruits here attain the highest perfection. The western, southeastern, and part of the eastern coasts aro claimed by the Dutch, and governed by them, in part directly, and in part through native chiefs and sultans. The remainder of the island is chiefly under the Sultan of Borneo (whose country is called Borneo Pro- per ; also Brunai, Bruni, or B'rni), but his realms constitute no political unity, and he has at most but a rude feudal au- thority over the numerous petty rajahs and sultans of the coast regions, and no authority at all in the interior. Sir James Brooke, the noted rajah of Sarawak, was a nominal vassal of the Sultan of Borneo ; and through him the English influence became a dominant one and the extension of the Dutch authority was checked. He also did much to sup- press piracy. The Sultan of Sooloo also rules some portion of the Bornean coast. The prevailing religion of Borneo is Mohammedanism, except among the Dyaks, who are idol- aters. The old Dyak custom of collecting human heads is dying out; and according to Mr. Wallace the people, though exceedingly rude and ignorant, are highly truthful and moral, and naturally intelligent. The pop. of Dutch Borneo in 1871 was placed at 1,183,974; and that of the remainder is estimated at 1,000,000. Adj. and inhab. Bor'nean. Borneo, bor'ne-o, Brunai, broo'ni, or B'rni, ber^- nee', a town near the N. coast of Borneo, and on the river Brunai, in lat. 52° 30' N., Ion. 114° 52' E. It is built on piles in the river, and defended by batteries, and is the capital of the sultanate of Borneo or Brunai. It has a largo trade and fishery, with considerable and varied native manufactures. Pop, 20,000. Bornhem , boRn'hem, a town and commune of Belgium, BOR 270 BOS province of Antwerp, on the Scheldt, 15 miles by rail N.W. of Mechlin. Pop. 4770. Bornholm, boRn'holm (anc. Bornngia ?), an island of Denmark, in the Baltic Sea, 90 miles E. of Zealand, and 25 miles S. of the southernmost point of Sweden. Its most northern point is Cape Hammeren, on which is a light-house 279 feet high, in lat. 55° 17' 4" N., Ion, 14° 46' 30" B. It is about 23 miles long by 18 broad; area, 230 square miles. In general, the coast is high, presenting perpendicular cliffs, close to which is deep water. Where cliifs do not prevail, reefs and sand-banks stretch out to sea, rendering approach dangerous. The island has no good or secure harbor, but the best is at Ronne, the capital, on the S.W. side. Ex- cepting a heath-tract near the centre, the land is generally fertile. Good building-stone and marble are quarried and exported, and coal is likewise raised and used to some ex- tent, but it is of an inferior quality. The island has long been famous for its rock crystals. Agriculture, cattle-rear- ing, fishing, and seafaring dflford the chief support of the inhabitants. Pop. 29,304. Born'holme, a post-village in Perth cc, Ontario, 5 miles from Mitchell. Pop. 100. Borno, boR'no, a large village of Italy, 32 miles N.E. of Bergamo, on the Oglio. Pop. 2499. Bornoo, Bornou, or Bornu, bor^noo' (native, X^a- noipra), a country of Central Africa, in Soodan, between lat. 10° and 15° N. and Ion. 12° and 18° E., having N. Kanem and Sahara, E. Lake Chad and Baghirmi, S. Man- dara, and W. Houssa. Lake Chad appears to receive all the waters of Borneo. The chief rivers are the Shary from the mountains of Mandara, and the Yeoo from those of Houssa. The climate is excessively hot. The dry season is from April to October, and the rainy season during the re- mainder of the year. The whole country is flat, and by far the greater part is covered with underwood, coarse grass, and creeping and climbing plants, while around Lake Chad and for a considerable distance west and south it is alluvial and marshy. The chief productions are millet, barley, beans, maize, cotton, and indigo. The principal wealth of the inhabitants is in slaves and cattle, and the horses of Borneo are greatly prized. The chief exports are slaves, gold-dust, and civet. The mass of the people (Kanowry) are negroes, who profess fetishism, and are divided into tribes speaking different idioms. The dominant race (Shouas) are of Arab descent, and Mohammedans. Principal towns, Kooka, Cherwa (since 1S73 the residence of the sovereign), Angornoo, Deegoa, and Old and New Birnee. Adj. and inhab. Bor'nooese'. Bornos, boii'noce, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 28 miles N.E. of Cadiz, on the Guadalete. Pop. 4530. Bornoii, or Bornu. See Bornoo. Borodino, bor-o-dee'no (Buss. pron. bo-ro-de-no'), a village of Russia, government and 75 miles W.S.W. of Moscow, on the Kologa, an affluent of the Moskva, cele- brated for the dear-bought victory gained by the French over the Russians on the 7th of September, 1812. Bor^odi'no, a post-village of Onondaga co., N.Y., in SpaflFord township, near Skaneateles Lake, about 18 miles S.W. of Syracuse, It has a church and a wagon-shop. Borongo Islands. See Broken Islands. Boroojird, a town of Persia. See Booroogird. Borotiuko, a town of Bohemia. See Saatz. Borou, island, Malay Archipelago. See BooRO. Borough, bur'ro. township, Beaver co., Pa. Pop. 379. Bor'oughbridge, a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, on the Ure, and on a railway, 17 miles N.W. of York. It has a handsome market-cross, and 3 branch banks. Many Roman and British antiquities have been found here, the most curious of which are the three rude stone obelisks called the "Devil's Arrows," about half a mile S. of the town. Pop. 857. Borovitchee, Borovitchi, or Borowitschi, bo- ro-vit'chee, a town of Russia, government and 96 miles E.S.E. of Novgorod, on the Msta, an affluent of Lake Ilmen. Pop. 9108. It has a trade in salt, coal, and limestone. Borovsk, bo-rovsk', a town of Russia, government and 50 miles N.N.E. of Kalooga, on the Protva. It has manu- factures of sail-cloth and leather. Pop. 8826. Boroz, a town of Hungary. See Jeno. Borragh, a river of Ireland. Sec Barrow. Borringia, the supposed ancient name of Bornholm. Borriol, boR-ne-Gi', a town of Spain, in Valencia, 4 miles N.N.W. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 2700. Bor'ris, or Bur'ris-Id'rone, a village of Ireland, county and 1ft miles S. of Carlow. Pop. 601. Bor'ris-in-Os'sory, a town of Ireland, in Queen's CO., 7 miles E.S.E. of Rosorea. Pop. 562. Borris-O'Kane^ a town of Ireland, co. of Tipperary, 12 miles S.W. of Birr. Pop. 842. Borris-O'Iieagh, bor'ris-o-li', a town of Ireland, co. of Tipperary, 6 miles S.S.W. of Templemore. Pop. 772. Borromean {bor-ro-mee'an) Islands, a group of four small islands of Italy, in the Bay of Tosa (the W. arm of the Lago Maggiore), viz. : IsoLA Bella, ee'so-U b^l'lS,, the most celebrated of the group, formerly barren and sterile, was, in 1671, transformed into a delicious garden, rising in terraces, in the form of an amphitheatre, enclosing a magnificent palace. The garden contains fine tropical plants, and the palace is adorned with paintings and statues. IsoLA Madre, ee'so-1^ mS,'dri, the largest, is covered with orange- and citron-trees, and gardens of exotic plants. This is by many considered the pleasantest of all the islands. IsoLA San Giovanni, ee'so-1^ san jo-vdn'nee, or Isohna, e-so-lee'ni, is the northernmost, and is occupied by gardens and fertile fields. IsoLA SuPERiORE, ee'so-1^ soo-pA-ree-o'ri, or Isola dei Pescatori, ee'so-li di'e pSs-ki-to'ree {i.e., "the Eisher- men's Island"), is inhabited by fishermen, whose village covers the whole island. Bor'rowdale, a chapelry of England, co. of Cumber- land, 7 miles S.S.W. of Keswick. Here is a famous mine whence was formerly obtained the best plumbago. Pop. 397. BorVowstounness', or Boness, bo-n^ss', a burgh of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow, on a railway, and on a low peninsula in the Firth of Forth, 17 miles W.N.W. of Edin- burgh. The streets are narrow, and the houses low and old- fashioned. The harbor is safe, and some ship-building and trade in coal and salt from the vicinity are carried on. The town has also distilleries, and manufactures of earthenware, soap, and vitriol. The coal-mines extend under the Forth, so as almost to meet those of the opposite side. Pop. 4256, Borsa, boR'shoh'', a village of Hungary, co. of Mar- maros, 47 miles S.E. of Szigeth, on the Viso, Pop. 4460. Borsna, or Borzna, boRz'na, a town of Russia, gov- ernment and 45 miles E.S.E. of Chernigov. Pop. 8129. Borsod, boR^shod', or Borschod, boR'shot. a county of Hungary, is on both sides of the river Sajo, and is one of the most fertile in the kingdom. Chief products, grain, wine, and fruits ; cattle are extensively reared, and its com- merce is important. Area, 1369 square miles. Capital, Miskolcz. Pop. 195,037. Borssele, boRs'si'Ieh, or Bramsale, bR£lm-s§,']eh, originally two islands of the Netherlands, province of Zea- land, but now part of South Beveland, joined by means of gradual acquisitions from the river and the sea. Borst's, a station in El Paso co.. Col., on the Denver el9 an extra-parochial liberty of England, co. of Salop, 6 miles E.N.E. of Shiffnall. The manor-houso here was the retreat of Charles II. after the battle of Wor- cester, 3d September, 1651. For greater security, the king passed the next day concealed in a thick oak-tree which grew near, from an acorn of which the present "Koyal oak," at Boscobel, has sprung. Bos'cobel, a post-hamlet of Westchester co., N.Y., in Cortlandt township, on the Hudson River, and on the Hudson Rirer Railroad, 37 miles N. of the Grand Central Depot, New York. It has a church. Station name, Cruger. Boscobel, a post-village of Grant co.j Wis., in Bos- cobel township, on the S. bank of the Wisconsin River, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 70 miles W. of Madison, and 28 miles E. by N. from Prairie du Chien. It has a national bank, 5 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a graded school, a foundry, 2 flouring-mills, and a wooUcn-mill. Steamboats can ascend the river to this place. Pop. 1509; of the township, 1978. Bosco Reale, bos'ko ri-^'li, a village of Italy, just E. of Bosco Tre-Case. Pop. 4842. See Bosco. Bosco Tre-Case, bos'ko tri-kS,'si, a town of Naples, Italy, on the southern declivity of Mount Vesuvius. Pop. 4653. It is nearly contiguous to the town of Torre deir Annunziata. Bosdarros, bosMaR^no', a village of France, Basses- Pyr€n6es, S miles S. of Pau. Pop. 1861. Boshuanas, a nation of Africa. See Bechuanas. Bbsing, a town of Hungary. See Bazin. Bosjean, bo^zhdN"', a village of France, Sa&ne-et-Loire, 12 miles N. of Louhans. Pop. 954. Bosjesmaus. See Bushsien. Boskoop, bos-kop', a village of the Netherlands, South Holland, 9 miles S.E. of Leyden. Pop. 2397. Boskowitz, bos'ko-wits'', a town of Moravia, 21 miles by rail N. of Briinn. It has manufactories of Prussian blue, alum, vitriol, glass, potash, and liqueurs. Pop. 3907. Boslaiid, Kansas. See Wilson. Bos'mitch, a river and village of Persia: the river, an affluent of that which passes Tabreez ; and the village, on its banks, 12 miles E. of Tabreez. Bosna, boz'nd, a river of Bosnia, after a tortuous north- ward course of 150 miles, joins the Save, 24 miles E. of Brod. Principal affluents, the Ussora, Krivaga, and Spressa. The towns of Jepee, Maglai, and Doboi are on its banks. Bosna Serai, bos'ni se-ri', also written Seraio, se- ri'o, Seraievo, or Serajevo, s^-ri-yk'vo, a town of Europe, capital of Bosnia, on the MigUazza, an affluent of the Bosna River, 122 miles S.W. of Belgrade. It is well built, though most of the houses are of wood. It is defended by a strong citadel, and was formerly surrounded by walls, now in ruins. It has manufactories of fire-arms, jewelry, leather, and woollen goods, and is a principal en- trepot for the commerce of South Germany, Turkey, and the contiguous Austrian provinces. In the vicinity are extensive iron-mines and the mineral baths of Seraievsko. The town derives its name from an old palace (serai) built by Mohammed II. Its population is about 50,000. Bosnia, boz'ne-i (called Bosna, boz'nS,, by the Turks), a territory of Europe, formerly a Turkish vilayet, but in 1878 occupied and still (1S79) administered by Austro- Hungary, between lat. 42° 30' and 45° 15' N., and enclosed by Dalmatia, Slavonia, Banat, Servia, Albania, and Mon- tenegro. Area estimated at 24,000 square miles. The surface is almost wholly mountainous, traversed by the chain of the Dinaric Alps, and covered by its contre-forts and those of the Julian Alps, rising in many places upwards of 6000 feet. A great part of it is situated in the basin of the Danube. The southern portion (Herzegovina) is watered by the Narenta, which flows into the Mediterranean. The soil is in general ill suited for cultivation, except in the valley of the Save. On the slopes of the Dinaric Alps are extensive oak forests, yielding valuable timber, and the pasturage is excellent. Wheat, barley, and maize are raised in sufficient quantity for home consumption, and in the southern districts flax, tobacco, wines, and olives. Fruits are in great abundance, especially prunes, which grow wild and are largely exported. The rearing of cattle and swine is an important branch of agriculture, and the sheep furnish a celebrated kind of wool. Manufacturing industry is lim- ited to lire-arms, leather, woollen and cotton stuffs, and gun- powder. Chief exports, leather, hides, wool, goats' hair, honey, cattle, timber, and mineral waters. Imports, colo- nial produce, silks, paper, salt, and oil. The transit trade is considerable between Turkey and the Austrian states. The roads are very bad, and in general only practicable for beasts of burden. Capital, Bosna Serai. Pop. 1,275,000, very largely Mohammedan, but mostly of Slavic stock. Adj. and inhab. Bosnian, boz'ne-an, Bosniak, or Bosniote. Bos'porus (less correctly written Bos'phorus) (Turk. Boghaz, bo'gS,z' ; L. Bos'porue Tkra'ciue), called also the Strait of Constantinople, a narrow passage which connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmora, and separates Europe from Asia. It is about 17 miles long, and varies in width from half a mile to li miles. A surface- current sets constantly through it from the Black Sea, run- ning with great violence and rapidity when the wind is from the N.E., but hardly perceptible when it blows from the opposite quarter, namely, the S.W., and there is a pretty constant reverse current under this outward flow. The depth of water is considerable, and the navigation safe. The scenery along the banks of the channel is extremely beautiful, with magnificent summer residences, most of them on the Asiatic side, handsome houses and noble gar- dens being thickly distributed over the vicinity of the strait on both sides. At the narrowest part of the channel, about 8 miles from its southern entrance, occur the two castles or forts called respectively Roomelee (Roumeli) Hissar and Anadoli Hissar, — the former on the western or European side, and the latter on the eastern or Asiatic. The Bosporus was in ancient times remarkable for its tunny-fishery, which is still a source of profit. Constantinople stands on its W. side, at its outlet, and partly on the Sea of Marmora, op- posite Scutari. The Bosporus of Constantinople is called the Thracian Bosporus, to distinguish it from the Cimmerian Bosporus, now called the Straits of Yenikale. Bosque, bos'ki, a county in the N.E. central part of Texas, has an area of about 950 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Brazos River, and intersected by Bosque River. The surface is hilly or undulating, and extensively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, cot- ton, cattle, and horses are the staple products. Capital, Meridian. Valuation of real and personal estate, SS30,969. Pop. in 1870, 4981, of whom 4704 were Americans. Ash-, cedar-, pecan-, walnut-, and oak-trees abound here. Bosque River, Texas, rises in Erath co., runs south- eastward through the middle of Bosque co., and enters the Brazos River at Waco. It is about 150 miles long. Bosqueville, bos-ki-veel', a village of McLennan co., Tex., 6 miles N. of Waco, and 1 mile from the Bosque River. It has a church, and the Bosque Male and Female College. Pop. about 150. Bos'sardsville, a post-village of Monroe co., Pa., in Hamilton township, 7 miles from Stroudsburg. It has a church, a large quarry of limestone, and several lime-kilns. Bossier, bos-seer' (Fr. pron. bos'se'i'), a parish in the N.W. part of Louisiana, has an area of about 780 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by Red River, and on the S.E. by Lake Bistineau. Lake Bodcau is included within this parish. The surface is mostly covered with forests j the soil is fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Capital, Belleview. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, §3,168,062. Pop. in 1870, 12,675, of whom 12,616 were natives and 59 were foreigners. Boss'ler, a station on the Henrietta Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 23 miles S.E. of AHoona, Pa. Bossut-les-Wal court, bos'sU'-li-virkooR', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 14 miles S. of Charleroi. Pop. 735. Bostam, a town of Persia. See Bistam. Bostan, a town of Turkey. See El Bostan. Bost Hill, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., 111., 9 miles E. of Hillsborough. It has a church. Bos'tick, a station in Talbot co., Ga., on the South- western Railroad, 35 miles E, of Columbus. Bos'tick's Mills, a post-office of Richmond eo., N.C. Boston, bos'ton, a borough of England, co. of Lincoln, in a rich agricultural district on the estuary of the Witham, 5 miles from the sea, and 28 miles S.E. of Lincoln, at the> junction of three railways. The town is divided into two parts by the Witham, here crossed by an iron bridge. It is well built, paved, and lighted, and abundantly supplied with good water. Its parish church, built in 1309, is the largest without aisles in the kingdom: length, 291 feet; breadth, 99 feet. The tower, 291 feet in height, resembles that of Antwerp cathedral, and forms a landmark visible 40 miles distant. Boston has a grammar-school founded in 1554, blue-coat and numerous other schools, a town hall, a union poor-house, house of correction, custom-house, large market-house, and vauxhall, with assembly-rooms, public li- braries, banks, manufactories of sailcloth, canvas, and sack- ing, 3 iron-foundries, and shipyards. Vessels of 300 tons unload in the town, whence the navigation is continued to Lincoln by small steamers and barges. Boston sends two members to the House of Commons. Pop. 14,526. BOS BOS Boston, a village of England, co. of York, AVest "Riding, 3 miles S.S.E. of Wetherby, in a valley on the Wharfe. Boston, bos't9n, a post-village of Thomas co., Ga., on the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, 188 miles W.S.W. of Savan- nah, and 48 miles E. of Bainbridge. It has 5 churches and an academy. Boston, a post-hamlet of AVayne co., Ind., in Boston township, 7 miles S. of Richmond. Pop. of township, 894. Boston, a post-village of Elk and Chautauqua cos., Kansas, 13 miles S. by W. of Elk City, and 55 miles W. of Parsons. It has 3 churches, a high school, a bank, and a newspaper office. Boston, apost-village of Nelson co., Ky., on the Beech River, and on the Knoxville Branch of the Louisville, Nash- ville & Great Southern Railroad, 35 miles S. of Louisville. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Boston, a hamlet of Whitley co., Ky., 28 miles from Careyville, Tenn. It has a church and an academy. See also Boston Station. Boston, a city of the United States, capital of Massa- chusetts and of Suffolk co., on a bay called Boston Harbor, which forms the inner bight of Massachusetts Bay, at the mouth of the Charles and Mystic Rivers. Lat. 42° 21' 27.6" N. ; Ion. 71° 3' 30" W. The original town stood upon a peninsula called Shawmut, and afterwards Tremont or Trimountain, from its three conspicuous hills, of which only one — Beacon Hill — now remains, while the city now in- cludes the island of East Boston (Noddle's Island), and the peninsular suburbs of South Boston and Charlestown, besides the former towns of Dorchester, Roxbury (or Boston High- lands), West Roxbury, and Brighton, with the villages of Jamaica Plain, Neponset, Allston, Mattapan, &c. The cities of Cambridge, Newton, Somerville, and Chelsea are near suburbs, and there are many large towns (such as Brookline, Belmont, and Everett) in close proximity. Great amounts of land have been reclaimed from the harbor and its branches and are now covered with substantial and costly buildings. The principal areas of this character are on the borders of Back Bay and South Bay, and are so ex- tensive as to have deprived the original site of much of its peninsular character. Several large tracts of low ground have been recently elevated, the houses being raised at public expense. The city is the terminus of many rail- roads, of which the principal are the Old Colony, the Boston & Providence, the Now York & New England, the Boston & Albany, the Fitchburg, the Boston & Lowell, the Boston & Maine, the Eastern, and the Boston, Revere Beach & Lynn, and in the outskirts of the city runs the Grand Junction Railway, which connects with most of the other railways and facilitates the transfer of freight. Sixteen bridges, besides the railway bridges, connect the suburban portions with the main city, while East Boston and Chelsea are reached by steam ferries. Boston is one of the best-built cities in the United States. The streets in the older portion, once singularly irregular in their course, have been very generally straightened, at great expense, but are still far from having the dead and wearisome regularity of many younger towns. Most of the principal streets are traversed by horse-railways, which extend for many miles, connecting nearly all the suburban towns with Boston. Among the public buildings and institutions are the state-house, with a conspicuous gilded dome (fronting on the Common, a small but well-kept park, to which the Public Garden is a more recent annex), the Old State-House (built in 1712), Christ church (1723), Faneuil Hall (1743), King's Chapel (1754), the free public library, having, with its branches, some 368,000 bound volumes, 220,000 pamphlets, and large col- lections of MSS. and engravings, the custom-house, the post- office, masonic and Odd-Fellows' halls, the Music Hall, with a great organ, one of the largest and best in the United States, the Boston Athenaeum, with a fine library and art collections, the Lowell Institute, the Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology (comprising a society of arts, a museum, and a school of industrial science and art), the High and Latin Schools, the Chauncy Hall School, the Boston Museum (a theatre), the Studio Building, the buildings of the Massa- chusetts Historical Society and the New England Histor- ical and Genealogical Society, the Horticultural Hall, the Roman Catholic cathedral, the Boston Theatre, Globe The- atre, Park Theatre, and smaller theatres, the Art Museum, the city hall, the United States court-house, tho county court-house and jail, the city prison, tho Massachusetts General Hospital, tho medical college, the city hospital, the Carney, children's, women's, homoeopathic, lying-in, St. Elizabeth's, St. Joseph's, and other hospitals, institu- tions for tho insane, for the poor, for homeless children, and for feeble-minded youth, the Massachusetts Asylum for the Blind, South Boston, the Consumptives' Home, Bor- ehester, and a large number of asylums, orphanages, pro- tectories, and the like, twelve or more of them under Catholic patronage, and not less than that number sus- tained by other denominations or by voluntary associa- tions. Some of the public charity institutions occupy build- ings situated on islands in the harbor. Several of the railroad depots are very fine and costly buildings, that of the Boston & Providence Railroad being one of the hand- somest and most complete structures of the kind in the country. There are several valuable legal, theological, and other libraries, owned by private societies. The custom- house, post-office, masonic hall, United States court-house, ifec, are fine buildings. The city has several beautiful public squares, and these in some instances are adorned with statuary, fountains, or appropriate monumental works. Boston has a large number of tine hotels. There are about 220 churches and chapels in the city, of which 26 are Bap- tist, 31 Congregationalist, 26 Unitarian, 24 Episcopalian, 28 Methodist, and 28 Roman Catholic. Several of the churches are architecturally very fine. Among the most noted churches are the Roman Catholic cathedral, the First Unitarian, the Arlington Street, the Park Street, Central church, the New Old South, Trinity church, the Worcester Street Methodist, and St. Paul's church. Boston is the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishop and of the Protestant Epis- copal bishop of Massachusetts. The public school system is one of the most elaborate and costly to be found anywhere. It embraces institutions of every grade, from the primary to the high, normal, and Latin schools. There are 9 public high schools, 49 grammar-schools, and 115 primary schools, employing in all about 1100 teachers. Special attention is given to art studies in the public scLools. The private and parish schools of the city are also many. Boston Col- lege (Catholic), Boston University (Methodist, and organ- ized upon a novel plan), the Massachusetts Medical Col- lege (which, with other professional schools, is afliliated to Harvard University), the homceopathic college, and law, divinity, and music schools (all connected with Boston University), are also here. Charlestown is the seat of a large United States! navy yard. Boston has many manu- factories of various kinds of goods, such as machinery, furniture, fertilizers, farm-implements, boots and shoes, type, chemicals, musical instruments, and the like, but it is as a commercial centre that she won and has main- tained her eminence. The shoe and leather, wool, tish, ice, and domestic dry-goods trades are here leading interests; Her commerce with India, China, and Liverpool, though less important than before 1861, is still extensive. The harbor is excellent, and the wharves, warehouses, and other shipping facilities are not surpassed. Steamers ply hence to Europe and to the principal ports of the United States and Canada. Boston has a large trade with the West Indies and with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and the coast- wise traffic is important. The importation and refining of sugars is a valuable industry. Much wipital has been ex- pended for the protection and extension of harbor facilities. The inner harbor is completely sheltered, not difficult of access, and is seldom encumbered with ice. Several large works have been constructed for its defence. Forts Independ- ence, Warren, and Winthrop being the most important. The channel is well lighted, the celebrated structure on Minot's Ledge being the outermost and highest of its 4 light-houses: The operations for the preservation and improvement of the harbor, which have been in part carried on nt the expense of the state and the city, and in part by the United States authorities, comprise sea-walls on the E. fronts of the islands in the harbor (upon which the sea had made great inroads), and dredging in the approaches to the port, and in the harbor itself. The harbor has a minimum depth of 23 feet above mean low tide, and certain fints on its boi*ders are to be filled, while in order to compensnte for the loss of capacity thus occasioned, and to preserve the scouring effect of the tides in the ship-channei, it is intended to construct large basins in the low grounds to the N.W. of the city. The hflrbor covers 75 square miles, and has several arms, such as South Bay, Dorchester Bay, and Back Buy, the last of which is regarded as an expansion of Charles River, the principal stream flowing into tho harbor. Tho Mystic and Neponset Rivers also fiow into tho harbor. The insular suburb of East Boston has extensive manufactories, but is especially important for its docks, wharves, and elevators, which are the best in the city. The water-supply is abundant, and comes chiefly from Cochituato and Mystio Lakes by aqueducts, without pump- ing, except in the works for distribution j ftnd a subsidiary BOS 273 BOS supply is taken from Sudbury River. The reservoirs and principal works connected with the water-supply are in the southwesterly suburbs. Boston has 64 national banks, with nearly $60,000,000 in aggregate capital, 16 savings- banks, a el eaa-ing- house, a board of trade, a stock board, &c. Many of the banks and insurance companies occupy build- ings of great elegance. Boston is the head-quarters of nu- merous mining and other industrial corporations operating, in many cases, in far-distant I'cgions, The name of Tri- raountain was changed to Boston in 16-30 ; and it is be- lieved to have been first settled by white men in 3 623. This town early became the seat of a large and profitable commerce, and took an active part in the events which led to the war of independence. Prominent events in its history have been the expulsion of the royal governors, 1689; the witchcraft troubles, 1692 j the great fires of 1676, 1679, and 1711 ; the Boston massa- cre, 1770; the destruction of the tea in Boston harbor, 1773, and the consequent passage of the Boston Port bill by the British parliament; the siege of Boston by the provincials, 1775-76 ; the battle of Bunker Hill, within the present cit}' limits, 1775; the granting of the city charter, 1822 ; the absorption of the surrounding towns and cities by annexation in 1867; and the great fire of 1867, and, later, that of 1872. Boston was so named in honor of Boston in Lincolnshire, England, several leading men among the founders of the town having been natives of Lincolnshire. The city has long been noted for the interest taken by its citizens in literature, science, and art, and in questions of social and humanitarian interest. There are about 250 literary, educational, scientific, charitable, musical, and art associations, many of them incorporated and endowed. There are also a number of social, literary, and political clubs; to which new organizations are constantly being added. The number of newspapers and periodicals here published is about 200, of which 7 are issued daily and the remainder weekly, monthly, or quarterly. It is the seat of several large book-publishing and printing establishments. The great fire of 1872, which destroyed property valued at over $80,000,000, led to great changes in the laying-out of streets; and the burntdistrict has been rebuilt in greatly improved style. This fire burned over about 65 acres, densely covered with public and mercantile buildings. The population of Boston in 1800 was 24,937; in 1810, 33,250; in 1820, 43,298; in 1830, 61,391 ; in 1340, 93,383; in 1850, 136,881; in 1860, 177,840; in 1870, 250,256; in 1875, 341,919, the gain during the last interval having been in part due to the annexation of adjacent suburbs. A large proportion of the business and industrial classes live out- side the city limits. Few American cities have suburbs with finer natural advantages than those of Boston possess; and most of the suburban towns are handsomely and substantially built, with pleasant and well-shaded streets. The cemeteries of Mount Auburn and Forest Hills are near the city, and are noted for their beauty and extent. The outer harbor is filled with islands, and the coast of the mainland near the city is mostly' elevated and rocky, with many picturesque localities, much resorted to in summer. The climate is healthful, except for the prevalence of pulmonary diseases. Rough and disagreeable E. winds prevail to some extent, but the heat of summer is modified by the fine sea-breezes which prevail here. BoHton, a township of Ionia co., Mich. Pop. 1893. It contains Saranac. Boston, a post-village of Christian co., Mo., in Marion township, 30 miles from Springfield. It has lead-mines and smelting-furnaces. Boston, a post-village of Erie co., N.Y., in Boston town- ship, in a narrow valley, about 20 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. It has 4 churches, a cheese-factory, and a manufactory of cow-bells. Pop. of the township, 1577. Boston, a hamlet of Belmont co., 0., about 45 miles E. of Zanesville. Boston, Clermont co., 0. See Owen.sville. Boston, a post-village of Boston township, Summit co., 0., about 12 miles N. of Akron. The township is inter- sected by the Cuyahoga River and the Ohio Canal. It has a cheese- factory and several stores. Pop. 1142. Boston, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co.. Pa., in Eliza- beth township, about 13 miles S.E. of Pittsburg, and on the Youghiogheny River, opposite Ellrods Station of the Pitts- burg & Connellsville Railroad. Boston, a township of Darlington co., S.C. Pop. 1913. Boston, a post-office of Williamson co., Tenn. Boston, a post-village, capital of Bowie co., Tex., 18 about 10 miles S. of Red River, and 80 miles N.N.W. of Shreveport, La. It has 3 churches and an academy. Pop. 273. Boston, a post-office of Culpeper co., Va., 10 miles from Culpeper. Boston, a village and station of Halifax co., Va., on the Dan River, and on the Richmond & Danville Railroad, 32 miles E.N.E. of Danville. A line of boats connects it with Clarksville. The name of its post-ofiice is South Boston Depot. Bos'ton, a post- village in Norfolk co., Ontario, on Boa- ton Creek, 11 miles from Brantford. Pop. 100. Boston Centre, a village in Boston township, Erie CO., N.Y., 20 miles S. of Buffalo. It has a church, tannery, saw-mills, &c. Here is Patchin Post-Office. Boston Corners, a post-hamlet of Columbia co., N.Y., in Ancram township, on the New York & Harlem Railroad, 100 miles N. of New York. It is also onlaces of religious worship. Its rapid advance is attributable to its position in the great manufacturing distiict of York- shire, and to the abundance of coal and iron in its vicinity. Bradford is the principal seat of the worsted yarn and stuff manufactures in England, and the great mart for long wools. Broad and narrow cloths, wool-cards, and ivory and horn combs are made in great quantities. The cotton, silk, mo- hair, and alpaca manufactures have also contributed much to the growth of the town. Pop. in 1871, 145,830. Brad'ford, a village in Simcoe co., Ontario, on the Hol- land River, a stream flowing into Lake Simcoe, 42 miles by rail N.N.W. of Toronto. It has several churches, a woollen- mill, grist-mill, saw-mill, iron-foundry, &.c, a branch bank, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. 1130. Brad'ford-oN-AvoN, or Great Bradford, a town of England, in Wiltshire, on a railway, 6 miles E.S.E. of Bath, and on both sides of the Avon. It has important cloth- works, banks, and stone-quarries. Pop. 4871. Bradford, brad'ford, a county in the N.E. part of Florida, has an area of about 475 square miles. The sur- face is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil produces Indian corn and cotton. The county is intersected by the Atlantic, Gulf & West India Transit Rail- road. Capital, Lake Butler. Valuation of real and personal estate, $446,797. Pop. in 1870, 3071, of whom 3605 were natives and 6 were foreigners, Bradford, a county in the N.N.E. part of Pennsyl- vania, bordering on New York, has an area of about 1150 square miles. It is intersected by the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, and is also drained by Tioga River and Towanda and Wyalusiug Crocks. The surface is diver- sified with hills of moderate height, iind is extensively cov- ered with forests of the beech, oak, ash. chestnut, pine, sugar-maple, &c. The soil is fertile. Butter, hay, oats, cattle, wheat, maize, and buckwheat are the .-^tai'le products. In 1870 this county produced more buttov ami nmrc hay than any other county of tho state. The quantity of butter was 3,704,709 pounds. Devonian sandstone is nbuudant here. This county is intersected by tho Lehigh Valley BRA 281 BRA Railroad and the Northern Central Ruilroad. Among its mineral resources are bituminous coal and iron ore. Capi- tal, Towanda. Valuation of real and personal estate, S35,535,510. Pop. in 1870, 63,204, of whom 48,978 wore natives and 4226 were foreigners. Bradford, a post-village of Coosa eo., Ala., about 50 miles N. by E. from Montgomery, and 3 miles N.E. of Kellytou Railroad Station. It has a manufactory of osna- burgs and cotton yarn, and an academy. Bradford, a post-village of White co., Ark., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 66 hiiles N.E. of Little Rock. Bradford, a township of Lee co.. 111. Pop. 1086. Bradford, Sangamon co., 111. See Bradfordton. Bradford, a post-village of Stark co., 111., on the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 129 miles W.S.W. of Chicago, and 38 miles N. of Peoria. It has 4 churches, a bank, a high school, and a money-order post-office. Pop. about 600. Bradford, a post- village of Harrison oo., Ind., in Mor- gan township, about 15 miles W.N.W. of Now Albany. Bradford, or NeAV Bradford (Monon Post-Oflice), a village of White co., Ind., in Monon township, on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 31 miles N. of Lafayette. It has a church. Pop. 196. Bradford, a post-village of Chickasaw co., Iowa, in Bradford township, and on the Little Cedar River, 2 miles from Nashua Railroad Station, and about 32 miles N. of Cedar Falls. It has an academy and 2 churches. The township contains the village of Nashua, and is intersected by the Red Cedar River. Pop., exclusive of Nashua, 1077. Bradford, a post-hamlet of Bracken co., Ky., 4 miles S.W. from Augusta. Bradford, a post-village of Penobscot co., Me., in Brad- ford township, 20 miles N.N.W. of Bangor. It has 2 churches, a high school, and manufactures of carriages, leather, and lumber. Pop. of township, 1487. Bradford, a post-village of Bradford township, Essex CO., Mass., on the right bank of the Merrimac River, oppo- site Haverhill, and on the Boston & Maine Railroad, 32 miles N. of Boston, at the junction of the Haverhill Branch of the Newburyport &, Danrers Railroad. A railroad bridge across the river connects it with Haverhill City. It eon- tains the Bradford Academy, a high school, and a church. Pop. of the township, 2347. Bradford, a post-oflftce of Midland co., Mich., 10 miles S.W. from Midbmd. Bradford, a township of Isanti oo., Minn. Pop. 227. Bradford, a post-hamlet of Saunders co.. Neb., about 22 miles N. of Lincoln. Bradford, a post-village of Merrimac co., N.H., in Bradford township, on the Concord A Claremont Railroad, 27 miles W. by N. of Concord. It has 2 hotels and a church. Pop. of the township, 1081. Bradford, a post-village of Steuben co., N.Y., in Brad- ford township, about 25 miles N.W. of Elmira, and 10 miles E. of Bath. It has 2 churches, a saw-mill, and a grist-mill. Pop. of the township, 991. Bradford, Darke co., 0. See Bradford Junction. Bradford, a post-village of Miami co., 0., on Green- • ville Creek, and on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Rail- road, 10 miles W. of Piqua. It is at the junction of two branches of the railroad. It has 4 churches and a news- paper office. Pop. about 1000. See Bradford Jdnotion. Bradford, a township of Clearfield co., Pa. Pop. 1172. Bradford, a flourishing post-borough of McKean co.. Pa., in Bradford township, on the Buffalo, Bradford & Pitts- burg Railroad. It is connected by another railroad with Olean, N.Y. It is 63 miles S.E. of Dunkirk, N.Y. It has a bank, 3 churches, a newspaper office, a machine-shop, 5 saw-mills, and many oil-wells. Pop. of the township, 1446. Bradford, a post-office and station of Gibson co., Tenn., on the New Orleans, St. Louis k Chicago Railroad, 35 miles N. of Jackson. It has a church and a flour-mill. Bradford, a post-village of Orange co., Vt., in Brad- ford township, on the Connecticut River, and on the Pas- sumpsic Railroad, about 30 miles S.E. of Montpelier, and 12 miles S. by W. from Wells River. It contains the Brad- ford Academy and Union High School, a bank, 2 churches, 2 newspaper offices, an iron-foundry, a paper-mill, a grist- mill, a sash-factory, Ac. Pop. of the township, 1492. Bradford, a township of Rock co.. Wis. Pop. 981. It contains Emerald Grove. Bradford Centre, a post-hamlet of Penobscot co., Me., in Bradford township. Bradford Centre, a post-hamlet of Orange co., Vt., in Bradford township, on Waits River, about 28 miles S.E. of Montpelier, and 4 miles W. of Bradford Railroad Station. It has a lumber-mill. Bradford Junction, a village of Darke co., 0., in Adams township, about 85 miles N. of Cincinnati. It is on the railroad between Piqua and Union City, 10 miles W. of Piqua. It is contiguous to Bradford, a village of Miami CO. Pop. 243. Bradford take, a post-hamlet of Otsego co., Mich., on the Jacksou, Lansing & Saginaw Railroad, 108 miles N.N.W. of Bay City. It has a lumber-mill. Bradford Springs, a township of Sumter co., S.C. Pop. 1142. Brad'fordsville, a post- village of Marion oo., Ky., on the Rolling Fork of Salt River, and on the Knoxville Branch Railroad, about 80 miles S.S.E. of Louisville. It has 2 churches and a college. Pop. 155. Brad'fordton, a post-hamlet of Sangamon oo.. 111., on the Springfield division of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, at Bradford Station, 5 miles W. of Springfield. It has 2 churches. Brad'ford ville, a post-office of Leon co., Fla. Brad'gate Park, a parish of England, co. and 5 miles N.W. of Leicester. It has ruins of a noble mansion, in which Lady Jane Grey was born, a.d. 1537. Branding, a town near the E. extremity of the Isle of Wight, England, co. of Hants, 7 miles E.S.E. of Newport. Brad 'ley, a county in the S.S.E. part of Arkansas, has an area of about 850 square miles. It is intersected and bounded on the S.E. by the Saline River, and is bounded on the S.W. by the Washita, and on the W. by the More River. The surface is mostly covered with forests ; the soil is fer- tile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Among the forest trees are the ash, beech, oak, and yellow pine. Capital, Warren. Valuation of real and personal estate, §2,963,280. Pop. in 1870, 8646, of whom 8624 were natives and 22 were foreigners. Bradley, a county of East Tennessee, bordering on Georgia, has an area of about 330 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Hiawassee River. The surface is partly hilly, and mostly covered with forests ; the soil of the valleys is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, and live-stock are the staple products of this county, which is intersected by the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad. Capi- tal, Cleaveland. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,07.3,428. Pop. in 1870, 11,652, of whom 11,607 were natives and 45 were foreigners. Bradley, a post-office of Dorsey co.. Ark. Bradley, a post-village and township of Jackson co., 111., on the Cairo & St. Louis Railroad, 77 miles N.N.W. of Cairo. Pop. 1297. Bradley, a township of Penobscot co.. Me., on the B. bank of the Penobscot, 45 miles above Bangor. Shingles and lumber are sawn here. Pop. 866. Bradley, a post-hamlet of Allegan co., Mich., in Way- land township, on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, 24 miles S. of Grand Rapids. It has a church. Pop. about 200. Bradley, a post-office of Oktibbeha co.. Miss. Bradley's, a station in Cambria co., Pa., on the Ebens- burg & Cresson Railroad, 3 miles E. of Ebensbui-g. Bradley's Mills, a post-village of Perry co., Miss., 31 miles from State Line Station. It has a church, a grist- mill, and a saw-mill. Bradley Springs, a post-office, Ellsworth co., Kan. Brad'leyville, a post-office of Taney co.. Mo. Brad'ner, a post-office of Wood oo., 0., on the Colum- bus & Toledo Railroad, 24 miles S. by E. of Toledo. Brad'ninch, or Brains, a town of England, co. of Devon, 8i miles by rail N.N.E. of Exeter. It is pleasantly situated on an eminence, consists mostly of neat thatched houses, and has an ancient church, a guild hall with a jail, paper-mills, and manufactures of woollen stuffs. Pop. of parish, 1914. Brad'rick, a post-hamlet of Lawrence co., 0., in Union township, 2i miles from Huntington, W. Va. It has 2 churches and a tannery. Bradsberg, an amt of Norway. See Bratsberg. Brad'shaw, a post-office of Yavapai co., Arizona. Bradshaw, a post-hamlet of Union co., 111., 9 miles E. of Anna. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Bradshaw, a post-hamlet of Giles co., Tenn., 11 miles from Pulaski. Bradshaw, a post-office of McDowell co., W. Va. Bradshaw, a station in Preston co., W. Va., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 29 miles B. of Grafton. Bradshaw's Creek, a post-office of Roanoke co., Va. Bradstowe, a town of England. See Broadstairs. BRA 2 Bradt'ville, a post-hamlet of Grant co., AVis., 4 miles from Bridgeport Kailroad Station. It has 2 churches. Brad'well, a township and station of England, co. of Bucks, 3 miles by rail E.S.K. of Stony Stratford, P. 2409. Bradwell, a hamlet of England, co. of Derby, Similes N.N.E. of Tideswell. Pop. 1141. Bra'dy, a township of Kalamazoo co., Mich,, inter- sected by the Chicago & Lake Huron Railroad and the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad. Pop. 1400. It con- tains the post-village of Vieksburg. Brady, a township of Saginaw co., Mioh. Pop. 687. Brady, a post-hamlet of Guernsey co., 0., in Jefterson township, 9 miles from Cambridge. It has a church and a steam grist-mill. Brady, a township of Williams co., 0. Pop. 1681. It includes West Unity. Brady, a township of Butler co., Pa. Pop. 600. Brady, a township of Clarion co., Pa. Pop. 263, ex- clusive of East Brady, which is a borough. Brady, a township of Clearfield co.. Pa. Pop. 2009. Brady, a township of Huntingdon co., Pa. Pop. 904. Post-office, Airy Dale. Brady, a post-office of Indiana co., Pa., is at the bor- ough of Marion, 14 miles N.N.E. of Indiana. Brady, a township of Lycoming co., Pa. Pop. 394. Brady, a post-village, capital of McCulloch eo., Tex., about 130 miles N.W. of Austin. Brady Island, a post-office of Lincoln co., Neb., on the Union Pacific Railroad, 268 miles W. of Omaha. Brady's, Md. See Brady's Mills. Brady's, a station in Northumberland co., Pa., on the Shamokin Branch of the Northern Central Railroad, 1 mile E. of Shamokin. Anthracite coal is mined here. Brady's, a post-office of Richland co., Wis. Brady's Bend, a post-village of Armstrong co., Pa., is in a small township of the same name, on the Alleghany River, and on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 68 miles N.N.E. of Pittsburg, and 55 miles S. of Eranklin. It con- tains 9 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, and extensive iron-works. It is surrounded by a hilly and picturesque country, in which coal and iron ore abound. Pop. of the township, 3619; of the village, about 3000, Brady's Creek, Tex., runs eastward through McCul- loch CO., and enters the San Saba River in San Saba co. Brady's Mills, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co., Md., on the Potomac River, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Cumberland. It has a grist- and a saw-mill. Bra'dyvillc, a post-village of Adams co., 0., 7 miles N.E. from Maysville, Ky. It has a church. Bradyville, a post-village of Cannon co., Tenn., 8 miles S.W, of Woodbury. Brae, bra, a post-village in Prince co., Prince Edward Island, 35 miles by rail N.W, of Summerside. Pop. 300. Braemar, bra^mar', the westernmost and highland portion of the district of Mar, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It has 7 or more peaks over 3500 feet high, of which Ben Macdhui is the loftiest. It is much visited by tourists, and is famed for its red deer, its forests, and its gems (amethysts, beryls, and cairngorms). Pop. 1566. Braemar, bra'mar', a post-village in Oxford co., On- tario, 8 miles from Woodstock. It contains a woollen-fac- tory, a cheese-factory, and a saw-mill. Pop. 100. Braf ford's Store, a post-office of Knox co., Ky. Braga, br^'gi (anc. Brae'ara Augus'ta), a city of Por- tugal, capital of the province of Minho, on two railways, 35 miles N.E. of Porto. It is surrounded by old walls, and is the see of an archbishop, who is titular primate of Por- tugal. It has a fine Gothic cathedral, an archbishop's pal- ace, a hospital, a college, several schools, many fountains, and some Roman ruins. It has manufactures of fire-arms, jewelry, cutlery, and hats. In its vicinity is the sanctuary of Jesus do Monte, visited by many pilgrims. Pop. 18,467. Bra^anca, or Braganza, bra,-g^n'siL, a tftwn and bishop's see of Portugal, in Tras-os-Montes, near the N.E. frontier, on the Ferrenza, 26 miles N.W. of Miranda. It is partly fortified, has a citadel, a college, and manufactures of velvet and other silk fabrics, and had formerly some sil- ver-mines. Pop. 4503. Bra^anca, or Braganza, br^-g^n'si, an ancient town of Brazil, province and 100 miles N.E. of Parjl, on the Caite, near its mouth, in the bay of the same name. Lot. 1° S.; Ion. 47° 20' W. It has several churches and a prison, and the river is navigable up to it at high water. Pop. of town and district, 6000. Bras^an^a, or Braganza, a town of Brazil, province and 60 miles N.E, of Sao Paulo. It has a church. Its district is fertile, feeds numbers of OQ.ttlQ and pigs for the 2 BKA Rio Janeiro market, and has a number of sugar-mills. Pop. 10,000. Bragernaes, Norway. See Drammen. Brag^gado'cio, a township of Pemiscot co.. Mo. P. 90. Bragg's, a post-hamlet of Lowndes co., Ala., 13 miles E. of Minter. It has 2 churches. Bragg's Island, one of a group of islands on the W. side of Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland. Pop. 36. Bragg's Village, a hamlet of Ontario co., N.Y., 3 miles from East Bloomfield. It has a grist- and a saw-mill. Bragg'ville, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mass., in HoUister township, on the Milford Branch of the Boston & Albany Railroad, 30 miles S.W. of Boston. Brag Town, a village in Latimore township, Adams CO., Pa., 7 miles S. of Dillsburg. It has a church and sev- eral shops and stores. Brane, br^'^h, or Braa, br^, a river of Prussia, flows S. and joins the Vistula above Fordon. It is connected with the Netze by the Canal of Bromberg, and thus unites the Oder and the Vistula. Brahestad, brS,'h5s-t^d\ a seaport town of Russia, Finland, 36 miles S.AV. of Uleilborg, on the Gulf of Both- nia. It has a trade in pitch and tar. Pop. 2560. Brahilov, br^'heeHov', Bra^iloff', or BrailoAV, bri'ee-lov', called also Ibrail, Ibrahil, ee'bri-eel', and Braila, br4-ee'lA, a town and the principal port of Rou- mania, in Wallaohia, on the Roumanian Railway, and on the Lower Danube, 103 miles N.E. of Bucharest. Its ware- houses are extensive, its harbor is securely sheltered by a small island, and it has a good trade. Pop. 28,272. Brahmanber'ia, or Brahmanba'ria, a town of Bengal, in Tipperah, on the river Titds. Lat. 23° 57' 45" N. ; Ion. 91° 8' 38" E. Pop. 12,364. Brahmapoo'tra, or Brahmapntra,brah^ma-poo'- tra, formerly written Burrampoo'ter (anc. Di/ardanes, or Oedanes), a great river of India. Its principal head- stream, the Sanpoo or Dihong, rises on the plateau of Thibet, flows eastward 1000 miles, turns the eastern flank of the Himalayas, and enters British India at the N.E. angle of Assam, lat. 27° 45' N., Ion. 95° 30' E. It is joined by the Dibong and by another smaller stream, re- garded by the Hindoos and some others as the true Brah- mapootra. This river rises in the Brahmakoonda valley, near the E. extremity of the Himalaya, and is considered a very sacred stream by the Hindoos. The Brahmapootra finally becomes blended with the Ganges and the Megna in a great delta-system, forming an immense number of navi- gable channels, and flowing at last into the Bay of Bengal. The main stream has a strong current, but is serviceable for extensive steam navigation. In the rainy season the river overflows its banks. Total length, 1800 miles. Brahooic (bra.-hoo'ik) Mountains, a name given to the IXala Mountains, between Beloochistan and Sindo. Brahpur, brd'poor', a town of the Shahabad district, Bengal. Pop. 3143. Braic-y-PwII, bri'ke-pool, a headland in North Wales, CO. of Carnarvon. Lat. 52° 47' N. ; Ion. 4° 48' W. Braid'en Town, a post-office of Manatee eo., Fla. Braid'wood, a post- village of Will co.. 111., in Reed township, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 5S miles S.W. of Chicago, and 20 miles S. by W. from Joliet. It has printing-offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers; also 6 churches. Several mines of bituminous coal have been opened here. Braila, Brailoff, or Brailow. See Brahilov. Braiuard, bra'nard, a post-hamlet of Fayette co., Iowa, in Pleasant Valley township, on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad, 42 miles N. by E. of Inde- pendence. Brainard, Minn. See Brainerd. Brainard, a post-hamlet of Butler co., Keb., on the Omaha & Republican Valley Railroad. Pop. about 100. Brainard, a post-village of Rensselaer co.. N.Y.. in Nassau township, on Kinderhook Creek, and on the Hurlem Extension Railroad, 12 miles N. of Chathivm ^'illage. and about 18 miles S.E. of Albany. It hns 2 churches, the Tran- sylvania Institute, and a manufactory of cotton prints. Brainard's, a post-hamlet of Warren co., N.J., on the Delaware River, 7 miles below Belvidere. It is on the Belvidere Delaware Railroad, at Martin's Creek St;ition. Brainard's Corners, a hamlet in Exeter township, Ulster CO., N.Y., 2 miles E. of West Exeter. It has a cheese- factory. Braine-la-Iieude,brin-li-lud, a village of Belgium, province of Brabant, 12 miles S. of Brussels. It has manu- factures of cotton cloths and starch. Pop. 557S. Braine-le-Cointe, brin-l§h-k6Nt or brfin-l§h-U6Nt» BRA 283 BRA a town of Belgium, province of Hainaut, at a railway junc- tion, 13i miles N.N.E. of Mods. Pop. 6336. Brainerd, bfa'nerd, a post-village, capital of Ciow Wing CO., Minn., on the Northern Pacific Railroad, at the junction of the Western Railroad of Minnesota, and on the Mississippi River, 115 miles W.S.W. of Duluth, and 137 miles E.S.E. of Moorehead. It is one of the principal sta- tions on the railroad between Duluth and the Red River of the North. One weekly newspaper is published here. It has railroad-shops, a saw-mill, a bank, good hotels, and 5 churches. Pop. 930. Brainerd, N.Y. See Brainaed. Brainerd's Mill, a hamlet of Tuscarawas co., 0., 6 miles S.E. of Uhricksville. Brains, a town of England. See Bradninch. Brain'tree, a market-town of England, co. of Essex, IS miles by rail E. of Bishop-Stortford, on an eminence, adjoining the village of Booking. It has a spacious Gothic church, and manufactures of crape, silk, and straw goods. Pop. of parish, 4790. Brain'tree, a post-village of Norfolk co., Mass., in Brain tree township, on the Old Colony Railroad, at its junc- tion with the Granite Branch and with the South Shore Railroad (operated as a branch of the Old Colony), 10 miles S. of Boston. It has several churches, a savings-bank, a public library, a newspaper office, and Thayer Academy, which has a fund of $200,000. Pop. of the township, 3948. The township has granite-quarries, and manufactures of boots, carpets, paper, organs, shovels, twine, tacks, icihtooka. Brink'er, a station in Butler co.. Pa., on the Western Pennsylvania Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of Butler. Brink'erhoff'ville, a post-hamlet of Dutchess co., N.Y., on the Dutchess & Columbia Railroad, 8 miles N.E. from Dutchess Junction. It has a church. Brink'erton, a post-office of Clarion co.. Pa. Briuk'land, a post-office of Bladen co., N.C. Brink'ley, a post-village of Monroe eo.. Ark., on the Memphis & Little Rock Railroad, 65 miles E. of Little Rook. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, and a large lumber-mill. Pop. about 600. Brink'ley's, a station in Brunswick co., N.C, on the Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 18 miles W. by N. of Wilmington. Here is Robeson Post-Office. Brink'leyville, a post-hamlet of Halifax co., N.C, 15 miles N.W. from Enfield. It has a church, a steam grist- mill, and 2 stores. Brink'man, a post-office of Vernon co., Wis. Brink'vvorth, a post-village in Hastings co., Ontario, 21 miles N.W. of Belleville. Pop. 100. . Brin'ley's Station, a post-office of Preble co., 0., on the Dayton & Western Railroad, 32 miles W.N.W. of Dayton. Brins'ley, a post-village in Middlesex co., Ontario, 4 miles from Ailsa Craig. Pop. lOU. Brin'sonville, a post-otBce of Burke co., Ga., at Cush- Ue Station on the Central Railroad, 4 miles W. of Brin'ton, a post-office and station of Alleghany co., Mil BRI 298 BRI Pa., on the Pennsj'lvania Railroad, and on the Pittsburg & Connellsville Railroad, 12 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. Here is a manufactory of steel rails. Brintou, a post-village of Salt Lake co., Utah, 7 miles S.E, from Salt Lake City. Sriocuin^ the supposed ancient name of Saint-Brieuc. Briones, bre-o'n^s, a town of Spain, 18 miles W.N.W. of Logroiio, on the Ebro. Pop. 3233. Brioiii (bre-o'nee) Islands, a group of small islands in the Adriatic, on the coast of Istria. Brioniie, bre-onn' (anc. Bno'nia), a town of Prance, in Eure, ]5 miles by rail N.E. of Bernay. Pop. 3y50. Brioude, bre-ood' (anc. Briva'ta), a town of France, department of Haute-Loire, on the Allier, 60 miles by rail N.W. of Le Puy. It has a church in the Byzantine style, a communal college, and a public library. Pop. 4576. Briovera, a supposed ancient name of Saint-L9. Brisach, a town of Germany. See Breisach. Brisbane, briz'bain, a town of Australia, capital of Queensland, on the navigable river Brisbane, 25 miles from its mouth. It is the centre of the colonial railway system, has fine public buildings, a botanic garden, flourishing manu- factures, and is the seat of Anglican and Catholic bishops. It exports hides, wool, cotton, and tallow. Pop. in 1861, 5225 ; in 1871, 19,413, including suburbs; in 1876, 28,061. Brisbane River, in Australia, Queensland, enters Moreton Bay near lat. 27° 30' S., Ion. 153° 15' E. Brisben, or Brisbin, briz'b?n, a post-hamlet of Che- nango CO., N.Y., in Greene township, on the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, 16 miles S. of Norwich. It has a church, and a sash- and blind-factory. Briscoe, bris'ko, a county in the Panhandle of Texas, traversed by the head-streams of the Red River. Area, 900 square miles. Briscoe, a post-hamlet of Sullivan eo., N.Y., in Bethel township, 8 miles W.S.W. from Liberty Falls. It has 2 lumber-mills. Briscoe Run, a post-office of Wood co., W. Va. Brisen, a town of Hungary. See Bries. Brisighella, bre-se-gh§rii, a large town of Italy, province and 28 miles S.W. of Ravenna. It is situated in a valley watered by the Lamone, and has manufactures of silk, and mineral springs. Pop. 12,281. Brissac, brees^s3,k', a town of France, department of Maine-et-Loire, 9 miles S.E. of Angers. Pop. 992. BrissagO, bris-sS-'go, a town of Switzerland, in Ticino, on Lago Maggiore, 5 miles S.W. of Locarno, Pop. 1293. Brissarthe, brees^saut', a village of France, in Maine- et-Loire. 20 miles N.N.E. of Angers. Pop. 997. Bris'ter, a post-office of Columbia co., Ark. Bris'tersburg, a post-office of Fauquier co., Va. Bristoe, bris'to, a post-hamlet and station of Prince William co., Va., on the Virginia Midland Railroad, 31 miles W. of Alexandria. General Hooker and General Ewell fought a battle here August 27, 1862. Another action occurred here October 14, 1863. Bristol, bris'tol, a city of England, a county of itself, but lying within the limits of Gloucestershire and Somer- setshire, on the Avon, at its confluence with the Frome, S miles from Bristol Channel, and 118 miles by rail W. of London. Several railways meet here. Bristol is one of the leading British ports in the foreign trade. It is noted for its fine public buildings, among which are the cathedral, the guild hall, the museum and library, the exchange, two colleges, the famous Muller's Orphan House, numerous fine churches, the public hospital, and other charities. Large ships can ascend the river to the city, where spacious docks, quays, and ship-yards have been constructed : and at King- road, or Avonmouth, there are additional facilities for un- loading and freighting ships. It is the seat of numerous schools, and of large and varied manufactures, prominent among which are those of metallic wares, soap, shoes, leather, hats, glass, bricks, spirits, stays, cottons, and choc- olate. It is the fourth town of Great Britain in amount of customs revenue. Pop. in 1871, 182,557. The name Bris- tol seems to be derived from Briestow, an old Saxon name of this city, which may be literally translated "breaoh- place ;" i.e., the place or town of the breach or chasm through ■which the Avon finds a passage to the sea. The ancient British name was Caer-Odor, the "city of the breach." Bris'tol, a county in the S.E. part of Massachusetts, has an area of about 520 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by Buzzard's Bay, and is drained by the Taunton River and otber streams. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests of the beeoh, white ash, hickory, white oak, elm, and other trees j the soil produces hay, potatoes, &o. Several inlets on tho coast of this county afford good harbors, and many of the inhabitants are en- gaged in navigation and fisheries. The prosperity of this county is partly derived from important manufactures of cotton goods, nails, shovels, forged and rolled iron, ma- chinery, &c. It is intersected by the railroads which con- nect Boston with Providence, New Bedford, and Taunton, which is the capital. Valuation of real and personal estate, $105,522,355. Pop. in 1870, 102,886, of whom 79.574 were natives and 23,312 were foreigners; in 1875, 131,087, of whom 91,346 were natives of the United States. Bristol, a county in the E. part of Rhode Island, has an area of about 28 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by Mount Hope Bay, and on the S.W. by Narragansett Bay, which afford great facilities for navigation. It is in- tersected by the Providence, Warren & Bristol Railroad. The soil is fertile. This county has considerable manufac- tures of cotton goods, india-rubber and elastic goods, *fec. Capital, Bristol. Valuation of real and personal estate, $13,288,962. Pop. in 1870, 9421; in 1875, 11,019, of whom 8245 were natives of the United States. Bristol, a post-hamlet of Larimer co., Col., on the Colorado Central Railroad, 15 miles N. of Fort Collins. Bristol, a post-village of Hartford co., Conn., in Bris- tol township, on the Hartford, Providence & Fishkill Rail- road, 18 miles W.S.W. of Hartford, and 15 miles N.N.E. of Waterbury. It has 2 banks, several foundries, machine- shops, and manufactures of clocks and water-wheels. A weekly newspaper is published here. Copper is found in the township, which has 3788 inhabitants and 7 churches. Bristol, a post-village, capital of Liberty co., Fla., on the Appalachicola River, about 50 miles W. of Tallahassee. It has 2 churches. Bristol, a post-village of Kendall co.. 111., in Bristol township, and on the N.W. bank of Fox River, about 12 miles below Aurora. The river separates it from Yorkville. It has 2 mills, 2 churches, and a high school. Pop, of the township, 1352. See Bristol Station. Bristol, a post- village of Elkhart co., Ind., is on the St. Joseph River, and on the Lake Shored Michigan Southern Railroad, 9 miles E.N.E. of Elkhart, and 10 miles N. of Goshen. It has a bank, a graded school, 3 churches, and a flour-mill. Pop. 681. Bristol, a township of Greene co., Iowa. Pop. 514. Bristol, a post-village of Worth co., Iowa, in Bristol township, about 20 miles S. of Albert Lea, Minn. It has 2 stores and a wagon-factory. Pop. about 100 j of the town- ship, 050. Bristol, a post-village of Lincoln eo., Me., in Bristol township, about IS miles E. of Bath, and 3 miles from the sea. The township is a peninsula, bounded on the S. by the ocean, and on the W. by the Damariscotta River. It has manufactures of lumber and oil, and villages named Round Pond and Pemaquid. Pop. 2916. The township has 8 churches, also 5 lumber-mills. Bristol, a post-village of Anne Arundel co., Md., on the E. bank of the Patuxent River, 5 miles from Upper Marlborough Station, and about 13 miles S.W. of Annapo- lis. It has 2 stores. Bristol, a post-township and hamlet of Fillmore co., Minn., about 45 miles S.AY. of Winona, and 12 miles N. of Cresco, Iowa, It has 2 churches and 2 flouring-mills. The township is drained by the Upper Iowa River, and contains a village named Granger, Pop. 1006. Bristol, a hamlet of Bollinger co., Mo., 12 miles from Cornwall Railroad Station. It has a church and a pottery. Bristol, a post-village and summer resort of Grafton CO., N.H., in Bristol township, on the Pemigewasset River, and on the Bristol Branch of the Northern Railroad, 34 miles N. by W. of Concord. It has a high school, a savings-bank, 3 churches, 2 paper-mills, and manufactures of flannel, gloves, Ac. Pop. of the township, 1416, Bristol, a post-township of Ontario co,, N.Y. Pop. 1597. Bristol Post-Office is at Baptist Hill. Bristol, a post-hamlet of Bladen co., N.C., on tho Caro- lina Central Railroad, at Council Station, 33 miles W.N.W. of Wilmington. It has manufactures of rosin, turpentine, and wagons. Bristol, a post-township of Morgan co., 0., has 4 churches. Pop, 1469, The post-office is about 22 miles S.E. of Zanesville. Bristol {Maholm Post-Office), a village of Perry co.. 0., in Piko township, 1 mile from Bristol Station, and about 4 miles S. of New Lexington. It has 2 churches. Coal is mined near it. Bristol, a township of Trumbull co., 0. Pop, 9S3, Bristol, a post-borough of Bucks oo., Pa., on tho Dela- ware Uiver, nearly opposite Burlington, and ou tho New BRI 299 BRI York division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 20 miles above Philadelphia, and 10 miles S.S.W. of Trenton. It is the largest town in Bucks co., and is the southern terminus of the Delaware Canal. It contains 1 Catholic and 6 Prot- estant churches, a national bank, 2 newspaper offices, a machine-shop, rolling-mill, flouring-mill, gas-works, and 2 manufactories of sash and blinds. Pop. 3269. Bristol) a port of entry and capital of Bristol co., R.I., is on Narragansett Bay, and on the Providence, Warren oi-_firorfy Ger. TurkiHch Brod), a town of Europe, in Bosnia, on the Save, opposite Slavonisch Brod, and SS miles N.N.W. of Travnik. Pop. 4200. Brod'beck's, a post-hamlet of York co., Pa., 1^ miles from Green Ridge Railroad Station. Brodhagen, Perth co., Ontario. See Broadhagen. Brod'head, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co., Pa., in Chartiers township, on Chartiers Creek, and on the railroad between Pittsburg and Steubenville. It has 2 churches. Brodheud, a station in Northampton co., Pa., on the Lehigh & Lackawanna Railroad, 7 miles N. of Bethlehem. Brodhead, a post-village of Green co.. Wis., in De- catur township, on Sugar River, and on a branch of the Chicago, Milwaukee «fc St. Paul Railroad, 19 miles W. by S. from Janesville, and 34 miles S. of Madison. It has a BRO 3 high school, 5 churches, a national bank, a steam planing- mill, and manufactures of carriages, ploughs, corn-planters, &e. A weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. 1428. Brod'head's Bridge, a station in Ulster oo., N.Y., on the Ulster & Delaware Railroad, 17 miles W.N.W. of Rondout. Brodhead's Creek, Monroe oo.. Pa., runs southward, passes by Stroudsburg, and enters the Delaware River nearly 1 mile above the Water Gap. Brod'headville, a post-village of Monroe co.. Pa., in Chestnut Hill township, about 22 miles N.N.W. of Baston. It has an academy, 2 stores, and a hotel. Bro'dick Bay, a village in the island of Arran, Scot- land. Adjoining the village is Brodick Castle, a seat of the Duke of Ilarailton. The scenery- is highly picturesque. Brod'ie's Landing, a post-office, Decatur co., Tenn. Brodincz, a town of Prussia. See Strasburg. Bro'dy, a frontier town of Austrian Galicia, 58 miles by rail E.N.E. of Lemberg. It is the seat of a great trade. Pop. 18,890. Broek, brook, or Broek-in- Waterland, brook-in- *^'t?r-lint, a village of the Netherlands, North Holland, 6 miles N.E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 1566. Brog'den, a township of Wayne co., N.C. Pop. 2560. Broglie, brogMee', a town of France, in Eure, 8 miles S.W. of Bernay. Pop. 1252. Brogueville, brog'vil, formerly Union, a post-hamlet of York CO., Pa., in Chanceford township, 3 miles from Brogueville Station, and about 12 miles S. of Columbia. It has 1 or 2 churches. Brogueville Station, York co.. Pa., is on the Peach Bottom Railroad, 16 miles S.E. of York. Here is Parke Post-Offioe. Bro'ken Ar'row, a post-hamlet of St. Clair co., Ala., 15 miles S. of Ashville. It has coal-mines and 2 churches. Broken ArrOAV, a village of Walton co., Ga., 7 miles W. of Monroe. It has a church. Broken Bay, a fine inlet of the South Pacific, in New South Wales. Lat. 33° 35' S. ; Ion. 151° 17' E. At its W. extremity it receives the Hawkesbury River. Brok'enburg, a post-hamlet of Spottsylvania co., Va., about 50 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. It has 2 churches. Bro'ken Island, an island of China, on the N.W. extremity of the island of Chusan. Broken Island, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, ofl' the N. coast of Papua. Lat. 2° 40' S.; Ion. 134° 50' E. Broken Islands, a group of islands, sometimes called Borongo or Bolongo, in the Bay of Bengal, off the coast of Aracan ; they are three in number, and are situated imme- diately to the south of Aracan River. Broken Rock, a station in Clarion oo.. Pa., on the Low Grade division of the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 76 miles by rail N.E. of Pittsburg. Broken Straw, a post-hamlet of Chautauqua co., N.Y., is at Grant Station on the Atlantic & Great Western Rail- road, 14 miles W. of Jamestown. Here are 2 churches, a steam grist-mill, and a steam saw-mill. Broken Straw, a township of Warren co., Pa. Pop. 1048, exclusive of Youngsville. Broken Straw Station is on the Philadelphia A Erie Railroad, 62 miles S.E. of Erie. Broken Straw Creek, Pennsylvania, runs southeast- ward in Warren co., and enters the Alleghany River 5 miles W. of Warren. Broken Sword, a post-village of Crawford co., 0., in Holmes township, S miles N. of Bucyrus. It has 3 churches. Bromberg, brom'bSno, a town of Prussia, on a rail- way, and on the Brabe, 69 miles N.E. of Posen. It has a gymnasium and a normal school, with manufactures of chiccory, tobacco, Prussian blue, linen and woollen fabrics, and an active transit trade. The Bromberg Canal connects the Vistula with the Oder and Elbe, by uniting the rivers Net?, and Brahe. Pop. 31,308. Brome, a county of Quebec, bounded on the E. by Lake Memphremagog, and on the S. by the state of Ver- mont. Area, 835 square miles. This county is drained by a number of streams, and is traversed by the Southeastern Railway. Capital, Knowlton. Pop. 13,757. Brome, or Brome Corner, a post-village in Bromo CO., Quebec, 5 miles by rail S.W. of Knowlton. It has 2 saw-mills, a planing-mill, and 2 churches. Pop. 250. Bromemere, brom'meer', a post-village in Brome co., Quebec, 6 miles S. of Waterloo. Pop. 150. Brome Mountain, a bold elevation of about 1000 feet near West Shefford, Brome CO., Quebec. Brome Woods, Brome co., Quebec. See Iron Hill. Bromley, brum'loe, a town of England, co. of Kent, on tho Ravensbourne, 10 miles by two railways S.E. of London. 2 BRO The town consists mostly of a single, neatly-built street, on the road from London to Tunbridge. It has a large church, containing the monuments of several bishops of Rochester, and a handsome and well-endowed college, founded in 1666. Pop. of parish, 10,674. Bromp'ton, a western suburb of the metropolis of Enghand, co. of Middlesex, 1 mile W.S.W. of Hyde Park Corner. It has several handsome squares and terraces. Pop. 28,654. Brompton, a hamlet of England, eo. of Kent, enclosed within the line of Chatham Fortifications. It stands on a height above Chatham Dockyard, is a part of the parlia- mentary borough of Chatham, and comprises a fine naval hospital and barracks. Pop. 8424. Brompton, a chapelry of England, co. of York, North Riding, IJ miles N.N.E. of Northallerton. Here was fought the " Battle of the Standards," in which the Scot* were de- feated by the English, a.d. 1138. Pop. 1364. Brompton Falls, or St. Francis Mills, a post- village in Richmond eo., Quebec, on the i-iver St. Francis, 6 miles by rail N.W. of Slierbrooke. It has several saw- mills, a paper-mill, and a large lumber trade. Pop. 500. Bromsebro, brom'sS-broo, a hamlet of Sweden, 29 miles S.W. of Kalmar, near the mouth of the Briimse. Broms'grove, a town of England, co. of Worcester, 12 miles S.S.W. of Birmingham. The town consists chiefly of a long street j it has some good bouses, a fine old church, an art school, a neat town hall, and manufactures of nails, buttons, malt, needles, and linen. Its gramma r-school has scholarships in Worcester College, Oxford. Pop. 6967. Bromwich, England. See West Bromwich. Brom'yard, a town of England, co. and 13 miles N.E. of Hereford, near the Frome. Pop. of parish, 2978. Bron'co, a post-oiBce of Nevada co., Cal., on the Cen- tral Pacific Railroad, 14 miles N.E. of Truckee. Brondolo, bron'do-lo, a village of Northern Italy, at the S. extremity of the island of the Lido, 3 miles S. of Chioggia, on the Brenta Nuova. Broni, bro'nee, a village of Italy, 15 miles E.N.E. of Voghera, near the Po. Near it is the castle of Broni, famous for the victory gained by Prince Eugene over the French in 1703. Pop. 4814. Bronnitza, bron-nit'sS,, a town of Russia, government and 28 miles S.E. of Moscow, on the Moskva. Pop. 3284. Bron'son, a post- village, capital of Levy co., Fla., on a beautiful lake, on the railroad of the Atlantic, Gulf & West India Transit Company, 24 miles S.W. of Gainesville. It has 2 churches, a high school, a lumber-mill, 6 cotton- gins, and 2 grist-mills. Pop. about 300. Bronson, a post-village of Branch co., Mich., in Bron- son township, and on the Michigan Southern Railroad, 12 miles AV.S.W. of Coldwater, and 145 miles E. of Chicago. It has 5 churches, a graded school, manufactures of lumber, flour, staves, heading, *&c., and a money-order post-ofiBce. Pop. of the township, 2114; of the village, about 800. Bronson, a township of Huron co., 0. Pop. 980. Bronson's Station, S.C. See Bruxson. Bronte, bron'ti, a town of Sicily, 22 miles N.N.W. of Catania, at the W. foot of Mount Etna. It has a college, and manufactures of woollens and paper. Pop. 12,092. Bronte, bron'te, a post-village in Halton co., Ontario, at the entrance of Twelve Mile Creek, in Lake Ontario, 26 miles by rail S.W. of Toronto. Pop. 550. Bronx River, a small river which rises in Westchester CO., N.Y., runs southward, and enters Long Island Sound at the city of New York. The lower part of it forms the bound- ary between Westchester co. and the northeastern suburb of that city. Bronx'ville, a post-village of Westchester co., N.Y., in Eastchester township, on the New York & Harlem Railroad, 15} miles N.N.E. of New York. It has a church, and a manufactory of carriage-axles. Pop. about 150. Broo'ang' (or Buren'do) Pass, a pass through tho Himalaya Mountains, on the course of tho Sutloj, 15,095 feet above sea-Ievei. Lat. 31° 23' N.; Ion 78° 12' E. Brook, a post-hamlet of Newton co., Ind., 10 miles N.E. from Kentland. Brook'bury, a post-village in Compton co., Quebec, 26 miles N.E. of Lennoxville. Pop. 100. Brook'dalc, a post-office of Rush co., Kansas, 20 miles N. of Earned. Pop. of township, 66, Brookdale, a post-village of Essex co,, N.J., in Bloom- field township, 1 mile from Peru Railroad Station, which is 5 miles S. of Paterson. It has 2 churches. Brookdale, a station in Monroe co., N.Y., on the Rochester & Stsite Lino Railroad, 8 miles S.W. of Rochester. Brook Dale, a post-hamlet of St. Lawrence Co., N.Y., BRO 303 BRO ?> miies from North Stockholm. It has 2 churches and a lumber-mill. Brookdale, a post-hamlet of Susquehanna co., Pa., 2^ miles from Conklin Station, and about 11 miles S. of Bing- hamton, N.Y. It has 3 saw-mills. Brooke, a county in the N, part of West Virginia, has an area of about 75 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Ohio River. The surface is hilly; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and wool are the staple products. Beds of coal are found in it. Capital, Wellsburg. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, §8,980,134. Pop. in 1870, 5464, of whom 5066 were natives of the United States. BrookeMaiid, a post-office of Sabine co., Tex. Brooke's Mills, a station on the railroad from Altoona to Henrietta, 7 miles S. from Hollidaysburg, Pa. Brooke's Station, a post-office of Stafford co., Va., on the Kichmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Kailroad, 9 miles N. of Fredericksburg, at the junction of the Acquia Creek Branch. Brookevillc. See Brookville. Brook'field, a post-village of Fairfield co., Conn., in Brookfield township, and on the Housatonic Railroad near its junction with the Danbury Branch, 29 miles N. by W. from Bridgeport, 9 miles N.N.E. of Danbury, and 2 miles S.W. of the Housatonic River, which forms the N.E. bound- ary of the township. It has several churches, and manu- factures of hats, knives, &c. Pop. of township, 1193. Brookfield, a post-office of Moody co., Dakota. Brookfield, a post-office and station of Berrien co., Ga., on the Brunswick & Albany Railroad, 50 miles E. by S, of Albany. Brooklield, a township of La Salle co.. 111. Pop. 1230. Brookfield, a post-hamlet of Shelby co., Ind., on the Indianapolis, Cincinnati & Lafayette Railroad, 15 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. It has a church and a flouring-mill. Brookfield, a township of Clinton co., Iowa. Pop. 994. It contains Delmar. Brookfield, a township of Worth co., Iowa. Pop. 448. Brookfield, a post-village of Worcester co., Mass., in Brookfield township, and on the Boston & Albany Railroad, 23 miles W. by S. from Worcester, and 31 miles E.N.E. of Springfield. It is near Chicopee River, which intersects the township. It has a high school, a savings-bank, a newspaper office, and several manufactories of carriages and shoes. The township has 5 churches, and contains a village named East Brookfield. Pop. 2660. Brookfield, or Brookfield Centre, a post-hamlet in Brookfield township, Eaton co., Mich., 22 miles S.S.W. of Lansing. Pop. of township, 1104. Brookfield, a township of Huron co., Mich. Pop. 171. Brookfield, a township of Renvilleco., Minn. Pop. 58. Brookfield, a post-village of Linn co., Mo., in Brook- field township, on Yellow Creek, and on the Hannibal & St. Joseph and Burlington & Southwestern Railroads, 104 miles W. of Hannibal, and 26 miles E. of Chillicothe. It contains 5 churches, a bank, machine-shops and round-house of the railroad, 2 large hotels, 2 newspaper offices, and a public school-house which cost $20,000. Coal is mined here. Pop. 402 ; of the township, 2321. Brookfield, a post-township of Carroll co., N.H., about 35 miles N.E. of Concord. It is traversed by the Wolf- borough Branch Railroad. Pop. 416. Brookfield, formerly Clark'ville, a post-village of Madison co., N.Y., in Brookfield township, about 22 miles S. by W. of Utica. It has 3 churches, a bank, a gratied school with an academic department, a tannery, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 500. Brookfield, a post-township of Madison co., N.Y., on the Unadilla River, about 22 miles S.S.W. of Utica. It contains the villages of Brookfield or Clarkville, Leonards- ville, and North Brookfield. Pop. 3516. Brookfield, a township of Noble co., 0. Pop. 978. Brookfield, Stark co., 0. See AVest BnooKFiELn, Brookfield, a post-village of Trumbull co., 0., in Brookfield township. It has 6 churches, and In the vicinity are extensive coal-mines. Pop. of the township, 2657. Brookfield Station is on the Youngstown Branch of the Lake Shore Railroad, 11 miles N.N.E. of Youngstown, and 3 or 4 miles W. of Sharon, Pa. Brookfield, a post-township forming the N.W. ex- tremity of Tioga CO., Pa., about 30 miles S.W. of Corning, N.Y. It has 4 churches. Pop. 885. Brookfield, a post-village of Orange co.,Vt., in Brook- field township, about 16 miles S. of Montpelier. The town- ship contains a village named East Brookfield, and has 4 churches. It has manufactures of cheese, hay-forks, &c. Pop. 1^9. Brookfield, a post-hamlet of Pacific co., Wash., on the Columbia River, 40 miles below Kalama, It has a cannery for salmon, which are caught here. Brookfield, a township of Waukesha co.. Wis. Pop. 2228. See Brookfield Centre. Brookfield, a post-village in Colchester co., Nova Scotia, 53 miles by rail N. of Halifax. It contains 3 stores and a tannery. Pop. 150. Brookfield Centre, a post-hamlet of Fairfield co.. Conn., in Brookfield township, 1 mile from Brookfield Junction. It has 2 churches. Brookfield Centre, Mich. See Brookfield. Brookfield Centre, a post-hamlet of Waukesha co., Wis,, in Brookfield township, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 14 miles W. of Milwaukee. It is at the junction of two divisions of that road. Brookfield Junction, in Brookfield township, Fair- field CO., Conn., is on the Housatonic Railroad, at the junc- tion of the Danbury Branch, 27 miles N.W. by N. from Bridgeport. Brook^ha'ven, a post-village, capital of Lincoln co., Miss., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 128 miles N. of New Orleans, and 55 miles S. by W. from Jackson. It has 4 churches and a female college. Two weekly newspapers are published here. It is surrounded by pine forests. Pop. about 2000. Brookhaven, a large township of Suffolk co., N.Y''., is bounded on the N. by Long Island Sound and on the S. by the Atlantic Ocean, and is intersected by the Long Island Railroad. It contains the villages of Patchogue, Port Jef- ferson, Brookhaven, Setauketj &c. The soil in some parts is fertile. Pop. 11,451. Brookhaven, a post-village of Suffolk co., N.Y., in Brookhaven township, about 60 miles E. of Brooklyn, near the Long Island Railroad. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 350. Brook'ings, a county of Dakota, bordering on Minne- sota, has an area of about 800 square miles. It is drained by the Big Sioux River. The surface is undulating or hilly, and mostly destitute of forests. It contains a num- ber of small lakes; the soil is fertile. Capital, Medary. Pop. 163. Brook'land, a post-hamlet of Potter co., Pa., 25 miles E. of Port Alleghany. Brook'landville, a post-hamlet of Baltimore co., Md., and a station on the G-reen Spring Branch of the Northern Central Railroad, 10 miles N.N.W, of Baltimore. It has a church and a flour-mill. Brook'lin, a post-village of Hancock co., Me., in Brooklin township, on the Atlantic Ocean, about 44 miles S. by E. from Bangor. It has 2 churches, a town hall, and a high school. It is mainly supported by the fisheries and trade. Pop. of the township, 966. Brooklin, a hamlet in Ray township, Macomb co., Mich., 7 miles S.E. of Romeo. It has a church, a saw-mill, a store, and several shops. The name of its post-office is Davis. Brooklin, a post-office of Robeson co., N.C. Brooklin, a post-village in Ontario co., Ontario, 6 miles by rail from Whitby. It contains 4 large flouring- mills, a tannery, an iron-foundry, several furniture-fac- tories, &c. Pop. 650. Brookline, brook'Iin, a post-township and village of Norfolk CO., Mass., is about 4 miles S.W. of Boston, and is bounded on the N.E. by the estuary of Charles River. It is the terminus of the Brookline Branch of the Boston & Albany Railroad, is intei'sected by the Boston, Hartford & Erie Railroad, and is connected to Boston by a street rail- way. It has 6 churches, a bank, and a fine town hall. Here are numerous elegant villas and country-seats, sur- rounded by beautiful gardens, parks, and shrubberies. It has a manufactory of philosophical instruments, and a weekly newspaper office. Pop. 6675. Brookline, brook'Iin, a post-township and hamlet of Hillsborough co., N.H., about 12 miles W. of Nashua. It contains 2 churches, and has manufactories of furniture. Pop. 741. Brookline, a township of Windham co., Vt., 6 miles W. of Putney. Pop. 203. Brookline Junction, a station within the limits of Boston, Mass., on the Boston & Albany Railroad, at the junction of the Brookline Branch, 2 miles from the initial station in Boston. Brookline Station, a post-hamlet of Greene co.. Mo., on the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad, 9 miles S.W. of Springfield. It has 2 churches. Brooklyn, brook'Iin, a post-hamlet of Conecuh co., BRO 304 BRO Ala., on the Sepulga River, about 100 milea E.N.E. of Mo- bile. It has a church and about 12 families. Brooklyn, a former post-village of Alameda oo., Cal., on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, 9 miles B. of the city of San Francisco, and 1 or 2 miles S.B. of Oakland. It is on the San Jose Branch of the Central Pacific Kail- road. It is now a part of Oakland, and is sometimes called East Oakland. It contains 5 churches, a newspaper office, 2 tanneries, 2 carriage-factories, 2 terra-ootta works, Ac. A bridge over a small estuary or inlet connects East Oakland with the other part of the city. Pop. 1603. Brooklyn, a post-village and township, capital of Windham co.. Conn., about 42 miles E. of Hartford, and 2 miles W. of the Quinebaug River, which is the east bound- ary of the township. It contains a court-house, a national bank, a savings-bank, 5 churches, 2 hotels, a circulating library, manufactories of silk, of cotton goods, of gold pens, and of spectacles, and many fine residences. Pop. of the township, 2354. Brooklyn, a post-ofBce of Lincoln co., Dakota, 27 miles X.N.E. of Vermilion. Brooklyn, ahamlet of Linn oo., Kansas, about 55 miles S.S.E. of Lawrence. Brooklyn, a township of Lee co.. 111. Pop. 1235. Brooklyn Station is on the Chicago & Rock River Railroad, 46 miles W. of Aurora. The township contains Compton. Brooklyn, a hamlet of Massac co.. 111., on the Ohio River, 4 miles below Paducah, Ky. It has a church, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and 4 stores. Pop. 100. The name of its post-ofiice is Pellonia. Brooklyn, a station on the Mississippi River, and on the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis, Indianapolis & St. Louis, and several other railroads, 1 mile N. of East St. Louis, 111. Brooklyn, a post-village of Schuyler co.. 111., in Brooklyn township, on La Moin River, about 44 miles E.N.E. of Quincy. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the town- ship, 1071. Brooklyn, a post-village of Morgan co., Ind., in Clay township, on White Lick Creek, and on the Indianapolis &, Vineenncs Railroad, 20 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis. It has 2 churches, a flouring-mill, and a money-order post- ofiice. Pop. estimated at 600. Brooklyn, a post-village of Poweshiek co., Iowa, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 70 miles E. by N. from Des Moines, and 106 miles W. of Davenport. It has 2 banks, a graded school, a steam mill, several grain-elevators, a printing-offlce which issues a weekly newspaper, and 6 churches. Pop. 1109. Brooklyn, a post-office of Butler co., Ky. Brooklyn, a village of Campbell co., Ky., on the Ohio River, 2 or 3 miles above Cincinnati. Brooklyn, a hamlet of Jessamine, Mercer, and Wood- ford COS., Ky., on the Kentucky River, 3J miles from Scott's Railroad depot. It has a saw-mill and a planing-mill. Brooklyn, a post- village of Anne Arundel co., Md., on the Patapsco River, about 5 miles S. of Baltimore. Brooklyn, a post-village of Jackson co., Mich., on Raisin River, in Columbia township, and on the Detroit, Hillsdale & Southwestern Railroad, 66 miles W.S.W. of Detroit, and 15 miles S.E. of Jackson. It has a bank, 3 churches, a graded school, a foundry, a flour-mill, and manu- factures of farming-implements and fanning-mills. P. 544. Brooklyn, a township of Hennepin co., Minn., is bounded on the N.E. by the Mississippi River, and is about 16 miles N.W. of St. Paul. Pop. 876. Brooklyn, a post-hamlet of Tippah co.. Miss., 7 miles from Ripley. It has a church. Brooklyn, a post-hamlet of Harrison co.. Mo., 27 miles W. of Princeton. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Brooklyn, a hamlet of Susse.^ co., N.J., at the outlet of Lake Hopatcong, 1 mile N. of Port Morris. Brooklyn, a city, seaport, and capital of Kings co., N.Y., at the W. end of Long Island, 146 miles S. of Albany, and 226 miles N.E. from Washington. Lat. of the navy yard, 40° 51' 30" N. ; Ion. 73° 59' 30" W. A strait, called the East River, J of a mile wide, and connecting Long Island Sound with New York Bay, separates Brooklyn from New York City, and the navigable Newtown Creek separates it from Long Island City on the N.E. The northeastern part of Brooklyn consists mainly of the former city of Wil- liamsburg, and still retains that name, but is also called " Brooklyn E. D." (East Division). North of WiMiamsburg, and bordering on Newtown Creek and the East River, lies Greenpoint, now also a part of Brooklyn ; while S.W. of Williamsburg lies Wallabout Bay, upon which is situated the United States Navy Yard. Farther south is an irregular bluff called " the Heights," 70 feet above the level of the sea, giving a magnificent view of New York City and harbor, and occupied by fine residences and churches, many of the former being of surpassing elegance and surrounded by yards adorned with beautiful gardens and shrubbery. South of the Heights, on New York B.ay, is South Brooklyn, or " Gowanus," much of which is low and marshy. At the S.E. extremity of the city, situated upon a high ridge and overlooking New York Bay, New York City, and Brooklyn, with views of Jersey City, Staten Island, and the Atlantic Ocean, is the well-known Greenwood Cemetery, containing about 400 acres; while on the same ridge (now termed "the Hill"), which extends in a N.E. direction to Long Island Sound, parallel to and at a distance of about 2 miles from the East River, is situated Prospect Park, covering 570 acres, the cost of which, including its adornments and the two great boulevards connected with it, one of which extends to the beach at Coney Island and the other to East New York, has been about 812,000,000. Here is Ridge- wood Reservoir, from which the city is largely supplied with water, and here also are some of the finest streets of Brooklyn. Eight or more lines of steam ferry-boats connect the various sections of Brooklyn with New York, and other lines connect it with Jersey City. The East River Suspension Bridge, not yet finished (187S), designed to accommodate railway- traSic, as well as foot-passage and carriages, extends from Brooklyn to New York. This is the longest suspension bridge in the world, having a total length of 6987 feet, with a river span of 1595 feet and a breadth of 85 feet. Brooklyn is the terminus of branches of the main Long Island railway system, connecting it with Greenport and Sag Harbor and all the principal points on Long Island, while " Annex" boats transfer passengers to and from the trunk railroad lines at Jersey City and also connect with the Albany and Boston boats. Five or more railways con- nect it with Coney Island, thus placing that famous bathing- ground within easy reach of the residents of the city. The system of street and suburban railways is very exten- sive. Freight-cars are also brought to its docks and ware- houses by floats and steam-tugs, great numbers of which are employed in this business. Much of its freight comes in canal-boats down the Hudson River. The Atlantic Dock, on Buttermilk Channel, opposite Gov- ernor's Island, and 1 mile S. of Fulton Ferry, and the Erie and Brooklyn Basins, all in South Brooklyn, are among the most extensive works of the kind in the United States, and are lined with immense storehouses for grain and other freight, forming, perhaps, the largest grain-depot in the world. The Atlantic Dock, erected by a company incor- porated in 1840, with a capital of $1,000,000, embraces within the piers 40.86 acres. The Erie and Brooklyn Basins have areas respectively of 60 and 40 acres. The United States Navy Yard occupies about 40 acres of ground, which is enclosed on the land side by a high stone wall, and con- tains, besides the residences of the officers, extensive ship- houses, workshops, and a large amount of military stores. Here is an extensive dry-dock, which cost about $1,000,000. Brooklyn has a water front of 10 miles, a circumference of 22 miles, and an area of 16,000 acres. Its manufac- turing interests are large and varied. The refining of sugar and petroleum, and the manufacture of glass, chandlery, clothing, carpets, cordage, chemicals, paints, linseed oil, oil- cloth, metallic wares, tobacco, castings, steam boilers, hats, wire, lace, buttons, paper, and felt goods, are extensively carried on. A very important industry is the loading and unloading of ships and the storage of freight, such as gram, provisions, petroleum, and the like. Greenpoint is exten- sively engaged in the building and repairing of ships, and immense manufacturing interests are located in the old city of Williamsburg. Brooklyn has 4 national and S other banks, lo savings- banks, two of which— "The Brooklyn" and "The Williams- burg"— have each deposits of $10,000,000, 3 daily, 4 weekly, 2 bi°weekly, and 9 monthly periodicals. Among the public buildings are the court-house, which cost $543,000, the old city hall, the new municipal build- in^, erected at a cost of $200,000, academy of music, with a seating capacity of 2400, academy of design, Brooklyn library, city jail, city hospital, house of correction, alms- house, lunatic asylum, deaf-mute asylum, etc. The chari- table institutions comprise homes for destitute children, lor newsboys, for the aged, for the idiotic and deformed, and numerous orphanages, dispensaries, infirmaries, and hos- pitals. The city has 279 churches, some of them being buildings of great architectural merit; 58 public schools, with 90,000 pupils, employing 1150 teachers, and costing BRO 305 BKO $1,100,000 yearly; 2 medical colleges, a Catholic college and priests' seminary, numerous convents, often with schools attached, and many private and incorporated academies and seminaries. Of the churches there are 30 Baptist, 21 Congregational, 16 Dutch Reformed, 49 Episcopal, 6 Jewish, li Lutheran, 57 Methodist, 29 Presbyterian, 41 Roman Catholic, Ac. It is the seat of the Catholic bishop of Brooklyn and of the Protestant Episcopal bishop of Long Island. The environs of the city are very fine. In 1776 the battle of Long Island, so disastrous to us, was fought upon ground now partly within the city limits, and at Wallabout Bay, in the Revolutionary War, were sta- tioned the English prison-ships, in which it is said nearly 12,000 Americans perished from close confinement and other ill treatment. The bodies of the sufferers were hastily buried upon the shore, with little care except to conceal them from sight. In 1S08, their bones, which were beginning to be washed from their graves, were taken up and placed in thirteen coffins, inscribed with the names of the thirteen original states, and then deposited in a common vault, be- neath a building erected for the purpose, on Hudson ave- nue, near the navy yard. In 1873 the remains were placed in a tomb in Fort Green Park, Myrtle avenue. Brooklyn was incorporated in 1646 by the Dutch author- ities of New Amsterdam (now New York), and named Breukelen, from a town of the same name in the Nether- lands. It was incorporated as a township under its present name in April, 1S06, and as a city, having the same limits as the township, 6 miles long and 4 miles wide at its greatest breadth, in 1834. In 1855, Brooklyn, Williamsburg, and Bushwiek were united under one government. The city is now divided into 25 wards, and ranks as the third in the United States in population. Pop. in 1810, 4402 ; in 1820, 7175; in 1830, 15,396; in 1840, 36,233; in 1850, 96,838; in 1860,266,661; in 1865, 296,112; in 1870, 396,099; in 1875, 484,616. Brooklyn, a post- village of Cuyahoga co., 0., in Brook- lyn township, about 3 miles S. of Cleveland. It is pleas- antly situated on the west bank of the Cuyahoga River, and on Big Creek. It has 3 churches, a high school, a news- paper office, and 1 or 2 tanneries. Riverside Cemetery is within the limits of Brooklyn. Pop. 648. The township contains other villages, named Brighton and Lyndale. Total pop. 3712. Brooklyn, a station in Chester co., Pa., on the Waynes- burg Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 38 miles W. of Philadelphia. Brooklyn, a post-village of Susquehanna co., Pa., in Brooklyn township, about 28 miles N. by W. from Scran- ton, and 2 miles W. of the Delaware, Lackawanna & West- ern Railroad. It has a carriage-shop, a grist-mill, and 4 stores. Pop. of the township, 1128. Brooklyn, a post-hamlet of Shelby CO., Tex., 45 miles S.S.W. of Shreveport, La. It has a church. Brooklyn, a post-hamlet of Halifa.x co., Va., 19 miles B. of Danville. It has 2 churches and a tobacco-factory. Brooklyn, a hamlet of Hancock co., W. Va., on the Ohio River, opposite Yellow Creek, 0. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Brooklyn, a post-village of Green co.. Wis., in Brook- lyn township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 15 miles S. of Madison. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Pop. of the township, 1138, Brooklyn, a township of Green Lake co.. Wis., on the N. shore of Green Lake. Pop. 1399. Brooklyn, a village in Annapolis co., Nova Scotia, 2 miles from Middleton. Pop. 150. lirooklyn, a village in Yarmouth co., Nova Scotia, 2 miles from Yarmouth. Pop. 250. Brooklyn, Hants co., Nova Scotia. See Newport. Brooklyn, or Her'ring Cove, a post-village in Queens CO., Nova Scotia, on the E. side of Liverpool harbor, 2A miles from Liverpool. Pop. 300. Brooklyn, or Mus'grave Harbor, a village on the W. side of Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland, 10 miles from Indian Arm. It has a good harbor. Pop. 203. Brooklyn Centre, post-office, Hennepin co., Minn. Brooklyn Lake, a post-office of Bradford co., Fla. Brooklyn Village, a post-village of Cuyahoga co., 0., in Erooklj'n township, is a suburb of Cleveland, and 3i miles from that city. It has 3 churches. Brook Neal, a post-village of Campbell co., Va., on the Staunton River, about 30 miles S. by E. of Lynchburg. It has a church, a newspaper office, and manufactures of leather, ploughs, and tobacco. Brooko, or Bruko, broo'ko, a territory of Northwest- ern Africa, in the S.E. part of Senegambia. 20 Brooks, a county in the S. part of Georgia, bordering on Florida, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is intersected by the Ocopilco River, and bounded on the E. by the Withlacoochee. The surface is nearly level; the soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and sweet potatoes are the staple products. It is intersected by the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad. Capital, Quitman. Valuation of real and personal estate, Sl,983,259. Pop. in 1870, 8342. Brooks, a post-office of Grant co.. Ark. Brooks, a post-village of Adams co., Iowa, on the Nodawa,y River, and on the Chicago, Burlington &, Quincy Railroad, 4 miles W.S.W. of Corning. It has a church. Brooks, a township of Buena Vista co., Iowa. P. 68. Brooks, a station in Jefferson co., Ky., on the Louis- ville & Nashville Railroad, 14 miles S. of Louisville. Brooks, a post-hamlet of Waldo co.. Me., in Brooks township, on the Belfast division of the Maine Central Railroad, 12 miles N.N.W. of Belfast. It has a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a carriage-shop. The township has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 868. Brooks, a township of Newaygo co., Mich. Pop. 1180. It includes the town of Newaygo. Brooks, a post-hamlet of Marion co., Oregon, on the Oregon & California Railroad, 8 miles N. of Salem. It has a church. Brooks'burg, a hamlet in Jefferson co., Ind., on the Ohio River, 7 miles above Madison. It has a church. Brooks' Crossing, a station in Ulster co., N.Y., on the Ulster A Delaware Railroad, 15 miles W.N.W. of Ron- dout. Brooks' Grove, a post-hamlet of Livingston oo., N.Y., about 44 miles S.S.W. of Rochester. Brook'side, a post-village of Morris eo., N.J., in Mendham township, 44 miles W. of Morristown. It has a distillery, a woollen-factory, and a flour-mill. Brookside, a station in Franklin co.. Pa., on the Mont Alto Railroad, 5 miles from Chambersburg. Brookside, a village and station in Schuylkill co.. Pa., is the present N.W. terminus of the Lebanon & Tremont Railroad, 2 miles W. of Tower City. Anthracite coal is mined and shipped here. Brookside, a post-village of Oconto co., Wis., in Pen- saukee township, near Green Bay, 4 miles from Pensaukee Village. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Brookside Station (also a post-office) is on the Chicago & North- western Railroad, 9 miles S.S.W. of Oconto. Brooks' Station, in the District of Columbia, is on the Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 3 miles N.W. of Washington. Brooks' Station, a post-village of Fayette co., Ga., on the Savannah, Griffin & North Alabama Railroad, 12 miles W. of Griffin. It has 3 churches and an academy. Brooks' Station, a hamlet of Bullitt co., Ky., on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 13 miles S. from Louisville. The name of its post-office is Mt. Vitio. Brooks Station, a post-office of Worcester co., Mass., on the Boston, Barre & Gardner Railroad, 13 miles N.N.W. of AVorcester. Brooks'ton, a post-village of AVhite co., Ind., in Prairie township, on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 13 miles N. of Lafayette. It contains the Brooks- ton Academy, 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a money-order post-office. 'Pop. 406. Brookston, a post-hamlet of Warren co., N.C., 4 miles E. from Henderson Railroad Station. Brookston, a post-village of Forest co.. Pa., in Howe township, 7 miles S.E. from Sheffield Railroad Station. It has a lumber-mill, and a large tannery which produces 90,000 sides of sole-leather in a year. Pop. about 400. Brookston, a post-village of Lamar co., Tex., and a station on the Texas & Pacific Railroad, 8 miles W. of Paris. It has a church and 3 stores. Brooks' Vale, a post-office of New Haven co., Conn. Brooks'ville, a post-office of Blount co., Ala. Brooksville, a village of Coosa co., Ala., 16 miles S.W. from Alexander City. It has a church. Here is Equality Post-Office. Brooksville, a post-village, capital of Hernando eo., Fla., about 90 miles S. of Gainesville. It has a church and 4 business-houses. Oranges abound here. Brooksville, Georgia. See Brooks' Station. Brooksville, or Brookville, a post-village, capital of Bracken eo., Ky.. about 40 miles S.E. of Cincinnati, .and 8 miles S. of the Ohio River. It has 4 churches, a steam saw-mill, and 4 tobacco-warehouses. Pop. 348. Brooksville, a post-office of Iberville parish. La. Brooksville, a post-township of Hancock co.. Me., is BRO 306 BRO a peninsula in Penobscot Bay, 22 miles from Buoksport, and about 32 miles S. of Bangor. It has 4 churches, 3 grist- mills, and 3 saw-mills. Pop. 1275. Brooksville, a post-hamlet of Addison eo., Vt., in New Haven township, on Otter Creek, and on the Central Vermont Railroad, 4 miles N. of Middlebury. It has a church and a manufactory of edge-tools. Brooksville, a village of Calhoun oo., W. Va., on the Little Kanawha River, 28 miles S. of Harrisville. It has 1 or 2 churches. Brooks'war, or Brock'wear, a village of England, CO. of Gloucester, on the Wye, 5 miles N. of Chepstow. Brook Vale, a post-hamlet of Clear Creek eo.. Col., 9 miles S.E. from Idaho Springs, and 11 miles from the top of Mount Evans. Brook Vale, a post-oCBce of Broome co., N.Y. Brook Valley, a post-hamlet of Morris co., N.J., 5i miles N. of Boonton, It has a church. Brook Village, Nova Scotia. See Shea's River. Brook'ville, a post-office and station of "Worth co., Ga., on the Brunswick & Albany Railroad, 14 miles E. of Albany. Here is a church. Brookville, a post-hamlet of Ogle co., III., in Brook- ville township, 7 miles from Polo, and about 20 miles S. of Freeport. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 746. Brookville, a post-village, capital of Franklin co., Ind., in Brookville township, on the Whitewater River, at the mouth of its East Branch, and on the Cincinnati & White Water Valley Railroad, 41 miles N.W. of Cincinnati, and about 32 miles S. of Richmond. It contains a graded school, a national bank, 2 paper-mills, 2 machine-shops, 2 flouring-mills, and 4 churches. It is connected with the Ohio River by the Whitewater Canal. Three weekly news- piipers are published here. Pop. about 1600. Pop. of the township, 4207. Brookville, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co., Iowa, 8 miles from Fairfield, and about 18 miles E. by N. from Ottumwa. It has 2 churches. Brookville, a post-village of Saline co., Kansas, in Spring Creek township, on" the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 133 miles W. by S. from Topeka, and 62 miles W.S.W. of Junc- tion City. It has a round-house for the railroad, a money- order post-office, and several stores. Pop. 201. Brookville, a post-village of Montgomery co., Md., 20 miles from Washington, D.C., and about 27 miles W.S.W. of Baltimore. It has the Brookville Academy, 3 churches, 2 mills, 2 carriage-shops, tfec. Pop. about 200. Brookville, a post-hamlet of Norfolk co., Mass., in Ilolbrook township, about 18 miles S. of Boston, and 1 mile from the Old Colony Railroad. It has 2 churches. Brookville, a small post- village of Noxubee co.. Miss., on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 206 miles N. by W. from Mobile. It has 2 churches. Brookville, a hamlet of Queens co., N.Y., in Oyster Bay township, 3 or 4 miles from Syosset Railroad Station. It has a. church, a carriage-shop, and a charitable institution called the .Jones Institute. Brookville, a post-village of Montgomery co., 0., in Clay township, on the Dayton & Union and Dayton & Western Railroads, 13 miles W.N.W. of Dayton. It has 2 churches, a graded school, 4 stores, a carriage-factory, and 3 warehouses for grain. Pop. about 450. Brookville, a post-borough, capital of Jefferson co.. Pa., on Red Bank Creek, and on the Low Grade division of the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 104 miles N.E. of Pittsburg, and about 42 miles S.E. of Oil City. It has a graded school, a national bank, 1 other bank, and 6 churches. Three weekly newspapers are published here. It has also 2 foun- dries, 3 grist-mills, 3 planing-mills, a machine-shop, a woollen-factory, 2 furniture-factories, and 5 hotels. Pop. about 2500. Brookville, a post-hamlet of St. Croix co.. Wis., on the Eau Galle River, 3 miles from Woodville Railroad Sta- tion, and about 27 miles E. by S. from Hudson. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Brookville, a post-village in Cumberland co.. Nova Scotia, on Minas Basin, 15 miles from Parrsborough. P. 100. Brookville, Nova Scotia. See Beaveh River. Brookville, Halton oo., Ontario. See Nassagaweya. Broom 'all, a post-hamlet of Delaware co., Pa., in Mar- pie township, 3 miles S.W. of Bryn Mawr. It has a church. Broome, a county in the S. part of New York, border- ing on Pennsylvania, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is intersected by the Susquehanna River, and is partly drained by the Chenango and Tioughnioga Rivers and the main branch of the Delaware River. The surface is un- dulating or hilly, presents several broad valleys, and is extensively covered with forests; the soil is fertile. Oats, butter, cattle, hay, potatoes, leather, and lumber are the chief products of the county. It is intersected by the Erie Railroad, Several other railroads connect at Binghamton, which is the capital. Devonian sandstone is abundant here. Among the forest trees are the ash, elm, beech, hickory, sugar-maple, white oak, and other oaks. It had in 1870, 118,103 acres of woodland. Valuation of real and personal estate, $21,621,822. Pop. in 1870, 44,103, of whom 40,058 were natives and 4045 were foreigners; in 1875, 42,149, Broome, a township of Schoharie co., N.Y. Pop. 1705. Broome Centre, a post-hamlet of Schoharie co., N.Y., in Gilboa township, 11 miles N.E. from Moresville. It has 2 churches. Broomiield, a township of Isabella co., Mich., about 60 miles W. of Bay City. Pop. 84. Broomiield, a post-office of Sherman township, Isa- bella CO., Mich. See Corning. Broom Hill, a station in Clarke co., Ind., on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 14 miles N. of New Albany. Broomsgrove, England. See Bromsgrove. Broom'town, a post-village of Cherokee co., Ala., about 30 miles AV.N.W. of Rome, Ga. It has 2 churches. Brooiis, broN°, a town of France, department of Cotes- du-Nord, 15 miles S.W. of Dinan. Pop. 2546. Broos, a town of Transylvania. See Szaszvaros. Broquies, bro'ke-i', a village of France, department of Aveyton, 22 miles S. of Rodez. Pop. 990. Bro'ra, a river of Scotland, co. of Sutherland, after a S.E. course through several lakes, enters the Moray Firth at the village of I3rora, 4 miles N.E. of Golspie. Broseley, broz'le, a town of England, co. of Salop, on the Severn, and on a railway, 13 miles S.E. of Shrewsbury. Pop. of parish, 4639, engaged in coal- and iron-mines, in foundries, in potteries, and in making tobacco-pipes. Bros'ley, a post-hamlet of Cass eo.. Mo., 7 miles S. from West Line Railroad Station. Bros'na, Great and Little, two small rivers of King's CO., Ireland, tributary to the Shannon. Bros'ville, a post- village of Pittsylvania co., Va., about 20 miles W. of Danville. It has 2 churches and 2 tobacco- factories. Pop. about 350. Brotherlield, brilTH'^r-feeld, a post-office of Turner CO., Dakota. Brother's Valley, a township of Somerset eo.. Pa. Pop. 1597, exclusive of Berlin. Brothertoii, briiTH'er-ton, a post-village of St. Louis CO., Mo., on the Missouri River, opposite St. Charles City, and on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 20 miles N.W. of St. Louis. It is at the east end of a great railroad bridge which connects it with St. Charles. It has a church, a bank, and a grist-mill. Brothertown, bruTH'er-town, a post-township of Calumet CO., Wis., about 16 miles N.E. of Fond du Lac, is bounded on the W. by Lake Winnebago. It has 2 churches. Pop. 1692. Brotterode, brot-ter-o'dch, a town of Germany, in Prussian Hesse, 7 miles N. of Schmalkalden. Pop. 2794. Brotzingen, brot'zing-en, a town of Germany, in Baden. 2 miles W. of Pforzheim. Pop. 3331. Brotz'manville, a post-office of Warren co., N.J. Brou, broo, a town of France, in Eure-et-Loir, on the Ozanne, 22 miles S.W. of Chartres. Pop. 2338. Brouage, broo'izh', a hamlet of France, in Charente- Inferieure, 10 miles S.S.W. of Rochefort. Pop. 601. Brough, brilf, a town of England, co. of Westmoreland, 7i miles E.S.E. of Appleby. It has an old church, an en- dowed school, a branch bank, and the ruins of a castle. Pop. of parish, 1397. Broiigh, briif, a post-office of Dallas co., Iowa. Brougham, broo'am, or Bent'ley's Cor'ners, a post village in Ontario co., Ontario, 12 miles from Whitby. Pop. 300. Broughhead, a village of Scotland. See BiincnnEAn. Broughshane, brfth'shain', a town of Ireland, co. oi Antrim, 3* miles E.N.E. of Ballymena. Pop. 738. Brougliton, bruK'ton, a village of Scotland, co. of Peebles, on the Tweed, 9 miles S.W. of Peebles. Broughton, bro'ton, or St. Pierre de Broughton, siN" pe'aiu' deh bro'tAN"', a post-village in Bcaueo co., Quebec, 54 miles S. of Quebec. Pop. 200. Broughton, bro'ton, a post-hamlet of Hamilton eo., III., on the St. Louis A Southeastern Railroad, 12 miles S. of McLcansborough. It h.as a saw-inill. Broughton, a township, Livingston co., 111. Pop. 823. Brough'ton-in-Fur'ness, a town of England, co. BRO 307 BRO of Lancaster, on the Duddon, and on a railway, 29 miles N.W. of Lancaster. Pop. 1085, Broughton Island, one of the sea-islands of Mcin- tosh CO., (ja. Pop. 71, Broughty (braw'tee) Ferry, a village of Scotland, co. of Forfar, on the Firth of Tay, opposite Ferryport-on-Craig, to which a steam railway ferry plies. It is handsome, and greatly resorted to as a bathing-place by the inhabitants of Dundee, which i-^ 3 miles distant. Broughty Castle, on its S.E. side, was an ancient fortress. Pop. 6S17, Brousa, or Broussa. See Brusa. Brouwershaveii, brow'wers-hi^ven, a town of the Netherlands, province of Zealand, on the N.W. coast of the island of Schouwen, near the sea. Pop. 1803. Brow'er, a post-office of Berks co., Pa., at Unionville. Brow'ers, a township of Randolph co., N.C. Pop. 781. Brow'er's Mill s, a post-hamlet of Randolph co., N.C., 17 miles E. of Ashborough. It has a flour- and a saw-mill. Brown, a county in the W. part of Illinois, has an area of about 320 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Illinois River, and on the N.E. by La Moin River. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is diversified with prairies and woodland; the soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. This county is in- tersected by the Wabash Railroad. Capital, Mount Ster- ling. Valuation of real and personal estate, §6,727,024. Pop. in 1870, 12,205, of whom 11,357 were Americans. Brown, a county in the S. central part of Indiana, has an area of .320 square miles. It is drained by Bean Blos- som and Salt Creeks. The surface is hilly or undulating, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn and wheat are the staple products. Capital, Nashville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 8681, of whom 8529 were Americans. Brown, a county in the N.E. part of Kansas, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is drained by the Dela- ware and Wolf Rivers and AValnut Creek. The surface is diversified with prairies and groves; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and cattle are the staple products of this county, which is intersected by the St. Joseph & Denver City Railroad. Capital, Hiawatha. Valuation of real and personal estate, $^,340,800. Pop. in 1870, 6823, in 1875, 8vnship of Anderson co., S.C. Pop. 1752. Brushy Creek, a post-office of Anderson co., Tex. Brushy Fork, a post-hamlet of Douglas co., 111., about 24 miles W.N.AV. of Paris. It has 2 churches. Brushy Fork, a station in Doddridge co., W. Va., on the Middle Island Railroad, 11 miles S. of Smithton. Brushy Fork of the Ouachita, a name given to that part of the Ouachita River which is in Polk and Mont- gomery COS., Ark. It rises in Polk co. and flows eastward. Brushy Lake, a post-office of Cross co.. Ark. Brushy Mountain, township, AVilkeseo., N.C. P.4"4. Brushy Prairie, a post-office, Ind. See Spuixgfiki-d. Brushy Run, a post-oflice of Pendleton co., W. Va. Brush'yville, a post-hamlet of Grant co., Ark., 6 miles from Sheridan* Brusly Landing;, La. See Biiuly Landing. Brusque, briisk, a town of France, in Aveyron, 12 miles S. of St. AffVique, on the Dourdou. Pop. IISO. Brus'sels {Dut.ch,i?i-»««c/, brtis's^l ; Fr. JinuveNtt^, hrxV- sflll'; L. JSniJ-ei'lK or lirnsoln ; Ger. ]h-iU>tcl, brUs'sei: It. IJruBselle, broos-s5rUV; Sp. lini^elas, broo-sit'lils), a city of Europe, capital of Belgium and of the province of Brabant, BRU 313 BRY on the Senne, at the junction of several railways and canals. Lat. of the observatory, 50° 51' 11" N.; Ion. i° 21' 10" E. Climate temperate, humid, and very variable, but healthy. Brussels is built partly on a hill 220 feet above the sea-level, and partly on a flat, through which the Senne flows beneath an arched covering which supports a new boulevard. It is the most important city in the kingdom, and the chief seat of public instruction and industry, the residence of the courts, the seat of the legislative assemblies, courts of appeal, and chamber of commerce. Brussels is remarkable for the num- ber and richness of its ancient buildings; and from the elegance of its new quarters it ranks among the finest cities of Europe. It consists of an upper or new and a lower or old town, the former of which is the fashionable quarter and con- tains the royal palace, the government offices, and the finest streets and hotels ; it is well supplied with water, and has many richly-sculptured fountains. Between the city and the walls, and intermediate to the suburbs, are the broad prom- enades and drive, replacing former ramparts called boule- vards. These are 9 in number, and shaded with double rows of lime-trees. Of the ancient fortifications no relic remains, except the Porte de Hal, a baronial-looking bar- bacan, erected late in the fourteenth century, which long served in later days as a prison. Every part of Brussels ex- hibits a congeries of twisted streets, with the exception of those recently formed, mostly near the royal palace. Sev- eral of these are really handsome. A number of irregular areas, called places, or marches when used as markets, are to be found at intervals through the city, which, how- ever, is in general far too closely built. The only excep- tion is in the extramural quarters, Leopold and Louise, beyond the Boulevard du Regent. Its principal squares are the Place Royale, Place de la Monnaie, with the mint, theatre, and exchange, the Place des Martyres, the Place du Grand Sablon, the tjrand Place in the lower town, in which is the Hotel de Ville, a noble Gothic edifice, in the grand hall of which the abdication of Charles V. took place in 1555. The present modern edifices are the palace of the chambers, the king's pal- ace, the palace of the fine arts, formerly the residence of the dukes of Brabant and of the governors-general of Austria, rebuilt in 1746, and now occupied by the public library and museum; the former palace of the Prince of Orange, remarkable for its interior decorations ; the church of Notre Dame de Bon Secours, and that of Grand BSgui- nage, both of the seventeenth century, and the theatre. The ancient buildings comprise the Hotel de Ville, one of the noblest buildings of the kind in Europe, with a spire of open stone-work 3fi4 feet in height; several churches, in general decorated with rich sculptures and paintings, the finest of which is the cathedral of Ste. Gudule, built in 1273, and celebrated for its painted glass, numerous statues, and a finely-carved pulpit; the church of Notre Bame de la Chapelle, commenced in 1134, and that of Notre Dame des Victoires, of the thirteenth century ; the Broot-IIuys, or old Hotel de Ville, and several gates of its ancient walls. The finest promenades are the Allee Verte, along the canal from Brussels to the Scheldt, and the park, an extensive enclosure near the royal palace, laid out with avenues of trees and ornamented with statues. This was the scene of the chief struggle in the revolution of IS.iO. Three miles N. is the country palace of Laeken. Brussels has numerous and ex- cellent establishments of public instruction, a free university, founded in 1S34, primary normal school, polytechnic school, an academy of painting, sculpture, and engraving, a royal school of music, a school of deaf, dumb, and blind, estab- lished in 1834, and numerous primary schools and schools of industry. Among its rich scientific and literary establish- ments are the astronomical observatory, one of the finest in Europe, and a magnetic observatory, the general depot for the archives of the kingdom, the public library, containing 234,000 volumes and 25,000 MSS., the museum of painting, natural history, and antiquities, and an excellent botanic garden. It has an academy of belles-lettres, an exhibition of paintings, and another for the productions of national industry. Among its private collections are the library of the Bollandists, and that of the geographical establishment of Vandermaelen, containing 20,000 volumes and a rich collection of maps, in connection with a school of geography and a museum of natural history. Brussels is the seat of the principal banks and of the only mint of the kingdom, and has a savings-bank and many wealthy charitable institutions. It is one of the great centres of Belgian industry, and it is still celebi-ated for its lace, considered the finest in the world; its other chief manufactures arc of fine linens, damask, silk, and cotton ribbons, gold and silver embroidery, hats, paper, machinery. jewelry, and mathematical and musical instruments. It has also establishments for coach-building and cabinet- making, manufactures of chemical products, soap, porcelain, and crystal, and extensive sugar-refineries and breweries. It has many large typographical and lithogr.aphic estab- lishments, which are chiefly employed in reprints of works published in France. The Emperor Otho dated a decree apud Brusolam, in 976. But the town was not of consequence enough to be fortified till 1044, when Lambert Balderic, Count of Louvain and Brussels, built a wall, with seven gates, around it ; and it was of small account till Flanders passed into the hands of princes of the house of Austria, when it became, in 1507, the usual seat of government for the entire Low Countries. Brussels was taken in 1706 by the Duke of Marlborough, and by the French, under Marshal Saxe, in 1747. The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 174S, gave back Brussels to the Austrians. In 1794, General Dumouriez took possession of it for the French Republic. It remained in the possession of the French from 1 794 until 1814 as capital of the depart- ment of the Dyle. The Prussians took possession of Brussels February 1, 1S14. September 11, 1816, William of Orange- Nassau was inaugurated at Brussels as King of the Neth- erlands. It then became one of the capitals of the new kingdom, alternating with The Hague as the residence of the court. At length, September 23, 1830, burst out at Brussels the revolution which established the kingdom of Belgium, and Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, elected King of the I3elgians by the national congress, June 4, 1831, made his public entry into Brussels as the sole capital of his new kingdom. Pop. in 1800, 76,426 ; in 1876, 183,080, or, including 8 adjacent faubourgs, 384,848. Brus'sels, a post-village of Calhoun co., 111., 25 miles from Jerseyville. It has a church, a convent, and academy. Brussels, a post-hamlet of Lincoln co.. Mo., 18 miles from Wentzville. It has a church. Brussels, a post-township of Door co.. Wis., about 25 miles N.E. of the city of Green Bay. Pop. 675. Brus'sels, an incorporated village in Huron co., On- tario, on the river Maitland, and on the Wellington, Grey &. Bruce Railroad, 40 miles from Kincardine. It contains 6 churches, 6 hotels, 2 saw-mills, 2 grist-mills, an iron- foundry, a woollen-factory, a door- and sash-factory, a cheese-factory, a planing-mill, 17 stores, and a printing- office issuing a weekly newspaper. Pop. 1000. Briissow, brli'sov, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, on Lake Briissow, 12 miles N.E. of Prenzlow. Pop. 1540. Brusthem, brQs'tSm, a village of Belgium, in Lim- bourg, 10 miles N.W. of Tongres, noted for a signal defeat of the Liegeois, by Charles the Bold, in 1467. Pop. 1099. Bru'ton, a town of England, co. of Somerset, 10 miles by rail S.S.W. of Frome. Pop. 1691. Bru'ton, a post-oflice of Wood co., Tex. Bruttium, Bruttii, ancient names of Calabria. Bru'tus, or Maple River, a post hamlet of Emmett CO., Mich., 18 miles N.E. from Petoskey. It has good water-power, and forests of pine, sugar-m.aple, *fec. Brutus, a township of Cayuga co., N.Y., containing the village of Wcedsport, and traversed by the New York Central and Southern Central Railroads and the Erie Canal. Pop. 2831. Briix, briiks, or Brix, a town of Bohemia, at a rail- way junction, 14 miles N. of Saatz, on the Bila. It has a gymnasium, coal-mines, and manufaetures of salts. The mineral spring of Sedlitz is in its vicinity. Pop. 5972. Bruxelles, or Bruxellsc. See Brussels. Bruyeres, brii'yaiR', a town of France, department of Vosges, 13 miles E.N.E. of Epinal. Pop. 2386. Bruyeres-sous-Laon, brii'yaiR'-soo-14"AN"', a town of France, in Aisne, 3 miles S.S.E. of Laon. Pop. 1076. Bruynswick, broins'wik or brins'wik, a post-hamlet of Ulster CO., N.Y., in Shawangunk township, about 16 miles W.N.W. of Newburg. It has a church. Bruz, briiz, a village of France, department of Ille-et- Vilaine, 6 miles S.W. of Rennes. Pop. 2836. Bry'au, a county in the E.S.E. part of Georgia, border- ing on the Atlantic Ocean, has an area of about 470 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Ogeechee River, and is intersected by the Cannouche River. The surface is mostly level, and extensively covered with pine forests; the soil is sandy. Rice is the chief product of this county, which is traversed by the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad. Capi- tal, Eden. Valuation of real and personal estate, $565,371. Pop. in 1870, 5252. of whom 5247 were Americans. IJryan, a hamlet of Saline co., Mo., about 30 miles N.N.E. of Sedalia. Bryan, a township of Surry co., N.C. Pop. 1032. BRY 314 BUC Bryan, a post-village, capital of Williams co., 0., on the Air-Line division of the Lake Shore & Michigan South- ern Railroad, 53 miles W.S.W. of Toledo, and about 42 miles N.N.E. of Fort Wayne, Ind. It has a court-house, a national bank, a money-order post-oifice, a machine-shop, and o churches. Three weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 2284. Bryan, a post-village, the capital of Brazos co., Te.K., is on the Houston & Texas Central Railroad, 100 miles N.W. of Houston, about 85 miles (direct) E.N.E. of Austin, and 6 miles E. of the Brazos River. It has 2 banks, 6 churches, a fine court-house, a chair-factory, a carriage- shop, a steam saw-mill, a grist-mill, and is the seat of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas. Two weekly newspapers are published in the village. About 15,000 bales of cotton are annually shipped here. Pop. estimated at 3600. Bryan, a post-office and station of Sweetwater co., Wy- oming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 285 miles W. of Lar- amie, and 13 miles W. of Green River City. Bryan's, a station in Callaway co., Mo., on the rail- road from Jefferson City to Me.vico, 42 miles N. by E. from Jeff"erson City. Bry'anston, or Good'wood, a post-vilLage in Mid- dlesex CO., Ontario, 12 miles N. of London. Pop. 100. Bry'ansville, a post-hamlet of York co.. Pa., on the Peach Bottom Railroad, in Peach Bottom township, 32 miles S.E. of York. Bry'ant, a post-ofiice of Saline co., Ark., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 17 miles W.S.W. of Little Rock. Bryant, a post-village of Fulton co.. 111., on the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 6-^ miles from Lewis- ton, and 8 miles S.S.W. of Canton. It has several churches, and 3 stores. Coal is mined here. Pop. about 300. Bryant, a village of Jay co., Ind. See BniANT. Bryant, a station in Buchanan co., Iowa, on the Mil- waukee division of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad, 46 miles N. of Cedar Rapids. Bryant, a post-village of Clinton co., Iowa, on the Iowa Midland Railroad, 17 miles N.W. of Clinton. It has 2 hotels, a public hall, and a church. Pop. 200. Bryant, a post-ofiice of Butler co., Kansas. Bryant, a post-ofiice of Fillmore co.. Neb., 3 miles from Davenport Railroad Station. Bry'antown, a post-hamlet of Ch.arles eo., Md., about 30 miles S.S.E. of Washington, D.C. It has a church. Bry'antsburg, a post-hamlet of Jefi'erson co., Ind., S miles N. of Madison. Bry'ant's Creek, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., Ind., 10 miles S. of Martinsville. It has a church. Bryant's Fork (of White River) drains parts of Douglas and Ozark cos.. Mo., and enters the Big North Fork about 8 miles E. of Gainesville. Bryant's Fond, a post-village of Oxford eo.. Me., in Woodstock township, on the Grand Trunk Railroad, 62 miles N. by W. of Portland. It has 2 churches, a carriage- shop, and a tinware-shop. Bryant's Store, a post-ofiice of Knox co., Ky. Bry'antsville, a post-village of Lawrence co., Ind., in Spice V^alley township, 7 miles from Mitchell. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Bryantsville, a post-village of Garrard co., Ky., 25 miles S. of Lexington. It has a church. Pop. about 175. Bryantsville, a post-hamlet of Plymouth co., Mass., 2 miles from South Hanson Railroad Station. It has 2 churches and a shoe-factory. Bry'antville, a post-oflioe of Cobb co., Ga. Bry'arHill, a station on the Chicago & Canada South- ern Railroad, 26 miles S.S.W. of Detroit, and 10 miles W. of Slocum Junction, Mich. Bry'don's, a station in Garrett co., Md., on the Balti- more & Ohio Railroad, 30i miles S.W. of Cumberland. Bryher, one of the Scilly Islands. See Breiiar. Bryn-SIawr, brun'mowr', a town of Wales, in Brecon- shire, on two railways, 10 miles E.N.E. of Merthyr-Tydvil. It has iron-works. Pop. 5739. Bryn-Mawr (local pron. br!n*-mar'), a post-village of Montgomery co., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 10 miles W.N.W. of Philadelphia. It has 4 churches, a supe- rior hotel, 2 first-class boarding-houses, and a money-order post-office. The village consists mostly of elegant country- seats and cottn,ges of citizens of Philadelphia. Bry'son, formerly Har'grave, a post-villago of Que- bec, capital of Pontia* co., on the Ottawa River, at the head of Calumet Falls, 60 miles N.W. of Ottawa. Pop. 250. Brzesc, bzhists, a town of Poland, government and 94 miles W.N.SV. of Warsaw, on an affluent of the Vistula. Brzesc-Litewski, Brzesc, or Brzest, a town of Poland. See Bhest-Litovsk. Brzesnica, bzh^s-neet'si, a town of Poland, 66 miles S.E. of Kalisz. Pop. 980. Brzesnitz, bzhfe'nits, or Brzesnice, bzhSs-neet'si, a town of Bohemia, 40 miles S.W. of Prague. Pop. 2016. Brzestitz, a town of Bohemia. See Przestitz. Brzezany, bzhi-zha'nee, a town of Austrian Galicia, on the ZIota-Lipa, 54 miles S.E. of Lemberg. It has a castle, a gymnasium, and manufactures of leather, sail-cloth, and linen fabrics. Pop. 4734. Brzezeny, bzhi-zhi'nee, a village of Poland, 12 miles S.S.E. of Kalisz. Brzezyn, bzhi'zin, a town of Poland, 63 miles S.W. of Warsaw. It has woollen-manufactures. Pop. 6040. Brzozov, bzho'zov, a town of Austrian Galicia, 10 miles N.W. of Sanok. It has manufactures of cloth. Pop. 2650. Bu, bii, a town of France, department of Eure-et-Loir, 7 miles N.E. of Dreux. Pop. 1286. Bua, boo'3,, an isliind of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, im- mediately opposite Trau. It produces dates, wine, olives, and asphaltum. Pop. 3700. Chief town, Bua or Santa Croce. Pop. 1380. Buache, bu'ik or boo-^sh', or Garden Island, an island of Western Australia, in the Indian Ocean, 5 miles from the mainland ; between which and the island is Cock- burn Sound. Length, 6 miles. Buarcos, boo-an'koce, a town of Portugal, province of Beira, on the sea-coast, 24 miles W. of Coimbra. Pop. 2817. Bub^ak', a village of Sinde, on the borders of Beloo- chistan, and on the N.E. shore of Lake Munchar. Lat. 26° 6' N. ; Ion. 66° 52' E. Pop. 5000. Bubas'tis (Scripture Pi-beseth ; modern Tel Baata), a ruined city of Lower Egypt : the remains, situated on an arm of the Nile, at its delta, 14 miles N. of Belbeys, com- prise extensive mounds and ruins of temples. Bubble, a town of Italy. See Boebio. Bubendorf, boo'ben-dortf^ a village of Switzerland, in Basel Land, 10 miles S'.E. of Basel. Pop. 1377. Bubion, boo-be-on', a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 35 miles S.E. of Granada. Pop. 702. Bublitz, boo'blits, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 23 miles S,E. of Coslin. Pop. 4251. Bubry, bii'bree', a village of France, department of Morbihan, 17 miles N.N.E. of Loricnt. Pop. 3493. Buc'atun'na, or Buck'atun'na, a post-village of Wayne co.. Miss., on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad where it crosses Bucatunna Creek, 71 miles N. by W. from Mobile. It has 2 churches and a distillery of turpentine. Bucatunna Creek, of Mississippi, runs southward through Clarke co., and enters the Chickasawha River in Wayne co. It is about 90 miles long. Buccaneer (buk"k4n-eer') Archipelago, a group of islands in the Indian Ocean, near the N.W. coast of Australia. Lat. 16° S.; Ion. 123° 30' E. Buccari, book-ki'ree, a free seaport town of Austria, in Croatia, on an inlet of the Gulf of Quarnero, 5 miles by rail E.S.E. of Fiume. Pop. 2116. It has a good harbor, at the opposite extremity of which, 5 miles S.E., is the vil- lage of BuccAnizzA. Buccheri, book-ki'ree, a town of Sicily, province of Syracuse, 25 miles N.W. of Noto. Pop. 4223. Bucchianico, book-ke-i'ne-ko, a town of Italy, prov- ince and 4 miles S.E. of Chieti. Pop. 4163. Buccina, a supposed ancient name of Levanzo. Buccinarian (boot'ehee-ni're-in) Islands, a group of small islands off the N.E. coast of Sardinia. Caprera is tlie most noted of these. Buccino, boot-chee'no, a town of Italy, province of Salerno, on the Botta, here crossed by a Roman bridge, 14 miles E. of Canipagna. Pop. 5500. In its vicinity are quarries of fine marble. Buccleugli, biik-klu', an old parish of Scotland, co. of Selkirk, now in the parish of Ettriek. It gives the title of duke to the head of the Scott family. Buccleugh is also the name of a suburban parish of Edinburgh. Bucellas, boo-s^I'lis, a village of Portugal, in Estre- madura, 14 miles N. of Lisbon. Pop. 2074, Buch, hiish, an old district of Franco, in the Bordclais, now comprised in the department of Girondo. Capital, La Teste de Buch. Buchau, biiK'an, a district of Scotland, cos. of Aber- deen and Banff. Buchan, Bullers of. See Bullers of Euciian. Buchanan, buk-an'an, a county in the N.E. central part of Iowa, has an area of 676 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Wapsipinicon River and Buffalo Creek, and BUG 3 the Cedar River touches its S.W. extremity. The surface of the county is undulating j the soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, cattle, and oats are the staple products. A large portion of the county is prairie. Among the forest trees are the ash, elm, hickory, white oak, maple, and black walnut. Devonian limestone underlies a large part of the surface. It is traversed by the Dubuque & Sioux City Branch of the Illinois Central Railroad, and the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad. Capital, Independence. Valuation of real and personal estate, $6,126,184. Pop. 17,034, of whom 14,402 were Americans; in 1875, 17,315. Buchanan, a county in the W.N.W. part of Missouri, bordering on Kansas, hjis an area of about 430 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Missouri River, and in- tersected by the Platte River. The surface is extensively covered with forests of hard timber; the soil is fertile. In- dian corn, wheat, pork, and oats are the staple products. It is intersected by the Hannibal & St. Joseph Raih-oad, with which other railroads connect at St. Joseph, the capital of the county. Valuation of real and personal estate, $20,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 35,109, of whom 28,796 were natives and 6313 were foreigners. Buchanan, a county in the S.W. part of Virginia, bor- dering on Kentucky, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is drained by the Louisa Fork and Russell Fork of Sandy River. The surface is hilly and extensively covered with forests. The soil produces some Indian corn, pasture, &c. Capital, Grundy. Valuation of real and personal estate, $455,457. Pop. in 1870, 3777, all of whom were natives. Buchanan, a post-hamlet of Fresno co., Cal., about 25 miles S. of Mariposa. Buchanan, a post-village, capital of Haralson co., Ga., about 50 miles W. of Atlanta. It has a church. Buchanan, township, Jefiferson co., Iowa. Pop. 1157. Buchanan, a township of Page co., Iowa. Pop. 907. Buchanan, a hamlet of Taylor co., Iowa, in Polk township, 7 miles from Hopkins, Mo. It has a church. Pop. about 75. The name of its post-office is Siam. Buchanan, a post-village of Lawrence co., Ky., 10 miles from Rush Station. It has 2 churches. Buchanan, a post-village of Berrien co., Midi., in Buchanan township, on the St. Joseph River, and on the Michigan Central Railroad, 6 miles W. of Niles, and 87 miles E. of Chicago. It has a graded school, a national bank, 6 churches, a fine public school-house, a newspaper- office, a foundry, 3 flouring-mills, 3 saw-milJs, manufactories of furniture, &g. Pop. 1702 ; of the township, 2880. Buchanan, a township of Atchison co.. Mo. Pop. 905. Buchanan, a post-hamlet of Bollinger co., Mo., on Castor River, about 120 miles S. of St. Louis. It has 2 churches. Iron ore abounds here. Buchanan, a township of Douglas co., Mo. Pop. 430. Buchanan, a township of Sullivan co.. Mo. P. 1104. Buchanan, a post-office of Granville co., N.C. Buchanan, a village of Pike co., 0., in Pebble town- ship, 9 miles from Waverly. It has2churches. The name of its post-office is Pee Pee. Buchanan, a post-hamlet of Henry co., Tenn., 15 miles from Paris. It has a church and an academy. Buchanan, a post-village of Botetourt co., Va., on the James River, and on the James River Canal, in a beautiful valley, about 38 miles W.N.AV. of Lynchburg. A bridge across the river connects it with Pattonsburg. Here are several stores and mills, and 4 churches. Buchanan, a township of Outagamie co., Wis. P. 981. Buchaiian's Road, a station in Chester co.. Pa., on the Waynesburg Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 18 miles from Downiugtown. Buchan-Ness,buK^in-ness', the most eastern headland of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, 2^ miles S. of Peterhead. It has a light-house, lat. 57*^ 28' N., Ion. 1° 46' W. Near this are the "Bullers of Buchan" (which see). Bucharest, Bukharest, or Bukhorest, bu^ko- r^st', written also BooMcaresht', or Bukuresci (i.e., "the city of enjoyment"), a city of Southeastern Europe, capital of Roumania, in a swampy plain on the Dimbovetza. Lat. 44° 25' 39" N. ; Ion. 26° 5' 24" E. It resembles a large village, the houses being surrounded with gardens, and is mostly irregular, but some of its streets are well paved and lighted with gas. It has a Catholic bishop and a Greek metropolitan. There are many churches and monasteries, a foundling and other hospitals, a university, a college, a museum with a public library, a metropolitan seminarj^ and other schools. Bucharest is a great entrep&t for commerce. Its chief trade is in grain, building-timber, wool, salt, and wax. It is at the junction of two railways. Manj' news- papers are issued here, and a street-railway is in operation. 5 BUG The town has increased rapidly in importance of late. Pop. in 1872, 221,805. Bucharia, a territory of Central Asia. See Bokhara, Buchau, boo'Kow, a town of Bohemia, 13i miles E.S.E. of Elbogen. Pop. 1260. Buchau, a town of Wiirtemberg, 7 miles S.E. of Ried- lingen. Pop. 2244. Buchberg, booK'b^RC, a town of Austria, 15 miles W. of Neustadt, at the foot of the Schneeberg. Pop. 2249. Buchen, boo'Ken, a town of Baden, 29 miles E.N.E. of Heidelberg. Pop. 2180. Buchen, a village of Prussia, at a railway junction, 8 miles N.N.E. of Lauenburg. Pop. 281. Buchholz, booK'hilts, a town of Saxony, on a railway, 8 miles S.E. of Grilnhain, on the Lehm. Pop, 5247. Buchholz Franzosisch, booK'hilts frant-so'zish {i.e., ** French Buchholz"), a village of Prussia, 6 miles N. of Berlin. Pop. 1154. Buchholz Wendisch, booK'hilts ^fin'dish, a village of Prussia, 36 miles S.E. of Potsdam. Pop. 1138. Buch- holz is also the name of several villages in Germany. Buchhorn, Germany. See Friedrichshafen. BuchlowitZ, bo6K'lo--fi'its^, a town of Austria, in Mo- ravia, 6 miles W. of Hradisch. Pop. 2069. Buchlyvie, buK-li'vee, a village and burgh of Scotland, CO. and 13 miles W. of Stirling. Pop. 339. Buchman, or Buckman, buk'man, a post-township of Morrison co., Minn. Pop. 119. Buchorest, a town of Roumania. See Bucharest. Buch^ra'on, or BuchVoon', a town of India, 28 miles S.AV. of Lucknow. Pop. 6018. BuchsAveiler, booKs'wi-ler (Fr. Bouxviller, books'- ve^yaiu'), a town of Germany, Lower Alsace, 15 miles N.E. of Zabern. It has extensive manufactures. Pop. 3371, Buchtel, Isabella co., Mich., now called Loo-mis. Bucine, boo-chee'ni, a village of Italy, in Arezzo, 25 miles S.E. of Florence, on the Ambra. Pop. 3168. Buck, a township of Edgar co., HI. Pop. 794. Buck, a township of Hardin co., 0. Pop. 1259. Buck, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co., Pa., 4 miles W.S.AV. of Quarryville. Buck, a township of Luzerne co., Pa. Pop. 574. It contains Goldsborough. Bucka'ria, a township of Halifax co., N.C. P. 1782. Buckatunna, Miss. See Bucatunna. Buckau, biik'aw, a post-office of Cuming co.. Neb. Buckau, book'ow, a town of Prussian Sa.xony, ;idjacent to the city of Magdeburg. It has large and varied manu- factures. Pop. 9696. Buck Creek, of Indiana, flows through Marion co., and enters Sugar Creek in Shelby co. Buck Creek, of Harrison co., Ind., flows into the Ohio at Mauckport. Buck Creek, of Henry co., Ind., flows into the West Fork of White River at Yorktown. Buck Creek, Ohio. See Lagonda Creek. Buck Creek, a post-office of Scriven co., Ga. Buck Creek, township, Hancock co., Ind. Pop. 1227. Buck Creek, a village in Washington township, Tip- pecanoe CO., Ind., on the Wabash Railroad, 8 miles N.E. of Lafayette. In the vicinity are 2 churches. Buck Creek, a post-office of Bremer co., Iowa. Buck Creek, a station in Jefferson co., Kansas, on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, at the crossing of Buck Creek, in Rural township, 7 miles N.W. of Lawrence. Buck Creek, a post-office of Owsley co., Ky. Buck Creek, a post-office of Greene co.. Miss. Biickehurg, biik'keh-booRG, a town of Germany, capi- tal of the principality of Schaumburg-Lippe, on the Aue, an affluent of the Weser, 6 miles by rail E.S.E. of Minden. It is well built, and has a castle, a park, a gymnasium, a normal school, and a public library. Pop. 4832. Bucken, book'ken, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 3 miles S.W. of Hoya. ' Pop. 992. Buck'eye, a post-olfico of Clay co., Ala. Buckeye, a hamlet of Shasta co., Cal., about 7 miles N. of Shasta. Buckeye, a hamlet of Yolo co., Cal., 13 miles AV.S.W. of Woodland. It has a church and a store. Pop. of Buck- eye township, 860. Buckeye, a post-office of Johnson co., Ga. Buckeye, a township of Stephenson co., 111. Pop. 1761. Buckeye, a township of Hardin co., Iowa. Pop. 215. Buckeye, township, Dickinson co., Kansas. Pop. 317. Buckeye, a post-office of Garrard co., Ky, Buckeye, a post-office of Jasper co.. Mo., 8 miles N. of Carthage. BUG 316 BUG Buckeye, a post-office of Hamilton co., Neb. Buckeye, a post-office of Summit co., 0. Buck I5ye, a station in Preston co., W. Va., on tlie Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 25 miles E. of G-rafton. Buckeye Ceutre, a post-office of Stephenson co.. 111. Buckeye Cottage, a post-hamlet of Perry oo., 0., about 20 miles S.W. of Zanesville. It has 2 stores. Buckeye Cove, a post-office of Pocahontas co., W. Va. Buckeystown, buk'iz-town, a post-village of Fred- erick CO., Md., 6 miles S. of Frederick City, and 1 mile from the Baltimore & Ohio Eailroad, It has 2 churches and a tannery. Buckeystown Station is on the above railroad, 62 miles W. of Baltimore. Buckfastleigh, biik'fast-le, a town of England, co. of Devon, on the Dart, 2 miles by rail S.S.W. of Ashburton. Pop. of parish, 2638. Buck'fleld, a post-village of Oxford eo.. Me., in Buck- field township, on an affluent of the Androscoggin Uiver, and on the Rumford Falls & Buckfleld Railroad, 4S miles N. of Portland. It has 2 churches, a hoe-factory, &g. Pop. about 450 ; of the township, 1491. Buck Grove, a post-office of Jackson co., Kansas. Buck^han'non, a small river of West Virginia, runs northward through Upshur CO., and enters the Tygart's Valley River in ISarbour co., 4 or 5 miles S. of Philippi. Buckhannon, a post-village, capital of Upshur .eo., W. Va., on the Buckhannon River, about 90 miles E.N.E. of Charleston. It has an academy, 5 churches, a steam grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a newspaper office. Pop. 475. Buck'hart, a township of Christian co., 111. Pop. 2028. It contains Taylorsville and other villages. Buckhart, a township of Fulton oo., 111. Pop. 1577. Buckha'ven, a fishing village of Scotland, oo. of Fife, on the Firth of Forth, 9J miles S. of Cupar-Fife. P. 2187. Buck Head, a post-office of Morgan co., Ga., on the Georgia Railroad, 75 miles E.S.E. of Atlanta. Buck Head, a post-offlce of Fairfield co., S.C. Buck Hollow, a post-hamlet of Franklin eo., Vt., in Fairfax township, 8 miles S.E. of St. Albans. It has a church and a saw-mill. Buck Horn, a post-office of Pike oo., Ala. Buck Horn, a post-office of Stone eo., Ark Buck Horn, a post-hamlet of Brown co.. 111. It has 2 churches. Pop. of Buck Horn township, 1050. Buck Horn, a hamlet of Ohio co., Ky., 5 miles N.W. of Hartford. It has a church. Here is Beda Post-Offiee. Buck Horn, a post-office of Webster parish. La. Buck Horn, a post-office of Cumberland co., N.C. Buck'horn, a township of Harnett eo., N.C. Pop. 1438. Buckhorn, a township of Wake co., N.C. Pop. 1694. Buck Horn, a post-village of Columbia co., Pa., in Hemlock township, S-i miles N.W. of Bloomsburg. It has 2 churches, 2 tanneries, a graded school, a slate-quarry, and an iron-mine. Buck Horn, a post-office of Austin co., Tex. Buckhorn, Nonsemond co., Va. See Purvis. Buckhorn, a post-office of Adams co.. Wis. Buckhorn Island, Erieco., N.Y., is in Niagara River, and in Grand Island township. Area, 75 acres. Buckie, buk'kee. a fishing village of Scotland, co. and ]7i miles W. of Banff, on the North Sea. Pop. 3803. Buckingham, a county of England. See Bucks. Buckingham, biik'ing-am, a borough of England, co. of Bucks, on the Ouse, and on two railways, 15 miles N.W. of Aylesbury, and 52 miles N.W. of London. The town is surrounded by the Ouse, here crossed by 3 stone bridges, a-nd consists mostly of small brick houses. It has a grammar- school, founded by Edward VI., a green-coat and a national school, 2 ancient hospitals, a town hall, a prison, and paper- and corn-mills. The making of bobbin lace employs a portion of the female population. Buckingham was made a borough in the reign of Henry VIII. It sends one member to the House of Commons. Pop. of town, 1612; of municipal borough, 3703. Buck'ingham, a county in the S. central part of Vir- ginia, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is bounded on the N. and N.W. by the James River, .and on the S. by the Appomattox River. The surface is partly hilly, and is extensively covered with forests ; the soil produces tobacco, Indian corn, and wheat. The James River Canal passes along the border of the county, which has several quarries of slate. Gold is also found here. Capital, Maysville. Valuation of real and personal estate, .$2,358,394. Pop. in 1870, 13,371, of whom 13,257 were Americans. Buckingham, a post-hamlet of Hartford co.. Conn., in Glastonbury township, 9 miles E.S.E. of Hartford. It has a church. Buckingham, a hamlet of Tama co., Iowa, in Buck- ingham township, near Wolf Creek, about 26 miles S. of Cedar Falls. Pop. of the township, 668. Buckingham, a post-office of Bucks co., Pa., is at Centreville, in Buckingham township, which is 1 mile N.E. of Doylestown. The township has 5 churches. Pop. 2910. Buckingham, a township of Wayne co., Pa., on the Delaware River. Pop. 1127. Buckingham, a village in Ottawa co., Quebec, on the Riviere du Lievre, near its outlet into the Ottawa, 18 miles E.N.E. of Ottawa. It has about 18 stores. A plumbago- mine is worked in the vicinity. Pop. 1301, Buckingham Court-House, or Maysville, a post-village, capital of Buckingham co,, Va,, is on Slate Creek, about 63 miles (direct) W. of Richmond. It has 3 churches and a savings-bank. Pop. about 300. Buckingham Mines, a post-village of Buckingham CO., Va., 5 miles E. of Buckingham Court-House. Buckinghamshire,acounty of England. See Bucks. Buckinn, a village of Illinois. See North Alton. Buck Knob, a post-office of Scott eo.. Ark. Buck'land, a post-hamlet of Hartford eo.. Conn,, in Manchester township, on the Hartford, Providence & Fish- kill Railroad, about 8 miles E. by N. of Hartford. It has a mper-mill and a satinet-factory. Buckland, a post-office of Allamakee co., Iowa. Buckland, a post-township of Franklin co., Mass., 10 miles W. of Greenfield, is on the Troy & Greenfield Rail- read, and is bounded on the N. by Deerfield River. It con- tains the village of Buckland, which is 2 miles S. of Buck- land Station, and a part of Shelburne Falls. Pop. 1921. Buckland, a post-office of Gates co., N.C, 5 miles N. from Gatesville. Buckland, a post-vill.age of Auglaize co., 0., in Logan township, on the Auglaize River, and on the Lake Erie & Louisville Railroad, 12 miles S.W. of Lima. It has a church, a carriage-factory, and a saw-mill. Buckland, a post-haralet of Prince William co., Va., 3 miles from Thoroughfare Station. It has 1 or 2 churches. Buckland, or Notre Dame Auxiliatrice, n6t'r dim o^zeeryi^treece', a post-village in Bellechasse eo., Quebec, 27 miles S.S.E. of St. Charles. It contains grist-, saw-, and carding-mills, and 3 stores. Pop. 350. Buckland Four Corners, a small village in Buck- Land township, Franklin co,. Mass,, on the border of Ash- field township. It has good water-power, and manufactures of lumber, coffins, Ac. Buckland River, or Kung-uk, kiing'tik, a consid- erable river of Alaska, flows into Esohseholtz Bay, an arm of Kotzebue Sound. Buckley, or Bulkley, buk'le, a post-village of Iro- quois CO., 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad (Chicago division), 93 miles S. by W. from Chicago. It has a bank, a drug-store, 4 general stores, 3 churches, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 800. Buck'lin, a post-office of St. Francis co.. Ark. Bucklin, a post-village of Linn co.. Mo., on the Han- nibal & St. Joseph Railroad, 94 miles W. of H.annibal, and 36 miles E. of Chillicothe. It has a church, a seminary, a money-order post-office, and manufactures of furniture, ploughs, &c. Pop. about 450, Buck Lock, a station in Dauphin co.. Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the E. bank of the Susque- hanna, 11 miles below Harrisburg. Buck Lodge, a station in Sumner co., Tenn„ on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 36 miles N.E. of Nashville. Buckman, Morrison co,, Minn, See Bcciiman, Buck'manville, a post-office of Bucks co,, Pa. Buck Mountain, or Clifton, a mining post-village of Carbon eo.. Pa,, on the line of Luzerne eo., in Lausanne township, on the Drifton Branch Railroad, 2 miles S.E. of Eeklcy. Here is a colliery. Buck Mountain, in Pennsylvania. See Nescopkck. Buck'uer, a post-office of the Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory. Buckner, or Buckner's Hill, a post-village in Fort Osage township, Jackson co., Mo., on the railroad from Lexington to Independence, 13 miles E. of the latter town. Buckner, a post-office of Fayette co., Tex. Buckner's Mills, a hamlet of Taney eo., Mo., about 55 miles from Springfield. Buckner's Station, a post-hamlet of Oldham oo., Ky., on tlio Louisville. Cincinnati & Lexington Railroad, 23 miles N.E. of Louisville. It has a church. Buckner's Station, a post-office of Louisa co., Va., on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 47 miles N.W. of Richmond. BUG 317 BUD , 26 miles N.W. BuckoAV, book'kov, a town of Pi of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Pop. 1663. Buck Prairie, a township of Lawrence co., Mo, Pop. 1514. It includes Marionsville. Buck Rid^e, a steamboat-landing of Tensas parish, La., on the Mississippi River, 10 miles above Grand Gulf. Buck Run, a post-of&ee of Adams co., 0. Bucks, biix, Buckingham, buk'ing-am, or Buck- inghamshire, buk'ing-am-shir, an inland county of Eng- land, having N. the co. of Northampton, E. Bedford, Hert- ford, and Middlesex, S. Berks, and W. Oxford. Area, 730 square miles. Surface in the N. undulating, in the S. oc- cupied by the Chiltern Hills, and in the centre by the vale of the Aylesbury, one of the most fertile tracts in Britain. The Thames forms its S. boundary; other rivers are the Thame, Ouse, and Colne. The sheep of the vale of Ayles- bury are noted for the weight and fineness of their fleeces. The county supplies large quantities of butter, cattle, lambs, poultry, (fee, to the London markets. Chief towns, Ayles- bury (the capital), Buckingham, Great Marlow, and Chip- ping Wycombe. There are few manufactures. The county formed part of ancient Mercia. Pop. in 1S71, 175,879. Bucks, a county in the S.E. part of Pennsylvania, bor- dering on New Jersey, has an area of about 5S0 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. and S.E. by the Delaware River, and is drained by Neshaminy and Tohickon Creeks. The surface is generally undulating; the soil is fertile and well cultivated, agriculture being the most important branch of industry. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, and cat- tle are the staple products of the county, which also supplies large quantities of milk, vegetables, &c., for the market of Philadelphia. It is intersected by the North Pennsylvania Railroad, the Philadelphia & Trenton Railroad, and the New York &, Philadelphia New Line. Among the minerals of this county are limestone, gneiss, Triassic red sandstone, plumbago, and titanium. It has also quarries of sandstone valuable for building. Capital, Doylestown. Valuation of real and personal estate. $63,942,801. Pop. in 1870, 64,336, of whom 60,290 were nsitives and 4046 were foreigners. Bucks, a post-office of Columbiana co., 0. Bucks, a township of Tuscarawas co., 0. Pop. 1127. Bucks, a township of Horry co., S.C. Pop, 1481. It contains Bucksville. Bucks Bridge, a hamlet of St. Lawrence co., N.Y., on Grass River, 2^ miles S. of Madrid Railroad Station, which is 17 miles E. of Ogdensburg. It has 2 churches, 2 saw- mills, and a planing-mill. Buck^hoal', a township of Yadkin CO., N.C. Pop. 1390. Buck Shoal, a post-office of Halifax co., Va. Buckshu'tem, a hamlet in Cumberland co,, N.J., on the Bridgeton & Port Norris Railroad, 16 miles S.E, of Bridge ton. Buck Skin, a post-hamlet of Gibson co., Ind., about 22 miles N. by E. of Evansville. It has a church. Buck'skin, a township of Ross c»., 0. Pop. 2229. It contains South Salem. Buckskin Mountain, Colorado, apeak of the Park Range, is in lat. 39° 20' N., Ion. 106° S' W, It has an alti- tude of 14,022 feet above the level of the sea. Bucks Mills, a post^oflice of Hancock co., Me. Buck Snort, a post-office of Fayette co., Ala. Bucks'port, a landing of Humboldt co., Cal., on Hum- boldt Bay. in lat. 40° 46' 37" N., Ion. 124° 10' 43.8" W. Pop. of Bucksport township, 388. Bucksport, a post-village of Hancock co., Me., is in Bucksport township, on the east bank of the Penobscot River, about 20 miles below Bangor, and 16 miles N.E. of Belfast. It has a good harbor, accessible to large ships, and many of its inhabitants are engaged in sMp-building. It contains several churches, a national bank, and a Meth- odist school called the East Maine Conference Seminary, a carriage-factory, and a moccasin-factory. It is the ter- minus of the Bucksport & Bangor Railroad. Pop, of the township, 3433. Bucksport Centre, a post-village of Hancock co., Me., on the E. bank of the Penobscot, and on the Bucks- port & Bangor Railroad, 5 miles above Bucksport. Buck's Ranch, a post-hamlet of Plumas co., Cal., 45 miles from Oroville. Gold is found near this place. Bucks'town, a post-hamlet of Somerset co., Pa., 12 miles N. of Berlin. Coal is found here, Bucks'ville, a post-hamlet of Bucks co., Pa., in Nock- amixon township, about 44 miles N. of Philadelphia. It has a church. Bucksville, a post-village of Horry co., S.C, on the Waccauiaw River, 10 miles S. of Con way borough. It has 2 churches, a steam lumber-mill, and a turpentine-distillery. Buck'ton, a post-office of "VVarren co., Va., on the Vir- ginia Midland Railroad (Manassas division), 6 miles W. of Front Royal. Buck'tooth, a station in Cattaraugus co., N.Y., on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 1^ miles W. of Sala- manca. B uck'town, a post-hamlet of Dorchester co., Md., about 10 miles S.S.E. of Cambridge. It has a church. Buck Val'ley, a post-office of Pulton co.. Pa, Buck'ville, a station in Schuylkill co., Pa., 2 miles S.W. of Tamaqua, is the terminus of a branch of the Schuyl- kill Valley Railroad, and has important coal-mines. It has 15 houses and 2 coal-breakers. Bucostenum, the Latin for Bcxtox. Bucquoy, bUkUcwi', a town of Prance, department of Pas-de-Calais, 10 miles S. of Arras. Pop. 1958. Buctouche, bukUoosh', a post-village in Kent co., New Brunswick, on Buctouche River, 21 miles N.N.E. of Shediac. It contains S stores, 2 hotels, a saw-mill, and ship-yards. Pop. 500. Bucy'rus, a post-town, capital of Crawford co., 0., in Bucyrus township, on the Sandusky River, and on the Pitts- burg, Fort Wayne &, Chicago Railroad, 12 miles W. of Crest- line, 60 miles E. of Lima, and about 65 miles N, of Colum- bus, It contains a court-house, 9 churches, 2 banks, 3 newspaper offices, a large public school-house, and manu- factures of machinery, portable engines, railroad-cars, farming-implements, &c. A fossil mastodon was found near this place in 1838. Pop, 3060 ; of the township, 4184. Buczacz, or Butschatsch, boo'ch§,tch, a town of Austrian Galicia, 33 miles E.N.E. of Stanislawow. It has a Greek church and a gymnasium. Pop. 8523. BuczoAvic, or Buczowice. See Butschowitz. Buda, bu'da (Hun. pron. boo'doh^; Ger. O'fen; Slavic, Bndin, boo'deen; L. Buda ; Fr. Bade, biid), a city of Hun- gary, 130 miles S.E. of Vienna, on the right bank of the Danube, opposite Pesth, with which it is connected by a suspension bridge. Lat. 47° 29' 12" N. ; Ion. 19° 3' 10" E. The city shares with Pesth the rank of capital of the king- dom. It stands on the slope of a hill, and is built in the form of an amphitheatre: in its centre is the fortress enclosing the royal palace, in which are the insignia of Hungiivian royalty, and the buildings of the central administration. The other principal edifices are the cathedral, the gar- rison church, 2 Gothic monuments, the convents of St. Elizabeth, St. Florian, and the Capuchins, and the palaces of many of the Hungarian nobility. Buda has an observa- tory on the summit of the Blocksberg, one of the best fur- nished in Europe, a gymnasium, and several libraries. Connected with the arsenal is a cannon-foundry. The city has manufactures of cloth, leather, silks, and velvets, and an extensive commerce in wine. It also has excellent baths in connection with the hot sulphur springs from which the name Ofen ("oven") is derived (temperature 117.5° F.). It is an important railway terminus. Old Buda {0-Buda or Alt Ofen; see Alt-Ofen), though not at any part in actual contact with the modern Buda, is undoubtedly its embryo. Buda was taken in 1541 by the Turks, and it continued to be the seat of a pasha until 1686, when it was retaken by the Austrians. Pop. 53,988. Bu'da, a post-village of Bureau co., 111., in Concord township, on the Chicago, Burlington &, Quincy Railroad, at the junction of a branch which extends southward to Rushviile. It is 46 miles E.N.E. of Galesburg, and 118 miles W.S.W. of Chicago. It has 5 churches, 2 banks, a graded school, and a flouring-mill. Coal is found near here. Buda-Keszi, boo'd6h'-ke'see\ a town of Hungary, CO. of Pesth, 5 miles W. of Buda. Pop. 2909. Budaon, boo-dS.-on', Budayoon, or Budaun, boo- di-oon', written also Badaon and Badawan, a town of India, capital of the Budaon district, is 3U miles S.S.W. of Bareilly. Pop. 33.322. Budaon, or Budaun, a district of the North-West Provinces (Rohilcund division), lat. 27° 3S'-28° 29' N., Ion. 78° 21'-79° 35' E. Area, 2005- square miles. It is a level and fertile region, watered by the Ganges and its tribu- taries. Capital, Budaon. Pop. 934,348. Buddha-Gaya, bood'd'hi-gi'yi, a widely spread col- lection of ruins in British India, Gaya district, Bengal, 40 miles S.W. of Bahar. It is resorted to by pilgrims, and is supposed to have been once the centre of the Booddhio religion. Buddruck, or Bhadrakh, biidMriik' (anc, Yadn- rica), a town of India, in Orissa, district and 40 miles S.W. of Balasore. Pop. 7801, Budd's Creek, a post-office of St. Mary's co., Md. Budd's Lake, a post-hamlet and summer resort of BDD 318 BDE Morris CO., N.J., in Mount Olive township, 2 miles from Stanhope Railroad Station, which is 10 miles W. of Dover. It has a church. Budd Town, a post-hamlet of Burlington Co., N.J., about 7 miles S.E. of Mount Holly. It has a church. Buddu, bood'doo, a town of Guinea, on the Niger, 37 miles N.W. of the mouth of the Benuwe. Pop. 4000. Buddua, a town of West Africa. See Kakundy. Hudduso, bood-doo'so, a village in the island of Sar- dinia, 40 miles E. of Sassari. Pop. 2424. Bude, a seaport of England, co. of Cornwall, on the Bristol Channel, li miles W. of Stratton. Pop. 766. Bude, the French for BuDA. Budel, bU'd^l, a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, 12 miles S.E. of Eindhoven. Pop. 20.31. Biiderich, bii'der-iK, or Bliicher, blu'Ker, a town of PLhcnish Prussia, on the Rhine, opposite Wesel. P. 2601. Bildesheim, bli'dSs-hlme', a village of Hesse, 1 mile S.E. of Bingen. Pop. 21S7. Biidesheim is the name also of several other villages in Hesse and Rhenish Prussia. Budgebudge, or Bajbaj, bflj'buj', a town of Bengal, on the Hoogly, 10 miles S.S.W. of Calcutta. Budhu Chuk (or Chak), boo'd'hoo chiik, a town of India, Boglipoor district. Pop. 4659. Budin, boo'din, a town of Austria, in Bohemia, 9 miles S. of Leitmeritz, on the Kleine-Eger. Pop. 1343. Budin, the Slavic for Buda. Biidingen, bli'ding-en, a town of Germany, in Hesse, on a railway, 28 miles S.E. of Giessen. Pop. 2478. Budissin, a town of Saxony. See Bautzen. Budnoor, or Badnur, bud'noor', a town of India, capital of the Baitool district, 70 miles N.W. of Nagpoor. Pop. 3437. Biidos-Hegy,. bilMosh'h^j or hSd'ye, a mountain of Transylvania, near its E. border, in lat. 46° 12' N., and 7340 feet in elevation. It is remarkable for extensive sulphur springs and caverns. Budrawar, booMra-war' (" stronghold of Booddha'*), a town of India, in the Punjab, near the Chenaub, 107 miles N.E. of Lahore. Pop. 2000. Lat. 32° 53' N., Ion. 75° 28' E. : elevation, 5000 feet. K'Udrio, boo'dre-o, a town of Italy, 12 miles N.E. of Bologna. Pop. 2000. Budua, boo-doo'l, the southernmost town of the Aus- trian Empire, in Dalmatia, 10 miles S.E. of Cattaro, on a peninsula in the Adriatic. It has a roadstead, sheltered by the island of San Nicolo. Pop. 900. Budukhshan, or Badaklishan, biid-uK-shin', a territory of Asia, forming a part of Afghan Toorkistan, between lat. 36° and 38° N. and Ion. 6^° and 75° E., and consisting of the AV. declivity of the Bolor-Tagh, and the valleys of some of the head-streams of the Amoo-Darya, of which the Budukhshan River is the principal. Its scenery and natural products are highly interesting. It contains ruby mines and massive cliffs of lapis-lazuli. Its inhabitants are mostly Tadjiks, Mohammedans of the Sheeah (Shiah) sect, speaking the Persian language. Its capital is Budukhshan. Pop. about 65,000. Budukhshan, or Fyzabad, fi-z3,-bJ,d', a town of Central Asia, capital of the above territory, 180 miles N.E. of Cabool. Lat. 37° 2' N.; Ion. 74° 20' E. It was once an independent sovereignty, and a place of great importance, celebrated particularly from early times for the valuable mines of balas-ruby in its neighborhood. Budweis, biiCid'wice, or Budwitz, bood'*its, a town of Bohemia, on the Moldau, 77 miles S. of Prague. Pop. 20,100. It is a bishop's see, is well built, and partially fortified, and has a handsome council-house, a cathedral, several other churches, a gymntrsium, philosophical acad- emy, and a high school, with flourishing manufactures of woollen cloths, muslins, damasks, and saltpetre. Railways connect it with Pilsen. Gmiind, and Ssinct Valentin. BudAveis, Budwitz, bood'wits, or Budweitz, bood'wits, a town of Austria, in Moravia, 17 miles W.N.W. of Znaim. Pop. 2360. It has a castle and several suburbs. It is sometimes called Miihrisch Budwitz (md'rish bood'- wits), " Moravian Budwitz," to distinguish it from the above, or Bohemian Budwitz. Budzanow, bood-zi'nov, a town of Austrian Galicia, 7 miles N. of Czortkow. Pop. 4661. Buech, bil-aish' or bw^sh, a river of France, rises in the department of Drome, and flows into the Durance at Sisteron, Basses- Alpes, ai'ter a course of 53 miles. Petit BuECH. peh-tee' bii^aish', is an affluent of the above. Bu'cl, a post-township of Sanilac co., Mich. Pop. 236. Bud, a mining post-hamlet of Elko co., Nov., 5 miles S. of Tccoma. Silver is found here. Buel, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., N.Y., 36 miles E.S.E. of Utica. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Buel's Gore, a tract of land in Chittenden co., Vt. Pop. 29. Buell's Lowell, a village of Wa.shington co., 0., in Adams township, on the Muskingum River, 10 miles N. of Marietta, and 1 mile E. of Lowell. It has 5 churches, an academy, a flour-mill, a woollen-mill, a foundry, and a tan- nery. Pop. 350. Buelow, bu'lo, a village of Hillsborough co., Fla., 140 miles S. of Arredondo. It has 2 churches and the Sum- merlin Institute. Buena, ba-e'na, a post-office of Van Wert co., 0. Buena Ventura, Gal. See San Buena Ventura. Buenaventura, bwi-ni-ven-too'ri, a town of Mex- ico, state of Chihuahua, 140 miles N.W. of the city of Chihuahua. Lat. 29° 55' N. : Ion. 106° 30' W. It is small, but well built, and contains about 1500 inhabitants. About 10 miles N.W. from the town there are very extensive ruins, called Casas Grandes. An area of several square miles is covered with the remains of buildings, which, from their number, are supposed to have contained a population of at least 20,000 or 30,000. Fine earthenware jars have been excavated here, as well as images made of baked earth. Buenaventura, a port of the United States of Colom- bia, state of Cauca, on the Bay of Choco. Lat. 3° 48' N. ; Ion. 77° 30' W. The town is badly built, dirty, and poor, with a hot, wet, and sickly climate, but is the port for the fertile and healthy valley of the Cauca. The people are mostly blacks. Buena Vista, bwi'ni vees'ta, or bo'na vis'ta (/.•?., lit- erally "good or fine view"), a celebrated battle-field of Mexico, situated about 90 miles S.W. of Monterey, and 10 miles from Saltillo. It consists for the most part of moun- tain-ridges, narrow defiles, and impassable ravines. Here, February 22 and 23, 1847, Gen. Taylor, at the head of less than 5000 United States troops, a large portion of whom were raw volunteers, totally defeated 20,000 Mexicans under Santa Anna. The former lost only 267 killed, and 479 wounded .and missing. This action is sometimes called the battle of La Angostura, from the name of a pass occupied by a detachment of Taylor's army at the commencement of the battle, li miles N.E. of Buena Vista. Buena Vista is the name of several other places in Mexico. Buenavista, or San Pedro de Buena Vista, sin pi'dro di bwA-ni-vees'ti, a village in the island of Tene- riffe, lat. 28° 16' N., Ion. 16° 58' W., on an elevated plain, 925 feet above the sea. It is well built, has a spacious square, a church, several chapels and schools. Pop. 2300. Buena Vista, bu'na vis'ta, a county in the N.W. part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is partly drained by the Little Sioux River. The surface is undu- lating or nearly level : the soil is fertile. A large portion of the county is prairie. Wheat, Indian corn, and oats are the staple products. It is intersected by the Iowa division of the Illinois Central Railroad. Cajiital, Storm Lake. Valuation of real and personal estate, $742,500. Pop. in 1870, 15S5; in 1875, 3561. Buena Vista, a post-office of Monroe co., Ala. Buena Vista, a post-office of Ouachita co.. Ark. Buena' Vista, a post-office of Amador co., Cal. Buena Vista, township, Stanislaus co., Cal. Pop. 357. Buena Vista, a post-village, capital of Marion co., Ga., about 110 miles S. of Atlanta, and 36 miles E.S.E. of Columbus. It has a court-house, 4 churches, and a high school. Pop. 525. Buena Vista, a township of Schuyler co.. 111. P. 1152. Buena Vista, a post-hamlet of Stephenson co., HI., 11 miles N. of Freeport. Buena Vista (Linn Grove Post-Office), a village of Adams co., Ind., in Hartford township, on the Wabash River, 5 miles from Berne Railroad Station. It has a church, a grist mill, 2 saw-mills, a drug-store, &c. Buena Vista, a hamlet of Franklin co., Ind., 8 miles S.W. of Laurel. It has 1 or 2 churches. Buena Vista, a decayed village of Gibson co., Ind., on White River, 4 miles N.E. of Hazleton. Buena Vista, a village and station of Hamilton co., Ind., in .laekson township, on the Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago Railroad, 34 miles N. of Indianapolis, and 5 miles S. of Tipton. It has 3 churches. Here is Shielville Post- Offioe. Buena Vista, a hamlet of Harrison co., Ind., about 20 miles S.S.W. of New Albany. Buena Vista, a post-office of Monroe co., Ind. Buena Vista, a township of Clayton co., Iowa, on the Mississippi River. Pop. 285. Buena Vista Station is at BUE 3 North Buena Vista, on the Chicago, Dubuque & Minnesota Railroad, 23 miles N.W. of Dubuque. Buena Vista, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa. Buena Vista, township, Jasper co., Iowa. Pop. 1024. Buena Vista, a station in Lee co., Iowa, on the Keo- kuk &. Des Moines Railroad, 3 miles N.W. of Keokuk, at the junction of the Keokuk & St. Louis Railroad. Buena Vista, a post-hamlet of Garrard co., Ky., 12 miles from Lancaster. Buena Vista, a post-hamlet in Buena Vista township, Saginaw co., Mich., on the E. side of Saginaw River, and about 6 miles E. from East Saginaw. It has a lumber-mill. Pop. 100. The township contains a hamlet named Trost- ville, and has a population of 1292. Buena Vista, a post-hamlet of Chickasaw co., Miss., about 15 miles AV. of Aberdeen. It has 2 churches and an iicademy. Buena Vista, a township of Atlantic co., N.J., con- tains villages named Newtonville, New Germany, Cedar Lake, Downsville, Landisville, and Buena Vista. The lat- ter has 2 churches, and is 1 mile from Landisville Railroad Station. Pop. of township, 948. Buena Vista, a post-hamlet of Steuben co., N.Y., in Howard township, about 10 miles W.S.W. of Bath. It has a church. Buena Vista, a post-office of Duplin co., N.C, Buena Vista, Fayette co., 0. See Moon's. Buena Vista (Freestone Post-Office), a village of Scioto CO., 0., in Nile township, on the Ohio River, 17 miles below Portsmouth, and 90 miles above Cincinnati. It has ?> churches, 4 stores, Scq. Here are quarries of good building- stone called '* Buena Vista Freestone," which is shipped to distant parts of the United States. Pop. about 600. Buena Vista, a post-hamlet of Tuscarawas co., 0., about 15 miles S.E. of Millersburg. Buena Vista, a post-village of Polk co., Oregon, on the W. bank of the Willamette River, 7 miles from Jefferson Railroad Station, and 16 miles from Salem. It has 3 churches, a graded school, 4 warehouses for grain, and manufactures of stoneware, wagons, paints, &c. Pop. about 400. Buena Vista, a post-village of Alleghany co., Pa., in Elizabeth township, on the Youghiogheny River, and on the Pittsburg, Washington &, Baltimore Railroad, 26 miles S.E. of Pittsburg. It has a church, a Hour-mill, :ind 60 houses. Coal is mined here. Its station is on the opposite side of the river, in Westmoreland co. Buena Vista, Bedford co., Pa. See New Buena Vista. Buena Vista, a village of Butler co., Pa., in Fairview township, 3 miles from Karns City. It has 2 churches and several oil-wells. Here is Peachville Post-Office. Buena Vista, a post-village of Greenville co., S.C., on the Ennoree River, 6 miles from the Atlanta & Richmond Air-Line Railroad. It has a church and a cotton-factory. Buena Vista, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., Tenn., 5 miles from Hollow Rock Station. It has a church. Buena Vista, a post-village of Shelby co., Tex., 35 miles S.E. of Henderson. It has 2 churches. Buena Vista, a hamlet of King and Queen co., Va., 7 miles from West Point. Buena Vista, a post-township of Portage co.. Wis., and a station on the Southern division of the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 10 miles S. of Stevens Point. Pop. 726. It contains a village named Keene. Buena Vista, township, Richland co., Wis. P. 1086. Buen Ayre, bw5n Vvk, or Bon Air, a Dutch West Indian island, on the Venezuela coast, 30 miles E. of Cura- sao. Lat. 12° 20' N.; Ion. 68° 27' W. It is 20 miles long and 4 broad. It has 4 villages and a savings-bank, and manufactures of salt and charcoal. Products, aloes, divi-divi, guaiacum, brazil-wood, donkeys, and some cattle. Phos- phate of lime is reported to exist. The climate is dry and the island poor. Pop. in 1872, 4246, of whom 400 were white. Buenos Ayres, bo'nps A'riz or bo'nQs-airz, or San- tissima Trinidad de Buenos Ayres, sdn-tis'see-mi tre-ne-nin' di bwi'noce i'rSs, a city of South America, cap- ital of a state of its own name, and of the Argentine Re- public, is situated on the west side of the La Plata estuarj', here 30 miles wide, and about 150 miles from the sea. (The name Buenos Ayres was given it by its founder, Mendoza, and signifies "good air.") Lat. 34° 35' 5" S. ; Ion. 58° 22' W, It is the objective point and terminus of several railways, and stands on a perfectly level plain. It is regularly laid out, all its streets crossing one another at right angles, and nearly all have street railways, of which the total length exceeds SO miles. The granite with which the streets are paved is obtained from the island of Martin Garcia, on the 9 BUF opposite side of the river. The houses are built of brick, and whitewashed, and almost every house has a garden, and many have balconies with lattice-work containing shrubs and flowers. The windows of the houses towards the streets are generally two in number, having an iron grating, which gives them a gloomy and prison-like appearance. The floors were formerly paved with brick, the use of wood in their construction being avoided as much as possible; but of recent years great numbers of houses have been built in European style. The principal square, or Plaza de la Vic- toria, is situated about two squares from the river, and im- mediately behind the fort, which is now principally used for firing salutes, and contains the public military offices. In the centre of the square is a monument erected in honor of South American independence, and surrounding it are hand- some buildings, including the cathedral, the archbishop's palace, the cabildo or hall of justice, the police office, «fec. The cathedral is a very large and rich edifice, covering nearly half a square. The other public buildings are a house of representatives, built in imitation of the American hall of Congress, a military depot called the Retiro, a cus- tom-house, hospitals, a foundling hospital, &c. It is the Beat of a university, of sevei'al ecclesiastical colleges, and of many professional and other schools. Several other literary and scientific institutions have been established here, including a society for the promotion of natural phi- losophy and mathematics, one of medicine, and another of jurisprudence, and an association for the promotion of agriculture. Some 20 periodicals are published here, sev- eral of them being dailies. The trade, and consequently the prosperity, of Buenos Ayres, is much impeded on account of the difficulty of navi- gating the La Plata, and the want of a safe and commo- dious harbor. Large vessels, drawing above 12 feet of water, cannot come nearer than 5 or 6 miles j vessels of less draught generally go into the inner roads and anchor about a mile and a half from the city. The surf on the beach is very heavy when the wind blows from the S.E. ; and another danger arises from the pamperos, sudden and violent gusts of wind, which sweep across the pampas and the river from the Andes with tremendous fury. For these reasons it Is proposed to establish a port for the city at Ensenada, on the estuary of the La Plata, 35 miles by railway S.E. of Buenos Ayres. The climate is moist and variable, but regarded as healthy, though severe epidemics of yellow fever sometimes occur, and rheumatic affections are very prevalent. Buenos Ayres is the commercial metropolis of the republic. It exports large quantities of hides, horns, bone-ash, bones, beef, tallow, hair, and other cattle products, ostrich feathers, wool, live-stock, (fee. The environs of the city for 2 or 3 miles are very beautiful, consisting of well-cultivated fields, and enlivened by numerous country residences called qiiin- taa ; the most wealthy have their country-seats surrounded with gardens. The majority of the inhabitants of Buenos Ayres are descendants of Spaniards who have settled in the country during the last three centuries; but there are many foreigners here. Pop. in 1869, 177,787. Buenos Ayres, the most populous and most flourishing of the provinces of the Argentine Republic, extends from Bahia Blanca, 39° S., along the Atlantic Ocean to the S. bank of the Parani River, which it follows to within 30 miles of Rosario. This river separates it from the province of Entre Rios. Area, 72,972 square miles. Pop. in 1869, 495,107. The N. includes a portion of the eastern Pampas, and is fiat, with lakes and swamps. The S. part compre- hends the low hills of the Sierras del Vulcan and Ventana. Principal rivers, the Rio Salado and Quequen. Climate humid and variable; ice seldom occurs; mean summer heat 90° Fahr. Occasionally there are years of excessive drought. The soil is fertile in many places, but there is not a thou- sandth part under cultivation. Hides, hair, horns, phos- phates, wool, bones, beef-extract, ostrich feathers, tallow, and jerked beef are the chief exports; horses, mules, and asses are also exported. Formerly the cultivation of the soil was so neglected that grain was required from abroad ; now wheat is exported to some extent. In 1875 there were 643 miles of railway in the province. Bufarik, a town of Algeria. See Boofareek. Butf, a post-office of Benton co.. Mo. Buflfa, a harbor of Liberia. See Bassa. Buffalo, an island off" the E. coast of Cochin China. Lat. 14° 11' N.; Ion. 109° 16' E. Buffalo, a point or cape on the W. coast of the island of Sumatra. Lat. 3° 68' S. Buffalo, a group of detached rugged rocks in the Bay of Bengal, about 20 miles due N. of Cape Negrais. Lat, from 16° 19' to 16° 22' 30" N.; Ion. 94° 12' E. EUF 320 BUF Buffalo, a small island oflf the E. coast of China, Chu- san Archipelago. Lat. 29° 42' N. ; Ion. 120° 15' E. Buffalo, a county of Dakota, is bounded on the N, by Hyde co., E. by Wetmore co,, S. by Brule co., and W. by the Missouri River. Pop. in 1S70, 246. Buffalo, an unorganized county in the W. part of Kan- sas. Area, 576 square miles. It is drained by the Pawnee Fork of the Arkansas River. Buffalo, a county in the S. central part of Nebraska, has an area of 875 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Platte River, and is intersected by the Loup Fork of the same. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is diversified with prairies and small tracts of timber; the soil is fertile, and produces Indian corn, wheat, oats, &g. This county is intersected by the Union Pacific Railroad. Capital, (ribbon. Valuation of real and personal estate, S7S4,o69. Pop. in 1870, 193; in 1876, 4396. Buffalo, a county in the W. part of Wisconsin, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is bounded on theS.W. by the Mississippi River, and on the AV. by the Chippewa, and is intersected by Buffalo Creek. The surface is di- versified and partly covered with forests; the soil is mostly fertile. Wheat, oats, and live-stock are the staple products. Among the rocks of this county is magnesian limestone (Lower Silurian). Capital, Alma. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,439,838. Pop. in 1870, 11,123; in 1875, 14,219, of whom S762 were Americans. Buffalo (station-name, Buffalo Wallow), apost-oflSce of Chambers co., Ala., on the East Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad, 22 miles N. of Opelika. Buffalo, a post-office of Weld co., Col. Buffalo, Glynn co., Ga. See Mount Pleasant. Buffalo, a township of Ogle co.. Ill, Pop. 3524. It includes the village of Polo. Buffalo, a post-village of Sangamon co., 111., on the AVabash Railroad, 14 miles E. of Springfield. It has 2 churches and a carriage-factory. Pop. 263. Buffalo, a township of Buchanan co., Iowa. Pop. 602. Buffalo, a township of Linn co., Iowa. Pop. 559, Buffalo, a post-village of Scott co., Iowa, in Buffalo township, and on the Mississippi River, 10 miles below Davenport. It has 4 churches, a glass-factory, a pottery, and a saw-mill. Pop. 453; of township, additional, 1284. Buffalo, a township of Barton co., Kansas. Pop. 640. Buffalo, a township of Cloud co., Kansas. Pop. 388. Buffalo, Gove co., Kansas. See Hill Gove. Buffalo, a township of Jewell co,, Kansas. Pop. 588. Buffalo, a post-hamlet of Wilson co., Kansas, 14 miles from Chanute, and about 60 miles W. by S. from Fort Scott. Buffalo, a post-hamlet of La Rue co., Ky., 6 miles S.E. of Hodgensville. It has a church, a saw-mill, and 3 dry- goods stores. Pop. about 100. Buffalo, a post-village, capital of Wri,^ht co., Minn., is in Buffalo township, 45 miles W.N.W. of St. Paul. It is on Buffalo Lake, and is about 8 miles S.W. of the Mississippi Kiver. It has new county buildings, a hotel, a church, and 2 lumber-mills. Pop. of the township, 597. Buffalo, a post-village, capital of Dallas co., Mo., in Benton township, 35 miles N. by E. of Springfield, and 3 miles W. of the Niangua River. It has a court-house and 2 churches. A weekly newspaper is published here. P. 278. Buffalo, a township of Morgan co.. Mo. Pop. 543. Buffalo, a township of Newton co.. Mo, Pop. 785. Buffalo, a township of Pike co., Mo. Pop. 2880. Buffalo, a post-office of Furnas co., Neb. Buffalo, a city, port of entry, and seat of justice of Erie CO., N.Y., is situated at the eastern extremity of Lake Erie, in lat. 42° 53' N., Ion. 78° 55' W., being 352 miles W. of Albany by the Erie Canal (300 miles by the New York Cen- tral Railroad), 460 miles N.W. of New York by the Buffalo, New York & Erie Railroad, 22 miles S.S.E. of Niagara Falls, 182 miles N.E. of Cleveland by the Cleveland & Erie and Buffalo & State Line Railroads (103 miles by water), and 290 miles N. by E. of Detroit. It has railway connec- tions with Goderich on Lake Huron, 159 miles distant, via the Buffalo & Lake Huron Railroad, with Detroit and Sar- nia via the Groat AVestern Railway, and with Toronto and Montreal via the Grand Trunk Railway. The city has a water front of about 5 miles, being about 2.^ miles on the lake and 2i miles on the Niagara River. The site on the lake front gradually rises, and at the dis- tance of about 2 miles becomes an extended undulating plain 50 feet above the water-level of the harbor. A por- tion of the river front is a bold bluff 60 feet above the water- level of the river and of the Erie Canal, which passes near it. The more elevated portion of the site affords fine views of the city, Niagara River, the Canada shore, the lake and bay, and the hilly country to the S.E. Buffalo, in the main, is handsomely built. Its streets are broad and straight, and for the most part intersect one another at right angles. Main street, extending about 3 miles, Niagara street, 4 miles, and Delaware street, 3 miles, are particularly worthy of mention. About lA miles above the point where the waters of the lake merge in the Niagara River, Buffalo Creek enters the lake from the E. and the Erie Canal from the N.W., being nearly parallel in their passage through the city and harbor. The streets in the more elevated por- tions of the city are bordered with a profusion of shade- trees, and the more important avenues have many fine residences. Shade-trees also adorn the public squares — five in all, named Niagara, Lafayette Place, Washington, Franklin, and Delaware Place — and Terrace Park. Favorably located for business, and with many advan- tages as a place of residence, Buffalo shows a ratio of increase in population considerably above the average of that of cities in the eastern and older portion of the United States, taking rank as the eleventh in population in the census of 1870. It is divided into 13 wards, and governed by a mayor and 26 aldermen ; the other city officers are a treas- urer, comptroller, city attorney, superintendent of educa- tion, city engineer, overseer of the poor, and 3 assessors. It claims to be the cleanest, best lighted, and healthiest city in the United States, with the best water and the best and most complete sewerage; it has an ample water-supply, obtained from the Niagara through a tunnel extending nearly to the middle of the river; an efficient police de- partment; a paid fire department, which is well equipped and is assisted by 3 volunteer hook-and-ladder companies and a volunteer protection company ; a fire and police alarm telegraph, with 70 miles of wire, and signal-stations and alarm-gongs at all necessarj' points; gas is supplied by three private companies, telephonic facilities extend to various sections of the city, and there are several lines of street railway. The public buildings include the United States custom-house and post-oflSce (which also accommo- dates the United States courts), the state arsenal, the county court-house and prison, the city hall and jail, the general hospital, several hospitals and infirmaries under private or church control, a commodious insane asylum, numerous orphan and other asylums, 4 of which are under general public control, a fine hall and library building of the Young Men's Association, 76 churches, and a large number of edu- cational buildings and other edifices of a more or less public character. The city has 3 national banks, 6 state banks, and 5 savings-banks. Besides the Young Men's Association, al- ready alluded to, which has a library of about 30,000 volumes and real estate to the value of $250,000, there are many asso- ciations of a benevolent or literary character, including a Charity Organization Society, a German Young Men's Asso- ciation, the Grosvenor Library, Young Men's Christian Union, a Roman Catholic Young Men's Association, a So- ciety of Natural Sciences, a historical society, a law associa- tion, medical societies, a mechanics' institute, an academy of fine arts, a firemen's benevolent association, a Lutheran benevolent association, and numerous lodges of free masons, Odd-Fellows, &c. The distinctively educational institu- tions belonging to or located in Buffalo are quite numer- ous, including a state normal school and about 50 public schools, with an average of 353 teachers and 21,808 pupils, a medical college, and a number of collegiate schools, academies, &c., controlled and conducted by various church denominations and by private individuals. The city has a magnificent public park, and there is a tastefully laid-out cemetery of 75 acres, called the Forest Lawn, in the sub- urbs. There are 19 newspapers published in Buffalo. — of which 5 are English and 4 German dailies, and 10 weeklies, 3 of the latter being sectarian. There are also 7 monthly periodicals. Buffalo is an important and prosperous centre of trade, and has extensive manufactures. Its commerce has steadily increased for many years, — a fact due to its location at the foot of the great chain of lakes, and to its being the ter- minus of the Erie Civnal and of several railroad lines, viz., the New York Central and two of its branches, the Erie Railway, the Buffalo & Lake Huron Branch of tlie Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, the Lake Shore it .Alichigan Southern, and the Canada Southern. It has easy mid inoro or less direct railroad communication witli PhihuU-lphia, Chicago, the Canadian markets, and nearly all uihor de- sirable points. There is a board of tnulo, nrganizcd in 1844 and incorporated in 1857. Grain is the in.^t impor- tant article of commerce, and the facilities for handling and storing it are unexcelled by those of any other city on this continent: the growth of this branoUof trade may BUF 321 BUF be estimated by the fact that it was only in 1843 that Joseph Dart built the first grain-elevator here, and but thirty years later, in 1873, there were 32 elevators, with a capacity for storing 7,415,000 bushels and facilities for transferring nearly 3,000,000 bushels per day. The growth of this in- terest within forty years may be calculated from the record of receipts and exports, which shows for the successive decades: receipts, 1836 to 1845,41,851,483 bushels; 1846 to 1855, 174,717,437 bushels; 1850 to 1865, 432,390,318 bushels; 1866 to 1875, 571,265,254 bushels; 1876 to 1879, four years, 276,123,628 bushels. During the same period the exports have kept pace with the receipts. The live- stock trade of Buffalo has thus far stood second to grain, but bids fair to exceed it ere long. In the amount of business done in this branch of trade it ranks third among the cities of the Union. The city has also a large trade in anthracite and bituminous coal, received from Pennsylvania and distributed both westward and eastward ; and extensive improvements have recently been made in the facilities for handling and shipping this commodity. The fact that the lake shipments of coal westward during the season of 1879 amounted to 612,976 tons, against 325,676 tons in 1878, Indicates the rapid growth of this branch of the city's commerce. The lumber-trade is large, the receipts in 1879 amounting to 207,531,000 feet, exceeding those of 1878 by 30,000,000 feet. In iron and steel manufacturing and working, Buffalo ranks next to Pittsburg, Pa. The census of 1870 showed in Erie co. (and but a very small percentage was outside of Buffalo) 1429 establishments engaged in manufactures, having $13,043,790 capital, employing 13,274 persons, at an annual cost for wages of §4,946,414, using raw mate- rials to the value of $15,274,440, and producing an aggre- gate of $27,446,683. Of the total products of the man- ufacturing establishments of the city, $5,471,000 were in iron and steel, besides $1,252,445 in machinery and 8499,305 in agricultural implements; $2,240,330 in malt and distilled liquors; $1,981,932 in flour, &e.; $1,786,441 in lumber, sawed and planed, besides $225,950 in doors, sash, blinds, &c., and $590,719 in furniture; $1,701,044 in tanned and dressed leather, besides $696,010 in boots and shoes; $600,821 in malt; $502,244 in metallic wares; $427,481 in gas; $400,711 in tobacco, cigars, *fec. ; $363,257 in carriages and wagons; $341,599 in soap and candles; $311,821 in boats, &,c. ; $286,800 in cooperage; $278,800 in bricks; $271,000 in vinegar, &c. The total debt of the city on the 1st of January, 1879, was $7,514,264.72; and the assessed valuation of property was $88,876,545 (real estate, $80,929,165; personal prop- erty, $7,947,380). Buffalo, originally laid out by the Holland Company in 1801, became in 1812 a military post. It was burnt in December, 1813, when of the 200 houses composing the village all but two were destroyed by the British and In- dians. By act of Congress $80,000 was voted to compen- sate the sufferers for the loss sustained. In April, 1832, it was incorporated as a city, and in 1852 the charter was amended so as to include Black Rock. The act of the legislature was ratified by the people in 1853, and on the first day of January, 1854, it went into operation. Pop. in 1810, 1508 ; in 1820, 2095 ; in 1830, 8653 ; in 1840, 18,213 ; in 1850, 42,261; in 1860, 85,500; in 1870, 117,714; present pop. estimated at 150,000. KutTalo, a township of Caldwell co., N.C. Pop. 792. Dutt'alo, a post-hamlet of Guernsey co., 0., in Valley township, 1^ miles from the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleve- land Railroad, and 50 miles N. of Marietta. Buffalo, a township of Noble co., 0. Pop. 780. Butlalo, a township of Butler co.. Pa. Pop. 1495. Buflalo Station is on the Western Pennsylvania Railroad, 20 miles S.E. of Butler. Buflalo, a township of Perry co.. Pa. Pop. 779. Buiialo, a township of Union co., Pa. Pop. 1521. Buffalo, a post-hamlet of AVashington co.. Pa., 8 miles W. of Washington. It has a church. Pop. of township, 1189. The township has beds of coal. Buffalo, a township of Kershaw co., S.C. Pop. 1764. Buffalo, a post-otRce of Humphreys co., Tenn. Buffalo, a post-village of Leon co., Tex., on the Inter- national & Great Northern Railroad, 34 miles S.W. of Pal- estine. It has 3 churches, a high school, a newspaper ofiice, a brewery, and several dry-goods stores. Buffalo, a station in Fayette co., W, Va., on the Ches- apeake &, Ohio Railroad, and on the Great Kanawha River, 69 miles by rail S.E. of Charleston. Buffalo, a post-village of Putnam co., W. Va., on the Great Kanawha River, about 22 miles from its mouth, and 21 30 miles N.AV. of Charleston. It has 3 churches, a flouring- mill, and a high school. Coal is found near this place. Pop. 321. Buffalo, a post-village in Milton township, Buffalo co.. Wis., on the Mississippi River, about 20 miles above Winona. It has 2 churches. Pop. 275. Buffalo, a township of Buffalo co., Wis., on the Mis- sissippi River. Pop. 588, exclusive of Fountain City. Buffalo, a township of Marquette oo., Wis. Pop. 732, Buffalo Bayou, bi'oo, a small river of Texas, runs eastward through Harris co., and enters Galveston Bay (through the estuary of San Jacinto River) about 20 miles (direct) E.S.E. of Houston. Steamboats can ascend from its mouth to Houston. Buiialo Bluff, a post-office of Putnam co., Ela. Buffalo Cove, a post-office of Caldwell co., N.C. Buffalo Creek, Georgia, runs southward in Washing- ton CO., and enters the Oconee River where the Georgia Central Railroad crosses that river. Buffalo Creek, Iowa, runs southeastward, drains parts of Buchanan, Delaware, and Linn cos., and enters the Wapsipinicon River at Anamosa. Length, about 100 miles. Buffalo Creek, Minnesota, runs eastward through McLeod CO., and enters the South Fork of Crow River at the W. border of Carver co. It is about 70 miles long. Buffalo Creek, Mississippi, runs westward through Wilkinson co. into the Mississippi River. Buffalo Creek, New York, is formed by Cayuga, Cazenove, and Seneca Creeks, which unite in Erie co. It runs nearly westward, and enters Lake Erie at the city of Buffalo, which is built on both sides of this creek. Buffalo Creek, Pennsylvania, runs southward, drains parts of Armstrong and Butler cos., and enters the Alle- ghany River at Freeport. Buffalo Creek, Perry co.. Pa., runs in an E.N.E. direction, and enters the Juniata River about 7 miles N.E. of New Bloonifield. Buffalo Creek, Union co.. Pa., runs eastward, and enters the West Branch of the Susquehanna at Lewisburg. Buffalo Cross Roads, a post-hamlet of Union co., Pa., about 6 miles ^V. by S. of Lewisburg. Buffalo Ford, a post-office of Randolph co., N.C. Buffalo Forge, a post-hamlet of Rockbridge co., Va., 9 miles S. of Lexington. Buffalo Fork of White River rises in Newton co.. Ark., runs eastward and northeastward, intersects Searcy CO., and enters White River in the N. part of the state. It is nearly 125 miles long. Buffalo Fork, a post-hamlet of Kossuth co., Iowa, 12 miles N.E. of Algona. Buffalo Furnace, a village of Armstrong co.. Pa., 7 miles W. of Kittunning. It has a woollen-factory, a grist- mill, and a saw-mill. Buffalo Gap, a post-village of Custer co., Dakota. Buffalo Gap, a post-village of Augusta co., Va., on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 11 miles W. of Staunton. It has a church, and 2 blast-furnaces for pig-iron. Buffalo Grove, a post-office of Lake co., 111. Buffalo Grove, a post-village of Buchanan co., Iowa, on Buffalo Creek, 8 miles from Winthrop Railroad Station, and about 48 miles N. of Cedar Rapids. It has a church, a steam mill, and 2 stores. Buffalo Heart, a post-hamlet of Sangamon co.. 111., in Buffalo Heart township, on the Glilman, Clinton & Spring- tield Railroad, 13 miles N.E. of Springfield. It has a church. Pop. of township, 538. Buffalo Knob, a hamlet of Pike co.. Mo., in Prairie- ville township, 10 miles S.E. of Bowling Green. It has 2 churches and a drug-store. Buffalo Lake, Wisconsin, a narrow lake, or, properly, an expansion of Neenah River, in Marquette co., about 10 miles long, communicates with Pacawa Lake. Buffalo Lake (Fr. Lac du Buj^e, lAk du buff'l), the name of three lakes of British North America : one in lat. 66° 20' N., Ion. 113^^ W., another in lat. 56° N., Ion. 113° 45' W., and the third in lat. 52° 15' N., Ion. 112° 10' W. Buffalo Lick, a post-office of Poinsett co.. Ark. Buffalo Lick, a township of Chariton co., Mo. Pop. 1267. Buffalo Lick, a post-office of Roane co., W. Va. BuffaloLith'ia Springs, a post- village and watering- place of Mecklenburg co., Va., 12 miles E. of Scottsburg Railroad Station, and 110 miles S.W. of Richmond. Buffalo Mills, a post-hamlet of Bedford co.. Pa., on the Bedford division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 24 miles N. of Cumberland, Md. It has 2 churches. BUE 322 BUK Buffalo Mills, a post-office of Rockbridge eo., Va. Butialo 3Iountain, Pennsylvania^ is situated in the N. part of Union eo., N. of Buflfalo Cieek, an affluent of the West Erancli of the Susquehanna. Buffalo Paper- Mill, a post-hamlet of Cleveland eo., N.C., on the Carolina Central Railroad {Shelby division), 50 miles W. of Charlotte. It has a church and a paper-mill. Buffalo Peak, Colorado, a mountain of the Park Range, lat. 38° 59' 30" N., Ion. 106° 7' 15" W. It has an altitude of 13,541 feet above the sea-level. Buffalo Plaius, formerly a post-village of Erie co., N.Y., 5 miles from the city of Butialo, but now forming a part of the 12th ward of that city. A branch of the New York Central Railroad passes through it. It has a church, an almshouse, and a manufactory of cement. Buffalo Prairie, a post-township of Rock Island co., III., 10 miles E. of Muscatine, is bounded on the N. by the Mississippi River. It has 5 churches. Pop. 1291. Bufialora, boof-fa-lo'ra, or Boffalora, b6f-fa-lo'ri, a town of Italy, in Lombardy, 25 miles N.N.W. of Pavia, on the Ticino. Pop. 1598. Buffalo Ridge, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Tenn., 7 miles N. of Jonesborough. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Buffalo Ridge, a post-oflice of Patrick co., Ya. BuHalo River, of Africa. See Umzinyati. Buffalo River, Tennessee, drains parts of Lewis and Wayne cos., runs northward through Perry co., and enters Duck River about 20 miles from its mouth. Length, about 100 miles. Buffalo River (or Creek), of Wisconsin, drains the N. part of Trempealeau co., and rung southwestward through Buffalo CO., until it enters the Mississippi River at Alma. Buffalo Rock, a station on the Chicago, Rock Island &, Pacific Railroad, 10 miles E. of La Salle, 111. Buffalo Run, a post-hamlet of Centre co.. Pa., in Pat- ton township, about 12 miles S.W. of Bellefonte. It has a church. Buffalo Shoals, a post-hamlet of Wayne co., W. Va., 8 miles from Huntington. It has a grist-mill. Buffalo Springs, a post-office of Park co., Col. Buffalo Springs, a post-office of Clay co., Tex. Buffalo Valley, a post-village of Putnam co., Tenn., 30 miles E. of Lebanon. It has several churches and mills. Buf'faloville, a post-hamlet of Spencer co., Ind., about 36 miles E.N.E. of Evansville. It has a church and sev- eral stores. Buffalo Wallow, Alabama. See Buffalo. Buff'ington, a post-office of Stoddard co., Mo. Buflington, a township of Indiana co., Pa. Pop. 877. Buffon, burfiso', a village of France, in C6te-d'0r, 11 miles N, of Semur-en-Auxois. It has iron-foundries. The seigniory of this village belonged to the illustrious Buffon, and was by him erected into a conite. Bu'ford, a post-village of Gwinnett co., Ga., on the Atlanta &, Richmond Air-Line Railroad, 37 miles N.E. of Atlanta. It has 2 churches and a high school. Buford, a post-office of Macoupin co., 111. Buford, a post-hamlet of Ohio co., Ivy., 8 miles from Riley's Railroad Station. It has a church, a steam mill, and -S stores. Buford, a post-village of Highland co., 0., in Clay township, about 40 miles E. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of furniture and wagons. Buford, a township of Union co., N.C. Pop. 1158. Buford, a station in Albany co., Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 27 miles W. of Cheyenne. Buford's Bridge, a post-hamlet and township of Barnwell co., S.C. 18 miles S.S.E. of Blackville. Pop. of Buford's Bridge township, 1385. It has 4 churches. Bu'ford's Station, a post-hamlet of Giles co., Tenn., on the Louisville & Great Southern Railroad, 69 miles S. of Nashville. Bu'fordville, a post-hamlet of Bedford co.,Va., at or near Buford's Gap, a station on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 37 miles W. of Lynchburg, in the Blue Ridge. It has 2 hotels and a flour-mill. Bug, Bong, boog, or Bog (ane. Hi/p'anis), a river of Russia, governments of Podolia and Kherson, flows mostly S.E., and enters the estuary of the Dnieper, 30 miles AV. of Kherson. Total course, 340 miles. Affluents, the Siniookha, Radima, and Tngool. The towns of Bratslav, Olviopol, Vos- nesensk, and Nikolaiev are on its banks, and it is navigable from the sea to Vosnesensk. Bug, Bong, or Bog, a river of Russian Poland, form- ing a great part of the eastern frontier of Poland, rises in Galicia, near Zloczow, flows generally N. to Brest-Litovsk, and thence N.W., and joins the Vistula IS miles N.W. of Warsaw, after a course of upwards of 300 miles. Chief affluents, the Mukhovetz, Tsna, and Narew. The towns of Zloczow, Wlodawa, Brest-Litovsk, Drohitsin, Wyszkow, Ac, are on its banks. The Brest-Litovsk Canal, which unites the Mukhovetz and Pira Rivers, connects it with the Dnieper. Buga, boo'gS-, a town of South America, in the United States of Colombia, state of Cauca, 105 miles N.N.E. of Popayan. Pop. 6600. Buga, a town of South America, in the United States of Colombia, 45 miles N.E. of Popayan. Bugarach, bU'ga,'r4sh', a village of France, depart-*^ ment of Aude, 12 miles S. of Limoux. Pop. 790. Bugey, bii'zhi', a small territory of France, in the old province of Burgundy, now comprised in the department of Ain, Its capital was Belley. Buggenhout, biig'gen-h6wt\ a village of Belgium, province of Flanders, 5 miles by rail E. of Dendermonde. Pop. 4600. Buggiano, bood-.iS.'no, a town of Italy, province of Lucca, 27 miles W.N.W. of Florence. Pop. 10,706. Bughat, bug^hit', a Sikh state, in India, under British protection, between the Sutlej and Jumna Rivers, W. of the Sirmore Valley. The surface is billy. Principal forts, Rajghur and Tuxhal. Pop. 3240. Bug Hill, post-township, Columbus co., N.C. Pop. 513. Bughis Bay, in Celebes. See Gulf op Boni. Bugia, or Bugiah, a town of Algiers. See BorciAH. Bugis, boo'gheez\ a people of the Malay Archipelago, chiefly inhabiting Macassar and Boni, in the island of Cele- bes. They are muscular, middle-sized, and of a light-brown color, some being even fair. Bugs'by's Corners, a hamlet of Monroe co., N.Y., in Chili township, U miles from Chili Station. Buguima, a town of Russia. See Boogoolma. Buguruslan, a town of Russia. See BooGoonoosLAN. Biihl, bUl, a village of Alsace-Lorraine, 6 miles S.S.W. of Colmar. Pop. 2593. Biihl,bUl, a town of Germany, in Baden, 25 miles S.S.W. of Carlsruhe, on the railway thence to Kehl. Pop. 2838. It has manufactures of leather, and large weekly markets. Biihler, bii'ler, a village of Switzerland, canton of Ap- penzell, 3 miles S.S.W. of Trogen. Pop. 16U5. Build'was, a parish of England, co. of Salop, on the Severn, here crossed by a fine iron bridge, 3^ miles N.N.E. of Wenlock. Here are beautiful remains of Buildwas Abbey. Builth, or lilan'fair, a town and railway junction of Wales, CO. of Brecon, on the Wye, 12 miles S.W. of New Radnor. Pop. 1059. Buinsk, a town of Russia. See Booinsk. Buironibsse, bii^ee^riN^'foss' or bwee'r6No^foss', a vil- lage of France, in Aisne, 9 miles N.W. of A'ervins. P. T400. Buis, or liC Buis, I?h bii-ee' (or bAvee), a town of France, in Drome, 10 miles S.E. of Nyons. Pop. 2350. Buitenpost, boi't?n-post\ a village of the Nether- lands, Friesland, Ifi miles E. of Leeuwarden. Pop. 919. Buitensluis, boi'ten-slois\ or Numansdorp, noo'- mS,ns-donp\, a town of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 25 miles S. of Rotterdam. Pop. 2S2S. Buitenzorg, boi't§n-zoRG\ a town of Java, capital of the province, 36 miles by rail S. of Batavia. It, has a splen- did palace of the governor-general, a prison, and one of the finest botanic gardens in the world. Buitenzorg, a province or assistant-residency of the Dutch in Java. It comprises one of the healthiest and pleasantest parts of the island. Pop, 361,283. Buitrago, boo-ee-tri'go, an ancient town of Spain, 40 miles N, of Madrid. Pop. 825. Biyalance, boo-Hil-Iin'thA, a town of Spain, 17 miles E. of Cordova. It is well built, and has a college, a Latin school, 2 other schools, 2 hospitals, and extensive manu- factures of woollens, leather, &c. Pop. 8946. Biyaleuf, bii^zhiMuf, a village of France, in Haute- Vienne, 18 miles E. of Limoges, on the Vienne, at the mouth of the Maude. Pop. 2086. Buk, book, a town of Prussia, province and 15 miles by rail W.S.W. of Posen. It has manufactures of cloth and shoes. Pop. 2670. Bukaa, an Arabic name of CtELE-SyniA. Bukharest, the capital of Roumania. Sec Bucitakest. Bukharia, or Bucharia, bu-ki're-a, a nauio given to a wide extent of territory in Central ;\sia, rnniprising the E. part of Independent Tartary and the W. part of rhinoso Tartary, the latter subdivision being called Little Bukharia. See TooRKisTAN, Bokhaua. Khokan. Adj. and inhab. BuKHAitiAN or BucHAUiAN, bu-ki'rc-an. BUK 323 BUL Bukhtai'ininsk, Russia. See BooKHTARsriNSK. Bukit Barisan, Sumatra. See Bookit Bahisan. Bukkeii, book'k^n, an island of Norway, on the W. coast, province of Christiansand, lat. 59° 12' N., Ion. o° 22' E., with a village of the same name. The Bukke or Bnkken- Fiord is an arm of the sea, extending about 35 miles inland, with a breadth of from 10 to 15 miles. Bukkur, buk'kur. written also Bukhu, an island and fort of Sinde, in the Indus, between the towns of Roree on the E. and Sukkur on the W. bank, 165 miles N.N.E. of Hyderabad. Lat. 27° 41' N. ; Ion. 68° 52' E. Bukkur, or Bhakkar, buk'kur, a town of the Pun- jab, India, district and 17 miles S.S.E. of Dera Ismaeel Khan. Pop. 5554. BukoAvina, or Bukovina,boo^ko-vee'n?L, a duchy or crown-land of the Austrian Empire (Cisleithanian division), bounded N. and N.W. by Galicia, E. by Russia and Eou- mania, S. by Moldavia, and W. by Hungary and Transyl- vania. Area, 4036 square miles. It is a fertile province, with extensive forests, and the name itself is derived from the abundance of beech-trees. The Emperor of Austria is Duke of Bukowina, and the immediate head of govern- ment is called the president. Two-fifths of the people are Ruthenians, and of the remainder a large majority are Roumanians. Capital, Czernowitz. Pop. in 1876, 548,518. Bu'la, a post-village of Goochland co., Va., 15 miles S.W. from Fredericks Hall Railroad Station. It has 2 churches. Bulacan, boo-lS,-kin', a town of Luzon, in the Philip- pine Islands, capital of a province of the same name, on the river Bulacan, 20 miles N.W. of Manila. It has manufac- tures of sugar, silks, and carpets. Pop. about 10,000. Bulach, bu'lS,K, a town of Switzerland, canton and 10 miles N. of Zurich. Pop. 1655. Bulak, a town of Egypt. See Boolak. Bulama, boo-l^'mS,, one of the Bissagos Islands, Africa, 20 miles S. of Bissao. Lat. 1 1° 34' N. ; ion. 15° 33' W. It is about 20 miles in length by 10 miles in breadth. Pre- vious to 1794 it was the site of a British settlement, but it is now claimed by Portugal. Bulandshahr, a town of India. See BooLUNDSHAHnR, Bulavadeen, or Bulavadin, boo-li-v^^-deen', writ- ten also Bolavadin (anc. Puli/b'otus), a town of Asia Minor, 28 miles E.N.E. of Afioom. Pop. 3000, who are all Mohammedans. Bul^a, bool'gS,, a mountain and town of Abyssinia, in Shoa, 26 miles S.S.E. of Ankober. Bulgaria, b661-gi're-a (Fr. BuJgarie, biirgiVee' ; Ger. Bnhiarien, bool-gi're-'Sn ; anc. Mm'sia Infe'rior), a principality of Europe, extending between lat. 42° S' and 44° 20' N. and Ion. 22° 40' and 28° 40' E., separated N. by the Danube from Roumania, and S. chiefly by the Balkan Mountains from Eastern Rounielin., having W. Servia and E. the Black Sea. Area, 35,000 square miles. Capital, Sophia. Surface mountainous in the south, level in the north, generally well wooded, and abounding with rich pasture. Principal river, the Danube, with its tributaries, the Isker, Vid, Jantra (or Yantra), and Osma, and the Kamehik and Pravadi. which enter the Black Sea. Chief products, cattle, tallow, hides, hemp, flax, skins, timber, and attar of roses. In the vicinity of Silistria a surplus of corn is produced, but in some other parts less is raised than is required for home consumption, and the rearing of live-stock is the chief branch of industry. The Bulgarians are by many authors assigned with confidence to the Finnish race, while others consider them Slavic. They are doubtless of mixed de- scent; but their language is essentially South Slavic, with copiousTurkish elements. Of the total pop. (about 2,500,000), some 1,500.000 are Bulgarians ; the rest are Circassians, Roumanians, Jews, Armenians, Albanians, Gypsies, &c. The Bulgarians are chiefly of the Greek faith: but some are Mohammedans, and a part are Catholics (United Bul- garians), of a special branch called the Bulgarian rite ; they manufacture common woollens, rifle-barrels, and morocco leather, in addition to their rural occupations, and are favorably distinguished by industrious habits from the Turks, by whom they have been much oppressed. From the seventh century till 1018, and again from 1196 to the middle of the fourteenth century, Bulgaria formed an in- dependent kingdom; but it then became subject to Hungary, and was finally conquered by the Turks in 1392. In 1S7S it was decided by the Congress of Berlin to make Bulgaria an autonomic principality, tributary to Turkey but to be ruled by a Christian prince. At the same time the N.E. part (the Dobrudja) was detached and given to Roumania. Adj. and inhab. Bulgarian, bool-gi're-an. Bulger, bul'j^r, a post-hamlet of AVashington co., Pa., in Smith township, on the Pittsburg & Columbus Railroad, 23 miles W. by S. of Pittsburg. Bulger's Mills, a post-office of Tallapoosa co., Ala. Bulgneville, burni'veel', a town of France, in Vosges, 12 miles S.S.E. of Neufchateau. Pop. 1808. Bu'liu's Si'ding, a station in Weld co.. Col., on the Boulder Valley Railroad, 25 miles E. of Boulder. Bulkley, Illinois. See Buckley. Bull'ard's, a post-othce and station of Twiggs co., Ga., on the Macon & Brunswick Railroad, 15 miles S. of Macon. Bullard's Bar, a post-office of Yuba co., Cal. Bullas, bool'yas, a town of Spain, 32 miles W. of Mar- cia. Pop. 4470. It has many Roman remains. Bull Creek, of Taney co., Mo., enters White River near the middle of the county''. Bull Creek, a post-office of Tatnall co., Ga. iJull Creek, a post-hamlet of Wood co., W. Va., near the Ohio River, about 8 miles N. of Parkersburg. It is a shipping-point for petroleum. Bulle, bool'eh, a town of Switzerland, canton and 14 miles S. of Freiburg. It is on a railway, and is the chief entrepot for Gruyere cheese. Pop. 2274. Bullers of Buclian, biirierz ov biiK'an, a small fish- ing village of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, 22 miles N.N.E. of Aberdeen. Close by the village is the natural curiosity called the Bullers of Buchan, a group of singular rocks and seaworn caverns. Bulles, bun, a town of France, department of Oise, 6 miles N.N.W. of Clermont. Pop. 966. Bull Head, a post-office of Greene co., N.C. Buliiua, bool-yee'nS. or boo-lee'ni, a small stream of Yucatan, falls into the sea opposite Cancun Island, near 21° N. lat. and 87° W. Ion. Bullion, bool'yun. a mining post-village of Elko co., Nev., 28 miles S.W. from Elko. Pop. about 200. Bullion Station, in Eureka co., is on the Eureka & Palisade Rail- road, 8 miles S. of Palisade, and several miles W. of Bullion. Bullion, a post-village of Venango co.. Pa., in Clinton township, 1 mile from Kennerdell, and 3 miles from Scrub Grass Railroad Station. It has a church, a bank, and sev- eral oil-wells, and is mainly supported by the oil business. Bullionville, buol'yun-vil, a post-office and mining camp of Lincoln co., Nev., on the Nevada Central Railroad, about 20 miles from Pioche. Silver is found here. Bullitt, bool'it, a county of Kentucky, adjacent to the Ohio River, has an area of about 230 square miles. It is drained by Salt River and its East Fork. The surface is hilly or undulating, and is extensively covered with forests ; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. Iron ore is found in it. Capital, Shep- herdsville. Valuation of real and personal estate, .*j;5,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 7781, of whom 7578 were Americans. Bullitt's Bayou, bi'oo, a post-office of Concordia parish. La. Buil'ittsville, a post-office of Boone co., Ky. Bull Mountain, a post-office of Marion co., Ala. Bull'ock, a county in the S.E. part of Alabama, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is partly di-ained by the sources of Pea River. The surface is nearly level or undu- lating, and is extensively covered with forests of ash, cy- press, hickory, white oak, (fee. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Union Springs. This county is intersected by the Mont- gomery &, Eufaula Railroad and the Mobile &, Girard Rail- road. Valuation of real and personal estate, S5, 389, 830. Pop. in 1S70, 24,474. of whom 24,388 were Americans. Bullock, or BuU'och, a county in the E. part of Georgia, has an area of about 950 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Ogeechee River, and on the S.W. by the Cannouchee River. The surface is level, and mostly covered with forests of pine; the soil is sandy. Cotton, Indian corn, sugar-cane, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Statesborough. Valuation of real and personal estate, §1,200,000. Pop. in 1870, 5610, of whom 5599 were natives. Bullock, a post-hamlet of Crenshaw co., Ala., 24 miles S.S.W. of Troy. It has a church. Bullock Creek, a post-township of York eoi, S.C. Pop. 3068. It includes Blairsville. Bullock's Corners, a village in Wentworth co., On- tario, i mile from Dundas. It contains grist-, flouring-, and cotton-batting-mills, and a woollen-factory. Pop. 150. Bull Pond, township, Barnwell co., S.C. Pop. 2400. Bull Run, in the N.E. part of Virginia, forms the boundary between Fairfax and Prince William cos. until it enters the Oecoquan River, 14 miles from its mouth. This BUL 3 stream gives its name to two battles : the first was fought July 21, 1861 ; the second, August 29 and 30, 1S62. In both actions the Union army was defeated. Bull Run, a post-hamlet of Knox co„ Tenn., on the Knoxville & Ohio Railroad, at Heiskell'a Station, 12 miles N. of Knoxville. It has 2 churches. Bull Run, a post-office of Fairfax eo., Va. Bull's Bay, or Baboul Bay, a bay of Newfound- land, in lat 47° 25' N., Ion. 52° 20' W. See Bay Bulls. Bull's Bay, a large inlet on the coast of Charleston CO., S.C, between Bull's Island and E-aceoon Keys. Bull's City, a post-office of Osborne co., Kansas, in Sumner township, on the South Fork of Solomon River. Bull's Ferry, a village of Hudson co., N.J., in Wee- hawken township, on the Hudson River^ about 4 miles N. of Hoboken. It has 2 churches and a brewery. ^ Bull's Gap, orRogersville Junction, a post-office and station of Hawkins eo., Tenn., on the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad at its junction with the Rogers- ville & Jefferson Railroad, 13 miles E, of Morristown. Bull's Head, a post-office of Dutchess co., N.Y. Bull's Island, a station in Hunterdon co., N.J., at Raven Rock (which see), on the Belvidere Delaware Rail- road, 6 miles N.W. of Lambertville. Near it is an island of the same name, in the Delaware River, Bull'skin, a township of Fayette co.. Pa. Pop. 1657. Bull's Mills, Delaware. See Pepper's Stohe. Bull Swamp, a post-township of Lexington co., S.C, 18 miles from Lexington Court-House. It has 4 churches. Pop. 933. Bull'town, a hamlet of Franklin co., Ind., in Posey township, 5 miles W. of Laurel. It has a stone-quarry. Bulltown, a post-hamlet of Braxton co., W. Va., 48 miles from Clarksburg, It has salt-works. BulI'ville, a post-hamlet of Orange co., N.Y., on the Middletown & Crawford Railroad, 10 miles N. of Middle- town. It has 2 churches. Bulola, boo-lo'li, a river of Africa, in Senegambia, which enters the Atlantic opposite the Bissagos Islands. Bulola, a town of Senegambia, on a branch of Bulola River, 60 miles from the sea; lat. 11° 31' N., Ion. 14° 20' AV. Bnlsaur, bGrsawr', Bulsar, or Balsar, buVsar', a town of British India, on the Gulf of Cambay, district and 42 miles by rail S. of Surat. It has cotton-mills and a good trade by sea. Pop. 11,675. Bui strode, or Sainte Valerie de Bui strode, siNt viMiVee' d§h booVstrod', a post-village in Arthabaska co., Quebec, on Wolfe River, with a station on the Grand Trunk Railroad (Three Rivers Branch), 11 miles from Arthabaska. It has 2 saw-mills and a grist-mill. Pop. 120. Bulsun, buPsun', aSikh state of Northern India, under British protection, between the Sutlej and the Jumna, in lat. 31° N., Ion. 77° E. Pop. 4S92. Buiti, bul'tee', Baiti, Baltee, bS,rtee\ Bultistan, or Baltistan, biirte-stAn', called also JLittle Thibet, and Iskardoh, is-kar-do', a state of Central Asia, a de- pendency of Cashmere, but N. of the Himalayas, between lat. 34° 40' and 35° 30' N., Ion. 74° 40' and 76° 20' E., and surrounded, except on the S.W., by the Chinese domin- ions. Area, estimated at 12,000 square miles. Pop. esti- mated at 75,000. It consists of a part of the upper valley of the Indus, having a general elevation of 6000 or 7000 feet above the sea, and enclosed by mountains which rise 6000 or 8000 feet higher. The climate is very cold in winter, and the soil requires careful culture to enable it to produce corn, &G. ; European fruits are, however, plentiful. The animals comprise the sha, large-horned goat, sheep, musk-deer, and ibis; arsenic and sulphur are among the mineral products. The inhabitants are of Mongolian race, and Mohammedans of the Sheeah sect; until the late Sikh conquest they lived under a hereditary chief, termed the gylfo. The principal town is Iskardoh. Bulubgurh,orBulal)g:arh, buriib-giin', written also BulMumghur', a town of the Delhi district, British India, 29 miles S. of Delhi. Pop. 62S1. Buiwer, bool'w^r, a post-village in Compton co., Que- bec. miles by rail N.E. of Lennoxville. Pop. 150. Bulwudun, or Bulawadin. See Bulavadeen. Bumm, a fortified town of Persia. See Bam. Bumpass, biim'pas, a post-office and station of Louisa CO., Va., on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 45 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. Fine tobacco is shipped here. Bum'pus Mills, a post-office of Stewart co., Tenn. Bunahee, bun'A-hee', a town of British India, 30 miles S.S.E. of Ajmeer. Bunaisor, a town of India. See BiioBANESEn. Bunarbashi, Asia Minor. See Boonaubashee. 4 BUN Bu'nasar', a small river of Morocco, which discharges its waters into a lake 20 miles N.W. of Mequinez. Bunaive, bun-aw', a village of Scotland, co. of Argyle, 17 miles N.N.W. of Inverary. It has a quay on Loch Etive, a salmon -fishery, and iron-works. Bunce'ton, a post-village of Cooper co., Mo., on the Boonville Branch of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 15 miles S. of Boonville. It has a church and the Parish Institute. Bunch, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa, at Paris Rail- road Station. Bunch's Switch, astation on the Louisville ortant manufactures of cottons, woollens, and machinery, and calico-printing and bleaching establishments. In the vi- cinity are extensive coal-mines. Since the Reform Act it has sent a member to the House of Commons. Pop. 38,596. Bury St. Ed'inunds, or St. £d'inundsbury, a town of England, co. of Suffolk, on the Larke, at a railway junction, 24 miles N.W. of Ipswich, and 60 miles N,E. of London. The town, on a gentle eminence, in a healthy and richl}' cultivated district, is remarkably clean, well built, and cheerful. Principal edifices, St. Mary's chui'ch, a fine Gothic structure; St. James's, near which is a belfry 80 feet in height, and one of the finest remains of Saxon architecture extant in Britain; the shire hall, guild hall, wool-hall, market-cross, theatre, concert- and assembly-rooms, county jail, house of correction, Suffolk General Hospital, East Suffolk Hospital, &c. The grammar-school, founded by Edward VI., enjoys a high repute. The town contains numerous almshouses and other charities, a mechanics' institution, a library, and a botanic garden, and has some remains of a celebrated abbey, to which the body of King Edmund was transferred in 933. It is the seat of a large trade in wool, corn, butter, and cheese. Pop. 14,928. Burza, booRt'sa, or Burzen, boont's^n, a river of Transylvania, an affluent of the Aloota. Burzeuland, boout's^n-lant', amountainous region of Hungary, in Transylvania, forming the district of which Kronstadt is the capital. Burzet, buii''/i', a town of France, department of Ar- deche, 14 miles N. of Largcntiere. Pop. 2760. B usacchino, or Busaquino, Sicily. SeeBisACQuiNo. Busachi, boo-sA'kee, a town of Sardinia, on the Tirsi, 11 miles N.E. of Oristano. Pop. 1940. Busaco, boo-sS.'ko, a hamlet and convent of Portugal, 12 BUS province of Beira, 20 miles N.N.E. of Coimbra. Here, September 27, ISIO, the French under Massena were re- pulsed by the English under Wellington. Biisbach, bUs'baK, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 6 miles E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 3927, Bus'bee 5 a post-office of Buncombe eo., N.C., 7 miles S. of Asheville. Busca, boos'ki, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 9 miles N.W. of Coni, on an affluent of the Po. It has a eollegCj a hospital, and botanic gardens. Pop. 9533. Biischdorf, a town of Hungary. See Puspokv. Buse, a township of Otter Tail eo., Minn. Pop. 234. Bu'senbark's, a station on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad, 6 miles N, of Hamilton, 0. Busendorf, boo's^n-donf* (Fr. Bouzonville, boo^zfti-"^- veel'), a town of Lorraine, IS miles E.S.E. of Thionville, on the Nied. Pop. 1775. Busento, boo-sen'to (anc. BusentV mis), a river of Italy, flows by Cosenza, and enters the Gulf of Busento (or Poli- castro) near the town of Policastro. It is a small stream, memorable for having been turned aside that a grave might be dug in its bed for the great Alaric. After his burial the waters were led back to their former course. Buseo, boo-si'o, or Buseu, boo-si'oo, a town of Roumania, in Wallachia, on a railway, 60 miles N.E. of Bucharest. It is a Greek bishop's see. Pop. 11,106. Bush, a station in Downer's Grove township, Du Page CO., 111., on the Chicago, Burlington «& Quincy Railroad, 20 miles W. of Chicago. Bush'berg, a post-village of Jefferson co.. Mo., in Joachim township, on the Mississippi River, and on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 25 miles S. of St. Louis. Bush'bury, a post-hamlet of Cass eo,. Neb., 9 miles S.W. of South Bend. Busb Creek, a township of Wayne co., III. Pop. 1470. Bush Creek, a township ofGasconadeco,, Mo. Pop. 566. Bush Creek, a township. Highland co., 0. Pop. 1601. Busheab, boo'sh^-ib', an island in the Persian Gulf, 11 miles from its N, coast, Lat. 26° 50' N.; Ion. 53° 12' E. It is low and flat; at its W. extremity is a small town. Bush'ey, or Bush'y, a royal park of England, co. of Middlesex, on the Thames, adjoining Hampton Court. 12 miles by rail S.W. of London. Area, 1110 acres. It is traversed by superb avenues of limes and chestnuts. Bush'field, a post-village in Huron co., Ontario, 16 miles from Clinton. Pop. 200. Bush Hill, a post-village of Randolph co., N.C., 3 miles from High Point Railroad Station. It has an^acad- emy, a steam tannery, and manufactures of sash, blinds, ttc. Pop. about 200. Bushire, boo-sheer' (properly, Aboo-Shehr, i-boo- sh^h'r or i-boo-shaih'r, " father of cities"), a seaport city of Persia, and its principal entrepot on the Persian Gulf, at the N. extremity of a sandy peninsula. Lat. 29° N. ; Ion. 50? 52' E. Pop. (estimated) 20,000, mostly Persians, Arabs, and Armenians. On the land side it is protected by a wall with round towers, and on the other sides is enclosed by the sea, which on the N. forms a harbor. Being built of white stone, and furnished with hollow turrets for ventilation, it has a handsome appearance ; but its streets are narrow and unpaved, it is ill supplied with water, good houses are very few, and its public buildings inferior. Ships of 600 tons are obliged to lie in a roadstead 6 miles from the city. Bushire has, however, a large trade with India, importing thence rice, indigo, sugar, cotton goods, and other manu- factures, with steel, spices, porcelain, coflee, bullion, tfec. The principal exports are raw silk, wool, shawls, horses, carpets, silk goods, dried fruits, grain, wine, turquoises, pearls, assafoetida, and gall-nuts. The anchorage is in- different, but is the best on the coast. It consists of an outer rond exposed to the N.W. winds, and a safe inner harbor with 4| fathoms of water, 2^ miles from the town. Bush'kill, a small creek of Pennsylvania, runs nearly southward in Monroe co., and enters the Delaware River about 12 miles N.E. of the AVater Gap. Another Bush- kill Creek runs southward in Northampton co., and enters the Delaware at Easton. BushUill, township, Northampton co.. Pa. Pop, 1901. Bushkill,a post-village and summer resort of Pike co., Pa., in Lehman township, on the Dehiware Rivov, at the mouth of Bushkill Creek, 12 miles N.E. of Stroudsburg, It has 2 churches, 2 tanneries, 2 grist-mills, and 2 saw-mills. Near this place is a lino cascade called Bushkill Falls. Bushkill Centre, a post-hamlet of Northampton co.. Pa... 7 miles N. by E. of Bath. It hns a church and a hotel. Bush'mun's Kivcr, South Africa, Cape Colouj', tlowa BDS 3 generally S.E., forming the boundary between the districts of Uitenhage and Albany, and enters the Indian Ocean in Ion. 26° 37' E. Bush'men (Dutch, Bosjetmans, bos'y?8-minz' ; native, Saan or Saab), a race of rude and degraded South African savages, apparently (but somewhat doubtfully) allied to the Hottentots. They are undersized, but very active, living principally by the chase. It is possible that they are kindred to some of the dwarfish races of Central Africa. Bu$h^mills% a small town of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Antrim, on the Bush, 8 miles N.E. of Coleraine. Pop. 1008. Bush'nell, a post-town of McDonough co., 111., in a small township of the same name, on the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad where it crosses the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, 28 miles S. by W. from Galesburg, 52 miles W.S.W. of Peoria, and 71 miles N.E. of Quincy. It is also on the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad. It has 5 churches, a national bank, a high school, a public library, printing-oilices which issue 1 or 2 weekly news- papers, a plough-factory, and a pump-faetory. Pop. 2003; of the township, about 2800. Bushnell, a post-office of Sumner oo., Kansas. Bushnell, township, Montcalm co., Mich. Pop. 1380. Bushnell, a station in Cheyenne oo.. Neb., on the Union Pacific Railroad, near the Wyoming line, and 463 miles W. of Omaha. Bushnell Centre, a post-office of Montcalm co., Mich. Bushnell's Basin, a post-hamlet of Monroe co.,N.Y., on the Erie Canal, about 11 miles S.S.E. of Rochester. Bush'nellsville, a post hamlet of Greene co., N.Y., 2i miles N. of Shandaken Railroad Station. It has a high school, a chair-factory, and 2 summer boarding-houses. Bush River, a small stream flowing S.E. through New- berry district, S.C., into the Saluda River. Bush's, a station in Boone co.. Mo., on the Columbia Branch of the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Centralia. Bush's Mill, a post-office of Gallia co., 0. Bush's Store, a post-office of Laurel oo., Ky. Bush'ville, a station in Phillips co., Ark., on the Ar- kansas Central Railroad, 10 miles W. of Helena. Bushville, a hamlet of Banks co., Ga., 10 miles N.E. of Harmony Grove. Bushviile, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., N.Y., 4 miles S. of Liberty Falls Railroad Station. It has a saw-mill. Bushville, a post-office of Bradford co., Pa. Bush'wick, a former town of Kings CO., N.Y., now in- cluded in the Eastern District of Brooklyn. Bushwick Sta- tion is on the Southern Railroad of Long Island, 2 miles from the initial station in Brooklyn. Bushy, a royal park of England. See Bushey. Bush'y, a township of Saline co., HI. Pop. 1040. Bushy Fork, a post-office of Person co., N.C. Pop. of Bushy Fork township, 1425. Bushy Glen, a post-hamlet of Roanoke co., Va., 6 miles from Big Lick Railroad Station. It has a church. Busi^ny, bii^zeen'yee', a village of France, department of Nord, 12 miles S.E.' of Cambrai. Pop. 3540. Businessbur?, biz'nes-burg, a post-village of Belmont CO., 0., in Mead township, about 10 miles S.W. of Boilaire. It has 2 churches and 2 steam-mills. Pop. about 200. Busk, boosk, a town of Austrian Galicia, on the Bug, 32 miles E.N.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 4221. Buskerud, boos'k§r-ood\ an amt of Norway, in the stift of Christiania. Area, 5659 square miles. Capitals, Drammen and Kongsberg. Pop. in 1875, 101,867. Bus'kirk's Bridge, a post- village of Washington and Rensselaer cos., N.Y., on the Hoosac River, 1 mile N. of Buskirk Station of the Troy & Boston Railroad, and 22 miles N.E. of Tro}'. It has 3 churches. Busko, boos'ko, a town of Poland, 44 miles N.E. of Cracow. It has mineral springs and baths. Pop. 800. Bussaher, or Bassahir, biis's3,-her\ also called Bis'ser, a tributary Rajpoot state of India, bounded E. by Thibet, and further enclosed by Gurhwal and various hill states. It is traversed by the Sutlej, and is very mountainous. Capital, Rampoor. Pop. 90,000. Bussang, biis^sfiN"', a village of France, in Vosges, on the Moselle, 14 miles S.E. of Remiremont. Pop. 2115. Busseerhat, a town of India. See B.isuuhat. Biisserach, biis's^r-iic", a village of Switzerland, can- ton .and 1 5 miles N. of Soleure. Pop. 602. Busserolles, biis'seh-r5ir, a village of France, depart- ment of Dordogne, 10 niiles N. of Neutron. Pop. 2772. Bus'seron, a township of Knox co., Ind., with a station on the Evansville & Terre Haute Railroad, 45 miles S. of Terre Haute. Pop. 1283. BUT Busseron Creek, Indiana, runs southwestward through Sullivan co., and enters the Wabash River in Knox eo., 12 miles above Vincennes. It is about 50 miles long. Busseto, boos-si'to, a town of Italy, on the Ongina, an affluent of the Po, 17 miles N.W. of Parma. It has pot- teries and silk-works. Pop., with commune, 8632. Bus'sey, a mining post-village of Marion co., Iowa, in Liberty township, on the Albia, Knoxville & Des Moines Railroad, 14 miles N.W. of Albio. It has a church, a flour- mill, and 5 stores. Coal is mined here. Pop. about 200. Bus'seyville, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co., Wis., on Koshkonong Lake, about 16 miles N. of Janesville. It has a grist-mill and n cheese-factory. Bussiere, biis'se-aiu', several towns or villages of France, in the central and W. departments : the principal, Bussiere Dunoise, biis^se-ain' dii^nwaz', is in the depart- ment of Creuse, 7+ miles N.AV. of Gueret. Pop. 2767. Bussnang, booss'ning, a village of Switzerland, in the canton of Thurgau, on the left bank of the Thur, oppo- site Weinfelden. Pop. 2130. Bussolengo, boos-so-lSn'go, a village of Italy, 9 miles W.N.W. of Verona. Pop. 3013. Bussoleno, boos-so-li'no, a town of Italy, 5 miles by rail E. of Susa, on the Dora. Pop. 2319. In its environs are quarries of green marble. Bussorah, Asiatic Turkey. See Bassorah. Bustar, or Bastar, bus'tar, a feudatory state of the Central Provinces, India. Lat. 20° 10'-17° 40' N. ; Ion. 80° 30'-82° 15' E. Area, 13.000 square miles. It is governed partly by a rajah and partly by his feudal chiefs, and pays a tribute to the British. Five-eighths of the population consist of wild hill-men. The forests are extensive, and the country, though a high flat plateau, with some moun- tains, is very sickly. Pop. 78,856. Bus'tard Bay, a bay on the E. coast of Australia, in lat. 24° 4' S., Ion. 151° 60' E. Bustee, or Basti, bus'tee, a town of India, capital of the district, 40 miles W. of Goruckpoor. Pop. 6087. Bustee, or Basti, a district of India, Benares com- missionership, North-West Provinces, lat. 26° 23'-27° 30' N., Ion. 82° 17'-83° 19' 30" E., having Nepaul on the N., and the river Goggra on the S. Area, 2787 square miles. Capital, Bustee. It is a rich marshy plain. Pop. 1,472,994. Busti, hiis'ti, a post-hamlet of Howard co., Iowa, about 19 miles N.E. of Charles City. It has a church. Busti, bus'ti, or Busti Corners, a post-village of Chautauqua co., N.Y., in Busti township, about 32 miles S. of Dunkirk, and 7 miles S.W. of Jamestown. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Pop. 278 ; of thetownship, 1822. Chautauqua Lake touches the N. part of the township, which has 3 saw-mills and a basket-factory. Bustleton, biis's'1-ton, a post-village of Philadelphia CO., Pa., in the 23d Ward, on Pennypack Creek, at the N.W. terminus of a branch of the Philadelphia & Trenton Railroad, 11 miles N.N.E. of Independence Hall. It has 4 churches, calico print-works, and manufactures of axes, hatchets, &b. Bustleton Post-Office is a branch of the Phil- adelphia Post-Office. BustO"Arsizio, boos'to-aR-seed'ze-o, a town of Italy, in Lombardy, 19 miles by rail N.W. of Milan. It has a cotton thread factory and an active trade. Pop. 12,909. Busnlnk, a town of Russia. See Boozoolook. Btisiim, bii'soom, a seaport town of Prussia, in Holstein, on the North Sea, 36 miles N.W. of Gluckstadt. Pop. 1971. Busva!?on,boos-vd-gon', oneof the Philippine Islands, Malay Archipelago, 50 miles S.W. of Mindoro. Length, about 50 miles; average breadth, 12 miles. Butala, Battalah, or Batala, bot'i-li, a town of India, in the Amritsir division, North-West Provinces, district and 19 miles S.S.W. of Goordaspoor. Pop. 28,725. Butan, a state in India. See Bootan. Butcher Ranch, a post-office of Placer co., Cal. Butch'er's Island, a small island off the AV. coast of India, in Bombay Harbor, situated between Salsette and Caranja Islands. Butcher Spring, a post-hamlet of Claiborne co., Tenn., 38 miles N.E. from Caryvillc Station. It has 2 churches. Bute, an island of Scotland, in the Firth of Clyde, form- ing, with Arran, &c., the county of Bute, and separated from Argyleshire by a winding channel (the Kyles of Bute). It is in length about IB miles, and from 3 to 5 in breadth. Area, about 60 square miles. Its northern part is moun- tainous and rugged ; its centre and southern parts are un- dulating, with a pretty fertile soil. In the centre are three small lakes, — Lochs Fad, Ascog, and Quein. On its E. coast is the town of Rothesay, beautifully situated, and Mount- stuart, the seat of the Marquis of Bute. Pop. 10,064. BUT 334 BUT Bute, or Buteshire, but'shir, a county of Scotland, composed of Arran, Bute, the Cumbrays, Holy Isle, Pladda, and Inchmarnoch, the whole between lat. 55° 32' and 55° 56' N, and Ion. 4° 52' and 5° 17' W. Area, 225 square miles. Chief town, Rothesay, on Bute Island. Pop. 16,977. Bute, a post-village in Megantic co., Quebec, 2 miles from Becancour Station. Pop. loO. Bute Inlet, a great fiord or bay of British Columbia, with high rocky walls. Its entrance from the Gulf of Georgia is sheltered by Valdes Island. The head of this inlet is one of the proposed termini of the Canada Pacific Railway, but its waters are too deep to afford safe anchorage. On its border a great glacier reaches the sea. Butera, boo-ti'ra, a town of the island of Sicily, 19 miles S.S.E. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 5732. Buteshire, Scotland. See Bute. Buthrotum, an ancient town of Turkey. SeeBuTRiNTO. Buti, boo'tee, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, 9^ miles E. of Pisa. Pop. 5029. Its vicinity produces excellent olives. But'ler, a county in the S. part of Alabama, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is drained by the Sepulga and Pigeon Rivers. The surface is undulating, and exten- sively covered with forests; the soil is moderately fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pine lumber are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Mobile & Montgomery Kailroad. Capital, Greenville. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, ^2,471,910. Pop. in 1870, 14,981, of whom 14,902 were Americans. Butler, a county in the N.E. central part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by Shell Rock River, the West Fork of Cedar River, and Beaver Creek. The surface is undulating; the soil is fertile. A large portion of the county is prairie. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and grass are the staple products of this county, which is traversed by the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad and the Iowa division of the Illinois Central Rail- road. Capital, Butler Centre. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $6,028,670. Pop. in 1870, 9951; in 1875, 11,734, of whom 10,111 were Americans. Butler, a county in the S. part of Kansas, has an area of 1428 square miles. It is drained by Walnut and White AVater Creeks. The surface is undulating; the soil is fer- tile. The county contains extensive prairies, with groves growing on the banks of the creeks. About 95 per cent, of it is prairie. Indian corn, wheat, grass, and cattle are the staple products. Capital, El Dorado. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,200,000. Pop. in 1870, 3035 ; in 1875, 9S52; in 1878, 14,175. Butler, a county in the S.W. part of Kentucky, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is intersected b3'' Green River, which is navigable by steamboats. The surface is hilly, and is extensively covered with forests of good timber ; the soil is fertile. Tobacco, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Morgantown. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,802,920. Pop. in 1870, 9404, of whom 9380 were Americans. Butler, a county in the S.E. part of Missouri, has an area of about 575 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the St. Francis River, and intersected by Big Black River. The surface is nearly level, and partly covered with forests of cypress, yellow pine, and poplar or tulip-tree. Indian corn, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county is traversed by the St. Louis & Iron Mountain Railroad and its branches. Capital, Poplar Bluff. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,110,000. Pop. in 1870, 4298, of whom 4265 were Americans. Butler, a county in the E. part of Nebraska^ has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by Platte River, and is partly drained by the Big Blue River. The surface is undulating prairie; the soil is fer- tile. Wheat, Indian corn, and oats are the staple products. Capital, David City. Valuation of real and personal estate, $217,341. Pop. in 1870, 1290, of whom 1102 were Ameri- cans; in 1876, 4730. Butler, a county in the S.W. part of Ohio, bordering on Indiana, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is in- tersected by Miami River, and is also drained by Mill, St. Clair, and Seven Mile Creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, barley, oats, and butter are the staple products. Lower Silurian limestone, valuable for building, is abundant in this county, which is intersected by the Cincinnati, Ham- ilton & Dayton and Cincinnati, Richmond & Chicago Rail- roads. Capital, Hamilton. Among the forest trees are the buckeye, beech, elm, hickory, white ash, and white oak. Valuation of real and personal estate, $42,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 39,912, of whom 33,002 were Americans. Butler, a county in the W. part of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 800 square miles. The Alleghany River touches the N.E. and S.E. parts of this county, which is partly drained by Conequenessing and Slippery Rock Creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests of the ash, beech, elm, hickory, oak, &c. ; the soil is mostly fertile. Oats, butter, wheat, Indian corn, hay, and wool are the staple products. Among the mineral resources are petroleum, coal, iron, and limestone. This county is partly traversed by a branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and by the Parker & Karns City Railroad. Capital, Butler. Valuation of real and personal estate, $27,292,655. Pop. in 1870, 36,510, of whom 32,571 were Americans. Butler, a post-village, capital of Choctaw co., Ala., 100 miles (direct) N. of Mobile, and 30 S.E. of Meridian, Miss. It has a church, an academy, a wagon-shop, and a news- paper office. Pop. about 250. Butler, a post-village, capital of Taylor co., Ga., on the Southwestern Railroad, 50 miles E.N.E. of Columbus, and 80 miles (direct) S. of Atlanta. It has a college, a news- paper office, and 3 churches. Butler, a post-village of Montgomery co., HI., in Butler township, on the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 8 miles E. of Litchfield, and 63 miles N.E. of St. Louis. It has 2 churches, a cheese-factory, an elevator, and 3 general stores. Pop. 1648; of the township, 2107. Butler, a township of Vermilion co., 111. Pop. 925. Butler, a post-village of De Kalb co., Ind., is on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, at the terminus of the Eel River Railroad. 8 miles E. of Waterloo, and 33 miles N.N.E. of Fort Wayne. It has a high school, a newspaper office, 3 churches, and manufactures of car- riages, chairs, flour, and iron castings. Butler, a township of De Kalb co., Ind. Pop. 1209. . Butler, a township of Franklin co., Ind. Pop. 1488. Butler, a township of Miami co., Ind. Pop. 1535. It includes Peoria and Santa Fe. Butler, a township of Butler co., Iowa. Pop. 807, ex- clusive of Clarksville. Butler, a township of Calhoun co., Iowa. Pop. 247. Butler, a township of Jackson co., Iowa. Pop. 817. Post-office, Garry Owen. Butler, a post-office of Keokuk co., Iowa, 12 miles N. of Ottumwa. Butler, a township of Scott co., Iowa. Pop. 892. Butler, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Kansas, in Sherman township, 16 miles W. of Waterville. It has a church. Butler, a post-village of Pendleton co., Ky., on the Kentucky Central Railroad, and on the Licking River, 28 miles S. of Covington. It has 5 stores, 2 hotels, a grist- mill, and nearly 40 houses. Pop. about 300. Butler, a post-office of Baltimore co., Md. Butler, a post-township of Branch co., Mich., about 30 miles S.W. of Jackson, and 6 miles N.E. of Coldwater. It has 2 lumber-mills and a flour-mill. Pop. 1389. Butler, a post-village, capital of Bates co., Mo., in Mount Pleasant township, about 66 miles S. of Kansas City, and 38 miles N.E. of Fort Scott, Kansas. It has 4 churches, a national bank, an academy, and a woollen-mill. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Coal abounds near this place. Pop. about 2U0O. Butler, a township of Harrison co., Mo. Pop. 748. Butler, a township of Pemiscot co., Mo. Pop. 298. Butler, a township of St. Clair co., Mo. Pop. 646. Butler, a township of Wayne co., N.Y. Pop. 2166. Butler, a post-office of Rutherford co., N.C. Butler, a township of Columbiana co., 0. Pop. 1558. It contains Damascus, Butler, a township of Darke co., 0. Pop. 1524. It contains Castine. Butler, a township of Knox co., 0. Pop. 701, Butler, a township of Mercer co., 0. Pop. 1301. Butler, a township of Montgomery co.. 0. Pop. 2153. It contains Chamborsburg, Viindalia, and Little York, Butler, a post-village of Richland co.. 0., in Worth- ington township, on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a planing-mill. The name of the station is Independence. Butler, a township of Richland co., 0. Pop. 768. Butler, a township of Adams co.. Pa. Pop. 1333. Post-office, Bigler. Butler, a flourishing post-borough, capital of Butler CO., Pa., is in a township of the same name, on the Cone- quenessing Creek, about 26 miles direct N. of Pittsburg, but the distance by raih-oad is 50 miles. It is the S.W. BUT 3 terminus of the Butler & Karns City Railroad. The But- ler Extension Railroad extends 23 miles southeastward from this place, and connects with the Western Pennsyl- vania Railroad. Butler has a national bank, 2 other banks, the Witherspoon Institute, 7 churches, a woollen-mill, 3 carriage-factories, a graded school, and 3 weekly newspaper offices. Coal is mined here. Pop. about 3500. Butler, a township of Luzerne co., Pa. Pop. 1423. It contains Upper Lehigh, Hughesville, Drums, Ac. Butler, a township of Schuylkill co., Pa. It includes Ashland, Grirardville, Preston, and other mining towns of the Mahanoy anthracite region. Pop., exclusive of Ash- land, 5905. Butler, a township of Darlington co., S.C. Pop. 1099. It contains Dove's Depot, Butler, a township of Greenville co., S.C. Pop. 1646. Butler, a post-office of Johnson co., Tenn.j 17 miles S. of Taylorville. Butler, a post-village of Freestone co., Tex., near the Trinity River, 16 miles S.W. of Palestine. It has 3 churches. Butler, a post-hamlet of Milwaukee co., Wis., in Wau- wjitosa township, about 8 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. It has a church and a grist-mill. Butler Centre, a post-village, capital of Butler co., I(»wa, in Jefferson township, 9 miles N. from Parkersburg Railroad Station, about 100 miles N.N.E. of Des Moines, a.nd 1 mile N. of the West Fork of Cedar River. It has 3 churches and a money-order post-office. Pop. 152. Butler Centre, a post-office of Butler co., Neb. Butler Centre, a post-hamlet of Wayne co., N.Y., in Butler township, about 20 miles N.N.W. of Auburn. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Butler Junction, a station on the Western Pennsyl- vania Railroad, A mile W. of Freeport, Pa., at the junc- tion of the Pittsburg Branch Railroad. Butler's, post-township, Edgefield co., S.C. Pop. 2080. Butler's Ford, a post-office of Montgomery co., N.C. Butler's lianding, a post-hamlet of Clay co., Tenn., on the Cumberland River, 45 miles S.S.E. of Glasgow, Ky. It has a church. Butler Springs, a post-village and watering-place of Butler CO., Ala., 14 miles AV. of Greenville. Butler's Switch, a post-office and station of Jennings CO., Ind., on the railroad between Madison & Columbus, 19 miles N.N.W. of Madison. But'lersville, a: post- ham let of Allen co., Ky., about 20 miles S.S.E. of Bowling Green, has a church and a flour-mill. But'lerville, a post-hamlet of Lonoke co.. Ark., 8 miles E. from Austin Railroad Station. It has 1 or 2 churches and a grist-mill. Pop. about 100. Butlerville, a post-village of Jennings co., Ind., in Campbell township, on the Ohio Si, Mississippi Railroad, 66 miles W. of Cincinnati, and 7 miles E. of North Vernon. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and manufactures of fur- niture, wagons, ka. Pop. about 500. Butlerville, a post-village of Tama co., Iowa, on the Iowa River, li miles from Montour Railroad Station, and about 56 miles N.E. of Des Moines. It has a church, a graded school, a grist-mill, and a quarry of oolite marble or limestone. Butlerville, Oneida co., N.Y., is a part of the city of Utica. It is bounded on the N. by the' Erie Canal, on the E. by Wylie street, on the S. by Columbia street, and on the W. by Schuyler street. Here is a hospital for old people, endowed'by Mr. T. K. Butler. Butlerville, a post-village of Warren co., 0., in Har- lan township, 1^ miles from Le\'el Station, and about SO miles S.W. of Columbus. It has 2 churches. Pop. 191. Butlerville, a post-office of Salt Lake co., Utah. But^ool', a town of India, 64 miles N. of Goruckpoor. Biitow,bu'tov, a town of Prussia, inPomerania, 53 miles E. of Coslin. Pop. 440. Butrinto, boo-trin'to, a maritime town of European Turkey, at the mouth of a river, immediately opposite Corfu, and on the other bank of which are remains of the ancient Buthro'tum. Pop. 1500. The Lake of Butrinto, N. of the town, is 5 miles long by 2 miles broad. Butschatsch, a town of Galicia. See BuczAcz. Butschowitz, or Buczowic, boo'cho-vits\ a town of Moravia, 18 miles E. of BrUnn. Pop. 2990. ButUahatch'ie, a small river, which rises in Marion CO., Ala., runs southwestward through Monroe co.. Miss., and enters the Tombigbee River about 12 miles S. of Aber- deen. It is nearly 120 miles long. Butte, bate, a county in the N. part of California. It is bounded on the W. by the Sacramento River, and is drained by the Feather River and its North and Middle BUT Forks. The surface is partly level and partly hilly and mountainous. A large portion of it is covered with pine forests. The soil is' generally fertile and well watered. Wheat, barley, wool, and hay are the staple products. The prosperity of this county is derived chiefly from agri- culture. It has also hydraulic and placer gold-mines, the product of which in 1870 was valued at $199,250, and gold worth $15,225 was obtained from quartz rock. It is inter- sected by the Oregon division of the Central Pacific Rail- road. Capital, Oroville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $6,222,830. Pop. in 1870, 11,403, of whom 7428 were Americans. Butte, a township of Colusa co., Cal, Pop. 604. Butte, a township of Sierra co., Cal. Pop. 1182. Butte, a township of Sutter co., Cal. Pop. 1359. Butte City, a post-hamlet of Colusa co,, Cal., on the Sacramento River, 26 miles from Chico. Much grain is shipped here. Butte City, a post-office and raining village of Deer Lodge CO., Montana, near a range of high mountains, about 65 miles S. by W. of Helena. It has several hotels, fur- naces, stores, and a newspaper office. Here are rich mines of gold and silver, which are taken from quartz rock. Butte Creek, California, runs nearly southwestward through Butte co., forms part of the boundary between Colusa and Sutter cos., and enters the Sacramento River about 5 miles below Colusa. Butte Creek, a post-office of Marion co., Oregon. Butte des Morts (local pron. bu d? mor; Fr. pron. but dA, moR), a post-village of Winnebago co.. Wis., on the left bank of Fox River, about 7 miles N.W. of Oshkosh, and 2 or 3 miles E. of Winneconne. It has several stores and a church. Pop. 166. Buttelstadt, boot'tel-stfitt^ a town of Germany, Saxe- Weimar, 4 miles S.W. of Buttstadt. Pop. 947. But'ter Creek, Oregon, runs northward, and enters the Umatilla River in Umatilla co. Butter Creek, a post-office of Umatilla co., Oregon, But'terfield, a station in Watonwan co., Minn., on the Sioux City & St. Paul Railroad, 130 miles S.W. of St. Paul. Pop. of Butterfield township, 90. But'terfly, a post-hamlet of Oswego co., N.Y., 3 miles W. of Mexico. It has a cheese-factory. But'ter Hill, in Orange co., N.Y., a steep eminence on the W. side of the Hudson, opposite to Breakneck Hill. Height, about 1530 feet. Butter Island, Hancock co., Me., is in Penobscot Bay. Pop, 12. Butterley, btit'ter-le, a hamlet of England, co. of Derby, 3 miles S. of Alfreton. Butterniere, but't?r-meer, a chapelry of England, co. of Cumberland, 7^ miles S.W. of Keswick. Lake Butter- mere is about 1^ miles in length by ^ mile in width, and is surrounded by sublime mountain scenery. But'terniilk Channel, New York Harbor, sep.arates Governor's Island from the city of Brooklyn. Buttermilk Falls, Orange co., N.Y., a small cascade on the W. bank of the Hudson, 2 miles below West Point. See Highland Falls. Buttermilk Falls, Wyoming co.. Pa. See Falls. But'ternut,apost-hamletof Ashland CO., Wis., on But- ternut Lake, and on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 54 miles S.S.E. of Ashland. Butternut Creek, Otsego co., N.Y., runs southwest- ward, and enters the Unadilla River 6 miles from its mouth. Butternut Grove, a post-hamlet of Delaware co., N.Y,, on the New York & Oswego Midland Railroad, and on the Beaver Kill River, about 24 miles S. of Delhi, It has a tannery and 3 saw-mills. Butternuts, or Gil'bertsville, a post-village of Otsego CO., N.Y., on Butternut Creek, and in Butternuts township, about 45 miles S. of Utiea. It has a bank, 4 churches, a newspaper office, the Gilbertsville Academy, and manufactures of bricks, sash, blinds, &c. The township is bounded on the W. by the Unadilla River, The name of its post-office is Gilbertsville. Pop. 675 j of Butternuts township, 2046. Butternut Valley, a post-township of Blue Earth co., Minn. Pop. 647. But'terville, a hamlet of Ulster co., N.Y., 2 miles from New Palt/,. It has a Friends' meeting. But'terworth, a township of England, co. of Lancas- ter, 3 miles E, of Rochdale. Pop. 7923, chiefly employed in cotton- and woollen-factories. It contains the town of Milnrow and part of Littleborough. But'terworth's, a station in Warren co., 0., ot the Little Miami Railroad, 2 miles N. of Loveland. BUT 336 Buttes, butt, a village of Switzerland, canton and 19 miles S.W. of Neufchatel, in a narrow valley surrounded by high mountains, which render the sun invisible during three months in the vear. Pop. 146S. Butte (bate) Valley, a hamlet of Butte co., Cal., 6 miles S.E. of Chico. Butte Valley, a post-office of Huerfano co., Col. Buttevant', a market-town of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork, on the Arobeg, 3i miles W. of Doneraile. P. 1756. Butteville, bat'vil, a post-village of Marion co., Oregon, is on the Willamette Kiver, 24 miles N. of Salem. Grain is shipped here by the river. Pop. about 100. Buttigliera, boot-teel-yi'r^, a town of Italy, in Pied- mont, 16 miles N.W. of Asti. Pop. 2630. Buttisfliera Uriola, boot-teel-yi'ri oo-re-o'li, a vil- lage of Italy, province of Turin. Pop. 1291. Buttisholz, boot'tiss-h61ts\ a village of Switzerlnnd, canton and 11 miles N.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 1596. Near here is a mound called the Emjlanderhubel, or " English hillock," which contains the bones of 3000 Englishmen, fol- lowers of Ingelram de Coucy, Duke of Bedford, who, while devastating the Swiss cantons, was defeated by the peasants. But'ton, a post-township and hamlet of Ford co.. 111., about 5 miles E. of Paxton. Pop. 610. But'ton-Ness, a prominent headland of Scotland, on the northern side of the entrance into the Firth of Tay. Lat. 56° 28' N. ; Ion. 2° 40' W. Here are two light-houses. But'tonwood, a post-offlce of Lycoming co., Pa. Butts, a county near the central part of Georgia, has an area of about 180 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Ocmulgee River. The surface is hilly or uneven ; the soil produces cotton and Indian corn. Capital, tjackson. Valuation of real and personal estate, §834,323. Pop. in 1870, 6941, of whom 6927 were Americans. Butts' Store, a post-office of Johnson co.. Ark. Buttstadt, boot'stStt, a town of Germany, in Saxe- Weiraar, 11 miles N.N.E. of Weimar. Pop. 2462. Butts'ville, a post-office of Grundy co., Mo. Buttsville, a mining village of McKean co., Pa., is on the Bradford Branch of the Erie Railroad, 1 mile from Alton Post-Office. It has a coal-mine and about 40 houses. Buttz'ville, a post-hamlet of Warren co., N.J., on Pequest Creek, 1 mile from Bridgeville Railroad Station, and 4 miles E. of Belvidere. It has a church, a flour-mill, and about 20 houses. Buturlinovka, a town of Russia. See Pethovskaia. Butyin, boot'veen, or Buttzen, boot'tsen, a town of Hungary, co. and'37 miles N.E. of Arad. Pop. 3192. Butz, boots, a village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, 7 miles N. of Aarau. Butzbach, boots'b3.K, a town of Germany, in Hesse, 11 miles S. of Giessen. It has manufactures of flannels, hosiery, and leather. Pop. 2617. BiitzoAV, biits'dv, a town of North Germany, Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, on the Warnow, 18 miles by rail S.W. of Rostock. It has manufactures of paper and playing-cards. Its old episcopal residence is now a prison. Pop. 4710. Butz'town, a post-hamlet of Northampton co.. Pa., 2 miles N.W. of Freemansburg. Buxar, or Baxar, bux^ar', a city of Bengal, in Sha- hab.ad, on the Ganges, 75 miles by rail W. of Patna. It is held to be a very sacred place by the Hindoos. Pop. 13,446. Here, October 22, 1764, Sir Hector Munro defeated Kasim Ali in a great battle. Buxentum, an ancient name of PoLicASTno. Buxtehude, booxHeh-hoo'deh. a town of Hanover, in Prussia, 13 miles S.E. of Stade, on the Este, near its mouth in the Elbe. It has manufactures of starch, leather, snuff, and wax-lights. Pop. 2788. Bux'ton (L. Biicostennm), a town and watering-place of England', co. of Derby, 31 miles by rail W.N.W. of Derby, and 160 miles N.N.W. of London. It is in a deep valley, and consists of an old and a new town, the latter con- taining many fine buildings, excellent hotels and shops, an elegant church, public and private baths, assembly-rooms, several schools, and a library. The *' Old Hall," onee the residence of Mary Queen of Scots, is now an inn. The saline waters in the lower town are from a hot and a cold spring within a few inches of each other; there is also a chalybeate spring. Many of the inhabitants are engaged in the manufacture of alabaster, spar, and other ornaments. The vicinity abounds with line scenery. Pop. 3717. Bux'ton, a poat-office and station of Clinton co,. 111., on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 4 miles W. of Carlyle. Buxton, a post-township of York co., Mo., 15 miles W. of Portland, is bounded on the W. by the Saco River, and traversed by the Portland & Rochester Railroad, It con- tains villages named Buxton Centre and West Buxton, and has a cotton-mill, 7 churches, a bank, and extensive manu- factures of lumber. Pop. 2546. Buxton, a post-village in Kent co., Ontario, 12 miles from Chatham. Pop. 100. Buxton Centre, a post-village of York co.. Me., in Buxton township, on the Portland tt Rochester Railroad, 15 miles W. of Portland. It has a church, a shoe-factory, ka. Buxy, biik^see', a town of France, in Saone-et-Loire, 9 miles S.W. of Chalons. Pop. 2063. BuyerstOAVn, bi'erz-town, a post-hjimlet of Lancaster CO., Pa., 2 miles N. of Gap Railroad Station. BuytrasfO, a town of Spain. See Buitrago. Buynkdere, or Bujukdere, boo-yook-di'ri, a town of Turkey, on the European shore of the Bosporus, 10 miles N. by E. of Constantinople. It is famous for its picturesque beauty. The upper part is occupied by the summer resi- dences and gardens of the European ambassadors, and the lower by Greeks, Armenians, and Turks. Buzan^ais, bUV.6N''^si', a town of France, department of Indre, on the Indre, 13 miles N.W. of Chateauroux. In its vicinity are iron-works. Pop. 4986. Buzancy, bii^zONo^see', a town of France, Ardennes, 25 miles S.E. of Mezieres. It has a castle, and a Saracenic edifice of the twelfth century. Pop. 821. Buzen, boo'z^n, or Bizeu, bee'z^n, a province of Japan, in the N. of the island of Kioo-Sioo, and separated from Hondo by the Strait of Van der Capellen, here scarcely 1 mile across. It lies between lat. 33° 23' and 34° N., Ion. 130° 40' and 131° 23' E., and comprises 23 islands, all un- important. Pop. 331,878. Buzet, biiV..^', a town of France, in Lot-et-Garonne, 7 miles N. of Nerac. Pop. 1391. Buz'zard's Bay, Massachusetts, is an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, from which it extends northeastward about 30 miles. Its width varies from 5 to 10 miles. It washes the coast of Barnst.able co. on the E., and Bristol and Ply- mouth on the N.W. The Elizabeth Islands, arranged in a row along its S.E. side, separate it from Vineyard Sound. Buz'zard's Roost, a post-hamlet of Twiggs co., Ga., on the Macon Sl Brunswick Railroad, 25 miles S.E. of Macon. Pop. 50. Byanima, a native name of Burmah. By'am Mar'tin's Island, Pacific Ocean, is in lat. 19° 40' 22" S. and Ion. 140° 22' 28" W. By'arsville, a post-office of Cleveland co., N.C., 13 miles from Shelby. Byass, a town of Syria. See Baias. Byberry (bi'ber-re) Post-Otfice, Pa., is a branch of Philadelphia Post-Office, about 14 miles N.N.E. of Inde- pendence Hall. The former township of Byberry is now a precinct of the 23d ward of Philadelphia. Byblus, the ancient name of Jebail. Byers, bi'erz, a post-office and station of Arapahoe co., Col., on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 41 miles E. of Denver. Byers, a post-office and station of Mecosta co., Mich., in Colfax township, on the Grand Rapids A Indiana Rail- road, 4 miles S. of Big Rapids. Byers, a station in Uwehlan township, Chester co.. Pa., is the terminus of the Pickering Valley Railroad, which extends northeastward 11 miles to Phoenixville. Byer's Island, in the Pacific. See Patrocixio. Byer's Station, a post-office of Jackson co., 0., at the village of Ellsworth. By'ersville, a post-hamlet of Livingston co., N.Y., 6 miles N.W. of Dansville. It has a church. Byesville, biz'vil, a post-hamlet of Guernsey co., 0., on the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleveland Railroad, 5 miles S.S.E. of Cambridge. It has a flour-mill and a lumber- mill on Wills Creek. By'ficld, a post-office and station of Essex co., Mass., in Newbury township, on a branch of the Boston St, Maine Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Newburyport. It has an acad- emy and a church. Byfield is an old ecclesiastical parish, in the townships of Newbury. West Newbury, and Rowley. Byha'lia, a post-village of Marshall co.. Miss., 34 miles S.E. of Memphis, Tenn., and about 16 miles W.N.W. of Holly Springs. It has an academy, a female institute, iind 3 churches. Pop. 300. Byhalia, a post-office of Union co., 0. By'ington, a post-hamlet of Pike co., 0., 23 miles E.S.E. of Hillsborough. Bykund, bi'ktind', a ruined city in Toorkistan, 23 miles S.AV. of Bokhara. It has renmins of high antiquity. Byl Hangal, or Bail Hangal,bTl hang'gal. a town of India, Bouibay presidency, in Belgaum, 48 miles S. of Darwar. Pop. 8655. BYL 337 CAB Bylina, the Bohemian for Bilin. ByliC) the supposed ancient name of Goomish. Bylot's Bay, in the Atlantic. See Baffin's Bay. Bynadu, the Hindoo name of Wynaad. Byng, or Hal'dimand, a post-village in Haldimand CO., Ontario, on Grand River, near DunnviUe. Pop. 150. Byilg Inlet, a post-village in the district of Algoma, Ontario, at the mouth of the Maganetawan River, on the north shore of Georgian Bay, 90 miles N. of Collingwood. It contains large saw-mills. A steamer from Collingwood calls here every week. Pop. 307. By'nuniville, a post-hamlet of Chariton co., Mo., 15 miles S. of New Cambria Railroad Station. It has 2 stores. Byopolis, the supposed ancient name of Epila. B y'ram , a post-hamlet of Hinds co., Miss., on the Pearl River, and the New Orleans, St. Louis A Chicago Railroad, 9 miles S. by W. of Jackson. It has 2 churches. Pop. 75. Byram, a township of Sussex co., N.J. Pop. 1332, By'ramghaut', a town of Oude, on the Goggra, 34 miles N.E. of Lucknow. By'ram River, in the S.W. part of Connecticut, enters Long Island Sound on the boundary between that state and New York. Byrd, a township of Cape Girardeau co., Mo. Pop. 2112. It includes Jackson. Byrd, a township of Brown CO., 0. Pop. 1251. It contains Decatur. Byrd's Store, a post-office of Brown co., Te.^. Byrds'ville, a post-hamlet of Columbus co., N.C., 5 miles N.E. from Maxwell's Railroad Station. Byrd'town, a village of Somerset co., Md., li miles from Crisfield. It has 2 churches, an academy, and several stores. Pop. about 600. Byria, Byrria, or Bairea, bS'rf-4, a town of Indi.i, Ghazeepoor district, on the Ganges. Lat. 25° 29' N. ; Ion. 78° E. Pop. 6766. Byrne, burn, a post-office of Putnam co., Tenn. ByruesviUe, b^rnz'vil, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co., Mo., 5 miles S. of Eureka Railroad Station. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a wagon-shop. Byrneville, bern'vll, a post-hamlet of Harrison co., Ind., on Indian Creek, 14 miles W. by N. of New Albany. It has 2 churches. By'romville, a post-office of Dooly co., Ga. By'ron, a post-village of Houston co., Ga., on the Southwestern Railroad, 17 miles S.W. of Maoon. It has 3 churches. Byron, a post-village of Ogle oo.. 111., in Byron town- ship, on the W. bank of Rock River, and on the Chicago & Pacific Railroad, 88 miles W. by N. of Chicago. It has 4 churches, a bank, a graded school, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. about 700 ; of the township, 1093. Byron, a hamlet of La Porte co., Ind., about 20 miles W. of South Bend. Byron, a township of Buchanan co., Iowa. Pop. 996. Byron, a post-office of Humboldt co., Iowa. Byron, a post-office of Woodson co., Kansas, 12 miles W. of Neosho Falls. Byron, a post-township of Oxford co., Me., about 55 miles W.N.W. of Augusta. Pop. 242. Byron, a township of Kent co., Mich. Pop. 1504. It contains Byron Centre. Byron, a post-village of Shiawassee co., Mich., in Burns township, on the Shiawassee River, 44 miles S. by W. of Gaines Railroad Station, about 60 miles N.W. of Detroit, and 20 miles S.W. of Flint. It has a flour-mill, an iron- foundry, 3 churches, a graded school, a lumber-mill, and a money-order post-office. Pop. about 600. Byron, a post-village of Olmsted co., Minn., in Kalmar township, on the Winona & St. Peter Railroad, 9 miles W. of Rochester. It has a graded school, a newspaper office, 2 churches, and a manufactory of fanning-mills. Pop. 221. Byron, a township of Waseca co., Minn. Pop. 310. Byron, a post-office of Osage co., Mo. Byron, a post-village of Genesee co., N.Y., in Byron township, on the New York Central Railroad, 25 miles W.S.W. of Rochester. It has 2 churches, a high school, manufactures of farming-implements and flour, and several mineral springs. Pop. of the township, 1703. Byron, a post-hamlet of Greene co., 0., in Bath town- ship, about 11 miles E. by N. of Dayton. It has a church. Byron, a post-hamlet of Fond du Lac oo., Wis., in Byron township, about 8 miles S. of Fond du Lac. Pop. of the township, 1346. Byron, a township of Monroe co., Wis. Pop. 331, Byron, a post-village in Middlesex co., Ontario, on the river Thames, 6 miles from London. It has 2 woollen-fac- tories. Pop. 125. Byron Centre, a post-village of Kent co., Mich., in Byron township, on the Michigan Southern Railroad, Kal- amazoo division, 12 miles S. of Grand Rapids. It has a town hall, a church, a saw-mill, and a flour-mill. Pop, about 200, Byron's Bay, E, coast of Labrador, North America, is in lat, 54° 40' N., Ion. 57° 30' W, Byron's Island, of the Mulgrave Archipelago, in the Pacific. Lat. 1° 18' S. ; Ion. 177° 20' E. It is low, densely wooded, and was discovered by Admiral Byron in 1765. Byrria, a town of India, See BvniA. Byske, biis'ki or bis'kSh, a river of Sweden, falls into the Gulf of Bothnia in lat. 64° 67' N., after a direct S.E. course of 110 miles. At its mouth is the town of Byskea. Bytown, the former name of Ottawa, Canada. Byturney, Bytarnee, Baitarni, bi-ttir'nee, Bai- tarani, or Vaiturani, vi-tiir'a-nee, a river of Hindos- tan, rises in the state of Keunjhar, and, after a S.E. course of from 300 to 400 miles, falls into the Bay of Bengal, in Orissa, in lat. 20° 47' N. Area of basin, 3100 square miles. It is a great river in the rainy season, and is regarded as sacred by the Hindoos. Byzantium, be-zan'she-um (Gr. BviivTi.ov, Buzantion, or BvaavTLov, Btisantioti), an ancient city on the site of the modern Constantinople. See Constantinople. Adj. and inhab. Byzantine, be-zan'tin, and Byzantian, be-zan'- she-an. Byzia, supposed ancient name of VizA. c. Caacaty, k|*kl-tee', an Indian village, 77 miles E. by S, of the city of Corrientes, Argentine Republic, Pop, 2722, Cababuri, ki-bi-boo-ree', a river of Brazil, formed by the junction of the Mataraca and Baria, pursues a S, course for 120 miles, and falls into the Rio Negro at lat. 0° 10' S., Ion. 66° 30' W. Cabaca, k^-b3.'si, a town of Africa, South Guinea, in the country of Congo. Lat. 6° S.; Ion. 11° 30' E. Cabado, a river of Portugal. See Cayado. Cabagan, ki-bi-g^n', a town of the Philippine Islands, in the province of Cagayan, at the N. extremity of the island of Luzon. Pop. 11,100. Cabal aba, ka-ba-li'bd, a river of Dutch Guiana, a tributary of the Corentyn, which it joins about lat. 5° N., Ion. 57° 3' W, It is extremely winding in its course, and its water is of an ochreous color. Caballos, Puerto Caballos, pweK'to ki-val'yoce, 22 or Port Cor'tez, a small town of Honduras, on the N. coast, lat. 15° 49' N., Ion. 87° 57' W., and 66 miles by rail N. of Santiago. Caballos, a town of Peru. See Naska. Cabalunga, ki-b5,-loon'g^, a town of the island of Samar, one of the Philippines. Cabanes, ka-BJl'n^s, a town of Spain, 12 miles N.E. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 2066. Cabapuana, k3,-b3,-poo-i'na (called also erroneously Campnan Reritigba and Dluribeca), a river of Brazil, province of Espirito Santo, rises in the Serra de Pico, and falls into the Atlantic in lat. 21° 25' S., after a direct course of SO miles. Cabar'rus, a county in the S.W. central part of North Carolina, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by Rocky River. The surface is hilly, and extensively covered with forests; the soil in some parts ia CAB 338 CAC fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and oats are the staple agri- cultural products, and among its minerals are copper, gold, barytes, blende, and galena. This county is intersected by the North Carolina Railroad, Capital, Concord. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,641,832. Pop. in 1870, 11,954, of whom 11,919 were natives of the United States. Cabatuaii, k^-bd-too-^n', a town of the Philippines, island of Panay, and province of Iloilo. Pop. 20,000. Cabazera, ki-ba,-zi'rS., a town of the Philippines, in Luzon, province of Cagayan. Pop. 12,000. Cabazon^ kd.-bS,-/,on', a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 93 miles E. by S. of Los Angeles, Cal. Cabbage (kab'bij) Farm, apost-officeof Mecklenburg CO., Va., 25 miles from Warrentpn, N.C. Cabbagetovvn, a hamlet of Monmouth co., N.J., 12 miles E. by S. of Trenton. Cabeco de Vide, k5,-bi'so di vee'di, a town of Por- tugal, in Alemtejo, 15 miles N.E. of Aviz. Pop. 1028. Cab'ell, a county in the S.W. part of West Virginia, has an area of about 350 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Ohio River, and intersected by the Gruy- andotte River. The surface is hilly or uneven, and is mostly covered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and oats are the staple products of this county, which is intersected by the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. Capital, Barboursville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,048,420. Pop. in 1870, 6429, mostly natives. Cabell Court-House. See Barboursville. CabeUio, the nneient name of Cavaillon. Cabellos da Veiha, ki-b§l'loce dS, vSryi, a bay of Brazil, province of Maranhao. It is about 8 miles square, and is interspersed with islands and sand-banks, rendering it difficult of access. It is intersected by lat. 1° 40' S. Cabenda, Kabeuda, ki-b^n'di, or Kabin'da, a seaport town of Western Africa, in Angoy, 40 miles N. of the mouth of the river Congo. Its harbor had formerly an export trade in slaves, ivory, and wax. Cab'ery, a post-hamlet of Kankakee eo.. 111., in Norton township, 15 miles W. of Chebanse. It has a church. Cabes, kS,'bes, or Khabs, kd.bs, more correctly Gabes, gi'bes (anc. Tac'apa, 2acape, or Capis), a sea- port town of Tunis, 200 miles S. of the town of Tunis, at the mouth of the ancient Triton. It exports henna, Ac. See Gulf of Cabes. Cabeza del Buey, kd,-bi'thS, d^l boo-i' (or bwi), a town of Spain, 86 miles E.S.E. of Badajos. It has manu- factures of woollens and linens. Pop. 6300. There are several small towns in Spain called Cabeza and Cabezas. Cabezas de San Juan, kS,-bi'th^s di sS.n Hoo-4n', a town of Spain, 27 miles S. of Seville. It is very ancient, and has a Moorish castle. Pop. 4650. Cabezon, ka-bi-thOn', a town of Spain, 7 miles N.N.E. of A^'alladolid, on the Pisuerga. Pop. 1365. Cabezuela, ka-bi-thoo-i'li, a town of Spain, Estre- madura. 16 miles N.E. of Plasencia, on the Jerte. P. 1801. Cabiao, ka-Be-ow', a town of the island of Luzon, in the province of Pampanga, N.W. of Manila. Pop. 4940. Cabillonum. See Chaloss-sur-Sa6ne. Cab'in Creek, a post-hamlet of Johnson co.. Ark., on the Little Rock k Fort Smith Railroad, 95 miles N.W. of Little Rock, and 2 miles N. of the Arkansas River. It has a steam grist-mill. Cabin Creek, a post-oflRce of Lewis go., Ky., is at Glenville. Cabin Creek, a post-office of Montgomery eo., N.C, 30 miles from Rockingham, Cabin Hill, a post-office of Delaware co., N.Y., 8 miles S.S.E. of Delhi. Cabin Hill, a post-hamlet of Shenandoah co., A''a., 8 miles from Edinburg. Cabin John, a post-office of Montgomery co., Md. Cabin Point, a post-village of Surry eo., Va., 10 miles from Waverly Station, which is 21 miles S.E. of Petersburg. It has 2 churches and 2 stores. Cabira, the ancient name of Seevas. Cable, ka'b'I, a post-village of Mercer co., III., at the terminus of the Rock Island A Mercer County Railroad, 26 miles S. by E. of Rock Island. It has about 60 houses. Mining coal is the principal business of this place. Cable, a post-village of Champaign co., 0., on the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroad, 38 miles W.N.W. of Columbus. It has 2 churches. Cable City, a post-office and, mining camp of Beer Lodge CO., Montana, about 70 miles S.W. of Helena. Alti- tude, .about 7000 feet. It has 2 quartz-mills. Ca'ble Island, a small island of Ireland, co. of Cork, in the Atlantic, 5 miles S.S.AV. of Youghal. Cabo da Roca, the Portuguese for Cape Roca. Cabo de Boa Esperan^a. See Cape of Good Hope, Cabo de Gata, the Spanish for Cape Gata. Cabo de Palos, the Spanish for Cape Palos. Cabo de Peikas, the Spanish for Cape Penas. Cabo do Norte, Brazil. See Cape North. Cabo Frio, k^'bo free'o [i.e., "cool cape"), a city and seaport of Brazil, N.E. of the cape of the same name (see Cape Frio), province and 75 miles N.E. of Rio Janeiro. It has a college, established in 1840. The town is at the S.E, extremity of Lake Ararauma, and is connected with the continent by a bridge. Climate unhealthy. It has an extensive commerce in salt. Pop. 3500. Cabool, kab-ool', written also Caboul, Cabul, Caubul, and Kabul, a town of Asia, capital of Afghan- istan, on the C.ibool River, 82 miles N.N.E. of Ghuznee. Lat. 34° 30^' N. ; Ion. 69° 6' E. Its streets are narrow and dirty, and so crossed by gates as to divide the town, in case of tumult or war, into many separate fortresses. There are few large public buildings, and the houses are generally mean. Cabool has a good trade, and is famous for its fruit. The place is well supplied with water, and, owing to the presence of the ameer with his court and a military force, gen- erally presents a lively appearance. Pop. about 60,000. Caboolistan', or Cabool, a province in the N.E. of Afghanistan, including that part which is under the direct control of the ameer. Area, 100 square miles. Cabool River, or Jui-Shir, joo'ee-shir, the only large tributary of the Indus from the W., rises near lat. 34° 21' N. and Ion. 68° 20' E., at an elevation of 8400 feet, and, after an eastward course of 320 miles, and the addition of many tributaries, joins the Indus near Attock. The towns of Cabool, Jelalabad, and Lalpoor are on its banks. Ca'born's, a post-hamlet of Posey co.. Ind., on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 13 miles W. of Evansville. It has a church. Cab'ot, a post-village of Lonoke co., Ark., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain &, Southern Railroad, 22 miles N.E. of Little Rock. It has a church and 4 business houses. Cabot, a post-village of Washington co., Vt., in Cabot township, about 18 miles N.E. of Montpelier. It has 3 churches, a woollen-mill, and a carriage-factory. Pop. of the township, 1279. Cabot's Head, the extreme point of a promontory separating Lake Huron from Georgian Bay. Cabotville, a former name of Chicopee, Mass. Caboul, a town of Afghanistan. . See Cabool, Cabra, kil'br^- (anc. ^gabrvm), a town of Spain, 30 miles S.S.E. of Cordova. It has an endowed college, a Latin and a normal school, a hospital, a Dominican convent, and manufactures of tiles, bricks, linens, and soap. Its neighborhood produces wine of superior quality. Pop. 11,076. Several small towns in Spain, and one of the Nicobar Islands, have the name of Cabra. Cabra, a town of Africa. See Kabra. Cabra del Santo Cristo, ki'brS, d^l sAn'to krees'to, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 28 miles S.E. of Jaen. Pop. 2146. Cabras, ki'brds, a small but fruitful island of the Philippines, between Luzon and Mindoro. Cabras, ki'bris, a village in the island of Sardinia, 5 miles N.W. of Oristano. Pop. 3719. Cabra (kS,'bri) Sprins:, a post-office and sheep-ranch of Snn Miguel co., New Mexico. Cabrera, ka,-bri'ri (anc. Ocpra'ria), one of the Bale- aric Islands, in the Mediterranean, 9 miles S. of Majorca. It has a fort and a harbor, and is used by the Spanish gov- ernment as a place of exile. Cabrera is also the name of several villages and a river of Spain. Cabrera, one of the Ionian Islands. See Kabrera. Cabriel, ki-bree-61', a river of Spain, in New Castile, joins the Juear after a course of about 130 miles. Cabrobo, a village of Brazil. See QiTEnuono. Cabrutte, one of the Laecadive Islands. Cabul, a town of Afghanistan. See Cabool. Cacapaba, ki-si-pi'bi, a town of Brazil, capital of a district of the same name, province of Rio Grande do Su!, 150 miles AV.S.W. of Porto Alegre. Pop. 3500. Cac'apon (often pronounced ki'pon) or Great Cac'- apon River, AVest Virginia, rises in Hardy co. It runs in a N.N.E. direction, intersects Hampshire and Morgan cos., and enters the Potomac River about 5 miles from Berkeley Springs. It is nearly 130 miles long. About 8 miles W. of this river is a ridge called Cacapon Mountain, which is in Hampshire co. Caccamo, kilk-k^'mo, a town of Sicily, province and 18 miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 720S. CAC 339 CAD Caccavone, kS,k-k3,-vo'ni, a town of Italy, province of Campobasso, 3 miles S.W. of Agnone. Pop. 2752. Caccuri, kik-koo'ree, a village of Italy, province of Catanzaro, 20 miles N.W. of Cotrone. Pop. 117S. Caceres, k^'thi-rSs, a province of Spain, in Estrema- dura. Area, 701S square miles. It belongs wholly to the basin of the Tagus. Pop. 302,455. Caceres (anc. Cas'tra Csedl'ia), a town of Spain, in Estremadura, capital of the above, 24 miles W. by N. of Trujillo. It is divided into the old and the new town. The old town occupies the top of a hill, and is surrounded by a strong wall defended by towers and having five gates. The new town is built round the old, and forms the more important portion. The houses are well constructed ; the streets steep, and with few exceptions narrow and ill paved. Its principal square is lined with good houses, shops, and public buildings, and in the centre is a handsome prome- nade. The public edifices are its churches, a town house, session-house, hospitals, 2 prisons, a theatre, and normal and other schools ; besides which it has a Jesuits' college, convents, and palaces, an alcazar or castle, and a bull-ring. Linen, cloth, baize, hats, leather, ropes, soap, earthenware, wine, and oil are manufactured, and it has a trade in cattle, bacon, wool, manufactured goods, &c. Pop. 13,466. Caceres, kil'si-rSs or k^'thi-rSs, a town of the United States of Colombia, state of Antioquia, 110 miles N. of Popayan. Caceres, or Nueva Caceres, noo-i'v3, ki'si-r§s, a town and bishop's see of the Philippines, island of Luzon, on the S.E. coast, 175 miles S. of Manila. Pop., with the suburbs, Santa Cruz and Tabuco, 12,000. Cachao, a city of Anam. See Ketcho. Cachar, ki-char', a district of India, in Assam, about lat. 24°-26° N., Ion. 92° 30'-93° 30' E. Area, 1285 square miles; of the Cachar Hills (additional), 3175 square miles. It produces large amounts of tea for export, and is in part mountixinous, with fertile plains. Rice and cotton are also leading products. Capital, Silchar. Pop. 205,027, excluding the hill-tract. Cache, kash, a county in the N. part of Utah, border- ing on Idaho, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is intersected by the Bear River. The surface is partly moun- tainous. This county comprises a large part of the fertile Cache Valley, which extends 60 miles N. and S. and is 7 miles wide on an average. This valley is bounded on each side by high ridges of carboniferous limestone, is watered by numerous creeks, and is adapted to pasturage. Wheat, oats, wool, and butter are the staple products. Bear River runs across Cache Valley, and irrigates only a small part of it. Capital, Logan. Valuation of real and personal estate, $873,000. Pop. in 1870, 8229, of whom 5121 were Americans. Cache, kash, a river of Arkansas, rises in the extreme northeastern part of the state, and runs southwestward. It drains parts of the counties of Greene, Craighead, Jackson, and Woodruff, and enters White River at Clarendon, Mon- roe CO. Its length is estimated at 230 miles. Cache, a river of Illinois, drains parts of Johnson, Pulaski, and Alexander cos., and enters the Ohio River about 6 miles N. of Cairo. It is nearly 70 miles long. Cache Creek, California, issues from the S.E. end of Clear Lake, runs southeastward through Yolo co., and enters the Sacramento River about 5 miles above Charleston. It is nearly 70 miles long. Cache Creek, a small post-village of Yolo co., Cal., 12 miles W. of Woodland, and about 35 miles W.N.W. of Sacra- mento. It has a church. Pop. of township, 3067. Cache la Poudre (kash 14 poo'd'r) Creek, Colorado, rises in the Snowy Range, runs southeastward through Lar- imer CO., and enters the South Fork of the Platte in Weld CO. near Greeley. It is nearly 120 miles long. The valley of this creek is very fertile. Cachemire, a French spelling of Cashmere. Cacheo, k^-shi'o, or Cacheu, k^i-shi'oo, a Portu- guese settlement in Senegambia, Africa, near the coast, and on the Cacheo, 85 miles S.S.E. of Bathurst. Cacheo, a city of Anam. See Ketcho. Cacheville, kS^h'vil, a village of Yolo co., Cal., on Cache Creek, and on the California Pacific Railroad. It has a church, 2 hotels, 3 stores, a flouring-mill, and 2 wagon- shops. Here is Yolo Post-Office. Cachias, a town of Brazil. See Caxias. Cachimayo, ki-che-mi'o, a river of Bolivia, flows into the Pilcomayo, after a course of 340 miles. Cachoeira, or Caxoeira, ki-sho-i'e-r5, a Brazilian word signifying " waterfall," given as a name to several towns and villages of South America. Cachoeira, or Caxoeira, a populous and commercial city of Brazil, 60 miles N.W. of Bahia, on the Paraguagu. Chief exports, tobacco and coffee. Pop. of district, 16,000. Cachoeira, or Caxoeira, a town of Brazil, province of Rio Grande do Sul, 220 miles N.W. of Rio Grande. Cachoeira Grande, grdn'di, a fortified town of Brazil, province of Para, on the Tocantins. Pop. 4000. Cacon£:o, ki-kong'go, a town of Western Africa, in Angola, capital of a petty state, 35 miles S.E. of Loango. Cacouiia, kS,'koo*nd', a post-villnge in Temiscouata CO., Quebec, on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 131 miles below Quebec. It is a fashionable watering-place. The village contains an extensive hotel, a smaller one, several cottages, boarding- houses, handsome villas, stores, and churches. Pop. 641. Cac'tus, a post-hamlet of Norton co., Kansas, 50 miles N. of Ellis Station of the Kansas Pacific Railroad. Cactus, a post-office of Davidson co,, Tenn. Cactus Hill, a post-hamlet of Wise co., Tex., on Trinity River, 40 miles N.W. of Fort Worth. Cadalen, k&,MS,M6N°', a town of France, department of Tarn, 5 miles S.E. of Gaillac. Pop. 2004. Cadaqucs, k^-D3,'kfis, a town of Spain, 32 miles N.E. of Gerona, with a port on the Mediterranean. Pop. 2530. Cad^aret'ta, a post-hamlet of Sumner co., Miss., 20 miles from Duck Hill Railroad Station. It has a church. Cad'do, a parish forming the N.W. extremity of Louisiana, has an area of about 1050 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Red River, and contains Soda Lake, which communicates with Caddo Lake, which is partly in Texas and partly in this county. The surface is undu- lating; the soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and cattle are the staples. In 1870 this county produced 26,387 bales of cotton. It is intersected by the Texas & Pacific Railroad. Capital, Shreveport. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,813,850. Pop. in 1870, 21,714, of whom 20,933 were Americans. Caddo has forests of j'cllow pine and oak. Caddo, a post-village of the Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory, on the Missouri, Kansas tfc Texas Railroad, 31 miles N.E. of Denison, Tex. It has a church, a high school, and a newspaper office. Coal, lead, and other minerals are said to abound here. Caddo, a post-office of Stephens co., Tex. Caddo'a, a station in Bent co., Col., on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 16 miles E, of Las Animas. Caddo Creek, or Fourche (foorsh) Caddo, Ar- kansas, drains part of Montgomery co., runs southeastward through Clark co., and enters the Ouachita River about 5 miles N. of Arkadelphla. It is nearly 100 miles long. Caddo Gap, formerly Centreville, a post-village of Monfgomery co.. Ark., on Caddo Creek, 40 miles N.W. of Arkadelphia. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Caddo Grove, a post-village of Johnson co., Tex., 10 miles N, of Cleburne. It has 4 churches and a seminary. Caddo Lake forms part of the boundary between Marion and Harrison cos., Tex., and is about 20 miles long. The eastern part of it is in Caddo parish, La., and commu- nicates with Soda Lake. These lakes are navigable by steamboats, which can pass from them into Red River. Caddo Peak, a post-office of Callahan co., Tex. Cadeac, k^Mi'3,k', a village of France, in Hautes- Pyrenees, 15 miles S.W. of Arreau, on the Nesle, Pop. 426. It has hot sulphur springs and baths. Cadenet, kiMeh-ni', a town of France, department of Vaucluse, 31 miles S.E. of Avignon. Pop. 2675. Cadereita, kS--dA,-r^'tS, or k^-di-ri'e-tS., a town of Mexico, state and 42 miles E. of Queretaro. Pop. 4000. In its vicinity silver-mines are worked. Cad'er-Id'ris,the loftiest mountain in Wales, except Snowdon, is in the county of Merioneth, 4 miles S. of Dol- gelly. It ascends precipitously to a height of 2914 feet. Caderousse, ka,M?h-rooce', a town of France, de- partment of Vaucluse, on the Rhone, 15 miles N.N.W. of Avignon. Pop. 3111. Cade's, a station in Williamsburg co., S.C., on the Northeastern Railroad, 72 miles N. of Charleston. Cade's Cove, a post-office of Blount co., Tenn. Cadet, ka-det', a post-office and station of Washington CO., Mo., on the St. Louis & Iron Mountain Railroad, 57 miles S.S.W, of St. Louis. It has 2 churches. Large quantities of lead and barytes are shipped here. Cade'ville, a post-office of Ouachita parish. La. Cadillac, kS-Mee'y^k', a town of France, in Gironde, on the Garonne, 18 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 2569. CadUllac', formerly Clam Lake, a post-village of Wexford co., Mich., on Clam Lake or River, and on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, 98 miles N. of Grand Rapids, and about 36 miles S. by E. from Traverse City. CAD 340 CAE It is an important market for lumber. A weekly news- paper is published here, and it hag a bank, 4 churches, 3 saw- mills, and 2 planing-miUs, and manufactures of machinery and furniture. Pop. about 1400. Cadiz, ki'diz (Sp. pron. kS,'deeth; 'Pt, Cadix,kk^deex' ; anc. Ga'des), a city and seaport of Spain, capital of a prov- ince of its own name, on the isle of Leon, ofi' the S.W. coast of Andalusia, 60 miles N.AV. of Gibraltar, and 64 miles S. of Seville. Lat. 36° 32^ N. ; Ion. 6° 17' 15" W. It stands on a narrow tongue of land, which projects about 5 miles N.N.W. into the sea; it is surrounded on three sides by water, and is strongly defended both by nature and by art. The entrance to its capacious bay is commanded by forts, while on the other sides large vessels cannot approach within three-fourths of a mile of the city. The city itself is surrounded by walls of great height and thickness, flanked with towers and bastions. It is the terminus of two railways, and is a bishop's see. The houses are con- structed of freestone, generally of three, sometimes of four, stories, and are often surmounted by lofty towers. One of the most conspicuous objects in Cadiz is the light-house of San Sebastian, 172 feet above the ground. The principal edifices are the old cathedral, one of the most regular build- ings in Cadiz; the new cathedral, of marble; and several nunneries, convents, and theatres. Among benevolent establishments may be named theCasa de Miserieordia, a magnificent hospital and lunatic asylum ; the female hospital, and numerous other hospitals and in- firmaries; and the house of refuge of San Servando and San German, where destitute children or young criminals are instructed. The principal educational institutions are the medical school, the seminary of San Bartolomeo, sev- eral schools, and an academy of fine arts. The bay, which is formed by the peninsula and the mainland, is spacious, and affords good anchorage. La Caraca, the royal dock- yard, is situated at the bottom of the inner bay, about 6 miles from the city, and is defended by the cross-fire of two forts. It contains three spacious basins and twelve docks or slips. The trade of Cadiz is less extensive than formerly. The chief article exported is sherry wine. Salt is another article of export. The chief imports are staves, tobacco, liides, cacao, indigo, cochineal, dyewoods, sugar, codfish, and coals. Cadiz was founded by the Phoenicians, and early became a commercial town of great importance. It fell into the hands of the Carthaginians in the first Punic War; in the second Punic War it voluntarily surrendered to the Komans. Its inhabitants received the Roman franchise from Julius Ctesar. The city has been often besieged. It was taken in 1596 by Lord Essex. In 1823 it surrendered to the French. Pop. 57,020. Adj. and inhab. Gadita'nian (Sp. Gaditano, gS.-T>e-t.\'no), Cadiz, one of the three provinces into which the ancient kingdom of Seville, in Spain, has been divided. It is bounded N. by the provinces of Huelva and Seville, E. by Malaga, and S. and W, by the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic. Area, 2816 square miles. Pop. 426,499. Cadiz, ka'diz, a post-village of Henry co., Ind., in Harrison township, 6 miles from New Castle, and about 36 miles W.N.W, of Richmond. It has 3 churches, school, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a tile-factory. Cadiz, a post-village, capital of Trigg co., Ky., on Lit- tle River, about 55 miles E.S.E. of Paducah, and 9 miles E. of the Cumberland River. It has 5 churches, 2 seminaries, a flour-mill, and manufactures of furniture, ploughs, wagons, &c. A weekly newspaper is issued here. Pop. 680. Cadiz, a post-village of Cattaraugus co., N.Y., on Ischua Creek, about 48 miles S.S.E. of Bufl'alo, and H miles from Franklinville Railroad Station. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Cadiz, a post-village, capital of Harrison co., 0., in Cadiz township, about 44 miles S.S.E. of Canton, and 22 miles N.W. of Wheeling, W. Va. It is surrounded by a fertile cuuntry, which is moderately hilly and contains mines of bituminous coal. It is the southern terminus of the Cadiz Branch of the Pittsburg & Columbus Railroad. It has 2 national banks, 4 or 5 churches, a union school, and a savings-bank. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 1435 ; of the township, 2704. Cadiz, a post-hamlet of Green co,, Wis., in Cadiz town- ship, 10 miles S.W, of Monroe. It has a church. The township is traversed by the Pecatonica River. Pop. 1349. Cadiz, k3,'diz, a small town of South America, in Ven- ezuela, on the S. coast of the island of Cubagua. Cadiz Junction, a village in German township, Har- rison CO., 0., on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Rail- roadj at the junction of the Cadiz Branch, 25 miles W. of Steubenville, and 8 miles N. of Cadiz. It has a church. The name of the post-oflBce is Means. Cad'mus, a post-oflice of Linn co., Kansas. Cadomus, or Cadomum, the Latin for Caen. Cadore, kd-do'ri, or Pieve di Cadore, pe-d'vi dee ki-do'r^, a town of Northern Italy, on the Piave, 22J miles N.N.E. of Belluno. Pop. 3164. In 1797 the Trench here gained a victory over the Austrians. Cadosia (ka-do'she-a) Summit, a station in Delaware CO, N.Y., on the Midland' Railroad, 12 miles S.E. of AValton. Cadosia Valley, a post-hamlet of Delaware co., N.Y., on the Midland Railroad, near Hancock. It has a tannery. Ca'dott', a post-oflSce of Chippewa co., Wis. Cadotte (ka-dof) Pass, Montana, is in Deer Lodge CO., about lat. 47° N., and 40 miles N.W. of Helena. It is a depression in the main range of the Rocky Mountains. Cad'ron, a post-oflice and station of Eaulknerco., Ark., on the Little Rock & Eort Smith Railroad, 35 miles N.W, of Little Rock. Cadron Creek, Arkansas, runs southwestward, drains parts of Conway and Faulkner cos., and enters the Arkan- sas River about 12 miles E. of Lewisburg. Cadsand, kat-s^nt', Cadzand, k^d-zS-nt', or Cas- sandria, kis-sdn'dre-i (Ital. Gazzante, gdd-zan'ti), an island of the Netherlands, in Zealand, at the mouth of the West Scheldt, with a town of the same name, 5 miles N. of Sluis. Pop. 1192. Cadvalonga, Philippines. See Catbalogan. Cadwal'Iader, a post-hamlet of Tuscarawas CO., 0., in Perry township, 40 miles S. of Canton. It has 2 churches. Ca'dy, a post-hamlet of Macomb co,, Mich., in Clinton township, 2 miles from Frazer Railroad Station. It has a church, a store, and a hotel. Cady, a post-village of St. Croix co.. Wis,, in Cady township, 3 miles S. of Hersey Railroad Station, which is about 28 miles E, of Hudson. It has manufactures of lumber and shingles. Pop. of the township, 331. Cadyna, the supposed ancient name of Nigdeh. Ca'dy's Falls, a post-hamlet of Lamoille co., Vt., on the Lamoille River, 1 mile S. of Hyde Park, Cadytis, the supposed ancient name of Jerusalem. Ca'dyville, or JErsinore', a post-village of Clinton CO., N.Y., in Plattsburg township, on the Saranac River, 10 miles W. of Plattsburg. It has 2 churches, and manufac- tures of lumber and iron, Csecina, the ancient name of Cecina. Caeil,k6]S«(L. Cadu'mns or Cudo'mmn), a city ofFrance, capital of the department of Calvados (Normandy), 148 miles W.N.W. of Paris, in a valley, at the confluence of the Orne with the Odon, 10 miles from the English Channel, and at the terminus of a railway. Lat. 49° 11' 12" N. ; Ion. 0° 21' W. The streets are broad, regular, and clean. The town is traversed by a canal supplied by the Odon and employed to drive the machinery of numerous manufac- tories. The houses are generally well built, of an excellent freestone which is extensively quarried in the vicinity and exported to foreign countries under the name of Caen stone. The public walks are beautiful, especially the Cours, a splen- did avenue about a mile in length. Caen has numerous fine churches and other buildings, which are admirable specimens of the Norman style of architecture. Among these are the cathedral of St. Etienne, ovAhbaye aux Homwes, containing the tomb of William the Conqueror, who founded it in 1066; the church of the Trinity, or the Abbayc mix Dames, founded by Matilda, wife of AVilliam the Conqueror, in 1066 J and the church of St. Nicholas. One of the finest churches in Caen is that of St. Pierre, whose tower, as well as part of the nave and the three porches, was built in 1308. Other buildings and institutions are the hotel of the pre- fecture, in the Italian style ; the Palais de Justice, the remains of the castle built by William the Conqueror j the Hotel-Dieu; the Hotel Valois ; the public library, with 50,000 volumes; museum, cabinet of natural history, botan- ical garden, custom-house, *tc. Caen is the seat of a court of first resort, and of commerce, an academy of arts and sciences, an acadimie nmveraitaire, with faculties of sci- ences, literature, and law, a school of medicine, school of hydrography, deaf and dumb institution, normal school, school of design, and other institutions for the promotion of the arts, sciences, and literature. Caen has manufactures of hats, lace, 6annels, linen, cotton goods, gloves, shot, porcelain, leather, paper-hangings, cut- lery, oils, &c. ; some ship-building is also carried on. There is a considerable trade in grain, wine, brandy, cider, clover- seed, hemp, cattle and horses, fish, salt provisions, iron, steel, hardware, and grindstones. Nothing certain is known of the origin of Caen. In 912, when Noustria was ceded to c^ 341 CAH the Normans, it was a place of importance, William the Conqueror, and his wife Matilda, adorned it with many edifices. It became the capital of Lower Normandy, In 1346 it was taken and pillaged by Edward III, of England. It was again taken by the English in 1417, and wrested from them in 1450 by Dunois. Pop. in 1876, 41,181, Caene, an ancient name of Senn, CsenepoliSy the ancient name of Keneh, Ca?nys, the ancient name of Cape Cavallo, Caer, ki'er (Celtic, " a castle"). For names with this prelix, not mentioned below, see Car, Caer-Caradoc, ker-ka-rad'ok, or Crad'ock-Hill, in England, co, of Salop, is near the confluence of the Clun and the Teond, On it are the vestiges of the camp which the celebrated Caractacus defended against the Roman general Ostorius, and whence its name is derived, CaerdiiT, a borough of Wales, See Cardiff, Caerdydd, the Welsh for Cardiff. Caere, the ancient name for Cervetere, Caergwrle, kar-goor'li, a borough of Wales, co, of Flint, 5 miles by rail N,N,W, of Wrexham, Pop. 860, Caergybi, a town of Wales. See Holyhead. Caerlav'erock, or Carlav'erock, a parish of Soot- land, CO. .and 5 miles S,S,E. of Dumfries, on the Solway Firth, Here is Caerlaverock Castle, the ruined seat of the Maxwells, described in Scott's "Guy Mannering." Caerleou, k^rMe'on {i.e., " castle of the legion ;'* anc, le'ca Silu'rum), a town of England, co, of Monmouth, on the Usk, 2^ miles N,E. of Newport. It is interesting as the ancient capital of Britannia Secunda (modern Wales), and as having been a place of importance in the twelfth century. Various Roman antiquities have been discovered in and around the town. Caerleon is famous as one of the tra- ditional capitals of King Arthur's realms. Pop. 1306. Caermarthen, in South Wales. See Carmarthen. Caernarvon, a town of North Wales. See Carnarvon. Caernarvon, a township of Berks co.. Pa. Pop. 927, Caernarvon, a township of Lancaster co,. Pa, Pop, 1566, It contains Churchtown. Caer-Odor, the ancient British name of Bristol. Caer-Peris, the ancient name of Portchester. Caerphilly, kar-fil'lee or kar-flth'lee, a town of Wales, CO. of Glamorgan, 7 miles N.N.W. of Cardiff. Pop. 634, Caerwys, kir'wis, a town of Wales, co. of Flint, on a railway, 4^ miles S.W. of Holywell. Pop. 804. Caesaraugusta, the ancient name of Saragossa. Caesar (or Cesar, see'z^r) Creek, a township of Dearborn CO., Ind, Pop. 556. Caesarea, ses-a-ree'a, Kaisareeyeh, orKaisariah, ki-si-ree'a, a small haven of Palestine, in lat. 32° 23' N., Ion. 34° 44' E., 55 miles N.N.W. of Jerusalem. It is now a mass of shapeless ruins, encompassed by a low wall of gray stone. Water being good and abundant, coasting- vessels often put in here. The ancient city was founded by Herod the Great, B.C. 22, and was the scene of several inter- esting events mentioned in Scripture. In a.d. 635 the Saracens captured it, and they retained the place till 1101, when it was taken by the Crusaders. Ca3sarea was also the ancient name of the modern city of Kaisareeyeh. Caesarea, a post-village in Durham co., Ontario, 18 miles N. by W. of Bowmanville. Pop. 200. Ctesarea, the ancient name of Cherchell, Caesarea, an ancient name of Jersey. Cxsarea Augusta, the ancient name of Ain-Zarba. Caesarea Fhilippi, the ancient name of Paneas, Caesaris Mons, the Latin name of Kaiserberg, Caesarodununi, the ancient name of Tours, Caesaroniagus, an ancient name of Beauvais, Caesar's (see'z^rz) Creek, rises towards the S,W, part of Ohio, and enters the Little Miami in Warren co, Caesar's Creek, township, Greene co., 0. Pop. 1114. Caesarville, see'z^r-vil, a hamlet of Johnston town- ship. Providence co., R.I., 2 miles from Manton. Catfa, a town of Russia. See Kaffa. Cattarelli (k3,f-fa.-rSl'lee) Islands, a part of the Buc- caneer Archipelago, at the entrance of King's Sound, Lat, 16° 3' S, ; Ion, 123° 16' E, Caffraria, a country of Africa, See Kapfraria, Calfristan, a country of Asia. See Kafiristan. Cafsa, a town of Africa. See Gafsa. Cagayan, ki-ghi-^n', an extensive province at the N. extremity of the island of Luzon. Pop. about 90,000. Cagayanes, ki-ghi-i'n^s, a group of small islands in the Sooloo Sea. Lat. 9° 35' 30" N. ; Ion. 121° 15' 30" E. Cagayan- Sooloo, ki-ghi-in'-soo^loo', or Cagayan de Jolo, an island of the Malay Archipelago, in the Soo- loo Sea. Lat. 6° 58' 5" N. ; Ion. 118° 28' 11" E. Ca'gel's Mill, a post-office of Pope co., Ark. Cage'ville, a former name of Alamo, Tenn. Caggiano, kid-ji'no, a town of Italy, province of Salerno, 14 miles N. of Diano. Pop. 4246. eagle's (ka'gl'z) Mills, a post-hamlet of Randolph CO., N^C, 11 miles from Troy. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill, Cagli, kil'yee, a town of Italy, in the Marches, 13 miles S, of Urbino, at the confluence of the Bosso and Can- tiano. It has a trade in tanned and dressed leather. Re- mains of the ancient Gallis have been discovered near it, but the modern town dates from the thirteenth century. It is a bishop's see. Pop. 10,213. Cagliari, k3,l'yS,-re (anc. Car'alis or Cal'arie), a city, the capital of the island of Sardinia, on an extensive bay of its S. coast. Lat. of the tower of St. Pancracio, 39° 13' 14" N., Ion. 9° 7' 48" E. The ancient city, situated on a low hill, comprises the citadel, viceregal palace, cathedral, and most of the residences of the nobility. The Marina, extending to the shore, is a well-built quarter, containing the dwellings of most of the merchants and foreign consuls, with warehouses, arsenal, lazaretto, and mole. The town is the southeastern terminus of a system of railways. Cagli- ari has about 30 churches, upwards of 20 convents, hospitals, a female orphan asylum, a public library with 22,000 vol- umes, college, university, theatre, mint, several museums, and prisons. Its harbor is one of the safest in the Medi- terranean. Cagliari has manufactures of cotton fabrics, cake saffron, gunpowder, soap, furniture, leather, &e. It exports grain, vegetables, salt, oil, wine, cheese, flax, hides, saffron, and rags. It is the seat of a royal court, of a tri- bunal of commerce, and the residence of the viceroy and of an archbishop. Pop. 33,039. It has remains of a Roman amphitheatre and of an aqueduct, and some vestiges of the Greek city founded before the Roman dominion. Cagliari, a province of Italy, comprising the southern part (more than half) of the island of Sardinia. Area, 5224 square miles. Capital, Cagliari. Pop. 393,208. Cagnano, k4n-yi'no, a town of Italy, province of Foggia, on the Garganian Promontory, 25 miles N.E. of Foggia. Pop. 4135. Cagnano, a town of Italy, province and 10 miles N.W. of Aquila. Pop. 2180. Cagnes, kiii, a village of France, department of Var, near the Mediterranean, 10 miles W. of Nice. Pop. 1928, Cagsana, kig-sa,'n4, a town of the Philippines, prov- ince of Albay, near the S. extremity of Luzon, Caguan, ki-gwin', a town of the United States of Colombia, state of Cundinamarca, on the Caguan River, a tributary of the Japura, 120 miles S.S.W, of Bogota, Cahaba, a river of Alabama, See Cahawba, Cahabon, Cajabon, or Caxabon, ka-ni-von', a town of Guatemala, province of Vera Paz, on the Rio Dulce, 25 miles N.E, of Cohan. Pop. 6000. Cahaw'ba, a river of Alabama, drains parts of Jeffer- son and Shelby cos. It runs southwestward through Bibb co.,-and southward through Perry CO., and enters the Ala- bama River at Cahawba in Dallas co. It is about 200 miles long, and is navigable for small boats. Coal is found in its basin. Cahawba, or Cahaba, ka-haw'ba, a decayed post- village of Dallas co., Ala., on the Alabama River, at the mouth of the Cahawba River, 10 miles S.W. of Selma. It has 3 churches and several artesian wells. Cotton is shipped here in steamboats. Pop. 431. Cahete, k5,-i'ti, or Villanova da Rainha, veel- li-no'vi di r^-cen'yi, a town of Brazil, in Minas-Geraes, 25 miles S.E. of Sahara, Pop. 6000. Cahide, kil-ee'di, a town of Portugal, in Minho, 30 miles by rail N.E. of Oporto. Cahir, or Caher, kih'her or kare, a small island near Ireland, co. of Mayo, 4i miles from the shore. Cahir, or Caher, an island of Ireland, 3i miles S. of Clare Island. Cahir, or Caher, a town of Ireland, co. of Tipperary, on the Suir, 6 miles by rail W. of Clonmel. Pop. 2694. Cahirciveen, or Cahirsiveen, kah'her-se-veen', a town of Ireland, co. of Kerry, 24 miles E.N.E. of Valentia. Pop. 1925. Cahirconlish, kah'her-kon'Iish, a village of Ireland, CO. and 9 miles E.S.E. of Limerick. Pop. 432. Cahirconree, kah'h^r-con-ree', a mountain of Ireland, CO. of Kerry, on the isthmus between Tralee Bay and Cas- tlemains Harbor. Height, 2784 feet. Cahia, Kahia, kk'H, or Kable, ki'la, a village of Germany, in Saxe-Altenburg, 15 miles by rail N.E. of Rudolstadt. Pop, 2781, CAH 342 CAI Cahoes, or Cahoos, New York. See Cohoes. Caho'ka, a post-village, capital of Clark co., Mo.j on the Missouri, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad, 19 miles W. of Keokuk, Iowa. It has a newspaper office, 3 churches, a high school, a savings-bank, and manufactures of cigars, brooms, ploughs, and wagons. Caho'kia, a post-village of St. Clair cc, 111., on the Cairo & St. Louis Railroad, and on the Mississippi River, 4 miles from East St. Louis, is inhabited by descendants of the French, who settled here in 16S2. In the vicinity are many remarkable mounds of prehistoric date. Cahokia Creek, Illinois, rises in Macoupin co., runs southwestward through Madison co., and enters the Missis- sippi River at East St. Louis, opposite St. Louis, Mo. It is about SO miles long. Cahors, kS-Va' (anc. Divo'na), a town of France, capi- tal of the department of Lot, on a rocky peninsula, almost enclosed by the river Lot, and on a railway, 60 miles N. of Toulouse. The principal edifices are a cathedral, a vast mediaeval building with two cupolas, the prefecture, theatre, a public library containing 15,000 volumes, and three re- markable towers on one of the bridges. Cahors is the seat of an academie, a national college, normal school, and cham- bers of commerce and manufactures. It has manufactures of woollens, cotton yarn, leather, paper, and stoneware, an active trade in wines, brandy, truffles, and rural produce, and several large annual fairs. Cahors is supposed to have been the capital of the Cadurci before the conquest of Gaul by Cfesar. It is a bishop's see. Pop. in 1872, 13,061. Cah'tOf a post-hamlet of Mendocino co., Cal., about 75 miles from Cloverdale. Cahul, a town of Russia. See Kagool. Cahiizac, ka^U^z^k', several villages of France; the principal in Tarn. 12 miles N.N.W. of Alby. Pop. 1691. Caiasso, or Caiazzo. See Cajazzo, Caicos, or Caycos, ki'koce, a group of islands, ge- ographically a part of the Bahamas, but politically with Turk's Islands a dependency of Jamaica. They are sepa- rated by Caicos Passage from Mariguana, and by Turk's Islands Passage from Turk's Islands (which see). P. 2845. Caicus, the ancient name of Bakeer-Chai. Caieta, Cajeta, ancient names of Gtaeta. Caiffa, a town of Palestine. See Haifa. Cai-Fong, a city of China. See Kai-Fong. Caihapoyas, a town of Peru. See Chachapoyas. Cailas, a mountain-region of Thibet. See Kailas. Cailloma, or CayJloma, kil-yo'mS,, a town of Peru, capital of a province of its own name, department and 85 miles N.N.E. of Arequipa. Caillou (k^-yoo' or kaiPIoo') Lake, Louisiana, is in Terre Bonne parish, about 2 miles N. of the Gulf of Mexico. The Grand Caillou Bayou runs through this lake (which is 10 miles long) into the Gulf. Caimanera, ki'mS,-ni'Ri, aport of Cuba, on Cumber- land Harbor, is connected by railway with Guantanamo, 15 miles distant, of which place it is the port. Vessels of any draught can enter the harbor, and those of 14 feet can lie at the wharf and receive their lading from the railway-cars. It is a healthy place. Caiman Islands, See Caymans. Cain, a township of Fountain co., Ind. Pop. 1802. It contains Hillsborough. Cainesville, kanz'vil, a post-village of Harrison co., Mo., on the Crooked Pork of Grand River, 12 miles from Princeton, and about 80 miles N.E. of St. Joseph. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and a flour-mill. Cain^hoy', a village of Charleston co., S.C., on the Wando River, 16 miles N.E. of Charleston. It has 2 churches. Pop. 318. Caino, ki'no, a village of Italy, province and 9 miles N.N.E. of Brescia. Pop. 761. Cain's, kanz, a post-hamlet of Gwinnett co., Ga., 8 miles E. of Buford Railroad Station. Cain's, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co.. Pa., 6 miles N.W. of Coatesville. Cain's, a township of Marion co., S.C. Pop. 1007. Cain's River, a stream issuing from York co., New Brunswick, falls into the Miramiehi 14 miles above the mouth of the Bartholomew. Length, about 100 miles. Cain's River, a post-village in Northumberland co.. New Brunswick, 30 miles S.W. of Newcastle. Pop. 100. Cain's Store, a post-office of Pulaski co., Ky. Cains ville, kanz'vil, apost-hamlet of Wilson co.,Tenn., 13 miles N.E. of Murfroesborough. It has 2 churches. Cainsville, or Cayuga Heights, a post-village in Brant co., Ontario, on Grand River, 3 miles by rail E. of Brantford. Pop. 300. Caiu'town, a post-village in Leeds co., Ontario, 4 miles from Mallorytown. It contains a saw-mill. Pop. 250, Cain'ville, a post-hamlet of Rock co.. Wis., in Mag- nolia township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 27 miles S. of Madison. It has 2 churches, Caipha, a town of Syria. See Haifa. ^a Ira, s3- ee-r^', a post-hamlet of Cumberland co., Va., on Willis River, 60 miles W. of Richmond. It has a church. Cairiris, ki-re-reeee', or Jabitaca, 2h5,-be-ti'ki, a mountain-range of Brazil, province of Pernambuco, form- ing the N. boundary of the basin of the Sao Francisco. Length, about 300 miles. Cairiris Novos, ki-re-reece' no' voce, a mountain- range of Brazil, forming part of the boundary between the provinces of Rio Grande do Norte and Parahyba. Cairiris Velhos, ki-re-reece' v^l'yoce, a mountain- range of Brazil, forming part of the boundary between the provinces of Parahyba and Pernambuco. Cairn, kirn, or Carnry'an, a village of Scotland, co. of Wigton, on Loch Ryan, 10 miles N.W. of Glenluce. A small river in the county of Dumfries has this name. Cairn'aple, a mountain of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow, Height, 1498 feet. Cairney (kire'nee) Hill, a village of Scotland, co. of Fife, 3 miles W. of Dunfermline. Pop. 435. Cairn^gorm', a mountain of Scotland, cos. of Banff and Moray, 4095 feet above the sea. It is snow-capped for the greater part of the year, and, among other minerals, produces the topazes known as " Cairngorm stones." Cairngorm, or Mount Hope, also called Kates- ville, a post-village in Middlesex co., Ontario, 9 miles S.W. of Strathroy. Pop. 150. Cairo, ki'ro {El Masr, el mis'r, or Muar, of the Egyp- tians, properly Misr ; El Kahirek, el ki'he-r3i, "the vic- torious," of the Arabs ; Fr. Le Gaire, l^h kaiR), the cap- ital city of Egypt, and seat of government, near the right bank of the Nile, and 5 miles from the commencement of its Delta. Lat. 30° 2' 4" N. : Ion. 31° 15' 36" E. Pop. in 1872, 349,833. Climate healthy; the heat is great in summer, the temperature moderate in winter. Mean tem- perature of the year 72°. 2, of winter 58°. 5, of summer 85°. 1 Fahr. It never snows, and very seldom rains, but dew is abun- dant. The city proper is built on a slope at the foot of one of the lowest ridges of the chain of Jebel Mokattem, and is the largest and most populous city in Egypt. It is the chief centre of Mohammedan learning, and in architecture and general appearance is one of the most characteristic of Oriental cities. The newer portions are chiefly built in European style, with wide streets and boulevards. The city is the terminus of several railways, and is provided with gas and an abundant water-supply. The old parts of the town have narrow and crooked streets, and are ill kept and badly paved ; but there are hundreds of beautiful mosques, and many old residences of great elegance. Cairo is divided into 10 quarters, communicating by gateways. The highest part of the ridge is occupied by a citadel, which contains the arsenal, mint, and public offices. The citadel is commanded by forts placed on the extremity of the chain of Mokattem. The principal suburbs are Boolak and El Masr-Aatik or Old Cairo. Among the institutions of Cairo are the old Mohammedan university, with over 11,000 students; professional, mission, and other schools in great numbers, many of them sustained, and others assisted, by government; a number of hospitals and asylums; the palaces of the khedive, the public offices, and some fine hotels kept by Europeans. In the suburbs are numerous manufactories. The commerce of Cairo is large, thetown beingthegreat entrepotof the Central African trade by way of the Nile and the railways. The present city was founded by the Arabs about a.d. 970; its citadel was built by Saladin in 1176; it was the capital of the sultans of Egypt till the time of the Turkish conquest in 1507; since that time it has been the residence of the pashas, governors of the province; it was taken by the French in 1798, and hold by them for 3^ years. Adj. and inhab. Cairink, ki-reen' ; Arab. Mus'hee. Cairo, ki'ro (anc. Co'rhnn), a town of Italy, 12 miles by rail W.N.W. of Savona, on the Bormida. Pop. 3641. The French here gained a victory over the Austrians in 1794. Cairo, ka'ro, a post-village of Thomas eo., Ga., on the Atlantic A Gulf Railroad, 22 miles E. of Bainbridgo. It has 2 ohurohes, an aoademj', and a turpentine-distillery. Pop. about 300. Cairo, a city of Illinois, the capital of Alexander co., is situated at the southern extremity of the state, on a low point of land at the confluenoo of the Mississippi and Ohio CAI 3 Rivers, about 180 miles below St, Louis. It is the south- ern terminus of the Illinois Central and Cairo & St. Louis Railroads, and is 365 miles S.S.W. of Chicago. The Cairo & Vincennes Railroad extends from this place northeast- ward to Vincennes. These lines connect here with the Mississippi Central and St. Louis, Iron Mountain & South- ern Railroads, which terminate on the opposite banks of the two rivers, from which passengers are carried across in steamboats. The site of Cairo was subject to inundations, which retarded its growth, until it was protected by a levee built at great expense. The position is very advantageous for trade and navigation, and the town has increased rap- idly since 1S60. It contains 2 national banlts, a stone cus- tom-house which cost $271,260, 9 churches, and a convent and Catholic academy. Two daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published here. During the civil war Cairo was a depot for supplies and an important military point. Pop. in 1860, 2188 i in 1870, 6267. Cairo, a hamlet of Putnam co., Ind., about 12 miles N. of Greencastle. Cairo, a post-village of Louisa co., Iowa, about 31 miles N. by W. from Burlington, and 8 miles from Wapello. It has a church and 3 stores. Cairo, a post-village of Henderson co., Ky., 11 miles from the Ohio River, and 11 miles S. of Henderson. It has a church, an academy, a steam grist-mill, and 3 stores. Cairo, a township of Renville co., Minn. Pop. 393. Cairo, a post-village of Randolph co., Mo., on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 16 miles S. of Macon City. It has a church and 4 stores. Cairo, a post-village of G-reene co., N.Y., in Cairo township, 6 miles from the Catskill Mountains, 10 miles from Catskill Station, and about 30 miles S.S.W. of Albany. It has 3 churches, 2 large hotels, a paper-mill, &g. Pop. about 400. The township is traversed by Catskill Creek, has 3 flouring-mills, and presents beautiful mountain-scenery. Total pop. 2246. Cairo, Allen eo., 0. See West Cairo. Cairo, a post-hamlet of Stark co., 0., 7 miles N. of Canton. It has a church. Cairo, or TJniontown, a post-hamlet of Union co.. Pa., in Grregg township, on the West Branch of the Sus- quehanna River, at AUenwood Station, on the Catawissa & Williamsport Railroad, 22 miles below Williamsport. It has 2 churches. Its post-office is Cairo. Cairo, a post-village of Crockett co., Tenn., 10 miles N. of Bell's Depot. It has an academy, 3 or 4 churches, &c, Cairo, a decayed village of Sumner eo., Tenn., 5 miles S.E. of Gallatin. Cairo, a post-office of Jasper co., Tex. Cairo, a post-village of Ritchie co., W. Va., on the Bal- timore & Ohio Railroad, 29 miles E. of Parkersburg. It has 4 churches and a normal school. Pop. about 300. Cairo Forge, a hamlet of Greene co., N.Y., in Cairo township, 1 mile from Cairo. It has a flour-mill. Cairston, town and parish, Scotland. See Stuomness. Cairwan, a town of North Africa. See KAinwAN. Caistor, kS'stor, a town of England, eo. of Lincoln, 11 miles S.W. of Grimsby. Its ancient church stands on the site of Thoiujceaster, a Roman station, said to have been rebuilt by Hengist on as much land as the hide of an ox cut into thongs would cover. Pop. 225. Caistor (anc. Ven'ia Iceno'nmi), a parish of England, eo. of Norfolk, 4 miles S. of Norwich. Many Roman urns have been found in this place, the ancient capital of the Iceni, Cais'torville, a post-village in Lincoln Co., Ontario, on Chippewa Creek, 8 miles E. of Canfield. Pop. 100. Cait'awist'ky Creek, of North Carolina, unites with PoUacasty Creek in Hertford co., and flows into Chowan River from the S.W. Caith'ness, the most northerly county of Scotland, having W, and N. the county of Sutherland, E. the North Sea, and N. the ocean. Area, 712 square miles. The sur- face is mountainous in the W. and S. ; elsewhere it is flat or undulating, consisting of extensive moors. The fishery is the principal branch of trade, and from 150,000 to 200,000 barrels of fish are annually cured for export. Agriculture has of late been much extended. Principal towns, Wick and Thurso. In the Middle Ages this part of Scotland be- longed for some time to the King of Norway. Many of its inhabitants are of Scandinavian descent. Pop. 39,992. Caivano, ki-vi'no, a town of Italy, 8 miles N.E. of Naples. Pop. 10,082. Cajabon, a town of Guatemala. See Cahabon. Caja de Muertos. See Caxa de Mheutos. Cajahiba, ki-zh^-ee'bi, a small island of Brazil, W. side of All Saints' Bay, opposite the mouth of the Serigi. GAL Cajamarca, a city of Peru. See Caxamarca. Cajamarquilla, Peru. See Caxamahquilla. Cajarc, ki'zhank', a town of France, department of Lot, 19 miles E.N.E. of Cahors. Pop. 1942. Cajatambo, a town of Peru. See Caxatameo. Cajazzo, ki-yit'so, or Caiasso,ki-3,s'so (anc. Cala'- tia), a town of Italy, province of Caserta, 10 miles N.E. of Capua. It is a bishop's see. Pop. 5892. Cajeta, or Caieta, a town of Italy. See Gaeta. Cajou, k4-joo', or Katju'ri, a branch of the Maha- nuddy River, which separates at Cuttack, and terminates principally in the i-iver Devi. Cal^abar', a maritime district of Western Africa, be- tween the river Benin and Formoso .and the Rio del Rey, with the Kong Mountains in the rear, the Niger passing through its centre; but the name is of somewhat indefinite application. The coast here is a projecting lino between the Bights of Benin and Biafra. The country is flat, and closely intersected by rivers, most of them, with the exception of Old Calabar, being delta-arms of the Niger; much vegetable matter and silt are discharged by these mouths. The cli- mate is extremely deleterious, and the coast generally in- hospitable, there not being a light-house or single harbor of refuge. Tornadoes are frequent, and of the most violent character. A large portion of the inhabitants of this dis- trict are slaves, and are employed chiefly in cultivating the provision grounds, or in various kinds of labor connected with the palm-oil trade, in which the chiefs are engaged. Calabar River, the wide estuary of three rivers, called Old Calabar, Cross, and Qua. It opens into the Bight of Biafra in lat. 5° N., Ion. 8° 20' E. As to which of the streams is the true Calabar, opinions differ. All are navigable, and communicate freely with one another by creeks. The Old Calabar is the smallest. On its left bank, 6 miles from its mouth, is Duke Town, and 5 miles N.N.W. of the latter, on a small deltoid branch of the river, is Creek Town ; these are the seats of interesting missions, and the natives have made considerable progress in civil- ization. New Calabar River is believed to be a delta- arm of the Niger. It flows S.E., and enters the Bight of Biafra in lat. 4° 30' N., Ion. 7° 7' E., W. of Bonny. Calabozo, or Calaboso, ki-li-bo'so, a town of Venezuela, capital of the state of Guarico, 120 miles S.S.W. of Caracas. It is a bishop's see, and has a college and some fine buildings. Pop. 5618. Calabria, ka-Ii'bre-a or k3,-13,'bre-i (anc. Brut'tinm or Bnittio'rum A'ger), a compartimento of Italy, forming the southwestern extremity or sub-peninsula of the mainland of that kingdom ; but the Calabria of antiquity was the southeastern fork or sub-peninsula. The modern Calabria is divided into the provinces of Cosenza, Catanzaro, and Reggio, respectively known also as Calabria Citeriore, Cala- bria Ulteriore II., "and Calabria Ulteriore I. It is a moun- tainous country, with a fertile soil, producing oil, wine, silk, cotton, grain, manna, and fruits. Area, 6663 square miles. It is subject to earthquakes. Calabritto, k^-li-brit'to, a town of Italy, on the Sele, 10 miles N.E. of Campagna. Pop. 2975. Calaceite, ka,-la-thi'e-ti, a town of Spain, 75 miles N.E. of Teruel. Pop. 2404. Calacte, or Calacta. See Caronia. Caladunum, supposed ancient name of Mirandella. Calaf, k^-lif, a town of Spain, 46 miles N.W. of Barce- lona. Pop, 1311. Calah, a city of Asia. See Holwan. Cal'ahan,or Cal'ahaln,a post-hamlet of Davie co., N.C., 20 miles N.N.W. of Salisbury, It has a church, and manufactures of flour and tobacco. Pop. of Calahan town- ship, 1232. Calahan, Texas. See Callaha.v. Calahorra, ki-U-oR'ni (anc. Calagur'ris), a city of Spain, in Old Castile, 24 miles by rail S.E. of Logrono, on the Ebro. Calahorra is famous for the siege it sustained from Pompey, B.C. 72, by whom it was taken after an obstinate resistance. Portions of its ancient walls, towers, and aque- ducts still remain. It is a bishop's see. Pop. 7106. Calahorra, or La Calahorra, a town of Spain, province and 34 miles E. of Granada. Pop. 1616. Calais, kil'is (Fr. pron. k3,Mi' ; L. Cale'Uim or Cal.e'- aium), a town of France, department of Pas-de-Calais, on the Strait of Dover, 26 miles E.S.E. of Dover, and 20 miles N.E. of Boulogne, at the terminus of a railway from Lille. Lat. of the new light-house, 50° 57' 45" N. : Ion. 1° 51' ]8" E. ; height, 190 feet. 'The town and harbor are de- fended by a castle and several forts, and by means of sluices the whole adjacent country may be laid under water. Calais is regularly built and clean, with wide and well-paved streets. CAL 344 CAL and houses chiefly of brick. In the great square are the town hall, and an elegant belfry 118 feet in height. Other remarkable structures are the Hotel Dessin. now a museum, the theatre, public baths, the Hotel de Guise, the barracks, and a public library with 12,000 volumes. The harbor is formed by two moles, which are continued seaward by wooden piers, the whole being about three-quarters of a mile in length. At ebb tide it is nearly dry, and has not a greater depth than 15 or 18 feet at high water. A tower in the centre of the town serves as a light-house. There is good anchorage ground from 2 to 3 miles N.W. of the har- bor. Calais is one of the principal ports for the debarkation of travellers from England, there being daily communica- tion with Dover by steamboat, and several times a week with London and Ramsgate. The city has very important manufactures of bobbinet, which employ about 900 looms and 6000 operatives. Numerous mills have been erected, and the inner ramparts have been removed to make way for the factories. There are also oil- and soap-works, tanneries, and a salt-refinery. Vessels are built here and fitted out for the cod-, mackerel-, and herring-fisheries. A consider- able trade is carried on in spirits, salt, oil, grain, wine, eggs, hemp, wood, coal, &c. In 13J:7, Calais was taken by Edward III. of England, after a siege of 11 months. It remained in the hands of the English from 1347 to 1558. In 1558 it was taken by the Duke of Guise. Pop. in 1872, 19,843 j of the southern suburb of St.-Pierre-Ies-Calais, 20,409. Calais, kil'is, a city of Washington co.. Me., is on the St. Croix Kiver, which is part of the boundary between the United States and Canada. It is at the head of navigation, about 12 miles from Passaraaquoddy Bay, 82 miles E.N.E. of Bangor, and 27 miles N.N.W. of Eastport. Several bridges crossing the river connect it with St. Stephen's in New Brunswick, a station on the New Brunswick & Canada Kaih'oad. Calais is the southeastern terminus of the St. Croix & Penobscot Railroad. It contains 10 churches, a national bank, the Calais Academy and High School, a public library, and printing-offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers. Its prosperity is mainly derived from ship- building and trade in lumber, large quantities of which are sawn in the vicinity and exported from Calais. Pop. 5944. Calais, a post-village of Monroe co., 0., about 36 miles N.N.E. of Marietta. It has 2 churches. Pop. 126. Calais, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Vt., in Calais township, 10 miles N.N.E. of Montpelier. The township has a woollen-factory and 3 churches. Pop. of the town- ship, 1309. Calaisis, kilMi^zee', a district of France, in the old province of Picardy, now in the department of Pas-de-Calais. It was occupied by the English from 1349 to 1558. Calamata, a town of Greece. See Kalamata. Calamianes {k3.-U-me-i'nSs) Islands, a group of the Philippines, midway between Mindoro nnd Palawan. Lat. 12° N. ; Ion. 120° E. Calamian, the principal island, is about 35 miles in length, by 15 miles in breadth. Cal'amiiie, a post-village of Sharpe co.. Ark., 28 miles from Walnut Ridge Railroad Station. It has a church, 2 stores, and a furnace for smelting zinc, a mine of which has been opened here. Calamine, a post-hamlet of La Fayette co., Wis., on the Pecatonica River, and on the Mineral Point Railroad, 9 miles S. of Mineral Point, at the junction of the Plattc- ville Branch. Calamo, k^'l£L-mo, a small island of the Ionian group, between Santa Maura and the continent. Calamo, a small island of Asia Minor. See Kalimno. Calamocha, ki-la-mo'chS,, a town of Spain, 3S miles N. of Teruel, near the Jiloca. Pop. 1830. Calamota, kd.-la-mo't3,, a small island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, 6 miles W.N.W. of Ragusa. Cal'amus, or CaTmus, an incorporated post-village of Clinton co., Iowa, on the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- road, 30 miles W. of the city of Clinton. It has a church, a drug-store, and several general stores. Pop. about 300. Calamus, a post-hamlet of Valley co.. Neb., 85 miles from Grand Island. Calamus, a township of Dodge co,, Wis. Pop. 1112. Calamus River, Nebraska, rises in the N. central part of the state, runs nearly southeastward, and enters the Loup Fork of the Platte or the North Loup Kiver. It traverses arid plains nearly destitute of forest trees. Calaiias, ki-lin'yis, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, 20 miles N. of Huelva. Pop. 2711. Calanca, kfl^-liLn'ka-, a valley of Switzerland, in Gri- sons, between the Val di Blegno and the Val Misocco. Calanda, kl-liln'di, a town of Spain, 62 miles N.E. of Teruel, on a small river of its own name. Pop. 3658. Calandsoog, kS,Mint-soG', a village of the Nether- lands, on the North Sea, 9 miles S. of Helder. Calang, ki-lang', sometimes written Callam, a town of the Malay Peninsula, state and S.E. of Salangore, on the river Calang, 20 miles from its mouth in the Strait of Ma- lacca. Near it are some tin-mines. Calanna, ka-lan'ni, a town of Italy, in Calabria, 7 miles N.E. of Reggio. Pop. 2166. Calanna, a town of Africa. See Callana. Calantan, Malay Peninsula. See Kalantan. Calautiga (ka-lan-tee'gS,) Islands, a group of islands on the N.E. coast of Sumatra. Lat. 0° 30' S. ; Ion. 104° E. Calap, kaMap', an island of the Pacific, Gilolo Passage, west of the island of Popa. Lat. 1° 15' S.; Ion. 129° 30' E. Calapan, kd.-lS,-pan', a town of the Philippine Islands, capital of Mindoro, on its N.E. coast, 85 miles E.S.E. of Manila. Pop. 2790. Calapoo'ya (or Callapoo'ya) River, Oregon, rises in the Cascade Range, runs westward and northwestward through Linn co., and enters the Willamette about 7 miles N. of Albany. Length, about 130 miles. Calaris, the ancient name of Cagliari. Calascibetta. See Calata-Scibetta. Calasparra, kjL-lis-paR'ui, a town of Spain, 40 miles N.W. of Murcia. It has manufactures of cloths, flour, and oil, and trades in cattle. Pop. 2667. Calata Bellota, ka.-la'ti b^Ulo't^, a town of Sicily, on a river of the same name {anc. Crimisua), 10 miles N.E. of Sciacca, and near the site of the ancient Tricala. Calatabiano, ka,-la'ti-bee-^'no, a town of Sicily, 15 miles N. by E. of Aci Reale. Pop. 3172. Calata Fimi, k^-U'tJl fee'mee, a town in the N.W. part of Sicily, 8 miles S.W. of Alcamo. Pop, 9095. Calatagirone, or Calata Hieronis. See Calta- GIHONK. Calatanazor, ka.-l3,-tS,-ni-thoR', a town of Spain, 10 miles S.W. of Soria. Pop. 1300. Calata-Scibetta, ki-l&'ta,-she-b§t'ta., a town of Sicily, 15 miles N.E. of Oaltanisetta. Pop. 5791. Calatavuturo, a town of Sicily. See Caltavuturo. Calatayud, ka-la-ta-yooo', a town of Spain, on the Jalon, province and 55 miles by railway S.W. of Saragossa. It has an imposing external appearance, but is dilapidated and dull. The chief manufactures are common woollens, brown paper, and leather. Pop. 9830. Near Calatayud are some mineral springs, stalactitic caverns, and the remains of Bilbilis, the birthplace of Martial. The town is of Moor- ish origin, and its name in Arabic signifies "Job's castle." Calathe, the supposed ancient name of Galita. Calatia, a town of Italy. See Cajazzo. Calatrava, ka,-l^-tr^'vi, or Santiago de Cala- trava, san-te-d,'go di ka-li-tri'v^, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 20 miles W. by S. of Jaen. Pop- 1464. Calatrava la Vieja, ka-l^-tr^'vi la ve-i'HA (anc. Oretiuu or Oria), a ruined city of Spain, on the Guadiana, 65 miles S.E. of Toledo. The military order of Calatrava was founded here. Calaveras, kal-a-vVras, a river in the N. central part of California, rises among the hills at the foot of the Sierra Nevada in Calaveras co., and, flowing in a general south- westerly course, falls into the San Joaquin River about 15 miles below Stockton. Calaveras, a county in the central part of California, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Mokelumne River, and on the S.E. by the Stanislaus, and is partly drained by the Calaveras River. The surface is diversified with high hills, valleys, deep canons, and " rolling prairies," and presents beautiful scenery. It contains forests of the oak, pine, and other trees, which here grow to a great size ,* also a grove of mammoth trees {Sequoia gigantea), which attract many visitors. Granite, quartz, limestone, and slate abound here. This county has rich copper-miues and gold-mines. The value of the gold mined in this countj' in 1870 was $1,115,803, of which S556,274 was obtained from placer- mines. Capital, San Andreas. 'N'^aluation of veal nnd per- sonal estate, $1,791,749. Pop. in i860, 10,299: in 1870, 8895, of whom 4677 were Americans. Calayau, ki-ld.-y4n', one of the Babuyan Islands, in the Malay Archipelago, 60 miles N. of Luzon. It is 15 miles long. Calbe, two towns of Prussia. See Ivalde. Calbis, the supposed ancient name of the Tavoos. Calbuco, kM-boo'ko, or El Fuerte, 51 foo-Su'ti or ooya, a river of Oregon. See Calapooya. Callas, karias', a town of France, department of Var, 5 miles N.E. of Braguignan. Pop. 2006. Callaway, or Calloway, kal'la-way, a county in the S.W. part of Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Tennessee River, and is also drained by Clark's River. The surface is partly level and partly hilly; the soil is fertile. Tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, and pork are the staple prod- ucts. Capital, Murray. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 9410, of whom 9403 were Americans. This county has large forests of hard timber. Callaway, a county in the E. central part of Missouri, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Missouri River, and on the W. by Cedar Creek, and also drained by Loutre River. The surface is undu- lating, and extensively covered with forests. Nearly one- half of the county is prairie. The soil is very fertile. In- dian corn, oats, wheat, cattle, tobacco, and pork are the staple products. This county has large beds of bituminous coal and fine limestone (Lower Silurian). It is intersected by a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad. Capital, Fulton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 19,202, of whom 18,498 were Americans. Callaway, a post-office of Bell CO., Ky. Callaway, a station in Callaway co.. Mo., 4 miles N. of Fulton, and on the railroad from Jefferson City to Mexico. CallaAvay, a township of St. Charles co., Mo. P. 1745. Callaway's, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Va., 25 miles S. of Big Lick. It has a church and a tobacco -factory. Callenberg, kil'len-b^RG\ a village of Saxony, district of Waldenburg. Pop. 1450. Callenberg, a village of Saxony, adjacent to the town of Lichtenstein. Pop. 2824. Cai'lender, a post-office and station of Webster co., Iowa, on the Des Moines & Fort Dodge Railroad, 15 miles S. of Fort Dodge. Cal'lensbur^, a post-village of Clarion co., Pa., in Licking township, on the Clarion River, about 22 miles S. by E. from Oil City. It has an academy, 2 churches, and a carriage-shop. Pop. 255. CalMensville,adecayed hamlet of Pendleton co., Ky., ^ mile froDi Morgan Railroad Station. It has 2 stores and a church. Callewatta River, Australia. See Darling. Calliagna, k3,l-le-an'y^j a village, island of St. Vin- cent, West Indies, on its S. coast, 2 miles S.E. of Kingstown. Callian, karie-6No', a town of France, in Var, 14 miles N.E. of Draguignan. Pop. 1478. Callianee, kaPle-an-nee', or CalMian', a town and railway junction of India, capital of the Tannah district, 32 miles N.E. of Bombay. It has some trade in cocoa-nuts, oil, coarse cloths, and earthenwares. Pop. 12,800. Calliano, kdl-le-i'no, a village of Italy, province of Alessandria, 12 miles S.W. of Casale. Pop. 2956. CalMicoon', a post-township of Sullivan co., N.Y., about 20 miles N.W. of Monticello. It has 9 churches, and manufactures of leather and lumber. It contains a village named Jeffersonville, and post-hamlets named Callicoon and Youngsville. Pop. 2487. Callicoon Creek, Sullivan co., N.Y., enters the Del- aware River at Callicoon Depot. Callicoon Depot, apost-village of Sullivan co., N.Y., in Delaware township, on the Delaware River and the Erie Railroad, 48 miles N.W. of Port Jervis. It has 3 churches and a newspaper office. Pop. about 600. Calliere, karie^aia', a village in Charlevoix co., Quebec, 21 miles from Murray Bay. Pop. 200. Callierville, kal'j'^r-vil, a post-village of Chilton co., Ala., on the Selma, Rome & Daiton Railroad, 28 miles N. by E. of Selma. It has 2 churches, a cotton -factory, and a grist-mill. Callies, kil-lees', a town of Prussia, 58 miles E.S.E. of Stettin. Pop. 3246.. Callifice, the supposed ancient name of Cabife. CalMigray', an island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, in Harris Sound, 3 miles E. of Bernera, 2 miles long. Callinger, Kallinger, kal'lin-jer, lialleenjur, or Kallindshar, a town and hill-fortress of British India, 90 miles W.S.W. of Allahabad, on a table-land, 1200 feet above the adjacent plains. The town stands at the N. foot of a hill, the summit of which is enclosed by walls 5 miles in circumference, and was taken by the British in 1812. CalMington, or KelMington, a town of England, in Cornwall, 10 miles S. of Launceston. Pop. 2173. Calliope, kal-li'o-pe (local pron. kal'le-op), a post- hamlet of Sioux CO., Iowa, 40 miles N. of Sioux City. Callipolis, the ancient name of Gallipoli. CalMisburg, a post-office of Cooke co., Tex. Calliste, an island of Greece. See SANToniNi. Calloo, k3,l-lo', a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 6 miles W.N.W. of Antwerp. Pop. 2678. Callosa de Ensarria, k3,l-yo's4 dk ^n-saR-Rce'd., a town of Spain, 26 miles N.E. of Alicante. Pop. 3900. Callosa de Segura, kal-yo'&a di si-goo'rA, a town of Spain, 27 miles S.W. of Alicante. Pop. 3900. Cal'loway, a post-hamlet of Upshur co., Tex., 12 miles N.N.E. of Hawkins Railroad Station. It has a manu- factory of stoneware. Call's Fort, a post-village of Box Elder co., Utah, on the Utah Northern Railroad, 6 miles N. of Corinne, and 8 miles N.N.W. of Brigham City, at the base of the Wahsatch range. It has a church. Call'ton, a post-office of Caldwell parish, La. Callundborg, Denmark. See Kallundborg. Calmar, a city of Sweden. See Kalmar. Cal'mar, a post-village of Winneshiek co., Iowa, in Calmar township, at the junction of t\vo branches of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 47 miles E. by N. from Charles City, and about 12 miles S.W. of Decorah. It has a bank, a graded school, and a church. Pop. of the township, 1760. Calmar, a post-hamlet of McPherson co., Kansas, 11 miles S. of Brookville. Calmina, kal-mee'nS-, a town of Africa, in Dahomey, 15 miles S.E. of Abomey. Pop. about 15,000. Calmpthout, kimt'howt, a village of Belgium, 12 miles by rail N. of Antwerp. Pop. 2258. CaI'mucks, or KaI'mucks, written also Cal- macks, an Asiatic people, a branch of the Mongols, in- habiting the countries of Upper Asia, and from the Hoang- Ho to the Volga. They live in tents, and have no fixed abode, but move from place to place with their herds. Calmus, a village of Iowa. See Calamus. Cain, kaln, a post-hamlet of Chester co.. Pa., in Cain township, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 34 miles W. of Philadelphia. It has a Friends' meeting. The township is a part of Chester valley, and has some iron-works. Pop. 984. Calne, kin, a town of England, in Wiltshire, on a rail- way, 16 miles E. of Bath. Pop. 2468. Cal'no, a post-office of Warren co., N.J. Calo'ma, a post-hamlet of Marion co., Iowa, in Frank- lin township, about 30 miles S.S.E. of Des Moines. It has a church. Calore, k^-lo'ri (anc. Ca'lor), a river of Italy, falls into the Volturno near Sant' Agata dei Goti. Calore, or Negro, ni'gro (anc. Tan'ager, or Ca'lor), a river of Italy, joins the Sele near Eboli. Calosso, ki,-los'so, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 11 miles S.S.E. of Asti. Pop. 2587. CAL CAL Ca'low, a hamlet of England, co. of Derby, li miles E. of Chesterfield. Pop. 661. Calpe, the ancient name of Gibraltar. Calpee, a town of British India. See Kalpee. Calpel'la, a post-village of Mendocino co., Cal., on the Russian River, 6 miles N. of Ukiah, and about 110 miles W.N.W. of Sacramento. It has placer gold-mines. Pop. of Calpella township, 807. Calpeni, one of the Laccadive Islands. See Kalpeni. Calpeiityn, kal-pen-tine', a peninsula of Ceylon, on its W. coast. During the N.E. monsoon it becomes an island. Calpentyn, or Kalpeiityn, kil-pen-tine', written also Kalpitiya, and Kalpitaje, a town of Ceylon, on the W. coast, 93 miles N. of Colombo. Lat. 8° 14' N. ; Ion. 79° 5.5' E. It contains a bazaar and 8 places of worship. The harbor is not accessible to vessels exceeding 100 tons, even at the highest tides, so that they are obliged to unload at Mutwal and to send cargoes to Calpentyn in small ves- sels. Calpentyn was acquired by the Portuguese in 1544, and was in 1640 captured by the Dutch, who remained till 1795, when it was surrendered to the British. Pop. 4500. Calsi, kiil'see, a village and mart of Northern Hindo- stan, in Gurhwal, at the confluence of the Jumna and Tonse, 43 miles N.N.E. of Seharunpoor. Caltagirone, kil-ti-je-ro'ni, or Calatagirone, kd,-14't8,-je-ro'ni (anc. Calata Hieronis ?), a city of Sicily, province and 32 miles S.W. of Catania, on a hill, and with its suburbs occupying considerable ground. It is one of the wealthiest and most commercial towns in the island. It contains several churches and convents, a college, hospital, and orphan asylum, and is the seat of a bishop. The in- habitants are esteemed the best workmen in Sicily in the useful arts. The manufactures comprise pottery and cotton fabrics. The town was fortified by the Saracens, and taken from them by the Genoese. Pop. 25,978. Caltanisetta, kal-ta-ne-set'ta,, a city of Sicily, in a fertile plain near the Salso, 28 miles N.E. of Girgenti. Pop. 26,156. It is well built, has handsome public buildings, and is a bishop's see. In its vicinity are mineral springs and extensive sulphur-works. Caltanisetta is supposed to occupy the site of the A^issse of the Romans. Caltanisetta, a province of Italy, in the S. central part of Sicily, bounded S. by the sea. Area, 1455 square miles. Capital, Caltanisetta. Pop. in 1871, 230,066. Caltavuturo, k3,l-ta-voo-too'ro, a town of Sicily, prov- ince and 38 miles S.E. of Palermo, built by the Saracens, who called it Kalat-abi-tham: Pop. 5318. Caltura, kil-too'ri, or Kalutara, a town of Ceylon, at the mouth of the navigable river Kaluganga, on its W. coast, 26 miles by canal S.E. of Colombo, with an active trade. A great number of vessels belong to the port, and trade with Madras and the Coromandel coast. Caluire, kirwecE', a village of France, 3 miles N.N.E. of Lyons, of which it constitutes a suburb. Pop. 9182. Cal'umet, a county in the E. part of Wisconsin, has .in area of about 300 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by Lake Winnebago, and is driiined by the Manitowoc River. The surface is mostly covered with forests, in whieh the sugar-maple occurs ; the soil is fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, and butter are the staple products. Silurian limestone and sandstone are abundant in this county. It is traversed by the Wisconsin Central Railroad. Capital, Chilton. Val- uation of real and personal estate, S3, 879, 810. Pop. in 1870, 12,335, of whom 7661 were natives and 4674 were foreigners; in 1875, 15,085. Calumet, a township of Cook co.. 111. Pop. 1253. It contains part of Blue Island. Calumet, a post-village of Houghton co., Mich., in Calumet township, on the Mineral Range Railroad, 42 miles N. of L'Anse, at the terminus of the Calumet & Torch Lake Railroad. It has a bank, 4 churches, and a famous copper- mine, said to be the richest in the world. It employs about 1800 men, yielding a product in 1876 of 13,200 tons, valued at nearly §5,000,000. Pop. of the township, 5219. Calumet, a post-haralet of Pike co.. Mo., 8 miles S.E. of Louisiana. It has a church. Pop. of Calumet township (which contains Clarksville), 5185. Calumet, a post-office of Jeiferson co., 0., is on the Ohio River, at Elliottsville. Calumet, township. Fond du Lac co.. Wis. Pop. 1372. Calumet Harbor, a post-hamlet of Fond du Lac co.. Wis., in Calumet township, on the E. shore of Lake Winne- bago, about 13 miles E.S.E. of Oshkosh. It has 1 or 2 churches. Calumet Island, a post-village and parish in Pontiac CO., Quebec, on the Ottawa River, 1? miles from Portage du Fort and 72 miles N.W. of Ottawa Pop. 1080. Calumet (or Calnmick) River rises in the N.W. part of Indiana, and drains parts of La Porte and Porter cos. It runs westward into Cook co.. Ill, and enters Lake Michigan by two mouths, one of which is at South Chicago, 111., and the other in Lake co., Ind. Caluso, ki-loo'so, a town of Italy, province of Turin, 11 miles by rail S. of Ivrea. Pop. 6161. Calvados, kU'vi'dos' or kal-va'd6s, a department in the N.W. of France, part of Lower Normandy, having N. the English Channel, S. the department of Orne, E. Eure, and W. Manche. Area, 2145 square miles. The surface is hilly in the S., with extensive plains and fertile valleys. Chief rivers, the Orne, Toucques, Dives, Seniles, Dromme, and Vire. Principal products are coal, gray marble, free- stone, cold mineral waters, corn, fruit, cider, hemp, lint, and timber. Pasturage is abundant, and many horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs are reared ; herring-curing is an important industry. The department is divided into the arrondisse- ments of Bayeux, Caen, Falaise, Lisieux, Pont-l'Eveque, and Vire. Capital,'Caen. Pop. in 1876, 450,220. CaI'vary, a post-hamlet of Decatur co., Ga., 11 miles S. of Whigham Station. It has a church. See Hakrell. Calvary, a village of Cook co.. 111., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 10 miles N. of Chicago, and 1 mile from Lake Michigan. Here is Calvary cemetery. Calvary, a post-hamlet of Morgan co., 0., in Homer township, about 30 miles W. by N. of Marietta. Calvary, a township of Clarendon co., S.C. Pop. 1152. Calvary, a post-village of Fond du Lac co.. Wis., in Marshfield township, on the Sheboygan A Fond du Lac Railroad, 13 miles E. of Fond du Lac, and li miles from a village named Mount Calvary, which has 2 churches. Here is Calvary College (a Catholic ecclesiastical school), also a Ca]>uchin convent. Calvello, kil-v^rio, a town of Italy, province and 12 miles S. of Potenza. Pop. 5800. Calventura (kai-v5n-too'ri) Islands, two groups of islets in the Bay of Bengal, off the coast of British Burmah, in lat. 17° N., Ion. 94° E. Cal'verley, a town of England, York, West Biding, 6 miles by rail N.W. of Leeds. Pop. 3195 ; of parish, 34,308. Cal'vert, a county in the S. part of Maryland, has an area of about 240 square miles. It is a peninsula bounded on the E. by Chesapeake Bay, and on the W. by Patuxent River, which enters the bay at the S. extremity of the county. The surface is undulating; the soil is moderately fertile. Tobacco and Indian corn are the staple products. Marl is abundant. Capital, Prince Frederick. A^aluation of real and personal estate, $3,100,000. Pop. in 1870, 9865, of whom 9840 were Americans. Calvert, a station on the Mobile &. Alabama Grand Trunk Railroad, 32 miles N. of Mobile, Ala. Calvert, a post-village, capital of Robertson co., Tex., on the Houston & Texas Central Railroad, 129 miles N.N.W. of Houston, and about 85 miles N.E. of Austin. It has 6 churches, a newspaper ofiice, a bank, and a manufactory of cotton-seed oil. Pop. about 1500. Cal'vert, or Ka'ven, a group of small islands in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 8° 54' N.; Ion. 170° 49' E. Calvert City, a post-village of Marshall co., Ky., on the Paducah & Elizabethtown Railroad, 17 miles E. by S. of Paducah. It has a church, 2 stores, Ac. Calvert Island, British Columbia. Lat. 51° 30' N.; Ion. 128° 10' W. Cal'verton, a post-hamlet of Suffolk co., N."i., on the Long Island Railroad, and on Peconic River, 3 miles W. of Riverhead. Calverton Mills, a post-village of Baltimore co., Md., 1 mile from the limits of Baltimore city. It has a church, a newspaper office, and several flouring-mills. Calvert's Store, a post-hamlet of Kemper co., Miss., 23 miles from Meridian. It has 2 churches, a high school, and 3 stores. Calvi, kil've, a town of Corsica, on its N.W. coast, on the Gulf of Calvi, 38 miles W.S.W. of Bastia. Pop. 2175. It has a good harbor and roadstead, and a strong citadel. Calvi (anc. Ca'les), or Calvi Risorta, re-son'ti, a town of Italy, province of Caserta, 7i miles N.N.W. of Capua. It is a bishop's see, but its bishop resides at Pigna- taro. Pop. 2862. Calvia, kil've-i. a town of Spain, island of Majorca, 6 miles W. of Palma. Pop. 2007. Calvillo, kil-vee'yo, or Valle de Hunjucar, vM'yi di wi-HOO-kau', a town of Mexico, state and 39 miles W. of Aguas Calientcs. Pop. 5000. Cal'vin, a post-township of Cass co., Mioh., about 18 miles E. of Nilos. It has a rich soil, and forests of ash, CAL 3 beecb, elm, oak, sugar-maple, &c. Pop, 1627. It contains Brownsville and Day. Calvin, a post-offiee of Stanley oo., N.C. Calvin, a post-hamlet of Huntingdon co., Pa., in Union township. It has 1 or 2 churches, Calvin's Corners, a post-hamlet of Crawford co., Pa., about 10 miles S. of Meadville. Calvisano, kil-ve-sS,'no, a town of Italy, province and 15 miles S.S.E. of Brescia. Pop. 373o. Calvissonjkarvee'sftH"', a town of France, department of Gard, 10 miles S.W. of Nimes. Pop. 2121. Calvizzano, k41-vit-s4'no, a village of Italy, 5 miles N.W. of Naples. Pop. 1925. Calvo Mons, the supposed ancient name of Caumont. Cal'vy, a post-ofBoe and station of Franklin co.. Mo., in Calvy township, on the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad, 44 miles W.S.W. of St. Louis. The township is drained by the Mar- amec River. Pop. 2100. Calw, or Kalvv, k^lv, a town of Germany, in Wiirtem- berg, on the Nagold, and on a railway, 20 miles '\A'".S.W. of Stuttgart. It has manufactures of woollens. Pop. 58S2. Cal'wood, a post-office of Callaway co.. Mo. Caly, ki'lee or ki'lee, a river of Hindostan, rises in the province of Gurhwal, and falls into the Ganges on the west- ern confines of Oude, in lat. 27° 10' N., Ion. 79° 45' E. Calypsean Archipelago, ka-lip'se-an ar-ke-pel'a- go, a name sometimes given to a group of islands in the Mediterranean, including Malta, Gozo, Comino, Cominotto, &c. They belong to Great .Britain. Calzada, or Casas de Calzada, ki'sJs di kal- th3,'D^, a village of Spain, 42 miles S. of Salamanca. Calzada, or Calzada de Calatrava, kal-th3.'D3. di ka,-lS,-tr3.'vJl, a town of New Castile, 15 miles S. by E. of Ciudad Real. Linen and woollen fabrics, cloths, blonde lace, oil, and wine are made. Pop. 3840. Calzada de Don Diego, kil-th^'ni di don de-i'go, avillogeof Spain, 16 miles S. S.W. of Salamanca. Pop. 324. Calzada de Oropesa, kal-thi'ni di o-ro-pi's&, a town of Spain, 28 miles W. of Talavera. Pop. 2107. Cam, or Gran'ta, a river of England, after a course of about 40 miles, joins the Ouse Si miles S. of Ely. Cam, a river of England, co. of Gloucester, tributary of the Severn. Camacho, or Camaxo, ki-mi'sho, a large and sev- eral small lakes of Brazil, province of Santa Catharina, con- nected with one another by natural canals. They lie S. of the river Tubarao, and are commonly named Jaguaruna (zhi-gwi-roo'ni), Gurupaba (goo-roo-pi'bi), and Santa Martha. Camacuan,ki-mi-kwin', sometimes written I<;aba- quam, ee-si-bi-kwim', a river of Brazil, rising on the W. frontier of the province of Rio Grande do Sul, flows E., and, after a course of about 150 miles, enters the Lake of Patos by several mouths. Cama do Lobos. See Camera do Loeos. Camajore, ki-mi-yo'ri (anc. Cam'pus Ma'jor), a town of Central Italy, 11 miles N.W. of Lucca. Pop. 6735. Ca'mak', or Ca'mack', a post-hamlet of Warren co., 6a., on the Georgia Railroad at its junction with the Macon 6' S.; Ion. 145° 42' E. Cape Tafelneh, ti-fel'neh, of Morocco, 5 miles N.W. of Tafelneh, is a headland, 7SU feet above the sea. Cape Taiinoor, Taimour, Taimur, or Tay- mour, ti^moor', a headland of Siberia, extending into the Arctic Ocean, 120 miles S.W. of Cape Severe- Vostochnoi, ne.xt to which it is the northernmost promontory of Asia. Cape Talabo, t^-la'bo, on the E. coast of Celebes, at the entrance to the Bay of Goonong-Telia. Lat. 0° 50' S.; Ion. 12.3° 57' E. Cape Tarkhan, taR-Kin', the westernmost point of the Crimea, extending into the Black Sea. Lat. 45° 20' 7" N. ; Ion. 32° 29' 7" E. It has a light-house. Cape Temoel, ti-mo-^1', on the W. coast of Celebes, near the equator. Lon. 119° 25' E. Cape Tennez, tSn-nSz', on the N. coast of Algeria. Lat. 36° .34' N. ; lon. 1° 23' E. Cape Teulada, te-oo-li'dS,, on the S. coast of Sar- dinia, at the E. entrance to the Gulf of Palmas. Lat. 38° 51' 9" N.; lon. 8° 39' 2' E. Cape "Three Points, Africa, on the S. coast of Guinea. Lat. 4° 48' N. ; lon. 2° 5' W. Cape Tiburon, te-boo-ron', on the coast of South America, at the entrance to the Gulf of Darien. Lat. S° 45' N.; lon. 77° 20' W. Cape Tiburon, te-boo-ron', on the S.W. coast of Hayti. Lat. 18° 20' N. ; lon. 74° 29' W. Cape Tindaro, tin'da-ro, a headland on the N.E. coast of Sicily, in the Gulf of Patti, 4 miles E.N.E. of Patti. Near it are the remains of the ancient Tyn' daris. Cape Tiiioso, teen-yo'so, Spain, on the coast of Mur- cia. Lat. 37° 30' N. ; lon. 1° 16' W. Cape Topalo-Polo, to-pa'lo-po'lo, called by Captain Cook Cape Turnagain, on the S.E. coast of the North Island of New Zealand. Lat. 40° 30' S. ; lon. 176° 42' E. Cape Tormen'tine, a headland of New Brunswick, in Northumberland Strait, 22 miles from Sackville. A submarine telegraph cable crosses the strait here to Cape Traverse, Prince Edward Island. Cape Torres, toR'nfe, Spain, on the N. coast of Astu- rias. Lat. 43° 37' N. ; lon. 5° 44' W. Cape Tortosa, toR-to's3,, Spain, forming the N. ex- tremity of the island of Buda, off the coast of Catalonia. Lat. 40° 40' N. ; lon. 0° 47' E. Cape Tourinente,tooR'mdNt', a headland on the N.W. side of the St. Lawrence, 33 miles below Quebec. Cape Town, a city of Africa, capital of the Cape Col- ony, on Table Bay, and at the foot of Table Mountain, 30 miles N. of the Cape of Good Hope. Its streets are well paved and lighted, and the town has a good water-supply. The principal buildings are a government house, court- houses, art gallery, exchange, library, post-office, the old castle, a fine museum, the new parliament house, the uni- versity, the Roman Catholic cathedral, &c. There are also an Anglican college, a government (South African) college, several hospitals, a botanic garden, a public herbarium, a noble astronomical observatory, and a system of street rail- ways, &G. The town is the terminus of several railways, and has fine new docks and a breakwater. It is an im- portant port of call, but in point of trade falls below Port Elizabeth. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic and an An- glican bishop, the latter of metropolitan rank. Pop. in 1875, 33,239; with suburbs, 45,240. Cape Townshend, town'zend, on the coast of Queens- land. Lat. 22° 15' S. ; lon. 150° 45' W. Cape Trafalgar, traf-al-gaB' (ano. Promonto'rium Juno'yth), a headland of Spain, on the S.W. coast of Cadiz. Lat. 36° 10' N. ; lon. 6° 1' W. In the memorable engage- ment off Cape Trafalgar, October 21, 1805, the English, under Lord Nelson, who was killed in the action, gained a complete victoi-y over the combined French and Spanish fleets. Cape Trav'erse, a post-village and headland of Prince Edward Island, in Northumberland Strait, 9 miles from Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick, 33 miles W. by S. from Char- lottetown. In winter, communication is had with New Brunswick by means of an ice-boat, which crosses from here to Cape Tormentine tri-weekly. Pop. 250. Cape "Tribula'tion, on the N.E. coast of Australia, at Trinity Bay, near lat. 16° 6' S., lon. 145° 21' E. Cape 'Frinity, trin'e-te, on the S. coast of the island of Kadiak, in the Pacific, near lat. 57° N., lon. 154° W. Cape (or Point) Trionto, tre-on'to, on the coast of Italy, extending into the Gulf of Taranto. Lat. 39° 35' Nj; lon. 16° 50' E. Cape Turnagain. See Cape Topalo-Polo. Cape Vancouver, van-koo'ver, on the S.W. coast of Alaska. Lat. 60° 30' N.; lon. 163° 30' W. Cape Van Diemen, van dee'men, the most N. point of Melville Island. Lat. 11° 8' S. ; lon. 130° 20' E. Cape Vani, vi'nee, on the N.W. coast of the island of Milo. Lat. 36° 45' N. ; lon. 24° 22' E. Cape Varella, vi-rSl'li, on the E. coast of Cochin China, in the China Sea. Lat. 12° 55' N. : lon. 109° 25' E. Cape Vaticano, vi-te-ki'no, on the coast of Italy. Lat. 38° 37' N. ; lon. 15° 61' E. Cape (or Point) Venus, vee'nus, on the N. coast of Tahiti. Lat. 17° 29' 2" S. ; lon. 149° 29' W. Cape Verd or Verde, v?rd (Fr. Cup Vert or Verd, k^p vain, i.e., "green cape"), the westernmost cape of Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean, between the rivers Senegal and Gambia. Lat. 14° 43' N. ; lon. 17° 34' W. Named from a group of enormous baobab-trees crowning its sum- mit. On its point is the French town of Dakar. Cape Verd (or Verde) Islands (Port. Ilhas Verdes, eel'y^s v^R'd^s, i.e., " green islands ;" Ger. Inseln des Grunen Vorgebirgee, in'sSln dSs grii'n^n foR-gA-been'ghes) are sit- uated in the Atlantic Ocean, 320 miles W. of Cape Verd, between lat. 14° 45' and 17° 13' N. and lon. 22° 45' and 25° 25' W. The archipelago consists of the following islands, Sal, Boavista, Mayo, Santiago, Fogo, Brava, Grande, Rombo, Sao Nicolao, Santa Luzia, Branco, Razo, Sao Vicente, and Santo Antonio, with several smaller islets. Area, 1680 square miles. They are disposed in a southern or windward and a leeward group. They serve as a penal colony. The white population in the archipelago is to the colored as 1 to 20. The surface of the islands is in general mountainous, and some of their peaks have a considerable elevation. The volcano of Fogo is 9157 feet in height. The soil is extremely various, but mostly fertile ; the absence of trees and the scarcity of water are the causes of frequent and severe distress. Climate very hot, but tempered by the sea-breezes; mean temperature of May and August, 70°. 9; April to September, 70°; during the other months, 65° Fahr. ; the mornings and evenings are cool, and dews abundant. Chief products, fruits, m.aize, beans, coifee, sugar, tobacco, cotton, archil, red coral, salt, and oil-nuts. Cattle are extensively reared, and dried and salted provisions form a considerable article of export. Goats .and pigs are abundant. Asses and mules are the only beasts of burden. Fowls are abundant in most of the islands ; serpents and venomous reptiles are unknown ; whales abound in the neighboring seas, and are fished by Americans. Amber is found on all the coasts, which are frequented by turtles. The natives are quiet and docile, but extremely indolent. The Portuguese language is cor- rupted into a jargon called lingua creoula. Agriculture and the preparation of salt are the chief branches of in- dustry ; linens, pottery-ware, soap, and leather are manu- factured in some of the islands. These islands, together with the Portuguese possessions on the continent of Africa, near Cape Roxo, constitute the province of Cape Verd, the capital of which is Porto Praya. The province is under a governor-general. The Roman Catholic is the only form of worship. Pop. in 1875, 90,704. Cape Verga, ver'ga, on the S.W. coast of Africa. Lat. 10° 18' N.; lon. 14°'28''W. Cape Victo'ria (or Vic'tory), South America, on the W. coast of Patagonia. Cape Vidio, vee'de-o, Spain, on the coast of Asturias. Lat. 43° 38' N. ; lon. 6° 19' W. Cape Villano, veel-yi'no, Spain, on the N.W. coast of Galicia. Lat. 43° 9' N.: lon. 9° 10' W. Cape'ville, a post-hamlet of Northampton co., Va., on Chesapeake Bay, about 34 miles N.N.E. of Norfolk. Cape Vin'cent, a post-village and port of entry of Jefi'erson CO., N.Y., in Cape Vincent township, and on the St. Lawrence River where it issues from Lake Ontario, 25 . miles N.W. of Watertown, and 12 miles by steam-ferry S.E. of Kingston, Canada. It is the terminus of a branch of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad. It has 4 churches, a brewery, a fiour-mill, a planing-mill, a steam- boat-landing, and a newspaper office. This place has im- portant fisheries. Pop. 1269; of the township, 3188. Cape Vir'gin, a headland of South America, on the coast of Patagonia, at the N. entrance to the Strait of Ma- gellan. Lat. 52° 24' S. ; lon. 68° 22' W. Cape Viscardo, vis-kan'do, on the N. coast of the island of Cephalonia. Lat. 38° 28' N. ; lon. 20° 35' E. Cape Voltaire, vol-tair', a headland of Northwestern Australia, bounding Admiralty Gulf on the W. Lat. 14° 15' S.; lon. 125° 40' E. CAP 382 CAP Cape Voltas, vol't3,s, South Africa, at the mouth of the Orange River. Lat. 28° 44' S. ; Ion. 16° 32' E. Cape Wai-Apoo (or Wai-Apou), wi-i-poo', or East Cape, the E. point of New Ulster, New Zealand. Lat. 37° 42' S. ; Ion. 178° 38' E. Cape Walk'er, in the W. part of Greenland, on Baffin's Bay. Lat. 75° 50' N. ; Ion. 59° 30' W. Cape Wal'siiigham, North America, N. of the en- trance into Cumberland Straits. Lat. 66° N. ; Ion. 61° W. Cape West, on the W. coast of New Munster, one of the New Zealand Isles. Lat. 45° 54' S. ; Ion. 166° 40' E. Cape Wiles, wilz. South Australia, bounds Sleaford Bay on the W. Lat. 34° 57' S. ; Ion. 135° 38' E. Cape Wrath forms the N.W. extremity of Scotland. Lat. 58° 37' N. ; Ion. 5° 1' W. It is a pyramid of gneiss, having on it a light-house, with a light 400 feet high. Cape Ycacos, e-k^'koce, a headland on the N. coast of Cuba, bounding the Bay of Matanzas on the N.E. Lat. 23° 9' N. ; Ion. 81° 10' W. Cape York, the N. point of Australia, on the E. of the Gulf of Carpentaria. Lat. 10° 41' 6" S. ; Ion. 142° 34' E. Cape York, in the W. part of Greenland, on Baffin's Bay. Lat. 75° 55' N. ; Ion. 67° W. Cape Zaffarana, dzif-fi-r^'ni, on the N. coast of Sicily, 11 miles E. of Palermo, on the E. side of its bay, E. point in lat. 38° 6' 5" N., Ion. 13° 34' E. Cape Zambrona, dzim-bro'nS,, on the W. coast of Calabria, near the S. entrance to the Gulf of Santa Eufemia. Lat. 38° 46' N. ; Ion. 16° 3' E. Cape Zibeeb, ze-beeb', orRas-Sidi-Ali-al-Shu- sha, ras-see'dee-A'lee-il-shoo'sh4, in Africa, on the N. coast of Tunis. Lat. 37° 13' N. ; Ion. 10° E. Cap Faux, the French for Cape False. Capliareus, the ancient name of Cape Doro. Capibari, ka-pe-bi-ree', a town of Brazil, 120 miles W. of Sao Paulo, on a stream of its own name. Pop. 2000. Capibari, a river of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, a tributary of the Tiete. an affluent of the Parand. Capibaribe, ki-pe-bi-ree'bi, a river of Brazil, prov- ince of Pcrnambuco, rising in lat. 7° 50' S., Ion. 37° 45' W,, flowing E. and S., and falling by two mouths into the Bay of Recife. Total course, about 200 miles direct. Capio'ma, a post-hamlet of Nemaha co., Kansas, in Capioma township, 10 miles S. of Sabetha, and about 55 miles N. of Topeka. Pop. of the township, 533. Capistrano, kip-is-tri'no, a post-hamlet of Los An- geles CO., Cal., 28 miles S.E. of Anaheim. It has a church. Capistrello, kip-is-tr^l'lo, a small town of Italy, 'H miles \V. of Lake Fucino. Pop. 2065. Capitanata, k4-pe-t3.-ni'ti, a former province of Italy, now called Foggia. Capitiiim, or Capytium. See Capizzi. Cap'itol City, a post-office and mining village of Hins- dale CO., Colorado, 135 miles from Alamosa. It has silver- mines and smelting-works. Capitol Mountain, Colorado, a peak of the Elk Moun- tains, in lat. 39° 9' N., Ion. 107° 4' 40" W., 13,997 feet above the level of the sea. It is composed of eruptive or igneous rocks, and is very precipitous. Capivari, ki-pe-vi-ree', a town of Brazil, province of Rio Janeiro, 24 miles N.W. of Cabo Frio. Pop. 3500. Capiz, or Capis, ka-peece', a city of the Philippines, capital of the province of Capiz, a part of the island of Panay. The town is on the N. coast of the island, and is the residence of a Spanish governor. It is mostly built of wood, and is defended by a small fort. Pop. 11,000 ; of the province, 272,292. Capizzi, ki-pit'see (anc. Capy'tiwn or Capi'tium), a town of Sicily, 19 miles W.N.W. of Bronte. Pop. 4029. Ca'pleville, a post-hamlet of Shelby co., Tenn., about 14 miles S.E. of Jilemphis. It has a church and an academy. Cap'linger's Mill, a post-office of Cedar co.. Mo. . Capo dell' Armi, the Italian for Cape Aemi. Capo di Cavallo, the Italian for Cape Cavallo. Capo di Faro, Sicily. Sec Cape Faro. Capo di Sant' Andrea. See Cape Saint Andrew. Capo d'Istria, ki'po dis'tre-3, (anc. ^Eijida), a forti- fied town of Austria, on a rock in the Gulf of Triest, 8 miles S. W. of the city of Triest. It was once the capital of Vene- tian Istria, and it has numerous churches, a gymnasium, and a prison. Its harbor is little frequented. Pop. 9169. Capo d'Oro, the Italian for Cape Doro. Capodrisi, ki-po-dree'see, a village of Italy, province and 3 miles S.W. of Caserta. Pop. 2809. Ca'pon Bridge, a post-hamlet of Hampshire co., W. Va,, on the Capon River, 19 miles W. by N. of Winchester, Va. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Pop. about 125. Capon Iron-Works, a post-office of Hardy co., W. Va., 33 miles W. by S. of Winchester. Here is a blast- furnace for iron ; also a forge. Capon Road Depot, a post-offi?e of Shenandoah co., Va., on the Valley Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- road, 23 miles S.S.W. of Winchester. Capon Springs, a post-office and watering-place of Hampshire co., W. Va., 15 miles from Capon Road Station. Caposelle, ki-po-s^l'li, a town of Italy, province of Avellino, 13 miles N.N.E. of Campagna. Pop. 4094. Capoue, the French for Capua. Cappadocia, kap-p%-do'she-a, an ancient province of Asia Minor, now in Asiatic Turkey, between lat. 37° 16' and 39° 28' N. and Ion. 32° 50' and 39° E. It was sub- dued by the Persians under Cyrus, and after the time of Alexander was governed by kings of its own till A.D. 17, when Tiberius reduced it to a Roman province. Christianity was early propagated in Cappadocia. Adj. and inhab. Cappadocian, kap-pa-do'she-an. Cappadocia, kip-pS.-do'che-3., a village of Italy, prov- ince of Aquila, 8 miles W.S.W. of Avezzano. Pop. 2186. CappaghAV'hite, k^p^pin-white', a town of Ireland, CO. and 7 miles N. of Tipperary. Pop. 637. Cap^paho'sic, a post-office of Gloucester co., Va. Cappanacushy, k4p*pa-na-koo'shee, a group of islets in Ireland, co. of Kerry, 3 miles W. of Kenmare. On the opposite mainland are the remains of Cappanacushy Castle. Cappel, orKappel, kip-pfil', a village of Switzerland, canton and 10 miles S.S.W. of Zurich. Here Zwinglius was killed in a skirmish, October 11, 1531. Pop. 732. Cappeln, kip'peln, a village of Prussia, in Hanover, 9 miles N.E. of Osnaburg. Pop. 776. Cappeln, a village )f Prussia, Sleswick, on the Sley, 15 miles S.E. of Flensborg. Pop. 2609. Cap'pein, a post-hamlet of St. Charles co., Mo., about 40 miles W. of St. Louis. It has a church and a grist-mill. Cap^poquin', a town of Ireland, co. of Waterford, on the Blackwater, 4 miles E.N.E. of Lismore. Pop. 1526. Capp's Creek, a post-village of Newton co.. Mo., in Newtonia township, 6 miles from Pierce City. It has 2 churches and a flouring-mill. Capp's Ford, a post-office of Claiborne co., Tenn. Capracotta, ki-prS,-kot'tJ, a town of Italy, province and 27 miles N.W. of Campobasso. Pop. 3238. Capraja, ki-pr5,'yi (anc. Capm'ria or Capra'sia), an island of Italy, in the Mediterranean, with a port on the B. side, 17 miles E. of the N. extremity of Corsica. Length, 3i miles ; breadth, 14 miles. Pop. 476. Caprara, ka-priL'ra. the northernmost of the islands called Tremiti, in the Adriatic. It has a port. Capraria, the ancient name of Capraja. Capraria, one of the Balearic Isles. See Cabrera. Caprarola, ki-pr5.-ro'13., a town of Italy, 9 miles S.E. of Viterbo, with a castle on the slopes of Mount Cimino, unrivalled as a specimen of the fortified architecture of the sixteenth century. Pop. 5369. Caprasia, the ancient for Capraja. CaprefE, an ancient name of Capri. Caprera, kd-pri'r3,, an island in the Mediterranean, off the N.E. coast of Sardinia. Length from N. to S., 5 miles. It is the home of Garibaldi. Caprese, ka,-pri'si, a town of Italy, 13 miles N.E. of Arezzo, the birthplace of Michael Angelo. Pop. 2098. Capri, ki'pree (anc. Cap'rea), an island of Italy, at the S. entrance of the bay, and 20 miles S. of the city, of Naples. Length, 4i miles. It is mountainous, coasts steep and nearly inaccessible, except near Capri, a small fortified town, with a large seminary, and a population of 2332, on its S. side. On the coast is the stalactitic cave called the "Grotto of Nymphs;" and the island contains numerous Roman ruins, and is much visited for its singular beauty. Capri, ki'pree, an island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, 10 miles W. of Sebenico. Capriata, ki-pro-i'ti, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 7 miles S.W. of Novi. Pop. 2660. Capriati, ki-pre-i'tee, a town of Italy, province of Caserta, 5 miles E.S.E. of Venafro. Pop. 894. Cap'ricorn Islands, a group off the E. coast of Aus- tralia, on the tropic of Capricorn. Lon. 151° 15' E. Cuprino, ki-pree'no, a town of Italy, 10 miles AV.N.W. of Bergamo, with silk-nuvnufactures. Pop. 1660. Caprino, a town of Italy, 15 miles N.W. of Verona. Pop. 5480. Ca'pron, a post-villn.ge of Boone co., 111., in Boone township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 70 miles N.W. of Chicago. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, a money- order post-office, and a drug-store. Pop. about 550. CAP 383 CAR Cap Rouge, kip roozh, a post-village in Quebec co., Quebec, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 9 miles above Quebec. It has a pottery, several stores and hotels, and a large trade in lumber. Pop. 800. Caprus, a river of Turkish Koordistan, See Zab. Capryke, k3,-prl'k?h, a town of Belgium, in East Flan- ders, 13 miles N.N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 3600. Capsa, a town of Africa, Tunis. See Gafsa. Cap Saint- Igiiace, kip sis't-een'yiss', a post-village in Montmagny co., Quebec, on the S. shore of the St. Law- rence, 56 miles by rail below Quebec. It contains several stores and mills. Pop. 300. Capsali, kap-si'lee, a town of the Greek island of Cerigo, near the S. side, upon the slope of a mountain. It has a commodious harbor, and is a bishop's see. Pop. 1600. Cap Sante, kip s6N"Hi', formerly La Sailite Fa- mine, lisiNtfi'meel', the chief town of the county of Port- neuf, Quebec, is on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 31 miles above Quebec. It contains several stores, hotels, and mills. Pop. 400. Cap'tain's Harbor, a port of Alaska, island of Oona- laska; next to Sitka and Kadiak, the most important place in the territory. It has a hot sulphur spring, and is the seat of considerable trade. Capti'na, a post-hamlot of Belmont co., 0., in York township, 4 miles from the Ohio River, and about 11 miles S.W. of Bellaire. It has a church and a grist-mill. Captina Creek, Belmont co., 0., runs eastward, and enters the Ohio River at the S.E. corner of that county. Capua, kap'u-a or ki'poo-i (anc. Casili'num), a city of Italy, capital of the province of Caserta, on the Volturno, 20 miles by rail N. of Naples. Pop. 13,145. It was forti- fied by Vauban, and is still an important fortress. It was built by the Lombards in 855 out of the ruins of ancient Capua, the remains of which, about 2 miles E., include a gate and portions of a large amphitheatre. The modern town is the seat of an archbishop, and has a cathedral with antique columns ; it comprises 18 parish churches, several convents, a royal college, military school, hospitals, and public fountains. The ancient Capua, one of the finest and most agreeable cities of Italy, was of such extent as to be compared to Rome and Carthage. Hannibal wintered here after the battle of Cannae. It was a favorite place of re- sort of the Romans, on account of its agreeable situation and its climate ; and many ruins attest its ancient splendor. Capua, ki'poo-i, a town of the United States of Colom- bia, state of Panama, S.W. of Chorrera. Capul, ki-pool', one of the Philippine Islands, off the N.W. coast of Samar. Lat. 12° 31' N. ; Ion. 124° 9' E. Capurso, ki-pooR'so, a town of Italy, 7 miles S.E. of Bari. Pop. 2400. Ca'put, a post-office of Barton co.. Mo. Caput Stagui, the ancient name of Capestang. Capvern, a village of France. See Capbern. Capytium, the ancient name of Capizzi. Caqueta, a river of South America. See Japdra. Ca'ra, an islet of Scotland, co. of Argyle, off its W. coast, immediately S. of Gigha. Cara, an island in the Gulf of Siam. See Koh-Krah. Carabanchel Alto, ki-ri-vin-ch^l' il'to, and Cara- banchel Bajo, ki-ri-vin-ohSr bi'no, two villages of Spain, in New Castile, 3 miles S. of Madrid. Pop., respect- ively, 1512 and 1214. Carabaya, ki-ri-bi'i, a province of Peru, in the de- partment of Puno. It contains mines of silver and gold. Carabobo, ki-ra-bo'bo, a maritime state of Venezuela, extending S.E. from the eastern arm of the Andes, and bounded S. by Cojedes. Area, 2247 square miles. It is very fertile, and produces coffee and sugar. Capital, Va- lencia. Pop. in 1873, 117,605. Caraca, ki-ra'ki, a mountain-range of Brazil, in Minas- Geraes, N. of the city of Mariana. It is a portion of the Cordillera of Mantiqueira, being one of its highest ranges. Caracal, a town of Roumania. See Karakal. Caracas, ki-ri'kas, or Santiago de Leon de Caracas, sin-te-i'go di li-on' di ki-ri'kis, a city and capital of Venezuela and of its federal district, lat. 10° 30' N., Ion. 67° 4' W., 16 miles S.S.E. of La Guayra. It has a pleasant and healthful climate, is well built, with regular streets crossing at right angles, afinecathedral, 20 churches, and a university. It is an archbishop's see, has good public buildings, and is well supplied with water. It has fre- quently suff'ered from earthquakes. Pop. in 1873, 48,897. Caracas, or The Federal District, a small terri- tory of Venezuela, comprising the city of Caracas and its environs. Area, 7 square miles. Pop. in 1873, 60,010. The former state of Caracas is now called Bolivar. Caracas, ki-ri'kis, a group of small, uninhabited islands in the Caribbean Sea, coast of Venezuela, a little W. of Cumana. earache, a town of Morocco. See El-Araish. Caracoles, or La Placilla de Caracoles, li pli-seel'yi di ki-rl-ko'lSs, a town of Bolivia, province of Atacama, about 50 miles E. of Antofagasta, and connected with Cobija, Antofagasta, and Mejillones by railways. Here are some of the richest silver-mines in the world. Caraglio, ki-ril'yo, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 6 miles W. of Coni, on the Grana. It has manufactures of silks, and 5 annual fairs. Pop. 3240. Cara-Hissar. See KARA-HissARandAFiooM-KARA- Hissar. Caralis, the ancient name of Cagliari. Caramagna, ki-ri-min'yi, a village of Italy, prov- ince of Coni. Pop. 3461. Caraman, ki^ri^moso', a town of France, in Haute- Garonne, 9 miles N. of Villefranche. Pop. 2277. Caraman, a town of Asia Minor. See Karaman. Caramania, Asia Minor. See Karamania. Caramanico, ki-ri-ma,'ne-ko, a town of Italy, prov- ince and 17 miles S.W. of Chieti. Pop. 2866. Carambis, the ancient name of Cape Kerp.mpe. Caramnassa, or Karamnasa, ki-ram-nds'si, a river of British India, tributary to the Ganges, and sepa- rating the districts of Shahabad and Benares. It is re- garded with abhorrence by the Hindoos, who consider con- tact with its waters sufficient to undo all their good works. Hence its name, " the destruction of pious works." It dries up in February, but is navigable a part of the year. Caranga, the supposed ancient name of Coringa. Carangamite, or Corangamite, ka-rin-gi-meet', a salt-water lake in the S. of Australia, in Victoria, 50 miles W. of Geelong. Area, 76 square miles. It is upwards of 90 miles in circumference ; to the S. it is so shallow as to be fordable for a distance of 15 miles. It has no outlet. Carang Assem, ka-rang' as'sSm', a town of the island of Bali, on Lombok Strait. Lat. 8° 42' S. ; Ion. 116° 34' E. Caranja, ki-rin'ja (anc. Caliana ?), an island of India, in Bombay harbor, about 8 miles E.S.E. of the city. It is nearly circular, and 4 miles in diameter. Carano, ka-ra'no, a village of Austria, in Tyrol, 21 miles N.E. of Trent. Pop. 804. Carapella, ki-ri-pSl'li, a river of Italy, province of Foggia, after a N.E. course of 48 miles, enters the Adriatic 9 miles S. of Manfredonia. Near its mouth it sends east- ward a branch to the Lagoon of Salpi. Caraquette, ki'ri'ket', a port of entry in Gloucester CO., New Brunswick, on Caraquette Bay, an inlet of the Bay of Chaleurs, 48 miles E.N.E. of Bathurst. It is an important fishery station. There is a light-house on Cara- quette Island at the entrance to the harbor. Pop. 1000. Cararia, the ancient name of Carrara. Carasco, ki-ris'ko, a village of Italy, 2\ miles N.E. of Chiavari. Pop. 1982. Carate, k4-ri'ti, a town of Italy, 15 miles N. of Milan. Pop. 4362. Caratova, a town of Turkey. See Karatova. Caratraca Spring. See Carratraca Springs. Caratuez, a river of Brazil. See Poti. Caravaca, ki-ri-vi'ki, a town of Spain, 39 miles N.W. of Murcia, on an affiuent of the Segura. Pop. 6840. It has convents and hospitals, a college, and a ruined castle. Caravaggio, ki-ri-vid'jo, a town of Italy, in Lom- bardy, 16 miles by rail S. of Bergamo. Pop. 5880. It is the birthplace of the painters Polidoro Caldara and Michael Angelo Merigi, both named Caravaggio from this town. Caravajales, ki-ri-vi-ni'lfo, a town of Spain, in Leon, 16 miles N.W. of Zamora. Pop. 577. Caravajales de la Encomienda, ki-ri-vi-ni'l^s di li 8n-ko-me-5u'di, a town of Spain, in Leon, 40 miles N.W. of Zamora. Caravanchel, villages of Spain. See Carabanchel. Caravellas, ki-ri-vSl'Iis, a town of Brazil, province of Bahia, on the Bay of Caravellas. Lat. 17° 49' S. ; Ion. 39° 26' W. Pop. 5000. Carballo, kan-bil'yo, a village of Spain, province and 22 miles S.W. of Corunna. Pop. 1004. Carbarien, kaR-bi-re-en', a port of Cuba, near Re- medies (q. v.), and the terminus of a railway to Remedios and Espiritu Santo. Car'bery, a small island of Ireland, in Dunnianus Bay. Carbet, or Le Carbet, leh kan^bi', a town of Mar- tinique, on the W. side of the island, is a southern suburb of St. Pierre. South of the town is the Piton de Carbet, a volcanic mountain 3923 feet high. CAR 384 CAR Car'bon, a county in the E. part of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 390 square miles. It is intersected by the Lehigh River, and also drained by the Mahoning, Qualtake, and other creeks. The surface is mountainous, and the county is bounded on the S.E. by the Kittatinny Mountain. It is remarkable for wild and picturesque scenery, but does not contain much fertile or arable land. The chief article of export is anthracite coal of superior quality. Near the top of Mauch Chunk Mountain is a bed of coal about 50 feet thick. As many as 400,000 tons of coal have been mined in this county in a year. It is intersected by the Lehigh Valley Railroad and the Lehigh &, Susquehanna Railroad. Capital, Mauch Chunk. Valuation of real and personal estate, S20,-t7o,666. Pop. in 1870, 28,144, of whom 21,180 were Americans. Carbon, a county of Wyoming, bordering on Colorado. It is intersected by the North Fork of the Platte River, and is also drained by Powder, Medicine Bow, and Sweetwater Rivers. The surface is diversiiied by mountains, valleys, and elevated plains. This county comprises a large part of Laramie Plain, a fertile plateau which is about 8U00 feet above the level of the sea. (See Laramie.) The S.W. part of the county is occupied by the Rocky Mountains. It is intersected by the Union Pacific Railroad, and has extensive beds of bituminous coal, from which 50,000 tons have been mined in a year. Capital, Rawlins. Pop. in 1870, 1368, of whom 745 were Americans. Carbon, a post-village of Clay co., Ind., on the In- dianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 20 miles E.N.E. of Terre Haute. Block-coal is mined here. Carbon has 3 churches, 3 hotels, a graded school, a brick-kiln, a flouring-mill, and manufactures of heading and staves. Pop. about 700. Carbon, a post-village of Adams co., Iowa, 8 miles from Corning. It has a church and a flour-mill. Coal is mined here. Carbon, a station in AVebster co., Iowa, on the Dubuque k Sioux City Railroad, a few miles E. of Fort Dodge. Carbon, Crawford co., Kansas. See Edwin. Carbon, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Kansas, on the Kansas Central Railroad, 8 miles E. of Holton. Carbon, a coal-mining hamlet of Macon co., Mo., on the Hannibal &, St. Joseph Railroad, 3 miles E. of Macon. Carbon, a post-office of Carbon co.. Pa. Carbon, a township of Huntingdon co.. Pa. Pop. 223.3. It includes Coalmont, Broad Top, Robertsdale, Dudley, and Barnettstown. Carbon, a station in Ohio co., W. Va., on the Wheeling & Pittsburg Railroad, 4 miles E. of Wheeling. Carbon, a po-st-village of Carbon co., Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 84 miles N.W. of Laramie. A mine of coal or lignite has been opened here. Pop. 244. Carbonara, kan-bo-na'ra,, a town of Italy, province and 36 miles E. of Avellino. Pop. 2986. Carbonara, a town of Italy, province and 4 miles S. of Bari. Pop. 4870. Carbonara, a village of Italy, in Lombardy, 22i miles S.E. of Mantua, on the Po. Pop. 1381. Carbonara, kaii-bo-na'ra,, a town of European Turkey, in Albania, on the Voyussa, 10 miles E.N.E. of Avlona. Carbon Black, a post-office of Butler co., Pa., is at Saxonburg Railroad Station. Carbon-Blanc, kaK"b6No'-bl4N", a village of France, department of Gironde, 5milesN.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 839. Carbon Centre, a post-office of Vernon co.. Mo. Carbon Centre, a post-village of Butler co.. Pa., in Clearfield township, on the Karns City k Butler Railroad, 6 miles from Butler. It has 2 churches and several oil-wells. Carbon Cliff, a post-village of Rook Island co.. 111., in Hampton township, on Rock River, and on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroads, 10 miles E. of Rock Island City. It has a church, and a large manufactory of fire-bricks and odd- shaped bricks for cupolas, tfec. Car'bondale, a station on the Amador Branch of the Central Pacific Railroad, 20 miles E. of the junction at Gait, Cal. Carbondale, a post-village of Jackson co., 111., in Car- bondale township, on the Illinois Central Railroad, which connects herewith the Grand Tower A Carbondale Railroad, 57 miles N. of Cairo. It is the west terminus of the Car- bondale k Shawncetown Railroad, and contains the South- ern Illinois Normal University, founded in 1809, 2 bunks, 5 or 6 churches, a flour-mill, and a woollen-mill. Two weekly newspapers are published here, and coal is mined near the place. Pop. about 1500; of the township, 3370. Carbondale, a post-hamlet of Warren co., Ind., 7 miles N.W. of Wiiliamsport. Carbondale, a post-village of Osage co., Kansas, in Ridgeway township, on the Atchison, Topeka k Santa Fe Railroad at its junction with the St. Louis, Lawrence k Western Railroad, 17 miles S. by W. from Topeka, and 10 miles N.N.E. of Burlingame. It has 2 churches and a flour- ing-mill. Large quantities of coal are mined here and ex- ported. Pop. about 1200. Carbondale, a village of Athens co., 0., 4 miles from Mineral City. Coal is mined here. Carbondale, a city of Lackawanna co.. Pa., situated on the Lackawanna River, near the north end of the Lacka- wanna Valley, 16 miles N.N.E. of Scranton, and 15 miles W. of Honesdale. It is on the Delaware k Hudson Rail- road, and is the south terminus of the Jefferson Branch Railroad, which connects with the Erie Railroad at Sus- quehanna. It contains 8 churches, a national bank, 2 graded schools, a Catholic academy, a savings-bank, print- ing-offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers, 3 foundries, a brewery, and 2 planing-mills. Here are beds of coal (an- thracite) about 20 feet thick. These mines are owned by the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, who send large quantities of coal to New York. It is drawn by steam- engines on inclined planes over Moosic Mountain, which is about 850 feet higher than the valley. Much coal is also transported to Binghamton by the Jefferson Branch Rail- road. Pop. 6393, Carbone, kaR-bo'ni, a town of Italy, province and 39 miles S.S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 1945. Car'bonear', a port of entry on Conception Bay, New- foundland, 4 miles N. of Harbor Grace. It has 15 or 16 stores. Pop. about 2000. Carbonera el Mayor, kan-bo-ni'ri &\ mi-yoR', a town of Spain, 8 miles N.N.W. of Segovia. Carbon Hill, a post-office of Davis co., Iowa. Carbon Junction, a station in Crawford co., Kansas, on the Joplin Railroad, 11 miles S.E. of Girard, at the junction of the Carbon Branch Railroad. Carbonne, kaR'bonn', a village of France, in Haute- Garonne, 25 miles S.S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. 2484. Carbon Run, a post-village of Bradford co.. Pa., on the Barclay Railroad, 2 miles W. of Barclay. Semi-bituminous coal is mined here. Pop. about 450. Carcabuey, kan^ki-bwi', a town of Spain, 36 miles S.E. of Cordova. Pop. 3700. Carcajente, kaR-ki-nen'ti, a town of Spain, province of Valencia, at a railway junction, 12 miles N.N.E. of San Felipe. Pop. 7280. It is well built and prospei-ous. It has linen- and woollen-manufactures, and many Roman and Moorish remains have been discovered here. Carcassonne, kaR^k^s^sonn' (anc. Car'euao), a city of France, capital of the department of Aude, on the Aude, and on the Canal du Midi, at a railway junction, 55 miles S.E. of Toulouse. Pop. 23,600. It is divided by the river into the old city and the new town. The new town is regularly laid out, well built, traversed by running streams, furnished with marble fountains, and has many handsome squares. The aqueduct bridge of Tresquel is ornamented with a mar- ble column to the memory of Riquet the engineer. The old city stands on elevated ground, and is interesting as retain- ing unchanged, to a great extent, the aspect of a fortress of the Middle Ages. It is enclosed by walls of great solidity, portions of which are supposed to be as old as the time of the Visigoths : and it contains the castle and the old cathe- dral. The other principal edifices in Carcassonne are the new cathedral, with a fine spire, the public library of 20,000 volumes, prefecture, town hall, hospitals, theatre, barracks, and church of St. Vincent. Carcassonne is a bishop's see, and has a communal college, a normal school, and a tri- bunal of commerce. It has been celebrated since the twelfth century for its manufactures of woollen cloths, which are still important, and it has also manufactures of paper, leather, soap, hosiery, cotton cloth, wadding, ironware, and pottery. Carcavellos, kaR-ki-v^l'Ioce, a village of Portugal, in Estremadura, 11 miles W.N.AV. of Lisbon. Carcelen, kan-thA-15n', a town of Spain, 23 miles E.N.E. of Albaceto. Pop. 1312. Carcfes, kan^si', a town of France, in Var, on the Argens, 18 miles W.S.W. of Draguignan. Pop. 2749. Carchd, kait-chi', or San Pedro Carcha, sin pi'nro kaR-chi', a town of Guatemala, a few miles N. of Coban, is said to have a population of 30,000. CarcnI'la, a town of British India, 27 miles N.N.E. of Mangalorc, with a ruined palace of the rajahs of Tulaya. Cardaillac, kaRMilryAk' or kaiiVWyik', a town of France, in Lot, 31 miles N.E. of Cahors. Pop. 1273. Carden, kau'd^n, a village of Rhenish Prussia, IS miles S.M'. of Cublontz. Pop. 659. CAR 3 Cardenas, kaR'di-nis, a seaport town of Cuba, on tho N. side of the island, 120 miles E. by S. of Havana. Its harbor has from 5 to 6 fathoms of water, and good anchor- age. Railway and telegraph connect it with Matanzas and Havana. Pop. 3500. Cardeiiosa, kaR-d5n-yo'sd, a town of Spain, 8 miles N.W. of Avila. Pop. 800. Car'den's Bluff, a post-office of Carter co., Tenn. Carden's Bottom, a post-office of Yell co.. Ark. Cardiff, or Caerdiff, kar'difr( Welsh, Caerdydd, ki'er- diTH), a borough and port of Wales, capital of Glamorgan- shire, on the estuary of the Severn, at the mouth of the TafF, 170 miles by rail W. of London. It is the terminus of sev- eral railways, and a great point for the shipment of coal, iron and steel rails, and tin-plate. Steamers ply hence to New York and other leading ports. Several capacious docks, basins, and piers increase its facilities for shipping. It has a noble old castle, line public and private buildings, and numerous iron-mills, ship-yards, Ac. One of its suburbs is the ancient city of Llandaff. Pop. of Cardiif in 1800, about 1000 ; in 1871, 39,636, or, including suburbs, 56,911. Car'diff, a post-office of Mitchell co., Iowa. Cardiff, a post-village of Onondaga co., N.Y., 10 or 11 miles S. of Syracuse. It h.as a church. Pop. 14:7. Cardigan, or Cardiganshire, kar'de-gan-shir, a county of South Wales, having on the W. Cardigan Bay. Area, 693 square miles, of which scarcely more than one- third is arable. The surface is level on the coast, in the interior mountainous, but interspersed with fertile valleys. Plinliramon, 2463 feet in height, is in its N.B. part. Its chief rivers are the Teify, Dovy, Kidol, Ystwith, Arth, and Towy. Silver-bearing ores of lead are profitably wrought. Chief towns, Cardigan, Aberystwith, Lampeter, and Adpar. It returns one member to the House of Commons. Pop. in 1871, 73,441. Cardigan, a borough of Wales, capital of the above county, on the Teify, 5 miles from its entrance into St. George's Channel, 23 miles N.E. of HaverfordWest, and 36 miles by rail N.W. of Carmarthen. It has two stone bridges across the Teify, an old and stately church, the re- mains of an ancient castle famous in Welsh history, a gram- mar-school founded in 1765, a county hall, a jail, and a branch bank. There is a considerable coasting-trade. The chief imports are coal, limestone, and timber. Exports, slates, oats, butter, &c. Vessels exceeding 300 tons can enter the harbor, but a bar at its mouth renders the passage danger- ous in rough weather. Pop. 3461. Car'digan, a post-village in Kings co., Prince Edward Island, 22 miles E. of Charlottetown. It contains several mills and ship-yards. Pop. 150. Cardigan Bay, an inlet of St. George's Channel, Wales, between Braeh-y-Pwll and Stumble Headlands. It receives the rivers Maw, Dovy, Ystwith, Y'iron, and Teify. The island of Bardsey is near its northern extremity. Cardiganshire. See Cardigan. Cardinale, kaR-de-ni'li, a town of Italy, province and 21 miles S.S.W. of Catanzaro. Pop. 3313. Car'dington, a post-village of Morrow co., 0., in Car- dington township, on the Eastern Branch of the Olentangy River, and on the railroad which connects Cleveland with Columbus, 40 miles N. of the latter. It has a union school, a national bank, a banking-house, 4 churches, 2 flouring- mills, and a woollen-mill. A weekly newspaper is pub- lished here. Pop. 918 ; of the township, 2199. Cardington, a village of Delaware co.. Pa., in Upper Darby township, on Cobb's Creek, 1 mile from Fernwood Station, which is 4 miles S.W. of Philadelphia. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of cotton and woollen goods. Cardiotissa, or Kardiotissa, kaR-de-o-tis's4, a small island belonging to the kingdom of Greece, between Sikino and Polioandro. Lat. 36° 38' N. ; Ion. 25° E. Cardito, kaR-dee'to, a village of Italy, 7 miles N. of Naples. Pop. 4180. Cardiva, kaR-dee'vi, one of the Maldlve Islands, In- dian Ocean. Lat. 5° N. ; Ion. 73° 40' E. Cardona, kaR-do'n3,, a town of Spain, 44 miles N.W. of Barcelona. Pop. 3060. It is interspersed with cypress gardens, and has defensive works. S.W. of the town is a mountain of rock salt, 500 feet in elevation, which aifords an inexhaustible supply of absolute purity, and so hard that it has to be blasted : vases, crucifixes, and other arti- cles are turned of this material. The mountain is homo- geneous, and the only one of the kind known in Europe. Car'dross, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton, on the Clyde, 3 miles by rail W.N.W. of Dum- barton. Robert Bruce died here, June 7, 1329. Pop. 331 ; of parish, 7080. 25 5 CAR Cards'ville, a post-office of Jones co., Ga. Cardsville, a post-hamlet of Itawamba co.. Miss. It has a church. Carduchi. See Koordistan. Card'ville, a post-office of Washington co.. Pa., is at the village of Burgettstown. Card'well, a county in the central part of Ontario. Area, 380 square miles. It is drained by the Credit River, and traversed by the Toronto, Grey & Bruce Railway. Pop. 16,500. Careggi, ki-rSd'jee, a village of Italy, 3 miles N. of Florence, with numerous villas, and an ancient grand-ducal residence of the Medici family. Carelia, a district of Russia. See Karelia. Carencro, kil,'rdN"*kro', a post-ofBce of La Fayette parish, La. Carennac, k3,'r?n'n3,k', a town of France, department of Lot, 35 miles N.N.B. of Cahors. Pop. 1020. Carentan, k3,^r5N"'t6N°', a town of France, in Manche, near the mouth of the Tante, 17 miles by rail N.N.W. of Saint-L6. Pop. 3056. It has old fortifications, and a curious Norman church. Carentoir, kiVftN'-HwaR', a village of France, depart- ment of Morbihan, 35 miles E.N.E. of 'Vannes. Pop. 4665. It trades in cider and butter. Caresana, k4-ri-s3,'ni, a village of Italy, province of Novara, 8 miles S.S.E. of Vercelli. Pop. 3375. Ca'rey, a post-village of Wyandot co., 0., in Crawford township, on the Cincinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland Rail- road at its junction with the Findlay Branch, and on the Columbus ^'Toledo Railroad, 50 miles S. by E. of Toledo, 16 miles S.W. of Tiffin, and 16 miles E.S.E. of Findlay. It has a bank, 5 churches, a newspaper office, a union school, a foundry, a planing-mill, and a sash-factory. Pop. 692. Carey's, a station in Sussex co., Del., on the Junction 6 Breakwater Railroad, 12 miles S. of Milford. Carey's, a post-office of Cumberland co., Ky. Carey's Ferry, a post-office of Cherokee Nation, In- dian Territory, on the Neosho River. Careyvilie. See Caryville. Cargados, kan-gi'doce, Garayos, gJ-ri'yoce, or Naz'aretli Islands, a group of 3 small isles in the Indian Ocean, 312 miles N.E. of the Mauritius, of which colony they are a dependency. They produce cocoa-nuts, and have a scanty population. Carghese, or Cargese, kan^gaiz', a village of Cor- sica, 12 miles N.N.W. of Ajaccio, on the Gulf of Sagone. Pop. 1063. This commune was a Greek colony, and its church service follows the Greek rite. ' Carhaix, kan'i' (ano. Vorga'niumf), a town of France, department of Finistere, near the Hyeres, 37 miles N.E. of Quimper. Pop. 2365. It is the birthplace of the brave La Tour d'Auvergne. Carhuamayo, kan-wi-mi'o, a town of Peru, 16 miles S. of Pasco, lat. 11° 5' S., Ion. 75° 45' W., and 13,087 feet above the level of the sea. Cariaco, ki-re-i'ko, or San Felipe de Austria, sin fi-Iee'pi di ows'tre-i, a town of Venezuela. 40 miles E. of Cumana, in a plain watered by the Cariaco River, near the Gulf of Cariaco. Lat. 10° 30' N. ; Ion. 63° 40' W. Pop. 7000. Cariaco, a West India island. See Carriacou. Cariati, kd-re-i'tee (anc. Pater'num), a town of Italy, province of Caserta, on the Gulf of Taranto, 20 miles by rail E.S.E. of Rossano. Pop. 3439. It is surrounded by old walls, and has a cathedral and a seminary. It is a bishop's see. Caribbean or Carribbean (kirVib-bee'an) Sea, that portion of the Atlantic Ocean lying between the Carib- bees or Leeward and Windward Islands on the E., Central America on the W., the islands of Hayti or San Domingo and Cuba on the N., and the United States of Colombia and Venezuela on the S. It communicates with the Gulf of Mexico by a passage of about 120 miles in width between Capo Catoche, in Y'ucatan, and Cape San Antonio, the most westerly point of Cuba. Its southern shores are generally high and rocky, and contain some gulfs of considerable extent. Being but little encumbered with rocks or islands, its navi- gation is for the most part clear and open. Caribbees, kir'rib-biz, or Lesser Antilles, usually divided into the Windward and Leeward Islands, with some minor groups ; a section of the West India Islands. Car'iboo, a post-office of Butler co., Kansas, 20 miles S. of Peabody. Cariboo Island, off the N.E. coast of Nova Scotia, near the entrance to Pictou harbor, 5 miles N. of Pictou. Lat. 45° 44' N.; Ion. 62° 46' W. CAR 386 CAR Cariboo Point, a peninsula on the N. shore of Lake Huron, famed on account of the hieroglyphics which have been painted upon its brow by the Indians. In the vicinity are found hirge and beautiful agates. Caribou, kir'j-boo, a post-village of Boulder co., Col- orado, on the Snowy Range, 20 miles W. of Boulder. Alti- tude, 9905 feet. It has rich silver-mines, 2 hotels, and 1 or more quartz-mills. Pop. about 500. Caribou, a post-village of Aroostook co., Me., on the Aroostook River and the Aroostook Railroad, 54 miles N. of Houlton. It has a church, 2 hotels, a grist-mill, and manufactures of lumber, starch, sash, blinds, &q. Pop. of Caribou township, 1410. Carical, a town of India. See Caruical. Carife, ki-ree'fi (anc. Callifim ?), a town of Italy, prov- ince of Avellino, in the Apennines, 11 miles S.S.E. of Ari- ano. It has a college. Pop. 2400. Carignaii,kiVeen^y6N°', atownof Prance, in Ardennes, 26 miles by rail E.S.E. of Meziferes. Pop. 2051, Cari§;nano, kS,-reen-yi'no, a town of Italy, province and 11 miles S. of Turin. Pop. 4665. It is enclosed by old walls, and has a commercial college, a handsome church, and manufactures of silk twist and confectionery. Carignano {in French, Carignan) gives the title of prince to a branch of the royal family. Carillon, kS-h-eePyon', a post-village in Argenteuil co., Quebec, on the Ottawa River, 51 miles from Montreal. It is a port of landing, and the S.E. terminus of a railway ex- tending to G-renville. Pop. 500. Carilocus, the ancient name of CHAnLiEU. Carimata (ki-ree-ma't^) Islands {Malay, Kurimata), a group of over 100 islands in the BiUiton Passage, W. of Borneo. Between Grand Carimata (the largest) and the island of Billiton is the Carimata Strait. CarUmo'na, a small river or creek of Minnesota, rises in Mower co., runs nearly eastward into Fillmore co,, and enters the Root River about 8 miles N.E. of Preston. Cariuiona, a post-village of Fillmore co., Minn., in Carimona township, on a branch of Root River, about 40 miles S.AV. of Winona. It has a flour-mill and 2 general stores. Pop. of the township, 894, Carimon Islands. See Great and Little Carimons. Carimou Java, ka,Ve-mon'' jS.'vJL, an island in the Malay Archipelago, 20 miles in circumference. Lat. 5° 50' S. ; Ion. 110° 34' E. Carine, an ancient name of Ashtola. Carinena, ki-reen-yi'na, a town of Spain, 30 miles S.S.W, of Saragossa. Pop. 3350. Carinhenha, kS,-reen-y§n'ya, a river of Brazil, rising in the province of Goyaz, in the Serra Tabatinga, flows E.,' forming the boundary-line between the provinces of Bahia and Minas-Geraes, and falls into the Sao Francisco. Length, 160 miles direct. Carinhenha, a town of Brazil, province of Bahia, on the Sao Francisco, at the mouth of the Carinhenha, 52 miles N. of Salgado. Pop, 2000. Carini, kA-ree'nee, a town of Sicily, 12 miles W.N.W. of Palermo. Pop. 9585. It is beautifully situated on the small river of the same name. Among its public buildings is a Gothic castle. Near it are the ruins of Hyceara. Carinola, kA-re-no'lA. a town of Italy, province of Caserta, 20 miles E, of Gaeta. Pop. 900 ; with commune, 7640. Its vicinity produces excellent wine. Carinthia, ka-rin'the-a, Karnthen, or Karnten, kaiun't^n, a crown-land and titular duchy of Austro-Hun- gary. in Cisleithania, enclosed by Salzburg, Styria, Carniola, Goritz, Italy, and the Tyrol. Area, 4006 square miles. Capital, Klagenfurth. Two-thirds of its people are Ger- mans, and one-third of Slavic race. Pop, in 1876, 378,705. Its surface is mountainous. Principal river, the Drave. Chief lake, the Klagenfurth. Adj. and inhab. Carin- THIAN, ka-rin'the-an. Caripe, kd-ree'p4, a town and valley of Venezuela, 40 miles S.E. of Cumana. Car'isbrook, a post-office of Furnas co., Neb. Car'isbrooke, a village and parish of the Isle of AVight, England, li miles S.W. of Newport. The castle, a British fortress prior to the Roman invasion, was taken by Ccrdic the Saxon in 530 ; afterwards it was held by the Nor- mans, and its fortifications were extended by Queen Eliza- beth. It is a magnificent structure, and was the prison of Charles I. for 13 months. Within its walls is a remarkable well, 200 feet in depth. The church was built by the first Norman lord of the island, and, with the castle and village, is singularly picturesque. Cacitamiui, a river of Brazil. See Catrimani. Carl, a post-township and hamlet of Adams co., Iowa, about 66 miles S.W. of Des Moines. Pop. of hamlet, 75; of township, 534. Carla-le-Compte,kaRMa'-leh-k6Nt, a town of France, in Ariege, 11 miles W, of Pamiers'. Pop. 1869. Car'lee, a village of India, presidency of Bombay, 34 miles N.W, of Poonah, famous for some remarkable cave- temples, the principal of which is one of the finest excava- tions of its kind in India, having an arched roof supported by sculptured pillars. Carlentini, kaR-l^n-tee'nee, a town of Sicily, 19 miles N.W. of Syracuse. It was founded by the Emperor Charles V. Pop. 5756. Carl et, kaR-l5t', a town of Spain, 19 miles S. of Valen- cia, on the Requena. Pop. 4300. Carleton, or Carlton, karl'tpn, a post-village of Monroe co., Mich., in Ash township, on the Chicago & Can- ada Southern Railroad where it crosses the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, 11 miles N. of Monroe, and 29 miles S.W. of Detroit. It has 2 saw-mills, a flour-mill, and a stave- factory. Pop. 250. Carleton, a post-village of Thayer co., Neb., on the St. Joseph & Denver City Railroad, 31 miles N.W. of Fairbury. It has a church and a union school. Carleton, karl'ton, a county in the eastern part of On- tario, has an area of 649 square miles. It is traversed by a railroad extending from Prescott to Ottawa, and by the Canada Central Railway. Capital, Ottawa. Pop. 43,284. Carleton, a county in the western part of New Bruns- wick, bounded on the W. by the river St. John. It contains deposits of iron ore, and is intersected by the New Bruns- wick & Canada Railway. Area, 1250 square miles. Capi- tal, Woodstock. Pop. 19,938. Carleton, a post-village in Yarmouth co., Nova Scotia, 16 miles from Yarmouth. Pop. 77S. Carleton, a post-village in Bonaventure co., Quebec, at the foot of the Tracadieche Mountains, on the S. shore of the Bay of Chaleurs, 5 miles N.E. of Dalhousie, New Bruns- wick. The bay opposite the village affords a safe refuge for shipping. Carleton has a great herring-fishery, a branch bank, and 4 stores. Pop. 500. Carleton, a post-village in Prince co., Prince Edward Island, 33 miles W. of Charlottetown, Pop. 200. Carleton, a suburb of the city of St, John, New Bruns- wick, on the western side of the harbor, immediately op- posite the city. It has a number of steam saw-mills, a foundry, many fine residences, a public hall, 7 churches, schools, &c. A large portion of its inhabitants are engaged in the fisheries. A steam-ferry miintains communication with the city every fifteen minutes. Carleton is the eastern terminus of the European & North American Railway. Carleton, a village in Shelburne co., Nova Scotia, 9 miles from Shelburne. Pop. 1044. Carleton Place, a town in Lanark co., Ontario, at a railway junction, on the Mississippi River, 21 miles N. by E. of Perth, and 28 miles S.W. of Ottawa. It has great water-power, several saw-mills, a shingle-mill, a woollen- factory, 4 churches, and a weekly newspaper. Steamers ply on the Mississippi River. Pop. 1205. Carleton's Store, a post-village of King and Queen co,, Va., 10 miles from Sweet Hall Railroad Station. It has a church, a grist-mill, &c. Car'lile Spring's, a station on the Canon City Branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, 20 miles W. by N. from Pueblo, Colorado. Car'lin, a township of Calhoun co.. 111. Pop. 534. Carlin, a post-village of Elko co., Nevada, on tho Hum- boldt River, and on the Central P.acific Railroad, 440 miles E.N.E. of Sacramento. It has a public library and some machine-shops of the railroad. Pop. 295. Car'lingford, or Car'linford, a town of Ireland, co. of Louth, on the southern shore of Carlingford Bay, 10 miles E.N.E. of Dundalk. It has the remains of a cattle and of a Dominican friary. Pop. 971. Car'lingford, a post-village in Perth co., Ontario, S miles S.W. of Sebringville, It has saw-mills and grist- mills. Pop. 100. Carlingford Bay is an inlet of the Irish Sea, between the COS. of Louth and Down, 11 miles in length by 3 miles in its greatest breadth. Car'lington Mountains are situated on the S. side of the above bay, and rise to 1935 feet in height. Car'linville, a post-village, capital of Macoupin oo., 111., is in Carlinville township, on the Chicago & Alton Rail- road, 38 miles S. by W. from Springfield, and 33 miles N.N.E. of Alton, It is 1 or 2 miles N. of Macoupin Creek. It is the seatof Blackburn University (Presbyterian), which was organized in 1867. Carlinvillo has a national bank, 2 CAR 387 CAR other banks, 2 newspaper offices, 8 churches, 3 flour-mills, and a woollen-mill. Pop. 2500 ; of the township, 5S08. CarlinAvark, Scotland. See Castle Douglas. Carlisle, kar-lil' (anc. Lugnvallio or Luyuvallum), a city of England, capital of the county of Cumberland, near the confluence of the Eden, Caldew, and Petrie Rivers, at the junction of seven railways, 300 miles N.N.W. of Lon- don, and 60 miles W.S.W. of Newcastle. Its principal streets diverge from an irregularly shaped market-place, and are wide and well paved. The cathedral, which is situated on an elevated site, has a tower 130 feet in height, and a fine eastern window. The castle, built by William Eufus, on an eminence beside the Eden, is now used for a barrack and armory. The other chief structures are four bridges, — one across the Eden, a handsome bridge of 10 arches, — the town hall, guild hall, council-chamber, jail, news-rooms, court-houses, railway buildings, banks, infirmary, a gram- mar-school, an academy for the encouragement of arts and mechanics' institutions, a theatre, assembly-rooms, several libraries, and extensive manufactories of cotton goods, print- and dye-works, iron-foundries, breweries, ttinneries, and hat- factories. Carlisle is a bishop's see. The city corporation consists of a mayor, 10 aldermen, and 30 councillors. The town sends two members to the House of Commons. Its see, founded by Henry I., comprises parishes in Cumberland and Westmoreland. Carlisle was originally a Roman station, called LuguvaUum, abbreviated by the Saxons to Luel, to which was put the prefix Caer, or "city," whence Carlisle. It was destroyed by the Danes in the ninth century, and subsequently restored by William Rufus, who built its castle. Pop. in 1S71, 31,074. Carlisle, kar''lil', a post-village of Prairie co., Ark., on the Memphis & Little Rock Railroad, 31 miles E. of Little Rock. It has a flour-mill, &c. i>op. about 200. Carlisle, St. Joseph co., Ind. See New Caulisle. Carlisle, a post-village of Sullivan co., Intl., in Had- don township, on the Evansville & Terre Haute Railroad, 36 miles S. of Terre Haute. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a graded school, a flour-mill, and a woollen-factory. Pop. 499. Carlisle, a post-village of Warren co., Iowa, in Allen township, on North River, and on a branch railroad which connects Des Moines with Indianola, 10 miles S.E. of Des Moines. It has 4 churches, a flouring-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 400. Carlisle, a post-village, capital of Nicholas co., Ky., on the Maysville & Lexington Railroad, 36 miles N.E. of Lex- ington. It has a bank, a court-house, the Kentucky Nor- mal School, 4 churches, and a newspaper office. Pop. 606. Carlisle, a post-village and township of Middlesex co., Mass., 5 miles N. of Concord. The township is bounded on the E. by the Concord River. It has 2 churches. Pop. 548, Carlisle Station, near the western limit of the township, is on the Framingham & Lowell Railroad. Carlisle, a post-hamlet of Eaton co., Mich., in Kalamo township, 6i miles W. of Charlotte. It has a grist-mill and a manufactory of bedsteads, croquet-sets, carts, Ac. Carlisle, a post-hamlet of Schoharie co., N.Y., in Car- lisle township, 6 miles N. of Cobleskill, and about 40 miles W. of Albany. It has a church. The township has a fur- nace, a tannery, a cheese-factory, &q. Pop. of the town- ship, 1634. Carlisle, a hamlet of Brown co., 0., in Jackson town- ship, about 45 miles E. by S. of Cincinnati. It has a church and a plough-factory. Carlisle, a hamlet of Holmes co., 0., in Walnut Creek township, about 22 miles S.S.W. of Massillon. It has a church. Carlisle, a township of Lorain co., 0. Pop. 1219. It contains Laporte. Carlisle, a village of Noble co., 0., in Stock township. 10 miles E. of Caldwell, and about 25 miles N. by E. of Marietta. It baa a church and a wagon-shop. Coal is found here. Pop. 218. The name of its post-office is Berne. Carlisle, a post-borough, capital of Cumberland co., Pa., is pleasantly situated in the long and fertile Cumber- land Valley, 19 miles W.S.W. of Harrisburg. 33 miles N.E. of Chambersburg, and 125 miles W. of Philadelphia. It is on the Cumberland Valley Railroad (which connects it with Harrisburg), and is at the north terminus of the South Mountain Railroad. It is the seat of Dickinson College (Methodist), founded in 1783, which has a library of 30,000 volumes. Carlisle contains a town hall, 15 churches, United States barracks, 2 banks, 4 newspaper offices, 2 machine-shops, a large shoe-factory, a foundry, and manu- factures of carriages and cars. This town was shelled by the Confederates July 1, 1863. Pop. 6650. Carlisle, a post-village in Wentworth co., Ontario, 13 miles from Hamilton. It has an iron-foundry. Pop. 100. Carlisle, Middlesex co., Ontario. See Falkiuk. Carlisle Centre, a post-hamlet of Schoharie co.,N.Y., 3 miles from Howe's Cave Railroad Station. Carlisle Springs, a post-ofiice and summer resort of Cumberland co., Pa., 4 miles N. of Carlisle. It has a min- eral spring. Carlisle Station, a post-hamlet of Warren co., 0., in Franklin township, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad, 44 miles N. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 200. Carl Junction, Missouri. See Joplin Crossing. Carlo, an island in the Gulf of Bothnia. See Karlo. Car'locksville, a post-hamlet of Rutherford co., Tenn., S miles N.E, of Fosterville Railroad Station. It has about 20 families. Carloforte, kau-lo-fon'ti, a town of Italy, on the island of San Pietro, near the S,W. coast of Sardinia. Pop. 3405. It has fisheries and salt-works. Carlopago, kan-lo-pS-'go, or Carlobago, kaR-lo- bi'go, a seaport of Croatia, on the Adriatic, opposite the Dalmatian island of Pago. It has an active trade in wine, timber, and fish. Pop. 1200. Carlopoli, kaR-lop'o-le, a town of Italy, province and 12i miles N.N.W. of Catanzaro. Pop. 2200. Carlos, a township of Douglas co., Minn. Pop. 131. It contains Lake Carlos. Carlota, or La Carlota, 13, kaR-lo'ti, a town of Spain, 17 miles S.S.W. of Cordova. It is one of the Ger- man colonies founded in 1767. Pop. 1350. Carlot'ta, a post-hamlet of Page co., Va., 4 miles E. of Luray. There are several churches in its vicinity. Car'low, a county of Ireland, in Leinster, encircled by the counties of Kildare, Wicklow, Wexford, Queens, and Kil- kenny. Area, 346 square miles, of which abnut 295 square miles are arable. Surface, except in the S., flat or gently undulating. Principal rivers, the Barrow and Slaney. Agriculture is more advanced than in most Irish counties. Dairy farms are numerous, and the breed of cows is excellent. Granite is found, also flagstones and potter's clay. Chief towns, Carlow, Bagnalstown, and Tullow. Exclusive of its capita], it sends two members to the House of Commons. Pop. 51,650. Carlow (originally Catherlogh, kath'er-loH^), a town of Ireland, capital of the above, at the confluence of the Bur- ren with the navigable river Barrow, 56 miles by rail S.S.W, of Dublin. It is clean and well built, and has 2 handsome bridges, the ruins of a strong Anglo-Norman castle, a Prot- estant parish church, an elegant Catholic church, a college for divinity students, 2 nunneries, a court-house, a jail, a lunatic asylum and infirmary, a fever hospital, workhouse, barracks, &c. It has flour-mills and breweries, sends a mem- ber to Parliament, and is the seat of the Catholic bishop of Kildare. Pop. 7S43. Car'low, OF Smith's Hill, a post-village in Huron CO., Ontario, 7 miles from Goderich. Pop. 100. Carlowitz, or Karlowitz, kau'lo-vits (Hun. Karlo- vdcz, kaRMo^v^ts'), a town of Austro-Hungary, in Slavonia, 7 miles S.E, of Peterwardein, on the right bank of the Danube. It is well built, but much scattered, stretching along the banks of the river like a large village rather than a town. It contains a Greek cathedral, a Roman Catholic gymnasium, a Greek theological seminary and lyceum, a German school, a normal school, and a hospital, and is the seat of a Greek archbishop. The palace of the archbishop contains a valuable library. Pop. 4419. Car'lowville, a hamlet of Dallas co., Ala., 2 miles from Minter Railroad Station. It has 2 churches. Carl Place, a hamlet of Queens co., N.Y., in North Hempstead township, 3 miles from Mineola. Carls'bad (Ger. Karhhad, kaRls'b^t, or Kaiserharle- bad, ki'zer-kaRls^bit, formerly called Wary, 'AS.'Ree), a town of Bohemia, on the Topel, near its junction with the Eger, 70 miles N.N.W. of Prague, famous for its hot springs. Pop. 7276 ; but during the season the population often amounts to 20,000. Mean temperature of the year, 46°; winter, 36°. 3 j summer, 63°. 7 Eahrcnheit. It is the most aristocratic watering-place in Europe. The town, which belongs to the Emperor of Austria, occupies the bottom of a narrow valley, between steep granite mountains, and con- sists mainly of lodging-houses and hotels for visitors. It has one handsome street, the Kunstetrasae, in connection with a granite bridge to the railway station across the Eger, a theatre, a hospital, and several reading-rooms. The springs contain a great amount of carbonate and sulphate of Boda; and the Sprudel, temperature 165° Fahrenheit, CAR deposits so mucb incrustation, and is foi'ced upwards witb such violence, tliat fresh orifices have to be continually bored to prevent explosions and damages to the town. The MUhlbnmncn, temperature 138° Fahrenheit, furnishes most of the water used for drinking. Vapor baths have been constructed over the Hi/gieiujiieHe. There are several other noted hot wells here; but all, according to a popular theory, derive their waters from a common reservoir. The public walks are much admired. The baths are frequented from June to September. Carls'burg, a hamlet of Cumberland CO., N.J., in Deer- field township, 2 miles from Bridgeton. Carlsburg, Transylvania. See IVAnLSBURG. Caiiscroiia,kaRls-kroo'ni, orBlekinge,bU'king-?h, a Iten or province in the S. of Sweden, between lat. 5G° and 56° 30' N. and Ion. 14° 30' and 16° E., having S. and E. the Baltic, \V. Christianstad, N. Kronoberg, and N.E. Kalmar. Area, 1164 square miles. It is called the garden of Sweden. Pop. 134,005. Principal towns, Carlserona and Carlshamn. Carlscrona,or Karlskrona, kanls-kroo'ni, in Eng- lish sometimes called Carl scroon', a fortified town of Swe- den, and the principal station of the Swedish navy, capital of the above, on 5 small islands in the Baltic, connected by bridges with one another and the mainland, 55 miles E. of Christianstad. Lat. of S. point, 56° 9' 5" N. ; Ion. 15° 35' 2" E. It is the terminus of a railway to We.xio. It has an extensive and safe harbor, sufficient for the largest ships, and 3 entrances, the principal defended by strong forts. The town is well built, partly of brick, but principally of wood ; it is separated by a wall from an e.xtensive naval arsenal and dock-yard. Chief edifices, the churches, council-house, and public schools. It has manufactures of naval equip- ments, linen cloths, tobacco, and refined sugar, and an ex- port trade in metals, potash, and other produce. Pop. in 1S76, 17,290. Carlsdalj kanls'diLr, the name of some extensive iron- works, with a cannon-foundry .and manufactures of arms, in Sweden, Isen and 22 miles N.W. of Orebro. Carlshafen, a town of Germany. See Kaulshafen. Carlshamn, or Karlshamii,kanls'him, a town of Sweden, 26 miles ^Y. of Carlserona, on the Baltic, at the terminus of a railway. It is regularly built, and has a good market-place, manufactures of sail-cloth, tobacco, and hats, building-docks, a small but secure port, and an active trade in iron, timber, potash, pitch, and tar. Pop. 5492. Carlshoff, karls'hoff, an island in the North Pacific. Lat. 15° 40' N. ; Ion. 145° 38' W. It is about 18 miles in circumference, and has a lake in the centre. Carlso, kanl'so, a small Swedish island in the Baltic, W. of Gothl.and. Lat. 57° 19' 39" N. ; Ion. 18° E. ( Carlsruhe, or Karlsruhe, kanls'roo^ (" Charles's Rest"), a city of Germany, capital of the grand duchy of Baden, at the junction of several railways, 4 miles E. of the Rhine, and' 39 miles W.:^.W. of Stuttgart. Its princi- pal streets converge towards the palace as a centre, facing which is a fine circus, with the government offices. The grand-ducal palace has a tower commanding a fine view, a museum, and a library of 110,000 volumes. Other prin- cipal edifices are the grand-ducal stables, the theatre, the palace of the Margraves, polytechnic school, Protestant and Catholic churches, a synagogue, council-house, the hall of representatives, mint, post-office, barracks, arsenal, a deaf- mute asylum, cannon-foundVy, museum, club-house, and hospitals, including one richly endowed by the tailor Stultz (in return for which he was created a baron). Carlsruhe is supplied with water by an aqueduct, and ornamented with several public fountains and a stone pyramid, under which the founder of the city was buried. The gardens of the palace form the chief public promenade. Public institu- tions comprise a lyceura, military, medical, and veterinary schools, academies of architecture, painting, and music, a botanic garden, a society of arts, and numerous literary as- sociations. Manufactures of jewelry, gloves, tobacco, car- pets, snutf, chemical products, furniture, and carriages are carried on, but the chief resources of the inhabitants arise out of the presence of the court and aristocracy. Consider- able transit trade is carried on by means of the Rhino and the railways. Carlsruhe is a modern city, its foundation having been laid in 1715, by Charles William, Margrave of Baden. Pop. in 1875. 42,895. Carlsruhe, a town of Prussian Silesia, 18 miles N.N.W. of Oppeln. Pop. 2132. Carlsruhe, or Karlsruhe, a post-village in Bruce CO., Ontario, 10 miles from Walkerton. Pop. 150. Carlstad, kanl'stiUt, Verinland, or Wermland, vSitm'Iint, a lajn or province of Sweden, mostly between lat. 59° and 61° N. and Ion. 1 2° and 14° 30' E., having S. Lake i CAR Wener, W. Norway, E. Orebro, and N.E. Fahlun. Area, 7346 square miles. Pop. in 1876, 268,557. The province comprises some rich iron-mines. Carlstad, a town of Sweden, capital of the above Isen. on the N. shore of Lake Wener, 160 miles by rail W. of Stockholm. It has a handsome cathedral, a college with library and observatory, a town bouse, governor's residence, freemasons' hall, theatre, club, and cabinet of natural history. It exports copper, iron, corn, salt, and timber. It is a bishop's see. Pop. in 1874, 7412. Carlstadt, Germany. See Kaklstadt. Carlstadt, karl'statt, a post-village of Bergen co., N.J., in Lodi township, on the New Jersey & New York Railroad, 9 miles N. of Jersey City, and 4 miles from Hackensack. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of watch-cases, artificial flowers, sash and blinds, and the works of the Vulcan Hardware Company. A newspaper is published here in German. Pop. about 2000. Carls'ton, a township of Freeborn CO., Minn. Pop. 438. It contains part of Freeborn Lake. Carl'ton, a county in the N.E. part of Minnesota, has an area of 865 square miles. It is intersected by the St. Louis River, and also drained by the Kettle and Nemadji Rivers. The surface is uneven, and extensively covered with forests of pine and other trees. It is traversed by the Northern Pacific Railroad. Capital, Thomson. Valuation of real and personal estate, $221,940. Pop. in 1870, 286: in 1875, 495. Carlton, a township of Tama co., Iowa. Pop. 844. Carlton, a post-office of Dickinson co., Kansas. Carlton, a township of Barry co., Mich. Pop. 1089. Carlton, Nebraska. See Carleton. Carlton, a post-township of Orleans co., N.Y., is bounded on the N. by Lake Ontario, and intersected by the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad. It contains Carlton and Carlton Station. Pop. 2406. Carlton, a post-village of Orleans co., N.Y., in Carlton township, on Oak Orchard Creek, It miles from Carlton Station of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, and 32 miles W.N.W. of Rochester. It has 2 churches. Carlton, a post-hamlet of Yam Hill co., Oregon, on the Oregon Central Railroad, 43 miles by rail S.W. of Portland. It has a church. Carlton, a post-hamlet of Mercer co., Pa.., on French Creek, and on the railroad which connects Meadville with Franklin, 14 miles S.S.E. of Meadville. Carlton, a post-hamlet of Kewaunee co.. Wis., in Carl- ton township, is on Lake Michigan, 26 miles E.S.E. of the town of Green Bay. It has 2 mills and a church. Pop. of the township, 1412. Carlton, a village in Y'ork co., Ontario, 5 miles by rail S.W. of Toronto. Pop. 150. Carlton Centre, a post-hamlet of Barry co., Mich., 7 miles N. of Hastings. It has a church and a saw-mill. Carlton Park, a station in Passaic co., N.J., on the Montclair & Greenwood Lake Railroad, 21 miles N.W. of Jersey City. Carlton's Store, Va. See Cakleton's Store. Carlton Station, a post-office of Orleans co., N.Y., on the Lake Ontario Shore Railroad, 47 miles E. by N. of Lewiston. Carl'tonville, a station in Essex co., Mass., on the Salem & Lawrence Branch of the Eastern Railroad, 1 mile from Salem. Car'luke, a borough of Scotland, co. and 5 miles N.AV. of Lanark. It has cotton-mills, coal-, iron-, and lime-works, and a handsome church. Pop. 3423. Carlyle, kar'IIl', a post-village, capital of Clinton co., HI., is on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad where it crosses the navigable Kaskaskia or Okaw River, 47 miles E. of St. Louis, Mo., and about 14 miles N.W. of Centi-alia. It has a bank and 5 churches. Two weekly newspapers (1 in Ger- man) are published here. It has also a graded school, and manufactures of ploughs, wagons, Ac. Pop. about 2400. Carlyle, a post-office and station of Allen co., Kansas, on the Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston Railroad, 5 miles N. of lola, and 13 miles N. of Humboldt. It has 2 churches. Carlyle, a station in Gove oo., Kansas, on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 87 miles W.N.W. of Hays City. Carly'on, a post-hamlet of Orleans oo., N.Y., and a sta- tion on the Lake Ontario division of the Ronie. Watertown A Ogdensburg Railroad, 41 miles E. by N. of Lewiston. It has a church. Carmagnola, kaR-mln-yo'li, a town of Italy, in Pied- mont, on the Po, at a railway junction, 10 miles S. of Turin. It is well built ; its principal squares and streets are orua- CAR 389 CAR mented with porticos ; and it has a fine Gothic church, a massive tower, formerly part of a castle, manufactures of jewelry, and an active trade in silk, flax, corn, cattle, Ac. Pop. 12,799. Carinau, an island, Gulf of Siam. See Koh-Sasia. Car'man, a post-hamlet of Henderson co., III., on the Mississippi River, and on the railroad between Carthage and Burlington, Iowa, 6 miles S. of Burlington. It has a church, 3 stores, and a carriage-factory. Carmana, a Persian town. See Keuman. Carmania^ a Persian province. See Kerman. Carmarthen,Caermarthen,kar-mar'THen, orCar- martheushire^ kar-mar'TH§n-shir, a county of '\Vales, having S. the Bristol Channel. Area, 94:7 square miles. Surface hilly, interspersed with productive valleys ; on the E. it is bounded by mountains, one of which, the Van, rises 2596 feet. Chief rivers, the Towy, Cothy, and Taf. Agri- culture is the leading employment. Grain, hay, wool, and live-stock are produced. Iron, lead, coal, and lime are the chief mineral products. Several railways connect the mines of the interior with the coast. Chief towns, Carmarthen, Llandovery, Kidwelly, and Llanelly ; exclusive of which it sends two members to the House of Commons. Pop. 1 1 5,710. Carmarthen, kar-mar'TH?n (anc. Caer Fryddyn, ki'er friiTH'in j Lat. Maridu' num), a borough of South Wales, capital of the above county, on the Towy, 8 miles above its mouth, and at an important railway junction, 23 miles N.W. of Swansea. Streets steep and irregular ; houses mostly well built. Principal edifices, a large parish church, guild hall, market-house, jail, custom-house, and theatre. The town has a grammar-school and a Presbyterian college, docks for small vessels, and an active export trade in corn, butter, timber, bark, slates, &,c. The Towy is navigable to the town for vessels of 200 tons' burden. In conjunction with Llanelly, it sends one member to the House of Commons. Carmartheu Bay, a large inlet of Bristol Channel, Wales, between St. Goven's Point, co. of Pembroke, and Worms Head, co. of Glamorgan, and having N. the co. of Carmarthen. It receives the Taf and Towy Rivers. Caldy Island, in this bay, has a light-house, 210 feet above the sea, in lat. 51° 37' b^" N., Ion. 4° 40' 57" W. Carmaux, kan^mO', a town of France, in Tarn, 11 miles by rail N. of Alby, on the left bank of the Cerou. Pop. 4361. There are extensive coal-mines in its vicinity. Carmel, kar'm^l, a famous mountain of Palestine, forming the extremity of a range of hills which extend N.W. from the plain of Esdraelon, rounding the Bay of Acre on its S. side, and terminating in a steep promontory in the Mediterranean. Elevation, about 1500 feet; lat. 32° 51' 10" N.; Ion. 34° 57' 42" E. It is mentioned in Scrip- ture as the place where Elijah destroyed the prophets of Baal. The rock is limestone, containing numerous caverns, and there has long stood a convent near its summit, inhab- ited by monks, thence called Carmelites. The brook Kishon enters the sea near the N. base of the mountain. On the summit of Carmel are pines and oaks, and farther down are olives and laurels. The old convent, destroyed by the Turks in 1821, has been rebuilt. Car'mel, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ind., 15 miles N. of Indianapolis, It has 2 churches, an academy, and a tile-factory. Carmel, a post-office of Cloud co., Kansas, 21 miles W.N.W. of Clay Centre. Carmel, a post-village of Penobscot co., Me., in Carmel township, on the Maine Central Railroad, 14 miles W. of Bangor, It has a church, and manufactures of lumber, &c. Pop. of the township, 1348. Carmel, a township of Eaton co., Mich. Pop. 1013, exclusive of Charlotte. Carmel, a post-village, capital of Putnam co., N.Y., in Carmel township, 55 miles N. of New York City, and 4 or 5 miles N.E. of Lake Mahopac. It contains a court-house, 3 churches, a national bank, the Drew Seminary and Female College, and 2 superior hotels. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Here is a lake called Gleneida, which has an area of 170 acres. Pop. 590 j of the township, 2801. Carmel, a post-ofiice of Highland co., 0. Carmel, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Tenn., 10 miles from Adams Station. It has a church. Carmen, kan'mSn (Sp. for ** garden"), an island of Mexico, in the Gulf of Mexico, 90 miles S.W. of Cam- peachy, at the entrance of Lake Terminos. Carmen, an island in the Gulf of California, imme- diately opposite Loreto, It contains a large salt lake, with a solid crust of salt several feet thick. Car'men, a township of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of KildarCj 6 miles E. of Athy. Here are draidical remains. Carmen, or EI Carmen, Si kan'mSn, or Pata- gones, p^-ti-go'nes, also called Carmen de Pata- gones, a town of the Argentine Republic, on the Rio Negro, 18 miles from its mouth in the Atlantic, and 500 miles S.W. of Buenos Ayres. Lat. 40° 36' S. ; Ion. 63° 18' W. Pop. 2000. It exports hides, feathers, skins, beef, salt, and Patagonian mantles. Carmen, a town of the United States of Colombia, de- partment of Cauca, province of Antioquia. Carmen de las Flores, kan'mSn di 13,3 flo'nSs, or riores, a town of the Argentine Republic, state of Buenos Ayres, about 140 miles by rail S.AV. of Buenos Ayres. Carmi, kar'mi, a post-village, capital of White co.. 111., is in Carmi township, on the Little Wabash River, and on the Cairo Bay City Railroad, 13 miles N.E. of Vassar, and about 30 miles K. of East Saginaw. It has 2 churches, a bank, a graded school, a money-order post-office, a brick court-house, a newspaper office, a foundry, 2 saw- mills, 2 grist-mills, and a planing-miU. Pop. about 900. Caroburgus, a Latin name of Cherbourg. Caroehe, ki-ro'chi. a town of Venezuela, state and 20 miles N.N.E. of Trujillo. Caro'ga, a township of Fulton co., N.Y., in the Great North Woods. It has several fine lakes, and manufactures 0^ leather and lumber. Pop. 884. Caroga, a hamlet of Fulton co., N.Y., 7i miles from Gloversville. It has a church, a tannery, and saw-mills. Carolina, kir-o-li'na, a colonial settlement in North America, made by the English about the middle of the seventeenth century. North and South Carolina origi- nally constituted but one colony ; they were, however, divided in 1729, and since the Revolution have formed two separate states. See North Carolina and South Carolina. Inhab. Carolinian, kS,r'o-lin'e-an. Carolina, a post-office of Washington co.. Miss. Carolina, a post-office of Marion co., S.C. Carolina, a post-hamlet of Haywood co., Tenn., about 36 miles W. by N. of Jackson. It has 2 churches. Carolina, in Spain, kc. See La Carolina. Carolina Mill s, a post-village of Washington co., R.T., on the Usquapaug or Beaver River, and 1 mile from Cai'o- lina Station on the Stonington & Providence Railroad, which is 33 miles from Providence. It has a church, a graded school, and a manufactory of cassimeres. Pop. 378. Carolinas, the Spanish for Caroline Islands. Car'oline, a county in the E. part of Maryland, bor- dering on Delaware, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is intersected by Choptank River, and is partly drained by Tuckahoe River. The surface is nearly level; the soil is mostly sandy. Indian corn, wheat, and oats are the staple products. It is traversed by the Maryland & Dela- ware Railroald. Capital, Denton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,239,452. Pop. Jn 1870, 12,101, of whom 12,026 were Americans. Caroline, a county in the E. central part of Virginia, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Rappahannock River, and on the S.W. by the North Anna, and is intersected by the Mattapony River. The surface is undulating or hilly, and extensively covered with forests. Indian corn, tobacco, and wheat are the staple products. This county is traversed by [he Rich- mond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Railroad, Capital, Bowl- ing Green, Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,510,230. Pop. in 1S?0, 15,12S, of whom 15,076 were Americans. Caroline, a post-office of Le Sueur co., Minn. Caroline, a post-township of Tompkins co., N.T., 12 miles E.S.E. of Ithaca. Its surface is hilly, and presents beautiful scenery. It is intersected by the railroad which connects Ithaca with Oswego, and contains Caroline Centre, Mott's Corners, and SpeedsviUe. Pop. 2129. Caroline, a hamlet of Seneca co., 0., in Venice town- ship, 1 mile from Attica. Pop. about 100. Caroline, a post-office of Shawano co., Wis. Caroline Centre, a post-hamlet of Tompkins co., N,Y., in Caroline township, 12 miles S.E. of Ithaca. Caroline Depot, a post-office of Tompkins co., N.Y., on the Cayuga & Susquehanna Railroad, 21 miles from Owego, and 12 miles S.E. of Ithaca. Car'oline Island, one of the Marquesas group, in the Pacific. Lat. 9° 57' S. ; Ion. 150° 25' W. Car'oline Islands, or New Philippines (Sp. Carolinas, k^-ro-lee'n^s, or Nnevas FHipinas, noo-i'v4s fe-le-pee'nds), a great archipelago of the Pacific Ocean, claimed by Spain, but practically independent. They are regarded as including the Pelew Islands in the W. and the Mulgrave Archipelago in the extreme E. ; but the Carolines proper lie between these extremes, and contain hundreds of small islands, arranged in 48 recognized groups. In its widest sense the name Caroline Islands is nearly synony- mous with Micronesia. Carolinensyhl, k3,-ro-lee'nen-zeel, a village of Ger- many, in Hanover, on the North Sea, 34 miles N.E. of Emden. Pop, 988. Caromb, k;l'r6No', a town of France, Vaucluse, 4 miles N.E. of Carpentras. Pop. 2508, Carondelet,ka-ron'd§-la(Fr.pron. ka.*R6NoMeh-U'), a former village of St. Louis co., Mo., on the Mississippi River, below St. Louis. In 1860 it was merged in the 1st ward of that city, and it is now called South St. Louis. Carondelet is the name of a station on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 6 miles S. of St. Louis, It is the terminus of the Carondelet Branch of the Missouri Pacific Railroad. Carondelet is also the name of a town- ship in St. Louis co. Pop. 53S7. Caro'nia (ane. Calac'tc, or Oalac'ta), a town of Sicily, on the N. coast, 22 miles E. of Cefalu. Pop. 3893. Carony, or Caroni, ki\-ro-neo', a river of Venezuela, rises in the Sierra Pacarainia, and, after a northward course of 400 miles, joins the Orinnoo 85 miles E. of Angostura. Its rapidity and cataracts render it innavigable. Car^oor', a town of British India, district and 100 miles by rail E. of Coimbatoor, on the Cavery River. Pop. 93S0. CAR 3 CaTora, k3.-ro'r4, or Caroro, ka.-ro'ro, a town of Venezuela, state of Barquesimeto, 100 miles S.W. of Coro, and 50 miles E. of Lake Maracaybo, on the Tocuyo. Lat. 10° 13' N.; Ion. 70° 26' W. It is tolerably well built, and contains a handsome parish church, a Franciscan convent, and a hermitage. Pop. 5000. Carotto, k^-rot'to, a village of Italy, 5i miles S.W. of Castel-a-Mare, on the Bay of Naples, with a school of navi- gation. Pop. 4870. Carouge, ki'roozh', a town of Switzerland, canton and li miles S. of Geneva, on the Arve. Pop. 5870. It is finely situated, and surrounded by elegant villas. It has manu- factures of thread, watches, clay pipes, and leather. Carovigno, ka--ro-veen'yo. a town of Italy, in Lecce, 19 miles W.N.W. of BrindisL Pop., with commune, 4790. Carovilli, kS.-ro-vil'lee, a town of Italy, province of Campobixsso, 10 miles N.N.E. of Isernia. Pop. 3090. Carp, a station in Marquette co., Mich., on the railroad from Marquette to Ishpeming, 11 miles W. of Marquette. Carp, a post-village in Carleton co., Ontario, 22 miles S.W. of Ottawa. Pop. 150. Carpane, kaR-p§,'ni, or Carpaiiedo, kan-pi-ni'do, a village of Italy, in Venetia, 23 miles N.N.E. of Vicenza. Carpaneto, kaR-pA-ni'to, a town of Italy, province and 13 miles S.E. of Piacenza. It contains a medical and two elementary schools. Good grain and wine of a very fine quality are produced here. Pop. 5308. Carpathian or Karpathian{kaR-pi'the-an) Moun- tains (Ger. Knrpathen, kaR-pa'ten ; anc. Car'pntes), a range of mountains of Europe, chiefly in A ustro- Hungary, which, commencing at New Orsova, on the Servian frontier, where the bed of the Danube is all that separates it from Mount Hsemus, proceeds first N.E., and then E. to the frontiers of Roumania, where it turns, first to the N.W., then W., and finally S.W., as far as Presburg, enclosing the plains of Hungary, and forming a semicircular belt nearly 800 miles long by 250 miles broad. The Carpathian chain may be divided into two great sections, the East and the West Carpathians ; the former curving from the mouth of the Nera, which falls into the Danube 41 miles E. of Eel- grade, to the source of the Theiss, and forming the boundary between Austro-Hungary and Roumania; the latter pro- ceeding from the sources of the Theiss and the Pruth, and ter- minating on the banks of the Danube W. of Presburg, and forming the boundary between Hungary and Galicia. The greatest heights of the East Carpathians are — Ruska Po- yana, 9909 feet; Garluvipi, 9587 feet; Buthest, in Tran- sylvania, near Kronstadt, 8695 feet; Retirzath, 8502 feet; and Lentschitz, 8456 feet. The greatest heights of the West Carpathians are in the Tatra Range, namely, the Kriwa-n, 8029 feet: the A^iszoka, 8312 feet; the Csabi, same height; and in the mountains of Lomnitz, the Eisthalerspitze, 8521 feet; the Griineseespitze, 8203 feet; the Hundsdorferspitze, 8318 feet; and the peaks of Lomnitz, 8462 feet. The outer bend of the Carpathians is much steeper than that which descends towards the valleys of Transylvania and Hungary. The mountain-branch which, stretching N.W., separates the basin of the Dniester from that of the Saane, also forms the line of separation between the basin of the Baltic and that of the Black Sea. The only impor- tant rivers which actually rise in the chain are the Vistula, the Dniester, and the Theiss. Basalt frequently occurs, but no distinct traces of volca- noes have been found. The Carpathian Range is rich in minerals, including gold, silver, quicksilver, copper, and iron. Salt occurs in beds, which have sometimes a thick- ness of 600 or 700 feet and are apparently inexhaustible. Vegetation also is vigorous. On the plateaus fruit is grown at the height of 1 500 feet. Higher up, the mountain-steeps are covered with forests of pine, some of them at as great a height as 5500 feet. The limit of vegetation seems to be about 6000 feet. Above this a few lichens may be found, but in general nothing is seen but bare steep rocks. Carpathus, or Carpathos. See Scarpaxto. Carpenedolo, kaR-pi-ni-do'lo, a town of Italy, prov- ince and 21 miles S.E. of Brescia, near the Chiese. It con- tains 4 churches and 2 hospitals, and has manufactures of silk. Pop. 5253. Carpentaria, Gulf of. See Gulf of Carpentaria. Car'penter, a station in Jackson co., Ala., on the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, 2 miles N.E. of Bridge- port, and 26 miles by rail W. of Chattanooga, Tenn. Carpenter, a post-village of Madison co., 111., on the Wabash Railroad, 26 miles N.E. of St. Louis, Mo. It has 2 churches and a grain-elevator. Carpenter, a township of Jasper co.^ Ind. Pop. 1081. It contains Remington. 1 CAR Carpenter, a post-village of Mitchell co., Iowa, on the railroad between Mason City and Austin, Minn., 19 miles S. of Austin. Pop. about 175. Carpenter, a post-hamlet of Lycoming co., Pa., on the Northern Central Railroad, 34 miles N. of Williamsport. It has a lumber-mill. Carpenter, a station in Westmoreland co., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 12 miles W, of Greensburg. Carpenteria, kar-pen-ta-ree'3, (Sp. Carjnnteria, kaR- pinHi-ree'i), a post-village of Sanla Barbara co., Cal., on the Pacific Ocean, 9 miles E. of Santa Barbara. It has 2 churches. Car'penter's, a station on the Mobile & Montgomery Railroad, 13 miles N.E. of Mobile, Aia. Carpenter's, a station in Richland parish, La., on the Vicksburg & Shreveport Railroad, 40 miles W. of the Mississippi River. Carpenter's, a station of Lapeer co., Mich., on the Detroit & Bay City Railroad, 6 miles N. of Lapeer. It has a lumber-mill. Carpenter's Eddy, a post-office of Delaware co., N.Y., on a branch of the Delaware River. Carpenter's Landing, New Jersey, is now called Mantua. Carpenter's Mills, a post-office of Franklin co., N.C. Carpenter's Point, a village of Orange co., N.Y., in Deer Park township, on the Neversink River, 1 mile from Port Jervis Station. It is on the boundary of three states, — New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. Pop. 250. Carpenter's Store, a post-office of Clinton co., Mo. Car'pentersville, a post-village of Kane co., 111., on Fox River, in Dundee township, on the Chicago & North- western Railroad, 6 miles N. of Elgin, 1 mile N. of Dundee, and 44 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. It has a bank, and im- portant manufactures of woollen goods, iron, &c. The river is spanned by a fine iron bridge. Pop. 500. Carpentersville, a post-hamlet of Putnam co., Ind., in Franklin township, on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 18 miles S. of Crawfordsville. It has 2 churches. Car'pentevville, a post-villago of Warren co., N.J., in Greenwich township, on the Delaware River, and on the Belvidere Delaware Railroad, 6 miles S. of Easton. It has a flour-mill, 2 saw-raills, and 10 lime-kilns. Carpentras, kaii^pdN°^triss' (anc. Carpentorac'te), a city of France, department of Vaucluse, 16 miles by rail N.E. of Avignon, on the Auzon, in a fertile district at the foot of Mont Ventoux. It is surrounded by walls, flanked with towers, and has four gates. Most of the houses are well built, and supplied with water from the fountains in the public squares. Outside of the walls is a broad espla- nade, planted with trees. The principal public buildings are the cathedral, a Gothic edifice; a museum; the Porte d' Orauffe ; the palace of justice ; a Roman triumphal arch ; the hospital, erected in 1751; theatre; prisons; and a public library, containing 25,000 volumes, 2000 MSS., 6000 medals, and various antiquities. The aqueduct, a massive structure, which crosses the valley of the Auzon by 48 arches, and supplies the town, was finished in 1734. Car- pentras is the seat of a communal college. There are brandy- and essence-distilleries, manufactories of sulphuric acid, glue, verdigris, cotton and silk yarn, madder-mills, tanneries, and dye-works. A trade is carried on in oil, fruit, almonds, madder, wax, honey, &c. Pop. 10,848. The Romans embellished Carpentras with many edifices, of which the ravages of the Goths, Vandals, and Saracens have left few traces. In 1313, Pope Clement V. fixed his residence here and made it the seat of the Pontifical See. The present walls were built by Pope Innocent VI., fifty years after that event. Carpetani Montes. See Sierra de Guadalupe. Carpi, kaR'pee, a town of Italy, 9 miles by rail N.N.W. of Modena. It has a citadel, a majestic cathedral, a bishop's palace, and manufactures of silk. Pop. 17,724. Carpi, a town of Northern Italy, 28 miles S.E. of Ve- rona, on the Adige, with a citadel. Here, in 1701, the French were defeated by the troops under Prince Eugene. Carpignano, kaR-peen-yS,'no, a village of Italy, prov- ince and 12 miles N.W. of Novara, on the Sesia. P. 2199. Carpignano, a village of Italy, province of Lecce, 8 miles N.E. of Otranto. Pop. 1428. Carpineti, kan-pe-ni'tee, a town of Italy, 23 miles S.W. of Modena. Pop. 4519. Carpineto, kaR-pe-ni'to, the name of several villages in Central Italy, Carpino, kan-pee'no, a town of Italy, province of Foggia, on Mount Gargano, 22 miles N.E. of San Severo, CAR 392 CAR Pop. 6216. Carpino is also the name of a mountain in Calabria, W. of Cosenza, and of an affluent of the Tiber. Carpinone, kan-pee-no'ni, a town of Italy, province and 19 miles W. of Campobasso. Pop. 5308. Carpio, kaR'pe~o, a town of Spain, 15 miles E.N.E. of Cordova, on the Guadalquivir. Pop. 2690. Carp Lake, a township of Ontonagon co., Mich., in the copper region. Pop. 76. Carquefou, kank^foo', a village of France, department of Loire-Inferieure, 6 miles N.N.E. of Nantes. Pop. 2897. Carquiiiez, kar-kee'nes, a strait of California, is be- tween the counties of Contra Costa and Solano. It con- nects San Pablo Bay with Suisun Bay, and is about 8 miles long. The narrowest part of it is nearly 1 mile wide. Large sea-going vessels can pass from San Francisco through this strait as far as Benicia, which is near the E. end. All the water flowing from the great central valley of the state from the Sierra Nevada passes through this strait. Carr, a post-office and station of Weld co., Colorado, on the Denver Pacific Railroad, 20 miles south of Cheyenne. Carr, a township of Clarke co., Ind. Pop. 692. Carr, a township of Jackson co., Ind. Pop. 1665. It contains Medora. Carra, kS-r'ra, a barony of Ireland, co. of Mayo. Length, 22 miles ; breadth, 8^ miles. On its N. boundary are Loughs Cullen and Con ; on its S., Loughs Carra and Mask, forming picturesque scenery. Pop. 28,611. See Lough Carra. CarrPe, or Charrae. See Harran. Carranca, kaR-R^n'kS,, a town of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, between Baependi and Sao Joao del Rei. Car'ran-tu'al, Carn-tu'al, Ghar'ran-tu'el, or CairnUoul', the highest mountain of Ireland, in Mun- ster, CO. of Kerry, in the MacGillicuddy Reeks, 5 miles S.W. of Killarney. Elevation, 3414 feet. Car^rar', a considerable town of India, in Deccan, 30 miles S.E. of Sattarah, 86 miles S.S.E. of Poona, with two elegant pagodas and a small fort. Carrara, kan-na-'rS, (anc. Cara'ria), a city of Italy, 59 miles S.W. of Modena. Pop., with suburbs, 23,827. It has a college, many studios of artists, an academy of fine arts, and an active industry in the preparation of marble. Chief edifices, collegiate church, church of Madonna delle Grazie, and palace. The streets are ornamented with ele- gant fountains. At Monte Sagro, in its environs, are quar- ries which since the time of the Romans have furnished valuable statuary marble. The principal quarries, those of Torano, employ upwards of 1200 men. The port is at Avenza, 3 miles distant by rail. Carratraca (kar^ra-tra,'kg,) Springs, a village in Prescott GO,, Ontiirio, 40 miles E. of Ottawa, and 5 miles S. of Brown's wharf, on the river Ottawa. It has springs whose waters are noted for their medicinal qualities. Carratunk, Maine, See Carritunk. Carr Creek, township, Mitchell co., Kansas. Pop. 274, Carrea Potentia, the ancient name of Chieri. Carreira (kaR-Ri'e-ri) Islands, a small island group of Spain, off the coast of Galicia, province of Corunna, 22 miles N.W. of Vigo. Carret^o, kaR-Ri-towN°', a town of Brazil, 120 miles E.N.E. of Goyaz. The inhabitants are chiefly devoted to mining. Carriacou, kar"re-a,-koo', the largest of the Grenadine Islands (British AVest Indies), 20 miles N.E, of Grenada. Length, 7 miles; breadth, from 2 to 4 miles. It is well cul- tivated ; chief crop, cotton. On its W. side is Hillsborough town and harbor, hit. 12° 27' N., Ion. 61° 30' W. P. 2S50. Carribbean Sea, in the Atlantic. See Caribbean Sea. Carrical, or Karikal, kar-re-k^r, a town of India, belonging to France, on the coast of Coromandel, 152 miles S. of Madras. Lat. 10° 55' N. ; Ion. 79° 53' E. It is at the mouth of a delta-arm of the Cavery, and has cotton- manufactures, ship-yards, a college and a seminary, and a large trade in rice. Pop., including the whole colony (area, 50 square miles), 92,445. The town itself is now small. Car'rick, a division of Ayrshire. See Ayrshire. Car'rick, a post-town of Alleghany co.. Pa., ^ mile from Castle Shannon Railroad, and about 5 miles S. of Pitts- burg. It has 4 churches and a glass-factory. Pop. 200. Carrickaquicy, Ireland. See Carrig-o-Gunnel. Carrick-a-Rede,k4r'rik-a-reed', an insulated basal- tic rock, in eo. Antrim, Ireland, 4A miles N.W. of Ballycas- tle, separated from the mainland by a chasm 60 feet wide. CarVickbeg', formerly Car^rickmacgriffin, a town of Ireland, co. and 14 miles N.W. of AVaterford. on the Suir, here crossed by a bridge which connects it with Car- rick-on-Suir. Here is a curious old ruined abbey. Pop. 2108. Car^rickfer'gus, a town of Ireland, within the co. of Antrim, but forming, with its environs, a county of itself, on Belfast Lough, 9 miles by rail N.N.E. of Belfast. The parish church, containing noble monuments, including those of the Chichester family, once communicated by a still ex- isting subterraneous passage with the castle of Joymount. Carrickfergus Castle, erected in 1128, still maintained as an arsenal and mounting some cannon, is on a rock projecting into the lough. Other principal edifices are a jail, court- house, branch bank, and several schools and charitable es- tablishments. Vessels of 100 tons can unload at the pier, but the trade is not flourishing. Near the town are flax- mills, bleach-works, distilleries, and a large bed of rock salt. The borough sends one member to the House of Commons. Area of county, 207 square miles. It has great fisheries. The people are mostly Protestants. Pop. of town, 4212; of county, or borough, 9367. Car'rick Fur'nace, a post-office of Franklin co., Pa.j in Metal township. Here is an iron-furnace. Carrickmacgriffin, Ireland. See Carrickbeg. Car^rickmacross' (or Magh^eross'), a town of Ire- hmd, CO. of Monaghan, 12 miles S.W. of Dundalk. Here are ruins of a castle built by the Earl of Essex ; also a savings- bank, bridewell, and some manufactories. Pop. 2063, Car^rick-on-Shan'non, a town of Ireland, capital of the CO. of Leitrim, on the Shannon, across which it com- municates with a suburb in the co. of Roscommon by a bridge, 19 miles by rail N.N.W. of Longford. It has a court-house, barracks, and some trade by river, rail, and canal. Pop, 15S7. Car'rick-on-Suir (shure), a town of Ireland, eo. of Tipperary, on the Suir (here crossed by a bridge to Carrickbeg), 13 miles by rail E, of Clonmel. It was for- merly enclosed by walls, and has a parish church of high antiquity, a Catholic chapel, a nunnery (withalarge school), a monastery, a castle, a prison, hospital, and manufactures of woollens and linens. Vessels of considerable burden ap- proach the town, which has an export trade in corn, slates, (fcc. Pop. 6563. Car'rick's Ford, a crossing of the Cheat River, near St. George, Tucker co., W. Va. Here Gen. R. B. Garnett was defeated and killed by the Federal troops, July 13, 1861. Car'rico, a post-office of Frontier co., Neb. Car'rier's, a station in Jefferson co., Pa., on the Low Grade division of the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 13 miles E, of Brookville. Car'rier's Mills, a post-office of Saline co., 111., on the Cairo k Vincennes Railroad, 61 miles N.E. of Cairo. Car^rigaholt', a village of Ireland, co, of Clare, on the estuary of the Shannon, 10 miles W. of Kilrush. It has a pier which is frequented by fishing-craft. Here are the ruins of an ancient castle. Pop. 430. Carrigain, Mt. See Mount Carrigain. Car'rigaline', or Bea'ver, a village and parish of Ireland, co. and 8 miles S.E. of Cork, on Cork harbor, with marble- and slate-quarries. The village is now unimportant. Pop. of parish, 4683. Car'rig-o-Gun'nel, or Car^rickaqni'cy, a vil- lage of Ireland, co. and 5 miles W.S.W. of Limerick. Carrigtohill, k5,r^rig-toH'hil, almost kirVig-toil', a village of Ireland, co, of Cork, 3 miles W. of Middleton. It has an ancient church, and in the parish are subterra- neous chambers within circular intrenchments called Danish camps. Pop. 700. Carrigufoyle, kirVe-ga-foil', a small island of Ireland, eo. of Kerry, in the estuary of the Shannon, 2 miles N. of Ballylongford, with a castle. Carril, kaR-neel', a town of Spain, in Galicia, 10 miles N.W. of Pontevedra, near the mouth of the Ulla. P. 1046. Carrillon, Canada. See Carillon. Car'rington, a post-haralet of Callaway co.. Mo., on the Louisiana k Missouri River Railroad, 18 miles N. of Jefferson City. It has 3 stores. Carrion, kau-Re-on', a river of Spain, rises in the mountains of the Asturias, flows S., and falls into the Pisuerga 22 miles N.E. of Valladolid. Carrion de Calatrava, kaa-ne-on' dfi, kA-lA-tril'vi, a town of Spain, 9 miles N.E. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 3120. Carrion de los Cespedes, kau-Re-on' dA. loco thes- piV'D^s. a town of Spain, 14 miles W. of Seville. P. 2012. Carrion de los Condes, kau-Re-on' di loce kon'- d^s, a town of Spain, 21 miles N. of Palencia, on the Car- rion. Pop. 3497. It is enclosed by ruinous walls, and has 9 churches, with convents and hospitals. Carriovacou, one of the West Indies. Sec Carui Acorr. Car'ritunk, a post-township of Somerset eo.. Me., on the Kennebec River, 38 miles N.N.W. of Skowhegau. It has manufactures of lumber. Pop. 214. CAR 393 GAR Carri zal Alto, kar-ree-sil' Al'to, a town of Chili, prov- ince of Atacama, 25 miles by rail E.of Carrizal Bajo. Here is one of the richest copper-mines in the world. Pop. 3681. Carrizal Bajo, kar-ree-sS,!' bi'no, a seaport of Chili, province of Atacama, 140 miles N. of Coquimbo. It is con- nected by rail with Carrizal Alto, and ships copper and ores. Carrizo, kar-ree'so, a small post-village, capital of Zapata co., Tex., on the Rio Grande, about 70 miles below Laredo. Carroll, k^r'rol, a county in the N.W. part of Arkan- sas, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is intersected by Kings River and White River. The surface is undu- lating; the soil produces Indian corn, wheat, pasture, &c. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,468,360. Capital, Berry ville. Pop. in 1870, 5780, of whom 5771 were Amer- icans. Carroll, a county in the "W. part of Georgia, has an area of about 460 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Chattahoochee River, and is drained by the Talla- poosa River. The surface is partly hilly, and extensively covered with forests; the soil in some parts is fertile. Cot- ton and Indian corn are the staple products. Granite is found here. Capital, CarroUton. A^'aluation of real and personal estate, $1,800,000. Pop. in 1870, 11,782, of whom 11,768 were Americans. It is traversed by the Savannah, Griffin & North Alabama Railroad. Carroll, a county in the N,W. part of Illinois, has an area of about 430 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Mississippi River, which separates it from Iowa, and is partly drained by Elkhorn Creek and Plum River. The surface is undulating; the soil is fertile. A large proportion of the county is prairie. Indian corn, wheat, oats, butter, and pork are the staple products. Lead has been found here. This county is intersected by the AVestern Union Railroad. Capital, Mount Carroll. Valuation of real and personal estate. $12,265,000. Pop. in 1870, 16,705, of whom 14,215 were Americans. Carroll, a county in the N.W. central part of Indiana, has an area of about 380 square miles. It is intersected by the Wabash River, and also drained by the Tippecanoe and Wild Cat Rivers. The surface is partly level and partly undulating ; the soil is fertile. A large portion of it is cov- ered with forests of the oak, beech, walnut, sugar-maple, and other trees. The staple products are wheat, Indian corn, oats, and pork. This county is traversed by the Wa- bash Railroad and the Wabash & Erie Canal. Capital, Delphi. Valuation of real and personal estate, $14,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 16,152, of whom 15,405 were Americans. Carroll, a county in the W. central part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is drained by the Raccoon (or Coon) River and the Middle Coon and Nishnabatona Rivers. The surface is undulating: the soil is fertile. AVheat, Indian corn, and grass are the staple products. It is intersected by the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Capital, CarroUton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,210,447. Pop. in 1870, 2451, of whom 2134 were Amer- icans; in 1875, 5760. Carroll, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, has an area of about 185 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Ohio River, and intersected by the Kentucky River. The surface is partly undulating, and high hills occur near the Ohio River. The soil is based on Trenton limestone, and is fertile. Indian corn, tobacco, and wheat are the staple products. The Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington Railroad passes along the S.E. border. Capital, CarroUton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,815,214. Pop. in 1870, 6189, of whom 5899 were Americans. Carroll, a former parish of Louisiana, has been divided into two parts, namely. East Carroll and West Carroll. Carroll, a county in the N. part of Maryland, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is drained by the Pa- tapsco River, which rises in it, and by Pipe Creek. The surface is hilly ; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and butter are the staple products. Mines of copper and iron ore have been opened in this county, which is in- tersected by the Western Maryland Railroad and the Fred- erick & Pennsylvania Railroad. Capital, Westminster. Valuation of real and personal estate, $21,366,192. Pop. in 1870, 28,619, of whom 27,416 were Americans. Carroll, a county near the central part of Mississippi, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Big Black River, and is partly drained by small affluents of the Yazoo River. The surface is nearly level, or undulating, and is mostly covered with forests of the beech, magnolia, hickory, white oak, tulip-tree, Ac. ; the soil is fertile. Cotton. Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the New Or- leans, St. Louis and the ash, hickory, white oak, and black walnut timbers abound. The county is intersected by the Osage division of the Missouri, Kansas &■ Texas Railroad. Capital, Harrison- ville. A^'aluation of real and personal estate, $12,000,000, Pop. in 1870, 19,296, of whom 18,557 were Americans. Cass, a county in the E. part of Nebraska, has an area of about 560 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Platte River, and on the E. by the Missouri River, which separates it from Iowa, and is partly drained by Weeping Water Creek. The surface is undulating; the soil is deep, calcareous, and fertile. The greater portion of it is prairie. Groves of hickory, oak, black walnut, and other trees occur near the rivers. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and hay are the staple products of the soil. Carboniferous limestone is abundant in this county, which is traversed by the Burling- ton & Missouri River Railroad. Capital, Plattsraouth. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,199,856. Pop. in 1870, 8151, of whom 6843 were Americans; in 1876, 10,787. Cass, formerly Davis, a county in the N.E. part of Texas, bordering on Arkansas, is bounded on the N. by the Sulphur Fork of Red River. The surface is undulating : the soil is fertile. It is intersected by the Texas & Pacific Railroad. In 1870 this county had 182,000 acres of wood- land. Cotton and corn are its staple products. Capital, Linden. Pop. in 1870, 8875. Cass, a post-ofBce of Eranklin co.. Ark. Cass, a post-office of Du Page co., 111. Cass, a township of Fulton co., 111. Pop. 1283. It contains Smithfield. Cass, a township of Clay co., Ind. Pop. 470. It con- tains Poland. Cass, township, Dubois co., Ind. It contains Holland, Cass, a township of Greene co., Ind. Pop. 819. It contains Newberry. Cass, a township of La Porte co.. Ind. Pop. 1214. Cass, a township of Ohio co., Ind. Pop. 772. Cass, a township of Pulaski co., Ind. Pop. 460. Cass, a post-township of Sullivan co., Ind., 6 miles from Sullivan Railroad Station. Coal is found here. Pop. 1488, Cass, a township of White co., Ind. Pop. 451. Cass, a township of Boone co., Iowa. Pop. 808. Cass, a township of Cass co., Iowa. Pop. 1008. It contains Lewis. Cass, a township of Cedar co., Iowa, traversed by the Iowa River. Pop. 595. Cass, a township of Clayton co., Iowa. Pop. 1175. Cass, a township of Guthrie co., Iowa. Pop. 1194, ex- clusive of Panora. Cass, a township of Hamilton co., Iowa. Pop. 538. Cass, a township of Harrison co., Iowa. Pop. 256. Cass, a township of Jones co., Iowa. Pop. 775. Cass, a township of Shelby co., Iowa. Pop. 116. Cass, a township of Wapello co., Iowa. Pop. 787. It includes Chillicothe and Happy Hollow, and has coal-mines. Cass, a township of Douglas co.. Mo. Pop. 410. Cass, a township of Greene co., Mo. Pop. 1531. Cass, a township of Stone co.. Mo. Pop. 592. Cass, a township of Texas co., Mo. Pop. 779. Cass, a township of Hancock co., 0. Pop. 759. Cass, a township of Muskingum co., 0. Pop. 851. It contains Adams's Mills, Cass, a township of Richland co., 0. Pop. 1274. It contains Shiloh, Cass, a township of Huntingdon co.. Pa. Pop. 599, exclusive of Cassville. Cass, a township of Schuylkill co,, Pa. Pop. 4621. It includes Heckscherville, Glen Carbon, and other coal towns. Cassaba, two towns of Asia Minor, See Casaba, Cassadaga, kas'sa-dah'ga, the name of a small lake and a creek in Chautauqua co., N.Y. The lake is 3 or 4 miles long. The creek issues from the lake, runs S.E., and enters the Conewango Creek 5 miles E. of Jamestown. Cassadaga, a post-village of Chautauqua co., N.Y., in Stockton township, on Cassadaga Lake, and on the Dun- kirk. Alleghany Valley & Pittsburg Railroad, 14 miles S. of Dunkirk. It has a church, 2 hotels, and 3 stores. Pop. 225. Cassala, or Kasala, kas-si'lS,, a town of Nubia, province of Taka, on the Gash, an affluent of the Atbara, 300 miles S.S.W. of Suakin, at the junction of three tele- graph lines. It has a trade in gum arable, hides, and ivory, and is peopled by Arabs. Pop. 5000. Cassandra, or Kassandra, kd,s-sS,n'dri (anc. Pal- le'ne), a peninsula of European Turkey, province of Rou- melia, between the Gulfs of Salonica and Cassandra, It is 25 miles in length, terminating in Cape Pailluri. Its greatest breadth is about 12 miles. Cassandra, or Kassandra (anc. 2'o7-ana'icj(s Si'itua), CAS 402 CAS a guif of Turkey in Europe, in Roumelia, setting up between two peninsulas, the extremities of which are called Cape Pailluri and Cape Drepano. Cassan'dra, a post-office of Walker co., Ga, Cassaudria, Netherlands. See Cadsand. CassaiiMria, a post-office of Avoyelles parish, La. Cassano, k^s-sS,'no, a town of Italy, province and 34 miles N. of Cosenza. Pop. 9035. It stands in the concave recess of a steep mountain, around a rock on which are the ruins of an ancient castle ; it is well built, and has a bishop, a diocesan school, a hospital, and some mineral springs. Its inhabitants manufacture macaroni, leather, table-linens, yarn, and fabrics of cotton and sillt. Cassano, a town of Italy, province and 18 miles S.S.W. of Bari. Pop. 4594. Cassauo, a town of Italy, province of Avellino, 9 miles S.W. of Sant' Angelo dei Lombardi, Pop. 1265. Cassaiio Magnago, kas-s&'no man-y^'go, a village of Italy, Lombardy, 23 miles N.W. of Milan. Pop. 2S88. Cassano-sopra-Adda, kis-sa'no-so'pri-^d'd^, a village of Italy, in Lombardy, 17 miles E.N.E. of Milan, on the railway to Brescia. It has extensive silk-works. Pop. 5363. Cassaiio Spiiiola, k^s-si'no spe-no'l^, a village of Italy, 10 miles S. of Tortona. Pop. 1400. Cassaro, k5,s-s5,'ro, a town of Sicily, 18 miles W. of Syracuse. Pop. 1694. Cassay, a state of India. See Muneepoor. Cass Hridge^ a post-office of Saginaw co,, Mich., on Cass River. Cass Centre, a hamlet of Cass co., Iowa, in Bear Grove township, 10^ miles S.E. of Atlantic. Cass City, a post-village of Tuscola co., Mich., in Elk- land township, on or near Cass River, about 40 miles E. of Bay City. It has a graded school, a flour-mill, and manu- factures of furniture, sash, and blinds. Pop. about 200. Cass'coe, a post-office of Arkansas co., Ark. Cassel,orKassel, kis'sel {anc. Cnstel'lum Catto'rum), a city of Prussia, capital of the province of Hesse-Nassau, is situated on both banks of the Fulda, 91 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort-on-the-Main. It is divided into the Altstadt or Old Town, the Ober Neustadt or Upper New Town, the Unter Neustadt or Lower New Town, with the Wilhelms- hohe and Frankfort suburbs on the left bank of the river, and the Leipsic suburb on the right bank. The two por- tions of the town are connected by a stone bridge across the Fulda. The Old Town stands close to the river-banks, and consists of narrow and diity streets,- while the new part, built upon an elevation, is airy, with spacious streets and handsome houses. The Upper New Town contains a number of squares, in the principal of which, the Friedrich's Platz, stands the palace, an indifferent structure, and next to it the museum, the handsomest building in the town, containing a library with 120,000 volumes and many valuable MSS. In the same edifice is a collection of antiquities, many of them rare objects of art and virtU, including some interesting Roman remains, coins, prints, and models. Cassel has a picture-gallery of great value. In the Old Town are the old town hall, the government buildings, the Stadtau, appropriated to public amusements ; St. Martin's church, with the catacombs beneath it, in which the remains of the g^overeigns of Hesse-Cassel are deposited ; an orphan hospital and asylum, an arsenal and foundry, and a house of correction. In the Upper New Town there are, besides the buildings spoken of above, the mint, a cadet academy, a lyceurn, a normal and civic school, a theatre, a hospital, and an infirmary. The Lower New Town con- tains an ancient fortress, now used as a state prison ; an orphan asylum, an infirmary, a lying-in hospital, house of correction, and common prison. In the Leipsic suburb are a hospital and an infirmary ; in the Frankfort suburb, a house of industry; and in the Wilhelmshohe suburb, a large hospital. Near the town is the palace of Wilhelmshohe. Cassel has several churches (principally Lutheran), also academies for painting, sculpture, &c., an observatory, and associations for the promotion of agriculture and manufac- tures. Its trade is important. Its manufactures com- prise cotton, silk, and woollen fabrics, damask, linen, kid gloveSj carpets, porcelain, musical instruments, gold and silver lace, earthenware, lacquered wares, hardware, leather, &c. There are many fine walks and public gardens in the vicinity. Cassel was the capital of Hesse-Cassol (Electoral Hesse) until 1866, when that state was absorbed by Prussia. Pop, in 1875, 53,043. Cassel, a town of Germany. See Castel. Cassel, kis^sfii' (anc. Castel' luni), a, town of France, de- partment of Nord, 27 miles N.W. of Lille. Pop. 4242. It stands on an isolated hill, 550 feet in height, which, from the flatness of the adjacent country, commands an extensive view. It has oil-mills, salt-refineries, and an active trade in cattle, butter, and poultry. Cassel was formerly fortified, and has been the scene of important military events. Cas'sel, a post-office of Cottonwood co., Minn. Cassel'la, a post-office of Mercer co., 0. Cassel'lo, a station in Lake co., Ind., on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 20 miles S.E. of Chicago. Cas'sell Prairie, a post-office of Sauk co., Wis. Cas^sell's', a station in Adams township, Guernsey co., 0., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 4 miles AV. of Cam- bridge. It has a Presbyterian church. Cas'selman, or Castleman, a post-hamlet of Som- erset CO., Pa., on the Pittsburg, Washington & Baltimore Railroad, 96 miles S.E. of Pittsburg. Cas'selton, a post-office and station of Cass co., Da- kota, on the North Pacific Railroad, 20 miles W. of Fargo. Cassen, k5,s-s^n', or Kassati, kS,s-£an', a town of East Africa, territory of Bertat, a country lying W. of the S.W. portion of Abyssinia, on the Toomat. Casseneuil, kiss'nul', a town of France, in Lot-et- Garonne, 5 miles N.W. of Villeneuve-sur-Lot. Pop. 1976. Cassini Pasha, kS,s'sim pd^shS,', a large suburb of Constantinople, European Turkey, on the northern shore of the " Golden Horn," separated from Galata on the B. by extensive burying-grounds. It comprises the imperial dock-yard of Tershanna, the great naval arsenal of the capital, and the palace of the capitan-pasha. Cassiiiasco, kas-se-nas'ko, a village of Italy, Pied- mont, province of Alessandria. Pop. 1151. Cassiiie, k5,s-see'ni, a town of Italy, 14 miles by rail S.S.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 5030. Cas'sin's Run, a post-office of Harford co., Md. Cas^sipoor', Cas^sipore', or KashUpur', a town of the Cawnpoor district, British India. Pop. 4663. Cassiquiare, k3,s-se-ke-&'ri, or Cassiquiari, kis- se-ke-i'ree, a deep rapid river of Venezuela, forming the S. bifurcation of the Orinoco, by which that river has naviga- ble communication with the Rio Negro. It leaves the Ori- noco in lat. 3° 10' N., Ion. 66° 20' W., and, after a S.W. course of 128 miles, falls into the Rio Negro near San Car- los. By means of this river communication is established over an immense tract of South America, it being practi- cable to sail from the interior of Brazil to the sea, through the Amazon, the Orinoco, and their affluents. Cassis, k^s^see', a town of Franee, in Bouches-du- Rhone, on the Mediterranean, 10 miles (29 miles by rail) S.E. of Marseilles. It has a harbor, defended by an ancient castle, ship-buiiding yards, a trade in fruits and wine, and a coral-fishery. Pop. 2976. Cassiterides. See Scilly Islands. Cass Lake, Michigan, is in Oakland co., 1 or 2 miles S.W. of Pontiac. It is nearly 4 miles long. Cass Lake, Minnesota, is on the N. border of Cass co., jind is an expansion of the Mississippi River, which issues from the N.E. part of it. The lake has a roundish form, and its diameter is about 10 miles. Cassner, Illinois. See Casner Station. Cassolnovo,kS,s-Eol-no'vo, a village of Italy, 10* miles S.E, of Novara. Pop. 5430. Cassop'olis, a post-village, capital of Cass co., Mich., is on Diamond Lake, and on the Air-Line division of the Michigan Central Railroad where it crosses the Chicago & Lake Huron Railroad, 107 miles E. of Chicago, 14 miles N.E. of Niles, and 98 miles W.S.W. of Lansing. It has a graded school, 3 churches, a national bank, a planing-mill, a foundry, and manufactures of furniture, sash, blinds, &o. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 728. Cass River, Michigan, rises in Sanilac co., and runs southwestward through Tuscola co. Flowing thence nearly westward, it enters the Saginaw River 4 or 5 miles above the city of Saginaw. It is nearly 150 miles long, and traverses forests, in which much pine lumber is procured. Cass Station, a post-office of Bartow co., Ga., on the Western & Atlantic Railroad, 52 miles N.W. of Atlanta. Cass'town, a post-village of Miami co., 0., 4 miles E. of Troy, and about 10 milesS.E. of Piqua. It has 3 churches, a carriage-factory, and a grist-mill. Pop. 241. Cass'ville, a post-office of Newton co., Ark. Cassville, a post-village of Bartow co., Ga., 7 miles from Cartersville, and 2 miles from Cass Station. It has 3 churches and 3 stores. Cassville, a post-hamlet of Howard co., Ind., on the Indianapolis, Peru &> Chicago Railroad, 59 miles N. of Indianapolis. It has 2 churches. CAS 403 CAS Cassville, a station in Lake co., Ind., on the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroad, at Le Uoy, 6 miles S.E. of Crown Point. Cassville, a post-village, capital of Barry co.. Mo., on Flat Creek, 50 miles S.W. of Springfield. It contains a court-house and several stores. A weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. 287. Cassville, a post-hamlet of Ocean co., N.J., in Jackson township, 46 miles E.N.E. of Camden. It has 2 churches. Cassville, a post- village of Oneida co., N.Y., in Paris township, on Sauquoit Creek, about 12 miles S. of Utica, and i mile from Kichfield Junction. It has a church, a saw-mill, a grist-mill, and a cheese-factory. Pop. 152. Cassville, a post-office of Harrison co., 0. Cassville, a post-borough of Huntingdon co.. Pa., about 15 miles S. of Huntingdon. It has 3 churches, a tanner}', and a pottery. Pop. 416. Cassville, a post-hamlct of Monongalia co., W. Va., about 54 miles S.E. of Wheeling. It has 2 churches. Cassville, a hamlet of Wayne co., W. Va., on the Big Sandy River, opposite Louisa, Ky., and 30 miles S. of Huntington. Here is Fort Gay Post-Office. Cassville, a post-village of Grant co.. Wis., in Cassville township, on the Mississippi River, 28 miles above Dubuque, and about 90 miles W.S.W. of Madison. Lead and other products are shipped here in steamboats. It has a church, a money-order post-office, a carriage- shop, and a saw-mill. Pop. 600 ; of the township, 1386. Castagna, kJs-tan'yi, a town of Italy, in Teramo, 15 miles N.W. of Civitil di Penne. Pop. 1113. Castagnaro, kis-tin-yi'ro, a village of Italy, 6 miles S.E. of Verona, on the Adige. Pop. 2780. Castagneto, kis-tin-yi'to, a town of Italy, province and 30 miles S.E. of Salerno. Pop. 2354. Castagueto, a village of Italy, 39 miles S.S.E. of Pisa, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 2650. Castagnole, kis-tin-yo'Ii, a village of Italy, province of Turin, 14 miles N.E. of Pinerolo. Pop. 2263. Castagnole, a village of Italy, province of Alessan- dria, 18 miles S. of Casale. Pop. 2547. Castagnole delle Ijanze, kis-tin-yo'14 d&VM, lin'zi, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, province of Alessan- dria, 12 miles S. of Asti. Pop. 3668. Casta'lia (Gr. KturTcJ^U), now called St. John's Fountain, a famous spring near Delphi, and at the foot of Parnassus. It was sacred to Apollo and the nine muses. Casta'lia, a post-village of Winneshiek co., Iowa, in Bloomfield township, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 32 miles W. by N. from McGregor. It has 3 churches. Castalia, a post-village of Nash co., N.C., in Castalia township, about 40 miles N.E. of Raleigh. It has 2 churches. Castalia, a post-village of Erie co., 0., on the Cin- cinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Sandusky ; has 2 ohuixhes, a graded school, and a flour-mill. Casta'lian Springs, a post-village of Sumner co., Tenn., about 8 miles E. of Gallatin. It has several mineral springs, stores, and schools; Castalio. See Castellon de la Plana. Castalia, kJs-tiryi, a town of Spain, 24 miles N.W. of Alicante, on the river Castalia. Pop. .about 2500. Castambool, or Castambul. See Kastamoonee. Casta'na, a post-hamlet of Monona co., Iowa, in Ken- nebec township, on Maple River, 10 miles E. by N. of Onawa. It has a fiour-mill. Castanares, kas-tS,-nS,'rSs, a town of Spain, province and 4 miles E. of Burgos. Castanares de las Cuevas, kis-t^-ni'rSs di Us kwi'vis, a town of Spain, 11 miles S.S.W. of Logrono. Castanares de Kioja, kis-ti-ni'rSs di re-o'ni, a market town of Spain, 24 miles W. of Logrono. Castaneira, kis-tin-yi'ee-ri, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 20 miles N. of Lisbon, on the Tagus. P. 876. Castaiieiro, kis-tin-yi'ee-ro, a village of Portugal, in Beira, 11 miles S.E. of Lamego. Pop. 614. Castano, kis-ti'no, a town of Italy, 21 miles W.N.W. of Milan. Pop. 3513. Castasegna, kis-ti-sin'yi, a village of Switzerland, in Grisons, 7 miles N.N.E. of Chiavenna. Pop. 228. Casteggio, kis-tSd'jo (anc. Clastid'nim), a town of Italy, Piedmont, 5i miles by rail E.N.E. of Voghera. Pop. 3220. Here, in the second Punic AVar, Clastidium surren- dered to Hannibal, and near the town is a remarkable spring called HamiibaVs Spring. The battle of Montebello, in which the French routed the Austrians, June 9, 1800, was fought between Casteggio and Voghera. Castel, or Kastel, Uis-t^l', written also Cassel, a town of Hesse, on the Rhine, and on the Taunus Railway, opposite Mentz. Pop. 5245. Castel Alto, kis'tfil il'to, a village of Italy, province and 6 miles E. of Teramo. Pop. 1124. Castel - a- Mare, kis-tel'-i-ma'ri, or Castella- mare di Stabia, kis-tsl'la-mi'ri dee sti'bee-i, a city and seaport of Italy, on the S.E. side of the Bay of Naples, and 17 miles by railway S.E. of the city of Naples. Pop. 18,305. It is at the foot of a hill, on which stood the an- cient Stabm, near which Pliny the elder met his death during the eruption of Vesuvius, A.D. 79. Castel-a-Mare is a bishop's see, and has mineral springs, a palace, a mili- tary hospital, hotels and lodging-houses, a dock-yard, and a handsome quay. It has manufactures of linen, silk, and cotton fabrics, sail-cloth, and leather ; and its small harbor is defended by forts. Many of its inhabitants are engaged in the coral-fishery. Castel-a-Mare, kis-tSl'-i-mi'ri, a seaport of Sicily, 20 miles E. of Trapani, near the head of the Gulf of Castel- a-Mare. Pop. 11,280. It exports wine, cotton, fruit, manna, and sumach. Near it are the remains of the ancient Setjesta, Castel-a-Mare, a town of Italy, province of Teramo, near the Adriatic, 12 miles E. of Civi'ta di Penne. P. 5358. Castel-a-Mare della Bruca,kas-t^l'-i-m5,'rA dSl'- li broo'ki, a village of Italy, province of Salerno, on the Mediterranean, 22 miles N.W. of Policastro. Castel-Aragonese, Sardinia. See Castel-Sahdo. Castel- Arquato, kis-t^l' an-kwi'to, a town of Italy, in Parma, 19 miles S.E. of Piacenza, on the Larda. It contains a fine Gothic church, a hospital, cavalry barracks, medical and other schools, and an ancient castle. Pop. 4266. Castel Baldo, kis-tsl' bil'do, a village of Italy, 21 miles S.W. of Padua, on the Adige. Pop. 2647. Castel Belforte, kis-tSl' bel-foR'ti, a town of Italy, 7 miles N.E. of Mantua. Pop. 2200. Castel Bolognese, kas-tjr bo-16n-yi'si, a town of Italy, 22 miles W.S.W. of Ravenna. Pop. 2456. Castel Bottacio, kis-tSl' bot-ta'cho, a town of Italy, province and Ho- miles N. of Campobasso. Pop. 1815. Castel Buono, kis-tSl' boo-o'no, a town of Sicily, near Palermo, in the Madonian Mountains, 8 miles S.E. of Cefalil. Pop. 8306. It has mineral springs. Castel Clementino, kis-tSl' kl^m-en-tee'no, a vil- lage of Italy, in the Marches, 17 miles E. of Camerino. Castel Cucco, kis-t^r kook'ko, a town of Italy, in Lombardy, 21 miles W.N.W. of Treviso. Pop. 1474. Castel Culier, kasHel' kilMe-i', a town of France, de- partment of Lot-et-Garonne, 4 miles S.E. of Agen. Castel d'Agogna, kis-t§r di-g6n'y3,, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 16 miles S.S.E. of Novara. Castel de Franclii, kis-t^l' di frin'kee, a town of Italy, in Avellino, on the Calore, 7i miles S.W. of Sant' Angelo del Lombardi. Pop. 2689. Castel Deliino, kis-tSl' dSl-fee'no (Fr. Chateau Dau- phin, shiHo' doTiNc'), a town of Italy, Piedmont, 28 miles W.N.W. of Coni, at the foot of Monte Viso. Pop. 1350. Castel dell' Abate, kis-t^l'dol-li-bi'ti, a town of Italy, in Salerno, 12 miles S.W. of C.apaccio. Pop. 4396. Castel della Pietra, kis-tSl' d^l'li pe-i'tri, a town of Italy, 6 miles N.E. of Roveredo, on the Adige. Castel del Monte, kJs-tSl' dSl mon'ti, a town of Italy, province and 19 miles E. of Aquila. Pop. 2179. Castel del Piano, kis-tel' del pe-i'no, a town of Italy, 28 miles N.E. of Grosseto. Pop. 3150. Castel del Rio, kis-tSr dSl ree'o, a town of Italy, 33 miles W.S.W. of Ravenna. Pop. 2690. Castel Dieri, kis-tSl' de-i'ree. a town of Italy, prov- ince and 23 miles S.E. of Aquila. Pop. 1378. Castel di Rada, Italy. See Rada-nel-Chianti. Castel di Sangro, kis-tSr deesin'gro, a town of Italy, province and 53 miles S.E. of Aquila. It has a manufac- tory of carpets. Pop. 5118. Castel-Fabi, kas-t^l'-fi-bee', a town of Spain, in Valencia, near Ademuz. Castel Fidardo, kis-tel' fco-dan'do, a town of Cen- tral Italy, Marches, U miles S. of Ancona. Pop. 6338. Castel Fioreutino, kis-t8r fe-o-r^n-tee'no, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, IS miles S.W. of Florence, on the Elsa. Pop. 7227. Castel Follit, kis-tSl' fol-yit', a town of Spain, 17 miles N.W. of Gerona. It was formerly fortified, and was several times besieged by the French under Louis XIV. Castel-Forte, kis-tjl'-fon'ti, a town of Italy, prov- ince of Caserta, 14 miles N.E. of Gaeta. Pop. 3212. Castel-Franc, kisHSl' frdxo, a town of France, de- partment of Lot, 11 miles W.N.W. of Cahors. Pop. 750. Castel-Franco, kis-tSl'-frin'ko (ano. Fo'rum Gallo'- CAS 404 CAS rum), a town of Italy, province and 16 miles W.N.W. of Bologna. Pop., with commune, 12,460. Castel-Franco, a fortified town of Italy, province and 15 miles W. of Treviso, on tlie Musone. Pop. 10,607. Principal buildings, a castle and a cathedral. It has silk and woollen manufactures. Castel-Franco, a town of Italy, province of Avellino, 21 miles N.E. of Benevento. Pop. 2500. Castel-Franco di Sotto, kis-tSl'-frin'lio dee sot'to, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, 26 miles S.W. of Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 4299. Castel-Gandolfo, k4s-t51'-gin-dorfo, a village of Italy, on the N.W. side of Mount Alb.ano, 14 miles S.E. of Home. It is picturesquely situated on a volcanic peak, 431 feet above the lake, and comprises among its numerous villas the summer residence of the Pope. Pop. 1916. Castel-Gofrredo,kS,s-tSr-gof-fri'do, a town of Italy, Lombardy, 13 miles N.W. of Mantua. Pop. 4063. It has a hospital and manufactures of silk. Castel-Gomberto, kfc-tSl'-gom-bSn'to, a village of Northern Italy, 7i miles N.W. of Vicenza. Pop. 2772. Castelgrande, kis-tel'gran'di. a town of Italy, 21 miles N.W. of Potenza. Pop. 3377. Castelguelfo, k^s-tSl'goo-^l'fo, a village of Italy, prov- ince and 6 miles W.N.W. of Parma, on the Tare. It has a fine castle, taken in 1407 by a Guelph captain. Castel-GugIielmo,'kJls-tSl'-gool-ySl'mo, a village of Italy, 12 miles W.S.W. of Rovigo. Pop. 3012. Castel-Jaloux, kisHM'-zhi'loo', a town of France, department of Lot-et-Garonne. on the Avance, 17 miles N.W. of Nerao. Pop. 3182. It has iron- and copper-forges, and manufactures of paper, glass, and woollen fabrics. Castell', a post-hamlet of Llano co., Tex., on the Llano Biver, about 90 miles AV.N.W. of Austin. It has a church. Castellabate. See Castel dell' Abate. Castellamare, Italy. See Castel-a-Mare. Castellamonte, kds-t§l'14-mon'tA, a town of Italy, 10 miles S.W. of Ivrea. It has a castle, a large market-place, and manufactures of earthenware. Pop. 5997. Castellana, k^s-tSl-l^'n^, a town of Italy, province and 26 miles S.E. of Bari. Pop. 8715. Castellaneta, kis-t§l-l£l-ni'ta,, a town of Italy, 24 miles by rail N.W. of Taranto. Pop. 8358. It is a bishop's see, and has a cathedral and charitable establishments. Castellanne, kisHSri^n', a town of France, in Basses- Alpes, on the Verdon, 20 miles S.E. of Digne. Pop. 1842. Castellaro, k^s-tSl-li'ro, a village of Italy, in Pied- mont, province of Porto Maurizio. Pop. 932. Castellaro Jjagusello, kis-tSl-la'ro 13,-goo-s81'lo, a town of Italy, 14 miles N.N.W. of Mantua. Castellarquato, Italy. See Castel-Arquato. Castel-Lastua, kis-tel'-lfc-too'a., a village of Dal- matia, 22 miles S.E. of Cattaro, on the Adriatic. Castellazzo, kas-tSl-lit'so, a town of Italy, 5 miles S.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 6049. Castel -Iieone, kds-tSl'-li-o'ni, a village of Italy, 16 miles N.W. of Cremona. Pop. 6795. Castelletto al Po, klls-tSl-lM'to &\ po, a village of Italy, province of Pavia. Pop. 646. Castelletto d'Orba, kis-t51-15t'to don'ba,, a village of Italy, 6i miles S.W. of Novi. Pop. 934. Castelletto Merii, kis-tSl-15t'to mjit'lee, a village of Italy, province of Alessandria. Pop. 1631. Castelletto Scazzoso, kls-tSI-lSt'to skit-so'so, a village of Italy, province of Alessandria. Pop. 1717. Castelletto sopra Ticino, kas-t31-ISt'to so'pri te- chee'no, a village of Italy, 19 miles N. of Novara, on the Ticino. Pop. 4367. Castelletto Stura, k^s-tSl-18t'to stoo'rJ, a village of Italy, province and 6 miles E. of Coni. Pop. 1100. - Castellina, k^s-tSl-leo'ni, a village of Italy, province and 19 miles S.S.E. of Pisa. Pop. 2138. Castellina, a village of Italy, 9 miles N.N.E. of Sienna. Pop., with commune, 3910. Castellio, an ancient town of France. See Chatillon. Castel 1-Llubi, a town of Spain. See Lluei. Castel-Llychwr,kis'tSl(*iiK'oor, written also LI ou- ghor, a borough of Wales, co. of Glamorgan, 6i miles by rail W. by N. of Swansea. Pop. 765. Castello, a town of Italy. See CiTTA DI Castello. Castello Branco, kis-tSl'lo brin'ko, a town of Por- tugal, province of Beira, 64 miles S.E. of Coimbra. It is a bishop's see. Pop. 5579. Castello d'Aci, kis-tSl'Io di'chee, a town of Sicily, province and 4 miles N.E. of Catania, on the Mediter- raaean. Castello della Baronia, kls-tSl'lo dSl'lil bi-ro- nee'3,, or Baronia, b3,-ro-nee'^, a village of Italy, prov- ince of Avellino, lOi miles S.E. of Ariano. Pop. 1685. Castello de Vide, kas-tdl'lo d-4 vee'dA, a village of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 11 miles N. of Portalegre. Pop. 6279. It is walled, and has a castle, several churches, and a manufactory of woollen cloths. Castello di Quatro, k^s tSl'lo dee kwa,'tro, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, 4 miles by rail N. by W. of Florence. It has a summer palace, with extensive gardens and parks. Castello di San Cataldo, kJs-tSl'lo dee s^n ki-tM'- do, a town of Italy, province and 7 miles N.E. of Lecce. Castello Melhor,kas-tM'lom81-y(5B', a village of Por- tugal, province of Beira, on the left bank of the Douro, 5 miles N. of Castel-Rodrigo. Castellon de Ampurias, kJs-tSl-yon' di im-poo'- re-^s, a town of Spain, 21 miles N.N.E. of Gerona, on the Muga. Pop. 3000. Castellon de la Plana, kis-tSl-yon' di li pli'ni, a province of Spain, in Valencia, bounded N. by the prov- inces of Teruel and Tarragona, E. by the Mediterranean Sea, S. by Valencia, and W. by Teruel. Area, 3049 square miles. Pop. in 1870, 296,222. Castellon de la Plana (anc. CaetaUo ?), a city of Spain, capital of the above, 40 miles by rail N.N.E. of Va- lencia, and 4 miles from the sea, in an extensive and fertile plain, irrigated by the Mijares, whose waters, through an ancient aqueduct cut through solid rock, are conveyed 6 miles into the town. The houses are in general well built and commodious, and the streets wide, straight, clean, and, though unpaved, many of the more important have good footpaths. It has 9 squares, a church wherein are good paintings, statues, &c., Latin, normal, and other schools, a hospital, theatre, barracks, orphan asylum, bull-ring, 2 prisons, several convents, ttc. The manufactures are linen, woollen, and hempen fabrics, sail-cloth, ropes, paper, soap, glass, earthenware, fire-arms, brandy, wine, oil, &c. Much attention is paid to the rearing of silk-worms. The im- ports comprise sugar, coffee, alcohol, cotton, hides, vinegar, and salt fish, and the exports are hemp, grain, fruits, and manufactured goods. The vessels frequenting the port are numerous, but small, and the anchorage is but indifferent. Castellon was taken from the Saracens in 1233 by James I. of Aragon. . Pop. 21,929. Castellone, kis-tSl-lo'ni, a town of Italy, on the Appian Way, and on the Gulf of Gaeta, 6i miles N.E. of Gaeta. Pop. 978. Castellote, kis-tel-yo'ti, a town of Spain, 65 miles N.E. of Teruel. Pop. 1520. Castellucchio, kis-t§l-look'ke-o, a village of Italy, 7i miles W. of Mantua. Pop. 4040. Castelluccia, kis-t81-Ioot'chi, a village of Italy, prov- ince and 27 miles E.S.E. of Salerno. Pop. 2980. Castelluccio, kis-tSl-loot'cho, a town of Italy, prov- ince of Caserta, 6 miles S.W. of Sora. Pop. 1610. Castelluccio Aqua Borrana,kis-tSl-loot'choi'kwi boR-Ri'ni, a town of Italy, province and 20 miles N.E. of Campobasso, on the S. slope of Monte della Sibilla, 4763 feet high, the loftiest village in the Apennines. Pop. 2831. Castelluccio Inferiore, kas-tel-loot'cho in-fi-re- o'ri, a town of Italy, 32 miles S.W. of Tursi. Pop. 3161. Castelluccio Superiore, kis-t31-loot'cho soo-pi-re- o'ri, a town of Italy, Basilieata, immediately N.W. of Cas- telluccio Inferiore. Pop. 3163. Castellum Cattorum, the ancient name of Cassel. Castellum Pucinum, the ancient name of Duino. Castellum Vetus, the Latin for Castelveteiie. Castel-Madama, kis-t81'-mi-di'mi, a village of Italy, province and E.N.E. of Rome. Pop. 2716. Castel -Maggiore, kis-t51'-mid-jo'ri,atownof Italy, 8 miles by rail N.E. of Bologna. Pop. 40S3. Castelmary, kisHSlmi^ree', a village of France, de- partment of Aveyron, 31 miles from Rodez. Pop. lOSS. Castelmoron, kis'tSPmo*r6N»', a town of France, Lot- et-Garonne, on the Lot, 17 miles S.E. of Marmandc. P. 87.5. Castelnau, kis^tSPno', a fortress of France, depart- ment of Gard, 8 miles S. of Uzes. Castehiaudary, kisHSPnoVli^ree' (anc. Soaiom'agus), a town of France, department of Aude, at a railway junc- tion, 22 miles W.N.W. of Carcassonne. Pop. 9;i8 1 . 1 1 stands on an eminence, and is built in the form of nn aniiihitlioatrc. To theS. the Canal du Midi forms a basin, surrounded by quays, warehouses, and yards f )r building vessels. It has many windmills, and manufactures of woollen and silk fabrics, cotton twist, and crockery. It was founded by the Visigoths, on the site of the anoiont Sontomaijm, under the name of Vnstrum Novum Arianorum, of which its present name is a corruption. CAS 405 CAS Castclnau de Brassac, kisHSrno' d?h brl'sik', a town of France, in Tarn, 30 miles S.E. of Alby. Pop. 4192. Casteliiau de Medoc, liisH^l'no' d?h mi^dok', a town of France, 16 miles N.W. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1645. Castelnau de Montinirail, kfa^^Pno' d?h m6N<''- me-ril', a town of France, 17 miles N.W. of Alby. Pop. 2569. Castelnau Magnoac, kis'tSl^nO' min'yo-ik', a town of France, 21 miles N.E. of Tarbes. Pop. 1581. Castelnau Montratier, kisHSrnO' m6NoH.ri^te-i', a town of France, 124 miles S.S.W. of Cahors. Pop. 4027. Castelnau Riviere Basse, kis'tSPno' reeVe-aiR' biss', a town of France, 25 miles N.W of Tarbes. Pop. 1141. Castelnovo, kils-tSl-no'vo, a town of Italy, province and 10 miles W. of Verona. Pop. 3381. Castelnovo, a town of Italy, province of Caserta, 13 miles N.E. of Gaeta. Castelnuovo, kis-tSl'noo-o'vo, a seaport of Austro- Hungary, Dalmatia, 11 miles W. of Cattaro. It is com- manded by two forts and defended by a citadel. Pop. 6105. Castelnuovo, a town of Italy, province and 14 miles S.E. of Chieti. Pop. 3333. Castelnuovo Boccad'Adda,kis-t3rnoo-o'vobok'- ka did'di, a village of Italy, province and 23 miles S.E. of Lodi. Pop. 2157. Castelnuovo d'Asti, kfc-t^rnoo-o'vo dis'tee, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 15 miles N.W. of Asti. Pop. 3303. Castelnuovo dei Monti, kis-tSrnoo-o'vo di'e mon'- tee, a town of Italy, in Modena, 20 miles S.S.W. of Reggio. Pop. 5792. Castelnuovo della Daunia, kis-t^rnoo-o'vo dSl'- li dow'nee-S,, a town of Italy, province and 24 miles W.N.W. of Foggia. Pop. 3312. Castelnuovo di Ceva, kis-tM'noo-o'vo dee chi'va, a town of Italy, 12 miles E.S.E. of Mondovi. Pop. 442. Castelnuovo di Garfagnana, kis-tSrnoo-o'vo dee gau-fin-yi'ni, a town of Italy, on the Serchio, 43 miles S.W. of Modena. Pop. 4841. Castelnuovo di Magra, kis-tSPnoo-o'vo dee mi'- gr^, a town of Italy, province of Genoa, 11 miles E. of La Spezia, in the valley of the Magra. Pop. 2852. Castelnuovo di Sotto, kis-tSPnoo-o'vo dee sot'to, a town of Northern Italy, on the Canal of Castelnuovo, 10 miles N.W. of Reggio. Pop. 5961. Castelnuovo di Val-di-Cecina, kis-t^rnoo-o'vo dee v^l-dee-chi-ehee'ni, a town of Italy, province of Pisa, I3i miles S. of Volterra. Pop. 1319. Castelnuovo Scrivia, kas-tSrnoo-o'vo skree've-3,, a town of Italy, 13 miles E.N.E. of Alessandria. Pop. 6920. Castelorizo, kis-tSI-lo-reed'zo, or Castel-Rosso, kS,s-ty-ros'so, also written Kasteloryzo, a small island off the S. coast of Asia Minor, 19 miles S.E. of Patara. Lat. 36° 7' 30" N.; Ion. 29° 40' E. Castel-Pagano, kis-t51'-pS.-gi'no, a village of Italy, province and 12 miles S.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 2801. Castel-Petroso, kfc-tSl'-pi-tro'so, a village of Italy, province and 20 miles W. of Campobasso. Pop. 2655, Castel-Rodrigo, kas-tSl'-ro-dree'go, a small fortified town of Portugal, province of Beira, near the Spanish fron- tier, 32 miles N.E. of Guarda. Pop. 464. Castel-Rosso, a town of Greece. See Karysto. Castel-Rosso, Asia Minor. See Castelorizo. Castel-Rotto, kis-tSrrot'to, or Castelruth, kis'- t^l-root', a village of Austria, Tyrol, 14 miles N.E. of Botzen, on a mountain near the Eisach. Pop. 1037. Castel-Sagrat, kisHel'-si'gri', a town of France, 23 miles W.N.VV. of Montauban. Pop. 1337. Castel San Giorgio, san joR'jo, a town of Italy, province of Salerno, 8 miles by rail W. of San Severino. Pop. 4696. Castel San Niccol6,sin neek-ko-lo', a town of Italy, province and 20 miles N.N.W. of Arezzo. Pop. 5445. Castel San Pietro, sin pee-i'tro, a town of Italy, province and 14 miles by rail S.E. of Bologna. Pop. 12,330. Castel-Saraceno, kis-t^l'-si-ri-chi'no, a town of Italy, province and 33 miles S. of Potenza. Pop. 1344. Castel-Sardo, kis-tSl'-saR'do, formerly Castel- Aragonese, k3,s-tfil'-3,-r3,-go-ni'sA, a fortified seaport of Sardinia, on its N. coast, 16 miles N.E. of Sassari. It stands on a nearly isola.ted rock, and has a harbor. Pop. 1931. Castel- Sarrasin, kis^tSl'-saR^RJl'siso', a town of France, in Tarn-et-Garonne, near the Garonne, 12 miles by rail W. of Montauban. Pop. 6835. It was formerly forti- fied, and has manufactures of serge and worsted stockings, and an active trade in corn raised in its vicinity. Castel-Termini, kis-tSl'-tSn'me-ne (ano. Camjcia'nie A'qum?), a town of Sicily, 16 miles N. of Girgenti. It has extensive mines of sulphur and rock salt. Pop. 8913. Castelvetere, k4s-tSrvSt'i-rA (L. Castel'lmn Ve'tua, i.e., **old castle;" anc. Can'lon and Caulo'ma), a town of Italy, in Calabria, near the Mediterranean, 47 miles N.E. of Reggio. It has a castle and 5 churches. Pop. 7270. Castelvetere, a town of Italy, province of Benevento, 18 miles E.S.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 4248. Castelvetere, a town of Italy, province of Avellino, 10 miles W. of Sant' Angelo. Pop. 2629. Castelvetrano, ktLs-tSrvi-trS,'no, a town of Sicily, 29 miles S.E. of Trapani. Pop. 20,420. Castenedolo, kis-ti-ni-do'lo, a town of Italy, prov- ince of Milan, 6i miles S.E. of Brescia. Pop. 3651. Cast^ra-Lectourois, k4sHiV5,'-ISk'tooR"wa, a town of France, in Gers, 2t miles N. of Lectoure. Pop. 765. Cast^ra-Verduzan, k4s*t4h-a'-vSRMii*z6K"', a vil- lage of France, in Gers, 23 miles N. of Auch. It possesses sulphur and chalybeate springs. Pop. 1080. Castets, kis'ti', a village of France, in Gironde, on the Garonne, 9 miles N. of Bazas. Pop. 1320. Castets, avillage of Fr.ance, in Landes, 12 miles N.N.W. of Dax. Pop. 2081. Castiglia, the Italian for Castile. Castiglione, kis-teel-yo'ni, a town of Italy, in Lom- bardy. Hi miles S.E. of Lodi, near the Adda. Pop. 3679. Castiglione, a town of Italy, 21 miles N.W. of Lucca. Pop. 3526. Castiglione, a town of Italy, province and 4^ miles N.N.E. of Cosenza. Pop. 1318. Castiglione, a town of Italy, in Calabria, 10 miles AV. of Nicastro. Pop. 1208. Castiglione, a town of Sicily, 25 miles N. \>j E. of Catania. Pop. 8654. It is famed for its filberts. Castiglione, a town of Italy, in Umbria. 22 miles W. of Perugia, on the Lake of Perugia. Pop. 9380. Castiglione (anc. Gahii), a village of Italy, province and about 12 miles E. of Rome. It has interesting remains of antiquity. Castiglione, a town of Italy, province of Massa-e- Carrara, 21 miles N.W. of Lucca. Pop. 3626. Castiglione, a town of Italy, province and 25 miles S.S.E. of Bologna. Pop. 4383. Castiglione dei Gati, kfa-teel-yo'ni di'ee gi'tee, a town of Italy, 26 miles S.W. of Bologna. Pop. 2000. Castiglione della Pescaia, kis-teel-yo'ni d^I'lJl p^s-ki'i, a town of Italy, 12 miles W. of Grosseto. on the Mediterranean, at the outlet of Lake Castiglione. P. 1911. Castiglione della Stiviere, kfc-teel-yo'ni d^l'li ste-ve-i'ri, a town of Lombardy, 22 miles N.W. of Mantua. Pop. 5237. It is noted for the decisive victory gained here by the French over the Austrians in 1796. Castiglione d'Orcia, kis-teel-j'o'ni doR-chec'i. a town of Italy, province of Sienna, on the Orcia, 8 miles S.E. of Monte-Alcino. Pop. 2276. Castiglione Fiorentino, kfc-teel-yo'ni fe-o-rto- tee'no, a town of Italy, 10 miles by rail S.E. of Arezzo. Pop. 12,935. It has a Piarist college and orphan asylum. Castiglione (kfc-teel-yo'ni), Lake of, a lagoon of Tuscany, province of Sienna, N. of Grosseto, about 10 miles in length by from 1 to 3 miles in breadth : it was formerly much larger, but a great part of it has been drained. It receives the Bruna and other small rivers, and disembogues into the Mediterranean by a short channel close to Cas- tiglione della Pescaia. It aff"ords abundance of fish ; but its banks are very unhealthy and mostly depopulated. Castiglione Messer Marino, kis-teel-yo'ni m^s- siR' mi-ree'no, a town of Italy, province of Chieti, 22 miles S.W. of Vasto. Pop. 4066. Castiglione Messer Raimondo, kis-teel-yo'ni mSs-s^R' ri-mon'do, a town of Italy, province and 17 miles S.E. of Teramo. Pop. 3572. Castilblanco, k4s-teel-bl5,n'ko, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 15 miles E.S.E. of Logrosan. Pop. 2023. Castilblanco is the name of several other places in Spain. Castile, kfc-teel' (Sp. Castilla, kAs-teel'yi; Fr. Cas- tille, kisHeel' ; Ger. Castilleii, kis-tee'le-en ; It. Castiglia, kis-teel'ya), a former kingdom of Spain, occupying the great centra! table-land of the peninsula, composed chiefly of tertiary formation, and eleva.ted 2300 feet above the level of the sea. In the tenth century this region was a country of which Burgos was the capital ; at the commencement of the eleventh century it was erected into a kingdom, and was successively extended by the addition of the kingdoms of Leon, Estremadura, and Andalusia. The marriage of Ferdinand, King of Aragon, with Isabella of Castile, in 1474, united under one sceptre all the Christian states of Spain, and the conquest of Granada, in 1492, led to the es- tablishment of the kingdom of Spain, From the great im- CAS 406 CAS portance of Castile, as the centre of the kingdom, the name of Castilian is often used to indicate Spaniards in general. See New Castile and Old Castile. Adj. and inhab. Castilian, k^s-til'yan (Sp. Castillano, k^s-teel-yS,'no). Castile, a post- village of Wyoming co., N.Y., in Castile township, and on the Erie Railroad, 57 miles E.S.E. of Buf- falo, and 9 miles S.S.B. of Warsaw. It has a bank, a union school, 4 churches, a newspaper office, and a manufactorj' of farming-implements. Pop. 712. The township is bounded on the E. by the Genesee Uiver, which here flows between steep banks about 300 feet high. Pop. 2277. Castilla, Castille, and Castilien. See Castile. Castilla la Nueva, the Spanish for New Castile. Castilla la Vieja, the Spanish for Old Castile. Castillian (kas-til'yan) Springs, a summer resort of Holmes co.. Miss., 3 miles from Durant Railroad Station. It has 2 churches, and mineral springs containing alum and sulphates of lime, magnesia, and potash. Castillo, kas-teel'yo, an islet of the Grenadine group, British West Indies, about lat. 12° 4S' N., Ion. 61° 30' W. Castillo de Garci°Munoz, kis-teel'yo di gan'- the-moon-yoth', a town of New Castile, 27 miles S.S.W. of Cuenea. Pop. 1123. Castillo de las Guardas, kJs-teel'yo di 13,3 gwan'- dfc, a town of Andalusia, 30 miles N.W. of Seville. P. 1719. Castillo de Locubin, kis-teel'yo di lo-koo-been', a town of Spain, 18 miles S.W. of Jaen. Pop. 3971. Castilloii, kasHee'yAso', a town of France, in Ariege, r miles S.W. of St.-Girons, on the Lez. Pop. 1054. Castillon, a town of France, department of Gironde, on the right bank of the Dordogne, 25 miles by rail E. of Bordeaux. It has manufactures of nails, cords, cottons, and woollens. Pop. 3597. Castillones, kisHee^yo'ni', a town of France, Lot-et- Garonne, 17 miles N.N.W. of Villeneuve-sur-Lot. P. 1279. Castine, kas-teen', a post-village and port of entry of Hancock co.. Me., is in Castine township, on the E. side of Penobscot Bay, about 33 miles below Bangor, and 12 miles by water E. of Belfast. It has a good harbor for large ships, and is partly supported by ship-building and fish- eries. Here is the Eastern State Normal School. Castine has 3 churches and a brick-yard. Pop. of township, 1303. Castine, a post-village of Darke co., 0., in Butler township, about 30 miles W.N.W. of Dayton. It has a tannery and 2 general stores. Pop. 177. Castione, kis-te-o'ni, a village of Italy, in Lombardy, province and 20 miles N.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 1146. Castioue, a village of Italy, in Lombardy, province and 4 miles W. of Sondrio. Pop. 1388. Castle, kas'sel, a post-office of Randolph co., Ind. Castle, township, McPherson co., Kansas. Pop. 181. Castlebar, kas^sel-bar', or Ag'l ish , a town of Ireland, capital of the co. of Mayo, on the Castlebar River, 10 miles by rail E.N.E. of Westport. It stands on a plain of bog and pasture, and, excepting its main street and a square, it is ill built and paved. Principal edifices, the parish church, the castle, a handsome Catholic chapel, the court-house, a linen-hall, and barracks. It has some breweries, and a trade in linens and rural produce. It was taken in 1798 by the French, who subsequently abandoned the place on the ap- proach of Lord Cornwallis. Pop. 3508. Cas'tlebar', or Ting'wick, a post-village in Rich- mond CO., Quebec. 3i miles N.E. of Danville. Pop. 150. Cas'tle-Bel'lingham, a town of Ireland, co. of Louth, 4^ miles N. of Dunleer. Pop. 537. Castleberry, kas'sel-bSr-re, a post-office and station of Conecuh eo., Ala., on the Mobile &, Montgomery Railroad, 89 miles E.N.E. of Mobile. Cas'tle-Blake'ney, or Kiriaso'lan, a village of Ireland, co. of Galway, IS miles S.E. of Tuam. Castle-Blayney, kas'sel-bli'nee, a town of Ireland, CO. of Monaghan, 15 miles by rail W.N.W. of Dundalk, at the W. extremity of Lough Blayney. Pop. 1809. Cas'tle-Ca'rey, a town of England, co. of Somerset, 14 miles by rail N.E. of Yeovil. Pop. of parish, 2021. Cas'tle-Ca'ry, a hamlet of Scotland, co. of Stirling, 9 miles by rail W.S.W. of Falkirk. It is supposed to have been the ancient Curia Damtiiorum. Cas'tle- Combe, a village of England, co. of Wilts, 6 miles N.W. of Chippenham. Cas'tle- Co'mer, a town of Ireland, oo. and 10 miles N.N.B. of Kilkenny. Pop. 1321. Cas'tIe-Con'nel,orStradbal'ly, a town of Ireland, CO. and S miles by rail N.N.E. of Limerick, on the Shannon. Pop. 478. Castle Craig, a post-office of Campbell co., Va. Castle Creek, a post-office of Owyhee co., Idaho. Castle Creek, a post-hamlet of Broome co., N.Y., in Chenango township, about 9 miles N. of Binghamton. It has 2 churches, 2 stores, &c. Castle-Der'mot, or TrisHleder'mot, a town of Ireland, co. of Kildare, on the Lear, 6 miles N.N.E. of Carlow. It has numerous antiquities. It was formerly the residence of the kings of Leinster. Pop. 727. Castle-Douglas, kas'sel-diig'las, a town of Scotland, 9 miles by rail N.E. of Kirkcudbright. It is well built. Its original name was Carlinwark. Pop. 2274. Cas'tle-E'den, a village of England, co. and 10 miles by rail S.E. of Durham. Pop. of parish, 693. Castle Fin, a post-village of York co., Pa., in Chance- ford township, on the Peach Bottom Railroad, 31 miles S.E, of York. It has a church, a flour-mill, and an iron-forge. CasHle-Finn', a town of Ireland, co. of Donegal, on the Finn, 5 miles by rail S.W. of Lifford. Pop. 382. Cas'tleford, a town of England, West Billing of York- shire, at an important railway junction, 7 miles N.E. of Wakefield. Pop. 6268. Castleford, Ontario. See Bonnechere Point. Cas'tle- Greg'ory, a town of Ireland, co. of Kerry, on Tralee Bay, 12 miles W. of Tralee. Pop. 561. Castle Grove, a post-office or hamlet of Jones co., Iowa, in Castle Grove township, about 7 miles N. of Ana- mosa. Pop. of the township, 707. Castle Hayne, hane, a post-office of New Hanover CO., N.C., on the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad, 9 miles N. of Wilmington. Castle Hill, a post-office of Aroostook co.. Me., 12 miles S.W. of Caribou. Pop. of Castle Hill plantation, 237. Castle-Island, an islet of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork, in Roaring- Water Bay, N. of Cape Clear. Castle-Island, a town of Ireland, co. of Kerry, 11 miles E.S.E. of Tralee. Pop. 1767. Castle-Ijyons, kas'sel-li'onz, a village of Ireland, co. of Cork, 2 miles N.E. of Ratbeormack. Pop. 546. Castlemaine, kas'sel-mane, a borough in Talbot co., Victoria, Australia, on Forest Creek, and on the railroad from Melbourne to Echuca, 77 miles N.N.W. of Melbourne, in a mountainous gold-region. It has an asylum for the poor, a hospital, foundry, and several banks. Pop. 6935. Castleinan (kas'sel-man) or Cas'selman's Kiver, Pennsylvania, drains part of Somerset co., runs southwest- ward, and enters the I'oughiogheny River at Confluence Station. It is about 50 miles long. Castleman's Ferry, a post-office of Clarke co., Va., on the Shenandoah River. CasHleniar'tyr, a town of Ireland, co. and 18 miles by rail E. of Cork, on the Maine. Pop. 536. Cas'tlemore, a post-village in Peel co., Ontario, 11 miles from Weston. Pop. 200. Castle Peak, California, is a peak of the Sierra Nevada, and stands on the boundary between Mono and Tuolumne COS., 12 miles N. of Mount Dana. Its altitude is about 13,000 feet above the sea-level. Lat. about 38° 5' N. It is partly covered with forests of fir and pine. Castle Peak, Colorado, is the highest peak of the Elk Mountains, 14,115 feet above the sea-level. Lat. 39° 0' 30" N.; Ion. 106° 38' 40" W. It has a conical summit. Cas'tle-Pol'lard, a town of Ireland, co. of West- meath, 11 miles N. of Mullingar. Pop. 932. Castle-Rea, or Castlereagh, kas'sel-ri', a market- town of Ireland, co. and 16 miles by rail W.N.W. of Ros- common, on the Suck. Pop. 1146. Castlereagh (kas"sel-ri') River, of Australia, flows N.W. and joins the Darling in lat. 30° S., Ion. 147° 20' E. Castle-Ri'sing, a town of England, oo. of Norfolk, 4 miles S.S.E. of Lynn-Regis. It has the remains of a castle, formerly the sent of the Earls of Arundel. Pop. 379. Castle (kfts'sijl) Rock, a post-village, capital of Doug- las CO., Col., on the Denver A Rio Grande Railroad, 33 miles S. of Denver. It has a newspaper office, 2 hotels, &o. Castle Rock, a post-hamlet of Dakota oo., Minn., in Castle Rock township, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 33 miles S. of St. Paul. It has a ehuroh, an elevator, and a store. Pop. of the township, 748. Castle Rock, a post-hamlet of Osage eo., Mo., in Jackson township, on the Osage River, about 8 miles S. of Jefferson City. It has a church and a flour-mill. Castle Rock, a station in Summit co., Utah, on the Union Pacific Railroad, in the Echo Cafion, 20 miles S.W. of Evanston, AVyoming. It takes its name from a vast rock which is thought to resemble a ruined castle. Castle Rock, a post-oflioe and station of Cowlita oo., Washington, on the Cowlitz River and the Northorn Pacific Railroad, 20 miles N.N.W. of Kalama. CAS 407 CAS Castle Rock, a post-hamlet of Grant cc, Wis., 12 miles S.E. of Boscobel, and about 60 miles W. of Madison. It has a flour-mill. Here is a rock 250 feet high. Castle Shan'non, a post-village of Alleghany co., Pa., in Baldwin township, on the Pittsburg & Castle Shannon Railroad, 7 miles S. of Pittsburg. It has a churoh, a Meth- odist camp-ground, and about 60 houses. Cas'tleton, a village of England, co. of Derby, 13 miles W. by S. of Sheffield, at the bottom of a rugged emi- nence, on which stands the ancient Peak Castle, erected by William Peveril, natural son of the Conqueror. There arc many remarkable natural curiosities in the neighborhood, the most extraordinary of which is the Peak Cavern, or Devil's Cave, consisting of a series of subterraneous cham- bers, which can be explored only by torchlight. Pop. 678. Castleton, kas'sel-ton, a post-village of Stark co., 111., in Penn township, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 133 miles W.S.W. of Chicago. It has 2 churches, 2 general stores, &c. Pop. about 250. Castleton, a post-village of Marion co., Ind., in Law- rence township, on the Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago Rail- road, H miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis. It has a church, a graded school, and a carriage -factory. Castletou, a post-hamlet of Reno co., Kansas, in Cas- tleton township, on the Ninnescah River, 13 miles E. of Hutchinson. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 307. Castleton, a post-hamlet of Harford co., Md., A mile from Rowlandsville Station. It has a church and a mill. Castleton, a township of Barry co., Mich. Pop. 1966. Castletou, Ontario co., N,Y. See Seneca Castle. Caatleton, a post-village of Rensselaer co., N.Y., in Schodac township, on the Hudson River, and on the Hud- son River Railroad, 9 miles S. of Albany. It has 2 churches, a national bank, 2 paper-mills, and a manufactory of screws. Pop. 580. Castleton, a township of Richmond co., N.Y., forms part of the N. side of Staten Island. It contains the villages of Tompkinsville, New Brighton, Castleton Corners, &c., has a Sailors' Snug Harbor, extensive dye-works, a home for the children of mariners, and is connected by ferries with New York City. Pop. 11,007- Castleton, a post-village of Rutland co., Vt., is on Castleton River, in a township of the same name, and on the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad, 11 miles W. of Rut- land. It is at the junction of two branches of the railroad which connect it with Whitehnll and other towns in New York. It contains a state normal school, 5 churches, the Castleton Seminary, and a national bank. Here are manu- factures of carriages, woollen goods, &o. The township comprises the village of Hydeville, and has quarries of marble and slate. Total pop. 3243. Castleton, a post-hamlet of Rappahannock co., Va., 10 miles N.N.W. of Culpeper. Castleton, a post-village in Northumberland co., On- tario, 6 miles N.N.W. of Colborne. It has manufactures of carriages, shingles, and bricks, and several mills. Pop. 400. Castleton Corners, post-office, Richmond co., N.Y. Castleton River, Vt., is a small stream which runs westward in Rutland co., and enters the Poultney River on the W. boundary of the state, 6 miles W. of Castleton. Cas'tletown, a village of Scotland, co. of Caithness, on Olrick Bay, near the N. point of Great Britain. Pop. 911. Cas'tletown, or Cas'tletown Bereha'ven, a town of Ireland, co. of Cork, on the W. side of Bantry Bay, opposite Bear Island, 18 miles W. of Bantry. Pop. 1002. Castletown (Manx, 5k% (or Bally) Casktel), the capital of the Isle of Man, in the S. extremity of the island, on the W. shore of Castletown Bay. It is supposed to be the most ancient town on the island. In the centre is a large square, with a market-house; St. Mary's church faces the parade, and King William's College is in the vicinity. Castle Rushen, said to have been built in 960, and once the residence of royalty, now a prison and barracks, stands on a rock in the centre of the town. Here is the residence of the governor of the island. Pop. 2320. Castletown-Roche, roch, a town of Ireland, co. of Cork, on the Awbeg, 8 miles W.N.W. of Fermoy. Pop. 801. CasHIetowns'end, a town of Ireland, co. of Cork, on the W. side of Castlehaven Bay, 4 miles E.S.E. of Skib- bereen. Pop. 474. Cas'tleville, a post-office and mining-camp of Custer CO., Dakota, in the Black Hills. Gold is found here. Castleville, a post-office of Buchanan co., Iowa. Cas'tle-Wel'lan, a town of Ireland, co. of Down, 5 miles S.W. of Clogh. Pop. 763. Cas'tlewood, a station on the Missouri Pacific Rail- road, in St. Louis co.. Mo., 23 miles W.S.W, of St. Louis. Cas'tor, a village of England, co. of Northampton, 4 miles by railway W. of Peterborough. , Pop. 6S0. Castor is the Durobrivie of Antoninus. Cas'tor, a post-hamlet of Wayne co,, 111., 10 miles W. of Fairfield. It has 2 churches. Castor, a post-office of Caldwell parish, La. Castor, a post-hamlet of Bollinger co.. Mo., in Fill- more township, 10 miles S. of Marquand. Castor, a township of Madison co.. Mo. Pop. 1000. Castor, a township of Stoddard co.. Mo. Pop. 2785. It contains Bloomfield. Cas'tor, an island of Quebec, at the N.W. end of Lake St. Peter, which is an expansion of the river St. Lawrence. Castor, a village of Ontario. See Russell, Castor Bayou, bi'oo, Louisiana, rises in Jackson parish, runs in a general southward direction, and enters the Dugdemona River on the boundary between the parishes of Catahoula and Winn. It is nearly 100 miles long. Casto'ria, a township of San Joaquin co., Cal. Pop. 1184. It contains French Camp. Cas'torland, a post-hamlet of Lewis co., N.Y., on the Utica & Black River Railroad, 8 miles S. of Carthage. Castor River, Missouri, drains parts of the cos. of Bollinger, Wayne, and Stoddard, runs mostly southward and southeastward in a low, level, and swampy district, and enters a large lake in New Madrid co. Castor Sulphur Springs, a post-village of Catahoula parish, La., on Castor Bayou, 60 miles S. by W. of Monroe. It has 2 churches, a lumber-mill, and medicinal springs, which are much frequented. Cas'torville, a hamlet of Stoddard co.. Mo., on the Castor River, 10 miles N.W. of Bloomfield, It has a church, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and 2 stores. Castra Augustana. See Straubing. Castra Caecilia, the ancient name of Caceres. Castra Corneliana, See Gellah. Castra Retina, an ancient name of Ratisbos. Castra Viniana, supposed ancient name for Baena. Castremonium, supposed ancient name of Castro. Castres, kast'r, a town of France, department of Tarn, on both sides of the Agout, 25 miles S.E. of Alby. Pop. 21,357. It is the most populous town in the department, and is an important railway junction. Though generally ill built, it has some good edifices, including the old epis- copal palace, now the town hall, a public library, a church with works of art, a theatre, barracks, and exchange. It is the seat of a Protestant consistory, and has important man- ufactures of cassimeres, military clothing, cotton goods, cop- per wares, glue, soap, paper, and leather. Coal, iron, lead, and copper .are mined in its vicinity, and the town has an active trade in wool, liqueurs, and confectionery. Castres, a town of France, in Gironde, 11 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 739. Castri, kiLs'tree, a village of Greece, in Phocis, occupy- ing a portion of the site of ancient Delphi, on the southern declivity of Mount Parnassus, 7 miles E. of Salona. About 250 yards E. is the famous Castalian Spring. Castricum, a village of Holland. See Kastrikum. Castries, kis^tree', a town of France, in Herault, 7 miles N.E. of Montpellier. Pop. 1415. Castries, kS,sHree', or Port Castries, a town and port of entry of the British West Indies, capital of the island of St. Lucia, on its W. coast, with a good port and extensive commerce. Pop. 4300. Castro, kis'tro, a town of Italy, 10 miles S.W. of Otranto, on the Adriatic. It has an old castle, a harbor for small vessels, and some export trade. Castro (anc. Gastremo'nUtm?), a village of Italy, prov- ince and 25 miles W.N.W. of Viterbo. Castro, a village of Italy, province of Rome, 9 miles S. of Frosinone. Pop. 3684. Castro, k^s'tro (anc. Miti/le'ue), a town of Asiatic Tur- key, capital of the island of Mitylene, on its E. coast, 55 miles N.W. of Smyrna. It extends in a semicircle around a shallow harbor, and has a large castle, several churches, convents, and mosques. In its suburbs are many vestiges of the ancient Mitylene. It is the seat of a Catholic arch- bishop (Armenian rite). Pop. 6000. Castro, Greece and Turkey. See Andro and Scro. Castro, kis'tro, a town of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, W. of the Serra do Mar, and 85 miles N.W. of Curitiba. Pop. of the district, 8000. Castro, kis'tro. a town of Chili, on the E. coast of the island of Chil.o6, at the head of a fine bay of the same name. Its port is good, and it carries on some trade. Pop. 405. Cas'tro, a county in the N.W. of Texas, traversed by the Red River. Area, 900 square miles. CAS 408 CAT Castro-Contrigo, kis'tro-kon-tree'go, a town of Spain, 40 miles S.W. of Leon, on the Eria. Pop. 903. Castro 0aire, k^s'tro di'ri, a town of Portugal, prov- ince of Beira, 18 miles S.S.W. of Lamego. Pop. 318:j. Castro del Rio, kis'tro dil ree'o, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 16 miles S.E. by S. of Cordova, on the Gua- dajoz. The ancient part of the town is surrounded by a dilapidated wall, flanked with towers, and entered by one gate, which was defended by an Arab castle, now ruinous. The modern portion is outside the walls. Most of the streets are wide and regular, lined with well-built houses and hand- some public editices. Its parish church is spacious, has three naves and a lofty tower, and here are two colleges, several hospitals, a town hall, prison, store-house, and ceme- tery. It has manufactures of linen, woollen, and hempen fabrics, earthenware, tiles, bricks, lime, brandj^, wine, and oil ; and a trade in wheat, cattle, honey, Ac. Pop. 8900. Castrogiovaiini, k3,s'tro-jo-v3,n'nee (ano. Eu'na), a city of Sicily, on a table-land in the centre of the island, 4000 feet above the sea, and 13 miles N.B. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 14,411. Though healthy, well supplied with water, and in a fertile tract, it is in decay, and its chief edifice is a feudal fortress. Enna was celebrated in antiquity as the birthplace of Ceres and the site of her most famous temple. About 5 miles distant is the Lake of Pergusa, where Pros- erpine, according to the poets, was carried off by Pluto. Castrojeriz,k^s'tro-Hi-reeth' (anc. Castntm Ceesai-is?), a town of Spain, 18 miles W. of Burgos. Pop. 2124. Castro Laboreiro, kis'tro la-bo-r4'e-ro, a town of Portugal, in Minho, 32 miles N.B. of Ponte-de-Lima, on .an elevated plateau near the frontiers of Spain. It con- tains an old ruined castle, and, owing to its great height, is considered the coldest place in Portugal. Pop. 2092. Castro Marim, kfc'tro mi-reeN"', a town of Portugal, in Algarve, in the S.E. corner of the kingdom, on the Gua- diana, 15 miles N.E. of Tavira. Pop. 3673. Castronuovo, k3,s'tro-noo-o'vo, a town of Sicily, 25 miles N. of Girgenti. Pop. 4313. Near it are quarries of fine marble. Castronuovo, a town of Italy, province and 34 miles S.S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 3050. Castropignano, kis'tro-peen-ya'no, a town of Italy, province and 5 miles W.N.W, of Campobasso. Pop. 3209. Castropol, k5,s-tro-por, a seaport of Spain, province and 58 miles W.N.A¥. of Oviedo, near the mouth of the Kibadeo, in the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 811. Castro-Reale, k4s'tro-ri-4'li, a city of Sicily, on the Castro, 12 miles S.W. of Milazzo. Pop. 7660. Cas'tro's, a station in Santa Clara co., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 13 miles N.W. of San Jose. Castro-Urdiales, k£i,s'tro-ooK-de-i'l§s, a seaport of Spain, province and 27 miles E. of Santander, on the Bay of Biscay. It has walls, bastions, and an old castle ; its harbor is safe, and it has e.xtensive fisheries. Pop. 3391. Castroverde, k^s'tro-vSii'di, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 26 miles S. of Beja. Pop. 3400. Castrovillari, liis'tro-vil-la'ree, a town of Italy, in Calabria, 7 miles W.N.W. of Cassano. Pop. 9396. In its vicinity the cheese called cacio cavallo is made. Cas'troville, a post-village of Monterey co., Cal., is 2 miles from the Bay of Monterey, and on the Southern Pa- cific Railroad, 110 miles S.S.E. of San Francisco, and 8 miles N.W. of Salinas. It has 2 churches, a money-order post-oflflce, and a newspaper oifice. Pop. 436, Castroville, a post-village, capital of Medina co., Tex., on the Medina River, 25 miles W.S.W. of San Antonio. It has 2 stone churches, a convent, 2 grist-mills, a saw-mill, and manufactures of beer and wine. Many of the resi- dences are built of stone, which is quarried here. Pop. 515. Castro-Vireyna, kis'tro-ve-ri'e-ni, or Castro- Virryna, kis'tro-veeu-Ree'n^, a town of Peru, depart- ment and 112 miles S.W. of Ayacucho, on the W. slope of the Andes; so elevated that its people often suffer from cold. Castrum Annulare. See Anghi.iri. Castrum C.Tsaris. Pec Castrojkkiz. Castrum dc Ai'<'iil>ns, the Latin name for Les Arcs. Castrum de <'iMriN,su|ipiised ancient nameof Cuers. Castrum Dolt'siliauuni, the Latin for Delfzyl. Castrum dc fliodiuo. See Le Muy. Castrum Deusonis. See Buisburg. Castrum Duiii. See Dun-le-Roi. Castrum Lauri. See Cortemaggiore. Castrum Lucii, supposed ancient nan^e of Ciialus. Castrum JHutilum. See MoniGUANA. Castrum Novum, ancient name of GiiiuA. Castrum Novum Arianorum. Sue Castelnau- DARV. Castrum Thigernum. See Thiers. Castua, kis-too'a, a town of Austro-Hungary, on the peninsula of Istria, near the Gulf of Quarnero, 34 miles S.E. of Triest. It was the capital of the ancient Liburnia, but is now decayed. Pop. 541. Castuera, "kis-too-i'rS,, a town of Spain, 68 miles by rail E.S.E. of Badajos, near the Guadaleja. Pop. 6250. It has trade in fruit and wine. Casuentus, the ancient name of the Basiento. Caswell, kaz'wel, a county in the N. part of North Carolina, bordering on Virginia, has an area of about 380 square miles. It is drained by Dan River and several small affluents of the same. The surface is undulating, and ex- tensively covered with forests; the soil is fertile. Tobacco, Indian corn, oats, and wheat are the staple products. The Richmond & Danville Railroad passes through the N.W. part of the county. Capital, Yanceyville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,056,553. Pop. in 1870, 16,081, of whom 16,072 were Americans. Caswell , a township of New Hanover oo., N.C. P. 1087. Caswell, a post-hamlet of Lafayette co.. Miss., about 16 miles E.N.B. of Oxford. It has several churches. Catac, the ancient name of Cuttack. Catahoula, kat'a-hoo'la, a parish in the central part of Louisiana, has an area of about 1260 square miles. It is intersected by the Ouachita River, and bounded on the W. by Saline Bayou. The surface is nearly level, or undu- lating, and is extensively covered with forests ; the soil is partly fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple prod- ucts. Capital, Harrisonburg. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $1,233,562. Pop. in 1870, 8475, of whom 8366 were Americans. Catahoula Lake, Louisiana, is in Catahoula parish, and is about 15 miles long. Catalauni, or Catalaunum. See Chaloks-sur- Marne. Catali'iia, a post-town and port of entry on the N.W. side of the entrance to Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, 60 miles N.N.W. of St. .lohn's. It has a good harbor, with a light- house. In the town is a fine Anglican church. Pop. 1300. Catalonia, k.at-a-lo'ne-a (Sp. Cataluna, ki-ti-loon'ya; Fr. Catalogue, kini'lon' ; 'it. Catalognn, ki-t!l-16n'ya, ; Ger. Cataloiiien, ki-ti-lo'ne-en), a former province, now a oaptain-generaloy, in the N.E. of Spain, bounded N. by An- dorra and the Pyrenees, W. by Aragon, S. by Valencia, and E. by the Mediterranean. Length, 185 miles; greatest breadth, 130 miles ; but the breadth diminishes southward to 23 and 22 miles. Area, 12,613 square miles. Its capital is Barcelona; it is divided into the provinces of Barcelona, Tarragona, Lerida, and Gerona. It is extremely mountain- ous, being intersected by eontreforts of the Pyrenees, which separate it into numerous small valleys. Near its centre, Monserrat, remarkable for its curious form, is 3919 feet in elevation. All the higher mountains of Catalonia are perpetually covered with snow, and the lower hills with wood. The valleys are verdant, and generally watered by a rivulet. The coasts, about 190 miles in extent, are bold and rugged ; the surface is well watered. Chief rivers, the Bbro, the Llobregat, and the Ter. This is the best culti- vated portion of Spain; every variety of bread-corn is raised. Among its mineral riches are copper, zinc, manga- nese, lead, and coal ; there are salt-works on the coast, and a salt-mine at Cardona. The manufacturing industry of this district has long been famous, and is still the most im- portant in the kingdom. The principal articles produced are woollens, cotton, silk, and leather, paper, cordage, and fire-arms. The Catalans speak a peculiar language, distinct from the Castilian. Catalonia was anciently under the dominion of the Ro- mans, who wore afterwards dispossessed by the Goths, and they again by the Moors. It was finally reconquered by the Spaniards, when it was divided into departments and gov- erned by counts. The national liberties were secured by the Code of Usages, and the people were represented by local parliaments. In 1040 the sovereignty became hereditary, and in 1137 the province was united to Aragon by the marriage of Ramon Berenguer IV. with Pctronila, the heiress of the former. Turbulent and impatient of restraint, the subse- quent history of the Catalans presents a series of rebellions. Philip v., after the capture of Barcelona in 171-1. sup- pressed their ancient cortes and curtailed their liberties. The principal towns are Barcelona, Tarragona, Gerona, Lerida, Reus, Manresa, Tortosa, &o. Pop. in 1870, 1,768,408. Adj. and inhab. Cat'alan and Catalonian, kat-a-lo'- ne-an (Sp. Catalan, ki-tJ-lin'). Cataloo'chce, or Cataloocha, a post-township of Haywood CO., N.C, 48 miles from Newport, Tenn. P. 198. CAT 409 CAT Cataluila, the Spanish for Catalonia. Cata'ma Creek, of Montgomery co., Ala., enters the Alabama River about 12 miles W. of Montgomery. Catamarca, k^-tS,-maR'kd., a province of the Argen- tine Republic, between lat. 25° and 29° S. and Ion. 66° and 69° W., having W. the Andes, separating it from Chili, and on other sides the provinces of Salta, Tucuman, Cordova, and La Rioja. It is extremely fertile, and produces corn, cattle, cotton, and red pepper. The province abounds in valuable minerals. Area, 42,180 square miles. Capital, Catamarca. Pop. 79,962. Catamarca, or San Fernando de Catamarca, s^n f^n-nd.n'do di ki-ti-man'ki, the capital of the above, is on a small stream, 275 miles N.W. of Santiago, in lat. 27° 30' S., Ion. 68° W. It is well built, and has a large trade. Pop. 5718. Cataua, the ancient name of Catania. Catanduanes, kd-tftn-doo-i'nes, one of the Philippine Islands, near the S.E. coast of Luzon, 40 miles long and 15 miles broad. It is fertile and well cultivated. Catania, ka,-t^'ne-i (anc. Cut'ana or Cat'ina), a city of Sicily, on its E. coast, 54 miles by rail N.N.W. of Syra- cuse. Lat. 37° 2S' 20" N.; Ion. 15° 5' 15" E. It is beau- tifully situated at the foot of Etna, its despoiler and its benefactor. The very substance which has ravaged its plains has been changed into a soil of high fertility. The city has a noble appearance from the sea, and is in- ternally very handsome, with regular and spacious streets paved with lava, of which material the numerous public buildings are constructed, the latter being faced with mag- nesian limestone and enriched with marbles. A natural mole of lava encloses the harbor, and an expensive artificial breakwater has been built. Principal edifices, the cathedral, the senate-house, the government pawn-bank, a Benedict- ine convent of vast extent and with a superb church and a large museum, &g., numerous other convents, 50 churches, some of which are very splendid, several charitable estab- lishments, foundling and lying-in hospitals, and a Magdalen asylum. In a fine square near the cathedral is a lava statue representing an elephant bearing an obelisk, believed to be a genuine antique. The university, founded in 1445, has a large revenue, and its library and museums are open on holidays to the public. Catania has a college of arts and numerous private museums; it is an archbishop's see, the seat of high civil and criminal courts, and is invested with various privileges. It has extensive manufactures of silk fabrics, and of wares in lava and amber ; besides which goods it exports corn, macaroni, potatoes, olives, figs, raw silk, wine, soda, manna, cantharides, and snow from Mount Etna. The harbor is not adequate to the importance of the city, but it is generally full of small craft. It is small, and during a strong sirocco no ship can enter. Catania is supposed to have been founded by the Phoeni- cians. It was occupied by the Romans, and by them adorned with edifices of great magnificence, most of which, how- ever, have been destroyed by earthquakes and by lava. The ruins of the amphitheatre, which was more extensive than any other edifice of the same kind now known to exist, are still to be seen ; as also the remains of the theatre, baths, aqueducts, sepulchral chambers, hippodrome, and several temples. Besides being destroyed by the earthquake of 1693, the town again suffered from a similar calamity in 1783, 1818, and 1846. Pop. in 1871, 84,379. Adj. and inhab. Catanian, ka-ta'ne-an. Catania, a province of Italy, in Sicily, ha:ving on the E. the sea. Area, 1970 square miles. Capital, Catania. Pop. 495,415. Catanzaro, kS.-tS,n-a3.'ro, a city of Italy, capital of the province of Catanzaro, on a mountain near the Gulf of Squillace, 33 miles S.S.E. of Cosenza. Pop. 24,900. Many of its principal buildings were destroyed by the earthquake of 1783; it has a cathedral, a castle, a royal academy of sciences, diocesan school, college, and foundling hospital, with a government pawn-bank and other charitable insti- tutions. It is the seat of a bishop, and has manufactures of silk, velvet, and woollen fabrics, and an active trade in agricultural produce. Catanzaro, sometimes called Calabria Ulteriore (or Ultra, ool'trS,) II, kS,-li'br?-i ool-ti-re-o'ri si-kon'- da, a province of Italy, comparti'mento of Calabria. Area, 2307 square miles. It has the Mediterranean on the W., and the Gulf of Taranto on the E. Capital, Catanzaro. Pop. in 1871, 412,226. Catapuliche, ka,-t3.-poo-lee'chi, a river of South America, rises on the E. side of the Chilian Andes, about lat. 39° 15' S., and, after a course of 58 miles, falls into the Rio Negro about lat. 40° 3' S. Cat'aract, a post-hamlet of Owen co., Ind., on Eel River, about 34 miles E. of Terre Haute. It has 2 churches. The river falls 60 feet near this place. Coal is found here. Cataract, a post- village of Monroe co., Wis., in Little Falls township, on Big Creek, 10 miles N. of Sparta, and about 30 miles N.E. of La Crosse. It has a church, a grist- mill, a town hall, 3 stores, and a cheese-factory. Cataract, or Church's Fall s, a post-village in Card- well CO., Ontario, on the river Credit, 3| miles from Alton. It has 2 woollen-mills, a saw-mill, a grist-mill, a brewery, and a fiax-mill. Pop. 200. Cataraqui, k5,Hfi'rS,'kee', or Waterloo, a post-vil- lage in Frontenac co., Ontario, 2 miles W. of Kingston. Pop. 300. Catarrh, ka-tar', a post-office of Chesterfield co., S.C. Catarroja, ki-taR-Ro'nS,, a town of Spain, 6 miles S. of Valencia. Pop. 4430, engaged in raising rice and fishing. Catas Altas, ki'tis ^.rt^s, a village of Brazil, in Minas- Geraes, 20 miles N.N.E. of Ouro Preto. Pop. 3000. In its vicinity are iron-mines. Cat^asau'qua, a post-borough of Lehigh co., Pa., is on the left or E. bank of the Lehigh River, 3 miles above AUentown, and 60 miles N. of Philadelphia. It is on the Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroad, at the junction of the Catasauqua & Foglesville Railroad. It contains 10 churches, a national bank, 4 hotels, a graded school, 2 machine-shops, 1 or 2 rolling-mills, 2 iron-foundries, gas-works, manufac- tures of fire-bricks and railroad-cars, and 6 blast-furnaces of the Crane Iron Company. Two weekly newspapers are published here. The Lehigh Valley Railroad passes along the opposite bank of the river. Pop. 2853. Cat^atonk', a post-hamlet of Tioga co., N.Y., on the Cayuga & Susquehanna Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Owego. It has a church, a tannery, and a saw-mill. CatauMa, a post-ofiice of Harris co., Ga., on the North & South Railroad of Georgia, 15 miles N. of Columbus, Cataw'ba, a county in the W. central part of North Carolina, has an area of 375 square miles. It is bounded on the N. and N.E. by the Catawba River, and is drained by the Little (or South) Catawba. The surface is hilly or un- dulating : the soil produces Indian corn, oats, grass, &o. Granite is found here. This county is intersected by the Western North Carolina Railroad. Capital, Newton. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $3,159,836. Pop. in 1870, 10,984, of whom 10,974 were Americans. Catawba, a post-hamlet of Pendleton co., Ky., on the Kentucky Central Railroad, 37 miles S. of Cincinnati. It ■ has a church and a store. CataAVba, a post-hamlet of Caldwell co., Mo., 9 miles fi-om Breckenridge. It has a church. Catawba, a post-village of Catawba co., N.C., on the Western North Carolina Railroad, and on the Catawba River, 38 miles AV. by N. of Salisbury. It has an academy, 2 churches, 2 cotton -factories, and a manufactory of iron. Catawba, a post-village of Clarke co,, 0., 12 miles from Springlield, and about 35 miles W. of Columbus. It has 2 churches. Pop. 318. Catawba Station is on the Cleveland, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railroad, 12 miles N.E. of Springfield. Catawba, a township of York co., S.C. Pop. 2893. CataAvba, a post-office of Roanoke co., Va. CataAvba Island, a post-hamlet of Ottawa co., 0., in a township of its own name, on Lake Erie, 7 miles from Gypsum Railroad Station, and 12 miles N.W. of Sandusky. It has manufactures of wine. Pop. of township, 515. Catawba (or Great Catawba) River rises at the Blue Ridge, in Western North Carolina. It flows eastward and drains parts of Burke, Catawba, and Iredell cos. From the last it runs southward into York co., S.C, and it forms the boundary between Chester and Lancaster cos. until it reaches Rocky Mount, S.C. Below this point the stream is called the Wateree Rivei'. The Catawba is nearly 300 miles long. Gold is found near this river. An affluent, called the Little (or South) Catawba, intersects Lincoln and Gaston cos., and enters the Catawba River from the right about 15 miles S.W. of Charlotte. Catawba River, a post-office of York co., S.C. Catawba Springs, a township of Lincoln co., N.C. Pop. 2097. Catawis'sa, a post-hamlet of Franklin co.. Mo., on Maramec River, and on the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad, 42 miles W.S.W, of St. Louis. It has a plough-factory, &c, Catawissa, a post-village of Columbia co., Pa,, is in Catawissa township, on the North Branch of the Susque- hanna River, at the mouth of Catawissa Creek, 9 miles E. of Danville, and 4 miles S. of Bloomsburg. It is on the Catawissa & Williamsport Branch of the Reading Rail- CAT 410 CAT road. Another railroad connects it with Sunbury and with Wiliiesbarre; and the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad runs near the place. Station, Catawissa Bridge. It has a banlt, a paper-mill, 2 flour-mills, 1 or 2 foundries, car-shops, and 5 churches. Pop. of the township, 161-1. Catawissa Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in Schuylkill CO., runs northwestward, and enters the North Branch of the Susquehanna River at Catawissa, in Columbia co. Catawissa Junction. See Milton, Pa. Catawissa Mountain, Pennsylvania, on the S. side of Catawissa Creek, is principally included in Columbia co., between its southeastern limit and the Susquehanna River. Catbalogan, kit-bi-lo-gin', written also Cadva- longa, kid-vi-lon'gi, a town of the Philippines, on the island of Samar, at the mouth of a small river near the centre of the W. coast. It is regularly built, and is the residence of a Spanish alcalde. Pop. 6000. Catch, the French for Cotch. Catch'ings, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Tenn., on the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, 96 miles S.B. of Nashville. Cat CreeU, a post-hamlet of Lowndes co., Ga., 12 miles from Valdosta. Cateau-Canibresis, k2lH3'-k6M'br?h-see', or Le Cateau, leh kiHo', a town of France, department of Nord, on a railway, li miles E.S.E. of Cambrai. Pop. 9974. It is well built, and has manufactures of shawls, merinoes, and calicoes, and important coal-mines. The treaty of Cateau- Cambrcsis, between Philip II. of Spain and Henry II. of France, was signed here in 1559. Cateran Loch, a lake of Scotland. See Loch Katrine. Caterli, ki't^rMee', a town of Turkey, on the Sea of Marmora, 175 miles N.N.E. of Smyrna. Cates Station, a post-ofBoe of Todd Co., Minn., on Long Prairie River, 11 miles S. of Motley Railroad Station. Cat'fish, a post-ofiBce of Oswego co., N.Y, Cattish, a hamlet of Blair co., Pa., 2 miles from Holli- daysburg. Cattish, a post-hamlet of Clarion co., Pa., in Madison township, on the Alleghany River, and on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 71 miles N.N.E. of Pittsburg. It has a church and coal-mines. Catfish Creek, South Carolina, runs southward in Marion co., and enters the Great Pedee River. Catfish Landing BlufT, a village of Livingston parish, La., on the Amite River, 21 miles W. of Ponchatoula. It has 2 churches and a manufactory of staves and heading. Here is Maurepas Post-OfRce. Catfish Point, apost-ofRce of Bolivar co.. Miss. Catfish River, Wis., is the outlet of four lakes which are in Dane co., and are called Mendota, Menona, Wau- besa, and Kegonsa. It runs southeastward and enters Rock River in Rock co., about 10 miles above Janesville. It affords abundant water-power. Cath'arine, a post-hamlet of Schuyler co., N.Y., in Catharine township, 3 miles S.E. of Havana, and about 15 miles N. of Elmira. It has 2 churches and a tannery. The township contains other hamlets, named Alpine and Odessa. Pop. of the township, 1521. Catharine, a township of Biair co., Pa. Pop. 907. Catharine Lake, a post-hamlet of Onslow co., N.C., on a lake, about 35 miles S.W. of New-Berne. It has 2 stores and a turpentine-distillery. Cathar'i>in, a post-hamlet of Prince William co., Va., 4 miles N. of Gainesville Railroad Station. Cathay, a mediaeval name for China and eastern TAItTAIiY. Cath'cart, or Syd'enhain, a post-village in Brant CO., Ontario, 6 miles from Princeton. Pop. 160. Cathe'dral Peak, California, is a granitic peak of the Sierra Nevada, in the N.E. part of Mariposa co. It is near lat. 37° 50' N., and is about 11,000 feet high. The Merced River rises near the base of this grand landmark. Cath'erine, or Catherine's, a group of three small low islands, in the Pacific Ocean, Gilolo Passage. Lat. 0° 39' S.; Ion. 129° 11' E. Catherine, or Catherine's, several small islets off the extreme S. point of Boothia Felix, Northern Canada. Lat. 69° 20' 37" N. ; Ion. 94° 31' 55" W. Catherlogh, the original name of Carlow. Cath'erton, a post-office of Webster co., Neb. Cath'ey's Creek, a township of Transylvania co., N.C. Pop. 515. CathMani'et, a post-villago, capital of Wahkiakum CO., Washington, on the Columbia River, 40 miles below Kalama, and about 70 miles S.S.W. of Olympia. It has a salmon-fishery and canning-factory, and 3 boat-shops. CathMapoo'tle River, Washington, rises in Ska- mania CO., u.mong the mountains, runs nearly southwest- ward, and enters the Columbia River in Clarke co., about 14 miles below the mouth of the Willamette. It is nearly 100 miles long. The South Fork of the Cathlapootle rises in Skamania co., and enters the Cathlapootle on the left hand, about 3 miles from its mouth. Catillon, or Catillon-sur-Sambre, ki"tee"y6N»'- siiR-simb'r, a village of France, in Nord, 19 miles E.S.E. of Cambrai. It has manufactures of thread. Pop. 1243. Catina, an ancient name of Catania. Catinguinha, a town of Brazil. See Valen^a. Cat Island, Crittenden co.. Ark., is a steamboat-land- ing on the Mississippi River, 20 miles below Memphis, Cat Island., or Guanahani, gwa^ni-ha'nee, one of the Bahama Islands, long regarded as the San Salvador of Columbus and the first discovered land of the New World, but that honor is now conceded to Watling Island. It is 36 miles long, and from 3 to 7 miles broad. Pop. 2378. Cat Island, a small island of Canada, in Lake Huron, lying between the Isle of Cove and Horse Island. Cat Island, at the entrance of Lake Borgne, La., is 5 miles AV. of Ship Island. Cat Kays, or Cat Keys, a group of islets off Great Bahama Bank, the largest 70 miles S.S.W. of the nearest point of Great Bahama Island, and 10 miles from the Be- mini Islands. It has a light-house, with a tower 55 feet in height. Lat. 25° 34' 30" N.; Ion. 79° IS' 24" W. Catlen's Mills, Tenn. See Richard.sos's Mills. Cat'lett, a post-village of Fauquier co., Va., on the Virginia Midland Railroad, 45 miles from Washington, D.C. It has 2 churches and an academy. Cat'lettsburg, a post-village, capital of Boyd co., Ky., on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Big Sandy, about 12 miles above Ironton, 0., and 115 miles E. by N. from Lexington. It has a bank, 3 churches, a gr.aded school, a grist-mill, and 4 saw-mills. A weekly newspaper and a re- ligious paper are published here. Pop. 1019. Catlettsburg, a post-hamlet of Sevier co., Tenn., on Pigeon River, 16 miles from Strawberry Plains. It has a grist-mill, a cotton-gin, and a carriage-shop. Cat'lin, a post-village of Vermilion co., 111., in Catlin township, on the Wabash Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Dan- ville. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a money- order post-office. Coal is mined here. Pop, about 400 ; of the township, 1826. Catlin, a post-village of Parke co., Ind., in Raccoon township, on the Logansport, Crawfordsville & Southwest- ern Railroad, 18 miles N.N.E. of Terre Haute. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Coal is mined here. Catlin, a post-township of Chemung CO., N.Y., about 10 miles N.N.W. of Elmira, with which it is connected by the Northern Central Railroad. Pop. 1342. Catmandoo, capital of Nepaul. See Khatmandoo. Ca'to, a post-village of Crawford co., Kansas, about 15 miles S. of Fort Scott. It has a church and a flour-mill. Cato, a hamlet of Pulaski co., Ky., 1 mile from the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, and 15 miles from Hall's Gap Station. It has 2 churches. Cato, a post-hamlet of Montcalm co., Mich., in Cato township, about 38 miles N.N.E. of Grand Rapids. It has manufactures of lumber and pumps. Pop. of township, 739. Cato, a post-village of Rankin co.. Miss., 16 miles S. of Brandon. It has 2 churches, a high school, and a lumber- mill. Here are large pine forests. Cato, a post-village of Cayuga CO., N.Y., on the N. border of Cato township, and on the Southern Central Rail- road, 18 miles N. of Auburn. It is partly in Ira township. It has 3 churches, a machine-shop, a flour-mill, a plough- factory, &e. The township is bounded on the S. by Seneca River. Pop. of Cato township, 2097. Cato, a post-hamlet of Manitowoc co.. Wis., in Cato township, on- the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Rail- road, 12 miles W.N.W. of Manitowoc. It has a church. The township is intersected by the Manitowoc River, and contains Clark's Mills. Pop. of the township, 1906. Catoc'tin, a station in Frederick co., Md., on the Bal- timore & Ohio Railroad, 71 miles W. of Baltimore, and on the Potomac River. Catoctiu Creek, of Frederick co., Md., runs south- ward, and enters the Potomac River about 9 miles below Harper's Ferry. About 4 miles E. of it is Catootin Moun- tain, a ridge extending N. and S. Catoctin Furnace, a post-village of Frederick co., Md., 12 miles N. of Frederick City, and 3 miles S. of Me- ohnnicstown. It is on or near the Catoctin Mountain. It has 3 furnaces for pig-iron, and a grist-mill. CAT 411 CAU Cato'ma, a station on the Mobile & Montgomery Rail- road, 6 miles S.W. of Montgomery, Ala. Ca'ton, a post-township of Steuben co., N.Y., about 12 miles ^V. by S. of Elmira, borders on Pennsylvania. It contains a village named Caton Centre. Pop. 1635. Caton Centre, a village of Steuben co., N.Y., in Caton township, 7 miles S. of Corning. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 150. The name of its post-office is Caton. Ca'tonsville, a post-viUage of Baltimore co., Md., 8 miles AV. of Baltimore. It has a convent, a ladies' academy, a brewery, a cigar-factory, and several stores. Pop. 500. Catoo'sa, a county in the N.W. part of Georgia, has an area of about ISO square miles. It is drained by Chick- amauga Creek. The surface is hilly and mostly covered with forests. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and grass are the staple products of the soil. This county is intersected by the Western & Atlantic Kailroad. Capita!, Ringgold. Valuation of real and personal estate, $923,873. Pop. in 1870, 4409, of whom 4395 were Americans. Catoosa Springs, a watering-place of Catoosa co., 6a., 8 miles E. of Ringgold. Here are excellent saline chalybeate springs, with good hotels. Cat'rail, Dividing Fence, or Picts' Work'- dltch, a name applied to the remains of a fosse and double rampart, with round forts at intervals, in Scotland, cos. of Selkirk and Roxburgh, and which is supposed to have been a line of defence raised by the Britons against the invading Saxons. It commences 1 mile W. of Galashiels, extends 3. by B. to the Cheviots, and is from 20 to 24 feet in breadth. Catral, k^-tral', a town of Spain, 20 miles S.W. of Ali- cante. It has linen-manufactures. Pop. 1447. Catrimani, k^-tre-ma'nee,or Caritamini,ki-re-t^- mee'nee, a river of Brazil, province of Pari, rising in a range which forms a continuation of the Serra Carumani, about lat. 2° N., and, after a S.E. course of about 100 miles, falling into the Rio Branco, near Carmo, in lat. 0° 28' N., Ion. 62° 8' W. It is encumbered by rocks and cataracts. Ca'trine, a village of Scotland, co. of Ayr, parish of Sorn, on the Ayr, 2^ miles S.S.E. of Mauchline. It has cotton-mills. Pop. 2584. Cats'kill,a post-village, capital of Greene co., N.Y., is pleasantly situated on the W. bank of the Hudson River, at the mouth of Catskill Creek, 34 miles below Albany. It contains a court-house, 6 or more churches, 2 national banks, the Catskill Free Academy, printing-offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers, and several large hotels. Here are manufactures of woollen goods and various other prod- ucts, a paper-mill, and several stone-yards and ice-houses. Pop. 3791 ; of the township (which contains another village, named Leeds), 8020. See Catskill Station. Catskill Creek, New York, drains part of Albany CO., runs southeastward through Greene co., and enters the Hudson River at Catskill. It is nearly 50 miles long. Catskill ^fountains, New York, a group of the Ap- palachian system, principally in Greene co., but extending into the N.W. part of Ulster co. The highest mountains of this group are Round Top and High Peak, the former rising 3804 feet above the sea, and the latter about 3720 feet. They are composed partly of old red sandstone of the Devonian age. This rock was formed in a later period of geological history than any other in New York. Their summits are broad and rocky, and their declivities steep. These mountains abound in magnificent and picturesque scenery, diversified by high precipices, cataracts, and deep ravines bordered by almost perpendicular cliffs. The eastern base of this group is about 7 miles W. of the Hudson River. On a terrace of Pine Orchard Mountain, about 12 miles W. of the village of Catskill, is the Mountain House, a summer resort, which is annually visited by thousands of tourists. This hotel is nearly 2400 feet higher than the Hudson River, of which it commands an extensive and beautiful view. Catskill Station, a post-hamlet of Columbia co., N.Y., on the Hudson River, opposite Catskill, and on the Hud- son River Railroad, 33 miles S. of Albany, and 109 miles N. of New York City. Here is a church. Cat Spring', a post-hamlet of Austin co., Tex., 15 miles N.E. of Alleyton. It has a sugar-mill. Cattack, a city of India. See Cuttack. Cat'tarau'gUS, a county in the W. part of New York, has an area of about 1230 square miles. It is intersected by the Alleghany River, is bounded on the N. by Catta- raugus Creek, and also drained by the Conewango and Ischua Creeks. The surface is elevated and hilly, and is exten- sively covered with forests, in which the ash, beech, oak, pine, and sugar-maple abound. The soil is fertile and adapted to pasturage. Butter, oats, hay, lumber, potatoes, and live-stock are the staple products. This county is trav- ersed by the Erie Railroad and the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad. Devonian sandstones underlie the soil. Capital, Little Valley. Valuation of real and personal estate, $20,620,578. Pop. in 1870, 43,909, of whom 38,244 were Americans; in 1875, 48,477. Cattaraugus, a post- village of Cattaraugus co., N.Y., in New Albion township, on the Erie Railroad, 31 miles E.S.E. of Dunkirk. It has a bank, a church, 3 saw-mills, a flour-mill, about 50 houses, a tannery, a cheese-factory, &c. Cattaraugus Creek, New York, runs westward, forms the boundary between Cattaraugus and Erie cos., and enters Lake Erie at the N. extremity of Chautauqua CO., about 12 miles N.E. of Dunkirk. It is nearly 70 miles long. In some places it runs in a gorge between rocky cliff's that are almost vertical, and 150 feet high. Cattaro, kS,t'td-ro, a seaport town of Austro-Hungary, in Daimatia, at the S.E. extremity of the Gulf of Cattaro, 38 miles S.E. of Ragusa. Lat. 42° 25' 24" N, ; Ion. 18° 46' 30" E. It is situated at the foot of steep limestone rocks, is strongly fortified, surmounted by a castle, and surrounded with walls. It is the see of a Catholic bishop, has a cathe- dral and a Greek church, and is the seat of courts. Its harbor is spacious, but the trade is inconsiderable. It was founded in the sixth century, on the site of the Roman Acrivinm, and was formerly the capital of a republic of the same name. Pop. 2017. Cattegat, or Kattegat, kat'te-gat\ a large arm of the North Sea, has Sweden on the E. and Jutland on the W., unites with the Skager Rack on the N., and communi- cates, by the sound and the Great and Little Belt, with the Baltic on the S. Its length from N. to S. is about 150 miles, and its central breadth nearly 90 miles. It is of very unequal depth, and is not only shallow towards its shores, but also has sandbanks which are dangerous to navigation. The only islands of any consequence it contains are Lasoe, Anhalt, and Samsoe. Cattenon, kS,t^t?h-n6N«' (Ger. Eattenhoiceny kat'ten- ho^v^n), a village of Germany, in Alsace, 5 miles N.E. of Diedenhofen. Pop. 1043. Cat'terick, the supposed ancient CataracUonuni, a vil- lage of England, co. of York, North Riding, on the Swale, 5 miles by rail S.E. of Richmond. Pop. 606. Catti, a people of ancient Germany. See Hessen. Cattolica, kdt-tore-k4, a town of Sicily, 14 miles N.W. of Girgenti. It has sulphur-mines. Pop. 63S1. Cattolica, or La Cattolica, a village of Italy, prov- ince of Forli, 9 miles by rail S.E. of Rimini, near the Adri- atic. It was named from the Athanasian bishops having retreated thither from the Arian council of Rimini in 359, Cattorum Castellum. See Cassel. Caturigse, an ancient town of Prance. See Chorges. Catus, k3,Huee', a town of France, department of Lot, 9 miles N.AA'. of Cahoi-s. Pop. 1595. Catusiacum, the supposed ancient name of Chaource. Cauambe, kuw-dm'ba, or Gaume, gow'mi, a river of Brazil, province of Pari, falling into the Rio Branco in lat. 2° 53' N., Ion. 61*^ 10' W. Caub, kowb, a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, on the Rhine, 10 miles by rail below Bingen. Pop. 2098. Caubul, a city of Afghanistan. See Cabool. Cauca, kow'k^, a river of the United States of Colom- bia, rises in that part of the Andes called Paramo de Guanacas, and, after a course of about 600 miles from S. to N. between the central and west Cordilleras of the Andes, falls into the Magdalena at Tacaloa, in lat. 9° 25' N. The valley of the Cauca is one of the richest, most fertile, and most populous districts in South America. Cauca, a state of the United States of Colombia, bounded W. by tho Pacific, and traversed by the Andean coast range. It is by far the largest of the states in area (257,462 square miles). Capital, Popayan. Pop. in 1871, 435,078. Caucasus, kaw'ka-siis, or Cauca'sia, a lieutenancy and military conscription of the Russian empire, consisting of the government of Stavropol and the military districts of Terek and Kooban (Ciscaucasia), and the governments and districts of Bakoo, Daghestan, Yelisavetpol, Erivan, Koo- tais, Sookhoom, Chernomorsk, Tiflis, Sakhatal, and Kars. The ten districts last named together form what is called Transcaucasia ; but Daghestan and part of Bakoo are on the European slope of the Caucasus. Capital, Titlis. Area, 178,839 square miles. Pop. in 1871, 5,749,509. Caucasus (Gr. Kaii/catros), a lofty range of mountains in Russia, the centre chain of which stretches N.W. to S.E. for about 700 miles between the Black Sea and the Caspian and there forms the boundary between Europe and Asia, From this chain numerous branches are thrown off", one of CAU tbem to tlae N. proceeding through the lieutenancy of Cau- casus into Astrakhan and onward to the banks of the Volga, while the branches to the S. traverse Georgia and connect with the mountains of Ararat. The highest point in the range is Mount Elbrooz, which stands near the middle of the central chain, and has an altitude of 18,526 feet. Kosh- tan Tau (17,100 feet) arid Dych Tau (16,925 feet) are believed to occupy the second and third places. The next highest is Mount Kasbek, 16,546 feet, across which is the Eng or Dariel Pass (called the Caucasian Gates, or Krestowaja Gora), which gives Russia her only carriage-communica- tion with her Transcaucasian domains, except that along the Caspian coast. The N. side of the range is much more abrupt than the S. Stratified rocks appear at the bottom of the mountains, and rise to a considerable height on their sides. These rocks consist chiefly of thick beds of lime- stone, conglomerate, and clay slate. Higher up are seen immense crystalline masses, composed of granite, syenite, serpentine, &c. Highest of all is trachytic porphyry, which forms the great body of all the principal summits of the central range. The limit of perpetual snow in the Cau- casus is 11,000 feet, and hence, as some of the mountains rise from 5000 to over 7000 feet above this, there is an extensive range for glaciers. Scarcely a single lake of any extent is to be found in the Caucasus, and the scenery thus remains destitute of that which constitutes one of the most magnificent features in the Alps of Switzerland. Numerous cascades tumble down the N. steeps of the Caucasus, but none of them are remarkable either for volume or for height, and the only rivers of any consequence which are fed by them are the Terek, the Kooban, and the Koor. Vegetation is very vigorous. Magnificent forest trees clothe the higher mountain-slopes almost to an incredible height; lower down, all the finer fruit trees of the climate are found growing in wild luxuriance; while lower still, where human labor can be made available, almost any degree of culture, however imperfect, is rewarded with an abundant crop. The ordinary cereals grow 7000 feet above sea-level, while valuable shrubs, plants, and flowers, in almost endless variety, deck the valleys and lower plains. The inhabitants include a great variety of tribes, the principal of which are the Circassians (now expatriated), Georgians, Chechenees, Ossetes, Lesghians, and Abkasians. Derived from a variety of stocks, and speaking a variety of languages, they are all distinguished by love of freedom, and in bodily constitution are robust and elegantly framed. The animals are numerous. The aurochs, a species of bison, is still found in the mountains; the forests are full of fur-bearing animals, and all the rivers abound in fish. Formerly numerous herds of cattle were reared in the val- leys. The chain contains no active volcanoes, but is fre- quently visited by earthquakes. The minerals comprise copper, lead, iron, sulphur, and coal. All the passes between Europe and Asia are guarded by Russian fortresses. Caucasus, Indian. See Hindoo-Koosh. Caudebec, kod'bSk', a town of France, in Seine-Infe- rieure, on the Seine, at the influx of the Caudebec River. 22 miles W.N.W. of Rouen, and 28 miles E. of Havre. It has manufactures of cottons, and an active commerce. It was formerly the capital of the Pays de Caux. Pop. 2181. Candebec-les-Elbeuf, kod'bgk'-lize-^rbuf, atown of France, department of Seine-Inferieure, on the Oison. It is an eastern suburb of Elbeuf, and has important manu- factures of woollen cloth. Pop. 10,716. Cauderan, ko'dih-ON*^', a village of France, in Gironde, 2 miles W. of Bordeaux. Pop. 3871. It contains the mili- tary hospital of Bordeaux. Caudete, kow-di'ti., a town of Spain, province and 50 miles E.S.E. of Albacete. Pop. 6500. Caudry, ko^dree', a village of France, in Nord, 10 miles by rail S.E. of Cambrai. It has manufactures of tulle lace. Caufiristan, a country of Asia. See Kafiristan. Caughdenoy, kok-e-noy', a post-village of Oswego CO., N.Y., in Hastings township, on the Oneida River, and on the New York & Oswego Midland Railroad, 25 miles S.E, of Oswego. It has a church and a grist-mill. Pop. 220. Caughnawaga, kaw-nS-wi'ga, or Sault Saint- Louis, so-sJlNo'-loo^ee', a post-village in Laprairie co., Quebec, on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, opposite Lachine. It is 10 miles by rail above Montreal, at the N. terminus of a railway to Mooers, N.Y. It is inhabited by Indians of the Iroquois tribe. Pop. 1650. Caulabagh, kawMi-big', or llalMabagh', a town of the Punjab, Bunnoo district, 68 miles S.E. of Peshawer, Lat. S'i° 12' N. ; Ion. 71° 35' E. It is built on terraces close by the Indus. In the vicinity are huge masses of rock salt, in which and in alum the town has a trade. Pop. 6419. 412 CAV Caulksville, kawks'vil, a post-office of Logan co., Ark, Cauloa, or Caulonia. See Castelvetere. Caumont, ko^mdN"' (anc. Cal'vomons ?), a town of France, in Calvados, 12 miles S.S.W. of Bayeux. Pop. 1075. Caumont, a town of France, in Eure, 16 miles E. of Pont-Audemer. Pop, 844, Caumont, a town of France, in Lot-et-Garonne, 4 miles S. of Marmande. Pop. 1023. Caumont, a village of France, in Vaucluse, on the Durance, IS miles from Avignon. Pop. 2020. Caunpoor, British India. See Cawnpoor. Cauquenes, kow-ki'n^s, a town of Chili, capital of the province of Mauie, about 60 miles by rail S. of Chilian. Pop. in 1875, 6013. Cauquenes, Baths of, some remarkable mineral springs of Chili, 62 miles S.S.E. of Santiago. Caura, kow'rS., a considerable river of Venezuela, in Guyana, is formed by the junction of the Yurani, Erevato, and Merewari, which rise in the Sierra Parima, flows N,, and falls into the Orinoco in lat. 7° 40' N., Ion. 66° 15' W. Length, about 150 miles. Caurium, the ancient name of Coria. Caussade, ko's&d', a town of France, in Tarn-et- Garonne, 12^ miles N.E. of Montauban. Pop. 2490. It has manufactures of woollen stuffs and beet-root sugar. Cauten, kow-t^n', or Imperial, im-pi-rc-al', a river of Chili, has its sources on the W. slope of the Andes, in about lat. 38° 44' S., and flows nearly due AY, into the Pacific Ocean, lat. 38° 4S' S. Length, about 180 miles. It has six tributaries, some of them not much inferior to itself. Cauterets, ko^teh-ri', a village and watering-place of France, in Hautes- Pyrenees, 25 miles S-S-W. of Tarbes. It stands in a fertile basin, 2900 feet above the sea, enclosed by rugged mountains, and has hot sulphur springs. Cauterskill, kaw'terz-kil, a hamlet in Catskill town- ship, Greene co., N.Y., at the junction of the Cauterskill and Catskill Creeks, 2 miles from Catskill. CauterskiU Creek (formerly Kaater's Kil) has its source in two small lakes near the summit of the Catskill Mountains, and joins the Catskill Creek at Cauterskill. In the early part of its course it forms a series of remarkable falls and cascades, the most celebrated, known as the Cau- terskill Falls (half a mile from its source), having two sepa- rate falls of 180 and 80 feet respectively, and forming with the rapids immediately below an aggregate descent of over 300 feet. Lower down it traverses the Clove, a. noted ravine abounding with falls, cascades, and pools. Length of the creek, about 20 miles. Cauth'ron, a post-hamlet of Scott co.. Ark., 45 miles from Fort Smith. Cauto, kow'to, a river of Cuba, near the E. extremity, has its sources in the Sierra de Cobre, and falls into the Bay of Buena Esperanza. Length, 70 miles. Cauvery, a river of India. See Cavehy. Caux, or Pays de Caux, pi d?h ko, a small district of France, in the old province of Normandy, of which the capital was Caudebec, and afterwards Dieppe. It is now comprised in the department of Seine-Inferieure. Cav'a, an island of the Orkney group. Lat. 58° 55' N.; Ion. 3° 8' W. It is upwards of 3 miles in circumference. Cava, kS,'vd,, a town of Italy, in Novara, 4 miles by rail S.W. of Pavia. Pop. 795. Cava, or La Cava, li kd,'vd,, a town of Italj^ province of Salerno, in the valley of Fenestra, 6 miles by rail N.W. of Salerno. It is the seat of a bishop, and contains a cathe- dral, other churches, a convent, a house of refuge, a hospi- tal, and a seminary. Silk, cotton, and linen are manufac- tured here and in the numerous small villages that surround the town. Pop. 20,612. About one mile from Cava is the magnificent Benedictine convent of the Trinity. Cavado, kd.-vi'do, or Cabado, kS,-bi'do, a river of Portugal, rises in the Serra de Gerez, on the frontiers of Galieia, and enters the sea at Esposenda. Length, 65 miles. Cavaglia, k3,-vil'y5,, a town of Italy, 30 miles N.E. of Turin. Pop. 2348. Cavaillon, kiVA^yiN^' (anc. Cahel'lio), a town of France, in Vaucluse, on the Durance, at a railway junc- tion, 15 miles S.E. of Avignon. Pop. S034. It has a town hall, a former cathedral, with a curious cloister, the remains of a Roman arch, and varied manufactures. Cavalcante, ki-vil-kin'ti, a town of Brazil, province and 300 miles N.E. of Goyaz, with gold-mines and gold- washings in the river Ahnas. Pop. 4000. Cavalese, ki-vi-li'si, a town of the Austrian Tyrol, 22 miles N.E. of Trent, on the Avisio. Pop. 2529. Cavalho, kil-viryo, a small island on the W. coast of Africa. Lat. 11° 1' 30" N.j Ion. 15° 41' 15" W. CAV Cav^alier', a post-office of Pembina co., Dakota. Cavaller-Maggiore, kJ-viriSn-mJd-jo'ri, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, between the Maira and the Grana, at a railway junction, 27 miles N.E. of Coni. Pop. 5516. Cavallo, a toivn of European Turkey. See Kavala. Cavallo, Monte, Italy. See Monte Cokno. Cavally, ki-vil'lee, a town of Africa, coast of Guinea. Lat. 4° 21' 12" N.; Ion. 7° 35' 36" W. Cav'an, a county of Ireland, in Ulster, haying N. the CO. of Fermanagh, E. Monaghan, S. Meath, Westmeath, and Longford, S.W. Leitrim. Area, 746 square miles. Sur- face, mountainous on the borders, enclosing an open coun- try, interspersed with bogs. The principal rivers are the Woodford and Upper Erne. Chief loughs, those of Gaw- nagh, Shillin, &c., some highly picturesque. Granite schists and Silurian rocks prevail. Soil light and poor, except near the lakes and rivers. Coal, iron, copper, and lead are met with, also excellent marl and fuller's earth. Cavan sends two members to the House of Commons. Capital, Cavan. Pop. 140,735. Cavan, a town, the capital of the above, 26 miles by rail S.S.E. of Enniskillen. It has some good edifices, in- cluding a court-house, a barracks, an infirmary, a public promenade, and a prison. Pop. 3.380. Cavan, ki'vftiNo', a village of Prance, in C3tes-du-Nord, 5 miles S.E. of Lannion. Pop. 2010. Cav'an, a post-village in Durham oo., Ontario, 65 miles N.E. of Toronto. Pop. 100. Cavanas, kjL-vfL'n^s, a port or harbor of Cuba, on the N.W. coast of that island, 33 miles S.W. of Havana. Lat. 23° 5' N. ; Ion. 82° 55' W. It is a fine deep bay, having its entrance between two extensive reefs, with anchorage for hundreds of ships. Cavarzere, ka-vaE-zi'ri, a village of Northern Italy, on the Adige, 11 miles S.W. of Cbioggia. Pop., with com- mune, 14,979. Cavaso, ki-vi'so, a village of Italy, province and 20 miles N.W. of Treviso. Pop. 2517. Cave, ki'vi, or Cavi, ki'vee, a town of Italy, prov- ince of Rome, 2 miles S.E. of Palestrina. Pop. 3425. Cave, a post-office of Franklin co., 111., about 20 miles N.E. of Marion. Cave, a hamlet of Crawford co., Ind., 4 miles N.E. of Leavenworth. It has a flour-mill. Here is the noted Wyandot Cave. Cave, a post-office of White co., Tenn. Cave City, Arkansas. See Cave Creek. Cave City, California. See Mammoth Cave. Cave City, a post-village of Barren co., Ky., on the Louisville <& Nashville Railroad, 85 miles S. of Louisville, and about 6 miles S.E. of the Mammoth Cave. It has 2 churches. A daily stage runs hence to the Cave. Pop. 387. Cave Creek, a post-office of Newton co., Ark., at a village named Cave City, 60 miles N. of Russellville. Lead is found here. Cave in Rock, a post-village of Hardin co.. 111., on the Ohio River, 20 miles below Shawneetown. It has 2 churches. The river here flows along the base of a perpen- dicular cliff, in which is a remarkable cave, once the haunt of robbers. Pop. of Cave township, 869. Cave Mills, a post-ofRce of Dickson co., Tenn, 6 miles from Gillem's Station. Here is a large cave. Cav'endish, a post-village of Windsor co., Vt., in Cavendish township, on the Black River, and on the Central Vermont Railroad (Rutland division), 30 miles S.E. of Rutland. It has several churches. The township contains a village named Proetorsville, and has a quarry of serpen- tine marble. Pop. of the township, 1823. Cavendish, a post-village in Queens co., Prince Ed- ward Island, 24 miles N.AV. of Charlottetown. Pop. 200. Cave Pump, a post-office of Camden co., Mo. Caver'na, a post-village of Hart co., Ky., at Horse Cave Station on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 81 miles S. of Louisville. It has a national bank and a church. Pop. 479. Caverna,a post-hamlet of McDonald co., Mo., 32 miles S. of Neosho. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Cavery, kaw'ver-e, or Cauv'ery (ano. Chaben's), a river of India, Decoan, rises near lat. 13° 10' N. and Ion. 76° E., flows tortuously southeastward, and, after a course of about 470 miles through the territory of Mysore and the Madras presidency, enters the sea by numerous mouths in the district of Tanjore, the most northerly of which is the Coleroon. It is not navigable for large vessels, but is the most useful river in India for agricultural purposes. Caverypauk, kaw-v^r-e-pawk', a town of British India, presidency and 57 miles W.S.W. of Madras, district 3 CAW of North Arcot. Its great tank (8 miles long and 3 milea broad) is a fine work constructed for irrigation. Cav^erypo'ram, a town of British India, presidency of Madras, S3 miles N.E. of Coimbatoor, on the banks of the Cavery. Pop. 6530. Cavesa (ka,-vi'sd) Creek, Texas, flows into the San Antonio Kiver about 8 miles W. of Goliad. Cave Spring, a post-office of Fayette co., Ala. Cave Spring, a post-village of Floyd co., Ga., on the Selma, Kome & Dalton Railroad, 16 miles S.W. of Home. Here are the Hearn Manual Labor School and an institu- tion for deaf and dumb under the control of the state. It has a newspaper office, a mineral spring, and 7 churches. Cave Spring, a post-office of Eutler co., Kansas. Cave Spring, a post-hamlet of Greene co., Mo., 13 miles N. of Dorchester Station, which is 6 miles W, of Springfield. It has 2 churches and an academy. Cave Spring, a post-village of Carter co., Tenn., 4 miles S.E. of Johnson City. It has. a church, the Buffalo Institute, and 2 flouring-mills. Cave Sprin g, a post-village of Roanoke co., Va., 5 miles from the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad. It has 3 churches and an academy. Cave Spring Station, a post-village of Logan co., Ky., on the Louisville & Memphis Railroad, 34 miles W.S.W. of Bowling Green. It has a church, an academy, and manu- factures of brooms and tobacco. Cave'town, a post-village of Washington co., Md.. on the Western Maryland Railroad, 8 miles E. of Hagerstown. It has a church and a tannery. Pop. 181. Cavetown, a post-office and mining-camp of Meagher CO., Montana. Gold is found here. Cav'ettsville, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Pa. Cavi, a town of Italy. See Cave. Caviana, k^-ve-i'nd,, an island of Brazil, province of ParA, in the mouth of the Amazon, under the equator. Length, 35 miles; breadth, 20 miles. It is level, fertile, and stocked with cattle. On its S.E. side is the small town of Roberdello. Cavilcum, the supposed ancient name of Torrox. Cav4lier', or CavUleer', a county of Dakota, bounded on the N. by Manitoba. Area, 1448 square miles. Cavit6, k3.-ve-ti', a fortified seaport town of Luzon, Philippines, in the bay and 10 miles S.S.W. of the eity of Manila. Pop. of town, 5115; of port, 550. It has ah arsenal, and is the capital of the province of the same name, residence of the governor, and head naval depot of the Spanish possessions in the East. It has a manufactory of cigars. The province of Cavite is flat, and has no im- portant rivers. Chief products, rice, sugar, indigo, and coffee. Pop. 173,193. Cavo, Monte, Italy. See Albano. Cavor, or Cavour, k^-voR' or kd-vooR', a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 7 miles S.S.E. of Pinerolo. It has manufactures of silk twist, linens, and leather, and near it are slate- and marble-quarries. Pop. 7283, Caw CaAV, a township of Orangeburg co., S.C. P. 934. Caw'dor, or CaI'der, a parish of Scotland, cos. of Nairn and Inverness, 3^ miles S.W. of Nairn. Cawdor Castle, here, is an imposing feudal fortress, in which Lord Lovat remained long concealed, and in which, it is said. King Duncan was murdered by Macbeth. Caw'dor, a post-village in Addington co., Ontario, 34 miles N.E. of Napanee. Pop. 100. Cawiah, Cal. See Kawisah. Cawk'er City, a post-village of Mitchell co., Kansas, in Cawker township, on the North Fork of Solomon River, about lOOmilesW.N.W. of Junction City. It has 2 churches, a United States land -office, a high school, a newspaper office, and a flour-mill. Pop. of the township, 550. CaAvnpoor, Caunpoor, Cawnpur, kawn^poor', or Caun^pore', a district of British India, North-West Provinces, having E. the Ganges, separating it from Oude, and on other sides the districts of Etawah, Futtehpoor, Bun- delcund, &c. Area, 2336 square miles. It is mostly within the Doab of the Ganges and Jumna. Principal towns, Cawnpoor, Bilhour, Bithoor, and Akberpoor or Akbarpoor, Pop. 1,156,055. Cawnpoor, Cawnpur, or Caunpore, a town of India, capital of the above, on the Ganges, 115 miles N.W. of Allahabad, and 1000 miles by water from the sea. It is at the junction of two railways, has extensive military cantonments, a floating bridge across the Ganges, many fine European and other buildings, and is noted for its leather- work, jewelry, and gloves. Pop. in 1872, 122,710; or, ex- cluding the military quarters, 98,476. Cawood, ki'wood, a town of England, co, of York, CAX 414 CAY West Riding, on the Ouse, 18 miles N.E. of Leeds. Its castle, of which little remains, was long the residence of the archbishops of York, and was the place to which "Wolscy retired after his fall. Pop. of parish, 1179. Caxa (or Caja) de Muertos, k^'n^ di moo-en'tos (i.e., "the coffin" or "dead-chest"), a small island in the Caribbean Sea, oflF the southern coast of Porto Rico, about 6 miles from the shore. Lat. 17° 50' N. ; Ion. 66° 31' W. Caxamarca, or Cajamarca, ki-Hi-ma.n'k^, for- merly Caxainaica, a to^vn of Peru, capital of a depart- ment of its own name, 90 miles by rail E. of Pacasmayo. It is an important seat of trade and manufacture, and fig- ures prominently in Peruvian history. Altitude, 94:00 feet. Pop. 12,000. Caxamarca, or Cajamarca, a department of Peru. Area, 14,188 square miles. Pop. 213,391. Caxamarq^uilla, k5.-Hi-maB-keel'3'^, a town of North Peru, 70 miles E. by S. of Gaxamarca, province of Pataz, in the valley of the Upper Amazon. Pop. 8000. Caxatambo, or Cajatambo, ka-HS,-t3,ra'bo, a town of Peru, capital of a province of its own name, in the de- partment of Junin, on the W. slope of the Andes, 140 miles N. of Lima. The province contains mines of silver. Pop. of the town, about fiOOO. Caxias, or Cachias, k3,-shee'S,s, formerly Aldeas AltaS) d.l-di'^s il't^s, a town of Brazil, province of Ma- ranhao, on the Itapicuru, 150 miles from its mouth. Caxini'bas Bay, a small enclosed bay on the western coast of Florida, in Monroe co., in about lat. 26° N. and Ion. 82° W. Caxo, kAx'o, Caso, or Kaso, k5.'so, a Turkish island in the G-recian Archipelago; Ifii. (S.E. point) 35° 19' N., Ion. 26° 50' E. ; 13 miles long, and 5 or 6 miles broad. Sur- face uneven and rocky. Pop. 4500. It is the ancient Caeus. Caxoeira, Brazil. See Cachoeira. Cax'ton, a town of England, co. and 9^ miles W. of Cambridge, on the Ermine Street. Pop. 631, Caxton, St. Maurice co., Quebec. See Saint Elie. Cay, Kay, or Key (Sp. Cayo, ki'yo), a name principally employed among the West Indies and in the adjacent seas, and designating any small and low island. Cayambe, ki-im'bi, Cayambi, ki-im'bee, or Cay- ambeiircu, kl-im-bi-ooR-koo', a lofty mountain in Ecua- dor, in the Andes, directly under the equator, Ion. 78° 10' W., 45 miles N.E. by E. of Quito. It is of a beautiful square-topped conical form, and rises to a height of 19,535 feet. Prora its geographical position and elevation, it forms one of the most remarkable landmarks on the globe, and its summit is covered with perpetual snow. Cayari River. See Madeira. Cayce Station, a post-hamlet of Fulton co., Ky., on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 16 miles S, by B. of Columbus. It has 2 stores. Caycos Islands. See Caicos. Cayenne, kA,-y5nn' or ki'Snn', a town of South Amer- ica, capital of French Guiana, on the W. point of an island of the same name, at the mouth of the Cayenne or Oyaque River, in the Atlantic. Lat. 4° 56' 5" N. ; Ion. 52° 20' W. It is built mostly of wood, and consists of an old town, with the government house and Jesuits' college, and the new town, with wide streets, large warehouses, and good resi- dences, between which two divisions is a large open space planted with orange-trees. The harbor is shallow, has two quays, and is protected by a fort and sever.al batteries. Cay- enne is the seat of a governor, and is a penal settlement for French political and criminal offenders. It is exceedingly unhealthy. The exports include cotton, coffee, sugar, cacao, cabinet-wood, cloves, skins, isinglass, roucon-paste, rum, vanilla, &c. j but the exportation of native gold has of late far exceeded them all in value. Pop. 10,000. Cayenne Island is situated in the Atlantic Ocean, and Bcparated from the continent by a narrow channel. It is 30 miles in circumference, and its chief products are sugar, cotton, coflee, and fruits. Cayes, a town of Ilayti. See Aux Cayes. Cayes-de-Jacmel, ki^-d^h-zhAk^mSI', a town of Hayti, on the Jacmel River, 20 miles S. of Port au Prince. Cayeux, kil'yuh', a town of France, in Somme, on the English Channel, 16 miles W. of Abbeville. Pop. 2451. Caylloma, a town of Peru. See Cailloma. Caylus, kiHlice', a town of France, in Tarn-et-Garonne, 25 miles N.E. of Montauban. Pop. 4950. Cayman Brae, kl'min brik, the easternmost of the group called Caymans, West Indies. It is 10 miles long and I mile wide, low in the W., but high and rocky to the eastward. It is well wooded, but has few inhabitants. Cayman, Lake, of Mexico. See Mapimi Lake. Caymans, kl-manz', or The Caymans, a group of 3 islands in the British West Indies, 150 miles W.N.W. of Jamaica, of which they are politically a dependency. The islands (Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brae) are well wooded and produce much turtle. Area, 225 square miles. Chief town, Boddentown. Pop. 2500, mostly on Grand Cayman. Caymites, krmeet', two small islands in the West In- dies, off the western coast of Hayti, called the Grand and the Little Caymites. Lat. about 18° 39' N. ; Ion. 73° 40' W. A bay formed by the larger island and the main affords safe and commodious anchorage. Caymito, ki-mee'to, a river of the United States of Colombia, state of Panama, enters the Bay of Panama 10 miles W. of Chorrera. Cayo Cocas, ki'o ko'kis, an island belonging to Cuba, just N.W. of Cayo Romano. Area, 28 square miles. Cayo JLargo, ki'o lan'go, a fertile island in the Car- ibbean Sea, belonging to Cuba. It is situated E. of the Isle of Pines, and has an area of 32 square miles. Cayor, or Kayor, ki-oR', a maritime state of North- western Africa, between the mouth of the Senegal and Cape Verd. It produces cotton, indigo, millet, and gums. Its capital is Macaye, on the Condamel, in lat. 15° 10' N., Ion. 16° 30' W. The inhabitants are Joloffs and Mohammedans. Pop. 150,000. Cayo Romano, ki'o ro-mi'no, a long, narro'w island on the N. coast of Cuba, divided into two parts by a chan- nel about half a mile wide; length, 66 miles; average breadth, 2i miles; area, 172 square miles. It produces timber, horses, and cattle. It belongs to Cuba. Cayote, kS,-yo't£L, a hamlet of Dawson co.. Neb., near the Platte River, and on the Union Pacific Railroad, 239 miles W. of Omaha. It has 2 churches. Cayote Creek, Calaveras co., Cal., enters the Stanis- laus River. It is crossed by two natural bridges. Cayo Verde, ki'o ven'di, or Green Kay, an islet of the Bahama group. Lat. 22° N.; Ion. 75° 10' W. Cayru, ki-roo', a town of Brazil, on the small island of the same name, 50 miles S.W. of Bahia. Pop. 800. Cayster, k4-is'ter (Turk. Kootchook' Mcn'der, i.e., " little Meander"), a river of Asia Minor, after a westerly course of 75 miles, enters the Gulf of Scala Nova, 35 miles S.E. of Smyrna. Near its mouth are the ruins of Ephesus. Cayucos, kS,-yoo'koce, a hamlet and shipping-port of San Luis Obispo co., Cal., on the Pacific Ocean, about 18 miles N.W. of San Luis Obispo. It has a large wharf. Cayu'ga, a county in the central part of New York, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Lake Ontario, partly on theW. by Cayuga Lake, and is intersected by Seneca River. Among its physical features is Owasco Lake, about 10 miles long. The shores of Cayuga and Owasco Lakes present beautiful scenery. The surface is undulating, and diversified with high ridges and deep ravines; the soil is very fertile. AVheat, barley, Indian corn, oats, butter, and wool are the staple products. In 1870 this county produced 732,140 bushels of barley, and more than any other county in the state. Forests of the ash, beech, elm, hickory, white oak, sugar-maple, .tc., are found here. Gypsum, Onondaga limestone, corniferous limestone, and other rocks of the Devonian and Silurian ages are abundant. This county is intersected by two branches of the New York Central Railroad, by the Southern Central Railroad, and by the Erie Canal ; and another railroad extends along the E. shore of Cayuga Lake. Capital, Au- burn. Valuation of real and personal estate, $65,120,255. Pop. in 1870, 59,550, of whom 50,312 were Americans. Pop. in 1875, 61,213. Cayuga, a post-village of Livingston co., 111., on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Pontiac, and 87 miles S.S.W. of Chicago. It has a church and 2 stores. Cayuga, a post-hamlet of Hinds co., Miss., about 20 miles S.E. of Vioksburg. It has 2 churches. Cayuga, a post-village of Cayuga co., N.Y., is in Au- rclius township, on the eastern shore of Cayuga Lake, at the N. terminus of the Cayuga Southern Railroad, and on the Auburn Branch of the New York Central Railroad, 11 miles W. of Auburn. It has 4 churches, a new hotel, and a malt-house. The railroad trains here cross the lake on a bridge neai'ly a mile long. Steamboats ply daily between Cayuga and Ithaca. Pop. 700. Cayuga, the chief town of Ilaldimand co., Ontario, is situated on Grand River, on two railways, 25 miles S. of Hamilton. It contains the county buildings, a number of stores and hotels, nnd issues 2 weekly newspapers. It has a largo export trade in timber and grain. Pop. 803. Cayuga Creek, Now York, is an affluent of Buffalo CAY 415 CED Creek. It rises in Wyoming co., runs northwestward in Erie CO., and unites with another branch about 3 miles S.E. of Buffalo. Cayuga Heights, Ontario. See Cainsville. Cayuga Lake, a long, deep, and beautiful lake of New York, forms the boundary between Cayuga and Seneca COS., having its head or upper end at Ithaca, near the mid- dle of Tompkins co. It is 38 miles long, and has an aver- age width of 2 miles, the greatest breadth being about 3 miles and the greatest ascertained depth 390 feet. Its basin is excavated in Silurian and Devonian rocks, and its banks are mostly perpendicular cliffs, which are from 10 to 60 feet high. Numerous deep and pictui-esque ravines have been formed by the streams running down the inclined planes or ridges which rise on each side of the lake to the height of 600 feet. The surplus water is discharged by an outlet which issues from the northern end of the lake, and unites with Clyde River to form the Seneca River. Steamboats ply daily on this lake between Ithaca and Cayuga Bridge. Cayu'ta, a post-township of Schuyler co., N.Y,, 15 miles N.N.E. of Klmira, is drained by Cayuta Creek. P. 669. Cayuta Creek rises in Schuyler co., N.Y., in a small lake of its own name. It runs first southeastward, drains parts of Chemung and Tioga cos,, and enters the Susque- hanna River in Pennsylvania, 2 or 3 miles above Athens. Cayu'taville, a post-hamlet of Schuyler co., N.Y., in Hector township, 9 miles from Havana. It has a church. Caywood, ka'wood, a post-office and station of Wash- ington CO., 0., on the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleveland Rail- road, 7 miles N.N.E. of Marietta. Cazalla de la Sierra, ki-th^l'yd dS, li se-^n'ni, a town of Spain, province and 39 miles N.N.E. of SevillCj in the Sierra Morena. Pop. 6S52. It has manufactures of linen, and numerous religious edifices and ruined villas, with Roman and Arabic antiquities. Cazaubon, kd,^zo'b6N°', a town of France, in Gers, on the Douze, 40 miles N.W. of Auch. Pop. 279S. Ca'zavilie, a post-village in Huntingdon co., Quebec, 6 miles S. of St. Anicet. Pop. 100. Cazbin, a town of Persia. See Kasbin, Cazembe, ka-zSm'be (more correctly "The Cazembe's Country," — Cazembe being the title of its chief, himself the vassal of the Molua king), a country of Africa, little known to Europeans, its centre being near lat. 10° S., Ion. 30° E. Manioc, maize, copper, iron, and ivory are among its chief products, and slaves are reported to be sent from it to Benguela and Angola. Area, about 120,000 square miles. It is a fertile region, with savage inhabitants. Caz^euo'via, a post-village in Cazenovia township, Woodford co.. 111., on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 22 miles N.E. of Peoria, and 132 miles from Chicago. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 990. Cazenovia, a post-village of Cazenovia township, Madi- son CO., N.Y.. is on Cazenovia Lake and Chittenango Creek, also on the Syracuse & Chenango Railroad, and on the Caze- novia, Canastota &, De lluyter Railroad, 20 miles S.E. of Syracuse. It contains 6 churches, a bank, the Oneida Con- ference Seminary (Methodist), a newspaper office, and a manufactory of mowers and reapers. There are in or near this village a paper-mill, a woollen-factory, and several other mills. Pop. 171S ; of the township, 4256. The town- ship contains a village named New Woodstock. Cazenovia, a post-village of Richland co., Wis., in Westford township, 10 miles W. from Reedsburg Station, and about 54 miles W.N.W. of Madison. It has an iron- furnace, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill, Cazenovia (or Cazenove) Creek, New York, runs northwestward in Erie co,, and unites with Cayuga Creek to form Buffalo Creek, Cazenovia Lake is in Madison co., N.Y., and is 3 or 4 miles long. Cazeres, k^^zaia', a town of France, in Haute-Ga- ronne, on the left bank of the Garonne, 35 miles by rail S.S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. 2633. Cazeres, a village of France, in Landes, on the Adour, 10 miles by rail S.E. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 1000. Cazes-Mondenard, kiz^-m6N°Meh-nari', avillageof France, in Tarn-et-Garonne, 22 miles N.W. of Montauban. Pop. 3027. Cazoria, kS,-thoR'l3,, a city of Spain, in Andalusia, 41 miles E. of Jaen, on the northern slope of the Sierra Cazoria. It is well built, and possesses spacious squares, one of which is adorned with a fine fountain. The town and, court houses are large and well constructed. The other public edifices are a parish church, a hospital, a prison, a theatre, and various convents. The city is defended by two castles, both in good preservation. In the environs, watered by the Vega, are gardens and public walks. Cazoria is a place of great an- tiquity, and was formerly populous. Pop. 4980. Cazouls-les-B6ziers,k^^zool'-li-bd^2e-V,atownof France, in Hgrault, 6 miles N.W. of Beziers. Pop. 2S40. Cazza, kS.t'sd, a small island of Dalmatia, in the Adri- atic, 14 miles W. of the island of Lagosta, Cazziola, kS,t-se-o'li, a small island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, 4 miles W. of the island of Lagosta. Cea, si'fl,, a village of Portugal, in Beira, 23 miles W.S.W. of Guarda. Pop. 2199, Cea, thi'&, a small river of Spain, rises in the N.E. part of Leon, and falls into the Esla about 4 miles N.E. of Benavente, after a course of about 60 miles. Cea, a town of Spain, 32 miles E.S.E. of Leon, on the river of same name. Pop. 524, Ceara, sA,-i-ri', Ciara, or Siara, se-S--ri', a mari- time province in the N. of Brazil, extending between lat. 2° 40' and 7° 25' S. and Ion. 37° 40' and 41° 30' W. Area, 50,262 square miles. It is traversed on the W. bound- ary by the Serra Ibiapaba. The province abounds in medicinal plants, and its minerals include gold, iron, copper, and salt. Capital, Fortaleza. Pop. in 1872, 721,686. Ceara, a town of Brazil, See Fortaleza. Cearfoss, keer'fus. a post-hamlet of Washington co., Md., about 7 miles N.W. of Hagerstown. Ceba, the ancient name of Ceva. C^bazat, si^faS,^z5,', a town of France, in Puy-de-D6me, 5 miles N. of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. 2044. Cebenna, or Cebenna Mons. See Cevennes. Cebolla, or Cevolla, thi-voI'yS,, a town of Spain, 25 miles W.N.W. of Toledo, near the Tagus. Pop. 2110. Cebolletta, si^Bol-yfit't^, a village of Valencia co., New Mexico, 40 miles W. of Albuquerque. It has a church and a manufactory of blankets, Cebreros,thi-bri'roee, atown of Spain, 21 miles S. S.E. of Avila, on the Alberche. It has manufactures of leather and cloth, and trade in grain and wine. Pop. 3201. Cebu, a city of the Philippine Islands. See Zebu. Ceccano, ch^k-k^'no, a village of Italy, 5 miles S. of Frosinone, on the Sacco. Pop. 6999. Ce'cil, a county which is the N.E. part of Maryland, and is situated at the head of Chesapeake Bay, has an area of about 420 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W, by the Susquehanna River and Chesapeake Bay, and is inter- sected by the Elk River. The surface is undulating; the soil is mostly fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and hay are the staples. This county has quarries of granite at Port Deposit. Iron, chrome, and slate are also found in it. It is intersected by the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad and the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Capital, Elkton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $14,703,747. Pop. in 1870, 25,874, of whom 24,814 were Americans. Cecil , a post-hamlet of Paulding co., 0., on the AVabash Railroad, at the iunction of the Paulding & Cecil Railroad, 14 miles S.W. of Defiance. Pop. about 100. Cecil, a post-hamlet of Washington co.. Pa., 2 miles W, of Greer's. It has 2 churches, Cecil township contains the Western Pennsylvania Reform School, and a pop. of 1102. Cecil'ia, a post-office of Howard co., Iowa. Cecil'ian, a post-village of Hardin co., Ky., on the Louisville, Paducah & Southwestern Railroad, 46 miles S. of Louisville, at the junction of the Elizabethtown Branch. It contains a Catholic school, called Cecilian College, 2 or 3 churches, a steam mill, 2 stores, and 20 dwellings. Ceciliano, chi-che-le-a'no, a village of Central Italy, in the Sabine Mountains, 8 miles E. of Tivoli, with remains of Cyclopean walls not identified with any known city of antiquity. Ce'cilton, a post-village of Cecil co., Md., 44 miles E.N.E. of Baltimore, and 2 or 3 miles N. of Sassafras River. It has 3 churches and 4 or 5 general stores. Pop. 462. Cecina, chi-chee'na (anc. deeVna), a river of Italy, joins the Mediterranean at the village of Cecina. Ceclavin, thi-kl3,-veen', a town of Spain, 35 miles N.W. of Caceres. It has trade in fruit and grain, and numerous flour-mills. Pop. 5300. Ce'dar, a county in the E. part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Cedar River, and the Wapsipinicon River touches its N.E. extremity. The surface is undulating, and is diversified by prairies and groves of the ash, hickory, white oak, black walnut, and other trees; the soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, hay, oats, pork, and butter are the staple products. The rocks which underlie the soil are Devonian and Upper Silurian limestones, covered with a thick deposit of drift. This county is intersected by the Chicago &. Northwestern Railroad and the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern CED 416 CED Railroad. Capital, Tipton. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $22,662,408. Pop. in 1870, 19,731, of whom 17,389 were Americans; in 1875, 17,879. Cedar, a county in the S.W. part of Missouri, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is intersected by the Sac River, and also drained by the Little Sac and Horse Creek. The surface is hilly, and is mostly covered with forests of the ash, hickory, white oak, black walnut, &c. ; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and live-stock are the staple products. Carboniferous limestone is found here. Capital, Stockton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 9474, of whom 9370 were Americans. Cedar, a county in the N.E. part of Nebraska, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Missouri River, and is drained by Big Bow Creek. The surface is undulating; the soil is fertile. AVheat, In- dian corn, oats, and grass are the staple products. The rocks of this county are of the cretaceous formation. Capi- tal, St. James. Valuation of real and personal estate, $437,333. Pop. in 1870, 1032, of whom 572 were Ameri- cans; in 1876, 2421. Cedar, a township of Knox co.. 111. Pop. 2153, in- cluding a part of Abingdon. Cedar, a township of Benton co., Iowa. Pop. 1109. Cedar, a township of Black Hawk co., Iowa. Pop. 635. Cedar, a township of Cherokee co., Iowa. Pop. 331. Cedar, a township of Floyd co., Iowa. Pop. 496. Cedar, a township of G-reene co., Iowa. Pop. 369. Cedar, a township of Jefferson co., Iowa. Pop. 737. Cedar, a township of Johnson co., Iowa. Pop. 939. Cedar, a township of Lee co., Iowa. Pop. 843. Cedar, a township of Lucas co., Iowa. Pop. 755. Cedar, a post-township of Mahaska co., Iowa, about 10 miles S.E. of Oskaloosa. Pop. 1174. It contains Fremont. Cedar, a township of Mitchell co., Iowa. Pop. 934. Cedar, a township of Monroe co., Iowa. Pop. 734. Cedar, a township of Muscatine co., Iowa. Pop. 383. Cedar, a township of Pocahontas co., Iowa. Pop. 290. Cedar, a township of Van Buren co., Iowa. Pop. 917. Cedar, a township of Washington co., Iowa. Pop. 883. Cedar, a township of Cowley co., Kansas. Pop. 200. Cedar, a township of Jackson co., Kansas. Pop. 795. It contains North Cedar. Cedar, a station in Johnson co., Kansas, on the St. Louis, Lawrence & Western Railroad, 8 miles N.AV. of Olathe. Cedar, a post-office of McPherson co., Kansas. Cedar, a township of Smith co., Kansas. Pop. 487. Cedar, a township of Wilson co,, Kansas. Pop. 745. Cedar, a post-ofEce of Pike co., Ky. Cedar, a township of Osceola co., Mich. Pop. 75. Cedar, a township of Martin co., Minn. Pop. 285. Cedar, a township of Boone co., Mo. Pop. 5020. It contains Ashland. Cedar, a township of Callaway co., Mo. Pop. 2453. It contains New Bloomfield. Cedar, a township of Cedar co.. Mo. Pop. 788. Cedar, a station in Elko co,, Nev., on the Central Pa- cific Railroad, 212 miles W. of Ogden. Cedar, a station in Eureka co., Nev., on the Eureka & Palisade Railroad, 34 miles N. of Eureka. Cedar, a post-hamlet of Fayette co., Tex., 12 miles N. of Schulenburg Railroad Station. It has a church. Cedar Bayou, bi'oo, a post-hamlet of Harris co., Tex., about 30 miles E.N.E. of Houston. It has 3 churches and a lumber-mill. Cedar Bend, a post-office of Gage co., Neb. Cedar Bluff, a post-village of Cherokee co., Ala., on the Coosa River, about 35 miles W. of Rome, Ga. It has 2 churches and several stores. Cedar Bluff, a post-hamlet of Cedar co., Iowa, on the Red Cedar River, 30 miles below Cedar Rapids. Cedar Bluff, a post-hamlet of Clay co.. Miss,, 12 miles W. of West Point. It has 2 churches. Cedar Bluff, a post-ofiice of Texas co.. Mo. Cedar Bluff, a post-office of Union co., S.C. Cedar Bluff, a post-hamlet of Tazewell co., Va., 30 miles N. of Saltville. It has a church, a mineral spring, and manufactures of flour and lumber. Cedar Bluffs, a post-hamlet of Decatur co., Kansas, on Beaver Creek, 60 miles N. of Buffalo Railroad Station. Cedar Bluffs, a post-office of Saunders co.. Neb., 5 miles from Fremont. Ce'darburg, a post-village of Ozaukee co.. Wis., in Cedarburg township, about 1 mile W. of the Milwaukee River, and on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 23 miles N. of Milwaukee. It has 4 churches, 2 grist-mills, and manu- factures of cassimeres, flannels, gloves, shawls, sash, Ac, also valuable stone-quarries. Pop. of township, 2644. Cedar Chapel, a post-office of Hardeman co., Tenn. Cedar City, a post-village of Callaway co., Mo., is on the Missouri River, near the mouth of Cedar Creek, and on a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, ^ mile N. of Jefferson City. It has 2 churches and a newspaper office. Cedar City, a post-village of Iron co., Utah, is on the rim of the Great Basin, about 24 miles S.W. of Parowan. Cedar Cliff, a post-office of Alamance co., N.C. Cedar Creek, Alabama, drains part of Lowndes co., runs N.W., and enters the Alabama River in Dallas co. Cedar Creek, Indiana, runs southeastward, drains parts of De Kalb and Noble cos,, and enters the St. Joseph River in Allen co., 10 miles N.E. of Port Wayne. It is nearly 50 miles long. Cedar Creek, Iowa, drains parts of Lucas, Monroe, and Marion cos., runs northeastward, and enters the Des Moines River about 12 miles W.S.W. of Oskaloosa. Cedar (or Big Cedar) Creek, Iowa, runs southeast- ward through Wapello and Jefferson cos., and enters the Skunk River in Henry co., 7 miles W. of Mount Pleasant. It is nearly 90 miles long. Cedar Creek, Missouri, runs southward, forms the entire boundary between Boone and Callaway cos., and enters the Missouri River about 1 mile above Jefferson City. Cedar Creek, Ocean co., N.J., runs nearly eastward, and enters Barnegat Bay. Cedar Creek, South Carolina, forms part of the bound- ary between Chesterfield and Darlington cos., and enters the Great Pedee River. Cedar Creek, Texas, rises in Kaufman co., runs south- ward, and enters the Trinity River in Henderson co., about 15 miles S.W. of Athens. It is nearly 100 miles long. Cedar Creek, Virginia, rises in Shenandoah co., runs mostly N.E., and enters the North Fork of the Shenandoah River 3 or 4 miles E. of Strasburg. Cedar Creek Station (Post-office, Meadow Mills) is on the Winchester & Stras- burg Railroad, 46 miles S.W, of Harper's Ferry. In this vicinity occurred the battle of Cedar Creek, October 19, 1864, between the Union forces under General Sheridan and the Confederates under General Early. Cedar Creek, a post-office of Scott co.. Ark. Cedar Creek, a hundred of Sussex co., Del., on Dela- ware Bay and the Milford & Junction Railroad. Pop. 3544, Cedar Creek, a post-office of Tatnall co., Ga. Cedar Creek, a township of Allen co., Ind. Pop. 1713. It contains Leo. Cedar Creek, a post-hamlet of De Kalb co., Ind., on the Eel River Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Auburn. It is on a creek of the same name. Cedar Creek, a township of Lake co., Ind., bounded S. by the Kankakee River. Pop. 1326. Cedar Creek, a post-office of Greene co., Iowa. Cedar Creek, a post-office of Cowley co., Kansas. Cedar Creek, a post-hamlet of Barry co., Mich., in Hope township, about 15 miles N.E. of Kalamazoo. It has a church, a grist-mill, and 2 or 3 stores. Cedar Creek, township, Muskegon co., Mich. P. 291. Cedar Creek, township, Wexford co., Mich. Pop. 248. Cedar Creek, a post-office of Taney co., Mo. Cedar Creek, a township of Wayne co.. Mo. Pop. 379. (Post-office, Brunot.) Cedar Creek, a post-office of Cass co., Neb. Cedar Creek, a station of Cass co., Neb., on Platte River, and on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad. 14 miles W.N.W. of Plattsmouth. Cedar Creek, or Williamsburg, a post-village of Ocean co., N.J., on Cedar Creek, 2 miles from Barnegat Bay, and on Toms River Branch Railroad, 6 miles S.S.E. of Toms River. It has a church and a hotel. Here is Cedar Creek Post-Office. Cedar Creek, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co., N.C, in Cedar Creek township, on the Cape Pear River, 11 miles S.E. of Fayetteville. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the town- ship, 2358. Cedar Creek, township, Lancaster co., S.C. P. 1505. Cedar Creek, a post-hamlet of Greene co., Tenn., 13 miles S.S.W. of Greeneville. It has a church. Cedar Creek, a post-hamlet of Bastrop co., Tex., about 15 miles S.E. of Austin. Cedar Creek, a post-office of Whitman oo., Washing- ton. 4 miles N. of Palouse. Cedar Creek, a post-hamlet of Washington oo., Wis., in Polk township, 30 miles N.N.W. of Milwaukee. It has a flour-mill, a woollen-faotory, and a saw-mill. CED 417 CED Cedar Creek lianding, a post-office of Perry co., Tenn., on the Tennessee Rivei-. Cedar Dale, a post-office of Sanilac co., Mich. Cedar Dale, a post-office of Pender co., N.C. Cedar Dale, a viUage in Ontario co., Ontario, 3 miles by rail W. of Oshawa. It contains a scythe-, hoe-, and fork-factory. Pop. 250. Cedar Falls, a city of Black Hawk co., Iowa, is in Cedar Falls township, on the Cedar River, and on the Du- buque & Sioux City Railroad where it crosses the Burling- ton, Cedar Rapids & Minnesota Railroad, 99 miles W. of Dubuque, 93 miles E. of Fort Dodge, and 60 miles N.W. of Cedar Rapids. It has a bridge across the river, S churches, a union school, a national bank, 3 other banks, 3 flouring-inills, a saw-mill for which the river affords motive power, and manufactures of carriages and pumps. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 3270; of the township, 1224. Cedar Falls, a post-village of Franklin township, Randolph co., N.C, on Deep River, 25 miles S. of Greens- borough. It has 2 churches, a cotton-mill, &G. Pop. 200, Cedar Falls, a post-office of Greenville co., S.C. Cedar Falls, a po.st-vilIage of Dunn co., Wis,, in Taintor township, on Red Cedar or Menomonee River, about 5 miles above Menomonee, and 3 miles from Meno- monee Station. It has a large lumber-mill and 2 stores. Cedar Farm, a post-office of Harrison co., Ind,, on the Ohio River, Cedar Ford, a post-office of Butler co,, Kansas, Cedar Fork, a post-hamlet of Menominee co., Mich., on Green Bay, at the mouth of Cedar River, 33 miles N. of Menominee. It has a lumber-mill and a steamboat-land- ing. Pop. 200. Cedar Fork, a post-offiee of Franklin co.. Mo, Cedar Fork, a township of Wake co,, N.C, Pop. 1533, It contains Brassfield's, Cedar Fork, a post-office or hamlet of Claiborne co,, Tenn,, 33 miles N,N,W, of Morristown, Cedar Grove, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ala, Cedar Grove, a post-vilkage of Walker co,, Ga,, 10 miles W, of Lafayette, and 27 miles S, by W, of Ch.atta- nooga. It has 2 churches, 2 tanneries, and a grist-mill. Cedar Grove, a post-village of Franklin co., Ind., on the Whitewater River, nnd on the Cincinnati <& Whitewater Valley Railroad, 3i miles N.W. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Cedar Grove, a station in Chase co,, Kansas, on the Cottonwood River, and on the Atchison, Topeka *t Santa Fe Railroad, 100 miles S.W. of Topeka. Cedar Grove, a po,st-viIlage of Montgomery co., Md., 5 miles from Germantown Railroad Station. It has 2 churches and an academy. Cedar Grove, a station on the Milton Branch of the Old Colony Railroad, 5i miles S, of the initial station in Boston, Mass. Cedar Grove, a post-village of Pontotoc oo.. Miss., 14 miles W.N.W. of Tupelo. It has 3 churches. Pop, 172, Cedar Grove, a post-village of Essex co,, N.J., in Caldwell township, on the Montclair & Greenwood Lake Railroad, 18 miles N.W. of Jersey City, It has a cotton- factory and a brush-factory. Cedar Grove, a post-hamlet of Orange co,, N.C, in Cedar Grove township, S miles N. of Hillsborough, It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 2047. Cedar Grove, a post-hamlet of Hooking co,, 0,, 10 miles S.W. of Logan. It has 2 churches. Cedar Grove, a post-village of Providence oo,, R.I,, in Bast Providence township, on the east shore of Narra- gansett Bay, and on the Providence, Warren & Bristol Railroad, 5 miles below Providence, It has a church and a large hotel. Pop, 168, Cedar Grove, a post-office of Laurens co„ S.C. Cedar Grove, a post-office of Carroll co., Tenn. Cedar Grove, a station of Shelby co., Tenn,, on the Memphis & Louisville Railroad, 10 miles N,E, of Memphis, Cedar Grove, a hamlet of Kaufman co., Te.'c., IS miles N.E. of Kaufman. It has 2 churches and a seminary. Cedar Grove, a post-hamlet of Frederick co., Va., 5 miles N. of Winchester. It has a church and a flour-mill. Cedar Grove, a post-hamlet of Sheboygan co,, Wis., on the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad, 38 miles N. of Milwaukee, It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Cedar Grove, a post-village in York co., Ontario, on the Rouge River, 4 miles from Markham. Pop. 150. Cedar Grove Mills, a post-office of Franklin co., Va. Cedar Hill, a post-village of Nevada CO., Ark., 10 miles E. of Hope. It has a seminary and several churches. 27 Cedar Hill, a post-hamlet of Gwinnett co., Ga., 18 miles from Buford Station. It has a church. Cedar Hill, a post-office of Jefferson co.. Mo, Cedar Hill, a post-office of Saunders co,. Neb. Cedar Hill, a post-hamlet of Albany co., N.Y., on the Hudson Kiver, about 8 miles below Albany. It has a church, 2 stores, and a grist-mill. Cedar Hill, a post-hamlet of Anson co., N.C, 13 miles N. of Wadesborough. Cedar Hill, a post-office of Fairfield co., 0. Cedar Hill, a station in Schuylkill co.. Pa., on a branch of the Schuylkill Valley Railroad, Cedar Hill, a small village of Sp.artanburg co., S.C, 2 miles from Greer's Station of the Air- Line Railroad, It has a church, a cotton-factory, and a flour-mill. Cedar Hill, a post-village of Robertson co., Tenn., on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 36 miles N.N.W. of Nashville. It has 2 churches and a flouring-mill. Cedar Hill, a post-hamlet of Dallas co., Tex., 18 miles S.W. of Dallas, It has a church and 18 families. Cedar Hollow, a station in Chester co.. Pa., on the Chester Valley Railrcad, 10 miles S.S.W. of Bridgeport, Cedar Island, near the entrance to Sag Harbor, N,Y,, has a light-house, lat, 41° 2' 26" N., Ion. 72° 15' 19" W. Cedar Junction, a post-office of Johnson co., Kansas, is at De Soto Junction Station on the Kansas Midland Rail- road, at its junction with the St. Louis, Lawrence & Western Railroad, 20 miles W. of Kansas City, Cedar Key Hay, an open bay on the W, coast of Flor- ida, in Levy co., immediately S. of Wacasassa Bay. It receives the Withlaeoochee River. Cedar Keys, a post-village of Levy co., Fla., on Way Key and Atsena Otie Key, on the gulf coast, 155 miles from Fernandina, and about 124 miles S.S.E. of Tallahnssee. It is the southwest terminus of the Atlantic, Gulf & M''est India Transit Railroad, and is the principal distributing point for the gulf coast of Florida. The keys are connected by a ferry. It has 4 churches, 1 or 2 hotels, a newspaper office, and manufactures of pine lumber and cedar pencils. Pop, 440, Cedar Key light-house, on Seahorse Key, is in lat, 29° 5' 49" N., Ion. 83° 4' 46" W. Cedar take, a post-hamlet of Lake co., Ind., 8 miles S.S.W. of Crown Point. It has about 20 houses. Cedar Lake, a post-hamlet of Montcalm co., Mich., and a station on the Chicago, Saginaw & Canada Railroad, 54 miles W, of Saginaw. It has a lumber-mill and a shingle-mill. Cedar Lake, a station in Hennepin co., Minn., on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 5 miles S.W. of Minneapolis, at the junction of the Minneapolis &, St. Louis Railroad, in the midst of a circle of fine lakes. Here are a mineral spring and a large summer hotel. Cedar Lake, a post-township of Scott co., Minn., 35 miles S.W. of St. Paul. Pop. 803. Cedar Lake, a post-office of Atlantic co., N.J., on the Vineland Railroad, 10 miles N.E. of Vineland. Cedar Lake, a post-hamlet of Herkimer co., N.Y'., in Litchfield township, 5 miles E. of Clayville. It has a church. Cedar Lake, a post-office of Waushara co.. Wis. Cedar Lake, a post-village in Digby co.. Nova Scotia, 14 miles N. of Yarmouth. Pop. 150. Cedar Lane, a post-office and station of Lancaster CO., Pa,, in East Earl township, on the Waynesburg Branch Railroad. Cedar Lane, a post-offiee of Greene co,, Tenn, Cedar Mill, a post-office of Washington co., Oregon, Cedar Mills, a post-township of Meeker co., Minn,, 14 miles S. of Litchfield. Pop. 252. It has a church. Cedar Mills, a township of Renville co,, Minn. P, 1708. Cedar 31ills, a post-office of Adams co,, 0, Cedar Mills, a post-hamlet of Grayson co., Tex., 18 miles W.N.W. of Denison. It has a church, a steam flour- mill, and a steam lumber-mill. Cedar Mines, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., Iowa, on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, 3 miles W, of Albia, Coal is mined here. Cedar Mountain, a post-office of Transylvania oo,, N,C., 30 miles N.N.AV. of Greenville, S.C. Cedar Mountain, a locality in Culpeper co., Va., 2 miles W, of Mitchell's Station, Here General Banks was defeated by the Confederates, Aug. 9, 1862. Cedar Mountains, a mountain-range in Africa, Cape Colony, extending from lat. 31° 57' to 32° 24' S., and nearly along the meridian of 19° E. They are of remarkably pic- turesque appearance, with peaks varying from 1600 to 5000 feet above sea-level. CED 418 CED Cedar Plains, a post-hamlet of Morgan co., Ala., about 35 miles S.S.W, of Huntsville. It has an academy and several churches. Cedar Point, a station in Elbert co., Co!., on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, and on the Great Divide, 77 miles S.E. of Denver, Cedar Point, a post-hamlet of Chase co., Kansas, near the Atchison, Topeka k Santa Fe Railroad, about 38 miles W.S.W, of Emporia. It has a church and a grist-mill. Cedar Point, a post-office of Page co., Va. Cedar Point Landing, a post-ofl&ce of Goochland CO., Va. Cedar Hapids, a city of Linn co., Iowa, on the Cedar River, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad where it crosses the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Rail- road, 81 miles W. of Clinton, 79 miles S.W. of Dubuque, and 98 miles N.N.W. of Burlington. It is the southwest terminus of the Dubuque &, Southwestern Railroad. A bridge crosses the river here. This town has increased rapidly since 1860. It is lighted with gas, and has 2 national banks, a high school, the Coe Collegiate Institute, 12 churches, 4 grist-mills, 2 large breweries, and manufac- tures of machinery, carriages, and agricultural implements and machines, and printing-offices which issue a daily and 3 weekly newspapers and 2 monthly agricultural journals. The rapids of the river furnish motive power for several mills. Poplin 1860, 1830; in 1870, 5940 r in 1S75, 7179. Cedar Ridge, a post-office of Marshall co., Ala. Cedar Ridge, a post-hamlet of Whitfield co., Ga,, 5 miles from Dalton. It has a church and a flour-mill. Cedar (or Red Cedar) River, Michigan, rises in Livingston co., runs nearly westward in Ingham co., and enters the Grand River at Lansing. Length, 60 miles. Cedar (or Red Cedar) River rises in the S. part of Minnesota, and runs southward through Mower county into the state of Iowa. Its general direction is S.S.E. It intersects the counties of Mitchell, Floyd, Bremer, Black Hawk, Benton, Linn, and Cedar, in Iowa. Having reached a point only 9 miles from the Mississippi River, it turns abruptly and runs southwestward through Muscatine county, and enters the Iowa River at Columbus Junction. Its length is estimated at 400 miles. It runs through undulating prairies remarkable for fertility. Cedar River, a station in Muscatine co., Iowa, on the Muscatine division of the Burlington &■ Cedar Rapids Rail- road, near the Cedar River, and 11 miles "W. of Muscatine. Cedar Rock, a post-township of Franklin co., N.C., 22 miles E. of Franklinton Railroad Station. Pop. 1112. Cedar Run, a post-office of Grand Traverse co., Mich. Cedar Run, a post-hamlet of Alexander co., N.C., 26 miles N.W. of Statesville. Cedar Run, a post-office of Muskingum co., 0. Cedar Run, a post-office of Lycoming co., Pa. Cedar Run, Virginia, rises in Fauquier co., flows E., and unites with Broad Run 3 miles E. of Brentsville. Cedars, a post-village in Vaudreuil co., Quebec, on the river St. Lawrence, 29 miles by rail S.W. of Montreal. The Cedar Rapids are nearly opposite the village. Pop. 300. Ce'darsburg, a post-hamlet of Wyoming co., W. Va., 25 miles S.W. of Quiunimont. It has a church. Coal is found here. Cedar Shoal, a post-office of Chester co., S.C. Cedar Shoals, a village of Newton co., Ga., on Yellow River, 3 miles from Covington. It has 2 churches, a eot- ton-mill, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Cedar Springs, a post-office of Cherokee co., Ala, Cedar Springs, a post-village of Early co., Ga., 30 miles S.W. of Arlington. It has 2 churches and a high school. Cedar Springs, a post-office of Allen co., Ky. Cedar Springs, a post-village of Kent co., Mich., in Nelson and Solon townships, on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, 21 miles N.N.E. of Grand Rapids. It has a bank, 3 churches, a newspaper office, a money-order post-office, a union school, and several lumber-mills, shingle-mills, Columbus Kail- road, 31 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, 2 saw-mills, a planing-mill, &c. Pop. about 300. Centre Cambridge, kam'brJj, a post-hamlet of "Washington co., N.Y., in Cambridge township, 1 mile from West Cambridge Railroad Station. It has a church. Centre City, a post-village, capital of Chisago co., Minn., on Chisago Lake, and in Chisago Lake township, 8 miles W. of Taylor's Falls, and 6 miles from Chisago City. It has 2 churches, a cheese-factory, 2 stores, and a saw-mill. Centre City, a post-office or hamlet of Hamilton co., Tex., about 100 miles W. of Waco. Centre Con'way, a post-village of Carroll co., N.H., in Conway township, on the Saco River, and on the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad, 55 miles W.N.W. of Portland. It has a church, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and 30 houses. ' Centre Creek runs westward through Jasper co.. Mo., and enters Spring River in Cherokee co., Kansas. It is nearly 70 miles long. Centre Creek, a post-township of Martin co., Minn., 8 miles S.AV. of Winnebago City. Pop. 267. Centre Creek, a township of Jasper co., Mo., about 66 miles W. of Springfield. Pop. 765. Centre Cross, a post-office of Essex co., Va. Cen'tredale, a post-offioe and station of Cedar eo., Iowa, on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Rail- road, 30 miles S.S.E. of Cedar Rapids. It has an elevator. Centredale, a post- village of Providence co., R.I., on the Providence & Springfield Railroad, 6^ miles N.W. of Providence. It has 2 churches, a cotton-mill, a hotel, a carriage-factory, a free public library, a graded school, and a public hall. Pop. 209. Centre !Eff'ingham, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., N.H., in Effingham township, about 10 miles N.E. of Os- sipee. It has a church and a manufactory of clothing. Cen'trefield, a hamlet of Ontario co., N.Y., 4 miles W. of Canandaigua. It has a church. Centrefield, a post-hamlet of Highland co., 0., in Fairfield township, on Paint Creek, 3 miles S, of East Monroe. It has 2 churches. Pop. 128. Centre Furnace, a village of Lawrence co., 0., in Elizabeth township, on the Iron Railroad, 13 miles N. of Ironton. It has a church, and a furnace for pig-iron. Centre Groton, a post-office of New London co.. Conn. Centre Grove, a township of Dickinson co., Iowa. Pop. 543. It contains the village of Spirit Lake. Centre Grove, a post-hamlet of Dubuque co., Iowa, in JuUen township, 3 miles from Julien Railroad Station. It has a church. Centre Grove, township, Guilford co., N.C. Pop. 1110. Centre Grove, a post-office of Person co., N.C. Centre Grove, a post-hamlet of Bedford co,, Tenn.. 6 miles from Fosterville Railroad Station. It has 2 churches and a high school. Centre Hall, a post-village of Centre co.. Pa., in Penn's Valley, 8 miles from Bellefonte, and about 24 miles S.S.W. of Lockhaven. It has 4 churches, a bank, a foundry, a machine-shop, &c. A weekly paper is published here. Poo. about 350. Centre Har'bor, a post-office and summer resort of Belknap co., N.H., at the N.W. extremity of Winnepesau- kee Lake, and in Centre Harbor township, 43 miles N. of Concord. It has 2 churches, 2 hotels, and numerous board- ing-houses. Steamboats ply daily between this place and other villages on the lake. Pop. of the township, 446, Centre Hill, a post-office of Limestone co., Ala. Centre Hill, a post-hamlet of White co.. Ark., 13 miles N.M\ of Kensett Railroad Station. It has an academy. Centre Hill, a post-haralet of Hartford co.. Conn., 54 miles N. of New Hartford Railroad Station. It has a church. Centre Hill, a post-office of Howell co.. Mo. Centre Hill, a hamlet of Bucks co., Pa., in Solebury township, 2 miles from Stockton, N.J. Centre Hill, apost-village of Centre co.. Pa., in Potter township, 10 miles S.E. of Bellefonte, It has a church, a tannery, and 2 general stores. Centre Hill, a post-office of Orangeburg co., S.C. Centre Junction, apost-village of Jones co., Iowa, is on the Clinton & Anamosa Branch Railroad where it crosses the Davenport & St. Paul Railroad, lOi miles E. of Ana- mosa. It has a church, a newspaper office, a machine-shop, a steam-mill, and a bed-spring factory. Centre Leb'anon, a post-hamlet of York co., Me., in Lebanon township. Centre Lincolnville, a post-village of Waldo co., Me., in Lineolnville township, 14 miles N. of Rockland. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of lime. Pop. about 300. Centre Lisle, orYork'shire, a post-village of Broome CO., N.Y., in Lisle township, 3 miles from Lisle Station, and about 50 miles S. of Syracuse. It has 2 or 3 churches, a large tannery (of sheep-skins), and a lumber-mill. Centre Lov'ell, a post-hamlet and summer resort of Oxford CO., Me., in LoveU township, on Kezar Lake, about 54 miles N.W. of Portland. It has 2 churches, a spool-fac- tory, a graded school, &c. Centre MarsU'field, a post-hamlet of Plymouth co., Mass., on the Old Colony Railroad, 32 miles S.E. of Boston, Centre Mill, a post-office and grist-mill of Hood co.. Tex., 10 miles N. of Granbury. Centre Mills, a post-hamlet of Centre co., Pa., in Miles township. It has a flour-mill. Centre Mills, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Va., 6 miles S.E. of Central Depot; has a church and a flour-mill. Centre 3Iont'ville, a post-office of Waldo co., Me. Centre More'land, a post-village of Wyoming co., Pa., 15 miles N. of AVilkesbarre. It has 3 churches and 2 stores. Centre Moriches, mo-rich'ez, a post-village and watering-place of Suffolk co., N.Y., is in Brookhaven town- ship, about 10 miles S.W. of Riverhead, and ^ mile from East Bay, an inlet of the ocean. It has 2 churches, 2 hotels, 2 large boarding-houses, and 4 stores. Pop. about 600. Centre Mound, a post-office of Republic co., Kansas. Centre of Grav'ity, a small village of Abbeville co., S.C, 1 mile from Centreville. Centre Os'sipee, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., N.H., in Ossipee township, on Ossipee Lake, and on the railroad between Ossipee and North Conway, 4 miles N. of the former. It has a church, manufactures of excelsior, sash, blinds, &c., and about 30 houses. Centre Point, a post-village, capital of Howard co., Ark., about 38 miles N.N.W. of Fulton. It has 1 or 2 churches, an academy, a saw-mill, and a grist-mill. Pop. about 200. Centre Point, a post-office of Knox co., Ill,, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quinoy Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Galesburg. Centre Point, a post-village of Clay co., Ind., 8 miles S.S.E. of Brazil, and about 22 miles E. of Terre Haute. It has 2 churches, a high school, and a flour-mill. Pop. 226. Centre Point, a post-village of Linn co., Iowa, in Washington township, on the railroad which connects Cedar Rapids with Independence, IS miles N.N.W. of Cedar Rapids, and 2 miles N.E. of Cedar River. It has a money- order post-office, 2 churches, a bank, a graded school, and a newspaper office. P'jp- about 800. Cefttre Point, a post-office of Monroe co., Ky. Centre Point, a post-office of Tallahatchee co., Miss. Centre Point, a post-hamlet of Atchison co.. Mo.. 10 miles N.E. of Rock]iort. Centre Point, a hamlet of Orange co., N.Y"., in Green- ville township, 4 miles from Unionville. Centre Point, a post-hamlet of Brown co., 0., about 6 miles N.W. of Ripley. Centre Point, a village of Shelby co., 0,, about 40 miles N. by W, from Dayton. Pop. 444. Centre Point, a post-office of Henderson co., Tenn. Centre Point, a post-village of Kerr co., Tex., on the Guadalupe River, 50 miles N.W. of San Antonio. It has 3 churches, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 200. Cen'treport, a hamlet of Cayuga co., N.Y., on the Erie Canal, 2 miles from Port Byron. It has a manufactory of grain-cradles. Pop. about 150. Centreport, a post-village of SulToIk co., N.Y''., in Huntington township, on the Long Island Railroad, 40 miles E. of Brooklyn. It is on Centreport Harbor, an inlet of Long Island Sound. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 250. Centreport, a post-village of Berks co., Pa., in Centre township, 2 miles from Mohrsville Railroad Station, which is 10 miles N. of Reading. It has a church, 2 stores, 2 carriage-shops, &c. CEjST 424 CBN Centre Ridge, a post-hamlet of 'Woodson co., Kansas, 12 miles W. of Humboldt. Centre River, Wisconsin, rises in Brown county, runs southeastward, and enters the Manitowoc River about 6 miles from its mouth. Centre River, a post-office of Manitowoc co., Wis. Centre Road, a station in Geauga co., 0., on the Painesville & Youngstown Railroad, 15 miles S.E. of Painesville. Centre Road Station, a post-office of Crawford co., Pa., on the Erie & Pittsburg Railroad (at Summit Station), 39 miles S.S.W. of Erie. Centre Rut'land, a small post-village of Rutland co., Vt., in Rutland township, on Otter Creek, and on the Cen- tral Vermont and the Troy, Salem & Rutland Railroads, li miles W. of Rutland. Here are quarries of fine marble. Centre Sand'wich, a post-village of Carroll co., N.H., in Sandwich township, about 22 miles N. of Laconia. It has 8 churches, a savings-bank, a normal institute, &c. Centre Sher'man, a hamlet of Chautauqua co., N.Y., 2 miles from the village of Sherman. Centre Sid'ney, a post-office of Kennebec co., Me. Centre Square, a post-hamletof Switzerland co., Ind., 17 miles E.N.E. of Madison. It has 3 churches. Pop. 75. Centre Square, a station in Gloucester co., N.J., on the Delaware Shore Railroad, 14 miles S.W. of Woodbury. Centre Square, New York. See Redfield. Centre Square, a post- village of Montgomery co.. Pa., on Stony Creek Railroad, about 5 miles N.N.E. of Norris- town. It has a church. Centre Star, a post-hamlet of Lauderdale co., Ala., 14 miles from Florence, and 2 miles from the Muscle Shoals. It has a church. Centre Strafford, a post-hamlet of Strafford CO., N.H., in Strafford township, 9 miles W. of Rochester. It has an academy and a church. Cen'treton, a post-hamlet of Morgan co., Ind., on White River, and on the Indianapolis & Vincennes Railroad, 22 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. It has a wa.gon-shop. Centreton, a hamlet of Burlington co., N.J., 1 mile from Masonville. It has a manufactory of phosphate. Centreton, a post-hamlet of Salem co., N.J., about 9 miles N. by E. of Bridgeton, .and 1 mile E. of the West Jersey Railroad. It has 2 churches and a flour-milL Centreton, a post-village of Huron co., 0., in Norwich township, on the Huron River, and on the railroad which connects Sandusky with Mansfield, 27 miles S. of Sandusky. It has a church. Cen'treton, a post-village in Northumberland co., Ontario, S miles N. of Grafton. Pop. 150. Cen'tretown, a post-hamlet of Ohio co., Ky., 5 miles N.W. of McHenry Railroad Station. It has a church. Centretown, a post-village of Cole co., Mo., on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 48 miles E. of Sedalia. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a plough-factory. Centretown, a post-hamlet of Mercer co., Pa., about 16 miles S.W. of Franklin. Centre Tuf'tonborough, a post-hamlet of Carroll CO., N.H., in Tuftonborough township, about S miles W.S.W. of Ossipce. Centre Val'ley, a post-hamlet of Hendricks co., Ind., in Liberty township, 5 miles S.E. of Clayton. It has a church and about a half-dozen houses. Centre Valley, a post-office of Cass co.. Neb. Centre Valley, a post-hamlet of Otsego co., N.Y., 4 miles W. of Sharon Springs. It has 2 churches. Centre Valley, a post-village of Lehigh co.. Pa., in Upper Saucon township, on the North Pennsylvania Rail- road, 45 miles N. of Philadelphia. It has 2 hotels, 2 mills, several lime-kilns, and a.bout 50 dwellings. Cen'treview', a post-village of Johnson co.. Mo., on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 58 miles S.E. of Kansas City. It has 3 churches, a high school, and a flouring-miil. Centre View, a post-village of Monroe co., 0., in Jackson township, near the Ohio River, 32 miles N.E. of Marietta. It has 2 churches. Centreview, a post-offiee of Dauphin co., Pa. Centre View, a post-hamlet of Charlotte co., Va., on or near the Staunton River, 8 miles from Clover Railroad Station. It h.ts a church, a normal school, and 3 stores. Centre Vill'age, a post-hamlet of Charlton co., Ga., about 40 miles S.W. of Brunswick. It has a church and a ma.nufactory of naval stores. Centre Village, a post-hamlet of Broome co., N.Y., in Colesville township, on the Susquehanna River, and on the Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, 121 miles W.S.W. of Albany. It has a tannery and a flour-mill. Pop. 146. Centre Village, a post-hamlet of Delaware co., 0., 6 miles S.E. of Galena Station, and about 20 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. It has 2 churches and a carriage-shop. Centre Village, a post-village in Westmoreland co., New Brunswick, 13 miles from Sackville. Pop. 100. Cen'treville, a post-village, capital of Bibb co., Ala., on the Cahawbo. River, .about 45 miles N. by W. from Selma. It has a fine brick court-house, a church, and an academy. Centreville, Montgomery co., Ark. See Caddo Gap. Centreville, a post-village of Alameda co., Cal., in a beautiful valley, about 35 miles S.E. of San Francisco. It is 2 miles from Niles Railroad Station. It has a college and several churches. Centreville, a mining village of Butte oo., Cal., 12 miles from Chico. It has manufactures of wine and brandy. Grapes abound here. Centreville, a village of Fresno co., Cal., 17 miles E. of Fresno. It has a church and a flour-mill. Centreville, a hamlet of Humboldt co., Cal., on or near the Pacific Ocean. Centreville, a mining camp of Shasta co., Cal., 4 miles from Clear Creek. Gold is found here. Centreville, a post-office of Lake co., Col. Centreville (Hamden Post-Office), a village of New Haven co., Conn., in Hamden township, on the New Haven 6 Northampton Railroad, 6 miles N. of New Haven. It has m.anufactures of cotton goods, &e. Centreville, a post-village of Turner co., Dakota, on the Vermilion River, 26 miles N. of Vermilion. It has a church and ,a grist-mill. Centreville, a post-village of New Castle co., Del., 3 miles from Greenville Railroad Station, and about 7 miles N.N.W. of Wilmington. It has 2 churches. Centreville, a post-hamlet of Leon co., Fla., 10 miles N.E. of Tallahassee. It has a church and several stores. Centreville, a post-office of Gwinnett co., 6a. Centreville, a post-village of Boise co., Idaho, about 10 ^niles N.W. of Idaho City. Gold is found here. Centreville, Lawrence co., 111., is more properly called Allison (which see). Centreville, a post-b.amlet of Piatt co.. 111., about 15 miles W. of Champaign City. Centreville, a post-village of St. Clair co.. 111., on the Illinois & St. Louis Railroad, 7 miles S.E. of St. Louis, and 7 miles N.W. of Belleville. It contains 3 churches, 2 steam flouring-mills, and several public schools. Pop. 1116. Here is Centreville Station Post-Office. See also Millstadt. Centreville, a hamlet of Allen co., Ind., 12 miles S.E. of Fort Wayne. Centreville (Lewis Post-Office), a hamlet of Vigo co., Ind., in Pierson township, about 18 miles S.S.E. of Terre Haute. It has 2 wagon-shops. Poj). about 100. . Centreville, a post-village of Wayne eo., Ind., is on Noland's Fork of Whitewater River, and on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, 5 miles W. of Richmond. It has 5 churches, a graded school, a national bank, a news- paper office, and manufactures of organs and of boots and shoes. It was formerly the capital of the county. Pop. 1077. Centreville, a post-village, capital of Appanoose co., Iowa, in Centre township, on the Missouri. Iowa & Ne- braska Railroad at its junction with the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 125 miles W.S.W. of Muscatine, and about 33 miles S.W. of Ottumwa. It has a court-house, 5 churches, 2 national banks, a foundry, a fiouring-mill, a woollen-factory, and 3 weekly newspaper offices. Coal and limestone are abundant here. Pop. 1226. Centreville, a post-office of Linn co.. Kansas, on Sugar Creek, in Centreville township, about 55 miles S.S.E. of Lawrence. Pop. of the township, 640. Centreville, township, Neosho co., Kansas. Pop. 794. Centreville, a post-village of Bourbon co., Ky., 3 miles N.W. of Paris, and about 1 5 miles N.E. of Lexington. It has 3 churches, a seminary, and several stores. Centreville, a hamlet of Catahoula parish. La., about 22 miles W. by S. of Harrisonburg. It has a church. Here is Funny Louis Post-Office. Centreville, a post-village of St. Mary's parish, La., on the navigable bayou Teohe, 5 miles below Franklin. It has 8 stores and 4 churches. Pop. about 300. Centreville, township, Washington co.. Me. Pop. 145. Centreville, a post-village, capital of Queen Anno co., Md., is on an inlet or creek which opens into Chesapeake Bay, about 36 miles by water S.E. of Baltimore. It is the southwestern terminus of the Queen Anne & Kent Railroad. It contains 5 churches, the Centreville .\oademy, 2 carriage- factories, and a foundry. Two weekly newspapers are pub- lished here. Pop. 915. CEN 425 CEN Gentreville, a post-hamlet of Barnstable co.. Mass., in Barnstable township, on the Atlantic Ocean, 4 miles W. of Hyannis. It has a church. Centreville, a village of Maple Ridge township, Delta CO., Mich., on the Chicago V. por- tion is also known as Stockton. The village has 3 or 4 churches. It is connected with Camden by a street-railway. Centreville, a station in Cumberland co.. N.J., on the Bridgeton & Port Norris Railroad, 18 miles S.E. of Bridge- ton, and 2 miles from Port Norris. Centreville, a village in Hudson co., N.J., on the New Jersey Central Railroad, 7 miles S.W. of New York. It is a part of Bayonne. Centreville, a post-hamlet of Hunterdon co., N.J., 2i miles from Neshanic Railroad Station, and about 22 miles N. of Trenton. It has a church. Centreville, a hamlet of Monmouth co., N.J., near Raritan Bay, 1 mile from Holmdel Station. Centreville, a station in Passaic co., N.J., on the Newark Branch of the Erie Railroad, at Richfield. Centreville, a hamlet of Warren co., N.J., in Knowlton township, 10 miles N.N.E. of Belvidere. Centreville, a post-village of Alleghany co., N.Y., in Centreville township, about 44 miles S.E. of Buffalo. It has 3 churches. Pop. 167 ; of the township, 997. Here are 3 cheese-factories. Centreville, a hamlet of Cayuga co., N.Y., 1 mile from Milan. It has a saw-mill. Centreville, Chautauqua co., N.Y. See Portland. Centreville, Clinton co., N.Y. See Mooers Forks. Centreville, a village of Onondaga co., N.Y., in Clay and Cicero townships, 3 miles from Clay Railroad Station, and 6 miles N. of Syracuse. It has 2 churches and 2 stores. Pop. 289. Here is Plank Road Post-Office. Centreville, a former name of Turner's, N.Y. Centreville, a hamlet of Steuben co., N.Y., in Corning township, \ mile from Painted Post. Centreville, a village of Ulster co., N.Y'., in Lloyd township. 3 miles from Lloyd Post-Office. It has a church, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, 2 stores, &g.- Centreville, a hamlet of Westchester oo., N.Y'., J of a mile from Westchester Railroad Station. It has several churches and a Catholic protectory. Centreville, a village of Belmont co., 0., in Smith township, about 16 miles S.W. of Wheeling, W. Va. It has 2 or 3 churches. Pop. 167. Here is Demos Post-Office. Centreville (Lee's Creek Post-Office), a hamlet of Clin- ton CO., 0., in Wayne township, about 56 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. It has a church. Centreville (Thurman Post-Office), a village of G.allia CO., 0., in Raccoon township, about 16 miles W.N.W. of Gallipolis. It has 4 churches, a bank, a union school, a flouring-mill, and a planing-mill. Centreville, a hamlet of Guernsey co., 0., 5 miles N.E. of Cambridge. It has 2 churches. The name of its post- office is Midway. Centreville (Spencer Post-Office), a hamlet of Medina CO., 0., in Spencer township, 10 miles from Wellington Sta- tion. It has 2 churches and 3 stores. Pop. about 100. Centreville, a post-village of Montgomery co., 0., in Washington township, and in the Miami Valley, about 10 miles S. by E. from Dayton. It has 3 churches, and valu- able quarries of limestone, of which its houses are built. Centreville, a hamlet of Morgan co., 0., in Centre township, 10 miles W. of Dexter City. It has a church. Here is Moscow Mills Post-Office. Centreville,aformernameofSw ANTON, Fulton co., 0. Centreville, a village of Bedford co.. Pa., in Cumber- land Valley township, 16 miles S. of Bedford. It has 2 churches. Here is Cumberland Valley Post-Office. Centreville, a hamlet of Bradford co.. Pa., 3 miles S. of Wellsburg, N.Y. It has manufactures of brooms, pic- ture-frames, &c. Centreville, a village of Bucks co.. Pa., in Bucking- ham township, about 30 miles N. of Philadelphia. The name of its post-office is Buckingham. Centreville, a borough of Butler co.. Pa., in Slippery Bock township, about 44 miles N. of Pittsburg, and 16 miles E. by N. from New Castle. It has 5 churches, a savings- bank, a tannery, a foundry, a steam saw-mill, and 5 stores. Pop. 366. The name of its post-office is Slippery Rock. Centreville, a station in Butler co.. Pa., on the She- nango & Alleghany Railroad, 18 miles S.E. of Mercer. Centreville, a station in Chester co.. Pa., on the Ches- ter Valley Railroad, 6 miles W.S.W. of Bridgeport. Centreville, a post-borough of Crawford co.. Pa., on Oil Creek, and on the Pittsburg, Titusville & Buffalo Rail- road, 10 miles N. of Titusville. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a grist-mill, Ae. Oil is found near it. Pop. 322. Centreville, Cumberland co.. Pa. See Dickinson. Centreville, a village of Elk co.. Pa., in Fox town- ship, on the Daguscahonda Railroad, 10 miles S.E. of Ridg- way. It has 2 or 3 churches, a high school, a tannery, a brewery, and several coal-mines. The name of its post- office is Kersey. Centreville, a village of Indiana co.. Pa., on the Cone- maugh River, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad, J mile from New Florence Station, and 64 miles E. of Pittsburg. It has a church and about 30 houses. Centreville (Stone Church Post-Office), a village of Northampton co.. Pa., in Upper Mt. Bethel township, 4 miles from Portland Railroad Station. It has 3 churches and a tannery. Centreville, a hamlet of Perry co.. Pa., in Liverpool township, about 28 miles N.N.W. of Harrisburg. Centreville, a village of Washington co.. Pa., 6 miles W. of Brownsville. It has a church. Here is East Beth- lehem Posl-Office. Centreville, a post-village of Kent co., R.I., in War- wick township, on the Pawtuxet River, 12 miles S.S.W. of Providence, and about J mile S. of Centreville Station of the Hartford, Providence & Fishkill Railroad. Here are manufactures of cotton and woollen goods. It has a national bank, a savings-bank, and a church. Pop. 767. Centreville, a village in Hopkinton township, Wash- ington CO., R.I., adjacent to Rockville. It has a brick cot- ton-mill, with 4064 spindles and 68 looms. Pop. 74. Centreville, township, Anderson co., S.C. Pop. 1880. Centreville, a post-office of Laurens co., S.C. Centreville, a post-village, capital of Hickman co., Tenn., on Duck River, about 50 miles S.W. of Nashville. It has an academy and 2 churches. Pop. 175. Centreville, a post-village, capital of Leon co., Tex., 14 miles S.E. of Jewett Station, and about 130 miles N.E. of Austin. It has a church and a seminary. Pop. 221. Centreville, or Centerville, a post-village of Davis CO., Utah, on Great Salt Lake, and on the Utah Central Rail- road, 11 miles N. of Salt Lake City. It has a church. Centreville, a hamlet of Accomack co., Va., 2 miles from Onanoock. It has 2 stores. Centreville, a post-village of Fairfax co., Va., 25 miles W. by S. from Washington, D.C. It has 2 churches. The battle of Bull Run was fought near here, July 21, 1861. Centreville (Shakleford's Post-Office), a village of King and Queen co., Va., 2i miles from West Point. It has 4 stores, 3 coach-factories, &c. CEN 4 Centreville, a village of Lewis co., AVashington,on the North Pacific Kailroad, 54 miles N. of Kalama. It has 2 churches; also two stations, one called Centreville, and the other Skookumehuck. Here is Skookumchuck Post-Office. Centreville, Snohomish co., Washington. See Stan- wood. Centre Ville (Indian Creek Post-Office), a village of Monroe co., W. Va., 11 miles S.E. of Talcott Railroad Sta- tion. It has 2 churches, 2 fiouring-mills, and 2 stores. Centreville, a hamlet of Upshur co., W. Va., 43 miles S. of Clarksburg. It has several churches. Centreville, a hamlet of Wayne co., W. Va,, 12 miles from Huntington. It has 3 churches. Coa! is found here. Centreville (Hika Post-Office), a village of Manitowoc CO., Wis., in Centreville township, on Lake Michigan, 1 mile from the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & AVestern Railroad, and 12 miles N. of Sheboygan. It has 2 churches, a tannery, and a brewery. Pop. of township, 1604. Centreville, a post-hamlet of Trempealeau co., Wis., 5 miles N. of Trempealeau Station. It has 2 churches. Centreville, a post-village in Addington co., Ontario, on Whelan's Creek, 17 miles N.N.E, of Napanee. Pop. 300. Centreville, a post-village in Albert co., New Bruns- wick, on the Petitcodiac River, 14^ miles below Moncton. Pop. 2(10. Centreville, a post-village in Carleton co.. New Bruns- wick, 20 miles N. by W. of Woodstock. Pop. 600. Centreville, or Trout Cove, a post-village in Digby CO., Nova Scotia, 14 miles S.W. of Digby. Pop. 200. Centreville, a post-village in Kings co., Nova Scotia, 4 miles from Kentville. Pop. 250. New Germany, Lunen- burg CO., Nova Scotia, is sometimes called Centreville. Centreville, a village in Oxford co., Ontario, on a branch of the Thames, 2 miles from Ingersoll, Pop. 150. For other places in Ontario which are sometimes called Cen- treville, see LuTOX, Nokham, and South Monaghan, Centreville, Prince Edward Island. See Bedeque. Centreville Mills, a post-office of Anderson co., S.C. Centreville Pike, Indiana. See Olive Hill. Centreville Station, a post-office of St. Clair co.. 111., is at the village of Centreville. Centreville Station, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., N.Y., in Fallsburg township, on the Oswego Midland Rail- road, 26^ miles N.N.W. of Middletown. It has 2 stores. Centre Waterborough. See Watekborough Centre. Centre White Creek, a post-hamlet of AVashington CO., N.Y., in White Creek township, 25 miles N.E. of Troy, and 2 miles from the Troy & Boston. Railroad. It has a church. Centrop'olis, a post-village of Franklin co., Kansas, in Centropolis township, 10 miles N.N.W. of Ottawa. It has a church, a steam grist-mill, and a steam saw-mill. Pop. of the townsliip, 783. Centum Celiac, the ancient name of Civita Vecchia. Centuripae, or Centuripi. See Centorbi. Ceos, the ancient name of Zea. Cephahiediuni, the ancient name of Cefalu. Cephalonia, sef-i-lo'ne-a (It. pron. chef-il-lon'e-iand cb5f-d-lo-nee'3, ; modern Gr. Kea), or Kephalo'nia, called also Kephallinia, k^f-i-lee-nee'a, an island of the Medi- terranean, one of the largest of the Ionian Islands, belong- ing to Greece. It is a few miles W. of the mainland, and about 3 miles from Ithaca, between lat. 38° 4' and 38° 29' N. and Ion. 20° 21' and 20° 49' E. Length, 32 miles; breadth, from 5 to 12 miles. Area, 302 square miles. The surface is generally mountainous. A calcareous ridge traverses the island from N.W. to S.E., the highest sum- mit of which, called Ores Ainos, is about 5000 feet above the sea-level. This lofty peak was anciently crowned by a temple of Jupiter, of which no trace remains, the mountain being now covered with wood. The only plain in the island of any extent is in the S.W., near Argostoli : it is about 6 miles in length, and is planted with vines. There are other fertile spots, but the soil is in genera! thin. The coast-line is deeply marked with indentations, the principal of which are the bays of Samos, Zola, and Argostoli : the last extends about 7 or 8 miles inland, and has good anchorage. The principal produce of the island is currants, of which large quantities are exported. The other products are wheat, oil, wine, cotton, tlax, salt, oranges, lemons, figs, and carobs. Many of the inhabitants are brought up to the medical profession and afterwards emigrate for practice to Turkey. The greater part of the population are of the Greek Church ; the others are of the Latin Church, and have a bishop and several convents of Franciscans. Cephalonia was known anciently by various names, being 6 CER called Samos in the Odyssey, and Tetrapolis by Thucydides. In 189 B.C. the island came under the Roman dominion, and became subject to the Byzantines till the twelfth century, falling afterwards, successively, to the Normans, Venetians, Turks, and again to the Venetians, who retained possession of it till 1797. By the peace of Tilsit, in 1809, the French obtained it, but were soon after driven out by the English, under whose protection it remained till 1864, when it was annexed to Greece, of which kingdom it forms a nome. Chief towns, Argostoli and Lixuri. Pop. in 1870, 77,382. Adj. and inhab. Cephalonian, sef-a-lo'ne-an. Cephis'sia, or Me'las, a river of Greece, rises in Phocis, 15 miles N.W. of Salona, flows E., forming the N. boundary of Boeotia, and enters Lake Topolias 8 miles E.N.E. of Livadia. Cephis'sia, or Kephis'sia, a village of Greece, 12 miles N.E. of Athens, with a grotto dedicated to the saints, also a mosque, and many fine remains of antiquity. Cephis'sus, or Cephi'sus (Gr. K^«^to-ffoy or K^^itros), a river of Greece, in Attica, rises beneath Mount Parnes, and, after a S.W. course of about 25 miles, enters the Gulf of ^gina, 5 miles W.S.W. of Athens. Ceppaloni, ch5p-pS,-Io'nee, a town of Italy, province of Avellino, 6^ miles S. of Benevento. Pup. 2888. Ceprano, chi-pri'no (anc, FrecjeVlm), a town of Italy, 11 miles S.E. of Frosinone. Pop. 4538. Ce'ra, an island of the Malay Archipelago, W. of Timor Laut. Lat. 8° 10' S., Ion. 130° 55' E., and 20 miles in circuit. CeraI'vo, a post-hamlet of Ohio co.. Ivy., on Green River, 3 miles from Rockport Railroad Station, which is 117 miles S.W. of Louisville. Ceram',or 2eram'(Port.pron.si-r3-'6N°orsi-r6wNo'), called by the natives Sirang, see'r^ng', or Ceiram, si-e-rowN"', an island in the Malay Archipelago, the second largest of the Moluccas, lies between Booroo on the W. and Papua on the E., and immediately N. of Amboyna. It stretches from lat. 2° 47' to 3° 50' S. and from Ion, 127° 51' to 123° 50' E. Area, 10,000 square miles. The island is im- perfectly known. It is traversed by mountain-ranges rising from a table-land of considerable elevation and sending down innumerable streams to the sea. The mountains vary from 6000 to 8000 feet in height, and that called Noosaheli rises to 9250 feet. The vegetation is luxuriant and gigan- tic. The sago-palm, in particular, is more abundant here than in any of the adjoining islands. It grows 100 feet high, and, instead of 400 pounds, as at Amboyna, a single tree will sometimes yield 1200 pounds of starch. Clove- and nutmeg-trees grow wild, and the woods abound in magnificent forest trees. Near the E. end, on the N. side, is the village of Waroo, on the bay of the same name, about lat. 3° 25' S., Ion. 130° 40' E. The coasts are peopled by bold and enterprising Malay fishermen and traffickers, who carry the produce of their fisheries to the Sunda Islands and Singapore. The interior is peopled by the Alfooras, of a race identical, apparently, with those of Celebes. Christian missionaries have made numerous converts along the coasts. The country is gov- erned by native chiefs under Dutch supervision. The aborigines of Ceram are mostly idolaters, and the coast population generally Mohammedans. Notwithstand- ing its superabundant fertility, Ceram is very thinly peo- pled. The present population is estimated at 195,000. Ceraini, chi-rS,'mee, a town of Sicily, province of Cata- nia, 17 miles W. of Bronte. Pop. 5145. Ceram' Laut, lowt, or Serang' Laut ("Seaward Ceram"), a cluster of small islands in the Malay Archi- pelago, lying off the E, end of the island of Ceram, from which they are separated by the island and strait of Kef- fing. The chief island is about 5 miles long, is mountainous, and belongs to the Dutch. Lat. 3° 48' S. ; Ion. 131° E. Cerano, ehi-ri'no, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 8^ miles E.S.E. of Novara, Pop. 4097. CerasHS, the ancient name of Keresoon. Ceraunii Hlontes, See Acroceraunian Mountains. Cerbalus, a river of Italy. See Cervaro. Cer^bat', a post-village of Mohave co., Arizona, 6 miles S. of Mineral Park, It has silver-mines and reduction-works. Cerchiara, ch^n-ke-i'rS,, a town of Italy, province of Cosenza, 9 miles E.N.E. of Castrovillari. Pop. 22G8. Cercidius, the supposed ancient name of the Liamonk. Cercina, the ancient name of Kekkini. Cercine, the supposed ancient name of the Takings. Cercinetis Sinus. See Gulp of Kerkinit. Ccrda, chSit'di, a town of Sicily, 3 miles by rail S.E. of Termini. Pop. 4013. Cerdagne, sflnM&n', an old division of Europe, in the Pyrenees, partly in the French department of Pyrenees- CER 427 CER Orientales, and partly in the Spanish provinces of Barce- lona, Gevona, and Lerida. Cerdena, the Spanish for SAnoiNiA. Cerdon, sgRMAN"', a town of France, in Ain, 14 miles S.E. of Bourg. Pop. 1775. Cere, saia, a river of Southern France, departments of Cantal and Lot, rises in the Plorab-de-Cantal, and, after a AV. course of about 55 miles, joins the Dordogne near Brete- noux. Aurillac is on one of its affluents. Cerea, chi-rA'i, a town of Italy, 19 miles S.S.E. of Ve- rona. It has the remains of an ancient castle, and is the seat of an annual fair. Pop. 5600. Cerebelliaca, the ancient name of Chaheuil. Cere'do, a post-village of Wa3'ne co., W. Va., is on the Ohio River, 6 miles below Huntington, and about 15 miles above Ironton, 0. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, a large saw-mill, and a planing-mill. Pop. about 300. Cereiices, sah-6Nss', a town of France, in Manche, 9 miles S. of Coutances. Pop. 2102. Cere Novo, chd'ri no'vo {i.e., "New Csere"), a small village of Italy, 3^ miles E. of Ceuvetere (which see). Ceres, seers, a village of Scotland, in Fifeshire, 3 miles S. of Cupar-Fife. Pop. 1111. Ceres, chVrds, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 22 miles N.W. of Turin. Pop. 1942. Ceres, se'rez, a post-office and station of Stanislaus co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad (Visalia division), 24 miles S.E. of Lathrop, and 4 miles S. of Modesto. Ceres, a post-hamlet of Clayton co., Iowa, about 40 miles N.W. of Dubuque. It has a church. Ceres, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co., N.Y., on Oswayo Creek, in Genesee township (partly in Ceres township, Pa.), about 10 miles S.E. of Olean. It has a church and 2 lum- ber-mills. Pop. nearly 200. Ceres, a township of McKean co., Pa., on the New York line. Pop. 79S. CerescOjSe-res'ko, a post-village of Calhoun co., Mich., on the Kalamazoo River, on the line between Emmett and Marshall townships, and on the Michigan Central Railroad, 5 miles W. of Marshall, and about 42 miles S.W. of Lan- sing. It has 3 churches, a union school, a flouring-raill, a saw-mill, and a money-order post-office. Pop. about 450. Ceresco, a township of Blue Earth co., Minn. P. 523. Cereseo, a post-office of Lyon co., Minn., 10 miles from Marshall. Ceresco, a post-village of Saunders co., Neb., about 20 miles N. of Lincoln. It has a church. Ceresius iLacus. See Lago di Lugano. Ceresole, chi-rd-so'li, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 13i miles N.W. of Alba. Pop. 17S0. In its vicinity the French gained a celebrated victory over the Imperialists, April 14, 1544. Ceret, sA,^ri', a frontier town of France, department of Pyrenees-Orientales, 18 miles S.W. of Perpignan. Pop. 3737. It was formerly fortified, and has manufactures of corks, leather, and copper-wares. Ceriana, chi-re-a,'n4, a village of Italy, 5 miles N. of San Remo. Pop. 2381. Cerignola, chi-reen-yo'l^, an episcopal town of Italy, province and 24 miles S.E. of Foggia. It has a college, several convents, and a hospital. The inhabitants manu- facture linen. In 1503 the Spaniards here defeated the French, when the Duke de Nemours, who commanded the latter, was slain. Pop. 21,739. CerigO, ch5r'e-go (anc. Latin, Cijthe'ra ; Gr. KvBYfpa, pronounced by the modern Greeks kith'e-ra), the southern- most of the Ionian Islands, belonging to Greece, in the Mediterranean, off the S. extremity of the Morea, between lat. 36° 7' and 36° 23' N., and in Ion. about 23° E. Area, 116 square miles. Pop. 10,637. Shores abrupt and danger- ous to shipping. Surface mostly mountainous and rocky. More cattle are reared here than in any other of the Ionian Islands. Chief crops, wheat, maize, pulse, cotton, flax, wine, olive oil, and honey. Principal town, Capsali, at its S. ex- tremity. The people are of Greek origin, and are all of the Greek Church. Cerigo was celebrated in ancient times for the worship of Venus; and near the fortress of San Nikolo are some ruins of the ancient city of Cijthera and its temples. Cerigo was long subject to the Lacedemonians, and belonged in turn to Macedon, Egypt, Rome, and ^'enice. Cerigotto, chi-re-got'to, or Ogilia, o-jil'e-S, (anc. JEfpla), a small island of the Mediterranean, midway be- tween Cerigo and Crete, and belonging to Greece. Length, 5 miles; breadth, from 1 to 3 miles. Cerilly, siVee^yee', a town of France, department of Allier, 24 miles W.N.W. of Moulins. Pop. 2691. Cerina, Tzerina, chi-ree'ni, or Djerines (anc. Cerin'ia, Ceri/ne'ia, or Cero'nia), a town of Cyprus, on ita N. coast, 10 miles N. of Lefkosia. It has an indifferent port, and ancient quarries and catacombs. Cerisy, s§h-ree^zee', several communes and villages of France, in Normandy, the principal in the department of Manche, 10 miles S.W, of Saint-L6, It has the church of an abbey founded by Robert of Normandy in i03U, and completed by William the Conqueror. Pop. 2016. Cerizay, s?h-ree^zA', a town of France, in Deux-Sevres, 9 miles W, of Breasuire. Pop. 1457. Cermignano, chSu-meen-y^'no, a village of Italy, province of Teramo, 12 miles N.N.W. of Penne. P. 2535, Cernay, a town of Germany. See SENNHEor. Cenie-Abbas, s§rn-ab'bas, a town of England, co. of Dorset, 7^ miles N. of Dorchester. Pop. of parish, 1174. Cernetz, or Zeriietz, ts^R'n^ts, a village of Switzer- land, canton of Grisons, in the Lower Engadine, 31 miles S.E. of Chur. Pop. 603. Cernilow, ts^u'ne-lov, a village of Bohemia, circle of Koniggratz, near Smiritz. Pop. 1514. Cernogora, the native name of Montenegro. CernOAVitz, or Cernovic, ts^R'no-vitz, a town of Bohemia, 14 miles E.S.E. of Tabor. Pop. 2000. Cernusco-Asinario, chSn-noos'ko-a-se-njL're-o, a town of Italy, 7 miles N.E. of Milan, on the Canal of Martesana. Pop. 4770. Ceronia, the ancient name of Cerina, Cerreto, ch^R-iti'to, a town of Italy, province of Bene- vento, on the Apennines, 22 miles N.E. of Capua. Pop. 6089. It is well built, and has a cathedral with fine paint- ings, a college church, and a diocesan school. Cerreto, a town of Italy, in Umbria, 11 miles N.E. of Spoleto, on the Nera. Pop. 1644. Cerreto Guidi, chSu-ni'to gwee'dee, a town of Italy, province of Florence, 4 miles N.W. of Empoli. Pop. 6061. Cerri, a village of Italy, in Tuscany. See Zeri. Cerro, ch^R'ito, a town of Italy, province of Campo- basso, 13 miles N.N.E. of A^enafro. Pop. 2465. Cerro Azul, scr'ro 3,-thool', a town of Peru, with a port on the Pacific, about 75 miles S.S.E. of Callao. Cerro del Aiidevalo, th^R'nod^l^n-d^-v^'lo, a town of Spain, 25 miles N. of Huelva. Pop. 3190, It has manu- factures of linens and coarse woollens. Cerro de las Juntas, Mexico. See Quiotepec. Cerro de Pasco, sSu'ro di pS,s'ko, called also simply Pasco, a town of Peru, department of Junin, on a rail- way, 138 miles N.E. of Lima, 13,673 feet above the sea- level. It is the seat of rich silver-mines. Pop. from 12,000 to 16,000. Cerro Frio, a town of Brazil. See Serro Frio. Cerro Gordo, scr'ro goR'do, a mountain-pass through which the National Road conducts from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico, 60 miles N.W. of the former. This pass was taken possession of by the Mexicans, 13,000 strong, under Santa Anna, in the spring of 1847, and the heights on either side were strongly fortified, for the purpose of in- terrupting the march of the United States troops, numbering 9000, under General Scott, from Vera Cruz to the capital of Mexico, The battle was fought on the 18th and 19th of April, and resulted in the total defeat of Santa Anna's army. Cer'ro Gor'do, a county in the N. part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is drained by Lime Creek and the West Fork of Cedar River. The surface is nearly level, or undulating; the soil is fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, and cattle are the staple products. This county is inter- sected by the Central Iowa Railroad, and by a branch of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Capital, Mason City, Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,341,522. Pop. 6683, of whom 5604 were Americans. Cerro Gordo, a post-office and mining camp of Inyo CO., Cal., on a high mountain. It has silver-mines and smelting-works. Pop. of Cerro Gordo township, 474, Cerro Gordo, a village, capital of Holmes co., Fla., about 100 miles (direct) W.N.W. of Tallahassee. It is on the navigable Choctaw hatch ee River. Pop. 672, Cerro Gordo, a post-village of Piatt co., Ill,, in Cerro Gordo township, on the Wabash Railroad, 12 miles E.N.E. of Decatur. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and 2 flour- mills. Pop. of the township, 1650, Cerro Gordo, a post-hamlet of Randolph co., Ind,, 7 miles S.W. of Winchester. Cerro Gordo, a post-ofiBce of Jewell co., Kansas. Cerro Gordo, a post-township of Lac qui Parle co., Minn. Ptm. 265. Cerro Gordo, a post-village of Columbus co., N.C., on the Wilmington, Columbia A Augusta Railroad, 58 miles W. of Wilmington, It has a church and several stores. CEiR 4 Cerro Gordo, a post-hamlet of Hardin co., Tenn., on the Tennessee River, about 10 miles below Savannah. It has a grist-mill and a steamboat-landing. Cerro Gordo Azul, in Peru. See Cerko Azul. Cerro Gordo de Potosi, sSr'ro goE'dodi po-to-see', a famous metalliferous mountain of Bolivia, immediately S.W. of Potosi. Elevation, 16,037 feet. Cerro Gordo Morado Negro, sSr'ro gon'do mo- r3.'do ni'gro, two mountains of South America, in the Ar- gentine Republic, department of La Rioja. One of them is said to yield gold-ore. Cer'ros, an island of the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Lower California, in lat. 28= 12' N., Ion. 115° 20' W. Length, N. to S., 30 miles ; breadth, 5 miles. Coasts greatly indented ; surface rugged and barren. Cersus, or Kersus, Syria. See Merkez. Certa, or Serta, s^R't^. a town of Portugal, in Beira, 32 miles S.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 3912. Certaldo,ch^R-t3,rdo, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, ISi miles by rail S.W. of Florence, on the Elsa. Pop. 7120. It is celebrated a^ the birthplace of Boccaccio. Ceru'Iean Springs, a post-village of Trigg co., Ky., 12 miles N.N.E. of Cadiz, and 16 miles N.W. of Hopkins- ville. It has 2 churches, 2 stores, a grist-mill, &c. Here is a sulphur spring which is much frequented. Cervaro, chSR-vi'ro (ane. Cerbulus), a river of Italy, rises in the Apennines near Ariano, and, after a N.E. course of 50 miles, enters the Gulf of Manfredonia. Cervaro, a town of Italy, province of Caserta, 22 miles S.E. of Sora. Pop. 4836. Cervasca, ch^R-vis'kS,, a village of Italy, 51 miles S.W. of Coni, near the left bank of the Stura. Pop. 2686. Cervatos de la Cueza, th^R-vi'toce di 13. kw4'- thi, a town of Spain, 23 miles N.N.W. of Palencia. P. 821. Cerveira, or Villa-Nova da Cerveira, viri4-no'v3, dS, s^R-vi'e-rA, a town of Portugal, province of Mlnho, 16 miles by rail N. of Vianna, on the Minho. Pop. 2300. Cervera, th^R-vA'ra, a town of Spain, 28 miles by rail E. of Lerida. Pop. about 5000. It stands on a conspicuous height, is well built, and enclosed with old walls. The prin- cipal edifices are those of its former university (transferred to Barcelona), and some handsome churches and convents. Cervera, a town of Spain, 58 miles N. of Palencia. Pop. 185S. Cervera del Rio Alhama, th4R-v.Vri dAl ree'o 3,1- &'m.^, a town of Spain, province of Logroiio, 18 miles S. of Calahorra. Pop. 3586. Cervetere, ch^R-vSt'i-ri, or Cervetri, chSr-vi'tree, I.e., Cere Vetere, Cxre Vetns^ "Old Caire" (anc. Gv're), a village of Italy, in the Campagna, 27 miles W. of Rome. Caere was in antiquity one of the 12 great cities of Etruria. Its acropolis is occupied by the modern village, and remains of Pelasgic walls and Etruscan tombs still exist. P. 1883. Cervia, chin've-i,, a town of Italy, in Emilia, 13J miles S.S.E. of Ravenna, on the Adriatic. Its salt-works in the adjoiningmarshesare important. Cervia is a bishop's see. Pop. 5733. Cervicales, chgR-ve-ki'16s, or Cipricaglie, che- pre-k^I'yi, a group of small islands in the Mediterranean, S.E. of the isliind of Corsica. Lat. 41° 33' N. Cervinara, ch^R-ve-ni'ri, a town of Italy, province and 12 miles N.W. of Avellino. Pop. 8047. Cerviii, Mont. See Most Cervin. Cervione, chSa-ve-o'ni, a town on the E. coast of Cor- sica, 26 miles S. of Bastia. Pop. 1509. Cervoli, chSii-vo'lee (anc.t'oZi6m6a'ria?),asmall island of Italy, in the Mediterranean, 5 milesE. of Elba. Ceryneia, an ancient niime of Cerina. Cerza Maggiore, chSnd'zi m3d-jo'r3, a village of Italy, province and 7 miles S.S.E. of Campobasso. Cerza Piccola, ch^Rd'zS, pik'ko-13,, a village of Italy, province and 6 miles S. of Campobasso. Cesana, chi-si'ni, a village of Italy, province and 11 miles S.W. of Belluno. Pop. 2430. Cesano Maderno, cha-si'no mi-dSa'no, a village of Italy, 11) miles N. by W. of Milan, on the Seveso. P. 1003. Ce'sar Creek, atownship of Dearborn co., Ind. P. 556. Cesarea. See Ci^sarea. Cesaro, chi-s3.'ro, a town of Sicily, on a hill, 7V miles N.W. of Bronte. Pop. 4348. Cesena, chi-stV'na, a town of Italy, province of Forli, 12 miles by rail S.E. of Forli, on the Emilian Wnv. Pop., with suburbs, 35,870. Principal buildings, the town hall in the great square, the Capuchin church, with a fine painting by (Juorcino, the library founded in 1452 and rich in MSS., a catliedral, and a large theatre. It is a bishop's see. Popes Pius VI. and VII. were both natives of this town. 8 CBU The adjacent Benedictine monastery ha^ a fine church. The sulphur- and vitriol-works of Bologna and Eimini are supplied with sulphur from the mines S. of Cesena. Cesenatico, chA.-si-na.'te-ko, a town of Italy, in Emilia, 9 miles E.N.E. of Cesena, on the Adriatic. Pop. 6178. It is partly enclosed by walls, and has a small harbor. Cesi, chi'see, or Cesio, chi'se-o, a village of Italy, 7 miles N.N.E. of Narni. Near it is the Grotta del Yento, whence a strong current of wind issues. Pop. ]582. CessenoiijS^s^seh-n^No', a village of France, in Herault, 16 miles E. of St. Pons, on the Orbe. Pop. 1950. Cess'ford, a village of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, 6 miles N.E. of Jedburgh. Here is an ancient castle, famous in the border wars. Cess'na, a township of Hardin co., 0. Pop. 752. Cessna, a post-office of Bedford co., Pa., and a station on the Holderbaum Branch of the Bedford & Bridgeport Railroad, 9 miles N.E. of Bedford. Cesson, ses^s^N"', a village of France, in Ile-et- Vilaine, o miles E. of Rennes, on the Vilaine. Pop. 2026. Cestona, thes-to'na, a village of Spain, in Guipuzcoa, 11 miles S.W. of San Sebastian, near the Urola. Cestos, a river of Liberia. See Sestos. Ceton, si^t^N"', a town of France, in Orne, 23 miles S.S.E. of Mortagne. Pop. 1060. Cetona, chi-to'n4, a village of Italy, province of Si- enna, 10 miles S.W. of Chiusi. Pop. 3989. It is built around the foot of Mount Cetona, and has a castle, a rich collection of Etruscan antiquities, a palace, *fec. Cetraro, chi-tra'ro, a town of Italy, province of Co- senza, with a small fishing-port on the Mediterranean, 24 miles N.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 6473. Cette, sStt (anc. Mone Se'tius or Se'tiuni Promonto'rhnn)^ a town of France, department of Herault, at the head of the railway from Beaucaire, on a tongue of land separating the salt lagoon of Thau from the Mediterranean, 19 miles by rail S.W. of Montpellier. Lat. of light-house, 43° 23' 48" N. ; Ion. 3° 42' 16" E. Pop. 24,177. It is a fortress of the first class, defended by a citadel, and is well built: the principal edifices are the church of St. Louis, the public baths, and library. Its harbor is spacious and secure, from 16 to 19 feet in depth, and is formed by two piers with a breakwater in front, defended by forts on either pier. A broad and deep canal, bordered with quays and warehouses, connects the port with the lagoon and with the Canal du Midi, and with canals leading to the Rhone, by which means Cette carries on an extensive traffic. The imports comprise inferior wine from Spain, pitch, sulphur, timber, cotton and wool, colonial produce, Ac. The exports consist of wine, brandy, almonds, verdigris, salt from adjacent salt-works, syrupa, liqueurs, soap, perfumery, and glass-wares, the products of its own factories. Cette has a large foreign and coastwise trade, and also an active oyster- and anchovy- fishery. The pi'incipal articles manufactured in Cette are grape sugar, spirits, perfumes, syrups, soap, and casks. It has also glass-works and ship-building yards. There are large establishments for the rectification of wines for export. Salt-works were established in the vicinity in 1789, and are now producing salt of a very superior quality. Cette is the residence of various consuls, and has a tribunal of com- merce, a school of navigation, a commercial college, and a communal college. It is of modern origin, having been founded by Louis XIV., in 1666, at the base of the ancient Moiis Setius (whence its name), Cettina, ts^t-tee'n^, a river of Austria, Dalmatia, rises in the Dinarie Alps, about lat. 44° N., and falls into the Adriatic at Almissa. Length, 50 miles. Cettiiije, chfit-teen'yi, written also Cetinje, Ze- tinje, Cettiii, chet-teen', and Cettigno, ch^t-tecn'yo, a town and capital of Montenegro, 17 miles E.N.E. of Cat- taro. It is the residence of the prince and the bishop. It has a prison and a library. Pop. about 1200. Ceuta, su'ta (Sp. pron. th^'oo-tfl; anc. Septa?; Moor- ish, Sehta), a seaport town of Africa, behmging to Spain, in Morocco, opposite and 17 miles S.S.E. of Gibraltar. Lat. (Mount Acho) 35° 54' 4" N. ; Ion. 5° 16' 6" W. The cas- tle occupies the highest point of a mountain (tho ancient Ahi/lo, and one of the Pillars of Hercules, the rock of Gib- raltar being the other) at the extremity of the peninsula. On the narrow isthmus at the opposite extremity is another strong citadel ; and between the two is the town, which has a cathedral, several convents, a hospital, a convict estab- lishment, and schools. Ceuta has many points of resem- blance to Gibraltar; it is well supplied with water, and, if properly garrisoned, would be all but impregnable. It is the chief of the Spanish pres/rf/os on the African coast, the seat of a royal court, and the residence of a military gov- CEV 429 CHA ernor. It was taken from the Moors by Portugal in 1415, and has belonged to Spain since 1641). Pop. 10,395. Ceva, chi'vd. (anc. Ce'ha), a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 26 miles E. of Coni, on the Tanaro. Pop. 4929. It stands at the foot of a rock on which is a dismantled citadel. It has manufactures of silk twist, and a trade in cheese. Ceveanes,siVfinn' (anc. Ccben'na or Cehen'na Moiia), a range of mountains in the S. of France, commencing at the Canal du Midi, W. of Carcassonne, and running N.N.E. to the Canal du Centre. They are divided into the South and North Cevennes : the former, under the names of the Montagnes Noires, Espinouse, Garrigues, and Lozere, extend over 120 miles to Mont Lozere, where the chain forms a group called Monts du Gevaudan, which sends sev- eral contreforts to the N. and S. The North Cevennes take the names of Monts Vivarais, Lyonnais, Forez, and Charo- lais. The Loire, Allier, Lot, Aveyron, Tarn, Herault, Gard, and other rivers have their sources in these mountains, the S. portions of which contain many extinct volcanoes and present many deep fissures in the higher valleys. The highest points are Mezin, 5794 feet, and Lozere, 4884 feet above the level of the sea. The Cevennes served as a re- treat for numerous Protestant families after the revocation of the edict of Nantes. Cevennes, an old country of France, which formed the N.E. part of Languedoc. Capital, Mende. It was divided into Gevaudan, A^'elay, Vivarais, and Cevennes proper, the last now chiefly included in the department of Gard. Cevero-Vostochnoi. See Cape Skveuo-Vostochnoi. Cevico de la Torre, thi-vee'ko di\ IS, toR'ni, a town of Spain, Leon, 12 miles S.S.E. of Palencia. Pop. 2072. Cevolia, a town of Spain. See Cebolla. Ceylon, see-Ion' or sil-on' (native, Shtghala, sing-gS,'- li; anc. Taproh'ane), an island of the Indian Ocean, form- ing a crown colony of Great Britain. Separated from peninsular India by a strait called the Gulf of Manaar, it is entirely independent of the British Indian government. It lies between lat. b° 55' and 9° 51' N., Ion. 79° 41' 40" and Sl° 54' 50" E. Length, N. and S., 271 miles ; greatest breadth, 137 miles. Area, including some small coast- islands, 24,702 square miles. It is generally mountainous, except in the N., where the country is a wide plain. Piduru Talagala, 8295 feet high, is the loftiest peak. The island forms, as a whole, one of the most beautiful regions in the world. The soil, for the most part not highly fertile, is still, under the influence of abundant moisture and of an otherwise propitious climate, admirably adapted to the pro- duction of the great staples of the island, which are coffee, cinnamon, cocoanut oil, coir, rice, tobacco, &c. Irrigation is extensively practised. The native agriculture is well conducted, and there are many English planters. Some tea and cinchona bark are produced. Gold, iron, and pi-e- cious stones are among the minerals. Plumbago is largely obtained here, and fine ornamental woods are also exported. Among the wild animals are the elephant, several species of deer, monkeys, bears, and panthers. Pearl oysters (of two distinct genera) abound on the coast, and the fishery affords in some years a handsome revenue. The dominant race of people are the Singhalese, who, though Booddhists, have a rigid system of caste. The Tamils are mainly of the Brahmanic religion, and there are many Moham- medans (Moormen), chiefly of Arabic descent. Among the wild tribes are the degraded Veddahs. The Portuguese (1517-1658) and the Dutch (1638-1796) had large posses- sions here, and there are not a few of their descendants in the country. The government is administered by a British governor, who, like the other principal officers, is appointed by the crown. The governor has unusually large powers. There is a system of public education. Several railways are in operation. The principal towns are Co- lombo, Jaffna, Kandy, and Galle. Pop. in 1871, 2,406,695. Ceylon, se'lon, a post-office and station of Erie co., 0., in Berlin township, on Lake Erie, and on the Lake Shore Railroad, 13 miles E.S.E. of Sandusky City. Ceylon, a post-hamlet of Greene co., Pa., in Cumber- land township. Here coal is mined. It has a store. Ceylon, a township of St. Croix co., AVis. Pop. 348. Ceze, s4z or sd.z, a river of France, in Gard, joins the Rhone 6 miles W. of Orange. Length, 50 miles. Ceziinbra, si-zeem'bri, a town of Portugal, in Estre- madura, on the Atlantic, 18 miles S. of Lisbon. Pop. 3085. Chaam, Ki\m, a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, 10 miles S.S.E. of Breda. Pop. 1358. Chabanais, shi^b^^ni', a town of France, in Charente, on the Vienne, 30 miles N.E. of Angouleme. Pop. 1733. Chabarova, cha.-bi-ro'vA, a town on the Arctic coast of Siberia, at the point nearest to the island of Vaigats. Chaberis, the ancient name of the Cavery. Chabeuil,shS.^buI' (anc. (7ere6e/Zirtcffl), a town of France, in DrSme, 7 miles E.S.E. of Valence, on the Veoure. It has manufactures of silk. Pop. 4461. Cliabkan, or Tchabkan, ch^b^kin', written also Djabkan and Tscha^an Tokoi, a river of the Chi- nese dominions, in the Khalkas country, after a generally W. course, estimated at 500 miles, enters Lake Ike-Aral- Nor near lat. 48° N., Ion. 90° E. Chablais, sh5,'bli' (It. Sdahlese, sh^-bU'si), a former province of Savoy, on the Lake of Geneva, between the Val- lese and the Genevese. Chabliak, Tchabliak, chabMe-ik', Sabliak, si- ble-ik', Sziabak, see'i-bS-k', or Tchiabak, chee'S,-ba.k', a town of Montenegro, 18 miles N. of Scutari, at the en- trance of the Moratsha into the Lake of Scutari. It is stated to comprise 250 houses. Chablis, sh3,^blee', a town of France, department of Yonne, 9 miles E. of Auxerre, on the Serein. Pop. 2339. In its vicinity is produced the wine called Chahlis. Chabon, a village of Santo Domingo, See Quiabon. Chabris, shd.^bree', a town of France, in Indre, 30 miles N. of Chateauroux. Pop. 3111. Chabur, or Chaboras, a river. See Khaboor. Chacabuco, chA,-ki-bou'ko, a town of Chili, 25 miles N. of Santiago de Chile, on the Colina. Chacahoula (shi'k^-hoo'l^) Station, a post-village of Terre Bonne parish. La., on the Louisiana &. Texas Rail- road, 61 miles W.S.W. from New Orleans. It is on the Chacahoula Bayou, which is dry in summer. It has sev- eral stores and sugar-mills. Chacao, ch5,-kS,'o or ch&,-kow', a small town of Chili, with a good port, on the N. coast of the island of Chiloe, 16 miles N.E. of Ancud. Chacao Strait, a narrow channel in South America, between the coast of Chili and the N. side of Chiloe. Chace's, a station in Bristol co., Mass., on the Middle- borough & Taunton Railroad, 7 miles E. of Taunton. Chachaconiani,ch5,-chS.-ko-mS,'nee, a mountain-peak of the Andes, in Bolivia. Lat. 16° S.; Ion. 68° 25' W. Height, 20,235 feet. Chachapoyas, ch3.-chS,-po'y^s, or Chacapoyas, chS,-k^-po'yas, improperly written Caihapoyas, some- times called San Juan de la Frontera, s^n ju'an (or sS,n H00-3,n') d4 14 fron-ti'rS,, a town of Peru, capital of the department of Amazonas, and of a province of its own name, 70 miles N.E. of Caxamarca. It is a bishop's see. It has a university, a fine cathedral, and a grand plaza, and is clean and well paved. Pop. 6000. Chaco, El Gran, See El Gran Chaco. Chad, Tchad, or Tschad, chad, written also Tsad, a lake of Central Africa, between Borneo on the W., Kanem on the N.E., and Baghirmi on the S.E. The N.W. shore of Lake Chad, where it reaches farthest W., and not far from its N. limit, lies in about lat. 14° 15' N., Ion. 12° 50' E. From N. to S. it has probably an ex- tent of 120 or 150 miles. Its width, from E. to '\\\, was estimated by Denham to be 130 miles; but Overweg, rely- ing chiefly on native information, reduces this to 60 or 80 miles, for its area varies from 10,000 square miles in the dry season to about 50,000 in December. Overweg em- barked on the lake at Maduari, a boat-harbor a little to the E. of Kooka, made his way through narrow channels between small islands covered with reeds, in which hippo- potami find shelter, and at last entered the Inkibul, or open water. Steering N.E. for two days, he reached a labyrinth of islands, the largest of which did not exceed 5 miles in length. On one of these islands (Belarigo) he spent four days, being treated with the greatest kindness by the natives. He then sailed farther E., still among islands, with now and then a view of the open sea, but was dis- suaded by the islanders from landing on the E. side. The inhabitants of the islands in the middle and on the N.E. side of the lake are the Biddumas, an independent, piratical nntion, of mixed origin, their islands having afforded a refuge to the persecuted of surrounding nations. They are well made and active, with jet-black complexions and regular features. Some of the islands are densely peo- pled. Cattle and goats are abundant; corn and cotton are the chief objects of cultivation. The mean elevation of Lake Chad is about 1150 feet, but it is subject to great changes of level. The country around it is everywhere low, and, on its "W. and S. shores at least, extremely fertile. This great fresh-water lake is compara- tively shallow, its depth being found to vary from 8 to 15 feet. It is stocked with fish, water-fowl, turtle of enormous size, and crocodiles. Lake Chad receives, besides many CHA 430 CHA small streams, the Yeoo, which flows into it from the hills of Houssa in the W., with a course of perhaps 400 miles. It descends rapidly, and is dry at its mouth during five months of the year. Its chief tributary is the Shari, a great and navigable river, descending through Baghirmi. Lake Chad has ordinarily no outlet, but at extreme high water its surplus is sometimes poured into a great basin called Bodele, 300 miles northeastward, by a broad channel known as the Bahr-el-Gazal. Chadda, a river of Africa. See Benuwe. Chadd's Ford, a post-village of Delaware co., Pa., on Brandywine Creek, and on the Philadelphia &■ Baltimore Central Railroad, which here crosses the Wilmington & Reading Railroad, 30 miles W.S.W. of Philadelphia, and 13 miles N. of Wilmington. It has a church, a hotel, and a grist-mill. The battle of Brandywine was fought here, September 11, 1777. Chadi-Leu1>u, chi'dee-l^-oo-boo', a river of the Ar- gentine Republic, forming a continuation of the Atuel, and entering the Rio Salado in Int. 36° 40' S. Chadobets, Tchadobetz, or Tschadobetz, chi- do-bSts', a river of Siberia, rises in the government of Yeni- seisk, not far from the N.AV. frontiers of Irkootsk. It flows very circuitously, describing almost a semicircle, and, after a course of about 200 miles, joins the Angara at Chadobsk. Chad'wick, a post-hamlet of Ionia co., Mich., on the Detroit, Lansing & Lake Michigan Railroad, 13 miles N.W. of Ionia. It has a church. Chadwick's Mills, a post-hamlet of Oneida co., N.Y., in New Hartford township, on the Delaware, Lackawanna k Western Railroad, 8 miles S. of Utica. It has a cotton-mill. Chaeronea, k^r-o-nee'a, a ruined city of Greece, in Boeotia, 5 miles N. of Livadia, famous for a victory gained by Philip of Macedon over the Athenians and Thebans, 338 B.C., and for Sylla's victory over the general of Mith- ridates, B.C. 86. Its remains comprise an ancient theatre, one of the most perfect in Greece, an aqueduct, and a small temple. On a portion of the site stands the village of Kapurna, with a church in which are some interesting an- tiquities; a-nd about 1 mile distant is the mutilated colossal lion surmounting the sepulchre of the Boeotians who fell at the battle of Chaironea. Adj. and inhab. CHjEKONEAN, k^r-o-nee'an. Chaffarine Islands. See Zaffarin Islands. Chaf fittville, a village of Holden township, Worcester CO., Mass., on the Boston. Barre & Gardner Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of Worcester. It has a woollen-mill. Chagny , sh3,n^yee', a town of France, in SaQne-et-Loire, at a railway junction, 10 miles N.W. of Chalon-sur-Sa6ne. Pop. 3876. It has quarries of stone and manufactures of glass, oil, flour, (fee. Cha'gos Islands, an extensive archipelago in the Indian Ocean, being a southward extension of the Maldive group. Lat. 6°-8°'N. ; Ion. 71°-73° E. They are all small, of coral formation, and are disposed in many minor groups. In the S.E. is an island called Chagos, Grand Chagos, or Diego Garcia. The islands are claimed by Great Britain, and are scantily peopled. Chief product, cocoanut oil. Chagres, chi'gres, a town of the United States of Co- lombia, on the N. coast of the Isthmus of Panama, at the mouth of Chagres River. Lat. 9° 18' N.; Ion. 79° 59' W. It is a mere collection of huts, miserable and extremely un- healthy, with a harbor for vessels drawing 10 or 12 feet water. The entrance to the harbor is rather difficult, re- quiring a fair wind ; but when the vessel has once entered it is perfectly secure. Chagres River, of the United States of Colombia, rises about 30 miles N.E. of Panama, flows at first W., and then N., and enters the Caribbean Sea near lat. 9° 18' 13" N. It traverses a fertile country, and below the influx of the Trinidad its depth varies from 16 to 30 feet ; but its naviga- tion is impeded by numerous falls and by its great rapidity. Affluents, the Pequeni, Trinidad, and Gatun. Chagrin (sha-green') Falls, a post-village of Cuya- hoga CO., 0., on tlie Chagrin River, ahout 18 miles E.S.E. of Cleveland. It is 5 miles by rail N. of Solon, on the Paines- ville. Canton &, Bridgeport Railroad. It has 5 churches, several iron-foundries, excellent flagstone-quarries, 2 banks, and manufactures of machinery, steam-engines, woollen goods, piiper, &c. The river here affords water-power (which is employed in several mills), and flows through picturesque scenery. One weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. 1016; of township, 1371. Chagrin (orChagrine) River, Ohio, rises in Geauga CO.. near Chardon, and runs S.W. to Chngrin Falls. From this point it flows N. through Cuyahoga co., and enters Lake Erie in the W. part of Lake eo. Chahan, or Tchahan, ehi'hin', called also Tcha^- han'-Sou'bar^kan'-Kho'ton', a town of Mongolia, about 200 miles N.N.E. of Peking. Lat. 41° 65' N. : Ion. 119° 5' E. It has a summer palace of the Chinese emperor. Chaharbag, ehi,-haR-bag', a town of Afghanistan, 30 miles N. of Cabool. It has a manufactory of swords, gun- barrels, and cutlery. Chaibassa, or Chaibasa, chi-bis'i, a town of India, capital of the Singbhoom district, 100 miles W. of Midna- poor. Pop. 4200. Chaillac, shi^y^k', a town of France, in Indre, 17 miles S.E. of Le Blanc. Pop. 2643. Chaillac, a village of France, in Haute-Vienne, 5 miles N.N.E. of Rochechouart, on the Vienne. Pop. 1221. Chailland, shS-^yON^', a town of France, in Mayenne, on the Ernee, 11 miles N.N.W. of Laval. Pop. 2340. Chaille- les-Marais, sh^I-li-mahi', a village of France, in Vendee, 28 miles S.E. of La Roche-sur-Yon. Pop. 2487. Chaillevette, sh3,^yeh-v^tt', a seaport of France, in Charente-Inferieure, 6 miles S. of Marennes. Pop. 935. Chain Dam, a station in Northampton co., Pa., on the Lehigh A'^alley Railroad, 3 miles S.W. of Easton. Chain Island, or Anaa, an island in the Pacific, in the Anaa group. Low Archipelago, 207 miles E.N.E. of Tahiti. Lat. 17° 23°' S. ; Ion. 145° 38' W. ; 12 miles long. Chain l-ake Centre, a post-office or hamlet of Martin CO., Minn., about 60 miles S.S.W. of Mankato. Here are several little lakes. Chain of Rocks, a post-hamlet of Lincoln co.. Mo., in Monroe township, 8 miles N.N.E. of Wentzville Station. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Chainpoor, chin^poor', Chayanpoor, chi"S,n-poor', or Chyne^pore', a town of the Shahabad district, Bengal, 39 miles S.E. of Benares. Pop. 4029. Chainpoor, a town of India, Sarun district. P. 3044. Chaires, a station in Leon co., Fla., on the Jackson- ville. Pensacola &, Mobile Railroad, 12 miles E. of Tallahassee. Chair'ville, a hamlet of Burlington co., N.J., IJ miles from Medford. It has a church and a saw-mill, Chai-lfa, shi'yi^, a maritime town of ,Siam, on the E. side of the Malay Peninsula. Lat. 9° 30' N. ; Ion. 99° 30' E. Chakha (chi'kS,) Mountains, a range in Abyssinia, forming the S. boundary of Shoa, and the water-shed be- tween the Nile and Hawash Rivers. Chakni, a town of India, Boglipoor district. P. 3368. Chakowul, or Tschekawal, chek-ow'al, a town of India, Punjab, district and 48 miles S. by W. of Rawil- Pinde. Pup. 6764. Chala, ch^'l^, a port of Peru, province of Arequipa, on the Pacific, about lat. 15° 50' S., Ion. 74° W. Chalabre, shi'lib'r', a town of France, in Aude, on the Lers, 24 miles S.W. of Carcassonne. Pop. 2218. Chalaiu Mew, a town of Burmah. See Sillah Mew. Chalais, sh3,^li', a town of France, in Charente, IS miles S.E. of Barbezieux, on the Tude. Pop. 775. Chalamari, a town of India. See Chilmarv. Chalamont, shi"Ii"m6N»', a town of France, depart- ment of Ain, 19 miles E. of Trevoux. Pop. 1147. Chaian(;on, shiMfiNo'sANo', a town of France, depart- ment of Ardeche, 16 miles S.W. of Tournon. Pop. 1144. Chalatdere,'rchalatdere,ehi-iat-di'ri,orSalat- dere, siMat-di-ri' (ane. Grani'cvs), a river of Asiatic Turkey, rises on the E. side of Mount Ida, and falls into the Sea of Marmora after a N.N.E. course of 46 miles. Chalbak, Tchalbak, or Tschalbak, chiPbik', written also Chelbasie and Tchelbasie, chSl^bi'see, a river of Russia, rises in the W. of the Caucasus, enters the country of the Cossacks, flows W., expanding into several lakes, and falls into the Sea of Azof Length, 160 miles. Chalbuanca, chill-boo-in'kJ, a town of Peru, 80 miles S.W. of Cuzco, province of Aimaraez, on an uflluent of the Apurimac. Chalcedony Butte, kal'se-do-ne bute, Colorado, a mountain in lat. 38° 47' 60" N., Ion. 105° 41' W. It has an .altitude of 10,400 feet above the sea-levol. Chalcis, kal'sis. Chalkis, kil'kis, or Neg'ropont (Turk. Ey'ripo'' or Eg'rlpos'), a town of Greece, enpital of Eubcea, on the Euripus, at its narrowest part, here crossed by a bridge, 17 miles N.E. of Thebes. It has a largo citadel ami a glacis, beyond which is the town, enclosed on the hind-side by old walls, and having many edifices of Vene- tian construction, witli mosques, barracks, and schools. In and around the town are remains of antiq\iity. Pop. 6447. Chaico, chil'ko, a town of Mexico, 25 miles by rail S.E. of Mexico, on the Lake of Chaico, a basin 9 miles in length by 6 miles in width. CHA 431 CIIA Chaldea, kal-dee'a, the name given to an ancient ter- ritorial division of Asia, on the borders of the Euphrates, the extent of which has varied much at different times. In some parts of the Old Testament the name Chaldea appears to be a designation for the whole Babylonian Empire; and, in accordance with this, some of the oldest profane writers, and particularly Berosue, speak of Babylon as a great resort of the people inhabiting Chaldea, Ultimately, however, the term was much restricted in meaning, and Chaldea was used to designate only a particular district at the S.W. ex- tremity of Babylonia, extending along the Persian Gulf and upwards between the right bank of the Euphrates and Arabia. Adj. and inhab. Chaldean, kal-dee'an, Chaleur (or Chaleurs) Bay. See Bay of Chaleurs. Chal'faiit's, a post-office and station of Perry co., 0., in Hopewell township, on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (Straitsville division), 19^ miles S.S.E. of Newark. Charfin Bridge, a post-office of Monroe co., 111. Chal'font, a post-village of Bucks co., Pa., in New Britain township, on Neshaminy Creek, and on the Doyles- tiwn Branch of the North Pennsylvania Railroad, 6 miles W. of Doylestown. It has 2 churches, 2 hotels, and 2 flour- mills. Pop. about 250. Chal'font St. Giles, s^nt jilz, a parish of England, CO. of Bucks, 3 miles S. of Amersham. William Penn, the founder of the colony of Pennsylvania, is buried in its Friends' cemetery. During the plague in 1665, Milton made this parish bis residence, and here he finished his great poem, "Paradise Lost." Chai'gvove, a parish of England, co. of Oxford, 5 miles N.N.B. of Wallingford. In 1643 the Parliamentary forces were defeated here by royal troops under Prince Rupert, and the patriot Hampden was mortally wounded. Chalk (chawk) Bluff, a post-office of Marion co., Ala. Chalk Bluff, a post-hamlet of Clay co.. Ark., on St. Francis River, 30 miles S.S.W. of Dexter City, Mo. It has 2 churches. Chalki (Kil'ke) Island, one of the Prince's Islands, Sea of Marmora, 13 miles from Constantinople. It is the second largest of the whole group, and the most beautiful. There are three convents on it, one of which is now a college. Chalk (chawk) liev'el, a post-township of St. Clair CO., Mo., 8 miles N.W. of Osceola. Pop. 851. Chalk Level, a post-office of Harnett co., N.C. Chalk Level, a post-hamlet of Pittsylvania co., Va., about 2S miles N. of Danville. It has a church and a tannery. Chalk Mound, a post-office of Wabaunsee co., Kansas. Chalk Mountain, a post-office of Somerville co., Tex. Chalk'y Bay, an inlet near the S W. extremity of New Munster, one of the New Zealand Islands. Lat. 46° S. ; Ion. 166° 20' E. It is separated on the S.E. by the pen- insula of Garden Island from Preservation Bay, and on the N.W. by another peninsula from Dusky Bay. Length, about 16 miles. The shores are very much indented, and it has deep water throughout, with several good harbors, including Port Chalky. Challa, chal'lS,, a pass of the East Cordillera of the Bolivian Andes, 14,700 feet above sea-level. Lat. 17° 40' S. Challans, sha.ri6N''', a town of France, in Vendee (in Les Sables d'Olonne), 23 miles N.W. of La Roche-sur- Yon. Pop. 1775. Challes, shS-11, a village of France, in Sarthe, 11 miles S.E. of Mans. Pop. 1290. Challonois, or Chalionais, sh3,rio^n:V, an old di- vision of France, in the province of Burgundy, now com- prised in the department of Saone-et-Loire. Its capital was Chalon-sur-Saone. Chal'mers, a township of McDonough co., 111. Pop. 1484, exclusive of Macomb. It contains a part of Macomb and a part of Fandon. Chalmers, a post-village of White co., Ind., in Big Creek township, on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 17 miles N. of Lafayette. It has a church and a broom-factory. Chalmers Port, New Zealand. See Port Chalmers. Chalon. See Chalon-sur-Saone. Chalonnes-sur-IiOirc, shS-'lonn'-silR-IwaR', a town of France, in Maine-et- Loire, on the Loire, 12 miles by rail S.W. of Angers. Pop. 6505. Chalons-sur-Marne,sha,'lAN"'-suR-maRn(anc. Cata- lan' m\ Catalan' num, or Duro- Catalan' nuin) , a city of France, capital of the department of Marne, in an open country, on the railway from Paris to Strasburg, and on the right bank of the Marne, here crossed by a fine stone bridge, 106 miles E. of Paris, and 25 miles by rail S. of Rheims. Lat. 48° 67' 22" N.; Ion. 4° 21' 42" E. Elevation, 270 feet. Pop. 17,692. It is enclosed by old walls, and irregularly built. Chief edifices, the cathedral, a large Greco-Gothic structure, the town hall and prefecture, both good buildings, the churches of Notre-Dame and St. Alpin, the barracks, arch of St. Croi.x, and a school of arts and trades. Outside of the city is a fine planted promenade, termed the Jard. Chalons is a bishop's see, and has a diocesan school, a com- mercial tribunal, schools of geometry, design, &c., a botanic garden, a theatre, scientific collections, a public library of 28,000 volumes, and manufactures of woollen, linen, and cotton goods, with extensive tanneries, cooperages, and dye- factories. Early in the Christian era it was one of the most important commercial cities of Europe, and it still has an active trade in wine, corn, wool, hemp, rape oil, and the products of its factories. In its vicinity Tetricus was de- feated by the troops of Aurelian ; and Attila was vanquished by the Romans and their allies in the great battle of Cha- lons, A.D. 451. From the tenth century it formed a kind of independent state, governed by its bishops, till 1360, when it was united to the crown. Chalon-sur-Saone, or Chalons-sur-Saone, shS,MAN<='-siiR-son (anc. CahiVo'nnm), a town of France, de- partment of Sa6ne-et-Loire, capital of the arrondissement. on the right bank of the Saone, at the commencement of the Canal du Centre, and at the crossing of two important railways, 36 miles N. of Macon. Elevation, 584 feet. Pop. 19,982. It is well built; and a handsome quay, lined by good houses, stretches along the Saone, which here becomes navigable for steamboats. Principal structures, the cathe- dral, St. Peter's church, the Hotel de la Prefecture, the town hall, the Hospice St. -Laurent and Hospital of- St. Louis, and an obelisk to the memory of Napoleon I., a fine granite column, a supposed relic of the Roman period. Chalon has a school of design, a public library, a college, a theatre, public baths, large glass-factories, iron-works, man- ufactories of chemical products, farina, &c. It is the centre of a considerable trade, and exports wine, timber, charcoal, iron, and limestone to other parts of France. Ctesar had grain-magazines at Cabillonum. It became the capital of Burgundy under Gontram, and was later the cajiital of the Challonois. Clialoo, chilMoo', a village of Thibet, midway between two lakes, about 60 miles S.S.E. of Teshoo-Loomboo. Lat. 28° 20' N.; Ion. 89° 25' E. Chalosse, shS,Moss', an old division of France, in the province of Gascony. Its capital was Saint-Sever. It is now comprised in the department of Landes. Chaius, sh4Hiice' (anc. Caa'tntm Lu'cii'/), a town of France, in Haute- Vienne, 17 miles S.W. of Limoges, on the Tardoire. It consists of an upper and a lower town, in the former of which are the remains of the castle beneath which Richard I. of England was mortally wounded in 1199. Near it is the ruined fortress of Montbrun. Pop. 2181. Chalusus, the supposed ancient uame of the Tuave. Chalybeate (ka-lib'e-ait) Springs, a post-office and summer resort of Meriwether co., Ga., 21 miles AV. of Thomaston. Here are 2 hotels. Chalybes, Connecticut. See Roxbury Station. Chalybon, the ancient name of Aleppo. Cham, a Coptic name of Egvpt. Cham, K^m, a village of Switzerland, at the N. end of the Zugersee, 3 miles by rail W.N.AV. of Zug. Cham, KS,m, a town of Bavaria, on the Cham, and on a railway, 30 miles N.E. of Ratisbun. Pop. 2920. Cham, sham, a town of Siam, on the Gulf of Siam, 70 miles S.W. of Bangkok. Chama, eh3,'mS-, a river of Venezuela, enters Lake Maracaybo, lat. 9° N. and Ion. 72° W., near its S. extrem- ity, after a N. course of about 75 miles. Chama, sh^'mS, a river of Guinea, enters the Atlantic 26 miles W.S.W. of Cape Coast Castle, after a S. course of 75 miles. At its mouth is the village of Chama. Chamaka, a town of Russia. See Shajiaka. Chamalari, a mountain of India. See Shtmalari. Chanialieres, shi^mi'le-aiu', a town of France, in Puy-de-D6me, 2 miles W. of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. 1259. Chamba, a town of India. See Chumba. Chamberet, sh6M'brA' or shftsi^beh-rA', a market-town of France, in Correze, 21 miles N.N.W. of Tulle. Pop. 2364. Chamberiacum, an ancient name of Chambeuy. Chamberlain, cham'ber-lin, a post-office of Allen co., Ind., 7 miles N.E. of Fort Wayne. Chamberlain Landing, a hamlet of West Baton Rouge parish. La., on the W. bank of the Mississippi, 2 miles from Baton Rouge. Chamberry, a town of France. See Chambery. Chambers^ cham'b^rz, a county in the E. part of Ala- CHA 432 CIIA bama^ has an area of about 660 square miles. It is partly bounded on the E. by the Chattahoochee River, and is also drained by the Tallapoosa River. The surface is exten- sively covered with forests; the soil is mostly fertile. Cot- ton, Indian corn, and wheat are the staple products. It is intersected by the Western Railroad of Alabama. Capital, Lafayette. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,218,770. Pop. in 1870, 17,562, of whom 17,504= were Americans. Chambers^ a county in the S.E. part of Texas, ha-s an area of about 550 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and on the W. by Galveston Bay, and is intersected by Trinity River. The surface is nearly level; the soil is sandy. Cattle are the staple product of the county. Capital, Wallisville, Valuation of real and personal estate, $325,435. Pop. in 1870, 1503, of whom 1438 were Americans. Chambers^ a station on the Youghiogheny Railroad, about 2 miles from Sewickley, Pa. Chambers, a station on the Utah Western Railroad, 12 miles W. of Salt Lake City. Chambersburg, cham'berz-burg, a post-village of Pike CO., 111., about 55 miles W. of Springfield. It is in Chambersburg township, which is bounded on the S.E. by the Illinois River. The village has 2 churches, a flour- mill, 2 stores, (fee. Pop. about 300; of the township, 788. Chambersburg, a hamlet of Fountain co., Ind., on Coal Creek, and on the Indianapolis, Bloomington & West- ern Railroad, 8 miles E. of Covington. Chambersburg, a post-village of Orange co., Ind., 10 miles from Orleans, and about 3S miles W.N.W. of New Albany. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 200. Chambersburg, a post-oflBce of Clarke co.. Mo. Chambersburg, in Mercer co., N.J., is the seat of a house of the Minor Conventuals of St. Francis. It has an academy and a hospital conducted by ladies of the Fran- ciscan Tertiary order. Chambersburg, township, Iredell co., N.C. Pop. 949. Chambersburg, a hamlet of Gallia co., 0., in Clay township, on the Ohio River, 10 miles below Gallipolis. It has a church, a saw-mill, and a planing-mill. Here is Eureka Post-Office. Chambersburg, Ohio. See New Chambeusburg. Chambersburg, a post-village of Montgomery co., 0., in Butler township, on the Miami River, and on the Dayton & Michigan Railroad, 7 miles N. of Dayton. Pop. 165. Chambersburg, a hamlet of Baker co., Oregon, 6 miles W. of Baker City. It has a grist-mill and a store. Chambersburg, a post-borough, capital of Franklin CO., Pa., is pleasantly situated in an extensive and fertile valley on the East Branch of the Conecocheague Creek, and on the Cumberland Valley Railroad, 52 miles W.S.W. of Harrisburg, 22 miles N. of Hagerstown, and 157 miles W. of Philadelphia. The houses are mostly built of brick and stone. It contains a court-house, 13 churches, the Cham- bersburg Academy, a national bank, 1 other bank, 4 brew- eries, 2 iron-foundries, manufactures of woollen goods, fur- niture, paper, carriages, farming-implements, flour, and leather, and a seminary for girls which is called Wilson Col- lege and w;is founded in 1870. Three weekly newspapers are published here. A large part of it was burned by the Confederate army in 1864. The shops of the Cumberland Valley Railroad are located here. Pop. 6308. Chambers Court-House, Ala. See Lafayette. Chambers Creek, Texas, drains part of Ellis co., runs southeastward into Navarro co., and unites with Wax- ahatchie Creek to form Pecan Creek. Chambers Creek, a post-hamlet of Ellis co., Tex., about 42 miles S. of Dallas. It has 3 churcbes. Chambers Island, one of the sea-islands of Mcin- tosh CO., Ga. Pop. 115. Chamber's Island, in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, ia a part of the township of Gibraltar, Door co., Wis. Chambersville, cham'bfrz-vil, a post-village of Cal- houn CO., Ark., about SO miles S. of Little Rock. It has 3 churches and an academy. Chambersville, a post-office of Dad© co.. Mo. Chambersville, a post-village of Indiana co., Pa., in Rayne township, 7 miles N. of Indiana. It has a church. Chambertin, sh6M^b5u-t4No', a famous vineyard of France, COte-ri'Or, 6 miles S. of Dijon, It produces the finest Burgundy wine. Chamb6ry,sh6.\t'bi'ree', or Chamberry (Itnl. Cmm- heri, sh3,m-bi'reo ; L. Chamberi'acum or (Jamperi'ncnm), a city of France, capital of the department of Savoy, on the Laisse, 45 miles by rail S.S.W. of Geneva. Pop. 19,950. It is irregularly laid out, and dull. Public walks replace its levelled fortifications. The principal buildings are the old castle of the dukes of Savoy, a cathedral, convents, and barracks. It is an archbishop's see, and seat of the superior tribunal J and it has a Jesuits' college, societies of agricul- ture and commerce, a public library with 25,000 volumes, many charitiible institutions, a monument to General De Boigne, manufactories of silk, gauze, and other fabrics, lace, hats, leather, and soap, and a trade in metals, liqueurs, and the wines of its vicinity. In its vicinity is the chateau of Charmettes, once the residence of Rousseau. Cham'blissburg, a post-office of Bedford co., Va. Chambly, sh6M*blee', a town of France, in Olse, 20 miles S.S.E. of Beauvais. Pop. 1424. Chambly, sh^m'blee (Fr. pron. sh63i'blee'), a county of the province of Quebec, bounded on the W. by the St. Lawrence, and on the southeast by the Richelieu River. Area, 157 square miles. The chief products are oats, hay, flax, wool, and tobacco. Capital, Longueuil. Pop. 10,498. Chambly, a river of Quebec. See Richelieu. Chambly Basiu, a post-village in Chambly co., Que- bec, on the Richelieu River, and on the Montreal, Chambly *fc Sorel Railway, 1 mile from Chambly Canton, and 15 miles S.E. of Montreal. It has extensive water-power, a. large hos])ital, a college, and a number of stores. Pop. 778. Chambly Canton, a post-village in Chambly co., Quebec, on the W. side of the Richelieu River (which hefe expands into a beautiful lake), between the rapids and the E. side of St. John's Canal, 16 miles S.E. of Montreal. It contains saw-, grist-, paper-, carding-, and woollen-mills, and possesses fine water-power. Pop. 600. Chambon, shOM^biNo', a town of France, department of Creuse, on the Tardes, 26 miles E. of Gueret. Pop. 2262. It is supposed to have been the capital of the Camhovicenses. Chambon,avillageof France, in Haute-Loire, 10 miles S.E. of Yssingeaux. Pop. 2211. Chambon-Feugerolles,5h6M^b6N«'-fnh^zheh-roll',a town of France, department of Loire, 5 miles by rail S.W. of Saint-Etienne. It has mines of coal, and manufactures of paper, steel, woollen cloth, &e. Pop. 6954. Chambord, shdM'bon', a village of France, in Loir-et- Cher, 8 miles E. of Blois, on the Cosson. It has a magnifi- cent chateau, formerly one of the finest royal castles in France. The park, which is about 21 miles in circumfer- ence, and surrounded by walls, is one of the finest in Europe. It belongs to the Count de Chambord. Chamboulive, shftM^boo^leev', a village of France, de- partment of Correze, 12 miles N.N.W. of Tulle. P. 3011. Chambray, a town in the island of Gozo. See Gozo. Cham- Call ao, Tcham-Callao, or Tscham- Callao, shS,m^k£il-l6w', an island off the E. coast of Cochin China, 30 miles E.S.E. of Tooron. Lat. 15°54' N. ; Ion. 108° 28' E. It is well cultivated, and has a village and a small harbor on its S.W. side. The False Cham-Callao is an islet, 20 miles southeastward. Chamcook, sham'cook, a post-village in Charlotte co., New Brunswick, 5 miles by rail N. of St. Andrews. P. 150. Chameico, ch5,-mdl'ko, a town of Guatemala, in Alta Vera Paz. Pop. 3000. Chame (chS-'mi) Point, a headland on the S.W. coast of the Isthmus of Panama. Lat. 8° 40' 18" N. ; Ion. 79° 40' W, Chamisso (sh3,-mis'so) Island, Alaska, is in Kotze- bue Sound, near the head of the Bay of Good Hope. Lat. 66° 13' 12" N.; Ion. 161° 46' W, Shores steep, except on its E. side. Its highest point is 231 feet above the sea-level. Chamo, or Shamo, a desert of Asia. See Gobi. Chamois, sham'me, a post-village of Osage co., Mo., on the Missouri River, and on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 100 miles W. of St. Louis, One weekly newspaper is pub- lished here. Chamois has 3 churches, a tobacco -faotoryj a nursery, a fiour-mill, &c. Pop. about SOO. Chamoo'ry, a town of India, in Berar, on the Wyne- Gunga River, 85 miles S.E. of Nagpoor. Chamoreril, a lake of Asia. See Chumorereel. Chamoulari, a mountain of Asia. See Shumalari. Chamouni, shi^moo-nee', or Chamonix, shiL^mo- nee', a valley of France, in Upper Savoy, forms the upper part of the basin of the Arve. above the valley of Servoz. Length, from N.E. to S.W., 12 miles; breadth, from 1 to 6 miles ; elevation above the sea at the village of Chamouni, 3425 feet. This valley is the most celebrated in the Alps for picturesque sites and wild grandeur. It is bounded on the S. by the mass of Mont Bliinc, and N. by Mont Brevcn and the Aiguilles Rouges, part of the range which separates Savoy from the Valais. The glaciers which descend into the valley from Mont Blanc, among which is the Mer de Glace, are the grandest in the Alps. The clinnite of the valley is extremely rigorous in winteV, which lasts from Go- CHA 433 CHA tober to May, during which time snow usually covers the lower ground to the depth of 3 feet. The summer is short and warm. The soil is infertile, but, being well cultivated, it produces a considerable supply of grain and fruits; cattle are extensively reared, and the honey is excellent. Chamouni, or Chamoniv, or La Prieure, IS- pre- uhVA', the principal village of the valley of Chamouni, is situated on the right bank of the Arve, 12 miles E. of Sal- lenche. Pop. 2415. It has good inns, and supplies guides and mules for visiting the sublime scenery in its vicinity. Champa, a province of Anam. See Anam. Champagne, sh6M^p5,ri', an old French province, of which the capital was Troyes, now forming the greater por- tion of the departments of Ardennes, Marne, Aube, and Haute-Marne, and part of those of Aisne, Seine-et-Marne, and Tonne. This country was long governed by native princes, and was united to the crown of France by the mar- riage of Philippe le Bel with Jeanne de Navarre in 1286. It was divided into Upper and Lower Champagne, the first of whicli comprised the districts of Remois, capital Rheims, Perthois, capital Vitry-le-Francois, Rethelois, capital Re- thel, and the principality of Sedan ; and the second, Cham- pagne proper, capital Troyes, Vallage, capital Joinville, Bassigny. capital Langres, and Le Senonais, capital Sens. Chainpas^nc, a district of France, in the departments of Charcnte and Charente-Infei'ieure, forming part of the arrondissements of Saintes, Jonzac, and Cognac. It is cele- brated for its wines and brandy. Champaguey, sh6M^pS,n^yd', a town of France, Haute- Saone, 25 miles by rail E.N.E. of Vesoul. Pop. 4620. In its vicinity coal is worked, and cherries for kirschwasser are largely cultivated. Champagnole, shfl^r^pS-n^yol', a town of France, de- partment of Jura, on the Ain, and on a railway, 18 miles E.N.E, of Lons-le-Saulnier. It has manufactories of nails and iron wire. Pop. 3.166. Champagnolle, sham^pan-yol', apost-hamletof Union CO., Ark., on the Ouachita River, about 30 miles S.E. of Camden. It has 3 general stores, a masonic lodge, and about 20 residences. Champaign, sham-pane', a county in the E. part of Il- linois, has an area of about 975 square miles. It is drained by the Sangamon, Kaskaskia, and Vermilion Rivers, which rise within its limits. The surface is nearly level ; the soil is deep and highly productive. The greater part of the county is prairie, and it had in 1870 16,780 acres of wood- land. Indian corn, oats, wheat, horses, pork, and butter are the staple products. It is intersected by the Wabash Railroad, the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western Rail- road, and the Illinois Central Railroad (Chicago division). Coal is the most valuable mineral found here. Capital, Urbana. Valuation of real and personal estate, $22,719,680. Pop. in 1870, 32,737, of whom 28,725 were Americans. Champaign, a county in the W. central part of Ohio, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by Mad River, and is also drained by Lagonda Creek. The surface is partly undulating and partly level ; the soil is very fertile. Forests of the ash, beech, hickory, oak. sugar- maple, &c., cover rather more than one-fourth of the sur- face. Silurian limestone is found here. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by 3 railroads, the Atlantic & Grreat Western, the Cincinnati, Sandusky Sd Cleveland, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis. Capital, Urbana. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, $19,648,235. Pop. in 1870, 24,188, of whom 22,724 were Americans. Champaign, a city of Champaign co., 111., on the Chicago Branch of the Illinois Centra! Railroad where it crosses the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western Railroad, at the junction of the Havana extension of the latter road, 128 miles S.S.W. of Chicago, 48 miles E.S.E. of Blooming- ton, and 33 miles W. of Danville. It contains 10 churches, a national bank, 3 other banks, the Champaign Female Seminary, and the Illinois Industrial University, founded in 1868, endowed by a national land grant, and open to both sexes. Champaign has manufactures of furniture and wagons, and 3 newspapers are issued there. This town has increased rapidly in the last decade. Pop. 4625. Champanagur, cham-pa-na-gur', a town of Bengal, 3 miles W. of Boglipoor. Champaran, a district of India. See Chumparun. Champaubert, shftM^po^baiR', a village of France, in Marne, 27 miles W.S.W. of Chalons. Pop. 288. Champdeniers, sh6MMeh-ne-i', a town of France, in Deux-Sevres, 4 miles N. of Niort. Pop. 1372. Champcix, shfiw^i', a town of France, in Puy-de- DSine, 16 miles S.S.E. of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. 1801. 28 Champigny,shdM:^peen^yee', several villages of Prance, the principal in the department of Seine, 8 miles by rail E.S.E. of Paris. Pop. 2353. Cham'pion, a post-village of Marquette co,, Mich., in Michigamme township, on the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon Railroad, 30 miles W. of Marquette. It has a church, an iron-furnace, and mines of iron ore. Pop. about 600. Champion, a post-village of Jefferson co., N.T., in Champion township, near Black River and the Utica & Black River Railroad, 15 miles E. of Watertown, and 4 miles from Carthage. The township contains a village named West Carthage, and has 7 churches. Pop. of the township, 2246. Champion, a post-office and station of Trumbull co,, 0., in Champion township, on the Ashtabula, Youngstown & Pittsburg Railroad, 5 miles N. of Warren. Pop. of the township, 820, Champion, a post-offlce of Fayette co.. Pa. Champion Bay, a bay of Australia, on the S.W. coast of Gelvink Channel. Lat. 28° 47' S. ; Ion. 114° 36' E. Champion City, a post-oflBce of Franklin co., Mo., 10 miles from Sullivan Station, Champion Hills, a locality in Hinds co., Miss., 25 miles E. of Vicksburg. Here General Grant defeated Gen- eral Pemberton in a bloody battle, May 16, 1363. Champlain, sham^plane', a pnst-township of Clinton CO., N.Y., is bounded on the E. by Lake Champlain, and is the extreme northeastern part of the state. It contains the villages of Champlain, Rouse's Point, and Perry's Mills. Total pop. 5311. Champlain, a post-village of Clinton co., N.Y., is on the Cbazy River, in Champlain township, and on the Og- densburg & Lake Champlain Railroad, 114 miles E. by N. from Ogdensburg, 4 miles W. of Rouse's Point, and about 20 miles N. of Plattsburg. It contains 4 churches, the Champlain Academy, a national bank, 2 foundries, a car- riage-factory, a planing-mill, &g. Two newspapers are pub- lished here. Lumber is exported from this place by the Chazy River, which is navigable. Pop. 1S50. Champlain, a county in the northwest part of Quebec, bordering on the St. Lawrence. Area. 4512 square miles. It is traversed by the St. Maurice River, and contains numerous rivers and lakes. Capital, Batisean. Pop. 21,643. Champlain, a post-village in the above county, on the river St. Lawrence, 64 miles by rail S.W. of Quebec It contains a church, a convent, 5 stores, a light-house, and several mills. Pop. 400. Champlain, Lake, forms the eastern boundary of Clinton and Essex cos. of New York, which it separates from Vermont. Its head is at Whitehall, Washington co., N.Y., from which point it extends northward to the bound- ary which separates Quebec (Canada) from New York and Vermont. The direct distance from its head to its north- ern end is about 100 miles. The southern part of it is narrow, less than 1 mile wide in many places. The north- ern part encloses several large islands, and is nearly 14 miles wide. The greatest ascertained clepth, according to Emmons, is 600 feet. Its surface is 93 feet higher than the level of the sea. The surplus wfl.ter is discharged into the St. Lawrence by the Richelieu River, which issues from the northern end of the lake. It receives from Vermont the Lamoille, Missisquoi, and Winooski Rivers, and Otter Creek. Its largest affluents from the western side are the Saranac, Au Sable, and Chazy Rivers. The shores of this lake are re- markable for grand and beautiful scenery. Prom the steam- boats that navigate it the tourist has a good view of the Adirondacks on the west and the Green Mountains on the other side. It is an important channel of navigation, and is connected with the Hudson River by the Champlain Canal, which extends from Whitehall to Albany. On the 11th of September, 1814, Captain McDonough defeated and captured a British flotilla on this lake, near Plattsburg. Champ'lin, a station in Livingston co.. 111., on the Chicago &, Paducah Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Pontiac. Champliu, a post-hamlet in Champlin township, Hen- nepin CO., Minn., on the W. bank of the Mississippi River, nearly opposite Anoka, and 17 miles above Minneapolis. It has 2 chui'ches, a flouring-mill, Ac. Pop. of township, 41 1 . Champlitte, sh6M''pleet', a town of France, in Haute- Saone, 29 miles W. of Vesoul. Pop. 2740. Champney's Island, one of the sea-islands of Mcintosh CO., Ga. Pop. 137, Champniers, shdMp^ne-i', a town of France, in Cha- rente, 5 miles N.N.E. of Angouleme. Pop. 3560. Champoeg, Oregon. See Newellsville. Chami)oton, ch^m-po-ton', a village of Mexico, at the CHA 434 CHA mouth of the river Champoton, Campeachy Bay, 35 miles S.S.W. of Campeachy. Champrond, shfiNo^priNo', a town of France, in Eure- et-Loir, 1:^ miles E.N.B. of Nogent-Ie-Rotrou. Pop. 84-6. Champrond, a village of France, in Sarthe, 28 miles S.E. of Mamers, with iron-foundries. Pop. 187. Champsaur, sh6N''*sott', a district of France, in Dau- phine, now comprised in the departments of Hautes-Alpes and Dr&me. Chief town, St.-Bonnet-Ie-Chateau. Champsecret, shftrn's^h-kri'. a town of France, in Orne, 4^- miles E.N.E. of Domfront. It has manufactures of linen and iron-foundries. Pop, 3595. Champtercier, shONo^t^R^se-A', a village of France, in Basses- Alpes, 4 miles W. of Digne. Pop. 328. It was the birthplace of Gassendi. Champtoce^ shON^Ho^si', a town of France, Maine- et-Loire, near the right bank of the Loire, 15 miles W.S.W. of Angers. Pop. about 2000. Here are the remains of the castle of Gil de Retz, a savage seigneur of the fifteenth century, the original *' Bluebeard." Champtoceaux, sh6NoHo^so', a village of France, 18 miles W-S-AV. of the above. Pop. 1563. Chamiisca, shS,-moos'ki, a town of Portugal, in Estre- madura, on the Tagus, 13 miles N.E. of Santarem. P. 3000. Cha'na, a post-village of Ogle co., 111., in Pine Rock township, on the Chicago el Hill, a post-office of Sevier co., Ark. Chapel Hill, a post-village of Douglas co., Ga., 12 miles N.AV. of Fairburn. It has 3 churches. Chapel Hill, a post-office of Allen co., Ky. Chapel Hill, a post-hamlet of Hinds co., Miss., about 26 miles S.W. of Jackson. It has a church. Chapel Hill, a post-village of Lafayette co., Mo., in Snibar township, about 32 miles E.S.E. of Kansas City. It has a church. Chapel Hill, a post-hamlet of Monmouth co., N.J., about 25 miles S. of New York City, 9 miles N.W. of Long Branch, and i mile E. of the New .Jersey Southern Rail- road. It is on an eminence 700 feet above tide-water, and commands a beautiful view of the ocean and the villa- crowned heights of Staten Island. It has a church. Chapel Hill, a post-village of Orange co., N.C., in Chapel Hill township, 28 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh. It is the seat of the University of North Carolina, which was founded in 1789 and first opened in 1795. The plan of this university includes 8 colleges, of which 2 have been fully organized, namely, the college of literature and the arts and that of philosophy. Chapel Hill has 6 churches and several dry-goods stores. P. 1000; of township, 2799. Chapel Hill, a post-hamlet of Perry co., 0., about 24 miles S. of Zanesville. It has several churches. Coal is mined near this place. Chapel Hill, a post-village of Marshall co., Tenn., about 32 miles S. by E. from Nashville, It has 2 churches, an academy, and a plough-factory. Chapel Hill, a post-village of Washington co., Tex., on the Austin Branch of the Houston & Texas Central Rail- road, 103 miles E. of Austin, and 62 miles W.N.W. of Houston. It is the seat of the Chapel Hill Female College (Methodist) and the Soule University. It has 5 churches, and manufactures of carriages and furniture. Pop. 002. Chap'el-Iz'od, a town of Ireland, co. and 3 miles AV. of Dublin, on the Liffey. Pop. 880. Chap'elsburg, a hamlet of Cattaraugus co., N.Y., in Humphrey township, 10 miles S.W. of Franklinville Rail- road Station. Cha^peze', a station in Bullitt co., Ky., on the Bards- town Branch of the Louisville «fc Nashville Railroad, a few miles N.W. of Bardstown. Cha'pin, a post-villago of Morgan oo.. 111., on the Wabash Railroad where it crosses the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad, 10 miles W. of Jacksonville, and 58 miles E. of Hannibal, Mo. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 350. Chapin, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Iowa, on the Central Railroad, 65 miles N, of Marshalltown. Chapin, a hamlet of Ingham co., Mich., in Vevay township, on the railroad between Jackson &, Lansing, 17 miles S. by E. of Lansing. It has a carriage-shop. Here is Eden Post-Offiee. Chapin, post-township, Saginaw co., Mich. Pop. 278. Cha'pinville, a post-hamlet of Litchfield co.. Conn., on the Connecticut Western Railroad, in Salisbury town- ship, 59^ miles by rail W. of Hartford, and near the Twin Lakes. Chapinvillc, a post-village of Ontario co., N.Y., on the Canandaigua Outlet, and on the New York Central Rail- road, 4 miles N.E. of Canandaigua. It has a church and a flouring-mill. Chapinville, a post-office of Crawford co., Pa. ChapMin, a post-hamlet of Windham co., Conn., in Chaplin township, 9 miles N.E. of Willimantic. It has a church, a paper-mill, &c. Pop. of the township, 704. Chaplin, a post- village of Nelson co., Ky., on Chaplin's Fork of Salt River, 15 miles E.N.E. of Bardstown, and about 42 miles S.E. of Louisville. It has 2 churches, a high school, and 25 dwellings. Chaplin's Fork, or Beech River, Kentucky, runs southwestward and forms the boundary between Nelson and Washington cos. See Beech River. Chap'man, a township of Clay co., Kansas. Pop. 625, Chapman, a post-village of Dickinson co., Kansas, on the Smoky Hill River, at the mouth of Chapman's Creek, and on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 12 miles W.S.W. of Junc- tion City. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Chapman, a township of Ottawa co., Kansas. P, 222. Chapman, a post-village of Merrick eo.. Neb., on the Union Pacific Railroad, 142 miles W. of Omaha, and 2 or 3 miles N, of the Platte River. Chapman, a post-hamlet of Stark eo., 0., 3 miles S.W. of Massilion. It has a church and a coal-mine. Chapman, a township of Clinton co., Pa. Pop. 1301. Chapman, Lehigh co., Pa. See Litzenberg. Chapman, a borough of Northampton co., Pa., on the Lehigh & Lackawanna Railroad, 15 miles N. of Bethlehem. It has 2 churches, a machine-shop, about 60 dwellings, and a manufactory of roofing-slate, mantles, table-tops, cisterns, &c. Here are large slate-quarries. The name of its post- office is Chapman Quarries. Pop. 388. Chapman, a post-hamlet of Snyder co., Pa., in Union township, on the vSusquehanna River, 3 miles below Hern- don. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Chapman, a township of Snyder co., Pa., is bounded on the E. by the Susquehanna River. Pop. 1007. Chapman, a post-village in Westmoreland co.. New Brunswick, 20 miles from Shediac. It contains 2 churches, a store, 5 saw-mills, and 2 grist-mills. Pop. 400. Chapman Quarries, a post-office of Northampton co., Pa., is at the borough of Chapman. Chapman's Creek, Kansas, rises in Cloud co., runs southeastward through Clay co., and enters the Kansas River 12 miles above Junction City. Length, 60 miles. Chapman's Creek, a station in Dickinson co., Kan- sas, on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, at Chapman. Chapman's Mills, a post-office of Gallia co., 0. Chapman's Run, a post-hamlet of Bedford co., Pa., about 25 miles N.E. of Cumberland, Md. Chap'manville, a post-office of Logan co., W. Va. Chapniers, a town of France. See Champnieus. Chapola River, Florida. See Chipola. Chapoo, ch3,^poo' or shd^poo', a town of China, prov- ince of Che-Kiang, on the N. side of the estuary of Tsien- Tang-Kiang, 50 miles N.E.of Hang-Chow-Foo, with which it has good canal communication. Lat. 30° 40' N. ; Ion. 120° 30' E. Extensive suburbs, the principal sc;U of trade, stretch along the shore; and half a mile in their rear is the walled town, 5 miles in circumference, enclosed within which is the " Tartar" town. The harbor is shallow, and the tides very rnpid ; but the roadstead has deep water, and the Chi- nc^^i- Inulf wilh Japan is conducted from this port. Chapoiiv, the French for Siiapoou. Chappaqna, shap'pa-kwaw^ a post-villngo of West- chester CO., N.Y., in Newcastle township, on the New York it Harlem Railroad, 33 miles N. of Now York. It has a Friends* boarding-school and 3 churches. Hero was the country-rosidenoe of Horace Greeley. Pop. about 400. Chap'pel , a station in Cheyenne co., Neb., on the Union Pacific Railroad, 27 miles E. of Sidney. CHA 437 CHA Chap'pel's Bridge, a post-hamlet, Newberry co., S.C., on the Saluda River, and on the Greenville & Columbia Railroad, 65 miles W. by N. of Columbia. It has 2 churches. Chappie Coruers, a post-hamlet of Mason cc, Mich., 14 miles N.E. of Ludington. Chap^rung', a town of Thibet, on the Sutlej, 55 miles S.W. of Garoo. Lat, 31° 27' N. ; Ion. 79° 33' E. Chap'tico, a post-hamlet of St. Mary's co., Md., on a creek or inlet near the estuary of the Potomac, about 40 miles S. by E. of AVashington, D.C. It has a church. Chapultepec, chd,-poorti-p^lv'j a strong fortress of Mexico, situated about 2 miles S.W. of the metropolis. It consists of a rock rising to the height of 150 feet and crowned by a castle. Inside the castle were the military college of Chapultepec and the buildings connected with it. Chapultepec was taken by the army under General Scott on the 12th and 13th of September, 1S47, and previous to the capture of the city of Mexico. Chapui'tepec, a post-village of Blount co., Ala., 12 milesN. of Springville Railroad Station. It has 2 churches and an academy. Coal and iron ore abound here. Charalan, ch3,-rd-lin', a town of the United States of Colombia, 140 miles N.N.E. of Bogota. Charamakotaii, Kooril Islands. See Karamakotan. Charapoto, cha-r^-po'to, a town of Ecuador, 110 miles W.S.W. of Quito, near the Bay of Charapoto, Pacific Ocean. Cliar^bar', or Choubar, choo'bar', a well-sheltered bay of Beloochistan, in the Indian Ocean, Lat. 25° 20' N. ; Ion. 60° 30' E. On the E. side of its entrance is the town of Charbar, with 1500 inhabitants, enclosed by an earth rampart and garrisoned by the Imam of Muscat. N. of this are the ruins of the Portuguese settlement of Teez, probably the Tiz of Edrisi, and the Trosi of Nearchus. Charbounier, shaa^bon^ne-i', a village of Prance, in Puy -de-Dome, 9 miles S. of Issoire. Pop. 2212. Charbonuieresjshait'bon^ne-ain', a village of France, in Rhone, 4 miles W, of Lyons. Pop. 602. CharcaSj a city of Bolivia. See Chuquisaca. Chard, a town of England, co. of Somerset, 12 miles S.E. of Taunton, at a railway junction. It has a handsome church, a town hall, a hospital, a workhouse, and consider- able manufactures of lace, woollen goods, and iron- and brass-wares. Pop. 2400. Charda, or Tchardah, chaR'di, a small town of Servia, 50 miles N.W. of Sophia. Chardak, chaRM4k' (anc.Anaya),aIakeof Asia Minor, 35 miles E. of Degnizli. Lat. 37° 55' N. ; Ion. 30° E. Length, from E. to W., 16 miles ; breadth, from 3 to 4 miles. Great quantities of salt are collected from it ; and the vil- lage of Chardak is near its AY. extremity. Chardak, or Tchardak, chanMik', a small town of Roumania, 27 miles N.N.E. of Hirschova. Chardoii, shar'don, a post-village, capital of Geauga CO., 0., in Chardon township, about 30 miles E. by N. from Cleveland, and 12 miles S. of Painesville. It is on the Painesville & Youngstown Railroad, and is pleasantly sit- uated on high ground. It contains 2 banks, a union school, and 4 churches. Dairy products are its chief articles of ex- port. A weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. 8S5 ; of the township, 1772. Charedj, an island of the Persian Gulf. See Karak. Charente, shaV6Nt', a river of France, rises in Haute- Vienne, about 14 miles N.W. of Chains, flows generally W., and, after a course of more than 200 miles through Charente and Charente-Inferieure, enters the Atlantic opposite the island of Oleron. Principal affluents, the Boutonne on the right, and the Touvre and Ne on the left. The towns of Civray, Ruffee, Angouleme, Jarnac, Cognac, Saintes, Ton- nay-Charente, Rochefort, and Soubise are on its banks. It is navigable for 130 miles from the sea, to Montignac, and for steamers as high as Angouleme. Charente, a department of France, situated between lat. 45° 10' and 46° 8' N., and surrounded by the depart- ments of Charente-Inferieure, Deux-Sevres, Vienne, Haute- Vienne, and Dordogne. Area, 2295 square miles. Surface undulating; it contains many deep caverns ; hilly in the N.E., where there are many shallow lakes. Principal rivers, the Charente and Vienne. Soil calcareous, dry, and mod- erately good, but the corn produced barely suffices for home consumption. Vineyards comprise 278,130 acres, but the wines are inferior. The Cognac and Jarnac brandies are from this department. Woods extensive, and chestnuts form an important crop. The other products are grain, po- tatoes, hemp, flax, and truffles. Iron and gypeum are the principal mineral products; iron-forging, paper-making, distilling, and tanning the main branches of manufacturing industry. Capital, Angouleme. Charente is divided into five arrondissemeuts, Angouleme, Barbezieux, Cognac, Con- folens, and Ruff'cc. Pop. in 1876, 373,950. Charente-Inferieure, shS.-r6Nt'-aN«^fi*ree-UR', a maritime department of Western France, having W. the Bay of Biscay, S. the estuary and department of Gironde, and on other sides the departoients of Vendee, Deux-Sevres, Charente, and Dordogne. Area, including the islands of Re and Oleron, 2650 square miles. Surface level ; soil gen- erally fertile. Principal rivers, the Charente, Boutonne, and SSvre-Niortaise. Corn and wine are produced, the greater part of the latter being converted into brandy or vinegar. Pastures good, and live-stock plentiful. The salt- works along the coast, and the pilchard-, oyster-, and other fisheries, are importmt. Exclusive of ship-building in the government dock-yards of Rochefort, itc, the principal manufactures are of glass, earthenware, leather, chemicals, woollens, and soap. Capital, La Rochelle. This depart- ment is divided into six arrondissemeuts, La Rochelle, Jon- zac, Marennes, Rochefort, Saintes, and St.-Jean-d'Angely. Pop. in 1876, 465,628. Charenton, shaVdN^HdNo', a town of France, depart- ment of Seine, on the right bank of the Marne, on a rail- way, 5 miles S.E. of Paris. Pop. 7141. It is pleasantly situated, and has many country-houses. A bridge of 10 arches across the Marne, which has been frequently the scene of conflicts for the possession of the capital, is guarded by two forts, forming part of the fortifications of Paris. Here is a large national lunatic asylum. Charenton, a town of France, department of Cher, on the Berri Canal, 27 miles S.S.E. of Bourges. Pop. 699. Charenton, sharh-t^n-ton' (Fr. prou. shiV6s'^H6N°'), a post-office of St. Mary's parish, La. Charenzat, sha'r6N«^z3,', a village of France, Puy-de- DQme, 23 miles W.N.W. of Riom. Pop. 1911. Charles, a town of Turkey. See Karyes. Char^kar', a town of Afghanistan, 36 miles N. of Ca- bool. Pop. 5000. It is flourishing, and has an active com- merce in coarse cotton cloths, and a transit trade across the Hindoo-Koosh. Charing (chair'ing) Cross, or Cook's Corners, a post-village in Kent co., Ontario, 54 miles by rail E. by N. of Amherstburg. Pop. 150. Chariton, chir'?-ton, a county in the N. central part of Missouri, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Chariton River, is bounded on the S.W. by the Missouri and on the W. by Grand River. It is also drained by the Muscle River. The surface is undulating ; the soil is very fertile. The county contains extensive prairies, among which forests of the ash, hickory, oak, elm, black walnut, &c., are profusely distributed. Indian corn, tobacco, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. Bituminous coal and limestone are abundant in this county. It is inter- sected by the St. Louis, Kansas City Fishkill Railroad, 3 miles S.W. of Hartford. , Chartiers, charHeerz', a borough of Alleghany co., Pa., about 7 miles S.W. of Pittsburg. It Is on Chartiers Creek, CHA 442 CHA which separates it from the large village of Mansfield, and is connected with Pittsburg by railroad. Chartiers, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pa., in Stow township. 4 or 5 miles W.N.AV. of Pittsburg. Chartiers, a township of Alleghany co,, Pa., on the south side of the Ohio River, about 3 miles below Pitts- burg, is bounded by Chartiers Creek, and has beds of coal. Pop. 2269. Chartiers, a station of Alleghany co., Pa., on the Al- leghany Valley Railroad, 22 miles N.E. of Pittsburg, Chartiers, a township of Washington co., Pa.. Pop, 1870, exclusive of Cannonsburg. It has mines of soft coal. Chartiers, a station in Canton township, Washington CO., Pa., on the Wheeling & Pittsburg Railroadj 4 miles W. of Washington, Pa. Chartiers Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in Washington CO., runs nearly northeastward into Alleghany co., and enters the Ohio River 4 miles below Pittsburg. The Char- tiers Railroad follows the course of this creek. Chartres, shant'r (anc. Au'tricum)^ a city of France, capital of the department of Eure-et-Loir, on a steep de- clivity beside the Eure, at a railway junction, 54 miles S.W. of Paris. Lat. 48° 26' 53" N. j Ion. 1° 29' 20" E. Pop. 19,442. It has a celebrated Gothic cathedral, the most perfect in France (built about 1200), two other re- markable churches, an episcopal palace, vast barracks, occupying an old convent, a theatre, and portions of its old fortifications, comprising two gates. In one of the squares is an obelisk to the memory of General Mareeau, It has a society of agriculture, a public library of 50,000 volumes, manufactories of hosiery, hats, and leather, pdtes in great repute, and its weekly markets are the largest in France for corn and flour. Chartres was long held by the English, from whom it was taken by Dunois in 1432. Chartreuse, France. See La Grande-Chartreuse, Char'wah^, a town of India, Gwalior dominions, 67 miles N.E. of Boorhanpoor. Charybdis, the ancient name of Galofaro. Charytch, or Tcharytch, ch^-ritch', a river of Si- beria, rises in the Altai Mountains, in the S. of the gov- ernment of Tomsk, and joins the Obi near Bijsk, after a very rapid and winding course of about 220 miles. Chascomus, chis-ko-mooce', a town of the Argentine Republic, province of Buenos Ayres, about 200 miles by rail S.S.E. of the city of Buenos Ayres. Pop. 3317. Chase, a county in the E. central part of Kansas, has an area of 750 square miles. It is intersected by the Cot- tonwood River, and also drained by Diamond Creek. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is diversified with prairies, and groves of hickory, hackberry, cottonwood, wal- nut, &.C., growing near the streams. The soil is fertile. In- dian corn, wheat, oats, grass, and cattle are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Atchison, To- peka & Santa Fe Railroad. Capital, Cottonwood Falls. Valuation of real and personal estate, 83,870,000. Pop. in 1875, 3116; in 1878, 3798. Chase, a county in the S.W. part of Nebraska, borders on Colorado. The surface is nearly level, and mostly desti- tute of timber. Chase, a post-office of Benton co., Ind., and a station on the Lafayette, Muncie & Bloomington Railroad, 26 miles N.W. of Lafayette. Chase, a pust-hamlet of Johnson co., Iowa, on the Iowa River, about 14 miles N.W. of Iowa City. Chase, a post-hamlet of Baltimore co., Md., on the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, 15 miles N.E. of Baltimore, It has 2 churches and 4 stores. Chase, a post-village of Lake co., Mich., in Chase township, on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, 41 miles E. of Ludington, and 7 miles W. of Reed City. It has a church, 2 saw-mills, and an active trade in lumber. Pop, 6f the township, 476. Chase, a post-hamlet of Athens co., 0., 10 miles S. of Athens. It has a church. Chase, a post-hamlet of McLennan co., Tex., 9 miles N.E. of Waco. It has a church. Chase'burg, a post-haralet of Vernon co., Wis,, on Raccoon Creek, 15 miles S.E. of La Crosse. Chase City, a post- village of Mecklenburg co., Va., 21 miles S. of Keysvillo Station, and 94 miles S.W. of Rich- mond. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a graded school, and 3 warehouses for tobacco. Chase's Lake, a post-hamlet of Lewis co., N.Y., 7 miles N.E. of Glendale Railroad Station. It has a hotel for summer boarders, and 2 saw-mills. Chase's Mills, a post-hamlet of Androscoggin co.. Me., in Turner township, 12 miles N. of Auburn. Chase's Mills, a post-hamlet of St. Lawrence co., N,Y., on Grass River, 8 miles N. of Madrid Station. It has a church, a tannery, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Chase's Mills, a post-hamlet of Tioga co.. Pa., on the Tioga River, 3A miles from Fall Brook. It has a saw-mill. Chase's Wharf, a post-office of Lancaster co., Va., on Chesapeake Bay. Chase'ville, a post-hamlet of Duval co., Fla., on the St. John's River, 3 miles from Jacksonville. Chaseville, a post-hamlet of Otsego co., N.Y., in Maryland township, on the Albany & Susquehanna Rail- road, 68A miles W. of Albany. It has a church. Chaseville, a post-hamlet of Noble co., 0., in Seneca township, about 34 miles N. of Marietta. Chaseville, a post-hamlet of Benton co., Tenn., 14 miles S.S.W. of Camden. Chasgo, villages of Afghanistan. See Shasgo. Chashe-Lo-Um -Boo, Thibet, See Teshoo-Loomeoo. Chas'ka, a post-village, capital of Carver co., Minn., is in Chaska township, on the north bank of the Minnesota River, and on the Minneapolis & St, Louis Railroad at its junction with the Hastings & Dakota Railroad, 21 miles S.W. of Minneapolis, and 29 miles E. of Glencoe. It has a money-order post-office, 2 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, and a graded school. Pop. of the township, 967. Chaskoi, or Chasskoi, shS,s'ko'ee, a town of Tur- key, the chief town of the district, 25 miles E. of Adria- nople, with warm springs. Pop. 5000. Chasma, or Chassma, KS,s'm4, a river of Croatia, after a tortuous westerly course of 55 miles joins the Lonya 16 miles S.W, of Bellovar. Near their junction is the vil- lage of Chasma, or Chassma. Pop. 460. Chasselas, shis^seh-Ii', a village of France, in Sa6ne- et-Loire, 8 miles S.W. of Macon. Pop. 351. Chasseloup-Lauhat. See Fort de France. Chasseneuil, sh3.s^seh-nuh'j'e or sh3,s^nul', a town of France, in Charente, 18 miles S.W. of Confolens, It has mines of iron. Pop. 2162. Chasseral, shas'seh-r^l', a mountain of the Jura range, in Switzerland, canton of Bern, 9 miles W. of Bienne. Elevation, 5280 feet. ChasseroH, sh^s^seh-r^N"', a mountain of the Jura range, between the French department of Doubs and the Swiss canton of Vaud, 6 miles N.W. of Yverdun. Chassma, a river and village of Croatia. See Chasma. ChasUain', a post-office of Itawamba co., Miss. Chatal Boorgas, or Tchatal Bourgas, chiHir booR^gS,s', a town of European Turkey, in Roumelia, 23 miles S.W. of Viza. Chatalcha, or Tchatalcha, cha-til'chS,, a town of European Turkey, in Roumelia, 30 miles N.W. of Constan- tinople. Chat'ata, a post- village of Bradley co., Tenn., on the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad, 35 miles E.N.E. of Chattanooga. It has 2 churches, an academy, a flouring-mill, and 4 stores. Pop. 125. Chatauque, New York. See Chautauqua. Chat^awa', a post-village of Pike co.. Miss., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 92 miles N. of New Orleans. It has a church and a convent, a seminary, and a house of the Redemptorists, and is a popuhir summer resort for New Orleans families. Chateaubriaiit, sha^to*bre-dNo', a town of France, in Loire-Inferieure, 40 miles N.N.E. of Nantes. Pop. 4834. It is built around the remains of a castle founded in 1015, and has manufactures of woollen stuifs and confectionery, with trade in iron, timber, oil, and corn. Chateau- Chalou,shaHo'-sha,'l6N<'', a town of France, in Jura, 6 miles N. by E. of Lons-le-Saulnier. Pop. 60S. Chateau- Chinon, sha'to'-shec^n6N«', a town of France, Nievre, near the Yonne, 37 miles E. of Nevers. Pop. 2713. ■ Chateau-Dauphin, the French for Castel Delfino. Chateau-d'CEx,shaH6'-dSx,orChateau-d'Oyes, sha'to'-dwS,, a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, 22 miles E. of Lausanne, on the Saane. Pop. 2513. Chateau-(l'Ol6ron, France. See Le Chateau. Chateau-du-Loir,shr0t6'-dii-lwaR, a town of France, in Sarthe, 23 miles S.S.E. of Le Mans, near the Loire. It has manufactories of linens, twist, and leather. Pop. 2945. Chateaudun, shaHoMuN°', a town of Franco, in Eure- et-Loir, near the Loir, 26 miles by rail S.S.AV. of Chartres. Pop. 6781. It has a castle, partly of the tenth oontury, a town hall, a communal college, and a public library ; also tanneries and manufactories of blankets. Chateaugjay, shat-o-ga', a post-villago of Franklin CO., N. Y., is on the Chateaugay River, in a township of the same CHA 4 name, and on the Ogdensburg & Lake Champlain Railroad, 12 miles E.N.E. of Malone, and 45 miles W. of Rouse's Point. It has 5 churches. Pop. about 500 ; of the town- ship, 2727. The township has 5 butter-factories, 5 starch- factories, and a cheese-factory. Chateaugay Lake, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., N.Y., in Belmont township, 12 miles E. of Malone. It has a church, and manufactures of starch, butter, shingles, &c. Chateaugay Lake, in Franklin co., N.Y., is an ex- pansion of Chateaugay River. It is in two parts, the upper and lower lakes, — the latter nearly 5 miles long and quite narrow, the former S miles long and 5 miles wide. It is navigated by a steamboat, used for carrying iron ore. Chateaugay River rises in New York in a small lake of its own name, which is on the line between Clinton and Franklin cos. It runs northwestward into the province of Quebec, where it flows northeastward, and enters the St. Lawrence River about 14 miles above Montreal. Chateaugirou, shaHo^zhee^rANo', a town of France, in lUe-et-Vilaine, 9 miles S.E. of Rennes. Pop. 1581. Chateau-Gonthier, shaHo'-g6No"te-i', a town of France, on the Mayenne, 17 miles S.S.E. of Laval. Pop. 7048. It has a fine Crothic church, several hospitals, and manufactories of linen and woollen fabrics, and bleaching- grounds. Chateauguay, or Chateaugay, shiHo'gi', a county in the S.W. part of Quebec, rich in agricultural resources. Area, 250 square miles. It is watered by the Chateauguay and English Rivers, which furnish water-power. Capital, Sainte Martine. Pop. 16,166. Chateauguay, formerly St. Joachim, a post-village in Chateauguay co., Quebec, on Chateauguay River, 24 miles S. of Montreal, and 9 miles from Beauharnois. It has 2 churches, a convent, 4 stores, ', a town of Prance, 12 miles N.E. of Mende. P. 1465. Chateauneuf-du-Faou, shaHo'nnf'-dii-fi'oo', a town of France, in FinistSre, on the Aulne, 17 miles N.E. of Quimper. Pop. 3008. Chateauneuf-du-Rhone, sha"to^nnf-dU-ron, a town of France, in Dr6me, 5 miles S. of Montelimar, on the Rhone, opposite Viviers. Pop. 2082. Chateauneuf-en-Bretagne, sha'to'nuf'-ftNo-br^h- taii', a town of France, in lUe-et-Vilaine, 6 miles S.E. of Saint-Malo. Pop. 673. Chateauneuf-eii-Thymerais,shaHo"nuf'-5N"-tee^- m^h-ri', a town of France, in Eure-et-Loir, 15 miles N.W. of Chartres. Pop. 1489. Chateauneuf-sur-Charente,shlHo'nuf'-siiB-shi'- r6Nt', a town of France, on the Charente, at a railway junc- tion, 11 miles W.S.W. of Angoulgme. Pop. 3541. Chateauneuf-sur-Cher, shauo'nuf-siiR-shiR, a town of France, on an island in the Cher, 12 miles N.W. of Saint-Amand. Pop. 2993. Chateauneuf-sur-Loire, sha'to^nuf'-siiR-lwaR, a town of France, in Loiret, 14 miles by rail E.S.E. of Or- leans. Pop. 3264. Chateauueuf-sur-Sarthe, sha"to"nnf'-siiR-saRt, a town of France, in Maine-et- Loire, on the Sarthe, 15 miles N.N.E. of Angers. Pop. 1683. Chateauneuf-Val-de-Bargis,sha'to'nuf'-v4l-deh baR^zhee', a town of France, in Nievre, 16 miles S.E. of Cosne. Pop. 2147. CHA Chateau-Ponsat, sha^to'-pAw'si', a town of France, in Ilaute-Vienne, 9 miles E. of Bellac, on a railway, and on the Gartempe. Pop. 3809. Chateau-Porcien, shaHo'-poR^se-Au"', a town of France, in Ardennes, on the Aisne, 26 miles S.W. of Me- zieres. Pop. 1819. Chateau-Renard,shlHo'-reh-nan', a town of France, in Loiret, 10 miles E.S.E. of Montargis. Pop. 1502. Chateau-Renard, a town of France, in Bouches-du- Bhone, 19 miles N.E. of Aries. Pop. 5409. ChSteau-Renault, sha'to'-r^h-no', a town of France, Indre-et-Loire, 17 miles by rail N.E. of Tours. Pop. 3978. Chateau Richer, shi'to' re'shi', a post-village and parish in Montmorency CO., Quebec, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 15 miles below Quebec. It has a lumber- and flour-trade, and is a favorite resort of sportsmen. Pop. 1618. Chateauroux, sha^toVoo', a town of France, capital of the department of Indre, in a plain on the Indre, and 88 miles by rail S. by W. of Orleans. Pop. 16,858. Principal edifice, the castle (long the prison of the Princess of Conde, niece of Richelieu), which now serves for the town hall. It is the seat of a court of assize, chambers of commerce and manufactures, and a society of arts and agriculture. Its manufactures comprise woollens, army cloth, cutlery, hats, hosiery, paper, and parchment ; it has also an active trade in woollen yarn, leather, iron, and lithographic stones. Chateauroux, a village of France, department of Hautes-Alpes, 3 miles N.N.E. of Embrun. Pop. 1772. Chateau- Salins, a town of Lorraine. See Salzburg. Chateau-Thierry, shaH3'-te-eR"Rce', a town of France, in Aisne, on the Marne, 58 miles by rail E.N.E. of Paris. Pop. 6519. It stands on a declivity crowned by the remains of a castle founded by Charles Martel in 720. Chateau-Villain, shaHo'-veen^No', a town of France, in Haute-Marne, 11 miles S.W. of Chaumont. Pop. 1434. Chateer- {or Chatir-} Dagh, a mountain of Russia.- See CniSfEA. Chat-el-Arab, river. See Shat-kl-Arab. Chatelaudren, shaUSro'drdN"', a town of France, in C8tes-du-Nord, 10 miles W. of Saint-Brieuc. Pop. 1261. Chateldon, sha^t^PdiNo', a town of France, in Puy- de-D6me, 9 miles N. of Thiers. Pop. 1900. Chatelet, sha,"teh-li', a town of Belgium, in Hainaut, on the Sambre, opposite Chatelineau, 4 miles E. of Charleroi. It has manufactures of woollens and leather. Pop. 5660. Chatelet, or Le Chatelet, leh sha*teh-li', a town of France, department of Cher, 11 iniles S.S.W. of Saint- Amand. Pop. 1157. Chatelherault, an old spelling of Chatellerault. Chatelineau, shaH^Pee^no', a town of Belgium, in Hainaut, on the Sambre, 4 miles by rail E. of Charleroi, and opposite Chatelet. It has many foundries. Pop. 5193. Chatellerault, sha'tSirro', a town of Franco, in Vi- enne, capital of the arrondissement, on the Vienne, across which it communicates with a suburb by a stone bridge, 20 miles by rail N.N.E. of Poitiers. Pop. 13,363. It is one of the principal seats of the manufacture of French cutlery. It has a fine Gothic church, an old castle (whence its name), a theatre, exchange, hospital, national manufactory of arms, and a large trade in millstones, wines, dried fruits, and agri- cultural produce. Chatel-Saint-Denis, shaH4r-s4N<>-deh-nee', a vil- lage of Switzerland, canton and 23 miles S.W. of Freyburg, with a castle on the Vevaise River. Pop. 2326. Chatel-Saint-Denis- sur-Moselle, shaHSl'-siNo- d^h-nee'-siiR-mo^zSU', a town of France, in Vosges, on the Moselle, 11 miles by rail N. of Epinal. Pop. 1266. Chatelus, sba^teh-Iilce', a village of France, in Creuse, 12 miles N.E. of Gu^ret. Pop. 1329. Chatenay, shaH?h-ni', a village of France, in Seine, 5 miles S.S.W. of Paris. Pop. 942. Chatenois, shaHeh-nwi', a village of France, 5 miles S. of Belfort. Pop. 960. Chatenois, a town of France, in Vosges, 7 miles S.E. of Neufchateau. Pop. 1482. Chatenois, or Chatenoix, Alsace. See Kestenholz. Chat'field, a post-village of Fillmore co., Minn., in Chatfield township, on Root River (or one of its branches), about 22 miles S.E. of Rochester, and 32 miles W.S.W. of Winona. It has several churches, a graded school, a bank, 2 tiouring-mills, a woollen -factory, and a newspaper office. Pop. of the township, 1768. Chatfield, a post-township of Crawford CO., 0., 10 miles N. of Bucyrus. Pop. 1247. It contains Richville, a hamlet. Chatfield, a post-hamlet of Navarro co., Tex., 6 miles E. of Rice Railroad Station, It has a church. Chatham, chat' am, a borough of England, on the E. CHA 444 CHA bank of the Medway, 30 miles by rail E.S.E. of London. It is adjacent to llochester, Brompton, and Gillingham. It is flanked on the B. and S. by heights partly built on, and crowjied with several forts. The town is well paved and lighted, and has many good shops, a noble dock-yard, a fine parish church, a modern building, embodying a small part of the original Norman structure, a charity hospital, a seamen's and other hospitals, and a literary institution, with a museum. The military and naval establishments, separated from the town by a line of fortifications, comprise large and very handsome infantry, marine, engineer, and artillery barracks, a school for engineers, and a noble marine hospital, the dock-yard, and arsenal. The dock-yard con- tains tide-docks and building-slips for vessels of the largest size, with saw-mills, forges, machinery-works, roperies, ord- nance-ranges, an armory, and a large prison. The popula- tion of Chatham is mostly engaged in the military and naval establishments, or in the trade arising out of the presence of the government works. Pop. in IS71, including Bromp- ton and Gillingham (close suburbs), 45,792. Chatham, chat'am, acounty in theS.E. part of Georgia, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Savannah River, on the S.E. by the At- lantic Ocean, and on the S.W.by the Ogeechee River. The surface is level ; the soil is mostly sandy, and in some parts is fertile. Rice is the staple product. This county is inter- sected by the Central Railroad of Georgia, the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, and the Savannah & Charleston Railroad. A large part of it is covered with forests of pine, cypress, and other trees. Capital, Savannah. Valuation of real and personal estate, $25,267,940. Pop. in 1870, 41,279, of whom 37,363 were Americans. Chatham, a county in the central part of North Caro- lina, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is drained by the Beep and Haw Rivers, which unite in the S.E. part and form the Cape Fear River. The surface is undulating, and is extensively covered with forests ; the soil is product- ive. Indian corn, cotton, wheat, oats, pork, and butter are the staple products. Beds of coal have been opened in this county, which has also a copper-mine. It is intersected by the Raleigh & Augusta Railroad. Capital, Pittsborough. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,915,582. Pop. in 1870, 19,723, of whom 19,648 were Americans. Chatham, a township of Middlesex co., Conn., on the E. bank of the Connecticut River, and on the Boston & New York Air-Line Railroad, 9 miles E. of Middletown (Cobalt Station). The township has ores of cobalt, and is the seat of active manufactures. Poj). 2771. Chatham, a post-village of Sangamon co.. 111., in Chatham township, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 9 miles S.S.W. of Springfield. It has 3 churches, a graded school, an elevator, a money-order post-office, a fiouring- mill, &c. Pop. about 650 ; of the township, 1460. Chatham, a pust-office of Buchanan co., Iowa, 4 miles N. of Jesup Railroad Station. Chatham, a post-village of Bracken co., Ky., 16 miles W. of Maj'^sville. It has a church, an academy, and a manu- factory of farming-implements. Chatham, a post-village of Barnstable co., Mass., is in Chatham township, and on the ocean, at the southeastern point of the peninsula called Cape Cod, 7 miles E. of Har- wich Railroad Station, and about 20 miles E. of Barnstable. It has a high school, a newspaper ofiice, 4 churches, a toler- able harbor, and is supported mainly by navigation and fish- eries. Pop. of the township, 2274. The township contains a hamlet named South Chatham. Chatham, a post-township of AVright co., Minn., about 40 miles W.N.W. of Minneapolis. Here are forests of the ash, elm, maple, oak, &c. Pop. 224, Chatham, a post-township of Carroll co., N.H., about 30 miles N. of Ossipee. Its surface is hilly or mountainous. It has a church. Pop, 445. Chatham, a post-village of Morris co., N.J., in Chat- ham township, on the Morris & Essex Railroad, 15 miles W. of Newark, and 6 miles S.E. of Morristown. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of paper, baskets, &c. The township contains the village of Madison, and 2 academies. Total pop. 3715. Chatham, a post-township of Columbia co., N.Y., is intersected by Kinderhook Creek and the Boston & Albany and Harlem Extension Railroads. It contains post-villages named Chatham, North Chatham, East Chatham, Chatham Centre, Chatham Village, Ac. Total pop. 4501. Chatham, a post-village of Columbia co., N.Y., in Chatham township, on the Harlem Extension Railroad, 133 miles N. of New York. It has a church, a furnace, a saw- mill, and a grist-mill. Pop. about 200. Chatham, a post- village of Licking co., 0,, in Newton township, 7 miles N. of Newark, and about 35 miles E.N.E. of Columbus, It has a church, a grist-mill, a tannery, &c. Pop. 156. Chatham, a township of Medina co., 0., containing Chatham Centre. Pop. 980. Chatham, a post-village of Chester co., Pa., in London Grove township, on the Pennsylvania & Delaware Branch Railroad, 3 miles N. of Avondale, and about 36 miles AV. by S. from Philadelphia. It has a tannery and several churches. Chatham, a township of Tioga co., Pa. Pop. 1575. Chatham, a post-village, capital of Pittsylvania co., Va.. is on a branch of the Banister River, and on the Vir- ginia Midland Railroad, IS miles N. of Danville, and 48 miles S. by W. of Lynchburg. It has a savings-bank, 1 or 2 newspayjer offices, a high school, 5 churches, a foundry, a cigar-factory, 3 tobacco -factories, &c. Pop. about 800. Chatham, a port of entry in Northumberland co.. New Brunswick, on the Miramichi River, 12 miles from its mouth, and on a branch of the Intercolonial Railway, 6 miles from Newcastle, and 84 miles W. of Shediac. It is the largest town on the north shore of the province, and contains several handsome buildings, including a cathedral, a hospital and college, 4 churches, masonic and temperance halls, printing-office, steam mills, foundries, and ship-yards. It is a Catholic bishop's see. Much lumber and fish are shipjaed from here. The harbor is capable of accommodating vessels of the lai-gest tonnage. Pop. 3000. Chatham, Argenteuil co., Quebec. See Gushing. Chatham, the chief town of the county of Kent, On- tario, is situated on the river Thames, 67 miles by rail S.W. of London. It contains the county buildings, 8 churches, 2 printing-offices, 3 saw-mills, 5 grist-mills, 3 woollen-mills, 5 foundries, a planing-mill, pot- and pearl- asheries, machine-shops, soap-, candle-, and other factories, a brewery and distillery, and numerous stores. A very extensive export trade is done in grain, pork, and other country produce, and in lumber, square timber, railroad- ties, staves, and cord-wood. Pop. 5S73. Chatham Centre, a post-village of Columbia co., N.Y., in Chatham township, on Kinderhook Creek, and on the Boston & Albany Railroad, 20 miles S.S.E. of Albany. It has a church and a paper-mill for straw-paper. Chatham Centre, a post-hamlet of Medina co., 0., in Chatham township, about 24 miles W. of Akron. It has 2 churches. Chatham Four Corners. See Chatham Village. Chatham Hill, a post-hamlet of Smyth co., Va., on the North Fork of the Holston River, 12 miles N. of Marion. It has a church and a flouring-mill. Pop. about 100. Chatham Island, off the W. coast of Patagonia, 30 miles S. of Wellington Island. Chatham Island, one of the Galapagos Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. Coal has been discovered here. Chatham Islands, a group in the Radack Chain, in the North Pacific Ocean. Lat. 9° N. ; Ion. 179° 50' E. Chatham Islands, a group in the Paciiic, about 380 miles E. of New Zealand. Lat. of Cape Young. 43° 48' S. j Ion. 176° o8' W. They consist of Chatham (Wairikaori), Pitt, and some smaller islands, the first being about 90 miles in circumference and containing a brackish lake 25 miles long and 7 miles broad. Coasts rocky ; surface un- dulating and fertile, but often marshy; products similar to those of New Zealand. They belong to Great Britain, and arc a dependency of the colony of New Zealand. Pop. 130. Chiithuiu Port, an inlet on the E. coast of the South Andiiiiiaii lsl;uid, in the Bay of Bengal. Chatham Fort, a post-hamlet of Barnstable co., Mass., nil till' s(';i-eoast, about 90 miles S.E. of Boston. Chatham Rnn, a post-ofiice of Clinton co.. Pa. Chatham Sound, Alaska, lat. 56° 30' N., Ion. 133° W., scpar;iti's t^MMg*' fll. and Prince of Wales Archipelagoes. Chatham Valley, a post-office of Tioga co., Pa., at the hamlet of Shortsvilje. Chatham Village, a post-village of Columbia co., N.Y., is partly in Chatham township, 24 miles S.S.E. of Alb.any. and 128 miles N. of New York. It is on the Bos- ton & Albany Railroad, and is the northern terminus of the New York & Harlem Railroad, which here connects with the Harlem E.\tension Railroad; and a branch of the first- mentioned road extends hence to Hudson. It is sometimes called Chatham Four Corners; but the name of its post-office is Chatham Village. It contains 4 churches, a national bank, amachine-shop, a paper-mill, iron-foundries, a graded school, an academy, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 2000. Chatillon, shaHee\y6No', a town of Italy, 15 miles by rail E. of Aosta, on tho'Dora Baltea. Pop. 2833. CHA 4 Chatillon, a lake of France. See Bourget. Chatillon, sha^tee'y4N<>', a town of France, in DrSme, 32 miles E.S.E. of Valence. Pop. 1236. Chatillon (anc. Castellio?), a town of France, in Rhone, 9 miles S.S.W. of Villefranche. Pop. 1201. Chatillon, shS.HeeVi""'; a post-vill.age in Yamaska co., Quebec, 12 miles S.W. of St. Celestin. Pop. 200. Chatillon-de-Michaille, shaHee'y6No'-deli-mee^- sh4i', a town of France, in Ain, 26 miles E.S.E. of Bourg. Chatillon-en-Bazois, shaHee"y6N»'-6N»-b?lV.wi', a town of France, in Nievre, 15 miles W. of Chateau-Chinon, on the Aron. Pop. 1179. Chatillon- en- Vendelais, shaHee'y6N"'-ftNo-v6N»^- deh-li', a town of France, in Ille-et-Vilaine, 8 miles N. of Vitre. Pop. 1610. Chatillon-les-Dombes, shaHeeV^n"' - 1^ - dAjtb, a town of France, in Ain, 16 miles N.N.E. of Trevoux, on the Chalaronne. Pop. 3046. Chatillon - sur- Colmont, shaHee"y6N»'-sun-kor- m6No', a town of France, department and 11 miles W.N.W. of Mayenne. Pop. 2526. Ch&tillon-sur-Indre, shaHce'yftuo'-siin-iNd'R, a town of France, in Indre, on the Indre, 27 miles W.N.W. of Chateauroux. Pop. 3875. Chatillon-sur-IiOing, shaHee'yjNo' - siin - Iw^n", a town of Prance, in Loiret, 13 miles S.E. of Montargis. Pop. 2474. Chatillon-sur-]Loire,shi'tee^y6N»'-siiR-lwaR, atown of France, in Loiret, 44 miles E.S.E. of Orleans. Pop. 3226. Chatillon-sur-Marne, sha"tee*y6N»'-suR-maRn, a town of France, in Marne, on the Marne, 29 miles W.N.W. of Chalons. Pop. 847. Chatillon-sur-Saone, shaHee'y6iJ»'-sUR-son, a town of France, in Vosges, 9 miles S.S.E. of Lamarche. Pop. 632. Chatillon-sur-Seine,shaHee'y6N»'-siiR-sine, a town of 'France, in Cote-d'Or, 48 miles N.N. AT. of Dijon, on a railway, and on the Seine. It has good public buildings, with a castle and a park, and manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics, hats, leather, flour, and paper. Pop. 4860. Chatillon-sur-Sevre, shaHce^y6N°' -siiR-saiv'n, a town of France, in Deuy-Seyres, 14 miles W.N.W. of Bres- suire, on the Sevre-Nantaise. Pop. 1537. Chat'nioss,an extensive morass of England, co. of Lan- caster, now largely reclaimed, about 10 miles W. of Man- chester. Area, about 6000 acres. Chatonnay, shiHon^nA,', a town of France, in Isere, 15 miles E.S.E. of Vienne. Pop. 272S. Chatou, shi^too', a vill.age of France, in Seine-et-Oise, on the Paris & Saint-G-ermain Kailway, 3 miles E. of Saint- Germain. Pop. 3192. Chatra, a town of India. See Chittra. Chatres, the former name of Arpajo.v. Chatsk, a town of Russia. See Shatsk. Chat'soo', a decayed town of India, 24 miles S.S.E. of Ajmeer. Chats'worth, the seat of the Duke of Devonshire, and perhaps the most splendid private residence in England, is situated in the county of Derby, in a beautiful park, 10 miles in circumference, watered by the Derwent, 3i miles N.E. of Bakewell. The mansion is in the Ionic style. The fur- niture, books, paintings, and statuary which it contains are extremely choice, and in the gardens is a conservator}^ with water-works considered to be, with the exception of those at Versailles, the first in Europe. In the earlier man- sion of Chatsworth, Mary Queen of Scots spent a consider- able portion of her captivity. Chats'worth, a post-village of Livingston co.. 111., in Chatsworth township, on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, 79 miles E. of Peoria, and about 44 miles E.N.E. of Bloomington. It has a bank and 4 churches, a money- order post-office, and manufactures of windmills and corn- huskers. A weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. 909 ; of the township, 1622. Chatsworth, or Johntown, a post-village in Grey CO., Ontario, 109 miles by rail N.W. of Toronto, and 12 miles from Owen Sound. It has 3 churches, an iron-foun- dry, a saw-mill, a liouring-mill, and several stores and machine-shops. Pop. 450. Chat'tahoo'chee, a county in the W. part of Geor- gia, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Chattahoochee River. The surface is undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests ; the soil is fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Capital, Cusseta. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $1,208,110. Pop. in 1870, 6059, of whom 6052 were Americans. Chattahoochee, a post-village of Gadsden co., Fla., 5 CIIA is near the confluence of the Chattahoochee & Flint Rivers, 41 miles W.N.W. of Tallahassee. It is on the Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroad, and is the seat of the state penitentiary. It has a church, a lunatic asylum, and 2 stores. It has a resident population of about 100. Chattahoochee River rises in Habersham co., 6a., and runs southwestward to West Point, where it strikes the eastern boundary of Alabama. Below this point it runs nearly southward, and forms the west boundary of Georgia untilit unites with the Flint River at the S.W. extremity of the state last named. The river formed by this conflu- ence is the Appalachicola. The Chattahoochee is about 500 miles long. Small steamboats can ascend it to Columbus, which is 300 miles or more from the Gulf of Mexico. Gold is found near the upper part of this river. Chattahoochee River, a hamlet of Chambers co., Ala., 3 miles from West Point, Ga. It is on or near the Chattahoochee River, and has a cotton-factory and an iron- foundry, with a machine-shop. Chattahoochee River, a station in Gadsden co., Fla., on the Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroad (its present W. terminus), 3 miles from the town of Chattahoo- chee, and on the river of the same name. Chat'tan, or Chat'ton, a post-ofiice of Adams co., 111., and a station on the Keokuk Branch of the Wabash Railroad, 10 miles N.N.AV. of Clayton. Chat'tanoo'ga, a city of Tennessee, and the capital of Hamilton CO., is pleasantly situated on the left bank of the Tennessee River, 151 miles S.E. of Nashville, 112 miles S.S.W. of Knoxville, and 138 miles N.N.W. of Atlanta. It is the S. terminus of the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, the southeastern terminus of the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad, and the northeastern terminus of the Ala- bama &, Chattanooga Railroad, which extends 295 miles to Meridian. It is connected with the towns of Georgia by the Western & Atlantic Railroad, and is one of the termini of the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad. It is surrounded by high hills and picturesque scenery, several valleys and intervening ridges converging to this point. Steamboats can navigate the river above and below this place, which is very favorably situated for trade and manu- factures, having mines of coal and iron in its vicinity. Chattanooga has churches of all the leading denominations, a large hotel, which is said to be one of the best in the Southern states, the Chattanooga Female Institute, and a system of public schools. The amount of capital invested in manufactures here in 1873 was $2,142,000. It contains 3 banks, 2 cotton-factories, a manufactory of railroad-cars, 5 sash and blind factories, 2 steel-works, several machine-shops, 3 rolling-mills, an iron-foundry, 2 tanneries, a steam saw- mill, a blast-furnace, and the workshops of the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad. Two daily and 2 or 3 weekly news- papers are published here. Among the products of its man- ufactories are pumps, soap, leather, railroad-iron, steel, woollen goods, furniture, and carriages. This town was occupied by the Union army September 9, 1863, and was almost entirely destroyed during the civil war. General Grant gained a victory at Missionary Ridge, a few miles from Chattanooga, on November 24, 1863. This is some- times called the battle of Chattanooga. Incorporated as a city in 1851. Pop. in 1860, 2545; in 1870, 6093; in 1878, about 12,000. Chattanooga Creek rises in Walker co., Ga., runs nearly northward, and enters the Tennessee River at Chat- tanooga. Chatterawah, a river of Kentucky. See Sandy River. Chat'teris, a town of Cambridgeshire, England, 10 miles by rail N.W. of Ely. Pop. of parish, 4765. Chat'terpoor', or ChutHrapore' (native, Ghhatra- pur), a petty native state of India, in Bundelcund, with a capital town of same name, 73 miles S.E. of Jhansee. Area, 1240 square miles. Pop. 120,000. Chat'too'ga, a county in the N.W. part of Georgia, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is partly drained by the Chattooga River. The surface is diversified by moun- tains and fertile valleys, and is mostly covered with forests. The soil produces Indian corn, wheat, and pasture. Among the minerals of this county are iron ore, limestone, and marble. Capital, Summerville. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $1,400,000. Pop. in 1870, 6902, of whom 6893 were Americans. Chattooga, a small river which drains part of Chat^ tooga CO., Ga., runs southwestward, and enters the Coosa River in Cherokee co., Ala. Chattooga, a township of Oconee co., S.C. Pop. 596. Chattooga River rises in North Carolina, runs south- westward, and forms the boundary between Rabun co., Ga., CHA 4 and Oconee co., S.C., until it unites with the Tallulah. The stream formed by this union is the Tugaloo River. Chat^too'gaville, a post-office of Chattooga co., Ga. Chat'tra (anc. Kshetra), a town uf India, in Nepaul, in lat. 26° 53' N., Ion. 87° 4' E., with a temple of Vishnu, greatly resorted to by devotees. Chau-Abad, Beloochistan. See Charbar. Chauchina, chow-chee'nS,, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, 12 miles from Grranada. Pop. 1833. Chaudes-Aigues, shod-zaig' (Lat. Calen'tes A'quse, "warm water"), a town of France, in Cantal, 12 miles S.S.W. of Saint-Flour. Pop. 1948. It is an old, rustic town, in a narrow gorge, with remarkable hot springs, varying in tem- perature from 98° to 212° Fahr., which are extensively used for baths, washing, and warming the houses of the town. Chaudefontaiiie,shod'f6N«Hin' (i.e.," warm spring"), a village of Belgium, province and 4 miles by rail S.E. of Liege, on the Vesdre. Pop. 973. It has thermal springs : temperature, 104° Fahr. The village is finely situated, and its baths are well frequented. ChaudierC) shoMe-aiR', a lake of Ontario and Quebec, is an expansion of the river Ottawa, immediately above Ottawa City. Length, 18 miles; extreme breadth, 5 miles. It contains a number of islets, and terminates in the Great and Little Chaudiere, two extraordinary cataracts. The principal falls are 60 feet high by 212 feet wide. Chaudiere, a river of Quebec, rises in Lake Megantic, and joins the St. Lawrence 7 miles above Quebec, after a N.N.W. course of 102 miles. Its course is frequently in- terrupted by picturesque islands. The banks are, in gen- eral, high and precipitous, and near its mouth are the Chaudiere Falls, upwards of 100 feet high. Chaudiere Junction, or Saint Etienne, sixt-i^- te-fin', a post-village at the junction of the Levis Branch with the Grand Trunk Railway, in Levis co., Quebecj 9 miles S.E. of Quebec. Pop. 776. Chaudoc, shoMok', or Nangiang, nS,n^zh3.ng', a west- ern province of the French colony of Cochin China, border- ing on Cambodia. Pop. 342,241. Chauflailles, shof^f^I', a town of France, in Saone- et- Loire, 24 miles W.S.W. of Macon. Pop. 1993. It has manufactures of linens. Chau'ga^ a post-office of Oconee co., S.C, 7 miles from Walhalla. Chauinont, sho^miN"', a town of France, capital of the department of Haute-Marne, on a height between the Marne and Suize, about 150 miles by rail E.S.E. of Paris. Pop. 8491. The streets are steep, but it is well built and pos- sesses good public edifices. It has a tribunal of commerce, a public library, manufactures of woollens, leather, cutlery, and gloves, and a considerable trade in iron and iron-wares. Chaumont, a town of France, in Oise, 14 miles S.W. of BeauvaJs. Pop. 1269. Chaumont, a village of France, in Haute-Savole, 9 miles W. of Saint-Julien. Pop. 683. Chaumont, sho^mo', a post-village of Jefferson co., N.Y., on Chaumont Bay, a part of Lake Ontario, in Lyme township, and on the Kome, Watertown ke-ing', a mari- time province of China, mostly between lat. 27° and 31° N. and Ion. 117° and 123° E., having E. the Pacific Ocean, and on other sides the provinces of Kiang-See, Ngan-Hoei, and Po-Kien. Area, 39,150 square miles. Surface greatly diversified, and the province is traversed by the Great Canal. Coasts abrupt and greatly indented. It is one of the most fertile provinces of China. Silk is the principal article of export ; other products are tea in the S., andtcotton, indigo, fruits, camphor, and coal. Its manufactures of silks, crape, gold and silver stuffs, and paper, are in high repute through- out the empire, and large quantities of fermented liquors are made. Che-Kiang, comprising the Chusan Islands, is divided into 11 departments. Chief cities, Hang-Chow- Foo, Ning-Po, Shao-Hing, Wen-Chow, and Chapoo. Pop. 26,266,784. Cheksna, a river of Russia. See Sheksna. CheMan', a lake of Washington, is about 30 miles long and 4 or 6 miles wide. The 48th parallel of N. lat. passes nearly through its middle. An outlet about 5 miles long issues from it and enters the Columbia River. Chelebi- (or Tchelebi-) Bazar, chel'eh-bee-hi- zar', a town of Bosnia, 25 miles E.N.E. of Bosna-Serai. Chelek, ohiMSU', a village of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Diarbekir, 15 miles S.W. of Sert. Chelekhor Lake, a lake of Alaska. See Iliamna. Cheliabiiisk, TcheIiabinsk,or Tscheljabinsk, ohSl-y4-binsk', a town of Russia, government of Orenboorg, 70 miles N.N.W. of Troitsk. Pop. 6187. Chelicoot, Chelicout, or Chelicut, chSPe-koot', a town of Abyssinia, in the kingdom of Tigr6, 10 miles E. of Antalo. Chelidoniae, the ancient name of Khelidonia. Chelif, a river of Algeria. See Shelliff. Cheligoff, or Cheligov. See Shelikoff. Chelin'dreh, a seaport of Asia Minor, 40 miles W.S.W. of Selefkeh. Chelles, shSU (anc. Ce;'te),atown of France, in Seine- et-Marne, near the Marne, 10 miles E. of Paris. Pop. 1914. It had formerly one of the most celebrated abbeys in France, founded by the queen of Clovis. ChePlumbrum', or ChuIMumbrum', a town of India, presidency of Madras, 103 miles S.E. of Arcot, near the mouth of the Coleroon River. Pop. 10,000. Chelm, K*lm, called also Kholm and Great Chelm, a town of Russian Poland, 42 miles E.S.E. of Lublin. Pop. 4874. It has a fine convent, a Catholic college, a gymna- sium, and a Greek seminary. It is the seat of a Catholic bishop of the Ruthenian rite. Chel'mer, a river of England, co. of Essex, rises near Thaxted, and flows S.E. by Dunmow and Chelmsford to Maldon, where it joins the Blackwater. Chelmsford, chSmz'fijrd, a town of England, capital of the county of Essex, at the confluence of the Cholmer and Cann Rivers, crossed hero by several fine bridges, 29 miles by rail E.N.E. of London. The town is well built and lighted ; many of its houses have gardens. Principal buildings, the parish church, a stately fabric in the deco- rated style, the grammar-school, founded by Edward IV., a handsome county hall, elegant assembly-rooms and corn exchange, county jail and house of correction, theatre, and public library. The town is the seat of assizes and local courts. It has no manufactures, but its retail trade and grain-markets are extensive. Pop. 9318. Chelms'ford, a post-township of Middlesex co., Mass., about 24 miles N.W. of Boston, is bounded on the N. by the Merrimac River. It is intersected by the Framingham & Lowell, Stony Brook, and Lowell &. Nashua Railroads, and contains villages named Chelmsford, North Chelmsford, and West Chelmsford. It has manufactures of machinery, wool- len goods, Ac ; also 7 churches. Pop. 2372. Chelmsford, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mass., in Chelmsford township, on the Framingham & Lowell Railroad, 3i miles S.W. of Lowell. It has several churches. Chelon'a, ke-lo'nSi, a mountain on the N. frontier of Greece, 15 miles E.S.E. of Arta, on the E. of the Gulf of Arta, 6312 feet in elevation, and named from a supposed resemblance to a tortoise. Chelsea, chjl'see, a town of England, co. of Middlesex, forming a populous S.W. suburb of London, on the N. bank of the Thames, here crossed by bridges, 4i miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's. It has many handsome thoroughfares and ter- races ; among the former are Sloane street, the King's Road, and the line of old mansions along the river, termed Cheyne Walk. Its principal edifice is the noble Hospital for Su- perannuated Soldiers, founded in the time of Charles II., and completed by Sir Christopher Wren in 1692. Near it is the Military School, founded by the Duke of York in 1801, and in which children of soldiers are maintained and educated. The new parish church is a most elegant modern edifice, in the decorated Gothic style; the old church, a plain brick structure, with monuments to Sir Thomas More and to Sir Hans Sloane. A normal school of the Church of England, water-works for the supply of London, the Cado- gan Chain Pier, and several floor-cloth factories are worthy of mention. Pop. of Chelsea parish, 71,089; of parliament- ary borough, 258,060. Chelsea, chSl'see, a post-villoge of Tama co., Iowa, near the Iowa River, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 41 miles W. of Cedar Rapids. It has a manufac- tory of half-bushels, a hotel, and an elevntor. Pop. 300. Chelsea, a post-hamlet of Butler co., Kansas, on Walnut Creek, and in Chelsea township, about 55 miles S.W. of Emporia. Pop. of the township, 287. Chelsea, a township of Kennebec co., Me., on the Ken- nebec, 5 miles S.E. of Augusta. It has a United States soldiers' asylum (National Military Home Post-Oflice) at Togus Springs, and manufactures lumber, brick, <%c. P. 1239. Chelsea, a city of Suffolk co., Mass., is a northeastern suburb of Boston, and is about 3 miles from the state-house, on the Eastern Railroad. It is separated from Charlestown and Boston proper by the estuary of Mystic River, and is bounded on the S.E. by Chelsea Creek, which separates it from East Boston. A long bridge across Mystic River con- nects it with Charlestown, and steam-ferries run to Boston. Here is a United States marine hospital. Chelsea has printing-offices which issue 3 weekly newspapers, a city hall, 15 churches, an academy of music, a masonic hall, a national bank, a savings-bank, a public library, and manufactures of furniture, stoves, machinery, rubber goods, oil, ifcc. Pop. 20,737. ,,. , . Chelsea, a post-village of Washtenaw co., Mich., m Sylvan township, on the Michigan Central Railroad, 65 miles W. of Detroit, and 21 miles E. of Jackson. It has a bank, 5 churches, a newspaper office, a union school, a foundry, a pump-factory, a brick-yard, and manufactures of ploughs, sash, blinds, &c. Pop. 1013. Chelsea, a hamlet of Richmond co., N.Y., on Staten Island Sound, in Northfield township, 6 miles N.W. of Richmond Station. It has a church. Chelsea, a post-hamlct of Delaware co., Pa., in Bethel township, about 8 miles W. of Chester. It has a church and a grist-mill. Chelsea, a post-village, capital of Orange co., A't., m Chelsea township, on the East Branch of White River, about 22 miles S. by E. from Montpelier. It has a national bank, an academy, 2 churches, and a manufactory of boots and shoes. Pop. of the township, 1526. Chelsea, a post-village of Taylor co., Wis., on the Wis- consin Central Railroad, 244 miles N.W. of Milwaukee, and 22 miles S. of Worcester. It has a luinbcr-niill. Several small lakes and forests of good timber occur near this place. Chelsea, a post-village in Lunenburg co., Nova Sootla, 12 miles W. of Bridgowator. Pop. 200. CHE 449 CHE Chelsea, a post-village in Ottawa co., Quebec, on the Gatineau, 9 miles N.W. of Ottawa. It has aaw-mills and an extensive lumber-trade. Pop. 400. Cheltenham, eh^lt'nam, a town of England, 8 miles by rail E.N.E. of Gloucester, and 90 miles W.N.W. of Lon- don, on the Chelt, a tributary of the Severn, in a beautiful vale, sheltered from the N. and E. by the Cotswold and other hills. It has a noble high street, numerous elegant terraces, squares, and villas, interspersed with trees and gardens. The saline springs, to which it owes its increase, are fre- quented by a host of fashionable visitors. They are 4 in number. The parish church, an .ancient Gothic structure, is surrounded by fine avenues; and here are 4 or 5 hand- some subordinate churches, a Roman Catholic chapel, a synagogue, a grammar-school founded in 1574, 2 colleges, a normal school, a female orphan asylum, a general hos- pital and dispensary, mechanics' and literary and philo- sophical institutions, a zoological garden, a theatre, assem- bly- and concert-rooms, and a market-house. Pop. 44,519. Cheltenham, chel'ten-am, a post-hamlet of Prince George's Co., Md., and a station on the Baltimore A Potomac Railroad (Pope's Creek line), 48 miles S. of Baltimore. It has a church. Here is a reform school for colored children. Cheltenham, a former post-village of St. Louis co.. Mo., on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 5 miles W. of St. Louis Court-House. It has been annexed to St. Louis. Here are 2 churches, a county asylum for the insane, and extensive manufactures of crucibles, fire-bricks, retorts, &c. Fire-clay abounds here. Cheltenham, a post-village of Montgomery co., Pa., on Tacony Creek, in Cheltenham township, 8 miles N. of Philadelphia. The township contains villages named Ash- bourne and Shoemakertown, and is intersected by the North Pennsylvania Railroad. It has an iron-furnace or forge, and 2 or 3 manufactories of spades and hammers. The surface is undulating, and diversified by hills which are beautiful sites for residences and on which many fine villas have been erected. Pop. 2462. Cheltenham Station on the Philadel- phia, Newtown A New York Railroad, 9 miles N. of Phila- delphia, is on the border of this township, in Philadelphia CO. Here is Oxford Church Post-Oflice. Cheltenham , a post-village in Pee! co., Ontario, on the river Credit, about 30 miles W.N.W. of Toronto. It has saw- and flouring-mills. Pop. 250. Chelten Hills, a post-village of Montgomery co., Pa., on the North Pennsylvania Railroad, 8 miles N. of Phila- delphia. Chelva, cb^l'vi, a town of Spain, 38 miles N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 4400. Chelyuskin (chSl-yiis'kin) Peninsula, the extreme N. of the mainland of Siberia, is .about 50 miles wide, and extends upwards of 100 miles into the Arctic Ocean. At the extreme point is Cape Chelyuskin, orSevero-Vostochnoi. Chem, Tchem, chSm, or Tchem-Pira, ohsm pee'- ri, a river of the Chinese Empire, rises near the centre of Manchooria, flows N.N.E., then W., and joins the Amoor after a course of about 100 miles. Chemainus, she-mi'nus, a seaport of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, 56 miles N. of Victoria. Chembar, Tchembar, or Tscherabar, chSm-ban', a town of Russia, government and 66 miles W.S.W. of Penza. Pop. 3948. Chemille, sheh-mee^yi', a town of France, in Maine- et-Loire, 19 miles by rail S.S.W. of Angers. It has manu- fectures of linen, and an active trade in cattle. Pop. 3073. Chemistry, kem'is-tree, a station in Middlesex co., Mass., on the Watertown Branch of the Fitchburg Railroad, i mile B. of Waltham. Chemmis, a town of Egypt. See Akhmym. Chemnitz, K^m'nitB.atownof Saxony, 20 miles E.N.E. of Zwickau, on the Chemnitz, an affluent of the Mulde, at a railway junction. It is the principal seat of cotton-weaving in the kingdom, and has extensive manufactures of hosiery, woollens, linens, and machinery, with bleaching- and dye- ing-works, and tanneries. It was for 4ttO years a free im- perial city, and displays in its buildings marks of its an- tiquity. Pop. in 1875, 78,209. Alt Chemnitz, ilt K^m'- nits("01d Chemnitz"), is a village immediately S. Pop. 1953. ScHLOSS (shloss) Chemnitz ("Castle Chemnitz") is a northern suburb. Pop. 1015. Chemunsc, she-mung', a county of New York, border- ing on Pennsylvania, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by the Chemung River, and also drained by Cayuta, Newtown, and Wynkoop's Creeks. The surface is diversified by broad, high hills, and valleys which are deep .and narrow, except Chemung Valley, which is broad and deep. " The topography of this county,." says James 29 Hall, the geologist, "is very simple. The Chemung River passes through its southwestern part, and opens a broad and beautiful valley, bounded by a range of hills which are only broken by the lateral streams flowing to the river." He adds, " The Chemung Valley, extending from the head of Seneca Lake to the Chemung River, is the most prominent feature in the county." The soil is generally fertile. Hay, butter, oats, lumber, Indian corn, and wheat are the staple products. Devonian sandstone of the Chemung group un- derlies the surface. This county has plenty of timber. It is intersected by the Erie Railroad, the Northern Central Railroad, and the Chemung Canal. Capital, Elmira. Val- uation of real and personal estate, §22,374,820. Pop. in 1870, 35,281, of whom 30,728 were natives and 4553 were foreigners; in 1875, 41,879. Chemung, a post-village of McHenry co.. 111., in Che- mung and Dunham townships, and on the Chicago & North- western Railroad, 25 miles E.N.E. of Rockford. It has a church and a flour-mill. Chemung township contains the village of Harvard and a cheese-factory. Total pop. 2222. Chemung, a post-village of Chemung co., N.Y., is in a township of the same name, on the Chemung River, and on the Erie Railroad, 13 miles S.E. of Elmira. It has 2 churches, a cheese-factory, an academy, about 60 houses, and 2 grist- mills. Pop. of the township, 2002. Chemung Centre, a post-oflice of Chemung co., N.Y. Chemung Junction, a station 4i miles N. of Elmirn, N.Y'., on the Northern Central Railroad, at the junction of the Utica, Ithaca & Elmira Railroad. Chenkung River is formed by the Tioga and Conhocton Rivers, which unite in Steuben co., N.Y., about 2 miles above Corning. It runs nearly southeastward, intersects Chemung co., and enters the North Branch of the Susque- hanna in Bradford co.. Pa., 2 miles S. of Athens. Elmira is the largest town on this river, which is about 50 miles long and irrigates a broad and beautiful valley bounded by high and verdant hills. Chemungville, Michigan. See Oak Gkove. Chenango, she-nang'go, a county of New York, is near the middle of the state. Area, about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Unadilla River, is intersected by the Chenango and Susquehanna Rivers, and also drained by the Genegantslet and Otselic Rivers. The surface is finely diversified by high ranges of bills with broad sur- faces, and with deep valleys more or less level. It is ex- tensively covered with forests of the ash, beech, elm, hickory, sugar-maple, white oak, and other trees. The soil is fertile and adapted to pasturage. Butter, oats, hay, cattle, milk, Indian corn, and hops are the staple products. Devonian limestone and sandstones of the Chemung and Catskill gro\ips crop out here and supply good materials for building. This county is intersected by the New York & Oswego Mid- land Railroad, and the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad; also by the Chenango Canal. Capital, Norwich. Valuation of real and personal estate, $28,396,584. Pop. in 1870, 40,564, of whom 37,785 were natives and 2779 were foreigners; in 1875, 39,937. Chenango, a township of Broome co., N.Y. Pop. 1630. See Chenango Fouks. Chenango, a post-office of Lawrence co.. Pa. Chenango, a post-village of Brazoria co., Tex., on the Columbia division of the International & Great Northern Railroad, 37 miles S. of Houston. Chenango Bridge, a post-office and station of Broome CO., N.Y., on the Chenango River, and on the Syracuse, Binghamton & New Y'ork Railroad, 5 miles N.N.E. of Binghamton. It has a church. Chenango Forks, a post-village of Broome co., N.Y., is on the Chenango River, at the mouth of the Tioghnioga, and on the Syracuse, Binghamton & New Y'ork and Utica, Chenango & Susquehanna Railroads, 11 miles N. by E. from Binghamton. A small part of this village is in Che- nango CO. It has 2 churches, a flouring-mill, a saw-mill, and a planing-mill. Pop. about 800. Chenango River, New York, rises near the bound- ary between Madison and Oneida cos. It runs southward through Madison, and intersects Chenango co. Below Nor- wich it runs southwestward, and enters the Susquehanna River at Binghamton. It is about 100 miles long, and flows through a deep valley. The Chenango Canal follows the windings of this river from its source to its mouth, and connects Utica with Binghamton. Che^naub', Chenab, or Chinab, ohee'niib' (anc. Aces'iiics), the central river of the Punjab, between the .Jbylum (anc. Hydas'pea) N.W. and the Ravee (anc. Hy- drao'tes) S.E., both of which rivers are its aflluents. It joins the Sutlej (anc. HypVaais) near Ooeh, in.lat. 299 21' CHE 450 N., Ion. 71° 6' E., after a generally S.W. course, estimated at 700 miles, and in the latter part of which it is from ^ to IjJ miles across and sometimes 14 feet in depth. The united stream is then called Punjab (five rivers). The towns Tandee, Kishtawar, Jhung, Mooltan, and Shooju- abad are on its banks, and it is navigable for rafts from the Sutlej to Agnur, about 300 miles from its source. Chendaree, a district of India. See Chandeuee. Cheiidi, a town of Africa. See Shendy. Chene, shain, or Chene-Thonex, shain-to'nSx', a village of Switzerland, 2 miles E. of Geneva. Pop. 1699. Chenee^ shi^ni', a village of Belgium, 8 miles by rail S.W. of Liege, at the confluence of the Ourthe and Vesdre, which a little below forms a cascade. It has iron- and zinc-works. Pop. 3300. Chenerailles, shi''neb-r5,i', a town of France, in Creuse, 10 miles N. of Aubusson. Pop. 1099. Cheney, Michigan, a station at Peue Cheney. Che'ney's, a post-ofl&ce and station in Lancaster co., Neb., on the Nebraska Railroad, 10 miles S.E. of Lincoln. Cheney's Grove, a township of McLean co.. 111. Pop. 1164. It includes Snybrook. Cheneyville, ch4'ne-vil, a post-village of Kapides parish, La., on Bayou Bosuf, about 40 miles N. by W. of Opelousas. It has 3 churches. Cheng-Te, or Tcheng-Te, chSngHi', an island off the S. extremity of Corea, 45 miles W. of the island of Tsoosima (Tsusima). Chengwatona, township, Pine co., Minn. Pop. 101. Chenin'go, a post-office of Cortland co., N.Y. Chenoa, she-no'ah, a post-village of McLean. co., HI., in Chenoa township, at the point where the Chicago & Alton Railroad crosses the Toledo, Peoria ega. Chin^apatam', a town of India, Mysore dominions, 35 miles E.N.E. of Seringapatam. Pop. 5000. Chi'na Sea (Chinese, 7'oonrf-Haij ''Eastern Sea;" Fr. Mer Orientahy maiR oVe-fiN^H^l') is that portion of the Pacific Ocean which extends between China and Siam on the W., the Philippine Islands on the E., Borneo on the S., and the island of Formosa on the N. It forms the great Gulfs of Siara and Tonquin. Chief affluents, the Me-Kong, Cambodia, and Canton Rivers. Chief ports. Canton, Manila, Saigon, and Singapore. China Spring, a post-office of McLennan co., Tex. Chincapin (chink'a-pln) Grove, a post-office of Gwin- nett CO., Ga. Chincha, chin'eha or cheen'chS., a small seaport town of Peru, department and 115 miles S.S.E. of Lima. Chinchacocha, a lake of Peru. See Reyes. Chincha Islands, a group of three small islands in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Peru, about 14 miles from the shore. Lat. 13° 38' S. ; Ion. 76° 2S' W. These islands, so noted for their guano, have been worked out, and ho longer afford that commodity. Chin^cheAV', or Chin^chu', an English name of the Chinese Chwan-Chow-Foo, or Tswanchowfoo, written by some authors Thsiouan-CheOu-Fou, and Tsiuen-Tchoo, a city and seaport of China, province of Fo-Kien, 6-0 miles E.N.E. of Chang-Choo-Foo. Lnt. 24° 57' N. ; Ion. 118° 35' E. It is not a troaty-port, but is a large and populous walled town, with a good trade. The Chin- chew of old maps is identical with Chang-Choo-Foo. Chinchilla, chin-cheeryi fane. Snla'rin), a city of Spain, at a railway junction, 9 miles S.E. of Albacete. It has an old castle, and is surrounded by ancient walls. It has manufactures of cloth. Pop. 3500. Chinchon, cheen-chon', a town of Spain, 25 miles S.S.E. of Madrid, Pop, 4005. Chin^Choo, chin'choo', a maritime region of China, between lat. 23*^ and -26° N. and Ion. 116° and 119° E., comprising parts of the provinces of Fo-Kien and Quang- Tong, and inhabited by an industrious people, who man most part of the imperial and commercial navy, and are particularly able as fishermen, traders, and agriculturists. Soil mostly sterile; sugar and sweet potatoes, raised by much labor, are the only exports. This circumstance con- tinually causes large numbers to emigrate, Chin-Choo, chin^choo', or Tchin-Tcheon, chin^- che-oo', a city of China, province of Ho-Nan, 80 miles S.S.E, of Kai-Fong. Chin-Choo, or Tchin-Tcheou, a city of China, province of Hoo-Nan, on the Yuen-Kiang, 110 miles W.S.W. of Lake Tong-Ting-Hoo. Chin^choor', a town of India, presidency of Bombay, 18 miles N.N.W. of Poonah. Chincorro, or Ei Chincorro, hi cheen-kon'no, a reef off the E. coast of Yucatan, 110 miles S. of Cozumel Island. Length, N. to S., 23 miles; greatest breadth, 9 miles. Chincoteague (ching^ko-teeg' ; local pron. jing-go- tig') Island, a post-ofBce of Accomack co., Va., is on an island of its own name, which is in the Atlantic Ocean, separated from the mainland by Chincoteague Sound. This island has 5 churches and a graded school, and is famed for its oysters and for its breed of ponies. Chindaree, India. See Chanderee. Chindaur, chin'dowr, a town of India, in Boglipoor district. Pop. 4630. Chindwara, chind-w^'r^, written also Sindwara (native, Chhhuhoara), a town of India, capital of a dis- trict, 65 miles N. of Nagpoor, It is a summer resort for Europeans. Pop. 8626. Chindwara, a district of the Central Provinces, British India. Lat. 21° 25'-22° 50' N. ; Ion. 78°-79° 30' E. Area, 3852 square miles. It is a diversified, pleasant, and fertile region. Capital, Chindwara. Pup. in 1872, 316,095. Chine, or La Chine, the French name of China. See Chinese Empire. Chinendega, che-nSn-di'gS,, two contiguous towns of Central America, in Nicaragua. New Chinendega, 9 miles from Realejo, is a depot for the trade of that port with the interior, and has from 8000 to 10,000 inhabitants. It stands in a fertile plain ; its houses are straggling, and many enclosed by gardens and plantations. Old Chinen- dega has from 3U0U to 4000 inhabitants. Chi'nese Camp, a post- village of Tuolumne co., Cal., about 50 miles E. by S. from Stockton. Gold is found near it. It has a church, 2 stores, and a hotel. Chinese Empire, a vast territory in Eastern Asia, comprehending five great divisions (four of which are de- scribed under their heads), viz., 1. Manchooria: 2. Mon- golia; 3. Toorkistan; 4. Thibet; 5. China Proper, or the Eighteen Provinces {Skih-pa-Sang), including the two large islands of Formosa and Hainan, the former being reckoned in the province of Fo-Kien, and the latter as a department of Quang-Tong. Corea also is in some sense a part of the empire, being tributary to it, and Anam until 1874 was a tributary and nominally a vassal power, while Siam and the Loo-Choo Islands, though independent, are claimed by the Chinese as parts of their empire. China (chi'na) Proper (anc. Ser'ica, JWhit, tsee'n^, and Cathay, ki-thi', or Khitfii, KC-ti'; Chinese, Choonfj Kooe or Choong Kweh, choong kwi, /.e., the '* middle kingdom ;" Fr. CTu'He, sheen ; Ger. CA7Ji«,Kee'nft; Sp. CAuxf.cbee'nfl.; Dutch and Port. China, shee'ni; It. Cina, chee'n4). the S.E. por- tion of the Chinese Empire, occupying a third of its whole extent, lies on the eastern slope of the table-lands of Cen- tral Asia. In form it approaches to a square, covering ati area of more than one and a quarter million of square miles, inhabited by more than 360 millions of the human race, living under the same government, ruled by the same laws, speaking dialects of the same language, studying the same literature,* possessing a-greater homogeneity, a history extending over a longer period, and a more enduring na- tional existence than any other people of ancient or modern times. It is included between 1S° and 40° N. lat. (which takes in the island of Hainan) and 98° and 124° E. Ion, Its coast-line exceeds 2500 miles, and the land-frontier 4400 miles. A line running direct north and south would give a length of 1474 miles, and another, at right angles to this, 1355 miles; but one drawn diagonally from its northeastern extremity through Yun-Nan would measure 1669 mileB. The area of China Proper is usually given as 1,298,079 square miles ; but the entire dimensions of the IS provinces, as the Chinese define them, cannot be much under 2,000,000 square miles. All measurements, however, must be taken as mere approximations. Physical Features. — China has a general slope from the mountains of Thibet to the shores Of the Pacific. The two CHI 465 CHI principal mountain -chains divide it into three longitudinal basins, drained by great rivers. It may be viewed under its natural divisions of mountainous country, hilly country, and the Ureat Plain. The first comprehends more than half the region between the meridian of 113° and Thibet. East of this meridian, and to the south of the Yang-tse- Kiang River, is the hilly country, which includes the provinces of Fo-Kien, Kiang-See, Quang-Tong, and a portion of Hoo-Nan and Hoo-Pe, while to the northeast stretches the Great Plain. This latter extends from the Great Wall to 30° N. lat. ; a line drawn from King-Choo- i'oo, in Huo-Pe, to Hoai-Khing, on the Hoang-Ho, may be considered its western limit; and the sea forms its bound- ary on the east. This vast and generally fertile tract has an area of 210,000 square miles, and supports a population of 177 millions. From the mountains of Thibet two grand ranges stretch across China, having a general direction from southwest to northeast. The more northerly of these, the Thsin-Ling or Blue Mountains, are included between the parallels of 31° and 34°. The southern or Nan-Ling chain is a spur of the Himalayas. Commencing in Yun-Nan, it bounds Quang- See, Quang-Tong, and Fo-Kien on the north, and, passing through the province of Che-Kiang, where some of its peaks reach the height of 12,000 feet, enters the sea at Ning-Po, thus forming a continuous barrier, penetrated only by a few steep passes, of which the Mei-Kwan, or Mei Pass, is the best known, that separates the coast-land of Southeastern China from the rest of the country. This great chain throws off numerous spurs to the south and east, which, dipping into the sea, rise above it as a belt of rugged islands along the southern half of the Chinese seaboard. Of this belt the Chusan Archipelago is the most northerly portion. The magnilicent river-8yst-em of China is represented by those noble streams the Hoang-Ho or Yellow River and the Yang-tse-Kiang, which spring from the same water- shed, — the eastern mountains of Thibet. The former has its source in 35^^° N. lat. and about 96° E. Ion., and, after a very tortuous course, empties itself into the Yellow Sea, having in 1853 altered its course so that its present mouth is some hundreds of miles N. of the former one. Such changes, causing losses and entailing expense, are not unusual; and hence this river has been called "China's sorrow." It is a turbid stream for the most part, and little adapted for Chi- nese navigation. But the river most beloved by the Chinese is the Yang-tso-Kiang, or "son of the ocean," which name is only applied to it by the natives below the commencement of the delta, for above that it is called simply Ta-Kiang, or Great River. The basin drained by it is estimated at 750,000 square miles. Of the other rivers that water the country, the Pei-Ho in the north and the Canton in the south are the most noteworthy. The principal lakes of China are five in number, viz., the Tong-Ting-Hoo, in 113° E. Ion., with a circumference of about 220 miles; the Po-Yang, in 116° E. Ion., 80 miles in length by 40 miles in breadth: the Hong-Tsin-Hoo, in Kiang-Soo; the Tsau-Hoo, between Ngan-King-Foo and Nanking ; and the Tai-Hoo, in 120° E. Ion. On these lakes artificially constructed floating islands, with houses, fields, and inhabitants, animals, and birds, are sometimes seen. The Grand Canal has very greatly facilitated the internal navigation of the country. Until lately the great annual grain fleet, with its 430,000 tons of rice for the use of the capita], passed from the south to the neighborhood of Peking by this groat water-way, thus avoiding the storms and pirates of the coast; but the alteration already mentioned in the course of the Hoang-Ho has somewhat diminished its use- fulness. It connects Tien-Tsin in Pe-Chee-Lee with Hang- Chow-Foo in Che-Kiang, though the canal proper commences in Shan-Toong, and its total length is about 650 miles. Another world-famous structure is the Great Wall,vih\c\\ was built by the first emperor of the Tsin dynasty, about 220 B.C., as a protection against the Tartar tribes. It trav- erses the northern boundary of China, extending from 3.i° E. to 15° W. of Peking, and is carried over the highest hills, through the deepest valleys, across rivers and every other natural obstacle. The length of this great barrier is, according to M'Culloch, 1250 miles. Including a parapet of 5 feet, the total height of the wall is 20 feet; thickness at the base, 25 feet, and at the top, 15 feet. Towers or bastions occur at intervals of about 100 yards. Earth en- closed in brickwork forms the mass of the wall, but for half its length it is little else than a heap of gravel and rubbish. Geolofpj, — The high lands, where are the sources of the great rivers of China, consist of granitic and metamorphic rocks. These are continued round the south and southeast of the country, until they leave a huge basin, through which 30 flow the Yang-tse-Kiang and Hoang-Ho, occupied by fos- siliferous strata. The fossiliferous strata exhibit representa- tives of the various formations. The Paleeozoic rocks are but sparingly developed in a narrow strip which runs from near Peking, in a southwesterly curve, to nearly the centre of the empire. Cretaceous rocks occur in the valley of the Yang-tse-Kiang. Tertiary beds and loess forraittion oc- cupy the eastern portion of the immense basin, while ex- tensive districts to the west of this region, extending to the crystalline rocks in the extreme west, are covered with modern detritus. Coal is abundant, and often of excellent quality, though probably of comparatively late geologic origin. The anthracites of China are plentiful and good, but little wrought. Mercury has been procured in China for many years. Though no active volcanoes are known to exist, yet indications of volcanic action are not wanting. Salt and hot-water springs are found in Yun-Nan, in lat. 25° 35' ; and wells of petroleum in Shen-See, lat. 36° 40'. Among the miveraU of China is jade or the yu-stone, ob- tained chiefly in Yun-Nan. Limestone and porcelain clays are abundant. Precious stones are met with in some dis- tricts. In Yun-Nan gold is washed from the sands of the rivers, and in the same province silver-mines are worked. All the commoner metals are found abundantly. Near the city of Ning-Po are extensive stone-quarries. Vef/ctnble Producdons.—The tea-plant ( Thea vividia and Thea hohen) is the most important vegetable production of China. The tallow-tree {StUlingia sebifera), the Dnjaitdra cordata or varnish-tree, the camphor-tree {Lattr\i8 Cam- phora), the Chinese pine (Phiua Sinensis), the Chinese banyan {Ficus nitida), the funereal cypress, and the silk mulberry are among the most important trees of China. The cocoa-nut and other palms flourish on the southern coast. Of the bamboo, which grows as far north as lat. 38°, there are 63 principal varieties ; and it is said that the bam- boos of China are more valuable than her mines, and, next to rice and silk, yield the greatest revenue. The various uses to which they are applied are truly astonishing. The ramie plant, from which grass-cloth is made, is an impor- tant product. The fruits of both the tropical and tem- perate zones — apples, grapes, pomegranates, mangoes, pine- apples, three species of orange, the lichee, &c. — are found_in the country; and camellias, azaleas, and gardenias are na- tives of the " Flowery Land." Agricnltnre is held in higher estimation in China than perhaps in any other country in the world. On the first day of each year a grand state ceremony is performed in its honor. The emperor, accompanied by his great oHicers of state, repairs to the Sacred Field, and, having offered sacrifice on an altar of earth, he traces a fur- row with the plough, and his example is followed by princes and ministers. A like solemnity is celebrated by the gov- ernor of every province, who represents the emperor. The agricultural system of the Chinese is rude but effective, and every inch of arable land was formerly cultivated : but since the recent Tae-Ping rebellion great tracts of country have lain waste. Spade-husbandry and irrigation are carried on to a great extent. In the northern provinces the cereals are prin- cipally maize, barley, and wheat; but in the south rice is raised in vast quantities and forms the staple food of the people. Tobacco and the poppy are also raised. In 1877- 78 the northern provinces were desolated by one of the most extensive and destructive famines ever known to history. Animals. — Comparatively little is known of the zoology of China. Of the monkey-tribe the most remarkable is the Cochin-Chinese monkey. Tigers are occasionally found in nearly all parts of the empire, save the most densely peo- pled districts. Wild-cats are common in the forests of the south, and bears are found in the hills. Of the ruminantia there are the musk-deer (Moschus mosehiferita) and several other species. The gold and silver pheasant, the argus pheasant, and other gallinaceous birds hold a prominent place in the ornithology of China. Water-fowl inhabit the lakes, rivers, and marshes. The larger reptiles are un- known; but tortoises and turtles abound on the coast, and lizards are plentiful in the south. The ichthyology of China is one of the richest in the world. Sharks, rays, sturgeons, and other cartilaginous fishes are common on the coast, and the carp formerly was very plentiful in the lakes and rivers. Locusts often commit extensive ravages. Silk- worms are highly valued, and reared in large numbers. In a country of such vast extent, extending from 18° to 40° N. lat., the climate must vary greatly. Indeed, as re- gards both climate and productions, China may be divided into three zones, — the northern, the central, and the southern. The northern zone extends to the 35th parallel, and includes the 5 provinces of Shan-Toong, Pe-Chee-Lfee, Shan-See. Shen-See, and Kan-Soo. It produces the grains, fruits, and CHI 466 animals of Northern Europe. Here the extremes of heat and cold are great. The winters are very severe, and at that season ice a foot thick renders the rivers unnavigable. The productions of the northern provinces are wheat, bar- ley, oats, apples, the hazel-nut, and the potato ; they are also rich in wood and minerals. The central zone, the richest portion of China, contains 8 provinces, — Se-Chuen, Koei-Choo, Hoo-Nan, Hoo-Pe, Kiang-See, Ngan-Hoei, Ho- Nan, and Kiang-Soo,— and is bounded by the 27th or 2Sth parallel; tea and silk are its characrteristio products; the middle portion is the granary of Chinii., and the eastern part is celebrated for its manufactures of siik and cotton. Cotton is grown even in ManchoorJa. The southern zone embraces 5 provinces, — -Yun-Nan, Quang-Tong, Quang-See, Fo-Kien, and Che-Kiang. The exchange of its tropical productions for those of the northern zone is an important branch of the internal commerce of the country. Quang- Tong lies partly within the tropics; and the whole province is tropical, both in climate and in productions. Its fruits are oranges, lichees, mangoes, and bananas; rice is its staple grain, and it produces the ground-nut, the sweet potato, and the yam. The following table exhibits the area and population of the 18 provinces into which China is divided : Provinces. Population. Square miles. Pop. per sqiiare mile. 27,990,871 28,958,7G4 14,004,210 23,037,171 37,843,501 34,108,059 23,040,099 26,256,784 14,777,410 27,370,098 18,652,507 19,174,030 7,313,895 6,561,320 6,288,219 10,207,256 15,193,125 21,435,678 58,949 65,104 65,268 65,104 44,500 48,461 72,176 39,150 63,480 70,450 74,320 79,456 78,250 107,969 64,554 67,400 80,608 106,880 Kiang-See 320 360,279,897 1,298,079 The southern provinces of Manchooria are organized and governed on the Chinese plan, and mainly peopled by Chi- nese. Hence they are to all intents and purposes parts of China proper, though not so reckoned in books. According to the Almanack de Gothn for 1878, the population of China properly so called was estimated at 404,946,514, and that of the whole empire at 483.500,000. Other recent estimates reduce the total population to about 300,000,000. Inhabitants. — Ethnologically, the Chinese belong to that variety of the human species distinguished by a Mongolian conformation of the head and face, and a monosyllabic lan- guage. A tawny or parchment-colored skin, coarse and lank black hair, a thin beard, oblique eyes, and high cheek- bones are characteristics of the race. The average height of the Chinam.^n is about equal to that of the European ; the women are disproportionately small, and have a broad upper face, low nose, and linear eyes. Of the general char- acter of the Chinese it is not easy to form a fair and im- partial judgment; and those who have resided long in the country, and know them well, have arrived at very different conclusions. M. Hue asserts that they are "destitute of religious feelings and beliefs," " sceptical and indifterent to everything that concerns the moral side of man," " their whole lives but materialism put in action."' Mr. Meadows admits that these charges are true of the mass of the Chi- nese, but among them there is a large amount of generosity and right feeling, and "a minority higher in nature, actu- ated by higher motives, aiming at higher aims." The peo- ple generally have no fear of death, commit suicide as the solution of a difficulty, and endure the most cruel tortures with a passive fortitude; but neither their discipline nor arms enable them to stand before European forces. The Chinese are as a race unwarlike, fond of peace and domestic order, capable of a high degree of orgnnization and local self-government, sober, industrious, practical, unimagina- tive, literary, and deeply imbued with the mercantile spirit. The southeastern Chinese — the people of Quang-Tong, Fo-Kiqn, and the south of Che-Kiang — are the most restless and enterprising. In the mountainous districts of the four southeastern provinces of China, but principally in Quang- Women 1 slaves. i prac- See, are certain tribes who are probably descended from the aboriginal inhabitants of China. The worship of ancestors is a remarkable and prominent feature in Chinese social life, and is dictated by that prin- ciple of filial piety which forms the basis of Chinese society. The rich have in their houses a chamber dedicated to their forefathers. All Chinese worship from time to time at the tombs of their parents. They regard the quality of their coffins as of vital importance, and frequently provide them during their lifetime: indeed, a coffin is reckoned a most acceptable present, and is frequently given by children to their parents. Yet death is never alluded to in direct terms, but is indicated rather by periphrases, such as — the person "exists no more," "he has saluted the age," "ascended to the sky," (fee. In China marriage is universal and within the reach of all ; but there is a strict separation of the sexes, and betrothal is undertaken by the parents or by professional match-makers. Minute ceremonial observances regulate every step, and frequently the bride and bridegroom see each other on the wedding-day for the first time, hold a very inferior position, and are little better th Polygamy is not recognized by law, but secondary common. Infanticide, though regarded as a crinn tised to some extent, and parents possess almost unlimited authority over their children. The intercourse of the Chi- nese with one another, especially of the upper classes, is reg- ulateil by a tedious and elaborate etiquette : indeed, they are the slaves of custom, and everything is done by prece- dent. The Le-King, or Book of Rites, regulates Chinese manners, and is one cause of their unchangeableness; for here they are stereotyped and handed down from age to age. The ceremonial usages of China are very numerous, and one of the tribunals at Peking is charged with their in- terpretation. The Chinese have numerous festivals; and perhaps the most remarkable of these is that celebrated at the commencement of the new year, when unbounded fes- tivity prevails. Preparatory to this, debts are settled, and the devout repair to the temples to gain the favor of the gods. The first day of the year may in one sense be reck- oned the birthday of the whole people, for their ages are dated from it. Visiting is at the same time carried on to a great extent, whilst parents and teachers receive the pros- trations and salutations of their children or pupils. The festival of the dragon-boats is held on the fifth daj' of the fifth month ; and at the first full moon of the year the feast of lanterns. In the manufacture of these the Chinese excel, and on the night of the festival lanterns wonderful in their variety of form and material illuminate each door. On the approach of cold weather the Chinaman lights no fire in his dwelling, but puts on additional clothing. A tunic or kind of loose jacket fitting close round the neck, and wide short trousers, are his principal garments. Shoej are made of silk or cotton, with thick felt soles. The Tartar tonsure and braided queue became general with the Man- choo conquest of the country ; and, as no Chinaman is his own barber, a great number of this calling find employment. The Chinaman is very sparing in his ablutions ; for cold water, either as a beverage or for washing his person, he holds in abomination. The costume of the women differs but little from that of the men, and their shoes are the most remarkable part of their toilet. A lady's shoe meas- ures about 3^ inches from the heel to the toe. The feet of the Tartar women are left as nature made them, but among the Chinese all girls of the better classes are crippled by the forcible compression of the feet in early infancy. The principal manufactures of the Chinese are silk, cot- ton, linen, and pottery, for which latter they are especially celebrated. The finest porcelain is made in the province of Kiang-See. The Chinese invented printing in the begin- ning of the tenth century, and in 932 a.d. a printed im- perial edition of the sacred books was published. The skill of the Chinese in handicraft is astonishing. Their rich silks and satins, light gauzes, beautiful embroidery, elaborate carving on wood and stone, delicate filigree-work in gold and silver, fine lacquered-ware, antique vessels in bronze, and their brilliant coloring on pith paper, command universal admiration. In the government of China the emperor is absolute in the empire, the governor in the province, the magistrate in the district. The emperor claims no Acrcrfiiajv/divino right, and is not always the eldest son of the preceding monarch ; the ablest son or other near relative may bo uominivtcd, but his right to the throne as the Tien-Tze, " son of heaven," can only bo established by good government, in accordance with tho principles laid down in the national sacred books. If, on tho contrary, ho violates these principles, tho people believe that heaven signifiies by unmistakable signs that CHI 467 CHI their ruler is not its chosen representative. The emperor is absolute as legislator and administrator: but he must legis- late in accordance with the general principles acknowledged in the country. He also constitutes in his own person the highest criminal court. The Chinese possess a carefully di- gested code of laws, which is added to and modified from time to time by imperial edicts. Their penal code com- menced 2000 years ago, and copies of it arc sold at so cheap a rate as to be within reach of people of the humblest means. Death, which the Chinaman prefers to long confinement, is the penalty for a large number of offences, and in ordinary years about 10,000 criminals are executed. Several modes of torture are legal. The emperor is assisted in governing by two councils — 1. The Inner or Privy Council, composed of six high officials, three of whom are Chinese and three Manchoos; also ten assistants. The four senior ministers exercise functions corresponding to those of an English prime minister. There is also in late years a foreign ofiiee. 2. The General or Strategical Council, which closely re- sembles our cabinet, being composed of the most influential officers in the capital, who exercise high legislative and ex- ecutive duties. The decisions of the emperor in council are regularly published in the Peking Gazette. There are be- sides in the capital six yajuHHs or public ofilces, each charged with a distinct department of government; and over all is the Court of General Inspection, or the Censorate. The mandarins composing this are "the eyes and ears of the emperor;" for it is their province to see that all officers of the government, provincial or metropolitan, are faithful in the discharge of their respective duties. The administratice machinery of the Chinese is very per- fect in its organization, and demands an attentive consider- ation for the right understanding of the people and govern- ment. In each of the 18 provinces is a governor, who, besides being at the head of the civil jurisdiction, is com- mander-in-chief, and possesses the power of life and death for certain offences. He is privileged to correspond with the cabinet-council and the emperor. Under the governor are the superintendent of provincial finances, the provincial criminal judge, and the provincial educational examiner; each communicates with his especial board in Peking. The governor is also assisted by many other judicial and admin- istrative officials. The governmental organization of each province is complete in itself, but in a few instances two provinces — Quang-Tong and Quang-See, for instance — form a viceroyalty, over which a governor-general, in addition to the governors, exercises authority. Every province is again subdivided into districts, departments, and circuits. The average number of districts in a province is 80, and each of these is about the size "of an English county. A civil functionary, called sometimes the district magistrate, pre- sides over this division, and is assisted by several subordi- nate officers. A group of districts — 6 is the average number for the whole 18 provinces — forms a department, and is ruled by a prefect, who resides in the foo, or departmental city. The several grades of mandarins, or Chinese government officials, are distinguished chiefly by a different-colored ball or button on the top of the cap. There are 12 orders of no- bility confined to the imperial house and clan, and also 5 ancient orders of nobility open to the civil and military servants of the state. The normal government of China is less a despotism than a morally supported autocracy, and it is in principle paternal. What the father is to his family, that the governor, the prefect, and the magistrate are in- tended to be, each in his own sphere, to the people ; whilst the emperor stands in the same relation to the myriad in- habitants of his vast dominions. In ordinary times the Chinaman enjoys much practical freedom, and can travel through the country or follow any calling he likes. The Chinese executive system is based on competitive ex- aminations, which are intended to sift out from the millions of educated Chinese the best and ablest for the public ser- vice. The first examination takes place every three years in the capital of each department, when the lowest degree — that of bachelor — is conferred on a certain number of candidates from each district. Triennial examinations are held in the provincial capital, presided over by two examiners from Peking, at which sometimes as many as 10,000 bachelors present themselves and compete for the degree of licentiate. Some 1200 obtain it, and these may attend the triennial metropolitan examination at Peking, when about 2U0 may hope for the coveted degree of doctor, which insures imme- diate preferment. These examinations, by directing the attention of students solely to the ancient literature of the country, to the exclusion of the physical sciences, however efficient in producing that wonderful homogeneity for which the inhabitants of the Central Kingdom are famous, stunt and stereotype the national mind, which, like the dwarfed tree the Chinaman delights to raise in a flower-pot, or the feet of a Chinese girl, can never fully expand. In the cus- toms department of the Chinese government a considerable number of Americans and Europeans are employed. Education, as the high-road to official employment, to rank, wealth, and influence, is eagerly sought by all classes. Literary proficiency commands everywhere respect and con- sideration, and primary instruction penetrates to the re- motest villages. Self-supporting day-schools are universal throughout the country, and the office of teacher is followed by a great number of the literati. Government provides state examiners, but does not otherwise assist in the educa- tion of the people. The Chinese have a remarkable rever- ence for the written character. Waste printed paper is col- lected from house to house and burned to preserve it from profanation. Army. — In theory the army consists of about 800,000 men, scattered throughout the empire, besides 271,000 Tar- tars at the disposal of the government. It cannot be prop- erly said to form a standing army. The governor of a province is often commander-in-chief, and is assisted by a general-in-chief, as well as lieutenants- and majors-general. The Chinese and Tartar troops form two important divisions of the army. The Tartar garrisons are indeed the real strength of the Manchoo emperor. That at Peking is 150,000 strong; and IS others, averaging each about '6000 men, are dotted about the provinces, forming, with their wives and children, military colonies. These troops, which are armed with two-edged swords and matchlocks, or the bow, were alone able to stand against the Tae-Ping rebels and turn them from the capital of the empire. About 270,000 men are disciplined soldiers, organized on the European plan, and equipped with breach-loading small- arms, and on the coast there are forts built on the most ap- proved plans and mounted with rifled guns of steel. But a large part of the army is a mere constabulary force. Navy. — The imperial navy is divided into river and sea- going vessels. Besides the old force of junks, there are several war-vessels of European construction, including a few iron-clad steamers. Religion. — Three forms of belief — the Confucian, the Booddhist, and the Taouist — may be considered the national religions, as they are believed in, more or less, by the great mass of the people. Of these, the Confucian and the Taou- ist are indigenous, but Booddhism was introduced from India. A struggle for ascendency was long maintained be- tween these religions, but has now entirely ceased : indeed, it is no unusual thing for all three to be professed by the same person, and, as they supplement one another, this is not altogether inconsistent. Confucianism is the basis of the social life and political system of the Chinese. It has been professed by all their greatest men, and is still the sole belief of the educated classes. It is, however, less a religion than a philosophy, and does not pretend to treat of spirit- ual things: hence room was left for other creeds to supply its deficiencies in this respect. The questions to which Confucius replied were, "How shall I do ray duty to my neighbor? How can I best discharge- the duty of a vir- tuc)us citizen ?" Funereal temples are erected to Confucius, and, though his image is not used as an idol, his tablet is worshipped, and sacrifices of oxen and sheep are offered before it at the equinoxes. Booddhism in China, though extending over the whole country and influencing more or less the mass of the people, is fast losing its hold on them, and has very little of the power and authority it once possessed. Its edifices are going to decay, and no new ones rise upon their ruins. Its priests are illiterate, and, together with their religion, are held in contempt by the philosophic Chinaman. The north- ern form of Booddhism, which differs considerably from that of Ceylon and the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, prevails in China. Its sacred books, in common with those of Nepaul and Thibet, are written in Sanscrit, or are translations. Taouisrahasnot more hold than Booddhism on the literate Chinese. Its priests are generally ignorant men, few of them understanding the real principles of their faith. They practise a mystic alchemy, prepare spells and incantations, and, like modern spiritualists, hold intercourse with the dead. These mystics worship certain stars, which are sup- posed to influence human life, and also genii, devils, and inferior spirits. Besides these three religions, which alone affect the bulk of the people, there is a ritual state ivorship, — a kind of philosophic pantheism, an adoration of certain natural ob- jects; but it is a mere ceremonial, and associated with no theological doctrines. Three classes of objects are distin- CHI i., gaished, to which the great, medium, and lesser sacrifices are offered. The first class includes the heaven and the earth. Equal to these, and likewise restricted to the wor- ship of the emperor, is the great Temple of Imperial An- cestors. The medium sacrifices are offered to the sun and moon, the gods of the land and grain, genii, and sages. In the third class are reckoned certain natural phenomena, as well as deceased statesmen and scholars. The emperor appears to acknowledge a supreme being as king of kings, the rewarder of virtue, and the punisher of vice ; but still Chinese philosophy is atheistical, and deduces " the devel- opment of the universe from one unintelligent and will-less principle." Hence all educated Chinese are atheists, at least theoretically. ^ Among the politer classes, when strangers meet, the ques- tion is asked, " To what sublime religion do you belong ?" and each one pronounces a eulogium, not on his own re- ligion, but on that professed by the others, and concludes with the oft-i-epcated formula, " Religions are many ; rea- son is one : we are all brothers." The government is equally tolerant of religious diversity, except where a political de- sign is suspected. Missions are maintained in China by Christians of many sects, and latterly with considerable success in some places; but the popular prejudice against Christianity is strong. There are some Chinese Moham- medans, chiefly in the W., and a few Chinese Jews. ffiatori/. — The early annals of China, like those of most other countries, belong rather to mythology than to history. Beginning with Pan-Ku, the first of all beings, the country was ruled over first by gods, and then god-descended per- sonages, who revealed to men the essenti.al arts of life. The historical period may be said to commence with the Hia period or dynasty, begun by Yu the Great about 2200 i.e., although a great infusion of the fabulous still continues. Some date the real history of China from the Tchow or Chow dynasty, which began with Wu-AVang about llOj i.e. It was during the reign of Ling-Wang (571-5^4), one of this dynasty, that Confucius was born. China would seem during this period to have been divided into a number of inde- pendent states. The kings of Tsin gradually gained the ascendency, and at last one of them reduced the other states to subjection (247 B.C.), and assumed the title of Hoang, or empersr. This first emperor finished the Great Wall (see above), as a protection against the Tartars, who had all along been a source of danger and annoyance to the richer and more pacific Chinese. Vfe cannot enumerate the vari- ous dynasties that followed, nor the frequent divisions and reunions of the empire, varied by incursions and partial subjugations by the troublesome Tartars. At last the Mon- gols or Western Tartars, being called in to aid the Chinese (1209), became finally masters of the whole country (1279), and reigned over it till 13fi8, when they were expelled by the Chinese, and the Ming native dynasty succeeded, which lasted 276 years and fell at length through its own mis- government. A general of the last Ming emperor, who was employed in keeping the Manchoos in check, made peace with them, and obtained their assistance against the native usurper who had deposed his sovereign. The Manchoos established themselves in Peking (1644), .and finally, after a seven-years' struggle, acquired the sovereignty of the whole empire. Many of the conquering race now filled the highest ofiices of state. More than one powerful emperor of the race has ably conducted the government of the coun- try, and the Manchoo dynasty still remains in power. Of recent events in Chinese history, the most remarkable is the rise and progress of the Tae-Ping rebels. Their leader was a man of humble origin, and an unsuccessful candidate for government employment. Some Christian tracts led him to renounce idolatry, and he founded a so- ciety of God-worshippers, which in the autumn of 1850 was brought into collision with the imperial authorities and immediately assumed a political character. He persuaded himself and his followers that he had received a divine com- mission to uproot idolatry, extirpate the Tartar intruders, and establish the new native dynasty of Tae-Ping, or Uni- versal Peace. The course of this rebellion, the victorious march of the Tae-Ping army from Kwang-Se to Nanking in 1850-53, and its subsequent career, cannot here be traced. This rebellion was suppressed in 1805 by imperial troops led by American and British oflicers, assisted by contingents of English and French troops. In early times the Chinese do not appear to have been opposed to intercourse with foreigners; but the conduct of the Spaniards and Poi'tuguese between 1520 and 1670 ex- cited their hostility. The Manchoo government restricted foreign trade and intercourse to Canton, whore it was car- ried on through the medium of the hong merchants. Dif- 8 CHI ferences arose, however, from time to time between these two commercial bodies, occasioned chiefly by the exactions of the mandarins on foreign trade. With a view to a better understanding, the British government despatched to Pe- king an embassy under Lord Macartney in 1792, and another under Lord Amherst in 1816. On the 22d of April, 1834, the monopoly of the East India Company ceased, and British imperial oflicers were appointed to carry out the new judi- cial and fiscal arrangements. Constant dissensions between these and the mandarins continued till the end of the year 1839, when the latter, with the design of stopping the opium- trade, committed acts of open hostility. A war broke out the following year, at the commencement of which Chinese oflicials talked of invading England. The imperial govern- ment was, however, sufiiciently humbled by the middle of the year 1842, and on the 29th of August a treaty of peace was signed before Nanking, by which the ports of Amoy, Foo- Choo, Ning-Po, and Shang-Hai were, in addition to Canton, thrown open to foreign trade. The other most important .articles of the treaty provided that the island of Hong- Kong should be ceded in perpetuity to Great Britain, and that China should pay 21,000,000 dollars towards the ex- penses of the war. With five free ports, foreign trade with China soon as- sumed gig.antio proportions; and though the Chinese long evaded the treaty whenever practicable, and though wars have since occurred with France and England, on the whole a much more liberal policy has prevailed, foreigners being now at liberty to travel in nearly every part of the em- pire. The open or treaty ports in 1878 were 21 in num- ber, viz., New-Chw.ang, Tien-Tsin, Che-Foo, Han-Keoo, Kioo-Kiang, E-Ching, Macao, Ching-Kiang-Foo, Shang- Hai, Ning-Po, Foo-Choo, Tamsui, Kee-Lung, Takow, Tai-Wan-Foo (Amping), Amoy, Swatoiv, Woo-Hoo, Wan- Chow, Canton, and Kiong-Choo, besides Maimaichin in the N., the seat of an important trade with Russia. Since 1861 many changes have taken place in the im- perial government, and a wiser policy has been entered upon. Under the regency of Prince Kung there exist a more vigorous administration of the laws and a more faith- ful observance of treaties. A national flag has been adopted, and a strong desire manifested by the imperial government to become acquainted with international law, — a wide de- parture from the former disdainful policy. In 1866 ar- rangements were made for telegraphic communication be- tween Peking and all parts of the world, and emigration to foreign countries was permitted. In 1867 Anson Burlin- game, formerly Minister from the United States to China, was selected as special ambassador to the treaty powers by the imperial government. In 1868-69 he visited theUnited States and European governments, with which powers he made treaties mutually advantageous. In 1877-78 Chinese Toorkistan, which under the rule of the late Yakoob Beg had become independent, was reconquered, after a short and sanguinary war, — the rebellions of Mohammedans in the N. and S.W. having previously been suppressed. Commerce. — The rivers and numberless canals of China are covered with vessels of all sizes, employed in the in- ternal commerce of the country, which consists chiefiy in the exchange of the various products of the several prov- inces. The Chinese are devoted to traifio, and the country is throughout its length and breadth a perpetual fair. Foreign trade with China has from small beginnings as- sumed great importance. Tea and raw silk are the great staple exports. But some fictile and wooden wares, fans, fire-crackers, musk, rhubarb, sugar, cassia, grass-cloth, and ornamental goods are also exported. The commerci.al intercourse of China is mainly with Great Bi-itain and the British colonies. Among other countries the United States takes the first rank, having about 10 per cent, of the commerce of China, Russia and Japan ranking next. China herself has a very large inter- nal and coastwise trade, chiefly between the northern and the southern provinces. This trade is partly cari-ied on by river and coasting steam-vessscls, some of them owned by Chinese and built in China. The only railwav in China, that from Ning-Po to Woo-Sung, 40 miles long, was in 1 878 purchased and destroyed by the government, apparently because it was believed to interfere with the Fc))t/-S/iuri/,'ii mysterious influence ascribed to "wind and water" by the Chinese. The popular feeling, however, is said now to favor the construction of railways. There is no cniuafie in China except the copper trJictt or "cash," which is in value about one mill of United States money ; and all but the most trifling payments arc niado by a certain weight of silver, or in Mexican or Spanish dol- lars, and now also in American and British trade-dollars. CHI 4i Gold is not a general medium of exchange. Chinese ac- counts are kept in taels, mace, candareens, and cash. A tael is worth 5s, Q^d. The total receipt from customs for 1S73 was 10,977,082 taels = £3,659,027 ; of this the duties on imports contributed £1,268,285, on exports £2,045,706. Adj. and inhab. Chinese, chi-neez', and Cathay'an (poetical) (Fr. Chinois, shee^nwi' ; Sp. Chino, chee'no ; Ger. adj. Chinesisch, Ke-ni'zish, inhab. Chinese, Ke-nA'zeh). Ching-An, ching^-^n', a remarkable cape on the N.E. coast of Siberia, in Behring Sea, about lat. 61° 40' N., Ion. 173° 40' W, It rises almost vertically from the sea to a great height, and is rendered conspicuous by a red band in- tersecting it from its summit to its base. Ching-Hai, ching'-hi', or Chiil-Hae, a seaport of China, province of Che-Kiang, at the mouth of the river leading to and 9 miles N.E. of Ning-Po. It is surrounded by a wall 20 feet high, and is 3 miles in circumference, with extensive suburbs. It has 2 batteries on the river-side, and a strong citadel on a precipitous cliff 250 feet high. Ching-Hai, a town of Corea, on its S. coast, at the mouth of the Han-Kiang River. Ching-Kiang, ching^-ke-3.ng', a city of China, 35 miles N.E. of Yun-Nan, on the bank of a lake. Ching-Kiang-Foo, ching'-ke-Sng'-foo, written also Chin-Keang,Tchiiig-Kiang,Chiii-Kiaiig-Foo, and Tchaiig-Kiaii£^, a city of China, province of Kiang- Soo, on the right bank of the Yang-tse-Kiang, near the junction of the Imperial Canal, in lat. 32° 17' N., Ion. 119° 25' E. It is a treaty-port, the imports exceeding those of any other Chinese port except Shanghai. It is advantage- ously situated for trade, and surrounded by a lofty and solid wall. Extensive suburbs stretch along the canal, and the activity exhibited on the waters affords evidence of the commercial importance of the city. The city was once for- tified, but has been dismantled. The place has suffered ex- tremely in the recent civil and foreign wars. Pop. 140,000. Ching-King, province of Manchooria. SeeLEAo-ToNG. Chiiigleput, ching^gle-pGt', or Siiig^alapet'ta, a town of India, chief town of the district, 36 miles S.S.W. of Madras, on the river Palar. Pop. 7979. Chiiigleput, a district of British India, Madras presi- dency, on the Coromandel coast, adjoining the city and dis- trict of Madras. Area, 2753 square miles. Capital, Ching- leput. Pop. in 1871, 938,184. Ching-Te, or Tching-Te-Fou, ching-ti-foo', written also Tscheng-Te, a city of China, province of Pe-Chee-Lee, 110 miles N.N.E. of Peking. Near it is the celebrated imperial palace Zhehol, zhi-hol' (otherwise written Gehol, Jehol, and Zheho), the summer residence of the emperor. Ching-Ting, Tching-Ting, or Tsching-Ting, ching^ting', a city of China, province of Pe-Chee-Lee, 155 miles S.S.W. of Peking. Ching^-Ton', a city of China, in Se-Chuen. Lat. 30° 40' N. ; Ion. 104° E. It is populous, adorned with fine edi- fices, intersected by canals, and the seat of an extensive commerce. It was formerly an imperial residence, and one of the largest cities of China. Ching-Too-Foo, Tching- Tou - Fou, or Tschilig-Tu-Fu, ching'-too'-foo', a city of China, capi- tal of Se-Chuen. Lat. 30° 50' N. ; Ion. 104° 20' E. Chingu, a river of Brazil. See Xingu. Chin-Hae, a town of China, See Ching-Hai. Chilli, or Chinee, che-nee', a large village of Sinde, 30 miles N.W. of Sehwan, at an elevation of 10,000 feet. Chin-Iudia, chin in'de-a, a name sometimes given to the peninsula of Indo-China. Adj. and inhab. Chin Indian, chin in'de-an. Chiiiiui, a town of India. See Chandahnee. Chin-Keang, China. See Ching-Kiang-Foo. Chin-Lin-Ling, China. See Shin-Lin-Ling. Chin-Lung, a town of Thibet. See Kien-Lung. Chinnanee, a town of India. See Chandahnee. Chin-Ngaii, or Tchin-Ngan, chin-n'gS,n', a city of China, province of Quang-See, near the Tonquin frontier. Lat. 23° 20' N. ; Ion. 106° 12' E. Chino, chee'no, a post-hamlet of San Bernardino co., Cal., in the valley of the Santa Anna Biver, about 35 miles E, by S. of Los Angeles. It has a church. Pop. of Chino township, 308, Chinois and Chino. See China. Chinon, shee^nAN^', a town of France, department of Indre-et-Loire, on the Vienne, 25 miles by rail S.AV. of Tours- Pop, 4536. Babelais was born here. Chinook, che'^nook', a hamlet of Pacific co., "Washing- ton, on the north bank of the Columbia River, about 6 miles N. of Astoria. } CHI Chinquepin, chink'a-pin, a village of Duplin co.^ N.C., on the Northeast River, about 40 miles N. of Wil- mington. It has an academy, and a manufactory of naval stores, rosin, Ac. Chinquepin, a township of Lexington co., S.C. P. 253. Chinray^apatam', a town of India, in the Deccan, in Mysore, 40 miles N.N.W. of Seringapatam. Chin- San, or Tchin-San, chin-sin', two small islands of China, in the Chusan group, S.E. of Chusan, about lat. 30° 29' N., Ion. 122° 56' E. Chinsoorah, or Chinsura, chin-soo'ri, a former town of Bengal, on the Hoogly, 30 miles N. of Calcutta. It is now a part of the city of Hoogly (q. v.). It was once a place of great importance. Pop. about 14,000. Chiny, shee'nee', a town of Belgium, in Luxembourg, on the Semoy, 8 miles S.S.W. of NeufchCiteau. Pop. 1050. Chill-Yang, a city of Manchooria. See Mookden. Chio, or Khio, an island of Turkey. See Scio. Chiobbe, che-ob'b^, a town of China, province of Fo- Kien, 15 miles S.W. of Amoy, lat. 24° 35' N., Ion. 117° 55' E., on a considerable river, which bears different names according to the district through which it flows. The town is large, has a custom-house and citadel, and along the river are fortifications. Pop. estimated at 300,000. The sur- rounding district is famed for the cultivation of the mul- berry-tree and the rearing of silk. Chioggia, ke-od'j5, (anc. Fos'sa Clo'dia), a seaport town of Italy, 15 miles S. of Venice, on an island in the southern extremity of the Venetian Lagoon. Pop. 26,336. It is about 2 miles in circumference, founded on piles, well built, and connected with the mainland by a stone bridge of 43 arches. It has a fine main street lined with porticos, a cathedral, various charitable institutions, and a harbor protected by 2 forts and several batteries. It has high schools, salt-works, yards for ship-building, fisheries, and a trade with the interior by the Brenta, Adige, Po, and sev- eral canals. It is a bishop's see, Chios, or Chio. See Scio. Chipicani, che-pe-k3,'nee, a mountain-peak of the Andes, near the boundary of Peru and Bolivia. Lat. 17" 43' S,_j Ion. 69° 47' W. Height, 19,740 feet. Chipiona, che-pe-o'na, a town of Spain, on the sea- coast, 22 miles N.N.W. of Cadiz. Pop. 1731. Chip^Iun',a town of India, Bombay presidency. Pop. 6556. Chip'inan's Brook, a post-village in Kings co.. Nova Scotia, on the Bay of Fundy, 21 miles from Kentville. Pop. 150. Chip'man's Point, a post-office of Addison co., Vt., on Lake Champlain, in Orwell township. Here is a steam- boat-landing. Chipo'ia, a post-office of Calhoun co., Fla., on the Chipola River. Chipo'Ia River rises in Henry co,, Ala., runs south- ward into Florida, and enters the Appalachicola River at or near lola, Calhoun co. It is about 130 miles long, and the lower part is navigable. Chip'paAva, a port of entry in Welland co., Ontario, at the confluence of the Chippawa River with the Niagara, above the Falls, 50 miles S.S.E. of Toronto. It contains a distillery, 2 tanneries, a woollen-factory, sash- and door- factory, grist-, shingle-, and saw-mills, and stores. Chip- pawa was the scene of a victory gained July 4, 1814, by the Americans, 1900 in number, commanded by General Brown, over the British, 2100 strong. It is on the Canada Southern Railway. Pop. 922. Chippenham, chip'num, a town of England, co. of Wilts, on the Avon, 22 miles by rail E, of Bristol. It has a spacious church, partly built in the twelfth century, a free school and other charities, a workhouse, and a literary institution. Pop. 3936. Chip'pewa, originally OjibAvay, or Ojibbewa, a river of Wisconsin, rises by several branches in the N. part of the state, and runs southward through Chippewa co., in which it receives a number of considerable affluents from the east or left hand. Below Chippewa Falls it flows south- westward, traverses Eau Claire and Dunn cos., and enters the Mississippi River at the S.E. end of Lake Pepin, about 4 miles above Wabasha. Its length is estimated at 300 miles. It traverses extensive pine forests, from which much lumber is exported. Its largest affluent is the Menomonee. Chip'pewa, a county of Michigan, is the most eastern part of the Upper Peninsula. It is bounded on the N. by Lake Superior and Tequamenon Bay, on the E. by St. Mary River, and on the S.E. by Lake Huron. The surface is extensively covered with forests of pine, sugar-maple, ot, a post-village of Amelia co., Va., on the Richmond & Danville Railroad, 30 mites W.S.W. of Richmond. It has a church. ChuMafin'nee, a post-village of Cleburne co., Ala., 13 miles E. of O.xford Railroad Station. There are several churches near it. Chulaho'ma, a post-villoge of M.arshall co.. Miss., about 48 miles S.E. of Memphis, Tenn. Pop. about 200. It has 3 churches and an academy. Chulas'ky, a post-office of Northumberland co.. Pa., is at Cameron Station on the North Branch of the Susque- hanna River, 7 miles above Northumberland. Chu'lio, a post-office of Floyd co., Ga. Chullumbrum, India. See Cheliumekum. Chulm, a village of Bohemia. See Kulm. Chulna, chool'na (anc. Crocuta ?), an islet of the Indian Ocean, 6 miles N.W. of Cape Monze, Beloochistan. Chulumani, choo-loo-mi'nee, a town of Bolivia, 45 miles E.N.E. of La Paz, on a head-stream of the Beni. Chuluwan, choo-loo-wan', or Holy Island, an island 5 or 6 miles long, on the E. co.ist of Africa, Mozam- bique Channel. Lat. 20° 38' S. ; Ion. 34° 53' E. Chumalari, Himalaya. Sec Shiimalari. Chum'ba, Chamba, or Tschamba, chtim'ba, a town of India, on the Ravec, at the foot of the Himalayas, 120 mites N.E. of Lahore. Lat. 32° 22' N. ; Ion. 75° 56' E. Pop. about 6000. It was formerly an important place of commerce. It is the chief town of a native tributary state of the same name, bounded N.E. by the Cashmere terri- tories. Area of state, 3216 square miles; pop. 130,000. Chum'bul', a river of India, rises in the Vindhya Mountains, Hows mostly N.E., and joins the Jumna 86 miles S.E. of Agra. Length, 760 miles. Chumie, choo'mee, a mountain-range of South Africa, Cape Colony, between the parallels of 32° and 33° S. and near the meridian of 27° E. Chumleigh, chilm'lee, a town of England, co. of Devon, on the Dart, 21 miles N.W. of Exeter. Chumorereel, Chamoreril, chum*o-re-reel', or Chumureri, chum'oo-re-ree', a lake of Ladakh, Asia. Lat. 33° N. ; Ion. 78° 20' E. Length, about 15 miles. Chum'paneer', or Pow'agurh', a town of India, Gwalior dominions, 160 miles W.S.W. of Oojein. Chumparun, or Champaran, chiim-pa-riln', a dis- trict of India, in the Patna division, province of Bahar, bounded N. by Nepaul. Lat. 26°-28° N. ; Ion. 84°-S6° E. Area, 3531 square miles. It is generally level and fertile, producing grain, rice, indigo, cordage, and saltpetre. Cap- ital, Motceharee. Pop. 1,440,815. Chum'pawut', a town of North Ilindostan, and the old capital of Kumaon, 36 miles S.E. of Almora. It is built of stone, and has some Hindoo temples. Chumureri, a lake in Asia. See Chlwouereel. Chunargurh, chUn-ar-gtir', Chunar, Chanar, or Tschanar, chun'^r, a town of India, Mirzapoor district, North-West Provinces, on the Ganges, and on a railway, 17 miles S.W. of Benares, with a fort, a prison, a hospital, and an old palace. Pop. 10,126. Chunchula, chun-choo'la, a post-hamlet of Mobile co., Ala., on the Mobile &■ Ohio Railroad, 19 miles N. of Mobile. It has a church and 4 distilleries of tui'pentine. Chundowsce, or Chandausi, ehun-dow'see, a town of India, district of Moradabad, North-West Provinces, 45 miles W. of Bareilly. Pop. 22,122. Chundrakona, or Chandrakona, chun-dra-ko'na, a town of Bengal, district of Midnapoor, 58 miles W. of Calcutta. It was once famous for cloth-weaving. P. 21,331. Chungamah, a town of India. See Chasgama. Chunkey's (chunk'iz) Station, a post-hamlet of Newton co.. Miss., on the Vicksburg tfe Meridian Railroad, 18 mites W. of Meridian. It has a church. Chun-Khing, a town of China. See Shun-King. Chun^nenug'gee, a station in Bullock co., Ala., on the Mobile & Girard Railroad, 50 miles W.S.W. of Colum- bus, Ga. Chun-Ning, a city of China. See Suun-Ning. Chun-Te, a city of China. See Shu.\-Te. Chupat, choo-pit', a river of Patagonia, which, after an E. course, enters the Atlantic in lat. 14° 15' S., Ion. 65° W. Chupat, choo-pit', or Chubut, choo-but', a Welsh colony in Patagonia, on the river Chupat. It has been for many years sustained by the government of the Argentine Republic. Pop. about 160. Chupee (choo'pee) Creek, of Georgia, flows S.E. through Monroe and Bibb cos., and enters the Ocmulgee about 9 mites S. of Macon. It is called also Tobesofka. CHU 476 CHU Chup'parah, a town of British India, 90 miles N.N.E. of Nagpoor. Chup'rah (native, Chkapra, chiip'ra), a town of India, capital of the Sarun district, near the Ganges, and 34 miles W.N.W. of Patna. It is a place of much wealth, but its trade is on the decline. It is distinguished for commerce in pottery, brass goods, and saltpetre. Pop. 46,287. Chuprowlee, chiip-row'lee, a town of the Meerut dis- trict, North-West Provinces, India. Lat. 22° 12' N. ; Ion. 77° 15' E. Pop. 6266. Chu^qua Ton'cha Creek, of Chickasaw co.. Miss., flows into Oktibbeha River. Chuqueapo, choo-ki-i-po', a river of Bolivia, rises in the Andes, near La Paz, flows mostly N., and may be con- sidered the head-stream of the Beni and Madeira Rivers. Chuqiiibamba, choo-ke-bAm'b4, a town of Peru, 15 miles N.W. of Arequipa. In the vicinity is a mountain of the same name. Lat. 15° 50' S. ; Ion. 72° 20' W. Eleva- tion, 21,000 feet. Chuquisaca, choo-ke-si'kJ., Sucre, soo'krA, Char- cas, char'kas, or La Plata, la pli'ti, a city of Bolivia, situated 9.343 feet above the sea-level, on a small plateau above the Rio de la Plata, a small affluent of the Cachimayo. Lat. 19° 40' S.; Ion. 65° 35' W. The houses, generally of two stories, are well built, and have usually small paved courts, with water running through them ; the streets are regular, spacious, and clean. The principal square is adorned with an elegant fountain. The buildings most de- serving of notice are the cathedral, a magnificent edifice in the Moresque style, with lofty towers and an immense dome, the churches of San Francisco and San Miguel, monasteries, nunneries, and a theatre. The principal educational estab- lishments are the Seminary of St. Christopher and the Col- lege of Junin. There is also an endowment called Colegio de las Educandas, where female orphans are brought up. Chuquisaca is the see of an archbishop. It was the capital of Bolivia until 1869. The great body of the population are Indians, who speak a language called Quichua. Im- mense treasures were formerly carried across the river at this point, on their way to Cuzco, the town of the Incas : hence, from the terms Choque saca {i.e., " bridge of gold"), in the Quichua language, the town is supposed to have derived its name. Pop. 20,000. Chuquisaca, a department of Bolivia, on the S.E. of the great table-land, comprehending four provinces, viz., Chuquisaca, Centi, Tornine, and Yamparaes. Chuquito, a town of Peru. See Chucuito. Chur, chooR (?), a mountain of India, one of the lofty peaks of Gurhwal, near the sources of the Jumna. Height, 12,149 feet. Lat. 30° 52' N. ; Ion. 77° 28' E. Chur, KOOR (Pr. Coire, kwan; ano. Cii'ria or Cu'ria Rhmto'rum; Romansh, Gnera and (JuoiVa), the capital of the Swiss canton of Grisons, in the valley of the Upper Rhine. It presents much curious architecture, and has a cathedral partly of the eighth century, a bishop's palace, Roman Catholic seminary, cantonal school and library, some manufactures of zinc wares and of cutting tools, and transit trade with Italy. It is a railway terminus. Pop. 7552. Church, a town of England, in Lancashire, 4 miles by rail E. of Blackburn. Pop. 4450. Church, a station in St. Clair co., 111., on the St. Louis, Alton k Terre Haute Railroad, 6 miles S.E. of East St. Louis. Church, a post-office of Clarion co., Pa. Church Buttes, huts, a station in Uintah co., Wyo- ming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 68 miles N.E. of Evanston, Church Creek, a post-village of Dorchester co., Md., about 6 miles S.S.W. of Cambridge. It has several stores. Church'es, a station in Jefferson co.. Col., on the Col- orado Central Railroad, 24 miles by rail N.W. of Denver. Church Grove, a post-office of Kno.\ co., Tenn. Church Hill, a post-village of Christian co., Ky., 6 miles S.W. of Hopkinsville. It has 2 churches. . Church Hill, a post-village of Queen Anne co., Md., about 38 miles E.S.E. of Baltimore. It has 5 churches. Pop. about 300. Church Hill, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co., Miss., about 14 miles N.E. of Natchez, and 3 miles from the Mis- sissippi River. It has a church. Church Hill, a post-village of Trumbull co.. 0., in Liberty township, on the Liberty A Vienna Branch Rail- road, 5 miles N.W. of Youngstown, and 2 miles from Girard Station. It has several churches and general stores. Church Hill, a post-oflico of Bucks co., Pa. Church Hill, a post-hamlet of Hawkins co., Tenn., on Holston River, 9 miles above Rogcrsville. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Church Hill, a post-village in Simcoe co., Ontario, 2 miles from Lefroy. Pop. 150. Church'ill, a county in the W. central part of Ne- vada, has an area of about 4300 square miles. It is partly drained by Carson River. The surface is mostly occupied by mountains and arid plains, in which timber and water are scarce. The soil requires irrigation to render it pro- ductive. Carson Lake, which is in this county, has no out- let. Capital, Stillwater. Valuation of real and personal estate, §524,836. Pop. in 1870, 196, of whom 140 were natives and 56 were foreigners. Church'ill, a post-h.amlet of Ottawa co., Kansas, on Saline River, 15 miles N. of Brookville. Churchill, a post-office of Ogemaw co., Mich. Church'ill, Mis'sinnip'pi, or English River, of Canada, rises about lat. 56° 40' N., Ion. 109° 45' W., runs eastward and northeastward through many lakes, and enters the west side of Hudson's Buy near Fort Churchill, in the district of Keewatin. Length, estimated at 800 miles. It is extensively navigated by canoes, but has many rapids. Church'land, a post-hamlet of Norfolk co., Va., 7 miles W. of Portsmouth. Church Mills, New York. See Wegatchie. Church Over, a small village in Shelburne co., Nova Scotia, on the sea-coast, 7 miles from Shelburne. Pop. 130. Church Point, a post-hamlet of St. Landry parish. La., on Bayou Plaquemine, 80 miles W.N.W. of Morgan City. It has a church. Church Road, a post-office and station of Dinwiddle CO., Va., on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 14 miles W.8.W. of Petersburg. Here is a church. Church Run, a locality in Crawford co., Pa., about 4 miles N. of Titusville. It has afforded much oil. A pipe- line runs hence to Titusville. Church's Corners, a post-office of Hillsdale co., Mich., 8 miles N.N.W. of Hudson. Church's Falls, a village of Ontario. See C.^tauact. Church Street, a post-village in Kings co.. Nova Scotia, 2 miles from Port AVilliams Station. Pop. 200. Church Stret'ton, a town of England, in Salop, 13 miles by rail S.S.W. of Shrewsbury. Pop. of parish, 1756. Church Town, England. See Church. Church'tOAVn, or Bruhen'ny, a village of Ireland, CO. of Cork. 7 miles S.S.W. of Charleville. P. of parish. 1319. Church'town, a post-hamlet of Columbia co., N.Y.. 2i miles from Claverack Railroad Station. It has a church. Churchtown, a post-office of W.^shingtort co., 0. Churchtown, a village of Cumberland co., Pa., in Monroe township, 1 mile from the Harrisburg & Potomac Railroad, and about 13 miles W.S.W. of Harrisburg. It h.as 3 churches and a plough-factory. The name of its post- office is Allen. Pop. about 450. ChurchtOAvn, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pa., in Caernarvon township, about 15 miles S. of Reading. It has 3 churches. Pop. about 200. Church View, a post-hamlct of Middlesex co., Va., 12 miles N.E. of West Point. It has a church. Church'ville, a post-village of St. Landry parish. La., on the Atchafalaya River, about 50 miles N.W. of Baton Rouge. It has several churches. Large quantities of cot- ton are shipped here. Churchville, a post-villnge of Harford co., Md., 9 miles W. of Havre de Grace, and 5 miles B. of Eclair. It has 3 churches. Churchville, a post-village of Monroe co., N.Y., on Black Creek, and on the New York Central Railroad, 14 miles W.S.W. of Rochester. It has 2 mills, a machine-shop, and 5 churches. Pop. about 450. Churchville, a post-hamlet of Bucks co., Pa., about 20 miles N.N.E. of Philadelphia. It has a church. Churchville, a post-village of Augusta co., Va., about 8 miles W.N.W. of Staunton. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 200. Churchville, a post-vill.ige in Peel oo., Ontario, on the river Credit, 9 miles S.W. of iMalton. It contains a tannery and flour- and saw-mills. Pop. 200. Churchville, a post-village in Piotou oo.. Nova Scotia, on the east branch of East River, 5 miles S. of New Glas- gow. . Pop. 150. Churkaree, or Charkhnri, char-kA'rco, a rajahship of India, in Bundelcund, tributary to the British. riiiirn'lown, a small mining village of Shasta oo., Cal., Churubusco, ehoo-roo-boos'ko, a village of Mexico, situated on the lUo do Churubusco, about (5 miles S. of the capital. It contains a massive stone convent. A battle was CIIU 477 CIL fought here on the 20th of August, 1847, between the Amer- icans under General Scott and the Mexicans under Santa Anna, resulting in the total defeat of the latter. Chur'ubus'co, a post-office of Franklin eo., Ala., 20 miles S.S.W. of Tuscumbia. Churubusco, a post-village of Whitley eo., Ind., in Smith township, on the Eel River Railroad, 10 miles N.E. of Columbia. It has 3 churches, an elevator, a saw-mill, and a money-order post-office. Pop. about 800. Churiibusco,asmall post-village of Clinton eo., N.Y., in Clinton township, on the Ogdensburg & Lake Champlain Railroad, .S7 miles W. of Rouse's Point. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Churum, a town of Asia Minor. See Choorook. Churwaldeil, KooR'AiPden. a village of Switzerland, canton of Grisons, miles S. of Chur. Pop. 632. Chusaii, choo^sin', one of a group of islands off the E. coast of China, province of Che-Kiang, opposite the estuary of the Tsien-Tang-Kiang, 50 miles E.N.E. of Ning-Po. Lat. of the hiirbor, 30° 0' 10" N. ; Ion. 122° 10' E. Length from E. to W., 10 miles ; breadth, from 6 to 20 miles. The surface is mountainous. The products comprise rice, wheat, tea, cloth-grass, sweet potatoes, cotton, tobacco, chestnuts, camphor, bamboos, walnuts, and varnish. Numerous towns and villages are scattered over the island, the capital being Ting-Hai, near the S. coast. Chuseiilij Koo-sen-lee' {?), an important town in the khanat and 80 miles N. of Khiva, on the Amoo-Darya. Chusistan, a province of Persia. See Khoozistan. Chuta-Ahmedpoor. See Ahmedpoor-Chuta. Chu'ta- (Cho'ta-, Chho'ta-, or Chu'tia-) Nag'- poor% a province of IBengal, comprising the British dis- tricts of Hazarybaugh, Lohardaga, Manbhoom, and Sing- boom, with seven small native tributary states. Lat. 21°- 25° N.; Ion. 82°-87° E. Area, 43,901 square miles. It consists largely of forests and sparsely-peopled jungles, producing lac, wild silk, and timber. Tea is also grown. Some thousands of the native hill-men are now Protestant Christians. Coal and iron abound. Pop. 3,825,571. Chuta- Nagpoor proper is a high plateau forming a part of the British district of Lohardaga. Chu'ta- (or Cho'ta-) Oo'dipoor', also written Chhota-Udipur, a native state of India, in Guzerat, with a capital of the same name, 60 miles E. of Baroda, Area, 820 square miles. Pop. 62,913. Chute a Bloiideau,shiit 3. bl4N»'do', a post-vill.age in Prescott CO., Ontario, on the river Ottawa, 73 miles below Ottawa. , Chute's Cove, or Hainp'ton, a post-village in An- napolis CO., Nova Scotia, on the Bay of Fundy, 5 miles from Bridgetown. Pop. 100. Chutteesgurh, chat-tees-giiR' (native, Chhcitisgarh), a commissionership of British India, Central Provinces. Lat. 16° 50'-23° 10' N. ; Ion. 80° 30'-83° 15' E. Area, 39,647 square miles. It comprises the districts of Raipoor, Belaspoor, and Sumbhulpoor, with seven native states. Pop. 3,289,043. Chutterbai, chutHer-bi', a stronghold of Asia, in an almost inaccessible position on the Indus, in hat. 34° 20' N., Ion. 72° 58' E., and belonging, with the fort Am and about 240 square miles of territory, to a predatory chief. Chutterpore, or Chutturpore. See Chatterpooh. Chut'wa (native, C///in(«a), a village of the Chumparun district, in Bahar, British India. Pop. 5402. Chuy, a river of Asia. See Chooi. Chwalynsk, a town of Russia. See Khtalynsk. ChAvan-Chow-Foo,atownof China. SeeCnincHEw. ChyiH)Oor-Baree, chin^poor'-ba'ree, a considerable town of Ilindostan, dominions and 50 miles E.S.E. of Bho- paul, in lat. 23° 2' N., Ion. 78° 15' E. Chypre, the French for CYPrujs. ChyroAV, kee'rov, a town of Austrian Galicia, at a rail- way junction, 56 miles S.W. of Lemberg. Pop. 1480. Ciainon Promontorium. See Cape Malek. Ciamot, chi-mot', written also Caiiiot, Chiamut, and Tschamut (It. Cima del Moiile, chee'mi dil mon'ti), a village of Switzerland, canton of Grisons, about 3 miles N.E. of Mount Baduz, and 5000 feet above the sea. Here commenced, in 1799, the rising against the French. Cianciana, ch^n-ch^'nS,, or San Antonio, siln in- to'ne-o, a town of Sicily, 16 miles N.W. of Girgenti. Pop. 4478. Near it are extensive sulphur-mines. Ciara, Brazil. See Ceara. Cibao, se-bi'o, the principal mountain of Hjvyti, near the centre of the island, in a chain which runs E. and W. Culminating point, 4590 feet in elevation. Cibinium, a town of Hungary. See Seben. Cibolo, or Rio Cibolo, ree'o se'bo-lo, a small river of Texas, runs southeastward and southward, drains parts of Be.xar, Comal, and Guadalupe cos., .and enters the San Antonio River in Karnes co., at or near Helena. It is about 150 miles long. CiboJo Valley, a post-office of Guadalupe co., Tex., on Cibolo Creek, and on the Galveston, Harrisburg & San An- tonio Railroad, 20 miles E. of San Antonio. Ciboure, seeMjoon', a village of France, in Hautes- Pyrences, with a port at the mouth of the Nivelle. P. 1910. Cicacole, a town of British India. See Chicacole. Cicagna, che-kin'yi, a village of Italy, 11 miles N. of Chiavari, at the foot of the Apennines. Pop. 2584. Cicciano, chit-chi'no, a town of Italy, in Caserta, 3 miles N. of Nola. Pop. 3845. Cicero, sis'e ro, a station on the Amador Branch of the Central Pacific Railroad, 9 miles E. of Gait, Cal. Cicero, a township of Cook co., 111. Pop. 1545. Cicero Station is on the Chicago, Burlington &, Quincy Railroad, 4 miles W. of Chicago. The township contains Austin. Cicero, a post-village of Hamilton co., Ind., in Jackson township, on Cicero Creek, and on the Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago Railroad, 28 miles N. of Indianapolis. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, and a money-order post-ofiice. Pop. 422. Cicero, a township of Tipton CO.", Ind. Pop. 3646. It contains the town of Tipton. Cicero, or Cicero Corners, a post-village of Cicero township, Onondaga co., N.Y., about 9 miles N. of Syracuse. It has a graded school and 3 churches. Pop. 212. Cicero township is bounded on the N. by Oneida Lake, and con- tains part of Brewerton, and a population of 2803. Cicero, a post-hamlet of Defiance co., 0., about 80 miles W.S.W. of Toledo. It has a church. Cicero, a township of Outagamie co.. Wis. Pop. 417. Cicero Creek, Indiana, rises in Tipton co., runs south- ward, and enters the White River (or its West Fork) in Hamilton co., about a mile below Noblesville. Cicola, chee-ko'I3. a river of Dalmatia, falls into the Kerka 11 miles above its mouth in the Adriatic. Cidade do Recife, a city of Brazil. See Recife. Cidade dos Reis, Brazil. See Natal. Ciechanow, tse-i-K^'nov, a town of Poland, province of Plock, 14 miles N.W. of Pultusk, on the Lidinia. P. 4867. Ciechanowiec, tse-i-Ki-no've-^ts, a town of Russian Poland, 45 miles S.W. of Bialystock, on the Nurzek. P. 520. Ciechanowiec, a town of Poland, government of Soovalki, on the Nurzek, opposite the above. Pop. 2761. Ciem-Pozuelos, Spain. See Cien-Pozuelos. Cienega, se-i-ni'gi, a post-office and mining locality of Yavapai co., Arizona, 32 miles E. of Prescott. Here much gold was at one time obtained by washing. Cienega, a station in Los Angeles co., Cal., on the railroad from Los Angeles to Santa Monica, 6 miles W. of Los Angeles. Cienfuegos, se-3n-fwi'gooe, a town of Cubii, on its S. coast, and on the Bay of Jagua. Lat. 22° 15' N. ; Ion. 81° W. It is connected by railways with the principal towns of the island, and ships much cacao, sugar, and molasses. It has a fine harbor. Pop. 8000. Cien-Pozuelos, the-5n'-po-thwi'Ioce, sometimes written Ciem-Pozuelos, a town of Sp.ain, in New Castile, 20 miles S. by E. of Madrid. Pop. 2614. Cieplice, tse-i-pleet'si, a village of Austrian Galicia, 30 miles N.N.W. of Przemysl. Pop. 2849. Cierp, se-aiRp', a village of France, in Haute-Garonne, near Saint-Gaudens. Pop. 1003. Cies, an island of Spain. See Bayoxa. Cieszkowice, tse-a-shko-veet'sA, a town of Austria, in Galicia, on the Biala. 17 miles N.E. of Neu Sandeo. P. 1929. Cieza, the-A'thii, a town of Spain. 26 miles by r.ail N.W. of Murcia, near the Segura. Pop. about 8000. It has manufactures of cloth. On the opposite side of the river are vestiges of a Roman town, supposed to be Carteia. Cifuentes, the-foo-^n't^s or the-fwSn'tSs, a town of Spain, 34 miles N.E. of Guadalajara. Pop. 1475. Cigar'ville, a post-hamlet of Onond.aga co., N.Y., in Clay township, at Clay Station on the Syracuse Northern Railroad, 11 miles N. of Syracuse. It has a church. Cigliano, eheel-yi'no, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 18 miles W. of Vercelli. Pop. 6246. Cilavegna, che-U-vin'yi, a town of Italy, 4 miles N.E. of Mortara. Pop. 3878. Cilicia, se-lish'e-a, an ancient division of Asia Minor, in the extreme S.E., now included in the Turkish vilayets of Adana and Itch-Elee. Cilician Gates, Asiatic Turkey. See Golek-Boghaz. CIL 478 cm Cilisa«Hissar, a, town of Asia. See Kiz-ITissar. Ciltcros, theel-yi'roce, a town of Spain, in Estrema- dura, 50 miles N.N.W. of Caeeres. Pop. 2451. Cilly, Cilli, sil'lee, or Zilli (Gar. pron. of all, tsil'lee ; anc. Clau'dia Cele'ia?), a town of Styria, on the Save, 58 miles by rail S. of Gratz. It has a gymnasium, a high school, and some trade in wine and oil. It derived its ancient name from the Roman emperor Claudius, its re- puted founder. Pop. 4224. Ciiua del Monte, Switzerland. See Ciamot. Cimarron (Sp. for '* wild"), or Semerone, sce-m^- ron', a river which rises among the Raton Mountains, near the boundary between Colorado and New Mexico. It first runs eastward, and enters the state of Kansas near its south- western angle. It crosses several times the southern bound- ary of Kansas, and passes into the Indian Territory, in which it runs southeastward and eastward until it enters the Arkansas River in that territory, near lat. 36° 10' N. Length, estimated at 650 miles. The Cimarron traverses extensive plains nearly destitute of forests. Cimarron, a post-village in Foote co., Kansas, on the Arkansas River, and on the Atchison, Topeka k Santa Fe Railroad, 19 miles W. of Dodge City. It has a newspaper office. Cimarron, a post-village, capital of Colfax co,, New Mexico, near a range of high mountains, 65 miles S. of El Moro, Col. It has a money-order post-office, a bank, 2 churches, and a newspaper office. Cimarus, the supposed ancient name of Grabusa. Cimbcbasia, sim-be-bi'she-a, a country on the S.W. coast of Africa, between Cape Frio and Walfish Bay. The coast is said to be inhabited by the tribe of Cimbebas (sim- b^'bas), respecting whom little is known. Cim braes, islands of Scotland. See Cumbray. Cimbrisham, sim'bris-him (anc. Cimbro'nun Por'- tuer), a town of Sweden, 33 miles S.S.E. of Christianstad, on the Baltic. Pop. 1449. It has an active fishery. Ciminna, che-min'nfl, a town of Sicily, IS miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 5721. Cimitile, che-me-tee'Ii, a town of Italy, province of Caserta, 1 mile N. of Nola. Pop. 4425. Cimmerian Bosporus, See Yenikale. Cimolis, or Cimolus. See Argentiera. Cimone, che-mo'ni, a mountain of Italy, a summit of the Apennines, on the S. boundary of the province of Mo- dena. Lat. 44° 13' N. ; Ion. 10° 43' E. Height, 6975 feet. Cina, the Italian name of China. Cinaloa, or Sinaloa, sin-5,-lo'i, a state of Mexico, situated between the Gulf of California and the state of Du- rango, and stretching from lat. 22° 33' to 26° 58' N., a dis- tance of about 220 miles, and having a general breadth of about 150 miles. Area, 36,189 square miles. The country along the coast is generally low and flat, with a sandy soil, which yields good crops of Indian corn and wheat where it can be irrigated. The mountains are usually covered with stunted trees and bushes; but towards the eastern frontier there are extensive forests. The rains commence about the 20th of June, and last two months. The greatest heat is experienced before the rains, from the month of March, when the country resembles a desert. Capital, Culiacan. Pop. 168,031. Cinaloa, called also Villa de San Felipe y San- tiago de Cinaloa, vee'yi di san fi-lee'pi ee s5,n-te- ^'go di sin-&,-lo'a, a town of Mexico, in the above state, on a small stream, about 50 miles from its entrance into the Gulf of California, and 300 miles N.W. of Durango. Lat. 22° 45' N. ; Ion. 108° 7' AV. It is a thriving place, with gold-washings in the vicinity. Pop. about 9500. Cinca, theen'kd (anc. Ciii'(/a), a river of Spain, rises in a small lake in the Pyrenees, on the French frontier, and, proceeding S. through Aragon. joins the Segre a little above its confluence with the Ebro. Length, 70 miles. Cincinnati, sin-sin-nah'tee, a post-village of Wash- ington CO., Ark., 80 miles S. of Neosho, Mo. It has several churches, an academy, a tannery, and 3 or 4 stores. Cincinnati, a post-office of Pike co., 111., on the Mis- sissippi River, about 12 miles below Hannibal, Mo. Here is a shipping-point. Cincinnati, a township of Tazewell co.. III. It includes a part of Pekin. Pop., exclusive of Pekin, 758. Cincinnati, a post-hamlet of Greene co., Ind., in Centre township, 11 miles E. of Bloomfield. It has a church. Cincinnati, a post-village of Appanoose co., Iowa, in Pleasant township, on the Burlington & Southwestern Railroad, 115 miles W. by S. from Burlington. It has 2 churches. Cincinnati, a township of Harrison co., Iowa. Pop. 518. It contains California Junction. Cincinnati, a post-hamlet of Pawnee co., Neb., on the South Fork of Big Nemaha River, about 75 miles S.S.E. of Lincoln. Cincinnati, sin-sin-nah'tee, the metropolis of tlie state of Ohio, and the county seat of Hamilton co., is on the right or N. bank of the Ohio River, opposite the mouth of the Licking. By water it is 476 miles from Pittsburg, Pa., 142 miles from Louisville, Ky., 529 miles from Cairo at the mouth of the Ohio, 70S miles from St. Louis, Mo., and 1520 miles from New Orleans, La. It is, by railway, 100 miles N. of Lexington, Ky., 120 miles S.W. of Columbus, 0., 340 miles E. of St. Louis, 270 miles S.E. of Chicago, 111., and 610 miles from Washington by the shortest railway line. Lat. 39° 6' 30" N.; Ion. 84° 26' W. from Greenwich. The upper portion of the city is 540 feet above sea-level. Cincinnati is situated in a valley about 3 miles in diam- eter, environed on the N. side by a semicircular range of hills rising 400 feet above the river, while around the southern margin the Ohio sweeps in a grand curve from the E. to the W. side of the city. The greater part of the city is built on two terraces or plains, the first 60 and the second 112 feet higher than low-water mark. The front margin of the latter, originally a steep bank, has been graded to a gentle declivity, so that the drainage of much of the city is made directly into the river. The upper ter- race, comprising two-thirds of the area of the valley, is somewhat undulating in its surface, but in the main slopes to the N., and, at an average distance of a mile, terminates at the base of the hitls. The central and business portions of the city are compactly built, and a large proportion of the entire valley is already built up. The streets are laid out with much regularity, and are about 66 feet wide; most of them are well graded, and paved with boulders ; the side- walks are wide, paved with brick and stone, and on many streets lined with shade-trees; the streets are all well lighted with gas. Main street runs nearly N. from the river, with Broadway, Sycamore, Walnut, Vine, Race, Elm, Plum, Cen- tral Avenue, &c., parallel with it. These are intersected at right angles by some twenty principal streets, named Front, Second, Pearl, Third, Fourth, Fifth, &c The wholesale busi- ness houses are principally upon Main, Walnut, Vine, Co- lumbia, and Pearl streets, and the retail stores upon Fourth and Fifth streets and Central Avenue. There is a fine public landing or levee, about 1000 feet long by an average width of 425 feet, along Front street at the foot of Main and Sycamore streets and Broadway. The shore is well paved from low-water mark, and there are floating wharves and wharf-boats all along the shore-line. The city govern- ment is vested in a mayor, a board of aldermen, and a city council, consisting of two representatives from each ward, of which there are 25; and the city has an efficient fire department, a complete system of fire-alarm telegraph, and an excellent police force. The water is good and the supply ample. Cincinnati is liberally provided with public parks, of which one, known as Burn's Woods, comprises about 170 acres, and is well wooded, while another, the famous *' Eden Park," often styled "the Garden of Eden," has an area of about 220 acres, and affords fine views of the city, the valley of the Ohio, and miles of surrounding country. The chief cemetery, called Spring Grove, is noted as one of the most beautiful and picturesque in the West, and embraces upwards of 600 acres. Besides the public parks, the people enjoy easy and cheap access to the many beautiful suburbnn and more distant villages, and the delightful and healthful country for many miles around, there being 14 lines of omnibuses and stages running out to a distance of from 5 to 25 miles, besides 14 lines of street railway which run to all parts of the city and to the suburban villages of Clifton, Avondale, &g. This is a considerable advantage, not merely for transient trips, but as making available desirable locations for residences: indeed, the growing business of Cincinnati is steadily taking possession of former dwellings and crowding the people out of the cen- tral and business quarters. There are also numerous en- joyable driving-roads, 2 fine bridges, and 4 ferries to the Kentucky shore. Among the buildings of a more or less public character we shall mention but a few of the more notable. The United States building, comprising the post-office, custom-house, United States courts, Ac, is a largo eilifico, 150 by SO feet, 3 stories high, of sawed freestone and in Kmiian Corinthian style of architecture, with a grand porch supported by 6 massive columns. A new United States building, of gran- ite, in the Renaissance style, of larger proportions (354 feet long by 164 feet wide, 4 stories high), to meet the re- GIN quirements of the growing business of Cincinnati, is in course of erection, and, when completed, will be one of the handsomest buildings in the West. The county court- house is 175 feet square, 3 stories high, in the lloman Co- rinthian, of iron, brick, and Dayton stone : it with its yard and the county jail, in its rear, 150 feet square, occupies an entire square. The city hall is 205 feet long by 52 feet wide, and is built of brick, with little or no architec- tural character, but well adapted to its purposes. The city workhouse and house of correction, with farm attached, located in Mill Creek Valley, about 3^ miles from the custom-house, is 515 by 55 feet, of brick, in the Romanesque, and has cells for 700 prisoners, while the farm includes 26 acres. The public library building — or buildings, for there are two, united by a two-story corridor — occupies a lot of SO feet by 190, and one building is 80 by 45, the other 80 by 112 feet: the style of architecture is a modified lloman- esque. The masonic temple is a brick building with free- stone front, and is 195 by 100 feet, -1 stories high, with two towers each 140 feet high, and a spire ISO feet. Pike's opera-house is 134 by 170 feet, 5 stories high, the front of fine sandstone, and is in the Elizabethan style : it is one of the finest edifices of the kind upon this continent. Mozart Hall has an auditorium capable of seating 3000 persons. The general hospital has an enclosure of about 4 acres, and comprises 8 buildings grouped about a central court with corridors; there are beds for 700 patients. Cincinnati maintains an asylum for the insane, called the Longview AsyUiin, about 10 miles from the city; the buildings are large and commodious, and there is a farm of 110 acres. There are many other buildings that are not unworthy of notice, including more than 150 churches, of which a number are very handsome specimens of a correct architect- ural taste : of these, St. Peter's cathedral (Roman Catholic) is the finest, being a large edifice, 200 by 80 feet, of Dayton limestone, in pure Grecian style, with a portico sustained by 10 sandstone columns, and a graceful spire, rising to a height of 224 feet; St. Paul's and St. John's churches (Protestant Episcopal) are rather quaint, but attractive, buildings, the one Norman-Gothic, the other severe Nor- man ; the Ninth street Baptist, the First Presbyterian, the First Congregational, and St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal churches are also handsome structures; while the Hebrew synagogue, in the Moorish style, and the Hebrew temple, in the Gothic, are notable edifices. By no means the least meritorious structures of Cincinnati, viewed merely as prod- ucts of engineering skill, are its two suspension-bridges. The Cincinnati College is an admirable institution, with a full, able faculty, and all the requisite apparatus, &c,, of a well-equipped college; there are 4 other colleges of a general character, 6 medical colleges, a dental college, a law college, 5 commercial colleges, numerous academies and schools of a high grade, and a large number of private schools for girls and boys of all ages, besides a complete and efficient system of public schools, including about 40 schools of all grades, with more than 500 teachers and from 30,000 to 40,000 pupils. Besides the public library, with about 75,000 volumes, there are the Young Men's Mercantile Library, with 35,000 volumes, and the library of the His- torical Society. Cincinnati has 7 daily and 33 weekly papers, and 3 semi-monthly and 27 monthly periodicals. The location of Cincinnati makes it a centre of a large internal trade, and its railroad and waterconnections render it one of the most important commercial centres of the AVest. Eighteen railroads and 8 lines of packets connect Cincinnati with all parts of the country ; there are more than 350 steamboats, with a tonnage of nearly 90,000, con- stantly plying between this city and other points on the river. The imports of Cincinnati for 1872 amounted to §317,646,608, and her exports to $200,607,040, and both im- ports and exports are steadily increasing year after year. In manufactures, too, Cincinnati takes a leading rank among "Western cities. In 1872, 3971 establishments, occu- pying more than 45 million dollars' worth of real estate and having more than 55 million dollars capital, employed 43,739 persons, and produced goods to the value of more than 100 million dollars. Cincinnati was first settled at the close of the year 17S8 ; for some years it did not flourish, and it was not until 1S16 that there appeared any probability of its ever growing be- yond the proportions of a village. From that time, when navigiition opened upon the Ohio River, it has grown with great rapidity. It was incorporated as a city in 1819, and the census of 1820 showed a population of 9602. In 1830 its population was 23,830; in 1S40, 46,338; in 1850, 115,438; in I860, 171,000; in 1870, 216,239; and in 1879 it was estimated to be nearly 300,000. 479 ciisr Cincinnati, a post-office of Walker co., Tex., on the Trinity River, 13 miles N. of Huntsville. Here is a steam- boat-landing. Cincinnati Junction, a station on the Louisville & Nashville and Cincinnati & Lexington Railroads, 3 miles from Louisville, Ky. It is called also Nashville Junction. Cincinna'tus, a post-village of Cortland co., N.Y., in Cincinnatus township, on Otselie River, 12 miles from Marathon, and about 30 miles N. of Binghamton. It con- tains 3 churches and the Cincinnatus Academy. Pop. 350; of the township, 1079. The township has 2 creameries and numerous dairies. Cinco-Seiiores, seen'ko-s5n-yo'r^s, a town of Mexico, state and 106 miles N. by W. of Durango. It formed one of the mission settlements of the Jesuits, and was occupied by Indians. Ciney, see^ni', a town of Belgium, province and 15 miles by rail S.E. of Namur. It has manufactures of pot- tery. Pop. 2750. Cinga, a river of Spain. See Cinca. Cingalese, or Singhalese. Sec Ckvlon. Cingoli, chin'go-le, or Cingolo, chin'go-lo (anc. Cht'- gultim), a town of Italy, in the Marches, 14 miles W.N.W. of Macerata, on the Musone. Pop. 12,150. Cinigiano, che-ne-jd.'no, a town of Italy, province of Grosseto, 2S miles by rail S. by E. of Siena. Pop. 4125. CinisellOf ehe-ne-sSl'lo, a town of Italy, 6 miles N. of Milan. Pop. 2665. Cinisi, che-nee'see, a town of Sicily, 14 miles W.N.W. of Palermo, near the coast. Pop. 6600. Cin'naltar, a post-ofiice of San Benito co.. Cal. Cinnamin'son, or VVest'field, a post-village of Bur- lington CO., N.J., in Cinnaminson township, 1 mile from Riverton Station, which is 8 miles N.E. of Camden. It has a church and about 25 dwellings. The township is bounded on the N.W. by the Delaware River. Pop. 3112. Cin'namon Mountain, Colorado, a peak of the Elk Mountains, in lat. 39° N., Ion. 107° 2' W. Its altitude is 12,600 feet above the sea-level. Cinq-Mars, s^Nk'-maii', a town of France, in Indre- et-Loire, 16 miles N.E. of Chinon, near the Loire. It has a remarkable square tower of Roman origin. Pop. 1980. Cinquefrondi, chin-kwA-fron'dee, a town of Italy, province of Reggio di Calabria, 15 miles E.N.E. of Palmi. Pop. 5601. It was nearly ruined by the earthquake of 1783. Cinque Plommes, sink hom, a township of Perry co., Mo. Pop. 2910. It includes Perryville. Cinque (sink) Ports, seaports of England, namely, Dover, Sandwich, Hythe, and Romney, on the coast of Kent, and Rye, Winchelsea, and Hastings, on the coast of Sussex. Their number, as the name imports, was originally five, Winchelsea and Rye and many subordinate members having been subsequently added. The original Cinque Ports were created by William the Conqueror; the others were added before the reign of Henry III. They were endowed with various important privileges, in considera- tion of their furnishing a certain quota of ships of war, properly equipped and manned, for the king's use when demanded. At present they have a peculiar system of courts, and are under the superintendence of a lord warden, who is also governor of Dover Castle. CintegabeMe, s^xt'ga'b^ir, a town of France, in Haute-Garonne, on the Ariege, 20 miles S. of Toulouse. Pop. 819; of commune, 3501. Cinti, or Zinti, seen'tee, a town of Bolivia, 125 miles S. of Chuqulsaca. Pop. 2000. Cintra, or Sintra, sin'tra or seen'tri, a town of Por- tugal, in Estremadura, 14 miles by tramway N.W. of Lisbon, on the slope of the mountain-chain of Cintra, which terminates at Cape Roca. It is remarkable for the picturesque beauty of its situation and for its delicious climate. It has an ancient royal castle, and numerous villas of the inhabitants of Lisbon. Pop. 4489. Cintruenigo, theen-troo-i-nee'go, a town of Spain, in Navarre, 14 miFes W. of Tudela, on the Alhama. Pop. 2696. Ciotat, or La Ciotat, Id. seeVi'tS,' (anc, Cilharis'ta),?i. town of France, in Bouches-du-Rhone, on the W. side of a bay in the Mediterranean, 14 miles by rail S.E. of Mar- seilles. Pop. S104. It is enclosed by old walls, is well built, and has a town hall, hospital, lazaretto, school of navigation, a port enclosed by a mole, a light-house, ship- yards, and a brisk trade in dry fruits, wine, and olive oil, Cipricaglie Islands. See Cervicales. Cipro, the Italian for Cyprus. Circpcum Promontorium. See Circello. Circars, India. See Northicrn Ciucars. cm 480 CIT Circassia, sir-kash'e-a, or Tcherkessia, cher-kes'- B?-a, a region of the Western Caucasus, now included in the Kussian governments of Kooban and Chernomorsk, and bounded S. W. by the Black Sea and N. by the river Kooban. It is famous for the physical beauty of its people, their long, bloody, and valorous wars with Kussia, their custom of selling their most beautiful girls to the Turks, and their almost complete expatriation, nearly all the people having voluntarily migrated to Turkey since the conquest of Cir- cassia by the Russians (1864). The Circassians profess Mo- hammedanism. Their language is of a very peculiar char- acter, and its relationships are obscure. Circeilo, chiR-chSl'lo, or Circeo, chlR-chi'o (nnc. Circm'unt Promonto'rmm), a headland of Italy, on the Medi- terranean, 12 miles W.S.AV. of Terracina. Lat. 41° 13' N. ; Ion. 13° 3' E. Height above the sea, 1713 feet. Circesium, the ancient name of Karkissa. Circle, s^r'k'l, a post-office of Vermilion co., III. Circleville, Indiana. See Scircleville. Circleville, s^r'k'l-vil, a post-hamlet of Tazewell co., 111., about 8 miles S. of Pekin. Circleville, a post-hamlet of Jackson co,, Kansas, on the Kansas Central Ilailroad, S^ miles W.N.W. of Holton. It has a church and a seminary. Circleville, a post-hamlet of Orange co., N.Y., and a station on the Middletown & Crawford Railroad, 7 miles N. of Middletown. It has a church. Circleville, a city, capital of Pickaway co., 0., is on the left or E. bank of the Scioto River, on the Ohio Canal and the Cincinnati tfe Muskingum Valley Railroad, at its junc- tion with the Scioto Valley Railroad, 104 miles E.N.K. of Cincinnati, 25 miles S. of Columbus, and 20 miles N. of Chillioothe. It derives its name from a circular fortifica- tion or earthwork raised here by some ancient people. It contains 12 churches, a large union school building, 2 national banks, 1 other bank, a high school, and several mills. Four newspapers are published here. Pop. 5407. Circleville, a hamlet of Westmoreland co.. Pa., 1 mile from Larimer Station, which is 20 miles E.S.E. of Pitts- burg. It has 2 churches. Post-office, Tinker Run. Circleville, a post-village of Williamson co., Tex., 4 miles from Taylorville Railroad Station. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and 25 dwellings. Circleville, a post-offiee of Loudoun co., Va. Circleville, a village of Pendleton co., W. Va., about 50 miles W.N.W. of Harrisonburg, Va. It has a church, a tannery, and 2 stores. Here is Mount Freedom Post-Office. Cirencester, sis'^-ter (anc. Corin'inm), a town of Eng- land, CO. and IG miles S.E. of Gloucester, on a railway, on the river Churn, and on a canal. It was a town of the ancient Britons, and occupies a portion of the site of the Roman town, the walls of which, about 2 miles in circumference, are still traceable. The principal buildings comprise a parish church of the fifteenth century, remains of a very ancient abbey, hospitals for the poor, and a workhouse. Public institutions, a free grammar-school, blue- and yellow- coat schools, Ac. The principal manufactures are of carpets, woollen cloths, and cutlery. Near the town is a roy^al agri- cultural college. Many Roman remains have been dis- covered in the vicinity. Pop. 4685. Cirey, seeVi', a village of France, in Meurtho-et-Mo- selle, 33 miles E. of Nancy. Pop. 2324. It has glass-works and manufactures of mirrors. Cirey, a village of France, in Haute-Marne, 12 miles S. of Vassy, on the Blaise. Pop. 666. Cirie, seeh-ee', a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 12 miles N.N.W. of Turin, on a branch of the Stura. Pop. 4359. Ciro, chee'ro, a town of Italy, province of Catanzaro, 21 iniles by rail N.N.W. of Cotrone, and 3 miles from the Mediterranean. Pop. 5038, It is enclosed by walls, has a castle, churches, a seminary, manufactures of serge and coarse linens, trade in manna, and an anchovy-fishery. Ciron, see^rdN"', a small river of France, joins the Ga- ronne below Langon. Cirta, the ancient name for Constaxtine. Cisalpine (sis-al'pin) Republic, a former state in the North of Italy, formed by the French in 1797 of parts of Milan, Mantua, the Valtelline, the Venetian territory S. and W. of the Adige, Modena. and the N. part of the Pontifical States, In 1802 it took the name of the Italian Republic, and in 1805 it became part of the kingdom of Italy. Ciscaucasia, sis^kaw-ka'zh§-a, a name applied to the European portion of the lieutenancy of the Caucasus, in-' eluding the government of Stavropol and the Cossack dis- tricts of Terek and Kooban, to which some authorities add Daghostan, which, like the other districts hero named, is on the N. slope of the Caucasus range. Cisco, sis'ko, a post-office and station of Placer co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 92 miles N.E. of Sacramento. Gold is found near this place, Cisco, a post-hamlet of Piatt co., III., on the India- napolis, Bloomington & Western Railroad, 17 miles N.E. of Decatur. It has a church. Cisleithania, sis-li-th4'ne-a, or sis-li-ti'nee-i, a des- ignation of the Austrian or W. part of the empire of Austro-Hungary, — the kingdom of Hungary being dis- tinguished as Transleithania, since the river Leytha forms a part of the dividing-line between them. Cisleithania comprises 14 crown-lands {named in the article Austro- Hungary). Capital, Vienna. Area, 115,644 square miles. Pop. in 1869, 20,401,618. Cis'ne, or Cis'nee, a post-hamlet of Wayne co.. 111., in Bedford township, on the Springfield division of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 11 miles S. of Flora. It has a church, a flour-mill, &c. Cisneros, thees-ni'roce, a town of Spain, in Leon, 24 miles N.W. of Palencia. Pop. 1723. Cisoing, or Cysoing, see^zw5,N°', a village of France, department of Nord, S miles S.E. of Lille. Pop. 2405. Cissa, the supposed ancient name of Guisona. Cissos, the ancient name of Chessie. CisteauY (Cistercium), France. See C5teaux. Cis'tern, a post-office of Fayette co., Tex. Cisterna, chis-t^R'n^, a village of Italy, 8 miles by rail S.S.E. of Velletri. Pop. 3012. Cisterna, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 23 miles S.E. of Turin. Pop. 2216. Cisterna, a village of Italy, province of Caserta, 9 miles N.E. of Naples. Pop. 1301. Cisternino, chis-teR-nee'no, a town of Italy, province of Bari, 17 miles S.E. of Monopoli. Pop. 5459. Cistrieres, seesHre-aiR', a village of France, in Haute- Loire, 11 miles E. of Brioude. Pop. 1050. Citara, che-t^'rS,, or Cetara, ch^i-ti'ri, a town of Italy, province of Salerno, on the Gulf of Salerno, 3J mile3 S.W. of the city of Salerno. Pop. 2555. Citara, se-ti'r^, or Quibdo, keeb'do, a town of the United States of Colombia, on the Atrato, SO miles S.W. of Antioquia. Pop. 3000. Citeaux, seeHo', formerly Cisteaux (L. Cister'cinm), a hamlet of France, in Cote-d'Or, 14 miles N.E. of Beaune, on the Vouge. It was the seat of the monastery of Citeaux, the buildings of which still attest its former magnificence. The monastic order of Cistercians was founded here in 1098. Its buildings are now occupied by a boys' reform-school. Cithieron {sith-ee'ron ; Gr. Ki^atpui*'), now £latea, el-S,-tee'd,, a famous mountain of Greece, on the boundary between Attica and Boeotia. Height, 4620 feet. Citharista, the supposed ancient name of Ciotat. Citinm, an ancient name for Chiti. Citronelle, sitVo-nel', a post-village of Mobile eo., Ala., on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 33 miles N.N.W. of Mobile, It has 3 churches, and manufactures of rosin and turpentine. Ci'trus, a post-office of Los Angeles co., Cal, Cittadella, chit-t^-d^l'ld, a town of Northern Italy, 14 miles N.E. of Vicenza, on the Brentella. Pop. 8505, partly engaged in paper- and woollen-factories. It has hospitals, elementary schools, and a theatre, Citta della Pieve, chit-t4' d^l'lA pe-A'vi, a town of Italy, in Umbria, 23 miles W.S.W. of Perugia. It is a bishop's see, and was the birthplace of Perugino. P. 6504. Citta di Castello, chit-tfi' dee kAs-t^l'lo, or simply CastellO (anc. Tiheri'nnm), a town of Italy, in Umbria, about 30 miles N.W. of Perugia, on the Tiber. Pop. 6090. It has a cathedral, a hospital, a seminary, many eoclesinstical buildings, manufactures of silk twist, and several fine old palaces. It is a bishop's see, Citta Ducale, Italy. See Civita Ducale. Cittanova, chit^tS,-no'vA, a town of Italy, province of Reggio di Calabria, near Palmi. Pop. 12,177. Citta Nuova, chit-td' noo-o'vi, a town of Austro- Hungary, 26 miles S.W. of Triest, on the Adriatic. P. 1460. Citta Nuova, chit-ti' noo-o'vi, a town of Albania, 30 miles N.N.W. of Ochrida, on an affluent of the Drin. Citta Vccchia, chit-ti' v5k'ke-i. or Notabile, no- ta'be-hV. a city of Malta, near the centre of the island. 6 miles W, of Valetta, It stands on a limestone hill, in which extensive catacombs have been excavated at a remote period. The cathedral is a large and handsome edifice, from wliich a view of the whole island is obtained. Citta A'ecehia, while in possession of the Saracens, was called Medina, (md-dee'- ni), and while in that of the Aragoneso, Notabilo, It is strongly fortified. Pop. 22,182. CIT 481 CLA Citta Vecchia, a seaport on the island of Lesina, in Dalniatia, 23 miles S. of Spalato. Pop. 2772. Cit'y, a post-hamlet of Dutchess cc, N.Y., in Amenia township, .3 miles from Shekomeko Railroad Station. It has a church. City Bluff, a post-hamlet of Nodaway co., Mo., on the Nodaway River, IB miles N.W. of Maryville. City Farm, a station on the Pittsburg A Connellsville Railroad, S miles S.E. of Pittsburg, Pa. City Island, i'land, a post-village of 'Westchester co., N.Y., in Pelham township, on an islet near the W. end of Long Island Sound, li miles from Bartow Station, and 11 miles from New York. It has 2 churches. It is mainly supported by ship-building and the oyster-trade. Pop. 900. City Line, a station on the North Pennsylvania Rail- road, 6 miles N. of Philadelphia, Pa. City Mills, Massachusetts. See Fuanklin City. City Point, a post-office of Brevard co., Fla. City Point, a village of Waldo co., Me., on Penobscot Bay, 2 miles N. of Belfast. It is. however, within the limits of that city. It has a church. Granite is shipped here. City Point, or East I,eavenworth, a post-village, Platte CO., Mo., on the Missouri, opposite Leavenworth, and on the Kansas City, St. Joseph A Council Bluffs Railroad. City Point, a post-village of Prince George co., Va., on James River, at the mouth of the Appomattox, about 40 miles below Richmond, and 9 miles N.E. of Petersburg, with which it is connected by a railroad. It is the head of navigation for the largest steamboats and for heavy ship- ping. It has 3 churches, a steara-mill, a shuck-factory, a hotel, several stores, and about 50 houses. Cotton, tobacco. Hour, oil, and timber are exported from this place. Here is a fine national cemetery. City Point, a post-ofRee of .Tackson co.. Wis., and a station on the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad, 26 miles W. of Grand Rapids. City Rock, a post-ofBce of Stone co.. Ark. Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela. See Angostura. Ciudad de Las Casas. See San CnisTovAi,. Ciudadela, se-oo-dd-di'li, a seaport of Minorca, on its W. coast, 25 miles W. of Port Mahon. It was formerly the capital of the island, and retains portions of its ancient walls. It manufactures and exports many shoes. P. 5720. Ciudad Imperial, a former name of Coban. Ciudad Real, the-oo-n&D' ri-il', a walled city of Spain, capital of the province, 97 miles S. of Madrid, on a railway, between the Guadiana and the Jabalon. It has a large hos- pital, 6 monasteries, and 3 nunneries, with several schools. Chief commerce in wine, fruits, oil, and mules. It was the headquarters of the Santa Hermandad, or "holy brother- hood," founded in 1249 for the suppression of highway-rob- bery. It is a bishop's see. Pop. 11,684. Ciudad Real, a province of Spain, nearly identical with the old province of La Mancha. Area, 7543 square miles. It is now attached to the captain-generalcy of Now Castile. Capital, Ciudad Real. Pop. in 1870, 264,649. Ciudad Real, a town of Mexico. See San CnisTovAi,. Ciudad Rodrigo, the-oo-Din' ro-dree'go, a city of Spain, 44 miles S.W. of Salamanca, near the Agueda, here crossed by a bridge of 7 ai-ches. Pop. 5730. Chief edifices, a large square citadel, a Gothic cathedral of the twelfth century, and 2 other churches. It was taken by the French in 1810, and by the Duke of Wellington in 1812. It has manufactures of leather, linen, and soap. Ciudad Victoria, Mexico. See Nceto Santander. Civeh, see'v^h, a village of Africa, on the Senegal. Lat. 15° 46' N.; Ion. about 13° W. It has a low but beautifully verdant site, amid a natural forest. Ci'ver, a post-hamlet of Fulton co.. 111., on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, 5 miles S.W. of Canton. It has a church and a coal-mine. Civezzano, che-vSt-si'no, a town of Austria, in Tyrol, 5 miles E. by N. of Trent. It has silk-works. Pop. 953. Cividale, che-ve-di'li (anc. Fo'rum Jii'lH), a town of Italy, in FriulL, 9 miles E.N.E. of Udine, on the Natisone. It has interesting Roman remains. Pop. 8238. Cividate, che-ve-d^'ti, a villageof Italy, in Lombardy, 13i miles S.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 2263. Civ'il Bend, a post-hamlet of Daviess co., Mo., 1 mile from Griind River, and 5 miles S. of Pattonsburg. It has 3 churches. Pop. about 100. Civita, chee've-t^, a town of Italy, province of Cosenza, 3i miles N. of Cassano. Pop. 2157. Civita Borclla, chee've-tS, bo-r51'13,, a town of Italy, province of Chieti, 22 miles S. of Lancisino. Civita Camporano,chee've-ti kim-po-ri'no, atown of Italy, province and 16 miles N. of Campobasso. P. 2111. 31 Civita Castellana, chee've-tS. kis-tSl-li'n^, a town of Italy, 19 miles S.E. of Viterbo. Close to it are remains of the ancient Fuferium, with some sepulchral chambers, etc., and 4 miles distant are those of Falcrii. The latter ruins present the most extraordinary specimen extant of ancient military architecture. The walls, towers, and sev- eral giiteways are tolerably perfect, and within the area are remains of an ancient theatre and of a church of the twelfth century. Civita Castellana is a bishop's see. Pop. 4199. Civita di Penne, chee've-ti dee pSn'ni, called also Penne (anc. Pinna), a city of Italy, province and 23 miles S.E. of Teramo. It is a bishop's see, and has me- dicinal springs and interesting antiquities. Pop. 9838. Civita Ducale, chee've-ti doo-kJl'li, a town of Italy, province of Aquila, on the Velino, 5 miles E. of Rieti. Pop. 4086. It owes its name to having been founded by the Norman king Robert of Sicily while Duke of Calabria. Civita Lavigna, chee've-ta la-veen'yi, a town of Italy, 18 miles S.S.E. of Rome. It comprises the site of the ancient Lanu'vimn, and has Roman ruins and antiqui- ties. Pop. 800. Civita Nuova, chee've-ti noo-o'v4, a town of Italy, 12 miles E. of Macerata, near the Adriatic. Pop. 2271. It has a port (Porto Civita Nuova) and a railway station. Civita Nuova, a small town of Italy, province of Campobasso, 10 miles E.N.E. of Isernia. Pop. 3534. Civitaqnana, chee've-ti-kwii'nrl, a town of Italy, province of Teramo, in a valley, 9 miles S. of Civita di Penne. Pop. 2239. Civita Reale, chee've-ti ri-i'li, a town of Italy, 19 miles N.E. of Civita Ducale. Pop. 1440. Civita Sant' Angelo, chee've-ta sant-an'ji-lo, a town of Italy, province of Teramo, near the Adriatic, 9 miles N.E. of Civita di Penne. Pop. 6578. It has an active trade in grain, wine, and oil. Civitas Aquensis (or Akensis). See Dax. Civitas Aurelia Aquensis,ancient name of Baden. Civitas Lactoratium, ancient name of Lectouue. Civitas Nerviorum, ancient name of TounNAY. Civita Vecchia, chee've-ti vek'ke-i (anc. Ccn'tum Cel'lm and Traja'niw Por'tns). a seaport city of Italy, on the Mediterranean, 38 miles by rail W.N.W. of Rome. Pop. 11,640. It is enclosed by walls and well built. Chief edifices, the convents and churches, theatre, lazaretto, arsenal, building-docks, warehouses, and prison. The port, which owes its origin to the emperor Trajan, is one of the best in Central Italy. Two large moles form the harbor, and a breakwater outside protects the shipping from hea.vy seas; a light-house is erected on its S. end. The harbor has depth of water for vessels of 400 or 500 tons, and ships of greater draught may anchor inside the breakwater. Civita Vecchia has regular steam communication with the chief Mediterranean ports. It was captured by Totila, and retaken by Narses in 553. Since that period it has been frequently taken, destroyed, and rebuilt. Its fortress was begun in 1512 by Julius II., from designs by Michael Angelo. Its imports consist mainly of woven goods, salt provisions, wines and spirits, colonial produce, haberdash- ery, salt, and drugs ; its exports, of staves, wheat, alum, cheese, skins, bark, &e. Civitella, che-ve-tSl'li, a town of Central Italy, in the province of Arezzo. Pop. 5411. Civitella, a town of Italy, province and 16 miles S. of Forli. Pop. 4383. Civitella Casanuova, ohe-ve-tSl'li kjl^si-noo-o'vi, a market-town of Italy, province of Teramo, 7 miles S.S.W. of Civita di Penne. Pop. 4511. Civitella del Tronto, che-ve-tSl'li d« tron'to, a town of Italy, province and 10 miles N. of Teramo, strongly posted on a rock, crowned by a castle. It has a collegiate church, 3 convents, and a hospital. Pop. 7227. Civo, chee'vo, a town of Northern Italy, province and 14 miles E. of Sondrio, near the Adda. Pop. 1893. Civray, seeS'ri', a town of France, in Vienne, on the Charente, 30 miles S. of Poitiers, with 2210 inhabitants, a very old church, a castle, manufactures of woollen fabrics, and a trade in corn, chestnuts, truffles, &c. Clachan, kliK'an, a post-village in Elgin co., Ontario, 6 miles E. of Bothwell. Pop. 100. Clachnaharry, klaK-na-hir'ree, a village of Scotland, CO. and li miles W.S.W. of Inverness, at the mouth of the Caledonian Canal. It was the scene of a bloody feudal battle in the fourteenth century. Clack'amas, a county in the N.W. part of Oregon, has an area of about 1650 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Cascade range of mountains, is intersected by the Willamette River, and is also drained by the Clackainaa CLA 482 CLA and Molalla Rivers. The surface is partly mountainous, and is extensively covered with forests ; the soil of the val- leys is fertile and adapted to pasturage. Wheat, oats, grass, potatoes, and butter are the staple products. Capital, Ore- gon City. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,000,000. Pop. in 1S70, 599.S, of whom 5436 were natives and 557 were foreigners; in 1875,5818. It is traversed by the Oregon & California Railroad. Clackamas, a post-village of Clackamas co., Oregon, on or near the Willamette River, and on the Oregon & Cal- ifornia Railroad, 11 miles S. of Portland. It has 2 churches. Clackamas River, Oregon, rises on the west slope of the Cascade Range, runs northwestward through the mid- dle of Clackamas co., and enters the Willamette River about 12 miles above Portland. It is nearly 100 miles long. Clackmannan, kl3ik-m!in'nan, or Clackman'nan- sliire, the smallest county of Scotland, having S. the river Forth, and on other sides the counties of Perth, Stirling, and Fife. Area, 50 square miles. It consists chiefly of the valley of the Devon, along which river are rich and well- cultivated lands, on which large crops are raised. In the N. the county extends to the Ochil Hills. Mineral products consist of ironstone, sandstone, and greenstone, with coal shipped in considerable quantities from Alloa. This county comprises only 4 parishes. Towns, Clackmannan, Alloa, Tillicoultry, and Dollar. Pop. 23,747. Clackmannan, a town of Scotland, capital of the above county, on the Devon, near its confluence with the Forth, 7 miles by rail E. of Stirling. Pop. 1309. Claddagh, klad'dan, a suburb of Galway (which see), in Ireland. Clagenfnrth, a town of Illyria. See Klagenfdrth. Clag'ett, a post-office of Jefferson co., Montana. Clag'gan Bay, Ireland, co. of Galway, is about 3 miles W.N.W. of InnisbofRn. and extends inland for 2S miles. It affords shelter and nnchorage for the largest vessels. Clag'gett's Station, in Washington co., Md., is on the Washington County Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, IS miles S. of Hagerstown. Claiborne, klii'burn, a p.arishin the N. part of Louisi- ana, has an .area of about 800 square miles. It is drained by the Bayou d'Arbonne and its Middle Fork. The surface is undulating and mostly covered with forests. It had in 1870 323,256 acres of woodland. The soil is fertile. Cot- ton, Indian corn, pork, and cattle are the staple products. Cnpital, Homer. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,663,667. Pop. in 1870, 20,240. Claiborne, a county in the S.W. part of Mississippi, has an a,rea of about 550 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Mississippi River and the Big Bl.ack, which enters the former on the border of this county. It is also intersected by Bayou Pierre. The surface is ex- tensively covered with forests : the soil is fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Capital, Port Gibson. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,772,020. Pop. in 1S70, 13,386, of whom 13,175 were Americans. Claiborne, a county in the N. part of East Tennessee, has an area of about 370 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by Clinch River, and intersected by Powell's River. The Cumberland Mountain extends along the N.W. border of this county, the surface of which is partly mountainous and mostly covered with forests. The soil in some parts is fertile. Indian corn, oats, grass, &c., are the staple prod- ucts. Iron, lead, and zinc are found here. Capital, Taze- well. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,597,450. Pop. in ] 870, 9321, of whom 9307 were Americans. Claiborne, a post-village of Monroe co., Ala., on Ala- bama River, SO miles S.S.W. of Selma. It has 2 churches. Claiborne, a post-village of Jasper co., Miss., 25 miles AV. of Shubuta. It has 2 churches and several stores. Claiborne, a township of Union co., 0. Pop. 1947. It contains Richwood. Clain, kliNo (ano. Gla'nia or Cli/'tia ?), a small river of France, joins the Vienne 3 miles below Chatellerault. Length, 60 miles. Clairac, klA,^rik', a town of France, in Lot-et-Garonne, on the Lot, 16 miles N.W. of Agen. It has paper-mills, and a brisk traffic in white wines, prunes, and rural prod- uce. Pop. 2388. Clairac, a village of France, in Herault, 20 miles N.W. of Beziers. Clairegontte, klaiu'goot', a town of France, in Hauto- Safine, S miles E. of Lure, with manufactures of cotton and kirschwasscr. Pop. 584. Clair'field, a post-office of Claiborne co., Tenn. Clair'mont, a village in the former township of West Farms, now a part of New York City. Pop. 158. Clairmont, or Clearmont, Ontario. See Buhford. Clair Mount, a post-village in Cumberland co., Nova Scotia, 4 miles from River Philip. Pop. 104. Clairvaux, klain'vo' (L. Ola'rn-Val'lia), a, hamlet of France, department of Aube, 33 miles by rail S.E. of Troyes. Its celebrated abbey was founded in 1114 by St. Bernard. The monks were Cistercians {see C!teaux). It is now tr.ans- formed into a great prison or house of detention. Pop. 1950. Clairvaux, kIairHo',or Saint Placide, pli-seed', a post-village in Charlevoix co., Quebec, 9 miles N.W. of St. Paul's Bay. Pop. 400. Clairville, Ontario. See North Lanca.ster, and HUMBER. Clair'ville, a post-office of Sonoma co., Cal., is at Gcyserville Railrcad Station, 8 miles S.E. of Cloverdale. Claix, or Clais, kU, a town of France, in Isere, 6 miles S.S.W. of Grenoble. Pop. 1738. Clal'lam, a county in the N.W. part of Washington, has an area of about 1700 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Pacific Ocean, and on the N. by the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The surface is hilly, and extensively covered with forests. Mount Olympus, situated on the S. border of this county, is 8138 feet high. The soil produces wheat, oats, barley, and hay. Capital, New Dungeness. Valuation of real and personal estate, $216,155. Pop. in 1870, 408, of whom 274 were Americans. Clamart, kl8,'maR', a village of France, 6 miles by rail S.W. of Paris. Pop. 2939. Clamecy, kl^m^see', a town of Fr.ance, in Nidvre, at the confluence of the Yonne and Beuvron, 40 miles N.N.E. of Nevers. Pop. 5616. It has severjil Gothic churches, a fine modern chateau, manufactures of earthenwares, paper, and leather, and an active trade in fuel. It is a railway terminus, and has remains of an old fortress and walls. Clam Falls, a post-hamlet of Polk co.. Wis., on Clam River, 22 miles N. of Cl.ayton. It has a saw-mill. Clam Har'bor, a settlement in Guysborough co.. Nova Scotia, on the Gut of Canso, 10 miles N. of Guysborough. Pop. 100. Clam Lake, a village of Michigan. See Cadillac. Clam Lake, township, Wexford CO., Mich. Pop. 1047. Clam River, Michigan, rises in a lake in Wexford co., runs southeastward through Missaukee co., and enters the Muskegon River in Clair co. Clam Union, a township of Missaukee co., Mich. Pop. 117. It contains Falmouth. Clan'cey, a post-office and mining-camp of Jefferson CO., Montana, about 12 miles S. of Helena. It has a silver- mine, 4 saw-mills, a silver-mill, and 2 stores. Clane, a town of Ireland, co. of Kildare, on the Liffey, here crossed by a six-arched bridge, 17 miles W.S.W. of Dublin. Here are the remains of an abbey founded in 548, of a Franciscan priory of the thirteenth century, a ruined castle, and an .ancient earthwork. Pop. 266. Clanis, a river of Italy. See Chiasa. Clanis, the supposed ancient name of the river Clain. Clan'ton, a post-vill.age, capital of Chilton co., Ala., .about 45 miles N.W. of Montgomery, on the South & North Alabama Railroad. It has a court-house, 2 churches, a newspaper office, and a lumber-mill. Clanton, a post-office of Madison co., Iowa. Clapham, klap'am, a parish and Suburb of London, England, in Surrey, 4 miles S.S.W. of St. Paul's. Numer- ous railways centre here. Pop. in 1871. 27,347. Clapham, a post-village in Megantic co., Quebec, 22 miles S.E. of Becancour Station. Pop. 100. Clap'per, a post-hamlet of Monroe co.. Mo., on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, 31 miles W.S.W. of Hannibal. Clap'perton, an island in the Arctic Ocean. Lat. 69° 42' N.; Ion. 123° 15' W. Clap's Island, a small island in the Malay Archi- pelago, on the equator: Ion. 98° E. Clap'vill e, a hamlet of Crawford co., Pa., \h miles from Tryonville Railroad Station. It has a lumber-mill. Claquato, kl^-kwah'to, a post-village, capital of Lewis CO., Washington, on the Chchalis River, 33 miles S. by W. from Olympia, and 3^ miles from Newaukum. It has a church and manufactures of flour and lumber. Pop. 147. Clara, an island of Ireland. See Clare. Clara, klS'ri, one of the Mergui Islands, off the coast of Tenasserim. Clara, kU\'ra. a town of Ireland, in King's co., 8 miles by rail N.W. of Tullamore. Pop. 996. Clara, kl.'L'rJ, called also Villa (veol'yS) Clara, and Santa Clara, a town of Cuba, about 30 miles by rail N.E. of Cienfuegos. Pop. 6132. CLA 483 CLA Clar'a, a post-township of Potter co., Pa. Pop. 195. Clar'an Bridge, a village of Ireland, 8 miles S.E. of Galway. Pop. 200. Clara Vallis, an ancient name of CLAinvAux. Clar'aville, a mining-camp of Kern co., Cal., about 55 miles E. of Bakersfield. Gold is found here. Pop. 100. Clare, a river of Ireland, co. of Galway, runs S. for 32 miles, and enters Lough Corrib 3 miles N. of Galway. Clare, or Clara, an island off the W. co.ast of Ireland, CO. of Mayo, at the entrance of Clew Bay. Length, 4i miles. Westport is a village on its E. coast. Clare, a county of Ireland, in Munster, having W. the Atlantic, and landward the counties of Galway, Tipperary, and Limerick, it being separated from the two latter by Lough Derg and the river Shannon. Area, 1294 st^uare miles. Surface mostly hilly, with some tracts of level land; coast precipitous. Principal rivers, the Fergus and its affluents. Small lakes are numerous. Soil fertile in the lowlands. The fisheries are important : manufactures are only of linens, hosiery, flannels, and friezes for home con- sumption. Chief towns, Ennis, the capital, Kilrush, En- nistymon, and a part of Killaloe. Exclusive of Ennis, the county sends two members to the House of Commons. Be- sides numerous ecclesiastical remains. Clare co. is reported to contain 118 ancient baronial castles. Capital, Ennis. Pop. 147,864. Clare, a town of Ireland, in the above county, on the Fergus, here crossed by a stone bridge, 2 miles by rail E.S.E. of Ennis. It contains an old castle, now an infantry barrack. Its qu.ay is inadequate for its commerce. It ex- ports corn, meal, flour, &c. About 1 mile southward are the remains of Clare Abbey. Pop. 876. Clare, or Clare-Morris, a town of Ireland, co. of Mayo, 15 miles by rail S.E. of Castlebar. Pop. 1103. Clare, a town of England, in Suffolk, on the Stour, about 18 miles by rail S.S.W. of Bury St. Edmunds. Pop. of parish, 1887. Clare, a wapentake or division of the county of York, West Hiding, England, comprising 29 parishes, with the towns of Ripon, Knaresborough, Otley, &.c. Clare, a county in the N. central part of Michigan, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by Muskegon River, and also drained by Tobacco River. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and extensively covered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. It is intersected by the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad. Capital, Farwell. Pine timber abounds here. Pop. in 1870, 366 ; in 1874, 1354. Clare, a post-oflice of Hamilton co., Ind. Clare, a post-vill.age of Clare co., Mich., in Grant town- ship, on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, 50 miles N.W. of East Saginaw, and 6 miles E. of Farwell. It has a money-order post-oflice, 2 churches, a graded school, a foundry, a flour-mill, and manufactures of lumber and shingles. Pop. about 700. Clare, a post-village and parish in Digby co.. Nova Scotia, on St. Mary's Bay, 33 miles S.W. of Digby. P. 1877. Claremont, klair'mont, a post-village of Richland co., 111., in Claremont township, on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 123 miles E. of St. Louis, Mo. It has 2 churches. Pop. 120 ; of the township, 1278. Claremont, a station in Baltimore co., Md., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 3 miles from Baltimore. Claremont, a post-village of Claremont township, Dodge CO., Minn., about 12 miles E. of Owatonna. It has a church and a floiir-mill. Claremont Station is on the Winona &, St. Peter Railroad, 78 miles W. of Winona. Pop. 200 ; of the township, 593. Claremont, or Clearmont, a post-hamlet of Noda- way CO., Mo., in Atchison township, 132 miles N. of St. Joseph. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 120. Claremont, klair'mont, or kli're-mont, a beautiful post-village of Claremont township, Sullivan co., N.H., on the Concord & Claremont Railro.ad, and on Sugar River, 55 miles W.N.W. of Concord, and 3 or 4 miles E. of the Con- necticut River, and bounded on the AV. by the Connecticut River. It contains 6 churches, ii national b.ank, a savings- bank, a liberally endowed institution called the Stevens High School, a public library, 3 cotton-mills, and several manufactories of paper, woollen goods, and other articles. The river falls here 150 feet in the course of a mile, and affords great water-power. It has printing-offices which issue 3 weekly newspapers. The Sullivan Railroad passes through the W. part of the township. Pop. of township, 4053. Claremont, a station in Jersey City, N.J., on the Cen- tral Railroad of New Jersey, 3 miles from the initial station. Claremont, a station on the Western Pennsylvania Railro.ad, 9 miles N.E.of Alleghany City, Pa. Claremont, a station in Sumter co., S.C., on a branch of the South Carolina Railroad, 19 miles S. of Camden. Clare'mont, a post-village in Ontario co., Ontario, 6 miles from Stoufl'ville. It contains 3 churches and several stores and mills. Pop. 500. Clare'mont Isles, a group of low islands off the N.E. coast of Australia. Lat. 13° 38' S. ; Ion. 141° 45' E. Claremont Junction, 2 miles W. of Claremont, N.H., is the point where the Concord & Claremont Rail- road terminates, on the Sullivan Railroad, 42 miles by rail N. of Brattleborough, Vt. Claremont Wharf, a post-office of Surry co., Va., on the James River, 11 miles from Old Jamestown. Clare'more, a post-office of Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory. Clare-Morris, a town of Ireland. See Clare. Clar'ence, a post-village of Cedar co., Iowa, in Dayton township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 47 miles W. of Clinton, and 34 miles E. by S. from Cedar Rapids. It has 5 churches, a bank, a money-order post-oflice, a griided school, a flour-mill, 2 hotels, a newspaper office, and several grain-warehouses. Pop. 664. Clarence, a post-office of Barton co., Kansas. Clarence, a township of Calhoun co., Mich. Pop. 1032. It contains Duck Lake Village. Clarence, a post-village of Shelby co., Mo., on the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, 59 miles W. of Hannibal, and 11 miles E. of Macon City. It has 2 churches, a flour- ing-mill, a money-order post-oflBce, and a newspaper office. Pop. 444. Clarence, or Clarence Hollow, a post-village of Erie co., N.Y., is in Clarence township, 18 miles E.N.E. of Buffalo, and 2 miles S. of the New York Central Railroad. The name of its post-office is Clarence. It has 3 churches, a classical union school, and a tannery. Pop. about 450. The township contains a village named Clarence Centre. Pop. of the township, 3349. Clarence, a post-village in Russell co., Ontario, 2 miles S. of Thurso, Quebec. Pop. 150. Clarence Centre, a post-village of Erie co., N.Y., in Clarence township, on the New Y'ork Central Railroad, 23 miles W. of Batavia, and 16 miles (direct) N.E. of Buffalo. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, 2 carriage-shops, and about 50 dwellings. Clarence Creek, a post-village in Russell co., On- tario. 7 miles from Thurso, Quebec. Pop. 150. Clar'ence Harbor, or Port Clar'ence, in Alaska, on the E. side of Behring Strait, 45 miles S.E. of Cape Prince of Wales. Here is Nookmut, an Esquimaux village. Clar'ence Island, in South America, W. of Terra del Fuego. Lat. 54° 10' S. ; Ion. 71° 20' W. Length, from E. to W., 52 miles; breadth, 23 miles. Clarence Island, in the Pacific Ocean, N. of N.avi- gator Island. Lat. 8° 10' S. : Ion. 172° 10' W. Clar'ence Lake, or Great Lake, a lake of Tas- mania, in Norfolk Plains, of irregular form, about 9 miles in length, and 4 miles in breadth at the broadest parts. Clarence Peak, in Fernando Po Island, is 10,700 feet above the sea. Clarence River, one of the largest streams in Aus- tralia, rises in the McPherson Mountains, and flows into Shoal Bay, New South Wales. It has a bar at its mouth, where there is a light-house (lat. 29° 25' S., Ion. 153° 25' E.), and a costly breakwater. Length, 240 miles. Vessels drawing 10 feet ascend 50 miles to Grafton, and small steamers go 30 miles farther, to Moleville. Its valley is exceedingly fertile. Clarence Strait, in the Persian Gulf, between the island of Kishm and the mainland, varies in breadth from 3 to 13 miles, and is studded with islands. Clarence Strait, in Alaska, is between Prince of Wales Archipelago and Duke of York Island. Clarence Strait, the channel between Melville Island and the N.W. coa«t of Australia, communicating with Van Diemen's Gulf. It is about 12 miles in breadth. Clar'encetown, a settlement, formerly a British mili- tary station, on the N. side of Fernando Po Island. Clar'enceville, a station on the Long Island Railroad, 3 miles W. of Jamaica, N.Y. Clarenceville, a post-village and port of entry in Missisqu(d co., Quebec, between the Richelieu River and Missisquoi Bay, 3 miles from Lacolle. It contains 2 churches, several stores, and a cheese-factory. Pop. 300. Clarendon, kUr'en-don, a county in the S.E. central part of South Carolina, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the S. and W. by the Santeo River, and on the N.E. by Lynch's Creek, and traversed CLA 484 CLA by Black River. The surface is undulating or level, and partly covered with extensive forests of pine and other trees ; the soil is mostly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, pork, and sweet potatoes are the staple products. Capital, Man- ning. Valuation of real and personal estate, §2,559^560. Pop. in 1870, 14,0;^S, of whom l-i,012 were Americans. Clarendon, a post-village, capital of Monroe co., Ark., on the east bank of White River, and on the Arkansas Cen- tral Railroad, 48 miles W.N.W. of Helena, and about 55 miles E. of Little Rock. Cotton and other products are shipped here in steamboats. It has a court-house, 1 or 2 churches, a money-order post-office, and a lumber-mill. Clarendon, a station of Calhoun co., Mich., on the St. Joseph River, in Clarendon township, and on the Michigan Central (Air-Line) Railroad, 27 miles AV.S.W. of Jackson. Pop. of the township. 1009. Clarendon, a post-village of Orleans co., N.Y.. in Clar- endon township, 3 miles from Ilolley Railroad Station, and about 30 miles W. of Rochester. It has 2 or 3 churches and several mills. The township has 4 churches. Pop. of the township, 1760. Clarendon, a village of Mead township, Warren co.. Pa., near Clarendon Station on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, 7 miles S.E. of Warren. It has a church, and manufactures of sole-leather. Clarendon, a post-township of Rutland co., Vt., about 6 miles S. of Rutland, is drained by Otter Creek, and inter- sected by the Central Vermont Railroad. It has 3 churches. Pop. 1173. Clarendon Post-Office and Station is on the Harlem Extension Railroad, 6 miles S. of Rutland. See Clahendom Springs. Clarendon Centre, a post-village in Pontiac co., Quebec, 8 miles N.W. of Bristol. It contains saw-, grist-, and carding-raills, 2 churches, and several stores. P. 250. Clarendon Front, a post-village in Pontiac co., Que- bec, 5 miles W. of Bristol. Pop, 100. Clarendon Hill, a station in Norfolk co., Mass., on the Boston & Providence Railroad, 6 miles from Boston. Here are many elegant suburban residences. Clarendon Hills, a post-village of Du Page co.. III., in Downer Grrove township, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 19 miles W. by S. of Chicago. It is pleas- antly situated on high ground, and has 3 churches. Clar'endon Park, an extra-parochial libertv, an- ciently a royal forest of England, co. of Wilts, 2^ miles E.S.E. of Salisbury. Pop. 193. Here are the remains of a royal palace or hunting-seat, in which Henry II. held the council that enacted, in 1194, the Constitutions of Clarendon. Clarendon Springs, a post-hamlet and summer re- sort of Rutland co., Vt., in Clarendon township, 7 miles S.S.AV. of Rutland. It has medicinal springs, several cot- tages, and a large hotel, with rooms for about 250 guests. Clar'ens (Fr. pron. kl^-^rdNo'), a village of Switzerland, on the Lake of Geneva, 4 miles by rail E.S.E. of Vevay. Clarenza, a town of Greece. See Klarentza. Clariacum, the supposed ancient name of Clery. Clar'idon, a post-hamlet of Geauga co., 0., in Clari- don township, 32 miles E. of Cleveland. The township is traversed by the Painesville & Youngstown Railroad. Dairy products and cattle are its staples. Pop. of township, 909. Claridon, a village of Marion co., 0., in Claridon town- ship, 4 miles S. of Caledonia. It has 2 churches, a union school, and a carriage-shop. Claridon township contains also the village of Caledonia, and a population of 1483. Clari'na, a post-village in Sheflford co., Quebec, on the Granby River, 4 miles S.W. of Granby. Pop. 400. ClarinMa, a post-village, capital of Page co., Iowa, on the Nodaway River, about 110 miles W.S.W. of Des Moines, and 65 miles S.E. of Omaha. It is also 14 miles S. of Clarinda Junction on the Burlington & Nodaway River Railway, which connects near ViUisca with the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad. It contains 5 churches, a graded school, a national bank, 1 other bank, a brewery, a woolien-factory, and a flour-mill. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 1100. Clarinda Junction, a station in Montgomery co., Iowa, on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, at the junction of the Burlington & Nodaway River Railway, 227 miles W. of Burlington. Clar'ington, a post-village of Monroe CO., 0., in Salera township, on the Ohio River, at the mouth of Sunfish Creek, about 24 miles below Belluire, and 44 miles by land N.E. of Marietta. It has 3 churches, a large tannery, a tlouring- mill, a planing-mill, and a seminary. Pop. 728. Clarington, a post-hamlet of Forest co.. Pa., on Clarion River, M miles N. of Brookville. Clar'ion, a county in the N.W. part of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 575 square miles. It is intersected by the Clarion River, is bounded on the S.W. by the Alleghany River, and on the S. by Red Bank Creek. The surface is partly hilly and partly undulating, and is extensively cov- ered with forests; the soil is generally fertile. Oats, wheat, Indian corn, lumber, hay, and butter are the staple products. This county has valuable beds of coal, iron ore, and lime- stone. The Alleghany Valley Railroad passes along its S.AV. border, and the Low Grade division of that railroad traverses the S. part of the county. Capital, Clarion. Val- uation of real and personal estate, S12,7S6,020. Pop. in 1870, 26,537. of whom 24,917 were Americans. Clarion, a township of Bureau co., 111. Pop. 1023. Clarion Station is on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles N.E. of Princeton. The township is also traversed by the Mendota & Clinton Railroad. Clarion, a post-village, capital of Wright co., Iowa, in Clarion township, about 34 miles N.E. of Fort Dodge. It has a church, a bank, and a newspaper office. Pop. 37; of the township, 261. Clarion, a post-office of Sedgwick co., Kansas, about 15 miles N.N.E. of Wichita. Clarion, a post-office of Madison co., Neb., about 40 miles N. of Columbus. Clarion, a post-borough, capital of Clarion co.. Pa., on a river of the same name, and in Clarion township, on the Emlenton, Shippenville & Clarion Railroad, 25 miles S.E. of Oil City, and 65 miles N.N.E. of Pittsburg. It contains a court-house, 4 churches, a national bank, 1 other bank, a seminary, a machine-shop, &c. Three weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 709; of the township, 1059. Clarion, a station in Elk co.. Pa., on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, 12 miles N. of Ridgway. Clar'ion, or Cloud's Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, off the W. coast of Mexico. Lat. 18° N.; Ion. 114° 50' W. Clarion River, Pennsylvania, rises in McKean co., and runs generally southwestward. It intersects Elk eo., forms the N.W. boundary of Jefferson, and finally runs through the middle of Clarion eo, and enters the Alleghany River. It is about 130 miles long, and traverses a region in which coal abounds. Clark, a county in the E. part of Dakota. Area, 1360 square miles. The surface is undulating or nearly level. Clark, a county in the E. part of Illinois, has an area of about 480 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the navigable Wabash River, and is also drained by the North Fork of Embarras River. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. Beds of coal are found in this county, which is intersected by the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute and Paris & Danville Railroads. Capital, Marshall. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $10,367,636. Pop. in 1870, 18,719, of whom 17,800 were Americans. Clark, a county in the S.W. central part of Ohio, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by Mad River, and also drained by Little Miami River and Beaver and Lagonda Creeks. The surface is undulating or hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the ash, buckeye, hickory, oak, Ac. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, butter, wool, and pork are the staple products. Niagara limestone (Upper Silurian), a very good material for building, underlies the greater part of the surface, and is extensively quarried. This rock here con- tains much magnesia. Good quicklime is extensively pre- pared from it. The county is traversed by the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, and other railroads connect at Springfield, the capital. Valuation of real and personal estate, $37,905,000. Pop. in 1870, 32,070, of whom 28,514 were Americans. Clark, or Clarke, a county in the S.W. part of Wash- ington, has an area of about 1100 square miles. It is bounded on the S. and partly on the W. by the Columbia River; and it is intersected by the Cathliipootle River. The surface is partly mountainous, and is extensively cov- ered with forests. The soil in some parts is fertile. Wheat, oats, grass, and butter are the staple products. Capital, Vancouver. Valuation of real and personal estate, $803,029, Pup. in 1870, 3081, of whom 2606 were Americans. The cedar, fir, ash, maple, nnd oak abound hero. Clark, a county in the N.W. central part of AVisconsin, has an area of about 1500 square miles. It is traversed by Black River (which divides it into nearly equal parts), nnd is partly drained by Eau Claire River. The surface is un- even, and mostly covered with forests; the soil is product- ive. Lumber, oats, and wheat are the chief products of CLA 4S5 CLA the county, which is intersected by the West Wisconsin Railroad, Capital, Neillsville. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $5,266,317. Pop. in 1S70, 3-450 ; in 1S75, 72S2, of whom 5807 were Americans. Clark, a township of Johnson co., Ind. Pop. 1474. It contains Clarksburg. Clark, a township of Montgomery co., Ind. Pop. 2175. It contains Ladoga. Clark, a township of Perry co., Ind. Pop. 1667. It contains Adyeville. Clark, a township of Tama co., Iowa. Pop. 711. Clark, a township of Faribault co., Minn. Pop. 121. Clark, a township of Atchison co., Mo. Pop. 1276. Clark, a township of Cole co.. Mo. Pop. 800. Clark, a township of Lincoln co., Mo. Pop. 1SS7. Clark, a post-hamlet of Burt co., Neb., 8 miles N.W. of Tekama. It has a church. Clark, a township of Union co., N.J. Pop. 331. Clark, a township of Brown co., 0. Pop. 1691. It in- cludes Feesburg, Hamersville, and Brownsville. Clark, a post-office of Mercer co., Pa., is at the borough of Clarksville. Clark, Mercer co., Pa. See Clatik's Mills. Clark Centre, a post-office of Clark co.. 111., is at the village of Auburn. Clarke, a county in the S.W. part of Alabama, has an area of about 1200 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E, by the Alabama River, and on the W. by the Tombigbee. These rivers, which are both navigable, unite at the south- ern extremity of the county. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests, in which the pine, cypress, cedar, and oak abound. The soil is partly fertile and partly sandy. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Capital. Grove Hill. Valuation of real and per- sonal esUte, $1,620,064. Pop. in 1870, 14,663, of whom 14,601 were Americans. Clarke, or Clark, a county in the S.W. central part of Arkansas, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Washita River, and on the S.W. by the Little Missouri River, and is also drained by the Terre Noire Creek. The surface is partly covered with forests of the hickory, oak, pine, &c. ; the soil is mostly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. It is inter- sected by the Cairo & Fulton Railroad. Capital, Arkadel- phia. Valuation of real and personal estate, .$.3,281,683. Pop. in 1870, 11,953, of whom 11,935 were Americans. Clarke, a county in the N.E. central part of Georgia, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is drained by the Oconee River and its branches. The surface is hilly; the soil of the valleys is fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Granite underlies this county, and gold has been found in it. A branch railroad connects Athens, the capital, with the Georgia Railroad. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $4,844,900, Pop. in 1870, 12,941. of whom 12,818 were Americans. Clarke, a county in the S. part of Indiana, has an area of about 380 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Ohio River, and is partly drained by Silver Creek. The surface is moderately uneven ; the soil is mostly fertile. In- dian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. Among the minerals of this county are iron ore and lime- stone. It is intersected by the Ohio & Mississippi and Jetfersonville, Madison & Indianapolis Railroads. Capi- tal, Charlestown. Valuation of real and personal estate, $20,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 24,770, of whom 22,075 were Americans. Clarke, a county in the S. part of Iowa, has an area of 432 square miles. It is drained by several small affluents of Dea Moines River. The surface is undulating or level, and is diversified with prairies and groves of trees ; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and hay are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad. Capital, Osceola. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,512,059. Pop. in 1870, S735, of whom 8462 were Americans; in 1875, 10,118. Clarke, a county in the S. part of Kansas, bordering on the Indian Territory, has an area of 1188 square miles. It is drained by the Ciuiarron River. Clarke, or Clark, a county in the E. central part of Kentucky, ha« an area of about 250 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Kentucky River, and on the S.E. by the Red River. The surface is uneven or hilly ; the soil in some parts is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and pork are the staple products. Hydraulic limestone is found in this county. Capital, Winchester. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 10,882, of whom 10,745 were Americans. Clarke, or Clark, a county in the E. part of Missis- sippi, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Chickasawha River. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil produces cotton, Indian corn, &c. This county is trav- ersed by the Mobile & Ohio Railroad. Capital, Quitman. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,333,575. Pop. in 1870, 7505, of whom 7434 were Americans. Clarke, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Mis- souri, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E, by the Des Moines River, and on the E. by the Mississippi, and is intersected by the Fox and Wyaconda Rivers. The surface is diversitied with prairies and tracts of good timber growing near the rivers. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and oats are the staple products. Car- boniferous limestone underlies part of the surface. It is intersected by the Missouri, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad. Capital, Cahoka. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,560,000. Pop. in 1870, 13,667, of whom 12,851 were Americans. Clarke, a county in the N, part of Virginia, has an area of about 200 square miles. It is intersected by the Shen- andoah River, and is bounded on the S.E. by the Blue Ridge. It is a part of the Great Valley of Virginia, and has a fertile soil based on limestone. Wheat, Indian corn, and oats are the staple products. This county is traversed by a branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Capital, Berry- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,307,215. Pop. in 1870, 6670, of whom 6619 were Americans. Clarke, Lake co., Ind. See Clarke Station. Clarke, a post-hamlet of Randolph co., Ind., in Ward township, at Stone Station on the Cincinnati, Richmond & Fort Wayne Railroad, 5 miles N. of Winchester. Clarke, a township of Chariton co., Mo. Pop. 939. Clarke, a township of Clinton co., 0. Pop. 1877. It contains Martinsville and Farmers' Station. Clarke, a township of Coshocton co., 0. Pop. 867. It contains Helmick and a part of Bloomfield. Clarke, or New'ton, a post-village in Durham co., Ontario, 3 miles from Newtonville. It contains several stores and hotels and 3 churches. Pop. 350. Clarke City, a post-hamlet and station of Clarke co., Mo., on the Missouri, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad, 13 miles W. of Alexandria. It has a church and a grist-mill, Clarke's Harbor, a post- village on Cape Sable Island, Shelburne co.. Nova Scotia, 14 miles S. of Barring- ton. Pop. 400. Clarke's Point, a narrow peninsula in Massachusetts, S.W. of New Bedford Bay. At the extremity of the point is a fixed light, lat, 41° 35' 30" N., Ion. 70° 54' 12" W. Clarke's River, Flathead River, or Clarke's Fork of the Columbia River, rises by several branches among the Rocky Mountains in the western part of Montana. The names of its head-streams are Hell Gate, Bitter Root, and Blackfoot Rivers, several of which unite near Missoula, in Montana. The river runs thence north- westward, traverses the northern part of Idaho, and enters the Columbia in the N.E. part of Washington, about lat. 48° 50' N. It is about 700 miles long, including one of the branches. Gold is found near the upper part of this river, in Montana. In Idaho, near lat. 48° 10' N., it ex- pands into a lake called Pend d'Oreille, which is about 30 miles long and 8 miles wide, and 1600 feet above the sea- level. Clarke's Summit, Pa. See Clark's Green. Clarke Station, a post-hamlet of Lake co., Ind., on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 24 miles S.S.E. of Chicago. Clarkes'town, a post-hamlet of Lycoming co., Pa., 4 miles E. of Muncy. It has 2 churches, Clarkes'ville, a post-village, capital of Habersham CO., Ga., is on the head-waters of the Chattahoochee River, 7 miles N. of Mount Airy Railroad Station, and about 90 miles N.N.E. of Atlanta. It has 2 churches. Pop. 263. Clark Island, Behring Sea. See Saint Lawrence. Clark's, a station in Miami co., Ind., on the railroad between Marion and Logansport, 3 miles E. of Bunker Hill Junction. See also Clark's Station. Clark's, a post-office of Coshocton co., 0., at the vil- lage of Bloomfield. Clark's, a station in Geauga co., 0., on the Youngs- town & Painesville Railroad, 3 miles N. of Chardon. Clark's, a station in Centre co,. Pa., on tho Bellefonte & Snowshoe Railroad, 11 miles N.W, of Bellefonte. Clark's Beach, a large fishing settlement of New- foundland, on the N. side of Conception Bay, 4 miles from Brigus. Pop. 444. CLA 4 Clarks'borou^h, a post-village of Gloucester co., N.J., in Greenwich township, on the railroad from Camden to Swedesborough, 14 miles S.W. of Camden. It has 2 churches and a public school. Pop. about 500. Clarksborough, a post-village of St. Lawrence co,, N.Y., in Clifton township, on Grass River, 40 miles S.E. of Ogdensburg. It has an iron-furnace and several saw-mills. Clarks'burg, a post-office of Yolo co., Cal. Clarksburg, a village of Daviess co., Ind., in Madison township, about 32 miles E.N.E. of Vincennes. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, a graded school, and a car- riage-shop. The name of its post-office is Clark's Prairie. Clarksburg, a post-village of Decatur co., Ind., in Fugit township, about 40 miles S.W. of Richmond. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of flour, wagons, tinware, &c. Clarksburg, a hamlet of Johnson co., Ind., in Clark township, 4 miles from Acton Station. It has 2 churches and a planing-mill. Here is Rocklane Post-Offiee. Clarksburg, a post-village of Montgomery co., Md., 4 miles from Germantown Station, and 38 miles W. of Baltimore. It has 2 churches and 3 stores. Pop. about 150. Clarksburg, a township of Berkshire co., Mass., on the "Vermont line. Pop. 6S6. It contains Briggsville. Clarksburg, a village of Marquette co., Mich., on the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon Railroad, 13 miles W. of Negaunee, and l}t miles from Humboldt Post-Office. It has iron-mines, a church, and a furnace for pig-iron. Clarksburg, a post-village of Moniteau co.. Mo., in Moreau township, on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, at Moniteau Station, 32 miles E. of Sedalia. It has a church and manufactures of furniture and wagons. Clarksburg, a post-village of Monmouth co., N.J., in Millstone township, 20 miles E. of Trenton, and 11 miles from Freehold. It has a church, a store, and a tannery. Clarksburg, a post-hamlet of Erie co., N.Y., in Eden township, about 20 miles S. of Buffalo. It has a church, a saw-mill, and a planing-mill. Clarksburg, a post-hamlet of Ross co., 0., about 18 miles N.W. of Chillicotbe. It has 2 churches. Clarksburg, a post-hamlet of Indiana co.. Pa., about 33 miles E. by N. from Pittsburg. It has a church. Clarksburg, a post-village of Carroll co., Tenn., 9 miles S. of Huntingdon. It has 2 churches and an academy. Clarksburg, a post-village, capital of Harrison co., W. Va., is on the AVest Fork of the Monongahela River, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 82 miles E. of Parkers- burg, and 302 miles "W. of Baltimore. It contains 9 churches, a national bank, 1 other bank, a graded school, a Catholic academy, a female college (Baptist), a foundry, 2 machine- shops, and 2 carriage-shops. Two weekly newspapers are published here. The adjacent country is hilly and abounds in coal, the mining of which is the principal business of the place. Pop. estimated at 3000. Clarksburg, a post-village in Grey co., Ontario, near the mouth of Beaver River, and on the Northern Railroad, 16 miles W. of ColHngwood. It contains a church, several stores, 2 hotels, 2 woollen-mills, and a saw-mill. Pop. 300. Clark's Corner, a post-hamlet of Windham co.. Conn., at Goshen Station on the New York & New England Rail- road, S miles N.E. of Willimantic. Clark's Corners, a hamlet of Saratoga co., N.Y., 3 miles from Gansevoort. It has a church and a cheese- factory. Clark's Corners, a post-hamlet of Ashtabula co., 0., about 15 miles N.E. of Jefferson. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Clark's Creek, Kansas, rises in Morris co., runs north- ward through Davis co., and enters the Kansas River about 8 miles N.E. of Junction City. Clark's Creek, Pennsylvania, runs nearly southwest- ward in Dauphin co., and enters the Susquehanna River about 10 miles above Harrisburg. Clark's Creek, township, Morris co., Kansas. P. 135. Clark's Creek, a post-office of Grant co., Ky. Clarks'dale, a post-hamlet of Christian co.. 111., on the Wabash Railroad, 5 miles S.W. of Taylorville. Clarksdale, a post-village of Coahoma co.. Miss., about 55 miles N.W. of Grenada. It has 2 churches and 4 stores. Clark's Factory, a post-office of Delaware co., N.Y. Clark's Falls, a post-hamlet of New London co., Conn., 6 miles N. of Westerly, R.I. It has a woollcn-mill. Clark's Ferry, a station in Dauphin co.. Pa., on the Susquehanna River, and on the Northern Central Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of the borough of Dauphin. Clarks'fleld, a post-village of Huron co., 0., is on the Vermilion River, in Clarkslicld township, 12 miles E.S.E. of Norwalk, and about 44 miles AV.S.W. of Cleveland. The 6 CLA township has 4 churches and 3 cheese-factories. Pop. of the township, 1062. Clark's Fork of the Yellowstone rises in the N. part of AYyoming, runs northward, and enters the Yellowstone River in Montana, near lat. 45° 43' N. It is about 150 miles long, and traverses a very mountainous region of vol- canic origin. Silver is found near this river. Clark's Fork, a post-township of Cooper co., Mo., 7 miles S.E. of Boonville. Pop. l]2(i. Clark's Fork, a post-office of York co., S.C. Clark's Gap, a post-office of Loudoun co., Va., and a station on the Washington & Ohio Railroad, 41 miles N.W. of Alexandria. Clark's Gap, a post-office of Mercer co., W. Va. Clark's Green, a post-village of Lackawanna co.. Pa., in Abington township, on the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad (near Clark's Summit Station), 8 miles N. of Scranton. It has 2 churches. Clark's Grove, a post-office of Freeborn co., Minn. Clark's Hill, a post-village of Tippecanoe co., Ind., on the Indianapolis, Cincinnati & Lafayette Railroad, 15 miles S.S.E. of Lafayette. It has 4 churches and a steam grist-mill. Clark's Hill, a post-hamlet of Edgefield co., S.C, 19 miles from Augusta, Ga. It has a church. Clark's Island, Knox co.. Me., an isle in Penobscot Bay, about 10 miles from Rockland, has an area of 200 acres. It is connected with the mainland by a stone bridge. Here are quarries of fine granite, which is exported. Clark's Island, the most southern of the Furneaux group, 'off the N.E. end of Tasmania. Lat. 40° S. Clark's Island, an island in the Pacific. Lat. 27° 48' N.J Ion. 176° W. Clark's Landing, Arkansas. See Askew. Clark's Mill, a post-office of Crawford co., Ga. Clark's Mill, a hamlet in Richmond and Charleston townships, Washington co., R.I., on Usquepaug River, near Richmond Station on the Providence & Stonington Rail- road. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of cotton yarns. Pop. 101. Nearest post-office, Shannock Mills. Clark's Mills, a post-village of Oneida co., N.Y., in Kirkland township, on Oriskany Creek, and on the Rome Branch of the Midland Railroad, about 10 miles W.S.W. of Utica. It has a church, a cotton-mill, and 2 other mills. Pop. 420. Clark's Mills, a hamlet of AVashington co., N.Y., on the Hudson River, at the mouth of the Batten Kill, about ^ mile from SchuylerviUe. It has a planing-mill, a saw- mill, and a sash-factory. Pop. about 100. Clark's Mills, a post-hamlet of Moore co., N.C., IS miles W.S.W. of Carthage. It has a grist-mill. Clark's Mills, a post-office and station of Mercer co., Pa., in Perry to^vnship, on the Jamestown &. Franklin Rail- road, 27 miles W. of Franklin. It has a grist-mill. Clark's Mills, a post-office of Lexington co., S.C. Clark's Mills, a post-village of Manitowoc co.. Wis., in Cato township, on the Manitowoc River, about 12 miles AV. of Manitowoc City. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 200. Clark's Mills, a village of Ontario. See Camden East. Clark'son, a post-village of Monroe co., N.Y., in Clark- son township, about 14 miles W.N.W. of Rochester, and 2 miles N. of I5rockport. It has 2 churches, an academy, and 2 carriage-factories. Pop. of the township, 1922. Clarkson, a post-village of Columbiana co., 0., in Middleton township, about 28 miles S. of Youngstown. It has 2 churches. Clark's Prairie, Daviess eo., Ind. See Clarksburg. Clark's Kivoi", Ky., runs northward through Calloway CO., intfisfits ,Mai>lijill co., and enters the Tennessee River at its nioutli, :il»iuit 2 miles above Paducah. It is about 75 miles long. Its West Branch drains part of Graves co., and enters Clark's River 6 or 7 miles from its mouth. Clark's River, a station in McCracken co., Ky., on the Louisville & Paducah Railroad, 5 miles S.E. of Paducah, near the stream called Clark's River. Clark's Rnn, a small stream of Yuba co., towards the N. part of California, falls into the Yuba River about 20 miles above Marysville. Clark's Station, a post-office of Mariposa co., Cal., about 20 miles K.N.E. of Mariposa. Clark's Station, a village in Daviess co., Ind., on the Ohio & Mississippi Bailroad, ]t)2 miles W. of Cincin- nati. Hero are important mines of oannol and bituminous coal. Post-office name, Cannolburg, Clark's Snniniit, Pa. See Clark's Gkeen. Clai'ks'ton, a post-offico of Do Kolb co., Ga. CLA 487 CLA Clarkston, a post-village of Oakland co., Mich., in Independence township, about 1 mile from Clark's Station on the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, 35 miles N.N.W. of Detroit, and 12 miles S.E. of Holly. It has 2 churches, a union graded school, a money-order post-office, a flour-mill, a plough-factory, and a newspaper office. Pop. 471. Clarkstou, a post-office and mining-eamp of Lewis and Clarke CO., Montana, about IS miles S.S.W. of Helena. It has mines of zinc, lead, &c., and a silver-mill. Clarkston, a post-office of Cache co., Utah, 20 miles N.W. of Logan. It has a church. Clarks'tOAvn, or New City, a post-village, capital of Rockland co., N.Y., is in Clarkstown township, about 30 miles N. of New York. The name of its post-offiee is New City. It is a terminus of the Nanuet & New City Rail- road. The township contains Rockland Lake (which see) and a part of Nyack. Pop. of the township, 4535. Clark Sum'init, a station, Marin co., Cal., on theNorth Pacific Coast Railroad, 59 miles N.N.W. of San Francisco. Clarks'ville,apost-village, capital of Johnson CO., Ark., is about 2 miles H. of the Arkansas River, on the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad, 101 miles W.N.W. of Little Rock. It has 2 churches, the Franklin College, and manu- factures of flour, furniture, sash and doors. Pop. 466. CJarksville, a post- village of El Dorado co., Cal., about 25 miles E, of Sacramento. ■ Clarksville, a hamlet of Clark co., Ill,, 7 miles N.W. of Marshall. It has a church. Here is Dolson Post-Offiee. Clarksville, Sangamon co.. 111. See Berry. Clarksville, a village of Clarke co., Ind., on the Ohio River, 2^ miles above New Albany, and opposite Louisville. Here is Stiles Railroad Station. It has a cement-mill. Clarksville, a post-office of Hamilton oo., Ind. Clarksville, a post-village of Butler co., Iowa, in But- ler township, on the Shell Rock River, and on the Burling- ton, Cedar Rapids A Northern Railroad, 24 miles N.N.W. of Cedar Falls, and about 20 miles S. of Charles City. It has a bank, 3 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, and manufactures of flour, furniture, and wagons. Pop. 699. Clarksville, a post-hamlet of Howard co., Md., 10 miles AV.S.W. of Ellicott City. It has 3 or 4 churches. Clarksville, a post-office of Ionia co., Mich. Clarksville, a post-village of Pike co., Mo., on the Mississippi River, and on the St. Louis, Keokuk & North- western Railroad, 12 miles below Louisiana, and about 40 miles below Hannibal. It has 4 churches, a bank, a news- paper office, 2 flour-mills, 1 or 2 machine-shops, 2 tobacco- factories, a barrel-factory, &c. Pop. 1152. Clarksville, a post-village of Merrick co.. Neb., near the Platte River, at Clark's Station on the Union Pacific Railroad, 121 miles W. of Omaha. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Clarksville, a post-township of Coos co., N.H., is drained by the Connecticut River. Pop. 269. Clarksville, Hunterdon co., N.J. See Glen Gardner. Clarksville, a post-village of Albany eo., N.Y., in New Scotland township, 15 miles W.S.W. of Albany. It has 2 churches. 3 stores, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 236. Clarksville, township, Alleghany co., N.Y. Pop. 797. Clarksville, Cayuga co., N.Y., is a suburb of Auburn, 1^ miles N.W. of the railroad station. Here are manu- factures of farming-implements, woollen goods, and axles. Clarksville, a hamlet of Niagara co., N.Y., on the Niagara River, about 1 mile below the cataract. Pop. 150. Clarksville, a village of Otsego co., N.Y., in Middle- field township, 5 miles E. of Cooperstown. It has 2 churches and a gradecl school. Pop. 300. Post-office, Middlefield. Clarksville, a township of Davie co., N.C. Pop. 919. Clarksville, a post-village of Clinton co., 0., in Ver- non township, on the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley Rail- road, 46 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. It has 3 or 4 churches, a graded school, a flour-mill, and a chair-factory. Pop. 389. Clarksville, a hamlet of Defiance co., 0., in Milford township, on the St. Joseph River, 2 miles S. of Edgerton. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Clarksville, a post-office and mining-camp of Baker CO., Oregon, 30 miles S.E. of Baker City. Gold is found here. Clarksville, a post- village of Greene co.. Pa., in Morgan township, on Ten-Mile Creek, 10 miles N.E. of Waynesburg, and about 38 miles S. of Pittsburg. It has 3 churches, 3 stores, a flour-mill, and a woollen-factory. Pop. about 300. Clarksville, a borough of Mercer co.. Pa., on the She- nango River, and on the Erie & Pittsburg Railroad, near the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 27 miles N. of Now Castle, and 33 miles S.S.W. of Meadville. It has an academy, 2 carriage-shops, a saw-mill, 3 churches, and 2 tanneries. Pop. 359. The name of its post-office is Clark. Clarksville, a post- village, capital of Montgomery co., Tenn., on the right bank of the Cumberland River, at the mouth of the Red River, about 50 miles W.N.W. of Nashville, 63 miles W.S.W. of Bowling Green, and 65 miles below Nashville by water. It is on the Louisville & Mem- phis Railroad. It is built on high and hilly ground, and contains a court-house, a national bank, 2 other banks, and the Clarksville Female Academy. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Tobacco and other products are shipped here in steamboats or by railroad, the former amounting to about 15,000 hogsheads annually. Pop. 3200. This town has 13 churches, an iron-foundry, 2 planing-mills, 2 steam flour- ing-mills, a chair-factory, and a manufactory of farming- implements. It is the seat of the Southwestern University (Presbyterian), which was founded in 1874. To endow this institution the citizens of Clarksville contributed 8194,000. A bridge crosses the Red River here. Nearly all the busi- ness portion of Clarksville was destroyed by fire in 1878. Clarksville, a post-village, capital of Red River eo., Tex., on the Texas & Pacific Railroad (Trans-Continental division), 30 miles E. of Paris. It has 4 churches, a Catholic academy, a bank, a newspaper office, and a flouring-miil. Pop. about 1500. Clarksville, a post-village of Mecklenburg co., Va., is situated on the Roanoke River, a mile below the confluence of the Dan and Staunton Rivers, 50 miles E. of Danville, and 100 miles S.W. of Richmond. A line of boats con- nects this place with Boston Station. It has 5 churches, a national bank, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 600. Clarksville, Ontario. See Tecumseth. Clark'ton, a post-village of Dunklin co.. Mo., in Free- born township, 25 miles S. of Dexter City. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, and a wagon-factory. Pop. about 500. Clarkton, a post-village of Bladen eo., N.C, in Brown- marsh township, on the Carolina Central Railroad, 46 miles W.N.W. of Wilmington. It has 2 churches, an academy, and manufactures of rosin, turpentine, lumber, and barrels. Clark'towil, a summer resort of White co., Tenn., 9 miles E. by S. of Sparta. It has 2 mineral springs. Clarkville, Madison co., N.Y. See Brookfield. Clar'lio, a township of Green co., Wis. Pop. 1510. Clary, kU're', a village of France, 10 miles S.E. of Cam- brai. It has manufactures of tulles and gauzes. P. 2647. Cla'ry's Min'eral Springs, a post-office of Edgefield CO., S.C, 5 miles from Silver Street Station. Here is a medicinal spring. Clarysville, kla'riz-vll, a post-village of Perry co., Mo., on the Mississippi River, opposite Chester, 111. It has a church and 2 stores. Cla'ryville, a post-office of Campbell co., Ky. Claryville, a post-hamlet of Sullivan oo., N.Y., in Neversink township, about 32 miles W. of Kingston. It has 2 churches, a tannery, and a flour-mill. Clase, a town of Wales, co. of Glamorgan, 6 miles N.W. of Swansea, of which it is a suburb. It has collieries and tin- and steel-works. Pop. 12,837. Clash'more, a village of Ireland, co. of Waterford, i miles N. of Youghal. Pop. of parish, 1696. Clastidiuin, an ancient name of Casteggio. Clato'nia, a post-office of Gageco., Neb. Clats'ka'nie, a post-office of Columbia co., Oregon. Clat'sop, a county forming the N.W. extremity of Oregon, has an area of about 950 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Columbia River, and on the W. by the Pacific Ocean. The surface is hilly or mountainous, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil produces potatoes, oats, grass, &c. Capital, Astoria. Valuation of real and personal estate, $900,000. Pop. in 1870, 1255, of whom 952 were Americans; in 1875, 1546. Claude, klawd, a post-village in Peel eo., Ontario, 10 miles N.W. of Brampton. Pop. 100. Claudia Celeia, supposed ancient name of Cilly. Claudy, or Clady, kli'de, a village of Ireland, co. of Tyrone, 4 miles by rail S.S.W of Strabane. Clauselville, lilaw'sel-vil, a hamlet of Monroe co., Ala., about 20 miles S.W. of Pineapple. It has 2 churches. Claussvi-lle, klawss'vil, a post-hamlet of Lehigh co.. Pa., about 11 miles W. of Allentown. Clausthal,orKlausthal,klows't3,l,atownof Prussia, in Hanover, in the Harz, 56 miles by rail S.E. of Hanover. It is 1740 feet above the level of the sea, and is mostly built of wood. It is the chief mining town of the Harz, and has a mining academy, gymnasium, and school of forestry, with a valuable museum, a mint, and a high school. Near it are the principal lead- and silver-mines in the Harz, in which, and in the manufacture of camlets and of nails, its population is employed. Pop. 9137. CLA ^ Clavenna, a town of Italy. See Chiavenna. Clavei-ack, klaw'v?r-ak, a post-village of Claverack township, Columbia oo., N.Y., on tlie Hudson A Cliatham Branch of the Boston & Albany Railroad, i\ miles E.S.E. of Hudson. It contains 2 or 3 churches, the Claverack Academy, and the Hudson River Institute. The township contains another village, named Philmont, and has 7 churches, and manufactures of hosiery, flour, straw-paper, Ac. Pop. of the township, 3825. Claverack Creek, Columbia eo., N.Y., runs south- westward and northward, and enters Kinderhook Creek about 5 miles N. of Hudson. Clav'ering, a post-village in Bruce co., Ontario, 18 miles from Owen Sound. Pop. 100. Clay, a county in the E. part of Alabama, has an area of about BOO square miles. It is drained by small affluents of the Tallapoosa River. The surface is uneven and mostly covered with forests. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Capital, Ashland. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $801,268. Pop. in 1870, 9560, of whom 9553 were Americans. Clay, a county in the N.E. part of Arkansas, bordering on Missouri, is bounded on the E. by the river St. Francis, and traversed by Black River. The soil is fertile. It is intersected by the Cairo &, Fulton Railroad. Here are forests of cypress and other trees. Capital, Corning. Clay, a county in the S.E. part of Dakota, is bounded on the S. by the Missouri River, and intersected by the Vermilion River. The surface is partly covered with forests ; the soil is fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, Ac., are the staple products. It is intersected by the Dakota Southern Railroad. Capital, Vermilion. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, 81,145, 4i3. Pop. in 1870, 2621, of whom 1755 were Americans. Clay, a county in the N.E. part of Florida, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by St. John's River. The surface is nearly level, and is partly covered with forests. Cattle, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Green Cove Springs. Valuation of real and personal estate, $290,000. Pop. in 1870, 2098, of whom 2081 were Americans. Clay, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, has an area of about 250 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Chattahoochee River. The surface is nearly level ; the soil is fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. It is intersected by the Southwestern Railroad. Capital, Fort Gaines. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,095,891. Pop. in 1870, 5493, of whom 5489 were Americans. Clay, a county in the S.E. part of Illinois, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is intersected by the Little Wabash River. The surface is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is fertile. Prairies and tracts of timber are dis- tributed here in convenient proportions. Indian corn, oats, wheat, and pork are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Ohio A Mississippi Railroad and the Springfield division of the same. Capital, Louisville. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $9,043,612. Pop. in 1870, 15,875, of whom 15,301 were Americans. Clay, a county in the W. part of Indian.a, has an area of about 350 square miles. It is intersected by Eel River. The surface is nearly level, and is e.\tensively covered with forests ; the soil is generally fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county has beds of good bloek-coal, from which large quantities have been mined. It produced in 1870 236,642 tons of coal, valued at $566,268. It is traversed by the St. Louis, Van- dalia A Terre Haute and Cincinnati A Terre Haute Rail- roads. Capital, Brazil. Valuation of real and personal estate, $12,000,000. Pop. in 1S70, 19,084, of whom 17,298 were Americans. Clay, a county in the N.W. part of Iowa, h.as an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Little Siou.\ Bivcr. The surface is und'-lating; the soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, and oats are tiie staple products. Capital, Spen- cer. Valuation of real and personal estate, $430,000. Pop. in 1870, 1523; in 1875, 3569. Clay, a county in the N.E. central part of Kansas, has an area of 660 square miles. It is intersected by the Re- publican River, which divides it into two nearly equal parts. The surface is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, cattle, Ac, are the staple products. A large proportion of this county (about 95 per cent.) is prairie. Capital, Clay Centre. Valuation of real and personal estate, $474,712. Pop. in 1870, 2942; in 1875, 6672, of whom 4956 were Americans; in 1878, 8759. Clay, a county in the S.E. part of Kentucky, has an area of nearly 600 square miles. It is drained by the South !8 CLA Fork of Kentucky River. The surfiice is partly mountain- ous,' and is extensively covered with forests. The soil pro- duces Indian corn and oats. This county has beds of iron ore, and springs from which salt is procured. Capital, Man- chester. Valuation of real and personal estate, $886,808. Pop. in 1S70, 8297, of whom S28() were Americans. Clay, a county in the W. part of Minnesota, is bounded on the W. by the Red River of the North, and is intersected by Buffalo River. The surface is nearly level, and is di- versified by prairies and groves, the former of which are the more extensive. The soil is very fertile. Limestone underlies this county. It is intersected by the Northern Pacific Railroad. Capital, Moorhead. Valuation of real and personal estate, §3860. Pop. in 1870, 92; in 1875, 1451, of whom 695 were Americans. Clay, a county in the E. or N.E. part of Mississippi, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Tombigbee River, and is drained by the Ok- tibbeha River. The surface is undulating, and extensively covered with forests of the beech, elm, hickory, magnolia, white oak, tulip-tree, *fec. ; the soil is fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. This county is inter- sected by the Mobile & Ohio Railroad. Capital, West Point. It was formed since 1870. Clay, a county in the W.N.W, part of Missouri, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Missouri River, and also drained by Fishing Creek. The surface is diversified by undulations or hills of mod- erate height, and is partly covered with forests of white oak, ash, elm, hickory, black walnut, and other trees. The soil is fertile, Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. Limestone and sandstone are abundant in this county. It is intersected by a branch of the Hannibal &, St. Joseph Railroad. Capital, Liberty. Valuation of real and personal estate, $8,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 15,564, of whom 14,957 were Americans. Clay, a county in the S. part of Nebraska, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Little Blue River and the West Fork of the Big Blue River. The sur- face is undulating; the soil is fertile. The greater portion of it is prairie. Limestone of the cretaceous formation un- derlies this county. It is intersected by the Burlington k Missouri River Railroad. Capital, Sutton. Pop. in 1870, 54; in 1876,4787. Clay, a county in the W. part of North Carolina, bor- dering on Georgia, has an area of about 160 square miles. It is drained by the Hiawassee River. The surface is hilly, and mostly covered with forests. Indian corn, oats, grass, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Hayesville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $337,218. Pop, in 1870, 2461, of whom 2459 were Americans. Clay, a county in the N. part of Tennessee, bordering on Kentucky, is intersected by the Cumberland River, and is also drained by Obey's River. The surface is hilly; the soil is fertile. Here are forests of beech, hickory, maple, oak, chestnut, walnut, «fec. Indian corn, tobacco, wheat, and oats are the staple products. Capital, Celina. Clay, a county in the N. part of Texas, has an area of about 1080 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Red River, and is intersected by the Big and Little Wichita Rivers. The soil is fertile. Capital, Henrietta. Clay, a county in the central part of West Virginia, has an area of about 375 square miles. It is intersected by Elk River. The surface is hilly or undulating; the soil is partly fertile, and produces Indian corn, oats, and grass. Capital, Clay Court-IIouse. Valuation of real and personal estate, $347,689. Pop. in 1870, 2196, all Americans. Clay, a post-office of Jefl"erson co., Ala. Clay, a township of Bartholomew co., Ind. Pop. 778. It contains Petersville. Clay, a township of Carroll CO., Ind. Pop. 949. It con- tains Pyrmont. Clay, a township of Cass co., Ind. Pop. S14. Clay, a township of Dearborn co., Ind. Pop. 1269. It contains Dillsborough. Clay, a township of Decatur co., Ind. Pop. 2065, It contains Milford. Clay, a township of Hamilton co., Ind. Pop. 1413. It contains part of Carmol. Clay, a township of Hendricks co., Ind. Pop. 1571. It contains Hadloy, Coatesville, and A mo. Clay, a township of Howard co., Ind. Pop. 1350. Clay, ft township of Kosciusko co., Ind. Pop. 1973. It contains Rose Hill and Silver Lake. Clay, a township of La Grange co., Ind. Pop. 1248. Clay, a township of Miami co., Ind. Pop. 972. It con- tains Wawpecong. CLA 489 CLA Clay, a township of Morgan CO., Ind. Pop. 1234. It contains Broolilyn .and Centreton. Clay, a townsliipof Owen CO., Ind. Pop. 1284. It con- tains Wliite Hall. Clay, a township of Pike Co., Ind. Pop. 747. It con- tains Union. Clay, a township of Spencer co., Ind. Pop. 1385. It contains Buffaloville. Clay, a township of St. Joseph co., Ind. Pop. 1442. It contains Notre Dame. Clay, a. township of Wayne co., Ind. Pop. 1094. It contains AVashington. Clay, a township of Clay CO., Iowa. Pop. 598. It con- tains Peterson. Clay, a township of Grundy co., Iowa. Pop. 492. It contains Beaman. Clay, a township of Hardin co., Iowa. Pop. 1371. Clay, a townshi]> of Harrison co., Iowa. Pop. 641. Clay, a township of Jones co., Iowa. Pop. 962. It contains Clay Mills. Clay, a township of Marion co., Iowa. Pop. 1197. It contains lola and Bethel City. Clay, a township of Shelby co., Iowa. Pop. 287. Clay, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Iowa, in Clay township, about 12 miles N. of Fairfield. The township has 3 churches and a cheese-factory. Pop. in 1875, 690. Clay, a township of Wayne co., Iowa. Pop. 634. Clay, a township of Webster co., Iowa. Pop. 156. Clay, a township of Reno CO., Kansas. Pop. 390. Clay, a post-office of Webster co., Ky., is at Clatville. Clay, a township of St. Clair CO., Mich., on the river St. Clair. Pop. 1384. It contains the village of Algonac. Clay, a post-hamlet of Pearl CO., Miss., 33 miles S. of Columbia. It has a church. Clay, a township of Adair co.. Mo. Pop. 1340. Clay, a township of Atchison co., Mo. Pop. 1673. Clay, a township of Clarke co., Mo. Pop. 1119. It contains Hazelton. Clay, a township of Dougbs co.. Mo. Pop. 333. Clay, a township of Dunklin co.. Mo. Pop. 1426. Clay, a township of Greene co.. Mo. Pop. 840. Clay, a township of Harrison co., Mo. Pop. 911. Clay, a township of Holt co., Mo. Pop. 887. Clay, a township of Lafayette co., Mo. Pop. 3508. It contains Greenton. Clay, a township of Linn co., Mo. Pop. 939. It con- tains Eversonville. Clay, a township of Monroe co., Mo. Pop. 1518. It contains Granville. Clay, a township of Kails co., Mo. Pop. 1701. Clay, a township of Shelby co.. Mo. Pop. 1433. It contains Clarence. Clay, a township of Sullivan CO., Mo. Pop. 877. Clay, a post-township of Onondaga co., N.Y., contains Belgium, Centreville, Euclid, Three River Point, and other villages, and is very fertile. Pop. 3025. Clay Station is on the Syracuse Northern Railroad, 11 miles N. of Syracuse. Clay, a township of Guilford co., N.C; Pop. S35. Clay, a township of Auglaize co., 0. Pop. 1095. It contains St. John's. Clay, a township of Gallia eo., 0. Pop. 1400. It is on the Ohio River, and includes Charabersburg. Clay, a township of Highland co., 0. Pop. 1345. It contains Buford and Hollowtown. Clay, a post-village of Jackson co., 0., in Franklin township, on the railroad between Portsmouth and J.ackson, about 10 miles S. of Jackson. It has a church and a grist- mill. The name of its station is Cross Roads. Clay, a township of Knox co., 0. Pop. 940. It con- tains Martinsburg. Clay, a township of Montgomery CO., 0. Pop. 2541. It contains Bachman, Dodson, Phillipsburg, South Arlington, and West Baltimore. Clay, a township of Muskingum CO., 0. Pop. 776. It contains Roseville. Clay, a township of Ottawa CO., 0. Pop. 2174. It con- tains Genoa. Clay, a township of Scioto co., 0. Pop. 927. Clay, a township of Tuscarawas co., 0. Pop. 1205. It includes Gnadenhiitten. Clay, a township of Butler co., Pa. Pop. 1062. It in- cludes Sunbury. Clay, a township of Huntingdon co.. Pa. Pop. 814, ex- clusive of Three Springs. Clay, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co.. Pa., in Clay town- ship, 5 miles W.N.W. of Ephrata. The township contains Durlach, and has 4 grist-mills and 3 churches. Pop. 1440. Clay Bank, a post-hamlet of Oceana co., Mich., on Lake Michigan, in Claybank township, 25 miles N.N.W. of Muskegon. It has a saw-mill. Pop. of township, 562. Clay Bank, a post-hamlet of Gloucester co., Va., on York River, 15 miles S.E. of West Point. It has a church and a steamboat-landing. Clay Banks, a post-township of Door co.. Wis., is bounded on the E. by Lake Michigan. It has 2 lumber- mills. Pop. 623. Clay Brook, a post-village of Madison co., Tenn., 12 miles E, of Jackson. It has a church, an academy, a grist- mill, and a saw-mill. Clay'burg, a post-village of Clinton co., N.Y., on the Saranac River, in Saranac and Black Brook townships, 24 miles W.S.W. of Plattsburg. Here are iron-mines. It has an iron-forge or bloomery. Clay Centre, a post-village, capital of Clay co., Kansas, is on the Republican River, in Clay Centre township, on a branch of the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 33 miles N.N.W. of Junction City. It has a bonk, 2 steam flouring-mills, a newspaper office, a graded school, 4 churches, and manufac- tures of carriages and furniture. Pop. of township, 1750. Clay City, a post-village of Clay co.. 111., on the Little Wabash River, in a township of its own name, and on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 46 miles W. of Vincennes. It has 3 churches and a graded school. Pop. 594 ; of the town- ship, 1364. Clay City, a post-village of Clay co., Ind., on the Cin- cinnati & Terre Haute Railroad, 8 miles S.W. of Bowling Green. It has a church, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a coal-mine. Clay Court-HoHse, or Henry, a post-village, cap- ital of Clay CO., W. Va., on Elk River, about 30 miles E.N.E. of Charleston. It has 2 churches. Clay^cross', a town of England, in Derbyshire. 4 miles by rail S. of Chesterfield. Pop. 4802. Claye, kli, a town of France, in Seine-et-Marne, 9 miles W. of Meau.\. Pop. 1607. Clay'ford, a post-office of Jones co., Iowa, on the Ma- quoketa River. Clay Fork, a post-office of Cumberland co., N.C. Clay^hatch'ee, a post-hamlet of Dale co., Ala., 40 miles S.E. of Troy. It has a church. Clay Hill, a hamlet of Clarke co., Ala., about 65 miles S.W. of Selma. It has a church. Clay Hill, a post-office of Marengo co., Ala. Clay Hill, a post-office of Lincoln co., Ga. Clay Hill, a post-office or hamlet of Wexford co., Mich., about 30 miles S. of Traverse City. Clay Hill, a post-hamlet of York co., S.C, 10 miles N. of Rock Hill Railroad Station. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Clay Hill, a post-office of Titus co., Texas. Clay Lick, a post-hamlet of Licking co., 0., and a station on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 6 miles E. of Newark. It has a flour-mill and a lumber-mill. Clay Iiick, a post-hamlet of Franklin co.. Pa., 4 miles S. of Mercersburg. It has a church and an academy. Clay Mills, a post-hamlet of Jones co., Iowa, in Clay township, on Maquoketa River, 28 miles S.S.W. of Dubuque. It has manufactures of flour, lime, and lumber. Clay'mont, a post-village of New Castle co., Del., on the Delaware River, and on the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, 7 miles E.N.E. of Wilmington. It has 2 churches. 2 boarding-schools, and a grist-mill. . Clay Pits, Long Island. See Gesola. CI ay 'pool, a post-hamlet of Kosciusko co., Ind., on the Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan Railroad, 9 miles S. of Warsaw. It has a saw-mill. Claypool, a post-office of Warren co., Ky. Claypools, a station in Muskingum eo., 0., on the Bal- timore & Ohio Railroad, 12 miles N.W. of Zanesville. Clay's, a station in Autauga co., Ala., on the Selma, Rome & Dalton Railro.ad, 14 miles N.E. of Selma. Claysburg, klaiz'burg, a village of Blair co.. Pa., in Greenfield township, about 20 miles S. of Altoona. It has 3 churches. Here is Sarah Post-Office. Clay's Grove, a post-office of Lee co., Iowa. Clay's Prairie, a post-hamlet of Edgar co., 111., 8 miles N.E. of Paris. It has a church. Claysville, klaiz'vil, a post-hamlet of Marshall co., Ala., near the Tennessee River, 30 miles S.E. of Huntsville. Claysville, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Ind., 3 miles S. of Saltillo. It has a church. Claysville, a post-hamlet of Harrison co., Ky., on Licking River, about 30 miles W.S.W. of Maysville. It has a church. Pop. 99. CLA 490 CLE Claysville, a post-hamlet of Boone co., Mo., 7 miles N.W. of Cedar City. It has a church. Claysville, a station in Greene oo., 0., on the Little Miami Railroad, 9 miles S. of Xenia. Claysville, a post-village of Guernsey co., 0., about 20 miles E. of Zanesville. It has 2 churches. Pop. 118. Claysville, a borough of Jetferson co.. Pa., in Young township, about 50 miles N.W. of Altoona. It has a church, a flour-mill, and manufactures of pumps, ploughs, threshing- machines, sash, (to. Claysville, a poat-borough of Washington co., Pa., in Donegal township, on a branch of the Baltimore i Ohio Railroad, 42 miles S.W. of Pittsburg. It has 3 churches, a flour-mill, and about 30 houses. Pop. 284. Claysville, a post-hamlet of Mineral co., W. Va., 8 miles S. of Keyser. It has 2 churches. Claysville, a village of Wood co., W. Va., on the Lit- tle Kanawha River, and on the Baltimore A Ohio Railroivd, 7 miles S.E. of Parkersburg. It has several mills. Pop. 123. Clay'ton, a town of England, West Riding of York- shire, 3 miles S.W. of Bradford. Pop. 4074. Clayton, a small county in the N.W. central part of Georgia, is drained by Flint River, which rises in it. The surface is elevated, and partly covered with forests. Cot- ton and Indian corn are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Macon & Western Railroad. Capital, Jonesborough. Valuation of real and personal estate, $841,786. Pop. in 1870, 5477, of whom 5461 were Amer- icans. Clayton, a county in the N.E. part of Iowa, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Mississippi River, is intersected by Turkey River, and is also drained by the Volga River. The surface is undulating, and finely diversified with prairies, bluffs, and forests ; the soil is very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, butter, and pork are the staple products. It is largely covered with woodlands, in which the .ash, elm, hickory, sugar-maple, white oak, and black walnut abound. Among its mineral resources are lead and good building-stone. Niagara limestone (Upper Silurian) crops out at the Volga River Blurt's, which rise about 700 feet above the valley. It is intersected by 3 railroads, — the Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Chicago, Dubuque &, Minnesota, and the Iowa Eastern. Capital, El Kader. Valuation of real and personal estate, S16,S65,S41. Pop. in 1S70, 27,771, of whom 19,250 were natives and 8521 were foreigners; in 1875, 27,184. Clayton, a post-village, capital of Barbour co., Ala., on the Vicksburg & Brunswick Railroad, 21 miles W. of Eu- faula. It has a fine court-house, 3 churches, a college, and a newspaper oflice. Pop. about 1000. Clayton, a post-office of Hempstead co., Ark. Clayton, a post-village of Contra Costa co., Cal., near Mount Diablo. Coal is mined in the vicinity. Clayton, a post-village of Kent co., Del., on Duck Creek, at the junction of the Maryland A Delaware Rail- road with the Delaware division of the Philadelphia, Wil- mington &, Baltimore .Railroad, 37 miles S. by W. from Wilmington. Branch railroads also e.ttend hence to Smyrna, Del., and Massey's, Md. It has a church and a peach- basket factory. Pop. 114. Clayton, a post-village, capital of Rabun co., Ga., 100 miles (direct) N.E. of Atlanta. It has 2 churches. Pop. 70. Clayton, a post-village of Adams oo.. 111., in Clavton township, on the Wabash Railro.ad, 28 miles E.N.E'. of Quincy. A branch railroad extends from this place north- ward to Carthage and Keokuk. It has 5 churches, 1 or 2 banks, a high school, the Jackson Scale Works, and a flour-mill. Pop, about 1200 ; of the township, 2063. Clayton, a township of AVoodford co., 111. Pop. 1022. Clayton, a post-village of Liberty township, Hendricks CO., Ind., on the Terre Haute k Indianapolis Railroad, 20 miles W. of Indianapolis. It has 4 churches, a graded school, a newspaper oflice, and manufactures of flour and lumber. Pop. about 350. Clayton, a post-village of Clayton oo., Iowa, on the Mississippi River, in Clayton townsliip, and on the Chicago, Dubuque & Minnesota Railroad, 44 miles N.W. of Dubuque. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of furniture, wagons, Ac. Pop. of the township, 1018. Clayton, a township of Taylor oo., Iowa. Pop. 624. Clayton, a post-hamlet of Harford oo., Md., about 22 miles N.E. of Baltimore. Clayton, a post-hamlet of Berkshire co., Mass., about 40 miles W. of Springfield. Clayton, a township of Bay co., Mich. Pop. 177. Clayton, a township of Genesee oo., Mich. Pop. 1060. Clayton, a post-village of Lenawee co., Mich., in Dover and Hudson townships, on the Michigan Southern Railroad, 11 miles W.S.W. of Adrian. It has 3 churches, a money- order post-ofiice, a grist-mill, Ac. Pop. (estimated) 500. Clayton, a post-hamlet of Faribault co., Minn., about 25 miles W. by S. of Albert Lea. Clayton, a township of Mower co., Minn. Pop. 119. Clayton, a post-village of Vernon co.. Mo., on the Mis- souri, Kansas A Te.xas Railroiid, 15 miles W. of Nevada. It has a church, and a trade in coal, which is shipped here. Clayton, a post-office of Saunders co.. Neb., on Platte River, 10 miles W. of Fremont. Clayton, a post-vill.age of Clayton township, in Glouces- ter CO., N.J., on the West Jersey Railroad, 21 miles S. of Camden. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a manu- factory of glass. The township contains Glassborough, and has large manufactures of glass. Pop. of township, 3674. Clayton, a post-village in Clayton township, Jefi'erson CO., N.Y., is on the St. Lawrence River, at the mouth of French Creek, about 22 miles N.N.W. of Watertown. Here is the terminus of the Clayton A Theresa Railroad. The village is partly supported by the lumber-trade and ship- building. It has 4 churches and a graded school. A weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. about 1200 ; of the town- ship, which comprises part of the Thousand Islands, 4215. Clayton, a post-village of Johnston co.. N.C., in Clay- ton township, on the railroad between Raleigh and Golds- borough, 15 miles S.E. of Raleigh. It has a church, a classical school, and 2 steam cotton-gins. Pop. of town- ship, 1534. Clayton, a hamlet of Adams co., 0., 8 miles N.E. of Maysville, Ky. Clayton, a hamlet of Miami co., 0., 2i miles from Bradford Station. It has a church and a flour-mill. Clayton, a post-office of Montgomery co., 0., is at the village of Salem, 12 miles N.W. of Dayton. Clayton, a township of Perry CO., 0. Pop. 1195. It contains Rehoboth and Saltillo. Clayton, a post-village of Berks co.. Pa., in Hereford township, about 15 miles S. by W. of AUentown. It has a grist-mill and a liine-kiln, Clayton, a post-ofiice of Obion co., Tenn. Clayton, a post-village of Panola co., Tex., 20 miles E;S.E. of Henderson. It has a Baptist college and a ma- sonic hall. Clayton, a township of Crawford co., AVis. Pop. 1616. It contains Soldier's Grove. Clayton, a post-village of Polk co.. Wis., on the North Wisconsin Railroad, 42 miles N.N.E. of Hudson. It has a church, 2 saw-mills, 3 stores, and a planing-mill. Clayton, a township of Winnebago co., AVis., and a station on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 5 miles AY. of Menasha. Pop. 1300. Clay'ton, or Bel'lamy's Mills, a post-village in Lanark CO., Ontario, on Indian River, 11 miles from Al- monte. It has a woollen-factory, planing-mill, carding- mill, and several grist- and saw-raills. Pop. 250. Clayto'na, a post-office of Noble co., 0. Clay'ton Centre, a village of Clayton co., Iowa, in Read township, on the Iowa Eastern Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of El Kader. It has a church. Here is Read Post-Offlce. Clay'ton-le-Moors, a town of England, in Lan- cashire, 4 miles E.N.E. of Blackburn. Pop. 5390. Clay'ton's Store, a hamlet of Monmouth co., N.J., 4^ miles from Freehold. Clay'tonville, a posthamlet of Brown co., Kansas, about 25 miles N.AV. of Atchison. Claytonville, a post-hamlet of Clay co., Mo., 31 miles N.N.E. of Kansas City. It has 2 churches. Clay Village, a post-villago of Clay co., Ky., about 40 miles E. of Louisville. It has 2 churches. Pop. 88. Clay'ville, a post-hamlet of Clay co., Ark., 20 miles from Knobol Railroad Station. It has a church. Clayville, a post-office of Telfair co., Ga. Clayville (Clay Post-Offioc), a post-village of AYebster CO., Ky., about 6 miles S.AY. of Dixon. It has 2 churches and an academy. Clayville, a post-village of Oneida co., N.Y., in Paris township, on the Delaware, Lackawanna A AVestern Rail- road, 11 miles S. of Utica. It contains 4 churches, 2 fur- naces, a large woollen-mill, and a manufactory of scythes, hoes, hay-forks, and other implements. Pop. 944. Clayville, a village of Providence co., U.I., in Soituato and Foster townships, 7 miles N.AA'. of Hope. It has a church and 2 cotton-mills. Pop. 227. Clear Branch, a post-office of Unicoi eo., Tenn. Clear Creek, Shasta oo., Cal., enters the Sacramento River from the AV. a few miles below Shasta. CLE 491 CLE Clear Creek, Colorado, rises on the E. slope of the Snowy or Main Range, near Gray's Peak, runs eastward through Clear Creek and Jefferson cos., and enters the South Fork of the Platte River about 6 miies below Denver. Length, 79 miles. Gold and silver are mined on this creek. Clear Creek, Illinois, runs southward through Union CO. and enters the Mississippi River. Clear Creek, a county in the N. central part of Col- orado, is drained by Clear Creek. The Rocky Mountains, here covered with perpetual snow, extend along the western border of this county, which abounds in beautiful scenery. The inhabitants are mostly employed in mining. It has rich mines of gold and silver, which are found in quartz rock. Capital, Georgetown. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, Sl,2I0,22i. Pop. in 1870, 1596, of whom 1220 were Americans. The reported value of the gold and silver mined in this county in 1875 was $2,064,000. Mt. Evans, in this county, is 14,330 feet high. Clear Creek, a post-office of Chilton co., Ala., and a station on the South & North Alabama Railroad, about 4 miles S. of Calera. Clear Creek, a post-ofifico of Boone co., Ark. Clear Creek, a post-office of Butte co., Cal. Clear Creek, a station in Shasta co., Cal., on the Cen- tral Pacific Railroad, Oregon division, 5 miles S. of Red- ding. It has a hotel, a store, Ac. Clear Creek, a township of Alexander co., 111. Pop. 1068. It contains Clear Creek Landing. Clear Creek, a post-hamlet of Putnam co.. 111., about 25 miles S.W. of Ottawa. A yearly meeting of Friends is held here. Clear Creek, township, Huntington co.,Ind. P. 1273. Clear Creek, a post-township of Monroe co., Ind., about 36 miles AV.S.W. of Columbus. It is intersected by Salt Creek, and by the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad. Clear Creek Station is 3^^ miles S. of Bloomington. Pop. 1325. Clear Creek, a post-office of Allamakee co., Iowa. Clear Creek, township, Jasper co., Iowa. Pop. 1098. Clear Creek, township. Johnson co., Iowa. Pop. 754. Clear Creek, township, Keokuk co., Iowa. Pop. 1270. Clear Creek, a post-township of Nemaha co., Kansas, 10 miles N.W. of Seneca. Pop. 549. Clear Creek, a township of Pottawatomie co., Kan- sas. Pop. 702. Clear Creek, a station of Tishemingo co.. Miss., on the Memphis & Charleston Railroad, 5 miles from luka. Clear Creek, a post-office of Cooper co., Mo., 2 miles from Harriston. Pop. of Clear Creek township, 119S. See also Peshaw Creek. Clear Creek, a township of Vernon co., Mo. P. 445. Clear Creek, a post-hamlet and station of Saunders CO., Neb., on the Omaha & Republican Valley Railroad, 26 miles W. of Omaha. Clear Creek, a post-hamlet of Chautauqua co., N.Y., on the Buffalo & Jamestown Railroad, 15 miles N.E. of Jamestown. Clear Creek, a post-office of Cabarrus co., N.C. Clear Creek, a township of Mecklenburg co.. N.C. It has several gold-mines. Pop. 615. {Post-office, Mint Hill.) Clear Creek, a township of Ashland co., 0. Pop. 1198. It contains Savannah. Clear Creek, a post-township of Fairfield co., 0. Pop. 1743. It contains villages named Oakland and Stoutville. Clear Creek Station is on the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley Railroad, 9 miles E. of Circleville. Clear Creek, a township of Warren CO., 0. Pop. 2605. It includes the village of Springborough. Clear Creek, a post-office of Columbia co., Oregon. Clear Creek, a post-hamlet of Greene co., Tenn., 14 miles N. of Limestone Railroad Station. Clear Creek, a station of Galveston co., Texas, on the Galveston, Houston & Henderson Railroad, 26 miles N.AV. of Galveston. Clear Creek, a post-office of Raleigh co., W. Va. Clear Creek, a post-village in Norfolk co., Ontario, 2S miles from Siincoe. Pop. 100. Clear Creek Falls, a post-office of Winston co., Ala. Clear Creek Landing, a post-village of Alexander CO., 111., on the Mississippi River, about 5 miles above Capo Girardeau, Mo, Clear Dale, a post-office of Sumner co., Kansas. Clear'field, a county in the W, central part of Penn- sylvania, has an area of about 1050 square miles. It is in- tersected by the West Branch of the Susquehanna, is bounded on the S.E. by Moshannon Creek, and is partly drained by Clearfield Creek. The surface is diversified with uplands, high hills, and deep valleys or ravines, worn by the running water. The soil is partly fertile. Oats, Indian corn, lumber, wheat, and butter are the staple products. This county has valuable beds of bituminous coal, limestone, and iron ore. A branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad connects Clearfield (which is the capital) with Tyrone. A large part of the county is covered with forests, in which the pine, hickory, and oak are found. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,374,050. Pop. in 1870, 25,741, of whom 23,651 were Americans. Clearfield, a township of Butler co., Pa. Pop. 847. It includes Coylesviile. Clearfield, a township of Cambria co., Pa. Pop. 1531, exclusive of a part of Chest Springs. Clearfield, a post-borough, capital of Clearfield co., Pa., on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, about 40 miles N. of Altoona, and 120 miles W.N.AV. of Harris- burg. The Tyrone & Clearfield Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad extends from this place to Tyrone, 41 miles. It contains a court-house, 6 churches, a graded free school, an academy, 2 national banks, 1 other bank, gas-works, exten- sive fire-clay-mines, a planing-mill, a foundry and machine- shop, manufactures of fire-bricks, steam-engines, and lum- ber, and 2 newspaper offices. Lumber is the chief article of export. Coal is obtained here. Pop. 1361. Clearfield, a township of Juneau co.. Wis. Pop. 250. Clearfield Bridge, a post-hamlet of Clearfield co., Pa., on Clearfield Creek, 5 miles S.E. of Clearfield. It has 2 churches and a lumber-mill. Clearfield Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in Cambria co., runs northward, and enters the West Branch of the Sus- quehanna in Clearfield co., about 5 miles below the town of Clear Fork of the Mohican River, Ohio, runs eastward, and unites with the Black Fork in the S. part of Ashland co. Clear Fork of the Brazos River, Texas, runs north- eastward and eastward, drains parts of Jones, Shackelford, and Throckmorton cos., and enters Brazos River in Young CO., 10 miles S. of Belknap. Length, estimated at 200 miles. Clear Fork of Powder River rises in Carbon co., Wyo- ming, runs northeastward, and unites with the South Fork in the same county. Clear Fork, a station in Johnson co., Mo., on the Mis- souri Pacific Railroad, 22 miles W. of Sedalia. Clear Fork, a post-office of Bland co., Va. Clear Grit, a post-hamlet of Fillmore co., Minn., on Root River, 1 mile from Istnours, and 4 miles from Preston, It has a flouring-mill. Clear Lake, California, is in Lake co., at an elevation of nearly 1500 feet above the sea-level. It is about 25 miles long, and is 10 miles wide in some places. Near the middle it contracts to a strait i or 2 miles wide, which connects the Upper and the Lower Lake. The water is deep and clear, and is said to be full offish. The shores of this lake present picturesque scenery, and are frequented by tourists and sportsmen, who find here much game. The outlet is Cache Creek. Clear Lake, a post-office of Modoc co., Cal. It is near a small and highly saline lake with no outlet. Clear Lake, a township of Sangamon co.. III. Pop. 1566. It contains Riverton. Clear Lake, a township of Steuben co., Ind. Pop. 455. Clear Lake, a post-village of Cerro Gordo co., Iowa, is in Clear Lake township, on the Iowa tfc Dakota division o-f the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 10 miles W. of Mason City. It is near a lake of the same name, which is about 6 miles long. It has 2 banks, 4 churches, and a news- paper office. Pop. 622. Clear Lake, township, Hamilton co., Iowa. Pop. 359. Clear Lake, a station in Ouachita parish. La., on the Vicksburg & Shreveport Railroad, 58 miles W. of the Mis- sissippi River. Clear Lake, a post-hamlet of Sherburne co., Minn., in Clear Lake township, on the St. Paul A Pacific Railroad, 63 miles AV.N.W. of St. Paul, and about 2 miles E. of the Mis- sissippi River, which is the S.W. boundary of the township. It has a large house for immigrants, a town hali, and a grain-elevator. Pop. of the township, 180. Clear Lake, a township of Sibley co., Minn. Pop. 156. Clear Lake, a post-hamlet of Polk co., Wis., in Black Brook township, on the North Wisconsin Railroad, 35 miles N. of Hudson. It has a church, and several steam mills which manufacture lumber, sash, blinds, &c. Clearmont, Mo. See Claremont. Clear'mont, a post-office of Warren co., Tenn. Clearmont, or Clairmont, Ontario. See Burford. Clear Point, a post-office of Arkansas co.. Ark. CLE 492 CLE Clear Pond, a village of Marshall co., Ky., on the Ten- nessee River, and on the Louisville, Paducah & Southwestern Railroad, 18 miles E. of Paducah. It has a bridge over the river. Here is Gilbertsville Post-Office. Clear Port, a post-hamlet of Fairfield co., 0., about 30 miles S.E. of Columbus. Clear Ridge, a post-hamlet of Fulton co.. Pa., about 25 miles W.N.W. of Ohambcrsburg. It has a church. Clear Spring, a post-office of Clarke co.. Ark. Clear Spring, a post-village of Jackson co., Ind., in Owen township, about 26 miles S.W. of Columbus. It has 2 churches, a high school, 2 tanneries, and a steam grist- mill. Pop. about 150. Here is Mooney Post-Office. Clear Spring, township, La Grange co., Ind. P. 1223. Clear Spring, a post-office of Graves co., Ky. Clear Spring, a post-vilI.age of Washington co., Md., about 13 miles W. of Hagerstown, and 26 miles S.S.W. of Chambersburg, Pa. It has a tannery, a flour-mill, and a carriage-shop. Pop. 702. Clear Spring, a post-hamlet of York co.. Pa., 4 miles S.S.W. of Dillsburg. Clear Spring, a post-office of Greenville co., S.C, 13 miles S.E. of Greenville. Clear Spring, a post-office of Grainger co., Tcnn. Clear Spring, a post-hamlet of Guadalupe co.,Tex., 7 miles N.W. of Seguin. Clear'vieAV', a post-office of Sullivan co.. Mo. Clear'ville, a post-hamlet of Bedford co., P.a., in Monroe township, U miles S. of Altoona. It has a church. Clear'ville, a post-village in Bothwell co., Ontario, on Clear Creek, Ifi miles S.E. of Bothwell. Pop. 150. Clear Water, a post-office of White co.. Ark.' Clear Water, a post-office of Idaho co., Idaho. Clear Water, a post-hamlet of Sedgwick co., Kansas on the Ninnescah, 12 miles S.W. of Wichita. It has 2 stores. Clear Water, a post-hamlet of Kalkaska co., Mich., in Clear Water township, on Rapid River, 8 miles N.W. of Kalkaska. Pop. of the township, 310. Clear'water, a post- village of Wright co., Minn., on the Clearwater River, 3 miles from Clear Lake Station, and about 50 miles W.N.W. of Minneapolis. It is partly in Clearwater township, which is bounded on the N.E. by the Mississippi and contains several lakes. It has a money- order post-office, 3 churches, a graded school, and manufac- tures of flour, lumber, sash, ic. Pop. of township, 603. Clear Water Harbor, a post-hamlet of Hillsborough CO., Fl.a., on the Gulf of Mexico, 90 miles S. of Cedar Keys. It ha.s a church and a newspaper office. Clear'water River, Idaho, is formed by two branches called the North and South Forks, which unite on the west border of Shoshone co. It runs westward, and enters the Snake or Lewis River at Lcwiston. The North Fork rises among the Bitter Root Mountains, and irrigates Shoshone CO.. in which rich gold-mines have been opened. The South Fork rises in Idaho co., and runs northwestward through a mountainous region. The entire length of the river, in- cluding one fork, is about 200 miles. Clearwater River, Minnesota, runs N.W. in Polk co., and enters Red Lake River. It is nearly 60 miles long. Clearwater River, Minnesota, a small river or creek, which runs northeastward, drains parts of Meeker and Stearns cos., and enters the Mississippi River at the north extremity of Wright co. About 10 miles from its mouth it expands into a lake, which is called Clearwater and is nearly 5 miles long. Clear'water (Little Athabasca, or M'ashacum- mov) River, in British North America, lat. 56° 30' N., Ion. 110° W., flows from the hills near Lake Methye to the river Athabasca. It is navigable for boats, and flows in a picturesque region. Clea'tor, a town of England, in Cumberland, 3 miles by rail S.S.E. of Whitehaven, with iron-mines. Pop. 6529. Cleaveland, New York and Ohio. See Cleveland. Cleave'land, or Cleve'land, a post-village, capital of Bradley co., Tenn., on the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad, at the junction of the Dalton Branch, 29 miles E. by N. from Chattanooga, and 83 miles S.S.W. of Kncvvillo. It has 6 churches (besides 3 colored), 2 news- paper offices, 2 banks, a female institute, a pump-factory, and a sash- and blind-factory. Pop. about 2400. Cleaveland Mills, a post-hamlct of Cleveland co., N.C., on Knob Creek, 12 miles N. of Shelby. It has a church and a cotton -factory. Pop. about 100. Cle'burne, a county in the N.E. part of Alabama, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is intersected by the Tallapoosa River. The surface is diversified with hills and valleys and is extensively covered with forests. The soil in some parts is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, cotton, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Edwardsville. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $568,634. This county was formed in 1866, of parts of Calhoun, Randolph, and Talladega cos. Pop. in 1870, 8017, of whom 8010 were Americans. Cleburne, a post-office of Cross co., Ark. Cleburne, a post-village, capital of Johnson co., Texas, about 155 miles N. of Austin, and 50 miles S.W. of Dallas. It has 3 churches and a money-order post-office. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 686. Cleckheaton, kl^k'e-tgn, a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, 8i miles by rail W. of Leeds, is well built, lighted with gas, and has manufactures of woollen cloth and worsted. Cards and other machinery are also made, and the iron-founding trade is important. Pop. 6683. Clecy, kli'see', a town of France, in Calvados, near the Orne, 13 miles W.N.W. of Falaise. Pop. 2147. It has manufactures of lace and cotton fabrics. Cleden-Cap-Sizun, kliMONo'-kap-see'ziiip', a town of France, in Finistere, 26 miles N.E. of Quimper. Pop. 184. Cleden-Poher, kli"ddN»'-po'aiR', a town of France, in Finistere, 26 miles W.N.W. of Quimper. Pop. 2360. Cleek's Mills, a post-office of Bath co., Va. Clee'thorpe-with-Tliruns'coe, a township of England, co. of Lincoln, parish of Clee, on the coast, with terminal station on a railway, 2i miles E.S.E. of Great Grimsby. It is frequented for sea-bathing. Pop. 1768. Cleeve-Bishop's, or Bishop's Cleeve, a village of England, co. of Gloucester, 3J miles by rail N.N.E. of Cheltenham. Pop. of parish, 2066. Cleeve-Pri'or, a village of England, co. of Worcester, 5 miles N.E. of Evesham. Cleg'horn, a station on the North & South Railroad of Georgia, 7 miles N. of Columbus, Ga. Cleguerec, kU'gihek', a town of France, in Morbi- han, 6 miles N.W. of Pontivy. Pop. of commune, 3335. Clem'ansville, a post-office of Winnebago co., Wis. Clem'ent, a post-village of Clinton co.. 111., on the Ohio Jc Mississippi Railroad, 4 miles E. of Carlyle, and 51 miles E. of St. Louis. It has 5 churches, a flouring-mill, and 2 saw -mills. The station at this placed is called Collins. Clem'enton, or Clem'anton, a village of Camden CO., N.J., in Winslow township, on the PhiKadelphia & At- lantic City Railroad, 12 miles S.E. of Camden. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 160. Clem'ent's Depot, a post-hamlet of Tuscaloosa co., Ala., on the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad, 15 miles E. of Tuscaloosa. Coal is found here. Clem'entsport, or Moose River, a post-village in Annapolis co.. Nova Scotia, on Annapolis Basin, at the mouth of Moose River, 8 miles S.W. of Annapolis. It has several hotels, churches, stores, and ship-yards. Pop. 300. Clem'ent's Still, a station in Worth co., Ga., on the Brunswick & Albany Railroad, 16 miles E. of Albany. Cleni'entsvale, a post-village in Annapolis co., Nova Scotia, 12 miles from Annapolis. Pop. about 600. Clem'entsville, a post-hamlet of Clay co., Tenn., about 35 miles S.S.E. of Glasgow, Ky. It has a church. Clements West, Nova Scotia. See Deep Bkook. Clem'monsville, a post-village of Davidson co., N.C., in Clemmonsvillc township, 2 miles E. of the Yadkin River, and 11 miles S.W. of Salem. It has 2 churches, an acad- emy, and a tannery. Pop. 215 ; of the township. 978. Clem's Branch, a post-office of Grayson co., Va. Clem'town, a small village of Barbour co., W. Va., 5 miles from Philippi. It has a lumber-mill, a tannery, and 2 churches. Clen'den'in, a post-office of Kanawha co., W. Va. Clen'ton, a post-hamlet of Whitman co., Washington, about 12 miles N. of Lewiston, Idaho. Cleobury-Mortimer, klo'b^r-re-mor't^-mer, a town of England, co. of Salop, on a railway, 10 miles E. of Lud- low. Pop. of p.arish, 1708. Cle'on,a post-township of Manistee co., Mich. Pop. 85. Cleon, a township of Wexford co., Mich. Pop. 94. Pop. Cle'ona, a post-office of Brown co., Ind. Cleo'na, a township of Scott co., Iowa. Pop. 870. Cleopatra, Mercer co., Mo. See Somerset. Cleopatris, the ancient name of Suez. Cleo'ra, a post-office of Lake co., Colorado. Clercken, kliuk'k^n, a village of Belgium, in AVcst Flanders, 20 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 3200. Cleres, klaiii, a town of France, in Seine-Infcrieure, 14 miles by rail N. of Rouen. Pop. 779. Clertr, klSiif, or Clervaux, klJiiS'O', a village, grand duchy and 33 miles N. of Luxemburg. Pop. 640. CLE 493 CLE Cler'ihan, a village of Ireland, co. of Tipperary, 4 miles N.W. of Clonmel. Clerke Island, in the Paciflo. See Narcissus. Cler'kenwel!, a large district and out-parish of Eng- land, in the city of London, co. of Middlesex, 1 mile N. of St. Paul's. It has a session-house, prison, water-works, &c. " St. John's Gate" is the only remnant of an ancient priory which stood in that locality. Pop. 65,380. Clermont, klSii'm6N»', a town of France, in Oise, on the route between Paris and Amiens, 16 miles by rail S.S.E. of Beaurais. Pop. 5743. It has a college and a library of 10,000 volumes. Its old castle is now a prison. Cler'mont, a county in the S.W. part of Ohio, border- ing on Kentucky, has an area of iibout 400 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Ohio River, and is partly bounded on the W. by the Little Miami River. The greater part of it is drained by the East Fork of the Little Miami, which fork runs in a very tortuous channel. The surface is undulating or hilly, and is extensively covered with forests of the ash, beech, buckeye, elm, hickory, white oak, Ac. ; the soil is mostly fertile. Indian corn, hay, oats, tobacco, butter, and pork are the staple products. Blue limestone (Lower Silurian) underlies nearly all this county. It is a good material for building. The county is connected with Cincinnati by the Little Miami, Marietta & Cincinnati and Cincinnati & Eastern Railroads. Capital, Batavia. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, §22,611,631. Pop. in 1870, 34,268, of whom 31.981 were Americans. Clermont, a post-village of Marion co., Ind., on the Indianapolis, Bloomington &, Western Railroad, 10 miles N.W. of Indianapolis. It has 3 churches. Clermont, a post-village of Fayette co., Iowa, in Cler- mont township, on Turkey River, and on a branch of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad, 89 miles N. of Cedar Rapids, and 14 miles E.N.E. of West Union. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, a machine- shop, and manufactures of carriages, flour, farming-imple- ments. Jtc. Pop. about 700: of the township, 1263. Clermont, a post-township of Columbia co., N.Y., about 14 miles S. of Hudson, is bounded on the W. by the Hudson River. It has 2 churches. Pop. 937. ClerSnont', a post-Wllage of McKean co., Pa., on the McKean & Buffalo Railroad, 13 miles by rail S. of Smeth- port. It has a lumber-mill and coal-mines. Clermont-de-1'Herault, kI5K"m6N°'-d?h-UH-o', or Clermont-de-Lodeve, klSu^m6No'-deh-lo"div', a town of France, department of Herault, 23 miles by rail W. of Montpellior. Pop. 5685. It has manufactories of coarse woollens, trade in rural produce, a communal college, a savings-bank, and a chamber of commerce. Clermoni-en-Argonne, klSR"m6N'''-6s-au"gonn', a town of France, department of Meuse, 14 miles W.S.W. of Verdun. Pop. 1157. Clermont-Ferrand, klSR"m6No'-f4R"ndxo' (anc. An- gu8tonem'etnw), a city of France, capital of Puy-de-D6me, at a railway junction, 250 miles S.S.E. of Paris. Pop. 37,074. It has a university, a college, a school of medicine, a library of 35,000 volumes, an academy, a normal school, a botanic garden, a ch.amber of commerce, and a school of design. It is composed of two towns, Clermont and Mont-Ferrand, formerly separate, united by a fine prom- enade. Being situivted near the Puy-de-D6me, it is sur- rounded by volcanic formations of the most varied aspect. Chief edifices, the Gothic cnthedral and the church of Notre i)ame. In one of its suburbs is the fountain of St. Alyne, the incrustations of which have formed a curious natural bridge. It has manufactures of linen and woollen fabrics, hosiery, paper, and cutlery ; and it is the entrepot for com- merce between Bordeaux and Lyons. Anterior to the Roman conquest, Clermont was called Nemetum, and, in the reign of Augustus, Augusto-Nemctum. It became the capital of the Arverni after the destruction of Gergovia, the ancient capital, which seems to have occupied a hill 4^ miles from Clermont. Christianity was established here, and a bishopric founded, about the year 250. The city had become very considerable under the Romans, and, a.d. 507, it was taken by Thierry and united to the crown of France. In A.D. 761 it was sacked by Pepin. The great council in which the Crusades originated was held here in 1095, con- voked by Pope Urban 11. In 1556, Clermont was declared the capital of Auvergne. Cler'mont Mills, a post-hamlet of Harford co., Md., about 30 miles N. by E. of Baltimore. Clermontois, kl5n*m6x''Hw.^', a small district of France, in the old province of Lorraine, of which the capi- tal was Clermont-en-Argonne. It is now comprised in the department of the Meuse. Clerraont-Tonnerre,kler*mont'-ton'nair'(Pr. pron. kl5R'mAN'''-ton'naiR'), or Natupe, ni-too'pi, an island of the Pacific, Low Island group, in lat. 18° 32' 49" S., Ion. 136° 21' 12" W. Length, 10 miles, by li miles across. Surface low. It encloses a large lake. Cler'niontville, a post-village of Clermont eo., 0., in Monroe township, on the Ohio River, about 28 miles above Cincinnati. It has 2 churches and an academy. Large quantities of tobacco, grain, and pork are shipped here. Clerval, kleaWdl', a town of France, department of Doubs, 24 miles N.E. of Besaufon, on the Doubs. P. 1346. Clervaux, a village of Luxemburg. See Clekpf. C16ry, kliVee' (anc. Clariaciim?), a town of France, in Loiret, on the Loire, 9 miles S.W. of Orleans. Pop. 2800. Cles, klSs, a town of Austria, Tyrol, 19 miles N. by W. of Trent, on the Noce. It is commanded by a castle, and possesses a Franciscan convent, with a library. Pop. 2293. Cle'to Creek, of Texas, flows into the San Antonio from the N. in Goliad co. Cleveland, kleev'land, a bay on the N.E. coast of Australia. It is about 20 miles in width at the entrance. Cleveland, a fertile district of England, co. of York, North Riding, celebrated for its horses, its iron-mines, and its iron-works. Cleveland, kleev'land, a county in the W. part of North Carolina, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is drained by Broad River. The surface is uneven or hilly and extensively covered with forests; the soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, grass, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Shelby. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,840,900. Pop. in 1870, 12,696, of whom 12,684 were Americans. It is partly traversed by the Caro- lina Central Railroad. Cleveland, a station in Dallas eo., Ala., on the Selma & Gulf Railroad, 6 miles S. of Selma. Cleveland, a station in Mobile co., Ala., on the Mobile and on the Chicago, Pekin & Southwestern Railroad, 2 miles S. of Streator. Coalville, a post-village of Webster co., Iowa, in Pleas- ant Valley township, on or near the Bes Moines River, 6 miles S.E. of Fort Dodge. It has coal-mines and a graded school. Coalville, a post-village, capital of Summit co., Utah, on the Weber River, and on the Summit County Railroad, at the E. base of the Wahsatch Mountain, about 36 miles E.by N. from Salt Lake City. Coal or lignite is found here. Coal Works, the terminus of the Plum Creek Rail- road, 17 miles by rail N.E. from Pittsburg, Pa. Coanza, Quanza, or Kwanza, k9-^n'za, a river of Western Africa, enters the Atlantic near lat. 9° 10' S. and Ion. 14° 22' E., after a rapid course of 500 miles. It is navigable for over 100 miles by steamships. Coarraze, kwan^Rilz', a village of France, in Basses- Pyrenees, 11 miles S.E. of Pan. It has linen-weaving. Coast Range, a long range of mountains in Califor- nia, nearly parallel to the Pacific coast, and almost co- extensive with the length of the state. It forms the south- western boundary of the great central valley of California, and consists of a series of ridges, which, with the intervening valleys, occupy a tract about 40 miles wide. Between these ridges are many long and narrow valleys remarkable for fertility and salubrity. The Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada unite near Shasta on the north, and near Fort Tejon on the south. Among its highest peaks are San Bernardino, which rises 11,600 feet above the level of the sea, Mount Ripley (7500 feet), and Mount Diablo (3S76 feet). The Coast Range is composed of cretaceous rocks, which contain coal, asphaltum, and cinnabar. Coat'bridge, a town of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 9i miles by rail E. of Glasgow, and on the Monkland Canal. It is the chief centre of the iron-manufacture in Scotland. . Pop. 15,702. Coatesville, kots'vil, a post-village of Hendricks co., Ind., in Clay township, on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad, 28 miles W. of Indianapolis. It has 2 churches and a woollen-mill. Coatesville, a post-borough of Chester co., Pa., is finely situated in Chester Valley, on the West Branch of Brandywine Creek, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 38 miles W. of Philadelphia, 39 miles S. of Reading, and 33 miles N.AV. of Wilmington. It is connected with the last two towns by the Wilmington & Reading Railroad. It con- tains 6 churches, a national bank, a newspaper office, a tan- nery, a shoe-factory, 2 sash-factories, 5 rolling-mills, a brick- kiln, 3 lime-kilns, a bone-mill, and 2 cotton-factories. Here is a handsome railroad bridge about 900 feet long and 60 feet high. Pop. about 4000. Coaticook, ko-at'^-kook, a village in Stanstead co., Quebec, on the Coaticook River, and-on the Grand Trunk Railroad, 122 miles S.E. of Montreal. It is a port of entry, and contains 4 churches, several hotels, a branch bank, a printing-office issuing a weekly newspaper, saw- and grist- mills, and manufactories of mowing-machines, leather, fur- niture, sashes, doors, matches, washing-machines, churns, iron castings, boots and shoes, &c. Pop. 1160. Coaticook River rises in the state of Vermont, and, entering Compton co., Quebec, runs N.E. into the St. Francis. On the river, a mile from the village of Coaticook, is a series of cascades, extending over a mile in length. The river runs through a chasm SO or 90 feet deep. Co^ato'pu, a post-hamlet of Sumter co., Ala,, on the Alabama Central Railroad, 66 miles W. of Selma. It has ] or 2 stores. Coatshurg, kots'burg, a post- village of Adams co., III., in Honey Creek township, on the Chicago, Burlington «fe Quinoy Railroad and the Wabash Railroad, 16 miles E.N.E. of Quincy. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Pop. 250. Coat's (kots) Springs, a post-office of Pike eo., Ind., 7 miles S.W. of Petersburg. Here is a medicinal spring, with a hotel. Coats'town, a post-office of Sumner co., Tenn. Coats'ville, a post-village of Schuyler co., Mo., on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 31 miles N. of Kirksville. It has 2 churches and several stores. Coatzacoalcos, ko-&t-sfi.-ko-^rkoce, a river of the Isthmus of Tehuantepeo, Mexico, rises in a little-known region of the Sierra Madre, drains o- considerable area, and discharges its waters into the Gulf of Mexico at a point 130 miles S.E. of Vera Cruz. There arc 14 foet of water on its bar, and above it the depth holds 20 feet for some 30 miles. Minatitlan is the most important place on the river. Coazzo, ko-&t'so, a town of Italy, province of Turin, 13 miles E.S.E. of Susa. Pop. 3897. COB 503 COB Co'balt, a post-village of Middlesex co., Conn., in Port- land and Chatham townships, on the New Haven, Middle- town & Willimantic Raih-oad, 5 or 6 miles E. of Middletown, and adjacent to Middle Haddam. It has a mine of cobalt, and manufactures of bells, britannia-ware, flour, and coffin- trimmings. Coban, ko-bAn', or Cobam, ko-bim', a town of Guate- mala, capital of the department of Alta Vera Paz, 90 miles N. of the city of Guatemala. It has an agreeable climate, and a trade in hides, skins, coffee, sarsaparilla, and rubber. Elevation, 4306 feet. It was anciently called Ciudad Im- perial, in honor of Charles V. Its people are mostly In- dians of the Kekchi race. Pop. 18,000. Cobb, a county in the N.W. part of Georgia, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Chattahoochee River, and is drained by Pumpkin- Vine and Sweetwater Creeks. The surface is diversified by high hills or mountains, among which Kenesaw Mountain rises about 1828 feet above the level of the sea. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, and pork are the staple products. Among the minerals of this county are gold, copper, and granite. It is intersected by the Western & Atlantic Railroad. Capital, Marietta. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,785,404. Pop. in 1870, 13,814, of whom 13,757 were Americans. Cobb, a post-hamlet of Iowa co.. Wis,, in Highland township, 13 miles N.W. of Mineral Point. It has a church. Cobbe, a town of Central Africa. See Kobbe. Cob'bler's Island is on the north side of Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland, 10 miles from Green's Pond. Pop. 97. Cob^bosseecon'tee Waters, in the S. part of Ken- nebec CO., Me., a beautiful sheet of water, connected with a number of smaller ponds. Length, about 7 miles. Its outlet, the Cobbosseecontee River, flows into the Kennebec. Cobb River, Minnesota, rises in Freeborn co., drains part of Faribault co., runs northwestward, and enters the Le Sueur River in Blue Earth co., 7 miles S. of Mankato. Cobb's Creek, Pennsylvania, forms part of the bound- ary between Delaware and Philadelphia cos,, and enters Darby Creek about a mile below Darby. Cobb's Creek, a post-office of Matthews co., Va. Cobb Switch, a post-ofiice of Lowndes co., Miss., on the Columbus Branch Railroad, about 9 miles W.S.W. of Columbus. Cobb'ville, a post-office of Telfair co.. Ga. Cob'den, a post-village of Union co.. 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad, 42 miles N. of Cairo, and 15 miles S. of Carbondale. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, 2 flour- mills, and 2 lumber-mills. Pop. estimated at 800. The citi- zens of Cobden are mainly engaged in the culture and ship- ment of fruits and vegetables. Cob'do, or Kob'do, a city in the N.W. of Mongolia, on the Iso, a tributary of the Chabkan, in lat. 48° N., Ion. 91° E. It is said to contain 2000 houses. Cob'ham, a parish of England, co. of Kent, 4J miles W. of Rochester. Near the church are monumental brasses of the Barons of Cobham. Cobham, a parish of England, co, of Surrey, 9 miles N.E. of Guildford. It comprises Church Cobham, a village on the Mole, and Street Cobham, a hamlet on the London & Portsmouth Road. Cobham, kob'am, a post-hamlet of Warren co., Pa., on the Alleghany River, and on the Oil Creek & Alleghany River Railroad, 41 miles N.E. of Oil City. Cobham, a post-village of Albemarle co., Va., on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad and the Virginia Midland Railroad, 14 miles E. of Charlottesville. There are 3 churches near this place. Cobi, a wide desert of Central Asia. See Gobi. Cobija, ko-bee'H^,, or Port La Mar, pout IS, man, (Sp. Puerto la Mar, pw^u'to li man), also called La Mar, a seaport of Bolivia, capital of the province of Atacama. on the Pacific, 110 miles W. of Atacama. Lat. 22° 34' S.; Ion. 70° 21' 2" W, It is a railway terminus, and a depot for coin, bullion, ore, cotton and woollen stuffs, paper, and mercury. Pop. about 5000. Cob'lentz (Ger. Gohleu-z or Koblenz, ko'h^^nts; Fr. Co- blence, ko^bl^Nss'; anc. Coujliien' tea and Conjltien'tia), a city, the capital of Rhenish Prussia, on the Rhine, at the influx of the Moselle, 49 miles S.S.E. of Cologne, It is at the junction of several railways, is well built, and has several fine churches, a noble palace of the former Electors of Treves, an ancient Jesuits' college, and a Roman Catholic seminary. The other principal buildings are the churches, one of which, called the church of St. Castor, situated pre- cisely at the confluence of the two rivers, is remarkable for its antiquity, having been founded in 836, and also as the place where the grandsons of Charlemagne met, in 843, to divide his vast empire into Germany, France, and Italy. There are residences of several noble families in the town, including that of Prince Metternich, a hospital, conducted by the Sisters of Charity, and a town library, with valuable collections of coins, pnintiugs, and antiquities. At Ehren- breitstein, on the opposite side of the Rhine, there is a strong fortress, containing vast arched cisterns capable of holding three years' supply of water. The fortifications together are capable of accommodating 100,000 men, while the mag- azines are large enough to contain provisions for 8000 men for ten years. These extensive fortifications render Coblentz the strongest place in the Prussian dominions. Coblentz is the seat of a central and criminal court, of a general court of justice, of a tribunal of commerce, and of a board of taxation, and is the place of residence of the oberprasident of the province of the Rhine. It is a free port, and carries on an active commerce by the Rhine, Moselle, and Lahn, It is the principal place of shipment for the Rhine and Moselle wines, which are extensively exported. Grain, oil, iron, and Seltzer water are also exported, the latter to the amount of 1^ million bottles annually. Millstones, manu- factured from the lava of extinct volcanoes in the neighbor- hood, pumice-stone, potter's clay, and bark are articles of trade. Japanned wares, linen, and tobacco are among the manxifactures. Pop. in 1875, 29,282; with suburbs. 31,130. Coblentz, or Koblexitz, a government of Rhenish Prussia, bounded N. by the government of Cologne. Area 1754 square miles. Capital, Coblentz. Pop. 571,559. Coblenz, a village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, at the junction of the Aar with the Rhine. Pop. 641. Cobles, kobl'z, township, Alamance co., N.C. Pop. 875. Cobleskill, kob'?lz-kil, or ko'biis-kil, a creek of Scho- harie CO., N.Y., runs nearly eastward, and enters the Scho- harie River about 4 miles below the village of Schoharie. Cobleskill, a post-village of Cobleskill township, Scho- harie CO., N.Y., on Cobleskill Creek, in a valley between high hills, and on the Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, 45 miles W. of Albany. A branch railroad connects this point with Sharon Springs, 14 miles distant. It contains 3 churches, a national bank, a graded school, a manufactory of threshing-machines, a planing-mill, a sash-factory, and several superior hotels. One weekly newspaper is published here. Pop, 1030; of the township, 3160. Cobleskill Centre, N.Y. See Mineral Springs. Cob Moo Sa, a post-office of Oceana co., Mich., 12 miles E. of Hart. Cob'oconk, or Shed'den, a post-village in Victoria CO., Ontario, on the river Fenelon, 87 miles by rail N.E. of Toronto. It has 2 churches, 3 hotels, a saw-mill, and 4 stores. Pop. 150. Cobourg, a town of Germany. See Coeurg. Co'bourgr, a town of Ontario, capital of the county of Northumberland, on the north shore of Lake Ontario, 92 miles W. by S. of Kingston, and 69 miles N.E. of Toronto. It is a port of entry, and is the junction of the Grand Trunk and Coburg, Peterborough & Marmora Railways. The town is lit with gas, and is prettily laid out, the broad and spacious streets for the most part intersecting one another at right angles. It has numerous elegant residences, and several fine public buildings, including a town hall and a Wesleyan university. The latter is affiliated with faculties of law and medicine in Toronto and Montreal. The manu- facturing interests are represented by woollen-mills, a car- factory, and several foundries, mills, and breweries. The town also contains 3 branch banks, about 70 stores, 3 news- paper offices, and 7 churches. Pop. 4442. Cobras, ko'br3:S, an island group on the E. coast of Africa, lat. 6° S., including Remba, Monfia, and Zanzibar. Cobras, ko'bris, an island and fort of Brozil, Bay of Rio Janeiro, about 1 mile from the city, of which the fort is one of the principal defences and is also a state prison. Cobre, or El Cobre, ^1 ko'bri, (Span, for '^copper"), a town of Cuba, 10 miles by rail W. of Santiago de Cuba. Pop. 2138. Here are rich copper-mines. Co'bridge, a hamlet of England, co. of Stafford, is a suburb of Burslem, 3 miles N.E. of Newcastle-under-Lyne. Cobs'cook Bay, at the E. extremity of Maine, com- municates with Passamaquoddy Bay near Eastport. Cob'ton, a post-office of Craven co., N.C, Coburg, ko'booRG (Ger. Coburg or Kobnrg, ko'booRG ; Fr. Coboxtrg, ko^boou'; L. Melocabus), a town of Germany, capital of the duchy of Coburg (a portion of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha), on the Itz, an affluent of the Rogen, and on the railway from Dresden to Munich, 26 miles N. of Bam- berg. Lat. 50° 15' 19" N. ; Ion. 10° 58' 9" B. It is irregu- larly built, but has some good edifices, and public walks COB 504 COC eeparating it from its suburbs. Principal buildings, the Ehrenberg Palace, a residence of the duke, containing a collection of paintings, a library, and a fine state banquet- hall ; several churches, a large arsenal, observatory, theatre, casino, and workhouse. On a height above the town is the old oastle of the Dukes of Coburg, still a place of strength, and containing a large collection of armor, with rooms once occupied by Luther. Coburg is the seat of high courts, and has a gymnasium, and manufactures of woollen, linen, and cotton fabrics, gold and silver articles, bleaching- and dye- works, stone-quarries, and an active transit and general trade. Pop. of town in 1S75, 14,567. Area of duchy of Coburg, 216 square miles. Pop. 54,507. Co'burg, or Co'bourg, a post-hamlet of Porter co., Ind., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 48 miles S.E. of Chicago. It has an elevator, a saw-mill, Ac. Coburg", a post-village of Montgomery co., Iowa, in Grant township, on the Nishnabatona Kiver, and on the Bur- lington & Missouri River Railroad, 6 miles S. of Red Oak. It has 2 churches and a manufactory of bee-hives. Coburg, a post-village of Lyon co., Minn., on the Winona & St. Peter Railroad, at Saratoga Station, 96 miles W. of St. Peter. It has a church and manufactures of brick and lumber. Coburg, a village of Monmouth co,, N.J., in Wall town- ship, on the New Jersey Southern Railroad, at Shark River Station. It has a brick-yard. Coburg, a town of Ontario. See Cobourg. Co'burg, a village, penal establishment, and reforma- tory of Victoria, Australia, about 5 miles N. of Melbourne. Its population consists of about 650 convicts and 1500 other residents. Co'burg Peniu'sula, North Australia, is an irregular peninsula, in lat. 11° 22' S., Ion. 132° 10' E., 50 miles in length from E. to W., by 20 miles in breadth, connected S.E. with the mainland bj' a narrow isthmus, and separated W. from Melville Island by Bundas Strait. Co'burn, a post-office of Centre co., Pa. Coburn's Store, a post-office of Union co., N.C. Cobuskill, a creek of New York. See Cobleskill. CocAes, ko-k^'^Ns, or ko-ki'^N^s, a village of Brazil, in Matto-Grosso, about 30 miles N.W. of Cuyaba. Pop. 2000. Cocaigne, ko^kain', a post-village in Kent co., New Brunswick, on the Cocaigne River, 11 miles N.W. of She- diac. Pop. 900. Cocal'ico, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co., Pa, Cocconato, kok-ko-ni'to, a town of Italy, province of Alessandria, 17 miles E.N.E. of Turin. Pop. 2643. Cocentayna, ko-th^n-ti'na, or Concentaiua, kon- th^n-ti'ni, a town of Spain, province and 30 miles N. of Alicante. It has manufactures of woollens. Pop. 6600. Cochabamba, ko-chS,-b^m'b£L, or Condorillo, kon- do-reel'yo, a river of Bolivia, rises near 18° S. lat., flows S.E., and, after receiving numerous tributaries, assumes the name of Rio Grande in lat. 19° 42' S., Ion. 64° W. Cochabamba, also called Oropesa, o-ro-pi's3,, a city of Bolivia, capital of a province and a department of the same name, 8370 feet above the sea, in iat. 17° 27' S., Ion. 65° 46' W. It occupies a great space, the houses rarely rising above a single story, with gardens intermingled with them. It contains the government house, and 15 churches. The streets are broad and in good condition; but the plazas, or open squares, being used as market-places, are ordinarily littered with wares and crowded with Indians. Towards the borders of the town the tile-roofed houses, with large wooden balconies, disappear, and thatched cabins of Indian farmers become numerous. Cochabamba is a bishop's see. The general language is the Quichua; and none but men of rank can speak good Spanish. Pop. about 40,000. The name Oropesa, given to Cochabamba in 1579 by the Viceroy of Lima, was never adopted by the people, though found in maps and public documents. Cochabamba, a department of the republic of Bolivia, mostly between lat. 17° and 19° S. and Ion. 65° and 68° W., named from the river Cochabamba, the head-stream of the Guapey. Estimated area, 27,000 square miles. Pop. 350,000. It was formerly regarded as the granary of Peru, and produces cotton, sugar, dye-woods, fine timber, and the precious metals. Chief cities and towns, Cochabamba, Mis- ques, Sacaba, and Tapacari. Coche, ko'chi, a small island of South America, in Venezuela, between, the island Margarita and the mainland. Coche 'co River, New Hampshire, runs southward in fitrafford co., and enters the Pisoataqua River about 3 miles below Dover, which is on the Cocheco. Cochec'ton, a post-village of Sullivan co., N.Y., in Cochecton township, on the Delaware River, opposite Da- mascus, Pa., and on the Erie Railroad, 43 miles N.W. of Port Jervis. It has a church and 1 or 2 lumber-mills. Pop. of the township, 1506. Cochecton Centre, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., N.Y., 30 miles N.W. of Port Jervis. It has 2 lumber-mills. Cochem, or Kochem, ko'K^m, a town of Prussia, 24 miles S.W. of Coblentz, on the Moselle. Pop. 3113. Cocherel, ko'sh§h-r^l', a hamlet of France, in Eure, 12 miles E. of Evreux. Coche'sett, a post-hamlet of Plymouth co., Mass., in West Bridgewater township, about 25 miles S. of Boston. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of boots and shoes. CoVheto'pa, a post-office of Saguache co.. Col. Cochetopa Pass, Colorado, a mountain-pass, about 25 miles W. of Saguache. Lat. nearly 38° 8' N. Eleva- tion, about 10,000 feet. Cochin, ko'chin, or ko-cheen', a state of India, tribu- tary to the British, and within the presidency of Madras. It is in part bounded S.W. by the sea, but a strip on the coast, including the town of Cochin, is in British territory. Lat. 9° 48'-10° 50' N.j Ion. 76° 5'-76° 58' E. Area, 1361 square miles. The country is generally a low tract between the mountains (Western Ghauts) and the sea. It is very hot and wet. Tea, cotton, cardamoms, ginger, and coffee are produced. A series of backwaters or coast-lakes greatly advances internal communication. Pop. in 1875, 601,114. Cochin, a town of British India, on the Malabar coast, lat. 9° 58' 5" N., Ion. 76° 13' 55" E., and on a narrow strip of land between the sea and the backwater of Cochin. The Dutch took it from the Portuguese in 1663, and the English seized it in 1796; since which period its prosperity has de- clined. It still has a large maritime trade, except during the S.W. monsoon, when no ship can safely cross its bar. It is a Catholic bishop's see, more than half its people being Christians, partly of mixed Portuguese stock and partly descendants of the ancient Christians of Malabar. P. 13,840. Cochin China, a portion of the kingdom of Anam, forming the central province of that sovereignty. The name is sometimes given to the whole country. French Cochin China, or Basse Cochin-Chine, b^s ko^sh^No - sheen', is the largest French colony in Asia, consisting of a portion of the old Anamese province of Chiampa, but comprehending little or hone of the area of Cochin China proper. Area, 21,630 square miles. It is mostly an alluvial plain, traversed by the river Me-Kong and its numerous delta-arms. It is a very hot and wet country, and for Europeans is exceedingly unhealthy. The French, at least by treaty, have held some small possessions on this coast since 17S7. In 1858 the French and Spanish govern- ments sent forces here to punish the cruel persecution of Catholic missionaries. In 1862 three provinces, namely, Bien-Hoa, Gia-Dinh (including Saigon, the capital), and Mitho, were ceded by Anam to the French ; and in 1867 the provinces of Vingh-Long, Chaudoc, and Ilatien were forci- bly annexed. In 1864 the adjacent kingdom of Cambodia was reorganized and taken under French protection. In 1874 the extension of the protectorate to all Anam was an- nounced. Chief products, rice, silk, eagle-wood, cotton, ttc. Pop. in 1874 of the French provinces proper, 1,563.130. The people are Anamites, Cambodians, Malays, Chinese, &,c., many being of mixed descent. See Anasi. Cochit'uate, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mass., in Wayland township, on Cochituate Lake, about 18 miles W.S.W. of Boston. It has manufactures of boots and shoes. Cochituate Lake, Middlesex co., Mass., is about 18 miles W. of Boston. It is 3 or 4 miles long, and has an area of about 650 acres. The city of Boston is mainly supplied with water which is conveyed from this lake through a brick conduit to a grand reservoir. Cochran, kok'ran, a station in Barbour co., Ala., on the Montgomery & Eufaula Railroad, 7 miles N.W. of Bar- bour. Cochran, a post-village of Pulaski co., Ga., on the Macon & Brunswick Railroad, at the junction of the Haw- kinsville Branch, 38 miles S.S.E. of Macon. It has 2 churches, a masonic lodge, and a turpentine-distillery, and it ships about 3000 bales of cotton annually. Pop. 132. Cochran, a post-village of Dearborn co., Ind., in Centre township, on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 2 miles W, of Aurora, and 26 miles W. of Cincinnati, 0. It hns a church, a graded school, and car-works. Pop. about 1000. Cochran, a station in Venango co., Pa., on the Alle- ghany Valley Railroad, 2 mites S.W. of Franklin. Cochran's Mills, or Cok^ato', a post-village of Wright CO., Minn., in Cokato township, in Mooor's Prairie, on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 61 miles W. of St. Paul. The inhabitants are mostly Scandinavians. coc 505 COE Cochran's Mills, a post-hamlet of Armstrong Co., Pa., 3-i miles N.E. of Pittsburg. Near here are 3 churches. Cochransville, koli'ranz-vil, a post-village of Chester CO., Pa., about 60 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg. It has a church and several stores. Pop. about 150. Cochrantoii, kok'ran-t^n, a post-hamlet of Marion co., 0., in Montgomery township, about 5i miles N.N.W. of Columbus. It has a church. Cochranton, a post-borough of Crawford co,. Pa., on French Creek, and on the Franklin Branch of the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, H miles S.S.E. of Meadville. It has an academy and 4 churches. Pop. 459. Cockburn (ko'burn) Island, in the Pacific Ocean, is in lat. 22° 12' 25" S., Ion. 138° 39' 63" W. Cockburn ILand, the designation of the N. and "W. portion of Baffin Land, including By.am Martin Island and two peninsulas extending into Lancaster Sound. Cockburn Sound, of West Australia, co. of Perth, is in lat. 32° 10' S., Ion. 115° 40' E., and is sheltered west- ward by Garden Island. Length, from N. to S., 6 miles. Cocke, kok, a county in the E. part of Tennessee, has an area of about 350 square miles. It is intersected by the French Broad River, and bounded on the N. by the Nolachucky. The Iron or Smoky Mountain extends along the southeastern border of this county, which is mostly covered with forests. The soil of the valleys is fertile for Indian corn, wheat, and grass. Capital, Newport. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $2,732,248. Pop. in 1870, 12,458, of whom 12,436 were Americans. It is traversed by the Cincinnati, Cumberland Gap & Charleston Railroad. Cocken'zie, a village of Scotland, co. of Haddington, on the Firth of Forth, 1 mile E. of Prestonpans. Pop. 1221. Cock'er, a small river of England, co. of Cumberland, issuing from Lake Buttermere, and flowing N. into the Derwent at Cockermouth. Cock'ermouth, a borough of England, co. of Cumber- hand, at the confluence of the Derwent and Cocker Rivers, 25 miles by rail S.W. of Carlisle. It is irregularly built, and clean and thriving. It possesses remains of a castle, a savings-bank, g.as-works, librai-y, reading-room, a gram- mar-school, town hall, county house of correction, court- house, market-house, almshouse, Ac, with flax- and wool- len-mills, manufactures of hats, tweeds, thread, and hosiery, and cotton-looms. Near it are large coal-mines. Pop. 5115. Cock'erwit, a seaport in the S.W. extremity of Nova Scotia, CO. of Shelburne, attheheadof a bay setting up from the Atlantic, about 125 miles S.W. of Halifax. Cocket, a riv'er of England. See Coquet. Cockeysville, kok'Iz-vll, a post-village of Baltimore CO., Md., on the Northern Central Railroad, 15 miles N. of Baltimore. It h.as a money-order post-office, a church, a coach-factory, and a distillery. Cock'ran, a county of Texas, bounded W. by New Mexico. It forms a part of the Staked Plain. Cock'rum, a post-hamlet of De Soto co.. Miss., 12 miles E.S.E. of Hernando. Code {?), ko'kli, a river of the United States of Co- lombia, in the Isthmus of Panama, formed by the union of the Panonome and Rata, and falling into the Caribbean Sea 50 miles S.E. of Chagres. Length, 75 miles. Coco, or Poolo Coco, poo'lo ko'ko, an island in the Strait of Malacca, N.E. of Junkceylon. Coco, sometimes called Manalipa, ml-ni-lee'pi, and Malinipa, m4-le-nee'p3^ an island in the Sooloo Archi- pelago, on the E. side of the S.W. extremity of Mindanao. Lat. 6° 45' N. ; Ion. 122° 23' E. Coco, an island in the China Sea, off the S.W. end of the Great Na-tuna. Lat. 3° 40' N. ; Ion. 108° E. Cocoa-(ko'ko) Nut, Kla'pa, or Klapp Island, an island off the S.W. extremity of Java, on the W. side of Wineoooper's Bay, about 3 miles in length. Lat. of W. point, 7° 1' S.; Ion. 105° 30' E. Cocoa-Nut, one of the smallest of the Hawaiian Islands, is situated at the entrance of Byron Bay. Lat. 19° 43' 9" N.; Ion. 155° 2' W. Cocoa-Nut, an island in Torres Strait, between the S. coast of New Guinea and Cape York in Australia. Lat. 10° 4' S.: Ion. 143° 10' E. Cocoa-Nut, a small island off the S.W. end of New Ireland, about lat. 4° 42' S., Ion. 152° 44' 5" E. Cocodrie Bayou, ko'koMree' bi'oo, or Croc'odile Bayou, traverses Concordia parish. La., between the Oua- chita and the Mississippi, and is connected with Red River. Co'co Islands, two islands in the Bay of Bengal, con- sisting of Great Coco Island, which is nearly 6 miles in length, and Little Coco Island, which lies about 9 miles S.W. of the Great Coco. Lat. 14° N. Cocolamus, ko^ko-law'miis, a post-hamlet of Juniata CO., Pa., 44 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. Near here are 3 tanneries. Cocolamus Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters the Ju- niata in Perry co. Coconato, Italy. See Cocconato. Co'cos, an island in the Pacific, about 480 miles S.W. of Panama. Lat. 5° 30' N. ; Ion. 87° W. Cocos Islands, Indian Ocean. See Keeling Islands. Cocumont, ko*kU"m6N"', a town of France, in Lot-et- Garonne, 9 miles S.W. of Marmande. Pop. 1894. Cod, Cape. See Cape Cod. Coda di Voipe, the Italian for Cape Cavallo. Cod'dingville, a hamlet of Medina co., 0., in Granger and Sharon townships, 8 miles E. of Medina. It has man- ufactures of bricks, carriages, and drain-tiles. Cod'dle Creek, a post-ofiice of Cabarrus co., N.C. Codigoro, ko-de-go'ro (ano. Nero'nia?), a town of Italy, 23 miles E. of Ferrara, on the Po di Volano, 8 miles from the Adriatic. Pop. 4096. Codinas de San Feliu, ko-dee'nis dj, s3,n fi-le-oo', or San Feliu de Codinas, a town of Spain, province and 30 miles N. of Barcelona, on the Congest, Pop. 2906. Codo, ko'do, a town of Brazil, province of Maranhao, at the confluence of the Codo with the Itapicurti, 50 miles N.W. of Caxias. Codogno, ko-d6n'yo, a town of Italy, province of Milan, at a railway junction, 15 miles S.E. of Lodi. between the Po and the Adda. Pop. 11,368. It is well built, and has manufactures of silk stuffs. It is the principal mart in Italy for the cheese misnamed Parmesan. Codorus, York co., Pa. See Jefferson. Codo'rus Creek, York co.. Pa., runs northward, and enters the Susquehanna River about 8 miles N. of the city of Y'ork, which is on this creek. Cod'rington, a post-village in Northumberland co., Ontario, 9 miles N. of Brighton. Pop. 150. Codroipo, ko-dro-ee'po, a town of Italy, province and 14 miles by rail S.W. of Udine. Pop. 4543. Co'dy's Houses, a post-hamlet of Halifax co., Va., 25 miles N. of lioston Station. It has a church. Co'dyville, a plantation of Washington co.. Me. P. 62. Coe, ko, a township of Rock Island co., III., on the Mis- sissippi River. Pop. 1175. Coe, a township of Isabella co., Mich. Pop. 1041. Coed-Frank, kwSd-frank, a hamlet of Wales, co. of Glamorgan. It has copper- and coal-mines. Pop. 2585. Coed-y-Cumar, kwM-e-kee'mar, a hamlet of Wales, CO. of Brecon, 2 miles N.E. of Merthyr-Tydvil. Co*el', Ko'el', or Al'igliur-Co'el', written also Kowal, ko-al', a town of India, capital of the Alighur district and of the Meerut division, 80 miles by riiil S.E. of Delhi. It adjoins the fortress of Alighur, and has a great cotton-trade. Pop. 55,278. CoEle-Syria, see'le-slr'e-a, a fine valley of Syria, be- tween the mountain-ranges of Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon. Length, about 100 miles; breadth, 10 miles. It is traversed by the Litany River (anc. Leon'tes), and contains the towns of Baalbee and Zahleh. Coelleda, a town of Prussian Saxony. See Colleda. Coepang, Koepang, Coopang, or Coupang, koo-pS,ng', a town and Dutch settlement in the island of Timor, near its S.W. extremity. Lat. 10° 9' S ; Ion. 123° 35' E. It is neatly built, in the Dutch style, and has a good harbor. It is a free port, and carries on an export trade. Coe (ko) Ridge, a post-hamlet of Cuyahoga co., 0., 4 miles N.N.E. of Olmsted, and 12 miles W.S.W. of Cleveland. Coeslin, a town of Prussia. See Coslin. Coe's Mills, a post-office of Liberty co., Fla. Coesse, ko-es'se, a post-village of Whitley co., Ind., in Union township, on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 14 miles W.N.W. of Fort Wayne. It has 3 churches and a carriage-factory. Pop. 192. Coetivy, ko-4t-ee'vee, an island in the Indian Ocean, about 550 miles N.E. of Madagascar. Lat. 7° 6' S. ; Ion. 56° 30' E. From the S.W. point of the island a coral reef extends for several miles. Another reef stretches from the N. end for .about 2J miles. CoEur d'Alene, koR di-lain', a small river which rises in the Bitter Root Mountains, runs westward in the northern part of Idaho, and enters a lake of its own name. This lake is about 20 miles long. See Spokan River. Coevorden, koo'vou-d?n, or Koevorde, koo'voR- d^h, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in Drenthe, on the Kleine Vecht, 23 miles S.S.E. of Assen. Pop. 2701. Coeymans, kwee'manz, or Coeymans Landing, a post-village of Albany co., N.Y'., in Coeymans township, COE 506 con on the Hudson River, 13 miles S. of Albany, and 1^ miles from Coeymans Station, It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a broom -factory, and quarries of blue-stone. Here is Coeymans Post-Office. Pop. about 800 ; of the township, 3126. Coeymans Station is on the railroad from Athens to Schenectady, 1-4 miles N. of Atheas. Coeymans Creek, Albany co., N.Y., runs southeast- ward, and enters the Hudson about 14 miles below Albany. Coeymans Hollow, a post-hamlet of Albany co., N.Y., in Coeymans township, about 16 miles S.W. of Al- bany. It has a church and a carriage-shop. CofiadeMia, a post-office of Neshoba co., Miss. Coffee, a county in the S.E. part of Alabama, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is intersected by Pea Kiver. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively cov- ered with pine forests; the soil is sandy, and not very fer- tile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Cap- ital, Elba. Valuation of real and personal estate, $467,036. Pop. in 1S70, 6171, of whom 6169 were Americans. Coffee, a county in the S. part of Georgia, has an area of about 1050 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Ocmulgee River, and is drained by the AUapaha and Satilla Rivers. The surface is nearly level, and mostly covered with forests, in which the pine abounds; the soil is sandy and inferior. Maize, pork, wool, and sweet potatoes are the chief products. This county is intersected by the Bruns- wick & Albany Railroad. Capital, Douglas. A^'aluation of real and personal estate, $490,860. Pop. in 1870, 3192, of whom 3188 were Americans. Coffee, a county of Middle Tennessee, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is drained by the sources of Duck River. The surface is hilly or undulating, and is extensively covered with forests; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, pork, and butter are the staple products. It is intersected by the McMinnville & Manchester Railroad. Capital, Manchester. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,500,000. Pop. in 1870, 10,237, of whom 10,202 were Americans. Coffee, a township of Wabash co., 111., on the Wabash River. It is traversed by the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad. Pop. 1502. Coffee, a post-hamlet of Clay co., Ind., about 24 miles S.S.E. of Terre Haute. Coffee Creek, Colorado, rises in El Paso co., runs southeastward and southward in Bent co., and enters the Arkansas River about 15 miles above Las Animas. Coffee Creek, a post-office of Phillips co., Ark. Coffee Landing, a post-office of Hardin co., Tenn. Coffee Run, a post-hamlet of Huntingdon co.. Pa., in Lincoln township, on the Huntingdon & Broad Top Rail- road, 14 miles S.W. of Huntingdon. It has a church. Coffee Springs, a post-hamlet of Geneva co., Ala., 50 miles S. of Troy. It has a mineral spring and 2 stores. Coffee's Station, in AVashington co., Pa., is on the Wheeling &. Pittsburg Railroad, 27 miles N,E. of Wheeling. Cof feeville, a post- village of Clarke co., Ala., on the Tombigbee River, 85 miles N. of Mobile. It has 4 churches. Coffeeville, a post-village, capital of Yalabusha co., Miss., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 15 miles N.N.E. of Grenada, and 31 miles S.S.W. of Oxford. It has 5 churches. Coffeeville, a post-village of Upshur co., Tex., 28 miles W. of Jefierson. It has 3 churches, a grist-mill, and 3 stores, Coffey, a county in the E. part of Kansas, has an area of 648 square miles. It is intersected by the Neosho River, and is also drained by small affluents of the same. The surface is undulating, and is diversified witb prairies and groves, the former of which amount to 90 per cent. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, hay, cattle, and oats are the staple products. This county has valuable beds of coal and limestone. It is intersected by the Missouri, Kansas &. Texas Railroad. Capital, Burlington. A^'aluation of real and personal estate, $3,550,300. Pop. in 1870, 6201, of whom 5790 were Americans; in 1878, 8599. The ash, hickory, oak, sycamore, and walnut are found in this county. Cof'feysburg, a post-village of Daviess co., Mo., in Salem township, 8 miles N. of Jamison Railroad Station. It has 2 churches and several stores. Pop. 210. Coffey's Store, a post-office of Jackson co., Ala, Cof'feyville, a post-haralet of Jackson co., Ark., li miles from Grand Glaise Railroad Station. Coffeyville, a post-village of Montgomery co., Kansas, in Parker township, on the Verdigris River, at the S. ter- minus of the Leavenworth, Lawrence & Gulf Railroad, 141 miles S. of Lawrencfi, and about 76 miles S.S.AV. of Fort Scott. It has 2 banks, 3 or 4 churches, 2 hotels, 2 flour- mills, and an elevator. Coal is found here. Pop. 554. Coffin's Grove, a township of Delaware co., Iowa. Pop. 954. It contains Masonville. Coffin's Island, i'land, one of the Magdalen Islands, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, lat. 44° 3' N., Ion. 64° 36' AV. It is the largest of the group, and is ,25 miles long. Coffin's Sum'mit, a post-hamlet of Dutchess co., N.Y., on the Dutchess & Columbia Railroad, 29 miles N.E. of Newburg. In the vicinity are 3 churches. Coff'man, a post-office of St. Genevieve co.. Mo. Cofre de Perote, ko'fri di pi-ro'ti (i.e., "chest of Perote"}j a mountain of Mexico, state of Vera Cruz, ] mile S. of the town of Perote. Its form is said to bear a re- semblance to a chest, whence its name. Height, 13,416 feet. Cofrentes, ko-frSn't§s, a town of Spain, 50 miles W.S.W. of Valencia, at the confluence of the Gabriel and Jucar. Pop. 1940. Co'gan House, a post-township of Lycoming co.. Pa., about 14 miles N.W. of Williamsport. It has a church and several lumber-mills. Pop. 599. Cogan Station, orCogan Valley, a post-village.of Lycoming CO., Pa., on Lycoming Creek, and on the Northern Central Railroad, 9 miles N.W. of Williamsport. It has a grist-mill, 2 wagon-shops, and 3 stores. Pop. about 500. Coggeshall, or Great Coggeshall, kog'shal, a town of England, co. of Essex, on the Blackwater, 6 miles E.S.E. of Braintree. It has a large church, an endowed grammar-school, almshouses, and other charities, with sev- eral silk-mills and looms. Pop. 2916. Cog'gin's Rock, a post-office of Greenbrier CO., W.Va. Coggiola, kod-jo'lS,, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 11 miles N.N.E. of Biella, on the Sessera. Pop. 2211. Cog Hill, a post-hamlet of McMinn co., Tenn., 14 miles S. of Athens. It has 2 stores. Cog'ley's, a station in Marshall co., W. Va., on the Baltimore &. Ohio Railroad, 31 miles S.E. of Wheeling. Cogliano, kol-ysL'no, or Colliano, kol-Ie-^'no (ane. CoHiU'num ?)y a town of Italy, province of Salerno, 11 miles N.E. of Campagna. Pop. 3768. Cognac, kin^y^Lk' (L. Conacum), a town of Erance, de- partment of Charente, 24 miles by rail W. of Angouleme, on the Charente. Pop. 13,811. It has an old castle in which Francis I. was born. It is the entrepot of the brandy of the Charente, to which it gives its name, and which forms the object of a very extensive commerce. Cognac, a village of France, in Haute-Vienne, 10 miles W. of Limoges. Pop. 1864. Cogne, k6n'yi, a town of Italy, 9^ miles S. of Aosta. Pop. 1574. Cogoleto, ko-go-lA'to, a village of Italy, 14 miles by rail W. of Genoa. It is celebrated as the birthplace of Christopher Columbus. Pop. 24S6. Cogorno, ko-gon'no, a village of Italy, province of Genoa, 2 miles N.E. of Chiavari. Pop. 4037. Cohahuila, or Coahuila, ko-^-wee'13,, a state of Mexico, bounded N. and N.E. by the Kio Grande del Norte (which separates it from Texas), E. by Nuevo Leon, S. by Zacatecas, and W. by Chihuahua and Durango ; between lat. 24° 17' and 30° 5' N. and Ion. 100° and 104° W. Length, 390 miles; greatest breadth, 270 miles. Area, 50,889 square miles. The southern districts are chiefly pasture- ground ; the northern parts present a broken and billy sur- face, and the western portion is occupied bj' a desert called the Bolson de Mapimi. There are several silver-mines in this province, and horses, mules, and wool are exported. The principal towns are Saltillo, the capital, Cohahuila, Santa Rosa, and Parras. Pop. 98,397. Cohahuila, or Montelovez, mon-ti\-lo'v5s, a town of Mexico, state of Cohahuila, 150 miles N.W. of Monterey. Pop. about 6000. Cohansey, ko-han'ze, apost-hamlet of Cumberland co., N.J., on Cohansey Creek, about 7 miles N. of Bridgeton. Cohansey Creek, of New Jersey, rises in the S.E. part of Salem co., and, flowing first southerly and then westerly, falls into Delaware Bay in Cumberland co. It is navigable for large brigs, 7 or 8 miles, to Greenwich, and for vessels of 80 tons to Bridgeton, about 20 miles. Cohas'set, a post-village of Norfolk co., Mass., on the Atlantic Ocean, in Cohasset township, and on the Old Colony Railroad, 21 miles E.S.E. of Boston. It is mainly supported by its fisheries.. It has 4 churches and a savings- bank. This township isdetachedfrom the rest of the county. Pop. of the township, 2197. Cohasset Narrows, a post-hamlet of Barnstable co.. Mass., in Sandwich township, on the Old Coluny Railroad. 54 miles S.E. of Boston, at the junction of the Woods Hull Branch Railroad. Cohasset Rocks, Massachusetts. Sco Minot's Lkdgk. COH 507 COL Cohoc'tah, a poat-bamlet and township of Livingston CO., Mich., about 30 miles E. of Lansing. The township has 3 churches and 2 lumber-mills, and a pop. of 1144. The hamlet is also called Springtown. Cohoc'ton, or Conhoc'ton, a post-township of Steu- ben CO., N.y., is drained by the Conhocton River. Pop. 3165. It contains Cohocton village and North Cohocton. Cohocton, a post-village of Steuben co , N.Y., in Co- hocton township, on the Erie Railroad (Rochester division), at Liberty Station, 59 miles S. of Rochester, and 16 miles N.W. of Bath. It has 5 churches, a graded school, a public hall or opera-house, a newspaper office, and manufactures of flour, lumber, and plaster. Pop. about 1200. Cohocton River, New York. See Conhoctos. Cohoes, ko-hoz', a city of Albany co., N.Y., is situated on the W. bank of the Hudson River, at the mouth of the Mohawk, on the Erie Canal, and on the New York Central and Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroads, 9 miles N. of Albany, and 3 miles above Troy. It contains 8 churches, a high school, a large graded school, a Catholic academy, 2 banks, and several hotels. Two daily and 3 weekly newspapers (2 in French) are published here. Its prosperity is derived mainly from its manufactures, which are very extensive. Here are 6 large cotton-mills, owned and operated by the Harmony Company ; also about 20 knitting-mills, in which woollen and cotton knit goods of various kinds are made, several axe-factories, foundries, machine-shops, a paper- mill, a bobbin -factory, a pin-factory, a gas-pipe factory, a thread-mill, and other mills. The Mohawk here descends about 100 feet, affording abundant water-power. Cohoes is rapidly increasing. Pop. in 1860, 8799; in 1870, 15,357 j in 1875,17,516. Cohoes Falls, New York, a cataract of the Mohawk River, which here descends about 70 feet by a perpendicu- lar falh It is nearly 3 miles from the mouth of the river, and 10 miles N. of Albany. Cohoke, ko-hok', a station in King AVilliam co., Va., on the Richmond, York River & Chesapeake Railroad, 28 miles E. of Richmond. Co^hoon', a station in Clermont co., 0., on the Cincin- nati & Eastern Railroad, 6 miles W. of Batavia. Cohut'ta Springs, a post-office of Murray co., Ga., on the Connasauga River, 12 miles S.E. of Red Clay Station. Coiba Island, South America. See Quibo. Coila, koy'la, a post-village of Washington co,, N.Y., 2 miles from Cambridge Station, and about 32 miles N.N.E. of Albany. It has about 30 houses, a church, and a tannery. Coila Springs, a hamlet of Carroll co., Miss., about 14 miles from Vaiden. It has a church and a grist-mill. Coimbatoor, koim^ba-toor', or Coim^batore', a town of India, capital of the district, is on the Madras- Beypoor Railway. Lat. 10° 59' 41" N.; Ion. 76° 59' 46" E. This was an important military post under the Sultan Tippoo. Pop. 35,310. Coimbatoor, a district of the Madras presidency, British India, bounded on the E. by the Cavery River. Lat. 10° 45'-ll° 48' N. ; Ion. 76° 50'-78° 10' E. Area, 7432 square miles. It is mainly an exceedingly fertile plain, pro- ducing most of the East Indian crops in abundance. Capi- tal, Coimbatoor. Pop. in 1872, 1,763,274. Coimbra, ko-eem'br3, (anc. Conim'hriga), a city of Portugal, capital of Beira, on the Mondego, 110 miles by rail N.N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 18,147. It is enclosed by old walls, and is highly picturesque, but ill built. Its uni- versity, the only one in Portugal, consists of IS colleges, attended now by about 900 students, and has a library of 80,000 volumes, with extensive museums, an observatory, &Q. The city has also a botanic garden, a cathedral, some fine churches, and many convents, and around it are numer- ous detached residences, including the quinta das lagrimas, or " villa of tears," the scene of the death of Inez de Castro. It has manufactures of earthenwares, linen and woollen fabrics, and willow toothpicks. Coimbra is a bishop's see. Coin, ko-een', a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 21 miles W. of Malaga. The houses are tolerably well built, and the town possesses numerous spacious streets and squares. It has 2 churches, chapels, convents, schools, a town hall, prison, cemetery, and several public walks and gardens adorned with fruit trees, flowers, and fountains. In the neighboring hills quarries of marble are wrought and jasper of all colors is obtained. Pop. 9300. Coin, a station in Humboldt co., Nev., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 47 miles E. by S. of Winnemucca. Co'injock, a post-office of Currituck co., N.C. Coire, the capital town of the Grisons. See Chuu. Coise, kwfl,z, a village of France, in Savoy, 12 miles S.E. of Chambery. It has mineral springs. Pop. 1602. Coits, a station in Cuyahoga co., 0., on the Lake Shore Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Cleveland. Coits'ville, a post-hamlet of Mahoning co., 0., in Coits- ville township, 2 miles from Struthers Railroad Station, Avhich is 5 miles S.E. of Youngstown. It has 2 churches and a tannery. The township is traversed by the Ashta- bula, Youngstown & Pittsburg Railroad. Pop. 1161. Cojedes, ko-ni'dfis, a state of Venezuela, lying S. of Carabobo, and generally level. It is traversed by several affluents of the Orinoco, one of which, the Rio Cojedes, gives name to the state. Area, 5086 square miles. Cap- ital, San Carlos. Pop. 85,678. Cojutepeq.ue,ko-Hoo-ti-pi'ki, a town of Central Amer- ica, state and 15 miles S. of San Salvador. Pop. 15,000. Cojutepeque, or Illabasco, eel-yd-bis'ko, a lake of Central America, in San Salvador, a few leagues distant from the above, is 12 miles in length from B. to W., with an average breadth of 5 miles. Cok^ato', formerly Blooer's Prairie, a post-village of 'W'right CO., Minn., in Cokato township, on or near the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 61 miles W. of St. Paul. It has 2 churches, a steam flour-mill, and 2 steam saw-mills. Pop. about 200; of the township, 1174. Cokato Ijake, former name of Cochran's Mills, Minn. Coke, a post-village of McLennan co., Tex., 22 miles W.S.W. of Waco. It has a church, a flouring-mill, and a printing-office. Co'kelan', a post-ofiice of Palo Pinto co., Tex. Co'ker Creek, a post-office of Monroe co., Tenn. Co'kerville, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., Ala., about 50 miles S. of Selma. It has a church. Cokesburg, koks'burg, a hamlet in High Bridge and Tewksbury townships, Hunterdon co., N.J., 14 miles N. of Flemington. It has a church, 14 dwellings, and several shops and stores. It is 3 miles from Lebanon Station. Cokesbury, koks'ber-re, a post-village of Abbeville CO., S.C, in Cokesbury township, 2 miles from the Green- ville & Columbia Railroad, 95 miles W.N.W. of Columbia, and about 12 miles N.E. of Abbeville.^ It has 2 churches, a masonic female college, and a high school. Pop. 700; of the township, 2179. From Cokesbury Railroad Station ex- tends the Abbeville Branch Railroad, 12 miles in length. Coke's Peak, Texas. See Mount Coke. Coketon, kok'ton, a station in Harrison co., W. Va., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 7 miles W. of Clarksburg. Cokeville, kok'vil, a post-village of Westmoreland co., Pa., in Derry township, on the Conemaugh River, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad (Indiana Branch), about 32 miles (direct) E. of Pittsburg, It has a church and large coke- works (200 ovens). Pop. about 500. Cokeville, a post-office of Uintah co., Wyoming. Col (?.e., '' a neck"), the name of many passes across the Alps of Savoy and Piedmont, some of the principal being the following : — Col de Balme, Col de Fekuet, Col de la Seigne, Col de Tenda, Col du Bonhomme, Ac. (which see) Colab'ba, a narrow promontory in British India, im- mediately S. of the island of Bombay, with which it is nected by a causeway. Here are a light-house and canton ments for British troops. See also Kolabah. CoMac', a town of Victoria, Australia, in Polwarth co, on Lake Colac, 50 miles AV. by S. of Geelong. Pop. 1474. The lake is fresh, and has an area of 10 square miles. CoMair', a lake of India, in Masulipatam, 5 miles E. of Ellore. Lat. 16° 36' N.; Ion. 81° 22' B. It is about 22 miles long, and from 7 to 12 miles broad, and is formed chiefly by the overflowing of the Kistnah and Godavery. By the river Ooputnair the lake communicates with the Bay of Bengal, distant about 20 miles. Colanio'ka (orKoleino'kee) Creek, Georgia, runs westward, forms the boundary between Clay and Early cos., and enters the Chattahoochee River, CoMan', a post-office of Saunders co.. Neb. Colapis, the ancient name of the Kulpa. Colapoor, or Kolapur, koPa-poor', a town of British India, district and 20 miles W. of Amrawutti. Pop. 6169. See also Kola poor. Colar', a town of India, in Mysore, 40 miles N.E. of Bangalore. Col'berg, or Kol'berg (Ger. pron, kol'bSnG), a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 25 miles W. of Coslin, on the Persante, near its mouth in the Baltic. It is a railway ter- minus. It has a cathedral, several other churches, numerous strong fortifications, hospitals, an ancient ducal castle, now used for a charitable foundation, a house of correction, a harbor, woollen-factories, distilleries, extensive salt-works, salmon- and lamprey-fisheries, and a considerable export trade. Pop. 13,537. COL 508 COL Colbert, kol'b^rt, a county in the N.W. part of Ala- bama, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Tennessee River, and is partly drained by Bear Creek. The surface is extensively covered with for- ests; the soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Memphis & Charleston Railroad. Capital, Tuscuinbia. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,178,058. Pop. in 1870, 12,537, of whom 12,452 were Americans. Colbert's Station, a post-hamlet of Chickasaw Na- tion, Indian Territory, on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, 8 miles N.E. of Denison, Tex. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Col'borne, or Cram^ahe', a village in Northumber- land CO., Ontario, on Lake Ontario, 85 miles by rail E. of Toronto. It contains several stores, grist-, saw-, and planing- mills, 2 tanneries, an iron-foundry, 3 cabinet-factories, a printing-oflBce, and several hotels. Colborne is a port of entry (called Craraahe). Pop. 823. Colburn, kol'burn, a post-village of Tippecanoe co., Ind., in Washington township, on the Wabash Railroad, 12 miles N.E. of Lafayette. It has 2 churches, a chair-factory, a flourlng-mili, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. about 250. Colburn, a post-hamlet of Columbia eo.. Wis., in Lew- iston township (which is about 5 miles N.W. of Portage City), and on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. It has a church and 14 dwellings. Colby, kol'be, a village of Montcalm eo., Mich., in Sidney township, on the Stanton Branch of the Detroit, Lansing & Northern Railroad, 2 miles S. of Stanton. It has about 40 houses, and a large lumber-mill which saws about 20,000,000 feet of pine lumber in a year. Colby, a post-village of Marathon co., AVis., in Hull township, on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 216 miles N.W. of Milwaukee, and 50 miles S. of Worcester. It has 2 churches, a graded school, 2 saw-mills, &c. Colchagua, kol-chi'gwd,, a province of Chili, extend- ing from the Andes to the Pacific, bounded N. by Santiago and S. by Curico. Area, 3780 square miles. Chief indus- tries, stock-raising and mining. Capital, San Fernando. Pop. in 1875, 147,854. Colchester, kol'ches-t^r (anc. Camalodu'man?), a bor- ough of England, co. of Essex, on the Colne, at a railway junction, 51 miles N.N.E. of London. It is well built on the sides and summit of an eminence, where remain its ancient Roman walls, many antiquated dwellings, imposing remains of a castle of great strength, parts of which are now used for the town library and a prison, interesting relics of an abbey and a priory, an ancient chajjel, and 8 parish churches, several of which are very antique structures. Its free grammar-school has scholarships at Cambridge. The town possesses also well-endowed hospitals for the poor, a general hospital, an asylum for the feeble-minded, various money charities, a workhouse, fine town hall, county house of correction, neat theatre, barracks, several literary and scientific associations, a custom-house, a large market-house, warehouses, and a quay approached by vessels of 150 tons. It has manufactures of silk, lime, flour, castings, vinegar, and cordage ; also some malting trade, and thriving oyster- fisheries. Colchester was one of the earliest Roman stations in Britain ; and many coins and antiquities have been found in it. It was also a Saxon town of note. Pop. 22,612. Colchester, kol'ch§s-ter, a post-borough of New Lon- don CO., Conn., in Colchester township, about 25 miles S.E. of Hartford, and 14 miles W. of Norwich. It is 3 miles from the Air-Line Railroad, with which it is connected by the Colchester Railroad, extending to Turnerville. It con- tains the Bacon Academy, which is liberally endowed, and 5 churches, and has manufactures of india-rubber goods, cradles, wheels, and spokes. Pop. 1321; of the township, 3383. The township contains a hamlet named Westchester, Colchester, a post-village of McDonough co., 111., on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 53 miles N.E. of Quincy, and 7 miles W.S.W, of Macomb. It has 2 churches. About 100,000 tons of coal are mined here yearly, Colchester, a post-township of Delaware co,, N.Y., about 14 miles S. of Delhi, is drained by the East Branch of Delaware River. It contains a village named Downs- ville, and has manufactures of leather and lumber. Pop. 2724. Colchester Station, on the Delhi Branch of the Mid- land Railroad, is not in this township. Colchester, a post-hamlet of Chittenden eo., Vt., in Colchester township, 1 mile from the Central Vermont Rail- road, and about 6 miles N.E. of Burlington. Colchester Station is 20 miles S. of St. Albans. The township is bounded on the N.W. by Lake Champlain, and contains a village named AVinooski Falls, which is on the Winooski River. It has a bank and manufactures of cotton, wool, flour, &c. Pop. 3911. Colchester, kol'ches-t^r, a county in the central part of Nova Scotia, bordering on the Minas and Cobequid Baj'S, with a narrow strip extending W. along Minas Channel to the Bay of Fundy. It is crossed by the Intercolonial Rail- way. Area, 1300 square miles. Capital, Truro. P. 23,331. Colchester, or Sack'ville, a post-village in Essex CO., Ontario, on Lake Erie, and on a railway, 8 miles S.E. of Amherstburg, Pop. 200. Colchis, kol'kis (Gr. KoXx^';), an ancient division of Asia, at the E. end of the Black Sea, once noted for its gold- and silver-mines. It was in the fifteenth century subdivided into the principalities of Imeritia, Mingrelia, and Gooriel, and is now comprised in Russian Transcaucasia, Adj. and inhab. Colchian, kol'ke-an. Col d'Argentiere,kol daR^zh6N°He-aiH', apassof the Maritime Alps, on the road from Barcelonnette to Coni, 7200 feet above sea-level. Lat. 44° 27' N.j Ion. 6° 55' E. Cold Brook, a township of Warren co.. 111. Pop. 1256. It contains part of Cameron. Cold Brook, a post-village of Herkimer co,, N.Y., in Russia township, about 15 miles N.E. of TJtica. It has a church, a cheese-box-factory, a lumber-mill, and a grist- mill. Pop. 170. Cold'brook, or Jack'son's Mills, a post-village in Kings CO., Nova Scotia, on Cornwallis River, 30 miles by rail W. of Windsor. Pop. 150. Cold Brook Springs, a post-village of Worcester co., Mass., in Oakham township, on Ware River, and on the Ware River Railroad, 42 miles N.E. of Springfield. It has min- eral springs, a church, and manufactures of lumber, agri- cultural tools, &G. Cold Creek, a station on the Mobile & Alabama Grand Trunk Railroad, 20 miles N. of Mobile, Ala. Cold Creek, or Hume, a post-village of Alleghany CO., N.Y., in Hume township, on Cold Creek, 20 miles S. of Warsaw, and 10 miles S.S.W. of Portageville. It has 3 churches, a bank, and a cheese -factory. Pop. 254. The name of its post-office is Hume, Cold Creek, a post-office of Bradford co.. Pa. Col de Balme, kol d§h b^lm, a pass of the Alps, a part of the limit between France and Switzerland, 7218 feet above the level of the sea. The pass is much frequented, and has a refuge for travellers. Col de Ferret, kol deh f^R^ni', a pass of the Pennine Alps, from the town of Orsieres in Switzerland, on the N., to that of Courmayeur in Italy, on the S., — the ascent from the former direction being made by the Val d'Entremont, and that from the latter by the Yal de Ferret, a continua- tion of the Allee Blanche. From the Col, which has a height of 7641 feet, the view is magnificent. Col de la Seigne, kol d?h li s^ii, leads from Savoy into the Val d'Aosta, in Italy, 7 miles W.S.AV. of Mont Blanc. Height, 8422 feet. Colden, kol'd^n, a post-village of Erie co., N.Y., in Golden township, on Cazenove Creek, about 20 miles S.S,E. of Buffalo. It has a church, a large hotel, a tannery, a grist-mill, and 2 saw -mills. Pop. of the township, 1550. Coldenham, kol'd^n-ham, a post-hamlet of Orange CO., N.Y., 3i miles from Walden Station, and 8 miles W. of Newburg. Col de Tenda, kol deh t^n'd^, or Col de Tende, kol deh tONd, a pass in the Maritime Alps, a little W. of the point where they become linked with the Apennines, on the frontiers of France and Italy, Height, 6160 feet above sea-level. It is traversed by an excellent earriage- road. The summit is enclosed by higher mountains on all sides except the S., in which direction the Mediterranean may be seen. Cold Har'bor, a locality of Hnnover co.. Va., about 9 miles N.E. of Richmond, and 2 miles N.E. of the Chicka- hominy Creek. A severe and indecisive battle was fought here between General Grant and General Lee, June 3, 1864. On and near the same ground occurred the battle of Gaines* Mill, June 27, 1862, Coldiiig, a town of Denmark. See Kolding. Cold'iiighani, a village of Scotland, co. of Berwick, 2A miles N, of Eyemouth. In the village are the remains of a famous priory, and about 2 miles N.E. is Fast Castle, the Wolf's Crag of "The Bride of Lammermoor." Pop. 647. Colditz, or Kolditz, kol'dits, a town of Saxony, 25 miles by rail S.E. of Loipsio, on the Muldo, with manuifao- tures of stockings, linens, felt, and earthenwares. Pop. 4092. Cold Point, a station in Montgomery eo.. Pa., on the Plymouth Branch of the Germantown & Norristown Kail- road, 4i miles E. of Conshohooken. COL 509 COL Cold River, a station in Walpole township, Cheshire CO., N.H., near the Connecticut River, and on the Cheshire Railroad, li miles S.E. of Bellows Falls. Cold Run, a station in Berks co., Pa., on the Wilming- ton & Reading Railroad, 16 miles S.E. of Reading. Cold Spring, a post-hamlet of Fairfield co.. Conn., in Newtown township, on the Housatonic Railroad, 15 miles N. of Bridgeport. It has a manufactory of horn buttons. Cold Spring:, a post-township of Shelby co.. 111., about 10 miles S.E. of Pana, is intersected by the Springfield di- vision of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad. Pop. IGdQ. Cold Sprin§^, a post-office of Dearborn co., Ind., on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 37 miles W. of Cincinnati, 0. Cold Spring, a post- village of Campbell co., Ky., about 10 miles S.E. of Cincinnati. Cold Spring, a post-ofiice of Douglas co., Mo. Cold Spring, a township of Phelps co.. Mo. Pop. 964. Cold Spring, a post-office of Jefferson co,, Montana. Cold Spring, a post-village of Cape May co., N.J., in Lower township, about 4 miles N. of Cape Alay. It is 1^ miles from the West Jersey Railroad. It has 2 churches and an academy. Cold Spring, a township of Cattaraugus co., N.Y., traversed by the main line of the Erie Railroad, contains Steamburg, and has lumber manufactures, .fee. Pop. 924. Cold Spring, Ontario co., N.Y. See Buistol Springs. Cold Spring, a post-village of Putnam co., N.Y., is beautifully situated among the Highlands, in Phillipstown township, on the E. bank of Hudson River, and on the Hud- son River Railroad, 1 mile above West Point, and 52 miles N. of New York. It has 8 churches, a newspaper office, and a large iron-foundry, in which about 450 men are employed. Connected with this establishment are several cupola-fur- naces, a gun-foundry, 2 boring-mills, ttc. Pop. 3086. Cold Spring, a hamlet and station of Steuben co., N.Y., on the Bath & Hammondsport Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Bath. It has a woollen-mill. Cold Spring, a post- village of Suffolk co., N.Y., on an inlet of Long Island Sound, in Huntington township, and on the Long Island Railroad, about 32 miles E.N.E. of Brookljm. It has 3 churches, 2 ship-yards, and several manufactories. It was formerly a seat of the whale-iishery. Pop, 730. Here is Cold Spring Harbor Post-Oflfice. Cold Spring, a station in Bucks co., Pa., on the Phil- adelphia & Trenton Railroad, 2 miles N.E. of Bristol. Cold Spring, a township of Lebanon co.. Pa. Pop. 80. Cold Spring Station is on the Schuylkill & Susquehanna Railroad, 26 miles N.E. of Ilarrisburg. Cold Spring, a post-office of AYayne co., Pa., about 12 miles N. of Honesdale. Cold Spring, a station on the Hanover & Gettysburg Railroad, 3 miles W. of Hanover Junction, Pa. Cold Spring, a post-office of Bledsoe co., Tenn. Cold Spring, a post-village, capital of San Jacinto co., Tex., about 64 miles N. by E. from Houston, 20 miles E. of Dodge Railroad Station, and 3 miles S.W. of Trinity River. It has 2 churches and an academy. Cold Spring, a post-office of Carroll co., Va. Cold Spring, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co., Wis., in Cold Spring township, on Bark River, about 20 miles N.E. of Janesville. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a cheese- factory. Pop. of the township, 734. Cold Spring City, a post-village of Stearns co.', Minn., on Sauk River, about 14 miles W.S.W. of St. Cloud. It has ifio iiill. Cold Spring Harbor, New York. See Cold Spring. Cold Springs, a post-office of Alturas co., Idaho. Cold Springs, a township of Kalkaska co., Mich. P. 51. Cold Springs, a post-office of Wilkinson co.. Miss. Cold Springs, a post-office of Edgefield co., S.C. Cold Springs, a post-village in Northumberland co., Ontario, 7 miles fram Cobourg. Pop. 200. Cold'streani (formerly Lennel, or Leinhall), a town of Scotland, county and 15 miles by rail S.W. of Ber- wick, on the Tweed, here crossed by a five-arched bridge. Pop. 1724. " The Coldstream Guards" were so named from having been raised here by General Monk, in 1659-60. Cold Stream, a post-office of Hampshire co., W. Va. Cold'streani, a post-village in Carleton co.. New Brunswick, at the confluence of the rivers Coldstream and Becaguimec, 17 miles N.E. of Woodstock. It contains 2 stores, a tannery, and several mills. Pop. 400. Coldstream, a post-village in Middlesex co., Ontario, 11 miles from Strathroy. Pop. 100. Col du Bonhomme, kol dU bo^nomm', in theGraian Alps, 10 miles S.W. of Mont Blanc. Height, 8054 feet. Col du Julier, kol dii zhUMe-i', one of the principal passes in the Swiss Alps, canton of Grisons, near the sources of the Inn, 7558 feet above the level of the sea. It was known to the Romans, and was long the chief route between Venice, Switzerland, Germany, and France. Cold'ville, a post-office of Tama eo., Iowa. Cold'water, a post-office of Cleburne co., Ala. Coldwater, a post-office of Cross co., Ark. Cold Water, a township of Butler co., Iowa. Pop. 980. Cold Water, a post-office of Franklin co., Iowa. Cold Water, a post-hamlet of Calloway co., Ky., 13 miles E. of Mayfield. It has a church. Cold'water, a city, capital of Branch co., Mich., is on a stream of the same name, in Coldwater township, and on the Lake Shore 'pidum(or Civ' has) UUo'rum; later, Oolo'nia Agrippi'na, and Oolo'nia CUm'dia Agrippinen'sis), a city, the capital of Rhenish Prussia and of the government of Cologne, on the W. bank of the Rhine, 45 miles N.N.W. of Coblentz. It is at the junction of several railways, and is opposite to Deutz, to which two bridges extend. Its great cathedral, one of the finest Gothic buildings in the world, is the chief object of interest. The city is a fortress of the first class. It is a Catholic archbishop's see, and the seat of a large foreign trade. It also carries on a domestic trade by rail and river. Besides the eaii tie Cologne, which takes its name from the place, it manufactures a great variety of goods. Cologne was a town of some importance even before the Roman conquest, and many of its buildings are of deep historical interest. Its narrow and crooked streets and its quaint and irregular architecture give it more of the me- diaeval ch.aracter than most German cities possess. It is the seat of important literary and educational institutions. Pop. in 1S75, 135,371. Adj. and inhab. Colognese, ko>- lo-neez'. Cologne, or Koln, a government of Rhenish Prussia, bounded N. by the government of Dusseldorf, E. by the province of Westphalia, S. by Coblentz, and W. by Aachen. Area, 1544 square miles. It lies wholly in the valley of the Rhine, and is divided into 10 circles, of which the circle of Cologne, containing the capital, has an area of 176 square miles. Pop. 654,791. Cologne, koHofi', a town of France, in Gers, 18 miles N. of Lombez. Pop. 745. Cologne, ko-Ion', a post-office of Delaware co., Ind. Cologne, a post-office of Mason co., W. Va., is at Leon. Cologne, ko-lAn'yo, a walled town of Italy, in Lom- bardy, 8 miles S.S.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 2747. Colokythia, Greece. See Gulf op Kolokvthia. Cololo, ko-lo'lo, a mountain of the Andes, near the boundary of Peru .and Bolivia, in lat. 14° 57' S., Ion. 69° 10' W. Height, 17,930 feet. Colo'ma, a post-office of Cherokee co., Ala. Coloma, a post-hamlet and township of El Dorado co., Cal., on the South Fork of the American River, about 44 miles E.N.E. of Sacramento. It has 2 churches. Gold has been found here. Pop. 925. Coloma, Washington co.. 111. See Ddbois. Coloma, a township of Whitesides co., III. Pop. S56. It includes Rock Falls. Coloma, a post-village of Parke co., Ind., in Reserve township, 4 miles W. of Rockville, and 4 miles E. of Monte- zuma. It has a Friends' meeting, and manufactures of tiles and wagons. Coloma, a post-office of Woodson co., Kansas. Coloma, a post-village of Berrien co., Mich., in Water- vliet township, on the Paw Paw River, and on the Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore Riiilroad, 9 miles N.E. of Benton Harbor. It has 2 churches, 2 saw-mills, a grist-mill, and a graded school. Pop. about 500. Coloma, a post-village of Carrol! co., Mo., 15 miles N. of Carrollton. It has 3 churches. Coloma, a post-hamlet of Waushara co., Wis., in Coloma township, about 50 miles W. of Oshkosh. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 284. Coloma Station, a post-office of Waushara co.. Wis., on the Wisconsin Central Railroad (Southern division), 35 miles S. of Stevens Point. It is in Coloma township. Colombes, koMojib', a village of France, department of Seine, 6 miles by rail N.W. of Paris. Pop. 2691. Colombey, ko'16M"bA', a town of France, department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, 10 miles S. of Toul. Pop. 919. Colombia, ko-lom'be-a. The United States of, a federal republic of South America, occupying the north- westernmost portion of th.at continent. It consists of the nine states of Antioquia, Bolivar, Boyaca, Cauca, Cundi- namarca, Magdalena, Panama, Santander, and Tolima, and the national territories of Bolivar, Casanare, Go.ajira, Nevada y Motilones, San Martin, and San Andres y San Luis de Providencia. The republic is bounded on the N. by the Caribbean Sea, on the E. by Venezuela, S. by Brazil and Ecuador, and W. by the Pacific Ocean. It includes the Isthmus of Panama. The total area is stated to be 504,773 square miles, of which about one-fifth is S. of the equator. The southern and eastern boundaries are unsettled. The national limits include a number of islands. Both coast-lines are much broken, and that of the Caribbean has many good harbors : nor arc these wanting on the Pacific coast. " The republic is traversed by 3 great Andean ranges, viz., the central range, or Cordillera of Quindiu, the Western, or that of Choco, and the Eastern Cordillera, or that of Suma Paz. These unite near the Ecuadorian frontier into a great plateau, 11,695 feet in average height. Besides the above ranges there are several extensive contreforts and mountain- groups, all conneoted directly with the Andes. There are numbers of peaks clad in perpetual snow, principally in the eastern chain. Earthquakes are not uncommon in some parts. The southeastern half of the country belongs to the llano, or great plain, which occupies also a large part of Venezuela. This portion is traversed by many fine naviga- ble rivers, tributaries of the Orinoco and Amazon. The S.W. part of this level region is a great forest. Most of the rivers are of the Atlantic slope. The principal ones are the Magdalena (whose valley lies between the Eastern and the Central Andes), the Cauca (between the central and the main western ridge), the Atrato, which flows in a long nar- row valley of the Western Andes, the Meta, Vichada, and Guaviare, tributaries of the Orinoco, and the Rio Negro and Japura, important affluents of the Amazon. The rivers of the Pacific versant are all short, but several of them are navigated. The climate of Colombia varies with the elevation. The coast-land and low plains are in general hot and sickly ; but the high table-lands have often a genial climate, the per- petual spring of Bogota being especially fine. Here every product of the temperate zones grows to perfection. The mineral wealth of Colombia is great. Considerable gold is produced, chiefly from pl.acer-mines. Rich ores of silver are known to be abundant, and a few of them are exploited to some degree. The best emeralds known are found in the state of Boyaod. Salt and coal are plentiful, and platinum, copper, mercury, and several other metals are found at difi'erent points. Among the ntitive products are many fine timber trees, the wax-palm, caca.o, india-rubber, ipecac, ealisaya b.ark, divi-divi, balsam of tolu, vegetable ivory, cochineal, sarsaparilla, logwood, fustic, archil, &e. These, with rice, mother-of-pearl, cotton, indigo, tobacco, coffee, sugar, bananas, hides, gold-dust, ores, deer-skins, and Panama hats, are leading articles of export, — the last com- modity being extensively prepared from the fibre called jipijapa, the product of a native palm-like tree. Wheat, maize, and barley thrive in the temperate high- land. Among the native animals are the puma, jaguar, bear, sloth, deer, armadillo, cavy, opossum, tapir, many kinds of monkeys, the condor, parrots, humming-birds. 7 miles N. of Oil City. Petroleum is found here. The name of its station is Columbia. Columbia Furnace, a post-office of Shenandoah co., Va., 5 miles N.W. of Edenburg. Here is an iron-furnace. Columbiana, ko-liim-be-an'a, a county in the E. part of Ohio, bordering on Pennsylvania, has an area of about 4S0 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Ohio River, and is drained by the Little Beaver River and by Sandy and Yellow Creeks. The surface is partly hilly and partly undulating or level; the soil is very fertile. Indian corn, oats, wool, hay, wheat, and butter are the staple prod- ucts. This county has extensive beds of bituminous coal and limestone, and an abundance of timber, including the ash, beech, elm, sugar-maple, hickory, white oak, and tulip- tree. It is intersected by the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad and the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad. Capital, New Lisbon. Valuation of real and personal estate, $36,257,471. Pop. in 1870, 33,299, of whom 34,514 were Americans. Columbiana, a post-village, capital of Shelby co., Ala., on the Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad, 72 miles N.N.E. of Selma, and about 70 miles N. by W. from Mont- gomery. It has 3 churches, a money-order post-ofl&ce, an academy, and a carriage-shop. Pop. about 500. Columbiana, a post-village of Columbiana co., 0., in Fairfield township, on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 23 miles E.of Alliance, and 16 miles S. of Youngs- town. It has a bank, 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and manufactures of agricultural implements and carpenters* tools. Pop. 870. Columbian Archipelago* See West Indies. Columbian College, See Washington, D.C. Col amebian Grove, a post-office of Lunenburg co., Va. Colum'bia Springs, a summer resort of Columbia CO., N.Y., 4 miles from Hudson. It has a hotel, several cottages, and a mineral spring, the water of which holds in solution 84 grains of chloride of sodium aijjd 64 grains of sulphate of lime per gallon. Columbia Station, a post-hamlet of Lorain co., 0., in Columbia township, on the railroad which connects Cleve- land with Columbus, 19 miles S W, of Cleveland. It has a stone- quarry. Columbia Sulphur Springs, a post-office of Green- brier CO., W. Va. Columbia Village, N.Y\ See Madrid. Colum'biaville, a post-village of Liipeer co., Mich., in Marathon township, on Flint River, and on the Detroit & Bay City Railroad, 39 miles S.E. of Bay City. It has a foundry, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 300. Columbiaville, a village of Columbia eo., N.Y., in Stockport township, 1 mile from Stockport Station, which is 4 miles N. of Hudson. It has 2 cotton-mills. Columbo, the capital of Ceylon. See Colombo. Columbretes, ko-loom-bri'tSs, a picturesque group of volcanic islands and rocks in the Mediterranean, off the E, coast of Spain, 66 miles N.E. of Valencia. Lat. of Mount Colibre, in the largest island, 39° 53' 58" N., Ion. 0° 44' 27" E., supposed to be the ancient Ophiusts. Colum'bus, a county in the S. part of North Carolina, has an area of about 660 square miles. It is intersected by the Waceamaw River, and is bounded on the N.W. by the Lumber River. The surface is level, and partly occupied by swamps and forests. The soil is not very fertile. In- dian corn, sweet potatoes, and pork are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta Railroad. Capital, Whitesville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,595,508. Pop. in 1870, 8474, of whom 8470 were Americans. Columbus, a post-village of Hempstead co., Ark., 15 miles N. of Fulton. It has a church. Columbus, a village of Suwanee co., Fla., on the Suwanee River, about 70 miles E. of Tallahassee. Columbus, a thriving city, capital of Muscogee co., Ga., is on the E. bank of the Chattahoochee River, 100 miles direct (or 136 miles by the road) S.S.W. of Atlanta, and 100 miles by railroad W.S.W. of Macon. It is con- nected with Macon by the Southwestern Railroad, and is the southern terminus of the North & South Railroad. The Western (Alabama) and Mobile & Girard Railroads ter- minate at Girard, on the opposite bank of the river, which is here crossed by a bridge. Columbus is at the head of navigation, and has a large trade in cotton, about 60,000 bales of which are annually received here. The river at this place affords extensive water-power, which is utilized in the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods, flour, &c. The Eagle & Phoenix Manufacturing Company of this place have the largest cotton- and woollen-mills in the South, em- ploy about 900 operatives, and manufacture a variety of colored goods, ginghams, cottonades, &c. The Columbus Iron-Works manufacture engines, boilers, steamboats, saw- mills, sugar-mills, cotton -screws, -<''-de-ti-maR'- ki, a town of Brazil, province of Pernambuco, 16 miles N. of Olinda, and capital of the district of the island of Ita- marca, on its W. coast. The population of the district is esti- mated at 12,000. This town has long been in a state of decay. ConceicSo-do-Serro, kon-si-sowN^'-do-s^R'Ro, a town of Brazil, in Minas-Geraes, N.N.W. of Ouro Preto. Pop. of district, 8000, employed in gold-mines. Concentaina, or Coucentayna, a town of Spain. See Cooentayna. Concepcion, or Concepcion-del-Arroyo-de- la- China, kon-s^p-se-on'-d^l-aa-Ko'yo-di-li-chee'nd. a town of the Argentine Republic, province of Entre Rios, about 160 miles N. of Buenos Ayres. It has a college, with, good buildings, and is a handsome town. Pop. 6513. Concepcion, a town of Bolivia, department of Tarija, 240 miles S.E. of Chuquisaca, in a fertile country, pro- ducing wine. Pop. 2000. Concepcion, a town of Bolivia, department of Santa Cruz, 145 miles N.E. of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in an ele- vated district, containing mines. Pop. 2200. Concepcion, kon-s5p-se-on', Concepcion^la- Nueva, kon-sfip-se-on'-lA-nwi'vi, Concepcion-de- Mocha, kon-s4p-se-on'-di-mo'chS,, or Concepcion - de-Peuco, kon-s§p-se-6n'-dA.-p§n'ko, a port of Chili, capital of a province of its own name, 270 miles S.S.W. of Santiago, on the right bank of the Biobio, and 7^ miles from its mouth. Lat. 36° 49' 30" S. : Ion. 73° 5' 30" W. It is the seat of a bishop and of a military commandant, and contains a college, a cathedral, large flour-mills, and a seminary. It is a well-built town, connected by rail with Tome andTalcaguana. The port at Talcaguana, on the Bay of Concepcion, 8 miles distant, is one of the best in Chili. There is a trade in grain, hides, wine, flour, tallow, and beef ; and in the vicinity is a coal-mine. It has been several times overthrown by earthquakes. Pop. in 1875, 18,277. Concepcion, kon-sSp-se-on', a province of Chili, oav- ing Nuble on the N. and Biobio, with Angol, on the S. Area, 3563 square miles. It contains great fertile plains, and has mines of coal. Capital, Concepcion. Pop. 151,470, Concepcion, kon-s^p-se-6n', or Conception, kon- e©N 524 PON sfip'shun, an island apd headland of the United States of Colombia, on the N. side of tHe Isthmus of Panama, 78 miles E. of Puerto Bello. Concepcion, a town in the United States of Colom- bia, on the Caribbean Sea, on the frontier of Costa Rica, 70 miles W.S.W. of Chagres, and near the mouth of a small stream of its own name. Concepcion, or Villa Real de la Concepcion, veel'yfL v^-kV di \k kon-s^p-se-on', a town of Paraguay, capital of a department of its own name, on the Paraguay, 135 miles N.N.E. of Assumption. Pop. 18(10. Concepcion, kon-sep'se-on, a post-village of Duval CO., Tex., 150 miles S.W. of Cuero. It has 2 churches, a bank, and manufactures of saddles and wagons. Concepcion Bay, Chili, is an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, 8 miles N. of the town of Concepcion. It is about 5 miles across, and has an entrance on either side of the island of Quiriquino. It receives the Biobio River, and affords good anchorage. Tome and Talcaguana are on its shores. Concepcion- del-Pao, kon-s^p-se-6n'-dSl-pi'o, a town of A^'enezuela, 110 miles S. of Barcelona. Concepciou-la-Nueva, Concepcion-de- Mo- cha, or Concepcion-de-Penco. See Concepcion. Concep'tion, orLa Concepcion, l§,kon-sep-5e-on', an island of the Bahamas, 25 miles S.E. of San Salvador. Conception, a town of Chili. See Concepcion. Conception^ kon-sep'shun, a post-village of Nodaway CO., Mo., 15 miles S.E. of Maryville, is the seat of a Bene- dictine monastery, and of a convent of Ladies of the Per- petual Adoration. It has a church. Concep'tion Bay, an inlet of Newfoundland, on its eastern coast, N.W. of St. John's; lat. 48° N., Ion. 53° W. It has several ports, the principal being Harbor-Grace. Conception Strait, an inlet of Terra del Fuego, between Hanover Island and the Madre Archipelago, and continuous with Mesier Channel. Con'cert, a post-offiee of Mahaska co., Iowa. Conchagua, kon-ch3,'gwS., an extinct volcano of Central America, state and 70 miles E.S.E. of San Salvador, at the W. side of the entrance to the Gulf of Conchagua. Though not very lofty, it commands fine views, embracing 18 other volcanoes. Conchas, kon'shS.s, a small river of Brazil, falls into the Atlantic about 5° S. lat. and 36° 50' W. Ion. Conchas, kon'ch^s, or Conchos, kon'chos, a river of Mexico, in Durango and Chihuahua, joins the Rio Grande near lat. 29° 50' N. and Ion. 104° 40' W., after a northerly course estimated at 300 miles. Its valley is the most popu- lous and best cultivated in the table-land of Chihuahua. Conches, k6Nsh, atown of France, department of Eure, 10 miles S.W. of Evreux. Pop. 2482. Con'cho, a county in the N.W. centra! part of Texas. is bounded on the N.E. by the Colorado River, and also drained by the Concho River, which enters the former in the N.E. part of the county. Area, 1040 square miles. The surface is elevated and hilly. Concho River, Texas, rises in the district of Bexar, runs eastward, and enters the Colorado River in the N.E. part of Concho co. It is about 170 miles long. Conchucos, kon-choo'koce, a town of Peru, in the de- partment of Ancachs, is on the western slope of the Andes, on a branch of Santa River, 85 miles S.E. of Trujillo. Conch'ville, a hamlet of Davidson co., Tenn., 12 miles E. of Nashville. It has 2 stores. Pop. about 100. Concise, k6N°^seez',, a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, on the Lake of Neufchatel, 6 miles by rail N.N.E. of Yverdun. Pop. 790. Concobello, kon-ko-bfil'lo, a town of Western Africa, on the Congo River, near lat. 4° 30' S., Ion. 10° E. Concord, kong'kord, a post-office of Lawrence co., Ala. Concord, a post-village of Contra Costa co., CaK, 7 miles E.S.E. of Martinez. It has 2 taverns and a wagon- shop. Pop. about 250. Concord, a postrvillage of Sussex co., Del., near the Nanticoke River, about 40 miles S. of Dover. It has a church, a lumber-mill, and a grist-mill. Pop. about 400. Concord, a post-village of Gadsden co., Fla., 19 miles N. of Tallahassee, It has 3 churches, several stores, a tan- nery, a steam saw-mill, a grist-mill, &c,. Concord, a post-office of Pike co., Ga. Concord, a township of Adams oo,, III, Pop. 1140. Concord, a township of Bureau co., 111. Pop. 2309. It contains Sheffield and Ruda. Concord, a township of Iroquois co., 111., contains Montgomery and Iroquois, Pop, 678. Concord, a post-village of Morgan co., 111., in Concord township,' and on the. Bockford, 'Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad, 15 miles S. of Beardstown. It has 3 churches. Pop. of the township, 1280, Concord (Emma Post-Office), a hamlet of White co., 111., in Emma township, on the Little Wabash River, S miles S. of Hawthorn Station. Concord, a post-hamlet of De Kalb co., Ind., in Con- cord township, on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 7 miles S-E. of Auburn. It has 2 churches. The township is traversed by St. Joseph River. Pop. of township, 1472. Concord, a township of Elkhart co., Ind. Pop. 4725. It includes the city of Elkhart. Concord, a hamlet of Tippecanoe co., Ind., 10 miles S. of Lafayette. Pop. 51. Concord, a township of Dubuque co., Iowa. Pop. 1030. It contains Cottage Hill. Concord, a post-village, capital of Hancock co., Iowa, in Concord township, 1 mile from Garner Station, which is on a branch of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, about 24 miles W. of Mason City, and 33 miles E. of Algona. Pop. about 100; of the township, 375. , Concord, a township of Hardin co., Iowa. Pop. 93. Concord, a township of Louisa co., Iowa. Pop. 637, exclusive of Fredonia. Concord, a township of Woodbury co., Iowa. Pop. 280. Concord, a township of Ottawa co., Kansas. Pup. 300. Concord, a post-village of Lewis co., Ky., on the Ohio River, about 25 miles above Maysville. It has 3 churches, a lumber-mill, a flour-mill, and a boat-yard. Pop. 228. Concord, a post-township of Somerset co., Me., about 22 miles N.N.W. of Skowhegan, is bounded on the E. by Kennebec River. Pop. 452. Concord, a post-hamlet of Caroline co., Md., 7 miles N. of Federalsburg. It has 2 churches. Concord, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mass., is in Concord township, on the Concoj-d River, at the junction of the Assabet and Sudbury Rivers, 20 miles W.N.W. of Boston. It is on the Framingham & Lowell, Fitchburg, and Middle- sex Central Railroads, and the Nashua, Acton & Boston Railroad has its southern terminus at West Concord. It contains a national bank, 3 churches, the Concord High School, a newspaper office, a public library of about 12,000 yolumes, a state prison, and a manufactory of flannel. Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, and other eminent writers have resided here. The banks of Concord River present beautiful scenery of a quiet rural character. A provincial congress of Massachusetts met at Concord in October, 1774, and the town was the scene of a skirmish between the British and a small body of militia on April 19, 1775, the day on which the first blood of the Revolution was shed. Pop. of the township, 2676. Concord, a post-village of Jackson co., Mich., on the Kalamazoo River, in Concord township, and on the Michi- gan Central Railroad (Air-Line division), 14 miles W.S.W. of Jackson, and about 40 miles S. of Lansing. It has 4 churches, a union school, a bank, a newspaper office, and a flouring-mill. Pop. about 600. The township is also trav- ersed by the main line of the Central Railroad (North Con- cord Station). Pop. of the township, 1334. Concord, a post-village of Dodge oo., Minn., on a branch of the Zumbro River, in Concord township. 2 miles from Dodge Centre, and 22 miles W.N.W. of Rochester. It has a church and a flour-mill. Pop. of township. 960. Concord, a post-village of Callaway co., Mo., about 12 miles S. of Mexico. It has a church and a steam-mill. Concord, a township of Clinton co., Mo. Pop. 2491. It contains Plattsburg. Concord, a township of Washington co., Mo. Pop. 1343. Concord, a post-hamlet of Cass co., Neb., on the Bur- lington & Missouri River Railroad, 9 miles W. of Platts- mouth. Concord, a city, the capital of New Hampshire, and of Merrimac co., is pleasantly situated on the right bank of theMerrimac River, 18 miles N, of Manchester, and 73 miles by railroad N.N.W. of Boston, Lat. about 43° 13' N. ; Ion. 71° 29' W. It extends 2 miles or more along the river, and has wide straight streets, -which are lighted with gas. The hotels and principal business houses are on Main street and Railroad Square, the former of which is about 2 miles long and 100 feet wide. Concord is supplied with good water by works constructed in 1872 at an expense of §200,000. It contains a granite staite-house, situated in the centre of a beautiful common shaded with maples and elms, a city hall. 12 churches (4 Congregational. 3 Baptist, 2 Methodist, 1 Unitarian, 1 Roman Catholic, and 1 Univer- salist), 2 national banks, 3 savings-banks, a state prison, a high school, St. Paul's School .(Episcopal), charmingly CON 5 located about one mile from the state-house, a state lunatic asylum, and a public library, besides the state library of 11,000 volumes. One daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published here. Concord has abundant water-power, and extensive manufactures of cotton goods, woollen goods, car- riages, machinery, leather belting, wooden-ware, organs, &g. It is connected with Boston by the Concord Railroad, and is the southern terminus of the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad. The other railroads which meet here are the Concord & Claremont, the Concord & Portsmouth, and the Northern. Here are quarries of fine granite, of which large quantities are exported. Pop. 12,241. Concord, a township of Erie CO., N.T. Pop. 3186. It includes Woodward's Hollow, Springville, &c. Concord, a post-village, capital of Cabarrus co^, N.C., on the Piedmont Air-Line or Richmond & Danville Rail- road, 23 miles S. of Salisbury, and 21 miles N.E. of Char- lotte. It is in Concord township. It has 5 churches and a cotton-factory. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 878 ; of the township, 1259. Concord, a township of Iredell co., N.C. Pop. 869. Concord, a township of Randolph Co., N.C. Pop. 1028. Concord, a township of Champaign co., 0. Pop. 1035. Concord, a township of Delaware co., 0. Pop. 1092. It is traversed by the Scioto River. Concord, a township of Fayette co., 0. Pop. 981. It contains Staunton. Concord, a township of Highland co., 0. Pop. 1262. It contains Sugar Tree Ridge and a part of Fairfax. Concord, a post-hamlet of Lake co., 0., in Concord township, ami on the Painesville & Youngstown Railroad, 5 miles S. of Painesville. It has a church. The township has a woollen-mill. Pop. of the township, 797. Concord, a hamlet of Licking oo., 0., in Liberty town- ship, about 30 miles N.E. of Columbus. It has 2 churches. Concord, a township of Miami co., 0. Pop. 4701. It includes Troy, the county seat. Concord, Muskingum co., 0. See New Concord. Concord, a township of Ross co., 0. Pop. 2772. It contains Frankfort. Concord, a township of Butler co.. Pa. Pop. 926. Concord, a township of Delaware co.. Pa. Pop. 1293. Concord Station, in this township, is at Concokdville. Concord, a township of Erie co., Pa. Pop. 1436. See also CoNConD Station. Concord, a post-village of Franklin co., Pa., in Fan- net township, about 44 miles Vf. of Harrisburg. It has 3 churches. Pop. about 350. Concord, a township of Clarendon oo., S.C. Pop. 800. Concord, a township of Sumter co., S.C. Pop. 1514. Concord, a post-village of Knox co., Tenn., on the IIol- ston River, and on the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad, 15 miles S.W. of Knoxville. It has a church, a flour-mill, 3 saw-mills, and a masonic high school. Concord, a hamlet of Rusk co., Tex., 20 miles from Henderson. It has a church. Concord, a post-township of Essex oo., Vt., about 10 miles E. of St. Johnsbury, is on the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad, and is bounded on the S.E. by the Connecticut River. Pop. 1276. It contains West Concord. Concord, Virginia. See Concord Depot. Concord, a post-ofBce of Hampshire co., W. Va. See also Concord Church. Concord, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co.. Wis., in Con- cord township, about 38 miles W. of Milwaukee. It has a church, a carriage-shop, and a creamery or cheCse-factory. Pop. of the township, 1522. Concord Church, a post-hamlet of Mercer co., W. Va., 25 miles S.S.W. of Hinton. Here is a church ; also the Mercer County Normal School. Concord Depot, a post-village of Campbell co., Va., on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 13 miles E. of Lynchburg. It has 2 churches. Concordia, kon-kor'd?-a, a parish of Louisiana, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Mississippi River, on the S.W. by Red River, and on the W. by the Ouachita River, all of which are navigable by steamboats, The surface is level, is extensively covered with forests, and partly subject to inundation. The soil is fertile, and cotton is the staple product. In 1870 this parish produced 26,712 bales of cotton, — more than any other parish in the state. Capital, Vidalia. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,920,974. Pop. in 1870, 9977, of whom 9878 were Americans. Concordia, or Concordia di Qua, kon-kon'de-i dee kw4, a town of Italy, province and 17 miles N. of Mo- dcna. Pop. of commune, 9336. 5 CON Concordia, Concordia di Qua, or Concordia Sagittaria, si-jeet-ti'ree-il, a town of Italy, province and 34 miles N.E, of Venice. It is a bishop's see. Pop. 2672. Concordia, or ta Concordia, li kon-koR'de-i, a town of the Argentine Republic, on the Uruguay, province of Entre Rios, 130 miles E.N.E. of Bajada de Santa Fe. A railway 97 miles long connects it with Monte Caseros. Pop. 5498. Concordia, a post-oifiee of Elbert co., Ga. Concordia, a post-village, capital of Cloud co., Kansas, in Lincoln township, on the Republican River, about 60 miles N.W. of Junction City, and on the Central Branch of the Union Pacific Railroad, 155 miles W. of Atchison. It has a church, a state normal school, and a United States land office. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Concordia, a h.amlet of Meade co., Ky., on the Ohio River, 90 miles below Louisville. Pop. ] 16. Here is Flint Island Post-Oflfice. Concordia, a post-village and shipping-point of Bol- ivar CO., Miss., on the Mississippi River. It has a church, an oil-mill, and several stores. It is stated that SOOO bales of cotton are annually shipped here. Concordia, a post-village of Lafayette co.. Mo., in Freedom township, on the railroad between Sedalia and Lexington, 30 miles N.W. of Sedalia. It has 4 churches, a savings-bank, a pottery, and manufactures of machinery and brooms. Concord (kong'kord) Kiver, Massachusetts, is formed by the Assabet and Sudbury Rivers, which unite at Con- cord. It runs nearly northw,i.rd in Middlesex co., and enters the Merrimac River at the city of Lowell. The direct distance from Concord to its mouth is about 12 miles. This river has been well described by Thoreau in his " Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers." Concord Station, a post-office and station of Erie co.. Pa., on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, 5 miles W, of Corry. It is in the borough of Elgin. Half a mile S. is Concord Station, on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad. Concordville, kong'k9rd-vil, a post-village of Dela- ware CO., Pa., in Concord township, on the Philadelphia & Baltimore Central Railroad, 25 miles W.S.W. of Philadel- phia. It has 2 or 3 churches, a boarding-school, and several stores. Pop. about 300. Concord Wharf, a post-office of Northampton co., Va. Con'cow, a township of Butte co., Cal. Pop. 490. Concrete, kon-kreet', a post-village of De Witt co., Tex., 10 miles N. of Cuero Station. It has 2 churches and a high school, and is surrounded by fertile prairies and groves of evergreen live-oak. Con'damine" River, Queensland, Australia, is a head- stream of the Darling River. Lat. 27° S. ; Ion. 151° E. Con'dapil'ly, a town of British India, in the presi- dency of Madras, 55 miles N.W. of Masulipatam, on the Kistnah. Pop. 5210. Condat, k6N"'di', a village of France, in Correze, 16 miles N.N.W. of Tulle. Pop. 1606. Condat, a village of France, in Puy-de-D6me, 26 miles W. of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. 1384. * Condat'chy, a bay and village of Ceylon, on its western it, 120 miles N. of Colombo. It is a centre of the pearl- Condate. See Cosne, Montereac, and Rennes. Condat-en-r6niers,k6N"Mi't6N>"-fi'ne-i', a village of France, in Cantal, 32 miles N.E. of Aurillao. Pop. 748. Condati Lillae, supposed ancient name of Libourne. Conde, kAso'di',' a town of France, in Nord, at the con- fluence of the Haine and Scheldt, 7 miles by rail N.N.E. of Valenciennes. Pop. 3382. It is enclosed by strong fortifi- cations and well built. It has a handsome church, a town hall, arsenal, military hospital, a harbor for river-craft, manufactories of chiccory, starch, leather, and cordage, an extensive trade in coals and cattle, and large corn-markets. Conde, kon'di, a town and seaport of Brazil, province and 85 miles N.E. of Bahia, at the mouth of the Inhambupe. It has a trade in sugar, tobacco, and mandioca. Pop. 2000. Conde, a town of Brazil, province and 20 miles S. of Parahyba. Pop. 800. Conde, a town of Brazil, province and 22 miles S.W. of Para, on the Tocantins, upon an island formed by this river, the Moju, and the Iguape Mirim. Coude-en-Brie, kAsoMi'-dNo-bree, a town of France, in Aisne, 8 miles E. of Chateau-Thierry. Pop. 65]. Conde-sur-Huisne, kiNo'di'-siin-ween, a town of France, in Orne, 7 miles S.E. of Mortagne. Pop. 1241. Conde-sur-Iton, kiNo'di'-siiR-ee'tAso', a town of France, in Eure, 16 miles S.S.W. of Evreux. Pop. 892. Conde-sur-Noireau, kAwMi'-siiR-nwi^ro', a town CON 526 0ON of France, in Calvados, at the confluence of the Noireau and Drouance, 2o miles by rail S.S.W. of Caen.. It has manufactories of linens, cotton, and mixed fabrics, muslins, cotton yarn, cutlery, and leather j also a trade in cattle, horses, and honey. Pop. 68^5. Conde-sur-Vire, k6x="di'-sUa-veeB, a village of France, in Manche, on the Vire, 5 miles S.S.E. of Saint-L8. Pop. 2011. Condesuyos, konMi-soo'yoce, a district of Peru, in the department of Arequipa, extending from the N.B. boundary of Bolivia to Camana on the W., and intersected N.E. to S.W. by the Val de Mayes. Wine, grain, and cochineal are produced in abundance. The gold-mines here are not so productive as formerly. Pop. 20,145. Conde-Vieux, kAso'di'-ve-uh', or Vieuv-Conde, a village of France, in Nord, just below Conde. Pop. 3617. Condino, kon-dee'no, a village of Austria, in the Tyrol, 21 miles W. of Roveredo. Pop. 1451. Coii'dit, a. township of Champaign co., 111. Pop. 755. Condit, a station in Calhoun co., Mich., on the Lan- sing division of the Michigan Southern Railroad, 43 miles S. of Lansing. Condit, a post-hamlet of Delaware co., 0., in Trenton township, on the Cleveland, Mount Vernon i Columbus Railroad. 25 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. Coudivincum, the ancient name of Nantes. Coudochates, supposed ancient name of Gijnduck. Condom, k6N»M6w"', a town of France, in Gers, on the Bayse, 25 miles N.N.AV. of Auch. Pop. 4933. Its interior is ill built, but it has agreeable suburbs, a large market- square, a noble parish cliurch, an exchange, 2 hospitals, manufactures of cotton and mixed fabrics, porcelain, leather, and woollen stuffs, and an active trade in rural produce. Condomois, k6s=Mo'mwi', a former district of France, in Gaseony. Its capital was Condom. It is now comprised in the departments of Gers, Landes, and Lot-et-Garonne. Condor, island, China Sea. See PooLO-Co.NDon. Condorillo, a river of Bolivia. See Cochabamba. Condrieu, kiN»"dre-uh', a town of France, in RhSue, 21 miles S. of Lyons, on the Rhone. Pop. 2675. Cone, Muscatine co., Iowa. See Conesville, Coneeocheague, Md. See Conococheague Creek. Conecuh, ko-nee'ka, a county in the S. p.art of Ala- bama, has an area of about 850 square miles. It is drained by the Sepulga River and other afliuenta of the Conecuh River. The surface is uneven or undulating, and is exten- sively covered with pine forests ; the soil is sandy and rather poor. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. It is intersected by the Mobile & Montgomery Railroad. Cap- ital, Evergreen. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,252,635. Pop. in 1870, 9574, of whom 9554 were Amer- icans. Conecuh River, Alabtima, rises in Pike co., runs southwestward, and enters the Escambia River in Florida, about 3 miles from the south boundary of Alab.ama. Its length is estimated at 175 miles. Conedogwin'it Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in Frjink- lin CO., runs neafly northeastward, intersects Cumberland CO., and enters the Susquehanna River 2 miles above Har- risburg. It is about 80 miles long. Conegliano, ko-n.^l-yi'no, a town of Northern Italy, province and 15 miles N. of Trcviso. Pop. 7746. It is well built, has a cathedral and a citadel, and manufactures of woollen and silk fabrics. It was created a duchy by Napo- leon for Marechal Moncey. Conejera, ko-ni-uA'ra, a small uninhabited island of the Mediterranean, 6 miles from Cape Salinas on the S. coast of Ivi^a. Conejos, ko-ni'noce, a county in the S.W. part of Colorado, is bounded on the E. by the Rio Grande, and is partly drained by the Rio San Juan and Rio Conejos. The surface is diversified by mountains and fertile valleys and plains. This county comprises a large portion of the great San Luis Park. The soil and climate are adapted to pas- turage. Gold, wool, and wheat are the staples. Capital, Conejos. Valuation of real and personal estate, $200,000. Pop. in 1870, 2504, of whom 2489 were Americans. Conejos, or Guadalupe, gwi-di-loo'pi, a post-vil- lage, capital of Conejos co., Col., in San Luis Park, about 125 miles S.W. of Pueblo. It has a church. Conejos Peak, Colorado, a peak of the San Juan Mountains, in Conejos co., has an altitude of 13,183 feet above the level of the sea. Conejos River. See Rio Cone.ios. Conemaugh, kon-?-m,aw', a river of Pennsylvania, rises in Cambria CO., runs westward through a mountainous country, forms the boundary between Indiana and West- moreland COS., and unites with the Loyalhanna at Salts- burg. Below this point the river is called Kiskiminetas. Conemaugh, a post-borough of Cambria co.. Pa., on Conemaugh River, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 2 or 3 miles E. of Johnstown, and 36 miles W.S.W. of Altoona. Its prosperity is derived chiefly from manufactures of iron, (fee. It has 2 churches and some machine-shops of the rail- road. Coal is mined in the vicinity. Pop. 2336. Conemaugh, a township of Cambria co.. Pa. Pop. 728. It is adjacent to the borough of Conemaugh. Conemaugh, a township of Indiana co.. Pa. P. 1493. Conemaugh, a township of Somerset co.. Pa., con- tiguous to Conemaugh township, Cambria co. Pop. 1172. Cone Mountain, in Siskiyou co., Cal., is a volcanic cone, about 6600 feet high. '* One of these conical moun- tains," says Whitney, " which lay close at the western base of Mount Shasta, was so beautifully regular in its outline that we gave it the name of Cone Mountain." Cone'quenes'sing Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in Butler CO., Pa., and runs southwestward into Beaver co. Flowing thence northwestward, it enters Slippery Rock Creek 2 or 3 miles from its mouth. Con'erly's, a post-hamlet of Pike co., Miss., 20 miles E. of Magnolia. Con^esto'ga, a township of Lancaster co.. Pa., about 36 miles S.E, of Harrisburg, is bounded on the W. by Con- estoga Creek, and on the S.W. by the Susquehanna River. It contains Conestoga village. Pop. 2079. Conestoga, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pa., in Conestoga township, 2 miles from Safe Harbor, and about 9 miles S. of Lancaster, It has 3 churches, a tannery, a nursery, «fec. Pop. about 500. Conestoga Creek, Pennsylvania, rises near the line which separates Berks co. from Lancaster co., runs south- westward through the latter county, and enters the Susque- hanna River about 10 miles S.W. of Lancaster. Conestoga Furnace, a station in Lancaster co.. Pa., on the Quarry ville Branch of the Reading & Columbia Rail- road, 2 miles S.E. of Lancaster. Con'esto'go, a post-village in Waterloo co., Ontario, at the confluence of the Conestogo and Grand Rivers, S miles N. of Berlin. It contains a distillery, flax- and grist-mills, 3 hotels, and several stores. Pop. 450. Cone'sus, a post-township of Livingston co., N.Y., .about 35 miles S. of Rochester, is intersected by the Erie Railroad, and is bounded on the W. by Conesus Lake, and on the E. by Hemlock Lake. Pop. 1377. It contains a village named Conesus Centre. Conesus Centre, a post-village of Livingston co., N.Y., is in Conesus township, and on the Rochester division of the Erie Railroad, 38 miles S. of Rochester. It has 3 churches, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 231. Conesus Lake, a beautiful sheet of water in Living- ston CO., N.Y., about 5 miles E. of Geneseo. It is about 9 miles in length. An outlet issues from its northern end and enters the Genesee River. Conesville, konz'vll, a post-village of Muscatine co., Iowa, in Orono township, near the Cedar River, and on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad (at Cone Station), 48 miles N. of Burlington. It has a church and a grist-mill. Conesville, a post-hamlet of Schoharie co., N.Y., in Conesville township, about 40 miles S.W. of Albany. It has a church. The township has 3 churches and a popula- tion of 1174. Conesville, a station on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, 7 miles AV. of Coshocton, 0. Conewago, kon^e-waw'go, a township of Adams co.. Pa., traversed by the Littlestown Railroad. Pop. 1029. It contains McSherrystown. Conewago, a township of Dauphin co.. Pa. Pop. 831. Conewago, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co.. Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 15 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg. Conewago, a township of York co., Pa. Pop. 1382. Conewago Station, near this township, is on the Northern Central Railroad, 15 miles S.E. of Harrisburg. ConeAvago Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in Adams co., runs northeastward through York co., and enters the Sus- quehanna River about 9 miles N. of the city of Y''ork. It is about 60 miles long. ConeAvango, kon^e-wong'go, a post-township of Cat- taraugus CO., N.Y., contains the village of Rutledge, where is Conewango Post-Olfioe. Pop. of the township, 1320. Con- ewango Station is on the Buffalo ersville, a hamlet and shipping-point of Pike CO., 0., on the Seioto River, and on the Ohio Canal, 1 mile from AVetmore Post-Office, and 17 miles N. of Portsmouth. Lumber is shipped here. It has 2 churches. Coop'er's Wells, a watering-place of Hinds co.. Miss., 4 miles S.E. of Raymond. The water has reputation in various diseases, and is extensively patronized. Coop'ertown, a post-hamlet of Robertson co., Tenn., about 8 miles S.W. of Springfield. It has a church. Coop'erville, a hamlet of Lancaster eo., Pa., in Sads- bury township, 2^ miles from Christiana Station. Cooperville, a post-office of Sussex co., Va,, on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 17 miles S.E. of Coops'town, a post-office of Harford co., Md. Coop'wood, a post-office of Winston co., Miss. Coorg, or Curg, koorg, a province of India, under the direct control of the G-overnor-General. Area, 2000 square miles. It is the smallest and least densely peopled of the British provinces in Indiaproper. It is bounded by Mysore and the Malabar- and South Canara districts. Lat. 11° 56'- 12° 45' N.; Ion. 75° 25'-76° 13' E. Coffee is a leading product. It is a very mountainous and rainy region, with large forests, and a comparatively cool climate. Its domi- nant people, the Coorgs, are of Dravidian race. Capital, Mercara. Pop. in 1872, 168,312. Co'os, a synonym for Cos. Coos, ko''6s', a large county, forming tlie N. extremity of New Hampshire, borders on Canada and Maine. It is bounded on the W. by the Connecticut River {which rises in the northern part of the county), is intersected by the Androscoggin, and partly drained by the Ammonoosuc River. The surface is mountainous, and abounds in pic- turesque and grand scenery. Among its prominent features is Mount Washington, the highest peak of the White Moun- tains. Granite is abundant here. A large part of the county is covered with forests, in which the sugar-maple and pine are found. The staple productions are potatoes, hay, butter, and oats. This county is intersected by the Grand Trunk Railway, Capital, Lancaster. Valuation of real and personal estate, $11,176,643. Pop. in 1870, 14,932, of whom 12,782 were Americans. Coos, koos, a county in the S.W. part of Oregon, has an area of about 1250 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Pacific Ocean, and is drained by the Coos and Co- quille Rivers. The surface is partly mountainous, and is extensively covered with forests of cedar, fir, ash, &c. The Umpqua Mountain range extends along the eastern border of this county. The soil of the valleys produces good pas- ture. Lumber is the chief article of export. According to an official report, this county produced in 1875 21,000,000 feet of lumber. It had in 1S70 a placer gold-mine, the annual product of which was $11,170. Coal is found here. Capital, Empire City. Valuation of real and personal estate, $960,000. Pop. in 1870, 1644, of whom 1255 were Ameri- cans ; in 1875, 3927. Coos, koos, a small river of Coos co., Oregon, runs north- westward, and enters the Pacific Ocean through Coos Bay. Coos, kotos', a post-ofiice of Coos co., N.H., on the Connecticut River, at North Stratford Station on the Grand Trunk Railroad. Coo'sa, a river which is formed by the junction of the Etowah and Oostenaula Rivers, at Rome, in Georgia. It runs westward into Cherokee co., Ala., and thence south- westward toShelbyco., and, flowing finally toward the south, it forms the eastern boundary of Shelby and Chilton cos. and the western boundary of Coosa co., and unites with the Tallapoosa River to form the Alabama River, about 10 miles N.N.E. of Montgomery, It is about 350 miles long. Some parts of it are navigable bj' small steamboats. Coosa, a county in the E. central part of Alabama, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Coosa River. The surface is partly hilly, and is extensively covered with forests : the soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, pork, and grass are the staple products. Marble and fine statuary granite are found in this county. Capital, Rockford. Valuation of real and personal estate, §1,246,203. Pop. in 1870, 11,945, of whom 11,939 were Americans. Coosa, a post-hamlet of Floyd co., Ga., on the Coosa River, 11 miles W. of Rome. It has a church. Coosada (koo-sad'a) Station, a post-office of Elmore CO., Ala., on the South & North Alabama Railroad, about 10 miles N. of Montgomery. Coo'saAV, a post-hamlet of Beaufort co., S.C, on the Coosaw River, 13 miles from Tomotley Railroad Station. Phosphate is mined and shipped here. Coo^sawat'tee, a post-hamlet of Gordon co., Ga., on the Coosawattee River, 9 miles S.E. of Spring Place. Coosawattee River, Georgia, rises in Gilmer co., runs southwestward into Gordon co., and unites witli the Connasauga River about 9 miles N.E. of Calhoun. The river formed by this junction is the Oostenaula. Coo^sawhatch'ie, a township of Beaufort co., S.C. Pop. 2573. Coosawhatchie Station is on the Savannah & Charleston Railroad, 61 miles W.S.W. of Charle.ston. Coos (koos) Bay, on the coast of Oregon, is an impor- tant port for the exportation of coal. Its entrance N. of Cape Arago is in lat. 43° 20' 38" N., Ion. 124° 22' W. Its bar is not passable for vessels drawing over 14 feet of water. The country on its banks is broken and densely timbered, and furnishes coal (a lignite) which is among the best on the Pacific. Empire City, Marshfield, and Coaledo are near this bay. Coos City, a post-village of Coos co., Oregon, on a navi- gable inlet of the ocean, about 60 miles W. by N. of Roseburg. Coal and lumber are exported from this place. Cooslma, or Koosiina, koo-see'uiA, written also Kosima and Koshiina, a small volcanic ishxnd in Japan, at the entrance of the Strait of Sangar. Lat. 41° 21' N.; Ion. 139° 46' E. Coo^soo', or Koo^soo', a town of Africa, in Yarriba, N. of the Kong Mountains. Lat. 9° N.; Ion. 4® 45' E. Cootehill, koot'hill, a town of Ireland, co. of Cavan, 28 miles by rail W.N.W. of Dundalk. Pop. ISol. Coote's (koots) Store, post-office, Rockingham oc, Va, Copais, a lake of Greece. See Topolias. Co^pake', or Copake Flats, a post-hamlet of Colum- bia CO., N.Y., in Copake township, on the Now York & Har- lem and Rhinebook A Connecticut Railroads, 105 miles N. of New York City. It has a ohurch and a tlour-mill. Pop. of the township, 1884.- COP 537 COP Copake Iron- Works, a post-village of Columbia co., N.Y., on the New York & Harlem Railroad, lOfi miles N. by E. of New York. It has a blast-furnace and 2 churches. Co^pal' Grove, a post-office of Stanley co., N.C. Copan, ko-pin', a ruined city of Guatemala, 30 miles S. of Chiquimula. Its remains extend for 2 miles along the Copan River, an affluent of the Motagua, and comprise the walls of a supposed temple 624 feet in length, and many pyramidal structures with sculptured idols resembling the remains of Egyptian or Hindoo art. Copano (ko-p5,'no) Bay, the northwestern arm of Aransas Bay, Texas. Copaul, a town of Hindostan. See Kopul. Copay, ko-pi', an uninhabited island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, co. of Inverness, in the Sound of Harris. Cope, kop, a post-office of Morgan co., Ind. Cope, a post-office of Jackson co., Kansas. Cope, Belmont co., 0. See Fahmington, Copeland, kop'land, a post-office of Dodge co., Ga. Copelaiid, a post-office of Surry co., N.C. Copelaud, a station in Alleghany co.. Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 9 miles S.E. of Pittsburg. Copeland Islands, kop'land il'andz, a small group on the N.W. coast of Ireland, co. of Down, off the S. side of the entrance to Belfast Lough. On Cross Island. 5 miles N.N.E. of Donaghadee, is a light-house, lat. 54° 4' 44" N., Ion. 5° 32' W. Copeley, kOp'le, a township of Knox co., 111. P. 1219. Copenhagen, ko-pen-hi'ghen (Dan. Kfobeukavn, kyo'ben-h6wn\ V.C., "merchants' haven;" Ger. Kopenhageu, ko^p§n-hd.'ghen ; Fr. Copenhagne, ko^pen-^g' ; L. Hafnia), the capital of Denmark, and one of the finest cities of Northern Europe, is situated on the sound, chiefly on the E. coast of Seeland, but partly on the island of Amager, which is separated from Seeland by a narrow arm of the sound, which forms a harbor .at once spacious, deep, and secure. Lat. 55° 40' 9" N.; Ion. 12° 34' 7" E. Copen- hagen occupies a flat so low as to require to be protected by embankments against the Baltic : its form is that of an irregular circle with a diameter of about 2 miles and a cir- cumference of rather more than 6. It was formerly a strong fortress, but now the ramparts are cut through, the ditches filled up, and the site of the citadel planted with trees, so that its fortifications are a promenade. Outside of the city limits there are large suburbs. Though Copenhagen is an ancient town, in consequence of repeated conflagra- tions the greater part of its old wooden houses have been replaced by lofty and well-built modern buildings of brick or Norwegian granite ; and in architectural character it yields to few European capitals. The W. portion, or old town, consists generally of narrow, crooked streets, lined by mean and, in many cases, wooden houses; although many of the finest public buildings are in this quarter, particu- larly in that division of it called Slotsholm, or Castle Island. The E. portion, or new town, as well as the part on the island of Amager (Christianshavn), is modern. The city contains many squares and markets, the principal square being Kongens Nytorv (the New King's Market), which constitutes the centre of the city, no fewer than 12 streets opening into it. In its centre is a colossal statue of Chris- tian V. Its E. side forms part of the Gothergade, the prin- cipal thoroughfare of the city and containing the finest shops. Copenhagen has many noble buildings, among which may be classed the royal palace of Christiansborg, an immense but somewhat clumsy pile; the Rosenborg (Castle of the Roses), where the regalia are kept, admired for the harmony of its lines; Amalienborg, the ordinary residence of the royal family; Charlottenborg, now used as an academy of arts ; the town hall, and the theatre. Among its churches are the Frue Kirke, the metropolitan, adorned with sculptures of Thorwaldsen ; St. Peter's, or the German church ; Trinity church, on the round tower of which is placed the observatory; and the church of Our Saviour, with a spire 288 feet high. The university, founded by Christian I. in 1478, is also a building worthy of notice. It is well endowed, has 40 professors and 1100 students, and its library contains 260,000 volumes and 4000 MSS. Attached to it are a surgical academy, two obser- vatories, a botanical garden, a polytechnic institution, and some fine museums. Copenhagen is the centre of Northern literature, science, and art, and is the seat of a number of societies for the advancement of these, among which are the Literary and Scientific Association, the Academy of Arts, and the Royal Society of Northern Antiquities. The royal library contains 550,000 volumes and 30,000 MSS. It is particularly rich in Northern literature, and among the MSS. is Rask's unique Sanskrit and Singhalese col- lection. The city is also rich in museums. The museum of Northern antiquities, in the Christiansborg, is unrivalled of its kind. Thorwaldsen's museum consists of works by that great sculptor and others bequeathed by him to the nation. It comprises also the mausoleum in which he is buried. The royal museum of natural history is rich in zoological and mineralogical specimens. The royal gallery of paintings in the Christiansborg contains about 1000 paint- ings, many by the first masters. The harbor of Copenhagen forms the great naval station of Denmark, being capable of enclosing the whole fleet. Steamboats ply hence to all parts of the Baltic. The principal manufacturing establishments are its porcelain-works, which enjoy a European reputation, some iron-foundries, and woollen- and linen-factories ; there are also establishments for the manufacture of watches, leather, gloves, glass, fine cutlery, pianos, &c. The shipping of Copenhagen is extensive, nearly all the heavy trade of the kingdom centring here. Trade is further facilitated by a system of railways and canals. History. — Copenhagen is first mentioned, as a fishing ham- let, in 1043. In 1168 Bishop Absalon founded a haven and erected a fort on the Slotsholm as a place of refuge against the Northern pirates. It then bore the name of Axelhuus. Shortly afterwards it rose to importance, and acquired its present name of Kjobenhavn, or Merchants' Haven. It has occasionally suffered much from hostile ravages, and still more from accidental fires, which have repeatedly laid the greater part of it in ruins. It was at- tacked by Nelson, April 2, 1801, but its crowning disaster was the bombardment by the British in 1807. Being elevated but little above the level of the sea, Copenhagen is liable to be overflowed during storms, and it suffered much from this cause in 1824. Pop. in 1870, 197,576. Co^penha'gen, a post-office of Jackson co., Ala. Copenhagen, a post-office of Caldwell parish, La. Copenhagen, a post-village of Lewis co., N.Y., in Denmark township, on Deer River, about 14 miles E.S.E. of Watertown, and 52 miles E.N.E. of Oswego. It has a bank, 3 churches, a tannery, a carriage- factory, and 2 manu- factories of cheese-boxes. Pop. 575. Co^penha'gen, a post-village in Elgin co., Ontario, 2^ miles from Port Bruce, on Lake Erie. Pop. 300. Co'penhav^er's AIllls, a post-office of Kanawha co., W. Va., 12 miles N.E. of Charleston. Copensay, one of the Orkney Islands. See Copinshay. Copertino, ko-p^it-tee'no, a town of Italy, province and 10 miles S.S.W. of Lecce, enclosed by walls, defended by a strong castle, and having several churches and con- vents. Pop. 5178. Copet, a village of Switzerland. See Coppet. CoiJetOWn, kop'town, a post-village in Wentworth co., Ontario, with a station on the Great AVestern Railroad, 11 miles W. of Hamilton. It has several hotels and stores, and a saw-mill. Pop. 200. Copeville, kOp'vil, a post-office of Collin co., Tex. Copi'ah, a county in the S.W. part of Mississippi, has an area of about 725. square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Pearl River, and also drained by Bayou Pierre. The surface is mostly covered with forests; the soil is fertile.. Cotton, Indian corn, pork, and sweet potatoes are the staple products. This county is intersected by the New Orleans, St. Louis k Chicago Railroad. Capital, Hazlehurst. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $4,367,878. Pop. in 1870, 20,608, of whom 20,425 were Americans. Copiapd, ko-pe-S,-po', a river of Chili, province of Atacama, flows in a desert country past Copiapd, reaching the sea at Porto Copiap6 ; but of late its waters are ordinarily utilized in mining-works long before the sea is reached. Copiapo, or San Francisco de Selva, sdn fr3,n- sees'ko di s^l'vS,. a town of Chili, capital of the province of Atacama, on the river Copiap6, 30 miles from the sea, and 50 miles by rail S.E. of Caldera. It is an important mining and mercantile centre, has smelting-works, and ships much silver, copper, and ores. Pop. in 1S75, 11,432. Copiapo, or Porto Copiapo, por'to ko-pee-a-po', a small seaport of Chili, province of Atacama, on Copiap6 Bay, 30 miles W. of the town of Copiap6. Lat. 27° 20' S. ; Ion. 71° 2' AV. Cop'inshay% or Cop'ensay\ sometimes written Copenshaw, one of the Orkney Islands, in Scotland, off the S. end of Mainland. Lat. 58° 55' N.; Ion. 2° 26' W. Cop'lay, a post-borough of Lehigh co.. Pa., on the Lehigh River, and on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, at the junction of the Ironton Railroad, 5 miles N. by W. from Allentown, It has the Lehigh Iron-Works, which employ about 100 men; also extensive hydraulic cement quarries and kilns, and a church. Pop. 728. COP 538 COR Copleston,k6p'?Iz-t9n, or Oil Creek, a post-village in Lambton co., Ontario, on North Creek, 4 miles N. of Pe- trolia. It has oil-wells. Pop. 100. Cop'ley, a township of Knox co., 111. Pop. 1219. Copley, a post-village of Summit co., 0., in Copley township, 6 miles W. of Akron. It has a carriage-factory, a flouring-mill, and an academy. Pop. of township, 1233. Cop'leyville, a post-office of Wayne co., W. Va. Copo'pa, a post-hamlet of Lorain co., 0., about 18 miles S.W. of Cleveland. It has 2 churches and a cheese- factory. Cop'page Mine, a station in Muhlenburg co., Ky., on the Louisville &, Paducah Railroad, 129 miles S.W. of Louis- ville. Here is a coal-mine. Copparo, kop-pa'ro, a town of Italy, 11 miles E.N.E. of Ferrara. Pop. of commune, 26,989. Coppename, kop^pfin-S.'m§h, Coponame,or Cup- aiiania, kup-d-n^'ma, a river of Dutch Guiana, rises in the mountains, flows N., and falls into the ocean near the mouth of the Saramacca. Total course, 93 miles. Coppenbriigge, kop'pen-briig^gh^h, a town of Ger- many, 19 miles S.S.W. of Hanover. Pop. 1252. Cop'peras CreeJi, a post-office of Eastland co., Tex. Copperas Hill, a post-office and mining village of Orange co., Vt., in Strafford township, 9 miles N.W. of Pora- panoosuc Station. It has a manufactory of copperas. Cop'per Cit'y, a post-office and mining village of Shasta co., Cal., 25 miles from Kedding. It has a saw-mill and a quartz-mill. Copi)er Creek, a post-office of Rock Island co., 111. Copper Falls Mine, a post-village of Keweenaw co.j Mich., in Eagle Harbor township, 1 mile from Lake Supe- rior, 20 miles E.N.E. of Calumet, and about 30 miles N.E. of Houghton. It has a church, and its rich mines of copper afford the principal business of the place. Pop. 454. Cop'per Har'bor, a post-village of Keweenaw co., Mich., on Lake Superior, in Copper Harbor township, 25 miles E. of Eagle River. Copper is mined here. It has a very good harbor. Pop. of the township, 290. Copper Hill, a post-hamlet of Hartford co., Conn., in East Granby township, on the New Haven & Northampton Railroad, 49^ miles N. of New Haven. It has a church. Copper Hill, a post-hamlet of Hunterdon co., N.J., on the railroad between Elemington &, Lambertville, 2 miles S. of Elemington. It has a brush-factory. Copper Hill, a post-office of Floyd co., Va. Copper Island, in the Sea of Marmora. SeeKHALKi. Cop'perniine River, in Canada, North-West Terri- tories, enters an inlet of the Arctic Ocean N.E. of the Great Bear Lake, after a course estimated at 250 miles. Copper Mines, a post-office of Clay co., Ala., 18 miles S.E. of Talladega. Copper Mountains, a low mountain-range of Can- ada, on the N.W. bank of the Coppermine, about lat. 67° N., Ion. 167° W. Cop^perop'olis, a post-village of Calaveras co., Cal., about 64 miles S.E. of Sacramento, and 37 miles E. by N. of Stockton. It has 2 churches. A rich copper-mine has been opened here. Gold is also found near this place. Copper River, Missouri (French, Riviere au Cuivre), rises in Audrain co., runs S.E. through Lincoln co., and enters the Mississippi River 14 miles N.W. of St. Charles. It is 130 miles long, and affords valuable motive-power. Copper Springs, a post-office of Douglas co.. Mo. Coi)i)er Vale, a post-office of Lassen co., Cal. Copper Valley, a post-office of Floyd co., Va. Coppet, kop'p^', or Copet, a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, on the lake and 9 miles N.N.E. of Geneva. It is only remarkable for its chateau, with gardens and park, once the residence of Bayle, afterwards of Necker and his celebrated daughter Madame de Stael. Pop, 556. Cox)p's Creek, a township of Barry co., Mo. Pop. 984. Coprates, a river of Persia. See Dezfool. Coptos, the ancient name of Kuft. Co^pul', a town of India, Nizam's dominions, 210 miles S.W. of Hyderabad. Lat. 15° 19' N. ; Ion. 76° 10' E. Coquago, ko-kw^'go, or Oquago, o-kwil'go, the principal branch of the Delaware River, rises in New York, on the W. declivity of the Catskill Mountains. It flows first S.W, to Deposit, where it suddenly changes its course to S.E., and, after forming the boundary between Now York and Pennsylvania for a few miles, unites with the Popacton at Hancock. Its whole length is probably lUO miles. It is a beautiful and rapid stream. Coquet, kok'^t, or Cock'et, a small river of Eng- land, rises in the Cheviot Hills, and enters tho North Sea near Warkworth, opposite Coquet Island. Coquilage, ko^keeMazh' (Grande, grftNd, and Pe- tite, peh-teet'), two islands in Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean, lat. 5° 20' S., Ion. 72° 20' E. They are covered with cocoa-trees. Coquille, ko-keel', a post-village of Coos co., Oregon, on the Coquille River, about 40 miles from its mouth. It is 5 miles S.E. of Coaledo. It has a church and several stores. Pop. about 600. Coquille River, Oregon, is formed by three branches, called the North, Middle, and South Forks, which rise in the Umpqua Mountains and unite in Coos co. It runs westward, and enters the Pacific Ocean in the same county. Coquimbo, ko-keem'bo, of late generally called La Serena, la si-ri'n^, a city of Chili, capital of the prov- ince of Coquimbo, on Coquimbo River, 1 mile from the sea, and 7 miles by branch railway N.E. of the port of Co- quimbo. It is now a place of small trade, but has 2 branch banks and some smelting-works. It is the seat of a bishop, and has a priests' seminary sustained by the government. Pop. in 1875, 12,293. Coquimbo, or Porto Coquimbo, por'to ko-keem'- bo, formerly called Balsas, bil's^s, a town of Chili, on the sea, 7 miles S.W. of the foregoing. A railway ex- tends hence to Ovalle, with a branch passing through the city of Coquimbo {La Serena). It is on a fine bay, and there are good facilities for shipping. It has smelting- works, a heavy trade in copper and its ores, and ships many cattle to northern ports and to Peru. Pop. in 1875, 5077. Coquimbo, a province of Chili, being the northern- most in the country except Atacama. Area, 12,855 square miles. It extends from the Andes to the sea. The mining and smelting of copper, the raising of cattle, and the grow- ing of alfalfa for hay are leading industries. Some lapis lazuli is obtained in the E. Agriculture is hardly prac- ticable without irrigation. The climate, though dry, is ex- ceedingly agreeable and healthful. Capital, Coquimbo, or La Serena. Pop. in 1875, 157,977. Coquimbo River, in the above province, is 125 miles long, and flows into the Pacific (Coquimbo Bay) near the port of Coquimbo. Cora, or Chora, ko'ri, called also Megali-Chora, meg^a-lee-ko'rS- ("Great Cora''), a town of the island of Samos, 3 miles from its S. coast, and on the site of ancient Samos. It is the seat of a Greek archbishop. Pop. 1398. Cora, a town of Italy. See Cori. Cora, ko'ra, a post-hamlet of Decatur co., Iowa, in Fayette township, 20 miles S.W. of Leon. Cora, a post-office of Smith co., Kansas. Cora, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co.. Mo., in Duncan township, on the Burlington & Southwestern Railroad, 6 miles S. of Milan. Cora, a post-hamlet of Gallia co., 0., 10 miles S.E. of Portland Station. It has a church and a flour-mill. Coracesium, an ancient name of Alaya. Coral, kor'al, a post-township of McHenry co., 111., 60 miles N.W. of Chicago, is intersected by the Chicago k Northwestern Railroad. Pop. 1345. Coral, a post- village of Montcalm co., Mich., in Maple Valley township, on the Detroit, Lansing &. Lake Michigan Railroad, 74 miles N.W. of Lansing, and 22 miles W. by N. of Stanton. It has a money-order post-oflice, 2 churches, a union school, 3 large saw-mills, a barrel-factory, and a planing-mill. Pop. about 700. Coral, kor-^1' or ko-rii.1', a small rocky island of Brazil, S.E. coast. Lat. 25° 45' S. ; Ion, 48° 35' "W. Coral (kor'al) City, a decayed post-village of Trem- pealeau CO., Wis., on Pigeon Creek, 2^ miles N. of White- hall Station. It has a flour-mill. Coral Hill, a post-office of Barren co., Ky., 5 miles N.E. of Glasgow. Coral Hill, a post-office of Elko co., Nevada. Coral Sea, a part of the Pacific Ocean, bounded W. by Australia, and E. by the archipelago of New Hebrides: so called from the numerous coral reefs it contains. Cor'alville, a post-village of Johnson co., Iowa, 2^ miles from Iowa City. It has a church, a paper-mill, a flouring-mill, a machine-shop, and a saw-mill. Pop. 297. Co'ram, a post-hamlet of Sufl'olk co., N.Y., in Brook- haven township, about 17 miles W. of Riverhend. It has a church. Pop. about 170. Coram Hills is a hamlet, 2 miles S.E. of Coram. Corannas, ko-rin'n^s, a Hottentot tribe of South Africa, inhabiting a country lying S. of the Orange Kiver and having Nnmaqua-lnnd on the W. They cultivate nothing but tobacco, subsisting chiefly on the milk of their cattle, of which they have great numbers; their flocks also are immense. COR 5 Coransah) ko-r9,n's3,, or CoTan'za, a town of Guinea, in Ashantee, 65 miles N.N.E. of Cooinassie. Corantyil, a river of South America. See Corentyn. Corato, ko-r^'to, a city of Italy, province of Bari. 14 miles S.E, of Barletta. Pop. 26,220. It has a fine church, 5 convents, and an orphan asylum. Coray, koVi', a town of France, in FinistSre, 13 miles E.N.B. of Quimper. Pop. 734; of commune, 2275. Corazon, ko-rd.-son' (i.e., "heart"), a mountain of Ecuador, in the Andes, 20 miles S.W. of Quito. It bears the form of a heart, whence its name. Corbach, or Korbach, koit'bS-K, a walled town in Germany, principality of Waldeek, on the Itter, which divides it into an old and a new town, 28 miles S.W. of Cassel. Pop. 2411, It has a castle, a gymnasium, an orphan asylum, and manufactures of woollen stuffs. Cor'bandale, a post- village of Montgomery co., Tenn., on the Louisville & Memphis Railroad, and on the Cumber- land River, 13 miles S.W. of Clarksville. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a lumber-mill. Corbeau, New York. See Coopersvit.le. Corbeil, koR^biP, a town of France, department of Seine-et-Oise, on the Seine, at the influx of the Essonne, and 20 miles by rail S.S.E. of Paris. Pop. 6187. It is divided by the Seine into an old and a new town. It was formerly fortified. The principal edifices comprise a corn-hall, large corn-magazine, public library, and churches. It has many flour-mills, and several cotton-factories, paper-mills, and tanneries, and is the centre of an active trade in corn and flour for the supply of Paris, Cor'bett, a post-viUage in Middlesex co., Ontario, 6 miles N. of Park Hill. It contains 2 churches, 2 stores, 4 saw-mills, a grist-mill, and 2 shingle-mills. Pop. 150. Corbetta, koR-bgt'ta (anc. Cu'rier Pic'taf Cnrhitumf), a town of Northern Italy, 22 miles N.N.W. of Pavia, and 10 miles W. of Milan. It is well built, and has a large parish church and a castle. Pop. 4750. Cor'bett's Station, a post-office of Oneida co., Idaho. Cor'bettsville, a post-hamlet of Broome co., N.Y., -i mile from Conklin Station (Delaware, Lackawanna & West- ern Railroad), and 12 miles S.E. of Binghamton. It has a tannery. Corbie, koR^bee', a town of France, department of Somrae, 9 miles by rail E. of Amiens. Pop. 3977. It has manufactures of wool and cotton. Cor'bie Hall, a village of Scotland, in Linlithgow- shire, adjacent to Borrowstounness. Pop. 3380. Corbieres, koR^be-aiu' (Ger. Korhers, koR'bens), a village of Switzerland, canton and 9 miles S. of Freyburg, on the Saane. Pop. 231. Corbigny, koR^been^yee', a town of France, in Nievre, on the Anguison, 30 miles N.E. of Nevers. Pop. 2099. Cor'bin, a post-village in Huntingdon co., Quebec, on the English River, 4 miles from Hemmingford. Pop. 100. Cor'bit, a station in New Castle co., Del., on the Penn- sylvania & Delaware Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Delaware City. Cor'bridge, a village of England, co. of Northumber- land, on the Tyne, 4 miles E. of Hexham. Pop. 1397. Cor'by, a town of England, co. and 30 miles by rail S. of Lincoln. Pop. of parish, 786. Corcagia, the Latin name for Cork. Corcieux, koR^se-ch', a town of France, in Vosges, 20 miles E. of Epinal. Pop. 1553. Corcobado, orCorcovado, kon-ko-vfL'do (i.e., the " Humpbacked" Mountain), a volcanic mountain of the Andes, in Patagonia, near the Pacific coast. Lat. 43° 10' S. ; Ion. about 73° AV. Height, 7510 feet. Corcobado, or Corcovado, kon-ko-v&'do, a remark- able mountain of Brazil, 2 miles from Rio Janeiro, rises in an isolated peak to an elevation of 2000 feet above the level of the sea. The view from the summit is magnificent. Corcoran, kor'ko-ran, a post-township of Hennepin CO., Minn., 16 miles N.W. of Minneapolis, It has 5 churches. Pop. 1140. Corcubion, koR-koo-be-on', a town of Spain, on Cor- cubion Bay, 50 miles AV.S.W. of Coruna. Pop. 1113. Corcyra, the Latin name of Corfu. Corcyra Nigra, an ancient name for Cttrzola. Cor'daville, a post-village of Worcester co., Mass., on the Boston & Albany Railroad, 27 miles W. by S. of Boston. It has a church and a woollen-factory. Cordelia, Solano co., Cal. See Bridgeport. Cordemais, koR^eh-mi', a town of France, in Loire- Inf^rieure, 16 miles W.N.W. of Nantes. Pop. 2684. Cordes, koRd, a town of France, department of Tarn, 13 miles N.W. of Albi. Pop. 2719. 9 COR Cordes (koRd or koR'd^s) Bay, south coast of Pata- gonia, Strait of Magellan, 45 miles N.W. of Cape Froward. Cordillera, kor-dil'le-ra (Spanish pron. koR-deel-yi'- rS,), a Spanish term applied to the great mountain range or system which is called the Andes in South America and the Rocky Mountains in North America. See Andes. Cordova, kor'do-va (Sp. Cordoba or Cordova, koR'do- v3,; Fr. Corrfowe, konMoo', or Coj-rfjte, koRMU' ; anc. Cor'~ duba and Colo'nia Patri'cia, or simply Patricia), a city of Spain, capital of the province and former kingdom of Cor- dova, on the Guadalquivir, 86 miles N.E. of Seville, at an important railway junction. Lat. Z7° 52' 15" N. ; Ion. 4° 49' 36" W. Its Moorish walls, built on Roman founda- tions, enclose a large area, much of which is now occuyjied by gardens or by ruins, except one large square, bordered by lofty and handsome edifices. The city is generally badly laid out, meanly built, and dirty. It communicates with a suburb across the river by a noble stone bridge of 16 arches, built by the Moors in the eighth century, and commanded by a Saracenic castle, still kept in a state of defence. Its cathedral, formerly one of the most holy mosques of the Mohammedan world, and still one of the most remarkable edifices in Spain, presents in its interior a "labyrinth of columns" of all orders and materials, which were brought from various ancient temples all around the Mediterranean. Other principal buildings are 13 parish churches, gorgeously adorned, about 40 convents, the bishop's palace, with fine gardens, and a library, the remains of a palace of the Moor- ish sovereigns, now converted into stables, the city hall, hospitals, foundling and other asylums, colleges, and schools. It was noted for the famous preparation of goat-skins called Cordovan. This branch of industry, however, has declined ; but the silversmiths and filigree-workers maintain their repute j and manufactures of paper, linens, woollens, barrels, hats, and silken fabrics are carried on. Cordova was founded by the Romans, but at what period is uncertain. It was afterwards taken by the Goths, and again by the Moors in 672, and for many centuries after- wards remained the splendid capital of the Caliphate of the West. In 1236 it was taken and almost wholly destroyed by Ferdinand III. of Castile. It afterwards became the capital of one of the four old provinces of Andalusia, with the title of kingdom. It contained in the tenth century nearly a million of inhabitants, 300 mosques, 900 baths, and 600 inns. Cordova was for some time comprised in the country of the kings of Seville. It is the birthplace of the two Senecas, the Roman poet Lucan, and the Arab physi- cians Avicenna and Averroes. Pop. 44,418. Adj. and inhab. Cordovesk, konMo-veez', or Cou'dovan; or CoR^- dubese', when the ancient town is referred to. Cordova, a province of Spain, in Andalusia, is bounded N. by Badajos and Ciudad Real, E. by Jaen, S. and S.E. by Granada and Malaga, and S.W. by Seville. Area, 5068 square miles. It is divided into two parts by the Guadal- quivir. Pop. 382,632. Cordova, kou'do-v^, a town of Mexico, state and 66 miles W.S.AV. of Vera Cruz, on the railway to Mexico. Pop. 4396. It is well built of stone, and has many handsome public edifices, an active trade in sugar, tobacco, and coflFee, and manufactures of cotton and woollen fabrics. Cordova, koR'do-va, a city of the Argentine Republic, capital of a province of its own name, situated in a beau- tiful valley on the Primero, nnd well sheltered from the N. and S. winds. 387 miles N.W. of Buenos Ayres. Lat. 31° 35' S.; Jon. 63° 50' W. Railways extend hence to Rosario and Tucuman, It is well built, and contains many churches, a university, a national observatory, and an academy of sciences. It is the residence of a bishop. Cordova is the centre of communication between Buenos Ayres and the upper provinces. Its produce consists principally of hides and wool. It was founded in 1573. Pop. 28,523. Cordova, a province of the Argentine Republic, near its centre, bounded by Santiago, La Rioja, San Luis, and Entre Rios. Area, 55,563 square miles. Pop. 210,508. The mountnins of the Sierra de Cordova extend N. and W. of the capital ; elsewhere it is flat. The province produces gold, and has noble forests. Cattle, sheep, and goats are numerous; and beef, maize, and fruits are the principal products. Capital, Cordova. Cordova, kor'do-va, or kor-do'va, apost-villageof Rock Island CO., HI., on the Mississippi River, in Cordova town- ship, and on the Western Union Railroad, 22 miles N.E. of the town of Rock Island. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and manufactures of lime. Pop. of township, 935. Cordova, a post-office of Grant co., Ky. Cordova, a post-office of Talbot co., Md., on the Mary- land & Delaware Railroad, 8 miles N.E. of Easton, COR 540 COR Cordova, a post-village of Le Sueur co., Minn., in Cor- dova township, on Lake Gorman, 17 miles E. of St. Peter, and on Cannon River, about 20 miles N.E. of Mankato. It has a stores, a grist-mill, and lumber-mills. Pop. about 150; of the township, 790. Cordova, a post-office of Brunswick co., N.C. Cordovado, koR-do-v^'do, a village of Northern Italy, in the government of Venice, 23 miles S.W. of Udine. Pop. 1706. It has a fort, a cathedral, and a bishop's palace. Corduba and Cordubese. See Cordova. Corduene, or Cordyene. See Koordistan. Corea, or Korea, ko-ree'a (caUed by the natives Cho- sen or TaijoHien, by the Chinese, to whom it is tributary, Kao-lee, and by the Japanese, Ko-rai, koh-i', whence its European name of Corea, or Korea), a peninsular country in Eastern Asia, bounded E. by the Sea of Japan, S. by the Strait of Corea, and W. by the Yellow Sea and the Gulf of Leao-Tong. The capital, King-Ki-Tao, is situated on the Kiang River, in the centre of the kingdom, lat. 37° 40' N., Ion. 127° 20' E. Corea comprises a peninsula with a small portion of the continent to which it is attached; the con- tinental portion extending in breadth from Ion. 124° to 132° E., the peninsula from Ion. 125° 15' to 131° 30' E., between lat. 33° 20' and 43' N., its average width being about 135 miles, while the total length of the country from N. to S. is somewhat less than 600 miles. Corea also in- cludes numerous groups of islands in the Yellow Sea ond the Strait of Corea, and the island of Quelpaert, 50 miles S. of the peninsula. Area, about 80,000 square miles. Esti- mated pup. 8,500,000. The peninsula is traversed through its length by a moun- tain-range, abrupt and precipitous on the E., but forming a gentle slope on the W. side, which, being watered by the principal rivers of the country, is exceedingly fertile. The coasts are for the most part rocky and almost inaccessible; yet there are some excellent harbors. The climate is cold, and in the summer rain is frequent. In the N. the only grain that can be grown is barley: but in the S. the soil is fertile, and wheat, cotton, rice, millet, and hemp are grown extensively, A decoction of pinang, a kind of walnut, is substituted for tea. The ginseng root is a production of Corea, greatly valued in China and Japan, where high prices are given for it. Potatoes were introduced by Gutzlaff and Lindsay in 1832, but their cultivation is illegal. The un- cultivated northern parts of the kingdom are covered with extensive forests. Fruits ai-e abundant, including pears, plums, strawberries, melons, blackberries, apricots, and grapes; but on account of the continual summer rains all are insipid. Gold, silver, copper, rock salt, iron, and coal are found, but are not allowed to be wrought to any extent. The domestic animals are oxen, pigs, goats, dogs, and cats, and a small race of horses, very strong and spirited. Oxen only are used for agricultural labors, the horse being reserved for the saddle. Sheep are almost unknown, there being a prohibition against rearing them. The royal tiger and pan- ther are so numerous that their skins form an article of commerce. These animals are distinguished from those of the same kind found in the tropics by the greater length of the hair, — the Bengal tiger being far inferior in beauty of coat to that of Corea. Coreanmuskis much used as a med- icine and perfume. The manufactures of Corea comprise strong and coarse tissues of hemp, cotton, and grass ; silk in considerable quantity, but not very fine; pottery and porcelain; excel- lent arms, — Corean sabres and poniards being much sought for by the Chinese ; and well-made matchlocks. Paper con- stitutes an important branch of manufacture, entering as it does in Corea into the construction of numerous articles. Of it are made hats, umbrellas, doors, sacks, and cloaks. Ships in Corea are simple and light, from 30 to 50 feet long, the wood-work clumsy and fastened with wooden pegs, no metal being employed in joining any part of them. The foreign commerce is trifling, and confined to China and Japan. Skins, raw and manufactured silk, cotton cloths, paper, and ginseng are exported ; and aromatic woods, pep- per, various kinds of horn, and Japan-ware are imported. A strong feeling of jealousy on the part of the government existing in regard to intercourse with foreign countries, there is no commercial communication with Europeans, and scarcely any with the Chinese. Internal commerce there can be almost none, from the want of good roads. Three ports on the coast are open to the Japanese. Foreigners are still rigorously excluded from the country. Corea is governed by a king, whose sway is in a manner absolute, and, though tributary to China, his freedom of action seems quite uncontrolled. The government is organ- ized like that of China. The ministry is divided into 6 departments, which form the centre of all civil and military appointments, so that from them issues the administration of every religious, political, and social ordinance. The power of the king is held inviolable and sacred, from the union in his own person of the hierarchical and secular sov- ereignty. The country is divided into 8 provinces, each of which is placed under the authority of a governor. The king's revenues, which are very considerable, are derived chieily from the letting out of lands, and from a tithe of all produce, he being the possessor of nearly all the landed property. The people of Corea are mostly very poor. The prevailing religion is Booddhism, which was introduced from China in the year 372, although there appears to be another religion in existence in the country, like the Sin-too in Japan and the Taouistin China. Confucius is also much esteemed in Coreaj and has many followers. There are some native Christians (Roman Catholics), but they are subject to severe persecutions from time to time. The Corean language is Tungusic in its affinities, but has been corrupted by the introduction of a multitude of Chinese words, and by the general use of Chinese characters, which are employed by the higher classes for all official, scientific, and religious purposes, while for the use of private life another kind of character is used, remarkable for simplicity. Corea was subjected by the Tartars, but about B.C. 1120 the Chinese appear to have gained possession of the country. The Japanese conquered and held it between the years 1692 and 1698, when it again fell under the sway of China: it still pays an annual tribute of 800 ounces of silver to the emperor, to whom, also, an embassy is sent every year with presents and to communicate information of any political event of importance that may have occurred. Adj. and inhab. Corean or Korean, ko-ree'an. Corean Archipelago, or Archipelago of Corea, an extensive group, or a series of groups, of islands, chiefly in the Y'ellow Sea, on the AV. coast of Corea, and extending fron^ the island of Quelpaert (lat. of the N. part. 33° 29' 42" N., Ion. 126° 66' 30" E.) to lat. 36° 50' N. They are very imperfectly known, but form several groups, of which, reckoning from S. to N., may be named Port Hamilton, Lyra's, Amherst, Hatton's, and Clifford's Islands. They are chiefly of granitic rock, rising at times to sharp peaks 2000 feet high and having frequently fantastic shapes, rugged and bare; basalt also occurs, and sometimes is columnar. Core Creek, a station in Craven co., N.C. on tbe Atlantic & North Carolina Railroad, 11 miles W. by N. of New-Berne. Corella, ko-rSl'yS,, a town of Spain, in Navarre, 49 miles S.S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 5023. It has a hospital and several distilleries, oil-mills, and liquorice-factories. Corentyn,ko-rSn-tin', orCoraiityii, a river of South America, rises in lat. 1° N., 25 miles E. of the Essequibo, flows generally N., separating British and Dutch Guiana, and enters the Atlantic by an estuary in lat. 6° N., Ion. 57° W. It is navigable for a distance of 150 miles. Core (kor) Souiid, on the coast of North Carolina, is about 35 miles long, and from 2 to 5 miles broad. It joins Pamlico Sound. Co'rey, a post-village of Cass co., Mich., in Newburg township, on the Michigan Central Railroad (Air- Line di- vision), 12 miles E. of Cassopolis, and 7 miles N.AY. of Con- stantine. It has a church and about 25 dwellings. Corfe Castte, a decayed town of England, co. of Dor- set, Isle of Purbeck, 4i miles S.S.E. of Wareham. Corfu, kor-foo' or kor'fu (modern Gr. Kop^oi, koR-fee'; Fr. 6'o*/oK, kott^foo' ; anc. Gr. Kipuvpa, Kerktira j L. Cor- cy'ra), one of the Ionian Islands of Greece, in the Mediter- ranean, separated from the coast of Albania by a narrow channel. Extreme length, 40 miles. Area, 227 square miles. Pop. about 65,000. The surface is hilly and very picturesque; soil fertile; climate hot and very variable. The principal products are grain, wine, and oil, more than half the island being covered with olive-groves; oranges, lemons, salt, honey, and wax. It is subdivided into 7 can- tons. Besides the city of Corfu, it contains only some vil- lages. The name of Corfu includes also the isles of Santa Maura and Paxo. Area, 427 square miles. Pop. 96,940. Corfu, a fortified seaport city, capital of the above island, on its E. coast, 10 miles S.S.W. of Butrinto (in Epi- rus). Pop. 15,142. It is beautifully situated on an emi- nence, and is defended by a detached citadel and by Forts Ncuf and Vido (the latter on a small island, the iincient Pti/'cha). The principal edifices are the cathedral, numerous other richly decorated Greek and Roman Catholic churches, the arsenal, military hospital, a theatre, a museum, a public library, lunatic and orphan asylums, a light-house, and an aqueduct. Corfu is the see of Greek and Latin archbishops, COR 541 COR and the summer residence of the king and court of Greece. It has a safe harbor, a good trade, and manufactures of pottery and oil. It is a winter resort for invalids. Cor'fu, a post-village of Genesee co., N.Y., on the New York Central Railroad, 25 miles E. by N. of Buffalo. It has 2 churches and a money-order post-office. Pop. 400. Cori, ko'ree (anc. Co'ra), a town of Central Italy, 29 miles S.E. of Rome. Pop. 6223. Coria, ko're-4 (anc. Cau'rium), a town of Spain, 47 miles N.N.W. of Caceres, on the Alagon. Pop. 2656. It is enclosed by granite walls of Roman origin, and has a castle of the fifteenth century, a Gothic cathedral, and several convents and hospitals. It is a bishop's see. Coria, a town of Spain, 6 miles S. of Seville, on the Guadalquivir, noted for its manufacture of large jars for storing oil and almonds. Pop. 3756. Coriallum^ a supposed ancient name of Cherbourg. Corigliaiio, ko-reel-y^'no, a town of Italy, province of Cosenza, 6 miles W.N.W. of Rossano, and 4 miles from the Gulf of Taranto. Pop. 10,572. It is gloomy and ill built, but well supplied with water from the neighboring mountain. It has a fine castle, and manufactures of woollen clotb, caps, and soap, with a trade in wine and fruit, timber and liquorice. Near it is the site of Si/baris, the type of ancient luxury. Corigliano, a town of Italy, province and IS miles by rail S.S.E. of Lecce. Pop. 2160. Corinaldo,ko-re-n3,rdo,a town of Italy, in the Marches, 25 miles W. of Ancona. Pop. 5959. Coringa^ ko-rin'g3,, a town of Italy, province and 15 miles W.S.W". of Catanzaro. Pop. 3000. Coriuga, ko-ring'gjL (anc. Caranga ?*), a seaport town of India, presidency of Madras, district and 35 miles S.E. of Rajahmundry, on one of the mouths of the Godavery, with one of the few harbors on this coast. A great number of small vessels are built here. Cotton stuffs and teak are exported, and silk, paper, copper, &c., imported. It is ad- jacent to the Erench town of Yan'AON. Corinium, an ancient name of Cirencester. Corin'na, a post- village of Penobscot co., Me., in Corinna township, on the Maine Central Railroad (Dexter Branch), 32 miles W.N.W. of Bangor. It contains 2 or 3 churches, the Corinna Union Academy, a grist-mill, and a woollen-mill, and has manufactures of lumber, sash, blinds, &g. Pop. of the township, 1513. Corinna, a post-township of Wright co., Minn., 50 miles W.N.W. of Minneapolis. It contains several lakes. P. 336. Corinna Centre, a post-office of Penobscot co., Me. Corinne, kor'in', or Corinne City, a post-village of Box Elder co., Utah, is on Bear River, and on the Central Pacific Railroad, at the junction of the Corinne Branch of the Utah Northern Railroad, 24 miles N.N.W. of Ogden, and 61 miles N. of Salt Lake City. It is 4250 feet above the sea-level. It is a place of rapid growth, and is one of the largest and most important towns in Utah, has 3 churches and a bank, and is the main shipping-point for Montana and Eastern Idaho. A daily paper is published here. Pop. 783. Cor'inth (anc. L. Corin'thus ; Gr. Koptc^o? ; Fr. Coritithe, koh-^Nt' ; called in modern Greek, Gortho and Korivthos), an ancient city of the kingdom of Greece, on the Isthmus of Corinth, between the Gulfs of Lepanto on the W. and ^gina on the E., 48 miles W. of Athens. In remote times Corinth was one of the most flourishing cities of Greece, being an entrepot for all merchandise passing from sea to sea, and commanding at the same time all the traffic from N. to S. Its inhabitants formed numerous colonies, and acquired great riches, so that the city became proverbial for its luxury. Travellers from all parts came to admire its magnificent works of art. St. Paul preached here during more than a year. It was profusely adorned with fountains, statues, theatres, and public buildings of such excellence in design as to give rise to an order of architecture now known by its name. But no portion of this splendor has existed for cen- turies, and for ages the visitor to Corinth has had to climb over masses of masonry to reach the streets of the modern town. The traces of the ancient walls of the city are still discernible; but the principal and most interesting monu- ments of antiquity now remaining are the citadel or Acro- Corinthus, and seven Doric columns, the remains of a Doric temple, at the S.W. extremity of the town. The citadel stands on an elevation 1SS6 feet high, on the S. side of the city, and is considered the second strongest fortification in Greece. The view from this point is singularly magnificent. Ancient Corinth was sacked and nearly destroyed by the Romans n.c. 146 ; nearly all the treasures of art there ac- cumulated were carried to Rome. The later city was pos- sessed successively by the Western emperors and the Vene- tians; from the latter Mohammed II, wrested it a.d. 1458. It was recovered afterwards by the Venetians in 1687, and retaken by the Turks in 1715, who held it till 1823. The modern town, called also New Corinth, is on the Gulf of Corinth, 3 miles N. of the old city. It exports grain, honey, wax, oil, and currants. Pop. in 1870, 6047. Adj. and inhab. Corinthi.\n, ko-rin'the-an. See Isthmus of Cor- inth and Gulf of Corinth. Cor'inth, a village of Heard co., Ga., 5 miles N.W. of Hogansville. It has 2 churches and a high school. Corinth, a post-hamlet of Williamson co., 111., 12 miles N.E. of JIarion. It has a church, a steam saw-mill, and a grist-mill. Corinth, a post-hamlet of Osborne co., Kansas, in Cor- inth township, on the South Fork of Solomon River, 35 miles N. of Bunker Hill. Pop. of the township, 313. Corinth, a post-office and station of Grant co., Ky., on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, 31 miles N.of Lexington. Corinth, a post-township of Penobscot co., Me., about 20 miles N.W. of Bangor. It contains a post-village named East Corinth, and 5 churches, and has manufactures of cheese and lumber. Pop. 1462. Corinth, a post-office of Kent co., Mich. Corinth, a post-village, capital of Alcorn co., Miss., is on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad where it crosses the Memphis tt Charleston Railroad, 93 miles E. by S. from Memphis, and 57 miles S.S.E. of Jackson, Tenn. It has a court-house, a money-order post-office, a savings-bank, 2 newspaper offices, 2 seminaries, and 7 churches. General Roseerans gained a victory over the Confederates here, Oct. 3-5, 1862. P. 1512. Corinth, a post-township of Saratoga co., N.Y., con- tains the village of Jessup's Landing, and has 4 churches, and manufactures of leather, lumber, and paper. Pop. 1660. Corinth Post-Office is at Jessup's Landing, on the Adiron- dack Railroad, 17 miles N, of Saratoga Springs. Corinth (local pron. k^-rinth'), a post-village of Orange CO., Vt., in Corinth township, about 25 miles S.S.E. of Mont- pelier. It has copper-mines, an academy, kc. Pop. of the township, 1470. It contains a village named East Corinth. Corinto, ko-reen'to, one of the principal seaports of Nicaragua, on its Pacific coast. Corio, ko're-o, a town of Italy, 20 miles N.N.W. of Turin. Pop. 6452. Corisco, ko~ris'ko, a bay of Western Africa, Bight of Biafra. It is 32 miles broad, and extends from Cape Esteiras on the S. to Cape St. John on the N., and 14 miles inland. Corisco, an island of Africa, at the mouth of the above bay. Lat. 54' 30" S.; Ion. '9° 16' E. It is 12 miles long and 6 miles broad. It is claimed by Spain, Corium, an ancient name of Cairo, in Italy. Cork (L. Corca'tjia or Oorra'gia), a city, parliamentary borough, and river-port of Ireland, capital of the county of Cork, on the Lee, 11 miles above the entrance of Cork harbor, and 137 miles S.W. of Dublin. The city proper is built on an island formed by the Lee, which river is here crossed by bridges, several of them elegant structures. It is the terminus of several railways. Its main streets are broad, well paved, and lighted Avith gas: but a part of the city consists of wretched lanes. Cork is the third city of Ireland in population, being excelled by Dublin and Bel- fast. The houses in the more ancient quarter are mostly of limestone; elsewhere they are of brick, frequently faced with slate. Among the most striking edifices are the new Protestant cathedral; the city and county court-houses, having a portico surmounted by a group of colossal figures; the mansion-house, on a fine walk termed the Mardyke: the exchange, commercial buildings, old county court-house, county and city prisons, house of correction, convict depot, North and South Infirmaries, lunatic asylum, custom-house, Cork Royal Institution, the episcopal palace, a Roman Catholic cathedral, 5 splendid Catholic chapels, Augustine, Franciscan, Dominican, and Capuchin monasteries (the two latter possessing very handsome chapels), and nunneries, to which are attached large female schools. The charitable institutions comprise the infirmaries, fever, lyjng-in, and foundling hospitals, the Magdalen asylum and refuge, green- and blue-coat schools, the monks* schools, government pawn bank, lunatic asylum, and numerous other charities of less note. The principal scientific institutions are Queen's Col- lege, with fine buildings, the School of Medicine. and Sur- gery, Cork Library, Philosophical Library, fine-art, Cuvier- ian, agricultural, horticultural, and other societies, and the Mechanics' Institution. Cork has several club-houses and banks, a chamber of commerce, theatres, cavalry and in- fantry barracks, and a public cemetery. Its beautiful en- virons are studded with country residences belonging to merchants. The city of Cork forms a county of itself. COR 542 COR The principal manufactures are of leather, iron and other metallic goods, glass, gloves, paper, linen, fertilizers, beer, and spirits. The trade is extensive ; the exports consist of corn, flour, cattle, feathers, salmon, butter, and other Irish produce. Cork communicates by steam with London, Dublin, Bris- tol, Liverpool, and Glasgow. Its corporation consists of a mayor, recorder, sheriff, aldermen, and 41 town-councillors. It is the seat of Anglican and Catholic bishops, of assizes for the city and county of Cork, of quarter-sessions, and a recorder's court, and is the headquarters of the southern mili- tary district of Ireland. It sends two members to the House of Commons. Cork was built in the sixth century, probably by the Danes, and in the twelfth acknowledged the sov- ereignty of Henry II. After the revolution of ] 688 it was occupied by King James II., but was besieged and taken in the year 1690 by the then Earl of Marlborough. Pop. in 1871, 78,642 ; of the parliamentary borough, 102,526. Cork, the most southerly and largest county of Ireland, in Munster, bounded on the N. by Limerick, N.E. by Tip- perary, E. by Waterford, and on the other sides by the At- lantic Ocean. Area. 2885 square miles. The surface is mountainous in the W. Old red sandstone and mountain limestone are the predominant rocks, with some seams of . coal. The coast is deeply indented by some of the finest bays and harbors in the world, the principal being Bantry and Duumanus Bays, and Clonakilty, Kinsale, Cork, and Toughal harbors. The principal rivers are the Blackwater, Lee, and Bandon. Small lakes are numerous, and in many parts the scenery is highly picturesque. The mineral prod- ucts include lime, potter's clay, magnesia, copper pyrites, Ac. The county is subdivided into East and West Ridings. After Cork, the capital, the chief towns are Youghal, Per- moy, Queenstown, Bandon, and Kinsale. The county sends two members to Parliament. Pop. in 1871, 517,076. Cork, a post-office of Hillsborough co., Fla. Cork, a post-hamlet of Ashtabula co., 0., on or near Grand River, 48 miles N.E. of Cleveland. It has a church. Cork (late Acton), a post-village and settlement in York CO., New Brunswick, on the European & North Amer- ican Rnilroad, 61 miles W. of St. .lohn. Pop. ,^60. Cork Har'bor, a fine landlocked basin of Ireland, formed by the estuary of the Lee. It is large and deep enough to contain the whole British navy, and has an en- trance 1 mile across, within which it expands to 8 miles in breadth. It contains Spike and H.awlbowline Islands. Lat 51° 50' 4" N. ; Ion. 8° 19' W. On its shores are the towns of Queenstown and Passage. "It has been of late much im- proved by the construction of jetties and quays. Corks'ville, a hamlet of Franklin co., Ark., 13 miles from Ozark Station. Corlay, koit'li', a town of France, in C6tes-du-Nord, 17 miles N.W. of Loud^ac. Pop. 1541. Haut Corlay, ho koR^i', or Corlay--le-IIaut, a village, is adjacent to this town. Pop. 1061. Corleone, koR-li-o'nA, a town of Sicily, 21 miles S. of Palermo, on a hill, near the source of the Belici. Pop. 16,.'i04. It is pretty well built, and has several churches and convents, a college, prison, and hospital, with a brisk trade, chiefly with Palermo, in grain and oil. Corleto, koR-li'to, a town of Italv, in the province of Basilicata, 23 miles S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 6003. Cor'lett', a station in Cuyahoga co., 0., on the Maho- ning division of the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 6* miles S.E. of Cleveland. Corlett, a post-office of Albany co., Wyoming. Corlin, or Korlin, koR-leen', a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 16 miles S.W. of Coslin. Pop. 3127. Cormachiti, koR-m3,-Kee'tee (anc. Crom'myon Pro- mmto'rium), a lofty promontory, sometimes called Mount Cormachiti, on the N. of the island of Cyprus. Lat. 35° 23' 48" N.; Ion. 32° 55' 15" E. Cormantyn, kon-min'tin, or koR-min-tine', or Cor- mantino, koR-min-tee'no, a populous village of the Gold Coast. From the name of this village, many of the blacks in the West Inilies are called Coromantis, Little Cor- mantyn is an abandoned Dutch fort of the Gold Coast, 3 miles E. of Anamaboe. Cormayeur, or Cormajor. See Courmayedr. Corm Creek rises in Union co., Ark., runs southeast- ward through Union parish, La., and enters the Ouachita River 12 miles N. of Monroe. It is nearly 90 miles long, Corme, kon'mi, a small port on the N.W. ooast^of Spain, in Galicia, 30 miles W. by S. of Corunna, on a bay of the same name. Cormeilles, koR'mi'y? or koR'maii', a town of Franco, in Oise, 15 miles N. of Beauvais. Pop. 927. Cormeilles, a town of France, in Eure, 38 miles W.N.W. of Evreux. Pop. 1431. Corme-Royal, koRm-ro'yil', a town of France, in Charente-Inferieure, 9 miles W. of Saintes. Pop. 1414. Cormery, kon'm?h-ree', a town of France, in Indre-et- Loire, 11 miles S.E. of Tours, on the Indre. Pop. 1039. Cormicy, kon^mee'see', a town of France, in Marne, 10 miles N.W. of Rheims. Pop. 1431. Cormons, koR'mons, a town of Austria, government of Triest, and 7 miles by rail W. of Gorz. Pop. 4577, partly engaged in silk-manufactures. Cor'morant, a township of Becker co., Minn. P. 123. Cormorant Mills, a post-office of Becker co., Minn. Cornabuss, Ontario. See Markdale. Cornate, kon-ni'ti, or Coronate, ko-ro-ni'tA, a vil- lage of Italy, 21 miles N.N.E. of Milan. Pop. 1526. Corn Creek, of Conecuh co., Ala., flows into Conecuh River from the N. Corn Creek, a post-office of Trimble co., Ky. Cornegliano, kon-nil-yi'no, or Cornigliano, koR- neel-yi'no, a town of Italy, 3 miles by rail W. of Genoa, on the Mediterranean. Cornegliano, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 26 miles S.E. of Turin. Pop. 2038. Corneilla-de-la-Riviere, koR'ni^ya,'-deh-14-ree"- ve-aiR', a town of France, in PyrenSes-Orientales, 10 miles W. of Perpignan. Pop. 1355. Corneille (kor-neel') or Cor'ney Creek rises in Columbia co.. Ark., runs southeastward into Louisiana, and enters the Bayou d'Arbonne in Union parish, 2 or 3 miles W. of Farmersville. It is about 90 miles long. Corne'lia, a post-village of Johnson co.,°Mo., 9 miles S. of Warrensburg. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 100. Corne'lius, a post-village of Washington co., Oregon, on the Oregon Central Railroad, 20 miles W. of Portland. It has 2 flouring-mills. Cor'nell', a post-village of Livingston co.. 111., in Amity township, on the Chicago &. Paducah Railroad, 10 miles N.W. of Pontiac, and 110 miles S.W. of Chicago. It has 2 churches, a tannery, a planing-mill, and a money- order post-office. Pop. about 400. Cornell, Michigan. See Sebewa. Cornell'ville,or Far'mersville,ahamletln Oxford CO., Ontario, 17 miles by rail E. of Tilsonburg. Pop. 100. Cor'nersburg, a hamlet of Mahoning co., 0., 5 miles N.E. of Canfield. Cor'nersville, a post-village of Lincoln co.. Ark., 20 miles S. of Pine Bluff. It has several churches. Cornersville, a post-hamlet of Dorchester co., Md., 8 miles W.N.W. of Cambridge. Cornersville, a post-hamlet of Marshall co.. Miss., 18 miles S.E. of Waterford. It has a church. Cornersville, a post-hamlet of Hickory co.. Mo., 40 miles S.S.E. of Clinton. It has a church. Cornersville, a post-village of Giles co., Tenn., 17 miles N.E. of Pulaski, and about 55 miles S. of Nashville. It has 3 churches and a male and female institute. Pop. about 300. Coronet', a post-office of Faribault co., Minn. Corneto, koR-ni'to (anc. Cornetum f ), a maritime town of Central Italy, province of Rome, 12 miles by rail N. of Civita Vecehia, on a lofty height, bordering the Mediter- ranean, and 1 mile from the ruins of Tarquinii, to which city it succeeded in the sixth century as a bishop's see. Pop. 5652. It has a Gothic cathedral with a fine dome and various antiques. Many of its private houses and churches are built partly with materials from the ancient Tarquinii. In the vicinity are many Etruscan tombs. Cor'netts'ville, a post-hamlet of Daviess oo., Ind., in Bogard township. Corn Hill, a post-office of Williamson co., Tex. Corn House, a post-office of Randolph co., Ala. Cornia, koR'ne-i, a river of Italy, enters the Mediter- ranean 3 miles E. of Piombino. Length, 24 miles. Cornigliano, a town of Italy. See Cornegliano. Corniglio, koR-neel'yo, a town of Italy, 25 miles S.S.W. of Parma, at the confluence of the Beatioa and Parma Rivers. Pop. 4777. Cornimont, koR'noe*m6N»' (Ger. Hornmhn-g, hoR'- n?n-b^RG), a town of Franco, in Vosges. on the frontier of Alsace, 33 miles S.E. of Epinal. Pop. 1310. Cor'ning, a post-villiige, cnpital of Clay oo., Ark., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 26 miles S. of Poplar Bluff, and 153 miles N.E. of Little Rock. It has a newspaper office, a church, 2 saw-mills, Ac. Pop. about 700. Corning, a post-village, capital of Adams oo., Iowa, on COR 543 COR the Bast Branch of the Jfodaway Kiver, and on the Burling- ton & Missouri River Railroad, 136 miles W. of Ottumwa, and about SO miles S.W. of Des Moines. It has a money- order post-office, 2 banks, a high school, 2 newspaper offices, and 5 churches. Pop. 1055. Coming", a post-village of Nemaha co., Kansas, on the Central Branch of the Union Pacific Railroad, bb miles W. by N. from Atchison. It has a church. Pop. about TOO. Coming, a hamlet of Sherman township, Isabella co., Mich. J on Chippewa River, 15 miles S.W. of Farwell. Here is Broomfield Post-Office. Coming, a post-village of Holt co., Mo., in Lincoln township, on the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad, 51 miles N.W. of St. Joseph, and about 2 miles from the Mississippi River. It has 3 churches, and manu- factures of hemp, farm-implements, ropes, and flour. Coming, a post-village, one of the capitals of Steuben CO., N.Y., is in Corning township, on the Chemung River, and on the Erie Railroad, 290 miles W.N.W. of New York, 132 miles E.S.E. of Buffalo, and 17 miles W.N.W. of Elmira. It is the north terminus of the Corning, Cowanesque & Antrim Railroad, which connects it with the coal-mines of Tioga CO., Pa. It contains a court-house, 7 churches, the Corning Free Academy, the Corning Institute, 3 banks, several iron-foundries, and manufactures of railroad-cars, glass, and other products. Three weekly newspapers are published here. Corning is a terminus of the Chemung Canal, and has an extensive trade in lumber, coal, &c. A bridge across the river connects Corning with Knoxville. Pop. 4018; of the township, 6811. Coming, a station in Lehigh co., Pa., on the Perkio- men Railroad, 16 miles S. of AUentown. Corning, a station on the Southern division of the Wis- consin Central Railroad, 6 miles N. of Portage, Wis. Cor'nish, a post-village of York co., Me., in Cornish township, on the Ossipee River, about a mile from its mouth, and 33 miles W.N.W. of Portland. The township is bounded on the N.E. by the Saco River. Pop. 1100. Cornish, a post-township of Sibley co., Minn. Pop. 171, mostly Swedes. Cornish, a township of Sullivan co., N.H., on the E. bank of the Connecticut River. It has 3 churches. Pop. 1334. See Cohnish Flat. Cornish Centre, a post-office of Sullivan co., N.H. Cornish Flat, a post-village of Sullivan co., N.H., in Cornish township, 8 miles E.N.E. of Windsor, Vt., and about 10 miles N.N.E. of Claremont. It has a church. Cor'nishville, a post-village of Mercer co., Ky., about 35 miles S.W. of Lexington. It has manufactures of flour and lumber. Pop. 151. Com'land, a post-hamlet of Logan co.. III., on the Gilman, Clinton & Springfield Railroad, 16 miles N.E. of Springfield. It has 2 churches, Cor'nog's,a station in Chester co., Pa., on the Waynes- burg Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 8 miles from Downingtown. Cornouailles, koR^noo-wil', a former district of France, in Lower Brittany, now comprised in the depart- ments of Finistere, Cotes-du-Nord, and Morbihan. Its capital was Quimper-Corentin. Cornwall, in England, is sometimes written CouNOUArLLES by the French. Corn'planter, a township of Venango co.. Pa. Pop. 10,100. It contains Gil City, Rouseville, Petroleum Centre, and other oil towns. Cornplanter, a post-office of Warren co.. Pa. Corn'propst's Mills, a post-office of Huntingdon CO.. Pa. Corns'ville, a post-hamlet of Scott co., Va., 35 miles N.W. of Bristol, Tenn. It lias a church. Com'ton, a former post-office of De Kalb co., III., on the Chicago & Iowa Railroad, now called Shabbona, Cornton, a post-office of Windham co., Vt, on the Connecticut River, and on the Central Vermont Railroad at East Putney Station. Cornucopia, kor^nu-ko'pe-a, post-office, Jones co., Ga. Cornucopia, a post-office and mining village of Elko CO., Nev., 75 miles N. of Elko. It has a bank, mines, and a stamp-mill for silver or gold. Pop. about 400. Cornudella,koR-noo-D5ry5,, a town of Spain, in Cata- lonia, 24 miles N.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 300U. Cornus, koR^nUce', a town of France, in Aveyron, 15 miles E.S.E. of Saint-AfiFrique. Pop. 155S. Corn Valley, a post-office of Sioux co., Iowa. Corn'ville, a post-township of Somerset co.. Me., about 8 miles N. of Skowhegan. It has 2 churches and several saw-mills. Pop. 959. Corn'wall, a county of England, forming its S.W. ex- tremity, enclosed on all sides by the sea, except on the E., where it is mostly separated from Devonshire by the river Tamar. Length, 78 miles ; breadth, 43 miles. Area, 1359 square miles, including the Scilly Islands. The surface is intersected from W. to E. by a ridge of rugged and bleak hills, and very scantily timbered, but it has some very pic- turesque and fertile valleys. On the northern coast a con- siderable extent of surface has been overwhelmed with sand, covering hills of several hundred feet in height. The shores are greatly indented by inlets of the sea, the principal of which are St. Ives and Padstow, harbors on the Irish Sea, and, on the English Channel, St. Blazey Bay, Falmouth Harbor, and Mount's Bay. Principal rivers, the Tamar, Lynher, Towey, Fal, and Camel or Alan. AVheat, barley, and oats are the chief crops, and agriculture has lately im- proved. The pilchard-fishery employs much capital. Corn- wall is rich in metals: its tin-mines hove been known and wrought from remote antiquity. The great metallic dis- trict extends from Dartmoor, in Devonshire, on the E., to the Land's End on the W. Tin, copper, slate, soapstone, and fine china-clay are the leading mineral products. Sil- ver, lead, zinc, iron, manganese, antimony, arsenic, mag- nesia, cobalt, and bismuth are also found. The exports are nearly confined to mining-produce and fish. Its principal towns are Bodmin, Truro, Launceston, Falmouth, Penryn, and Penzance. This part of Britain was not subdued by the Saxons till the time of Athelstan, and its vernacular lan- guage (the Cornish, a dialect of the Celtic) became extinct about isOO. The district contains many Druidical stones and other rude monuments, as also ruins of baronial castles. Capital, Bodmin. Pop. in 1871, 362,343. Cornwall forms a duchy, settled on the eldest son of the sovereign, who, accordingly, to his other titles adds that of " Duke of Corn- wall ;" but the duchy is much larger than the county, including parts of Devonshire and Dorsetshire. Adj. CoR'NigH ; inhab. Cor'nishman. Corn'wall, a post-township of Litchfield co., Conn., about 36 miles W. by N. of Hartford, is bounded on the W. by the Housatonic River. It has 7 churches, and manu- factures of iron, shears, &g. Pop. 1772. It contains vil- lages named Cornwall and Cornwall Bridge. Cornwall, a post-village of Litchfield co., Conn., in Cornwall township, 11 miles N.W. of Litchfield. It is situ- ated in a plain surrounded by hills, and has 1 or 2 churches. Cornwall, a township of Henry co.. 111. Pop. 952. Cornwall, apost-officeand station of Madison co., Mo., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 112 miles S. of St. Louis. Cornwall , a post-township of Orange co., N.Y., is about 48 miles N. of New York City, and is bounded on the E. by the Hudson River. It comprises part of the beautiful scenery of the Highlands, and contains the village and military academy of West Point, also a village named Corn- wall on the Hudson. It has many superior hotels and boarding-houses, which in summer entertain many thou- sands of visitors. Cornwall Post-Office is at the village of Canterbury, and Cornwall Station (with Idlewild Post-Office) is on the Newburg & New York Railroad, 5 miles from New- burg. Pop. 3615. Cornwall, a post-township of Lebanon co.. Pa., 25 miles E. of Harrisburg. The borough of Lebanon is contiguous to its northern boundary. It has 5 iron-furnaces, and mines of iron and copper. Pop. 2008. Cornwall Station, 7^ miles S. of Lebanon, is connected with that town by the Cornwall Railroad. CoruArall, a post-township of Addison co., Vt., about 4 miles S.W. of Middlebury, is bounded on the E. by Otter Creek. It has 2 churches. Pop. 969. Cornwall, a port of entry, the chief town of the united COS. of Stormont and Glengarry, Ontario, at the mouth of the Cornwall Canal, on the river St. Lawrence, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 67 miles S.W. of Montreal, and 105 miles E.N.E. of Kingston. Several large mills and factories are erected here, among them one of the finest woollen-fac- tories in the Dominion, and a cotton-factory. The town contains several churches and hotels, and printing-offices from which 2 weekly newspapers are issued. Pop. 2033. CornAvall, or Pye's Corners, a post-village in Queens co.. Prince Edward Island, 7 miles from Charlotte- town. Pop. 275. Cornwall Bridge, a post-village of Litchfield co.. Conn., in Cornwall township, on the Housatonic River and the Housatonic Railroad, 57 miles N.N.W. of Bridgeport. It has a church, a hotel, and a furnace for pig-iron. Cornwall HoIIoav, a post-hamlet of Litchfield oo., Conn., in Cornwall township, about 36 miles W.N.W. of Hartford. It has a church and a lumber-mill. COR 544 COR CornAVal'lis, a post-hamlet of Ritchie co., W. Va., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 32 miles E. of Parkersburg. It has a church. Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. See Wolfville. Corn'wall Island, an island in the South Atlantic. Lat. 61° S.; Ion. 6i° 28' W. Cornwall Island, an island in the Mulgrave Archi- pelago, in the Pacific, N. of the Radack chain. Cornwal'lis Island, in the Arctic Ocean, E. of Bath- urst, of which it is really a peninsula. Lat. 65° N.; Ion. 95° W. Cornwallis Islands. See Johnston Islands. Corn'wall Landing, a village of Orange co., N.Y., on the Hudson River, about 6 miles below Newburg, and near the N. border of the Highlands. Pop. 200. Cornwall on the Hudson, a post-village and sum- mer resort of Orange co., N.Y., in Cornwall township, on the Hudson River, 5 miles below Newburg. It is at the foot of Storm King, a peak of the Highlands. Including Canterbury, it has 7 churches, a savings-bank, a woollen- mill, a planing-mill, a brick-yard, and a newspaper office. This village is adjacent to Canterbury, and is 3 miles from Cornwall Station of the Erie Railroad. There are 20 large hotels and boarding-houses here. Corn'wall's, a station in Chester co., S.C., on the Char- lotte, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 8 miles S. of Chester. Corn'wallville, a post-hamlet of Greene co., N.Y., in Durham township, at the base of the Catskill Mountains, 20 miles W. of Catskill. It has a church. Corn'well, a post-village of Menifee co., Ky., on the Mount Sterling Coal Railroad, 20 miles S.E. of Mount Ster- ling. It has 2 coal-mines, a lime-kiln, and several saw-mills. Pop. about 300. Corn'well's, a station in Bucks co.. Pa., on the Phila- delphia & Trenton Railroad, 17 miles N.E. of West Phila- delphia. Coro, or Santa Ana de Coro, sin'tS, Jn'yJdiko'ro, formerly Venezuela, a town of Venezuela, capital of the state of Ealcon, on or near the sea, 155 miles W.N.W, of Valencia, and near the isthmus connecting Paraguana with the mainland. Its trade has declined. Pop. 8172. Corogne, a French name for CoRUNN.i. Cor'oman'del, a town of New Zealand, province of Auckhind, on the E. shore of the Firth of Thames. It has gold-quartz mines and 2 tri-weekly papers. Pop. 1174. Cor'oman'del Coast, in India, extends along the side of the peninsula, through nearly si.x degrees of latitude, from Point Calymere to the mouth of the river Kistnah. The cities of Madras, Tranquebar, and Pondicherry, and the towns of Sadras, Cuddalore, Carrical, Pulieat, Nagore, and Negapatam, are on this coast. Coron, a seaport town of Greece. See KonoN. Corona, ko-ro'ni, a hamlet of Northern Italy, 15 miles N.W. of Verona. It is celebrated for a battle between the French and Austrians, January 15, 1797. Coro'iia, a post-office of Weld co., Col. Corona, a post-hamlet of Coffey co., Kansas, about 45 miles S. of Topeka. It has a church. Corona, or Corro'na, a post-hamlet of Lee co.. Miss., about 48 miles E.S.E. of Holly Springs. It has a church. Corona, a iMst-village of Bergen eo., N.J., in Lodi township, on the New Jersey & New York Railroad, 12 miles from New York. It has a church. Corona, a post-village of Queens co., N.Y'., in New- town township, on the Flushing & North Side Railroad, 3 miles W. of Flushing. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of door-knobs and straw hats. Corona, a post-office of Tipton co., Tenn., on the Mis- sissippi River. Coronada, ko-ro-nJ'ni, a town of Spain, in Estrema- dura, near the Sujar. Pop. 1605. Corona'do, a post-hamlet of Sedgwick co., Kansas, in Viola township, 18 miles from Wichita. Coronata, ko-ro-ni'ti, an island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, 18 miles S. of Zara. Length, 15 miles. Surface mountainous. Its people are employed in rearing sheep, making cheese, fishing, and trading in wine and olive oil. Coronate, a village of Italy. See Cornate. Corona'tion Gulf, in the Arctic Ocean, in British North Ameiica, is W. of Victoria Land and Kent Penin- sula. Lilt. 68° 30' N. ; Ion. 110° W. Coronation Island, in the South Atlantic Ocean, is in lat. 60° 32' S., Ion. 46° 52' W. Coronation Island, in Alaska, is W. of Prince of Wales Archipelago. Coronda, ko-ron'di, a town in the province of Santa F6, Argentine Republic, 36 miles from the city of Santa Fe. Pop. 2000. Coronal, ko-ro-nel', a town of Chili, on the sea, prov- ince and 25 miles S. of Concepcion. Here are important mines of tertiary coal, which is loaded upon steamers at the pit's mouth ; also large smelting-works. Pop. 5658. Coronil, ko-ro-neel', a town of Spain, 24 miles S.E. of Seville, on a crown-shaped hill (whence its name), with ruins of a Moorish castle. Pop. 3940. Coronium, the Latin name of Corunna. Coroora, or Corura, ko-roo'ri, an island in the Pa- cific Ocean, Pelew group. Lnt. 7° 30' N. ; Ion. 135° E. Corozal', a town of Balize, at its extreme N. point, is the second town of importance in the colony. Pop. 2000. Corpach, kor'paK, a village of Scotland, co. of Argyle, on the E. bank of Loch Eil, 2J miles N. of Fort William, at the entrance of the Caledonian Canal. Corpi Santi, kor'pee san'tee, a suburban district near Milan, in Italy. Pop. 62,976. Another Corpi Santi is near Pavia, in Italy. Pop. 4167. Corps, kon, a town of France, in Isere, on the Drae, 28 miles S.S.E. of Grenoble. Pop. 1176. Corps-Nuds, koR-niid, a town of France, in Ille-et- Vilaine, 10 miles S.E. of Rennes. Pop. 2176. Corpus Christi, kor'pus kris'tee, a post-town, capital of Nueces co., Tex., on Corpus Christi Bay, at the mouth of the Nueces River, about 140 miles S.S.E. of San Antonio, and 200 miles AV.S.W. of Galveston. It is the terminus of the Corpus Christi, San Diego & Rio Grande Railroad. It is supported mainly by trade and steam navigation, and has 2 newspaper offices, 2 banks, a convent, and 6 churches. Pop. about 3500. Corpus Christi Bay, a lagoon in Texas, lat. 27° 30' N., Ion. 98° W., forming the N. extremity of the Laguna del Madre, and separated by Mustang Island from the Gulf of Mexico, with which it communicates by Aransas Pass and Corpus Christi Inlet. At its W. extremity it receives the river Nueces. Corragia, a Latin name of Cork. Corral de Almaguer, koR-Ral' dJ, SI-mi-gh^R', a town of Spain, province and 45 miles E.S.E. of Toledo, in a fertile plain near the Rianzares. Pop. 3460. Corral de Calatrava, koR-Rir d.^, ka-14-tri'vi, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 8 miles S.S.W. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 1720. Corrales, koR-n^'Us, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 52 miles E.S.E. of Seville. Pop. 1834. Corralitos, kor-r^l'ee-toce, a post-village of Santa Cruz CO., Cal., 6 miles N. of Watsonville, and"l4 miles E. of Santa Cruz. It has a public hall and a flouring-mill. Pop. about 200. Cor'ral' Peak, Colorado, a mountain in the Middle Park, in lat. 40° 11' 12" N., Ion. 106° 9' 2" W. It has an altitude of 11,333 feet above the sea-level. Correc'tionville, a post-village of Woodbury co., Iowa, on the Little Sioux River, about 34 miles E. of Sioux City. It has a graded school. Pop. about 250. Cor'regaum', a village of British India, presidency of Bombay. 17 miles N.E. of Poonah, on the Beemah. Correggio, kon-iied'jo, a town of Italy, province of Modena, 9 miles N.E. of 'Reggio. Pop. 12,094. It is the birthplace of Antonio Allegri, known as Correggio. Correse, kon-ni'si, a village of Central Italy, province and 18 miles S.S.W. of Rieti, near the Correse, on the site of the ancient Cures. Correze, kou^Raiz' or koR^R^z', a river of France, rises in the department of Correze, flows S.W., and joins the Vezere ,at Saint-Pantaleon-de-Larches. Length, 50 miles, Correze, a department of France, between the depart- ments of Creuse, Ilaute-Vienne, Dordogne, Lot. Cantal, and Puy-de-Dome, and between lat. 44° 55' and 45° 40' N. Area, 2218 square miles. Surface hilly. Principal rivers, the Dordogne and the Vezere, of which latter the Correze is an affluent. Soil poor. Corn is raised for exportation, but many of the population subsist on chestnut Hour. Cattle are reared for the Paris markets. Other chief products are timber, coal, iron, copper, lead, and mill-stones. It is divided into the 3 arrondissements of Tulle (the capital), Brive, and Usscl. Pop. in 1876, 311,525. Correze, a town of France, department of Correze, 9 miles N.E. of Tulle. Pop. 1676. Corrib, Lough, Ireland. See Loogii Corrib. Corrientes, koR-nc-en'tSs, a province of the Argentine Republic, bounded N. by Paraguay, E. by Brazil, and W. by the river Parnna. The Uruguay washes its E. border. Much of its northern part is low and marshy. Leading products, corn, cotton, indigo, tobacco, and sugar. Capital, Corrientes. Pop. 129,023. Area, 22,394 square miles. Corrientes, or San Juau de Corrientes, s&n COR 545 COR Hoo-in' di koR-Ree-en't^s, a town and capital of the above province, on the E. bank of the Parana, below the conflu- ence of the Paraguay. Lat. 27° 27' 31" S. ; Ion. 58° 46' Vf. It has a good trade in furs, hides, mat^, cotton, sugar, to- bacco, wool, and timber. Pop. 11,218. Corrievrekin, Corryvreckan, kor-re-vrik'kan, or Corrybrechtaii, korVe-brfiK'tan, a whirlpool off the W. coast of Scotland, between the islands of Jura and Scarba, occasioned by the tide-stream being opposed by a pyramidal rock which rises within 15 fathoms of the surface. Cor'riganville, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co., Md., at the juiiction of the Pittsburg & Connellsvillo Railroad with the Cumberland & Pennsylvania Railroad and the extension of the Bedford & Bridgeport Railroad, 4 or 5 miles N.W. of Cumberland. It has a church. Corriskin, a Scottish lake. See Loch Corriskin. Corrodunum, the Latin name for Cracow. Corroiia, a h,amlet of Mississippi. See Corona. Corropoli, koR-Rop'o-lee, a town of Italy, province and 14 miles N.N.E. of Teramo. Pop. 3492. Cor'ry, a post-village of Dade co., Mo., 35 miles N.W. of Springfield Railroad Station. It has the Corry Institute, 3 churches, and mines of lead and zinc. Corry, a city of Erie co.. Pa., situated at the point where the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad crosses the Philadelphia oh\ a town of Hungary, on the Temee. 18 miles S. of Temesvar. Pop. 4360. Csakvar, chikVau', a village of Hungary, co. of Stuhl- weissenburg, 27 miles W.S.W. of Buda, with a castle and a Protestant church. Pop. 4471. Csallokoz, an island of Hungary. See ScnitTT, Great. Csanad, choh^nad', a town of Eastern Hungary, capi- tal of the county, 44 miles N. of Temesvar, on the Maros. It is a bishop's see. Pop. 4013. The county has an area of 699 square unles. Pop. 94,658. Csantaver, ch6nH6h>aiR', a village of Hungary, co. of B£ics, about Ifi miles W. by N. of Zenta. Pop. 4725. Csany, or Tsany, chin, a village of Hungary, co. of Heves, 3 miles from Hatvan. Pop. 3040. Csaszar, chos^saR', a village of Hungary, co. of Komorn, 8 miles from Dotis. Pop. 2308. Csatad, chohHid', a town of Hungary, co. of Torontal, 15 miles E. of Nagy-Kikinda. Pop. 3122. Csath, Csat, or Csatt, chit, a town of Hungary, co. of Borsod, 13 miles from Miskolcz. Pop. 4979. Csatsak, or Tsatsak, chi^ehik', a town of Servia, on the Morava, 90 miles S. of Belgrade. It is the see of a Greek bishop. Csattcza, a town of Hungary. See Csacza. Cseb, chSb, a village of Hungary, co. of B;los, 3 miles from Palanka. Pop. 2494. Csepel, or Tsepel, chi^pSl', a river-island of Hun- gary, immediately S. of Pesth, formed by the Danube. Length, 30 miles. Cservcnka, chfinVin'kSh^, a town of Hungary, oo. of Bites, 10 miles from Zombor. Pop. C877. Csetnek, chSt^nSk', a town of Hungary, co. of Gomor and Kis-Hont, 8 miles W. of Rosenau. Pop. 1800. Csik, chik, a county of Hungary, in the S.E. of Tran- sylvania, bounded on the E. by Roumania. Area, 1574 square miles. It is a very mountainous region. Capital, Csik-Sereda. Pop. 107,285. Csik-Sereda, chik-she'neh'doh\ a town of Hungary, capital of the county of Csik, about 50 miles N. by E. of Kronstadt. Pop. 960. Csoka, cho'k6h\ a town of Hungary, about 5 miles from Torok Kanisa, on the Theiss. Pop. 2841. Csongrad, chon^gnld', a town of Hungary, in the county of the same name, at the confluence of the Theiss and the Koriis, 70 miles S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 17,356. Csougrad, a county of Hungary, traversed by the Theiss, and consisting largely of plains, often marshy and unhealthy, but very fertile. Area, 1313 square miles. Cap- ital, Szegedin. Pop. in 1869, 215,692. Csorna, choR'noh\ a town of Western Hungary, 30 miles E.S.E. of Oedenburg. It is surrounded by gardens, and has a Benedictine abbey built in 1180. Pop. 4853. Csurgo, chooR'go, a town of Hungary, co. of Somogy, about 20 miles S.E. of Nagy Kanisa. Ctesiphon, an ancient city. See Modain. Cua, koo'S,, a town of Venezuela, state of Bolivar, on the river Tuy, about 45 miles S. of Caracas. It is the com- mercial centre of a large district. Pop. 8808. Cuajiniqualpa, kwa.-He-ne-kwa.rp&, a town of Cen- tral America, state of Guatemala, and the largest between the city of Guatemala and Sonsonate. Pop. 3000. Cuama, a river of Africa. See Zambezi. Cuautlay-Amilpas, kwowt-li'-a,-meerp3,s, a town of Mexico, state and 70 miles S.AV. of Puebla. Cuba, ku'ba (Sp. pron. koo'b^), an island in the Carib- bean Sea, belonging to Spain, the largest of the West Indian group, and the most important of all the Spanish colonial possessions, is situated at the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico, 130 miles S. of Florida, from which it is separated by the Bahama Channel. On the E, it is separated from Hayti by the Windward Passage, 48 miles widej on the S., from Jamaica, by a portion of the Caribbean Sea, 90 miles across j and on the W., from Yucatan, by the Yucatan Channel, 130 miles wide. It is about a third larger than Hayti, and nearly five times the size of Jamaica. It extends from Ion. 74° to near 85° W., and is 650 miles in length from E, to W.; greatest breswith, at Cape Cruz, 110 miles; average width, from 50 to 60 miles, while towards its W, extremity it does not exceed 30 miles. The extreme E. end of the island, Cape Maysi, is in lat. 20° 15' N., Ion. 74° 7' W. ; the W., Cape San Antonio, in lat. 21° 15' N., Ion. 84° 57' 12" W.J and the island extends from lat. 19° 50' to 23° 10' N. Area, 43,319 square miles. Coast-line, exclusive of minuter sinuosities, about 2000 miles. The island is intersected longitudinally by a range of mountains, diminishing in height from E. to W. At the B. end, where they are diffused over nearly the entire sur- face, they attain their greatest elevation, the highest point being the Pico Turquino ("blue peak"), 7070 feet high. From the bases of these highlands the country opens into ex- tensive meadows and plains, with occasional low swampy tracts. Owing to the cavernous structure and great in- clination of the limestone strata and the small breadth of the island, there are few rivers of any magnitude, and a large portion of the territory is subject to severe droughts. Yet the undulating surface of the country, the continual verdure, and the distribution of vegetable forms, give rise to the most varied and beautiful landscapes. Everywhere the eye falls upon a mass of luxuriant vegetation. The largest river in Cuba is the Canto (kow'to), at the E. end of the island, having its sources in the Sierra del Cobre, or Copper Mountains, and falling into the Bay of Buena Esperanza, after a course of about 90 miles. No other stream is navigable except by very small boats and for a few miles. The coasts of Cuba are in general exceedingly foul, presenting reefs and shallows which extend from 2 to 2i miles into the sea and make the approach both difticult and dangerous. Within these reefs there is often a good sandy beach ; but for the greater part of the circumference of the island there is a bolt or zone of lowland very little raised above the level of the sea, subject to floods and in- undations and wet at all seasons of tlio year, rendering oomniunieation between the interior and the sea next to impossible in the rainy season. There are, however, good harbors and bays on all the coasts, including Havana, one of the finest harbors in the West Indies. Some others are also excellent, such as Guantanamo, Santiago de Cuba, Manzanillo, and Bahia do Jagua (or Xagua), on the S. coast. CUB 569 GUB Bahia Honda and Puerto de Cabanas on the N.W. coast, and Nipe. Baracoa Harbor, Puerto Naranjo, Puerto del Padre, and Matanzas on the N. and N.E. coasts. The mountains on the S.E. part of the island appear to have a submarine connection with the heights of Hayti and Jamaica; and in this section earthquakes are frequently felt. The latest calcareous formation is entirely corallife- rous, goes on accumulating on all the coasts, and contains numerous animal remains. No traces of volcanic eruption, properly so called, have hitherto been discovered. The mineral riches of Cuba have not yet been fully ex- plored. Gold was obtained here by early Spanish colonists, but very little has been found for two centuries past. Cop- per is more abundant, there being extensive mines of this metal in the Sierra del Cobre. They were wrought by the Spaniards at an early period, but had been, abandoned for a century, when they were reopened about 1828. Mines of alum and copperas were also at one time worked in the mountains of Juragua. Coal is abundant, and highly bitu- minous, with little ash. A variegated serpentine marble, chalcedony, magnesia, Iron pyrites, quartz, and feldspar slates and schists have been found in various places. The schistose formation shows itself most conspicuously at the base of the mountains of San Juan and Trinidad, where great masses of slate are to be found, of a dark-blue color and of a pyritous and bituminous quality. In the quarries near Havana a thick slate is found, fit for floors and pave- ments. The mineral bitumen exhibits itself in the form of petroleum, issuing from the fissures of the rocks, sometimes soft, like wax or half-melted resin. There are mineral springs in different parts of the island, and on the N. coast are extensive lagoons, which, in dry years, produce immense quantities of salt. The climate is hot and dry during the greater part of the year. The mean temperature is 77°, but in the interior only 74°. The hottest months, July and August, do not give a greater average than 87°; and the coldest, De- cember and January, present the mean of 72°. In sum- mer the thermometer seldom rises above 82° or 86°, and its depression in winter so low as 50° is rare. Rain often descends in torrents from July to September, and occa- sional showers fall for a month or two before and after these periods. No snow is known ever to fall; but frost OGCUX'S occasionally on the highest mountains. The vegeta- tion of Cuba is exceedingly luxuriant. Forests of mahogany, ebony, cedar, fustic, and other useful woods abound; and the fields arc covered with flowers and odoriferous plants. The principal cereal cultivated is Indian corn. Two crops of it are obtained in the year. Rice is also produced in considerable quantities, also a little cotton, caijao, and in- digo; but the principal crops are sugar, cofi"ee, and tobacco. A considerable extent of country is appropriated to cattle- breeding, and to farms on which are raised vegetables, maize, mallochia grass, cassava, onions, garlic, poultry, wax, and honey. Tbe principal fruits of the island arc oranges, pine-apples, shaddocks, plantains, bananas, melons, lemons, and sweet limes; figs and strawberries are also to be had. The most valuable domestic animals are the ox, horse, and pig, which form a large proportion of the wealth of the island; the sheep, goat, and mule are inferior in; quality and numbers. The sylvan birds are numerous and in great variety, but birds of prey are few; the principal is the bald- headed vulture, or turkey-buzzard. The only indigenous quadruped known in Cuba is the kutia, which resembles a large rat, about 18 inches long without the tail. Snakes and reptiles are not very numerous. Deer are found, but are said to have been introduced. Phosphorescent insects abound, as do also those of a noxious description, including chigres, ants, mosquitoes, and a spider with a poisonous sting. There are also centipedes and scorpions. Alliga- tors, crocodiles, and iguanas abound. Sugar, coffee, and tobacco form the principal objects of cultivation: but of these the first is by far the most im- portant. The quantity of sugar produced in Cuba per acre is estimated at a little more than 2000 pounds, being somewhat better than Jamaica, but greatly short of Bar- badoes. The coffee-plantations are confined almost solely to the N, side of the island, the only pavt where the precise degree of heat most favorable to the growth of the plant is to be found. The best season for planting the trees is in the middle of the month of May ; the gathering commences in August ; but November and December are the most active and important months of the harvest. The best tobacco is grown in the district of Vuelta de Abajo, a little W. of Havana, about 84 miles in length and 21 in breadth; and here the mildest and finest flavored is produced on the banks of the San Sebastian, most of which is made into cigars, celebrated under the name of Havana cigars. These, with leaf-tobacco, sugar, molasses, honey, wax, coffee, ma- hogany and other woods, and copper ore, are the only arti- cles of export. By far tbe greater part of the island is covered with dense forests. Communication is difiicult, ex- cept by the railroads, which extend about 400 miles in the aggregate. The dominant class has hitherto been the native Span- iards, who hold most of the public ofiices. The planters are generally of Spanish descent. The laboring class is com- posed in part of slaves of African blood and in part of Chinese coolies. There are many free blacks. The Roman Catholic religion alone is tolerated. Education is in an ex- ceedingly backward condition, and the system of govern- ment has hitherto been of the most illiberal character. In 1S68 the friends of Cuban independence rose in arms, and for almost ten years carried on unrelenting warfare with the Spaniards, the war being chiefly confined to the eastern extremity of the island; but in 1878 the patriots laid down their arms, the Spanish authorities offering terms of great liberality and promising great reforms. Cuba is now en- titled to representation in the Spanish cortes at Madrid. The seat of government is at Havana, the principal city and seaport,. The governor-captain-general before the re- volt possessed despotic powers. The population is about 1,400,000, of whom 200,000 are slaves, 86,000 free blacks, and about 60,000 Chinese. Cuba, a city, island of Cuba. See Santiago de Cuba. Cuba, koo'bi, a town of Portugal, in Algarve, 14 miles N.N.E. of Beja. Pop. 3721. Cu'ba, a post-village of Fulton co., lU., in Putnam township, on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, 33 miles W.S.W. of Peoria, and about 8 miles N, of Lewistown. It has 4 churches and a money-order post-ofBce. Good coal is mined here extensively. Pop. 568. Cuba, a township of Lake co.. 111. Pop. 970. See Barrington Station. Cuba, a post-office of Owen co., Ind., is at Santa ¥e. Cuba, a post-hamlet of Republic co., Kansas, 20 miles W. of Washington. It has a church. Cuba, a post-hamlet of Graves co., Ky., 8 miles from the Paducah & Memphis Railroad. It has a church. Cuba (Cato Post-Office), a hamlet of Pulaski co., Ky., 1 mile from the Cincinnati Southern Railroad. It has 2 stoi-es. Cuba, a post-ofiice of Ouachita parish, La., on the Oua- chita River, 19 miles S. of Monroe. Cuba, a township of Becker co., Minn, Pop. 292. Cuba, a post-hamlet of Attala co., Miss., 10 miles S.E. of Kosciusko. It has a pottery. Cuba, a post-village of Crawford co.. Mo*, on the St. Louis &• San Francisco Railroad at its junction with the St. Louis, Salem & Little Rock Railroad, 91 miles S.W. of St. Louis, and 9 miles N.W. of Steelville. It has 2 or 3 churches, a flour-mill, and a planing-mill. Iron ore is found here. Cuba, a post-village of Alleghany eo., N.Y., in Cuba township, on the Genesee Valley Canal, and on the Erie Rail- road, 77 miles E.S.E. of Dunkirk, and 17 miles W. of Bel- mont. It has 6 churches, a graded school, a national bank, 1 other bank, a tannery, several cheese-factories, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 1500 ; of township, 2260. Cuba, a post-hamlet of Rutherford co., N.O., 16 miles S. of Marion. Cuba, a post-village of Clinton co., C, in. Washington township, about 44 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. It has a church. Pop. about 150. Cuba, a post-hamlet of Shelby co., Tenn., 20 miles N. of Memphis. Cuba City, a post- village of Grant co., Wis., on the Galena &, Southern Wisconsin Railroad, 19 miles N. of Ga- lena, III. It has a church, 2 stores, a warehouse, and 20 dwellings. Cubagua, koo-Bi'gwiL, a small island of Venezuela, 30 miles N. of Caracas, in the Caribbean Sea, between Marga- rita and the mainland. Cu^bahat'chee Creek, Alabama, runs northwestward through Macon co., and enters the Tallapoosa River. Cuban, a river of Caucasus. See Kooban. Cuba Station, a post-village of Sumter co., Ala., on the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad, 15 miles S.W. of Livingston, and 21 miles from Meridian. It has a church and several stores. Cubcabea, or Cubkabia. See Coobcabia. Cub Creek, a post-office of Charlotte eo., Va., is at HAHRtSBURG. Cub Hill, a post-ofiice of Baltimore co., Md. Cublize, klibMcez', a village of France, in Rhone, on the Rhone, 27 miles N.W. of Lyons. Pop. 2125. CUB 570 CUL Cub JHonntain, Colorado, a peak in lat. 39° 32' 10" N., Ion. 105° 23' 10" W. It has an altitude of 10,623 feet above the sea-level. Cub Run, a post-office of Hart co., Ky. Cubzac, kiib'zak', a village of France, in Gironde, 11 miles N.N.E. of Bordeaux, on the Dordogne. Pop. 975. Cucamonga, koo^ka-mon'ga, a post-office of San Ber- nardino CO., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 42 miles E. of Los Angeles. Cucharas, koo-chi'rJs, a river of Colorado, rises near LaVeta, runs northeastward in Huerfano oo., and enters the Huerfano River about 27 miles S. of Pueblo. Cucharas, a post-village of Huerfano co., Col., on the Cucharas River, and on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, 50 miles S. of Pueblo, at the junction of the La Veta Branch Railroad. Here are rich coal-fields. Elevation, 5956 feet. Cuchivara, a river of South America. See PcRUS. Cuchullin Hills, in Scotland. See Coolis Hills. Cuck'field, a town of England, co. of Sussex, 31 miles S. by E. of London. Pop. 932. Cuckoo, kook'koo, or Cuckooville, a post-village of Louisa CO., Va., 3 miles from Pendleton Railroad Station, and about 14 miles N. W. of Richmond. It has 2 or 3 churches. Silver and copper are said to be found here. P. about 450. Cucurron, kii^kiiR^R6No' (anc. Oitcuro ?), a town of France, in Vaucluse, 7 miles S.S.E. of Apt. Pop. 17S1. Cucuta, koo-koo't^, a valley of the United States of Colombia, province of Pamplona, on the Venezuelan fron- tier. Lat. 7° 30' N.; Ion. 72° 10' W. Cuda, the ancient name of the Portuguese river CoA. Cud'dalore', Cud'alor', or Gud'alur' (Gud'- alu'ru), a town of British India, in South Arcot, 15 miles S.S.W. of Pondicherry, on the Bay of Bengal, at the mouth of the Punnair. It is a sanitary resort, and has trade in fish and cotton, with manufactures of salt, paper, and sugar. Pop. 40,290. Cud'dapah, or Kadapa, kud'di-pi, a town of India, capital of the district, 138 miles N.W. of Madras. Lat. 14° 32' N. ; Ion. 78° 54' E. Diamonds are obtained near it. Pop. 16,275. Cuddapah, a district of British India, pi'esidency of Madras. Lat. 13° 12'-16° 19' N. ; Ion. 77° 52'-79° 48' E. Area, 8367 square miles. It is traversed by the Eastern Ghauts, a range of mountains, E. of which the country is a low plain, but westward it is a high plateau. Capital, Cuddapah. Pop. in 1872, 1,351,194. Cud'debackville, a small post-village of Orange co., N.Y., on the Delaware & Hudson Canal and the Monticello & Port Jcrvis Railroad, 8 miles N.N.E. of Port Jervis. It has 2 churches and a carriage-factory. Cud'desdon, a village of England, in Bucks, 6 miles by rail E. of Oxford. It has a college of divinity. P. 410. Cudillero, koo-Deel-yi'ro, or Oleiro, o-li'e-ro, a town of Spain, in Asturias, 22 miles N.W. of Oviedo, on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 1940. Cudrefin', kUMreh-faNo', a town of Switzerland, in Vaud, on the Lake of Neufchatel, 5 miles N.W. of Avouches. Cud'worth, a township of England, co. of York, at a railway junction, 4 miles B.N.E. of Barnsley. Pop. 657. Cuellar, kwel-yan', a town of Spain, 30 miles N.N.W. of Segovia. It has a fine castle. Pop. 3000. Cuenca, kwSn'ka, a city of Spain, capital of a province of its own name, near the confluence of the Huescar and the Jucar, 84 miles S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 6931. It is enclosed by high walls, and has 7 gates, a richly adorned cathedi-al, a handsome episcopal palace, 14 parish churches, 13 con- vents, several colleges and hospitals, a diocesan school, and 8 bridges across the rivers. It has manufactures of woollen stuffs and paper. It gives its name to the Sierra Cuenca, a part of the Iberian Mountains, which traverse the province. Cuenca was at one time celebrated for its literature, arts, and manufactories. Cuenca, a province of Spain, in New Castile, between lat. 39° 20' and 40° 47' N., Ion. 1° 6' and 3° W. It is bounded on the N. by the province of Guadalajara. Capi- tal, Cuenca. Area, 7990 square miles. Pop. 238,731. Cuenca, kwen'kS,, or Rambae, a city of Ecuador, department of Assuay, capital of a province of its own name, in a wide plain, 8640 feet above the sea, 85 miles S.S.W. of Quito. It has a cathedral, various other ecclesi- astical edifices, a university, and trade in cheese, confec- tionery, hats, bark, and rural produce. In its vicinity arc various Peruvian antiquities. It is the see of a bishop. There are here extensive sugar-refineries. A littlo to the S. is the mountain of Tarqui, which Condamine and other French astronomers selected for their meridian in 1742. Pop. about 20,000. Cuernavaca, kweR-n3.-v3.'k3., a town of Mexico, capi- tal of the state of Morelos, 40 miles S. of the city of Mex- ico, on a mountain-spur jutting into a valley. It consists of numerous steep and narrow streets, with ranges of one- storied houses fronted with balconies and porches. Cuero, kwi'ro, a post-village of De Witt co., Tex,, on the Guadalupe River, and on the Gulf, Western Texas & Pacific Railroad, 70 miles N.W. of Indianola, and 80 miles E.S.B. of San Antonio. It has a money-order post-office, a newspaper office, 1 or 2 banks, a machine-shop, and several churches. Cuers, kwaiR (anc. Caa'tmm de Cor'cis ?), a town of France, in Var, 11 miles by rail N.E. of Toulon. P. 3683. Cuesmes, kwaim, a town of Belgium, in Hainaut, 3 miles by rail S. of Mons. It has coal-mines. Pop. 5721. Cueva de Vera, kwi'vi di vi'rJi, a town of Spain, 42 milesN.E. of Almeria, onthcAlmanzora. Pop. 7500. Many of its inhabitants are employed in the manufacture of salt- petre and in potteries. It has risen into importance from the silver-mines discovered in its vicinity. Cuevas de San Marcos, kwA'vas di s3.n man'kos, or Altas, ai'tis, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 38 miles N. of Malaga. Pop. 4450. Cuevas de Vinroma, kwi'vas diveen-ro'mi, a town of Spain, 23 miles N.E. of Castellon de la Plana. P. 2600. Cuf'fey's Cove, a post-hamlet of Mendocino co., Cal., on the Pacific Ocean, in Big River township. It is a ter- minus of the Mendocino Railroad. It has a church, a hotel, and 1 or 2 lumber-mills. About 3,000,000 feet of lumber, pine and redwood, are manufactured here in a year and ex- ported in vessels. Cuggiono-Maggiore, kood-jo'no-mid-jo'ri, a town of Italy, in Lombardy, 18 miles W. of Milan. Pop. 4951. Cuglieri, kool-yi'ree, a town of Sardinia, 9 miles S.E. of Bosa. Pop. 4200. Cuiaba, a town of Brazil. See Covaba. Cuisery, kwee'zeh-ree', a town of France, in Saone-et- Loire, on the Seille, il miles S.W. of Louhans. Pop. 1586. Cnisseaux, kwee^sO', a village of France, in Saone-et- Loire, 12 miles S.E. of Louhans. Pop. 1626. Cuivre, kwee'v'r (local pron. kwiv'^r), a township of Audrain CO., Mo. Pop. 1480. Cuivre, a post-hamlet of Lincoln co.. Mo., on or near the Cuivre River, about 50 miles S. by E. from Hannibal. It has a church. Cuivre, a township of Pike co.. Mo. Pop. 3271. It contains the village of Bowling Green. Cuivre River. See Copper River. Cularo, the ancient name of Grenoble. Cul'awhee', a township of Jackson co., N.C. P. 520. Cul'bertson, a station in Kenton co., Ky., on the Ken- tucky Central Railroad, 7 miles S. of Covington. Ciilbertson, a post-village, capital of Hitchcock co., Neb., on the Republican River, at the mouth of the French- man Fork, 60 miles S. of North Platte Railroad Station. Cul'borne, a village of England, co. of Somerset, on the Bristol Channel, 84 miles W. of Minehead. The village and church are so buried among the lofty and almost per- pendicular hills, with an elevation of 1300 feet, that for three months in winter the sun is never seen. CuPdruin', a post-township of Morrison co., Minn., 15 miles W. of Little Falls. Pop. 146. Culebra, Colorado. See San Lots. Culebra, koo-Ii'brS,, a river of Costa Rica, enters the Caribbean Sea near the Lagoon of Chiriqui. Culebra, koo-li'bri, or Passage Island, a small island of the West Indies, one of the Virgin Islands, off the E. coast of Porto Rico. It is about 7 miles long, and be- longs to Spain. Pop. 300. Culebra, an island in the Pacific, belonging to the Philippines. Lat. 11° 18' N. ; Ion. 123° 3' E. Culebra, koo-li'bri, a s&aport of Costa Rica, in lat. 10° 35' N., Ion. 85° 38' W. It has a fine port, and affords safe anchorage for ships of any burden. Culebra (koo-li'bri) Peak, Colorado, a mountain of the Sangre de Cristo Range, in the S. part of the state, about 38 miles' W. of Trinidad. It has an altitude of 14,079 feet above the sea-level. See Rio Culebra. Culenborg, Netherlands. See Kuilenbiiro. Culiacan, koo-le-i-kin', a town of Mexico, 90 miles S.E. of Cinaloa, in a fertile tract, on the river Culiacan. Pop. 10.000. It is a depot for goods parsing between (}uay- mas and Mazatlan. Culla, kool'yi, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 26 miles N. by W. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 1405. CuUar de Baza, kool-yan' di b&'thi, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 68 miles E.N.B. of Granada. Pop. 3700, CUL 571 CUM CulPasa'Ja^ a post-office of Macon co., N.C. Curiatoor' and CulMoor', two towns of India, the former in British India, the latter in the Nizam's dominions, 200 miles B.N.E. of Hyderabad. Cul'Ien, a town of Scotland, co. and 12 miles W.N.W. of Banff, on the Cullen, here crossed by a bridge, at its mouth in Cullen Bay (North Sea). Pop. 3801. Cul'len, a township of Pulaski co., Mo. Pop. 849. Cullen, a post-office of Herkimer co., N.Y., at Page's Corners. Cullen's Wood, Ireland, a suburb of Dublin, on its S.E. side. Culleo'ka, a post-village of Maury co., Tenn., on the Nashville & Decatur Railroad, 10 miles S. of Columbia. It has 3 churches, a planing-mill, and the Culleoka Institute. Pop. about 250. Cullera, kool-yi'ri (anc. Su'crof), a town of Spain, province and 2-1 miles S.S.E. of Valencia, on the Mediter- ranean, at the mouth of the Jucar. It exports grain, wine, fruits, vegetables, paper, and salt fish. CuUera has always, from its natural position, been esteemed a place of great military importance : the walls, towers, and fortifications have been repeatedly dismantled and rebuilt. Pop. 9814. Cul'Iercoats, a town and watering-place of England, CO. of Northumberland, 1^ miles by rail N.N.W. of Tyne- mouth. Pop. 1398. Cull'nian, a county in the N. part of Alabama, is drained by the Black Warrior River. The surface is billy or undulating, and is extensively covered with forests. It is intersected by the South & North Alabama Railroad. Capital, Cullman. This county was formed of parts of Blount and Winston. Cullman, a post-village, capital of Cullman co., Ala., on the South & North Alabama Railroad, 35 miles S. of Decatur. It is on Sand Mountain (said to be the highest place in the state), and has a United States signal station. It has 2 churches, a brewery, a tannery, a furniture-fac- tory, 2 saw-mills, a flouring-mill, 2 newspaper of&ces, and a money-order post-office. Cullo'den, or Drumnios'sie Moor, a wide, moory ridge of Scotland, co. of Inverness, memorable for the total defeat of Prince Charles's army, on the 16th of April, 1746, by the Duke of Cumberland. On the moor, 4 miles E.N.E. of Inverness, stands Culloden House. Cullo'den, a post-village of Monroe co,, Ga., about 33 miles W. of Macon. It has a brick church and an academy. CuUo'den, a post-village in Oxford co., Ontario, 10 miles S. of IngersoU. It contains a grist-mill, 3 saw-mills, a cheese-factory, a potash -factory, several stores, Ac. P. 200. Cullomptou, a town of England. See Collumpton. Cull'om's, a station in Hamilton co., 0., on the Ohio &, Mississippi Railroad, 4 miles W. of Cincinnati. Culloor, a town of India. See Cullatoor. Cullowhee, or Culawhee, kul-law'ee, a post-town- ship of Jackson co., N.C, in a fertile ralley of its own name, which lies between the Blue Ridge and the Smoky Mountain. Pop. 520. Cully, kuriee', a town of Switzerland, in Vaud, on the Lake of Geneva, 5 miles E.S.E. of Lausanne. Pop. 976. Cul'ly's, a station in Lancaster co.. Pa., on the Colum- bia k Port Deposit Railroad, 20 miles S.E. of Columbia. Culm and Culmbach. See Kulm and Kulmbach. Cul'merville, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co.. Pa., 7 miles N.W. of Tarentum. It has a store, a wagon-shop, and 4 dwellings. Culna, or Kalna, kul'na, a town of the Burdwan dis- trict, Bengal, on the Hoogly, 43 miles N. of Calcutta. It has a great trade in rice, silk, and cotton, a splendid palace of the Maharajah of Burdwan, an important ferry, and indigo-works. Pop. 27,336. Culna, or Khulna, k'hul'na (anc. Khalana), a town of Bengal, capital of the Sunderbunds, district of Jessore, on an arm of the Ganges, 78 miles E.N.E. of Calcutta. It has sugar-refineries, and is the seat of extensive trade. Culnai, kool-ni', a village of Peru, in the Andes, dis- trict of Canta, about lat. 10° 10' S., remarkable only for its great elevation, being about 10,000 feet above sea-level. CuPpee', or Kalpi, kuPpee', a town of Bengal, in a jungly and unhealthy position, on the Hoogly River, 34 miles S. by W. of Calcutta. Cul'peper, a county in the N.E. part of Virginia, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the North Fork of the Rappahannock River, and on the S. by the Rapidan River. The surface is agreeably diversified with hills, valleys, and forests; the soil produces Indian corn, wheat, oats, Ac. This county is intersected by the Washington City, Virginia Midland & Great South- ern Railroad. Capital, Culpeper. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,403,046. Pop. in 1870, 12,227, of whom 12,136 were Americans. Culpeper, a hamlet of Cannon co., Tenn., 15 miles E. of Murfreesborough. It has a church. Culpeper, or Fairfax, a post-village, capital of Cul- peper CO., Va., on the Washington City & Virginia Midland Railroad, 62 miles W.S.W. of Washington. It has 5 churches, an iron-foundry, a tannery, and several mills for flour, plas- ter, Cincinnati Railroad, 20 miles W. by S. from Marietta. It has a church. Cutler's Corners, Michigan. See North Adams. Cutler Station, a post-hatulet of Perry co., III., on the Chester k Tamaroa Railroad, 21 miles E.N. E. of Ches- ter. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Cut Oflf, a post-office of St. Francis co., Ark. Cut Off, a post-office of Walton co., Ga. Cut Off, a station on the Milwaukee & St. Paul Rail- road, 1 mile from Milwaukee, Wis. Cut Shin, a post-hamlet of Perry co., Ky., 70 miles E. of Livingston. Cuttack',Cattack',orKatak' (anc. CatacVk^tW, "a royal residence"), a town of India, capital of the dis- ti-iet of Cuttack and of the province of Orissa. on the Maha- nuddy, at the head of its delta, 220 miles S.W. of Calcutta. A canal extends hence to False Point. It has a high school, college, law-school, and lunatic asylum. Its filigree-work in gold and silver is famous. Pop. in 1872, 50,878. Cuttack, a district of Orissa, British India, bounded E. by the Bay of Bengal. Lat. 20°-21° 10' N. ; Ion. 85° 36'-S7° 5' E. Area, 317S square miles. The Mahanuddy delta and other const-portions are very flat. Capital, Cut- tack. Pop. 1.404,781. Cuttack' Mehals', or the Tributary States of Orissa, a group of 20 small native states in the western part of Orissa, British India. United area, 16.218 square miles. Their names are Ungool, Athgurh, Athmullik, Bankee, Baramba, Boad, the Khond-Mals, Duspulla. Dhcn- kanal, Hindole, Keunjhar, Khundpara, Mohurbhunj, Nur- CFT 577 CYM sinhpoor, Nayagurh, Nilgiri, Pal Lahara, Runpoor, Talcher, and Tigaria. They are inhabited principally by hill-men of various tribes. Pop. in 1S72, 1,283,309. Cut'terah, a village of British India, 30 miles S.E. of Bareilly. Cut'ting HoI'low, a hamlet of Windham co., Vt., in Guilford township, 10 miles S.W. of Brattleborough. It has a chnrch. Here is Green River Post-Office. Cut'tingsville, a post-village of Rutland co., Vt., in Shrewsbury township, on the Central Vermont Railroad, 9 miles S.S.E. of Rutland. It has a church, a lumber-mill, a tannery, and a carriage-shop. Cutt'ub, or Kut'ab, a small town of British India, 13 miles S. of Delhi, with many tombs of Mogul emperors, and the Guttub-Minar, an edifice 242 feet in height, erected early in the thirteenth century. Cut'tup, or Kut'tup, a town of Africa, state and 75 miles N. by W. of Jacoba. Lat. 9° 45' N.; Ion. 10° 15' E. Cut'tyhunk^ Island, the most southwestern of the Elizabeth Islands, at the entrance of Buzzard's Bay, Massa- chusetts. At its S.W. end is a fixed light, lat. 41° 24' 35" N., Ion. 70° 56.7' W. Cut'wa (native, Katioa, kut'wa, and Kangtoya, kung- to'ya), a town of Bengal, district and 30 miles N.N.E. of Burdwan, on the Upper Hoogly. It has a ferry, a dispensary, a native bank, and a large trade, and is a place of pilgrim- age. Pop. 7963. CuWier', a township of St, Charles co,, Mo. Pop. 3174. Cuvo, koo'vo, a river of Western Africa, in Lower Guinea, Benguela, enters the Atlantic 120 miles S. of the Coanza, after a course estimated at 400 miles. Cuxhaven, or Kuxhafen, ktix-h^/v^n, or koox-hS,'- f§n, a seaport of Germany, 58 miles W.N.W. of Hamburg, to which it belongs, on the AV. bank of the Elbe, at its mouth, in the district of Ritzebuttel, in lat. 53° 53' N., Ion. 8° 44' E. It is a railway terminus and a harbor of refuge, and has a new artificial port. Pop., with Ritzebiittel, 4102. Cuyalia, or Cuiaba, koo-y^-b^', a river of Brazil, rises in the district of Diamantina, in lat. 13° 12' S. It flows circuitously, and joins the Porrudos, or Sao Louren^o, on its right bank. Above the town of Cuyabi it is navi- gable for canoes, but is much broken by rapids, and even for 60 miles below the town its course is very iiripetuous. Cuyaba, Cuiaba, or Senhor Bom Jesus de Cuyaba, sen-yor' hb^^ zhi'soos di koo-yS;-by, a city of Brazil, capital of the province of Matto-Grosso, near the above river. Lat. 15° 26' S. ; Ion. 56° W. Its houses are mostly of clay. Chief edifices, the churches of Bom Jesus, Sao do Bozario, and San Antonio. It has an imperial hospital, a lazaretto, a school of philosophy, and a Latin and other schools. Cuyaba supplanted Matto-Grosso as capital of the province in 1820. It is the seat of the- provincial assembly, of the military commandant, and of a bishop. Its com- merce consists chiefly in the exchange of iron implements and other European goods for gold. Pop. 15,000. The rich gold-mines of the district have been worked since 1719. Cuyahoga, ki-a-ho'ga, a northern county of Ohio, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Lake Erie, and intersected by the Cuyahoga and Rocky Rivers, and also drained by the Chagrin River. The surface is nearly level ; the soil is fertile and adapted to pasturage and dairies. The staple products are cheese, butter, hay, Indian corn, oats, and potatoes. Among the forest trees are the beech, elm, hickory, chestnut, oak, and sugar-maple. The most important topographical feature of this county is the deeply excavated channel of the Cuyahoga River. Car- boniferous sandstone underlies the greater part of the sur- face, and iron ore is found here. One of the chief articles of export is Berea Grit, a sandstone which is a good ma- terial for building and for grindstones. The value of the annual product of these quarries is given as about $400,000. This county is intersected by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad, and other lines, which are noticed under Cleveland, the capital. Valuation of real and personal estate, $106,575,000. Pop. in 1870, 132,010, of whom 81,314 were Americans. Cuyahoga Falls, a post-village of Summit co., 0., is finely situated on the Cuyahoga River, on the Cleveland, Mount Vernon & Columbus Railroad, 6 miles N.E. of Akron. 34 miles S.S.E. of Cleveland, and 137 miles N.E. of Colum- bus. It has 3 churches, a national bank, 2 flouring-mills, 2 saw-mills, a tannery, 2 potteries, a rolling-mill, a paper- mill, 2 machine-shops, a union school-house which cost $40,000, and manufactures of bagging, wire, tiles, sash, &c. One weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. 1861, Cuyahoga River, Ohio, rises in Geauga co., and runs first nearly southward to Portage co., which it intersects. 37 It flows southwestward, and enters Summit co., in which it falls about 200 feet in the course of 2^ miles, and runs in a narrow gorge 300 feet deep. Below these falls it turns northward, and passes into Cuyahoga co., through which it runs in a N.N.W. direction until it enters Lake Erie at Cleveland. It is nearly 100 miles long, but its mouth is not much more than 30 miles (direct) from its source. Cuyler, ki'ler, a post-hamlet of Cortland co., N.Y., in Cuyler township, on the East Branch of the Tioghnioga River, and on the New York & Oswego Midland Railroad, about 26 miles S.S.E. of Syracuse. It has a church. Pop. 90; of the township, 1253. Cuylerville, ki'ler-vxl, a post-village of Livingston CO., N.Y., on the Genesee River, and on the Dansville & Mount Morris Branch of the Erie Railroad, about 30 miles S.S.W. of Rochester, and 2 miles S.W. of Geneseo. It has a church and a distillery. Cuyos (koo'yoce) Islands, a group of small islands of the Pliilippines, between Palawan and Panay. The largest of them. Great Cuyo, is in lat. 10° 52' N., Ion. 121° 15' E., is defended by a fort, and has a small port on the N.W. side. Pop. of town of Cuyo, 7540. Cuyuni, Cuyuny, koo-yoo'nee, or Cuyuwini, koo- yoo-wee'nee, a river of British Guiana, tributary to the Essequibo, which it joins from the W. in lat. 6° 26' N., Ion. 58° 43' W., after receiving the Massaroony. Cuzco, koos'ko, a city of Peru, capital of a department, and formerly capital of the Inoas, 200 miles (by railway 462 miles) N. of Arequipa, and 11,380 feet above the sea. Lat. 13° 30' 55" S. ; ion. 72° 4' 10" W. It has manufac- tures of cotton and woollen stuffs, leather, embroidery, &c. Its cathedral and Augustine convent are among the finest edifices in South America; and here are a mint, hospitals, collegiate schools, and a university. It is a bishop's see. Its Dominican convent occupies the site of a famous Peru- vian temple of the sun, and many massive specimens of ancient Peruvian architecture are extant in and around the city. On its N. side are remains of a vast fortress of a Cyclopean kind, and traces remain of a magnificent road extending thence to Lima, 350 miles distant. Cuzco is the most ancient of the Peruvian cities, being founded, according to tradition, in 1043, by Manco Capac, the first Inea of Peru, In 1534 it was taken by Pizarro, who was surprised at the grandeur and magnificence it exhibited. Its streets were then large, wide, and straight, and its churches, palaces, and temples, the latter including the famous Temple of the Sun, were richly adorned with ornaments of gold and silver. While still in possession of Pizarro, it was besieged by the Peruvians and a great part of it destroyed. Pop. about 50,000. Cuzco, a department of Southern Peru, mostly between lat. 13° and 15° S.and Ion. 70° and 73° W., having W.and S. the departments of Ayacucho and Puno. Area, 95,547 square miles. Pop. in 1876, 238,455. Its chief towns are Cuzco and Urubiimba. Cwmdare, koom'dair, a hamlet of Wales, co. of Gla- morgan, 4 miles S.E. of Merthyr-Tydvil. In its vicinity is a cascade, the bed of which emits an inflammable gas. Cwradu, koom'dee, a town of Wales, co. of Glamorgan, 7 miles N.N.W. of Bridgend. Pop. 5S36. Cwmrheidol, koom-ri'dol, a township of Wales, co, of Cardigan, 10 miles E, of Aberystwith. Pop. 1470. Cyclades, sik'la-dez (so called because arranged in a kind of circle [cyclos] around the isle of Delos), a group of twelve Greek islands in the iEgean, so named by the ancients. They are Delos, Syra, Andro, Tino, Myconus, Naxos, Paros, Antiparos, Siphanto, Serpho, Thermia, and Zea, with several islets. But the present nome of the Cyc- lades includes not only the above, but also some of the Sporades, such as Milo, Santorini, Argentiera, Policandro, Sikino, Nio, Amorgos, and Anaphe, with many islets. Cap- ital, Syra. Pop. 123,299. Cyclone, si'klon, a post-ofiice of Polk co.. Neb., 18 miles S.W. of Columbus. Cydnus, sid'nus (Gr. KuSi'os; Turk. Tersooa Chai, i.e., "River of Tarsus"), a river of Asia Minor, in Cilicia ( Adana), of great historic fame. It was anciently navigable to Tarsus, but its mouth is now crossed by an impassable bar. Cydonia, or Cj'donis, ancient names of Khania. Cydweli, a town of Wales. See Kidwelly. Cylle'ne (Gr. KuAA^i-tj ,- modern Gr. Zyria), a celebrated mountain of Greece, at the N.E. angle of Arcadia. Cy'lon, a post-hamlet of St. Croix co., Wis., on Willow River, in Cylon township, about 28 miles N.E. of Hudson. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 447. Cyme, the ancient name of Sandarlee. Cymry, the Welsh name of Wales. CYN 578 CYR Cynadrowy, a town of Bohemia. See Kralowitz. Cynsetha, the ancient name of Kalavrita. Cynell-Mawv, kin'ell-mowr, a township of Wales, co, of Cardigan, 6 miles N.E. of Aberystwith. Pop. 585. Cynthiana, sin-the-ah'na, a post-village of Posey co., Ind., in Smith township, 18 miles N.N.W. of Evansville. It has 3 or 4 churches, a flour-mill, and several stores. Cynthiana, Indiana, the same as Blue Ridge. Cynthiana, a post-village, capital of Harrison co., Ky., on the South Fork of the Licking River, and on the Ken- tucky Central Railroad, 33 miles N.N.E. of Lexington, and 66 miles S. by E. from Cincinnati. It contains 6 churches, a court-house, a national bank, a carriage-shop, a cigar- factory, Smith's Institute, and printing-offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers. Pop. about 2200. Cynthiana, a post-hamlet of Pike co., 0., about 24 miles W.S.W. of Chillicothe. It has 2 churches. Cynthiana, a township of Shelby eo., 0. Pop. 1597. It contains Houston, Centre Point, and Newport. Cynthiana, a post-office of Jefferson co., Tenn. Cypern, the German for Cyprus. Cypre Mort, seep'r moR, a post-hamlet of St. Mary's parish. La., on Bayou Teche, about 50 miles N.W. of Mor- gan City. It has 3 stores and a barrel-factory. Cy'press, a station on the Little Rock, Pine Bluff &. Texas Railroad, 6 miles from Collins, Ark. Cypress, a township of Harrison co., Mo. Pop. 1230. Cypress, a post-office of Perry co., Tenn. Cypress, a post-office of Kenosha co.. Wis. Cypress Hayou, bi'oo, Arkansas, runs northward through Nevada co., and enters the Little Missouri River. Cypress Creek, Arkansas, runs eastward, forms the boundary between Lonoke and White cos., and enters Des Arc Bayou. Cypress Creek rises in Wayne co., Tenn., runs south- ward through Lauderdale co., Ala., and enters the Tennes- see River at Florence, Cypress Creek, Texas. See Big Cypress. Cypress Creek, a post-office of Johnson co., III. Cypress Creek, a post-office of Bladen co., N.C. Cypress Creek, a township of Duplin co., N.C. Pop. 1024. It contains Chinquepin, Deep Bottom, and Trimble's Mills, The township has o churches and an academy. Cypress Creek, township, Franklin co., N.C. P. 1087. Cypress Creek, a township of Jones co., N.C. P. 641. Cypress Hill, Kings eo., N.Y., is a village or suburb of East New York, on the Brooklyn Central & Jamaica Railroad. It has a church, a manufactory of chemicals, and a cemetery named Cypress Hill, Cypress Inn, a post-office of Wayne co., Tenn. Cypress Junction, a station in Gallatin co., 111., at the junction of the Springfield division of the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railroad with the Shawneetown division of the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 6 miles W. of Shawnee- town. Cypress Mill, a post-office of Blanco co., Tex. Cypress Mine, a station in Muhlenburg co., Ky., on the Louisville *fc Paducah Railroad, 128 miles S.W. of Louisville, in the coal-region of Western Kentucky. Cypress Ridge, a post-hamlet of Monroe co.. Ark., 9^ miles S. of Brinkley Railroad Station. Cypress Top, a post-hamlet of Harris co., Tex., on Cypress Creek, and on the Houston &> Texas Central Rail- road, 26 miles N.W. of Houston. Cyprus, si'prus (Turk. Kibrie, kee'breece^ ; Gr. Ku'n-po?,- Pr. Chyjtre, sheep'r; Ger. Cypern^ tsee'pern ; Ital. Cipro, ohee'pro), an island of Turkey in Asia, in the Mediterranean, near the mouth of the Gulf of Iskanderoon, 44 miles S. of Cape Anamoor, in Anatolia, and 76 miles W. of Latakeea, in Syria; Cape St. Andrea, its N.E. extremity, is in lat. 35° 41' 42" N., Ion. 34° 35' 30" E,, and Baffa, near its S.W. extremity, is in lat. 34° 47' 18" N., Ion. 32° 24' 30" E. It is about 148 miles in length, with a width of about 40 miles ; but its N.E. extremity diminishes greatly, and terminates in a long, narrow peninsula, about 40 miles long, and not over 15 miles broad. The island is occupied by a range of mountains stretching from N.E. toS.W., whose culminating points, Santa Croce (Olympus) and Thrados, are 7000 feet high. On the N.E, side of the island the slopes of these mountains are bold and rugged ; and one of the elevated valleys contains Nicosia, the modern capital of the island. On the S. side the hill-slopes are even bolder, presenting a deeply serrated outline, with thickly-wooded sides, furrowed by deep valleys. The prevailing formation of the mountain- range in its N.E. division is limestone. The S.W. portion of the mountains yields excellent asbestos, also talc, red jasper, copper, gold, and silver. Its copper-mines were once important; and the modern name of that metal is derived from the word Cyprus. Cyprus is deficient in water, its streams being chiefly mountain-torrents, which dry up in summer. The only permanent river of importance is the Pedia (ane. Pedimia), which waters the valley of Nicosia, flows E., and falls into the sea at Famagosta. The climate is in general healthy, except in some points on the S. coast during the heats of summer, much increased by the burning winds from the Arabian and African deserts, which, causing a rapid evap- oration, give rise to a dangerous malaria. The mountains of Cyprus are covered with vast forests of excellent timber, and the island is esteemed the richest and most fertile in the Levant; yet it has few level tracts of country, those around Nicosia, Famagosta, Larnica, Li- masol, and Baffa being the chief. Agriculture, however, is in a backward state. The cultivable surface of the island is estimated at about 2,500,000 acres, of which not much more than 130,000 acres are actually under tillage. Of the vegetable products, cotton, wheat, barley, and tobacco of good quality are grown; madder, after that from Smyrna the best in the Levant, is raised in numerous localities. Silk is produced abundantly, and carobs are extensively grown, but the olive is neglected. Wine is the most noted production of the island, and is of excellent quality. The other vegetable products are sugar, flax, sesamum, poppies, liquorice, and fruits, including the orange, citron, date, fig, pistachio-nuts, caper, &c. Cypress is famed in the East for its fine mules. Many camels are also bred. Manufacturing is carried on to some extent. Salt, in large quantities, is obtained from salines at Limasol and Lar- nica. The Greek females of some of the towns and villages do beautiful embroidery, and make silk net which will stand comparison with the finest lace. The females also weave cotton, woollen, and linen fabrics. Good morocco leather is made at Nicosia. Pottery sufficient for home consumption is manufactured. For ecclesiastical affairs the island is divided into the four dioceses of Nicosia, Larniea, Cerina and Baffa, and Limasol, — the first being administered by an archbishop, appointed by the sultan. The principal ports, as well as the principal towns, are Cerina, Famagosta, Larnica, Limasol, and Baffa. Originally peopled by the Phoenicians, and afterwards colonized by the Greeks, Cyprus was by the latter people dedicated to Venus, whose most celebrated temple was at Paphos, now Baffa. It belonged successively to the Per- sians, the Egyptians, tlie Romans, and the Greeks of the lower empire. It was one of the first places, out of Pales- tine, that received the gospel, and was visited by Paul and Barnabas on their missionary tour. In the time of the Crusades it was taken from the Saracens by Richard I. of England, and given by him to the princes of the Lusignan family, who held it till the year 1570, when it was con- quered by the Turks. Prior to the Russo-Turkish war in 1878, the island formed a pashalic of Turkey, of which the capital was Nicosia. In 1878 it was conveyed by treaty to Great Britain, the sultan retaining the sovereignty of the island, and receiving an annual payment of money in place of its ordinary revenues. Since the discovery of rich and abundant remains of antiquity in this island, increased interest has been taken in its eventful though somewhat obscure history. Its an- tiquities have special importance as illustrating some stages of the early history of sculpture and the kindred arts. Pop. about 130,000, of whom 80,000 are Greeks, 30,000 Turks, and the remainder Roman Catholics, Maronites, and Ar- menians. -Adj. and inhab. Cyprian, sip're-an, Cyp'riot, Cyp'riote, or Cypru'sian. The first should be employed only when ancient Cyprus is referred to. Cyr, seer, a township of Aroostook co.. Me. Pop. 376. Cyrenaica, an ancient name for Bauca. Cyrene, sT-ree'nee (Gr. Kupjji'ij, JCurene), called by the natives Grenne, or Grennali, gr^n'neh, a miserable town of Africa, 550 miles E. of Tripoli, on the plateau of Barca, occupying the place of the ancient Cyrene, 1800 feet above the sea-level. Lat. 32° 50' N. ; Ion. 21° 47' E. Nu- merous interesting remains of antiquity haYe been discov- ered here. Cyrene was the birthplace of Aristippus, Era- tosthenes, and Callimaclius. It was founded in the year 632 B.C. by a colony of Greeks, and became the capital of a district, to which it gave its name, extending from Syrtis Major to the Gulf of Platrea. This country formed a mon- archy which lasted for ISO years. It was nuvdo tributary to Egypt under Ptolemy Soter, and, along with Crete, was ulti- mately formed into a Ronum province. Cyrnos, an ancient name of Corsica. Cyrus, the ancient name of the river KooR. CYR 579 DAD Cy'ruston, a post-office of Lincoln co., Tenn. Cysoing, a village of France. See Cisoing. Cythceum, the supposed ancient name of Sitia. Cythera, the ancient name of Cerigo. Cythnos, the ancient name of Thermia. Cyzicus, siz'e-kfis (Gr. Ku^ikos ; Turkish, Kapoo-Dagh), a peninsula of Asia Minor, on the S.E. coast of the Sea of Marmora, 70 miles S.W. of Constantinople. It has some remains of the great city of Cyzicus, and was in ancient times an island. Czarnawodda, a river of Prussia. See Scbwabz- WASSEU. Czarnikow, or Tscharnikow, chaR'ne-kov*, writ- ten also Czarnikau, char'ne-kow, a town of Prussia, 6.3 miles S.W. of Bromberg, on the Netze. Pop. 4098. It has manufactures of linen fabrics, beer, ifec. Czarnowo, chaR-no'vo, a village of Poland, 80 miles E.N.E. of Plock, on the Orz. It is celebrated for a victory by the French over the Russians, December 23, 1806. Czartorysk, a town of Poland. See Tschartorisk. Czaslau, ohis'low, a town of Bohemia, 45 miles by rail E.S.E. of Prague. It has manufactures of soap, ma- chinery, sugar, etc. Pop. 6312. Czebe, tsi'bjh, or Tscheben, chi'ben, a village of Hungary, co. of Zarant, 18 miles from Deva. Pop. 1400. Czecze, tsSt'sSh, a village of Hungary, on the Sarviz, 9 miles W. of Foldvar. Pop. 3100. Czegled, tsi'gl4d\ a town of Hungary, co. of Pesth, a.t the i unction of several railways, 70 miles S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 22,216. Czempin, or Tschempin, chSm'pin, a town of Prus- sian Poland, 20 miles by rail S.S.W. of Posen. Pop. 1991. Czenstochow, chSns-to'Kov, or Czenstochowa, ch^ns-to-Ko'vi, a town of Poland, province and 50 miles by rail S.W. of Petrikau, with woollen-manufactures, and a fortified convent containing a much-venerated picture of the Virgin. In 1665 a battle was fought here between the King of Poland and Prince Lubomirski. Pop. 14,167. Czeptsa, a river of Russia. See Chept.sa. Czerdyn, a town of Russia. See Cherdyn. Czerekwe, chA-r^k'vi, two small towns of Bohemia, circle and 34 miles E.S.E. of Tabor. Czerikow, a town of Russia. See Cherikov. Czerkasy, a town of Russia. See Cherkasee. Czerna, ts^R'ni, a river of Hungary, falling into the Danube at Orsova, after a course of from 50 to 60 miles from its source in the East Carpathians. Czerniejevo, or CzerniejeAvo, ch^Rn-yi-yi'vo, a town of Prussia, 10 miles S.W. of Gnesen. Pop. 1698. Czernigow, or Czernigov. See Chernigov. Czernowitz, ch^R'no-vits, or Tschernowitz (more correctly, Czernowice, ch^R^no-vit's^h), a town of Austria, capital of Bukowina, on a hill near the Pruth, 146 miles by rail S.E. of Lemberg. It has a Greek ca- thedral, a gymnasium, high schools, manufactures of clocks, silver goods, hardwares, and carriages, and an active trade. It is the seat of a Greek archbishop of metropolitan and patriarchal rank. Pop. 33,884. Czezemicz, a town of Bohemia. See Sezemecz. Czirknicz, a town of Illyria. See Zirknitz. Czortkow, ehoRt'kov, a town of Austrian Galicia, on the Sereth, 105 miles S.E. of Lemberg, with a castle and an important manufacture of tobacco. Pop. 3300. Czyrkassy, a town of Russia. See Cherkask. D. Daanw, a Malay island. See Douw. Daavre, do'vreh, or Dovre, a small village of Nor- way, about 62° N. lat. and 9° 20' E. Ion. It gives name to the Dovrefield Mountains. Daavrefjeld, mountains. See Dovrefield. Dab'bling, a village of Thibet, on the Sutlej, 920 feet above the level of the sea ; lat. 31° 45' N., Ion. 78° 37' E. Daber, di'b^r, a fortified town of Prussia, government of Stettin, 18 miles N.N.E. of Stargard. Pop. 2158. Dab'ney, a post-ofRce of Pulaski co., Ky. Dab'ney's, a post-hamlet of Louisa co., Va., 15 miles from Bumpass Station. It has a printing-office and a store. Dabo, di'bo' (Ger. Dagsburg, dics'booRG), a vill.age of Alsace-Lorraine, 11 miles S. of Pfalzburg. Pop. of com- mune, 2635. Dabringhausen, di'bring-how^z^n, a village of Rhe- nish Prussia, government of Dusseldorf, 8 miles S.E. of Lennep. Pop. 3024. Dabul, di'bool', called also Dapool'ee, or Dapuli, di-poo'lee, a town of British India, district of Rutnagherry, 85 miles S.S.E. of Bombay. Daburath, the ancient name of Deburieh. Daca'da, a post-village of Sheboygan co., Wis., about 40 miles N. of Milwaukee. Dac'ca, or Dhaka, di'kS,, a division or commission- ership of Bengal, in the Lower Ganges valley, and comprising the districts of Dacca, Mymunsingh, Backergunge, Fureed- poor, and Tiperah. Area, 18,276 square miles. Capital, Dacca. Pop. 9,126,863. Dacca, a district of Bengal, lat. 24° 20'-23° 6' 30" E., Ion. 89° 48'-91° 1' E. It is mostly a flat alluvial plain, bounded W. and S.W. by the main Ganges and E. by the Megna, and traversed by many navigable channels. Area, 2902 square miles. Capital, Dacca. Pop. 1,852,993. Dacca, or Dhaka, a city of Bengal, capital of the Dacca division and district, is on the Boorigunga River, 155 miles N.E. of Calcutta. Lat. 23° 43' N. ; Ion. 90° 26' E. It was formerly a great city, famous for its trade and magnificence and for its beautiful muslins, but it has rap- idly declined of late. It is the seat of a government college, of the Mitford Hospital, and of a lunatic asylum. It has a large jute-trade. Pop. in 1800, 200,000; in 1872, 69,212. Dacca-Jelalpoor, India. See Pureedpoor. Dachau, di'Kow, a market town of Upper Bavaria, on the Ammer, 10 miles by rail N.N.W. of Munich. Pop. 2166. Dacheet River, Arkansas. See Dorcheat Bavou. Dachstein, diK'stine (Fr. pron. dik'stSn'), a town of Alsace, 10 miles W.S.W. of Strasburg. Pop. 579. Dacia, di'she-a, a former country of Europe, bounded on the N. by the Carpathian Mountains, on the E. by the Dniester and the Black Sea, on the S. by the Danube, and on the W. by the Theiss. It comprised what is now the eastern part of Hungary, Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallaehia. Adj. and inhab. Dacian, di'she-an. Dacosta, New Jersey. See Decosta. Dacota. See Dakota. D'Acqs, a town of France. See Dax. Dacre, di'ker, a parish of England, co. of Cumberland, 4i miles W.S.W. of Penrith. It has an ancient church built out of the ruins of a monastery, and a castle, the an- cient seat of the Barons of Acre, whose ancestor's exploits as a crusader at Acre, in Palestine, obtained this name for the family. Pop. 936. Da'cusville, a post-township of Pickens co., S.C., 15 miles N.W. of Greenville. Pop. of township, 1356. Daczicze, a town of Moravia. See Datschitz. Dadarah, di-di'ri, a large village of Sinde, on the Indus, 34 miles S.W. of Larkhana. Dad'dy'.s Creek, Tennessee, runs westward in Cum- berland CO., and enters the Caney Fork of the Cumberland. Daddy's Creek, a post-ofiice of Cumberland co., Tenn. Dade, the most southern county of the mainland of Florida, is bounded on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean. The surface is level and low ; the soil is mostly marshy and un- cultivated. This county comprises the Everglades, a large expanse of shallow water which encloses a vast multitude of small islands. The palmetto and pine are here indigenous, and the orange grows luxuriantly. Capital, Miami. Pop. in 1870, 85, of whom 72 were natives and 13 were foreigners. Dade, a county forming the N.W. extremity of Georgia, has an area of about 175 square miles. It is drained by Lookout Creek. The surface is diversified by high ridges called Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, between which is Lookout Valley. It abounds in picturesque scenery. This county is intersected by the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad. Wheat and Indian corn are the staple products. Capital, Trenton. Iron ore and coal are DAD found here. Valuation of real and personal estate, 5792,922. Pop. in 1S70, 3033, of whom 3016 were Americans. Dade, a county in the S.W. part of Missouri, hag an area of about 485 square miles. It is traversed by Sac (or Big Sac) River, and also drained by several small affluents of the same. The surface is undulating, and extensively covered with forests of the ash, elm, hickory, oak, black walnut, &e. ; the soil is mostly fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and pork are the staple products. Coal and copper are found here. Capital, Greenfield. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 8683, of whom 8598 were natives and 85 were foreigners. Dadeville, dad'vil, a post-village, capital of Talla- poosa CO., Ala., on the Savannah & Memphis Railroad, 30 miles N.W. of Opelika, and about 50 miles E.N.E. of Mont- gomery. It has 4 churches and a female institute. A weekly newspaper is published here. Dadeville, a post-village of Dade co., Mo., on the Big Sac River, 30 miles W.N.W. of Springfield, It has 3 churches and a high school. Pop. about 300. Dadi, di'dee, a village of Greece, 24 miles N.W. of Li- vadia. It faces the plain of the Cephissus, and is built on terraces in the form of an amphitheatre. Dadree, da,'dree\ a town of India, 56 miles S.W. of Delhi. Dadur,dS,'dur, atown of Beloochistan, province of Cutch Gundava, 5 miles E. of the Bolan Pass. Pop. 3000. Dadvola, did-vo'ld, a village of Sinde, 40 miles S.W. of Subzulcote. in a populous and well-cultivated country. Lat. 28° 2' N. ; Ion. 69° 8' E. Daeny, d3,'e-nee\ or Danie, di'nee, an island in the Persian Gulf, on the Great Pearl Bank. Lat. 24° 57' N.j Ion. 52° 25' E. Daet, dS,-§t', a town of Luzon, Philippine Islands, in a district of its own name, and capital of the province of North Camarines, 140 miles S.E. of Manila. Pop. 7702, Dafar, a city of Arabia. See Dhofar. Da^ana, dS,-gS-'ni, a town of Africa, Senegambia, on the Senegal. Lat. 16° 28' N.j Ion. 15° 30' W. It is a flourishing place, containing a French fortified trading- station. Pop. 2380. Dagden, an island in the Baltic. See Dagoe. Dagelet, d^'zheh-li', an island in the Sea of Japan, about midway between Japan and Corea, 8 miles in circum- ference. Lat. 37° N.; Ion. 131° E. Dag'ger Springs, a post-ofiEice and watering-place of Botetourt co., Va., 10 miles S. of Clifton Forge Station. Dag'gett's Mills, a post-office of Tioga co., Pa, Daghestan, dS.^ghis-t^n' ("mountain-land"), a gov- ernment of Russia, in the Caucasus, having the crest of the Caucasus for its S.W, limit, and bounded E. by the Caspian. Area, 11,521 square miles. It is a rugged and hilly region, having in parts a frosty climate. Capital, Derbend. Pop. 481,624. According to some writers, Darhestan" is the "country of the [ancient] DaJtse," a Scythian people who dwelt S. and E. of the Caspian Sea. It is, however, not impossible that they derived their name from the moun- tainous district originally inhabited by them. Adj. and inhab. Daghestanee, d^^ghis-tS'nee. Dagil, a town of India. See Dajel. Dagmara Piprahi, diLg-m^-r^' pee-pr^'hee, a town of Bengal, district and 80 miles N. of Boglipoor, on the Nepaul frontier. Pop. 5395. Dagmersellen, dilg'mer-sfiri?n, or Dammersel- len, dS,m^mer-s^l'len, a village of Switzerland, canton and 18 miles by rail N.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 1893. Dagoe, di'go'eh, Dago, da'go, or Dagden, ddg'- den, an island of Russia, in Esthonia. in the Baltic Sea, near the entrance of the Gulf of Finland, separated from the island of Oesel on the N. by Sele-Sund. Length, nearly 34 miles; breadth, 15 miles. The soil is chiefly sand or chalk, and unfertile. The population amounts to 10,000 (Swedes and Esthonians), employed in fishing and in rear- ing cattle. The coasts are rocky. Dags'borough, a post-hamlet of Sussex co., Del., on the Breakwater & Frankford Railroad, 29 miles S.S.W. of Lewes, and about 50 miles S.S.E. of Dover. It has a church. Pop. about 11)0; of Dagsborough hundred, 2599. DagusVahon'da, a post-hamlet of Elk co.. Pa., on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, at the junction of the Dagusoahonda RaiU-oad, 26 miles W. of Emporium. It has a lumber-mill. Dahab, or Mersa Dahab, m^r'sa. da,-hib' ("golden port"), a port of Arabia, peninsula of Sinai, on the W. coast of the Gulf of Akiibah. Lat. 28° 28' N. ; Ion. 34° 37' E. Daho;, an ancient people. See Daghestan. Dahalac, or Dahalak, island. See Dhalak. 10 DAH Dahhi, dah^hee', a town of Arabia, in Yemen, 50 miles S.E. of Loheia. Dahhra, da,H'ra,, a town of Arabia, 80 miles S.S.W. of Muscat. Dahkaleeyeh, or Dakahliyeh, dS,-ka-lee'yeh, a province of Lower Egypt, traversed by the eastern arm of the Nile. Capital, Mansoorah. Pop. 495,272, Dahlen, di'Ien, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 4 miles S.W. of Miinchen-GIadbach. It has manufactures of silk and linen. Pop. 6030. Dahlen, a town in the kingdom of Saxony, on a rail- way, 27 miles E. of Leipsic. Pop. 2887, Dahlenburg, a town of Germany. See Dalenburg. Dahlgren, diVgr&n, a post-office of Hamilton co.. 111., on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 92 miles E.S.E. of St. Louis, Mo. Dahlgren, a post-ofiice and station of Carver co., Minn., in Dahlgren township, and on the Hastings & Dakota Rail- road, 51 miles W. of Hastings, and 6 miles W. of Chaska. The township is bounded on the S.E. by the Minnesota River. Pop. of township, 1310. Dahlone'ga, a post-village, capital of Lumpkin co., Ga., is situated in a hilly region, about 68 miles N.N.E. of Atlanta. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, and several mills for gold, which is found here. It is the site of the North Georgia Agricultural College, which has about 300 pupils. Pop. 471. Dahlonega, a post-village of Wapello co., Iowa, in Dahlonega township, 4 miles N.E. of Ottumwa. It has 2 churches. Pop. 148; of the township, 589. Dahme, di'meh, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, on the river Dahme, 14 miles S. of Berlin. It has several mills and factories. Pop. 4900. Dahmer, a town of Nubia. See Ed-Damer. Dahn, dan, a town of Bavaria, in the Palatinate, on the Lauter, 20 miles S. of Kaiserslautern. Pop. 1390. Daho'ga, a station on the Philadelphia & Erie Rail- road, 6 miles S.E. of Kane, Pa. Dahomey, or Dahomay, d3--ho'mi or di-ho'me, often pronounced, though less correctly, da.h^ho-mi', a king- dom of Western Africa, on the coast of Guinea, with bound- aries liable to extension or abridgment with the power or weakness of its sovereign. At present it appears to occupy the space between 6° 15' and 7° 30' N. lat. and 1° 30' and 2° 30' E. Ion. Area, about 14,300 square miles. The coast-line is only 35 miles in length ; and nearly the whole coast region is composed of islands and swamps, separated by lagoons and channels, affording extensive navigation. The country appears to be in general fertile, and is well cultivated, especially in the neighborhood of the towns and villages. On the coast, particularly in the neighborhood of Whydah, the principal port of the kingdom, there are many farms in a high state of cultivation, the houses clean and comfortable, and the scenery singularly beautiful; but the country is now far less prosperous than it was formerly. The chief crops raised here are Indian corn, yams, and the manioc-root, which forms a principal article of food. Other products are palm oil, shea butter, and cotton. Dahomey, though generally level or but slightly and gradually rising from the coast, has several mountain- ranges and hilly tracts, formed, it is believed, by offsets of the Kong Mountains, Most of these mountains rise abruptly from the plain, and are very steep. Some of them consist of immense blocks of granite. Although springs and rivulets are numerous, and the country, on the whole, is well watered, there are no rivers of magnitude. Forest trees attain magnificent dimensions, and are interspersed with fruit trees of various kinds, in- cluding the tamarind, yellow fig, cashew, kolla, and cocoa- nut. Green grapes, the cocoa-tree, and palms of various kinds abound on the coast. The rocks and trees are fes- tooned with beautiful parasitical plants. The wild animals of Dahomey are of the same kind as those met with throughout Western Africa, — lions, hyenas, panthers, deer, monkeys, elephants. Alligators and hip- popotami are numerous. Serpents of enormous size are mot with in the interior, and insects in great variety abound. Birds of beautiful plumage are found in great numbers. The Dahomans are all pagans, and their worship Fetish. The sovereign power is absolute, extending to an entire control over the lives and properties of the people, who in- vest their king with the attributes of deity, believing him to bo superior to all human wants and infirmities. The possession of this extraordinary power and influence by a barbarous prince, combined with the gross ignorance and superstition of his people, has led to the perpetration of the most fearful atrocities, wholesale murders forming the DAI principal and most acceptable part of all state and religious ceremonies. Many hundreds of people are sacrificed at the Customs, as such celebrations are called, and all guiltless of any offence. One of the most extraordinary manifes- tations of barbarian spirit and sentiment in this country is exhibited in the king's female army, consisting of women, formed in regiments, and armed with muskets, short swords, and clubs. Pop. estimated at 200,000, of whom not more than 20,000 are free. — Adj, and inhab. Dahoman, di-ho'- i)ailey, da'lee, a post-hamlet of Cass co., Michigan, on the Michigan Central (Air-Line) Railroad, 7 miles W. of Cassopolis. It has a grist-mill and a saw-miil. It was for- merly called Howard. Dailey, a station in Osage co., Mo., on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 107 miles W. of St. Louis. Daileyville, da'le-vil, a post-office of Karnes co., Tex. Daillebout, di^y^-boo', or Sainte M^lanie, s^Nt miM^^nee', a flourishing post- village in Joliette co., Quebec, 10 miles N. of Joliette, and 46 miles N. by E. of Montreal. It has excellent water-power, and several hotels, stores, and mills. Pop. 500. Dail'ly, a village of Scotland, co. of Ayr, on the Girvan River, 6 miles E.N.E. of Girvan. Pop. 554. Dailsville, dalz'vil, a post-office of Dorchester co., Md. Daily (da'lee) Branch, a post-office of Dixon co., Neb. Daiman, dI-raS,n', or Arangua, d-r4n'gwJL, a river of South America, in Uruguay, is an affluent of the Uru- guay, rising in a mountainous district in the centre of the state, its whole course being about 110 miles. Daimiel, di-me-§l', a modern town of Spain, province and 25 miles by rail E.N.E. of Ciudad Real. There are several salt-marshes in its vicinity. It has manufactures of woollens and linens, and is one of the richest and most important places in La Mancha. Pop. 12,452. r>aina, di'n^, a village of Syria, pashalic and 20 miles W. of Aleppo. Here are ruins supposed to be those of the ancient Imma, and near it the convent and ruined pillar of St. Simeon Stylites. Dain^erfield, Texas. See Dangerfield. Daiiihat, or Dain Hat, din hS,t, a town of the Burd- wan district, Bengal, on the Hoogly, 5 miles below Cutwa. It has brass-works and a large trade. Pop. 7567. l>ai Nippon, a Japanese name for Japan. Dair, an Arabic prefix. See Deir. Dair«el-Kamer, Syria. See Deir-el-Kamer. Dairy, da'ree, a hamlet of Washington co., Iowa, about 24 miles S. of Iowa City. Dairy Land, a post-hamlet of Ulster co., N.Y., in Wawarsing township, about 12 miles N.E. of Monticello. Dajel, or Dagil, d^'j^l, a town of India, district and 40 miles S.S.W. of Dera Ghazee Khan. Pop. 5693. Dakar, di^kau', a town of Africa, in the French colony of Senegal, on the extreme point of Cape Verd, li miles N. of Goree. It is the seat of a bishop, and has an extensive Roman Catholic mission establishment. Pop. 3417. Dakbel, an oasis of Africa. See El-Dakhel. DakhUnes'Avar, or Dakh^inshor', a village of Ben- gal, 5 miles N. of Calcutta, on the E. bank of the Hoogly. It contains some English country-houses, a powder-maga- zine, and 12 beautiful temples to Siva. DakMieh (anc. Psel'cis), a village of Nubia, on the left bank of the Nile, 40 miles N.E. of Derr, with a temple of the Ptolemaic era. Opposite to it, E. of the Nile, are re- mains of the ancient Metacompso. Dako'ta, a territory of the United States, bounded N, by Manitoba, a province of the Dominion of Canada, E. by Minnesota and Iowa, S. by Nebraska, and W. by Wyoming and Montana. Its northern limit is 49° N. lat. ; its eastern boundary is in part the navigable Red River of the North and the Big Stone Lake, and at the S.E. angle the Big Sioux River divides it from lowaj its southern line ascends the rivers Missouri, Niobrara, and Big Turtle to lat. 42° 30' N., which parallel it follows westward to W. Ion. 104° ; and that meridian defines its western limit. Area, 148,932 square miles. It extends 450 miles N. and S., and about 350 miles E. and W. Face of the Country. — The (navigable) Missouri River bisects Dakota, dividing it from N.W. to S.E. into two por- tions, of which that on the N.E. is somewhat the larger. By far the largest portion of Dakota is drained by the Missouri and its tributaries ; but considerable areas in the E. and N. belong to the Nelson River Valley, and send their waters northward through the Red River and the Mouse River into Lake Winnipeg, whence they finally flow into Hudson's Bay. A limited region between the two basins has no outflow to the sea, and contains a large salt lake 581 DAK called Minniwakan, or Devil's Water, with no outlet. The Coteau des Prairies is a long narrow plateau, abounding in parts with little salt lakes without outlets. This tract extends N. and S. along the E. border for 200 miles, and is separated from the very similar but more stony Coteau du Missouri by the narrow valley of the Dakota River. Most of the E, portion is open, dry, and rolling prairie, with many lakes and streams, and numerous dry coulees, or beds of streams where water has ceased to flow. The S.W. contains large areas of Mauvaisee Terres, or Bad Lands, covered with gro- tesquely shaped rocks of cretaceous character, and abound- ing in interesting fossils, but yielding, so far as is known, no product of much value, animal, vegetable, or mineral. N. and W. of this region are the Black Hills, which stretch westward into Wyoming, and have peaks reported to reach the height of 6700 feet above the sea, or 4000 feet above the surrounding plains. Some of the river bottoms and highlands are well timbered ; but this cannot be said of the territory as a whole. The Missouri has many large tribu- taries, especially from the W., but they are not navigable to any extent. Geology. — The Black Hills are mainly composed of rocks of azoic and eozoic age, largely the Potsdam sandstone, sur- rounded by two or more belts, the innermost of palaoozoic character and the outer one Jurassic. Gold and silver are found here, the former in such abundance as to have already attracted many adventurers. Salt and petroleum also occur, and if true coal is ever found in the territory it will proba- bly be in this region. Considerably more than half the surface of Dakota is of cretaceous age, including the whole country E. of the Missouri, except a tract of azoic rocks, including the Sioux quartzite and the pipe-stone, in the valley of the Dakota and on the eastern plateau ; and prob- ably the remarkable salt region of the N. is another ex- ception. The Black Hill country is also surrounded by the cretaceous ; but over a considerable portion in the W. the tertiary formation conceals the cretaceous strata. Most if not all of the coal of this territory is either cretaceous or tertiary lignite, abundant, but probably not of high excel- lence. Chalk of good commercial quality is reported to exist, and good building-stone abounds. The ordinary chalk- stone is considerably used in building, but is readily decom- posed. The Mauvaiscs Terres, before alluded to, are as in- teresting to the student of tertiary fossils as to the tourist, who is struck with amazement at the marvellous forms which the surface of this barren and forbidding region everywhere assumes. Most of the more recent strata of the territory are highly fossiliferous. The soil is of exceedingly various quality. Some portions have been described as utterly bar- ren. This is true chiefly of the Bad Lands, and of some of the higher plateaus which are too hard and dry for the plough. But in general the Missouri River bottoms are exceedingly fertile; and this is also true, though less con- spicuously so, of the bench-lands in the vicinity of streams. The Pembina country in the N.E. is a fine wheat region. But it is probable that the great future wealth of Dakota will consist in flocks and herds, for the abundant support of which this region seems to present every requisite. The grasshoppers, which have destroyed so large a proportion of the vegetation in some seasons, are, it is believed, destined to have the field of their activity greatly limited by the advance of cultivation, and especially by the systematic pasturing of the prairies and waste lands, whence the bison has disappeared only within a few years. There are, how- ever, herds of bisons still ranging in the N. and N.W. Indiana. — The aboriginal inhabitants are Indians, chiefly belonging to the various bands or tribes of the Dakota or Sioux race. Active measures for their civilization and in- struction are going on in various parts of the territory. The climate in the far N. is seve^;e in winter, the cold being even more intense than that of Minnesota; while in the S. the winter weather is comparatively mild : and in all sections the dryness of the air prevents the extreme sense of cold so observable in the winter of New England. The snowfall is nowhere great. The climate is remarkably dry, and but little rain falls in comparison with what is recorded for the Atlantic States ; but the water-supply is well hus- banded in the numerous northern lakes, and for a pastoral region is unquestionably ample. Indian corn, wheat, and other cereals, potatoes, tobacco, &c., thrive finely in the river-intervales of the S. ; and it has been abundantly proved that the prairie lands are also excellent for wheat. The Railroads at present in operation are the Dakota Southern, from Sioux City, Iowa, to Yankton, 60 miles ; the Northern Pacific, from Dulutb, Minn., finished to Bismarck, Dakota, 194 miles in this territory ; and the Winona al-£lf, d3.1-^lf [i.e.y "Dal River"), a river of Sweden, formed by the union of the Oster and Wester Dal, flows suc- cessively S.E. and E., traversing many lakes, and enters the Gulf of Bothnia 10 miles E. of Gefle. Length, about 250 miles. It forms numerous cataracts. Daleiu, di'lijm, a village of the Netherlands, in Gel- derland, within 1 mile of Gorkum. Daleii, dS,'len, a village of the Netherlands, in Drenthe, 2i miles N.E. of Coevorden. Pop. 3691. Dalenburg, or Dahlenburg, dd'l^n-boouG^ a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 15 miles S.E. of Liineburg. Pop. 1041. Dale Enterprise, post-office, Rockingham co., Va. Dalesville, dalz'vil, a post-village in Argenteuil co., Quebec, 53 miles W.N.W. of Montreal. Pop. lUO. Daleszyce, d&,-li-shit'sA,, a town of Russia, govern- ment of Radom, 9 miles S.E. of Kielce. It has a fine church. Near it are iron-mines. Pop. 1530. DaleviUe, dal'vil, a post-village of Dale co., Ala., 42 miles S. by E. of Troy. It has 2 churches, a tannery, a high school, and a carriage-factory. Dateville, a post-village of Delaware co., Ind., on the West Fork of White River, and on the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railroad, 8 miles E.N.E. of An- derson. It has 2 churches and a wagon -factory. Pop. 400. Daleville, a post-village of Lauderdale co., Miss., 12 miles N. of Meridian. It has a church. Daleville, a post-village of Lackawanna co., Pa., near the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, about 14 miles S.E. of Scranton. Daleville, a post-hamlet of Botetourt co., Va., 7 miles N. of Bonsacks. It has a church and a flour-mill. Da'iey's Grove, a post-oflice and orange grove in St. John's CO., Fla., on a peninsula formed by the Matanzas River and the Atlantic Ocean, 25 miles by water S. of St. Augustine. Da'leyville, a post-office of Pike co., 0. Dalfsen, dilf'sen, a village of the Netherlands, in Overyssel, on the Vecht, 7 miles by rail E. of ZwoUe. Pop. 5351. Dalgety, dal-gh5t'ee, a parish of Scotland, co. of Fife, on the Firth of Forth, 2 miles N.E. of Inverkeithing. Coal and salt are exported from its harbor. Dalginross, dal'ghin-ross^ a village of Scotland, 22 miles W. of Perth, and near Comrie. Dalhousie, dal-hoo'zee, a village of Scotland, co. and S miles by rail S.E. of Edinburgh. Dalhousie, dal-hoo'zee, a port of entry, capital of Res- tigouche CO., New Brunswick, on the Restigouche River, at its entrance into the Bay of Chaleurs, 284 miles N. of St. John, and 126 miles S.E. of St. Flavie, on the St. Law- rence. In front of the town is a well -sheltered cove, with good holding-ground for ships in 9 fathoms water. Fine wharves and timber-ponds have been constructed here, affording convenience for loading the largest ships. A large trade is done in Dalhousie in preserved salmon and lobsters. It has several churches and stores. The Inter- colonial Railway passes 4 miles back of the town. P. 600. Dalhousie Kast, a post-village in Kings co., Nova Scotia, 26 miles from Kentville. It contains a church, a hotel, and saw- and grist-mills. Pop. 218. Dalhousie Mills, a post-village in Glengarry co., On- tario, on Delisle River, 14 miles W.N.W, of Coteau Station, It contains 2 stores and 2 saw- and grist-mills. Pop. 150. Dalias, dk'\e-^s, a town of Spain, province and 20 miles W.S.W. of Almeria, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 9419. Dalibaire, d^Mee'bir', or Mechin^ m§h-shS,N°', a post- village in Rimouski co., Quebec, on the river St. Lawrence, 127 miles N.E. of Riviere du Loup en haa. Pop. 400. DaPinto'ber, a village of Scotland, co. of Argyle, about 1 mile N.W. of Campbeltown. Dalja, a town of Slavonia. See Dallya, Dalkeith, dal-keeth', a town of Scotland, co. and 6^ miles by rail S.E. of Edinburgh, between the North and South Esk Rivers. The town is well built, paved, and lighted. It has a parish church, several chapels, a classical school, scientific institution, banks, market-houses, numer- ous good shops and residences, and one of the largest corn- markets in Scotland. In and around it are corn-milis, breweries, foundries, brick-yards, tanneries, and coal-works. In its vicinity is Dalkeith Palace, the seat of the Duke of Buccleuch. Pop. 6386. Dalkeith, or Robertson's Mills, a post-village in Glengarry co., Ontario, 2S miles N. of Lancaster. Pop. 100. Dalkey, d^I'kee, a village of Ireland, co. and 8 miles by rail S.E. of Dublin, on the Irish Sea, immediately out- side of Dublin Bay. The village was a seaport town of some consequence in the seventeenth century. It has quarries of fine granite. Dalkey Island and battery are separated from the mainland by a narrow sound. Pop. 2584. Dalkissore, or Dhalkisor, d^t'kis-sor% called also Dwa^rakes'war and Roopna'rayan% a river of British India, rises in the Manbhoom district, Bengal, about lat. 23° 30' N., Ion. 86° 34' E., and, after a S.E. course of 170 miles, enters the Hoogly opposite Diamond harbor. It is serviceable for navigation, Dalla, diria,, a town of Burmah, province of Pegu, on a river of the same name, 50 miles S.W. of Rangoon. Dal'lam, the northwesternmost county of the Pan- handle of Texas, bounded N. by the Indian Territory, and W, by New Mexico. Area, 1410 square miles. Dal'lain's Creek, a post-ofiice of Logan co., Ky. Dal'lardsville, a post-office of Polk co., Tex. Dal'ias, a county in the S.W. central part of Alabama, has an area of about 91)0 square miles. It is intersected by the Alabama River, and partly drained by the Cahawba River, both of which are navigable. The surface is undu- lating or uneven, and is extensively covered with forests; the soil is very fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and sweet po- tatoes are the staple products. This county produced in 1870 24,819 bales of cotton. It is intersected by the Ala- bama Central Railroad, and partly traversed by the Selma, Rome k Dalton and the Selma & Gulf Railroad. Capital, Selma. Valuation of real and personal estate, 812,722,277. Pop. in 1870, 40,705, of whom 40,266 were Americans. Dallas, a county in the S.W. central part of Arkansas, has an area of about 850 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Saline River, and on the W, by the Oua- chita River. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests of hickory, white oak, yellow pine, ash, beech, &q. ; the soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. The Cairo & Fulton Railroad traverses the N.W. part of this county. Capital, Princeton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,117,145. Pop. in 1870, 5707, of whom 5698 were Americans. Dallas, a county in the S.W. central part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Rac- coon River, and also drained by the Middle Coon and Des Moines Rivers, the last of which traverses the N.E. part of the county. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and groves; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, pork, and hay are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Des Moines & Fort Dodge Railroad and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Rail- road. Capital, Adel. Valuation of real and personal estate, §9,253,045. Pop. in 1870, 12,019, of whom 11,139 were Americans; in 1875, 14,386. Dallas, a county in the S.W. central part of Missouri, has an area of about 530 square miles. It is intersected by the Niangua River, and partly drained by the Little Ni- angua. The surface is diversified with undulating prairies and low ridges or hills. A large portion of it is covered with forests of ash, elm, oak, hickory, black walnut, ainas'cus, a mining camp or hamlet of Placer co., Cal., 18 miles from Colfax. It has a church. Damascus, a post-village of Early co., Ga., 10 miles S. of Arlington, and about 45 miles S.W. of Albany. It has a church. Damascus, a post-office of Stephenson eo,. 111. Damascus, a post-village of Montgomery co., Md., about 35 miles W, of Baltimore. It has a church and a wagon-shop. Damascus, a post-hamlet of Scott co., Miss., 16 miles N.N.E. of Forest Station. It has a church. Damascus, Columbiana co., 0. See Damascoville. Damascus, a township of Henry co., 0., traversed by the Mauraee River. Pop. 1179. Damascus, Mahoning co., 0. See Garfield. Damascus, a post-office of Clackamas co., Oregon. Damascus, a post-village of Wayne co.. Pa., in Da- mascus township, on the Delaware River, and near the Erie Railroad, is 130 miles from New York, and about 15 miles N.E. of Honesdale. A bridge across the river connects it with Cochecton, N.Y. It has 3 churches, an academy, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. I'op. of the township, 2823. Damascus, a post-office of Spartanburg co., S.C., is at Cherokee Springs, S miles N. of Spai'tanburg. Damaun, da-maun' (Port. Daman, or Bamao, dd- mSwNo'), a town of India, belonging to Portugal since 1558. It is on the river Damaunganga, near the sea. Lat. 20° 24' N. ; Ion. 72° 53' E. It is the capital of the Portuguese colony of Daman, which has an area of 30 square miles and a p<.[t. of 38,485. Dnmaun, or Daman, a former district of India, now included in Derajat,. 56 DAM Damazan, dS.^ma.^zfiNo', a town of France, in Lot-et- Garonne, 13 miles N.N.W. of Nerao. Pop. 1871. Dambach, dim^bik', a town of Alsace, 4 miles N. of Schiettstadt. Pop. 3226. Near it are mines of iron and Dambakaneh, dam-bS,-k^'neh, a villnge of Africa, on the Senegal, Lat. 15° 8' N. ; Ion." 13° 30' W. Dambea, a lake of Abyssinia. See Dembea. Dam^bool', or Dambo'lo, a village of Ceylon, 45 miles N.W. of Kandy, and 70 miles N.E. of Colombo. It receives its name from a large mass of rock, situated about a mile from the village, and named Damboollagalla, which rises about 550 feet high, and on the S. side of which, about TOO feet from the summit, are five remarkable cave-temples devoted to Booddha. In one is a long and interesting in- scription throwing considerable light on the state of the government of Ceylon in the twelfth century. These caves, a hundred years before the Christian era, served as a place of refuge from the invading Malabars, to the Ceylonese monarch, who, in gratitude for the protection thus re- ceived, ordered them to be enlarged, placed in them images of Booddha, appointed priests to take charge of them, and dedicated certain lands for their support. Notwithstanding all the changes that have taken place since that period, the priests of Booddha still oflliciate at the temples. Damborschitz, dS,m'bor-shits\ or Damboritz, dS,m'bo-rits\ a town of Moravia, 17 miles S.E. of Briinn. Pop. 2150. Damer, a town of Nubia. See Ed-Damer, Damery, d^^meh-ree', a town of France, in Marne, 4 miles W.N.W. of Epernay. Pop. 1750. Damesk, an ancient name of Damascus. Dame's Quarter, a post-village of Somerset co., Md., near Tangier Sound, about 16 miles N. of Crisfield. It has 3 stores. Damgarten, d&m^gaR'ten, a town of Prussia, in Pome- rania, 25 miles W. of Stralsund. Pop. 1826. Damghan, d^m^gin', a ruined town of Persia, in Khorassan, 50 miles S. of Astrabad. Da'miansville, a post-hamlet of Clinton co., III., about 22 miles E. of Belleville. Damietta, dam-e-et'ta (Arab. Damiat, d^-me-3,t', or Dinujat',- anc. Tamia'tlns), a town of Egypt, on the E. branch of the Nile, about 8 miles from the sea, and 113 miles by rail N. by E. of Cairo. Vessels of 60 tons can cross its bar J and the place has considerable trade in dates, bones, rags, dried fish, and grain. Pop., chiefly native Moham- medans, 29,383. Damm, a village of Bavaria, in Lower Franconia, on the Aschaff, near Aschaffenburg. Pop. 1900. Damm, a town of Prussia. See ALTDASur. Damm, Lake of. See Dammsche-See. Damma, a Malay island. See Damme. Dammarie, d&m^miVee', the name of several villages in the central departments of France ; the principal in Eure- et-Loir, 8 miles S. of Chartres. Pop. 1300. Dammartiu, d^m^maRHiN**', a town of France, in Seine-et-Marne, 11 miles N.W. of Meaux. Pop. 1784. Several villages, in the departments of Doubs, Jura, Haute- Marne, &c., are named Dammartin. Damme, dAram or dilm'meh,a town of Belgium, in West Flanders, 4 miles N.E. of Bruges. Pop. 950. Damme, dirn'm^h, a village of Germany, duchy and 43 miles S. of Oldenburg, with a cattle-market. Pop. 144S. Damme, dim'm^h, an island in the Malay Archipelago, between Ceram and Timor, lat. 7° 10' S., Ion. 128° 40' E., about 12 miles square. It is very mountainous, and has a lofty active volcano in its N.E. part, where there are also hot springs. Damme, a town of Prussia. See Altdamm. Dam'mer, an island of the Mahiy Archipelago, off the S. extremity of Gilolo, in lat. 1° S., Ion. 128° 10' E. Dammerkirch, dilm'm^r-keerK^ (Fr. Danneman'e, dS,nn^mS,'ree), a town of Alsace, 12 miles by rail E. of Bel- fort. Pop. 1164. Dammersellen, Switzerland. See Dagmersellen. Dammgarteu, a town of Prussia. See Damgarti;n. Dammoo'dali, or Damo'da, a river of India, which has its rise in the district of Lohardnga, presidency of Ben- gal, in lat. 23° 55' N., Ion. 84° 53' E. It hits a S. course of 350 milo^j through the districts of Hazarybnugh, i\Ian- bhoom, Bancoorah, and Burdwan, and falls into the Hoogly in lat. 22° 13' N., Ion, 88° 7' E. It has numerous tribu- taries. The valley of the Dammoodah abounds in iron and coal. It is navigable for largo vessels to Ampata. Dammsche-See, d^mm'sh^h-siV, or Dammische- See, dS^rn'me-sh^h-siV, a lake of Prussia, in Pomerauia, DAM 587 DAN formed by the Oder near its mouth. Length, 10 miles ; greatest breadth, 2 miles. It is navigable in all its extent. Damoh, a town of India. See Dumoh. Damoo, dA,'moo', a town of Thibet, -iO miles N.N.E. of the Niti-Ghaut. Lat. 31° 26' N. ; Ion. 79° 53' E. Dampier, dam'peer, an island on the N. coast of Papua, or New Guinea, in lat. 4° 40' S., Ion. 145° 50' E. Dampier Archipelago is off the N.AY. coast of Aus- tralia, in lat. 21° S., Ion. 116°-il7° E., and comprises Enderby, Lewis, Rosemary, Legendre, Depuch, and many smaller islands. Dampier Strait, between the islands of "Waigeoo and Papua, is 70 miles long and 35 miles broad. Dampierre, d6M^pe-aiR', a village of France, in Jura, near the Doubs, 12 miles N.E. of DGle. Pop. 705. Dampierre-sur-Salon, d6M^pe-aiR'-suR-sd.M6No', a town of France, in Haute-Saone, on the Salon, 9 miles N.E. of Gray. Pop. 1353. Dampierre is the name of several villages in Central and Western France. Damp'mau's, a station in Chester co., Pa., on the Waynesburg Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 10 miles from Downingtown. Dampoor, or Dhampoor, diVm'poor', a town of India, Bijnaur district, 3S miles N.W. of Moradabad. Pop. G555. Dampremy, dSsr^pri^mee', a town of Belgium, in Hainaut, a few miles E. of Charleroi. It has glass-works and ctial-mines. Pop. 5335. Dam'sa, a beautiful islet of the Orkneys, in the Bay and forming part of the parish of Firth. Dainuggoo, dS,-mug-goo', a large town of Africa, on the left bank of the Niger. Lat. 7° N. ; Ion. 7° 50' E. Damville, dfisiVeeP, a village of France, in Eure, 11 miles S.S.W. of Evreux. Pop. 968. Damvillers, ddsOvee^yi', a village of France, in Mouse, 13 miles S. of Montmedy. Pop. 834. Daily a city of antiquity in Palestine, at the N. ex- tremity of the "■ Promised Land." The site of Dan has been identified with Tell-el-Kady, 3 miles W.N.W. of Banias. Dan, a post-offiee of Taylor co., Iowa. Dana, d5.'nd., an important river of East Africa, rises near Mount Kenia, and flows across the coast plain S.B. to Formosa Bay. It is said to be navigable for about 100 miles from the coast. Dana, dd'ni, a village of Northern Syria, pashalic and 20 miles W. of Aleppo. It has many remains of antiquity. Dana, di'na, a post-village of La Salle co., 111., in Groveland township, on the Chicago, Pekin & Southwestern Railroad, 103 miles S.W. of Chicago, and 5 miles N.E. of Minonk. It has a church, a newspaper office, *tc. Dana, a post-hamlet of Vermilion co., Ind., on the In- dianapolis, Decatur & Springfield Railroad, 7 miles W. of Montezuma. Dana, a post-township of Worcester co., Mass., about 28 miles W.N.W. of Worcester. It contains a village named North Dana, on the Springfield, Athol & Northeastern Railroad, and has manufactures of palm-leaf hats, P. 758. Dana, a post-oflfice of York co., Neb. Dana, a station in Carbon co., Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 34 miles E. of Rawlins. Danakil, the plural of Dankali. Danapris, an ancient name of the Dnieper. Danaster and Danastris. See Dniester. Dauau and Danaw, names of the Danube. Dan'boroug:h,a post-hamletof Bucks co.. Pa., 3 miles from Doylestown, and about 32 miles N. of Philadelphia. It has a store and about 20 houses. Dan'burg, a post-hamlet of Wilkes co., Ga., 12 miles N. of Washirigton Station. It has 2 churches. Danbury, dan'ber-e, a poat-borough, one of the capi- tals of Fairfield co., Conn., is in Danbury township, at the nortb terminus of the Danbury & Noi-walk Railroad, 69 miles N.N.E. of New York, about 30 miles W.N.W. of New Haven, and 20 miles (direct) N.W. of Bridgeport. The Dan- bury Branch Railroad extends from this place to Brookfield Junction, and there connects with the Xlousatonic Railroad. It contains a court-house, 9 churches, a public library, 2 national banks, a large graded school, 2 savings-banks, 3 newspaper offices, 12 manufactories of hats, and 1 of sewing- machines. Its prosperity is mainly supported by its manu- factures of hats, which employ a capital of $1,500,000. Dan- bury was burned by the British in April, 1777. Pop. 6542 ; of the township, 8753. Danbury, a post-offiee of Woodbury oo., Iowa, and a station on the Maple River Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Mapleton. Danbury, a post-hamlet of Red Willow co.. Neb., in the Beaver Valley, 60 miles N. of Buffalo, Kansas. Danbury, a post-village of Merrimack co., N.H., in Danbury township, on the Northern Railroad, 39 miles N.W. of Concord. The township is hilly or mountainous. It has 3 churches. Pop. of the townshiiJ, 796, Danbury, a post-village, capital of Stokes co'., N.C., on the Dan River, about 112 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh. It has 2 churches, an academy, a newspaper office, and manufac- tures of tobacco and iron. Danbury, a post-township of Ottawa co., 0., is bounded on the N. by Lake Erie, and on the S. by Sandusky Bay, which separates it from Sandusky City. It has a station (Danbury) on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Rail- road, 6 miles W, of Sandusky. Danbury Post-Office is at this station. Pop. 1252. Dan'by, a post-hamlet of Danby township, Ionia co., Mich., on the Grand River, 7 miles S.W. of Porthmd. Pop. of the township, 1140. Danby Station is on the Detroit, Lansing & Lake Michigan Railroad, 20 miles W.N.W. of Lansing. Danby, a post-office of York co., Neb. Dauby, a post-village of Tompkins co., N.Y., in Danby township, 6 miles S. of Ithaca, and about 25 miles N.E. of Elraira. It has 2 or 3 churches. Pop. about 400. The town- ship contains a hamlet named West Danby, which is on the Geneva, Ithaca & Sayre Railroad. Pop, of township, 2161. Danby, a post-village in Danby township, Rutland co., Vt., on Otter Creek, at Danby Station on the Harlem Ex- tension Railroad, IS miles S. of Rutland, and ^ mile W. of the Green Mountains. It has 2 churches, a carriage- shop, a tannery, and 4 stores, also a marble-quarry. Dairy- ing is the principal business of Dunby, which has 8 cheese- factories. Pop. of the township, 1319, Dan'by, or Old Dur'hain, a post-village in Drum- mond CO., Quebec, 14 miles by rail W. of Richmond. P. 117. Danby Four Corners, a post-hamlet of Rutland co., Vt., in Danby township, 4 miles from Danby Station. It has a church, a newspaper office, and a store. Dan'cing Branch, a post-office of Monroe co., Tenn. Dan'cyville, a post-village of Haywood co., Tenn., about 52 miles E.N.E. of Memphis. It has an academy and 3 churches. Danda, d^n'di, or Dande,d3,n'deh, a river of South- western Africa, bounds the state of Angola on the N., and enters the Atlantic 60 miles N. of the mouth of the Coanza, after a northern course estimated at 200 miles. Danda is a village near its mouth. Dau'dridge, a post-village, capital of Jefferson co., Tenn., about 30 miles E.N.E. of Knoxville, and 3 miles N. of the French Broad River. It has an academy, a female institute, 5 churches, and manufactures of leather and wagons. Pop. about 800. Dane, or Dane. See Denmark. Dane, a county in the S. part of Wisconsin, has an area of about 1240 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Wisconsin River, and is also drained by Catfish, Koshko- nong, and Sugar Rivers. Among the physical features of this county are four beautiful lakes, named Mendota, Menona, Kegonsa, and Waubesa, which are connected by short outlets. The surface is finely diversified with hills of moderate height, undulating prairies, and groves or "oak openings." The soil is very fertile. Wheat, oats, Indian corn, hay, butter, pork, and wool are the staple products. This county produced in 1870 2,535,048 bushels of wheat, — more than any other county in the United States. It is intersected by the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Capital, Madison, which is also the capital of the state. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, §38,607,272. Pop. in 1870, 53,096, of whom 33,456 were Americans; in 1S75, 52,968. Dane, or Dane Station, a post-hamlet of Dane co., Wis., in a township of the same name, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 15 miles N.N.W. of Madison. It has a church, and is inhabited by Germans. Pop. of the township, 1168. D^nemark. See Denmark. Danemarka, the Italian for Denmark. Dauemora, or Dannemora, d^-ne-mo'ri, a village of Sweden, 24 miles N.N.E. of Upsal, celebrated for the iron-mines in its vicinity, which have been worked without interruption from the fifteenth century and produce the finest iron. Railways connect it with Gefle and Stockholm. Dauemora, New York. See Dannemora. Dane Prairie, township. Otter Tail co., Minn. P. 287. Daneshalt, a village of Scotland. Sec Dunsuelt. Dane Station, Dane co.. Wis. See Dane. Dan'ford, a post-office of Guernsey co., 0. Dan'forth, a post-village of Iroquois co., III., on the BAN DAN Illinois Central Railroad, 77 miles S. by W. from Chicago. It has 2 churches and a bank. Pop. about 250. The name of its post-office is Danforth Station. Danforth, a post-office of Johnson co., Iowa. Dauforth, a post-hamlet of Washington co.. Me., in Danforth township, on the European k North American Railroad, 88 miles N.E. of Bangor. It has a lumber-mill. Pop. of the township, 313. I>aiiforth Station, Illinois. See Danforth. Dangeau, dfiNo^zho', a village of France, in Eure-et- Loir, 9 miles N. of Chateaudun. Pop. 1409. Danger (dain'jer) Island, of Chagos Archipelago, on the W. edge of the Great Chagos Bank. Lat. 6° 23' S. j Jon. 71° 18' 30" E. Dangerfield, or Daingerfieldjdain'j^r-feeld, a post- village, capital of Morris co., Tex., on the Ked River & East Line Railroad, 30 miles W.N.W. of Jefferson. It has a church, an academy, a newspaper office, and a money-order post-office. Pop. estimated at 450. Danger Isles, a small group of islands in the Pacific. Lat. 11° S.; Ion. 166° VV. Dangerous Archipelago, dain'jer-iis ar-ke-pel'- a-go, a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 21° S., Ion. 140° W., nearly identical with the Low Archipelago. Danger (dang'gher) River [Danger is a, corruption of D'Angra, or Hio d'Angra, i.e., the ** River of the Bay"), a river of Africa, which falls into the Bight of Biafra, form- ing a considerable bay at its mouth, in lat, 1° N. Danholm, din'holm, formerly Strale, str^'li, a small island in the Baltic, in the narrow strait between Riigen and the mainland, Dani'a, a post-office of Otter Tail co., Minn. Dania, a Latin name for Dens[are. Danie, an island of Persia. See Daeny. Dau'ieU's (dan'y^lz) Mills, a post-otfice of Douglas CO., Ga., 12 miles N.E. of AVhitesburg Station. Here are a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Dau'ielson, township, Meeker co., Minn. Pop. 249. Dan'ielsonville, a post-borough of Windham co., Conn., in Killingly township, on the Quinebaug River, and on the Norwich & Worcester Railroad, 26 miles N. by E. of Norwich, and 8 miles S. of Putnam. It has 6 churches, a national bank, 2 newspaper offices, a savings-bank, a graded school, and several cotton-mills, which make prints and sheetings. The name of its post-office is West Killingly, and that of the station and borough is Danielsonville. Dan'ielsviHe,a small post-village, capital of Madison CO., Ga., about 22 miles N.E. of Athens. It has a church. Danielsville, a post-office of Northampton co.. Pa. Danielsville, a post-office of Dickson co., Tenn. Danilisha, da-ne-lee'sha, a village of Russia, govern- ment of Perm, of which city it is a suburb. Danilov, or Danilow, d^-ne-lov', a town of Russia, government and 40 miles N.N.E. of Yaroslav, on the Pelenda. It is surrounded by collieries, and has dye-works and manufactures of candles. Pop. 4365. Danilovetschi,orDanilowitschi,dS,-ne-lo-vetch'- ee, a town of Russia, 80 miles N. of Minsk. Pop. 1500. Diinische-Wald, di'nish-eh-'n'4lt\ a country of Sles- wick, between the Gulfs of Eckernforde and Kiel. Danish, or D&nisch. See Denmark. Dankali, ddn^ci-lee', plural Danakil, da,-n4'keeP or d3,-ni'kil, a name strictly belonging to the African peo- ple called Afae (which see), it being an Arabic appellation for that race; but geographers frequently apply the names Dankali and Danakil to a portion of the Afar country, bounded N.E. by the Red Sea and S.W. by a range of mountains running nearly parallel to the coast and forming a frontier-line towards Tigre and the Galla country. It is about 250 miles in length, by about 66 in width at the broadest part, and extends from about lat. 13° to 15° 30' N. It is in general low, sandy, dry, and unproductive, although said to have been formerly a rich country. The heat is often excessive, the thermometer rising frequently to 110°. In the dry season it is almost destitute of water. Its population is composed of various tribes, described by all travellers as being unprincipled, treacherous, and cruel. Pop. estimated at 70,000. Dankara, dd.n'ka-r4\ Denkera, den'k§-ri\ or Din- kira, din'k§-rd\ a town of Africa, capital of a kingdom of the same name, 47 miles W. of Coomassie. The king- dom is under British protection, and has gold-mines. Dankaur, a town of India. See Dunkour. Dankia, a mountain of Asia. See Dunkia. Dankov, or Dankow, da,n-kov', written also Don- kov', a town of Russia, government and 90 miles S. of Riazan, on the Don. Pop. 2153. Danmark, the Danish for Denmark. Dan^naikencot'ta, a town of British India, in the presidency of Madras, 32 miles N. of Coimbatoor. Dan'nebrog, a post-hamlet of Howard co., Neb., 18 miles N. of Grand Island Station, which is on the Union Pacific Railroad. It has a church and a fl^our-mill. Dannemarie, a town of Alsace. See Dammerkirch. Dannemora, a town of Sweden. See Danejiora. Dannemo'ra, a post-village of Clinton co., N.Y., in Dannemora township, about 14 miles W. of Plattsburg. A prison known as the Clinton State Prison was established here in 1845 in order to employ convicts in mining and manufacturing iron. Chazy Lake is in this township. Pop. of the township, 1294. Dannemora Station, several miles N. of the town limits, is on the Ogdensburg & Lake Cham- plain Railroad, 29 miles E. of Malone. Dannenberg, dan'nen-b^uG\ a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 30 miles E.S.E. of Liineburg, on the Jeetze. Pop. 2062. Danois, the French for the inhabitants of Denmark. Dan River rises in Patrick co., Va., from which it runs into Stokes CO., N.C. Flowing northeastward through Rock- ingham CO., it returns into Virginia, and passes by Dan- ville, below which its general direction is eastward. After it has crossed the southern boundary of Virginia five times, it unites with the Staunton River at Clarksville, in Meck- lenburg CO. The stream formed by this confluence is the Roanoke River. The Dan River is about 200 miles long, and is navigable by bateaus to Danville. Dan River, a township of Caswell co., N.C. P. 1910. Dan's Fork of the Big Black River, Mo., rises in La- fayette CO., runs eastward, and enters the Big Black in Saline co. Dansville, danz'vil, a post-village of Ingham co., Mich., in Ingham township, 8 miles S.E. of Mason, and about 70 miles W.N.W. of Detroit. It has 2 churches, a union school, 2 carriage-shops, a flouring-mill, and manufactures of fur- niture and cradles. Pop. 443. Dansville, a post-village of Livingston co., N.T., in North Dansville township, on Canaseraga Creek, on the Dansville & Mount Morris Branch of the Erie Railroad, 15 miles S.E. of Mount Morris, about 44 miles S. of Roches- ter, and 18 miles N. of Hornellsville. It is the S.E. ter- minus of the Dansville Branch of the Genesee Valley Canal. It contains 10 churches, the Dansville Seminary, 1 or 2 national banks, 2 furnaces, a machine-shop, and several paper-mills and flouring-mills for which the ereck aftords motive-power. Here is a large wiater-cure called " Home Hygienic Institute." Two or 3 weekly newspapers are pub- lished here. Pop. 3387. Dansville (South Dansville Post-Office), a township of Steuben co., N.Y. Pop. 1854. It contains Rogersville. Dansville, or Danville, a hamlet of Meigs co., 0., in Salem township, about 13 miles W. of Pomeroy. It has a church. Here is Alberta Post-Office. Dant'zic, or Dant'zick (Ger. Danzig, d^nt'siG ; Polish, Gdansk, g'd^nsk ; Er. Danizick, daNt^zeek' ; L. Dauiis'cum), a city of Prussia, capital of a government of its own name, province of West Prussia, is situated on the left bank of the Vistula, 3^ miles from its outlet, which traverses the city and is here joined by the Mottlau and the Radaune. Lat. 54° 21' 4" N. ; Ion. 18° 39' 34" E. Railways connect it with the principal towns of North Germany. The mean temperature of the year is 45°, winter, 30°, summer, 62° Fahr. It is nearly of a circular form, and ranks as a fortress of the first class, being surrounded by walls and bastions, defended by a citadel and outworks, and provided with the means of laying a part of the surrounding country under water. It is entered by four gates, has nine suburbs, and is divided into five parts, — theOld, theNew,and theLow Town, the Speieher (granaries), an island, and Langgarten. The last is the more modern part of the town, and is both regu- larly and well built. In the other parts the houses are gen- erally old and indiff"erent and the streets narrow and wind- ing. The principal public edifices are a cathedral, finished iu 1503, numerous churches, chapels, synagogues, monas- teries and nunneries, a gymnasium, 2 realschulen, a school of navigation, schools of commerce, arts, and trade, a public library with 50,000 volumes, an observatory, a museum, an orphan asylum, a house of industry', several hospitals, town halls, an arsenal, a navy-yard, and an exchange. Vessels drawing 8 or 9 feet of water can roach the oity ; others lie in the Neufahrwasser, at the mouth of the river, or in the roads, which afford good anchorage for vessels of any burden. Its principal manufactures are fire-arms, tobacco, silks, vitriol, jewelry, shipping, amber goods, and goldioas- ser ; and it has numerous distilleries, breweries, flour-mills, DAN 589 DAN dye-works, and sugar-refineries. The principal exports are wheat, rye, barley, oats, pease, flour, linseed, rape, biscuits, provisions, ashes, zinc, bones, timber, staves, flax, hemp, linens, spirits, beer, and wool. The imports comprise woollen and silken stuffs and other manufactured goods, petroleum, coal, fish, dyes, wine, oil, spice, fruit, salt, and furs. The proper port of Dantzio is Neufahrwasser, at the mouth of the Vistula, to which a railway extends, the number of sand-b:inks which encumber the river immediately above seriously obstructing the navigation. Now, however, by means of a canal about 150 feet wide by 15 feet deep, the worst of the obstructions are avoided, and vessels of large size come up close to the town. It has a large trade also by rail and by river. The corn-granaries, with warehouses for linens, ashes, hemp, &c., are all situated on a small Island formed by the Mottlau. As early as 970 there was a town here. In 1271 it was taken by Mestwin, and in 1294 by the Poles. It was occu- pied by the Teutonic Knights from 1310 till 1464, when it became independent under the protection of Poland, and was for a long period a principal member of the Hanseatic League. Bantzic was assigned to Prussia at the second partition of Poland. It capitulated to the French in 1807. Since 1815 its fortifications have been greatly extended and Improved. Pop. in 1875, 97,931. Inhab. DANr'ziCKER. Dantzic, a government of Prussia, province of West Prussia, bounded N. by the Baltic, E.by Konigsberg. S. by Marienwerder, and W. by Coslin. Area, 3071 square miles. Surface level and well watered. Products, corn, barley, flax, and tobacco. Horses, cattle, and swine are reared. The principal lakes are the Drausensee, Isarnowitzersee, and Radaunensee. The Vistula is the principal river. Chief towns, Dantzic and Elbing. Pop. in 1875, 542,316. Dantzick. See Da.vtzic. Dan'ube (ano. Banu'bitts, and la'ter ,- Ger. Donau, do'- now ; Hun. Diina, doo'noh), the largest river in Europe next to the Volga, formed by the union at Donauesehingen of two streams, the Brege and the Brigaeh, which rise in the eastern slope of the Black Forest, in lat. 48° 6' N., Ion. 8° 9' E., 2650 feet above the sea-level. Its general course is from "W. to E., falling into the Black Sea by four mouths, viz., the Kilia, Stambool, Edrillis or St. George's, and Soolina. The last, which is the deepest and has been much improved by the construction of jetties, falls into the sea in lat. 45° 9' IS" N., Ion. 29° 40' 30" E. The extent of its basin is 269,180 square miles ; the direct distance from source to mouth, 1000 miles, but including windings, about 2000. From its source it flows in a general easterly direction (passing Ulm, Lintz, Vienna, and Presburg) till it reaches Waitzen, in Hungary; there it turns S. to Vukovar, in Slavonia, passing Pesth ; from Vukovar it flows in a general southeasterly direction to its mouths, passing in its course Belgrade, Orsova, Widin, Nicopolis, Silistria, Galatz, and Ismail, and forming between Belgrade and Orsova the boundary between Hungary and Servia, and from Orsova to below Silistria the boundary between Roumania and Bulgaria. Below the Pruth its N. bank is Russian, and on the S. is the Dobrudja, now a part of Roumania. The average fall of the Danube is 18 inches per mile. It is joined in its course by over 400 tributaries, of which 100 are navigable. Among the prin- cipal tributaries on the right may be noted the Iller, Lech, Isar, Inn, Enns, Raab, Drave, Save, and Morava ; on the left, the Altmiihl, Regen, March, Theiss, Temes, Aluta, Sereth, and Pruth. At Ulm the Danube becomes navigable for flat-bottomed boats of 100 tons. Between Alt-Orsova, in Hungary, and Gladova, in Servia, the navi- gation was formerly efleetually stopped by the famous rapid or cataract called the Iron Gate. Modern science has done much to overcome this obstacle, and vessels drawing 9 feet are now able to pass it. A tax is levied on all vessels navi- gating the river, to complete so far as possible the removal of this obstruction. Above Orsova the rapidity of the cur- rent is so great as to render navigation, save by steam, impossible ; below that point the flow is gentle and equable. The delta formed among its channels or mouths comprises an area of about 1000 square miles. Adj. Danu'bian. Dan'ube, a post-township of Herkimer eo., N.Y., on the Erie Canal, about 28 miles E. by S. of Utica, is bounded on the N. by the Mohawk River. Jt has 5 cheese-factories, and contains Newville. Pop. 1324. Danubian Principalities or Provinces. See RoTjHANiA, Servia, and Bulgaria. Daniim, the ancient name of Doncaster. Danns, the supposed ancient name of the Ais. Dan'vers, a post-village of McLean co.. III., in Dan- vers township, and on the Indian.apolis, Bloomington k Western Railroad, ]0 miles W.N.W. of Bloomington. It has 4 churches, a graded school, and a money-order post- office. Pop. 356; of the township, 1760. Danvers, a post- village of Essex co., Mass., in Danvers township, on a branch of the Boston & Maine Railroad, and on the Essex Railroad and the Salem & Lowell Railroad, 19 miles N. by E. from Boston, and 4 or 5 miles N.W. of Salem. It has several churches, a national bank, a savings-bank, a high school, a branch of the Peabody Library, a,nd extensive manufactures of shoes, bricks, carpets, &g. Here is the new and beautiful insane asylum founded by the state, the edi- fice of which cost nearly $2,000,000. It is situated on a hill, and is surmounted by towers which command a mag- nificent view. Two weekly newspapers are published here. The township contains also 2 villages, named Danvers Centre and Danvers Port, and has 9 churches and a pop, of 6025. Danvers Centre, a post-village of Essex co., Mass., in Danvers township, 6 miles N.W. of Salem, and 2 miles W. of Danvers. Its station is on the Newburyport Branch of the Boston k Maine Railroad, A mile S.W. of Danvers. It has a church and several shoe-factories. Danvers Port, a post-village of Essex co., Mass., In Danvers township, on the Lawrence Branch of the Eastern Railroad, and on a navigable inlet of the ocean, 34 miles N.W. of Salem, and 18 miles N.N.E. of Boston. Here are several churches, a high school, and manufactures of bricks, shoes, iron, &c. Pop. about 500. Dan'viUe, a post-village of Morgan co., Ala., about 15 miles S.S.W. of Decatur. It has 2 churches, the Danville College, and a flour-mill. Danville, a post-village, capital of Yell co.. Ark., on the Petit Jean River, about 74 miles W.N.W. of Little Rock. It has 2 churches. Danville, a post-village of Contra Costa co., Cal., 16 miles E. of Oakland. It has a church and 3 general stores. Danville, a post-office of Turner co., Dakota. Danville, a city of Illinois, the capital of Vermilion CO., is on the Vermilion River, in Danville township, 132 miles S. of Chicago, 73 miles E.N.E. of Decatur, and 33 miles E. of Champaign. It is on the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, which connects here with the Paris & Danville Railroad, The Wab.asb Railroad crosses the In- dianapolis, Bloomington & Western Railroad at this place, which is also a terminus of the Evansville, Terre Haute k Chicago Railroad. It contains a court-house, an opera- house, 3 public halls, 13 churches, a national bank, 2 other banks, the Danville High School, 2 foundries, an organ- factory, a chair-factory, and 5 steam mills. One daily and 3 weekly newspapers are published here. Bituminous coal crops out here in the bluffs of the river, and is mined extensively. The car-shops and machine-shops of the Chicago, Danville k Vincennes Railroad are located at Danville. Pop. about 10,000 ; of the township, 2434. Danville, a post-village, capital of Hendricks co., Ind., in Centre township, on White Lick Creek, and on the In- dianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 19 miles W. of Indianap- olis. It has 6 churches, a national bank, 1 other bank, a graded school, and 2 flour-mills. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 1040. Danville, a post-village of Des Moines co., Iowa, in Danville township, on the Burlington k Missouri River Railroad, 13 miles W.N.AV.'of Burlington. It has 3 churches and a cheese-factory. Pop. of the township, 1543. Danville, a township of Worth co., Iowa. Pop. 199. Danville, a post-town, capital of Boyle co., Ky., on the Knoxville Branch of the Louisville k Great Southern Railroad, 96 miles S.E. of Louisville, and on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, 36 miles S.S.W. of Lexington. It is the seat of Centre College (Presbyterian), which was founded in 1819 and has about 150 students and a library of 5000 volumes. Danville contains a court-house, the Caldwell Institute, a national bank, 1 other bank, a news- paper office, an institution for deaf-mutes, 13 churches, and manufactures of carriages and bricks. Pop. 2542. Danville, a post-h.amlet of Androscoggin co., Me., in Auburn township, on the Grand Trunk Railroad, at its junction with the Maine Central Railroad, 27 miles N. of Portland, and 6 miles S.S.AV. of Auburn Court-House. It has a public hall and a flour-mill. Pop. about 150. The name of its station is Danville Junction. Danville, a post-township of Blue Earth eo., Minn., about 22 miles S. by E. of Mankato. Pop. 618. Danville, a post-office of Alcorn co., Miss., 8 or 9 miles S.W. of Corinth. Danville, a post-village, capital of Montgomery co., Mo., in Danville township, about 28 miles S.E. of Mex- ico, and 44 miles E.N.E. of Jefferson City. It has 3 DAN BAR churches, a marble- quarry, and a newspaper office. Pop. of the township, 2254. Danville, a post-township of Rockingham cc, N.H., about 30 miles S.E. of Concord. It has manufactures of lumber, violins, &e. Pop. 548. Danville, a post-hamlet of "Warren co., N.J., about 12 miles E.N.E. of Belvidere. It has several churches near it. Danville, New York. See Dansville. Danville, a village of Highland cc, 0., 7 miles S.W. of Hillsborough, and about 44 miles E. by N. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches. Pop. 157. Here is Nevin Post-Office. Danville, a post-village of Knox co., 0., in Union township, 14 miles E.N.E. of Mount Vernon, on the Cleve- land, Mount Vernon & Columbus Railroad. It has several churches and a flour-mill. Pop. 134. Danville, a hamlet of Madison co., 0., in Range town- ship, 10 miles S. of London. It has a church. Pop. 100. Danville, Meigs co., 0. See Dansvflle. Danville, Bucks co., Pa. See Danborough. Danville, a flourishing post-borough, capital of Mon- tour CO., Pa., on the right bank of the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, at the base of Montour's Ridge, and on the Catawissa and Lackawanna & Bloomsburg Railroads, 50 miles W.S.W. of Wilkesbarre, 30 miles (direct) S.E. of Williamsport, and 68 miles by railroad N. by E. from Har- risburg. The Danville, Hazleton & Wilkesbarre Railroad passes along the other hank of the river, which is here crossed by a bridge. Danville contains 16 churches, the Danville Institute, 2 national banks, an asylum for the insane founded by the state, and printing-offices which issue 3 weekly newspapers. Here are also the Pennsyl- vania Iron-Works (the first establishment erected in the United States for the manufacture of railroad iron, and among the most extensive in the country), 7 blast-furnaces, 4 rolling-mills, and 5 iron-foundries. The value of the forged and rolled iron produced here sometimes amounts to $5,000,000 annually. Danville was first settled in 1768. Pop. in 1870, 8436; present pop. about 10,000. Danville, a post-village of Houston co., Tenn., on the E. bank of the Tennessee River, and on the Louisville & Memphis Railroad, 44 miles W.S.AV. of Clarksville, and about 80 miles W. by N. from Nashville. It has several stores, and there are 2 iron-furnaces near it. Danville, a post-office of Comal co., Tex. Danville, a village of Montgomery co., Tex., about 47 miles N. of Houston, and 2 miles from Willis. Danville, a post-village of Caledonia co., Vt., in Dan- ville township, on the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad, 11 miles from St. Johnsbury, and about 25 miles E.N.E. of Montpelier. It has 2 or 3 churches, a national bank, a graded school, and a sulphur spring. A weekly newspaper is published here. The township contains hamlets named North and West Danville, and has manufactures of woollen goods. Pop. of the township, 2216. Danville, a flourishing post-town of Pittsylvania co., Va., is situated on the Dan River, and on the Richmond & Danville Railroad, 141 miles W.S.W. of Richmond, 48 miles N.N.E. of Greensborough, N.C., and 65 miles S. of Lynchburg. It is the S.W. terminus of the Virginia Midland Railroad, 236 miles from Washington, D.C. It contains 9 churches, a national bank, 3 other banks, the Danville Male Academy, the Danville Female College, the Roanoke Female College, and several tobacco-factories. Two daily and 4 weekly newspapers are published here. It has a large trade in tobacco, which is the staple product of the county. This town is the centre of the fine yellow tobacco section; and it is stated that 25,000,000 pounds of leaf tobacco are sometimes sold here in a year. Pop. in 1870, 3463; present pop. about 7000. Danville, a post-village of Dodge co., AVis., in Elba township, 14 miles by rail N.W. of Watertown. It has a church, a carriage-shop, and a flouring-mill. Danville, a post-village in Richmond co., Quebec, 86 miles by rail S.W. of Quebec, and 87 miles N.E. of Mon- treal. It contains 2 hotels, 4 churches, 5 or 6 stores, a printing-office, a match-factory, a foundry, a carriage-fao- tory, a cabinet-factory, and a grist-mill. Pop. 621. Danville Junction, Kentucky. See Shelby City. Danville Jnnction, Maine. See DANViLi,ii. Dan'way, a post-hamlet of La Salle co., 111., in Mis- sion township, about 30 miles S.S.W. of Aurora. Danzig, a city of Prussia. See Dantzic. Daodapoora, a state of India, See BHAWLi'Oon. Daoodnug§:ur, Daouclnagur, or Daudnagar, d?t-ood-nug'gur, a town of Bengal, district and 40 miles N.E. of Gaya, on the river Sone, It has manufactures of cottons, carpets, and woollen goods. Pop. 10,058. Daooria, Daouria, or Dauria, dfL-oo're-^, a coun- try of Asia, forming the circle of Nerchinsk in the Russian province of Transbaikalia. The people called Daoorians have been driven into Chinese Manchooria, and the present inhabitants are Toongooses, Booriats, and some Russians. Daoorian (or Daourian) Mountains, a part of the Stanovoi chain, between the basin of the Amoor and Lake Baikal, They are rich in silver, zinc, copper, iron, and mercury. Daoudcaundy, or Daudkandi, d5,-ood-kawn'dee, a town of Bengal, in Tiperah, on the Brahmapootra, 30 miles W. of Comilla. Daoudnagur, a town of India. See Daoodnuggtjr. Daoulas, di^ooMd.', a village of France, in Finistere, 10 miles E. of Brest, with a port on the Atlantic. Pop. 743. Daouria, a country of Asia. See Daooria. Daphne, an ancient city of Syria. See Beit-el-Ma. Daph'ne, a post- village, capital of Baldwin co., Ala., is situated on a high bluff on the E. shore of Mobile Bay, 7 miles by water E. of the city of Mobile. It has a court- house, a church, and a large hotel. It is a bathing-place, and a winter resort for consumptive invalids, Dapoolee, or Dapiili. See Dabul. Dara, di'rS,, a ruined town of Asiatic Turkey, 20 miles S.S.E. of Mardeen, with extensive remains of granaries, tombs, and reservoirs. Dara, dk'vK a village of Africa, in the Bondoo country, 12 miles W. of the Faleme. Lat. 14° 40' N.; Ion. 12° 16' W. It is a populous place, built on a plateau commanding a view over an undulating and well-wooded country. Darab, di'r^b, Darabgherd, di-r^b-gherd', Da- rabscherd, or Darabjerd, d^-rS-b-jerd', a town of Persia, in Fars, 130 miles S.E. of Sheeraz. It is pleasantly situated on a small river in an extensive plain, and sur- rounded with groves of dates, oranges, and lemons. About 3 miles S. of the town are some remarkable remnants of antiquity, consisting of excavations and sculptured rocks. Pop. from 15,000 to 20.000. Daragunge, or Daraganj, diVi-gUnj', a town of India, on the Ganges, opposite Allahabad. Pop. 9103. Darajee', a town of Sinde, in the delta of the Indus, 39 miles S.S.W. of Tatta. Pop. about 2000. Dar-al-Beida,dar-^l-bi'dil (the "white house"), also writtenDar-el-Beda (-Beidahor -Baida),Dara- el-Beida, and Casa Blanca, ki'si blank's,, a seaport town of Morocco, 46 miles N.E. of Azamor. It exports hides, wool, and grain. Pop. about 2000. Daranagur, d^-r£L-niig'gur, a town of British India, North-West Provinces, on the Ganges, 67 miles N.E, of Delhi. Darang, a district of India. See Durrung. Daraporam, darVi-po-rim', a populous town of British India, presidency of Madras, district and 42 miles S.E. of Coimbatoor, Darbhanga, a town of India. See Durbtjnoah. D'Arbonne Bayou, dar^bonn' bi'oo, Louisiana, is formed by the Middle Fork, South Fork, and Corneille Creek, which unite in Union parish. It runs southeast- ward, and enters the Ouachita River about 6 miles above Monroe. The Middle and South Forks rise in Claiborne parish. Corneille or Corney Creek rises in the state of Arkansas and runs southeastward. Small steamboats can ascend the bayou nearly 50 miles. Dar'boy, a post-office of Calumet co.. Wis. Dar'by, a township of Madison co., 0. Pop. 988. It includes the village of Pleasant Valley. Darby, a township of Pickaway co., 0. Pop. 1548. It includes the village of Palestine. Darby, a township of Union co., 0., is contiguous to Darby, Madison co., 0. Pop. 1142. Darby, a post-borough of Delaware co.. Pa., on Darby Creek, and on the Philadelphia, AVilmington & Baltimore Railroad, 7 miles S.W. of Philadelphia. It has 3 churches, a woollen-factory, and several mills. Pop. 1205. Darby Creek, Ohio, drains parts of Union, Madison, and Franklin cos., runs southeastward, and enters the Scioto River in Pickaway co., about 1 mile above Circleville. It is nearly 100 miles long. Darby Creek, Pennsylvania, runs southeastward, in Delaware co., forms part of the boundary of Philadelphia, and enters the Delaware Riverabout 3 miles above Chester, Dar'byville, a post-office of Baker co., Fla., on the Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroad, 28 miles W. of Jacksonville. Darbyville, a post-village of Pickaway co., 0., on Darby Creek, 13 miles N.AV, of Ciroleville, and about 21 miles S, by AV. from Columbus, It has a church. Pop, 233. DAR 5 Darda^ or Darda-Nagy, daR'doh^-nodj', a town of Hungary, co. of Baranya, in a plain, 8 miles by rail N. of Eszek. Pop. 2358. Dardanelle, darMa-nSll', a post-village of Yell co., Ark., on the S. bank of the Arkansas Kiver, about 66 miles W.N.W. of Little Kock. Cotton and other products are shipped here in steamboats. It has a newspaper office, a seminary, and 3 churches. Pop. 926. Dardanelles, darMa-n^lz', or Hel'lespont (ane. ffeUespon'tits), called also* the Strait of Gallip'oli, a narrow strait between Europe and Asiatic Turkey, con- necting the Sea of Marmora and the Mgean Sea, is situ- ated between hit. 40° and 40° 30' N. and Ion. 26° 10' and 26° 40' E., having S.E. Asia Minor, and N.W. the penin- sula of Gallipoli. Length, from N.E. to S.W., 40 miles; breadth, from I to 4 miles. The Asiatic side presents most beiiutiful scenery, and rises gradually from the sea up- wards to the range of Mount Ida. The European side is, in general, steep and rugged. Various inlets form secure harbors for vessels of every size, and on both shores there are numerous forts and batteries. The modern name of this strait is derived from the castles called the Dardanelles, on its banks at the S.W. entrance; its ancient name, Helles- pont (i.e., "Sea of Helle"), from Helle, daughter of Atha- mas, King of Thebes, who was drowned in it. It is also memorable as the scene of the death of Leandei^ who used to swim across at Abydos, the narrowest part of the strait, a feat also achieved by Lord Byron. The invading armies of Xerxes and of the Turks crossed it to enter Europe. Dardanelles, darMa-nfilz', a post-office of Lake co., Oregon. Dardenne, dar-den', a post-township of St. Charles CO., Mo., about 30 miles W. by N. of St. Louis. Pop. 3092. Dardenne is also the name of a station on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 32 miles from St. Louis. Dardenne Creek, Missouri, intersects St. Charles co., runs nearly northeastward, and enters the Mississippi River about 6 miles N.AV. of St. Charles. Dardesheim, daH'des-hime\ a town of Prussian Sax- ony, circle and 11 miles N.W. of Halberstadt. Pop. 1363. Dardistan, a country of Asia. See Gilghit. Dare, a county in the N.E. part of North Carolina, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Albemarle Sound, on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the W, by Alligator River. This county includes Roanoke Island. The surface is nearly level ; the soil is sandy and poor. Capital, Manteo. Pop. in 1870, 2778. Dar-el-Beida. See Dar-al~Beida. Darent, di'rent, a river of England, co. of Kent, rises 5 miles W. of Sevenoaks, and falls into the Thames. Dar-es-Salaam, dar-Ss-sd.-lam', a seaport of Africa, 25 miles S. of Zanzibar, with a good harbor, DaretOAVn, dair'tSwn, a post-village of Salem co., N.J., in Upper Pittsgrove township, on the Salem Branch of the West Jersey Railroad, 12 miles E. of Salem. It has a church. Dar Fertit, a country of Africa. See Fertit. Dar'field, a village of England, co. of York, West Riding, 20 miles by rail S. by E. of Leeds. Pop. 1673. Darfo, daR'fo, a village of Italy, 30 miles N.E. of Ber- gamo, on the Oglio. Pop. 2072. Darfoor, Darfour, Darfur, dar^foon', or Dar-el- Foor [i.e., "Country of the Foor" or Foorians), a country of Africa, in East Soodan, annexed to the Egyptian do- mains in 1875. It is a great oasis of the Sahara, between lat. 10° and 16° N. and Ion. 26° and 29° E. Area, 450,000 square miles. It lies W. of Kordofan, from vfhieh it is sep- arated by a strip of country inhabited by wandering Arab tribes rich in cattle and horses. Darfoor is said to be 50 days' journey in length from N. to S., and about 15 days* journey from E. to W. ; and it is traversed longitudinally by a ridge of mountains named Marrah, The heat in Dar- foor is excessive, and there are, properly speaking, only three seasons in the year, — spring, summer, and autumn. Autumn is the season of the rains, which continue 75 days. During summer the mirage prevails on the plains. The crops chiefly cultivated are millet, rice, maize, sesa- mum (for its seed, not for its oil), and legumes. Among the fruit trees are the tamarind and date. Tobacco abounds, and is much used by the natives. The inhabitants are a mixture of Arabs and negroes, though many individuals of both races still retain their peculiar physical characteristics. Education is little at- tended to, and is confined to learning to read the Koriin, and that by the male children only. The religion is Mo- hammedanism. As a result of its position, the commerce of Darfoor is all inland; but this is very considerable. Its principal intercourse is with Egypt, carried on by caravans I DAR which traverse the desert, carrying away slaves, camelg, ivory, horns of the rhinoceros, teeth of the hippopotamut*, copper, drugs, ostrich feathers, gum, tamarinds, and leather sacks for water. There is also considerable trade with Mecca. The commerce is conducted wholly by barter. Cattle con- stitute the chief wealth of the country. Capital, El Fasher, The country was for 400 years ruled by a line of absolute sovereigns, the last of whom was defeated and slain by the Egyptian army of conquest in 1874. The population is estimated at 4,000,000, mostly speaking a dialect of the Arabic. Adj. and inhab. Foorian or Furian, foo're-an. Dargiin, daR'goon, a village of Germany, in Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, 27 miles E.N.E. of Gustrow.' Pop. 2108. Dariabad, di-re-i-bid', a town of India, in the Bara Banki district in Oude. Pop. 5999. Dariel, di-re-51' {anc. Py'lse Cas'pimf the "Caspian Gates"), a Russian fortress, in a narrow defile of the Cau- casus, on the Terek, 80 miles N. of Tiflis. Darien, di,'re-§n (Sp. pron. dd-re-^n'),a former prov- ince in the N.AV. part of the United States of Colombia, bordering on the Gulf of Darien. Darien, di're-en, a post-village of Fairfield co., Conn., on Long Island Sound, in Darien township, and on the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, 39 miles N.E. of New York, and 18 miles W.S.W. of Bridgeport. It has 2 churches, a town hall, a library, and the Darien Seminary for Girls, and is an attractive place of summer residence. Darien, a post-village, capital of Mcintosh co., Ga., on the left bank of the Altamaha River, 11 miles from the ocean, and about 62 miles S.S.W. of Savannah. It has 5 churches, a newspaper office, and an extensive trade in lumber. Pop. 547. Darien, a post-office of Clark co., 111. Darien, a post-village of Genesee co., N.Y., in Darien township, on the Erie Railroad, 25 miles E. of Buffiilo. It has a church and about 50 houses. Pop. of township, 2084. Darien, a post-village of Walworth co., AVis., in Darien township, on the Western Union Railroad, 19 miles N.E. of Beloit. It has 3 churches and a graded school. Pop. about 350 ; of the township, 1442. Darien Centre, a post-hamlet of Genesee co., N.Y., in Darien township, on the Erie Railroad, about h mile from Darien Station, and about 13 miles S.W. of Batavia. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Darien City, a hamlet of Genesee co., N.Y., in Darien township, 1 mile from Griswold Station. It has a church. Darien, Gulf of. See Gulf of Darien. Darien, Isthmus of. See Isthmus of Panama. Darien (or Doboy) Light, on the S. point of Sapelo Island, E. of Mcintosh co., Ga., is 74 feet above the level of the sea, and revolves once in five minutes. Lat. 31° 33' N.; Ion. 81° 15' W. Dariorigum, an ancient name of Vannes. Dai;jeeling, Darjiling,dar-jeering, or Dorjiling, dor-jeel'ing, a town of India, capital of Darjeeling district. Lat. 27° 2' 48" N, ; Ion. 88° 18' 36" E. It is in the Lower Himalaya, and, from its cool climate, is a favorite summer resort. It is connected by railway with Calcutta. Perma- nent pop. in 1872, 3157; of the whole municipality, 22,707. Darjeeling, a district of Bengal, bounded W. by Nepaul, and N. by Sikkim. Lat. 26° 30' 50"-27° 13' 5" N. ; Ion. 88° 2' 45"-88° 56' 35" E. Area, 1234 square miles. Its N. portion is traversed by the Lower Himalayas, but the S. is a hot and sickly plain. Grain, cotton, india- rubber, and tea are leading products. Capital, Darjeeling. Pop. 94,712. Dark Cor'ner, a post-office of Douglas co., Ga. Dark Corner, township, Anderson co., S.C. P. 1178. Darke, dark, a county in the W. part of Ohio, border- ing on Indiana, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is drained by the East Branch of the Whitewater River, and by Greenville and Stillwater Creeks, which rise in it. The surface is nearly level ; the soil is fertile. Forests of the white ash, beech, buckeye, elm, hickory, white oak, sugar-mnple, and other trees cover about one-third of its area. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, cattle, butter, and pork are the staple products. Good Niagara limestone (Upper Silurian) underlies a large part of the surface. This county is intersected by the Dayton & Union, Cleve- land, Columbus & Cincinnati, and Columbus & Indiana Central Railroads. Capital, Greenville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $30,436,350. Pop. in 1870, 32,278, of whom 30,397 were Americans. Darke, a post-hamlet of Darke co., 0., 6 miles W. of Greenville. It has a church. Darkehmen, daR-ki'm§n, a town of Prussia, 15 miles S.S.W. of Gumbinnen, on the Angerap. Pop. 2260. DAR 592 DAR Darkesville, darks'vil, a post-hamlet of Berkeley co., W. Va., 10 miles S.S.W. of Martinsburg. It has 2 churches. Dark'ey Springs, a post-office of White co., Tenn., 5 miles W. of Sparta. Darkhan, daB^xin', a lofty granite mountain -range in Mongolia, 140 miles S.E, of Oorga, near the route thence to Peking. On it is a monument to which the Mongols repair annually to celebrate the memory of Jenghis Khan. Darking, a town of England. See Dorking. Dark's iUiU, a post-office of Maury co., Tenn., and a station on the Nashville & Decatur Railroad, about 3 miles N.E. of Columbia. Darks'ville, a post-office of Randolph co.. Mo. Dar'laston, a town of England^ co, of Stafford, 1^ miles by rail N.N.W. of Wednesbury. The principal man- ufacture is that of iron, which is made here of all descrip- tions and of excellent quality. Articles of iron are also manufactured to a great extent. Coal- and iron-mines are extensively worked. Pop. 14,416. Dar'ley, a town of England, in Derbyshire, 3 miles by rail N.W. of Matlock. Pop. 1557. Dar'ling, CaVewat'ta, or Cal^laAvat'ta, a navi- gable river of Australia, one of the longest tributaries of the Murray. Total length, 1160 miles. It rises in the N.E. part of New South Wales, and flows inland in a generally S.W. course, dividing Queensland from New South Wales for many miles. In its upper course it is called Barwan River. Its chief affluents are the Macquarie, Namoi or Peel, Began, Gwydir, Castlereagh, Macintyre, and Warrego. l>ar'iiilg, a post-office of Dearborn co., Ind., at Man- chester Station on the Indianapolis, Cincinnati & Lafayette Railroad, 37 miles W. by N. of Cincinnati. Darling, a post-hamlet of Beaver Head co., Montana, 300 miles N. of Franklin, Idaho. Here is an express-office of Wells, Fargo & Co. Dar'ling DoAvns, a grassy hill-chain of Australia, N.E. of the source of Darling River. Lat. 28° S. ; Ion. 152° E. Elevation, 2000 feet. Dar'ling Range, a series of granite mountains of Western Australia, parallel with the coast, and abounding ■with sandal-wood and large timber. Length, 250 miles. Dar'liug's Lake, or Short Beach, a post-village in Yarmouth co.. Nova Scotia, on a small lake, 10 miles from Yarmouth. Pop. 100. Dar'lington, a town of England, co. and 18+ miles S. of Durham, at a railway junction, 45 miles N. of York. It has a bridge across the Skerne (an affluent of the Tees), a fine church of the twelfth century, a new church, a gram- mar-school founded by Queen Elizabeth, a blue-coat school, a union workhouse, formerly an episcopal palace, a town hall, mechanics* institution, manufactures of worsted and linen yarn, and metal-foundries. Here are extensive iron-works and machine-shops. Darlington has a large number of members of the Society of Friends. Pop. 27,750. Dar'lington, a county in the N.E. part of South Caro- lina, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Great Pedee River, and on the S.W. by Lyneh's Creek, and is also drained by Black Creek. The surface is diversified with low hills or undulations, and is mostly covered with forests of pine and other trees. The soil is partly sandy, and fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, sweet potatoes, and pork are the staple products, the annual yield of cotton being at times about 35,000 bales, — more than that of any other county in the state. It is intersected by the Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta Railroad and the Cheraw & Darlington Railroad. Capital, Darlington Court- House. Valuation of real and personal estate, §4,859,282. Pop. in 1870, 26,243, of whom 26,172 were Americans. Darlington, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ind., in Franklin township, on Sugar Creek, and on the Logansport, Crawfordsville »fc Southwestern Railroad, 8 miles N.E. of Crawfordsville. It has an academy and .3 churches. Darlington, a post-office of Indian Territory, on the North Fork of Canadian River, 75 miles N.N.E. of Fort Sill. Here is an agency for the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians. Darlington,atownshipof Harvey CO., Kansas. P. 302. Darlington, a post-office of St. Helena parish, La., 12 miles E.N.E. of Clinton. Darlington, a post-village of Harfoi"d co., Md., about 36 miles N.E. of Baltimore, and on Deer Creek, 2 miles S.W. of the Susquehanna River. It contains 4 churches and the Darlington Academy. Pop. 168. Darlington, a post-village of Richland co., 0., in Perry township, 14 miles S. by AV. from Mansfield. It has 2 churches and a saw-mill. Darlington, a post-village of Darlington township, Beaver co., Pa., on Little Beaver River, and on a branch railroad extending from New Galilee to Cannelton, 10 miles N.W. of New Brighton, and 37 miles N.W. of Pittsburg. It has several churches and 2 carriage-shops. Here eannel coal is obtained largely. Pop. 280; of the township, 1811. Darlington, a station in Delaware co., Pa., on the West Chester & Philadelphia Railroad, IS miles W.S.W. of Philadelphia. Darlington, a post-village, capital of Lafayette eo., Wis., on the Pecatonica River, in Darlington township, and on the Mineral Point Railroad, about 50 miles S.W. of Madison, and 16 miles S. by E. from Mineral Point. It has a court-house, 2 banks, 4 churches, and a graded school. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. about 1300 ; of the township, 2671. Dar'lington, a post-village in Queens co.. Prince Ed- ward Island, 12 miles from Charlottetown. Pop. 200. Darlington Court-House, a post-village, capital of Darlington co., S.C., on the Cheraw & Darlington Rail- road, about 70 miles E.N.E. of Columbia, and 30 miles S. of Cheraw. It has a court-house, an academy, and 5 churches. One weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. about 1200. Darlington Heights, a post-hamlet of Prince Edward CO., Va., 14 miles S.W. of Farmville. Darmstadt, danm'statt, a town of Western Germany, capital of the grand duchy of Hesse and of the province of Btarkenburg, at the N.W. extremity of the Odenwald, on the little river Darm, 15 miles S. of Frankfort, at the junction of several railway's. It consists of an old and a new town, both enclosed by walls. The former is ill built; the latter has broad and handsome streets. It has old and new ducal palaces, the former of which contains a picture- gallery, a museum of natural history, with valuable fossils, and of ancient and modern sculpture, a hall of antiquities, collections of cork models, an armory, and a grand-ducal library of 500,000 volumes and another of 60,000. Other edifices are the palaces of the princes, the opera-house, in the Italian style, artillery depot, several churches (one of which contains the tombs of the landgraves), the Casino, hall of the commons, military hospital, royal stables, orphan asylum, ducal chapel, synagogue, &c. It has an agricul- tural normal school, a gymnasium, and schools of arts and sciences, artillery, sculpture, and drawing. The presence and expenditure of the court form the chief source of sub- sistence to the inhabitants. Manufactures of tobacco, wax candles, carpets, silver articles, paper, cards, starch, Ac., are carried on. Pop. (including Bessungen) in 1875, 44,107. Darm'stadt, a post-hamlet of St. Clair co., 111., about 20 miles S.E. of Belleville. Darnac,daR^nak', a village of France, in Haute- Yienne, 8 miles N.N.AV. of Bellac. Pop. 1395. Dar'nell's Gin, a post-office of Sabine parish, La. Darnestown, darnz'tuwn, a post-village of Mont- gomery CO., Md., about 22 miles N.W. of Washington, D.C. It has a church and an academy. Darnetal, daR^neh-t&.l', a town of France, in Seine- Inferieure, 2 miles by rail E. of Rouen. It has cotton- spinning or calico-printing works, and manufactures of woollen cloths, blankets, and flannels. Pop. 5636. Darney, daR^ni', a village of France, in Yosges, 18 miles S.E. of Mirecourt. Pop. 1768, Dar'nick, a village of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, 1 mile W. by N. of Melrose. It contains a tower built during the fifteenth century. Darnis, an ancient name of Derne. Darnley (darn'Iee) Island, in Torres Strait, Aus- tralasia, is about 100 miles N.E. of Cape York. Daroca, da-ro'kA, a town of Spain, on the Jiloca, province and 48 miles S.AV. of Saragossa. Pop. 2857. Darrang, a district of India. See Duurung. Darr'town, a post-village of Butler co., 0., in Milford township, 7 or S miles N.W. of Hamilton, and 3 miles from Collinsville Station. It has 2 eburches. Pop. 258. Dart, a river of England, co. of Devon, rises in Dart- moor, flows S.E. , andjoins the English Channel by an estuary which forms the harbor of Dartmouth, Length, 35 miles. Dart, a post-offiee of McLean co.. 111. Dart'ford, a town of England, co. of Kent, on the Darent, 15 miles by rail E.S.E. of London. The town, situated in a narrow valley, has a large church, a grammar- school, a churoh charity-school, an almshouse founded in the reign of Henry VI., a bridewell, a union workhouse, a market-house, abranoh bank, large gunpowder-, paper-, oil-, and flour-mills, jewelry-works, an extensive stcam-engino factory, and considerable trade with London. Pop. of parish, 8298. Dart'ford, a post-village, capital of Green Lake co., Wis., in Brooklyn township, on the N. shore of Green Lake, DAR 593 DAU and on the Sheboygan A Fond du Lac Railroad. It is 1 mile from Green Lake Station, 9 miles S. of Berlin, and 26 miles W. of Fond du Lao. It has 2 churches and several hotels. Green Lake is a summer resort, is about 15 miles long, very deep, and is surrounded by attractive scenery. Dartford, a post-village in Northumberland co., On- tario, 18 miles N. of Colborne. Pop. 100. Dart'moor, a table-land of England, occupying a large part of the S. half of the county of Devon, being about 22 miles in length by from 9 to 12 miles in breadth. It com- prises many granite heights, termed tors, and has numerous mines. The surface is mostly heath or woodland. The famous Dartmoor Prison stands near Prince Town, where are immense granite- works connected by tramway with the various public works and port of Plymouth. The moor is cold and sterile. Dart'moor, a post-village in Victoria co., Ontario, .32 miles N. of Woodville. Pop. 100. Dartmouth, dart'miith, a town of England, co. of Devon, on the W. side of the estuary of the Dart, opposite Kingswear, and 32 miles by rail S.W. of Exeter. The town is picturesquely built on a steep acclivity, forming a succession of terraces, and its dockyard and quay project into the river, which here resembles a lake, with finely- wooded banks, and is crossed by a floating bridge. The Dart is defended at its entrance by a castle and strong batteries, and is navigable to the town. The principal ex- ports are barley, woollen goods, and cider. The imports are wine, oil, fruits, salt from the Mediterranean, and fish, many of the inhabitants being engaged in the fisheries. A steam ferry plies to Kingswear. Pop. 5338. Dart'mouth, ArUemont', or Onglahy, ong'gli'- hee\ a river of Madagascar, rises in the mountains in the central S. part of the island, flows nearly due W., and falls into the Bay of St. Augustine under the Tropic of Capricorn. Length, about 160 miles. Dart'mouth, a post-township of Bristol co., Mass., about 2 miles W. of New Bedford, is bounded on the S.E. by Buzzard's Bay. It has several good harbors, and con- tains a village named South Dartmouth. Dartmouth Post- OfRce is about 60 miles S. of Boston. The township is traversed by the railroad from Fall River to New Bedford. It has 12 churches. Pop. 3434. Dartmouth, a port of Prince Edward Island, in Prince CO., on Richmond Bay, in lat. 46° 33' N., Ion, 63° 54' W. Dartmouth, a town of Halifax co.. Nova Scotia, at the entrance of a small river into Halifax harbor, opposite Hal- ifax. It contains several foundries, 3 tanneries, the pro- vincial lunatic asylum, and many fine private residences. A ferry plies between Dartmouth and Halifax. Pop. 4368. Dartmouth College. See Hanoveu, N.H. Dartmouth College Grant, a tract of land in Coos CO., N.II., on the Maine line. Pop. 11. Dar'ton, a town of England, eo. of York, West Riding, 4 miles by rail N.W. of Barnsley. Pop. 2582. Daruvar, diVoo-van', a town of Austro-Hungary, in Slavonia, 28 miles N.W. of Posega. It has sulphur baths and marble-quarries. Pop. 3500. Dar'vel, a village of Scotland, co. and 15 miles N.E. of Ayr, on the Irvine Water. Pop. 1729. Darvernum, an ancient name of Canterbury. Dar'vill's, a post-ofiice of Dinwiddle co., Va., 25 miles S.W. of Petersburg. Dar'wa, a town of India, in Berar. Pop. 3054. Darwar, or Dharwar, dar'war, a district of India, Bombay presidency. Lat. 14° 6'-15° 53' N.; Ion. 74° 50'- 75° 58' E. Area, 4536 square miles. Cotton and wheat are the staple products. Capital, Darwar. Pop. 988,037. Darwar, or Dharwar, a town of India, capital of the above. Lat. 15° 28' N.; Ion. 75° 4' E. Pop. 35,000. DarAven. See Lower Darwen and Over D.ahwen. Darwent, a river of England. See Derwent. Dar'win, a post-office and mining town of Inyo co., Cal., 95 miles from Mojave Railroad Station. Altitude, 4950 feet. It has furnaces for silver-ore, and a newspaper ofiice. Darwin, a post-village of Clark eo.. III., in Darwin township, on the Wabash Kiver, 18 or 20 miles below Terre Haute, Ind., and 4 miles from Darwin Station, which is on the Paris & Danville Railroad, 22 miles S. of Paris. It has a church and a flour-mill. Pop. about 260 j of the town- ship, 1012. Darwin, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., Ind., about 16 miles S. of Logansport. It has a steam saw-mill. Darwin, a station in Putnam co., Ind., on the India- napolis & St. Louis Railroad, 32 miles from Indianapolis. JDarwin, a post-village of Meeker co., Minn., in Dar- win township, on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, on the line which separates the " Big Woods" from the " Big Prairie" of Minnesota, 72 miles W. of St. Paul, and 6 miles S.E. of Litchfield. It is J mile from Lakes Stella and Washington. Pop. of the township, 350. Dar'win Sound, Terra del Fuego, is on the S.W. side of King Charles's South Land. Darwin Mountain, near the coast, is estimated to be 6800 feet in height. Da'rysaw', a post-oftice of Grant co.. Ark. Daschitz, d&'shits, a town of Bohemia, 7 miles N. N.E. of Chrudim, on the Laucna. Pop. 1884. Dashkova, or Daschkowa, dash-ko'vi, a town of Russia, government and 12 miles S. of Moheelev, on the right bank of the Dnieper. Here the French were defeated by the Russians on the 10th of July, 1812. Dash'ville, a hamlet of Ulster co., N.Y., in Esopus township, on Wallkill River, 4 miles E. of Rosendale. It has a church. Dash'wood, a post-village in Huron co., Ontario, 21 miles S.W. of Seaforth. Pop. 100. Das Mortes, a river of Brazil. See Rio das Mortes. Dassau, dis'sow (written also Dassow), a market- town of Northern Germany, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 20 miles W. of Wismar, on the Stepenitz. Pop. 1045. Dassel, d&s'sel, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 23 miles N.N.W. of Gottingen. Pop. 1811. Das'sel, a post-village of Meeker co., Minn., in Swan Lake township, on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 67 miles W. of St. Paul, and 11 miles E.S.E. of Litchfield. It is 2 miles E. of Washington Lake, and is surrounded by forests called the Big Woods. It has a flour-mill, a saw-mill, a hotel, and a grain-warehouse. Das'sen Island, of Cape Colony, South Africa, is in the Atlantic, 40 miles N.N.W. of Cape Town. Dassook, a town of Egypt. See Dessook. Dassow, a town of Germany. See Dassau. Datch'et, a parish of England, co. of Bucks, on the Thames, opposite Windsor. Pop. 990. Here are many elegant mansions, including Ditton Park, remarkable for its fine oaks. Datohet Mead is famous for Falstaff's adven- ture in the " Merry Wives of Windsor." Date Island, a small island on the E. coast of Anam, in lat. 13° 30' N., Ion. 108° ly E. Datiya, a town of India. See Ditteah. Datnovo, dit'no'vo, a town of Russian Poland, govern- ment and 70 miles N.W. of Vilna. Datschitz, da.'chits (Moravian, Daczicze, di-chee'chi), a town of Moravia, 25 miles S. of Iglau, on the 'Ihaya. It has a castle. Pop. 2332. Dattoli, dit-to'lee, a cluster of rocky islets around the island of Panaria, Lipari group, in the Mediterranean. Dauba, dow'bi, orDuba, doo'bi, a town of Bohemia, circle and 19 miles N.W. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1768. Dauehite Bayou. See Dorcheat Bayotj. Daudkandi, a town of Bengal. See DAOoncAONDY. Daudlcb, dowd'Ieb, or Daudleby, dowd'ISb-ee, a vil- lage of Bohemia, near Koniggratz. Pop. 1300. Daudnagar, a town of Bengal. See Daoodnuggur. Daufuskie Island. See Daavpuskie Island. Daugherty, daw'er-te, a township of Cerro Gordo co., Iowa. Pop. 141. Daugherty, a station on the Scioto Valley Railroad, in Franklin co., 0., 6 miles S. of Columbus. Daugi, dow'ghee, a town of Russian Poland, in Vilna, 26 miles S.AV. of Troki. Pop. 1200. Daulatgai^, daw-lat-ganj', a town of India, Sarun district. Pop. 3173. Daule, dow'l^, a large navigable river of Ecuador, rises near San Miguel, in lat. 35° S., Ion. 80° 38' E., from which point it flows S. to Guayaquil, where it joins the Guayas. Daule, a village of Ecuador, 22 miles N.N.W. of Guayaquil, on the river Daule. Daulia, a village of Greece. See Davlia. Daumeray, do'meh-ri', avillage of France, in Maine- et-Loire, 19 miles N.W. of Bauge. Pop. 1735. Daun, down, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 29 miles N.N.E. of Treves. Pop. 763. Daung, dawng, a country of India, near its W. coast. Lat. 20° 22'-21° 5 N. ; Ion. 73° 28'-73° 52' E. Area, 960 square miles. It is governed by chiefs feudatory to the Rajah of Daung, and has teak forests. Pop. 70,300. Dauphin, daw'fin, a county in the S.E. central part of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 550 square miles. It is bounded on the W. and S.AV. by the Susquehanna River, and is intersected by the Swatara River and Wiconisco, Clark's, and Paxton Creeks. The surface is diversified by the Kitta- tinny or Blue Mountain and other parallel ridges, the direc- tion of which is nearly N.E. and S.W. The valley which lies DAU 594 DAV S.E. of the Blue Mountain is based on limestone, and is very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, butter, and pork are the staple products. This county has plenty of timber, including the ash, beech, chestnut, hickory, white oak, and wild cherry. It has mines of anthracite coal, the annual product of which is about 400,000 tons. It is in- tersected by 4 railroads, — the Pennsylvania, the Lebanon Valley, the Schuylkill &. Susquehanna, and the North- ern Central. Harrisburg is the capital of this county and of the state. Valuation of real and personal estate, $59,873,460. Pop. in 1S70, 60,740, of whom 56,003 were Americans. Dauphin, a post-borough of Dauphin co., Pa., on the Susquehanna River, at the mouth of Stony Creek, and on the Northern Central Railroad at its junction with the Schuylkill & Susquehanna Railroad, 8 miles N.N.W, of Harrisburg. It has 4 churches, a car-factory, a tannery, a grist-mill, and a planing-mill. Pop. 7o9. Dauphine, do'fee^ni', called also, in English, Dau'- phiny, an extensive old province in the S.W. of France, now comprised in the departments of Drome. llautes-Alpes, and Isere. After having been governed for several centu- ries by palatine counts, who were called davphius, it was ceded to Philip of Valois in 1349; and from that time to the revolution of 1830 the eldest son of the King of France had the title of Dauphin. Dauphine, do-feen', a post-hamlet of Osage co.. Mo., on the Missouri River, and on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, at Bonnot's Mills, 1.3 miles E. of Jefferson City. Pop. 65, Dauphin (daw'Hn) Island, a long, narrow, sandy island in the Gulf of Mexico, W. of the entrance to Mobile Bay. It belongs to Mobile co., Ala. Dau'ree^ a village of India, province of Malwah, on the Nerbudda. Lat. 22° 12' N. ; Ion. 76° 23' E. Here the navigation of the Nerbudda is impeded by a fall. Dauria, a country of Asia. See DAOoniA. Dauss, daws, an island of the Persian Gulf, in a bay of the Arabian coast. Lat. 25° 10' N. ; Ion. 63° 3' E. Davanagere, d3,-van-a-gheer', a town of India, in My- sore. Pop. 6596. Dav'enport, a post-hamlet of Santa Cruz co., Cal., on the Pacific Ocean, about 00 miles S. of San Francisco. Davenport, a post-office of Putnam co., Fla. Davenport, a flourishing city of Iowa, and the capital of Scott CO., is pleasantly situated on the Mississippi River, at the foot of the upper rapids, opposite the city of Rock Island, and about 335 miles above 8t. Louis. It is 70 miles (direct) S. of Dubuque, and 183 miles by railroad W. by S. from Chicago. It is the S. terminus of the Daven- port & St. Paul Railroad, and is on the Chicngo, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Other railroads terminating on the E. b;ink of the river connect it with the Eastern cities. It is built partly on the slope and top of a bluff, which is moderately steep, and commands extensive and beautiful yiews of the river and Rock Island. This island, which belongs to the United States and is the site of a United States arsenal and military headquarters, is about 3 miles long, and is diversified with beautiful scenery, and embel- lished with several costly stnictures built by the Federal government. A grand wrought-iron bridge, for railroad trains and other carriages, has recently been constructed from Davenport to this island, which forms a beautiful public park. This bridge is said to have cost §1,000,000. Davenport contains a court-house, a city hall, a handsome opera-house, about 28 churches, 3 or 4 national banks, a high school, a normal school, a convent, the Academy of the Immaculate Conception, the Catholic Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo, the Davenport Library, Griswold Col- lege (Protestant Episcopal), which was founded in 1859, and a well-endowed Catholic hospital, besides extensive manu- factures of farming-implements, carriages, woollen goods, furniture, lumber, flour, Ac. Four weekly and 3 daily news- papers (one of which is German) are published here. Large quantities of grain are shipped here. Pop. in 1875, 21,234 j of Davenport township, 8436 additional. Davenport, a pust-offico of Dade co.. Mo., 25 miles N.N.E. of Carthage. Davenport, a post-office and station of Thayer co.. Neb., on the St. Joseph & Denver City Railroad, 76 miles S.E. of Kearney. Davenport, a post-village of Davenport township, Delaware co., N.Y., on Charlotte River, about 60 miles W.S.W. of Albany. It has a church. The township has 5 churches and a pop. of 2195. Davenport, a post-village in York co., Ontario, 5 miles by rail N. of Toronto. Pop. 120. Davenport Centre, a post-village of Delaware co., N.Y., in Davenport township, on Charlotte River, about 12 miles N. of Delhi. It has a church. Davenport Corners, a hamlet of Putnam co., N.Y., 3 miles from Cold Spring. It has a church. Daventria, the Latin for Deventer. Dav'entry, commonly pronounced dan'tree, a town of England, co. and 12 miles W.N.W. of Northampton. It has a good modern church, a free grammar-school founded in 1576, the remains of a priory founded in 1090, a branch bank, and manufactures of shoes and whips. A branch of the ancient AVatling Street runs E. of the town, and on Brough (or Dane) Hill, in the vicinity, is the largest and loftiest Roman encampment in the kingdom. Pop. 4051. David, da.-veod', a town of the United States of Colom- bia, state and 115 miles W. by S. of Panama, capital of the province of Chiriqui, on the river David. Lat. 8° 23' N. ; Ion. 82° 27' W. Pop. 4825. Da'vid City, a post-village, capital of Butler co.. Neb., on the Omaha & Republican Valley Railroad, 16 miles S. of Schuyler, and 96 miles W. of Omaha. It has a church and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. about 300. Da'vid Clark Island, in the South Pacific Ocean, Low Archipelago. Lat. 17° 19'S.j Ion. 138° 30' W. It is about 20 miles in circumference. Da'vidsburg, a village of Blair co.. Pa., in Antis township, 1 mile from Bellwood. It has a church, a bank- ing-house, a steam tannery, and a chair-factory. Davidsburg, a post-hamlet of York co.. Pa., about 22 miles S. of Harrisburg. It has a church. David's Island, in Long Island Sound, is in the township of New Rochelle, Westchester co., N.Y. In 1867 it was purchased by the United States for $38,500, and is now a military reservation. Da'vidson, a county in the W. central part of North Carolina, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the W. and S.AV. by the Yadkin River, and also drained by Abbott's Creek. The surface is hilly, and extensively covered with forests; the soil is partly fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county has a mine of zinc, the product of which some- times has a value of $435,000 per annum. Gold and silver are found here in quartz rock. It is intersected by the North Carolina Railroad. Capital, Lexington. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,227,684. Pop. in 1870, 17,414, of whom 17,372 were Americans. Davidson, a county of Middle Tennessee, has an area of about 550 square miles. It is intersected by the Cum- berland River. The surface is undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests of ash, hickory, oak, beech, &c. j the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, pork, and butter are the staple products. Good Silurian limestone un- derlies thiscounty. Specimens of alabaster, blende, barytes, celestine, and galena are found in it. It is intei-sected by various roads, noticed under the head of Nashville, which is the capital of the county and of the state. Valuation of real and personal estate, §64,636,618. Pop. in 1870, 62,897, of whom 58,477 were Americans. Davidson, a post-village of Boulder co., Col., on the Colorado Central Railroad, 36 miles N.W. of Denver, and 6 miles S. of Boulder. It has rich mines of coal (lignite). Davidson, a station in Fayette co.. Pa., on the South- western Pennsylvania Railroad, 1 mile from Connellsville. Davidson, a post-township of Sullivan co., Pa. P. 634. Davidson, a post-office of Humphreys en.. Tenn. Davidson College, a post-village of Mecklenburg CO., N.C., is on the Atlantic, Tennessee & Ohio Railroad, 23 miles N. of Charlotte. It has a church. Here is Davidson College (Presbyterian), which was founded in 1837. Davidson's, a township of Iredell co., N.C. P. 1540. Davidson's Creek, of Texas, runs southeastward through Burleson co., and enters the Yegua Creek. Davidson's River, post-ofliice. Transylvania co., N.C. Da'vidsonville, a small post-village of Anne Arundel CO., Md., 10 miles W.S.W. of Annapolis. It has 2 churches. Da'vidsville (Smitten Pust-Office), a hamlet of In- diana CO., Pa., 22 miles N. of Ipdiana. It has a church. Davidsville, a post-hamlet of Somerset co., Pa., 8 miles S. of Johnstown. It has a church. Davidtown, a village of Ontnrio. See Shakon, Davie, di'vco, a county in the W. central part of North Carolina, has an area of about 285 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Yadkin River, and on the S. by the South Yadkin. The surface is uneven or hilly; the soil is partly fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and tobacco are the staple products. Capital, Mocksvillo. Valuation of real and personal cstato, $2,073,908. Pop. in 1870, 9620, of whom 9615 ^vero Americans. DAY 695 DAY Daviess, di'vis, a county in the S.W. part of Indiana, has an area of about 420 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the East Fork of White River, and on the W. by the West Fori; of the same river. These streams unite at the S.W. e.xtremity of the county, which is partly drained by Prairie Creek. The surface is undulating or level, and is extensively covered with forests; the soil is fertile. Iii- dian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and pork are the staples. _ This county has valuable beds of bituminous coal. It is inter- sected by the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad. Capital, Wash- ington. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,875,050. Pop. in 1870, 16,747, of whom 15,8i0 were Americans. Daviess, a county in the N.W. part of Kentucky, has an area of about 346 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Ohio River, and on the W. by Green River. The surface is nearly level, and about half of it is covered with forests; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, tobacco, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. In 1870 this county produced 6,273,067 pounds of tobacco. It is intersected by the Owensborough A Nashville Railroad. Beds of coal are found here. Capital, Owensborough.. Valuation of real and personal estate, $9,787,086. Pop. in 1870, 20,714, of whom 20,108 were Americans. Daviess, a county in the N.W. part of Missouri, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by Grand River, which divides it into nearly equal parts. The sur- face is undulating, and is extensively covered with forests of hard timber. About half of the county is prairie. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, oats, wheat, pork, and butter are the staple products. This county is traversed by a branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and by the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad. Capital, Gallatin. Valuation of real and personal estate, $9,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 14,410, of whom 14,167 were Americans. Daviesville, da'vez-vil, a post- village, capital of Gos- per CO., Neb., 35 miles S. of Plum Creek Railroad Station. Davilicaii, di-ve-le-kin', a bay on the E. coast of the island of Luzon, one of the Philippines. Lat. 16° 40' N. Davil'la, a post-village of Milam co., Tex., about 48 miles N.B. of Austin. It has 3 churches and the Davilla Institute. Da'vis, a southern county of Iowa, bordering on Mis- souri, has an area of 480 square miles. It is drained by the North Fabius, Fox, and Des Moines Rivers, the last of which touches its N.E. extremity. The surface is un- dulating, and is diversified with prairies and forests. In 1870 it had 99,625 acres of woodland. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, pork, and butter are the staple products. This county is intersected by a branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, by the Bur- lington ifc Southwestern Railroad, and by the Northern di- vision of the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad. CapiUil, Bloomfield. Valuation of real and personal estate, $7,172,928. Pop. in 1870, 15,665, of whom 15,023 were Americans; in 1876, 15,757. Davis, a county in the N.E. central part of Kansas, has an area of about 407 square miles. It is intersected by the Kansas River, and is partly drained by the Repub- lican River, the mouth of which is in this county. The surface is undulating ; the soil is fertile. The greater part of it is prairie. Indian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and hay are the staple products. This county has abundance of limestone. It is intersected by the Kansas Pacific Railroad and the Missouri, Kansas & Te.xas Railroad. Capital, .lune- tion City. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,105,200. Pop. in 1870, 6526; in 1875, 4611; in 1878, 5382. Davis, a county in the N. part of Utah, is bounded on the W. by Great Salt Lake, and is partly drained by Weber River. The soil is fertile when irrigated. Wheat, barley, Indian corn, Ac, are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Utah Central Railroad. Capital, Farm- ington. Valuation of real and personal estate, $648,666. Pop. in 1870, 4459, of whom 3010 were Americans. Davis, Yolo co., Cal. See Davisville. Davis, apost-hamletofLasAnimas co.. Col. Davis, a station in Worth co., Ga.,. on the Brunswick & Albany Railroad, 10 miles E. of Albany. Davis, a post-village of Stephenson co.. 111., in Rook Run township, on the Western Union Railroad, 13 miles N.E. of Freeport. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a money-order post-office, and a flouring-mill. Davis, a township of Fountain co., Ind., bounded N. by the river Wabash. Pop. 663. Davis, a township of Starke co., Ind., bounded N.W. by the Kankakee River and English Lake. Pop. 244. It contains Hamlet. Davis Station is on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 20 miles W.N.W. of Plymouth. Davis, a station on the New Orleans & Texas Railroad, 18 miles W. of New Orleans, La. Davis, a post-village of Macomb co., Mich., 7 miles S.B. of Romeo. It has a church and a steam saw-mill. Davis, a township of Caldwell co.. Mo. Py em- ployed in iron- and coal-mines, with which the forest and neighboring wastes abound. The forest contains fine plan- tations of oak, beech, &c., and orchards yielding famous cider. Numerous railways connect the mines with the Sev- ern, Wye, &c. It is divided into East Dean (pop. 10,901) and West Dean {pop. 9591). The inhabitants are exempted from county rates, and have other ancient privileges. Dean Mitch'ell, or Mitch^eldean', a town of England, co. of Gloucester, 11 miles W. of Gloucester. Dean's, a post-hamlet of Middlesex co., N.J., in South Brunswick township, on a branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 51 miles from West Philadelphia. It has 2 churches. Dean's, a township of Edgefield co., S.C. Pop. 1320. Dean's Corners, a hamlet of Lake co.. III., about 40 miles N.W. of Chicago. It has 2 churches. Dean's Corners, a hamlet of Chemung co., N.Y., 4 miles from Horseheads. Dean's Corners, Delaware co., N.Y. See Aukville. Dean's Corners, a post-office of Saratoga co., N.Y. Dean's Island, a lagoon island in the Pacific, between the Low Islands and the Society Islands. Lat. 15° 5' S.; Ion. 148° W. Dean's Mills, a hamlet of Montcalm co., Mich., 4 miles from Sheridan. It has 2 lumber-mills. Deans'ton, a village of Scotland, co. and 30 miles S.W. of Perth, on the Teith, 1 mile AV. of Doune. Pop. 627, employed in cotton -factories. Deans'ville, a post-village of Oneida co., N.Y., in Marshall township, on the Chenango Canal and the Dela- ware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, 14 miles S.W. of Utica. It has 2 churches and an academy. Pop. 195. Deansville, or Deanville, a post-village of Dane CO., Wis., on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 18 miles E.N.E. of Madison. It has a church. Dean'ville, a post-hamlet of Lapeer co., Mich., in Burnside township, 48 miles W.N.W. of Port Huron. It has a church and a saw-mill. Pop. about 100. Deanville, a post-hamlet of Armstrong co., Pa., in Mad- ison township, 4 miles N.E. of Mahoning. It has 2 churches. Deanville, a post-hamlet of Burleson co., Q'ex., 22 miles from Giddings. It has 2 churches, a steam saw-mill, and a grist-mill. Dearborn, the former name of Nunda, 111. Dearborn, deer'bprn, a county in the S.E. part of In- diana, bordering on Ohio, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Ohio River, and on the S. by Laughery Creek. The N.E. part of the county is drained by Whitewater River. The surface is partly hilly and partly level,* the soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. Nearly one- third of the area is covered with forests of the ash, beech, elm, hickory, white oak, sugar-maple, &o. Silurian lime- stone underlies this eonntv. It is intersected bv the Ohio & Mississippi Rnilruad and the Indianapolis, Cincinnati A Lafayette Railroad. Capital, Lawrenceburg. Valuation of real and personal estate, $13,219,300. Pop. in 1870, 24,116, of whom 19,520 were natives and 4596 were foreigners. Dearborn, or Dear'bornville, a post-village in Dearborn township, Wayne co., Mich., on Rouge River, and on the Michignn Central Railroad, 10 miles W. of De- troit. It has 7 churches, a union school, a chemical labora- tory, an extensive briok-yard, n saw-mill, grist-mill, Ac. DEA 599 DEC Pop. 530, Many garden-products are sent to market from this township. Pop. of the township, 2271. Dearborn, post-office, Lewis and Clarke co., Montana, Dearborn's River, the first tributary of any im- portance which the Missouri receives after the junction of its three head-branches. It rises in the Rocky Mountains, and, flowing S.E., unites with the Missouri about 130 miles above the Great Falls. Length, about 3 50 miles. Dear'brook, or Deer Brook, a hamlet of Noxubee CO., Miss., 6 miles N.E. of Brookville. It has several stores. Dear'ing, a station in McDuffie co., Ga., on the Georgia Railroad, 29 miles W. of Augusta. De Ar'mersville, a post-office of Calhoun co., Ala. Dease (dees) Inlet, Arctic Ocean, Alaska, S.E. of Point Barrow, in lat. 71° 13' N., Ion. 75° 10' W., is about 5 miles broad, and has 2 fathoms of water. Dease River, of British North America, rises in the Coppermine Mountains, and flows into the N. side of Great Bear Lake, Dease Strait, a channel in the Arctic Ocean, com- municating with Coronation Gulf, and having Melbourne Island at its E. extremity. It is intersected by the parallel of 69° N., is about 120 miles long and 23 miles in average breadth, and at its widest part Is obstructed by islands. Deasonville, dee's9n-vil, a post-hamlet of Yazoo co.. Miss., 4 miles W. of Vaughan. It has a church and 3 stores. Death Valley, or Amar'gosa Desert, Inyo co., Cal., lies between the Araargosa Mountains on the E. and the Panamint Mountains on the W. Its surface is 159 feet below sea-level. It is a gloomy desert tract, receiving the scanty waters of the Amargosa River. Deatonsville, dee'tonz-vil, a post-hamlet of Amelia CO., Va., 7 miles W.N.W. of Jetersville Railroad Station. Deatsville, deets'vil, a station in Elmore co., Ala., on the South & North Alabama Railroad, IS miles N.N.W. of Montgomery. Deatsville, a post-oflice of Nelson co., Ky. Deav'er's, a post-office of Transylvania co., N.C. Deavertown, dee'v§r-town, a post-village of Morgan CO., 0., 15 miles S. of Zanesville. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of leather, stoneware, and wagons. Pop. 160. Dea Vocontiorum, the ancient name of Die. Deba, dA'b^, or Dib'bah, a fortified town of Arabia, on the Arabian Sea, 100 miles N.W. of Muscat. Pop. 1200, who collect shark-fins and engage in the pearl-fishery. Deba, di'bS,, or Dhapa, d'hS-'pS, a town of Thibet, capital of a province, near the Upper Sutlej, 14,918 feet above sea-level. Lat. 30° 18' N. ; Ion. 80° 21' B. It has a large temple of Vishnu, and a monastic establishment. Debaee, or Dibai, de-bi'ee, called also Dub^boi', Dubhae, dub-ha,'ee, and Dub^hoi', a town of India, dis- trict of Boolundshahur, 69 miles S.E. of Delhi. Pop. 7782. Debai, a town of Arabia. See Deba. Debalpoor, di.-b^l-poor', a town of India, in the Pun- jab, between the Sutlej and Ravee Rivers, 77 miles S.W. of Lahore. Debel'lo, a post-office of Vernon co., Wis., about 27 miles E. of Viroqua. Deb'enham, a town of England, co. of Suffolk, 13 miles N. of Ipswich. Pop. of parish, 1349. De Beque, de-bay', a post-ofiice of Delta co., Mich., is at Maple Ridge Railroad Station. De Ber'ry, a post-office of Panola co., Tex. Debert, de-bair', a river of Colchester co., Nova Scotia, rises in the Cobequid Mountains, flows south, and falls into Cobequtd Bay. Several lakes at its source abound with speckled trout. Debert, a small village in Colchester co.. Nova Scotia, near Cobequid Bay, 12 miles by rail N.W. of Truro. P. 140. Debi, or Debie, di*bee', a village of Sencgarabia, on the left bank of the Senegal, 20 miles from its mouth, and 7 miles E. of the Atlantic Ocean. DebUois', a post-township of Washington co.. Me., on the Narraguagus River, 10 miles N. of Cherryfield. P. 139. Debo, di'bo, or Dibble, dib'bee (Arab. Bahr-Tieb, bin'r-teeb, the "black lake"), a lake of Africa, 150 miles S.W. of Timbuctoo, is traversed by the Niger River, which enters on its S. and emerges from its N.E. side. On its S.W. shore is a town of the same name. Deboo, or Debou, di-boo', a village of Western Africa, in Bondoo, on the Falem6. Lat. 14° 20' N. ; Ion. 12° 14' W. It is situated on a cliff" overhanging the river. Debra-Tabour, Abyssinia. See Devra-Taboor. Debreczin, or Debretzin, di-br^t'sin, a town of Hungary, and the chief town of the Haiduck district, is in a sandy plain, at a railway junction, 116 miles E. of Pesth, The houses are almost all one story in height, and thatched j the streets are broad, unpaved, and in wet weather a mass of liquid mud. Its principal edifices are 5 churches, a monastery, several hospitals and infirmaries, an orphan asylum, and a town hall. It has a Calvinistic college, with a library of 20,000 volumes, founded in 1792, a botanic gar-r den and palm-house, a Piarist college, a Roman Catholic high school, and manufactures of soap, tobacco-pipe-bowls, beet sugar, flour, shoes, furs, combs, and coopers' and turnery-wares. The inner town is enclosed by walls. Pop. 46,111, chiefly Magyars and Protestants. De Sruce, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., N.Y., about 45 miles W, of Kingston. It has a church and a tannery. De Bru'in, or Debrn'in, a post-hamlet of Pulaski CO., Mo., 7 miles S.E. of Richland Railroad Station. De Burg, deh biiuG, or Burgt, buuct, a village of the Netherlands, in North Holland, island of Texel, 7 miles N. of the Helder. It is the principal village in the island, and is noted for the beauty of its streets, Deburieh, d^b^oo-ree'^h (anc. Dabu'rath), a village of Palestine, pashalic of Acre, 2 miles S.E. of Nazareth. Decapolis, the supposed ancient name of Deva. Decatur, de-k^'t^r, the most southwestern county of Georgia, has an area of about 1070 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Chattahoochee River, and inter- sected by the Flint River, which unites with the former stream at the S.W. corner of the county. The surface is undulating or nearly level; the soil is mostly fertile. Cot- ton, Indian corn, pork, and sweet potatoes are the staple products. A large part of this county is covered with forests of yellow pine, oak, ash, edham, a post-village, capital of Norfolk co., Mass., is on Charles Kiver, in Dedham township, and on branches of the Boston it Providence Railroad, 12 miles S.W. of Bos- ton, the branches extending to Jamaica Plain, to Readville, and to Walnut Hills. It has also a station on a branch of the New York & New England Railroad. It has a hand- some court-house, 4 or 5 churches, a national bank, a savings-bank, a public library, a high school, a newspaper office, and manufactories of pianos, brooms, and woollen goods. This is the native place of Eisher Ames. The township has 8 churches, and a pop. of 5756. Dedilova, or Dedilowa, di-de-lo'vi, a town of Rus- sia, government and 20 miles S.E. of Toola. Dedjoochin, or Dedjuchin, ded-yoo'chin, a town of Russia, government and 110 miles N. of Perm. Pop. 3554. Dee, a river in Wales, rises in Lake Bala, co. of Merio- neth, flows between the county of Denbigh on the W. and Flintshire and Cheshire on the E., passing Chester, to an estuary, by which it communicates with the Irish Sea. Total course, 70 miles. Dee, a river of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, rises in the Cairngorm Mountains, and flows, with a generally E. course, to the North Sea at Aberdeen. Total course, 96 miles. Its salmon-fishery is one of the most valuable in Scotland. Balmoral is on its banks. Dee, a river of Scotland, flows southward, and enters Solway Firth below Kirkcudbright. Length, 50 miles. Deeds'ville, a post-hamlet of Miami co., Ind., in Union township, on the Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago Rail- road, 10 miles N. of Peru. Deedsville, a hamlet of Iowa. See Merrimac. Deeg, a town and fortress of India, 57 miles N.W. of Agra. There are here the ruins of 7 remarkably fine palaces. Deegoa, de-go'S,, a large walled town of Bornoo, in Cen- tral Africa, 60 miles S. of Kooka. Pop. 30,600(?). Deel, a river of Ireland, rises in the Orrery Mountains, and flows into the Shannon. Deen, a river of England. See Deax. Deep Bottom, a hamlet in Henrico co., Va., on the N. side of James River, 12 miles by land and 20 by water below Richmond, opposite Jones' Neck. It was an impor- tant strategic point during a part of the war of 1S61-65. Deep Brook, or Clem'ents West, a post-village in Annapolis co.. Nova Scotia, 12 miles S.E. of Annapolis. Pop. 100. Deep Clove Creek, of Sussex co., N.J., rises at the S.E. base of the Blue Mountain, and enters the Wallkill River a little below Deckertown, Deep Creek, of Indiana, runs eastward and north- ward, in Lake co., and enters the Calumet River. Deep Creek, of North Carolina, flows into the Tar River a few miles above Tarborough. Deep Creek, of Anderson co., S.C., enters the Kiowee River a few miles from its mouth. 601 DEE Deep Creek, a township of Clinton co., Iowa. P. 987, It is traversed by the railroad from Clinton to Anamosa. Deep Creek, a post-of&ce of Anson co., N.C. Deep Creek, township, Edgecombe co., N.C. P. 1706. Deep Creek, a township of Jackson co., N.C. P. 663. Deep Creek, a township of Yadkin co., N.C. P. 1236. Deep Creek, a hamlet of Chesterfield co., S.C, IS miles W. of Cheraw. Deep Creek, Texas. See Callahan. Deep Creek, a post-hamlet of Norfolk co., Va., on the Dismal Swamp Canal, 10 miles S. of Norfolk, It has 4 churches and a lumber-mill. Deep Cut, a post-office of Auglaize co., 0. Deep River, of North Carolina, was called Sappo- nah by the Indians. It rises in Guilford co., runs in a S.S.E. direction through Randolph co., and subsequently, flowing nearly eastward, it unites with the Haw River at Haywood in Chatham co., forming bj^ this union the Cape Fear River. The length of the Deep River is estimated at 130 miles. Coal is found on its banks in Chatham co. Deep River, a post-village in Say brook township, Mid- dlesex CO., Conn., is near the W. bank of the Connecticut River, and on tlie Connecticut Valley Railroad, 34 miles S.S.E. of Hartford, and about 20 miles W. of New London. It has 3 churches, an academy, a national bank, and manu- factures of hardware, augers, bits, combs, and ivory goods. Deep River, a post-hamlet of Lake co., Ind., in Ross township, on Deep Creek, about 10 miles W. of Valparaiso, It has a church and a flouring-mill. Deep River, a post-village in Deep River township, Poweshiek co., Iowa, 70 miles E. of Des Moines. Pop. of the township, 1055. Deep River, a post-village in Deep River township, Bay CO., Mich., on the Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw Rail- road, 32 miles N, of Bay City. It has a large lumber-mill and a planing-mill. Pop. of the township, 266. Deep River, a post-hamlet and township of Guilford CO., N.C, on the Deep River, 6 miles E. of High Point. It has a tannery and a saw-mill. Pop. of township, 1071. Deep Run, a post-ofiice of Lenoir co., N.C. Deep Spring, a post-office of Greene co.. Mo., 10 miles E. of Springfield. Deep Spring, a post-office of Cheatham co., Tenn. Deep Valley, a post-hamlet of Greene co.. Pa., 6 miles E. by S. of Bellton, W. Va. Deep Water, a township of Henry co.. Mo. Pop. 2055. It contains Montrose. Deep Water, W. Va. See Loop Creek. Deep Water Creek, Missouri, rises in Bates co., runs E., and enters Grand River in the S. part of Henry co. Deep Wells, a station in Eureka co., Nov., on the Eureka & Palisade Railroad, 43 miles S. of Palisade. Deer, a town of Nubia. See Derr. Deer, or Old Deer, written also Deir, a village of Scotland, co. and 25 miles by rail N. of Aberdeen. Pop. 311 ; of the parish, 5085. It has relies of an old Cistercian mon- astery, which gave name to the " Book of Deir," a work important to students of Gaelic philology. See New Deer. Deer Brook, Miss. See Dear Brook. Deer Creek, California, runs southwestward in Te- hama CO.. and enters the Sacramento River about IS miles below Red Bluflf. Deer Creek, Indiana, drains part of Miami co.. runs westward through Cass co., and enters the Wabash River 1 or 2 miles S.W, of Delphi. Deer Creek, Maryland, runs southeastward and east- ward, intersects Harford co., and enters the Susquehanna River about 7 miles from its mouth. Deer Creek, Mississippi. See Issaquena Creek. Deer Creek, Ohio, runs southeastward through Madi- son and Pickaway cos., and enters the Scioto River in Ross CO., 12 miles N. of Chillicothe. It is nearly 80 miles long. Deer Creek, of Alleghany co.. Pa., enters the Alle- ghany River a few miles N.E. of Pittsburg. Deer Creek, a post-hamlet of Tazewell co., 111., in Deer Creek township, about 15 miles S.E. of Peoria. The township is drained by the Mackinaw River. Pop. of the township, 763. Deer Creek, or West Sono'ra, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., Ind., on Deor Creek, in Washington township, 10 miles S. of Logansport. Deer Creek, a township of Carroll co., Ind., is bounded on the W. by the Wabash River, and traversed by Deer Creek. Pop., including Delphi, 3458. Deer Creeli, a township of Cass co., Ind. Pop. 1271. Deer Creek, a township of Miami co., Ind., traversed by the Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago Railroad. Pop. 1173. DEE 6 Deer Creek, a post-office of Fremont co., Iowa. Deer Creek, a township of Mills co., Iowa. Pop. fi9S. Deer Creek, a township of Webster co., Iowa. P. 301. Deer Creek, a township of Worth co., Iowa. Pop. 342. Deer Creek, a township of Allen co., Kansas. P. 793. Deer Creek, a post-office of Carter co., Ky. Deer Creek, a post-office of Harford co., Md., 10 miles from Aberdeen. Deer Creek, a post-hamlet of Livingston co., Mich., in Deerfield township, 9 miles S. of Gaines Station. It has a flour-mill and a lumber-mill. Deer Creek, a township of Otter Tail co., Minn. P. 47. Deer Creek, a township of Bates co., Mo. Pop. 1057. Deer Creek, a post-office of Madison co., Neb., about 50 miles N.N.W. of Columbus. Deer Creek, a township of Madison co., 0. Pop. 823. It contains Lafayette. Deer Creek, a post-hamlet of Pickaway co., 0., about 28 miles S.S.W. of Columbus. Pop. of Deer Creek town- ship, U6S. Deer Creek, a township of Mercer co.. Pa. Pop. 579. Deer Creek, a station in Utah co., Utah, on the Amer- ican Fork Railroad, 16 miles N.E. of American Fork. It is the present terminus of the road. Deer Creek, a township of Outagamie co.. Wis. P. 310. Deer'field, a river of Vermont, rises in Windham co., in the S. part of the state, and falls into the Connecticut River near Greenfield, Mass. It is nearly 100 miles long, and affords much water-power, Deerfield, a township of Fulton co., 111., bounded W. by Spoon River. Pop. 907. Deerfield, a post-village in Deerfield township, Lako CO., 111., on the Chicago & Milwaukee Railroad, 24 miles N. of Chicago. It has 2 churches. This township is bounded on the E. by Lake Michigan, and contains a village named Highland Park. Pop. of township, 1525. Deerfield, a post-village of Randolph co., Ind., on the Mississinewa River, about 1 mile from Deerfield Station, which is on the railroad between Hartford and Union City, 8 miles N. of Winchester, and 10 miles W.N.W. of Union City. It hns a church and a grist-mill. Deerfield, a post-hamlet of Chickasaw co., Iowa, in Deerfield township, on a branch of the Wapsipinicon River, about 12 miles N.E. of Charles City. It has a church. Pop. of township, 710. Deerfield, a post-village of Franklin co., Mass., in Deerfield township, on or near the Deerfield River, and on the Connecticut River Railroad, 33 miles N. of Springfield, and 3 or 4 miles S. of Greenfield. It contains the Deerfield Academy and High School, and several churches. This township is bounded on the E. by the Connecticut River, and is also traversed by the Troy & Greenfield Railroad. It contains a portion of Greenfield village, also a village named South Deerfield, and has 7 churches and a manu- factory of pocket-books. Pop, 3414. Deerfield, a township of Lapeer co., Mich. Pop. 611. Deerfield, a post-village of Lenawee co., Mich., in Deerfield township, on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad where it crosses the Chicago & Can- ada Southern Railroad, 13 miles E. of Adrian. It has 4 churches, a union school, a newspaper office, a flouring-mill, and manufactures of lumber and staves. Pop. of village, about 700; of the township, 1366. Deerfield, a township of Livingston co., Mich. P. 1043. Deerfield, a township of Mecosta co., Mich. Pop. 654. It contains the village of Morley. Deerfield, a township of Van Buren co., Mich., on Lake Michigan. Pop. 860. Deerfield Station is at Mc- Donald, in Bangor township. Deerfield, apost-township of Steele CO., Minn., 10 miles S. by W. of Faribault. It has 2 churches. Pop. 602. Deerfield, a post-village and township of Vernon oo.. Mo., on the Marmiton River, and on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, 11 miles E. of Fort Scott, Kansas. It has a church and a manufactory of stone-ware. Pop. 506. Deerfield, a post-hamlet of Rockingham co., N.H., in Deerfield township, about 16 miles E.S.E. of Conoord. The township is hilly. It has 3 churches, a high school, and manufactures of sash, blinds, &c. Pop. of the township, 1768. It contains a hamlot named Deerfield Centre. Deerfield, or Deerfield Street, a post-village of Cumberland oo., N.J., in Deerfield township, 6 or 7 miles N. of Bridgeton. It has 2 churches. The township is traversed by the West Jersey Railroad. The name of its post-office is Deerfield Street. Pop. of the township, 1513. Deerfield, or Deerfield Corners, a post-villago in Dcerfiold township, Oneida oo., N.Y., on the Mohawk River, about 2 miles N.E. of Utica. It has 2 or 3 churches, a varnish-factory, and a wagon-shop. Here is Deerfield Post-Office. Pop. of the township, 2104. Deerfield, a township of Morgan co., 0. Pop. 981. It contains Triadelphia. Deerfield, a post-village in Deerfield township. Portage CO., 0., about 25 miles N.E. of Canton. It has 3 churches. The township has3grist-mills, 4 saw-mills, and a pop. of 1025. Deerfield, a township of Ross co., 0. Pop. 1223. It contains the villages of Greenland and Clarksburg. Deerfield, a township of Warren co., 0. Pop. 1965. It contains Twenty-Mile Stand and Mason. Deerfield, a village in Union township, Warren co., 0., on the Little Miami River, 6 miles S. of Lebanon. Pop. 274. Deerfield, a township of Tioga co., Pa., on the New York line. Pop. 665, exclusive of Knoxville. Deerfield, a township of Warren co., Pa., in the oil- region, on the W. of the Alleghany River, is traversed by the Alleghany Valley Railroad. It contains Tidioute, Fagun- dus, and Enterprise. Pop. 2324, exclusive of Tidioute. Deerfield, a post-hamlet of Augusta co., Va., about 20 miles W. of Staunton. Deerfield, a post-village of Dane co.. Wis., in Deer- field township, 6 miles S. of Marshall Station, and about 17 miles E. of Madison. It has a church, 2 stores, and a plough- factory. Pop. of the township, 906, Deerfield, a township of Waushara co.. Wis. Pop. 236. Deei'field Centre, Michigan. See Madisox. Deerfield Centre, a post-hamlet of Rockingham co., N.H., in Deerfield township, about 16 miles E.S.E. of Con- cord. It has a grist-mill, a saw-mill, &c. Deerfield Corners, New York. See Deerfield. Deerfield Prairie, a post-office of De Kalb co.. III. Deerfield Street, New Jersey. See Deerfield. Deer Grove, a post-hamlet of Whitesides co., 111., on the Mendota & Clinton Railroad, 32 miles W. of Mendota. Deer Head, a post-office of De Kalb co., Ala. Deer'ing, a township of Cumberland co.. Me., adjoin- ing Portland, is on the Maine Central, Portland & Rochester, Portland & Ogdensburg, and Portland Horse Railroads. It contains Steven's Plains, East Deering, Stroudwater, Woodford's Corners, and other villages, and is the seat of extensive and varied manufactures. Deering, a post-township of Hillsborough co., N.H., about 18 miles S.W. of Concord. It has an academy and 2 churches. Pop. 722. Deering Point, a hamlet of Cumberland co., Me., in Deering township, on Casco Bay. It is connected with Portland by a bridge. Deering's, a station in Greenup co., Ky., on the Eastern Kentucky Railroad, 15 miles S. of Riverton. Deer Island, New Brunswick, is in Passamaquoddy Bay, near its entrance, on the S.W. side. It is about 7 miles long and 3 miles broad. Pop. 1000. See Fairhaves. Deer Island, a small island of Newfoundland, 12 miles from Burgeo. Pop. 59. Deer Island, one of a group in the district of Bona- vista, Newfoundland, 7 miles from Green's Pond. Pop. 77. Deer Island, an island of Ireland, on the W. shore of the estuary of the Fergus, about 6 miles below Clare. Deer Island, in the harbor of Boston, Mass., contains the Boston Almshouse, a house of reformation, house of industry, &c. Pop. 1001. Deer Islands, two small islands in the Malay Archi- pelago, in Macassar Strait. Lat. 5° 9' S. ; Ion. 119° 14' E. Deer Isle, a post-village of Hancock co.. Me., is in Deer Isle township, on Penobscot Bay, about 28 miles E.N.E. of Rockland. It has a high school and 2 churches. The township is an island nearly 10 miles long, with two smaller islands and some islets. Many of its inhabitants are employed in the fisheries. It contains the village of Green's Landing, and has 5 churches. Pop. 3414. Deer Lick, a post-hamlet of Williams co., 0., 11 miles N. of Bryan. Deer Lick, a post-hamlet of Mason co., W. Va., about 25 miles S.E. of Gallipolis, 0. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Deer Lodge, a largo county in the AV. part of Mon- tana, is drained by the Hell Gate, Teton, Sun, and Black- foot Rivers. The surface is mountainous, and this county is situated on the summit and both sides of the Rocky Mountains. Here are e.xtonsive prairies adapted to pas- turage. The soil of the valleys is fertile, but is mostly uncultivated, and the prosperity of the people is chiefly derived from gold-mines (hydraulic and placer). Capital, Deer Lodge City. Large forests of fir and pine grow on DEB 603 DEI the mountains. The fertile valley of Beer Lodge River is about 40 miles long. Valuation of real and personal estate, Sl,500,000. Pop. in 1870, 4367, of whom 2138 were na- tives and 2229 were foreigners. Deer Lodge City, the capital of Deer Lodge eo., Montana, is on a creek of the same name, about 50 miles W.S.W. of Helena. It is situated in a mountainous region, of which gold is the staple product. Deer Lodge City has a bank, a Catholic hospital, and 4 churches. One or 2 news- papers are published here. Pop. 7SS. Deer Lodge Creek, Montana, rises in the Rocky Mountains, in the S. part of Deer Lodge co., runs north- ward among rich gold-mines, and unites with other streams to form the Hell Gate River. Deer Park, a post-village of Washington co., Ala., on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 41 miles N.N.W. of Mobile. It has an academy, 2 churches, and saw- and planing-mills. Deer Park, a post-township of La Salle co.. III., about 7 miles S.W. of Ottawa. It is bounded on the N. by the Illinois River, and on the S.W. by the Vermilion River. It has 3 churches. Pop. 894. Deer Park, a post-village and summer resort of Gar- rett CO., Md., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 47 miles S.W. of Cuml3erland, and 226 miles from Baltimore. It has a church, and a superior hotel built by the railroad com- pany. It is about 3000 feet above the sea-level. Deer Park, a township of Orange co., N.Y., contiguous to Port Jcvvis, is bounded on the S.W. by the Delaware River, is drained by the Neversink River, and is intersected by the Erie Railroad. Pop., with Port Jervis, 11,115. Deer Park, a post-hamlet in Babylon township, Suf- folk CO., N.Y., on the Long Island Railroad, 38 miles E. of Brooklyn. It has a church. Pop. about 100. Deer Park, a post-office of St. Croix co., Wis., on the North Wisconsin Railroad, 27 miles N.E. of Hudson. Deer Plain, a post-office of Calhoun co., 111. Deer Ridge, a post-hamlet of Lewis co.. Mo., 7 miles N. of La Belle Station. It has a church. Deer River, a post-vilLage in Denmark township, Lewis CO., N.Y., on Deer River, 1 mile from the Utica & Black River Railroad, and 21 miles B.S.E. of Watertown. It has 35 houses, 2 churches, a tannery, and a ilour-mill. Deer Run, a post-hamlet of Pendleton co., W. Va., 8 miles N.E. of Franklin. It has a church. Deers'ville, or Deer'ville, a post-village in Franklin township, Harrison co., 0., 12 miles W.N.W. of Cadiz. It has 3 churches, a tannery, a graded school, and a steam flour-mill. Pop. 306. Deer Tail River, Wisconsin, rises in Chippewa co., runs southwestward, and enters the Chippewa River in the same county. Deer Trail, a post-village of Arapahoe co.. Col., on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 55 miles E. of Denver. It has 3 hotels and 2 stores, and is a shipping-point for cattle. Deer Valley, a post-hamlet of Park co.. Col., on the Platte River, about 12,000 feet above the sea-level. Deer Walk, a post-office of Wood co., W. Va. Dees, dais or daiz, a town of Transylv.ania, co. of Szol- nok, at the confluence of the Great and Little Szamos, 28 miles N.N.E. of Klausenburg. It is a depot for salt raised in its vicinity, and has a gymnasium. Pop. 5832. Dee'sa, a town of India, in Guzerat, 88 miles N.N.W. of Ahmedabad. It is hot and unhealthy, but near it is the fine salubrious retreat of Mount Aboo. Deeth, a post-office of Elko co., Nevada, and a station ,on the Central Pacific Railroad, 239 miles W. of Ogden. Deets'ville, a post-ofiice of Elmore co., Ala. Defi'ance, a county in the N.W. part of Ohio, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by the Maumee River, and also drained by the Auglaize and Tiffin Rivers, which enter the Maumee in the E. part of the county. The surface is nearly level, and is e.\tensively covered with forests of good timber; the soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, pork, and hay are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Wabash Rail- road, the Wabash & Erie Canal, and the Chicago division of the Baltimore & Ohio Raih-oad. Capital, Defiance. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, $7,940,596. Pop. in 1870, 15,719, of whom 13,522 were Americans. Deliance, a post-hamlet of Shelby co., Iowa, on the West Nisbnabatona River, 12 miles S. of Denison. Defiance, apost-village, capital of Woodson co., Kansas, in Owl Creek township, 12 miles S. by W. of Neosho Falls, and about 88 miles S, of Topeka. Defiance, a post-village of Worth co.. Mo., on the Platte River, 15 miles E. of Hopkins. It has a flouring- mill and 2 or 3 churches in the vicinity. Defiance, a post-town, capital of Defiance co., 0., is in a township of the same name, on the right bank of the M.aumee River, at the mouth of the Auglaize, 60 miles W.S.W. of Toledo, and 44 miles E.N.E. of Fort Wayne, Ind. It is on the Wabash Railroad and the Wabash k Erie Canal, at the head of steamboat navigation on the river. The Baltimore, Pittsburg & Chicago Railroad passes through it. It has 11 churches, a court-house, 2 banks, a union school, a female seminary, a woollen-mill, an iron- foundry, 2 flour-mills, and manufactories of farming-im- plements, sash, blinds, kc. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 2750 ; of the township, about 5000. De For'est, a station in Warriek co., Ind., on the Lake Erie, Evansvillc k Southwestern Railroad, 14 miles E.N.E. of Evansvillc. De Forest, a post- village of Dane co.. Wis., in Windsor township, on the Madison k Portage Railroad, 14 miles N. of Madison. Pop. about 180. Defreest'ville, a post-office of Rensselaer co., N.Y., is at Blooming Grove. Degagnac, deh-gin^y^k', a town of France, in Lot, 6 miles S.S.W. of Gourdon. Pop. 2023. Dege Agh or Degeaghatch. See Dedeagatch. Degerloch, di'gher-loK", a village of WUrtemberg, 3 miles S. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1867. Degesby, a town of I'inland. See LowiSA. Deggendorf, dSg'gh?n-doRf\ or Deck'endorf, a town of Bavaria, on the Danube, and on a railway, 29 miles N.W. of Passau. It is well built, and has hospitals, brewer- ies, distilleries, tanneries, and potteries. Pop. 6452. Deggingen, dSg'ghing-en, a village of WUrtemberg, 6 miles W.S.W. of Geislingen. Pop. 1807. Deghicze, or Deghitche, di-ghee'chi, a town of Russia, government of Vilna, 44 miles W.N.W. of Yoor- boorg. Pop. 1100. De Glaize Bayou, d^b glizbi'oo, of Avoyelles parish, La., communicates with Atchafalaya Bayou. Deglia, AkVyk, or Delia, di'le-i, a town of Sicily, 11 miles S.S.W. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 3660. Degnizli, d4n^yiz-lee', or Denizli, d8n'iz-lee', a town of Asia Minor, 53 miles S.E. of Ala-Shehr. It is enclosed by mountains and vine-clad hills, and has a castle, several mosques, and bazaars ; but it has never regained the im- portance it had previous to 1715, when it was destroyed by an earthquake and 12,000 of its inhabitants are said to have perished. Pop. about 6000. Dego, di'go, a town of Italy, 18 miles S. of Acqui. Pop. 2140. Dego'nia, a township of Jackson co., 111., on the Mis- sissippi River. Pop. 470. De Graff, a post-village of Swift co., Minn., in an open prairie, on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 127 miles W. of St. Paul. It has a church. De Graff, a post-village in Miami township, Logan CO., 0., on the Miami River, and on the Cleveland, Colum- bus k Indianapolis Railroad, 9 miles W.S.W. of Bellefon- taine. and about 22 miles E.N.E. of Piqua. It has a bank, 4 churches, a union school, a flouring-mill, 2 newspaper oflices, a planing-mill, and 2 grain-elevators. Pop. 624. Dehak,de-h4k', or Dohak,do-bik', a village of Persia, in Irak-Ajeraee, 63 miles N.W. of Ispahan. Deh-i-Hajee, di'-ee-hi'jee\ a town of Afghanistan, 20 miles S. of Candahar. Pop. 2000. Dehli, a city of India. See Delhi. Dehr, a town of Nubia. See Debu. Dehra, d^H'ri or di'ri, called also Dehra (or Dcy- rah) Doon, dSa'ri doon, a town of India, capital of Dehra Doon. Lat. 30° 19' N. ; Ion. 78° 5' E. Pop. 6847. Dehra Doon (or Dun), d^H'ra, doon, a district of the North-West Provinces, British India, division of Meerut. Lat. 29° 57'-30° 69' N.; Ion. 77° 37' 15"-78° 22' 45" E. It consists of the valley (doon) of Dehra (area, 673 square miles), and of the hill tract called Jaunsar Bawar (area, 343 square miles), the former having the Ganges on the E. and the Jumna on the W. Capital, Dehra. Pop. 116,953. Dehrung, a district of Assam. Sec Dubkung. Deibler's, di'blerz, a station in Northumberland co.. Pa., on the Shamokin Branch of the Northern Central Rail- road, 9 miles E. of Sunbury. Deidesheim, di'des-hime", a town of Rhenish Bava- ria, 4 miles by rail N. of Neustadt-an-der-Hardt. P. 2697. Dei Lucus, the Latin name of Gadebusch. Deinum, di'nflm, a village of the Netherlands, in Fries- land, 3 miles W. of Leeuwarden, Pop. 400. Deir, or Dair, dAr or dir, an Arabian word signifying a *' monastery," forming the name or the prefix to the names of various places in Palestine and Egypt, DEI 604 DEL Deir, oi- Der, dir, a town in Asiatic Turkey, on the Euphrates, near 35° 10' N. lat. Deir, a village of Scotland. See Deer. Deira, di,'ri, a river and plain of Persia, in Khoozis- tan, — the river an affluent of the Holwan River, S.W. of Zohab, and the plain it traverses the place of a breeding- stud famous throughout Persia. Deira, di'ri or di'rS,, the name of one of tlie two sov- ereignties into which the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of North- umberland was divided. Deir-el-Kamer (or -Kammcr), ddr-el-kam'er, or Dair-el-Kamar, dir-el-kim'ar, in Syria, 14 miles S.S.E. of Beyroot, on the road to Damascus, is the chief town of the Western Druses. Deiroot, or Deirut, di-root', a town of Lower Egypt, province and 18 miles S.S.E. of Rosetta, on the W. bank of the Nile. Deissllngen, dls'ling-?n, a village of Wiirtemberg, Black Forest, 35 miles by rail S.W. of Tubingen. Pop. 1810. Dejebel, a province of Arabia. See Jebel. Dejtar, di^tart', a village of Hungary, co. of Neograd, 5 miles from Balassa-Gyarmath. Pop. 1200. I>e Kalb, a county in the N.E. part of Alabama, bor- dering on Georgia, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is drained by several small affluents of the Tennessee River and by Wills Creek. The surface is diversified by picturesque scenery. Among the prominent features is a ridge called Lookout Mountain, between which and another ridge is the long fertile valley of Wills Greek. Indian corn, wheat, and pork are the staples. This county is intersected by the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad. Capital, Lebanon. Valuation of real and personal estate, $872,358. Pop. in 1870, 7126, of whom 7073 were Americans. De Kalb, a county in the N.W. central part of Geor- gia, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Chattahoochee River, and is also drained by the South River. The surface is hilly or undulating, and extensively covered with forests. The much admired Stone Mountain, which is about 2200 feet high, is in this county. Indian corn, cotton, and wheat are the staple products. Granite is abundant here. This county is intersected by the Georgia Railroad and the Atlanta & Richmond Air-Line Railroad. Capital, Decatur. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, §1,805,213. Pop. in 1870, 10,014, of whom 9976 were Americans. Oe Kalb, a county in the N. part of Illinois, has an area of 648 square miles. It is drained by Sycamore Creek or South Kishwaukee River. The surface is undulating j the soil is very fertile. The prairies of this county are more extensive than the woodlands. Indian corn, oats, wheat, hay, barley, and butter are the staple produots. This county is intersected by the Chicago & Iowa and Chicago 6 Northwestern Railroads. Capital, Sycamore. Valuation of real and personal estate, $23,769,785. Pop. in 1870, 23,265, of whom 18,671 were Americans. De Kalb, a county in the N.E. part of Indiana, bor- dering on Ohio, has an area of 360 square miles. It is in- tersected by the St. Joseph River (branch of the Maumee) and by Cedar Creek. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and nearly one-half of it is covered with forests, in which the ash, beech, white oak, and sugar-maple abound ; the soil is fertile. AVheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. This county is traversed by 3 railroads, — the Fort Wayne, Jackson & Saginaw, the Bal- timore & Ohio (Chicago division), and the Air-Line division of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern. Capital, Auburn. Valuation of real and personal estate, $11,660,078. Pop. in 1870, 17,167, of whom 16,203 were Americans. De Kalb, a county in the N.W. part of Missouri, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is drained by the Grindstone Pork of Grand River, and by Livingston and Maiden Creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is fertile. This county has extensive prairies, and is liberally supplied with hard timber and building-stone. Indian corn, oats, wheat, and pork are the staple products. The Hannibal A St. Joseph Railroad passes along the S. border. Capital, Maysville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 9858, of whom 9255 were De Kalb, a county in the central part of Tennessee, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is intersected by the Cancy Fork of Cumberland River. The surface is un- dulating or hilly, and mostly covered with forests; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Smithvillc. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $1,626,517. Pop. in 1870, 11,425, of whom 11,419 were Americans. De Kalb, a post- village of De Kalb co., III., in a town- ship of the same name, and'on the Chicago & Northwestern PLailroad, 58 miles W. of Chicago, and about 32 miles S.S.E, of Rockford. It has a bank, 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and manufactures of cheese, ploughs, gloves, mittens, and furniture. Pop. about 1400 ; of the township, 2164. The name of the post-office Is De Kalb Centre. De Kalb, a post-office of De Kalb co., Ind. De Kalb, a post-village, capital of Kemper co., Miss., 13 miles W. of Scooba, and about 30 miles N. of Meridian. It has a court-house and 3 churches. Two miles distant is Sucarnoochee Creek, agood mill-stream. De Kalb, a post-office and station of Buchanan co., Mo., at the village of Bloomington, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. De Kalb, a post-hamlet of St. Lawrence co., N.Y., on the Oswegatchie River, 6 miles S.W. of De Kalb Junction, and about 17 miles S.S.E. of Ogdensburg. It is in De Kalb township, which is intersected by the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, Butter and cheese are among its staple products. Pop. of the township, 3044. The township has 6 churches, and contains a village named Richville. De Kalb, a post-hamlet of Crawford co., 0., on the Mansfield, Cold water & Lake Michigan Railroad, 18 miles N.W. of Mansfield. It has a church. Pop. 70. De Kalb Station is at Tiro, | of a mile from De Kalb. De Kalb, a township of Kershaw co., S.C. Pop. 2578. It includes Camden. De Kalb, a post-village of Bowie co., Texas, on the Texas Pacific Railroad, 34 miles W. of Texarkana. It has 2 churches. De Kalb, a post-village of Gilmer co., W. Va., on the Little Kanawha River, about 44 miles E.S.E. of Parkers- burg. It has a lumber-mill. De Kalb Centre, a post-office at De Kalb, 111. De Kalb Junction, a post-village of St. Lawrence CO., N.Y., on the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, at the junction of two branches of the same, 19 miles S.S.E. of Ogdensburg. Dekkan, a country of India. See Deccan. Dekoi-'ra, a post-hamlet of Columbia co., Wis., in De- korra township, and on the E. bank of the Wisconsin River, 5 or 6 miles S. of Portage City. Pop. 85. The township contains a village named Poynette. Total pop. 1280. Del'aiield, a post-hamlet of Hamilton co., III., on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 97 miles E.S.E. of St. Louis, Mo. Dclaiield, a township of Jackson co., Minn. Pop. 294. Delafield, a post-village of Waukesha co., Wis., in Delafield township, on Bark River, 2 miles from Nashota Railroad Station, and about 26 miles W. of Milwaukee. It is near several small lakes, and has 2 flour-mills and 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1509. Del^ago'a Bay, an inlet of the Indian Ocean, in Africa, 55 miles in length from N. to S., by 20 miles across. Lat. of Cape St. Mary, Inyack Island, 25° 58' S., Ion. 33° 15' E. The bay receives the Manice River, or King George River, from the N., and the Mapoota, or Oosootoo (Usutu), from the S., and has on its W. side an estuary termed Eng- lish River. The Portuguese have on the N. side of the bay a town called Lourenzo Marquez. Dela'na, a township of Humboldt co., Iowa. Pop. 316. Delan'co, a post-village of Burlington co., N.J., in Beverly township, on the Delaware River, and on the Camden & Amboy Railroad, 13 miles N.E. of Camden, and 5 miles below Burlington. It has 2 churches. Pop. 500. De JLan'cy, a post-village of Delaware co., N.Y., in Hamden township, on the Delhi Branch of tlw) New York Midland Railroad, 6 miles S. by W. from Delhi. It has 2 churches and a tannery. De Land, a post-village of Volusia co., Fla., 3 miles from St. John's River. It is a place of resort for invalids, and has sulphur springs, and a school called the Woodland Institute. Deland', a post-hamlet of Piatt co.. III., on the India- napolis, Bloomington & Western Railroad, 17 miles E. of Clinton, and about 25 miles N.E. of Decatur. It has a church and a carriage-shop. Dela'ney's, a station in Kent co., Del., on the Kent County Railroad, 7 miles W. of Clayton. Delaney's Corners, a hamlet of Onoida co., N.Y., 3 miles from Bridgewater Station. It hixs a cheese-factory. Delaney's Creek, a post-hamlot of Washington co., Ind., 13 miles N. of Salem. It has manufactures of flour and lumber. Pop. SO. Delano, del'a-no, a post-office of Korn co., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 197 miles S.S.E. of Stockton. DEL 605 DEL Delano, or West Wichita, wich-e-taw', a post-vil- lage of Sedgwick co., Kansas, 6n the W. bank of tiie Ar- kansas River, about 1 mile W. of Wichita. It has a church. P. of Delano township, 498. Delano is the post-office name. Delano, a post- village of AVright co., Minn., in Frank- lin township, on the South Fork of the Crow lliver, and on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 40 miles W. of St. Paul. Elevation, 918 feet. It has 12 stores, a grist-mill, 3 hotels, a furniture-factor J, an elevator, an engine-house, a news- paper, 3 churches, and a graded school. Pop. 500. Delano, a station in Butler co., Pa., on the Western Pennsylvania Railroad, 9 miles S.E. of Butler. Deiano, a post-village of Schuylkill co., Pa., in Rush township, on Broad Mountain, and on a branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, near the point where it crosses the Catawissa Railroad, 5 miles E.N.E. of Mahanoy City. It has a public library, and machine-shops of the railroad. Pop. about 450. Delan'ti, a hamlet of Hardin co., Iowa, in Eldora township, on the Iowa River, 1 mile from GifTord Station, and about 5 miles below Eldora. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Delanti, a village of Chautauqua co., N.Y., in Stockton township, 2 miles from Cassadaga Railroad Station, and about 14 miles S. of Dunkirk. It has 3 churches, a flour- mill, a cheese-factory, and 1 or 2 saw-mills. The name of its post-office is Stockton. Pop. 245. De la Pal'ma, a post-office of Brown co., 0. De la Plaine, a post-village of Greene co., Ark., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain &, Southern Railroad, 138 miles N.E. of Little Rock. It has a church and 2 saw-mills. DePapIaine', or Del^aplane', formerly Pied- mont, a post-village of Fauquier co., Va., on the Manassas division of the Virginia Midland Railroad, 63 miles W. of Alexandria. It has 3 or 4 general stores. De Large Bayou, deh larzh bi'oo, of Louisiana, runs 9.W. in Terre Bonne parish, and enters the Gulf of Mexico. De Las'sus, a post-village of St. Francois co., Mo., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 87 miles S. of St. Louis, and 2i miles from Farmington. It has 2 churches, a printing-office, and a large hotel. Copper, zinc, and plumbago are said to be found here. Delatyn, d^I'a-teen, a town of Austrian Galicia, on the Pruth, 10 miles S. of Nadworna. Pop. 3260. DePavan', a post-village of Tazewell co., 111., in Dela- van township, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad where it crosses the Pekin division of the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad, 31 miles W.S.W. of Bloomington, and 24 miles S. of Peoria. It has 2 banks, 5 churches, and a graded school. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. about 1500; of the township, 1957. Delavan, a post-office of Clay co., Kansas. Delavan, or Delavan Station, a post-village in Delavan township, Faribault co., Minn., on the Southern Minnesota Railroad, 35 miles W. by N. from Albert Lea, and about 30 miles S. of Mankato. It has a grain-elevator. Pop. of township, 797. Delavan, a post-village in Delavan township, Walworth CO., Wis., on Turtle Creek, and on the Western Union Rail- road, 46 miles W. by S. from Racine, 28 miles E.N.E. of Beloit, and about 50 miles S.E. of Madison. It contains a graded school, a national bank, 1 other bank, a newspaper office, and an institution for the deaf and dumb, which was founded by the state. It has also 2 plough-factories, a flour- mill, and manufactures of carriages and windmills. Pop. 1785 ; of the township (exclusive), 764. Delawan'na, a station in Bergen co., N.J., on the Boonton Branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, 4 miles S.W. of Paterson. Delaware, dSl'a-war, a river formed by two branches, sometimes called the Coquago and the Popacton, which rise in New York near the N.E. border of Delaware co., and unite at Hancock, in the same county. From this point it runs southeastward, forming the boundary between New York and Pennsylvania, until it reaches Port Jervis and touches the northern extremity of New Jersey. Confronted here by the impassable barrier of the Kittatinny Mountain, it changes its course and runs southwestward along the base of that ridge to the Delaware Water Gap, near Stroudsburg, Pa. At this place, which is remarkable for picturesque scenery, the river has found or formed a passage through the mountain, and runs in a narrow gorge 2 or 3 miles long, between precipices which rise on each side about 1400 feet above the water. After it has passed by Easton it runs southeastward to Eordentown, and thence southwestward to Philadelphia, about 40 miles below which it expands into the estuary called Delaware Bay (which see). This river forms the entire boundary between New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The length of the main stream is estimated at 350 miles. It is about I of a mile wide at Philadelphia, and 2 or 3 miles wide at some points below that city. The tide ascends to Trenton, about 130 miles from the sea. The chief towns on its banks are Philadelphia, Wilmington, Camden, Ches- ter, Trenton, and Easton. It is navigable for the largest ships to Philadelphia, and steamboats can ascend to Trenton during high tide. The latter city is tho lowest point at which the river is crossed by a bridge. A canal has been opened along the right bank of this river from Bristol to Easton, about 60 miles, and 2 other canals connect the Del- aware with the Hudson River. Delaware, one of the Middle Atlantic states, in area the smallest state in the Union except Rhode Island, is bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Delaware River and Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, and S. and W. by Maryland. Its length (from 38° 28' to 39° 50' N. lat.) is 96 miles; its breadth ranges from 9 to 37 miles (75° to 75° 46' W. Ion.). Area, 2120 square miles, or 1,356,800 acres, of which 698,115 acres, or more than half, were returned in 1870 as culti- vated farm -lands. Face of the Country, and Geology. — The N. portion is finely diversified with hill and dale, and is one of the most fertile, beautiful, and healthful tracts in the state. South- ward the surface is nearly a dead level, relieved by a long low ridge or watershed running N. and S., and having numer- ous swampy tracts, whence fiow to the E. and W. most of the streams of the state. The southern portion is sandy, with large marshes, of which the Cypress Swamp, 12 miles long and 6 miles wide, is the principal. This swamp abounds in cypress, cedar, and other timber trees. Along the coast there are salt marshes, and some shallow lagoons fenced from the open sea by long, low sand-spits, — the sounds of North Caro- lina in miniature. The interior of the state has much light soil, which is easily and profitably cultivated. Kaolin, bog- iron, glass-sand, and shell-marl are found, and the three former are wrought to some extent. The northern half of New Castle co. is of cretaceous age. S. of this the for- mation is tertiary as far as the Murderkill ; and all the remainder of the state is post-tertiary or alluvial. From some of the swamps large quantities of well-preserved and excellent timber have been dug and wrought into shingles. There are useful chalybeate waters at Faulkland, in the N. Agricultural Products. — Delaware, once celebrated for her excellent wheat, still produces bountiful crops of that grain and of the other cereals, especially of maize. But of late years the production of fruit, notably of peaches, with strawberries and the other small fruits, has been the leading industry. Market-gardening, and particularly the raising of early spring vegetables for the supply of the Northern cities, has attracted much capital. The excellent natural facilities for navigation, with the large recent extension of railroads, have greatly stimulated these pursuits, for which the fertile soil and genial climate of Delaware give the st-ate a special fitness. Internal Imjyrovementa, &c. — The rivers and creeks of the state are generally navigable for the lower part of their courses, and Christiana Creek admits merchant-vessels of considerable tonnage. Delaware Bay and Delaware River have a deep but not very direct channel, and the western shore of the bay at most points is not readily accessible for large vessels. Rehoboth Bay admits vessels of 6 feet draught. The Delaware & Chesapeake Canal, finished in 1829 at a cost of $2,250,000, extends 13^ miles from Delaware City to Chesapeake City, Md., and afibrds passage for coasting-ves- sels, canal-boats, barges, and small steamers. Another canal connects Salem Creek and Delaware River, and a ship-canal is projected to extend from Delaware Bay to Sassafras Kiver in Maryland. In this connection should be mentioned the noble breakwater at Lewes, begun in 1828 by the United States government, and now extending 2589 feet, with an ice-breaker of 1500 feet. It was constructed to atford a harbor of refuge, and for this purpose it has proved emi- nently serviceable. Its cost has been $2,123,505. It is constructed of loose blocks of stone weighing from 500 to 15,000 pounds each. liailroads. — The principal railroads operating in 1878 are the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore, 34 miles in this state; the Delaware, Rodney to Delmar, 96^ miles; the Frankfort & Breakwater, 19 miles; the Junction & Breakwater, 40 miles; the Smyrna & Delaware Bay, 20 miles; 15 miles of the Maryland & Delaware, Clayton to Oxford, Md. ; the Delaware Western, to Landenburg, Pa., 20 miles in Delaware; the Wilmington &> Northern Penn- sylvania, 12 miles in Delaware; and the Pennsylvania & Delaware, 17 miles in Delaware. DEL 606 DEL Manufactures are carried on chiefly in Wilmington and its vicinity. The manufactured articles are quite various, and include leather and leathern goods, shipping (iron and wood), machinery, cottons, woollens, cars and carriages, flour, canned fruits, gunpowder, lumber, cast and wrought iron, hardware, paper, tobacco, car-wheels, morocco, matches, and chemicals, Wilmington alone has turned out more than §20,000,000 worth of manufactured goods in one year. Finances. — In 1876 the war-debt incurred by the state in 1861-65 was §795,000, bearing 6 per cent, interest, and there were bonds issued in aid of railroads for $376,000, also bearing 6 per cent. ; but the state had assets and interest- bearing investments enough to leave the net indebtedness only $5201. Counties and Towns. — There are 3 counties, viz., New Castle, in the N., pop. 63,515; Kent, in the centre, pop. 29,804; and Sussex, in the S., pop. 31,696. The principal towns are Wilmington, a thriving manufacturing city and railroad centre (pop. in ]874, 39,230), Dover, the capital. New Castle, Smyrna, Delaware City, North Milford, South Milford, Laurel, Seaford, Georgetown, and Lewes. Education is under the care of a superintendent of schools, assisted by county superintendents and a state board of education. A separate system of schools, not under state control, is provided for colored children, partly under the charge of a private association. There is a con- siderable school-fund. Prominent educational institutions are Delaware College, at Newark, which has separate clas- sical, normal, scientific, literary, and agricultural courses, to which both sexes are admitted ; Wesleyan Female College, the City Normal School, Rugby Academy, and boys' and girls' high schools, at Wilmington ; the Methodist Confer- ence Academy, at Dover; the seminary at Felton; another at Frederica; academies at Greorgetown, Lewes, Middle- town, Milford, Milton, Smyrna, Wyoming, &c. Churches. — The leading religious denominations are (in the order named) the Methodist Episcopal church, by far the strongest denomination in the state, Presbyterians, Protest- ant Episcopalians, Roman Catholics, Friends, and Baptists. Constitution, &c. — The first constitution was adopted in 1776; a second was adopted in 1792, and, with subsequent modifications, is still in force. The governor is elected for four years. Voters must have lived in the state one year next previous to the day of voting, and one month in the district where they vote. The senate consists of 3 members from each county (nine in all), chosen for four years; the house of representatives has 21 members, 7 from each county. The legislature is called the general assembly, and meets biennially. Judges are appointed by the governor, and are removable only for misconduct. No minister of the gospel can hold a civil office. Delaware has one representative in the Federal Congress. History. — Delaware Bay was discovered by Hudson in 1609, and visited in 1610 by Lord De la Warr. Prominent events of local history have been the purchase of part of the country by the Dutch, 1629; the settlement of Lewes by the Dutch, 1630 ; the destruction of the colony by In- dians, 1633 ; the purchase of the W. coast of the bay by the Swedes and Finns, and the founding (1638) of the colony of New Sweden, which extended as far up the river as Wicaco, now in Philadelphia; the construction of Fort Casimir, at New Castle, by the Dutch ; its capture by the Swedes, 1654; the breaking up of the Swedish colony by Dutch forces from New Amsterdam, 1656; the conflicting claims of the Duke of York and of Lord Baltimore to the region, 1664; and the purchase of the proprietorship by William Penn, 1682. Thenceforth the region was officially known as "the Counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, upon Delaware," and was regarded as a part of Pennsyl- vania until 1703, when it received a separate legislature ; but the three counties remained under the proprietary governors of Pennsylvania until the Revolution, in which Delaware took a distinguished and very gallant part. The first two revolutionary presidents of Pennsylvania (1776-87) were also chief magistrates of Delaware, notwithstanding the fact that in 1776 she had declared herself an independent state. Delaware was the first st;ite to ratify the United States con- stitution, 1787. She retained slavery until it was abrogated in 1865 by the proclamation of the 13th amendment of the Federal constitution. The population in 1700 was 69,094; in 1800, 64,273; in 1810, 72,674; in 1820, 72,749; in 1830, 76,748; in 1840, 78,085; in 1850, 91,532; in 1860, 112,216; in 1870, 125,015. Delaware, a county in the E. part of Indiana, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by the Mississinewa River and the West Fork of White River. The surface is nearly level; the soil is fertile. More than one-third of its area is covered with forests. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Fort Wayne, Muncie & Cincinnati Railroad, and by the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railroad. Capital, Muncie. Valuation of real and personal estate, $15,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 19,030, of whom 18,529 were Americans. Delaware, an eastern county of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Maquoketa Rivei and by Buff'alo Creek, and also drained by Beaver and Plum Creeks. The surface is undulating or uneven, and is diver- sified with prairies and woodlands; the soil is very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, pork, and butter are the staple products. Among the forest trees are the ash, elm, hickory, white oak, and black walnut. Niagara limestone (Upper Silurian) underlies the greater part of the soil. This county is intersected by the Iowa division of the Illinois Central Railroad and by the Davenport &, St. Paul Rail- road. Capital, Delhi. Valuation of real and personal estate, $7,260,016. Pop. in 1870, 17,432, of whom 14,305 were Americans; in 1875, 16,893. Delaware, a southeastern county of New York, bor- dering on Pennsylvania, has an area of about 1500 square miles. It is bounded on the N.AV. by the Susquehanna River, and is intersected by the two branches of the Dela- ware River, namely, the Coquago and the Popacton, which unite on the S.W. border of the county. It is partly drained by Beaver Kill and the Charlotte River. The surface is diversified with high hills, narrow ravines, and fertile val- leys. The soil is adapted to pasturage and dairies. Butter, hay, oats, cattle, potatoes, maple sugar, leather, and lumber are the staple products. The county is intersected by 3 railroads, — the Erie, the New York & Oswego Midland, and the Ulster &, Delaware. Red sandstone (Devonian) is found next to the surface here. Capital, Delhi. Valuation of real and personal estate, $23,305,734. Pop. in 1870, 42,972, of whom 39,503 were Americans; in 1875, 42,149. DelaAVare, a county in the central part of Ohio, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is intersected by the Scioto and Whetstone (or Olentangy) Rivers, which run southward, and is also drained by Walnut, Mill, and other creeks. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests of the ash, elm, hickory, oak, sugar- maple, &c. The soil is fertile, Indian corn, wheat, wool, hay, butter, flax, oats, and pork are the staple products. Corniferous limestone of the Devonian age crops out here. This county is intersected by the Columbus & Toledo Rail- road and the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati &, Indianap- olis Railroad, two divisions of which form a junction at Delaware, the capital. Valuation of real and personal estate, $25,035,973. Pop. in 1870, 25,175, of whom 23,426 were Americans. Delaware, a southeastern county of Pennsylvania, is adjacent to Philadelphia. Area, about 175 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Delaware River, on the S.AV. by the Brandywine, and is drained by Darby, Chester, and Crum Creeks. The surface is pleasantly diversified by undulations and hills of moderate height; the soil is mostly fertile. Butter, hay, Indian corn, wheat, and oats are the staple products. This county has important manufactures of cotton and woollen goods. The rocks found next to the surface are gneiss and mica-slate, the former of which is quarried for building-stone. It is intersected by 3 rail- roads, — the Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia, Wilmington A Baltimore, and the AVest Chester & Philadelphia. Capital, Media. Valuation of real and personal estate, $30,871,402. Pop. in 1870, 39,403, of whom 32.373 were Americans. Delaware, a post-office of Yell co., Ark. Delaware, a township of Delaware co., Ind. Pop. 1210. It contains Albany and Sharon. Delaware, a township of Hamilton co., Ind. Pop. 1434. It contains New Britton. DelaAvare, a post-village of Ripley co., Ind., in Dela- ware township, on the Ohio &, Mississippi Railroad, 47 miles W. of Cincinnati. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw- mill. Pop. about 200 ; of the township, 1559. Delaware, a township of Delaware CO., Iowa, drained by Maquoketa River. Pop., exclusive of Manchester, 1152. Delaware, a post-village of Delaware co., Iowa, in Oneida township, on the Dubuque A Sioux City Railroad where it crosses the Davenport & St. Paul Railroad, 41 miles W. of Dubuque, and 86 miles N.N.W. of Davenport. It has a church, a bank, a cheese-factory, Western Railroad (at Water Gap Station), 108 miles N. of Philadelphia, 92 miles W. by N. from New York, and 57 miles S.S.E. of Scranton. Here the Delaware River passes through the Kittatinny Mountain in a narrow gorge, on each side of which is a precipice about 1300 feet higher than the water. The altitude of the mountain-ridge at this place is said to be 1479 feet above the level of the sea. Here are several large hotels and boarding-houses, which in summer are filled with visitors attracted by the beautiful scenery. The village is about 1^ miles from the gorge. It has 2 churches, and a slate-factory or quarry. De Lay, a post-office of Lafayette co.. Miss. Delbino, a town of Turkey. See Delving. Delbriick, d^l'briik, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 9 miles W.N.W. of Pa4erborn. Pop. 1106. Del Car'bo, a station in Muskingum co., 0., on the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley Railroad, 8 miles S.W. of Zanesville. See Newton. Delden, dfil'd^n, a town of the Netherlands, in Over- yssel, on a railway, 10 miles S.E. of Almelo. Pop. 1649. Delec'table Hill, a post-office of Pike co., Ind. Delemont, dehM4'*mdNo' (Ger. Delsberg, dfils'b^RG), a town of Switzerland, canton and 29 miles N. of Bern, on the Some. Pop. 2431. Delft, dSlft (commonly pronounced dSlf), a town of the Netherlands, in South Holland,. 9 miles by raU N.W. of Rotterdam, on the canal between it and the Hague. It is well built of brick, and clean, but dull. Principal edifices, the palace in which Prince William I. of Orange was assas- sinated, 158-1, now used as barracks; a Gothic church, with the tomb of that prince, and that of Grotius ; the old church, with the tombs of Van Tromp, Peter Hein, and Leeuwen- hoeck ; the council-house, and the school of engineering. It has many breweries and distilleries, with manufactures of carpets, coverlets, woollen cloth, soap, and earthenwares; but most of the table-goods known as " Delft ware" are in reality made in England. Here is a great arsenal and military laboratory. Pop. in 1876, 24,511. Delft (original name, Ned oontivoe, or ** Long Island"), a small island off the N.W, coast of Ceylon, about S miles long by 3 miles broad, and surrounded by coral reefs. Delftshaven, or Delfshaven, d^lfts'h5,'ven, a town of the Netherlands, in South Holland, on the right bank of the Mouse, 2 miles by rail S.AV. of Rotterdam, with ship- building, herring-fishery, and distilling. Pop. 7982. Delfzyl, or Delfzul, d^lf-zil' (L. Caa'tmm DelfsiUa'- Hum), a town of the Nethei'lands, province and 16 miles E.N.E. of Groningen, at the mouth of the old Delf or Dam- sterdiep, a navigable channel, on the W. shore of the Dollart. It is strongly fortified. Pop. 5336, Delgada,a town of the Azores. See Ponta Delgada. Delhi (or Dehli), del'lee (anc. Inclraprastha, after- wards Dilli), a famous city of India, capital of a district and division of the same name, and formerly capital of the Mogul empire. It is on the right bank of the Jumna. Lat. 28° 39' 40' N. ; Ion. 77° 17' 45" E, The riv«r is here crossed by a splendid railway bridge. Delhi is walled with .stone, and is generally well built, the principal streets being well paved and finely shaded. The grand old palace (called the fort), the abode of the Mogul emperors, has been in great part torn down by the authorities since the rebellion of 1857. The Jumma Musjeed, or great mosque, is one of the finest structures in India. Other important buildings are the black mosque, the government college, the clock tower, &c. In the suburbs are the splendid tombs of the imperial family. The surrounding country to the extent of about 46 square miles is covered with the debris of ruined buildings. The town is well supplied with water, and has public gardens of great extent and beauty. Delhi is said to have once contained 2,000,000 inhabitants. It figures prom- inently in Indian history, and may be regarded as still the capital of Mohammedanism in India. In 1857 it was the scene of a terrible massacre of Europeans, chiefly women, and in the same year it was stormed and taken by a small British and native force, after a memorable siege of three months, the city being defended by six times as many dis- ciplined troops as the besiegers could muster. Pop. in 1872, 154,417. Delhi, a division or commissionership of British India, under the control of the Punjab government, and com- DEL 6 prising the districts of Delhi, Goorgaon, and Kurnaul. Area, 6567 square miles. Capital, Delhi. Pop. 1,920,912. Delhi, a district of the above division, lat. 28° 13'-29° 13' N., Ion. 76° 53'-77° 34' E. It is a narrow strip, 75 miles long, bounded E. by the river Jumna. Area, 1227 square miles. Among the products are wheat, cotton, and sugar. Capital, Delhi. Pop. 608,850. Delhi, dSI'hi, a post-village of Jersey co., 111., on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 13i miles N.N.W. of Alton. Coal-mines have been opened here. Delhi, a post-villn.ge, capital of Delaware co., Iowa, in Delhi township, on the Maquoketa River (or its South Fork), and on the Davenport & St. Paul Railroad, 82 miles N.N.W. of Davenport, and about 40 miles W. by S. from Dubuque. It has 3 churches and a newspaper office. Pop. 413; of the township, 1176. Delhi, a post-hamlet of Osborne CO., Kansas, in Bloom township, 24 miles N. of Wilson. Delhi, a post-village of Richland parish. La., on or near Bayou Macon, and on the North Louisiana & Texas Railroad, 37 miles W.N.W. of Vieksburg. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a money-order post-office. Pop. about 500. Delhi, a township of Ingham co., Mich. Pop. 1357. It contains Delhi Centre. Delhi, a post-village, capital of Delaware oo., N.Y., is in Delhi township, on the west or main branch of the Delaware Eivei-, about 68 miles W.S.W. of Albany, and on the Delhi Branch Railroad, which connects with the New York & Oswego Midland Railroad at Walton. It contains 8 churches, the Delaware Academy, a national bank, 3 private banks, a foundry, a woollen-mill, and manufactures of carriages, sash, blinds, Ac. Three weekly newspapers are published here. Butter and live-stock are the staple products of Delhi. Pop. 1223; of the township, 2945. Delhi, or Rad'nor, a post-village of Delawtire co., 0., in Radnor township, on the Columbus & Toledo Rail- road, 7 miles N. of Delaware. It has a graded school and several churches. The post-office and station name is Radnor. Delhi, a post-village of Hamilton CO., 0., is on the bank of the Ohio River, in Delhi township, on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad and the Indianapolis, Cincinnati & Lafayette Railroad, 9 miles W. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches. Here are several parks and residences of the business men of Cincinnati. Pop. of the township, 2620. Delhi, a post-office of Caldwell co., Tex. Delhi, or Fred'ericksbiirg, a post-village in Norfolk CO., Ontario, on the Rowan River, and on the Canada Air- Line Railroad, 86 miles W. of Buffalo. It has a large trade in sawn lumber, and contains several churches and stores, a cloth-factory, a foundry, a grist-mill, &c. P. 300. Delhi Centre (Holt Post-Office), a village of Ingham CO., Mich., in Delhi township, on the Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw Railroad, at Holt Station, 7 miles S. of Lansing. It has 3 churches, a carriage-shop, &c. Delhi Mills, a post-hamlet of Washtenaw co., Mich., in Seio township, on Huron River, and on the Michigan Central Railroad, 5 miles N.AV. of Ann Arbor. It has mills for flour, lumber, and plaster. Deli, a town and state of Sumatra. See Delli. De'lia Lake, a small mountain lake in the W. part of Essex CO., N.Y., among the Adirondacks. It is one of the sources of the Hudson River. Length, about 5 miles. Delia, a town of Sicily. See Deglia. Deli-Baba, di'loe-bi'bi\ a village of Asiatic Turkey, 48 miles E.S.E. of Erzroom. It is inhabited by Armenians. Deliceto, di-le-ch4'to, a town of Italy, province of Foggia, 3 miles S.E. of Bovino. It has a collegiate church and various charitable establishments. Pop. 4714. Deliklitash, d§l-e-kle-ta,sh', a town of Asiatic Tur- key, 25 miles S. of Seevas. DeMight', a post-office of Ellsworth co., Kansas. Delight, a post-office of Greene co.. Pa. Deli'la, a post-office of Halifax co., Va., 15 miles B.N.E. of Danville. De Lisle, de ITl, a post-office of Darke co., 0., on the Dayton & Union Railroad, 28 miles N.W. of Dayton. Delitzsch, di'litsh, a town of Pnissian Saxony, at a railway junction, 19 miles N.E. of Merseburg, on the Leber. It is well built, and has a castle, 3 churches, a hospital, and manufactures of beer, tobacco, stockings, and gloves. Pop. 8228. Dell, a post-hamlet of Vernon oo., Wis., in a narrow valley, about 11 miles N.E. of Viroqua. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Del'laplaiie, a post-hamlet of Wilkes co., N.C., 40 miles N. of Statesville. It has a tannery. S DEL Dell De^light', a post-office of Benton co., Mo, Delle, d611 (Ger. Dattenreilt, dit't?n-rit^), a village of France, in Haut-Rhin, 11 miles S.E. of Belfort. Pop. 1219. Delli, a town of Timor. See Dilli. Delli, dSl'lee, a town and small state on the N.E. coast of the island of Sumatra. The town stands at the mouth of a river of the same name. Lat. 3° 46' N. ; Ion. 98° 42' E. Pop. 36,566. Delliblat, dSrie-bUt', a village of Hungary, about 10 miles from Neudorf. The inhabitants are Wallachians. Pop. 3589. Dellnicze, or Delnitze, d511-neet's4, a village of Austrian Croatia, 18 miles W. by S. of Fiume. Pop. 1679. Dello, a town and state of Sumatra. See Delli. Dello'na, a post-township in the N. part of Sauk CO., Wis., 5 miles W. of Kilbourn City. It has 2 churches. Pop. 592. Dell Prairie, pra'ree, a township of Adams co.. Wis., about 20 miles N.W. of Portage City, bounded on the W. by the Wisconsin River. Pop. 465. Dell Prairie, a hamlet in this township, is 4 miles N.E. of Kilbourn. It has a church. Dell Rap'ids, a post-village of Minnehaha co., Da- kota, on the Big Sioux River, about 22 miles N. of Sioux Falls. It has a church and 2 stores. Pop. about 100. Dell River, a small stream of Sauk co., AYis., runs southeastward and northeastward, and enters the Wisconsin River about 10 miles N. of Baraboo. Dell Roy, formerly Can'nonsburg, a post-village in Monroe township, Carroll co., 0., on the Ohio k Toledo Railroad, 7 miles S.W. of Carrollton. It has 3 churches, an academy, and a coal-mine. Pop. about 700. Dell'ville, a post-office of Perry co.. Pa. Delly, a town of the Malay Archipelago. See Dilli. Del'ly Mount, a headland of British India, presidency of Madras, on the W. coast, 15 miles N.W. of Cananore. Dellys, dSrieez', a seaport town of Algeria, 49 miles E. of Algiers. It is built out of the ruins of an ancient city, supposed to be the Riisucurium of Pliny. It consists of a new town, well built in the European style, and of the old Arab town, with walls, a labyrinth of narrow alleys. Pop. 11,122. Del'mar', a post-hamlet of Sussex co., Del., at the N. terminus of the Eastern Shore Railroad, which here con- nects with the Delaware Railroad. It is 97 miles S. of Wilmington, at the Maryland line. It has a church and a manufactory of peach-crates. Pop. about 200. Delmar, a post-hamlet of Lowndes co., Ga., on the Atlantic k Gulf Railroad, 9 miles E. of Valdosta. Delmar, or Delmar Junction, a post-village of Clinton co., Iowa, is in Bloomfield township, on a branch of the Davenport & St. Paul Railroad, and on the Sabula, Ackley &, Dakota Railroad where it crosses the Iowa Mid- land division of the Chicago k Northwestern Railroad, 39 miles N. of Davenport, and 33 miles W.N.W. of Clinton. It has a church, a wagon-shop, and a newspaper office. It has a money-order post-office, named Delmar; and the name of the station is Delmar Junction. Pop. about 600. Delmar, a post-township of Tioga co.. Pa., is in part a vast hemlock forest, and contains a portion of the coal- mining town of Antrim, which was founded in 1872. Pop. 1885, exclusive of Wellsborough. Del'menhorst, a town of Germany, grand duchy and 16 miles by rail E.S.E. of Oldenburg. Pop. 2639. Delmont', a post-office of Westmoreland co.. Pa., is at the borough of Salem, or New Salem, 8 miles N. of Greens- burg. Del'more, a post-township of McPherson co., Kansas, 24 miles S. of Salina. Pop. 194. Del Norte, d^l nor'ti, a county forming the N.W. ex- tremity of California, bordering on Oregon, has an area of about 1500 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Pacifio Ocean, and intersected by the Klamatli River. The surface is partly mountainous, and is extensively covered with forests of redwood {Sequoia sempei-viyois) and spruce. The soil produces wheat, potatoes, oats, Ac. This county has several gold-mines. Capital, Crescent Cit.v. Valuation of real and personal estate, $718,645. Pop. in 1870, 2022, of whom 1580 were Americans. Del Norte, a post-village, capital of Rio Grande co.. Col., is on the Rio Grande del Norte, about l.SO miles S.W. of Pueblo. Altitude, 7807 feet. It is one of llio jirincipal towns in Southwestern Colorado. It has a bank, 2 hotels, 2 churches, a newspaper office, and a lino scluxtl-building, and is the base of supplies for the San Juan mines. It is wituRted where the river emerges from its mountain-caiion and enters the valley, and is surrounded by grand scenery. Pop. about 2000. DEL 609 DEM Delogny, d4ron>ee', a station on the New Orletins &, Texas Railroad, 16 miles S.E. of Donaldsonville, La. DeMoit', a post-village of Crawford oo., Iowa, 6 miles Jf. of Donison, and 75 miles N.N.E. of Council Bluffs. It has 2 churches, 2 flour-mjlls, and a broom-factory. Pop. 103. Deloraiiie, dSPo-rin', a town of Tasmania, 32 miles by rail W. of Launceston. Pop., with surroundings, 3670. De'los (A^Aos), modern Sdili, sdee'lee, Dili, or Mikra Dili, mik'ri dee'lee, a famous island of Greece, nearly in the centre of the Cyelades. It was regarded with great veneration by the ancients, and was the seat of a cele- brated temple and oracle of Apollo. It is now scarcely in- habited, but is covered with ruins. The neighboring island of Rhenea is also known by the name of Dili (Sdili), and is sometimes called the Greater Delos. It appears to have shared in the sacred character of the smaller island. De los Patos, Brazil. See Lago nE los Patos. Delow, dS-low', or Dallu, dil-loo', a town of Soodan, 20 miles S.E. of Boossa, in lat. 9° 56' N., Ion. 5° 15' E. Pop. lOjflOO. It was formerly the capital of Mandara. Delphi, a mountain of Greece. See Eubcea. Del'phi, a small town of ancient Greece, in Phocis, near the site of the modern Castri (which see), containing a celebrated oracle of Apollo. Del'phi, a post-village, capital of Carroll co., Ind., on Deer Creek, and on the Wabash & Erie Can.al, ^ mile S.E. of the Wabash River, and on the Wabash Railroad, 17 miles N.E. of Lafayette, and 20 miles W.S.W. of Logansport. It has 5 churches, a national bank, a high school, 2 paper- mills, a flouring-mill, 2 planing-mills, and a flax-mill. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Delphi has many line brick residences, and a large manufactory of lime, which is of superior quality. Pop. 1614. Delphi, a post-hamlet of Ringgold co., Iowa, 12 miles S.W. of Mount Ayr. Delphi, a post village of Onondaga co., N.Y., in Pom- pey township, about 18 miles S.E. of Syracuse. It has 3 churches and a flouring-mill. Del'phos, a post-village of Ottawa co., Kansas, on the Solomon River, about 44 miles N.W. of Abilene. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Delphos, a post-village of Van Wert co., 0., on the Miami Canal, and on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 14 miles N.AV. of Lima, and 45 miles E.S.E. of Port Wayne. It has 4 churches, a flouring-mill, 2 banks, 2 newspaper oflices, a Franciscan convent, and manufactures of barrels, staves, and wheels. Pop. 640. Defray', a post-village of AVayne co., Mich., on the Detroit River, 3 miles S.W. of Detroit. Pop. about 300. Delrey, di\-vi', a hamlet of Upson co., Ga., 'H miles from The Rock Railroad Station. It has an academy, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Del Rey, a post-hamlet of Iroquois co., 111., in Onarga township, on the Illinois Central Railroad, at Spring Creek Station, 88 miles S. by W. of Chicago. Del Rio, dSl ree'o, a post-village of Kinney co., Tex., on the Rio Grande, 30 miles W. of Fort Clarke. It has a church. Here is a ranch of 3500 acres of irrigated land, on which many cattle and sheep are pastured. Delsberg, a town of Switzerland. See Delemont. Del'ta (the name of the Greek letter A), a term often applied to the alluvial tracts enclosed between the bifurcat- ing branches of a river and their common recipient. Deltas are called fluvial, lacustrine, mediterranean, and oceanic, according to the recipient of the streams which form them. They are simple deltas when the stream is divided into two branches only, and compound when intersected by other branches. The principal deltas are those of the Nile, Ganges, Niger, and Mississippi. Ueltic branchee of a river are those which enclose a delta, and deltic ialanda are those formed by the ana-deltio branches of a compound delta. Del'ta, a county in the upper peninsula of Michigan, has an area of about 1150 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by Lake Michigan, and intersected by the Esdanaba, Rapid, and Whitefish Rivers. The surface is uneven, and extensively covered with forests. It has abundance of limestone and iron ore. Pig-iron and lumber are the chief articles of export. Capital, Escanaba. This county is trav- ersed by a branch of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Pop. in 1870, 2542 ; in 1874, 4741. Delta, a county in the N.E. part of Texas, is drained by the two branches of the Sulphur Fork of Red River. The surface is undulating ; the soil is fertile. The county has a triangular shape, and is bounded on the N. by the branch called North Sulphur. Capital, Cooper. Delta, a post-hamlet of Clay co., Ala., 18 miles S.E. of Oxford. It has a church. 39 Delta, a post-oflSce and mining-camp of Shasta co., Cal., 38 miles from Redding. Delta, a station on the Indianapolis, Bloomington A Western Railroad, II) miles S.E. of Bloomington, 111. Delta, a post-office of Parke co., Ind., about 32 miles N. of Terre Haute. Delta, a post-village of Keokuk co., Iowa, in Warren township, on the Oakaloosa division of the Chicago, Rock Island k Paciflc Railroad, 45 miles E. of Oskaloosa. It has a church. Delta, a post-oflice of .lewell co., Kansas. Delta, or Delta Court-House, a post-village, capital of Madison parish, La., on the Mississippi River, nearly opposite Vicksburg. It is the E. terminus of the North Louisiana & Texas Railroad, 72 miles E. of Monroe, and 2 miles from Vicksburg. It has 2 churches and a news- paper oflice. Delta, a post-village of Eaton co., Mich., is on Grand River, in Delta township, and on the Detroit, Lansing k Lake Michigan Railroad, 9 miles W.N.W. of Lansing. It has 3 churches, a flour-mill, and a lumber-mill. Pop. of the township, 1354. Delta, a post-oflice and landing of Coahoma co.. Miss., on the Mississippi River, 10 miles from Helena, Ark. It has several stores, and 2 or 3 warehouses. Nearly 5000 bales of cotton are annually shipped here. Delta, a post-village of Oneida co., N.T., is in Lee township, 6 miles N. of Rome. It has a church and sev- eral stores and mills. Pop. 270. Delta, a post-village of Fulton co., 0., in York town- ship, on the Air-Line division of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 23 miles W. by S. from Toledo, and about 22 miles S. of Adrian, Mich. It has a bank, a graded school, a newspaper office, 3 churches, and manufactures of cheese, flour, and lumber. Pop. about 2300. Delta, a post-village of York CO., Pa., in Peach Bottom township, on the Peach Bottom Railro.ad, 35 miles S.E. of York. It has a high school and a manufactory of roofing-slate. Delta, or Bev'erley, a post-village in Leeds co., Ontario, on Mill Creek, which connects Upper and Lower Beverley Lakes, 24 miles W. of Brockville. It has several stores, hotels, and mills, and an iron-foundry. Pop. 300. Delta Court-House, Louisiana. See Delta. Del'to, a post-village of Laclede co.. Mo., in Franklin township, 10 miles S.E. of Lebanon. It has a church and the Delto Institute. Del'ton, a post-hamlet of Barry co., Mich., in Barry township, 13 miles from Augusta Station. It has a church. Delton, a township of Delta co., Mich. Pop. 833. Delton, a post-township of Cottonwood co., Minn. P. 79. Deltou, a post-village of Sauk co.. Wis., on the Dell Fiiver, nearly 2 miles from its mouth, 3 miles S.S.W. of Kilbourn City, and 10 miles N. of Baraboo. It has a church, a graded school, 2 flour-mills, an iron-foundry, a cheese- factory, itc. The river affords abundant water-power. Pop. of Deiton township, 829. Delude, a river of Michigan. See Black River. Deluwi, dePoo-ee', a village of Persia, in Khorassan, 140 miles S. of Meshed. Pop. 300. Delval'le, a post-village of Travis co., Tex., 6 miles from Austin. It has a church and a plough-factory. Delvinachi, d81-ve-ni'kee, a village of European Tur- key, containing about 300 houses, 28 miles E. of Delvino. Delvino, or Delbino, dSl've-no, a town of Turkey, in Albani.a, 47 miles W.N.AV. of Yanima, on a hill-slope covered with olive and orange plantations. Pop. 10,000. Deniak, dirn'Mv', or Dainak, di'miik', a town on the N. coast of Java, province and 15 miles E.N.E. of Sama- rang, on the river of the same name. It was formerly the capital of the kingdom of Demak. Oemar, a town of Arabia. See Dam.ar. Demarca'tion Point, a cape on the Arctic coast of North America, in lat. 69° 45' N., Ion. 141° W., marking the boundary between British America and Alaska. Dem'arest', a post-hamlet of Bergen co., N.J., on the Northern Railroad of New Jersey, li miles from the Pali- sades, and 18 miles N. of New York. It has a church. Demavend, d5m"i-vSnd', a volcanic mountain of Per- sia, and the loftiest peak of the Elbrooz chain, between the provinces of Irak-Ajemee and Mazanderan, 40 miles N.E. of Teheran. It has an elevation of 21,000 feet. Its form is conical, with a crater-shaped summit. It yields large quan- tities of pumice-stone and pure sulphur. Deinavend, a town of Persia, 45 miles E. of Teheran, at the S. base of Mount Demavend. Pop. 3000. Dembea, d5m'be-a, improperly pronounced d5m-bee'a, written also Dambea, or Tzana, a lake of Abyssinia, DEM 610 DEN in lat. 12° N., Ion. 37° 15' E. Length, from N. to S., 60 miles; average breadth, 25 miles. It contains several islands, the largest of which is named Dek, and at its S. part is traversed by the Bahr-el-Azrek, or Blue Nile. Dembia, d^m'be-a, a river of Sierra Leone, supposed to rise in the mountainous district on the S.E. of Senegam- bia, flows in a S.W. direction, and falls into the Atlantic at lat. 9° 45' N. Demed, dSm^M', a village of the Algerian Sahara, 174 miles S. by E. of Algiers. Pop. about 200. Dement', a township of Ogle co., III. Pop. 1120, Demer, di'm^r, a river of Belgium, in Limbourg and South Brabant, joins the Dyle 6 miles 3. of Louvain, after a W. course of 47 miles. Demerara, d^m-?r-i'ra, written also Demerary, a river of South America, in British Guiana, rises near lat. 5° 20' N., and, after a N. course of perhaps 180 miles, enters the Atlantic Ocean near lat. 6° 50' N., Ion. 58° 20' W., by an estuary, on the E. side of which stands Georgetown. Large vessels can ascend it 75 miles. Demerara, a county of British Guiana, has a sea-front of 65 miles, extending from Abari Creek, on the B., to Boerasirie Creek, on the "W. Exports, sugar, molasses, rum, timbei-, &c. Pop. 86,250, exclusive of Georgetown, the cap- ital of the county and the colony. Demerara was once a Dutch colony. Demetrovicze, the Hungarian for Mitrowicz. Deiniauka, di-me-3,n'k5,, a river of Siberia, rises in Lake Ooganskoe, government of Tobolsk, flows E., and, after a course of about 200 miles, joins the Irtish. Demiansk, dfim-e-^nsk', a town of Russia, government and 106 miles S.E. of Novgorod. Pop. 1890. Demiansk, a village of Siberia, government and 100 miles N.N.E. of Tobolsk. Dem'iiig, a post-haralet of Hamilton co., Ind., about 25 miles N. of Indianapolis. Deming's Bridge, a post-village of Matagorda co., Tex., on or near the Colorado Kiver, 30 miles S.W. of Colum- bia. It has several churches and a factory for canned beef. Demir-Hissar, di-meer'-his^sar', **Iron Castle" (anc. Heracle'af), a town of European Turkey, in Rounielia, on the Kara Soo, lo miles N.N.AV, of Seres. Pop. 8000. Demish, dd^^mish', written also Odemes, a commer- cial town of Asia Minor, 50 miles E.S.E. of Smyrna. Dcmmin, dSm-meen', a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 26 miles by rail S. of Stralsund, at the junction of the Peene, the Tollen, and the Trebel. It has manufactures of hats, woollens, linen, stockings, and leather, distilleries, brew- eries, and a trade in corn, tobacco, timber, and gloves. It is very ancient, and celebrated for the numerous sieges it has sustained. Its fortifications were razed in 1759. Pop. 9784. Dem'mit, or Dim'mit, a southwestern county of Texas, hixs an area of about 1050 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Nueces River. The soil is mostly unculti- vated, but produces pasture for cattle, which are the staple products of the county. Pop. in 1870, 109. Demm'ler, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co.. Pa., on the Monongahela River, and on the Pittsburg, Washington & Baltimore Railroad, adjacent to McKeesport. It has manufactures of sheet-iron and tin-plate. Democ'racy, a post-village of Knox co., 0., in Pike township, 8 miles N.N.E. of Mount Vernon. It has 3 churches. Dem'ocrat, a township of Carroll co., Ind. Pop. 1122. It contains Prince William. Democrat, a post-office of Buncombe co., N.C. Demonesoi, Sea of Marmora. See Princks' Islands. Demoute, di-mon'ti, a fortified town of Italy, prov- ince and 15 miles S.W. of Coni, on the right bank of the Stura. Pop, 6166. Demop'olis, a post-village, capital of Marengo co., Ala., is on the left or E. bank of the Tombigbee River, nearly 1 mile below the mouth of the Black AVarrior, and on the Alabama Central Railroad, 50 miles W. of Selma, and 58 miles E. by N. from Meridian. It has 5 churches, a newspaper ofliee, an academy, a bank, and a woollen-mill. Cotton is shipped here in steamboats which run to Mobile in all seasons. Pop. 15.'i9. Demorest'ville, formerly Smith's Mills, a post- village in Prince Edward co., Ontario, 9 miles N.W. of Pic- ton. It has a good trade in hops, grain, and lumber, and has woollen-, flouring-, and saw-mills. Pop, 300. Demos, Belmont co., 0. Sec Centreville. De Moss'ville, a post-village of Pendleton co., Ky., on the Licking River, and on the Kentucky Central Railroad, 25 miles S. of Covington. It has a church and 2 tobaooo- warehousea. Pop. about 200. Demotica, de-mot'e-kS, (anc. DidymoHcfioa ?), a town of European Turkey, in Roumelia, on the Maritza, at the foot of a castle-crowned hill, 25 miles by rail S. of Adrian- ople. Pop. 8000. It is well built, and has several Greek churches and schools. De Mott, a post-office of Seneca co., N.Y., at Lodi Landing, on the E. shore of Seneca Lake, about 21 miles S. of Geneva. Demp'sey, a post-village of Dodge co., Ga., 5 miles from Eastman. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Dempsey's Corner, a post-village in Kings co., Nova Scotia, 2 miles from Aylesford. Pop. 150. Demp'seytown, a post-village of Venango co.. Pa., 8 miles N.W. of Oil City, and about 10 miles S.W. of Titus- viile. It has 3 churches and a graded school. Demter, a town of the Netherlands. See Deventer. Denaiii, d^h-n^No', atown of France, in Nord, 14 miles by rail E. of Douai. It has coal-mines, iron-works, and distilleries. Pop. 11,849; of the commune, 14,419. Denbigh, d^n'bee, or Denbighshire, dSn'bee-shir, a county of Wales, having N. the Irish Sea. Area, 613 square miles, of which less than one-half is arable, the rest being chiefly in pasture. The surface is mostly rugged and mountainous, but it contains the fertile valley of Llangollen. The principal rivers are the Clwyd, Dee, Conwaj', and Valle- Crucis. The Conway forms its W. and the Dee the greater part of its E. boundary. Wool is manufactured into stock- ings, flannel, and coarse cloths by the rural population. Coal, lead, iron, slate, limestone, grindstones, and flagstones abound. The lead ores yield some silver. The county is traversed by numerous railways. The chief towns are Den- bigh, Ruthin, Wrexham, Llanrwst, Abergeley, Holt, and Ruabon. Pop. 105,102. Denbigh, a town of Wales, capital of the co. of Den- bigh, at a niilway junction, 5 miles S. of St. Asaph. It stands on a steep acclivity, crowned by the ruins of its stately castle, and has man^-^ handsome antique houses, an old parish church, an ancient chapel, 2 free schools, a town hall, an orphan school, an assemblj'-room, and a market- house, with manufactures of gloves and shoes. Pop. 4276, Denbighshire, AVales. See Denbigh. Den Bomme], Netherlands. See Bommel. Den'by, a village of England, co. and 7 miles by rail N.N.E. of Derby. Pop. of parish, 1362. It has extensive collieries. Denby, a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, 8 miles by rail W. of Barnsley. Pop. of parish, 1637. Denbych-y-Pysgod, the AVelsh name of Tknby. Dender, dfin'der, a navigable river of Belgium, prov- inces of Hainaut and East Flanders, after a N. course of 42 miles joins the Scheldt at Dendermonde. Dender, den'der, a river of Nubia, tributary to the Blue Nile, which it joins 40 miles N. of Sennaar, after a N.W. course of 250 miles. Denderah, dSn'd^r-^ (anc. Ten'tp-a), a village of Upper Egypt, near the left bank of the Nile, opposite Keneh, important for its antiquities, and especially for its grand temple, which is 220 feet in length by 50 in breadth, with a portico supported by 24 columns. See Esneh. Dendermonde, dgnMer-m6n'd§h, Dendermond, d^nMer-mftnt', or Termonde, tfir-m6n'd?h (Fl-. pron. t^R^m^Nd'), a fortified town of Belgium, in East Flanders, at the confluence of the Dender and the Scheldt, and at a railway junction, 16 miles E. of Ghent. It has a town hall, a hospital, lunatic and orphan asylums, several churches and convents, and manufactures of cotton yarn, lace, and woollens. Pop_. 8300. Denegontium, the supposed ancient name of Digoin. Denekamp, d5n^9-ka,mp', a village of the Netherlands, in Overyssel, 5^ miles N.E. of Oldenzaal. Pop. 4194. Den Ham, d^n him, a village of the Netherlands, in Overyssel, 22 miles N.E. of Deventer. Den Helder,a town of the Netherlands. SeeHELDER, DenMiolm, a village of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, 5 miles E.N.E. of Hawick. Pop. 659. Den'holme Gate, a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, 5i miles W. of Bradford. Pop. 3469. Denia, di-nee'il, a town of Spain, province of Alicante, on the Mediterranean, 13 miles by rail E.S.E. of Oliva. It has manufactures of woollen and linen cloths. Pop. 2619. De Nieuwe Itlaas. See Maas, The New. Denil'iquin, a post-town of Australia, Now South Wales, CO, of Townsend, on the Edwards River, 4SS miles S.W. of Sydney. Pop. 1118. Dcn'is (or Orixa, o-reo'shi) Islands, tho north- easternmost group of the Seychelles. Lat, 3° 49' S. ; Ion. 65° 44' E. DEN 611 DEN Deuisou, of Illinois and Michigan. See Dennison. Den'ison, a township of Lawrence co,, 111., on the Wabiish. Pop. 1063. It contains St. Francisville. Deuison, a post- village, capital of Crawford co., Iowa, in Denison township, on the Boyer River, and on the Chi- cago ^ Northwestern Railroad, 65 miles N.N.E. of Council Bluffs, and 61 miles W. of Grand Junction. It has a bank, a graded school. 14 stores, 6 churches, 2 elevators, and sev- eral thriving manufactories. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. about 1200 ; of township, 1123. Denisoii, a post-office of Herkimer co., N.Y. Denison, a post-hamlet of Westmoreland co.. Pa., in Unity township, 1 mile from Carney Railroad Station. It has a church and a store. Denison, or Denison City, a flourishing town of Grayson co., Tex., is on the Houston & Texas Central Rail- road, at the S. terminus of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, 3 miles S. of Red River, 10 miles N. of Sherman, 338 miles N". of Houston, and 274 miles S.S.W. of Parsons, Kansas. It is one of the most important places of Northern Texas, and is improving rapidly. It has a national bank, I other bank, 5 cKurohes, and a public school-house which cost $45,000. Two daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. about 5000. Denison's Corners, a hamlet of Ontario co., N.Y., 3 miles from Livonia Station. Den'ison's Mills, a post-village in Richmond co., Quebec, 7 miles N. of Richmond. Pop. 150. Den'iston, or Pic'cadilly, a post-village in Adding- ton CO., Ontario, 30 miles N.N.W. of Kingston. Pop. 100. Denizli, a town of Asia Minor. See Degnizli. Denkendorf, denk'en-doiir, a town of Wiirtemberg, 3 miles S. of Esslingen. " Pop. 1408. Den'man's Cross Roads, a hamlet of Licking co., 0., in Perry township. Den'mark {Dan. i>aHma?'fc, d^n'mank; Ggi\ Ddnemarky di'neh-maRk^ ; Dutch, Deenemerken, d^'n^h-m^R^ken ; Fr. Danemark, dS,n^maRk' ; It. Danemarka, di-ni-maR'ki ; Sp. Dinamarca, de-ni-maR-ka ; L. Da'nia), a kingdom of Europe, comprising the peninsula of Jutland and a group of islands in the Baltic, and lying between 54° 34' and 57° 44' 52" N. lat, and S° 4' and 12° 34' E. Ion., with the exception of the island of Bornholra, which lies between 14° 42' and 15° 10' E. Ion. It is bounded N. by the Skager Rack, E. by the Cattegat, the Sound, and the Baltic, S. by the Baltic, the Little Belt, and the'German duchy of Sleswick, and W. by the North Sea. The largest island is Seeland, Sjteland, or Zealand, on which is Copenhagen, the capital; the next in si^e is Funen or Fyen, divided from Jutland by only a minute channel; after which come Laaland, Born- holm, Falster, Langeland, Moen, Samsoe, Aeroe, Amager, Lasbe, and Anholt, here enumerated in the order of their importance. Denmark is divided into 7 provinces, 3 insular and 4 on the mainland. The insular are Seeland, Laaland and Falster, and Funen; the mainland, Aarhuus, Aalborg, Viborg, and Ribe. Area, 14,553 square miles. Pop. in 1876, 1,90.3,000. Phyaical Features and Geology. — The coast is generally low and sandy, the western coast of Jutland being a suc- cession of sand-ridges and shallow lagoons, dangerous to shi])ping. The eastern coast is not so inhospitable, and contains several excellent harbors, especially in the islands. The long fjords or firths, winding inlets of the sea pene- trating far into the land, constitute the most distinctive physical feature. The most remarkable of these is the Lymfiord or Liimfiord, which crosses Jutland, so that its N. portion is insular. Inland the surface is low, the highest point, the Himmelberget, in Jutlan4, being only 550 feet above the sea. Though low, the surface is pleasantly diver- sified, rising a little at the coast. The landscape of the islands and the southeastern part of Jutland is rich in beech woods, corn-fields, and meadows, but in the western and northern districts of Jutland this gives place to a wide expanse of moorland covered with heather. Tliere are neither rivers nor lakes of consequence, the Guden, the largest Danish stream, being little more than a brook. All the Danish rocks belong to the upper series of the secondary and to the tertiary formation, and have been deposited in regular succession. The rock most fully developed is chalk ; above the chalk lies an extensive boulder formation, imme- diately above which are thick beds of clay and marl. Climate. — The climate presents no remarkable features, much resembling that of Scotland, except that its transi- tions are more rapid. Its main feature is humidity. The mean temperature of Copenhagen is 32°. 9 Fahr. in winter and 63°. 5 in summer. Snow falls on an average 30 days in the year, and storms of wind and rain are frequent. Fauna and Flora. — The fauna presents no special pecu- liarities. All the larger wild quadrupeds, even the red deer, are now extinct. The usual domestic animals are abundant, with the exception of the goat. The flora presents a greater variety. The ordinary North European plants grow luxu- riantly in the mild and protected soil of the eastern coast and the islands, while on the heaths and sand-hills of the Atlantic a great variety of unusual species flourishes. The Danish forests are almost entirely made up of beech. So late as the reign of Christian IV., the oak was the characteristic tree, but both it and the ash are now exceedingly rare. Ex- cept in Bornholm, no conifer grows in Denmark save under cultivation. There the pine, birch, and ash are the most abundant trees. Agriculture. — Denmark is essentially an agricultural country. In relation to its size, no country in Europe, ex- cept Belgium and England, can compete with it as a grain- producer. The principal cereals are wheat, oats, barley, and rye, except that on the light and sandy soils buckwheat takes their place. The potato is largely cultivated, as well as pease, clover, vetches, and turnips. The usual European fruit trees and bushes, as apples, pears, plums, cherries, goose- berries, raspberries, and currants, produce good crops, and even peaches and apricots ripen in sheltered spots. Notwith- standing its great extent of pasture-land, Denmark pro- duces more grain than is required for her consumption, the exports of grain and flour amounting yearly to $5,500,000. But cattle-breeding and dairy-husbandry are the great fea- tures of Danish agriculture and the leading industries of the country. Live-stock — oxen and bulls, cows and calves, sheep, hogs, and horses — is annually exported to the value of upwards of $6,000,000, while the value of the butter ex- ported often exceeds $6,500,000. Large quantities of cheese are also sent abroad, especially to England. The land is minutely subdivided, owing partly to the state of the law, which prohibits the union of small farms and encourages the parcelling out of landed property. The larger estates of the nobles are generally let out to tenant-farmers, but much the greater part of the land is possessed by peasant proprietors (bonder), who maintain a hereditary attachment to their ancestral farms. Minerals. — The mineral products are unimportant, Den- mark being in this respect one of the poorest countries of Europe. In the island of Bornholm there are quarries of freestone and marble. But little coal has been discovered, and most of the peasants burn turf and peat for house-fuel. Mamifactnres and Commerce. — Manufacturing is not car- ried on to any large extent. The most notable manufacture is that of porcelain, the principal establishment being in the hands of the state. The Copenhagen potters are now famous for very graceful designs, and their products in por- celain have a distinctive character, the artistic creations of Thorwaldsen being largely repeated and imitated. There are considerable iron-foundries, 12 of which are around Copenhagen. In the same city there are manufactures of locomotives and machinery. The woollen-, linen-, and cotton- manufactures are mostly domestic and carried on for local consumption. Sugar-refineries prepare most of the sugar from beets for the home market. Amber is gathered to the extent of from 1600 to 2200 pounds annually. The com- merce of Denmark is carried on mainly with Germany, Great Britain, Sweden, and Norway. The amount of its imports is about 863,000,000 a year, and of its exports, $47,000,000. The chief imports are metals and ores, coal, cotton and woollen goods, silks, sugar, coffee, salt, rice, oil, and tobacco; the exports consist chiefly of agricultural produce, as grain, meal and flour, cattle, butter, cheese, hams, sides, bones, wool, rape and other seeds for oil, and manufactured oil- cake. Formerly the commercial legislation of Denmark was of a highly restrictive character. Having possession of both sides of the entrance to the Baltic, she looked on the Sound as her own, and refused to admit foreign vessels without payment of toll. Now a more liberal system pre- vails, and the toll is totally abolished. The commercial marine consists of about 3075 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 244,100 tons, of which 167, aggregating 39,400 tons, are steamers. The most important seaports are Copenhagen, Aalborg, Aarhuus, Elsinore, Corsoer, Frederikshavn, and Randers. The Danish herring-fisheries were formerly im- portant, but the quantity of herrings taken now does not suffice for home consumption. Turbot, torsk, and salmon are caught, and oyster-beds occur on the east coast and else- where. The seal-fisheries are considerable, the principal station being the island of Anholt. Government, Army and Navy. — Till 1660 the succession to the crown was elective. After that period it became hereditary, and the government despotic. By a charter DEN 612 DEN [ by the king in 1849, it is declared that while the executive power is in the king alone, the legislative is in the king and diet jointly : so that Denmark is now a hered- itary constitutional monarchy. The diet consists of two houses, called respectively the Folksthing and the Lands- thing. The former has the privilege of discussing the budget and other public questions, while the latter is con- fined to local affairs. Liberty of the press and inviolability of person and property are guaranteed, and there is no dis- qualification for religious belief. The privy council con- sists of the king, the crown prince, and the ministers. The hereditary nobility of Denmark has been abolished. The regular army contains about 35,000 men, with a reserve of 13,000. The navy has 30 vessels, of which 7 are iron-clads, carrying an aggregate of 286 guns. All the able-bodied young men of the kingdom who have reached the age of 22 are liable to service for 8 years in the regular army and sub- sequently for 8 years in the reserve. Railways, Canals, and Telegraphs. — There are about 900 miles of railways open for traffic, and two canals, one in the island of Seeland and the other in Funen. The total length of telegraph lines exceeds 1750 miles. Colonies and i>epe7irfenc2es.— The colonial possessions con- sist mainly of islands in Europe and America. They in- clude Iceland, the Faroe Isles and Grreenland, and Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. John in the West Indies. Church and Education. — The established religion is Lu- theran, but unlimited toleration is conceded to all, no man being bound to contribute to support a form of worship of which he is not a member. The church is under 7 bishops, who are nominated by the crown. The Bishop of Seeland or Roeskilde is the metropolitan, and the sees of the other bishops correspond to the other 6 provinces. Dissent is comparatively unknown. Elementary education is widely diffused, attendance at school being obligatory from the age of 7 to 14. Education is afforded gratuitously to the chil- dren of those who cannot pay. Besides the University of Copenhagen, there are 13 public gymnasia or colleges in the principal towns for classical education and under them a large number of middle schools for the children of the trading and upper working classes, and 2940 parochial schools. There are 5 normal schools for training teachers. Literature, Science, and Art. — Although the literature of Denmark is not much known in other countries, it con- tains several names of eminence, as those of Oehlensehliiger the dramatist, Ingemann the novelist, and Hans Christian Andersen, the greatest of modern fabulists. In science, Denmark edrly attained eminence in the person of Tycho Brahe, and still continues to maintain a high reputation in various departments of inquiry, Steenstrup the zoolo- gist and Madvig the philologist are names well and widely known. In art, Thorwaldsen has given her a first place. In archaeology there are few names higher than that of Worsaae. Denmark is especially the land of antiquities, its kjokken-mbddings {kitchen-middens or refuse-heaps), in which relics of the aboriginal inhabitants are found, con- stituting its peculiar feature. History. — The earliest settlers in Denmark of whom his- tory leaves any record were the Cimbri, who defeated the Romans and ravaged Europe, 100 B.C. From them the mainland received its name of the Gimbrian Chersonese. We next hear of a Gothic race occupying the land, under their mythical chief Odin, whose successors made them- selves the terror of Western Europe, under the name of Northmen or Vikings. The deeds of the early heroes are celebrated in the Eddas. These Northmen seized a large part of France, which from them still bears the name of Normandy. They made several incursions into Britain, founding settlements, especially in the islands and on the eastern coasts. Three successive Danish kings (Canute, Har- old, Hardieanute) ruled England from 1017 to 1042. After their conversion to Christianity, this people Po extended their sway that the Baltic was regarded as a Danish inland sea. In 1397, Margaret of Denmark, by the treaty of Kol- mar, united the three Scandinavian kingdoms, and after the dissolution of the union the Danes retained Norway till 1848, when it was ceded to Sweden. In 1848 the duchies of Sleswick and Holstein revolted against Danish rule, and appealed to the C-erman powers for support. Prussia sent an army, and, after some indecisive battles, Austria intervened, the result being that the duchies re- turned under Danish sway in terms of the protocol of Lon- don, 1852. The duchies again revolted in 1803, and the armies of Prussia and Austria entered the country in their support. The Danes retreated to Diippol, which was cap- tured, whereupon the differences were referred to a con- gress of the Great Powers, which met at Vienna in 1864. In terms of the treaty there made, Denmark renounced its claim to Sleswick, Holstein, and Lauenburg, which have since become part of Prussia. Adj. Danish, di'nish (Dan. Dansk, d^nsk; Ger. Danisch, di'nish ; Fr. Danots, di^nw^'; It. Danese, dS,-ni'si ; Sp. DiNAjiAnQtJES, de-nd- man'k^s, or Daxes, di'n^s'^); inhab. Dane, dain (Dan. Dansk, dinsk ; Ger. Dane, di'neh). Den'mark, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Ark., 8 miles N.E. of Bradford Railroad Station, and about 20 milesS.S.E. of Batesville. It has 2 churches. Denmark, a post-hamlet of Perry co., 111., in Cutler township, 50 miles S.S.E. of Belleville. It has a church. Denmark, a post-hamlet of Owen co., Ind., in Marion township, 5 miles E. of Clay City. It has a church, Denmark, a post-village of Lee co., Iowa, in Denmark townships about 15 miles W.S.W. of Burlington. It con- tains the Denmark Academy and 2 churches. Pop. 276. The township is bounded on the N.E. by Skunk River, and has a cheese-factory. Pop. 942. Denmark, a post-office of Lincoln co., Kansas. Denmark, a village of Catahoula parish, La., on the Tensas River, 15 miles W. of Waterproof. It has 2 churches. Here is Wildwood Post-Office. Denmark, a post-hamlet of Oxford co., Me., in Den- mark township, about 40 miles N.W. of Portland. It has a lumber-mill and a sash- and blind-factory. The township is bounded on the S.W. by the Saco River, and has manu- factures of staves and shooks. Pop., of the township, 1069. . Denmark, a post-hamlet of Tuscola co., Mich., in Den- mark township, 17 miles S.E. of Bay City. Pop. 8S8. Denmark, a station on the Detroit, Lansing & North- em Railroad. 8 miles N.W. of Greenville, Mich. Denmark, a township of Washington co., Minn., 2 miles N. of Hastings, is bounded on the E. by the St. Croix River, and on the S. by the Mississippi. Pop. 744. Denmark, a post-hamlet of Lafayette co., Miss., 12 miles S.E. of Oxford. Denmark, a hamlet of Morris co., N.J., about 5 miles N. of Rockaway. Denmark, a post-village of Lewis co., N.T., in Den- mark township, on the Utica Iidi, d&h-o-dii-meeMee', a mountain of the Alps, on the frontiers of Valais and Savoy, 10,771 feet high. Dentila, dSn-tee'li, a state of Africa, Senegambia, be- tween the rivers Gambia and Ealem6, about lat. 13° N., Ion. 12° W. Its surface is elevated. Den'ton, a town of England, co. of Lancaster, on a railway, 4 miles N.N.E. of Stockport. Pop. 5117. Den'ton, a county in the N. part of Texas, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is intersected by two branches of Trinity River, called the Denton Fork and the Elm Fork. The surface is diversified with prairies and forests; the soil is fertile. Cattle, Indian corn, cotton, and grass are the staple products of this county. Capital, Denton. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $1,419,309. Pop. in 1870, 7251, of whom 7212 were Americans. Denton, a post-village, capital of Caroline co., Md., on Choptank River, about 50 miles S.E. of Baltimore, and 16 miles N.E. of Ea-ston. It has an academy and 5 churches. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 431. Denton, a post-village in Van Buren township, Wayne CO., Mich., on the Michigan Central Railroad, 25 miles W. by S. of Detroit, It has 1 or 2 churches, a grist-mill, a machine-shop, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 200. Denton, a station in Lancaster co.. Neb., on the Bur- lington & Missouri River Railroad, 9 miles S.W. of Lincoln. Denton, a post-office of Davidson co., N.C. Denton, a post-village, capital of Denton co., Tex., on a small affluent of Trinity River, and on the Dallas & Wi- chita Railroad, about 40 miles N.N.W. of Dallas. It has a bank, 4 churches, 2 weekly newspapers, a seminary, a flour-mill, and a pottery. Pop. estimated at 1500. Denton Fork of Trinity River, Texas, rises in Montague co., runs southeastward through Wise and Den- ton COS., and unites with the Trinity (or one of its forks) in Dallas CO. It is nearly 110 miles long. Denton's Mill, a hamlet of Scott co.. Ark., on Potean River, 6 miles W. of Waldron. It has 2 churches, a grist- mill, and a saw-mill. D'Entrecasteaux (dfiNtV^k^sHo') Channel, Tas- mania, in lat. 43° 25' S. and Ion. 147° 15' E., separates Bruny Island from the mainland. At its northern end it opens into the estuary of the Derwent River, and that of the Huon joins it from the W. D'Entrecasteaux Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 10° S.; Ion. 151° E. D'Entrecasteaux Point, in Western Australia. Lat. 34° 52' S.; Ion. 116° E. Dent's Run, a post-hamlet of Elk co., Pa., on the Low Grade division of the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 10 miles W. of Driftwood. It has a lumber-mill. Den'ver, the capital and chief commercial city of Col- orado, is situated on a plain on the right bank of the South Platte River, at an elevation of 5196 feet, 922 miles W. of St. Louis, 106 miles S. of Cheyenne, and 639 miles W. of Kansas City. Lat. 39° 45' N. j Ion. 104° 59' 23" W. It has a dry, genial, and healthy climate, having an annual rain- fall of about 17 inches. The site is nearly level, and com- mands a beautiful view of many mountain-peaks covered with perpetual snow. Denver is well built, and has wide streets that are lined with fine residences and substantial business houses. It contains 20 churches, a branch mint of the United States, a high school building which cost §80,000, 4 district school buildings costing S30,000 each, 3 private school buildings costing from S15,000 to §20,000 each, 4 national banks, 2 savings-banks, a public library, gas-works, flour-mills, tanneries, smelting-works, water-works, essook, or Dessuk, des'sook', written also Desuk and £d-X)asook, a town of Egypt, on the Rosetta arm of the Nile, at a railway junction, 12 miles N.E. of Daman- hoor. It is a place of Moslem pilgrimage. Desterro, d§^-t§R'Ro, or Nossa Senliora do Des- terro, nos'si sea-yo'ra do dls-t^R'RO, a city of Brazil, capital of the province of Santa Catharina, on the W. coast of the island of Santa Catharina, 460 miles S.W. of Rio Janeiro. Chief buildings, the palace of the president of the province, an arsenal, and a small hospital. It is defended by several forts, and has an excellent port. Pop. 5300. Desvres, d^v'r or daiv'r, a town of France, in Pas- de-Calais, 11 miles by rail E.S.E. of Boulogne, Pop. 3265. It has manufactures of coarse woollen cloths, earthenwares, and leather. Deth'wick-IiCa, a village of England, co. and 14 miles by rail N. of Derby. Pop. 965. Det'mold (Ger. pron. d^t'molt), a town of Germany, capital of the principality of Lippe, on the Werra, 47 miles S.W. of Hanover. It consists of an old and a new town, with a suburb, and has a palace of the prince, a normal school, a gymnasium, a good library, a penitentiary, a hospital, and a school of arts and sciences. In the vicinity is a summer palace of the princes. Pop. in 1875, 6956. Det'mold, a hamlet of ^Franklin co., Mo., 7 miles from New Havon. It has a church and a flour-mill. Detour, d^-toor', a post-hamlet of Chippewa co., Mich., near St. Mary's River, about 100 miles N.N.E. of Petoskey. Detour du Lac, de-toon' dii ia,k, or Notre Dame du JJac, nofr dim dii lak, a post-village in Temiscouata CO., Quebec, on Lake Temiscouata, 47i miles E.S.E. of Ri- viere du Loup en has. Pop. 180. Detour (de-toor') Point, a headland of Chippewa co., Mich., on the N. shore of Lake Michigan, opposite the W. extremity of Drummond Island. Lat. 45° 57' N.; Ion. 84° 4' W. Between the island and the point is Detour Pass, a narrow strait. De^troit', a post-village of Lamar co., Ala., 30 miles E.E.E. of Aberdeen, Miss. It has an academy and several stores. Detroit, a post-village of Pike co., 111., in Detroit township, about 27 miles W.S.W. of Jacksonville, and 7 miles E. of Pittsfield. The Illinois River forms the E. boundary of the township. It has a high school, 4 churches, and a carriage-shop. Pop. 160 j of the township, 1056. Detroit, a post-hamlet of Dickinson co., Kansas, in Centre township, on the Kansas River, and on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 5 miles E. by N. of Abilene. Detroit, a post-village of Somerset co.. Me., in Detroit township, on the Sebasticook River, and on the Maine Central Railroad, 27 miles AV. of Bangor. It has a church and 1 or 2 tanneries. Pop. about 250; of the township, 690. Detroit, de-troit' (Pr. pron. di^trwS,', named from the "strait" or river on which the city stands), the largest city of Michigan, and the capital of Wayne co., is a port of entry, finely situated on the Detroit River, opposite Wind- sor (in Canada), 18 miles above Lake Erie, and 7 miles below Lake St. Clair. Lat. 42° 19' 60" N. ; Ion. 82° 58' W. The river is here half a mile wide, deep and clear, and serves admirably for harbor purposes. Detroit is the centre of an extensive railway system, 7 important and some minor railway-lines converging here. The town stands on rising ground and has an excellent drainage-system. The mor- tality-rate of the city is unusually small. Detroit is well and compactly built, a large part being constructed of stone and brick. The streets are wide and mostly well paved and lighted, and set with trees. The water-supply is ample, and of excellent character. The water comes from Detroit River, and is pumped by steam into reservoirs; one of the pumping-engines is regarded as the largest of its class in the United States. The city has a paid and disciplined fire department, with steam-engines and telegraph; a uni- formed police, with stations connected by telephone; numer- ous large public schools, among them a high school, with an elegant building, and many private and parish schools, academies, and seminaries. In 1878 there were 28 publio school buildings, valued at $560,000. Detroit has a fine city hall, a house of correction, a oustom-house, a jail, a soldiers' monument surmounted by a colossal bronze statue of " Mioh- igan," by Rogers; a system of street and transit railways; a fine public library; 59 churches, many of them handsome specimens of architecture; 3 national, 6 savings', and 16 private banks; 8 daily, 3 tri-weekly, 11 weekly, and 4 monthly periodicals; numerous tanneries and pork -packing houses, and manufactories of railway-cars, ships, iron bridges, locomotives, machinery, tobacco, cigars, sash, blinds, lumber, metallic wares, &c. The city has a large trade by lake and by rail, and has much capital invested in the iron- and copper-mines and in the lumber-business of Northern Michigan. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic and of a Protestant Episcopal bishop. In the vicinity stands Fort Wayne, a large but incomplete structure. There is a sys- tem of public charities, actively supplemented by private and church enterprise, the Catholics maintaining several hospitals, an insane asylum, and a number of orphanages. In 1878 the total valuation of real and personal estate was $93,709,375. In 1610, Detroit (then the site of an Indian village) came into French possession ; it was settled and fortified by the French in 1701, passed to the British sway in 1763, and to that of the United States in 1787. It was the scene of many prominent events in the early history of the Northwest. It was for some j'ears (1836-50) the capital of the state. Pop. in 1810, 770; in 1820, 1442; in 1840, 9102; in 1860, 45,019; in 1870, 79,570; in 1875, 101,225; present pop. estimated at 130,000. Detroit, or Detroit City, a post-village, capital of Becker co., Minn., is on Detroit Lake, and on the Northern Pacific Railroad, 46 miles E. of Moorehead, and 207 miles W. of Duluth. It has a bank, 4 churches, a newspaper office, and a graded school. Pop. of Detroit township, 388. Detroit, a hamlet of Seneca co., 0., in Reed township, on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, at Attica Station, 16 miles E. by S. of Tiffin. It has a grain-elevator. Here is Siam Post-Office. Detroit Junction, a post-village of Wayne co., Mich., in Springwells township, at the junction of the Michigan Central, Chicago & Canada Southern, Michigan Southern, and other railroads. It has 2 churches, 2 large hotels, man- ufactures of glass, railroad-cars, and tobacco, and copper- smelting-works. It is a western suburb of Detroit. Detroit River, Michigan, issues from Lake St. Clair, runs southward, forms part of the boundary between the United States and the province of Ontario (Canada), and enters Lake Erie near its western end, about 20 miles below the city of Detroit. It is about 25 miles long, and varies in width from i mile to 1 mile. It is navigable for large ships. Detroit is the French for "strait." Dets, a village of Hungary. See Decs. Detta, d^t't6h\ or Gyedu, dydMoo' or jiMoo', a town of Hungary, 23 miles by rail S.E.'of Temesvar. P. 2745. Dettelbach, dSt'tel-b^K\ a town of Bavaria, on the Main, 10 miles by rail E.N.E. of Wurzburg. Pop. 2255. Dettenheim, d^t'ten-hime^ a village of Bavaria, in Middle Franconia, 25 miles S. of Anspach. Pop. 350. Dettingen, d^t'ting-en, a town of Germany, in Wiir- temberg, in the Black Forest, on the Erms, 6 miles S.W. of Nurtingen. Pop. 2S50. Dettingen, a town of WUrtemberg, 15 miles N.N.E. of Ulm. Pop, 1450. Dettingen, a village of Bavaria, in Lower Franconia, on the right bank of the Main, 8 miles by rail N.W. of As- chafFenburg. In June, 1743, the allied British and Austrian army, under George II., gained a victory here over the French, under Marshal Noailles. Pop. 657. Dettva, dStt'v6h\ a town of Hungary, co. of Sohl, 20 miles E. of Altsohl. Pop., with surroundings, 10,035. Dettweiler, d§tt'\ViM?r (Fr. Dettmiller, d^ttVeoPIaiR'), a town of Alsace, 4A miles by rail E.N.E. of Zabern, on the Zorn. Pop. 1809. De Turks'ville, a post-hamlet of Schuylkill co;, Pa., 4 miles N.E. of Pine Grove. Deucar, duHcar', a town of Nepaul. Lat. 28° 8' N.; Ion. S2° E. Deuel, or Duel, du-el', a county in the E. part of Dakota, bordering on Minnesota, has an area of about 600 square miles. It contains several lakes, and is intersected by the Winona k St. Peter Railroad. Pop. 37. Deuel, a post-office of Deuel co., Dakota. Deule, dul, a river of France, rises in Pas-de-Calais, passes Lille to Quesnoy, in Nord, and joins the Lys. Deulina, dii-lee'ni, a village of Russia, government and 33 milos N. of Moscow, on the Voria. Deurne, d^-UR'n^h, a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, 5 miles by rail E. of Holmond. Pop. 4291. Deurne, di^run', a village of Belgium, 2 miles E. of Antwerp. Pop. 3164. BEU 619 DEV Deuslemont, durm6N°', a town of France, department of Nord, S miles N.W. of Lille. Pop. 1952. Deutichem, db'te-K^ra, Doetichem, doo'te-K^m, or Doetinchem, a town of the Netherlands, in Gelderland, on the Old Yssel, 16 miles E. of Arnhem. Pop. 2504. Deiitschbrod, a town of Bohemia. See Brob. Deutschendorf, doitch'^n-donf^ or Poprad, po^- prid', a town of Hungary, co. of Zips, 15 miles by rail W.N.W. of Iglo. Pop. 1091. Deutsches Bund. See Germany. Deutsches Meer, the German for North Sea. Deiitsch-Hause, doitch-how'zeh, or Husovva, hoo- soVd, a town of Moravia, 16 miles N.N.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 1750. Deutsch-Krone, doiteh-kro'neh, a town of Prussia, on Lake Radnor, 61 miles AV.N.W. of Posen. Pop. 6146. Deutschland. See Gersiany. Deutsch-Lyptsch, Hungary. See Nemeth-Lipcse. Deutweiler, a town of Germany. See Dudweiler. Deutz, or Duytz, doits (the Tui'tium of the Romans), a fortified town of Rhenish Prussia, on the right bank of the Rhine, opposite Cologne, with which city it is united by a fine railway bridge and a bridge of boats. It has an ancient Benedictine abbey, a railway junction, a large mili- tary establishment, imd manufactures of playing-cards, soap, porcelain, velvets, and silk. Pop. 14,513. Deux-PontS, duh-p6N° (Ger. ZweibrUcken, tswi-brUk'- k?n ; L. Bipon'tium), a town of Rhenish Bavaria, formerly capital of an independent duchy, on the Erbach, near its confluence with the Serre, 50 miles by rail W. of Speyer. It is well built, and has remains of an ancient ducal palace, a penitentiary, a gymnasium, and manufactures of woollen cloths, leather, cotton, silk plush, and tobacco. In the vi- cinity are the ruins of a fine castle built by Stanislaus, King of Poland. The French name Deux-Ponts, and the German ZweibrUcken, both signifying "two bridges," are derived from the circumstance of its old castle being situ- ated between two bridges. Lat. 49° 10' N.; Ion. 7° 20' E. Pop. in 1S75, 9349. Deux-Sevres, duh-saiv'r or duh-s^vr (ne., the "two Sevres''), a department in the W. of Prance, formed of part of the old province of Poitou. Area, 2315 square miles. The surface is divided by a plateau into two parts, — a moun- tainous, rocky region, partly wooded, in the N.E., called the Gatine, and a level district. Principal rivers, the Sevre-Niortaise and the Sevre-Nantaise, from which it de- rives its name. The soil is generally fertile, pasturage is excellent, and cattle, horses, mules, and asses, the latter of an excellent breed, are extensively reared. Game and fish abound. Chief industry, the manufacture of leather, gloves, woollens, linens, cottons, and beet sugar. The department has mines of iron, marble, and granite, and is divided into the arrondissements of Niort, Bressuire, Melle, and Par- thenay. Capital, Niort. Pop. in 1S76, 336,655. Deva,di'voh^ (Ger. i)iemn*c/t, deem'riK, or Schloasherg, ahloss'b^iiG; L. Decap'olia?), a town of Transylvania, co. of Hunyad, on the Maros, 15 miles by rail W. of Szaszvaros. Near it are a copper-mine and paper-mills. Pop. 3277. Deva, di'vS,, a town of Spain, in Guipuzcoa, with a port on the Deva, near the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 1136. Deva, or Deva Castra. See Chester. Deva, the Latin name of the river Dee. Devaar, or Davar, de-var', a small isle of Argyle- shire, Scotland, with a light-house, in Kilbrannan Sound, off Campbeltown. - DeVall's' Bluflf, a post-village of Prairie co., Ark., on the W. bank of White River, and on the Memphis & Little Rock Railroad, 47 miles E. of Little Rock, and 87 miles W.S.W. of Memphis. It has a money-order post- of&ce and a saw-mill. Devaiia, an ancient name of Aberdeen, Scotland. Devanchalli, a town of India. See Dawunbhully. Devanes, de-vainz', a post- village of Cumberland co., N.C., 10 miles N.E. of Fayetteville. It has an academy, a lumber-mill, &c. Pop. 130. Devaprayaga, diVi-pri-i'g^, a town of Northern India, in Gurhwal, reckoned holy to Hindoos as being the place where the Bhagirathi and Alakananda Rivers unite to form the Ganges. It has an ancient temple, and numerous stone houses inhabited by Brahmans. Devecser, a town of Hungary. See Devetser. Dev'enish, an island of Ireland, in Lough Erne, 2 miles N,N. W. of Enniskillen, It contains remains of ancient religious establishments. Dev'eiis, a station in Hamilton co., 0., on the Indianap- olis, Cincinnati & Lafayette Railroad, 14 miles W. of Cin- cinnati. Deventer, or Dewenter, dSv'en-ter, sometimes called Dem'ter (L. Daven'tria), an ancient fortified city of the Netherlands, in Overyssel, 8 miles by rail N. of Zutphcn, on the Yssel. The streets are generally narrow, but the mar- ket-places large and wide. The town house is of great size ; in it the athenaeum has its library. The court-house and prison are handsome structures, as is also the weigh-house, an ancient building. There are 1 Catholic and 5 Protest- ant churches, several hospitals, and an orphan house; the Jews have a small synagogue. Though no longer the third commercial city of the Netherlands, it still derives great advantages from its harbor on the Yssel. It exports many thousand tons of butter and of honey-cakes, and has a carpet- factory, foundries, a stocking-manufactory, and various other industrial establishments. It has an athenfeum, a Latin and an industrial and other schools, a fine arts society, a natural history and chemical society, and a society for the encouragement of industry. Deventer is the seat of an Old- Catholic (Jansenist) bishop. Pop. 17,521. Devereaux, d^v'e-ra', a township of "Washington co., Me, Pop. 8, Devereaux, a hamlet of Herkimer co., N.Y., on East Canada Creek, 16 miles N.N.E. of Little Falls. It has 2 churches. Devereaux Station, a post-hamlet of Hancock co., Ga., on the Macon & Augusta Railroad, 15 miles N.E. of Milledgeville. It has a church. Devereux, dSv'e-ro\ a station in Essex co., Mass., on the Swampscott &■ Marblehead Branch of the Eastern Rail- road, lA miles from Marblehead. Devereux, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Mich., on the Lansing division of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 31 miles S. by W. from Lansing. Devereux, a station on the Rochester & State Line Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Ellicottville, N.Y. Dev'eron, or Dov'erou, a river of Scotland, cos. of Aberdeen and Banfi", enters the North Sea at Banff. Dev'er's, or Dever's Woods, a post-hamlet of Lib- erty CO., Tex., on the Texas & New Orleans P^ailroad, 53 miles E.N.E. of Houston. Devetser, or Devecser, di'vfieh^aiR', a town of Hungary, 80 miles by rail AV.S.W. of Pesth. Pop. 3381. DevUcot'ta,a seaport town of British India, presidency of Madras, district and 60 miles N.E. of Tanjore. De View, de-vu', a post-village of Woodruff co., Ark., 14 miles S.E. of Augusta. It has 2 churches, and a school called De View Institute. Pop. 300. Dev'il Island, of Terra del Euego, is in lat. 54° 58' 30" S., Ion. 69° 4' 50" W. Devil Lake, Dakota. See Minni Wakan. Deville-les-Rouen, diVeei'-Ii-roo-fiN"', a village of France, in Seine-Inferieure, on the Cailly, 2 miles N.W. of Rouen. Pop. 4183. It has manufactures of cotton cloths, chemicals, and pnper, Dev'il's Ba'sin, a port in Christmas Sound, Terra del Fuego. Lat, 55° 16' S.; Ion, 70° AV. Devil's Bit Mountains, a mountain-range of Ire- land, CO. of Tipperary, between the Shannon and the Suir. Devil's Bridge crosses the Reuss, in Switzerland, canton of Uri, 16 miles S. of Altorf. Devil's Gate, a station in Weber co., Utah, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 13 miles S.E. of Ogden. Here the Weber River passes through a sublime canon in the Wah- satch Mountains. Devil's Island, off the coast of French Guiana. Lat. 5° 16' N. ; Ion. 52° 34' W. Devil's Lake, a station in Sauk co., Wis., on the Chi- cago & Northwestern Railroad, 3 miles S. of Baraboo, and 37 miles N.W. of Madison, on a lake of the same name, 1^ miles long and ^ mile wide, which lies in a deep rocky chasm and has no visible inflow or outlet. It is one of the most popular summer resorts in the Northwest, and has good hotel accommodations. Devil's Peak, a mountain of Africa, Cape Colony, in lat. 33° 57' 12" S., Ion. 18° 31' 45" E, Height, 3315 feet. Devil's Punch-Bowl, a small lake of Ireland, co. of Kerry, near the summit of Mangerton Mountain, between 2000 and 3000 feet above the sea-level. Devizes, de-vi'ziz ("The Vize" or "Vies"), a borough of England, co. of Wilts, on the Kcnnet & Avon Canal, 86 miles by rail W. of London. It is built on an eminence near the N. limits of Salisbury Plain. The main streets, branch- ing from a large market-place, are spacious, well paved, and lighted. The principal buildings are 2 ancient churches, an endowed school and almshouse, a handsome town hall and cross, a large county jail, and a workhouse. Devizes has mills for silk-throwing, manufactures of snuff and of malt, DEV 620 DEW and one of the largest markets for grain in tlie W. of Eng- land. It sends a member to Parliament. Pop. 6839. Devi'zes, a post-office of Norton co., Kansas. Devli, Aiv'\ee, written also Diwie, a town of Asia Minor, about 24 miles N.E. of Karaman. Pop. 4500. Devoch (dee'vok) Water, a lake of England, co. of Cumberland, 4* miles E. of Ravenglass. Area, .BOO acres. Dev'on, or Devonshire, d^v'^n-shir (L. Bevo'nia), a county of England, forming part of its S.W. peninsula, and having N. the Bristol Channel, E. the counties of Somer- set and Dorset, S. the English Channel, and W. Cornwall. Area, 2586 square miles. The surface is greatly broken and diversified, but, except the wild, sterile tracts Dart- moor and Exmoor, is generally remarkable for fei-tility. The vale of Exeter, and the district bordering on the English Channel, called the South Hams, are especially beautiful and rich. The principal rivers are the Exc, Dart, Tainar, Taw, Torridge, Teign, and Axe. The inlets of Tor- bay and Plymouth Sound are respectively upon its S.E. and S.W. sides. The county is famed for its cider. The red Devon breed of cattle is highly esteemed ; and Dartmoor feeds large numbers of small ponies. Mines of copper and tin are extensive. Arsenic and manganese are also mined. Lead, granite, kaolin, and umber are here found. The Great Western Railway extends through the S. part of the county, past Exeter, to Plymouth. Capital, Exeter. Ply- mouth, Devonport, Tavistock, Tiverton, Barnstaple, Honiton, Totness, Ashburton, and Dartmouth are the chief towns. Pop. in 1871, 601,374. Adj. Devonian, de-vo'ne-an. Dev'on, a river of Scotland, cos. of Perth and Clack- mannan, rises in the Ochil Mountains, and joins the Forth near Alloa. It has remarkable falls near the village of Crook of Devon, and its scenery has been celebrated by Burns. Devon, Ontario. See Centralia. Devonport,d4v'9n-port (until 1824 called Plymouth Dock), a borough of England, co. of Devon, at its S.W. extremity, on the E. shore of the estuary of the Tamar, termed the Hamoaze, 2 miles by rail W.N.W. of Plymouth. The town stands on high ground, and is enclosed by ram- parts defended by batteries. It is remarkably clean and well built. It is as a naval arsenal the largest in Great Britain that Devonport derives its chief characteristics. The national works, constructed for government purposes, cover not less than 358 acres, comprising two of the finest dock-yards in the world. Across the harbor extends a floating bridge. The principal structures are the residence of the port ad- miral, the government house, the barracks, the hospital, chapels of ease, assembly-rooms, theatre, and a Doric col- umn erected on a height to commemorate the changing of the name of the town. Devonport has breweries, soap-factories, and an extensive trade in refitting and victualling ships. Pop. 49,449; of parliamentary borough, 64,034. Its prin- cipal suburbs are Morice Town and Stoke. Devonshire, England. See Devon. Devra-Taboor, dSv'riti booa', or Debra-Ta- boor, d^b'ri-ta-booR', a populous town of Abyssini;i, 35 miles E. of Lake Dembea, in lat. 11° 55' N., Ion. 37° 45' E. Devrighi, devVee-ghee' (anc. Nicop'olie?),a, town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalio and 62 miles E. of Seevas. Devynock, de-vun'ok, a village of Wales, co. and 7 miles by rail W. of Brecknock. Pop. of parish, 1734. Dewa, a river of India. See Goggra. De'wald', a hamlet of Nobles co., Minn., 10 miles W. of Worthington. Pop. of Dewald township, 103. Dewandre, Ceylon. See Dondra He.ad. Dewangary, dee^Tin-gd'ree, a populous village of Bootan, having several Booddhic temples. DeHvart', a post-village of Nortliumberland co.. Pa., on the West Branch of the Susquehanna Kiver, and on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, 19 miles N.N.W. of Sunbury. It has a church, a graded school, a machine-shop, and a cigar-factory. Pop. about 500. DeHvass',a town of India, 23 miles S.E. of Oojein. It is the capital of a rajahship, under British protection. Dewees, de-weez', a station in Wood co., 0., on the Dayton A Michigan Railroad, 24 miles S. of Toledo. Deweese', township, Mecklenburg co., N.C. P. 1600. Dewenter, a town of the Netherlands. SeeDEVENTER. Dewey, a post-ofBce of Illinois. See Beherens. Dew'ey, a township of La Porte co., Ind. Pop. 202. It contains La Crosse. Dewey's, a station in the S.E. part of Pittsfleld, Mass., on the Housatonic Railroad, 4 miles from Pittsfleld. Dewey's, a post-office of Beaver Head co., Montana. Dewey's Mills, a station in Hartford township, Wind- sor CO., Vt., on the Woodstock Railroad, 7 miles W. of White River Junction. Dew'eyville, a post-village of Box Elder co., Utah, on the Utah Northern Railroad, 37 miles N. of Ogden. It has a church. It is on Bear River. De Witt, a county in the central part of Illinois, ha.'! an area of about 410 square miles. It is drained by Salt Creek. The surface is nearly level, and is diversified with prairies and tracts of good timber, the former of which are more extensive than the latter. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county has beds of bituminous coal. It is intersected by the Illinois Central Railroad, the Indianapolis. Bloom- ington & Western Railroad, and the Gilman, Clinton & Springfield Railroad. Capital, Clinton. Valuation of real and personal estate, §10,026,068. Pop. in 1870, 14,768, of whom 13,963 were Americans. De Witt, a southern county of Texas, has an area of about 850 square miles. It is intersected by the Guad- alupe River. The surface is agreeably diversified with rolling uplands, prairies, and forests. The soil is fertile, and produces pasture for great numbers of cattle. Cotton and Indian corn are produced in small quantities. The county is intersected by the Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railroad. Capital, Clinton. Valuation of real and personal estate, SI, 520,711. Pop. in 1870, 6443, of whom 5456 were Americans. De Witt, a post-village, capital of Arkansas co., Ark., is on the left or N. bank of the Arkansas River, about 70 miles S.E. of Little Rock. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, a plough-factory, a steam flour-mill, and a saw-mili. De Witt, a post-village of De Witt co., 111., in a town- ship of the same name, and on the Gilman, Clinton & Spring- field Railroad, 53 miles E.N.E. of Springfield. It has 2 churches and a saw-mill. Pop. of the township, 1061. De Witt, a post-village of Clinton co., Iowa, is in De Witt township, and on a branch of the Davenport &, St. Paul Railroad where it crosses the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 26 miles N. of Davenport, and 19 miles W. of Clinton. It has 7 churches, a convent, a Catholic academy, a bank, and manufactures of carriages, flour, and farming- implements. A weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. 1754; of the township, 1289. De Witt, a post-office of Washington CO., Kansas. De Witt, a post-village of Clinton co., Mich., on Look- ing-Glass River, in De Witt township, 8 miles N. of Lan- sing, and 92 miles W.N.W. of Detroit. It has 2 churches, a union school, a plough-factory, and 2 steam saw-mills. The township is about 4 miles N. of Lansing. Total pop. 1410 ; of the village, about 400. De Witt, a post-village of Carroll co.. Mo., on the Mis- souri River, and on the St. Louis, Kansas City A Northern Railroad, 7 miles S.W. of Brunswick, and 83 miles E. of Kansas City. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a flour- mill, a tobacco-factory, and 2 machine-shops. Pop. 317. De Witt, a post-village of Saline co.. Neb., on the Big Blue River, and on the Burlington & Missouri River Rail- road, 13 miles N.W. of Beatrice. It has a church, a newspaper office, 2 grain-elevators, a grist-mill, Ac. Pop. about 400, De Witt, a post-township of Onondaga co., N.Y., 3 miles E. of Syracuse, is intersected by the New York Central Rail- road. Pop. 3137. It contains Jamesville and Orville. De Witt Centre, a post-office of Onondaga co., N.Y., on the Erie Canal and the New York Central Railroad, 4 miles E. of Syracuse. De Witt Land, a region of Australia, on its N.W. coast, between Ion. 120° and 123° E., opposite Dampier Archipehigo, discovered by De Witt in 1628. De Witt's Islands, oS' the S. coast of Tasmania, between South Cape and Southwest Cape. De Witt'ville, a post-village of Chautauqua eo., N.Y., on the N. shore of Chautauqua Lake, 4A miles S.E. of May- ville, and about 15 miles N.W. of Jamestown. It has 2 churches. Pop. 262. Dewittville, a hamlet of Ulster co., N.Y., is adjacent to CLaryville, and 20 miles N.N.W. of Ellenville. It has 2 churches and a tannery. Dewitt'ville, or Port'age, a post-villago in Hunting- don CO., Quebec, on tho Chateauguay River, 43 miles S. of Montreal. It has good water-power, and saw-, grist-, and carding-mills. Pop. 300. Dew'sah, a considerable town of Western India, 32 miles E. of .leypoor, enclosed by a wall. Dewsbury, dewz'b^r-e.a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, on the Caldor, 8 miles S.S.W. of Leeds, on 2 railways. It has a free school, a mechanics* institute, coal- mines, branch banks, a blanket-hall, and largo manufac- tures of blankets, carpets, and yarn. The Caldor Navigation connects the town with Hull and Liverpool. Pop. 24,764. BEX 6 Dex'ter, a post-village of Effingham oo., III., on the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, 23 miles E.N.E. of Vandalia. It has a church. Dexter, a post-hamlet of Perry CO., Ind., J mile from the Ohio River. Dexter, an incorporated post-town of Dallas co., Iowa, in Union township, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 35 miles W.S.W. of Dos Moines, and about li miles S.W. of Adel. It has a bank, 4 churches, a graded school, and a newspaper office. Pop. 660. Dexter, a post-hamlet of Cowley co., Kansas, in Dexter township, on Grouse Creek, about 95 miles S.W. of Neosho Falls. It has a flour-mill. Pop. of the township, 410. Dexter, a post-village of Penobscot oo.. Me., in Dexter townsliip, on a small lake, and on a branch of the Maine Central Railroad, 40 miles W.N.W. of Bangor. It has 4 or 5 churches, a newspaper office, a national bank, a savings- bank, a large hotel, and several woollen- and other mills. Pop. about 1200; of the township, 2875. Dexter, a township of Washtenaw co., Mich., bounded N.E. by Portage Lake. Pop. 857. Dexter, a post-village of Washtenaw co., Mich., in Scio township, on the Huron River, and on the Michigan Central Railroad, 47 miles W. of Detroit, and 9 miles N.W. of Ann Arbor. It has 4 churches, a union school, a banking-house, a woollen-mill, a sash- and blind-factory, and 2 flour-mills. A weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. 1161. Dexter, a post-township and station of Mower co., Minn. Dexter Station is on the Southern Minnesota Rail- road, 96 miles W. of La Crosse. Pop. 119. Dexter, or Dexter City, a post-village of Stoddard CO., Mo., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Rail- road, 49 miles AV.S.W. of Cairo, 111. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, 2 flouring-mills, and a plough-factory. Pop. about 500. Dexter, a station in Lincoln co.. Neb., on the Union Pacific Railroad, 315 miles W. of Omaha. Dexter, a post-village of Jefferson co., N.Y., on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of Black River, 7 miles AV. by N. from Watertown. It has 4 churches, a woollen-factory, and several stores. Produce is shipped here in steamboats. Dexter, a post-office of Meigs co., 0. Dexter, a post-office of Lane co., Oregon, 19 miles S.E. of Eugene City. Dexter, a post-village of Cooke co., Tex., 4 miles S. of Red River, and 27 miles W. of Denison. It has a flouring- mill, a cotton-gin, Ac. Dexter, a township of Wood co.. Wis., is drained hy the Yellow River, and intersected by the Green Bay & Minne- sota Railroad. Here are pine forests, cranberry marshes, and quarries of fine granite. Pop. 304. Dexter City, a post-village of Noble co., 0., in Jack- son and Jefferson townships, on the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleveland Railroad, 27 miles N. of Marietta. It has a church, a union school, a foundry, and a planing-mill. Dexter City, a village of Missouri. See Dexter. Dex'terville, Chautauqua co., N.Y., is a part of James- town, and is called East Jamestown. Pop. 430, Dexterville, a post-office of Oswego co., N.Y., 4 miles from Fulton. Dexterville, a post-hamlet of Wood oo.. Wis., on the Yellow River, and on the Green Bay & Minnesota Rail- road, 15 miles W. of Grand Rapids. It has a lumber-mill, a granite-quarry, and a bed of kaolin. Deynze, or Deynse, din'zeh (anc. Son'zaf), a town of Belgium, in East Flanders, at a railway junction, 9 miles S.W. of Ghent, on the Lys. It has gin-distilleries. P. 3822. Deypaulpoor, or Depalpur, di'pawrpooR' or di*- pawPpuor', a town of India, 22 miles N.W. of Indore. Pop. 4000. Deyrah, a town of Hindostan. See Dehea. Dey's (diz) Landing, a post-office of Seneca co., N.Y., on the E. shore of Seneca Lake, 10 miles S. by E. of Geneva. Deza, di'thi, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 35 miles S.E. of Soria, on a rugged hill. Pop. 1273. Dezfool, Dezful, or Dezphoul, diz'fool', written also Dizfoul, Desfoul, and Desful, a town of Persia, in Khoozistan, of which it is the principal mart, on the Dez- fool River (Coprates), 32 miles W.N.W. of Shooster. Pop. 15,000. From the inferior size of its bazaar, the merchants expose their goods for sale in private dwellings or caravan- saries. It has ruins of ancient buildings, and near it are many mounds of Sassanian origin. Dezima, an island of Japan. See Desima. Dhablvai, a town of India. See Dhceboree. Dhabouli, d3,-boo'Iee, a town of Bengal, Boglipoor dis- trict. Pop. 4582. 1 DIIU Dhafar, a town of Arabia. See Dhofar. Dhalak,diMik' or d'hiM^k', or Dahalak, d^'hlMik' (anc. Oi-ine .?), an island in the Red Sea, 25 miles E. of Mas- sowah, in Abyssinia, 23 miles in length by 15 in breadth. Its inhabitants are chiefly employed in a coral-fishery. On its S. coast is the village of Dhalak. Several small islands near it are called the Dhalak Islands. Dhalkisor, a river of India. See Dalkissore. Dhamgaon, a town of India. See Dhungaum. Dhamie, dS,*mee', one of the Sikh states of Northwest- ern India, S. of the Sutlej, protected by the British. Area, 26 square miles. Pop. 5500. Dhamonee, da'm9-nee', orDhamani, di^mi^nee', a fortified town of India, dominions and 150 miles S.S.E. of Gwalior. Dhampoor, a town of India. See Dampoor. Dhamrai, d3,m-r5', a town of the Dacca district, Ben- gal, on the Bunsee River, in lat. 23° 54' 55' N., Ion. 90° 14' 55" E. Pop. 5136. Dhamtari, a town of India. See Dhumtery. Dhanikhola, d3,-ne-ko'13,, a town of Bengal, in My- munsingh, on the river Satua, in lat. 24° 39' N., Ion. 90° 24' E. Pop. 6730. D'Hanis, da'nis, a post-office of Medina co., Tex. Dhapa, a town of Thibet. See Deba. Dhar, dar, a native state of India, in Malwah, governed by a rajah, under British supervision. Area, 2500 square miles. Capital, Dhar. Pop. 150,000. Dhar, or Dharannggur, dar^a-nug'giir, a town of India, capital of the Dhar state, 100 miles E. by N. of Ba- roda. Outside the walls is a stone fortress containing the rajah's palace. Estimated pop. 80,000. Dharampur, a state of India. See Dhurrtimpoor. Dharampur Ratti, da-rim-poor' rit'tee, a town of Bengal, Boglipoor district. Pop. 3072. Dliarmandal, dar-min-dal', a town of Bengal, in Tiperah, lat. 24° 12' 25" N., Ion. 91° 12' 15" E. Pop. 3180. Dharwar, a town of India. See Darwar. Dhawalaghiri, da-w5ra-gh4r'ree, a lofty peak of the Himalaya Mountains, in Northern India, formerly sup- posed to bo the culminating point of the earth's surface, be- tween Nepaul and Thibet, in lat. 29° N., Ion. 82° 50' E. Estimated height, 28,000 feet. See Himalaya Mountains. Dhenkanal, den-k3,-n4r, a native state of India, the most prosperous of the Cuttack Mehals. Lat. 20° 31'-21° 12' N. ; Ion. 85° 3'-S6° 5' E. Area, 1463 square miles. It is governed by a maharajah, and is generally well culti- vated and fertile. Pop. 178,072. Dhenkanal, the capital, lat. 20° 39' 45" N., Ion. 85° 38' 16" E., has a pop. of 4500. Dhlauha-Trcbowa, Bohemia. See Langetriebe. Dhofar, or Dofar,do"faR', written also Dhafar, for- merly a celebrated city of Yemen, said by Arab writers to have been the residence of most of the kings of that country. This was probably the Sa2iphara metropolis of Ptolemy, and the Saphar-Kegia of Pliny. Dholka, dol'ki or d'hol'ki, a town of India, district and 22 miles S.S.W. of Ahmedabad. Pop. 20,854. Dhollera, dol'le-rS,, a town of India, district and 70 miles S.S.W. of Ahmedabad, to which a railway extends. It is near the Gulf of Cambay, and is a port for shipment of cotton. Pop. 12,468. Dholpoor, Dholpur, dftl-poor', or Dolpore, d61- por', a native state of Rajpootana, India, governed by a rana under British superintendence. Area, 1656 square miles. Lat. 26° 30'-26° 57' N. ; Ion. 77° 32'-78° 20' E. It is a fertile region. Capital, Dholpoor. Pop. 500,000. Dholpoor, a town of India, capital of the above, 34 miles S. of Agra. Dhoolia, orDhulia,doo'Iee-a, atown of the Candeish district, India, 181 miles N.E. of Bomb.ay. Pop. 11,333. Dhoorcatee, doonMca'tee^ or d'hoor^ka-tee', written also Dargoti, a small Sikh state in Northwestern India, protected by the British. Area, 8 square miles. Pop. 700. It contains Mount Toongroo, 10,102 feet high. Lat. 31° S' N. ; Ion. 77° 40' E. Dhubboree', or Dhub'ooee', written also Dhab- hai, diib*h4-ee', a decayed town of India, 15 miles S.E. of Baroda, famous for its ruined temples of stone. Dhumtery, or Dhamtari, dum't5-ree\ a town of India, Central Provinces, 165 miles E.S.E. of Nagpoor. Pop. 4632. Dhnndoo'kar, written also Dhundooka and phandnka, dun-doo'ka, a town of India, district and 62 miles S.W. of Ahmedab.ad. Pop. 9782. Dhun'gaum', or Dhamgaon, dhiim'gi'on, a town of India, Bombay presidency. Lat. 22° 10' N. ; Ion. 76° 5' E. Pop. 11,274. DHU Dhunowrah, du-now'ri, a town of India, Kohilcund division. Pop. 5382. Dhurbuugah, a town of India. See Durbungah. Dhurrumpoor, or Dharampur, dhurViim-poor', a native Rajpoot state of India, in Guzerat, lying S. of Bansda and E. of Surat. Area, 225 square miles. Pop. 74,592. Dhurrumpooree, durVum-poo'ree, a decayed town of India, in Grwalior, on tlie Nerbuddah, in lat. 22° 10' N., Ion. 75° 26' E. DiableretS, d^^iVleh-ri', a remarkable mountain of Switzerland, in the Bernese Alps, between the cantons of Bern and Valais. Height, 10,190 feet. Diablo, Mount. See Mount Diablo. Diadiu, dce-S,'deen', a town of Turkish Armenia, 25 miles W.N.W. of Bayazeed, on the Moorad-Chai. Diakover, Hungary. See Deakovar. Diala, dee-a'la, or Diyalah, dee^y^'li, a river of Asia, an affluent of the Tigris, formed by the junction of the Siiirvan, Holwan, and other intermediate streams, all flowing, from the mountains of Kermanshah. It is sup- posed to coincide with the ancient Gyndes. Dialiguely, dee-iMee-gi'lee, a village of Western Africa, in the Bondoo country, on the Falem^, in lat. 14*^ 36' N., Ion. 12° 10' W. Di'alton, post-hamlet, Clark co.,,0., 24 miles N.N.E. of Dayton. It has a carriage-shop and tile-works. Pop. 61. Diamant, dee^a^mON^', a town of the French island of Martinique, in the Antilles, on the S. coast, S miles S.S.E. of Eort-de-France, near the Morne de Diamant, a volcanic mountain 156S feet in elevation. Pop. 1457. Diamante, de-i-min'ti, a coast-town of Italy, prov- ince and 30 miles N.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 1S39. Diamante, de-a-mS-n'ti, Neuque, n^'oo-ki, or Neu- guen, nS^oo-gh^n', a large river of the Argentine Repub- lic, an affluent of the Rio Negro, having its sources on the E. slopes of the Andes. Lat. 36° 16' S.j Ion. 70° "W. Length, about 170 miles, Diamantina, de-5--mS,n-tee'n5,, formerly Tejuco,ti- zhoo'ko, a city of Brazil, province of Minas-&eraes, in the diamond district, situated in a valley surrounded by high mountains, 220 miles N.N.E. of Ouro Preto, 5700 feet above the level of the sea. It is built in the form of an amphi- theatre. The streets are wide and paved. Pop. 10,000. Diamantino,de-^-m3,n-tee'no, a town of Brazil, prov- ince of Matto-Grosso, at the confluence of the rivers Ouro and DiamantJno, 70 miles N.N.W. of Cuyab^. Pop. 4500. The Rio Diamantino (" Diamond River"), so called from the valuable diamonds found in its basin, was discovered in 1728. The government closed the district, in order to monopolize the gold and diamonds, which led to an extensive emigra- tion in 1749. Diamond, di'raond, a township of Cherokee co,, Iowa. Pop. 118. Diamond, a post-hamlet of Plaquemines parish. La., on the Mississippi River, 45 miles below New Orleans. It has a church. Diamond, a post-office of White Pine co., Nevada. Diamond Station is on the Eureka &, Palisade Railroad, 12 miles N. of Eureka. Diamond, a post-hamlet of Venango co., Pa., 7 miles W.S.W. of Titusville. It has a church and a saw-mill. Diamond, a post-office and mining-camp of Juab co., Utah, in Tintic Valley, 18 miles S.W. of Santaquin. It has a smelLing-furnace for lead. Diamond, a post-village in Carleton co., Ontario, 11 miles N.E. of Pakenham. Pop. 150. Diamond Bluff, a post-village of Pierce co., Wis., on the Mississippi Ptiver, in a small township of the same name, 3 miles from Eggleston Railroad Station, and about 11 miles S.E. of Prescott. It has a church, 2 stores, and a stave- factory. Pop. of the township, 557. Diamond City, a post-village, capital of Meagher co., Montana, about 40 miles E. by N. from Helena. It has a newspaper office. Gold is found near this place. Pop. 460, Diamond Creek, Kansas, rises in Morris co., runs southeastward, and enters Cottonwood Creek in Chase co. Diamond Creek, a township of Chase co., Kansas. Pop. 663. It contains Elmdale, Hymer, and Elk. Diamond Cross, a post-office of Randolph co.. III. Diamond Harbor, British India, in Bengal, is in the river Hoogly, 34 miles below Calcutta. Diamond Ilill, a post-office of Anson co., N.C. Diamond Hill, a post-hamlet of Providence co., R.I,, in Cumberland township, 4 miles E. of Manville Station. It has a granite-quarry. Pop. 90. Diamond Hill, a township of Abbeville co., S.C. Pop. 1760. It contains Centreville. !2 DIG Diamond Hiil, a hamlet of Henderson co., Tenn., 10 miles S.E, of Lexington. Diamond Island, British Burmah, is in the estuary of the Bassein River, 12 miles S.E. of Cape Negrais. Diamond Lake, a post-hamlet of Lake co.. 111., on a fine lake, 36 miles N.N.W. of Chicago. It has a church. Diamond Lake, township, Dickinson co., Iowa. P. 69. Diamond Lake, a station in Cass co., Mich., on the Michigan Air-Line Railroad, 2 miles E. of Cassopolis, on a lake of the same name. Diamond Peak, Oregon, a peak of the Cascade Range, stands at the S.E. extremity of Lane co,, about lat. 43° 28' N. and Ion. 121° 55' W. Diamond Point, of Sumatra, bounds W. the Strait of Malacca. Lat. 5° 16' N.; Ion, 97° 40' E. Diamond River, a small stream of Coos co., in the N. part of New Hampshire, falls into Dead River. Diamond Spring, a post-village of El Dorado co., Cal., in Diamond Springtownship, about 4 miles S.of Placer- ville, and about 38 miles E.N.E. of Sacramento. It has gold-mines and a lumber-mill. Pop. of the township, 1055. Diamond Springs, a post-office of Morris co., Kan- sas, on Diamond Creek, 33 miles W.N.W. of Emporia. Diamond Springs, a post-village of Allegan co., Mich., on Rabbit River, 14 miles N. of Allegan. It has a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a shingle-mill. Pop. about 200, Diamondsville, Pennsylvania. See Dimonville. Diamond Valley, township, Morris co., Kan. P. 166. Diamper, de-am-pain', or Udiamperur, ooM§-4m- pe-roor', a town of India, in Travancore, 14 miles E. of Cochin, in lat. 9° 56' N., Ion. 76° 29' E. Diana, di-an'a, a post-office of Sedgwick co., Kansas. Diana, a post-township and hamlet of Lewis co., N,Y., about 30 miles E.N.E. of Watertown, is drained by the Os- wegatchie River. Here Joseph Bonaparte once resided. It has manufactures of leather, lumber, and iron. Pop. of the township, 1925. Diana Mills, a post-hamlet of Buckingham co., Va. It has a flour-mill. Dianium, an ancient name of Denia. Diano, de-5.'no, a town of Italy, province of Salerno, on the Calore, 45 miles S.E. of Salerno. Pop. 7482. Diano d'Alba, de-^'no da,rbd {^lac. JDia' nium Alben'- sinm Pompejano'rum?)^ a town of Italy, province of Coni, 3i miles S. of Alba. Pop. 1919. Diano-Marino, de-i'no-mi-ree'no, a town of Italy, province of Porto Maurizio, near Oneglia. Pop. 2164. Dia'ra ThinHonga', a town of Bengal, Boglipoor dis- trict. Pop. 3691. Diarbekir, dee^aR^h§-keeR', or Diarbekr, dee-an'- bSkr, also called Kara Amid, ki'ra a-meed', a city of Asiatic Turkey, capital of a vilayet of its own name, is situated near the Tigris, in lat. 37° 55' 30" N., Ion. 39° 52' E. It is enclosed by a vast wall of dark stone, is substantially built, and has a citadel, some cotton- and silk-looms, and manufactures of morocco, pipes, jewelry, copper-wares, &c. It is the see of a Chaldean patriarch, and has a large trade by caravan and river. Pop. about 45,000. Diarbekir, or Diarbekr, a vilayet of Asiatic Tur- key, forming the W. part of Turkish Armenia, mostly be- tw'een lat. 37° and 39° N. and Ion. 38° and 42° E., having N., W., andS. the Euphrates, separating itfromthepashalics of Erzroom, Seevas, Mar.ash, and Damascus, and E. the pashalics of Van and Koordistan. Its centre is traversed by the Upper Tigris. The chief cities are Diarbekir, Oorfa, and Mardeen. Di'as Creek, a post-hamlet of Cape May co., N.J., 3i miles W. of Cape May Court-House. It has a church. Dibai, a town of India. See Debaee. Dibbah, a town of Arabia. See Dcba. Dibbie, a lake of Africa. See Debo. Dibertsville, Pennsylvania. See Stanton's Mill. Dibio, an ancient name of Duos. Dibong, dee*bong', or Dibang, dec^bing', a river of Thibet, one of the head-streams of the Brahmapootra, joins the Dihong in lat. 27° 45' N. and Ion. 95° 10' E. DiU>rell', a post-office of Warren co., Tenn. Dice's Head, a point or cape at the entrance of Cas- tine Harbor, Me. On it is a fixed light, 116 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 44° 21' N. ; Ion. 68° 45' 30" W. Dickelvenne, dik'k^l-v^nn', a village of Belgium, province of East Fhinders, on the Scheldt. Pop. 1620. Dick'ens, a county of Texas, traversed by the Salt Fork of Brazos River. Area, 900 square miles. Dick'ensou, a post-office and station of Galveston co., Tex., on the Galveston, Houston & Henderson Railroad, 20 miles N.W. of Galveston. Die 623 DIE Dick'ensonTille, a post-office of Kussell oo., Va. Dick'erson, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Md., on the Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 36 miles N.W. of Washington, B.C. Pop. 76. Dick'ersonville, a hamlot of Niagara oo., N.T., 4 miles N. of Sanborn Station. It has a church. Dick'ey's, a station on the Southern PennsylTania Railroad, 3 miles by rail from Mercersburg, Pa. Dickev's Mills, a post-hamlet of Edmondson co., Ky., on Nolin Creek, 80 miles S. by W. of Louisville. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a lumber-mill. Dickey's Mountain, a post-office of Fulton co., Pa. Dick'eysville, a post-hamlet of Grant co., Wis., 10 miles N. of Dunleith, 111. It has 2 churches. Dick'eyville, a post-office of Phillips co., Kansas. Dickeyville, a post-office of Maine, at Erenchville. Dick'iiison, a county in the N.W. part of Iowa, has an area of 432 square miles. It is drained by the Okoboji River, and contains several lakes, the largest of which is Spirit Lake. The surface is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is partly fertile. Wheat, oats, and hay are the staple products. Capital, Spirit Lake. Valuation of real and personal estate, §529,627. Pop. in 1870, 1389, of whom 1196 were natives and 193 were foreigners; in 1875, 1748. Dickinson, a county in the E. central part of Kansas, has an area of about 850 square miles. It is intersected by the Kansas River, and is also drained by Chapman's, Lyon's, and Turkey Creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is fertile. A large part of it (about 95 per cent.) is prairie. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, cattle, and hay are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Kansas Pacific Railroad. Capital, Abilene. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $2,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 3043; in 1878, 10,850. Dickinson, a post-township of Franklin co., N.Y., about 15 miles S.W. of Malone. It is drained by the St. Regis and Racket Rivers, and contains several lakes and extensive forests. Pop. 2023. See DiCKiNsoy Centre. Dickinson, or Centreville, a post-village of Cum- berland CO., Pa., in Penn township, on the Harrisburg & Potomac Railroad, § of a mile from Ahlston Station, and about 10 miles S.W. of Carlisle. It has a coach-factory, a tannery, and several stores. Here is Dickinson Post-Office. Dickinson, a township of Cumberland eo.. Pa., about 26 miles W.S.W. of Harrisburg, is intersected by the South Mountain Railroad and the Harrisburg & Potomac Rail- road. Pop. 1617. Dickinson Centre, a post-village of Franklin co., N.Y., in Dickinson township, on Deer River, 48 miles E. of Ogdonsburg. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a saw -mill. Dickinson College, Pennsylvania. See Carlisle. Dickinson's, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Va., 20 miles W. of Wiiittle's Railroad Station. Dickinson's Landing, a post-village in gtormont CO., Ontario, on the left bank of the St. Lawrence, at the head of the Cornwall Canal, 78 miles S.W. of Montreal, and 1 mile from Wales, on the Grand Trunk Railway. It contains 4 churches and several factories and mills. A ferry crosses the river to Massena, N.Y. Pop. 300. Dick Johnson, a township of Clay eo., Ind. P. 868. Dick's Creek, a post-office of Macon eo., Ala. Dick's Creek, a post-office of Dallas co., Mo. Dick'son, a county of Middle Tennessee, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by Cumberland River, and is partly drained by Harpeth River. The surface is undulating and e-xtensively covered wiih forests; the soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, tobacco, pork, and oats are the staple products. This county is in- tersected by the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Rail- road. Capital, Charlotte. Valuation of real and personal estate, 83,166,858. Pop. in 1870, 9340, of whom 9280 were Americans. Dickson, a post-village of Colbert co., Ala., on the Memphis & Charleston Railroad, 34 miles E.S.E. of Cor- inth. It has 2 stores, a lime-kiln, and a limestone-quarry. Dickson, a post-office of Benton co., Ark. Dickson, a township of Edwards co.. 111., traversed by the Little Wabash River. Pop. 526. Dickson, a township of Lewis co.. Mo. Pop. 204. Dickson, a station in Perry co., 0., on the railroad from Newark to Straitsville, 40 miles S.E. of Newark. Dickson, or Dickson City, a post-borough of Lack- awanna CO., Pa., on the Delaware & Hudson Railroad, 4 miles N. of Soranton. It has a hotel. Coal is mined near this place. Pop. 391. Dickson, a post-village of Dickson co., Tenn., on the Nashville & Northwestern Railroad, 42 miles W. of Nash- ville. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of brooms, wagons, «fec. Dick'sonburg, a post-village of Crawford oo., Pa., about 12 miles N.W. of Meadville. It has a church, a grist- mill, and about 16 houses. Dickson's Cross Roads, a post-village of Bossier parish. La., on Red River, 20 miles above Shreveport. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of ploughs and wagons. Dick's River, Kentucky, rises in Rock Castle co., runs northwestward through Lincoln co., and enters the Ken- tucky River about 10 miles S.W. of Nicholasville. It is nearly 70 miles long. Dicomano, de-ko-mi'no (anc. Deciima'mim?), a town of Italy, IS miles N.E. by E. of Florence, at the confluence of the Dicomano with the Sieve. Pop. 3961. Didam, de~dim', or Diem, deem, a village of the Netherlands, GelderLand, 13 miles S. of Zutphen. P. 3359. Did'deh, a village of Western Africa, Bondoo country, near the Falerae River, in lat. 13° 52' N., Ion. 12° 18' W. Di'do, a post-office of Choctaw co.. Miss. Dido, a post-hamlet of Tarrant co., Tex., 16 miles N.W. of Fort Worth. Didyme, an ancient name of the island of Salika. Didymotichos, supposed ancient name of Demotica. Die, dee (anc. J)c'n, or De'a Vocontio'rum), a walled town of France, in Drome, on the DrBme, 37 miles E.S.E. of Valence. Pop. 3427. It has manufactures of silks, paper, and leather. Dieburg, dee'booRs', a town of 6erm.any, in Hesse, on the Gersprenz, 9 miles by rail E.N.E. of Darmstadt. It has a castle, and oil-, paper-, and grist-mills. Pop. 3881. Diedenhofen, dce'den-ho-f^n (Fr. Tln'onville, te"6N°"- veel'), a strongly fortified town of German Lorraine, on the Moselle, 17 miles by rail N. of Metz. It has a gymnasium, and manufactures of iron-ware, gloves, and hosiery. P. 7168. Diederen, a village of the Netherlands. See Dieren. Dieditz, dee'dits, or Diedice, de-i-deet'si, a town of Moravia, 16 miles E.N.E. of Brunn. Pop. 1680. Diego, de-4'go, or dee'go, a bay of Anegada, one of the Virgin Islands, West Indies. Diego Alvarez. See Gough's Island. Diego Garcia, de-i'go gaR-.see'8,, the most S. of the Chagos Islands, Indian Ocean, with an excellent harbor. Diego Ramirez, de-i'go ra-mee'r^s, an island group in the South Pacific, 60 miles S.W. of Cape Horn. Lat. 56° 25' S. ; Ion. 68° 44' W. Diego Suariez, de-i'go swi-re-Ss', or British Sound, a fine harbor, near the N. extremity of Mada- gascar. Lat. (N. point) 12° 13' 48" S. ; Ion. 49° 23' 30" E. Diehlstadt, deel'st3.t, a post-hamlet of Scott co.. Mo., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain A Southern Railroad, 22 miles N.W. of Belmont. It has a church and an academy. Diekirch, dee'ke§RK, a town of the Netherlands, prov- ince and IS miles N. of Luxemburg, on the Sure. P. 3500. Dielli, a town of the island of Timor. See Dillt. Dielsdorf, deels'donf, a village of Switzerland, canton and S miles by rail N.N.W. of Zurich. Pop. 681. Diem, a village of the Netherlands. See Didam. Diem el, dee'm^l, a river of Prussia, joins the Werra 24 miles N. of Ca«sel. Length, 60 miles. Diemrich, a town of Transylvania. See Deva. Dienville, de-^N°Veel', a town of France, in Aube, 13 miles N.W. of Bar-sur-Aube. Pop. 116S. Diepenbek, dee'pen-b8k\ a village of Belgium, in Limbourg, 3 miles by rail S.E. of Hasselt. Pop. 2850. Diepenheim, dee'p?n-hime\ or Diepen, dee'pen, a town of the Netherlands, province of Overyssel, 17 miles E. by S. of Deventer. Pop. 1389. Diepholz, deep'h61ts\ a town of Prussia, in Hanover. 60 miles by rail S.W. of Bremen, on the Hunte. Pop. 24Sfl. Dieppe, dy^pp or de-^pp', a seaport town of France, Seine-Inferieure, at the mouth of the Arques, on the Eng- lish Channel, and 33 miles N, of Rouen. Lat. of light- house, 49° 55' 7" N.; Ion. 1° 6' 2" E. Two lines of rail- way connect it with Paris. It is divided into the town proper and the suburb Le PoUet, which communicate by a iiying bridge, both being well furnished with water from an aqueduct. There is also a well-built southwestern suburb, called La Barre. The principal edifices are an old castle on a cliff" W. of the town, 2 churches, the town hall, hospi- tal, college, theatre, public library, baths, and a school of navigation. The port, enclosed by 2 jetties and bordered by quays, was small and inconvenient, but has been much enlarged and improved, so that it is now the best on the Channel. It has several spacious wet-docks. Dieppe has an active general trade, ship-building docks, manufactures of ivory-wares, watches, lace, (fee, and is a packet-station, DIE 624: ML communicating'by steamboats with Newhaven and Grimsby. Dieppe is a watering-place much frequented by visitors in summer, but still more towards autumn. It was once the principal port of France, and its inhabitants were dis- tinguished for their enterprise. Pop. 19,471. Dieppe, river, Netherlands. See Hollands-Diep. Diereii, dee'ren, properly Diederen, dee'd?r-en, a village of the Netherlands, in Gelderland, in the Veluwe, 9 miles by rail N.E. of Arnhem. Diersburg, deers'booRG, a village of Baden, near Of- fenburg, on a mountain-slope. Pop. 1086. Diersdorf, decrs'doRf, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 14 miles N.N.E. of Coblentz. Pop. 1343. Dies, or Diese, a river of the Netherlands. See Dieze. Diessen, dees's^n, a town of Bavaria, on the Ammer, 13 miles S.E. of Landsberg. Pop. 1176. Diessen, a village of the Netherlands, in North Bra- bant, 15 miles S.AV. of Bois-le-Buc. Pop. 956. Diessenhofen, dees's§n-ho'fen, a town of Switzerland, canton of Thurgau, on the Rhine, 5^ miles E. of Schaff- hausen. Pop. 1443. Diest, decst, a town of Belgium, in South Brabant, on the Demer, and on a railway, 17 miles N.E. of Louvain. It has manufactures of woollens, hosiery, beer, Ac. Pop. 7561. Dietenheim, dee'ten-Mrae\ a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Iller, 15 miles N.E. of Biberaeh. Pop. 1144. Dietfiirt, deet'foout, a town of Bavaria, at the mouth of the Altmuhl, 23 miles W. of Ratisbon, Pop. 1115. Dietitfheim, dee'tiG-hime\ or Dittigheim, dit'tic- hime\ a village of Baden, on the Tauber, 1 mile S. of Bischofsheim-am-Tauber. Pop. S62. Dietikou, dee'te-kon, a village of Switzerland, canton and 8 miles by rail W.N.W. of Zurich. Pop. 1639. Dietlingen, deet'ling-en, a village of Baden, 12 miles S.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1720. Dietwyl, a village of Switzerland. See Ditwyl. Dietz, a town of Germany. See Diez. Dietzenbach, deet's9n-bS,k\ a village of Hesse, prov- ince of Starkenburg, 7 miles E. of Frankfort-on-the-Main. Pop. 1456. Dieu, an island of France. See Isle-Bieu. Dieu-le-Fit, de-uh'-leh-fee, a town of France, in Drome, 17 miles E. of Montelimart. It has manufactures of woollen cloths, earthenwares, and glass. Pop. 3072. In the town are twe acidulated spiings, and 2 miles N.E, is a curious stalactitic cave. Dieulouard, de-uhMoo-an', a village of France, in Meurthe-et-Moselle, 10 miles by rail N.W. of Nancy. Pop. 1414. Dieuze, de^uz' (anc. Be'cem Pa'gi), a town of Ger- many, in Lorraine, on a railway, 9 miles E. of Salzburg. It is enclosed by walls, and has a large church, hospitals, and manufactures of linen cloth, hosiery, hats, and soda. A mine in the vicinity yields rock salt. Pop. 2659. Die Wiiste, a Gennan name for the Sahara. Diez, or Dietz, deets, a town of Prussia, in Hesse- Nassau, at a railway junction, on the Aar, at its mouth in the Lahn, 10 miles N. of Nassau. It consists of an old and a new town, and has a castle, used as a house of correction, 2 churches, and a school of horticulture. Pop. 416. Dieze, Diese, dee'zeh, or Dies, dees, a river of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, formed by the junction of the Aa and the Dommel, falls into the Meuse. Difficult, or Dificult, a post-office of Smith co., Tenn. Diffnaue (diff'nS.n') Island, in the Red Sea, one of the Dhalak group, 8^ miles from the nearest shore. Dig'by, a county in the W.S.W. extremity of Nova Scotia, bordering on the Atlantic. Brier Island and a headland called Digby Neck enclose St. Mary's Bay on the N.W. The surface is diversified with mountains, valleys, and lakes, the last of which give rise to several rivers. Copper and silver ores are found in the county. The under- lying rock consists, of sandstones of the coal, measures. Area, 1022 square miles. Capital, Digby. Pop. 17,037. Digby, a port of entry of Nova Scotia, the capital of Digby CO., on the N. shore of Digby Neck, 140 miles W. of Halifax, and 45 miles S.E. of St. John, New Brunswick. This is one of the principal seats of the fisheries, and the herrings of Digby have attained a wide celebrity. Ship- building is also largely carried on. Pop. 1951. Digrentia, a supposed ancient name of Licenza. Digges (digz) Islands, Arctic Ocean, on the S.W. side of Hudson's Strait. Lat. 62° 37' N.; Ion. 74° IS' W. Dighton, di'tpn, a post-village of Bristol eo., Mass., in Dighton township,, on the W. bank of the Taunton River, and on the Old Colony Railroad/ 6 miles S. of Taunton, and 40 miles S, of Boston, It has 4 churches. The township contains another village, named North Dighton. It has 7 churches, and manufactures of iron, paper, cotton, Ac. Pop. of the township, 1755. In Berkley, near this town, there is a mass of granite called Dighton Rock, marked with old inscriptions, supposed to be Norse. Dighwara, de-gwi'ra, a town of the Sarun district, Bengal. Pop. 3878. Dignano, deen-y3,'no, a town of Austro-Hungary, in Istria, 48 miles S.S.E. of Triest. It has a cathedral and 2 monasteries. Pop, 4731. Digne, deen {anc. Di'nia), a walled town of France, capital of the department of Basses-Alpes, on a hill-side near the Bleonne, 55 miles N.E. of Aix. It has a cathe- dral, a bishop's palace, courts of assize and commerce, a public library, tanneries, and trade in prunes, almonds, corn, hemp, and cattle. Pop. 5540. Digoa, a town of Borneo. See Deegoa. Digoin, dGG^gw^N^' (unc. Dene ff on' than ?), a town of France, in Saone-et- Loire, on the Loire, 14 miles W. of « CharoUes. It has manufactures of earthenware and trade in salt. Pop. 2712. Digue, or La Digue, li deeg, an island of the Sey- chelles Archipelago. Lat. 4° 21' 12" S. : Ion. 55° 55' 15" E. Dihong, dee^hong', or Dihang, dee^'h^ng', the great western stream forming with the Dibong the Brahmapootra River, in India. It breaks through the Himalayas near lat. 28° 15' N., Ion. 95° 10' E., and is supposed to be iden- tical with the San-poo, in Thibet. See Brahmapootra. Dijon, dce^zhiNo' (anc. Bib'io or Biv'io), a city of France, capital of the department of Cote-d'Or, at the con- fluence of the Ouohe and Suzon, on the Canal of Burgundy, and at the junction of several railways, 197 miles S.E. of Paris. It is enclosed by ramparts, and has many fine public walks and beautiful environs. The chief public buildings are a palace of theprinces of Conde, a castle built by Louis XI. and Louis XII. and serving for barracks, the town hall, prefecture, a large old court-house, a theatre, hospitals, prisons, an orphan asylum, and a lunatic asylum. It has 2 public libraries, one containing 70,000 volumes, a cabinet of natural history, courts of assize and of commerce, an academie universitaire, 8 colleges, schools of medicine and the line arts, and a botanic garden. It has manufactures of linen, cotton, and woollen fabrics, hats, earthenware, soap, beer, lace, type, hardware, chemicals, condiments, chandlery, and leather; but its chief dependence is on its wine-trade, it being the principal depot and market for the sale of Bur- gundy wines. Dijon is a very ancient city, and is believed to be of Roman foundation. The annals of the Middle Ages give constant evidence of its importance as the capital of Burgundy. Pop. in 1876, 45,607. Dijounois, or Dijonnais, dee^zhon^ni', an old di- vision of France, in Burgundy. Its capital was Dijon. It is now comprised in the department of C6te-d'0r. Dil'day's Landing, a post-office of Stewart co., Tenn. Dil'do Cove, a fishing hamlet on Trinity Bay, New- foundland, 35 miles S. by W. of Heart's Content. Pop. 188. Dil'igent Strait, a channel or passage in the Bay of Bengal, between the S.E. coast of the Middle Andaman and some contiguous islands, and a group or chain of larger islands, extending from lat. 11° 48' to 12° 20' N. It is from 6 to 9 miles wide, except towards the middle, where it is only 2 or 3 miles in width. Dilk's, a station in Butler co., Pa„ on the "Western Pennsylvania Railroad, 7 miles S.E. of Butler. Dil'Iard's Wharf, a post-office and shipping-point ol Surry co., Va., on the James River, opposite the mouth of the Chickahominy. Dillenbuvg, dil'l^n-booReS a town of Prussia, 40 miles by rail N.E. of Nassau, on the Dille. It has an ancient ruined castle, a college, a hospital, an orphan asylum, and manufactures of woollen fabrics. In its vicinity are copper- mines and potash- and lime-works. Pop. 3628. Dil'lerville, a station in Lancaster co.. Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, and on the Reading & Columbia Railroad, 1 mile N.W. of Lancaster. Dille's (dil'l^z) Bot'tom, a post-village of Bohnont CO., 0., in Mead township, on the Ohio River, 2 miles from Moundsville, W. Ya. Coal is mined here. Pop. about 250. Dil'ley, a post-office of Washington co., Oregon, on the Oregon Central Railroad, 28 miles W. by S. of Portland. Dilli,diriee, Delly, d^rieo, or Die!li,de-Srie. a town of the Malay Archipelago, capital of the island of Timor, on its N.W. coast, in the Portuguese possessions. Dlllingen, diriing-?n. a town of Bavaria, on the loft bank of the Danube, 30 miles by rail N.AV. of Augsburg, It is enclosed by ancient walls, and has a palace, an orphan asylum, 2 priests* seminaries, a deaf-mute school, barracks, DIL t gymnasium, and superior schools, boat-building docks, and manufactures of cutlery. Pop. 5029. Dillingen, a village of Khenish Prussia, 28 miles S. of Treves. Pop. 2717. It has paper-mills and copper- and iron-foundries. Dil'lingersville, a post-hamlet of Lehigh co., Pa., 1 mile from the Perkiomen Railroad, and 12 miles S. of Allentuwn. Dill'inan's, a station in Milwaukee co., Wis., on the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad, 6 miles N. of Milwaukee. Dillii, or Diln, a town of Hungary. See Di'lln. DilMon, a post-office of Walker co., Ga., on the top of Lookout Mountain. Coal is found here. I>i]Ioii, a post-township of Tazewell co.. III., 1(5 miles S. of Peoria, is traversed by Mackinaw River. Pop. 112(>. Dillon, a post-village of Marshall co., Iowa, in Le Grand township, on the Central Railroad, 7 miles S.E. of Marsh;iIltown. It has 3 stores, a grain -elevator, &g. Dillon, a post-hamlet of Dickinson co., Kansas, about 17 miles S. of Abilene. It has a church. Dillon, a station of Phelps co., Mo., on the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Rolla. Dillon, or Huntington Mines, a post-village in Brorae co., Quebec, 13 miles S.E. of Waterloo. It has copper-mines. Pop. 400. Dillon's Falls, a station in Falls township, Muskin- gum CO., 0.. on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Zanesville. Dillon's Mills, a post-office of Franklin co., Va. Dillon's Run, a post-office of Hampshire co., W. Va. Dills'borough, a post-village of Dearborn co., Ind., IJ miles from the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, and 9 or 10 miles W. of Aurora. It has several churches and a furni- ture-fictory. Dillsborough Station is 33 miles W.S.W. of Cin lati. Dills'burg, a post-borough of York co., Pa,, on the Dillsburg Branch Railroad, which connects with the Cum- berland Valley Railroad, 15 miles S.W. of Harrisburg. It has several churches, a bank, and a newspaper office. Pop. 281. Dilly Mount, India. See Delly Mount. Dilman, deermd.n', a town of Persia, in Azerbaijan, 50 miles N.N.W. of Ooroomeeyah, there being an old town of the same name, now almost in ruins, about 4 miles W. of it. It is surrounded by gardens. Pop. about 15,000. Diln, a town of Hungary. See Dulln. Dil'worthtown, a post-hamlet of Chester co., Pa., in Birmingham township, 1^ miles from Pocopson Railroad Station, It has 2 Friends' meetings. Dima, dee'ma, a town of Abyssinia, in Ambara, near lat. 10° 30' N., Ion. 38° 5' E. It is divided into many quarters by stone walls ; the houses are mostly of stone, and its church is one of the largest in the country. Dimitrovsk, or Dimitrowsk. See Dmitrovsk. Dimitzaua, dee-meet-sa'n^, a town of Greece, on an affluent of the Rouphia, 15 miles N.W. of Tripolitza. Dimmit, a county of Texas. See Demmit. Dim'mock, a post-township of La Salle co., 111. Dim- mock Station is on the Illinois Central Railroad, 7 miles S. of Mendota, and 8 miles N. of La Salle. Pop. 1222. Dimms'ville, a post-office of Juniata co., Pa. Dim'ock, or Dimock Four Corners, a post-village of Susquehanna co., in Dimock township, on the Montrose Railroad, 18 miles N. of Tunkhannock. It has 3 churches, an academy, 4 stores, and a carriage-shop. Here is Dimock Post-Office. Butter and cheese are the staple products of the township. Pop. of the township, 1124. Di'mon, a post-hamlet of Leavenworth co., Kansas, about 20 miles S.W. of Leavenworth. Di'mondale, a post-village of Eaton co., Mich., in Windsor township, on the Grand River, and on the Lansing division of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 8 miles S.S.W. of Lansing. It has a church, a grist-mill, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. about 250. Di'monville, or Diamondsville, di'mondz-vil, a hamlet of Indiana co., Pa., in Cherry Hill township, 12 miles N.E. of Indiana. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and a foundry. Here is Mitchell's Mills Post-Office. Dims'dale, a post-office of Polk co., N.C. Dinaburg, a town of Russia. See Duxaeurg. Dinagepoor, or Dinajpur, dee-nij-poor', a town of Bengal, capital of the district of Dinagepoor. Lat. 25° 38' N,: Ion. 88° 40' E. Pop. 13,042. Dinagepoor, or Dinajpur, a district of Bengal. Lat. 24° 44'-26° 23' N.; Ion. 88° 4'-S9° 21' E. Area, 4126 square miles. It is generally fiat and arable. Capital, Dinagepoor. Pop. 1,501,924. 40 5 DIN Dinamarca, or Dinamarques. See Denmark. Dinan, dee'ndNo', a town of France, in Cotes-du-Nord, on the Ranee, 1 4 miles S. of Saint-Malo. It is enclosed by a wall, defended by a fine old castle. The principal edifices are 2 Gothic churches, a clock-tower, town hall, commercial college, hospital, public library, concert-hall, &q. It has manufactures of sail-cloth, linen and cotton fabrics, cut- lery, pottery, beet sugar, and leather, salt-refineries, and a brisk trade in butter, hemp, linen, thread, Ac, carried on by the river, which is navigable up to the town. P. 7978. Dinant, de-n.\nt' or dee^ndNa' (L. Dinan'tium), a town of Belgium, province and 15 miles by rail S. of Namur, on the declivity of a rocky and castle-crowned height, near the Meuse. It has a Gothic cathedral, 2 hospitals, a Latin school, and manufactures of hardwares, woollen fabrics, paper, and leather. The existence of Dinant dates from the sixth century. As early as the twelfth century it was strongly fortified and deemed impregnable. In 1466 Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, with 50,000 men and a formi- dable artillery, took it by assault, razed it to the ground, and, taking 800 of the inhabitants, tied them by twos, back and back, and threw them into the Meuse. Pop. 6428. Dinapoor, or Dinapur, dee^na-poor', a town of Ben- gal, on the Ganges, district and 5 miles by rail W. of Patna, with which city it is in fact continuous, the whole forming one town, 15 miles long. Dinapoor is generally ill built and very irregular. It consists of two parts, — Dinapoor Cantonments (pop. 14,170) and Dinapoor Nizamat. Total pop. 42,084 (exclusive of Khagaul, a southern suburb with the railway station, pop. 5257). Dinaric (de-n4r'ik) Alp& (L. Al'pes Dinai-'iae) con- sist of that portion of the Alpine system which connects the Julian Alps with the mountains of Albania and Greece, and cover South Croatia, Dalmatia, and Herzegovina with their ramifications, separating the basin of the Save from the region watered by the Kerka, the Narenta, and other rivers flowing to the Adriatic Sea. They seldom rise to more than 7000 feet in height, and are chiefly calcareous. Din'as-Mowddu, mow'THce, a decayed town of AVales, CO. of Merioneth, on the Dovy, 12 miles by rail N.E. of Machynlleth. It is picturesquely situated on the side of a precipitous mountain, and, though but a small village, has the local designation of a "city." Din^dig'ul', a town of India, 30 miles N.W. of Madura, with a fort on a high granite rock. Pop. 6550. Din^ding' Isles, a group off the W. coast of the Malay Peninsula, 70 miles S.S.E. of Penang. Lat. 4° 20' N. ; Ion. 100° 32' E. PooLO DiNDiNG is a beautiful granitic island, 250 feet high, and covered with thick woods. Din^evaAvr' Castle, a ruined fortress of South Wales, CO. of Carmarthen, anciently a seat of the Cambrian princes. Dinge, d^N«V.hi', a town of France, in lUe-et-Vilaine, 17 miles N. of Rennes. Pop. 382. Dingelstadt, ding'el-st^tt\ a town of Prussian Sax- ony, on the Unstrut, 10 miles N.N.W. of Miihlhausen. Pop. 3192. Din'gle, a seaport town of Ireland, co. of Kerry, on Dingle Bay, 8 miles E. of Dunmore Head. Pop. 2117. Dingle, a town of Ontario. See Brussels. Ding'man, a township of Pike co.. Pa., extends S.E, to the Delaware River. Pop. 519. Ding'mansburg, a village of Shelby co., 0., on the Miami River, opposite Sidney. Here are the Sidney Water- Works and a flour-mill. Pop. 150. Ding'man's Fer'ry, a post-village of Pike co.. Pa., on the Delaware River, about 15 miles below Port Jervis, N.Y. It has 2 churches, an academy, and 2 grist-mills. Din^olting) ding'ol-fing\ a town of Bavaria, near the Isar, lU^niles W.S.W. of Landau. Pop. 2704. Ding'wall, a burgh of Scotland, capital of the co. of Ross, at the head of Cromarty Firth, and at a railway junc- tion, 11 miles N.W. of Inverness. It joins with Tain, Dor- noch, Cromarty, Wick, and Kirkwall in sending one member to Parliament. Pop. 2125. Dinia, the ancient name of Digne. Dinkelsbtihl, dink'^ls-bur, a fortified town of Ba- varia, in Middle Franconia, on the AVernitz, 40 miles by rail N.W. of Donauworth. It was formerly a free town of. the empire, and has manufactures of cloths, camlets, leather, beer, paper, stockings, and gloves, and a brisk trade in corn. Pop. 5113. Dinkira, a town of Africa. See Dankara. Dinklage, ding'kli^gh^h, a village of Germany, in Oldenburg, 8 miles S.W. of Vechta. Pop. 1146, Dins'dale, a watering-place of England, co. of Dur- ham, on the Tees, 5 miles S.E. of Darlington. It has a medicinal spring, with baths and hotels. Pop. of parish, 243. DIN 626 DIS Dinslaken, dins'li^ken, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 24 miles from Dusseldorf. Pop. 2153. Dinsmore, dinz'mor, a township of Shelby co., 0. Pop. 1700. It contains the villages of Botkins, or Dinsmore, and Anna, Dinsmore^ a post-office and station of Washington co., Pa., on the railroad between Pittsburg & Steubenville, 30 miles W. of Pittsburg. Dinteloord, din'teh-lont', a village of the Nether- lands, in North Brabant, 5 miles W.S.W. of Willemstad. Pop. 2573. Dinwid'die, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia, has an area of about 520 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Appomattox River, and on the S.W. by the Not- toway River. The surface is undulating or hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests. Tobacco, Indian corn, and oats are the staple products of the soil. This county is intersected by the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad. It contains the city of Petersburg. Capital, Dinwiddle Court-House. Valuation of real and personal estate, $12,fi64,915. Pop. in 1870, 30,702, of whom 30,215 were Americans. Dinwiddie Court-House, a post-village, capital of Dinwiddle co., Va., on Stony Creek, 12 miles S.W. of Peters- burg, and about 38 miles S. by W. from Richmond. It has 4 churches. Dinxperlo, din.x^pfiR-lo', a village of the Netherlands, in Gelderland, 7 miles S.W. of Bredevoort. Pop. 2357. DioCtCsarea, an ancient name of Sefoorieh. Diois, dee'wi', an old district of France, in Dauphine, the capital of which was Die. In 1414 it was ceded to Charles VI. by Louis de Poitiers. Dioina, de-o'm^, a river of Russia, government of Oren- boorg, after a N.N.E. course of 160 miles, joins the Belaia near Oofa. Near it are many copper-mines. Diomedn; Insulie, the ancient name of Tremiti. Diomede (di'o-meed) Islands, a group in Behring Strait, midway between Asia and America, consisting of Fairway Rock, Ingiliuk, and Imaklit Islands, the central one in l.at. 65° 46' N., Ion. 168° 55' W. Di'ona, a post-village of Coles co., 111., 10 miles S. by E. of Charleston, is partly in Cumberland co. It has 2 churches, 3 stores, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Dioscoridis Insula, the ancient name of Socotra. Dios-Gyor, dee^osh'-joR, a town of Hungary, co. of Borsod, 5i miles W. of Miskolcz. Pop. 3977. Near it are important iron-mines. Diospolis Magna, the ancient name of Thebes. I>ioszegh,dee*o'z^g', a town of Hungary, co. of Bihar, 23 miles S.E. of Debreczin. Pop. 5774. Dioszegh, a town of Hungary, co. and 25 miles E.N.E. of Presburg, on the Dudwag. Pop. 1620. Dipignano, de-peen-yd'no, a village of Italy, prov- ince and 3 miles S. of Cosenza. Pop. 3204. Dip'per Har'bor, a post-hamlet on the Bay of Fundy, St. John CO., New Brunswick, 20 miles W.S.W. of St. John. It has a lobster-fishery. Pop. 200. Dippoldiswalde, dip-polMis-wil'deh, a town of Sax- ony, 11 miles S. of Dresden. Pop. 2917. It has manufac- tures of woollen and linen cloths. Dipso, dip'so, a town of Greece, on the island of Euboea, on the channel of Talanda, 30 miles N.W. of the town of Negropont. It is supposed to replace the ancient (Edepsus, famed for its hot baths. Direc'tion Island, in the Indian Ocean, lat. 12° 5' 24" S., is one of the Keeling group. Direction Island, at the entrance of the China Sea, off the S.W. coast of Borneo. Lat. 15° N.,; Ion. 108° 2' E. Direction Islands, a group of small islands off the N.E. coast of Australia, near Cape Flattery. Lat. 14° 25' S.; Ion. 145° 30' E. Dirillo, de-ril'lo (a.nc. Acha'tea), ai'iyer of Sicily, enters the Mediterranean 24 miles W.N.W. of Modica, after a W.S.W. course of about 30 miles. Dirk-Har'tog Island, olf the W. coast of Australia. Lat. 26° S. ; Ion. 1 13° E. Coast steep ; length, from N. to S., 45 miles; breadth, 10 miles. Dirksland, diuks'lint, a village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 20 miles S.W. of Rotterdam, on the island of Overflakkee. Pop. 2243. Dirleton, d^rl'ton, a village and parish of Scotland, CO. and 61 miles N. of Haddington, on the S. shore of the Firth of Forth. Near the village are the ruins of Dirleton Castle. Pop. 323. Dirmstein, decRm'sfine, a town of Bavaria, in the Palatinate, 4 miles E.N.E. of Griinstadt. Pop. 1517. Dirschau, deeii'shflw (Polish, Szczcwo, stchSft'o), a town of Prussia, at a railway junction, 20 miles S.S.E. of Dantzic, on the left bank of the Vistula. It has tanneries, breweries, and manufactures of cement, farm-implements, and metallic wares. Here is a splendid iron bridge over the Vistula. Pop. 9713. Dirt Town, a post-office of Chattooga co., Qa. Dis, a walled town of South Arabia, near the coast, 53 miles E.N.E. of Makallah. Disappoint'ment Island, one of the Benin group, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 27° 16' N. ; Ion. 140° 51' E. Disappointment Island, in the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. 50° 36' S.; Ion. 166° E. Disappointment Islands, a group in the Pacific, in lat. 14° 5' S., discovered by Byron in 1765. Dischingen, dish'ing-en, a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Egge, 5 miles S.S.E. of Neresheim. Pop. 1045. Dis'co, a large island belonging to Denmark, in Davis' Strait, off the W. coast of Greenland. Lat. 69° 11' N. ; Ion. 53° 20' W. It contains stone-quarries and coal-mines, and possesses valuable fisheries. Dis'co, a post-hamlet of Hancock co.. 111., on the To- ledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, 29 miles W. of Bushnell. It has a church. Disco, a post-village of Macomb co., Mich., in Shelby township, 5 miles N.E. of Utica. It has an academy, 2 planing-mills, 1 or 2 churches, and manufactures of car- ria.ges, barrels, &c. Dis'cord, a post-office of Woodbury co., Iowa. Discord, a post-office of Brown co., Kansas. Discov'ery Bay, on the S. coast of Australia, between Capes Bridgewater and Northumberland. It is about 50 miles wide. Centre in lat. 38° 5' S., Ion. 141° E. Disentis, Switzerland. See Dis.sestis Mcstar. Dismal, diz'mal. a post-township of Sampson co., N.C., 17 miles E. of Fayetteville. Pop. 746. Dismal Swamp, a large swamp which occupies paTts of Nansemond and Norfolk cos. in Virginia and Gates and Camden cos. in North Carolina. It is about 30 miles long and 10 miles wide. Forests of cypress, cedar, and other trees cover a large portion of this swamp, the middle of which is occupied by Lake Drummond. The Dismal Swamp is intersected by a canal, by means of which schooners can pass from Chesapeake Bay into Albemarle Sound. Disna, dis'nd, a town of Russia, government and 109 miles N.N.E. of Minsk, at the mouth of the Disna. It has some shipping and a considerable trade. Pop. 4760. Disna, a river of Russia, rises in a lake of the same name, in the N.E. of the government of Vilna, and joins the Dwina after a course of about 90 miles. Dison, dee"z6N=', a village of Belgium, in Liege, 2 miles N.N.W. of Verviers. It has important manufactures of woollen cloths. Pop. 11,439. Dis'patch', a post-office and station of New Kent co., Va., on the Richmond, York River & Chesapeake Railroad, 13 miles E. of Richmond. Disputan'ta, a post-office and station of Prince George CO.. Va,, on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 13 miles S.E. of Petersburg. Diss, a town of England, in Norfolk, on the Waveney, 20 miles by rail S.S.W. of Norwich. Pop. of parish, 3851. Dissais, dees'si', a village of Fr.anee, in Vienne, 9 miles by rail N.N.E. of Poitiers. Pop. 1065. Dissay, dees^si', a village of France, in Sarthe, 29 miles by rail S.S.E. of Le Mans. Pop. 1407. Dis'see', or Valen'tia, an island in the Red Sea, about lat. 15° 18' N., Ion. 40° 25' E. It is about 2i miles long and J of a mile broad, and is remarkable for its pleas- ant appearance. Dissen, dis's^n, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 13 miles S.S.E. of Osnaburg. Pop. 1432. Dissentis Mustar, dees'sen-tis moos-ton', or Disen- tis, dee's^n-tis, a town of Switzerland, canton of Grisons, 3800 feet above sea-level, near the confluence of the Further and Middle Rhine, 34 miles W.S.W. of Chur (Coire). Its chief attraction is an ancient convent of Benedictines, said to have been founded in 600 by Sigisbert, and whose superiors wore once princes of the empire. It was almost destroyed by the French in 1794. The environs of Dissentis exhibit some of the finest Alpine scenery. Pop. 1365. Distress', a fishing-hamlet of Newfoundland, 26 miles S. of Placentia. Pop. 127. Dis'trict, a township of Berks co.. Pa. Pop. 724. District of Colum'bia, a district of the United States, containing the federal capital, and having the river Potomac as its S.W. boundary, and enclosed on all other sides by Maryland. The district formerly comprised a tract 10 miles square, lying on both sides of the Potomac, but in DIS 627 DIU 1846 that portion lying S.W. of the river was retroceded to Virginia by the United States. Present area, 64 square miles. Counties and Cities. — The district is divided into the cities of Georgetown and Washington, and the county of Washington; but since 1871 neither of these three corpo- rations has any legal existence, although the names are of- ficially recognized as belonging to local divisions of the district. The corporate name of the whole is now "The District of Columbia." Tenallytown, Brightwood, Union- town, Benning, «fcc., are small places outside the strict city limits. The/ace of the eoitntry is undulating, with fine hills and pleasant fertile valleys, and a light, fertile soil. The Poto- mac is a noble tidal stream, navigable for vessels of large burden up to Washington. The East Branch of the Poto- mac is the eastern boundary of Washington, and Rock Creek divides it from Georgetown. There are several other small streams. The climate is generally healthful, but miasmatic diseases have prevailed quite generally on the low lands near the streams. Of late the local sanitary conditions have been much improved. The geological formation is creta- ceous, covered largely with drift. A remarkable conglom- erate or breccia has been observed in this drift; and some handsome polished columns made of this material may be seen in the interior of the national capitol. Industries. — The agricultural and market-gardening facil- ities of the district are very good, and the market for farm- and garden-products is excellent, and the profits of the business are considerable. The principal manufacture is that of flour and other mill-products, at Georgetown. Brick, lumber, confectionery, and carriages are among the other leading articles of manufacture. The commerce of the dis- trict is chiefly carried on at Georgetown, which has consid- erable coasting-trade, exporting coal, tobacco, grain, and flour, the products of Western Maryland. The Baltimore & Potomac Railroad, and branches of the Baltimore & Ohio, connect Washington with Baltimore and the North and West ; and a railroad bridge across the Potomac connects the district with the Southern railroad system. The Chesa- peake & Ohio Canal crosses the Potomac at Georgetown. The district has several national and savings banks and life- and fire-insurance companies. Public Works, Benevolent Institutions, &c. — These include the permanent institutions of the general government as well as those of the district proper. Under this head we may notice the Washington Asylum for vagrants, sick, and destitute persons, and petty criminals; the reform school and farm for boys; the United States Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphan Asylum ; the Children's Hospital; Freedmen's Hos- pital ; National Soldiers' Home ; Providence Hospital ; Co- lumbia Hospital for women ; government hospital for the insane; the institution for deaf-mutes; the National Deaf- Mute College; and many other institutions, public and private. (The principal United States government build- ings are noticed in the article WashingtOiV, D.C.) Education. — Separate free public schools are maintained for white and colored children. There are normal schools, and public, high, grammar, intermediate, and primary schools. In 1874therewerein Washington alone 78 private day and evening schools, exclusive of schools for higher instruction. There were 3 kindergarten in Washington ; 15 parish and other denominational schools in Georgetown ; a preparatory high school (public) for colored youth ; 34 academies and higher private schools ; and a business col- lege. The district is also the seat of Georgetown College (Roman Catholic), Columbian University (Baptist), Howard University (Congregationalist), Gonzaga College (Roman Catholic), and the National Deaf-Mute College. Among professional schools are 2 theological, 4 law, and 3 meiical schools, nearly all departments of some one of the univer- sities, and a school of pharmacy. There are several orphan- ages and industrial schools, besides the institutions above noticed. The Smithsonian Institution, the United States Signal Office, Naval Observatory, Corcoran Art Gallery, Army Medical Museum and other government museums, the Botanic Garden, the American Union Academy of Lit- erature, Science, and Art, and the Congressional and other public libraries, add largely to the educational advantages of the district. History. — -From the time of the close of the Revolution- ary war until 1790, there were earnest discussions as to the place where the seat of the United States government should be fixed. Philadelphia, Carlisle, Philadelphia again, then Princeton, Annapolis, Trenton, and New York, were in turn the temporary places of the meetings of Congress. In 1788 Maryland ceded to the United States the present territory for the purpose of establishing here the seat of federal authority ; and in 1789 Virginia augmented the gift by the cession of a tract of 36 square miles on the S.W. side of the river. The tract was selected by Washington, and the gift was accepted by Congress in 1790, after a bitter contest, which was finally settled by a compromise, the Northern Congressmen consenting to vote for the new capital, and the Southern members voting for the federal assumption of the state debts, a measure which the South had strongly opposed. More than 100 years before, the site of the future capital had been named Rome by its eccentric proprietor, one Pope, and the hill where the United States capitol stands was by him called the Capitoline Hill. Not till 1800 did the fed- eral city become the capital. Congress met at Philadelphia from 1790 to 1800. The new town was incorporated in 1802 and named Washtngtox (which see). The county and city of Alexandria, on the Virginia side, were retroceded to Vir- ginia in 1846. Congress abolished slavery here in 1862, and in 1867 admitted colored men to vote. Before 1871 the cities of Washington and Georgetown and the county of Wash- ington had a corporate existence ; but Congress had exclusive legislative control, and the people of the district had no delegate or other representative in Congress, and no voice in the choosing of the presidential electors. The more im- portant judicial positions were filled by the federal author- ity. But in 1871 a territorial government was constituted by Congress, and the district was permitted to send a dele- gate to the national house of representatives. The district was made a corporate body, with a legislature consisting of a council of 11 appointed by the president, and a house of delegates of 22 members chosen by the people. The gov- ernor was also appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate. The judiciary system is nearly the same as before the reorganization. In 1874 Congress appointed 3 commissioners to oversee the affairs of the district, and provisionally abolished the governorship and the territorial system. The recent changes have led to material improve- ment in the appearance and comfort of the cities of the district, but there have been many complaints of the great expense at which these improvements have been effected, and charges of malfeasance on the part of high officials have been current. Population. — In 1800 the total population of the district was 8144; in 1810, 15.471 ; in 1820, 23,336; in 1830, 30,261; in 1840, 33,745 ; in 1850 (after the retrocession of Alexandria City and county), 51,687; in 1860, 75,800 ; in 1870, 131,700, of whom 88,278 were white. The population of Washington was 109,199, and that of Georgetown 11,384. Dit'marsh (Ger. Ditmarschen, or Bithmarecken, dit'- maR-sh§n), a region in Germany, forming the W. part of Holstein. Area, 506 square miles. It is mainly enclosed by the Elbe on the S., the Eider on the N., and the North Sea on the W. It is low and marshy, and is diked to pre- vent inroads of the sea. Its people for many centuries preserved their independence, and its peasantry spoke the Frisian language, now almost extinct in Ditmarsh. It forms two circles (North Ditmarsh and South Ditmarsh) in the Prussian province of Sleswick-Holstein. Pop. in 1871, 75,193. Dit'ney Hill, a post-office of Dubois co., Ind. Ditro-Varhegy, dee'tro^-vaR'hAdj' (Ger. Burgberg, booiiG'b^RG), a village of Transylvania, in Szekler-laud, on the Maros, 8 miles N.W. of Gyergyo-Szent-Miklos. It has mineral springs. Pop. 2693. Dit'te^ah, written also Dutteah and Datiya, dut'- e-ya, a town of Hindostan, in Bundelcund, capital of a semi-independent rajahship, 15 miles N.W. of Jhansi. It is enclosed by walls, and mostly built of stone. Pop. 45,000. The rajahship, area 850 square miles, pop. 120,000, is under British protection. Dittersbach, dit'ters-ba.K\ or Starsow, stan'sov, a village of Bohemia, about 40 miles W. of Olmutz. Pop. 1121. Dittfurty dit'fSont, a town of Prussian Saxony, 28 miles by rail S.W. of Magdeburg, on the Bode. Pop. 2077. Dittigheim, a village of Baden. See Dietighkiw. Ditt'mer's Store, a post-office of Jefferson cu., Mo. Dittoii, Quebec. See West Ditton. Ditwyl, dit'wil, or Dietwyl, deet'^il, a village of Switzerland, canton and 8 miles N.N.E. of Lucerne, on the Reuss. Pop. 1117. Ditzingen, dit'sing-en, a village of Germany, in Wiir- temberg, 5 miles by rail N.E. of Leonberg. Pop. 1360. Dili, dee-oo', an island and seaport town of India, be- longing to Portugal since 1515. It is in lat. 20° 42' N., Ion. 71° E., and lies just S. of the Kattywar peninsula. Pop., with Gogola, 13,898. Diu-Head Cape is in lat. 20° 43' N., Ion. 71° 3' 12" E. DIU 6 Diam Promontorium. See Cape Sassoso. Diura, the supposed ancient name of Jura. Diven, dee'ven, or Divin,dee'vin (Hun. DiveiiT/, deo^- vSii'), a town of Hungary, co. of Neograd, 20 miles S.E. of Altsohl. It has glass-works. Pop. 1500. Diven, a town of Russia, in Daghestan, on the Rubass, 22 miles W.S.W. of Derbend. Dive n, a town of Russian Poland, government of Grodno, 20 miles S.S.E. of Kobrin. Dives, deev, a town of France, ih Calvados, 15 miles by rail N.E. of Caen. Pop. 656. Di^vide', a station in El Paso co., Col., on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, 52 miles S. of Denver, on the great eastern divide or watershed of the state. Divide, a post-office of Lake co.. Col. Divide, a post-otfice of Deer Lodge co., Montana. Divide, a station on the Oregon & California Railroad, 24 miles S. of Eugene, Oregon. Divi'ding Creek, a post-village of Cumberland co., N.J., on a creek of the same name, in Downe township, and on the Bridgeton & Port Norris Railroad, 1-4 miles S.E. of Bridgeton. It has 2 churches. Dividing Fence, in Scotland. See Catrail. Dividing Ridge, a post-hamlet of Pendleton co., Ky., 7 miles S. of De Mossville. It has a church. Dividing Ridge, a post-office of Somerset co., Pa. Divin, a town of Hungary. See Diven. Divina, deeH^ee'noh^, Kis, kish, and Nagy, nodj (i.e.. Little and Great Divina), two adjacent villages of Hungary, CO. of Trentschin, on the Waag, 3 miles N.W. of Szolna. United pop. 182S. DiVine's' Corners, a hamlet of Sullivan co., N.Y., 4 miles from Hurley Station. It has a church. Divio, an ancient name of Dijon. Divoduruni, an ancient name of Metz. Divona, an ancient name of Cahoks. Divonne, deeVonn', a village of France, in Ain, 6 miles N.E. of Gex. It has paper- andiron-mills. Pop. 1410. Divosch, or Diwosch, dee'v6sh\ a village of Hun- gary, in Slavonia, co. of Syrmia, 22 miles S.W. of Peter- wardein. Pop. 15S0. DiAvischau, DiAvischow, dee've-sho\ or Dibi- schau, dee'be-show\ a town of Bohemia, 30 miles S.E. of Prague. Pop. IfiSO. Diwle, a town of Asia Minor. See Devli. Diwosch, a village of Austria. See Divosch. DiAVra, or Dibra, dee'wr^,, a town of Turkey, in Albania, 45 miles S.S.W. of Prisrend. Pop, 5500, Dix, a township of Ford co.. 111. Pop, 7S2. It contains Elliott and Gibson. Dix, a post-office of Jefferson co., 111. See Rome. Dix, a post-office of Oneida co., N.Y., on the Rome & Clinton Railroad, 3 or 4 miles S. of Rome. Dix, a township of Schuyler co., N.Y. Pop. 4218. It contains Watkins Glen and a large part of Watkins. Dix-An', a town of Abyssinia, state of Tigre, 65 miles N.E. of Axoom. Dix'cove, a British town of Africa, on the Gold Coast, lat. 4° 48' N.. Ion. 1° 57' AV., in a fine bay, in which ships of 100 tons can load. Here is a fort. Behind Dixcove is a small lake with brackish water, in which the negroes maintain a number of crocodiles. Dix'field, a post-village of Oxford co.. Me., in Dix- fi.eld township, on the Androscoggin River, 36 miles N. by W. of Lewiston. Pop. of the township, 1049. Dixfield Centre, a post-office of Oxford co.. Me. Dix'ie, a post-office of Ada co., Idaho. Dixie, a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 5 miles W. of Grinnell, Iowa. Dixie, a post-office of Nicholas co., W. Va. Dixie, or Syd'enham, a post-village in Peel co,, On- tario, 4 miles N. of Port Credit. Pop, 150. Dixie Station, Georgia. See Grooverville. Dix Island, off the coast of Rockland co.. Me., is 10 miles S. by E. of Rockland. Area, ob acres. It has im- portant quarries of granite, and has furnished the material for the New York post-office and other public buildings. Dixinont, deex^m6N°', a town of France, in Yonne, 20 miles N. of Auxerre. Pop. 1810. Dix^mont', a post-hamlet of Penobscot co., Me., in Dixmont township, 23 miles W.S.AV. of Bangor. It has a church. The, township has 4 churches and 3 saw-mills. Pop. of the township, 1309. Dixmont, a post-office and station of Alleghany co., Pa., on the Ohio Kiver, and on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne &> Chicago Railroad, 8 miles N.W. of Pittsburg. Here is the West Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane. 3 DJA Dixmont Centre, a post-hamlet of Penobscot oo., Me., 20 miles N. of Belfast. It has a saw- and a shingle-mill. Dixmude, dix^miid' (Flem. Bixmvt/den, dix-moi'den), a town of Belgium, in West Flanders, at a railway junction, on the Yser, 12 miles N. of Ypres. It has a handsome church, a hospital, and a workhouse, also breweries and tanneries. Pop. 3926. Dix'on, a county in the N.E. part of Nebraska, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Missouri River, and is partly drained by Logan and Norway Creeks. The surface is undulating and extensively covered with forests; the soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and butter are the staple products. Lime- stone is abundant here. Capital, Ponca. Valuation of real and personal estate, S656,662. Pop. in 1S76, 3263. Dixon, a post-village of Solano co., Cal., on the Cali- fornia Pacific Railroad, 22 miles W.S.W. of Sacramento. It has 6 churches, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, a flour-mill, &G. Pop. about 1000. Dixon, a post-office of Dawson co,, Ga. Dixon, a city, the capital of Lee co,, 111., on both sides of Rock River, and on the Illinois Central Railroad where it crosses the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 98 miles AV. of Chicago, 40 miles E. of Clinton, and 35 miles S. of Free- port. It has 6 or 7 churches, 2 national banks, an institu- tion called Rock River University, a collegiate institute, 2 high schools, 2 foundries, 2 plough-factories, 3 flouring-mills, and a planing-mill. Two weekly newspapers and a monthly agricultural paper are published here. Dixon has a public school building which cost $30,000. Pop. 4055. Dixon, a hamlet of Greene co., Ind., on the Indianap- olis & Vineennes Railroad, 41 miles N.E. of Vincennes. It has a church. Dixon, a post-village of Scott co., Iowa, in Liberty township, on the Davenport & St; Paul Railroad, 20 miles N.N.W. of Davenport. It has a church. Dixon, a station of Butler co., Kansas, on the railroad from Florence to El Dorado, 7 miles N. of the latter. Dixon, a post-village, capital of Webster co., Ky., about 34 miles S. of Henderson. It has a bank, 2 or 3 churches, and 3 tobacco-stemmeries. Pop. 330. Dixon, a post-office of Neshoba co.. Miss. Dixon, a post-village of Pulaski co.. Mo., on the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad, 139 miles W.S.W. of St. Louis. It has a church and a grist-mill. Dixon, a hamlet of Dixon co.. Neb., on the Missouri River, about 30 miles below Y^'ankton, Dakota. Dixon, a township of Preble co., 0., on the Indiana line. Pop. 1123. Dixon, a post-hamlet of Van Wert co., 0., on the Pitts- burg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 19 miles E.S.E. of Fort Wayne. Dixon^ a post-office of AVyoming co.. Pa. Dixon, a post-hamlet of Columbia co.. Wis., in Arlington township, on the Madison & Portage Railroad, about 20 miles N. of Madison. It has 2 churches. Dixon, a post-office of Carbon co., Wyoming. Dixon's Corners, a post-village in Dundas co., On- tario, 7 miles N. of Iroquois. Pop. 100. Dix'on's En'trance, a strait in North America, W. coast, lat. 54° 30' N., Ion. 132° W., between Queen Charlotte Islands, in British Columbia, and the Prince of Wales Archi- pelago, in Alaska. Length, from W. to E., 100 miles. Dixon's mills, a post-village of Marengo co., Ala., 36 miles S, of Demopolis. It has 3 churches. Dixon's Springs, a post-hamlet of Trousdale co., Tenn., 25 miles E.S.E. of Gallatin. It has a flour-mill, a saw-mill, and an academy. Pop. 120. Dix'onville, a hamlet of Colo co., Mo., 1^ miles from Elston Station. Dixonville, a post-office of Indiana co., Pa. Dix's Peak, a mountain of the Adirondack group, in Essex CO., N.Y., about 16 miles W. of Lake Champlain, and a few miles S.E. of Mount Marcy. It has an altitude of about 5000 feet above the level of the sea. Dix'ville, a township of Coos co., N.H., covered with forests and mountains. Dixville Notch, 10 miles S.E. of Colebrook, presents wild and desolate scenery of remarkable character. Pop, S. Diyalah, a river of Asia. Sec Diala. Dizfoul, or Dizlul, Persia. See Dezfool. Dizialdowo, a town of Prussia. See Soldatt. Dj« For places sometimes spelled with these initial let- ters, and not found here, refer to Di and J. Djabkan, a river of China. See Ciiabkan, Djagaraga, jA^gd-ri'gi, a town of Java, 4S miles S.E. of Samaning. Pop. 6000. DJA 629 DOB Djaii^utai, iin-goo-ti', a town of Russia, in Daghestan, 60 miles N.W. of Derbend. OJapaU) a town of Java. See Japan. Djapara, a town of Java. See Japaea. Djar, or El DJar, il jan, a town of Arabia, in El Hejaz, on the Red Sea, 45 miles S.S.E. of Yembo. Djava, a French spelling of Java. Djavat, ji-v4t', a town of Russia, in Transcaucasia, on the left bank of the Koor, at its junction with the Aras, .36 miles S. of Shamaka. Djawahir, a mountain in India. See Jawahir. Djawaiia, a river of Java. See Jawana. Ojebi, a town of Arabia. See Jebee. Djem, a river of Asia. See Emba. Djemilah, a town of Algeria. See Jemilah. Djerash, a city of Syria. See Gerasa. Djerin, a town of Asia. See Jerm. Djesr-Erkene. See Jezar-Erken-e. Djiddahf a town of Arabia. See Jiddah. Djidyd, a town of Nubia. See Aidab. Dji^eUif a town of Algeria. See Jijeli. DjillolOj Malay Archipelago. See Gilolo. DjimaJa,or Jamaja, ja-m4'ji, .in island of the China Sea. Lat. 2° 60' N. ; Ion. 105° 52' E. Length, 12 miles. Djirdjeh, a town of Egypt. See Girgeh. Djizzak, a town of Asia. See Jeezak. Djobia, a town of Ara,bia. See Jobla. Djohor, a state and town of Malacca. See Johore. DJolijokarta, or Djocjocarta, jok-yo-kir'tj, writ- ten also Vugyakarta, a Dutch residency of Java, on the S. coast of the island, near its centre. This was formerly one of the most important native states of Java. Area, 1232 square miles. Pop. 441,799. Djokjokarta, a well-built town, capital of the above, lat. 7° 47' S., Ion. 110° 21' 30" E. It is the seat of a na- tive sultan, a Dutch resident, and an assistant resident. The sultun's water-palace is a town of itself, with subterra- nean approaches, walls, and towers. The resident's abode is in a fort, which commands the palace and town. There are here a church, school, and shot-foundry. Pop. 50,000. Djoliba, a river of Africa. See JoLiBA. Djoulfa, a town of Persia. See Julfa. Dlhe-Pole, dl5-po'15h\ a vill.age of Hungary, co. of Trentschin, 10 miles from Szolna. Pop. 4120. Uluha, dioo'hoh, or DIha, dli, a village of Hungary', in Arva, on the Dluha, 9 miles from Also Kubin. Pop. 1200. Dmitria-Rostoiskago, Russia. See Rostov. Dmitriev, or Dmitryew, d'me-tree-ySv', a town of Russia, government and 50 miles N.W. of Koorsk. P. 3004. Dmitrov, d'me-trov', a town of Russia, government and 45 miles N. of Moscow, on an affluent of the Volga. It is ancient and ill built, and has a college and manufac- tures of woollen cloths and leather. Near it are a porcelain- factory, and the palace of the Counts Soltikov. Pop. 8042. Dmitrovsk, d'me-trovsk', a town of Russia, govern- ment and 57 miles S.W. of Orel, on the Neroosa. Pop. 7603. Dnieper, nee'pr (Russ. Dniepr, dnySp'p'r; anc. Boiys'- ilienea and Banapria), a river of Russia, rises in the gov- ernment of Smolensk, flows generally S., and passes Smo- lensk (where it becomes navigable), Moheelev, Kiev, Yeka- terinoslav, and Kherson, and enters the Black Sea on the N. by several mouths. Length, 623 miles ; including windings, 1230 miles. Chief affluents on the right, the Beresina, Pri- pets, Ingoolets, and Bug ; on the left, the Sozh, Desna, Soola, Psiol, Vorskla, Orel, and Samara. The navigation is in- terrupted by rapids for 47 miles below Yekaterinoslav. It is regarded as the third in magnitude of European rivers, rank- ing next after the Volga and the Danube. Drainage-area, 242,000 square miles. At Kiev it is 35 feet deep in sum- mer; but spring floods raise it to 50 feet, and even 55 feet. The mouth of the estuary is defended by the fortresses of Otchakov and Kinboorn. Near its embouchure was the Milesian colony of Olbia, founded for trading with the wandering races of the interior. Dniester, nees'ter (Russ. Dniestr, dnySs't'r ; ane. Ty'- ras, afterwards Danas'tris or Da7t.as'ter), a navigable river of Austria and Russia, rises in the Carpathian Mountains of Galicia, separates Bessarabia from the governments of Podolia and Kherson, flows E.S.E., passes Sambor, Halicz, Chotyn, Moheelev, Bender, and Akerman, and enters the Black Sea on the N.AV. Length, 400 miles ; including wind- ings, 500 miles. Chief affluents on the right, the Stry, Reoot, and Botna; on the left, the Sered and Podhorce. Though very tortuous, and in summer quite shallow, it affords extensive steamboat navigation. Doa, a Malay island. See Douiv. Doab, or Dooab, doo'ib' ("two waters"), a name ap- plied in India to tracts between two rivers, and especially to that between the Ganges and the Jumna, and to the " Juliinder Doab," between the Sutlej and Beas Rivers. Do'aksville, a post-office of Choctaw Nation, Ind. Ter. Doan, do-an', a town of Arabia, near its S.E. coast, 110 miles W. of Dhofar. Doanesburg, donz'bilrg, a hamlet of Putnam co., N.Y., 4 miles from Brewster's Station. Doan's (donz) Creek, of Indiana, enters the West Pork of White River near the S. line of Greene co. Doazit, do^S,^zee', a village of France, in Landes, 16 miles S.S.W. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 14S5. Dobar'va, a town of Abyssinia, 98 miles N. of Axoom. It was formerly important. Dobasnizza, do-b3,s-nits'S,, or Dobaschiza, do-ba- shits'^, a village and seaport of Austria, on the island of Veglia, 21 miles S.S.E. of Fiume. Dob'binsville, a post-office of Sampson oo., N.C. Dob'bo, the chief town of the Aroo Islands, on the N. side of the islet of Wamma. Lat. 6° 45' 45" S. ; Ion. 134° 20' E. It is built of slight materials, but in the trading- season is visited by great numbers of merchants from all parts of the East. At other times it is often quite deserted. Dobbs Ferry, Westchester co., N.Y. See Greenburg. Dobbs'ton, a post-hamlet of Oconto co., Wis., 30 miles N. of Shawano. It has a saw-mill and a shingle-factory. Diibeln, dii'beln, a town of Saxony, 35 miles by rail E.S.E. of Leipsic, partly on an island formed by the Mulde. It has 2 churches, a hospital, and manufactures of wooUen cloth, linen, and cotton. Pop. 10,909. Doberan, do'b§r-^n\ a town of Germany, in Mecklen- burg-Sohwerin, 40 miles N.N.E. of Schwerin, on a small river which falls into the Baltic 2^ miles below the town. It has a palace, theatre, sea-water baths at the mouth of the river, and mineral springs and baths. Pop. 3827. Doblen, do-blSn', or Doblehn, do-blain', a town of Russia, in Courland, 18 miles W. of Mitau. Dobling, dob'ling, a suburb of Vienna, Austria, 3 miles N. of the city, with mineral baths and numerous villas. Pop. 6624. Doboi, or Doboj, do^boy', a town of Bosnia, on the Bosna, 42 miles N.E. of Travnik. Pop. 1600. Doboka, do*bo'koh\ a village of Transylvania, co. of Szolnok-Doboka, 12 miles W.S.W. of Szamos-Ujvar. Do'boy Island, one of the sea-islands of Mcintosh CO., Ga., 12 miles from Darien. Area, 13 acres. It has a. church, a saw-mill, 30 dwellings, and 3 ship-chandleries, and ships large amounts of pine lumber. Permanent pop- ulation, 150, much increased during the winter. Doboy Light, Sapelo Island, Ga. See Darien Light. Doboy Sound is on the coast of Georgia, at the south- ern extremity of Sapelo Island, 10 miles E. of Darien. Doboz, do^boz', a vill.age of Hungary, co. of Bekes, on the Black Koros, about 4 miles from G^'ula. Pop. 3429. Dobra, do'bri, a town of Poland, province and 25 miles E.N.E. of Kalisz. It has 2 churches, a synagogue, and manufactures of linens, gloves, and hosiery. Pop. 2567. Dob'ra Bonop'olis, a village of Transylvania, oo. of Ilunyad, on the Maros, 50 miles W.S.W. of Karlsburg. Dobran, do-brin', or Dobrany, do-bri'nee, a town of Bohemia, 10 miles S.S.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 1997. Dobrawitz, or Doubrawitz , do'br^-*its\ or Roth- Dobrawitz, a town of Bohemia, 30 miles N.E. of Prague. Dobre Miasto, a town of Prussia. See Gutstadt. Dobrigno, do-breen'yo, a village of Austria, on the island of Veglia, 24 miles'S.S.E. of Fiume. Pop. 420. Dobrilugk, do'bre-look\ a town of Prussia, in Bran- denburg, on the Dober, at a railway junction, 66 miles S.S.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 1397. Dobrincze, do-brint'sA, or Dobrinzen, do-brint'sen, a village of Slavonia, co. of Syrmia, in a plain 22 miles S.S.E. of Peterwardein. Pop. 1600. Dobrodja, a region of Europe. See DoBRrnjA. Dobrokoz, dii'brii^kbz', a town of Hungary, co. of Tolna, 84 miles S.S.W. of Pesth, on the Kapos. Pop. 3164. Dobromielitz, do'bro-mee^its, a village of Austria, in Moravia, 7 miles from Prossnitz. Pop. 874. Dob'romiP, a town of Austria, in Galicia, 23 miles E. of Sanok. Pop. 1800. It has important cattle-fairs. Dobroslawitz, do-bro-sli'vits, a village of Austrian Silesia, 41 miles N.E. of Olmutz. Pop. 379. Dobrota, do-bro't^, a town of Dalmatia, 2 miles N.E. of Cattaro, on the Adriatic. Pop. 1580. Dobrudja, or Dobrudscha, do-broo'j4, written also Dobrodja, Dobrnje, Dobruza, or Dobroodsha, do-bro'ji (Bulgarian, Dohritch, do-breech'), a region of Europe, bounded E. by the Black Sea and N. by the ]5anube. DOB 630 DOD Area, 2900 square miles. Its N. part is a marshy and un- healthy alluvial plain; and southward, though more ele- vated, it still has the character of a steppe. In 1878 it was detached from Turkey and given to Roumania. Its people are largely Tartars, but many Circassians, Turks, Bulgarians, Roumanians, and others live here, each people strictly pre- serving its nationality. Pop. 160,000. Dobruschka, do-broosh'kS,, or Dobruska, do-broos'- k^, a town of Bohemia, 15 miles E.N.E. of Koniggratz. It has a trade in corn, flax, yarn, and wine. Pop. 2939. Dobrzan, dob'zhin, a town of Bohemia, 8 miles S.S.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 1780. Dobrzyn, dob'zhin, a town of Poland, government of Plock, on the Drewenz, 18 miles N.N.W. of Lipno. It has a castle, and manufactures of woollens and leather. P. 2685. Dobschau, dob'show, or Dobsina, dob^shee'noh\ a town of Hungary, 21 miles by rail N.N.E. of Gomor-Sajo, on the Dobsina. Pop. 5505, mostly Germans. It has mercury-, iron-, copper-, and cobalt-mines. Dob'son, a post-village, capital of Surry co., N.C., in Dobson township, about 50 miles N. of Statesville. It has a church, a tobacco-factory, and 25 families. Pop. of the township, 1255. Dob'sonville, a post-office of Smith co.. Miss. Dob-Tisza, dob-tees'soh\ a town of Hungary, on the Theiss, 12 miles S.S.W. of Tokay. Do'byville, a hamlet of Clark co., Ark., 17 miles S.W. of Arkadelphia. It has a church and 2 stores. Dobyville, a post-office of Burnet co., Tex. Doce, do'si {i.e., "sweet"), a river of Brazil, rises in the province of Minas-Geraes, flows N.B. between the prov- inces of Porto Seguro and Espiritu Santo, and enters the Atlantic 60 miles N. of Victoria. Its direct course N.B. is 330 miles; but its whole course, including windings, cannot be less than 500 miles. Its navigation is very much inter- rupted by cataracts. Docea, the supposed ancient name of TosiA. Dochart) doK'art, a lake of Scotland, co. of Perth. Length, about 3 miles. A river of the same name, 8 miles in length, carries its surplus waters through Glen-Dochart into the Lochy. Dock'ery, a post-hamlet of "Wilkes co., N.C., 50 miles N.W. of Statesville. It has a church. Dock Junction, a station on the Lake Shore and Erie & Pittsburg Railroads, 2| miles from Erie, Pa. Docks, a station on the St. Louis &, Ii'on Mountain Railroad, 7 miles from the terminus in St. Louis, Mo. Doc'tor's Creek, of Georgia, enters the Altamaha from the left, in the W. part of Mcintosh co. Doctor's Creek, New Jersey, rises in Monmouth co., and falls into Grosswicks Creek 3 miles N.B. of Bordentown. Doctor Town, a post-hamlet of Wayne co., Ga., on the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, 53 miles S.W. of Savannah. It has a chureli and 2 lumber-mills. Do'da, a town of India, Punjab, on the Chenaub, here crossed by a cable-bridge, 115 miles N. of Lahore. It has a fort and a good bazaar. Dodairee, do-di'ree. a town of India, in the Deccan, Mysore dominions, 22 miles E.N.E. of Chitteldroog. Dod'broke, a town of England, co. of Devon, half a mile E. of Kingsbridge. Pop. of parish, 1245. Dodd, or Dodd City, a post-village of Fannin co., Tex., on the Texas & Pacific Railroad, 33 miles E. of Sher- man. It has 2 churches. Dodda Ballapoor, India. See Ballapoor. Dodd'ridge, a county in the N. part of West Virginia, has an area of about 320 square miles. It is drained by Hughes River and Middle Island Creek. The surface is hilly and mostly covered with forests; the soil is fertile and adapted to pasturage. Indian corn, hay, butter, lum- ber, and wool are the staple products. This county has beds of coal. It is intersected by the Baltimore & Ohio and Middle Island Railroads. Capital, AVest Union. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,567,851. Pop. in 1870, 7076, of whom 6831 were Americans. Dodds, a post-office of Woodbury co., Iowa. Dodd's Mill, a hamlet of Williamson co., Tex., 17 miles N.N.W. of Austin, and 2 miles from Running Brushy Post-Office. It has a hotel, a grist-mill, and a wagon-shop, Dodds'ville, a post-village of Marion co., Ark., 8 miles W. of Talbert's Ferry, whioh is on White River. It has manufactures of pine lumber, sash, and doors. Pop. 110. Doddsville, a post-hamlet of Schuyler co., HI., about 50 mites E.N.E. of Quincy. Dddeberg, a summit of the Alps. See BoniBEUG. Dod^e, a county in the S. central part of Georgia, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Ocmulgee River. The surface is uhdulating or nearly level, and partly covered with yellow-pine forests; the soil produces cotton, maize, &c. It is intersected by the Macon & Brunswick Railroad. Capital, Eastman. It has manufactures of pine lumber. This county was formed after the census of 1370 was taken. Dodge, a county in the S.E. pai*t of Minnesota, has an area of 432 square miles. It is drained by the Red Cedar River and the South Branch of the Zumbro River. The surface is undulating and diversified with prairies and groves of trees J the soil is very fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, and In- dian corn are the staple products. Silurian limestone under- lies this county, which is intersected by the Winona & St. Peter Railroad. Capital, Mantorville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,864,084. Pop. in 1870, 8598; in 1875, 10,045. Dodge, a county in the E. part of Nebraska, has an area of about 570 square miles. It is bounded on. the S. by the Platte River, is intersected by the Elkhorn River, and is also drained by Logan's, Pebble, and Maple Creeks. The surface is undulating; the soil is deep and very fertile. Timber is scarce in this county, the greater part of which is prairie. AVheat, Indian corn, and oats are the staple products. Sandstone and limestone of the cretaceous for- mation underlie the soil. This county is traversed by the Union Pacific Railroad and the Sioux City & Pacific Rail- road. Capital, Fremont. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,776,000. Pop. in 1870, 4212; in 1876, 8465. Dodge, a county in the S.E. central part of Wisconsin, has an area of 900 square miles, being a square each side of which is 30 miles long. It is intersected by Rock River, and also drained by Beaver Dam and Crawfish Creeks. Among its physical features is a large shallow lake, formerly called Win- nebago Marsh, now Horicon Lake, from which Rock River issues. The surface is diversified with undulating prairies, "oak openings," and dense forests of oak, elm, ash, sugar- maple, and other trees. The soil is very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay. butter, wool, and pork are the staple products. Good Silurian (magnesian) limestone underlies part of this county, which is intersected by the Chicago & Northwestern and Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroads. Capital, Juneau. Valuation of real and personal estate, $34,132,064. Pop. in 1870, 47,035, of whom 28,708 were Americans; in 1875, 48,394. Dodge, a township of Boone co., Iowa, bounded W. by the Des Moines River. Pop. 1206. Dodge, a township of Dubuque co., Iowa. Pop, 825. It contains Farley and Worthington. Dodge, a post-township of Guthrie co., Iowa, about 50 miles W.N.W. of Des Moines. Pop. 204. Dodge, a township of Union co., Iowa. Pop. 299. Dodge, a township of Ford co., Kansas. Pop. 813. It contains Dodge City. Dodge, or Dodge Station, a post-village of Walker CO., Tex., on the International & Great Northern Railroad, 71 miles N. of Houston. It has 3 churches. Dodge, a post-hamlet of Trempealeau co.. Wis., on the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad, 9 miles N.E. of Winona, Minn. It has a church. Pop. of Dodge township, 576. Dodge Centre, a post-village of Dodge co., Minn., in AVasioja township, on the Zumbro River, and on the Winona & St. Peter Railroad, 19 miles E. of Owatonna, and 71 miles W. of Winona. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a bank, a newspaper office, 3 grain-elevators, and a money-order post-office. A large quantity of wheat is shipped here. It has wide and finely-shaded streets. Pop. 614. Dodge City, a post-village, capital of Ford eo, Kansas, in Dodge township, on the Arkansas River, and on the At- chison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. 302 miles W.S.W. of Topeka, and 128 miles E. of Granada. Col. It has a money- order post-office and a newspaper office. Dodge City, a post-office of Steele co., Minn. Dodge's Corners, a post-hamlet of Waukesha co., Wis., on Fox River, 12 miles S. of Waukesha. Dodge Station, a post-office of Texas. See Dodge. Dodgeville, doj'vil, a post-village of Des Moines co., Iowa, in Franklin township, 2 miles from Sperry Station, and about 12 miles N. of Burlington. It has 2 churches. Dodgeville, a post-hamlet of Bristol co,, Mass., in At- tleborough township, on the Boston & Providence Railroad, 11 miles N.E. of Providence. It has a church. Dodgeville, a station in Lapeer co., Mioh., in Elba township, on the Chicago & Lake Huron Railroad, 6 miles W. of Lapeer, and 1 mile E. of Elba. It has a saw-, clap- board-, shingle-, and hoading-mill. Dodgeville, a post-village, capital of lowa^oo., Wis., in Dodgeville township, about 42 miles W.S.W. of Madi- BOD 631 DOL son, and 7 or 8 miles N, by E. from Mineral Point. It has 5 churches, a court-house, a newspaper office, and a bank- ing-house. Lead is mined near this place. Pop. about 1500 ; of the township, 3725. Dodiberg, do'de-b^RG\a summit of the Swiss Alps, 17 miles S.S.VV. of Glarus, at the S. extremity of the canton. Height, 11,887 feet. Elevation of pasg between the valleys of the Linth and Vorder-Rhein, 9609 feet. Dod'son, a township of Highland co., 0. Pop. 1710. It contains Lynchburg, Dodsoii, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., 0., on the Dayton & Union Railroad, at its junction with the Dayton 6 Western Railroad, 15 miles W.N.W. of Dayton, Pop. 47. Dod'souville, a post-office of Jackson co., Ala, Dodsonville, a hamlet of Las Animas co., Col., 85 miles S.W. of AVest Las Animas. It has a church. Dodsoiiville, a small post-village of Highland co., 0., about 40 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches. Doe (do) GuI'ly, a station in Morgan co., W. Va., on the Potomac, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 40 miles by rail N.W. of Martinsburg. Doe Hill, a post-village of Highland co., Va., about 30 miles N.W. of Staunton. It has the Oakland Institute, a church, and a tannery. Doe Run, a post-village of Chester co., Pa,, in West Marlborough township, on a stream of the same name, about 38 miles W. of Philadelphia. It has 2 churches, 2 paper-mills, and a cotton-factory. It is 1 mile from Doe Run Station on the Pennsylvania & Delawax-e Railroad. Pop. about .300. Doesburg, doos'buRG (anc. Dru'si Bur'gum?), a forti- fied town of the Netherlands, in Gelderland, on the Yssel, 10 miles E. of Arnhem. Pop. 442U. Do^es'sah, or Doisa, do-e'si, a village of Bengal, in Lohardaga, 56 miles S.W. of Ramghur. Doetichem, a town of the Netherlands. SeeDEUTiCHEM. Dofar, a city of Yemen. See Dhofar. • Dofrefield, or Dofrines, the central portion of the mountain-chain of Scandinavia. See Dovrefield. Dogaree, do-ga'ree, a town of India, in Ajraeer, 23 miles N.E. of Boondee, on the margin of a beautiful lake, surrounded by pagodas and other buildings. Dog Blutf, a township of Horry co., S.C. Pop. 789. Dog Creek, a post-hamlet of Hart co., Ky., 12 miles W. of Munfordsville. Dog Creek, a post-office of Ohio, at Ottoville. Dog'ger-Bank, a sand-bank occupying all the centre of the North Sea, between lat. 54° 10' and 57° 24' N. and Ion, 1° and 6° 7' E., intermediate between the shores of England and Denmark. It is the seat of fisheries. Dog Island, at the E. side of the middle entrance to St. George's Sound, on the S. coast of Florida. Lat. 29° 43' 30" N.; Ion. 84° 41' W. Dog Island, in the Pacific Ocean, one of the Serawatty group. Lat. 7° 40' S. ; Ion. 126° 2' E. Dogliaui,d61-ya'nee (anc. Dolia'na? qt Bolia' nnm ?), a town of Italy, province of Coni, 11 miles N.E. of Mondovi, on the Rea. It has a communal college, a small hospital, and the remains of an old castle. Pop, 4914. Dognacska, dog^nich'koh\ a town of Hungary, co. of Krasso, 40 miles S.W. of Temesvar. It has mines of copper, lead, and zinc. Pop. 2800. Dog River, Ala. and Miss. See Escatawpa River. Dog River, a small stream of Washington co., Vt., runs nearly northeastward, and enters the Winooski River about 1 mile below Montpelier. Dogs, Isle of. See Isle of Dogs. Dogs'thorpe, a hamlet of England, co, of Northamp- ton, li miles N. of Peterborough, Dog'toolh, a township of Alexander co.. Ill,, is a pen- insula bounded E., S., and W. by the Mississippi. P. 301. Dog'wood Neck, a township of Horry co., S.C, lying E, of Conwayborough. Pop. 573. Doha, a town of Hungary. See Dolha. Dohak, a village of Persia. See Dehak. Doharab, do^h3;-r4b', an island in the Red Sea, E, side. Lat. 16° 18' 30" N.; !on, 41° 59' E. Dohna, do'nd, a town of Saxony, 10 miles S.S.E. of Dresden, on the MUglitz. Pop. 1852. Do^hud',a town of India, in Malwah, Lat. 22° 55' N.; Ion. 74° 20' E. Do^hu!', an island in the Red Sea, N.W. of Dhalak. Lat. 15° 55' N.; Ion. 39° 40' E. Doire, a river of Italy. See Dora Baltea. Dokkuin, dok'kum, a town of the Netherlands, in Friesland, on the ship-canal Dokkumdiep, 6 miles from the North Sea, and 12^ miles N.E. of Leeuwarden. It is a market for flax, and has a town hall, a Latin school, ship- building docks, salt-relineries, and breweries. Pop. 4430, Doko, or Dokoe, do'ko\ a pygmy race of negroes in- habiting a region of Africa, in Sennaar. They are four feet in height, of a dark-olive complexion, and perfectly wild. They are supposed by some to be the "Pygmies" of the ancients. Do'ko, a hamlet of Fairfield co., S.C, on the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 19 miles N. of Columbia. It has several stores, and near it are 3 churches, Dokzy, a town of Bohemia. See Hirschberg. Dol, dol, a town of France, in lUe-et-Vilaine, 15 miles by rail S.E. of Saint-Malo. It is enclosed by old fortifica- tions, and consists largely of very ancient houses. It has a fine cathedral, a hospital, and trade in corn, hemp, and cider. Pop, 3356. Dola (or Dolium), supposed ancient name of D&le. DoMan, a township of Cass co.. Mo. Pop, 1475. It contains Freeman. Dol'by Springs, a post-office and summer resort of Bowie CO., Tex., 11 miles S. of De Kalb. It haa a church and a mineral spring. Dolce, gulf and river. See Dolce. Dolce Acqua, dol'chi i'kwS,, i.e., "sweet water" (L. Dulcis Aqua), a town of Italy, 21 miles E,N.E. of Nice, on the Nervia. Pop. 2334, Dolcedo, dol-chi'do, a village of Italy, province of Porto Maurizio, Pop. 2642. Dolcigno, a town of Turkey. See Dulcigno. Dole, dol (L. Do'la or Tol'lium; anc. Do'luim?), a town of France, department of Jura, on the Doubs, at a railway junction, 30 miles S.E. of Dijon. It is irregularly built. The principal edifices are the court-house, the old and new prisons, 2 hospitals, and a theatre. It has a public library, manufactories of straw hats, leather, earthenwares, and hardwares, and an active trade in agricultural produce. Dole was founded by the Romans, and in later times was the capital of Franche-Comte. In 1442 it became the seat of a parliament, and of a university established by Philippe le Bon, The fortifications, once of great strength, were dismantled in 1674.^ Pop. 12,009. Dole, or La Dole, IS. dol, a mountain of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, in the chain of the Jura, on the French frontier, 16 miles N, of Geneva, 5509 feet in elevation. It is celebrated for its magnificent scenery. Dolennor, Mongolia. See Chao-Naiman-Soome. Dolgelly, Dolgelley, dol-g^th'lee, or Dolgellen, dol-g^th'len, a town of Wales, capital of the co. of Merioneth, on the Gwynion, near the foot of Cader-Idris, 46 miles by rail W. of Shrewsbury, The town is surrounded by mag- nificent hill-scenery, and contains a church with a fine tower, a county hall, jail, and house of correction. It has manu- factories of woollens and a market for flannels. Pop. 2357. Dolgoi, dol-goy', an island in the Caspian Sea. Lat. 45° N.; Ion. 51° 30' E. Dolgoi, an island of European Russia, in the Arctic Ocean, 55 miles S. of the island of Vaigats. Dolgoi, an island of Russia, at the mouth of the Neva, at the entrance of the Gulf of Finland. Dolha, dol'h6h\ or Doha, do'hoh\ a town of Hun- gary, co. of Marmaros, 30 miles N.W. of Szigeth. P. 1240. Doliana, the supposed ancient name of Dogliani. Dolina, do-lee'na, a town of Austria, in Galicia, 22 miles by rail S.S.E. of Stry. It has Roman Catholic and Protestant churches. Pop. 5974. Do'lingtoii, a post-village of Bucks co., Pa., in Upper Makefield township, near the Delaware River, 27 miles N.E. of Philadelphia. It has a church and 2 or 3 stores. Dolitz Niederheim, do'lits nee'd§r-hime\ a village of Saxony, S. of Leipsic, on the Pleisse. Pop. 1399. Dol'lar, a village of Scotland, co. of Clackmannan, 10 miles N.E. of Stirling, beautifully situated on the Devon. The Dollar Academy is an elegant structure, founded in 1819. Coal is wrought hej-e, and ironstone abounds. Pop. 2123, The fine ruin of Castle-Campbell is in the parish. Dol'lar-Law', a mountain of Scotland, co, and 9J miles S.S.W. of Peebles. Elevation, 2840 feet. Dol'lart (L. Si'nus Emda'nua or Dolla'rius), a gulf of the North Sea, at the estuary of the Ems, between Germany and the Netherlands, 10 miles in length from N. to S., by 7 miles across, owes its origin to a destructive inundation in 1276. The towns of Emden and Deifzyl are on its shores. DoUe's Mills, a post-ofiice of Bollinger co., Mo. Dollova, dol'loV6h\ a village of Hungary, in the Banat, 21 miles E.N.E. of Belgrade. Pop, 6107. Dolm, dolm, a small island of Norway, on the coast of Trondhjem, near the island of Hitteren, and between it and DOL 632 DON Proyen. Its greatest length is 6 miles. Two summits rise to the height of nearly 30U0 feet. Dolmatov, or Dolmatow, dol-mS,-tov', written also I>almatov, a town of Russia, government of Perm, on the Iset, 25 miles W.N.W. of Shadrinsk. It has a fine mon- astery and an annual fair. Pop. 4337. Do'Io, a town of Italy, 13 miles W. of Venice, on the Brenta and Brentano. Pop. 6196. DoMol', a village of Africa, in Senegambia, near the left bank of the Lower Senegal. Dolonnor, Mongolia. See CHAO-NAiMAN-SoosrE. Dolores, do-lo'ris, a town of Spain, province and 21 miles S.S.W. of Alicante, on the Segura. Pop. 31S2. Dolores, do-lo'res, a t>wn of the Ai-gentine Repub- lic, province and 120 miles by rail S.S.E. of Buenos Ayres. Pop. 3123. Dolores, a town of Mexico, state and 45 miles N.E. of Gruanajuato. Dolo'res, a post-office of La Plata co., Col. Dolo'res River (Span. Mio Dolores, ree'o do-lo'rSs) rises in the San Juan Mountains in Colorado, runs west- ward and northward, crosses the W. boundary of Colorado, and enters the Grand River in the E. part of Sevier co., Utah. Its length is estimated at 250 miles. It Hows many miles in a deep canon from 1500 to 3000 feet deep. ** Its course after leaving the mountains is at first nearly south, then, suddenly turning back almost upon itself, it flows northerly against the slope of a plateau in which it buries itself deeper and deeper." (Report of H. Gannett, 1875.) Dol'phingston, a hamlet of Scotland, co. of Had- dington, 2 miles W. of Tranent. Dol'sentown, a hamlet of Orange co., N.Y., 2 miles from Middletown. Dol'son, a post-office of Clark co., III., is at Clarks- ville, in Dolson township, 7 miles N.W. of Marshall. Pop. of the township, 1221. Dol'ton's Station, a post-village of Cook co., III., in Thornton township, on the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, 26 miles S. of Chicago; also on the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroad. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a carriage- factory. Pop. about 600. Domagne, do^ma,n^yi', a village of France, in lUe-et- Vilaine, S miles W.S.W. of Vitre. Pop. 1S27. Domaize, do^mSz' or do^miz', a village of France, in Puy-de-Dorae, 22 miles S.E. of Clermont-Ferrand. P. 1377. Domalain, do^mS-MiN^', a town of Prance, in lUe-et- Vilaine, 22 miles E. of Rennes. Pop. 1190. Doinauis, do'moh^neesh', or Domanisa, do^moh^- nee'sh6h\ a town of Hungary, co. and 30 miles E.N.E. of Trentschin. It contains two castles. Pop. 525. Domart, do^mait', a town of France, in Somme, 14 miles N.W. of Amiens. Pop. 1345. Doinazlicze, the Bohemian name of Tauss. Dombai, dom^bi', a village of Asia Minor, 60 miles W. of Akshehr. Near it are many ancient remains. Dombasle, dftsi^bal', a village of France, in Meurthe- et-Moselle, 11 miles S.E. of Nancy. Dombes, or La Dombes, 1^ diub. an old division of France, in Burgundy, and now in the department of Ain. Dom^bovar', a town of Hungary, 30 miles by rail "W.N.W. of Battaszek. Pop. 1650. Dom^brovit'za, or Dom^brovit'zy, a town of Rus- sia, in Volhynia, 150 miles N.N.W. of Zhitomeer. P. 2660. Dombrowice, dom-bro-veet'si, a toAvn of Russian Poland, 84 miles AV. of Warsaw. Pop. 1290. Dombrowno, a town of Prussia. See Gilgenbekg. Domburg, dom'buKG, a town of the Netherlands, in Ze:iland. on the W. coast of the island of Walcheren, 6^ miles N.W. of Middelburg. Pop. 857. Domefrontium, the Latin for Domfiiont. Dome Mountain, Colorado, a peak of the Rocky Mountains, near lat. 40° N. and Ion. 107° W. Altitude, 12,498 feet. Doniene, do^m^n' or doHnain', a village of France, in Isere, 5 miles N.E. of Grenoble. Pop. 1484. Domenica, a West Indian island. See Dominica. Domerat, dom^iVi', a village of France, in Allier, 3 miles W.N.W. of Montlugon. P. 857; of commune, 3506. Domfront, doM'friN"' (L. Domefrou'h'nm), a town of France, in Orne, on a steep rock, near the Varenne, 13 miles by rail S. of Flers. It has a fine old church, also manufactories of coarse linen and hemp cloths, and 11 large annual horse- and cattle-fairs. Domfront was founded early in the eleventh century, and was formerly a coveted strong- hold. Pop. 2735. Domfront, a village of France, in Sarthe, 11 miles by rail N.W. of Le Mans. Pop, 1417. Dominica, or Domenica, dom-e-nee'ka (Fr. Domi- nique, dom-e-neek'), a British West Indian island, colony of the Leeward Islands, in lat. 15° 25' N., Ion. 61° 15' W., is 29 miles long and 16 miles in breadth. Area, 291 square miles. Only a small part is arable, the surface being rough and broken. Volcanic rocks and hot springs abound, and large deposits of sulphur are reported. The island is well timbered and well watered, and the arable parts are very fertile. Sugar, molasses, rum, coffee, cacao, and copper ore are exported. The people are generally Catholics, of French descent. Thq island has its own legislature and executive officers. Telegraph lines connect it with the other islands and the mainland. Capital, Roseau. Pop. in 1871,27,178. Dominica, Marquesas Islands. See IIivaoa. Dominican Republic. See Santo Domingo. Domitz, do'mits, a tuwn of Germany, in Mecklenburg- Schwerin, 33 miles S.S.W. of Schwerin, at the confluence of the Elde with the Elbe. It has manufactures of tobacco, also distilleries and breweries. Pop. 2650. Domme, dom, a village of France, in Dordogne, on the Dordogne, 53 miles S.E'. of Perigueux. Pop. 1996. Dom'mei (anc. Duthmelaf), a river of the Nether- lands, in North Brabant. After a tortuous northern course of 45 miles, it joins the Meuse at Fort Crevecoeur. Dommitzsch, dom'mitch, a town of Prussian Saxony, 8 miles N.N.W. of Torgau. Pop. 1951. Domnau, dom'now, a town of Prussia, 23 miles S.E. of Kdnigsberg. It has an ancient castle. Pop. 2281. Domo d'Ossola, do'mo dos'so-lS, (L. Oscela or Osce- lum), a town of Italy, on the Simplon route, near the Swiss frontier, and 16 miles N.W. of Lago Maggiore. Pop. 3327. Dompaire, d6-M^piR', a town of France,. in Vosges, 7 miles S.E. of Mlrecourt, has lace -manufactures. Pop. 1421. Dompierre, diM^e-aiii', a village of France, in Allier, 16 miles E.S.E. of Moulins. Pop. 2229. Dompierre, a village of France, in Charente-Inferi- eure, 6 miles N.E. of La Rochelle. Pop. 1858. Dompierre, a village of France, in Haute-Vienne, 12 miles N.E. of Bellac. Pop. 1666. Domremy, d6srh-5m'ee or dda'oVeh-mee', or Dom- remy-Ia-Pucelie, diN^'r^h-mee'-li-pU^s^ll', a village of France, in Vosges, 7 miles N. of Neufchateau, on the Meuse. It is the native place of Joan of Arc, whose house is preserved as a national relic. Opposite to it is a monu- ment, with a colossal bust of the heroine. Pop. 339. Domriansk, dom-re-insk', a town of Russia, govern- ment and 40 miles N.N.E. of Perm. Do'mus, a town of British India, presidency of Bom- bay, 16 miles S.W. of Sural, at the mouth of the Taptee in the Gulf of Cambay. Don (anc. Ta'naia; Tartar, i>oo'ua), a river of European Russia, rises in the government of Toola, in Lake Ivan, which also sends a tributary to the Volga, flows gener- ally S., passes Dankov, Lebedian, Cberkask, Nakhchivan, Azof, and Rostov, and enters the Sea of Azof by many mouths on the N.E. Chief affluents on the right, the Sosna Bystraia, the Sosna Tikhaia, and the Donets ; left, the Voronezh, Khoper, Medvledltza, Sal, and Manitch. Length, direct, 468 miles; including windings, 1325 miles. The navigation of the Don is difficult in summer, when the water is low ; in winter the river is often frozen ; but at other times it is traversed by large vessels. The Don and the Voronezh communicate by canals with the Oka, an afflu- ent of the Volga, and thus unite the Sea of Azof to the Caspian. The delta of the Don is an expanse of sandy flats, running 28 miles up, and 22 miles wide at the coast-line. Drainage-area, 170,000 square miles. It is the fourth, in rank of the great rivers of Europe. Don, a river of England, co. of York, West Riding, rises in the moors W. of Penniston, and joins the Ouse after a course of 55 miles. It is navigable from Sheffield. It communicates by canals with the Trent and the Caldor. Don, a river of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, rises in Ben Aven, and enters the North Sea 1^ miles N. of Aberdeen, after a course of 62 miles. Its banks are mostly level, except in the last part of its course, where it flows rapidly through a narrow channel ; and it is navigable from the sea only for a short distance. Its salmon-fisheries aro important. Don, a post-village in York co., Ontario, on the Grand Trunk Railway, at the mouth of the river Don, IJ miles E of Toronto. Pop. 150. Don, d^N", a river of France, in Maine-ot-Loiro and Ille-et-Vilaine, joins the Vilaino 6 miles E.N.E. of Rcdon, after a W. course of 40 miles, for 10 of which it is navigable. Dona Anna, New Mexico. See Donna Ana. Donabate, don-a-bait', a village of Ireland, co. and lOi miles by rail N.N!e. of Dublin. Pop. of parish, 338. DON 633 DON Donabew, or Donahue, don*a-bu', a town of British Burmah, on the Irrawaddy, 65 miles N.W. of Rangoon ; the scene of British defeats in 1825 and 1S53. Pop. 3921, Dona^hadee, don^a-ni-dee' or don'^a-ga-dee', a town of Ireland, co. of Down, on the Irish Channel, 16i miles by rail E.N.E. of Belfast. It is well built, and has a good harbor. Embroidering is carried on, and in the town arc flax-mills. Steamers ply hence to Port Patrick. Pop. 2226. Ooil'ahue, a village of Sonoma co., Cal., on an inlet of the Bay of San Pablo, and on the San Franeisco & North Pacific Railroad, Similes N. of San Francisco. Steamboats piy between that city and Donahue, where passengers are transferred from the boat to the cars. It has a hotel and some workshops of the railroad company. Donahue, a post-hamlet of Scott co., Iowa, on the Davenport & St. Paul Railroad, U miles N. by W. of Davenport. Don'aldson, a post-office and station of Hot Spring CO., Ark., on the Cairo & Fulton Railroad, oi miles S.W. of Little Rock. Donaldson, a post-office and station of Marshall co., Ind., on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 7 miles AV. of Plymouth. Donaldson, a post-village of Schuylkill co.. Pa., in Fraley township, on the Lebanon & Fremont Railroad, 32 miles N. of Lebanon. It has 2 churches. It is mainly supported by operations in coal, which is mined here. Pop. about 1000. Donaldson, a post-office of Hampshire co., W. Va. Don'aldsonville, a post-village, capital of Ascension parish. La., on the right or W. bank of the Mississippi River, and on the New Orleans & Texas Railroad, about 80 miles (63 miles by rail) above New Orleans. It has 4 churches. One weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. 1573. Donaldsville, South Carolina. See Donnaldsville. Don'ally's Mills, a post-hamlet of Perry co., Pa., 4 miles S.S.W. of Millerstown. It has a church, 2 grist-mills, and 2 saw-mills. Donas, a village of Italy. See Donnaj:. Dona'tion, a post-hamlet of Huntingdon co.. Pa., 8 miles N. by E. of Huntingdon. Donau, a river of Europe. See Danube. Donanescliin^en, do'now-5sh'ing-?n, a town of Ger- many, in Baden, at a railway junction, 37 miles N.W. of Constance, at the confluence of the Brigach and Brege. It is well built, and has a gymnasium and a fine residence of Prince Fiirstcnberg, in the court-yard of which is a spring held by some to be the source of the Danube. Pop. 3366, Donaustauf, do'now-stowr, a town of Bavaria, Upper Palatinate, 9 miles W.N.W. of Worth, on the left bank of the Danube, Near it is the Walhalla temple. Pop. 1059. Donauworth, do'n6w-woRt\ written also Donau- werth, a town of Bavaria, in Swabia, at the confluence of the Wernitz with the Danube, and at a railway junction, 25 miles N.N.W. of Augsburg. It was formerly a free town. It is enclosed by walls, and has several churches and hospitals, and a monastery. Its inhabitants are mostlj-^ em- ployed in raising fruits, flax, hemp, and hops, in brewing, and in a transit trade on the Danube. Pop. 3758. Don Denito, don b^-nee'to, a town of Spain, 57 miles by rail E.N.E. of Badajos, near the Guadiana. Pop, 4836. Donc'aster (anc. Da'mtm), a town of England, co, of York, West Riding, on the navigable river Don, at the junction of several railways, 32 miles S. of York, It is pleasantly situated, and is one of the cleanest and best- built towns in the kingdom. The High street is remarkably handsome. The chief edifices are the parish church, a noble structure, with a tower; Christ church, a grammar-school, St. Thomas's Hospital, a large county deaf and dumb insti- tution, the town hall, jail, and cross, a public library, thea- tre, lyceum, branch banks, and numerous hotels. Here is a celebrated race-course. In 1776 the famous St. Leger stakes for three-year-olds were founded by Colonel St. Leger, and they have been since annually run for in September by the best horses in England. Pop. 18,768. Donc'aster, a post-hamlet of Charles co., Md., near the Potomac River, 36 miles S.S.E. of Washington, D.C. Donc'aster, or Todmorden, a post-village of York CO., Ontario, 2 miles from Toronto. Pop. 150. Donchery, diN^'sh^h-ree', a town of France, in Ar- dennes, on the Meuse, and on a railway, 3 miles W. of Sedan. It is surrounded with walls, and was formerly strongly forti- fied. On a large open space are a town hall and a residence for a military governor. It has a hospital and cavalry barracks. Pop, 2147. Don CossackSy Country of the. See Cossacks. Don'dra Head (anc. Dewandre, i.e., "island's end"), the southernmost extremity of Ceylon. Lat. 5° 55' N. ; Ion. 80° 38' E. Donegal, don-e-gawl', a county of Ireland, in Ulster, having E. and S, the counties of Londonderry, Tyrone, and Fermanagh, and on other sides Donegal Bay and the At- lantic, Area, 1870 square miles, one-third arable. Surface mountainous ; principal rivers, the Swilly and Leenan. Shores greatly indented, and the county contains Loughs Swilly and Mulroy, with Sheephaven, Grweedore, Guibarra, and Lochrus Bays, and many islands off" the coast. The inland lakes are numerous ; the largest is Lough Derg. Principal towns, Ballyshannon and Letterkenny, with the ports of Ramelton, Donegal, and Killybegs. The county sends two members to the House of Commons. Capital, Lifi-ord. Pop. 218,334. Donegal, a town of Ireland, co. of Donegal, at the mouth of the Esk, in Donegal Bay, 11 miles N.N.E. of Bal- lyshannon. It is ill built, but has a neat church, sulphur baths, and the ruins of a monastery. Pop. 1422. Donegal Bay is an inlet of the Atlantic, extending inwards about 25 miles; breadth at entrance, 20 miles. Donegal, don^e-gawl', a township of Butler co.. Pa. Pop. 852, exclusive of Millerstown. Donegal, a township of Washington co., Pa., contains Claysville, Coon Island, and West Alexander. Pop. 2068. Donegal, a post-village of Westmoreland co., Pa., in Donegal township, about 42 miles S.E. of Pittsburg. It has 3 churches and a graded school. Pop. 192 ; of the town- ship, 1112. Donegal, a post- village of Perth co., Ontario, 3 miles from Newry. Pop. 100. Don'elson, a post-village of Davidson co., Tonn., on the Tennessee & Pacific Railroad, 8 miles E. of Nashville. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of ploughs and wagons. It is also called McWhirtersville, Pop. about 100. Don'elton, a post-oflice of Hunt co., Tex. Donerail', a station in Fayette co., Ky., on the Cin- cinnati Southern Railroad, 7 miles N. of Lexington. Doneraile, don^er-ail', a town of Ireland, co, of Cork, on the Awbeg, 6 miles N.N.E. of Mallow. It has a neat church, large Catholic chapel, nunnery, dispensary, and market-house. Pop, 1314. Do'uer's, a station on the Harrisburg & Potomac Railroad, 29 miles S.W. of Harrisburg, Pa. Donets, or Donetz, do-nets', a river of Southern Russia, and the principal affluent of the Don, rises in the government of Koorsk, flows mostly S.E. through the gov- ernment of Kharkov and the Don Cossack country, and joins the Don on the right, 40 miles N.E. of Novo-Cher- kask, after a course of 400 miles. It is wide and deep, and its banks are highly fertile. Principal affluents, the Oskol, Aidar, and Kalitva, — all from the N. On its banks are the towns of Bielgorod, Smiev, Izioom, and Slavianoserbsk. Dongen, dong'nen, a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant. 8 miles N.E. of Breda. Pop. 3874. Donges, ddNzh, a market-town of France, in Loire- Inferieuro, 25 miles N.N.W. of Nantes. Pop. 2890. Dong-Nai, dong-ni' (Fr. Doimai, dAnhii', or Bien- Hoa), a river of French Cochin China, rising in Anam, and forming, with the Saigon and other streams, a joint delta- system with many mouths, two of the outlets being navi- gable for large ships. Dongo, a country of Africa. See Angola. Don'go (anc. Adun'eum?),ii. village of Northern Italy, 20 miles N.N.E. of Como, at the foot of a mountain which rises above the W. shore of Lake Como. Pop. 1341. Dongola, dong'go-ld, a province of Upper Nubia, lying between lat. 17° 50' and 19° 30 N. It consists of an exten- sive plain, about ISO miles long, but of a limited breadth, embracing both banks of the Nile, by which it is traversed throughout its entire length, encircling in its course the island of Argo. It was taken from the Memlooks by Ibra- him Pasha in 1820. Inhab. Dongolawee, dong-go-1^'- wee. See New Dongola and Old Dongola. Dongo'la, a post-village of Union co., 111., in Dongola township, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles N. of Cairo. It has 2 churches, 2 flour-mills, a saw-mill, and a machine-shop. Pop. of the township, 3095. Dongola, a hamlet of Gibson eo., Ind., on Patoka Creek, 14 miles E. of Princeton. Donington, England. See Donnington. Don'ington Castle, a town of England, co. of Leicester, 7 miles S.E. of Derby. Pop. 2154. Don'iphan, the northeasternmost county of Kansas, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. and E. by the Missouri River, and intersected by DON 634 DOO Wolf River. The surface is partly undulating, and diversi- fied with prairies, bluffs, and forests, which grow on the river bottoms. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county produced in 1870 1,326,963 bushels of Indian corn, a greater quantity than any other in the state. It has beds of bitu- minous coal. It is intersected by the St. Joseph & Denver City Railroad and the Atchison & Nebraska Railroad. Capital, Troy. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,414,53*. Pop. in 1870, 13,969, of whom 12,382 were Americans; in 1878, 15,122. Doniphan, a post-village of Doniphan co., Kansas, in Wayne township, on the Missouri River, and on the Atchi- son & Nebraska Railroad, 6 mjles N.N.E. of Atchison, and about 15 miles S.AV. of St. Joseph, Mo. It has a money- order post-office, 2 churches, a graded school, a saw-mill, and a steam flouring-mill, and is a shipping-point for grain. Pop. 528. I>oniphan, a post-village, capital of Ripley co., Mo., on the Current River, about 75 miles S. by W. from Ironton. It has 3 churches and a newspaper office. Pop. 146. Don Ju'an, a post-office of Perry co., Ind. Donkerbroek, donk'^r-brook', a village of the Neth- erlands, in Friesland, 22 miles S.E. of Leeuwarden. P. 670. Donkiah, Himalaya Mountains, See Dunkia. Donkov, or Donkow, Russia. See Dankov. Don'ley, a county of the Panhandle of Texas, traversed by the Salt Fork of Red River. Area, 900 square miles. Donley, a station in Armstrong co.. Pa., on the Alle- ghany Valley Railroad, 31 miles N.E. of Pittsburg, Donley, a post-office of Washington co., Pa. Donmyer, Kansas. See Nkw Cambria, Don'na Aua (or Anna), a large southeastern county of New Mexico, is bounded on the W. by the Rio Grande, and intersected by the Rio Pecos. The surface is traversed by several mountain-ranges, one of which is called the Gua- dalupe Mountains. Here are also large arid plains or table- lands, in which timber and water are scarce. The soil in the vallej-^s of the Rio Grande and Rio Pecos is fertile, and produces wheat, maize, and pasturage for sheep. Capital, Mesilla. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,250,000. Pop. in 1870, 5864, of whom 2856 were Americans. Donna Ana, a post-village of Donna Ana co., New Mexico, on the east bank of the Rio Grande, about 10 miles above Mesilla. It has a church and a manufactory of wine. Pop. 728. Donnai, a river of Cochin China. See Dong-Nai. Dou'naldsviHe, or Don'aldsville, a post-village of Abbeville co., S.C, on the Greenville & Columbia Rail- road, 40 miles S. of Greenville. It has a church, an acad- emy, and several stores. Pop. 200; of the township, 1155. Don'nan, a post-office of Fayette co., Iowa, on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids &, Northern Railroad, 30 miles N. of Independence. It is on or near the Davenport & St. Paul Railroad. Donnabe, don'nfi,-o''eh, an island of Norway, at the mouth of the Ranen-Fiord. It is about 18 miles long by 6 broad. Lat. of the centre, 66° 7' N. ; Ion. 12° 45' E. Dounaz, ddn'nidz, or Donas, do'nis, a village of Italy, province of Turin, on the Dora Baltoa, 15 miles N.N.W.of Ivrea. Pop. 1648. Don^nellson, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., 111., about 40 miles E.N.E. of Alton. It has a church. Donnellson, a post-hamlet of Lee co., Iowa, on the Burlington &, Southwestern Railroad, 34 miles S.W. of Burlington. It has a church and a public hall. Don'nelly, a post-hamlet of Stevens co., Minn., on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 168 miles W.N.W. of St. Paul. It has a grain-elevator and 2 stores. Donnelly, a station in Butler co., Pa., on the Parker &, Karns City Railroad, 2 miles from Parker Junction. Don'nePs Chapel, post-office, Rutherford co,, Tonn. Don'nelsville, a post-village of Clark co., 0., in Bethel township, 3 miles from Enon Station, and about 18 miles N.E. of Dayton. It has 2 churches and a graded aohool. Pop. about 250. Don'ner Lake, California, a small and beautiful mountain-lake in Nevada co., in a chasm or gorge of the Sierra Nevada. It is 2 or 3 miles E. of Truckeo, a station on the Central Pacific Railroad, and is about 13 miles N.W. of Lake Tahoe. It is a favorite summer resort. Don'nington, a town of England, co. and 27 miles E.S.E. of Lincoln. A canal connects it with Boston. Pop. of parish, 1753. Don'nybrook, a village of Ireland, co. of Dublin, famous for its annual fair. It is now a part of Pembroke, a western suburb of Dublin. Pop, 1853. Donnybrook, Ontario. See Westover. Donobew, British Burmah. See Donabew. Donohue, California. See Doxahue. Do'nop, a post-office of Stanton co.. Neb. Don'o van, a post-village of Iroquois co. , 111., in Beaver township, on the Cincinnati, Lafayette &, Chicago Railroad, 22 miles S.E. of Kankakee. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 400. Dontrei\, d&No^tri' or dftsoHrix', a village of France, in Creuse, 20 miles E. of Aubusson. Pop. 297. Donysa, one of the Grecian islands. See Heraklia. Donzdorf, donts'donf, a town of Wiirtemberg, 5 miles N. of Geislingen. Pop. 1970. Donzenac, d6No^z?h-nik', a town of France, in Cor- reze, 5 miles N. of Brives-la-Gaillardc. Pop, 1657. Donzfere, d(!»N«^zaiR', a town of France, in Dr6me, on the Rhone, 35 miles S. of Valence. Pop. 1748. Donzy, d6s°^zee', a town of France, in Nievre, 10 miles E.S.E. of Cosne. Pop. 2560. Dooab, in India. See Doab. Dooany, or Douany, doo-4'nee, a walled town of the Comoro Islands, capital of Mohilla, on its coast. Lat. 12° 17' S.; Ion. 43° 46' E. Doo'baunt', or Doo^baung' (Indian, Toohanng, i.e., " turbid water"), a lake of Canada, near 62° N. lat, and 98° W. Ion. Doobaunt River is a small stream flowing into it. Doobosary,Doubosary,orDubosary,doo'bo-za.'- ree, written also Dubozari, or No'vie-Doobosary, a town of Russia, government of Kherson, on the Dniester, 42 miles N.W, of Tiraspol. Pop. 6402. Doobovka, Doubovka, Dubovka, doo-bov'ki, or Dubovski-Posad, doo-bov'skee-po-sid', a town of Rus- sia, government and 180 miles S.S.AV. of Saratov, on the Volga. It has a prison, a hospital, and manufactures and trade in tobacco, soap, tallow, leather, and mustard. Pop. 12.737. Doobrovna, a town of Russia. See Dubrovxa. Dood^hoo', a fortified town of India, in Jeypoor, 162 miles E. of Agra, It has many shops and a large trade. Dood^put'lee, a town of India, in Cachar, 40 miles E. of Sylhet, Doo'ish, a mountain of Ireland, eo. of Donegal, 10 miles W.N.W. of Letterkenny. Height, 2143 feet. Dookovcheena, Doukovtchina, or Dukov* tschina, doo-kov-chee'ni, written also Duchowsch- tschina, a town of Russia, government and 32 miles N.E. of Smolensk. Pop. 3550. Doo'le'a, a town of British India, district of Candeish. Lat. 21° 1' N.; Ion. 74° 47' E. Doo'little's Mills, a post-hamlet of Perry co., Ind., in Oil township, about 48 miles W. of New Albany, It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Doo'ly, a county in the S.W. central part of Georgia, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by Flint River. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests of pine and other trees. The soil is partly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Vienna. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,131,695. Pop, in 1870, 9790, of whom 9773 were Americans. Doomairah, or Dumaira, doo-mi'rS,, an island in the Red Sea, in lat. 14° N., Ion. 43° 30' E., of great height, running up to a sharp peak in the centre. Doon, a river of Scotland, co. of Ayr, flowing from Loch Doon, in a N.N.W. course of about 18 miles, into the Firth of Clyde, 3 miles S. of Ayr. The name of this beau- tiful stream has been immortalized by Burns. Doon, a post-hamlet of Lyon co., Iowa, on Rock River, at the junction of its forks, 22 miles W. of Sheldon Rail- road Station. Pop. of Doon township, 170. Doon, a post-village of Waterloo co., Ontario, 7 miles by rail S. of Berlin. Pop. 150. Doona, a river of Russia. See Don. DoondwaragHnge,orDundwarag:anJ,doonMwi- r3,-giinj', a town of the Etah district, India. Pop. 5414, Doon^gurpoor', a town of India, in Rnjpootana, 4S miles S. of Odeypoor, and the capital of a small rajahship, tributary to the British. Door, Dour, or Dur, door (rhyming with poor), a town of Asiatic Turkey, S3 miles N.N.W. of Bagdad, on the Tigris, Door, Dour, or Dur, door, a village of Persia, in Irak-Ajemoe, 75 miles N.AV. of Ispahan. Door, dor, a northeastern county of Wisconsin, hns an area of about 400 square miles. It is a long, narrow pen- insula, bounded on the S.E. by Lake Michigan and on tho N.W. by Green Bay. A large part of the surface is covered DOO with forests. The soil produces wheat, oats, fruity potatoes, and grass. Capital, Sturgeon Bay. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,625,012. Pop. in 1870,4919; in 1875, 8020, of whom 4575 were Americans. Door, a township of Buffalo co., Wis. Pop. 574. Doorak, Dourak, or Durak, doo'r^U, written also Dorak, do'rik, a town of Persia, in Khoozistan, 200 miles S.W, of Ispahan, at the confluence of the Jerahi and Doorak Rivers. It has manufactures of silk handkerchiefs and Arabian cloaks. Pop. 8000. Door Creek, a post-hamlet of Dane co., Wis., about 10 miles E.S.E. of Madison. Doom, dorn, a village of the Netherlands, 11 miles E.S.E. of Utrecht. Pop. 1163. Doorneburg, doR'neh-buRG\orDornenb«rg,doR'- nen-buRG\ a village of the Netherlands, in Gelderland, 8 , miles E.N.E. of Njmwegen. Dooriiik, the Flemish name of Tournay. Doornspyk, doun'spike, a village of the Netherlands, in Gelderland, on the Zuyder Zee, U miles S.W. of Elburg. Door (dor) Village, a post-village of La Porte co., Ind., in Scipio township, about lH miles S.S.E, of Michigan City. It has 2 churches. Dooshak, a town of Seistan. See Jelalabad. Doostee, or Dustee, doos'teB\, written also Dusee, Doost, Doust, and Dust, a river of Beloochistan, province of Mekran, enters the Arabian Sea in lat. 25° 15' N., Ion. 61° 50' E., after a course of perhaps 1000 miles. Do'ra, a township of Moultrie co., 111. Pop. 924. It contains Dalton City. Dora, a post-viliage of Wabash eo., Ind., on the Sala- monie River, about 38 miles S.W. of Port Wayne. It has 2 churches. Dora, a post-office of Labette co., Kansas, about 24 miles S.S.W. of Parsons. Dora, a post-office of Belmont co., 0. Dora, a post-ofifiee of Coos co., Oregon. Dora Baltea, do'r3, bil-ti'^ (anc. Du'ria Ma'jor), a river of Italy, in Piedmont, rises at the foot of the Little St. Bernard, and, after an E. and S.E. course of nearly 90 miles, joins the Po near Crescentino. Dorak, a town of Persia. See Doouak. Dorama, do-ra'mi, a town of Central Arabia, in Ned- jed, 30 miles N.E. of Derayeh. It is a place of provision- ing for the Mecca caravans. Pop. 7700. Doran, do'rAn', a town of Arabia, in Yemen, 30 miles S. of Sana. It has some remarkable tombs. Do'ran, a post-office of Mitchell co., Iowa. Doran, a station in Wilkin co., Minn., on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Breckenridge. Doran, a station in Johnson co.. Mo., on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 40 miles W. of Sedalia. Dorang, a district of India. See Durrcng. Dora Kipaira, do'rS, re-prrd (anc. Du'Ha Mi'nor), a river of Italy, in Piedmont, rises in the Cottian Alps, and, after an E. course of 60 miles, joins the Po near Turin. Do'raville, a post-village of De Kalb co., Ga., on the Atlanta &. Richmond Air- Line Railroad, 15 miles N.E. of Atlanta. It has a church and a steam saw-mill. Doraville, a post-hamlet of Broome co., N.Y., near the Susquehanna River, about 20 miles E. of Binghamton. Dor'cas, a post-office of Nemaha co., Kansas. DorVheat' (or Dauchite, daw-cheat') Bayou, bi'oo, rises in Arkansas, and runs southward through Co- lumbia CO. into Louisiana. Continuing in the same direc- tion, it intersects Webster parish, and enters the north end of Lake Bistineau. It is about 100 miles long. Steamboats navigate the lower part of this bayou. Dor^cheat', a post-office of Webster parish, La. Dor'chester {anc. Dumovaria, and Dnrinuvi ; Saxon, Dornccaster, probably a corruption of Dnrini CaatrOy i.e., the " Station of Durinum"), a town of England, capital of Dorset, on the Frome, at a railway junction, 8 miles N. of Weymouth, and 140 miles by rail S.AV. of London. It is sur- rounded by fine avenues, and handsomely built, the poorer edifices being confined to the adjoining village, ForJington. It has 3 churches (one of which — St. Peter's — is an ancient structure, containing some curious monuments), a grammar- school, several ancient poor's hospitals, a county hospital, workhouse, a handsome town hall with market-house, shire hall, county jail and house of correction, barracks, theatre, banks, and several interesting Roman remains, including traces of the ancient walls. In the close vicinity of the t^)wn are two entrenched stations, and the amphitheatre of Maumbury, the most perfect in the kingdom. Dorchester has a flourishing retail trade, breweries, and large fairs for aheep and lambs. Pop. 6915. 635 DOR Dorchester (anc. Durocina or Dorocina), a village of England, co. and 9 miles S.S.E. of Oxford, on the Thames, here crossed by a stone bridge. Pop. of parish, 1053. Dor'chester, a county in the S.E. part of Maryland, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by theChoptank River, on the S.E. by the Nanticoke River, and on the W. by Chesapeake Bay. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests and marshes. Indian corn, wheat, and oats are the staple products of the soil. This county is intersected by the Dorchester & Delaware Railroad. Capital, Cambridge. Valuation of real and personal estate, $7,228,875. Pop, in 1870, 19,458, of whom 19,426 were Americans. Dorchester, a post-village of Liberty co,, Ga., near an inlet of the ocean, about 37 miles S.S,W, of Savannah. It has a church, Dorchester, a post-village of Macoupin co.. 111., on the Indianapolis k St. Louis Railroad, 41 miles N.N.E. of St. Louis, Mo. It has 2 churches. Dorchester, a post-village of Allamakee co., Iowa, in Waterloo township, about 20 miles N.W. of Lansing. It has 2 churches and a flouring-raill. Dorchester, a former town of Norfolk co., Mass., situ- ated on Massachusetts Bay, 4 miles S. of Boston, on the Old Colony Railroad and the New York k New England Rail- road. It is now the 16th ward of Boston, to which it was annexed in 1869. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Neponset River, has a hilly surface, and presents picturesque scenery. Here are extensive manufactures of various articles, and many fine country-seats. Dorchester post-office is now a branch of Boston post-office. Pop. in 1875, 15,788. Dorchester, a post-hamlet of Saline co.. Neb., on the Burlington A Missouri River Railroad, 28 miles W.S.W. of Lincoln. It has a drug-store and 2 other stores. Dorchester, a post-township of Grafton co., N.H., 15 miles W. of Plymouth, It has a church. Pop. 689. Dorchester, a village of Cumberland co., N.J., in Maurice River township, on Maurice River, 3 miles from Manamuskin Station, and 9 miles S. of Millville. It has a church and a graded school. It is mainly supported by ship-building and the oyster-trade. Pop. nearly 400. Dorchester, a decayed village of Colleton co., S.C, IS miles N.N.W. of Charleston. This is the principal scene of the romantic tale of "The Partisan," by Simms. Dorchester, a post-village of Clark co., Wis., in May- ville township, on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 222 miles N.W. of Milwaukee, It has 2 churches, a lumber-mill, a chair-factory, and a graded school. Dorchester, a county of Quebec, bordering upon Maine. Area, 912 square miles. Capital, Sainte Henedine. Pop. 17,776. Dor'chester, a port of entry and capital of Westmore- land CO., New Brunswick, on the Petitcodiac River, near its entrance into Shepody Bay, 12 miles by rail N.W. of Sack- ville, and 116 miles N.E. of St. John. The river is navi- gable for ships of any size. The town contains, besides the county buildings, a number of stores and hotels, 3 churches, and a telegraph oflftce. It ships fine gray sandstone to the United States. A valuable mineral, called albertite, or "jet coal," is mined in its vicinity, and is employed in gas-works. Pop, 800. Dorchester, Ontario, See Putnam. Dorchester, Quebec. See St. Johns. Dorchester Station, or Ed'wardsburgh, a post- village in Middlesex co., Ontario, 10 miles by rail E. by N. of London. Pop. 200, Dordogne, dorMon' (Fr. pron, donMoii'), a depart- ment in the S.E. of France, between the departments of Haute-Vienne, Charente, Charente-Inferieure, Gironde, Lot- et-Garonne, Lot, and Correze. Capital, Perigueux. Area, 3545 square miles. The chief rivers are the Dordogne, Vezere, Haute- Vezere, and Isle. The surface in many parts is uncultivated and has numerous marshes. The soil, generally dry and sandy, is rich in minerals, including iron, copper, lead, coal, manganese, and lithographic stones ; the department also has marble-quarries and mineral springs. The principal manufactures are iron, serges, hosiery, paper, brandy, and liqueurs. Pop. in 1876, 489,848, Dordogne (anc. Bura'nine and Dordo'nia?), ^ river in the S.W. of France, is formed by the junction of the Dor and the Dogne, in the department of Puy-de-D6me, and, after a course of 220 miles, joins the Garonne 13 miles N. of Bordeaux. Dordongum, the Latin name of Dourdan. Dordracum, the Latin name of Dort. Dordrecht, a town of the Netherlands. See Dort. Dore, Mount, in France. See Mont Dor. DOR 636 DOR Dorebat, doV?-bit', a town of Arabia, in Yemen, 45 miles E.N.E. of Mocha. Dore I'Eglise, doR li^glcez', a village of France, in Puy-de-Dome, 12 miles S. of Ambert. Pop. 446. Dorey, Dorei, Dori, Doreh, do'rfh, called also Do'ry Harbor, a town of Papua, on a harbor near the N.W, extremity of Geelvink Bay. It is wretchedly built, and consists of huts standing on posts in the water. Dor^ali, doR-gi'lee, a village of Sardinia, 62 miles E.S.E. of Sassari. It has manufactures of silks. Pop. 3991. Dorheim, don'hime, a town of Prussia, in Hesse- Nassau, 16 miles N. of Hanau, on the Wetter. Pop. 202. Do'ris, an eparchy of Greece, in the nome of Phthiotis and Phocis. Capital, Lidikori. Pop. 20,187. Dorjeling, India. See Dar.ieeling. Dorjella, dor-ySI'Ii, a village of the Malay Archi- pelago, on Wamma, one of the Aroo Islands. Dor'king, or Dar'king, a town of England, co. of Surrey, in a valley famed for its beauty, at a railway junc- tion, 29 miles S.S.W. of London. It contains many hand- some residences, and a church, containing a mausoleum of the Dukes of Norfolk. The trade in lime and chalk from ad- jacent pits is considerable. Around the town are numerous fine mansions. It gives name to a breed of fowls. P. 5419. Doria, doR'lk, Upper and Lower, two contiguous vil- lages of Prussian Sa.Kony, 3 miles S.S.W. of MUhlhausen. Total pop. 2867. Dor'lail's Mills, a post-hamlet of Chester co.. Pa., on the Waynesburg Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 37 miles W. by N. of Philadelphia. It has a paper-mill. Dormagen, doR-mi'ghen (anc. Durnoma'f/ua ?), a vil- lage of Rhenish Prussia, 10 miles by rail S.S.E. of Dussel- dorf. Pop., with surroundings, 2136. Dormans, doR'mfino', a town of France, department of Marne, 14 miles W. of Epernay. Pop. 1480. Dor'mansville, a post-hamlet of Albany co., N.Y., in Westerlo township, 16 miles S.W. of Albany. It has a church. Dor'mer's, a station of Schuylkill co., Pa., 1 mile N.W. of Port Carbon, on the Mill Creek & Mine Hill Railroad. Dor'miney's Jlill, a post-office of Irwin co., Ga. Doruach, doR^n^k', a village of Germany, in Alsace, 2i miles by rail N.W. of MUlhausen. Pop. 4750, engaged in cotton-spinning and weaving. Dornach, doR'nik', a village of Switzerland, 19 miles N. of Soleure. It is celebrated for the victory of the Swiss over the Austrians, July 22, 1499. Dornbach, doRn'birc, a village of Lower Austria, 3 miles N.W. of Vienna. Pop. 990. Dornbirn, doRn'beesn, Dornbtirn, doRn'biiRn, Dornbiihreii, doRn'bU-ren, or Dorinbiirn, doRm'biiRn, a town of Austria, in Vorarlberg, 6 miles by rail S. of Bre- genz. Pop. 8508. Dornburg, doRn'booRG, a town of Germany, duchy of Saxe-Weimar, 15 miles E. of AVeimar, on the Saale. It contains three castles, one of which was often the residence of Goethe. Pop.' 710. Dornceaster, the Saxon for Dorchester. Dorndorf, doRn'doRf, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 20 miles S.W. of Munster, on the Lippe. It contains a Franciscan monastery and a hospital. Dornenburg, Netherlands. See Doorneburg. Domes, doRn, a village of France, in Nievre, 21 miles S.S.E. of Nevers. Pop. 1795. Domes, doR'n^s, a town of Portugal, on the Zezere, 14 miles N.E. of Thomar. Pop. 1011. Doriihan, doKn'han, or Dornhem, donn'hSm, a town of Wiirtembcrg, 40 miles S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1558. Dorilo, doR'no (L. Dor'nus), a town of Italy, province of Pavia, 3 miles S.E. of Mortara. Pop. 4269. Dornoch, dor'noK, a village of Scotland, capital of the county of Sutherland, on Dornoch Firth, 14 miles N. of Cromarty. It has a church, elegantly fitted up, and fine remains of the bishop's castle. It unites with Kirkwall, Cromarty, Dingwall, Tain, and Wick in sending one member to the House of Commons. Pop. 625. Dornoch Firth, a deep inlet of the North Sea, on the N.E. coast of Scotland, between the counties of Sutherland and Ross. Breadth of entrance, about 15 miles. Dorn's Gold-Mine, a post-hamlet of Abbeville co., S.C, 22 miles S.S.E. of Abbeville. It has a church and a gold-mine. Dom'sife, a post-office of Northumberland CO., Pa., and a station on the Zerbe Valley Branch of the Reading Railroad, 15 miles S.W. of Shamokin. Dom's Mills, a post-hamlet of Edgefield co., S.C, about 45 miles W. of Columbia. Dornstetten,doRn'stSt-ten(anc. 7'inWii')ii(m;),atown of Wiirtemberg, 35 miles S.W! of Stuttgart. Pop. 1018. Dornum, doR'noom, a village of Prussia, in Hanover, 13 miles N.W. of Aurich. Pop. 912. Dornus, the Latin name for Dorno. Dorocina, an ancient name of Dorchester (Oxford). Dorogh, do'rog', a town of Hungary, in the Haiduck district, 20 miles N.N.W. of Debreczin. Pop. 8216. Dorogh, doVog', Kis, kish, and Nagy, nodj ("Little and Great Dorogh"), two adjacent villages in Hungary, co. of Tolna, on the Sarviz, which is here navigable. 62 miles S.S.W. of Pesth. Pop. of Kis Dorogh, 1300: of Nagy Dorogh, 2579. Dorogoboozh, Dorogoboiy, Dorogobush, or Dorogobuj, do-ro-go-boozh', a town of Russia, govern- ment and 55 miles E.N.E. of Smolensk, capital of a circle, on the Dnieper. It is enclosed by walls, is well built, and has numerous churches, a fine market-place, a ruined cit- adel, and a brisk general trade. Pop. 9099, Dorogoi, Dorohoy, Dorogoie, or Dorohoiu, do-ro-ho'ee, a town of Roumania, 75 miles N.W. of Yassy. Pop. 8364. Doron, do-r6N»', a small river in Savoy, which rises in the Graian Alps, and, after a course of about 45 miles, joins the Isere on the left at Moutiers. Doros, the supposed ancient name of iNKERjrAN. Dorosma, do'rosh'moh^ a village of Hungary, Little Cumania, 6 miles by rail W.N.W. of Szegedin. Pop. 9688. Doroszio, do^ros'lo\ a village of Hungary, co. of Bdcs, 8 miles from Zombor. Pop. 2766. Dorp, doRp, a thriving town of Prussia, on the Wipper, 17 miles N.E. of Cologne. It has manufactures of paper, steel, iron-wares, tobacco, umaresque River. See Severn Rivkr. Du^mas', a post-village of Tippah co., Miss., 10 miles S.E. of Ripley. It has 3 churches. Dumas' Store, a post-office of Wilcox co., Ala. Dumbar'ton, or Dumbartonshire, dum-bar't9n- shir, formerly Len'nox, a county of Scotland, chiefly en- closed by Lochs Lomond and Long and the Firth of Clyde, having a detached portion eastward, between the cos. of Stirling and Lanark. Area, 270 square miles. Principal river, the Leven. Surface mostly mountainous, and soil poor. It contains iron- and coal-mines, freestone- and limestone-quarries. Principal towns, Dumbarton, Alexan- dria, and Helensburgh. The county sends one member to the House of Commons. Pop. 58,857. Dumbar'ton, or Dunbar'ton, a town of Scotland, capital of the co. of Dumbarton, on the Leven, near its con- auence with the Clyde, 13 miles by rail N.W. of Glasgow. A suburb is situated on the W. side of the river. Dumbar- ton Castle, on a bold isolated basaltic rock at the river's mouth, is a fortress of great antiquity and historical in- terest. The Leven is navigable from its mouth to the quay at high water, and the town has flourishing glass-works, an improved harbor, iron-works, and yards for building iron ships. Dumbarton has been a stronghold for at least 1000 years. Dumbarton Castle is one of the four stipulated to be kept in repair by the articles of the Union. Dumbarton was known in ancient times by the name of Alcluyd, which, in the British language, signifies the rock high on the Clyde. It unites with Port-Glasgow, Renfrew, Rutherglen, and Kil- marnock in sending a member to the House of Commons. Pop. in 1841, 3782 J in 1871, 11,404. Dumbar'ton, a hamlet of Oneida co., N.Y., in Verona township, on the Erie Canal, 1 mile from State Bridge Sta- tion, and 4Jf miles N.N.W. of Oneida. It has a glass-fac- tory and about 20 houses. Dumbarton, a post-village in Charlotte co.. New Brunswick, 24 miles by rail N. of St, Andrews. Pop. 200. Dumbartonshire, Scotland. See Dumbarton. Dumblanc, of Scotland. See Dunblane. Dum^blane', a post-village in Bruce co., Ontario, 20 miles N.N.W. of Walkerton. It contains saw- and grist- mills. Pop. 100. Dumbravicze, doora'broh-veet'sV, a town of Hun- gary, 40 miles E. of Arad. Pop. 1100. Dum'clum% the valley of the Pir-Panjal Pass between the Punjab and Cashmere. Elevation, 11,800 feet. It is traversed by a river of the same name. Dum'dum\ or Damdama, dum-dum'a, a town of Bengal, 4 miles N.E. of Calcutta, with barracks, hospital, and an English school. Pop. 5179. Dumfries, dtim-freece', or Dumfries-shire, a bor- der county of Scotland, bounded E. and S. by Cumberland and Soiway Firth. Area, 1103 square miles, one-third of which is arable. The whole valley of the Nith is comi^osed of a red sandstone. The mountainous districts are of the Lower Silurian strata. There are mineral springs at Moffat, The county is subdivided into Nithsdale, Annandale, and Eskdale, watered by the three principal rivers, the Nith, Annan, and Esk. There are nine lochs in the vicinity of Lochmaben and Loch Skene, near the head of the Moffat Water, at an elevation of 1300 feet. A considerable part of the county is mountainous, especially towards the N. and N.E. Among the highest mountains are Black Larg, 2890 feet, Lowther, 3130 feet, Queensberry, 2140 feet, and Hart- fell, 3300 feet. The high grounds afford good pasturage, and cattle-, sheep-, and pig-rearing forms an important branch of rural industry. The means of railway communication are ample. The principal towns are Dumfries, the capital, Annan, Sanquhar, and Lochmaben. Pop. in 1871, 74,808. Dumfries, a town of Scotland, capital of the above, on the Nith, across which it communicates with its suburb Maxwelltown by two bridges, 9 miles from its mouth, and 28^ miles W.N.W. of Carlisle. It is at the junction of sev- eral railways. It is handsomely though irregularly built, and is regarded as the provincial capital of South Scotland. Around it many handsome villas have been erected. Prin- cipal edifices, numerous churches, one with an extensive cemetery which contains the remains and tomb of Burns, a tower in the High street (the work of Inigo Jones), the Crichton Royal Institution (a lunatic asylum), the infirm- ary, dispensary, court-house, jail, bridewell, several hospitals and asylums, theatre, and assembly-rooms. Here are 4 en- dowed seminaries, united under the name of the Dumfnes Academy, various other schools, several associations with libraries, reading-rooms, an observatory, and a mechanics' institution. The principal manufactures are tweeds, hats, hosiery, leather, baskets, clogs, and shoes. Vessels of above GO tons can approach the town quay, between which and the mouth of the river are 3 other quays for larger vessels. It has a large weekly cattle- and sheep-market, and sends out considerable quantities of seeds and nursery plants. Dumfries became a royal burgh in the twelfth century, about the end of which a monastery was founded here; in its chapel John Comyn, a competitor for the Scottish throne, was stabbed by Robert Bruce in 1305. Pop. 13,704 j or, including Maxwelltown, 18,826. Dumfries, dum-freece' or dQm-freez', a decayed post- village of Prince AVilliam co., Va., is near the Potomac River, about 85 miles N. of Richmond. It has 2 churches, and was formerly a shipping-port. Pop. lf)7. Dumfries, a post-village in York co., New Brunswick, on the river St. John, 23 miles above Fredericton. P. 200. Dumfries-shire, Scotland. See Dumfiiies. Dum'mer, a township of Coos co., N.H., traversed hy the Androscoggin River. Pop. 317. DUM 652 DUN Dum'merston, a post- village of Windham co., Vt., in Duramerston township, on the Central Vermont Railroad, 5 miles N. of Brattleborough. It has a church. The township is bounded E. by the Connecticut. Pop. of township, 916. Dummodali, a river of India, See DAsrarooDAH. Dummovv, a district of India. See Dukoh. Dum'my Junc'tion, a station in Cook co., III., on the Dummy Railroad, 11 miles from Chicago. Dumoh, or Damoh, diim'o, a district of the Jubbul- poor division, Central Provinces, British India. Lat. 23°- 24° 50' N.; Ion. 79°-S0° E. Area, 2799 square miles. It is a hilly tract, on the Vindhya plateau, with much junsrle. Capital, Dumoh. Pop. 269,6i2. Dumoh, or Damoh, a town of India, capital of the above, 45 miles E. of Saugur. Pop. 7911. Dumout'ville, a post-oflB.ce of Fairfield co., 0., about 30 miles S.E. of Columbus. Dum'plin Rock Light, on one of the Dumplin Rocks, in Buzzard's Bay, Mass. It is a fixed light. 43 feet above sea-level. Lat. 41° 32' 10" N.; Ion. 70° 55' 40' W. Dum^po', a town of Thibet, 40 miles S.S.AV. of Garoo. Lat. 31° 6' N.J Ion. 80° 15' E. Dumraon, doom-r3.'on, a town of Bengal, Shahabad district, on or near the East India Railway, 9 miles E. of Bux^r. It is near the town of Bhojpore. Pop. 17,366. Dum'ser's, a station in Kane co., III.., on the Chicago &, Pacific Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Elgin. Dun, an island in the China Sea. See Dune. Diina, dii'nd., or Southern Dwina, dwee'n^ (Russ. Dv'uia Zapadnai/a ; anc. Tiinut'thiis or Turun'tue), an im- portant river of Russia, rises in the W. of the government of Tver, near the sources of the Volga, with which it is con- nected by a canal, flows at first S.W. between the govern- ments of Smolensk and Pskov, and afterwards N.W., in the lower part of its course separating Courland on the S. from Vitebsk and Livonia, and enters the Gulf of Riga 7 miles N.W. of Riga. Its length is about 600 miles, for nearly all of which it is navigable, although its mouth and many other parts of the river are encumbered by shoals, rendering its navigation unsafe and only fit for small vessels, except during the spring thaws and autumr\al rains. Opposite Riga it is about 2400 feet broad, and crossed by a floating bridge, which is taken down annually in September and again erected early in April. Drainage-area, 65,000 square miles. The principal affluents are the Yevst and Drissa from the N., and the Mezha and Desna from the E. and S. It is connected by canals with Lake Ilmeu, the Beresina, and the Niemen. See Dwina. Duna, the Hungarian name of the Danube. Diinaburg;, du'na-biirg or dii'nA-booRG\ or Dina- bur^, dee'n^-booRG\ a strongly fortified town of Russia, government of Vitebsk, on the right bank of the DUna, where it is crossed by the railway from St. Petersburg to Warsaw, 57 miles W.N.W. of Drissa, at the junction of two other im- portant railways. The town has extensive manufactures of leather, beer, lumber, flour, lime, brick, and tiles, and ships much flax, hemp, tallow, and timber. Pop. 29,613. Dunaevtsyij doo*na,-§vt'see, a town of Russia, in Po- dolia, 12 miles N. of Kamieniec . Duna-Foldvar, a town of Hungary. See Foldvar. Dunainanagh, dun'a-min'AH, a village of Ireland, co. of Tyrone, 8 miles N.E. of Strabane. Duuamunde,dU'ni-miinMeh {i.e., "the mouths of the DUna"), a fortress of Russia, government of Livonia, 9 miles N.W. of Riga, on an island at the mouth of the Diina. It has a custom-house and a quarantine establishment. Duna Vecse, doo'noli^ vi'chi', a town of Hungary, CO. and 40 miles S. of Pesth, on the Danube. Pop. 42U5. Duna Vecse, a village of Roumania, in the Dobrudja, on the Danube, 22 miles from its mouth. Dunbar, diin-bar', a town of Scotland, co. and 10 miles E.N.E. of Haddington, at the mouth of the Firth of Forth, on the North British Railway, 30 miles E.N.E. of Edin- burgh. It is regularly laid out, and has a Gothic parish church, handsome assembly-rooms, public libraries, and the remains of an ancient castle ; also ship-building docks, sail- cloth- and cordage -factories, iron-foundries, breweries, and distilleries. The harbor is accessible by vessels of 300 tons; the principal imports are coal and foreign grain j the ex- ports, corn, whisky, and fish. Pop. 3320. Dunbar', a township of Faribault co., Minn., traversed by the Central Railroad of Minnesota. Pop. 247. Dunbar, a post-office and station of Otoe co.. Neb., on the Midland Pacific Railroad, 11 miles W. of Nebraska City. It has 3 stores. Dunbar, a post-hamlet in Fairfield township, Washing- ton CO., 0., on the Marietta &, Cincinnati Railroad. Dunbar, a post-village of Fayette co., Pa., in Dunbar township, and on a branch of the Pittsburg, Washington & Baltimore Railroad, 61 miles S.S.E. of Pittsburg, and 10 miles N.E. of Uniontown. It has 3 churches and a large iron-furnace. Pop. about 600; of the township, 2972. Dunbar', a post-village in Dundas co., Ontario, 14 miles N. of Morrisburg. Pop. 150. Dunbarton, a town of Scotland. See Du:hbarton. Dunbar'ton, a post-office of St. Landry parish, La. Dunbarton, a post-township and hamlet of Merrimack CO., N.H., about 8 miles S.W. of Concord. It has 3 churches. Pop. 778. Dunbarton, Adams co., 0. See Jacksonville. Dunbarton, a post-oSice of Barnwell co., S.C. Dunbar'ton, a post-village in Ontario co., Ontario, on the Grand Trunk Railway, near Frenchman's Bay. P. 150. Dunbeath, diin-baith', a village of Scotland, co. of Caithness, 17 miles S.W. of Wick, with a castle on a peninsular rock in the North Sea. Dunblane', or Dumblane, a town of Scotland, co. and 23 miles S.W. of Perth, on the Allan, at a railway junction. It is resorted to in the summer for the sake of a mineral spring. It has a public library, founded by Bishop Leighton, and a cathedral, over "which Leighton presided. Pop. 1921. Dunc'an, a post-office of Monroe co.. Ark. Duncan Station is on the Arkansas Central Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Clarendon. Duncan, a township of Mercer co., 111. Pop. 974. Duncan, a post-hamlet of Stark co.. 111., on the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles S. of Buda. Duncan, a post-hamlet of Mercer co., Ky,, about 22 miles S. of Frankfort. It has about 15 families. Duncan, a township of Cheboygan co., Mich., is on Lake Huron. Pop. 161. Duncan, a township of Sullivan co.. Mo. Pop. 1064. Duncan, a post-office of Webster co.. Mo. Duncan, Alleghany co.. Pa. See Coultersville. Duncan and Hinton Creek, a township of Cleve- land CO., N.C. Pop. 1242. Dunc'an Channel, an inlet in Prince of Wales' Archi]>elago, Alaska. Duncan Creek, Chippewa co., Wis., runs in a S.S.E. direction, and enters the Chippewa River at Chippewa Falls. Dunc'an Island, Pacific Ocean, near the centre of the Galapagos group. Duncan Island, in the China Sea, belongs to the Pauacrls (which see). Duncan'non,, a village of Ireland, co. of AVexford, on Waterford Harbor, 6 miles E. of Waterford. Pop. 604. Duncan'non, a station in Madison co., Ky., on the Richmond Branch of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Richmond. Duncannon, Perry co., Pa. See Petersburg. Duncan's, South Carolina. See Vernonville. Duncan's, a post-office of Floyd co., Va. Duncan's Bridge, or Lees'burg, a post-hamlet of Monroe co.. Mo., on Salt River, 12 miles S. of Clarence. It has a church and a flouring-mill. Dunc'ansby, a post-hamlet of Issaquena co., Miss., on the Mississippi River, 90 miles above Vicksburg. It has 2 churches. Dunc'ansby Head, the N.E. headland of Scotland, CO. of Caithness, about li miles E.N.E. of John O'Groat's House. Lat. 58° 39' N. ; Ion. 3° 1' W. On its highest part is an ancient watch-tower, Duncan's Creek, South Carolina, rises in Laurens CO., runs eastward, and enters the Ennoree River on the N. border of Newberry co. Duncan's Creek, a post-township of Rutherford co., N.C. Pop. 999. Duncan's Falls, a post-village of Muskingum co., 0., on the Muskingum River, 9 miles below Zanesville. It has 3 churches and a flouring-mill. Pop. 194. Duncan's JfliDs, a post-village of Sonoma co., CaL, on the Russian River, 6 miles from the Pacific Ocean, and on the North Pacific Coast Railroad, 80 miles N.N.W. of San Francisco. It has a church, a planing-mill, and a large manufactory of redwood lumber. Duncan's Mills, a post-hamlet of Fulton co., HI., on Spoon River, 5 miles S. of Lewistown. It has a tlouring- mill and a steam saw-mill. Duncan's Mills, a post-office of Scott co., Va. Duncan's Retreat, a post-office of Kane co.. Utah. Duncansville, Thomas eo., Ga. See Sprini^wood. Duncansville, a post-viilage of Blair co., Pa., in Alle- ghiiny township, on the railroad which connects Altoona DUN 633 DUN with Newry, 8 miles S. of Altoona, and 2 miles W. of Hollidaysburg. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a roll- ing-mill, a nail-factory, a tannery, and a foundry. Coal is mined here. Duucausville, Russell co., Ontario. See Russell. Dunc'anville, a post-hamlet of Crawford co., 111., on the Paris & Danville Railroad, 27 miles N.N.W. of Vin- cennes, Ind., and 4 miles S. of Robinson. It has a church. Duncard, a village of Pennsylvania. See Dunkard. Duncombe, diin'kum, a post-hamlet of Webster co., Iowa, on the Dubuque A Siou.x City Railroad, 11 miles E. of Fort Dodge. It has a church and a railroad-depot. Dun'daff', a post-village of Susquehanna co.. Pa., 6 miles N. by W. of Carbondale. It has .3 churches. Pop. 187. Dundalk, dun-dawk', a town of Ireland, co. of Louth, on the S. bank of Castletown River, near its mouth in Dun- dalk Bay, at a railway junction, 45 miles N.W. of Dublin. The principal buildings are a spacious parish church, a large Roman Catholic chapel, a county court-house, jail, market- and custom-houses, an infirmary, a guild hall, linen-hall, news- and assembly-rooms, a barrack, a work- house, and several ruined ecclesiastical edifices. It has various schools, one called the Dundalk Institution ; also flour-mills, breweries, tanneries, and a large distillery. Its harbor is safe, the fisheries somewhat important, and it ex- ports rural produce. The rise of the tide at the bar, where there is a light-house, is 16 feet. Pop. 11,377. Dundalk Bay, a shallow inlet of the Irish Sea, be- tween Cooley and Dunany Points, 8 miles in length and breadth. It contains large oyster-beds, and receives the rivers Dee, Fane, and Castletown. Dundarrach, dun-dar'ra, a post-oflice of Robeson CO., N.C. Duiidas, diin-das', a post-office of Richland co.. 111., on the Grayville & Mattoon Railroad, 7 miles N. of Olney. Dundas, a post-village of Rice co., Minn., in Bridge- water township, on Cannon River, and on the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railroad, 11 miles N.N.E. of Faribault, and 44 miles S. of St. Paul. It has 3 churches, a flouring- mill, a lumber-mill, a newspaper ofiioe, and a money-order post-office. Pop, about 800. Dundas, a post-village of Pulaski co.. Mo., in Roubi- doux township, about 60 miles S. of Jefi'erson City. It has 2 churclies. Dundas, a post-office of Vinton co., 0., is at MoArthur Station on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 34 miles E. by S. of Chillioothe. Iron ore is shipped here. Dundas, a post-office and station of Calumet co., Wis., on the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad, 12 miles E. by S. from Appleton. Dundas, a county in the eastern part of Ontario, bor- dering on the St. Lawrence River. Area, 382 square miles. Capital, Cornwall. Pop. 18,777. Dundas, a town in Wentworth co., Ontario, at the head of Burlington Bay (the western extremity of Lake Onta- rio), and on the Great Western Railway, 5 miles W. of Hamilton. It has agencies of several insurance companies and of the Canadian Bank of Commerce, an office issuing a weekly newspaper, 40 stores, 6 hotels, and several churches. It possesses unlimited water-power, and has manufactories of iron castings, machinery, edge-tools, combs, paper, soap, candles, leather, woollen and cotton goods, wooden-ware, Ac. The Desjardins Canal gives it water-eommunication with Hamilton and other ports. Pop. 3135. Dundas, a post-village in Kings co., Prince Edward Island, 34 miles east of Charlottetown. It has carding,- grist-, saw-, and shingle-mills. Pop. 200. Dundas Island, Canada, is in the Pacific, 40 miles N.E. of Queen Charlotte's Islands. Dundas' Islands, off the eastern coast of Africa, between the equator and lat. li° S., comprise nearly 500 coral islets, from 24 to 4 miles in length, but with only one secure harbor, near the mouth of the Durnford River. Dundas River, an affluent of English River, Delagoa Bay, Eastern Africa. Dundas Strait, Australia, separates Melville Island from Coburg Peninsula, and is 18 miles across. Dundee, dfln-dee', a burgh of Scotland, co. of Forfar, finely situated on the left bank of the Firth of Tay, at a railway junction, 12 miles from the sea, and 37 miles N. by E. of Edinburgh. Lat. 56" 27' 36" N. ; Ion. 2° 57' 45" W. It stretches along the Tay, and recedes inland, with a gradual ascent. Its appearance from the sea is .at once striking and pleasing. The more recently formed streets are, in general, spacious and handsome ; but most of those of more ancient date are irregular and ill built. The town is amply supplied with water. The most conspicuous object in. Dundee is its old tower, 156 feet high, founded by David, Earl of Huntingdon, in the twelfth century, and recently restored. There is also an ornamental chimney, 282 feet high. Other public buildings of note are the town hall, trades' hall, the town churches, grouped about the old tower, the custom-house, the high school, the hospitals, the insane asylum, an orphanage, several industrial schools, a deaf-mute school, the Albert Institute, the abattoir and cattle-market, academy, the new exchange, containing, be- sides other accommodation, a handsome reading-room ; the Watt Institution, theatre, infirmary, the jail and bridewell, and an imposing Norman triumphal arch, erected in front of the mid-quay, to commemorate the landing at Dundee of Queen Victoria in September, 1844. There are a large number of private schools, including several connected with the spinning-establishments of the town, the teachers of which are paid by the proprietors of these works. The principal libraries are the Public Library, consisting of sev- eral thousand volumes, the Watt Library, and the Law Li- brary ; the Dundee Literary Institute has a handsome read- ing-room and library in a central part of the town. Exclu- sive of the infirmary and dispensary already alluded to, there are a number of cha.ritable and benevolent institutions and societies, and various religious associations. The town has several spacious and well-kept public parks, and some of the principal streets have horse-tramways. Dundee has long been celebrated for its manufactures, and is now the principal seat of the linen, hemp, and jute manufactures in Great Britain. All the mills are driven by steam-power. The staple articles of import are flax, hemp, timber, and jute from foreign countries, and coals and lime coastwise. Exports are linens and linen yarns, cattle, sheep, carpets, dowlas, bags, and other manufactured goods. Sugar- refining, ship-building, and the manufacture of iron-ware, confections, leather, shoes, gloves, Ac, are largely carried on. Dundee is now the principal seat of the British whale- fisheries, the oil being extensively employed in the great jutc-mills of the town. It has a commodious harbor, with ample docks, lately extended at a large cost. Dundee was at an early period a place of considerable note, and, like most old towns, was originally walled. It was erected a royal burgh by William the Lion ; and it has a conspicuous place in the mediaeval history of Scotland. Its population was, in 1841, 64,629; in 1371, 121,925; in 1877, 142,951. Dundee', a post-village of Kane co.. 111., on Pox River, in Dundee township, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 5 miles N. of Elgin, and 47 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. It has 2 corporations. East Dundee and West Dundee, a fine high school, 6 churches, a cheese-factory, 2 hotels, large brick-works, a creamery, and a public library. Pop. about 900 ; pop. of the township, 2079. Dundee,, a post-hamlet of Madison co., Ind., in Pipe Creek township. It has a church. Dundee, a post-village of Monroe eo., Mich., in Dundee township, on the Raisin River, and on the Chicago A Canada Southern Railroad, 44 miles S.W. of Detroit, and 15 miles W.N.W. of Monroe. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, a union school, a pulp-mill, a tannery, manufactures of lum- ber, heading, staves, 3 flouring-mills, and a cheese-factory. Pop. about 1000 ; of the township, 2799. Dundee, a post-village of Franklin eo.. Mo., in Boeuf township, on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, at Newport Station, 62 miles W. of St. Louis. It has a church. It is on or near the Missouri River. Dundee, a post-vill,ige of Yates co., N.Y., is about 32 miles N. by W. from Elmira, 3 miles W. of Seneca Lake, and 10 miles S.S.E. of Penn Yan. It has a bank, 4 churches, an academy, 2 foundries, a brewery, 2 flour-mills, a planing- mill, and a newspaper office. Pop. 730. Dundee, a post-hamlet of Tuscarawas co., 0., on a branch of Sugar Creek, about 22 miles S.W. of Canton. It has 2 churches and a carriage-shop. Pop. 106. Dundee, a station in Pittsylvania co., Va., on the Vir- ginia Midland and Richmond & Danville Railroads, i mile from Danville. Here the former road terminates. Dundee, a post-village of Fond du Lac co.. Wis., in Osceola township, about 15 miles S.E. of Fond du Lac. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Dundee, a post-village and port of entry in Hunting- don CO., Quebec, on Salmon River, 78 miles S.W. of Mon- treal. It is about 5 miles from the St. Lawrence, and partly in the state of New York. On the opposite side of the river is Fort Covington, N.Y. Steamboats ascend to this point. An American consul resides in Dundee. Pop. 150. Dundee Centre, a post-village in Huntingdon eo., Quebec, 4 miles N.E. of Dundee Pop. 200. DUN 654 I>un^dee' Lake, a post-hamlet of Bergen co., N.J., on the Passaic River, and on the New Jersey Midland Railroad, between Paterson and Hackensack, IS miles N.W. of Jersey City. Hei-e is a reservoir formed by damming the river. Dunde'la, a post-village in Dundas co., Ontario, 9 miles N.E. of Iroquois. Pop. 200. DunMon'ald, a village of Ireland, co. of Down, 5 miles E. of Belfast. Dun^don'ald, a village of Scotland, co. of Ayr, 4 miles S.S.AV. of Irvine. On the Firth of Clyde are ruins of a castle supposed to have been built by the Stuarts. Dun^dren'naii, the name of a parish of Scotland, in Kirkcudbright, containing the ruins of a famous abbey. Dun'drum, a village of Ireland, on the inner harbor of Dundrum Bay. Dundrutn, a village of Ireland, 4J miles by rail S. of Dublin. Pop. 540. Dundrum Ray, Ireland, co. of Down, is in the Irish Sea, 7 miles S.W. of Downpatrick, having St. John's Point on its N.E. side, and the Mourne Mountains on the S.W. Near its N. side are the rocks Cow and Calf, joined by a reef with the mainland. Dune or Dun, doon. an island in the China Sea, off the E. coast of Anam, in lat. 12° 15' N., Ion. 109° 30' E. Dun £din, an old name of Edinburgh. Duned'in, a post-hamlet of Hillsborough co., Ela., on the Gulf of Mexico, about 90 miles S. of Cedar Keys. It has several stores and orange groves. Duned'in, the largest city of New Zealand, and capital of the province of Otago, at the head of a fine bay on the E. side of the Middle Island. Vessels drawing 12 feet of water can reach the town ; but large ships anchor at Port Chalmers, 9 miles below, to which point a railway extends; and the harbor of Dunedin is being artificially deepened. From this city railways extend N. and S. along the coast, Dunedin has several daily and other papers, paved streets, gas-works, a university, a college, 2 high schools, hospitals, a lunatic asylum, a botanic garden, a good water-supply, fine parks, a system of public free, grammar, and ragged schools, an orphanage, a reformatory, fine theatres, &c., and is the seat of Anglican and Catholic bishops. It was founded in 1848 by a Scotch PresbyteriiAn (Free Church) colony. Pop. in 1876, 23,365. DunelMen, a post-village of Middlesex co., N.J., in Piscataway township, on the Central Railroad of New Jersey, 15 miles W.S.W. of Elizabeth, and 15 miles S. of Morris- lown. It has several churches and stores. Pop. about 400. Dunelmia,orDunelmum, Latin names of Durham. Dunes, diin, a town of France, in Tarn-et-Garonne, 29 miles W. of Montauban. Pop. 1202. Dunfanaghy, dun-fan'a-ne, a town of Ireland, co. of Donegal, 16^ miles l>i.\V. of 'Letterkenny. Pop. 650. Dunfermline, dum-fer'lin, a town of Scotland, co. of Fife, at a railway junction, 16 miles N.W. of Edinburgh. It is generally handsome, though irregularly built, on an eminence, separated from a large suburb on the W. by a ravine, crossed by a bridge. The principal edifice is its fine collegiate church, erected in 1821, contiguous to the ruins of the ancient structure. The abbey, originally founded by Malcolm and his queen between 1070 and 1086, was a monastery of Culdees. Here Edward of England resided for some months in 1304, and on leaving it set it on lire. It was rebuilt by Bruce, and here his body was interred. The nave and tower and some parts of the refectory still remain, and are partly of Saxon and partly of Norman archi- tecture. In the town are various other places of worship, a guild hall with a spire 132 feet in height, town hall, jail, hospital, assembly hall, several public schools, a me- chanics' institute, and subscription libraries. The staple manufacture is table-linen, in which the town is unrivalled by any other town in the kingdom. This manufacture, together with that of colored worsted and cotton covers, which has been added to it and almost equals it in extent, occupies about one-half of the population. There are also spinning-mills, malleable-iron-works, foundries, dye-houses, and soap-works, and, in the vicinity, several important col- lieries. Pop. in 1877, 15,839. Dungannon, dun-gan'n9n, a town of Ireland, co. of Tyrone, on a railway, 11 miles N.N.W. of Armagh. It consists of an' old and a new town, is regularly ami well built, and has a royal school, a hospital, branch banks, and manufactures of linen and earthenware. Pop. 3SS6. Dungan'non, a post-village of Columbiana co., 0., in Hanover township, about 28 miles E. of Canton. It has a convent and a church. Pop. 129. Dungan'non, a post-village in Huron co., Ontario, on Nine Mile Creek, 13 miles N.N.E. of Goderich. Pop. 200. DUN Dun^gar'van, a town of Ireland, co. and 25 miles W.S.W. of Waterford, on the Colligan, near its mouth in the Bay of Dungarvan. It is neatly built, and is resorted to for sea-bathing. The principal edifices are a parish church, 4 Roman Catholic chapels, a convent, a castle used as a barrack, a bridewell, session-house, steam mill, workhouse, and market-house. Pop. of town, 6520; of borough, 7719. Dungen, dung'nen, a village of the Netherlands, in ''AVest Brabant, 3 miles S.E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 3881. Dungeness, diinj-nSss', a headland of England, form- ing the S. extremity of Kent, and projecting into the Eng- lish Channel, 3^ miles S.S.E. of Lydd. It has a fort and a light-house. Dungiven, diin-ghiv'^n, a town of Ireland, co. and 16^ miles E.S.E. of Londonderry. Pop. 775. Dun^glass', a promontory of Scotland, co. and 2A miles E.S.E. of Dumbarton, projecting into the Clyde. Here was the W. termination of the walls of Antoninus, which is crowned by a ruined castle. Dun Glen, a post-office and mining-camp of Humboldt CO., Nevada, 10 miles from Mill City. Gold and silver are mined here. Dun^glow', a village of Ireland, co. and 11^ miles N. by W. of Donegal, Dunham, dun'am, a station in De Witt co.. 111., where the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western Railroad crosses the Illinois Midland Railroad, 10 miles W.S.W. of Clinton. Dunham, a township of Henry co.. 111. Pop. 999. Dunham, a post-township of Washington co., 0., on the Ohio River, traversed by the railroad from Marietta to Belpre. Pop. 755. It contains Veto, a hamlet. Dunham, or Dunham Flats, a village in Missis- quoi CO., Quebec, 13 miles E. of Stanbridge Station, and 56 miles S.E. of Montreal. It has several stores, hotels, mills, and factories. Pop. 248. Dunham HoIIoav, a hamlet of Rensselaer co., N.Y., in Nassau township, 14 miles S.E. of Troy. It has 2 churches. Dunham's Basin, a post-hamlet of Washington co., N.Y., in Kingsbury township, on the Champlain Canal, and on the railroad between Saratoga Springs and Whitehall, 2 miles E. of Sandy Hill. It has a large hotel, a boat-yard, and 21 families. Dun'hoe, a post-office of Hanover co., Va. Dunholme and Dunholmum. See Durham. Dunieres, dii'ne-aiR', a village of France, in Haute- Loire, 10 miles N.E. of Yssingeaux. Pop. 672. Dunigan, a village of California. See Dunnigan. Dunk'ale Mills, a hamlet of Harford co., Md., 3 miles S. of Belair. It has a flouring-mill and a saw-mill. Dunkanely, a village of Ireland. See Dunkixeely. Dunk'ard, a post-hamlet of Greene co.. Pa., in Dunk- ard township, 20 miles S.W. of Uniontown. The town- ship has 4 churches. It is bounded on the E. by the Mon- ongahela River, and affords abundance of coal, also petro- leum and rich bituminous shale. Pop. 1520. Dunkard Creek rises in Monongalia co., W. Va., runs nearly eastward, and enters the Monongahela River in Greene co., Pa. Dunk'el, a post-office and station of Christian co., Ill,, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 54 miles N. of Pana. Dunkeld, dfin-k^l', a burgh of barony and market- town of Scotland, eo. and 15 miles by rail N.N.W. of Perth, on the great East Pass to the Highlands, and on the N. bank of the Tay, across which it communicates with the suburb Little Dunkeld by a bridge. In ancient times Dunkeld is said to have been the seat of the Pietish kings. A cell of Culdees was here early established, and in 1130 was made the seat of a bishop. Its cathedral was built in 1330, but long before this period Dunkeld was celebrated in ecclesiastical annals. Near the cathedral stands the palace of the Dukes of Athol. Pop. 7S3. Dunkerque, the French name of Duxkibk. Dunkia, or Dankia, dun'ke-a, written also Don'- kiah, an immense mountain of the Himalaya, near the N. extremity of the boundary between Bootan and Sikkim. It is 23,176 feet high. Dun^kinee'ly, or DunkaneMy, a village of Ireland, CO. and 3 miles W. of Donegal, N.E. of the head of Mac- swine's Bay. Dun'kinsville, a post-hamlet of Adams eo., 0., 12 miles S.E. of Winchester Station. It has a church. Dun'kirk (Fr. i?«;j/.-c;-^((c, duN^Mcaink'; Ger. DUuIcir- clien, diinMveSu'K^n), a fortified seaport town, and the northernmost of France, department of Nord, on the Strait of Dover, 40 miles N.W. of Lille, and 45 miles E. of Dover, at the junction of 3 canals and of several railways. It con- sists of three parts, — the town proper, the lower town, and DUN 655 DUN the citadel. It has a town hall, theatre, concert-hall, sev- eral fine churches, a lofty belfry, several hospitals, mili- tary and civil prisons, barracks, a college, a public library, soap-, starch-, and iron-works, ship-yards, sugar-works, foun- dries, distilleries, oil-, cotton-, and jute-mills, a heavy trade, and an important fishery. It has 2 harbors, with extensive docks, a breakwater, and other artificial improvements. Pop. in 1S76, 35,071. It appears to have become a place of some importance in the tenth century, when it was first surrounded by walls. The possession of it was repea.tedly contested by the Spaniards and French. In 165S it was given up to the linglish, in whose possession it continued till 1662, when Charles II. sold it to Louis XIV. Dun'kirk, a post-village of Jay co., Ind., on the Colum- bus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroad, 68 miles E.S.E. of Logansport, and about IS miles N.E. of Muncie. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a newspaper oifice, and a money- order post-offiee. Pop. estimated at 600. Dunkirk, Calvert co., Md. See Smithville. Dunkirk, a port of entry in Dunkirk township, Chau- tauqua CO., N.Y., on Lake Erie, and on the Lake Shore &, Michigan Southern Railroad, 40 miles S.S.W. of Buffalo, 48 miles E.N.B. of Erie, and 460 miles W.N.W. of New York. The Western division of the Erie Railroad terminates at this place, which is the N. terminus of the Dunkirk, Alle- ghany Valley & Pittsburg Railroad, extending to Titusville, Pa. It has a safe and commodious harbor, with wharves for the accommodation of the numerous steamboats and sailing-vessels that ply between this town and other lake ports. It contains a large opera-house, 2 banks, 10 churches, an orphan asylum, a monastery, a public hall, several graded schools, and printing-ofiices which issue 2 weekly news- papers. Here are extensive warehouses and workshops of the Erie Railroad, also several iron-works, a foundry, 1 or more lumber-mills, and a manufactory of agricultural implements. The Brooks Locomotive Works of this place employ about 550 men. A horse-railroad connects the Union depot with Fredonia. Dunkirk is supplied with lake- water by the Holly Water-Works, and is lighted with gas. Pop. in 1870, 5231; of the township, 6912; in 1875, 7655. Dunkirk, apost-village of Hardin co., 0., in Blanchard township, on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Rail- road, 24 miles E. of Lima, and about 20 miles S. of Findlay. It has 2 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, a graded school, and several factories. Dunkirk, a township of Dane eo.. Wis. Pop. 1253, ex- clusive of the village of Stoughton. Dunk'lin, a southeastern county of Missouri, bordering on Arkansas, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the St. Francis River, and is inter- sected by Castor or Little River. The surface is low, is ex- tensively covered with forests, and is subject to inundation. The soil produces some Indian corn, grass, &o. Capital, Kennett. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,650,000. Pop. in 1870, 5982, of whom 5958 were Americans. Dunklin, a township of Greenville eo., S.C. P. 1457. Dunkour, or Dankaur, dun^kowr', a town of India, district of Boolundshahur, on the Jumna, 28 miles S.S.E. of Delhi. Pop. 5423. Dunks'burg (Sigel Post-Office), a hamlet of Johnson and Pettis cos., JUo., 8 miles S. of Brownsville Station. It has 2 churches. Dunkur, dun'kiiK\ a village of India, on the Spiti, near the Sutlej, 140 miles S. by E. of Leh. Lat. 32° 18' N. ; Ion. 78° 20' E. Dun'Iap, a post-hamlet of Peoria co., 111., on the Peoria &, Rock Island Railroad, 15 miles N. of Peoria. Pop. 80. Dunlap, a post-village of Harrison eo., Iowa, in Har- rison township, on Boyer River, and on the Chicago & North- western Railroad, 51 miles N.N.W. of Omaha, and 17 miles S.W. of Denison. It has 3 churches, a bank, a money-order post-ofiice, a flouring-mill, a graded school, and a newspaper oflice. Pop. 636. Here are a large hotel and fine railroad buildings, and the place has a heavy trade. Duikiap, a post-hamlet of Morris co., Kansas, is near the Neosho River, and on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, 9 miles S.E. of Council Grove. It has 2 stores. Dunlap, a post-ofBce of Ohio. See Georgetown. Dunlap, a post- village, capital of Sequatchie co., Tenn., on the Sequatchie River, 40 miles N.N.W. of Chattanooga. Dun'lapsville, a post-village of Union eo., Ind., on the East Fork of the Whitewater River, about 20 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. It has a church and an academy. Pop. about 150. DunMav'in, a town of Ireland, co. of Wieklow, 8 miles N. of Baltinglass. Pop. 651. Dunleary, a former name of Kingstown, Ireland, Dunleer', a town of Ireland, co. of Louth, 11 miles by rail S. of Dundalk. Pop. 628. Dunleith, dun-leeth', an incorporated town of Jo Da- viess CO., 111., is in Dunleith township, on the Mississippi River, opposite Dubuque. It is the northwestern terminus of the Illinois Central Railroad, the trains of which here cross the river by a grand iron bridge which is said to have cost $2,000,000 or more. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a brewery, a cigar-factory, and a manufactory of reapers and mowers. Lead is found here. Pop. of town- ship, 1362. Dunleith, a post-office of Wayne co., W. Va. Dun-le-Palleteau,diiN''-leh-p4ri?h-to'(orpiirto'), a town of France, 14 miles N.W.'of Gueret. Pop. 1286. Dun-le-Roi, diiN=-l?h-rwi (anc. Cae'trum Dii'id?), a town of France, in Cher, 11 miles N. of Saint-Amand, on the Auron. Pop. 4367. Dunlev'y, a post-office of Warren co., 0., is at Utica. Dunlop', a village of Scotland, cos. of Ayr and Ren- frew, 7i miles N.E. of Irvine. Pop. 380. Dun^man'us Bay, an inlet on the S.W. coast of Ire- land, CO. of Cork, 4 miles in breadth at its entrance, and stretching inland about 12 miles. Dunman'way, a town of Ireland, co. and 30 miles by rail S.W. of Cork. Pop. 2046. Dun'more', a village of Scotland, co. and 7 miles S.E. of Stirling. Dunniore, a town of Ireland, co. of Galway, 7A miles N.N.E. of Tuam. Pop. 640. Dunmore, or East Dnnmore, a town of Ireland, CO. and Si miles S.E. of Waterford, on Waterford harbor. Dun^more', a post-borough of Lackawanna co., Pa., on the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, and on the Pennsylvania Coal Comjiany's Railroad, 12 miles N.E. of Pittston, and 3 miles E.N.E. of Scranton. It is in the Lackawanna Valley, has rich mines of anthracite coal, and is mainly supported by the coal-business. It h.as 5 churches and a graded school. Pop. 4311. Dunmore, a post-hamlet of Pocahontas co., W. Va., 65 miles N. of White Sulphur Springs. It has a church, a grist-mill, and 2 saw-mills. Dunmore Town, a town of the Bahamas, finely situ- ated on Harbor Island, at the N.E. extremity of Eleuthera. It has a large trade in pine-apples. Pop. 2500. Dun'movv, or Great Dun'mow, a town of England, CO. of Essex, on the Chelmer, 10 miles by rail W. of Brain- tree. The town is supposed to have been the Roman Casar- om'agus. It has a fine church, a market-cross, a workhouse, and manufactures of sacking. Pop. of parish, 2983. Dunmur'ry, a village of Ireland, co. of Antrim, on the Glenwater, 4i miles by rail S. by W. of Belfast. Pop. 604. Dunn, a county in the W.N.W. part of Wisconsin, has an area of 864 square miles. It is intersected by the Chip- pewa and Menomonee (or Red Cedar) Rivers, which unite in the southern part of the county, and is partly drained by Hay River. The surface is uneven or hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests, in which the pine and sugar-maple are found. The soil is fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, and lumber are the staple products. This county is intersected by the West Wisconsin Railroad. Silurian sand- stone lies next to the surface. Capital, Menomonee. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $4,656,920. Pop. in 1870, 9488 ; in 1875, 13,427, of whom 8870 were Americans. Dunn, a post-office of Moultrie co.. 111., near Hampton Station on the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of Sullivan. Dunn, a township of Dane CO., Wis. Pop. 1173. It contains McFiirland. Dunn, a township of Dunn co.. Wis. Pop. 1036. It contains Dunnville, Louisville, and Downsville. Dunn Brook, a post-office of Oneida co., N.Y. Dunnegal, an island of Ireland. See Ringarsga. Dun'nell, or Lake Fre'mont', a post-hamlet of Martin co., Minn., 36 miles S.S.E. of Windom. The name of its post-office is Dunnell. Dun'net, a village of Scotland, co. of Caithness, on Dunnet Bay, 7i miles E.N.E. of Thurso. Dun'net Head, a rocky peninsula of Scotland, form- ing the N. extremity of Great Britain, and having on it a light-house 340 feet above the sea, in lat. 58° 40' N., Ion. 3° 21' W. On the S.W. side is the inlet of Dunnet Bay. Dunn'igan, or Dun'lgan, formerly Antelope, a post-village of Yolo co., Cal., on the California Pacific Rail- road, 18 miles N.N.W. of Woodland. It hjis 3 stores, 2 hotels, a public hall, and about 26 houses. Dun'ning, a village of Scotland, co. and SJ miles S.S.W. of Perth by railway. Pop. 1213. DUN 656 DUP Dun'niug, or Dun'nings, a post-village of Lacka- wanna CO., Pa., in Roaring Brook township, on the Dela- ware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, 10 miles E.S.E. of Scrauton. It has 2 churches, a large tannery, 3 steam saw- mills, and other lumber-mills, in which water-power is used. Dunningen, doon'ning-§n, a village of Wurtemberg, 1 miles W.N.W. of Rottweil. Pop. 1G09. Duii'ning's, a station in Bradford co.. Pa., on the Northern Central Railroad, 12 miles S. of Elmira,, N.Y. Dunuing's CreeU^ Pennsylvania, runs southward in Bedford co., and enters the Raystown Branch of the Juniata at the borough of Bedford. Dunning's Creek, a station in Bedford co., Pa., on the railroad from Bedford to Mount Dallas, at the junction of the branch extending to Iloldcrbaum. Duuning's Mountain, Pennsylvania, is a long ridge in the north part of Bedford co. and the south part of Blair CO. It is a continuation of the ridge which is called Bald Eagle Mountain in Centre co. Duii'tiing Street, a hamlet of Saratoga co., N.Y., in Malta township, 2 miles from Round Lake Station. It has a church. Here is Malta Post-Otlice. I>un'ningsville.j a post-village of Washington co., Pa., in Nottingham township, 10 miles E.N.E. of Washington. It has a church and an academy. Dunningville, a post-hamlet of Allegan co., Mich., on the Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, 8 miles N.W. of Allegan. It has a church and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 150. Dun^nose', a lofty headland of the Isle of Wight, on its S.E. coast. Lat. 50° 37' N. ; Ion. 1° 11' 36" W. Dun^not'tar, a parish of Scotland, co. of Kincardine, on the North Sea, and comprising the town of Stonehaven. The ruin of Dunnottar Castle, formerly the seat of the Keiths, stands on a perpendicular rock 160 feet above the sea and almost separated from the mainland by a deep chasm. The castle was taken in 1296 by Wallace. In 1685 many Covenanters were imprisoned in the dungeons of Dunnottar, It was dismantled after 1715. Dunn's, a township of Franklin ec, N.C. Pop. 838. Dunn's Eddy, a station in Warren co., Pa., on the railroad from Oil City to Irvine, 50 miles N.E. of Oil City. Dunn's Landing, Arkansas. See Askkw. Dunn's Rock, a township of Transylvania co., N.C, Pop. 420. Dunn's Store, a post-office of Caroline co., Va. Dunns'town, a village of Clinton co., Pa., on the left or N. bank of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, 1^ miles from Lock Haven. It has a church and 2 large steam saw-mills. Pop. about 200. Dunns'ville, a post-hamlet of Albany co., N.Y., 3 miles N. of Knowersville Station. Dunnsville, a post-village of Essex co., Va., on the Rappahannock, 40 miles N.E. of Richmond. It has 2 churches, a high school, and a fruit-canning Victory. Dunn'ville, a post-hamlet of Casey co., Ky., 25 miles from McKinney Station. It has a church, 2 stores, and a mill. Dunnville, a post-hamlet of Dunn co., Wis., on the Chippewa River, at the mouth of the Red Cedar, at the head of steam navigation, 12 miles S. of Menomonee. Many persons are employed here in the lumber-business. Dunnville, a village and port of entry in Monck co., Ontario, on Grand River, 40 miles by rail S.S.E. of Hamil- ton, and 50 miles by water W. by N. of Buffalo. It has a branch bank, a printing-office issuing a weekly newspaper, woollen-, grist-, saw-, and other mills, a foundry, and a large lumber- and grain-trade. Pop. 1452. Dunois, dii^nwS,', an ancient territory of, France, prov- ince of Orl^annois (Orleannais). now forming parts of the departments of Eure-et-Loir, Loir-et-Cher, and Loiret, Dun^ol'ly, a ruined castle of Scotland, co. of Argyle, on a rock forming the N. point of Oban Bay, Dun^ol'ly, a miningTborough of Gladstone co., Victoria, Australia, 30 miles W.N.W. of Castlemaine. Pop. 1553. It has a general hospital and gold-mines. Dun^oon', a town of Scotland, co. of Argyle, on the W. side of the Firth of Clyde, 7* miles W. of Greenock. It has a pier, a convalescents' home, and many fine resi- dences. It is a favorite watering-place. Pop. 3756. Dunreith, dun-reeth', a post-village of Henry co., Ind., in Spiceland township, on Flat Rock Creek, and on the Pitts- burg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, 29 miles AV. of Rich- mond. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Dun^rob'in Cas'tle, in Scotland, co. of Sutherland, on Dornoch Firth, 7 miles E.N.E. of Dornoch, is a residence of the Duke of Sutherland. Dun^ross'ness, a peninsula at the S. extremity of Shetland mainland, and terminating in Sumburgh Head. Dunse, dunss, a town of Scotland, co. of Berwick, on a branch railway, 13 miles W. of Berwick-on-Tweed. It has a town hall, subscription and other libraries, a reading- room, and 2 branch banks. It is said to have been the birthplace of Duns Scotus. Pop. 2618. Dunshaughlin, dun-shawn'lin, a town of Ireland, co. of Meath,.ll miles S.S.E. of Navan. Pop. 362. Dun^shelt', or Daneshalt, d4n-sh^lt', a village of Scotland, co. of Fife, 1 mile S.E. of Auchtermuchty. Duu^siuaue% or Dunsin'nan, one of the Sidlaw Hills, in Scotland, co. and 7 miles N.E. of Perth. Eleva- tion, 1114 feet. It has been a military station, surrounded by ramparts and fosse attributed to Macbeth. Dun^sinnane', a post-village in Bruce co., Ontario, 5 miles W. of Lucknow. Pop. 100. Duns'fort, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Pa,, on Big Buffalo Creek, about 40 miles S.W. of Pittsburg. It has a steam grist-mill, Dun^sinsk', a village of Ireland, co. of Dublin, 4 miles W.N.W. of Dublin Castle, near Trinity College Observatory. Dun'stable, a town of England, co. and IS miles by rail S.S.W. of Bedford, at the E. base of the Chiltern Hills. The town, situated among chalk downs, consists of antique brick houses, and has extensive manufactures of straw hats, bonnets, straw plait, and whiting. Pop. 4558. Dunstable, dun'sta-b'l, a post-hamlet in Dunstable township, Middlesex co., Mass., on the Nashua, Acton & Boston Railroad, 6 miles S. of Nashua, N.II. It has a church. It has also a station on the Lowell »fe Nashua Kail- road, 33 miles from Boston. Pop. of the township, 471. Dunstable, a township of Clinton co.. Pa., bounded S. by the West Branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 515, Dun^staff'nage, an ancient royal castle of Scotland, CO. of Argyle, on Loch Etive, 2^ miles N.E. of Oban. It belonged to the Scottish monarchs in early times, and is of unknown antiquity. Dun'ster, a town of England, co. of Somerset, 32 miles W.N.W. of Somerton. Pop. of parish, 1156. Duns'ton, or Duns'ton Cor'ners, a village of Cumberland co., Me., in Scarborough township, 1 mile from AVest Scarborough Station. It has a church and a high school. Here is Scarborough Post-Office. Dun-sur-Meuse, duNo-sUn-muz, a town of France, in Meuse, 12 miles S.S.W, of Montmedy, on the Meuse, Pop. 927. Duntocher, dun-t^K'er or dun-tSn'er, a village of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton, 8 miles N.W. by AV. of Glas- gow, with cotton-factories and manufactures of agricultural implements, «tc. Pop. 1367. Dunton, Illinois. See Arltngtox Heights. Dun'tonsville, a post-hamlet of Edgefield co., S.C., S miles N.AV. of Edgefield Court-House. DunUroon', or Bow'more, or Scotch Corners, a post-village in Simcoe co., Ontario, 8 miles S. of Colling- wood. Pop. 150. DunVeg'an, a bay and headland of Scotland, on the AY. coast of the Isle of Skye. Dunveg'an, or Ken'yon, a post-village in Glengarry CO., Ontario, 31 miles N. of Cornwall. Pop. 250. Dunvegan Fort, North-AYest Territories. Canada, on Peace River. Lat. 56° 14' N. ; Ion. 117° 30' W. Dunwich, dGn'ich, a decayed borough of England, co. of Suffolk, on the North Sea, 26 miles N.E. of Ipswich. It was anciently an important city, the capital of East Anglia, but has been almost entirely destroyed by inroads of the sea. Pop. of parish, 234. Du Page, a county in the N.E. part of Illinois, has an area of about 340 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Des Plaines River, and is partly drained by Du Page Creek. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is very fertile. A large part of the county is prairie. Oats, hay, Indian corn, wheat, and butter are the stuplc products. This county is intersected by the Chicago & Nortliwestern Railroad and the Chicago, Burlington & Quinoy Railroad. Capital, AVheaton. A''aluation of real and personal estate, §10,500,000. Pop. in 1S70, 16,685, of whom 11,472 were Americans. Du Page, a post-township of AYill co., 111., on the Chi- cago & Alton Railroad, about 30 miles S.AA'". of Chicago. It is partly drained by the Dcs Plaines Rivor. Pop. IIIS. Du Page Creek, Illinois, rises in Du Pago co., runs southward in AA''ill co., and enters the Des Plaines Rivor about 10 miles S.AV. of Joliot. It is nearly GO nules long. Du Plain, a post-hamlet of Clinton co., Mich., in Du Plain township, on Maple River, 9 miles N.E. of St. John. It has 2 churches and a tannery. The township contains the village of Elsie. Pop. of the township, 1567. DUP 657 DUR Du'plaiii'ville, a post-office of Waukesha, oo., Wis. Duplin, du'plin, a county in the S.E. part of North Carolina, has an area of about 730 square miles. It is drained by the N.E. branch of Cape Fear River. The sur- face is level, and mostly covered with forests of pine and other trees. The soil is sandy and moderately fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, pork, sweet potatoes, tar, and turpen- tine are the staple products of the county. It is intersected by the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad. Capital, Kenans- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, 82,329,920. Pop. in 1870, 15,542, of whom 15,499 were Americans. Duplin Roads, a hamlet in Island Creek township, Duplin CO., N.C., on the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad, 36 miles N. of Wilmington. Pop. about 100. Du'pont', a station on the Wilmington & Reading Rail- road, 7 miles N. of Wilmington, Del. Dupont, a post-village of Clinch co., Ga., on the Atlan- tic ridge across the Lehigh connects it with South Easton. Easton is partly built on the sides of hills, and is surrounded by picturesque scenery. It is laid out in rectangular blocks, with a public square in the centre. It is lighted with gas and supplied with good spring- water distributed in pipes. It contains 19 churches, an opera-house, a public library, an academy, 2 national banks, 2 savings-banks, a high school, and printing-offices which issue 2 daily and 4 weekly newspapers. Here is Lafayette College (Presbyterian), which was organized in 1831 and has 25 professors and about 270 students annually. Easton has several iron-furnaces, rolling-mills, machine-shops, foundries, flouring-mills, and manufactures of locks, ropes, wire, sheet-iron, lumber, furniture, Ac. ; also 3 street-rail- way companies. It is situated at the junction of the Del- aware, Lehigh, and Morris Canals, by which large quantities of coal, iron, grain, lumber, stone, &c., are received and ex- ported. Many factories and mills of Phillipsburg and South Easton are owned by citizens of Easton. Pop. 10,987. Easton, a post-office of Monongalia co., W. Va. Easton, a post-village of Adams co.. Wis., in Easton township, about 30 miles N.W. of Portage City. It has a flouring-mill. Pop. of the township, 317. Many hops are produced here. Easton Corners, New York. See North Easton, East'on's, a station in Marshall co., W. Va., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 23 miles S. by E. of Wheeling. Easton's Corners, a post-village in Grenville co., Ontario, 3 miles from Irish Creek. Pop. 250. East Or'ange, a post-village of Sioux co., Iowa, on the Sioux City & Pacific Railroad, 42 miles N.N.E. of Sioux City. It has 2 churches. East Orange, a post- village in East Orange township, on the eastern border of the city of Orange, Essex co., N.J., on the Morris k Essex Railroad, 3 miles W.N.W. of New- ark. It has 9 churches, a newspaper office, a military academy, and 3 fine public school buildings of brick, which cost each about 325,000. The principal streets are lighted with gas. Here are numerous fine villas, and many business men of New York reside here. Pop. 6500. East Orange, a post-hamlet of Orange co., Vt., in Orange township, 14 miles N.W. of Bradford Railroad Sta- tion. It has 2 churches. East Or'angeville, a post-hamlet of Wyoming co., N.Y., 2A miles W. of AVarsaw. It has a cheese-factory. East Or'land, a post-office of Cook co., 111. East Ov'leans, a post-hamlet of Barnstable co., Mass., in Orleans township, 1 mile E. of Orleans Station on the Cape Cod Railroad, and about 1 mile from the sea. East Or'rington, a post-village of Penobscot co.. Me., in Orrington township, 2^ miles from Brewer Village. It has a church, a tannery, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 200. East O'tis, a hamlet of Berkshire co., Mass., in Otis township, 10 miles W. of Russell. It has 14 dwellings. East O'tisfield, a post-office of Cumberland co., Me, East Ot'to, a post-hamlet of Cattaraugus eo., N.Y., in East Otto township, about 38 miles S. by E. from Buffalo. It has 2 churches, a cheese-factory, and a lumber-mill. Pop. of the township, 1185. Easto'ver, a post-office of Richland co., S.C., and a station on the Wilmington, Columbia &, Augusta Railroad, 20 miles E.S.E. of Columbia, East Paler'mo, a post-office of AValdo eo., Me. East Palermo, a post-office of Oswego co., N.Y. East Palestine, a post-village of Columbiana co., 0., in Unity township, on the Pittsburg, Fort AVayne & Chicago Railroad, 33 miles E. of Alliance. It has 4 churches and a high school. Coal is mined here. East Palmy'ra, a post- village of Wayno co., N.Y., in Palmyra township, on the Erie Canal, and on the Now York Central Railroad, about 27 miles E.S.E. of Rochester, It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. East Par'is, a village of Bourbon co., Ivy., near Paris, the county seat. Pop. 212. East Paris, a post-hamlet of Kent co., Mich., in Paris township, 8 or 9 miles S.E. of Grand Rapids. East Park, a post-office of Dutchess co., N.Y., 1 mile E. of Hyde Park. East Par'ker, a village of Clarion co.. Pa., in Perry township, on the Alleghany River, which separates it from Parker City, and on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, at Parker Station, 41 miles S. by E. of Franklin. It has 2 churches, a hotel, and an iron bridge over the river. It is the N.E. terminus of the Earns City & Parker Railroad. Oil is found near this place. Here is Pollock Post-Offiee. East Par'sonfield, a post-hamlot of York co.. Me., in Parsonfield township, about 35 miles W. of Portland. It has a ohuroh, 3 stores, and manufactures of carriages, Ac. EAS 673 EAS East Pascagoula, Mississippi, tlie station-name of Pascagoltla. East Passaic, N.J., is a part of the city of Passaic. East Paw Paw, a post-village of De Kalb cc, 111., 2 miles from the Chicago & Rock River Railroad, and about 35 miles W. of Aurora. It is partly in Lee co. It has a church and a classical seminary. East Pem'broke, a post-office of Plymouth co., Mass. East Pembroke, a post-office of Merrimack co., N.H. East Pembroke, a post- village of Genesee co., N.Y., in Pembroke and Batavia townships, on the New York Cen- tral Railroad, 30 miles E.N.E. of Buffalo. It has 3 churches, an academy, a cheese-factory, and a flour-mill. Pop. 156. East Pen'dleton, a post-office of Sabine parish. La. East Pen'field, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., N.Y., in Penfleld township, about 12 miles E. of Rochester. It has 2 churches. East Peiin, a township in Carbon co., Pa., bounded N.E. by the Lehigh River, and traversed by the Lehigh Valley Railroad. Pop. 862. East Penn Junction. See Emaus, Pa. East Pennsborough, penz'biir-ruh, a township of Cumberland co., Pa., on the Susquehanna River, is traversed by the Pennsylvania Railroad. Pop. 2719. East Pepin, pip'in, a post-office of Pepin co.. Wis. East Pep'perell, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mass., in Pepperell township, on or near the Nashua River, about 11 miles W. of Lowell. It has a p.aper-mill and a shoe-factory. East Per'ham, a post-office of Aroostook co.. Me. East Peru', a post-office of Oxford co.. Me. East Pharsa'lia, a post-hamlet of Chenango co., N.Y., about 44 miles S.S.E. of Syracuse. East Pierrepont, New York. See Hannaway Falls. East Pike, a post-village of Wyoming co., N.Y"., in Pike township, 3 miles S.W. of Castile Station, and about 44 miles E.S.E. of Buffiilo. It has a church, a paper-mill, a tannery, a flouring-mill, and a cheese-factory. East Pike'land, a township of Chester co.. Pa., on the Schuylkill River. Pop. 862. East Pike Run, a township of Washington co., Pa. It is bounded B. by the Monongahela River. Pop. 817, exclusive of California, Greenfield, and West Brownsville. It has mines of coal. East Pit'caim, a post-office of St. Lawrence co., N.Y". East Pitts'ton, a post-hamlet of Kennebec co., Me., in Pittston township, 14 miles S.S.E. of Augusta. East Plainfield, Michigan. See Austeblitz. East Plain'field, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., N.H., in Plainfield township, 4^ miles S. of Lebanon. East Plainfield, a hamlet of Coshocton co., 0., on Wills Creek, 24 miles N.E. of Zanesville. It has 2 churches. East Platts'mouth, a post-hamlet of Mills co., Iowa, on the Missouri River, opposite Plattsmouth, Neb., and on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, which here crosses the river. East Plym'outh, a hamlet of Litchfield co., Conn.j in Plymouth township, 2 miles from Pequabuc Station. It has a church, a grist-mill, and 2 saw-mills. East Plymouth, a post-office of Ashtabula co., 0. East Poestenkill, poos'ten-kir, a post-hamlet of Rensselaer co., N.Y., in Poestenkill township, 12 miles E. by S. of Troy. East Point, a post-village of Fulton co., 6a., on the Atlanta division of the Central Railroad, 6 miles S. of At- lanta. It is the northeast terminus of the Atlanta & West Point Railroad. It has an academy and 2 churches. East Point, a post-office of Floyd co., Ky. East Point, a shipping-point of Red River parish. La., on Red River, 120 miles by water below Shreveport. It has 2 stores and 3 warehouses. East Point, a fishing-hamlet in the district of Burgeo and La Poile, Newfoundland, at the entrance to La Poile Bay, 3 miles from La Poile. Pop. 66. East Point, or Beaton's Point, a post-village in Kings CO., Prince Edward Island, on the eastern extremity of the island, 65 miles from Charlottetown. It has a light- house. Pop. 150. East Po'land, a post-hamlet of Androscoggin co.. Me., in Poland township, on the Grand Trunk Railroad, 32 miles N. of Portland. The station-name is Empire Road. East'port, a post-vill.age of Fremont co., Iowa, in Benton township, on the Missouri River, and on the Red Oak Branch of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, about 4 miles above Nebraska City, It has 2 churches, a graded school, &>c. Pop. 134. Eastport, a port of entry of Washington co., Me., is 43 on Moose Island, in Passamaquoddy Bay, and in Eastport township, about 25 miles S.S.E. of Calais, and 100 miles E. of Bangor. The island is separated from the mainland by a narrow channel, which is crossed by a bridge. The tide rises here about 25 feet, and prevents the harbor from being obstructed with ice. This town is on the eastern frontier of the United States, and is supported partly by the fish- eries, the lumber business, and coast trade. It contains S churches, a national bank, a newspaper office, a savings- bank, and the Boynton High School. Pop. of the town- ship, 3736. Eastport, a post-hamlet of Antrim co., Mich., at the head of Torch Lake, 17 miles N.E. of Traverse City. It has a store and a hotel. Pop. about 100. Eastport, a post-village of Tishemingo co.. Miss., on the left bank of the Tennessee River, about 26 miles E. by S. from Corinth. Eastport, a post-village of Suffolk co., N.Y., in Brook- haven and Southampton townships, on the Sag Harbor Branch Railroad (at Moriches Station), about 70 miles E. of New York. It has a church, 2 saw-mills, a grist-mill, a manufactory of wintergreen oil, and 2 hotels. Pop. 135. Eastport, a hamlet in Mill township, Tuscarawas co., 0., 3 miles N. of Uhrichsville. Pop. 25. Eastport, a village of Coos co., Oregon, 60 miles W. of Roseburg. It has a church. Coal is mined here. East Port'al, a station in Florida township, Berkshire CO., Mass., on the Deerficld River, and on the Troy & Greenfield Railroad, at the eastern entrance to the Hoosac Tunnel, and 7 miles E. of North Adams. East Port Ches'ter, a hamlet of Fairfield co.. Conn., in Greenwich township, on Byron River, i mile from Port Chester, N.Y. It has 2 churches and 3 stores. East Port'land, a post-village of Multnomah co., Oregon, on the E. bank of the AVillamette River, opposite Portland, and on the Oregon & California Railroad. It has 2 churches. Pop. 830. East Poult'ney, a post-village of Rutland co., Vt., on Poultney River, in Poultney township, Ij miles from Poultney Station, and about 13 miles S.W. of Rutland. It has 3 churches, a cheese-factory, a tannery, a saw-mill, &c. East Prairieville, pra'ree-vil, a post-village of Rice CO., Minn., 4 miles E. of Faribault. It has a church, a graded school, and a hotel. East Prince'ton, a post-village of Worcester co., Mass., in Princeton township, 16 miles N. of Worcester. It has a public hall, 2 chair-factories, and a lumber-mill. East Pros'pect, a post-borough of York co.. Pa., in Lower Windsor township, about 1 mile W. of the Susque- hanna River, and 12 miles E. of Y'ork. It has 2 churches, a cigar-factory, Ac. Pop. about 250. East Prov'idence, a township of Bedford co.. Pa., bounded W. by the R.aystown Branch of the Juniata, and traversed by the Huntingdon A Broad Top Railroad. Pop, 1274. East Providence, a hamlet of East Providence town- ship. Providence co., R.I. Pop 171. East Providence, a post-township of Providence CO., R.I., is separated from the city of Providence by the Seekonk or Blackstone River. It is on the Providence, Warren & Bristol Railroad and on a branch of the Boston & Providence Railroad. The township is bounded on the W. by the Pawtucket River and Narragansett Biiy. It contains 2 large villages, named Watchemoket and Rum- ford. It has chemical works and 7 churches. Pop. of town- ship, 4999. East Providence Post-Office is at Rumford. East Prussia, priish'ya, the most N.E. province of Prussia, enclosed by the Baltic Sea, Russian Poland, and the province of West Prussia. Area, 14,220 square miles. It nearly corresponds to the original dukedom of Prussia. It comprises the two districts of Konigsherg and Gumbinnen. Capital, Kiinigsberg. It is an old division, restored in 1878 as a province of the realm. Pop. 1,856,421. East Put'nam, a post-hamlet of Windham co., Conn., 3 miles S.E. of Putnam Station, and about 28 miles N.N.E. of Norwich. It has a church. East Put'ney, in Windham co., Vt., is on the Con- necticut River, and on the Central Vermont Railroad, in Putney township, 3 miles N. of Putney Station. Here is Cornton Post-Offlce. East Randolph, Massachusetts. See Holbrook, East Ran'dolph, a post-village of Cattar.augus co,, N,Y., on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, about 17 miles E. by N. from Jamestown. It has 2 churches, 2 flour- mills, a tannery, a machine-shop, a saw-mill, a foundry, and a school called Chamberlain Institute. Pop. about 700. East Randolph, a post-village of Orange co., Vt., in EAS 674 EAS Randolph township, on the Second Branch of White River, 25 miles S. of Montpelier. It has 2 churches. Pop. 200. Bast Raymond, ra'mond, a post-hamlet of Cumber- land CO., Me., in Raymond township, about 24= miles N.N.W. of PortUmd. East Redwood, California. See Hates. £ast Rich'ford, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Vt., on the Missisquoi River, and on tiie Southeastern Railroad, 26 miles N.W. of Newport. It has a church, a saw-mill, and a manufactory of wooden-ware. £ast RichMaiid, a post-village of Belmont co., 0., in Richland township, 3 miles N. of Warnock Station, and 15 miles W. of Bellaire. It has a church and a flour-mill. £ast Riiidge, rinj, a post-hamlet of Cheshire co., N.H., about 24: miles S.E. of Keene. It has manufactures of brooms, lumber, and boxes. £ast Ringgold, Pickaway co., 0. See Ringgold. £ast Ri'o, a station in Columbia co.. Wis,, on the Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railroad, 15 miles S.E. of Portage. £ast River, New York, is a strait which separates the city of New York from Brooklyn and connects Long Island Sound with New York Bay. It is about 10 miles long, and ^ mile wide at the narrowest part, which is between Brook- lyn and the lower end of New York, nearly 2 miles N.E. of the Battery. This river is navigable by large ships. It encloses Blackweirs, Ward's, and Randall's Islands. East River, a post-village of New Haven co., Conn., on the Shore Line Railroad, 18 miles B. of New Haven. East River, a township of Page co., Iowa, traversed by the Nodaway and its East Fork. Pop. 909. East River, a post-hamlet of Cortland co., N.Y., on the East Branch of Tioghnioga River, and on the New York & Oswego Midland Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Cortland. East River, a post-office of Mercer co., AV. Va. East Riv'erside, a post-office of Fayette co., Pa. East Riv'ertou, a post-office of Mason co., Mich., 11 miles E.S.E. of Ludlngton. East Roch'ester, a post-village of Strafford co., N.H., in Rochester township, on Salmon River, and on the Port- land & Rochester Railroad, 49 miles W.S.W. of Portland, Me., and 3 miles E. of Rochester. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of woollen goods and shoes. Pop. about 400. East Rochester, a post-village of Columbiana co., 0., in West township, on the Cleveland & Pittsburg Rail- road, 14 miles S. of Alliance. It has 2 churches. East Rock'away, a post-village of Queens co., N.Y., in Hempstead township, 1 mile from Pearsall's Railroad Station, and about 14 miles E.S.E. of Brooklyn. It has a church and 2 grist-mills. It is on the sea-coast. East Rock'port, a post-office of Cuyahoga co., 0. East Rod'man, or Whitesville, whTts'vil, a post- hamlet of Jefferson eo., N.Y., in Rodman township, 9 miles S. of Watertown. It has a church and a flour-mill. The post-office is East Rodman. Pop. '60. East Rox'bury, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Vt., in Roxbury township, 5 miles S. of Northfield Station. It has a church. East Roy'alty, a village in Queens co.. Prince Edward Island, 3 mik-s from Charlottetown. Pop. 130. East Ru'lo, a post-office of Holt co., Mo. East Rum'ford, a post-hamlet of Oxford co., Me., on the Androscoggin River, 40 miles N.N.W. of Lewiston. East Ru'pert, a post-hamlet of Bennington co., Vt., in Rupert township, on the Pawlet River, about 28 miles S.S.W. of Rutland. It has a cheese-factory. East Rush, a village of New York. See Rush. East Rush, a post-office of Susquehanna co.. Pa. East Rush'ford, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co., N.Y., in RushffMd tnuiiship. nbout 25 miles S. of Warsaw. It has a church ;inil iininiinurures of lumber, sash, and blinds. East Rushville, Fairfield co., 0. See Hushville. East Sag'inaw, a city of Saginaw co., Mich., is on the right or E. bank of the Saginaw River, 98 miles N.N.W. of Detroit, 66 miles N.N.E. of Lansing, 12 miles S. of Bay City, and 2 miles N.E. of the town of Saginaw. It is on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad and the Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw Railroad, and is the E. terminus of the Saginaw Valley & St. Louis Railroad. It is the most pop- ulous town in the county, and contains 20 churches, 3 na- tional banks, a savings-bank, a high school, an academy of music, it public library, an opera-house, a first-class hotel, a Catholic hospital and orphan asylum, and many elegant residences. Two daily and 3 weekly newspapers are pub- lished here. Several bridges across the river connect it with Saginaw. Steamboats can ascend the river to this place, which has an extensive trade in pine lumber, salt, and other products. It has important manufactures of salt, 4 brew- eries, 4 large planingTmills, 2 flouring-mills, 4 foundries, with machine-shops, 3 ship-yards, and about 20 saw- and shingle-mills. The quantity of salt produced here annually is about 1,000,000 barrels. This city is supplied with water brought from the Tittabawassee River (3 miles distant) and distributed through nearly 26 miles of iron pipes. These water-works, constructed on the "Holly system," cost about $375,000. East Saginaw was incorporated in 1859. Pop. in 1860, 3001; in 1870, 11,350; in 1874, 17,084. East Saint Cloud, a station on the northern division of the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 74 miles N.W. of St. Paul, Minn., and on the Mississippi River, opposite St. Cloud. Here are fine granite-quarries, also a grain-elevator; and a good bridge connects the place with St. Cloud. East Saint Johnsbury, j6nz'ber-re, a station in Ciiledonia cc, Vt., on the Portland . 1486. In the castle are kept the ancient regalia or " honors" of Scotland. Adjoining Holyrood Palace on the N. side are the ruins of the chapel belonging to the abbey of Holyrood, founded in 1128 by David L, the only portion of that establishment now remaining. A privilege of sanctuary for insolvent debtors is attached to this abbey, extending over Arthur's Seat, Salisbury Crags, and for a considerable distance east. The cathedral of St. Giles, situate in High street, is a large ancient edifice in later Gothic style. It was in this church that the Solemn League and Covenant was subscribed in 1613. On a commanding situation at the top of High street stands Victoria or Assembly Hall, a magnificent structure in the decorated Gothic style. Adjoining St. Giles' church is an open area called Parliament Square, in the centre of which is an equestrian statue of Charles II., erected in 1685. At the S.W. corner of the square is the entrance to the Parliament House, the higher courts of law, and the Advocates' Library. The Parliament House, now known by the name of the Outer House, the place in which the Scottish parliament met before the Union, is a magnifi- cent hall, 122 feet long by 49 feet broad, with a lofty open timber roof. Other buildings of note in the Old Town are the Tron church, founded in 1637; the county hall, con- taining the sheriff courts; the royal exchange, foun led in 1753; the corn exchange, in the Grass Market; the Bank of Scotland ; Dean Bridge, a noble structure thrown across a deep ravine, at the bottom of which flows the Water of Leith ; Physicians' Hall, in Queen street, a handsome edi- fice; the Assembly-Rooms and Music Hall; the Edinburgh and Glasgow and the Commercial Banks, the Western Bank, the British Linen Company's Bank, the General Begister-House of Scotland, the Theatre Royal, General Post-Office and Stamp-Office, and the jail and bridewell, a cluster of castellated buildings, surrounded by a high wall, on a rocky ledge of the Calton Hill. In 1S17 the old jail, called the *' Heart of Mid- Lothian," was taken down. Churches, &c. — Besides St. Giles', the Tron, and Victoria Hall, already adverted to, Edinburgh possesses many fine churches and chapels, some of them of historic fame. The city is the seat of an Anglican bishop, and of a Roman Catholic prelate of archiepiscopal rank. The Anglican cathedral is a splendid structure. The number of public monuments and statues is very great. The University of Edinburgh takes a high rank among the educational insti- tutions of Great Britain. The building of the university, situated on the N. side of the town, in Nicolson street, is a large quadrangular edifice, with a spacious court in the centre, founded in 1789, the university itself having been founded in 1582. In consequence of the development and growth of the university, additional accommodation was required, and new buildings for the departments of science and medicine have been constructed. There are 32 pro- fessors, in 4 faculties, — divinity, law, medicine, and the ai-ts. The average annual number of students is about 1200. The library is a magnificent room, ]98 feet in length by 50 in breadth and above 50 in height. It contains about 130,000 volumes. The museum comprises rich collections in the various departments of natural history. A little S. of the university is the Royal College of Surgeons, an elegant building of the Ionic order; it has a valuable museum. The New or Free Church College occupies an elegant struc- ture, having professors in the theological, moral, and natu- ral sciences ; and attached to it are an excellent library and a museum. The United Presbyterians have a theological hall. In the New Town stands the Royal Institution's building, occupied by the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Board of Trustees for encouraging trade and manufactures in Scotland, and the Royal Institution having for its object the promotion of the fine arts. The building is surmounted by a colossal statue of Queen Victoria, and is one of the finest structures in the metropolis. The Edinburgh High School, a splendid Doric edifice, 270 feet in length, is situ- ated near the prison ; and on Calton Hill stands the Royal Astronomical Observatory. The other more prominent edu- cational institutions are the Edinburgh Academy, the Naval and Military Academy, and the Royal Scottish Academy of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture. There are also several public seminaries and a number of schools for the education of the poorer classes, industrial schools, heriot schools, seven in number, and the School of Arts, established in. 1821, for the instruction of mechanics and tradesmen. Fettes College is a nobly endowed school for boys. The societies and institutions for the promotion of science and other branches of knowledge are exceedingly numerous. There are several normal and training schools, merchant- schools, and college-schools for boys and for girls. Adjoin- ing the Parliament House, with which it has a communica- tion, is the Advocates' Library, containing the largest and most valuable collection of books in Scotland, the printed works amounting to 300,000 volumes, with many valuable MSS. In an adjoining building is the Signet Library, belonging to the Writers to the Signet. Few cities of equal extent are possessed of more numer- ous and more magnificent hospitals and charitable insti- tutions. Many of the edifices built for these institutions are among the finest in the city, and resemble palaces rather than receptacles for the indigent. Among these may be mentioned the Infirmary, situated near the college : a sur- gical hospital, fever hospital, and lock hospital, occupying separate buildings, are connected with it. Heriot's Hos- pital, on the S. side of the city, is a fine old Elizabethan structure, designed by Inigo Jones, and one of his best works. The object of the institution is the maintenance and education of poor boys the sons of freemen of the town of Edinburgh; and the surplus funds are employed in es- tablishing and maintaining free schools in various parts of the city. Another large and exceedingly elegant structure is Donaldson's Hospital. Of the numerous other hospitals and benevolent institutions, many of which have handsome and extensive buildings, the following may be specified : George Watson's Hospital, John Watson's Hospital, Gilles- pie's Hospital, and the Orphan Hospital. Besides these, there are the Lying-in Hospital, the Asylum for the Blind, the Deaf and Dumb Institution, the City Workhouse, the Canongate Charity Workhouse, and the West Kirk Poor- house, at the W. end of the city; the House of Refuge, the House of Industry, and the Night Asylum for the House- less. There are also many dispensaries, where medicine and medical attendance are gratuitously afforded to the poor. Edinburgh is the seat of the supreme courts of Scotland. The principal of these is the court of session, which tries all questions affecting civil rights, and decides not only the law of the case, but also matters of equity. The manufactures of Edinburgh are neither extensive nor important; ale-brewing, for which it has been famous for upwards of 200 years, is the principal. Shawl-making, coach-building, type-, brass-, and iron-founding, soap- and candle-making, are carried on to a considerable extent; and also the making of various kinds of machinery, generally of the smaller class. Glass-painting and glass-staining are prosecuted to some extent and with much success. Edin- burgh is the head-quarters of the book-trade in Scotland, and as a literary mart it is the second town in the United Kingdom, being in this respect excelled only by London. Rubber goods, machinery, paper-hangings, leather, spirits, and glassware are the other chief industries. The affairs of the city are conducted by a lord provost, magistrates, and council, elected by the citizens; the dean of guild, elected by the guildry; and the trades* convener, EDI 686 EDW elected by the incorporated trades. The lord provost is sheriff and lord-lieutenant within the city and liberties. The inhabitants of Edinburgh are, to a great extent, per- sons of independent property, annuitants, (tc, and include a larger proportion of the more liberally educated classes than any other town in the United Kingdom. It has also become the central point of several important railways : the Edinburgh EGY 690 EGY Nile, in Egypt, is everywhere an agreeable object; not so much owing to the majesty of the stream, or the variety of its scenery, as to the strong contrast between the freshness, verdure, and animation of the river's banlis and the deso- lation which reigns beyond them. The scenery of the river is, in the S. part of Upper Egypt, wild and romantic ; but as we descend it grows continually more tame and monoto- nous, till at length every picturesque feature is lost in the uniform level of the delta. The valley of the Nile, throughout its whole extent, from PhilEe to the vicinity of Cairo, is hemmed in on both sides by continuous chains of hills : those on the E. side approach more closely to the river, while the Libyan Hills on the W. rise with a gradual ascent, and sometimes recede to a distance of 10 or 15 miles. Towards the delta these chains of hills di- verge, that on the B. side turning E. by Jebel-Mokattem, near Cairo, and sinking gradually, till it disappears in the Isthmus of Suez, while the Libyan chain skirts to the N.W. the plains of the Natron Lakes. The desert between the Nile and the Red Sea is intersected by several chains of mountains, which increase in elevation towards the E., so that the ridges nearest to the Bed Sea attain a height exceeding perhaps 6000 feet. W. of the Nile, the Libyan chain separates the river from a wide valley, which is sup- posed not to be above the level of the sea. The openings or lateral valleys with which we are best acquainted are, on the B., the Valley of the Wanderings (of the children of Israel), leading from the neighborhood of Cairo to the head of the Gulf of Suez, and that through which passes the road from K uft to Kosseir, on the Red Sea. In early ages, when Egypt's commerce by the Red Sea was far more important than at present, the roads from the Nile through the E. desert were numerous and frequented ; and there still remains indubi- table evidence, chiefly in the ruins of guard-houses and solidly-constructed wells, of the industry which once ani- mated these inhospitable wastes. W. of the Nile, in lat. 29° 20' N., a deep sinuosity in the Libyan chain of hills forms the fertile valley of Eayoom (in Coptic, Phiom, the " sea" or " lake"), in the N.W. and lowest part of which is the lake called Birket-el-Keroon. A celebrated chain of small oases stretches through the desert in a line generally parallel to the course of the Nile, and about 80 miles west- ward of that stream. These belong to Egypt. The only river of Egypt is the Nile, which receives no accession from tributary streams (occasional torrents from extraordinary rains excepted) in the last 1500 miles of its course. It enters Egypt with a breadth of 3000 feet, and, though often contracted lower down to 2000 feet, its average width throughout may be taken at half a mile. Of the canals, one of the most remarkable is that commonly called the Bahr Yoosef, or Joseph's River or Canal, which, leaving theNile at Deiroot (lat. 26° 15' N.), runs along the foot of the Libyan Hills, which it enters at the opening of El-Lahoon, and, having watered the valley of Fayoom, it again issues from the Libyan chain and joins the Nile. The plain, often 10 or 12 miles wide, included between it and the Nile, forms, with Fayoom, the most fertile part of Egypt. The canals of modern Egypt are a very remarkable feature, especially in the delta. They serve mainly for irrigation, but the largest of them are employed in naviga- tion also. All are fed by the Nile, except the great Suez Canal (which see), and even this is attended by a slender "sweet-water canal" from the Nile, the true life-giver of ihe whole country. The fertilizing effects of the Nile are still further extended by a costly system of engineering works, not yet complete. The first place among the lakes of Egypt has been usually assigned to the Birket-el-Keroon, lying in the Fayoom, owing to the supposition that it was a remnant of the ancient Lake Mceris. The embankments enclosing the site of that lake (Moeris) were discovered in the E. part of the Fayoom by M. Linant, in 1842. About 50 miles N. of the Birket- el-Kcroon, a low tract, extending S.E. and N.W., exhibits in the rainy season a chain of pools, known as the Natron Lakes ; from which, in the dry season, the water evaporates, leaving the ground thickly encrusted with natron (sesqui- carbonate of soda), better known in commerce under the name of trona. The fertile land of tho delta is, for the most part, separated from the sea by a series of lakes, or rather vast lagoons, which are themselves fenced from the sea by very narrow strips of land. "The arable lands of Egypt are almost entirely alluvial, having been formed by the Nile, which year by year brings a fresh 8up])ly of fertilizing ooze, deposited on all tho cul- tivable lands in the senson of the overflow. Hence comes tho very gradual but well-aacortained rise of the land above its old levels. The prevailing rock in Lower Egypt is limestone. Farther up, sandstone abounds ; and in the extreme S. granite and syenite prevail. Among the minerals are salt, natron, nitre, alabaster, emeralds, verd-antique, petroleum, Ac. ; but of these only the first three yield any revenue. Climate. — The climate of Egypt is remarkable for its dry- ness and general uniformity. Peculiar circumstances, such as the vicinity of the sea, and the freshness of the N. wind, mod- ify at the N. and S. extremities of the country, respectively, the cold of winter and the burning heat of summer. In the delta the mean temperature of winter is about 54° Fahr. ; that of summer, 82°. At Asswan the thermometer often rises in the latter season to 96°. It is, however, characteristic of Egypt and the neighboring desert that a great fall of temperature, from 14° to 20°, takes place at night, owing, as it is usually explained, to the setting in of the N. wind at sunset, or rather perhaps attributable to tho general dry- ness and perfect transparency of the atmosphere, which favor rapid evaporation and the radiation of heat. This nocturnal cooling sometimes, though very rarely, sinks just before sunrise to congelation ; and ice has been found on the Nile oven at Asswan (Syene). The hot S. wind, or Khamseen (that is, 50 days' wind), sets in at the vernal equinox, and lasts, as the name implies, nearly two months, the thermometer sometimes rising during its continuance to 100°; E. winds prevail after the autumnal equinox ; during the i-emaindcr, or about eight months of the year, the wind blows from the N. and neighboring points. In the maritime parts of the delta, considerable falls of rain occur 25 or 30 times between October and March ; only half of this quantity falls at Cairo, and above the 26th parallel rain is hardly known ; hail is very rare, and still more so snow. The extensive planting of trees by the authorities is reported to have led to some increase of the rainfall. There seems to be good reason for supposing that the climate of Egypt is insalubrious. As to the plague, it is doubtful whether it be generated in Egypt ; but its rapid diffusion, as well as the prevalence of elephantiasis and other endemic diseases, may be due to the habits and wretched condition of the people. In Egypt the seasons are reduced to three, viz., the inun- dation, spring, and harvest, the distinction being immedi- ately dependent on the Nile. At the beginning of June, the hot winds being over, and most of the crops cut, the country begins to resemble the adjacent desert, and the parched ground cracks and opens in all directions, when, in the third week of the month, the river is observed to rise. The increase of the water becomes in a short time regular, till it reaches its maximum, about the second week of Sep- tember. As the canals become filled, the water is allowed to run over the fields and gardens, the low dams which protect them being successively trodden down. During this season Egypt resembles a great sea, in which the towns, villages, and groves of trees figure as so many islands. By the middle of November the river has returned to its old bed, and, as the waters retire, the fields emerge from the inunda- tion, covered with mud ; the seed is quickly sown : and in an incredibly short time the face of the country, lately so de- formed, is clothed with the richest verdure. This spring-time lasts till the Khamseen, or hot winds, after which comes the harvest and occupies the period that intervenes till the re- turn of the inundation. The Nile may rise at the present day 29 feet without occasioning any damage. The wild plants of Egypt are generally dicotyledonous annuals, characterized by' a hairy or thorny exterior, long roots, and leaves of pale-green color and dry texture. The most common wild shrub is the acacia seyal, which is almost leafless, and armed with long thorns. The palm-tree is rarely seen in a perfectly wild state ; yet forests of the date-palm of great antiquity exist on the E. borders of the delta and on the site of Memphis. The doum-palm (Hy- pliane (liclalca), singular in its bifurcated forms, arrives nt perfection in Upper Egypt, and yields a fruit of tho size of an orange, but much less esteemed than the date. "Tho sycamore is the largest and most umbrageous of Egyptian trees, often attaining a circumference of 25 or 30 feet, but with a moderate height: it bears a kind of fig on its trunk and larger branches. Tho oranges, figs, ami tamarinds of Egypt arc excellent ; but the European fr\iits grown there are of inferior quality. The chief timber-trees are the acacia Icbekh. the cypress, and tho Aleppo pine. The sant or acacia nilotica, valuable for its hard wood and producing gum-arabic, increases in siie as we ascend the Nile. The silk-mulberry, olive, poplar, and many other trees have been introduced, and thrive exceedingly. ;?„„/„,,,,._The list of the wild animals of Egypt is not largo, 'i'lio gazelle, hyena, and jackal, habitual inhabit- ants of the desert, occasionally visit tho valley of the EGY 691 Nile; there the ichneumon or mangouste, which lives chiefly ou eggs, and preys on those of the crocodile among others, is still numerous. The jerboa, a knngaroo-like rat, bur- rows in the sands, and frequents in great numbers the plains of Gheezeh, round the pyramids. The crocodile very rarely descends the Nile below Girgeh,and the hippo- potamus has long sjnee retired to Upper Nubia, and never visits the waters of Egypt, except when forcibly borne down by the flood. Wild swine are still numerous in the marshes and thickets boi'dering on the delta, but they are little molested by a Mohammedan population. Agricultiive is in general carried on by rude methods of extreme antiquity, but the khedive and other large culti- vators employ all the modern appliances of husbandry. The principal craps are cotton, maize, durrah, beans, wheat, barley, rice, lentils, lupins, garden vegetables, clover, sugar- cane, flax, hemp, tobacco, sesame, opium, henna, indigo, safflower, roses (for oil), melons, oranges, bananas, and other fruits. Most of the domestic animals of Europe thrive here, and some, like the sheep, are exceedingly prolific. Poultry is extensively bred, the eggs being hatched in artificial ovens. Pigeons are kept in immense numbers, and their dung is perhaps the most important fertilizer used on the farms. Camels, buffaloes, donkeys, and mules are extensively raised. The native manufac- turing industries of Egypt are chiefly the weaving of cotton, linen, and woollen fabrics, and the manufacture of leather, coarse pottery, common glass-ware, and household goods in considerable variety. But the government estab- lishments and the estates of the khedive employ many workmen in good part of European birth, and turn out manufactured goods in great variety. Commerce is facilitated by an extensive railway system, nearly all owned by the government. The Nile and the . larger canals are navigated by steamers as well as by freight- boats. Egypt has a large trade with Eastern Soodan and other parts of the interior of Africa. The slave-trade still exists here, but English influence has checked it greatly. Cotton, sugar, pulse, wheat, ivory, gums, oil-seeds, and senna are leading articles of export. Petroleum, timber, iron, and coal are the principal imported staples. The trade with Mecca and Central Africa by caravan is extensive. The government of Egypt is a hereditaxy monarchy, whose head, called the khedive, or king, is a descendant of the line of Turkish viceroys who (1806-66) long ruled the country in the name of the Sultan of Turkey. In 1S66 the present title of khedive was conferred on the viceroy by the Porte, and in 1S73 full rights of sovereignty were granted; but the khedive pays to 'Turkey an annual tribute of 83,700,000, besides furnishing a military contingent in time of war. The powers of the ruler are absolute, but the public ad- ministrative functions are regulated by a council of state. There is also an assembly of delegates, whose members are chosen by the communes, with an advisory voice in public affairs. The public debt is large, and so is the personal debt of the khedive, for the payment of interest on which some part of the income of the immense landed estates of the ruler is pledged. Many of the officials, civil and military, are of foreign birth, the English latterly predominating. The African dependencies of Egypt comprise Nubia, the (Egyptian) Soodan (including Sennaar, part of Dongola, Kordofan, Darfoor, Pertit, orado, el do-ra'no, a name given by the Span- iards to a part of South America, now called Guiana. It signifies "the golden" country. El Dorado, ^1 do-rah'do, a county of California, bor- dering on Nevada, has an area of about 1800 square miles. It is bounded on the N. and N.W, by tbe Middle Fork of American River, and is drained by the South Fork of the same, and by the Cosumne River. The beautiful Lake Tahoe touches the N.E. part of this county, which also has a remarkable alabaster cave. The surface is partly moun- tainous, and is extensively covered with forests, in which the pine and oak abound. The great Sierra Nevada ex- tends through the eastern part of the county, in which much luQiber has been procured. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Granite, slate, limestone, fine marble, and quartz are abundant here. Gold and wine are the chief articles of export. The annual product of the gold-mines of this county for 1870 amounted to §268,483. Capital, Placer- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, §3,153,256. ELD f Pop. in 1860, 20,562; in 1870, 10,309, of whom 6287 were Americans. El Dorado, a post-village, capital of Union co., Arlt., about 30 miles S.S.E. of Camden. It has a court-house, 5 churches, 6 dry-goods stores, and a newspaper oifice. EI Dorado, a post-village of El Dorado co., Cal., about 40 miles E.N.E. of Sacramento. It has several churches. Gold is found here. El Dorado, il do-rah'do or SI do-ra'do, a township of McDonough co., 111. Pop. 1105. El Dorado, a post- village of Saline eo., 111., in EI Do- rado township, on the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad where it crosses the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 20 miles N.W. of Shawneetown, and 75 miles N.E. of Cairo. It has a church, a flouring-mill, a planing-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 700 ; of the township, 1691. El Dorado, a township of Benton CO., Iowa. Pop. 846. El Dorado, apost-villageofi'^ayette CO., Iowa, in Dover township, on the Turkey River, 7 miles N. of West Union. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. El Dorado, a post-village, capital of Butler co., Kansas, in El Dorado township, on "Wain ut Creek, and on the Florence, El Dorado & Walnut Valley Railroad, 30 miles S. of Flor- ence, and 32 miles E.N.E. of Wichita. It h.as 3 churches, a high school, a bank, a tannery, a cheese-factory, and a grist-mill. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. of the township, 1136. El Dorado,orIUacAf'ee, a village of Mercer co.,Ky., 6 miles N. of Harrodsburg. It has the McAfee Institute, a church, and a wagon-shop. Here is McAfee Post-OlBce. El Dorado, a village of Clarke co., Mo. See Lubay. El Dorado, a post-hamlet of Greeley co.. Neb., 48 miles N. of Grand Island. El Dorado, a post-office of Montgomery co.,N.C. Pop. of El Dorado township, 887. El Dorado, a post-village of Preble eo., 0., in Monroe township, on the railroad which connects Dayton with Richmond, 27 miles W.N.W. of Dayton. It has 3 churches, 2 saw-mills, a flour-mill, and a planing-mill. Pop. 300. El Dorado, a post-village of Baker co., Oregon, about 80 miles S. of La Grande. El Dorado, a post-village of Blair co.. Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad (Hollidaysburg Branch), 3 miles S. of Altoona. It has manufactories of a.xes and guns. El Dorado, a post-hamlet of Culpeper co., Va., 6 miles N.W. of Culpeper Court-IIouse. It h.as a church and a grist-mill. EI Dorado, a post-township of Fond du Lac co.. Wis., on the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad, about 6 miles N.W. of Fond du Lao. It contains a hamlet called El Do- rado Mills, and a station named El Dorado, which is 9 miles W. of Fond du Lac. Pop. of the township, 1587. El Dorado, a post-village in Hastings oo., Ontario, 32 miles N. of Belleville. Gold is found here. Pop. 100. El Dorado, a mining town of Bogong co., Victoria, Australia, 12 miles W. by N. of Beeohworth. Pop. 1562. EI Dorado Landing, a post-ofiice and shipping-point of Union co., Ark., on the Ouachita River, 75 miles E.S.E. of Hope Station. It has several stores. El Dorado Mills, a post-hamlet of Fond du Lac co., Wis., i mile from EI Dorado Station, and 10 miles W. of Fond du Lac. It has a church and a flouring-mill. El'dred, a post-hamlet of Sullivan CO., N.Y., in High- land township, 5 miles N. of Shohola Station, which is on the Erie Railroad. Eldred, a township of Jefi'crson oo.. Pa. Pop. 832. Eldred, a township of Lycoming co.. Pa. Pop. 739. It contains Warrensville. Eldred, a township of McKean co.. Pa., on the New York line. Pop. 897. It contains Larabee Junction and Sartwell. Eldred Station is a hamlet on the Buffalo, New York & Philadelphia Railroad, at the junction of the Ken- dall & Eldred Railroad, 14 miles S.E. of Clean, N.Y., and has a union church. Eldred, a township of Monroe co.. Pa. Pop. 937. Eldred, a township of Schuylkill co.. Pa. Pop. 968. It contains Helfenstein, Eldred, a township of Warren co.. Pa. Pop. 557. It contains Grand Valley. Eldred, a post-hamlet of W,ayne co., Pa., 10 miles N.E. of Ilonesdale. It has a church, an academy, and a saw-mill. Eldredgeville, Sl'drej-vll, a post-hamlet of Ford co., 111., 13 miles W. of Chebanse. It has a church. EI'dredsville, a post-oftioe of Sullivan co.. Pa. Eldridge, Sl'drlj, a post-office of Walker co., Ala., 53 miles N. of Tuscaloosa. Eldridge, a post-village of Scott co., Iowa, on the 6 ELF Davenport & St. Paul Railroad, at the junction of the Ma- quoketa Branch, 1 1 miles N. of Davenport. It has a church, several general stores, and 30 residences. Here are some workshops of the railroad. Eldridge, a post-office of Sedgwick co., Kansas. Eldridge, a post-office of Dade co.. Mo., 30 miles N.E. of Carth.age. Coal and lead are found near it. Eldridge's Mill, a post-office of Buckingham co., Va. Ele, a city of Asia. See Kooldja. Elebovium, an ancient name of Elbeuf. Elechee, or Ilitsi, Toorkistan. See Khoten. Electoral Hesse, Germany. See Hesse-Cassel. Elec'tric Peak, Wyoming, is a peak of the Rooky Mountains, in lat. 44° 58' N. It rises 10,992 feet above sea-level, the summit having the appearance of an immense pile of broken-up volcanic rock. Elegia, the ancient name of Ilijah. Elek, inSk', a village of Hungary, co. of Arad, 16 miles N.W. of Simand. Pop. 4583. Elenier, i^li^maiR', a village of Hungary, co. of To- rontal, 9 miles N.W. of Nagy-Becskerek. Pop. 4300. Elena, the supposed ancient name of Lens. El'enor, a post-office of Clermont co., 0. EPephan'ta, a small island of India, in the harbor of Bombay, 7 miles S.W. of the city. It is 6 miles in cir- cumference, and has some remarkable cave-temples, one of which is 130 feet long and 123 feet broad, rests on 26 pillars, and contains many mythological figures. El'ephant Bay, of Southwestern Africa, Benguela, is an inlet of the Atlantic, in lat. 13= 14' S., Ion. 12° 33' E. It has excellent anchorage, but no fresh water. Elephantine, Sl-e-fan'tee^ni (Arab. Jezeeret-el-Shaf, j5-zee'r^t-51-sh^f, '* islet of flowers"), an island of Upper Egypt, in the Nile, opposite Asswan. It is highly fertile, ami is covered with gardens, dwellings, and mills, inter- spersed among canals and ruins. It has quarries of syenite. El'ephant Island, Senegambia, is in the Gambia River, 100 miles from its mouth. It is very populous. Elephant's River. See Olifant's River. El'eroy', a post-village of Stephenson co., 111., in Erin township, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 8 miles W.N.W. of Freeport. It has a church. Elesd, i'lfehd', or Elles, ePlSsh', a town of Hungary, CO. of Bihar, on the Koros, 50 miles S.E. of Debreczin. It has a trade in salt. Pop. 850. Eletz, a city of Russia. See Yelets. Eleusis, e-lu'sis, an ancient city of Greece, the remains of which exist near Lepsina, a small village in Attica, on the Bay of Lepsina (Gulf of iEgina), 12 miles N.W. of Athens. The plain around is strewed with ruins, and the ancient causeway hence to Athens forms the modern road. Eleu'thera Island, one of the Bahama Islands, 50 miles N.E. of New Providence, and separated from Abaco by the Providence Channel. Length, 80 miles; breadth, 10 miles. It produces many pine-apples. Pop. 5209. Eleutherop'olis, or Betogab'ra, an ancient city of Palestine, identified with Beit-Jibreen ( Jibrin), a village 28 miles E.N.E. of Gaza, with extensive ruins, comprising a large Roman fortress and massive vaults. Near it are remarkable artificial caverns. Eleva'tion, a post-township of Johnston CO., N.C., 26 miles S. by E. of Raleigh. Pop. 1469. Elev'en Mile, a post-office of Potter eo.. Pa., 11 miles S.S.W. of Wellsville, N.Y. Eleven Points River rises in the S. part of Missouri, runs eastward and southward through Oregon co., and passes into Randolph co.. Ark. It finally flows nearly southward, and enters Spring River about 1 mile from its mouth. El Farafreh, §1 fd-ri'freh, a small oasis in the Libyan Desert, 80 miles S.W. of El Dakhel. It produces fine olives. El Faslier, SI f^sh'er, a town of Africa, capital of Dar- foor, about 225 miles W.' of El Oboid. Elfdal, Slfdir, Elfdalen, Slfd^l^n, or Elfvedal, Slf'v?-diP, a village of Sweden, 72 miles N.W. of Falun. Pop. 4047. Elfeld, Sl'fdlt, or Eltville, Slt'vill. a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, on the Rhine, 5 miles by rail S.W. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 2883. El Frat, the Turkish name of the Etthuates. Elfri'da, a post-village in Wentworth co., Ontario, 4 miles S.S.W. of Stony Creek. Pop. 150. Elfsborg,Slfs'boug, or Wcnersborg, wSn'ors-hoitg^ a lion or county of Southwestern Sweden, bounded E. by Lake Wener. Area, 4948 square miles. Capital, Wenera- borg. Pop. in 1876, 288,963. EI Fuerte, a town of Chili. See Calbhco. ELF 697 ELI £lfvedaly a village of Sweden. See Blfdal. JBt'gar, an island of the Orkney group, in Scotland, S. of Shapinshay, £lgg, 51k, a town of Switzerland, canton and 18 miles by rail N.E. of Zurich, Pop. 7248. El Gheezeh, or El Ghizeh. See Gheezeh. El Ghor, a valley of Arabia. See Arabah. Elgin, 51'ghin, a burgh of Scotland, capital of the co. of Moray or Elgin, on the Lossie, at a railway junction, 118 miles N. of Edinburgh, and 5 miles S.W. of Lossiemouth, its seaport. The town is situated in a valley, and extends about a mile along the right bank of the Lossio, with the village of Bishop Mill on the left. It contains an English chapel, a Free church and several other churches, a literary and scientific institution with museum, a court-house and prison, Gray's Hospital or Infirmary (to which are attached a lunatic asylum and an orphan institution), assembly- rooms, and a public fountain. There are also an excellent academy, trades schools and infant schools, some ancient almshouses and other charities for the poor. The ruins of the cathedral are by far the most extensive of any ancient Scottish remains. The cathedral, founded in 1224, was burned in 1390 by the Wolf of Badenoch, and afterwards rebuilt. It is in the form of a cross, 289 feet in length and 120 feet in breadth; height of the two western towers, be- tween which is the grand entrance, 83 feet. The chapter- house is entire, and highly ornamented. Several of the old mansions still remain, and there are remains of a mon- astery of Grey Friars, and a conical eminence called Lady Hill, the ruins of an ancient castle of the Earls of Moray. Pop. 6241. ETgin (Scotch pron. fil'ghin), a post-village of Jackson CO., Ark., on Big Black Kiver, about 22 miles E. of Bates- ville. Elgin, a city of Kane co.. 111., on Fox River, in Elgin township, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, at its junction with the Chicago & Pacific Railroad, 36 miles W.N.AV. of Chicago, 20 miles N. of Aurora, and 50 miles E.S.E. of Rockford. It contains 13 churches, 2 national banks, 1 other bank, a high school, and a manufactory of watches (called the National Watch-Works), which employs nearly 500 hands and produces watches valued at about $600,000 annually. It has also manufactures of carriages, washing-machines, reapers, and other farm-implements. Six newspapers are published here. The river is here spanned by a bridge, and affords extensive water-power. Pop. in 1870, 5441 ; of township, exclusive of city, 1298. Elgin, a post-village of Fayette co., Iowa, on the Tur- key River, and on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & North- ern Railroad, 10 miles B, of West Union, and about 6G miles W.N.W. of Dubuque. It has 2 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, a money-order post-office, 2 grist-mills, 2 saw-mills, &e. Elgin, a township of Plymouth co., Iowa. Pop. 207. Elgin, a post-village in Sedan township, Chautauqua CO., Kansas, on Big Caney Creek, 12 miles S.S.W. of Sedan. It is on the S. boundary of the state. Elgin, a post-oflSee of Antrim co., Mich. Elgin, a post-hamlet of Wabasha co., Minn., in Elgin township, on the Minneiska River, 11 miles N.W. of Eyota, and 13 miles E.N.E. of Rochester. It has a graded school. Pop. of the township, 910. Elgin, a post-office of Cattaraugus co., N.Y, Elgin, a borough of Erie co., Pa., in Concord township, on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, at Concord Station, 6 miles W. by S. of Corry, and 4 mile from Concord Station of the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad. It has a church. Elgin, a post-village of Bastrop co., Tex., on the Houston & Texas Central Railroad, 26 miles E. of Austin. Elgin, el'ghin, a county in the W. part of Ontario, on the N. shore of Lake Erie. Area, 725 square miles. Otter Creek traverses the E. part, and the Thames forms a part of the boundary. Capital, St. Thomas West. Pop. 33,666. Elgin, a post-village in Leeds co., Ontario, 32 miles W. of Brockville, It contains 5 stores and 2 hotels. Pop. 260. Elgin, a village of Quebec. See Kelso. El'ginburg, or Scott's Corners, a post-village in Frontenac co., Ontario, 7 miles N. of Kingston. Pop. 150. Elgin Corners, a post-village in Albert co.. New Brunswick, 12 miles from Petitcodiac. Pop. 250. El'ginfield, a post-village in Middlesex co., Ontario, 10 miles N. of London. Pop. 100. Elginshire, a county of Scotland. See Moray. Elgiobar, fil-ne-o-nau', a town of Spain, in Guipuz- coa, 10 miles W.S.W. of St. Sebastian. Pop. 1128. £l-Golea, Si go-U'i, a town of Algeria, in the Sahara. Lat. 30° 35' N. ; Ion. 3° 10' E. It is a very important caravan-station. Pop. 650. Elgorab, Sl-go-rS.b', a small island in the Red Sea, near the coast of Arabia, in lat. 16° 8' N. El Gran Chaco, ^1 grS-n chS,'ko, a wide region of South Amei'ica, in the centre of the continent, in the ter- ritories of Bolivia and the Argentine Republic, between lat. 18° and 28° S. and Ion. 58° and 63° W., bounded E. by the river Paraguay, and traversed by its tributaries the Pil- comayo, Bermejo, Ac. Surface generally level, the N. part covered with grass, the S. portion an arid and desert plain ; the portions near the rivers Parand and Paraguay are well wooded, containing many very valuable forest trees, and are inhabited by roving Indians, including the Guaranes, TobayAs, and Payagulses. El-Guecer, a town of Africa. See Temacin. Elgueta, ^1-gi'tfL, a town of Spain, in Guipuzcoa, 30 miles S.W. of St. Sebastian. Pop. 853. El'ham, a town of England, in Kent, 6i miles N.N.W. of Folkestone. Pop. of parish, 1258. El Hammah de Cabes, §1 h§,m'mi di kd.'b§s (anc. Aquix Tacapitaiise), a town of Africa,.in Tunis, 18 miles W. of Cabes, and famous for baths, whence its name. El Hayz, gl hkz or 51 hiz, a small oasis of the Libyan Desert, in lat. 28° 8' N., Ion. 28° 53' E. EI Hejaz or Hedjaz, h\ h^j-^K'.also written Heds- jaz (" the land of pilgrimage"), a region of Arabia, extend- ing along the Red Sea, by some considered identical with Arabia PetrEea. It is almost everywhere a sandy, stony, or otherwise unproductive country, but comprises the sacred cities of Mecca and Medina, with the seaports of Jiddah and Yembo. It now forms part of the Turkish dominions. El Hel'leh, a village of Upper Egypt, on the Nile, opposite Esneh. Elhenitz, ^I'hi-nits, or Lhenicse, U-nit'si,, a town of Bohemia, 23 miles S. of Pisek. Pop. 1310. El'hi, a post-office of Pierce co., Washington, on the Puyallup River, 14 miles S.E. of Tacoma. El Hofhoof, in Arabia. See Hofhoof. ETiangoo'dy, a village of India, presidency of Mad- ras, 25 miles N.W. of Ramnad. Elias, Dlouut St. See Mount St. Elias. Eli'da, a post-village of Winnebago co., 111., in Winne- bago township, about 10 miles S.W. of Rockford. It has 2 churches. Pop. 463. Elida, a post-village of Allen co., 0., in German town- ship, on an affluent of the Auglaize River, and on the Pittsburg, Port Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of Lima, and 53 miles E.S.E. of Fort Wayne. It has 3 churches and a grist-mill. Pop. 533. Elie, or Ely, ee'lee, a village of Scotland, co. of Fife, on the Bay of Elie, in the Firth of Forth, 2A- miles S.S.E. of Colinsburgh. Pop. 626. Eliendorf, a town of Transylvania. See Illyefalva. E'limsport, a post-village of Lycoming co., Pa., about 10 miles S. of Williamspoi't. It has 2 churches, a tannery, a lumber-mill, ka, EMimville, a post-village in Huron co., Ontario, 22 miles W.N.W. of St. Marys. Pop. 100. El'inor, or ElMinor, a post-office and station of Chase CO., Kansas, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa E6 Railroad, 15 miles W. of Emporia. Eliocroca, a supposed ancient name of Lorca. E'lis, an eparchy of Greece, anciently a kingdom, but now a part of the nome of Achaia and Elis, in the N.W. part of the Morea. The chief town is Pyrgo. Pop. 51,066. Elis, the name of a small river in the district of Elis, an affluent of the IUeico Peneus. Elis, an ancient name of Pal^opolis. Elisabetgrad,a town of Russia. SeeYELisAEETGRAO. Elisabethstadt, Transylvania. See Ebksfalva. Elisana, the supposed ancient name of Lucena. Elisavetgrad, a town of Russia. See Yelisavetgrad. Elisavetpol, Russia. See Yeusavetpol. El'ivon, a post-hamlet of McPherson co., Kansas, 14 miles N. of Newton. Eli'za, a post-township of Mercer co.. 111., about 8 miles S. of Muscatine, Iowa, is bounded on the W. by the Mississippi River. Pop. 767. Eliz'abeth, a post-hamlet of Coffee co.. Ala.. 2^ miles from the Conecuh River, and 18 miles S.S.W. of Troy. It has 2 churches. Elizabeth, a post-village of Jo Daviess co., III., in Elizabeth township, on Apple River, 14 or 15 miles S.E. of Galena. It is partly supported by lead-mines. It has 3 churches, a money-order post-office, a carriage-shop, and a smelting-furnace for lead. Pop. of the township, 1618. ELI 6'98 ELI ^Elizabeth, a post-village in Posey township, Harrison CO., Ind., 15 miles S.S.W. of New Albany, and 3 miles W. of the Ohio River. It has 3 churches, a stave-factory, and several stores. Pop. 216. Blizabethy a station of Marshall co., Kansas, on the Central Branch of the Union Pacific Railroad, 84 miles W. of Atchison. Elizabeth, a township of Otter Tail co., Minn. Pop. 378. It contains Elizabethtown. Elizabeth, a city and the capital of Union co., N.J.. 2 miles W. of Newark Bay, 5 miles S.S.W. of Newark, and 14 miles AV.S.AV". of the city of New York. It is connected with these and other cities by the Central Railroad of New Jersey and two of its branches which terminate here, and by the New York division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. It has wide straight streets, which cross one another at right angles and are lighted with gas. It contains a court-house, a city hail, 31 churches, an opera-house, 2 national banks, 2 high schools, 3 savings-banks, an orphan asylum, and printing-offices which issue 3 daily, 1 semi-weekly, and 3 weekly newspapers. Among its churches are 3 or 4 Bap- tist, 3 Catholic, 1 Congregational, 4 Episcopal, 1 German Lutheran, 6 Methodist, 1 Moravian, and 6 Presbyterian. Several of the churches are large and elegant buildings. Elizabeth has also 4 academies and institutes, a business college, 2 public halls, and 4 masonic lodges. Many persons whose place of business is in New York reside in this city. Here is a large manufactory of the Singer sewing-machines, which employs about 2000 workmen. The city has also 2 or 3 manufactories of oil-cloth, 2 potteries, and other manu- factories, among the products of which are hats, saws, mill- machinery, stoves, harness, hardware, cordage, edge-tools, and combs. Elizabeth is divided into 8 wards, and was formerly the capital of the state. That part of the city which is popularly called Elizabethport is on Staten Island Sound, 2 miles S.E, of the centre of Elizabeth, 7 miles S. of Newark, and 12 miles S.W. of New York. It is on the Central Railroad of New Jersey, at the junction of the Long Branch division, and communicates with New York by steamboats several times in a day.- Its prosperity is derived chiefly from manufactures and commerce. It con- tains 5 or more churches, several iron-foundries, &c., and is a leading place in the shipment of anthracite coal. It is accessible for vessels of 300 tons. Pop. of Elizabeth in 1860, 11,567 ; in 1870, 20,832 ; in 1878, about 30,000. Elizabeth, North Carolina. See Elizabeth City. Elizabeth, a township of Lawrence co., 0., traversed by the Iron Railroad. It contains mines of coal and iron, and several iron-manufacturing villages. Pop. 3357. Elizabeth, a township of Miami co., 0. Pop. 1236. Elizabeth, a village of Morgan co., 0., in Centre township, about 21 miles N.W. of Marietta. Petroleum is found near this place. Pop. 1325. Elizabeth, a post-borough of Alleghany co., Pa., ad- jacent to Elizabeth township, on the E. bank of the Monon- gahela River, and on the Pittsburg, Virginia &, Charleston Railroad, 21 miles (25 by water) S. of Pittsburg. It con- tains 8 churches, a newspaper office, a foundry, a saw-mill, and several boat-yards. Steamboats ascend the river to this place. Coal is mined here extensively. Pop. 1196. Elizabeth,atownshipof Alleghany CO., Pa. Pop. 2937. It contains Industry, Greenock, Boston, and Buena Vista. Elizabeth, a township of Lancaster co., Pa. Pop. 955. It contains Brickerville and a part of Pennville. Elizabeth, a post-village of Denton co., Tex., 20 miles N. of Fort Worth. It has a church, Elizabeth, or Wirt Court-House, the capital of Wirt CO., W. Va., is on the Little Kanawha River, about 20 miles S. of Parkersburg. It has 3 churches, a high school, a newspaper office, a woollen-factory, a grist-mill, and 2 saw-mills. Its post-office is Wirt Court-House. Steamboats ply between this place and Parkersburg. Pop. about 600. Elizabeth City, a small county in the S.E. part of Virginia, is situated at the mouth of James River. It is bounded on the E. by Chesapeake Bay, on the S. by Hamp- ton Roads, and on the N. by Back River. Indian corn and wheat are the staple products of the soil. Fortress Monroe stands on the coast of this county. Capital, Hampton. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $1,194,358. Pop. in 1870, 8303, of whom 7927 were Americans. Elizabeth City, a post-village, capital of Pasquotank CO., N.C., is on the right or S.W. bank of the Pasquotank River, 40 miles S. of Norfolk, Va. It is partly in a town- ship of its own name and partly in Nixonton township, and is connected with Norfolk by steamboats running on the Dismal Swamp Canal. It contains 2 banks, 5 churches, 3 newspaper offices, a large hotel, 2 large lumber-mills, a coach -factory, and a planing-mill. Pop, about 1500 ; of the township, 2006. Elizabeth Furnace, a station in Blair co., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Altoona. Elizabeth Furnace. See Ferrol. Elizabeth Island, or Hen'derson's Island, in the Pacific, lat. 24° 21' S., Ion. 128° 18' W., is of a peculiar coral formation. It is 5 miles in length. Elizabeth Island, an island in the Strait of Magel- lan. Lat. of the N.E, point, 52° 50' S., Ion. 90° 30' W. Elizabeth Island, one of the Admiralty Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 2° ob' S. ; Ion. 146° 49' E. Elizabeth Island, one of the Marshall Islands, in the Pacific. Lat. 6° N. j Ion, 169° 36' E. Elizabeth Island, one of the Society group, Lat. of the E. point, 15° 58' S. ; Ion. 145° 48' W. Elizabeth Islands, ofl" the coast of Massachusetts, are situated between Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound. They are very small, are 16 in number, and only 2 or 3 of them are inhabited. They constitute the township of Gosnold, in Dukes co. Elizabeth Lake, a post-hamlet of Los Angeles co., Cal., 30 miles from Newhall. Elizabethpol, a town of Russia. SeeYELisAVETPOL. Elizabethport, Cape Colony. See Port Elizabeth. Elizabethport, New Jersey. See Elizabeth. Elizabeth River, a stream or navigable inlet of Vir- ginia, emptying into Hampton Roads. The towns of Nor- folk and Portsmouth are on its banks. Elizabethton, Tennessee. See Elizabethtown. Eliz'abethtown, a post-village, capital of Hardin co., HI., on the Ohio River, about 44 miles above Paducah, and 125 miles S.E. of Belleville. It has a newspaper office, 2 churches, 2 flouring-mills, and 10 dry-goods stores. Pop. about 1000. ElizabethtOAVn, a post-village of Bartholomew co., Ind., on the railroad which connects Madison with Colum- bus, 7 miles S.E. of the latter. It has a church and a flour- mill. Pop. 294. Elizabethtown, a post-hamlet of Anderson co., Kan- sas, about 66 miles S. of Lawi-ence. ElizabethtOAVn, a post-village, capital of Hardin co., Ky., is on the Louisville & Great Southern Railroad, 42 miles S. of Louisville, and 72 miles N.N.E. of Bowling Green. It is connected with Paducah by the Paducah & Elizabethtown Railroad. It contains a fine court-house, a bank, 8 churches, an academy, and a flour-mill. A weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. 1743. Elizabethtown, a post-hamlet of Otter Tail co., Minn., in Elizabeth township, 25 miles E.N.E. of Breckenridge, It has 2 churches and a flouring-mill. Elizabethtown, a hamlet of Monroe co.. Mo., 6 miles S. of Monroe City. It has a church and 2 stores. Elizabethtown, a post-village of Colfax co., New Mexico, about 70 miles S.W. of El Moro, Col. It has a church. Gold is found here. ElizabethtOAVn, a post-village and summer resort, capital of Essex co., N.Y., is on the Boquet River, in Eliz- abethtown township, about 36 miles S. by W. from Platts- burg, and 10 miles W. of Lake Charaplain. It is surrounded by grand mountain-scenery, and is about 10 miles N.E. of liix's Peak, one of the Adirondacks. It has a free school and academy, 3 churches, a newspaper office, 2 large hotels, and 1 or 2 lumber-mills. Pop. of the township, 1461. Elizabethtown, a post-village, capital of Bladen co., N.C., in a township of the same name, on the right or W. bank of the Cape Fear River, about 42 miles N.W. of Wil- mington. It has 2 churches. Pop. 62; of township, 1904. Elizabethtown, a hamlet of Guernsey co,, 0., about 48 miles N. of Marietta, Pop. 44. Elizabethtown, a post-hamlet of Hamilton co., 0., on the Miami River and Whitewater Canal, ond on the Indianapolis, Cincinnati & Lafayette Railroad, 19^ miles W. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches. ElizabethtOAVn, or Per'ryton, a post-village of Licking co., 0., 3 miles from Nashport Road, and about 13 miles N.E. of Newark. It has 2 churches. Pop. 113. The post-office is named Perryton. ElizabethtOAVn, a post-borough of Lancaster co., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, IS miles E.S.E. of Harris- burg, and 18 miles AV.N.W. of Lancaster. It contains a bank, 6 churches, and a newspaper office. Pop. 853. Elizabethtown, or Eliz'abethton, a post-villngo. capital of Carter co., Tenn., on the AVatauga River, 100 miles E.N.E. of Knoxville. It 1ms 3 churches, an academy, 2 flour-niills, 2 woollen-mills, and a newspaper office. Elizabethtown, West Virginia. Soo Moundsville. ELI 699 ELK Eliz'abethville, a post-office of Pendleton co., Ivy. Elizabethville, a post-hamlet of Dauphin oc, Pa., in Washington township, on the Summit Branch Railroad, about 24 miles N. of Harrisburg. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Elizabethville, a post-villago in Durham co., Ontario, 15 miles N.W. of Port Hope. It contains a saw-mill and 2 cheese-factories. Pop. 150. Elizavetopol, or Elizavetpol. See Yelisavetpol. Eli'zaville, a post-hamlet of Boone CO., Ind., in Clin- ton township, about 30 miles N.N.W. of Indianapolis. It has 2 churches. Elizaville, a post-village of Fleming CO., Ky., on the Maysville & Lexington Railroad, IS miles S. by W. from Maysville. It has 3 churches, a flour-mill, several stores, and 2 wagon-shops. Pop. ISO. Elizaville, or Union Corners, a post-hamlet of Columbia co., N.Y., on Jansen's Creek, about 16 miles S. of Hudson. It has a church. El'izayS a township of Macon co., N.C. Pop. 525. Elizondo, 4-le-thon'do, a town of Spain, in Navarre, 20 miles N._ of Pamplona. Pop. 1100. Eljas, el'iias, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 58 miles N.N.W. of Caceres, near the borders of Leon. Pop. 1580. El-Jemm, or El(ljem,«l-j«m' (anc. Tys'drus), a vil- lage of Barbary, 105 miles S.S.E. of Tunis, with remains of a noble amphitheatre, inferior in size only to those of Rome and Verona. Elk, a county in the S.E. part of Kansas, has an area of 650 square miles. It is traversed by Elk River. The sur- face is undulating or nearly level, a large proportion of it being prairie. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and grass are the staple products. Capital, Howard. Pop. in 1S75, 6215; in 1878, 8218. Elk, a county in the N.W. central part of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is drained by the Clarion River and by Bennett's Branch of the Sinne- mahoning Creek. The surface is diversified with high hills or mountains (one of which is called Elk Mountain), and is mostly covered with extensive forests of pine, oak, chestnut, and other trees. The soil produces oats, hay, potatoes, Ac. Beds of bituminous coal have been opened in this county. Lumber is the chief article of export. Elk co. is traversed by the Philadelphia &, Erie Railroad. Capital, Ridgway. Valuation of real and personal estate, §6,177,030 Pop. in 1870, 8488, of whom 6054 were Americans. Elk, a township of Bucna Vista co., Iowa. Pop. 265. Elk, a township of Clayton co., Iowa. Pop. 1049. Elk, a post-ofiice of Decatur co., Iowa. Elk, a township of Delaware co., Iowa, bounded N. by Elk in Clayton co. Pop. 1008. It contains Greeley. Elk, a post-office of Chase co., Kansas. Elk, a township of Cloud co., Kansas, bounded S. by the Eej^ublican River. Pop. 577. It contains Clyde. Elk, a station in Jackson co., Kansas, on the Kansas Central Railroad, 5 miles E. of Holton. Elk, a township of Lake co., Mich. Pop. 911. Elk, a post-office of Saginaw co., Mich., 10 miles E. of Chesaning. Elk, a township of Sanilac co., Mich., is drained by Elk Creek. Pop. 497. Elk, a township of Nobles eo., Minn. Pop. 189. Elk, a township of McDonald co.. Mo. Pop. 941. Elk, a township of Stoddard co.. Mo. Pop. 621. Elk, a township of Wilkes co., N.C. Pop. 675. Elk, a post-township of Noble eo., 0., about 20 miles N. by E. of Marietta. It has 6 churches. Pop. 1655. Elk, a township of Vinton co., 0. Pop. 2063. It con- tains McArthur, the county seat. Elk, a township of Chester co.. Pa., on the Maryland line. Pop. 839. It contains Hickory Hill and Lewisville. Elk, a township of Clarion co., Pa., contains Shippens- ville, Elk City, Ac, and affijrds petroleum. Pop. 1055. Elk, a township of Tioga co.. Pa. Pop. 172. It is a vast forest of hemlock. Elk, a township of Warren co.. Pa., on the New York line. Pop. 469. El Kab, SI kib (anc. Elli/tht/ao ?), a town of Egypt, on the B. bank of the Nile, 40 miles S.S.E. of Thebes. El Kader, i\ kah'd^r, a post-village, capital of Cl.ay- ton CO., Iowa, in Boardman township, on the Turkey River, about 50 miles W.N.W. of Dubuque, and 22 miles E. of Fayette. It has a court-house, a graded school, 3 churches, a national bank, and a flouring-mill. It is a terminus of the Iowa Eastern Railroad. Two weekly newspapers (one in German) are published here. Pop. about 1400. El Kads, the Arabic name of Jerusalem. El Kahireh, a. city of Egypt. See Cairo. El Kasimeeyeh, a river of Palestine. See Litanv. El Kast, or El Kasar, il kis'r (i.e., "the castle"), a largo village of Egypt, capital of the oasis El-Dakhel. Lat. 25° 41' N.; Ion. 29° E. It is the residence of a sheikh, is surrounded by palm and acacia plantations, and has sulphur springs and remains of an Egyptian temple. El Katif, El Katyf, or El Katilf, il kl-teef, a forti- fied town of Arabia, on the Persian Gulf. Lat. 26° 25' N.; Ion. 50° E. It has a trade in pearls from the adjacent fishery. Elk Cit'y, a post-village of Nez Perces co^, Idaho, about 150 miles N. of Idaho City. Elk City, a post-village of Montgomery co., Kansas, on Elk River, about 38 miles W. of Parsons, and 13 miles W.N.W. of Independence. It has a money-order post- office and 2 churches. Pop. about 300. Elk City, a post-village of Clarion co.. Pa., in Elk township, on the Emienton & Shippenville Railroad, 2 miles from Edenburg, and 13 miles N.W. of Clarion. It has 2 churches and several oil-wells. Elk City, a post-hamlet of Barbour eo., W. Va., about 18 miles S.E. of Clarksburg. Elk Creek, of Washington co., Ind., flows into the Mus- catatuck River. Elk Creek, Oregon, runs westward in Douglas co., and enters the Umpqua River about 40 miles from its mouth. Elk Creek, Tennessee, runs southwestward in Shelby CO., and enters Wolf River about 2 miles N. of Memphis. Elk Creek, a post-office and trading-post of Colusa co., Cal., about 42 miles W.S.W. of Chico. Elk Creek, a station on the Colorado Central Railroad, 9 miles W. of Golden, Col. Elk Creek, a township of Jasper co., Iowa. Pop. 1367. Elk Creek, a post-oflice of Osage eo., Kansas. Elk Creek, a post- village of Spencer co., Ky., 12 miles S. of Shelbyville. It has 2 churches and an academy. Elk Creek, a post-office of Texas co.. Mo. Elk Creek, a post-office and station of Johnson eo., Neb., on Nemaha River, and on the Atchison & Nebraska Railroad, 55 miles S.E. of Lincoln. It has a flour-mill. Elk Creek, a post-hamlet of Otsego co.. N.Y"., 3 miles N. by E. of Sehenevus Railroad Station. It has a church. Elk Creek, a post-office of Alleghany co., N.C. Elk Creek, a township of Watauga co., N.C. Pop. 265. Elk Creek, a post-office of Douglas co., Oregon. Elk Creek, a post-hamlet of Erie eo.. Pa., in Elk Creek township, 2 miles from Albion, and about 22 miles S.S.W. of Erie. It has a church. Pop. of township, 1462. Elk Creek, a post-village of Grayson co., Va., in a valley of the same name, about 24 miles S. of Wytheville. It contains an academy. Elk Creek, a post-hamlet of Trempealeau eo.. Wis., on Elk Creek, about 44 miles N. of La Crosse. Elk Cross Roads, a post-hamlet of Ashe co., N.C, 65 miles N.W. of Statesville. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Elk Dale, a post-hamlet of Atchison co., Mo., on or near Tarkio River, 7 miles N.E. of Craig. It has a church. Elk'dale, a post-hamlet of Susquehanna co.. Pa., in Clifford township, 2} miles from Union Dale Station. It has a church. Elk Falls, a post-village in Elk Falls township, Elk CO., Kansas, on Elk River, surrounded with fertile prairies, 50 miles (direct) W. of Parsons, and about 50 miles S.E. of El Dorado. It has 3 churches, a bank, and a graded school. Pop. about mO; of the township, 1113. Elk Flat, a post-office of Union co., Oregon. Elk Fork, a post-office of Elliott co., Ky., 8 miles from Martinsburg. Elk Fork, a township of Pettis co., Mo. Pop. 2404, including Dresden and Lamonte. Elk Gar'den, a post-hamlet of Russell co., Va., IS miles N.W. of Saltville. Elk Grove, a post-village of Sacramento co,, Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad. 15 miles S. of Sacramento. It hiis 2 churches, a high school, and manufactures of wine and raisins. Elk Grove, a township of Cook eo.. 111., 9 miles N W of Chicago. Pop. 1120. Elk Grove, a post-hamlet of Caldwell co.. Mo., 14 miles from Breckenridgc. It has a church. Elk Grove, a post-village of Lafayetto co.. Wis., in Elk Grove township, about 20 miles N.E. of Dubuque Iowa. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 933. ' El Khaleel, a town of Palestine. See Hebron El Khargeh, i\ kan'gheh, or The Great Oa'sis, a fruitful valley in the Libyan Desert, the southernmost and ELK 700 ELK largest of the Egyptian oases, 110 miles S.W. of Aliiimym. Its length is variously estimated at from 80 to 200 miles, and its maximum breadth is 10 miles. It is fenced by a steep wall of limestone, and is populous, but unhealthy. It has a town of the same name, and abounds in ancient ruins. £lk'hart, a county in the N. part of Indiana, border- ing on Michigan, has an area of about 470 square miles. It is intersected by the St. Joseph's River, and is also drained by the Elkhart River, which enters the former stream in the N.W. part of the county. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests, in which the sugar-maple and oak abound. The soil is very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, hay, oats, pork, and butter are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad and the Air- Line division of the same. Capital, Goshen. Valuation of real and personal estate, $33,857,000. Pop. in 1870, 26,026, of whom 24,249 were Americans. Elkhart, or Elkhart City, a post-village of Logan CO., 111., in Elkhart township, and on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 17 miles N.N.E. of Springfield, and 11 miles S.S.W. of Lincoln. It has 3 churches, a flouring-mill, and several general stores. Pop. 378; of the township, 1325. Elkhart, a post-town in Concord township, Elkhart co., Ind., is on the St, Joseph River, at the mouth of the Elk- hart River, and on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, at the junction of the Western division with the Air-Line and Michigan divisions, 15 miles E. of South Bend, 101 miles E. by S. from Chicago, and 10 miles N.W. of Goshen. It contains 11 churches, 2 banks (1 national)^ a high school, 2 flour-mills, 3 or 4 paper-mills, 2 starch- factories, 4 planing-mills, a rolling-mill, 2 machine-shops, and workshops and round-house of the railroad. A daily and 2 or 3 weekly newspapers are published here. P. 3265. Elkhart, a township of Elkhart co., Ind. Pop., exclu- sive of the city of Goshen, 1477. Elkhart, a township of Noble CO., Ind. Pop. 1541. It includes Wawaka. Elkhart, a post-hamlet in Elkhart township, Polk co., Iowa, 15 miles N. of Des Moines. It has a church. The township is intersected by the South Skunk River. P. 776. Elkhart, a post-office of McPheraon co., Kansas. Elkhart, a post-village of Anderson co., Tex., on the International & Great Northern Railroad, 13 miles S.S.W. of Palestine. It has a church. Elkhart City, a village of Illinois. See Elkhart. Elkhart River, Indiana, rises in Noble co., runs northwestward, and enters the St. Joseph River (of Lake Michigan) at Elkhart. It is about 90 miles long, and affords abundant water-power. Elk Head, a post-office of Christian co.. Mo. Elk Head, a post-offlco of Douglas CO., Oregon. Elk Head River rises in Sweetwater co., Wyoming, runs southward into Colorado, and enters the Yampah or Bear River. Elk'heart Lake, a post-office and summer resort of Sheboygan co., Wis., on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, and on a beautiful lake, 60 miles N. of Milwaukee. It has several hotels. Elk Hill Mills, a post-office of Goochland co., Va. Elk'horn, a county in the N. part of Nebraska, is trav- ersed by the Elkhorn River. Area, 864 square miles. Elkhorn, a township of San Joaquin co., Cal. P. 1428. Elkhorn, a township of Brown co.. 111. Pop. 1150. Elkhorn, or Elk'ton, a post-village of Washington CO., III., about 28 miles S.E. of Belleville. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and a flouring-mill. Pop. 160. The name of its post-oflice is Elkhorn. Elk Horn, a post-oflice of Shelby co., Iowa. Elkhorn, a township of Webster co., Iowa. Pop. 441. Elkhorn, a township of Lincoln co., Kansas. Pop. 439. It contains Rocky Hill. Elk Horn, a. post-hamlet of Taylor co., Ky., 18 miles S. of Lebanon. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Elkhorn, a hamlet of Ray oo.. Mo., 4 miles S.W. of Swanwick Station. It has a church and a wagon-shop. Elkhorn, a township of Warren co.. Mo. Pop. 2479. It includes Warrenton. Elkhorn, a village of Douglas co., Neb., on the Elk- horn River, and on the Union Pacific Railroad, 29 miles W. of Omaha. It has 2 churches and a newspaper ofiice. Here is Douglas Post-Ollico. Elk Horn, a post-oflico of Polk co., Oregon. Elkhorn, a post-village of Alleghany co.. Pa., on the Monongahela River, and on the Pittsburg, Virginia & Charleston Railroad, 26 miles S. of Pittsburg. It has a church, a coal-mine, and a paper-mill. Pop. about 250. Elkhorn, a post-hamlet of Henry co., Tenn., 3 miles S. of Springville Station. Elkhorn, a post-office of Jack co., Te.x. Elkhorn, a post-village, capital of Walworth co., Wis., is on the Western Union Railroad, 41 miles W. by S. from Racine, and 28 miles E.N.E. of Beloit. It is the south terminus of a branch railroad which connects at Eagle with the Chicago, Milwaukee &, St. Paul Railroad. It contains 7 churches, a na.tional bank, a handsome union school-house, and a newspaper office, and has manufactures of flour and of boots and shoes. Pop. 1099. Elkhorn City, a post-village of Douglas co.. Neb., on the Elkhorn River, 14 miles E.S.E. of Fremont, and about 24 miles W.N.W. of Omaha. It has a church and a news- paper office. Elkhorn Creek, Kentucky, rises by two branches in Fayette co., runs northwestward, drains parts of Scott and Woodford cos., and enters the Kentucky River about 10 miles N. of Frankfort. The branches unite in Franklin co. Elkhorn Grove, a post-village of Carroll co.. 111., in a township of the same name, 10 miles W. of Polo, and about 16 miles N.W. of Dixon. It has a church, 2 flour- mills, and about 20 houses. Pop. of the township, 662. Elkhorn Grove, Ogle co., 111. See Eagle Point. Elkhorn River, Nebraska, rises in the N. part of the state, and drains parts of Elkhorn and Antelope cos. it runs eastward through Madison and Stanton cos., and southeastward through the cos. of Cuming and Dodge. Finally it flows southward through Douglas co., and enters the Platte River about 7 miles N.N.E. of Ashland. It traverses fertile prairies. Its length is about 200 miles. El'kin, a post-village of Surry co., N.C., on the Yadkin River, 38 miles N. of Statesville. It has 2 churches, a cotton-factory, and a tobacco-factory. El'kins, a post-office of Colfax oo., New Mexico. El'kinsville, a post-h.amlet of Brown co., Ind., 22 miles W.S.W. of Columbus. It has several mills or factories. Eikinsville, a post-ofiice of Bladen co., N.C. ElkirCh. See iLLKIBCH-GnAFENSTADE.V. Elk Lake, a post-office of Grant co., Minn. Elk Lake, a post-office of Susquehanna co.. Pa. Elk'land, a township of Tuscola co., Mich., about 40 miles E. of Bay City. Pop. 726. Elkland, a post-office of Webster co., Mo. Elkland, a township of Sullivan co., Pa. Pop. 705. It contains Eldredsville. Elkland, a post-village of Tioga co., Pa., on the Cowa- nesque Creek, and on the Cowanesque Branch of the Corning, Cowanesque & Antrim Railroad, 27 miles S.W. of Corning, N.Y. It has 2 churches, a tannery, a cigar-factory, and a sash-factory. Pop. about 700. Elk Lick, Somerset co., Pa. See Salisbury. Elk Lick Springs, a post-office and summer resort of Pike CO., Mo., in Spencer township, 6 miles S.W. of Frankford Railroad Station. Here are medicinal springs. Elk Mills, a post-hamlet of McDonald co., Mo., on the Elk River, 16 miles S. of Seneca Railroad Station. Elk Mills, a post-hamlet of Chester co., Pa., 6 miles S.E. of Oxford. Elk Mills, a post-office of Carter co., Tenn. Elk'mont, a post-village of Limestone co., Ala., on the Nashville & Decatur Railroad, 9 miles N. of Athens. It has a church, a high school, a brick-kiln, &c. Elk'mont Springs, a post-office of Giles co., Tenn. Elk Mound, a post-township of Dunn co., Wis., is in- tersected by the West Wisconsin Railroad. Pop. 492. Elk Mound Station is 11 miles W.N.W. of Eau Claire. Elk Mountain, Pennsylvania, is in the S.E. part of Susquehanna co. It is about 2000 feet high. Elk Mountain, or Big Horn, a high peak of the Medicine Row Range, is in the S. ])art of Wyoming, about 15 miles S, of Percy Railroad Station, near lat, 41° 36' N., Ion. 106° 30' W. It is a prominent landmark. Elk Mountain, a post-office of Carbon oo., Wyoming, on the Medicine Bow River, 12 milos from Carbon Station. Elk Mountains, Colorado, a range or grou|i a few miles W. of the Saguache Range. Castle Peak, which is the higiiest of the Elk Mountains, has an altitude of 14,115 feet above the sea-level. Among the other peaks are Cap- itol Mountain, Italian Peak, Maroon Mountain, Snow Mass Mountain, and Sopris Peak. Granite forms the central and highest parts of tbese mountains. Silurian and carbonifer- ous rocks occur on their sides. This is a grand illustration of an eruptive range, and presents admirable scenery. '* The gorges or canons out by Castle and Maroon Creeks," says Haydon, "are probably without a parallel for ruggcdness, depth, and picturesque beauty in any portion of the AVost." ELK 701 ELL Elk Neck, a post-hamlet of Cecil co., Md., on or near Elk River, 6 miles S. of North East Station. It has a church. £l'k09 the northeasternmost county of Nevada. It is drained by the Humboldt River and its North and South Porks. The surface is partly mountainous. A range called the East Humboldt Mountains extends nearly through the middle of the county. The soil of the valley of the Hum- boldt produces barley, potatoes, and grass, but is not exten- sively cultivated. This county contains large arid plains in which water and timber are scarce. It is intersected by the Central Pacific Railroad. Capital, Elko. A'^aluation of real and personal estate, $3,397,086. Pop. in 1870, 3447, in 1875, 3602. £)]ko, a post-village, capital of Elko co., Nev., on the Humboldt River, and on the Central Pacific Railroad, 603 miles E.N.E. of San Francisco, 251 miles AV.S.W. of Corinne, and about 115 miles N. of Hamilton. It is one of the most important railroad stations in Nevada, and has an exten- sive trade with the mining districts. It contains a court- house, a church, a hotel, 1 or 2 banks, several boarding- houses, and silver-smelting-works. One daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published here. Elko is the seat of the state university. Pop. 1200. Elko, a post-hamlct and station of Barnwell co., S.C, in Williston township, on the South Carolina Railroad, 6 miles W. by N. of Blackville. It has a church. El Kom, a locality of Egypt. See AnsfAR. Ei-Kos, fil-kos' (a "bow," so named from its windings), a river of Morocco, province of Fez, enters the Atlantic at El-Araish. £l-Kosh, 31-kosh', a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Koor- distan, at the foot of the Sote Mountains, 30 miles N. of Mosul. Pop. about 3000, It is resorted to by many Jewish pilgrims. Elk Point, a post-village, capital of Union eo., Dakota, on the Dakota Southern Railroad, 41 miles E.S.E. of Yank- ton, and 21 miles N.W. of Sioux City. It is near the Missouri River, and in a rich farming country. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, and 2 wagon-shops. Elk'port, a post-village in Volga and Elk townships, Clayton co., Iowa, on the Turkey Ptiver, at the mouth of the Volga, and on a branch of the Dubuque & Minnesota Railroad, 33 miles W.N.W. of Dubuque. It has 3 churches, a woollen-factory, a flour-tnill, 2 saw-mills, a graded school, and a money-order post-office. Pop. about 800. Elk Prairie, pra'ree, a township of Jackson co.. 111. Pop. 1354. Elk Prairie, a post-office of Jefferson co., III. Elk Prairie, a post-hamlet of Phelps co., Mo., 8 miles S.E. of Rolla. It has a church. Elk Rap'ids, a post-village, capital of Antrim co., Mich., is on the E. shore of Grand Traverse Bay, in Elk Rapids township, at the mouth of the Elk River, 16 or 18 miles N.E. of Traverse City. It has 3 ohurches, an iron- furnace, a bank, a newspaper office, and a large lumber-mill. Pop. about 400 J of the township, 549. Elk Ridge JLand'ing, a post-village of Howard co., Md., on the Patapscp River, and on the Washington Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 9 miles S.W. of Balti- more. It has about 6 general stores, 4 churches, a flour- mill, and a blast-furnace. Pop. about 350. Elk River, Kansas, rises in Elk co.,runs southeastward, and enters the Verdigris River in Montgomery co., about 3 miles above Independence. Elk River, Maryland, rises in Chester co., Pa., and runs southward to Elkton, in Maryland. It flows thence southwestward, and enters Chesapeake Bay in Cecil co. The lower part of it is navigable. Elk River, Minnesota, drains part of Benton co., runs southeastward through Sherburne co., and enters the Mis- sissippi River at the village of Elk River. Elk (or Cowskin) River drains part of McDonald CO., Mo., from which it runs westward into the Indian Ter- ritory, thence northwestward, and enters the Neosho River. It is nearly lOO miles long. Elk River, an affluent of the Tennessee, drains parts of Coffee and Franklin cos., Tenn., and runs westward through Lincoln and southwestward through Giles co. It next inter- sects Limestone co., Ala., and enters the Tennessee near the upper end of the Muscle Shoals. Length, about 150 miles. lElk River, AVest Virginia, drains part of AVebster co., and runs westward through Braxton co. It subsequently runs southwestward, and enters the Kanawha River at Charleston. Its length is estimated at 180 miles. It trav- erses a hilly country, in which bituminous coal abounds. Elk River, a village in Elk River township, Clinton CO., Iowa, about 10 miles N. of the city of Clinton. It has a church and a flour-mill. The township is bounded on the E. by the Mississippi, contains Elk River Junction, Almont Station, and Teed's Grove, and has a pop. of 1271. Elk River, a post-village, capital of Sherburne co., Minn., on the left or N. bank of the Mississippi River, at the mouth of the Elk River, and on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 39 miles N.W. of St. Paul. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, a graded school, several mills for lumber and flour, and 2 furniture-factories, ipop. of Elk River township, 877. Elk River, a post-office of Clay co., W. Va., on a river of the same name. Elk River Junction, a hamlet in Clinton co., Iowa, on the Dubuque & Clinton Railroad, at the crossing of the Sabula, Ackley & Dakota Railroad, 7 miles N. of Lyons. Elk Run, apost-otfice of Sac co., Iowa. Elk Run, a township of Columbiana co., 0. Pop. 1335. Elk Run, a post-office of Tioga co., Pa. Elk Run, a post-office of Fauquier co., Va. Elk Shoals, a post-hamlet of Iredell co., N.C., 8 miles N.E. of Catawba Station. It has a church and an academy. Elkton, Washington co., 111. See Elkhorn. Elk'ton, a post-village, capital of Todd co., Ky., on Elk Creek, about 20 miles E.S.E. of Hopkinsville. It has a bank, a newspaper office, an academy, a steam mill, and 6 churches. Pop. 956, Elkton, a post-village, capital of Cecil co., Md., is on the Elk River, at the head of navigation, and on the Phila- delphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, 52 miles E.N.E. of Baltimore, and 18 miles W.S.W. of Wilmington. It has 6 churches, a natioral bank, an academy, 2 carriage-shops, 2 flouring-mills, and an iron-foundry. Two weekly news- papers are published here. Pop. 1797. Elkton, a post-hamlet of Hickory co.. Mo., about 50 miles N. of Springfield. Elkton, a post-hamlet of Nuckolls co.. Neb., 8 miles S. of Edgar. Elkton, a station in Bladen co., N.C., on the Carolina Central Railroad, 42 miles W. by N. from AVilmington. Elkton, a post- village of Columbiana co., 0., on the Little Beaver River, 4 miles E. of New Lisbon. It has 2 churches. Elkton, a post-hamlet of Douglas co., Oregon, on the Umpqua River, about 36 miles N.N.W. of Roseburg. Elkton, a post-village of Giles co., Tenn., on the Elk River, about 75 miles S. of Nashville. It has 3 churches and a seminary. Pop. about 250. El Kueit, a town of Arabia. See Grane. Elk Valley, a post-office of Dakota co.. Neb. Elk'view, a post-hamlet of Chester co.. Pa., on the Philadelphia & Baltimore Central Railroad, 47 miles W.S.W. of Philadelphia. Elk'ville, a post-hamlet of Jackson co.. 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad, 7 miles S. of Duquuin. It has a steam saw-mill, a flour-mill, and about 25 houses. Elkville, a post-office of Wilkes co., N.C. El'la, a post-liamlet of Hickman co., Ky., S miles E. of Clinton. It has a church and a grist-mill. Ella, a post-hamlet of Marshall co., W. Va., 25 miles S. of Wheeling, and 5 miles from the Ohio River. Ella, a post-hamlet of Pepin co., AVis., on the Chippewa River, 12 miles from its mouth, and about 13 miles N. of Wabasha, Minn. It has a church. El'land, a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, on the Calder, 4 miles by rail S.E. of Halifax. It has manufactures of woollens. Pop. 6432. El'laville, a post-villsige of Madison co,, Fla., on the Suwanee River, and on the Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroad, 70 miles E. of Tallahassee. It has an academy, a large saw-mill, a carriage- factory, and a planing-mill. Pop. about 700. Ellaville, a post-village, capital of Schley co., Ga., about 48 miles E.S.E. of Columbus. It has 3 churches, the Ellaville Institute, and a steam grist-mill. Pop. 157. Ellaville, a post-office of Isabella co., Mich., 5 miles S. of Clare Station. EllbojSen, a town of Bohemia. See Elbogen. Elle, SrU', a river of France, enters the Atlantic 30 miles S.W. of Quimper, after a S. course of 38 miles. Ellejay, a post-village of Georgia. See Ellijay. El'lejoy, a post-village of Blount co., Tenn., 18 miles E.S.E. of Knoxville. It has 2 churches, a tannery, &c. Ellenborough, el'l§n-bur-ruh, a post-village of Rit- chie CO., W. Va., on the North Fork of Hughes River, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 37 miles E. of Parkers- burg. It has a church. Ellenborough, a post-village in EUenborough town- ELL 702 ELL ship, Grant co., Wis., on the Platte River, 8 miles W. by N. of Platteville, and about 22 miles N. of Dubuque, Io"wa. Pop. of the township, S09. El'lenburg, a post-village in Ellenburg township, Clinton co., N.Y., 2.^ miles from the Ogdensburg & Lake Champlain Railroad, and 28 miles E. of Malone. It has 3 churches, a lumber-mill, &,c. The township contains another village, named Ellenburg Depot, and a pop. of 3186. £llenburg Centre, a post-hamlet of Clinton co., N.Y., about 24 miles N.W. of Plattsburg. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Ellenburg Depot, a post-village of Clinton co., N.Y., in Ellenburg township, on the railroad between Malone and Rouse's Point, 28 miles E. of Malone. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a lumber-mill. El'lendale, a post-village of Sussex co., Del., on the Junction & Breakwater Railroad, 80 miles S. of Wilming- ton, and 8 miles S. of Milford. It has a steam lumber-mill. Ellendale, a township of Alexander co., N.C. P. 908. Ellendale, a post-office of Smyth co., Va. EUendale Forge, a post-hamlet of Dauphin co.. Pa., on the Schuylkill & Susquehanna Railroad, at Forge Sta- tion, 13 miles N. by E. of Harrisburg. It has an iron-forge. El'lendor, a post-hamlet of Union co., N.J., in New Providence township, on the New Jersey AVest Line Rail- road, 17 miles W.S.W. of Newark. ElMengoAV'an, a post-village of Baltimore co., Md., at Texas Station on the Northern Central Railroad, 14 miles N. of Baltimore. Pop. 640. El'lengow'an, a post-village in Bruce co., Ontario, 10 miles N. of Walkerton. Pop. 100. Elleno'ra, a post-hamlet of Gentry co.. Mo., 6 miles N. of Albany. It has a church. El'lensburg, a post-village, capital of Curry co., Ore- gon, on the Pacific Ocean, at the mouth of Rogue River, about 145 miles S.S.W. of Eugene City. It has a factory for canning salmon. EUensburg, a post-hamlet of Yakima co., Washington, on the l''akima Pi.iver, about 100 miles from its mouth, and 40 miles N. of Yakima. El'lenton, a post-village of Barnwell co., S.C., on the Port Royal Railroad, 22 miles S.E. of Augusta, Ga., and 2 miles from the Savannah River. It has 3 churches, a steam saw-mill, and 1 or 2 grist-mills. El'lenville, a post-village in Wawarsing township, Ulster CO., N.Y., on Sandburg Creek, on the Delaware & Hudson Canal, and on the Ellenville Branch of the New York & Oswego Midland Railroad, 23 miles S.W. of Kings- ton, and about 80 miles N.N.W. of New York. It has 6 churches, 2 national banks, graded schools, 2 newspaper of- fices, a tannery, a foundry, and manufactures of glass bot- tles, cutlery, soap, and sash and blinds. Pop. about 3500. El'lerbe Springs, a post-ofBce and summer resort of Richmond co,, N.C, 12 miles from Rockingham. Ellershausen, ol'l^rz-how-zen, or El'lershouse, a post-vill.age in Hants co., Nova Scotia, 36 miles by rail N. of Halifax. It has a furniture-factory. Pop. 300. Ellerslie, a village of Scotland. See Elderslie. Ellerslie, el'lerz-Ie, a post-village of Harris co., Ga., 5 miles E. of Cataula Railroad Station. It has 2 churches and an academy. Ellerslie, a post-village of Alleghany co., Md., is in a valley between Wills Mountain and Savage Mountain, at Ellerslie Station on tho Pittsburg division of the Baltimore 6 Ohio Railroad, and at State Line Station on the Penn- sylvania Railroad (Bedford division), 5 miles N. of Cum- berland. It has a church and a manufactory of fire-bricks. Ellerslie, a station in Dutchess co., N.Y^., on the Rhine- beck & Connecticut Railroad, 12 miles E. of Kingston. Ellerslie, el'l^rz-le, a post-village in Prince co., Prince Edward Island, 4^ miles from Alberton. It has saw-, card- ing-, and shinglc-mills, and ship-yards. Pop. 150. El'lerton, a post-office of Frederick co., Md. El'lery, or El'lery Centre, a post-village in EUery township, Chautauqua co., N.Y., about 11 miles N.W. of Jamestown. It has 2 churches. Pop. of township, 1717. Elles, a town of Hungary. See Elesd. El'lesinere, a town of England and Wales, cos. of Flint and Salop, 16 miles N.N.W. of Shrewsbury. It has a br.anch bank and a large trade in malt. Pop. 2013. Ellesmere Land, the S. portion of Grinnell Land. El'lettsville, or El'littsville, a post-village in Rich- land township, Monroe co., Ind., on the Louisville, Now Albany & Chicago Railroad, 7 miles N.W. of Bloomington. It has 4 churches, a seminary, 2 flour-mills, a lumber-mill, a woollen-mill, and 2 mills for sawing stone. Here are quarries of atone, large quantities of which are exported. Ellezelles, iWiilV, a town of Belgium, in Hainaut, 16 miles N.E. of Tournay. Pop. 5527. El'Iice Islands, a group of islets on a coral reef, sur- rounding a lagoon in the Pacific, discovered in 1819. Lat. 8° 30' S.; Ion. 179° 13' E. Pop. 250. ElUichpoor', a city of India, capital of a district of its own name, 98 miles W. of Nagpoor. It is the largest town in Berar, but has little commerce. Pop. 27,782, Ellichpoor, a district in the N. part of Eastern Berar, British India. Area. 2772 square miles. Lat. 20° 51'-21° 46' N.. Ion. 76° 40'-78° 30' B. Capital, Ellichpoor. Pop. 344,358. El'iicott, or El'licott City, the capital of Howard CO.. Md., is picturesquely situated on the right or W. bank of the Patapsco River, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- road, 12 miles W,S,W. of Baltimore, It has 6 churches, the Patapsco Institute, Rock Hill College (Catholic) and an- other Catholic college, 2 cotton-mills, a large tlouring-mill, a machine-shop, 2 paper-mills, and a barrel-factory. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 1722. Ellicott, a township of Chautauqua co., N.Y., is at the S.E. extremity of Chautauqua Lake. It contains the large village of Jamestown. Pop. 9020. Ellicott, a post-hamlet of Brie co., N.Y., in Bast Ham- burg township, 14 miles S.E. of Buffalo. It has a church. El'licottville,a post-village in Ellicottville township, Cattaraugus co., N.Y., on Great Valley Creek, and on the Rochester & State Line Railroad, about 44 miles S. by E. of Buffalo, and 10 miles N. of Great Valley Station. It has a bank, 5 churches, a flour-mill, a steam saw-mill, a union school, and a newspaper oflice. P. 579; of township, 1907. El'lijay, a small river of Gilmer co., Ga., flows into the Coosawattee at the village of BUijay. Ellijay, a post-village, capital of Gilmer co., Ga., on the Coosawattee River, about 75 miles N. of Atlanta. It has 3 churches and a newspaper office. El'lingcr, a post-hamlet of Colorado co., Tex., 10 miles N.E. of Weimar, It has 2 churches, El'lingtoii, a post-village of Tolland co.. Conn., in Ellington township, about 16 miles N.E. of Hartford. It has a church. The township contains a manufacturing vil- lage named Windermere, on the Rockville Branch of the Connecticut Central Railroad. Pop. of the township, 1452. Ellington, a township of Adams co.. III. It contains a na,Tt of Quincy. Pop., exclusive of that city, 2298. Ellington, a post-office of Hancock co., Iowa, on Lime Creek, in Ellington township, about 20 miles W. by N, of M.ason City, Pop, of the township, 505, Ellington, a township of Palo Alto co,, Iowa, P, 170. Ellington, a post-oflice of Tuscola co., JVIich., in Elling- ton township, on Cass River, about 40 miles E. by N. of Bast Saginaw. Pop. of the township, 465. Ellington, a post-township of Dodge co., Minn., about 18 miles S.E. of Faribault. Pop. 436. Ellington, a post-village in Ellington township, Chau- tauqua CO., N.Y., 12 miles N.E. of Jamestown, and 3 miles S.W. of Clear Creek Station. It has an academy and 2 or 3 churches. Pop. 314 ; of the township, 1589. Ellington, a township of Outagamie co.. Wis. Pop. 1353. It contains Stephensville. El'lingwood's Corner, a post-hamlet of Waldo co., Me., 4 miles N.W. of Wintei-port. It has 2 churches. Ei'linwood, a post-village of Barton co.. Kansas, in Lakin township, on the Arkansas River, and on the -Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 10 miles E. of Great Bend. It has a church, a steam flouv-mill, and an elevator. El'liot, a post-hamlet of Y'ork co., Me,, in Elliot town- ship, on the Piscataqua River, about 5 miles N. of Poits- mouth. The township is intersected by the Portsmouth, Saoo & Portland Railroad. It produces hay, potatoes, and apples, and has some manufa.cturcs of bricks. Pop. 1769. Ellio'ta, a post-village in Canton township, Fillmore CO., Minn., about 42 miles S.S.W. of Winona, It has 2 churches, 4 stores, and a windmill. El'liott, a small county in the N.E. part of Kentucky, is partly drained by forks of Little Sandy River, The sur- face is hilly, and mostly covered with forests, Indian corn, pork, and butter are the staple products. Capital, Sandy Hook. Coal is found here. Valuation of real and personal estate, 8500,000, Pop. in 1S70, 4433, of whom 4432 wore Americans. Elliott, a post-villago of San Joaquin co., Cal., 34 miles S. by E. of Sacramento. It has 2 churches and a store. Pop. of township, 95S, Elliott, a post-villago of Ford co., III., in Dix town- ship, on the AVabash Railroad, 10 miles W. of Paxton, and 40 miles E. of Bloomington. It ha^ a ohuroh and 5 stores. ELL 703 ELL £IIiott, a township of Louisa co., Iowa, on the Mis- sissippi and Iowa Rivors. Pop. 398. Elliott, a post-hamlet of Grenada co., Miss., on the Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad, 8 miles S. of Grenada. It has 2 stores and 6 residences. Elliott Bay, Washington. See Seattle. El'liott's, a station in Windham oo.. Conn., on the New York & New England Railroad, 15 miles N.E. of Willi- mantic. Elliott's, a post-office of Matagorda co., Te.'t. El'liottsburg, a post-hamlet of Perry co., Pa., 25 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg. Near it are several churches. El'liott's Cross Roads, a post-hamlet of Morgan CO., 0., about 32 miles S. of Zanesvillo. It has a church. Elliott's Knob, a mountain of Augusta co., Va., about 20 miles W. of Staunton, has an altitude of 4448 feet. Elliott's Mill, a post-hamlet of Panola co.. Miss., about 22 miles S.W. of Oxford. It has a grist-mill and a lumber-mill. El'liottstown, a post-hamlet of Effingham co., 111., about 38 miles E. of VanJalia. It has 2 churches. El'liottsville, a hamlet of Shelby oo., Ala., 2 miles from Siluria Station. It has a church and a store. Elliottsville, a plantation in Piscataquis co., Me., 12 miles S.E. of Moosehead Lake. Pop. 42. Elliottsville, a village of Jefferson co., 0., in Knox township, on the Ohio River, opposite New Cumberland, W. Va., and on the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad, 10 miles N. of Steubenville. It has terra-cotta-works, and a manufactory of tire-bricks and sewer-pipes. Here is Calu- met Post-Offlce. Pop. about 150. Elliottville, a post-office of Rowan co., Ky. EI'lis, a county in the W. central part of Kansas, has an area of 900 square miles, being a square each side of which measures 30 miles. It is intersected by the Smoky Hill Fork of Kansas River, by Big Creek, and by Saline River, the last of which flows through the N. part of the county. The surface is nearly level, and about 99 per cent, of it is prairie; the soil is fertile. It is traversed by the Kansas Pacific Railroad. Capital, Hays City. Valuation of real and personal estate, $253,656. Pop. in 1870, 1336, of whom 779 were Americans; in 1878, 2437. Ellis, a county in the N.E. central part of Texas, has an area of about 1100 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Trinity River, and is also drained by Chambers Creek. The surface is iindulating, and extensively covered with forests of ash, oak, elm, pecan, and other hard timber ; the soil is fertile. Cotton, cattle, hides, Indian corn, and wool are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Houston & Texas Central Railroad. Capital, Waxa- hachie. Valuation of real and personal estate, .'SJ1,474,419. Pop. in 1870, 7614, of whom 7466 were Americans. Ellis, a post-village of San Joaquin co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 22 miles S.S.W. of Stockton. Ellis, a post-ofiice of Hardin co., Iowa. Ellis township is drained by the South Fork of Iowa River. Pop 498 Ellis, a post-village of Ellis co., Kansas, on Big Creek, and on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 235 miles W. of To- peka, and 13 miles W.N.W. of Hays City. It has a church. and some machine-shops of the railroad. Pop. of Ellis township, 262. Ellis, a station in Norfolk co., M.ass., on the New York & New England Railroad, 13 miles S.W. of Boston. Ellis, a post-office of Vernon co.. Mo., on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, 6 miles W. of Nevada. Ellis, a station in Muskingum co., 0., on the Cincin- nati & Muskingum Valley Railroad, 8 miles N. of Zanes- yille. Here is High Bridge Post-Office. Ellis, a post-ofiice of Portage co.. Wis., about 7 miles N.E. of Stevens Point. El'lisburg, a post-hamlet of Camden co., N.J., in Del- aware township, 2 miles N.E. of Haddonfield. EUisburg, or Ellis Village, a post-village in Ellis- bnrg township, Jeff'erson co., N.Y., on South Sandy Creek, about 22 miles S.S.W. of Watevtown, and 4 miles from Lake Ontario. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and several mills. The post-oflice is Ellisburg. Ellisburg town- ship is bounded on the W. by Lake Ontario, and contains other villages, named Belleville, Mannsville, and Pierrepont Manor. Pop. of the township, 4819. Ellisburg, a post-hamlet of Potter oo.. Pa., in Genesee township, 15 miles S. by E. of Wellsville, N.Y. El'lisdale, a post-hamlet of Buriington and Monmouth COS., N.J., 3 miles W. of Davis Station. It has a church. The po.st-oflice is in New Hanover township, Monmouth co. Ellis Grove, a post-hamlet of Randolph co., III., 10 miles N.N.W. of Chester. Ellis Island, of New York, is situated in New York Harbor, about a mile S.W. of the city. El'lislie Landing, Issaquena CO., Miss., is a shipping- point on the Mississippi River, 75 miles above Vicksburg. It hii8 2 stores and a church. Ellis Mill, a station in Owen co., Ind., on the India- napolis & Vincennes Railroad, 3 miles S.W. of Gosport. Ellis Mound, a post-office of Hamilton co., 111. El'lison, a post-village of Warren co., III., in Ellison township, 7 miles from Kirkwood, and about 25 miles S.W. of Galesburg. It has a church and manufactures of brooms andjiloughs. Pop. of the township, 1258. Ellison, a hamlet in Elizabeth township, Lawrence co., 0., on a branch of the Iron Railroad, 11 miles N. of Iron- ton. It has a furnace and mines of coal and iron. Ellison Bay, a post-ofiice of Door co.. Wis., on a b.iy of the same name, on the E. shore of Green Bay. El'liston, a post-village of Grant co., Ky., on the Louisville & Cincinnati Railroad, 35 miles S.S.W. of Cin- cinnati. It has 2 churches. Large quantities of produce are shipped here. Elliston, a post-village of Ottawa co., 0., is at or near Graytown Station on the Lake Shore Railroad, 18 miles E.S.E.of Toledo. It has 3 or 4 stores. Pop. about 300. Elliston, a station on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Day- ton Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Hamilton, 0. El'listown, a post-village of Union co., Miss., about 40 miles S.E. of Holly Springs. It has 2 churches. Ellis Village, New York. See ELUsBimc. El'lisville, a post-village of Fulton eo.. III., on Spoon River, in a small township of its own name, about 24 miles S. of Galesburg. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a car- riage-shop. Pop. of the township, 657. Ellisville, a small post-village, capital of Jones co., Miss., on Tallahala Creek, about SO miles S.E. of Jackson. It has a church. Ellisville, a post-village in Meramec township, St. Louis CO., Mo., 3 miles from Clinton. It has several churches. Ellisville, a post-office of Louisa eo., Va. Ellisville, a post-office of Kewaunee co., Wis. El liitany, a river of Syria. See Litanv. Ellittsville, Indiana. See Ellettsville. Ellora, a town of India. See Elora. Ellore, Srior', a town of British India, presidency of Madras, Godavery district, 38 miles N. of Masulipatam Pop. 25,487. ^ Ellrich, or Elrich, iWriK, a town of Prussian Saxony 7 miles by rail N.W. of Nordhausen. Pop. 2688. Ell'rods, a station on the Pittsburg & Connellsville Rai^lroad, 18 miles S.S.E. of Pittsburg, Pa. Ellsworth, elz'worth, a county in the central part of Kansas, has an area of 720 square miles. It is intersected by the Smoky Hill River, which divides it into nearly equal parts. The surface is slightly undulating ; the soil is fertile. Neariy 99 per cent, of it is prairie. Indian corn, wheat, and grass are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Kansas Pacific Railroad. Cap- ital, Ellsworth. Valuation of real and personal estate, $398,402. Pop. in 1870, 1185 ; in 1878, 6057. Ellsworth, a post-hamlet of Logan co.. Ark., about 54 miles E. of Fort Smith. Ellsworth, a post-village in Sharon township, Litch- field CO., Conn., 45 miles W. of H.artford. It has 2 churches. Ellsworth, a post-village of McLean co., III., in Padua township, on the Wabash Railroad, 15 miles E. of Bloom- ington. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a drug-store. Ellsworth, a station on the Logansport, Cr.awfordsville it Southwestern Railroad and the Evansville, Terre Haute & Chicago Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Terre Haute, Ind. Ellsworth, a township of Emmett oo., Iowa. Pop. 62. El Isworth, a township of Hamilton co., Iowa. P. 418. Ellsworth, a hamlet of Madison co., Iowa, about 22 miles S.W. of Des Moines. EllSAVOrth, a post-village, capital of Ellsworth co., Kansas, is in a township of the same name, on the Smoky Hill River, and on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 156 miles W. by S. from Topeka, and 66 miles E. of Ilays City. It has a bank, 3 churches, and a high school. A weekly news- paper is published here. Pop. of the township, 572. Ellsworth, a city, port of entry, and the capital of Hancock eo., Me., is in Ellsworth township, and on the navigable Union River, a few miles from the ocean,' and about 23 miles S.E. of Bangor. It contains a court-house, a, custom-house, a savings-bank, a public library. 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and numerous saw-milis. Several bridges cross the river here. The prosperity of this place IS mainly derived from the lumber-business, navigation, ELL 704 ELM and ship-building. It is surrounded by attractive scenery. Pop. of the township, 5257. £Ilsworth, a post-office of Middlesex co., Mass. Ellsworth, a township of Lake co., Mich., about 10 miles N. of Chase. Pop. IS] . Ellsworth, a township of Meeker co., Minn., abound- ing in fine lakes. Pop. 366. EllSAVorth, a hamlet of Texas oo.. Mo., about 36 miles S.S.W. of RoUa. Ellsworth, a post-office and mining-camp of Nye oo., Nevada, about 120 miles E. by S. of Carson City. Here are mines of silver and galena. EllsAVOrth, a township of Grafton oo., N.H., 58 miles N.N.W. of Concord. It has a church. Pop. 193. Ellsworth, New York. See Hannaway F.iLLS. Ellsworth, a post-village of Jackson co., 0., in Wash- ington township, on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, at its junction with the Diiyton & Southeastern Railroad, about 22 miles E.S.E. of Cliillicothe. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, 8 stores, &e. Pop. about 350. The name of its post-office is Bycr's Station. Ellsworth, a post-village in Ellsworth township, Ma- honing CO., 0., 4 miles W. of Canfield, and about 14 miles W.S.W. of Youngstown. It has 2 churches and a manu- factory of window-blinds. Pop. of the township, 652. Ellsworth, a post-village, capital of Pierce co.. Wis., in Ellsworth township, 14 miles N. of Red Wing, Minn., and 24 miles S.E. of Hudson. It has a church, a graded school, a broom-factory, and 2 lumber-mills. A weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. of the township, 1200. Ellsworth Falls, a post-village of Hancock co.. Me., on the E. bank of Union River, 2 miles N. of Ellsworth. It has a church and manufactures of lumber and staves. Ellwangeii, SU'wing-en, a town of WUrtemberg, on the Jaxt, 45 miles by rail E.N.E. of Stuttgart. It has a castle, gymnasium, hospital, bleach-works, and tanneries. Pop. 4155. Ell'wood, a post-office and station of Schuylkill co.. Pa., on the Schuylkill &, Susquehanna Branch of the Read- ing Railroad. 5 miles W. of Pine Grove Junction. Elm, §lm, a parish and village of Switzerland, canton and 10 miles S.S.E. of Glarus. Pop. 90T. Its sulphur springs were formerly celebrated. Elm, a township of Wayne co.. 111., is drained by Elm Creek. Pop. 968. Elm, a township of Allen co., Kansas. Pop. 304. Post- office, Jonestown. Elm, a post-office of Wayne co., Mich., at Elmwood, a hamlet on the Detroit, Lansing & Lake Michigan Railroad, 16 miles W. of Detroit. Here is a cheese-factory. Elm, a township of Putnam co., Mo. Pop. 1640. Elm, a post-hamlet of Fayette co., Pa., in Springfield township, about 50 miles S.E. of Pittsburg. It has a church, a tannery, and a lumber-mill. Elm, Montgomery CO., Pa. See General Wavne. El'ma, a post-office of Republic co., Kansas. Elma, a post-village in Elma township, Erie co., N.Y., on the Buffivlo, New York & Philadelphia Railroad, 13 miles S.E. of Buffalo. It has several churches. The township has 10 churches, and manufactures of chairs, lumber, vinegar, and flour. Pop. of village, 165; of township, 2812. Elma, a post-hamlet of Chehalis co., Washington, 32 miles W. of Olympia. It has a church. Elma Centre, a post-office of Erie co., N.Y. El Mansoora, a town of Egypt. See Mansoorah. El Maiisoria, ^1 mdn-so're-^, a small maritime town (St Morocco, province of Fez, 4 miles N.E. of Fidallah. El Masarah, il mS'si-ri, a village of Egypt, 10 miles S. of Cairo, opposite the site of a,ncient Memphis, with ancient quarries, to which a railway has been constructed. El Masr, a city of Egypt. See Cairo. El'may, a post-office of Grant co., Ind. Elm Creek, Illinois, runs southeastward, and enters the Little WabsLsh River in Wayne co., about 9 miles E. of Fairfield. It is nearly 40 miles' long. Elm Creek, Minnesota, rises in Jackson co., runs eastward through Martin co., and enters the Blue Earth River at or near Winnebago. Elm Creek, Texas, drains parts of Dawson and Mav- erick COS., runs S.E., and enters Nueces River in Dimmit co. Elm Creek, Ellsworth co., Kansas. See Alum Cheek. Elm Creek, a post-township of Marshall co., Kansas, 7 miles N. by E. of Blue Rapids. It has a church. Pop. 256. Elm Creek, a township of Morris co., Kansas. P. 523. Elm Creek, a township of Republic CO., Kansas. P. 410. Elm Creek, a township of Saline co., Kansas. Pop. 497. It contains Now Cambria. Elm Creek, a township of Martin co., Minn. Pop. 104. Elm Creek, a post-office of Buffalo co.. Neb., and a station on the Union Pacific Railroad, 16 miles W. of Kear- ney Junction. Elevation, 2241 feet. It has a church. Elm Creek, or Troy, a hamlet of Bell co., Tex., 25 miles S.W. of Waco. It has a church and a store. Here is Troy Post-Office. Elm'dale, a post-office and station of Chase co., Kan- sas, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa F6 Railroad, 6 miles W. of Cottonwood Falls. Elm Dale, a post-hamlet of Morrison eo., Minn., in Two Rivers township, 8 miles W. of Bellevue Station. It has 1 or 2 churches. Elm'dale, a hamlet of Scituate township, Providence CO., R.I. Pop. 41. El Mebarrez (or Muliarrez), 81 meb-ar'rJz, a town of Arabia, province and 33 miles S. of Lahsa. Pop. 10,000. El Mejdel, the Arabic for Magdala. Elmekheir, a town of Africa. See Berber. Elmen'daro, a township of Lyon co., Kansas. Pop. 1200. It contains the village of Hartford. EI'mer, a post-township of Sanilac co., Mich. Pop. 64. Elmer, formerly Pitts'town, a post-village of Salem CO., N.J., in Pittsgrove township, on the West Jersey Rail- road, 26 miles S. of Camden, and 17 miles E. of Salem. It has a church, :vnd a factory for canning fruits. Pop. 347. A branch of the railroad extends from this place to Salem. El Mesheriff, a town of Africa. See BEunER. El Metemneh, el mS-tSm'neh, a town of Nuhin, on the Nile, nearly opposite .Shendy. El Mezareeb, miz-k-reeW (or Mzarib), a town of Syria, in the Haooran, 25 miles S.E. of Safed. 'Elm Flat, a hamlet of Daviess CO., Mo., in Benton township, 3 miles S. of Pattonsburg. Elm'ford, a post-office of Wayne co., W. A''a. Elm Grove, a post-office of Adams co.. 111. Elm Grove, a township of Tazewell co., HI., traversed by the Indiana, Bloomington & Western Railroad (Leslie Station). Pop. 1072. Elm Grove, a township of Louisa co., Iowa. Pop. 694. Elm Grove, a township of Labette CO., Kansas. P. 584. Elm Grove, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Mass., in Coler.ain township, 8 miles N. of Shelburne Falls. Elm Grove, a post-office of Holt co., Mo., is .at Forbes. Elm Grove, a post-office of Chatham co., N.C. Elm Grove, a post-office of Pike co., 0. Elm Grove, a post-office of Caldwell co.. Tex. Elm Grove, a post-village of Ohio co., W. Va., on the Wheeling, Pittsburg & B.altimore Railroad, 5 miles E. of Wheeling. It has 2 churches, 2 flour-mills, and a coal-mine. Elm Grove, a post-village of AVaukesha co.. Wis., on both the Prairie du Chien and La Crosse lines of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 9 miles W. of Milwaukee. It has 2 churches and a Catholic orphanage. Elm Grove, a post-village in Simcoe co., Ontario, on the Nottawasaga River, 16 miles W. of Gilford. Pop. 100. Elm Hall, a post-village of Gratiot co., Mich., in Sumner township, 1^ miles from Riverdale Railroad Sta- tion, and about 45 miles N.N.W. of Lansing. It has a lumijer-mill and a grist-mill on Pine River. Elm'hurst, formerly Cottage Hill, a post-village of Du Page co.. III., in York township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 15 miles W. of Chicago. It has 2 or 3 churches, a money-order post-office, and a Lutheran college or seminary. Pop. 329. Elmhiirst, a fine southern suburb of Providence, R.I., overlooking Narragansett Bay. Here is a house of Ladies of the Sacred lleait, also a Catholic seminary. El Milh, i] mil or SI meel (ano. Mnlntha f Scriptures, Moladak), a village of Palestine, 18 miles S. of Hebron. Elmina, ai-mee'n^, or St. George del Mina (dfl mee'ni), a fortified town of the Gold Coast, British West Africa. Lat. 5° 4' 45" N. ; Ion. 1° 20' 30" W. The town is irregular, ill built, and dirty. It stands between the sea and an inlet called Baya, across which lies the pleasant suburb of Garden Town. Pop. 18,000. El/minston, a post-hamlet of Nelson co., Va., on the Virginia Midland Railroad, 27 miles S.W. of Charlottes- ville. It has a church. Elmi'ra, a post-village of Solano co., Cal., on the Cal- ifornia Pacific Railroad, 29 miles S.W. of Sacramento. It has 2 churches. Elmira, a post-village of Stark co.. III., in Elmira township, 7 miles N.N.E. of Toulon. The township has 5 churches and a pop. of llOS. Elmira, a post-oflice of JlitchoU eo., Kansas. Elmira, a post-hamlet on or near the line between .\n- ELM 705 ELO trim and Otsego cos., Mich., and on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Raih-oad, 24 miles S. of Petoskey. Elmira, a township of Olmsted co., Minn. Pop. 1008. Slmira, a city and the capital of Chemung co., N.Y., and the largest town on the Erie Railroad between Patcr- son and Buffalo, is situated on both sides of the Chemung River, in a wide and fertile valley, nt the mouth of New- town Creek. By railroad it is 274 miles W.N.W. of New York, 149 miles E.S.E. of Buffalo, 46 miles S.S.W. of Ithaca, and 78 miles N. by E. of William sport. It is on the Erie Railroad where it crosses the Northern Central Railroad, and is a terminus of the Utica, Ithaca & Elmira Railroad. It contains a court-house, 20 churches, a high school, a normal school, the Elmira Free Academy, 4 banks (2 of which are national), a State Reformatory, a Catholic academy, and the Elmira Eemale College, which has an endowment of $100,000 and a library of 3000 volumes. Two daily and 4 weekly newspapers are published here. Elmira has extensive manufactures of railroad-iron, iron castings, railroad-cars, farming-implements, boots and shoe?, carriages, edge-tools, flour, tfcc. Here are several machine- shops and tanneries, a woollen-mill, a manufactory of steam fire-engines, and large workshops of the Erie Railroad and Northern Central Railroad. The town is supplied with water which is stored in a large reservoir and distributed in pipes. Its trade is facilitated by the Chemung Canal, which connects with Seneca Lake, Elmira was incorporated in 1865, and is divided into 6 wards. Pop. 20,538, £lmii'a, a post-office of Fulton co., 0. £lmi'ra, or West Wool'AvicIi, a post-village in "Waterloo co., Ontario, 12 miles N. of Berlin. It contains several stores, hotels, mills, and factories, an iron-foundry, and a newspaper office. Pop. 800. Elm Ijake, a post-office of Wood co.. Wis., and a sta- tion on the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad, 9 miles W. of Grand Rapids. Elm Lick, a hamlet of Ohio co., Ky., on the Paducah & Elizabethtown Railroad, 103 miles S.W, of Louisville, and 7 miles S.E. of Hartford. Elm Mott, a post-office of McLennan co., Tex. El'mo, a post-village of Grant eo.. Wis., in Smelser township, on the Galena & Southern Wisconsin Railroad. Elmo, a post-village of Kaufman co., Tex., on the Texas & Pacific Railroad, 38 miles E. of Dallas. It has a church, a high school, and a flouring-mill. El Monte, §1 mon'ti, a post-village of Los Angeles co., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 13 miles E. of Los Angeles. It has 2 churches and an academy. The name of its station is Monte. Pop. of El Monte township, 1254. El Mookheiref, a town of Africa. See Berber. Ei'more, a county in the E. central part of Alabama, has an area of about SCO square miles. It is bounded on the E. and S. by the Tallapoosa River, and is intersected by the Coosa River. These streams unite on the southern bor- der of the county and form the Alabama River. The sur- face is hilly or undulating, and mostly covered with forests ; the soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. This county is traversed by the South & North Alabama Railroad. Capita!, Wetumpka. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,931,364. Pop. in 1870, 14,477, of whom 14,407 were Americans. Elmore, a post-hamlet of Elmore co., Ala., on the South & North Alabama Railroad, 11 miles N, of Montgomery. Here are large forests of yellow pine, and several saw-mills. Elmore, a post-village of Peoria co., 111., in Millbrook township, on Spoon River, about 28 miles N.W. of Peoria. It has 2 churches. Elmore, a township of Daviess co., Ind., is bounded N.AV. by White River. Pop. 865. Elmore, a post-village in Elmore township, Faribault CO., Minn., on the Iowa line, about 48 miles S. of Mankato, Pop. of the township, 404. Elmore, a post-office of Richardson co., Neb. Elmore-, apost-village of Ottawa co., 0., on the Portage River, and on the Lake Shore & Michigan So-uthern Rail- road, 17 miles S.E. of Toledo, and 13 miles N.W. of Fre- mont. It has several churches, a bank, a newspaper office, a flour-mill, a planing-mill, and 2 wagon-shops. Pop. 1131. Elmore, a post-village in Elmore township, Lamoille CO., Vt., 22 miles N. of Montpelier, and 3 miles from Wolcott. It has a church and 2 lumber-mills. Pop. of township, 637. Elmore, a post-office of Fond du Lac co.. Wis. Elmore's Corners, a hamlet of Ulster co., N.Y., in Esopus township, 2^ miles from Hyde Park. El Mo'ro, a post-village of Las Animas co., Col., on the Purgatory River, 5 miles below Trinidad, and 206 miles S. of Denver. It is the terminus of the Trinidad Branch 45 of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. It has several for- warding-houses, a bank, and a newspaper office. Coal is mined here. Pop. about 800. El Mosul, a town of Turkey. See Mosul. El'mpt, a post-office and landing of Mississippi co., Ark., on the Mississippi River, 6 miles from Osceola. Elm Point, a post-hamlet of Bond co., 111., about 22 miles W. of Vandalia. It has a flour-mill and 14 dwellings. Elm Prairie, a township of St. Croix co., Wis. P. 1203. Elm River, a post-office of Cass co., Dakota. Elms'dale, a post-village in Hants co., Nova Scotia, near the confluence of Nine Mile River with the Shubena- cadie, 30 miles by rail N. of Halifax. Pop. 200. Elmshorn, glms'hoRn, a town of Prussia, in Ilolstein, at a railway junction, 10 miles E.S.E. of GlUckstadt. It has an active trade and varied manufactures. Pop. 4831. Elm Springs, a post-village of Washington co.. Ark., 65 miles S. by W. of Pierce City, Mo. It has a church. Elmstein,elm'stine, or Appenthal, a,p'pen-ta.l, a vil- lage of Germany, Bavaria, 8 miles W, of Neustadt. P. 1940. Elm Store, a post-hamlet of Randolph co., Ark., on Eleven Point River, 35 miles N.W. of O'Kean Station. It has a church. Elms'vilIe,or Saint Paul's, a post-village in Pictou CO., Nova Scotia, on the East Branch of East River, 20 miles S.E. of New Glasgow. Pop. 120. Elm Tree, a post-office of Weakley eo., Tenn. El Mubarrez, a town of Arabia, See El Mebarrez. Elmunchilly, ^Pmiin-chil'lee, a village of India, in Madras, 31 miles S.W. of Vizagapatam, Elm'vale, a post- village in Simcoeco., Ontario, 20 miles N.N.W. of Barrie. Pop. 150. Elm'ville, a post-office of Franklin co., Ky. Elmville, a village of Cranston township. Providence CO., R.I., i mile from Auburn Junction. It has dye-works. Pop. 150. Elm'wood, a post-hamlet of Boone co., Ark., 75 miles N.N.E. of Clarksville. Elmwood, a post-hamlet of Hartford co.. Conn., in West Hartford township, on the Hartford, Providence & Fishkill Railroad, and on the railroad between Hartford and New Haven, 4 miles S.W. of the former. It has a chapel and a manufactory of flower-pots and drain-tiles. Elmwood, a post-village of Peoria co., 111., in Elm- wood township, on the Galesburg & Peoria Branch, where it crosses the Buda & Rushville Branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 163 miles S.W. of Chicago, and 27 miles W.N.W. of Peoria. It has 2 banks, 5 churches, a newspaper office, a union school, and manufactures of bricks, flour, and paper. Coal is mined here. Pop. 1476 : of the township, 2410. Elmwood, a post-office of Webster co., Ky., on the St, Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 23 miles S. of Henderson. Elmwood, a station in Norfolk co., Mass., on the New York & New England Railroad, 13 miles SA^. of Boston. Elmwood, a post-village of Plj-^mouth co., Mass., in East Bridgewater township, 1 mile from the Old Colony Railroad, and 26 miles S. by E. of Boston. It has a church and 2 manufactories of shoes. Elmwood, a township of Leelenaw co., Mich. P. 285. Elmwood, a post-hamlet and township of Tuscola co., Mich., on Cass River, 9 miles N.E. of Caro. Pop, of town- ship, 565. Elmwood, Wayne co., Mich. See Elm, ElmAVOod, a post-hamlet of Saline co.. Mo., in Elm- wood township. 12 miles S. of Waverly, and 9 miles N. of Brownsville. It has a church. Pop. of township, 1538. Elmwood, a post-office or hamlet of Cass co., Neb., on Weeping Water Creek, about 27 miles E. by N. of Lincoln. Elmwood, a station in Defiance co.. 0., on the Wabash Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Defiance, Elmwood, a post-office of Franklin co., 0., on the Columbus & Toledo Railroad, 9 miles N. of Columbus. Elmwood, a post-office of Edgefield co., S.C, 8 miles N. of Edgefield Court-House. Elnbogen, a town of Bohemia. See Elbogen. Eine, §ln (anc. lUlberis ,- afterwards Beh-va), a town of France, in Pyrenees-Orientales, on the Tech, 8 miles S.S.E. of Perpignan. Pop. 2463. ■ lUiberis was the place where Hannibal first encamped after passing the Pyrenees : having been rebuilt by Constantine, it received the name of his mother Helena. E'lo, a post-office of Winnebago eo., Wis. El Obeid, a town of Kordofan, Africa. See Obeid. Elo'bey, a group of islets on the coast of Africa, N. of the month of the Gaboon. They are claimed by Spain ; but the native chiefs have acknowledged French sovereignty. ELO 706 ELS E'loii, a post-office of Ashley co., Ark. £loii, a post-office of Allamakee co., Iowa. £lon, a post-office of Amherst co., Va. El Oos, or Eluse, Sl-oos', an island and town in the Euphrates, in Asiatic Turkey, 8 miles N.N.W. of Hit, with 500 houses and some mosques. Elora, Ellora, Sl-lo'rS,, or Elourou, 8I-oo'roo, a vil- lage of India, in lat. 20° 5' N., Ion. 75° 15' B., about 1 mile E. of which are some remarkable cave-temples excavated in the hill. Elor'a, a post-office of Butler co., Pa. Elora, a post-office and station of Lincoln co., Tenn., on the Winchester & Alabama Railroad. Elo'ra, a village in Wellington co., Ontario, at the con- fluence of the Grand and Irvine Rivers, 14 miles by rail N.W. of Guelph. It has a branch bank, several churches !ind hotels, grist- and planing-mills, distilleries, a brewery, an extensive foundry, a brick-field, woollen-, chair-, sash-, door-, and barrel-factories, and a large trade in cattle, grain, Ac. Two weekly newspapers are published here. P. 1498. Elorn, a river of France. See Landerneau. Elorrio, i-loK'ue-o, a town of Spain, 18 miles S.E. of Bilbao. Pop. 1216. El-Ouad, gl-oo'id', or El-Oued, 51-oo'M', a village of the Algerian Sahara, in a district called Ouad (Wady) Souf. 119 miles S. by E. of Biskara. Pop. 7T00. Elourou, a town of India. See Eloua. El Paso, 51 pi'so, a scattered village of the Canaries, in the island of Palma. Pop. 29.'i4. El Paso, 61 pah'so, a county in the B. central part of Colorado, has an area of about 2800 square miles. It is drained by several small affluents of the Arkansas River, one of which is called Fontaine qui bouille (Fountain Creek). The surface is diversified by grand mountain-scenery, the most prominent object in which is Pike's Peak. The soil of the valleys and plains is fertile, and produces wheat, barley, and good pasture. Gold has been found in this county ; also coal or lignite. It is intersected by the Den- ver & Rio Grande Railroad. Capital, Colorado Springs. Manitou, a summer resort, which attracts many visitors, is in this county. Valuation of real and personal estate, $772,130. Pop. in 1870, 987, of whom 894 were Americans. El Paso, a large county forming the W. extremity of Texas, is bounded on the S.W. by the Rio Grande, which separates it from Mexico. The surface is partly mountain- ous ; the soil is uncultivated. Cretaceous rocks underlie part of the county, which also contains granite. Capital, El Paso. Valuation of real and personal estate, $454,301. Pop. in 1870, 3671, of whom 2601 were n.atives and 1070 were foreigners. EI Paso, a post-hamlet of AVhite co., Ark., about 32 miles N. by E. of Little Rock. It has 2 churches. El Paso, a post-village of El Paso co., Col., on Fountain Creek, and on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, about 25 miles N. of Pueblo. El Paso, a city of "Woodford co.. 111., in El Paso town- ship, on the Illinois Central Railroad, where it crosses the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, 18 miles N. of Bloom- ington, and 33 miles E. of Peoria. It has a bank, 9 churches, several grain-elevators, 2 flouring-mills, and manufactures of farming-implements, carriages, &c. A weekly news- paper is published here. Pop. 1564; of the township, ex- clusive of the city, 852. El Paso, a post-village of Sedgwick co., Kansas, on the Arkansas River, 13 miles below Wichita. It has several stores. Pop. about 100. El Paso, a post-office of Brunswick co., N.C. El Paso, a post-village, capital of El Paso co., Tex., is on the Rio Grande, about 50 miles below Mesilla, New Mexico, Pop. 764. El Paso, a post-village of Pierce co.. Wis., in El Paso township, on Rush River, 10 miles E.N.E. of Ellsworth, and 25 miles E. of Presoott. It has a flour-mill, a saw-mill, and a church. Pop. about 150 ; of the township, 535. EI Paso del Norte, 51 pi'so d51 non'ti, better known as El Paso, a settlement, or more properly a line of set- tlements, embracing a population of about 5000, situated in a rich but narrow valley which extends 9 or 10 miles along the right bank of the Rio Grande, in the Mexican state of Chihuahua, 350 miles S. by W. of Santa F6. The gr.ape is extensively cultivated in this locality, and con- siderable quantities of a weak but well-flavored wine and brandy (known to traders as Pass wine .and Pass brandy) are made. The houses are built of adobes, or sun-dried bricks, and are chiefly of one story, with earthen floors. Though supplied with abundance, the inhabitants are deficient in the commonest appliances of civilized life : glazed windows, ch.airs, tables, knives and forks, and other conveniences are unknown even to the rich. Few of the people are pure white, being nearly all more or less tinged with Indian blood. That portion of the settlement at the northern part of the valley, where the plaza, the parish church, and the dwellings of the principal inhabitants are located, may be considered as the town of El Paso. It is in lat. 31° 42' N., Ion. 106° 40' W., 1420 miles above the mouth of the Bio Grande, following the course of the stream. El Paso is the chief thoroughfare between New Mexico and Chihuahua and the other Mexican states farther S., the Rio Grande being fordable near the town a great portion of the year. The name, signifying " the passage," is supposed to be de- rived from the passage of the river through a gorge or gap in the mountain, just above the town. El Pedernoso, 51 pi-n5ii-no'so, a town of Spain, province and 51 miles S.S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 1487. EI Pefton, i\ pSn-yon', a fortified height, 8i miles from the city of Mexico, commanding the entrance from the E. El Perello, a town of Spain. See Llehs. Elphiil, el^feen', a town and former Anglican bishop's see of Ireland, co. of Roscommon, 17i miles W.N.W. of Longford. Its cathedral is a small, plain church, with an ancient tower : the episcopal palace and deanery are rub- stantial structures. The Catholic bishop's see of Elphin still subsists, but its cathedral is at Sligo. Pop. 1051. El'pis, a hamlet of Oneida co., N.Y., in Vienna town- ship, 4 miles from Camden. It has a saw-mill. El Prat de Llobregat, 51 prit Ak lo-brA-gslt', a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province and 4 miles S.W. of Bar- celona, near the Llobregat. Pop. 1895. El Pueblo, 51 pw5b'lo, a post-hamlet of San Miguel CO., New Mexico, about 150 miles from El Moro, Col. It has a church. El Rass, a town of Nedjed, in the Wahabee kingdom, Ambia, 225 miles E.N.E. of Medina. Pop. 18,000. Elrich, a town of Germany. See Ellrich. El Rito, 51 ree'to, a post-village of Rio Arriba co.. New Mexico, 115 miles S.S.W. of Fort Garland, Col. It has a church. El 'rod, a post-village of Ripley co., Ind., in Washing- ton township, 6 miles S.W. of Milan. It has a church, a tannery, and a manufactory of farming-implements. El Rosario, 51 ro-si're-o, a town of Mexico, state of Cinaloa, 55 miles E.N.E. of Mazatlan. Pop. 5000. Itsgold- and silver-mines are no longer wrought, but it is important as a depot for the trade between Mazatlan and the interior. El'roy', a post-village of .Tunean eo., Wis., in Plymouth township, on the Chicago k Northwestern Railroad, at the southeast terminus of the AVest Wisconsin Railroad, 74 miles N.W. of Madison, and 34 miles S.E. of Sparta. It has a church, an academy, a flour-mill, a newspaper office, 25 stores, 5 hotels, and a seminary. EI Rubio, 51 roo'be-o, or Puebia del Rubio, pw5b'l!l d51 roo'be-o, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, province of and about 55 miles from Seville. Pop. 1463. Elsa, 51'5i, a river of Tuscany, joins the Arno 34 miles W. of Empoli, after a N.W. course of 30 miles. El'sah,a post-village of Jersey co., 111., on the Mis- sissippi River, 12 miles above Alton. It has a church and a graded school. Here are large vineyards. Pop. about 300. El Sa'lem, a post-office of Polk co.. Wis. Elsass, a country of Germany. See Alsace. EIs'borough,a'townshipof Murray CO., Minn. Pop. 59. Els'don, atown of England, co. of Northumberland, 16 miles W.N.W. of Morpeth. Pop. 1432. El Seewah (or Siwah), 51 sce'wi', an oasis in the Libyan Desert. Its capital, Seewah-el-Kebeer, 310 miles W.S.W. of Cairo, is built of rock salt. Lat. 29° N.; Ion. 26° E. The oasis contains several salt lakes, and near it is the village of Agharmy or Gharmy, with ruins of the temple of Jupiter Amnion. Elsene, the Flemish name of Ixei.i.es. Elsfleth, 51s'flit, a town of Oldenburg, on the Weser, at the influx of the Hunte, 18 miles N.W. of Bremen. Pop. 2299, employed in shiii-building. El Shaiii, the Arabic for Syria and Damasci'S. El'sie, a post-village of Clinton co., Mich., in Duplain township, 6 miles N. of Ovid, and about 25 miles N. by E. of Lansing. It has 3 churches, a flour-mill, a saw-mill, and a graded school. Pop. about 300. EI'sinboroui!h, a township of Salem eo., N.J., on the Delaware River. "Pop. 700. Elsiiiore, 5rsin-or', or Elsinrur, Jl'sin-ur' (Dan. TMsinjiiir, h5rsing-g6'?r), a town ..f Denmark, island of Sceland, at the narrowest part of Ihc S..uiid. here only 24 miles broad, 24 miles N. by E. of Copenhagon, to which a ELS 707 ELY railway extends. Lat. 56° 2' 12" N.; Ion. 12° 37' 30" E, It has 2 churches, a classical school, and a custom-house. Its inhabitants are chiefly engaged in commerce and sea- faring, .and considerable traffic is carried on with Helsing- borg on the coast of Sweden. Elsinore is defended by the castle of Kronborg, which stands on a projecting spit of land and commands the Sound. It is a Gothic-Byzantine edifice, built in 1574-84. On it is a fixed light, 113 feet high. In the vicinity of Kronborg is the royal country palace of Marienlyst. Elsinore is the assumed scene of Shakspeare's tragedy of Hamlet, and is the point where for many years the Sound dues were collected. Pop. 8891. £lsiiiore9 el-si'nor^ a post-ofiice of Allen co., Kansas, in Elsinore township, 15 miles E. by N. of Humboldt. Pop. of the township, 600. £^lsinore, a post-village of New York. See Cadyville, Elsinore, a post-office of Sevier co., Utah. Elsinore, a post-office of Putnam co., W. Va. El'son Island, in the Pacific, is one of the Gambler Islands. Elson's Bay, an inlet of the Arctic Ocean, in Alaska, immediately E. of Point Barrow. Lat. 71° N. ; Ion. 156° W. Elster, M'ster, or White Elster (Ger. Weiss Elster, ■ftice Sl'ster), a river of Germany, rises near Asch, in Voigt- land, flows N., and joins the Saale 3 miles S. of Halle (Prussia). Length, 110 miles. Chief affluent, the Pleisse. Elster, or Black Elster (Ger. Schwartz Elster, sh^aRts ^I'ster), a river of Germany, rises 2 miles S. of Elster (Saxony), flows N.W., and joins the Elbe S miles E. of Wittemberg (Prussia). Length, 105 miles. Chief affluent, the Roder, on the left. Elster, a village of Saxony, on the Little Elster, with mineral springs. Pop. 1248. Elsterberg, ^I'ster-b^na^ a town of Saxony, 6 miles by rail S.S.W. of Greitz, on the White Elster. Pop. 3465, employed in woollen- and cotton-weaving. Elsterwerda, ^I'ster-w^uVU, a town of Prussian Sax- ony, 6G miles E.N.E. of Merseburg, on the Black Elster. Pop. 1739. Els'ton, a post-office of Richland co., Wis., 6 miles S.W. of Richland Centre. Elston Station, a post-village of Cole co., Mo., on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 10 miles W. of Jeff'erson City. It has a church and a wagon-shop. Coal and lead are found here. El'stow, a parish of England, co. and 2 miles S. of Bedford. John Bunyan, author of "The Pilgrim's Pro- gress," was born here in 1628. Pop. 605. Elstra, ^Is'tri, a town of Saxony, on the Black Elster, 21 miles N.E. of Dresden. Pop. 1278. El 'stun, a station in Clermont co., 0., on the Cincin- nati & Eastern Railroad, 8 miles W. of Batavia. Elten, ^rten, a village of Prussia, on the Dutch fron- tier, at a railway junction, 6 miles N. of Cleves. Pop, 1935. Elterlein, M't?r-line\ a mining town of Saxony, 19 miles S.E. of Zwickau. Pop. 2253. Elt'ham, a town of England, co. of Kent, 7 miles by rail E.S.E. of London. It was a residence of the Plantage- net and Tudor monarchs. The palace and parks were de- stroyed during the Commonwealth. Pop. of parish, 4559. Elt'ham, a post-hamlet of Jackson co.. 111., on the Cairo & St. Louis Railroad, 49 miles N. of Cairo. It has a church, and a manufactory of staves and heading. El Tiemblo, ^1 te-Sm'blo, a town of Spain, province of Avila, on the Alberche River. Pop. 1373. Elt'ingville, a station in Richmond co., N.Y., on the Staten Island Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Edgewater. Eltmann,^!t'min, a town of Bavaria, on the Main, 35 miles E.N.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1504. Elton, Srton' {i.e., "golden lake"), a salt lake of Rus- sia, 70 miles E. of the Volga, government and 160 miles S.S.E. of Saratov. Area, 130 square miles. It receives several rivers. Upwards of 100,000 tons of salt are ob- tained annually from its waters. El'ton, a post-hamlet of Cattaraugus co., N.Y., about 40 miles S.S.E. of Buffixlo. It has a church. Elton, a post-hamlet of Walworth co., Wis., about 20 miles S.E. of Janesville. Eltsch, a town of Hungary. See Jolsva. Eltville, a town of AVestern Germany. See Elpeld. El Tyh, Desert of. See Sinai. El Tyh, Wady, Egypt. See Wady el Tyh. Eltz, ^Its, a river of Germany, in Baden, joins the Rhine 20 miles S. of Strasburg, after a tortuous course of 33 miles past Waldkirch and Kenzingen. Elusa, the ancient name of Eauze. Eluse, a town of Turkey. See El Oos. Elva, Sl'vi (L. SeVva), a village of Italy, province and 18 miles W.N.W. of Coni. Pop. 1U48, El'va, a post-office of Tuscola co., Mich. Elvan (el'wan) Water, a small affluent of the Clyde, Scotland, co. of Lanark, noted for its former gold-washings. Elvas, M'vfLs (Sp. Helves, el'v^s, or Yclves, ySl'v^s), a frontier city of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 12 miles W. of Bada- jos, on the Guadiana. It stands on a hill, on which are the fortresses of Santa Lucia and Lippe. Its streets are lined with venerable Moorish buildings. Chief edifices, the cathedral, several churches and convents, the arsenal, bar- racks, a theatre, college, seminary, public hospital, prison, and a remarkable tower. A Moorish ac^ueduct supplies the city with water. It has manufactures of arms and jewelry, and is a bishop's see. Pop. 9637. El'vaston, a post-village of Hancock co., 111., on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad and the Keokuk Branch of the Wabash Railroad, 9 miles E. of Keokuk, and 6 miles W. of Carthage. It has 3 churches. Elvc, a river of Germany. See Elbe. Elven, 5rv6No', a town of France, in Morbihan, 10 miles N.E. of Vannes. Pop. 756; of commune, 3397. El'vers, a post-office of Dane co., Wis. Elvi'ra, a post-township of Johnson co., 111., 10 miles N.W. of Vienna. Pop. 1268. Elvira, a post-village of Clinton co., Iowa, in Centre township, about 30 miles N.N.E, of Davenport. It has 2 churches. El Viso, ^1 vee'so, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, province and 40 miles N. of Cordova. Pop. 3166. El'Avell, a post-office of Bradford eo.. Pa. Elwin, Macon eo., IlL See Wheatland. El'AVOod, a township of Vermilion co., 111. Pop. 1987. Elwood, a post-village of Will co., 111., in Jackson township, on the Chicago A Alton Railroad, 46 miles S.W. of Chicago, and 9 miles S. by W. of Joliet. It has 2 churches, a high school, a money-order post-office, and several factorie;-. Elwood, formerly Quincy, a post-village of Madison CO., Ind., in Pike Creek township, on Duck Creek, and on the Lafayette, Muncie & Bloomington Railroad where it crosses the Columbus, Chicago rDEN. Emb'den, a post-township of Somerset co.. Me., about 45 miles N. of Augusta, is bounded on the E. by the Ken- nebec River. Pop. 803. Embden Centre, a post-office of Somerset co., Me. Em'bey, a post-office of Grundy co.. Mo, Embomma, fim-bom'mi, called also Roma, bo'mS,, a town of Africa, in Angoy, on the right bank of the Congo River, 60 miles from its mouth. It has several European trading-factories. Embotetiu,a river of Brazil. See Mondego. Em'breeville, a post-hamlet of Chester co., Pa., on the Wilmington & Reading Railroad, 25 miles' N.W. of Wilmington, Del. It has 2 churches. Em'bro, or Palm'erston Depot, a village in Ox- ford CO., Ontario, on the Thames, 6 miles N.W. of Beach- ville, and 98 miles S.W. of Toronto. It contains several stores, two grist-mills, a saw-mill, a flax-mill, a woollen-fac- tory, a cheese-factory, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 484. Embrun, fim'brun (Fr. pron. 6ji'bruN°'; anc. IJbro- du'uiim), a town of France, in Hautes-Alpes, on the Du- rance, 19 miles E. of Gap. It has a cathedral, with a lofty tower. Under the Romans Embrun was a military post, and its archbishop's see, suppressed at the revolution, is said to have dated from the time of Constantino. Pop. 32S7. Em'brun, a post-village in Russell co., Ontario, on the river Castor, 25 miles E.S.E. of Ottawa. Pop. 100. Embudo, gm-boo'do, a village of Taos co.. New Mex- ico, on the Rio Grande, near Embudo Pass, 50 miles N. of Santa Fe. Emden, or Embden, em'd^n, a fortified seaport town of Prussia, province of Hanover, in East Friesland, near the Dollart, 14 miles S.W. of Aurich. The town is intersected by canals connected with the harbor, and is a railway ter- minus. Principal edifices, the council- and custom-houses, barracks, exchange, gymnasium, and school of naviga- tion. The port is shallow, but the roadstead is deep enough for vessels of any size. Emden has ship-building docks, an arsenal, museums of art and natural history, and man- ufactures of linen fabrics and yarn, hosiery, hats, soap, starch, tobacco, and sail-cloth, with breweries, distilleries, and tanneries. It exports corn, butter, cheese, spirits, tal- low, honey, wax, wool, and hides, and imports timber from the Baltic, hemp, and potash. Pop. 12,S66. Eni'den, a post-hamlet of Logan co., 111., on the rail- road which connects Decatur with Pekin, 12 miles N.N.W. of Lincoln. Em'eline, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Iowa, 7 miles N.E. of Baldwin Railroad Station. Emerald, Illinois. See Alton Junction. Em'erald, a post-hamlet of Anderson co., Kansas, about 44 miles S, by W. of Lawrence. It has a church. Emerald, a station in Calhoun co., Mich., on the Mich- igan Central Railroad, 3 miles ^Y. of Marshall. Emerald, a post-township of Faribault co., Minn., about 40 miles S. of Mankato. It is drained by the Blue Earth River. It has 2 churches. Pop. 825. EmcraUl, a post-office of Adams co., 0., 16 miles S, of Ilillsb(.rou,-li. B'lincruld, a township of Paulding co., 0. Pop. T17. Euier;iia .Stiitinn is on the Wabash Railroad, 61 miles W.S.W. of Toledo. Pust-office name, Emmett. Emerald, a post-township of St. Croix co., Wis., about 22 miles N.E. of Hudson, It has a church and a lumber- mill. Pop. 303. Emerald, a post-village in Lennox co., Ontuvin. 2.^ miles S. of Bath, :ind IS miles S.W. of Kingston. Pop. 100. Emerald («rovc, a post-village of Rock co., AVis., iu BriKlfoiM tnwn-Iii]., S miles E. by S. of Jancsvillc. It has 3 cliinclirs. ;i union s.-liool, and a carriage-shop. Emerald llill, a town adjacent to Melbourne, Aus- tralia, which is li miles N. It has factories, mills, and ship-yards. Pop. 17,101. Sec IMklrournk. Emerald Island, of the Rod Sea. See Makowah. Em'erick, a post-office of Madison co., Neb. Em'erickville, a post-hamlet of JolVcrson eo., Pa., about 40 miles E.S.E. of Oil City. It has a church. EME 709 EMM Emerina, Sin^^h-ree'na, or Inierina, a district of the island of Madagascar, and formerly an independent state. Emerita Augusta, the ancient name of Merida. Em'erson, a post-village of Mills cc, Iowa, in Indian Creek township, on the Burlington & Missouri River Rail- road, 21 miles E. of Glenwood. It has a church, a bank, and a graded school. Pop. 117. Emerson, a township of Gratiot co., Mich. Pop. 770. It contains a part of Ithaca, the co'»nty seat. Emerson, a station on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 7 miles S, of Macon City, Mo. Emerson, a post-village of Marion co.. Mo., 20 miles "W. by S. of Quincy, 111., and about 24 miles N.W. of Han- nibal. It has a church and a plough -factory, Em'erson, or Sutton Junction, a post-village in Brome co,, Quebec, at a railway junction, 64 miles S.E. of Montreal. Em'ert's Cove, a post-office of Sevier co., Tenn. Em'ery, a post-office of EuUon co., 0. Emery, a post-village of Monroe co.. Wis., in Lincoln township, on the AVest Wisconsin Railroad (at Lowrie's Sta- tion), 24 miles S.E. of Black River Falls; has a lumber-mill. Emery Creek, Tennessee, rises in the Cumberland Mountain, runs southward and southeastward through Mor- gan CO., and enters the Clincb River in Roane co., 4 or 5 miles above Kingston. Emery's Mills, a post-hamlet of York co., Me., in Shapleigh township, 3 miles N.W. of Springvale. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Emesa, a town of Syria. See Hows. Em'et, a post- village of Chippewa co.. Wis., in Big Bend township, on the Chippewa River, 35 miles N. of Chippewa Falls. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Emfras, em^fris', a considerable town of Abyssinia, on a hill. Lat. 12° 12' 38" N. ; Ion. 37° 38' 30" E. Em'ig, a station in York co.. Pa., on the York & Colum- bia Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 8 miles E. by N. of York. It ships much iron ore. Em'igrant Gap, a post-village of Placer co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, S3 miles N.E. of Sacramento. It has a lumber-mill. Emigrant Peak, Montana, a volcanic and conical mountain in Gallatin co., on the E. side of the Yellowstone River. " Emigrant Peak," says Hayden, " the base of which is cut by the Yellowstone River, is 10,629 feet above tide-water." Em'igsville, a post-office of York co.. Pa., on the Northern Central Railroad, 5 or 6 miles N. of York. Emilia, i-raeeree-a (anc. ^Emil'ia), an old division of Italy, restored in 1859 as one of the compart imenti of the kingdom. Area, 7926 square miles. It extends nearly across the peninsula, having Lombardyon the N., the Adri- atic on the N.E., Tuscany on the S., and Piedmont and Liguria on the W. It comprises the provinces of Parma, Piacenza, Modena, Reggio nell' Emiliii, Bologna, Ferrara, Forli, iind Ravenna. Pop. in 1871, 2,113,828. Emilie, em'§-le, a post-hamlet of Bucks co.. Pa., in Bristol township, 2^ miles from Cold Spring, and 22 miles N.E. of Philadelphia. It has a church. Ein'inenee, a township of Logan co., II!., traversed by the Illinois Midland Railroad. Pop, 1362. Eminence, a post-village of Morgan co., Ind., in Adams township, about 33 miles W.S.W. of Indianapolis. It has 3 churches, a carriage-shop, &c. Pop. 400. Eminence, a township of Woodson co., Kansas. P. 347. Eminence, a post-village of Henry co., Ky., on the Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington Railroad, 40 miles E.N.E. of Louisville, and 25 miles W.N.W. of Frankfort. It contains 4 churches, a bank, a town hall, a seminary, a newspaper office, and Eminence College ; also 2 hotels, a carriage-factory, and a steam flouring-mill. Pop. 2000. Eminence, a post-village, capital of Shannon co., Mo., on the Current River, about 124 miles S.S.W. of St. Louis. It has a church, a newspaper office, a lumber-mill, and a manufactory of farming-implements. Eminence, a post-village of Schoharie co., N.Y., in Jefferson township, 50 miles W.S.W. of Albany. It con- tains 2 churches, 2 stores, and a manufactory of carriages. Em'ison Station, a post-office of Knox co., Ind., on the Evansville «& Crawfordsville Railroad, 10 miles N. of Vincennes. Em'lenton, a post-borougb of Venango co., Pa., on the Alleghany River, and on the Alleghany A'^alley Railroad, at the junction of the Emlenton & Shippenville Railroad, 89 miles N.N.E. of Pittsburg, and 16 miles (direct) S, of Oil City. It has 4 churches, a seminary, a foundry, a bank, a newspaper office, &c. Pop. 488. Em'ley, a hamlet of Osborne co., Kansas, 35 miles N. of Russell. It has 2 churches. Em'ly, a town of Ireland, co. and 8 miles W.S.AV. of Tipperary. Pop. 331. It has ruins of a cathedral. Em'ma, a post-office of White co.. 111., on tbe Little Wabash River, at Concord. Emma, a township of Harvey co., Kansas. Pop. 354. Em'maton, a post-hamlet and steamboat-landing of Sacramento co., Cal., on the Sacramento Paver, about 30 miles W.N.W. of Stockton. Emmaus, an ancient name of Ajioas. Emmaus, a borough of Pennsylvania. See Ematts. Em'maville, a post-hamlet of Fulton co., Pa,, 33 miles W. of Chambcrsburg. It has a chui'ch and a tannery. Emmen, Gross, groce ^m'm^n, a river of Switzerland, canton of Bern, rises in the Bernese Oberland, flows N., and joins the Aar 1^ miles N.E. of Soleure, after a course of 45 miles. Its valley, *'the Emmenthal," is one of the finest in Switzerland. Emmen, Klein, kllne ^m'men, a river of Switzerland, canton of Lucerne, rises near tbe source of the above river, and, after a N.E. course of 30 miles, joins the Reuss 1^ miles N.W. of Lucerne. Emmen, ^m'men,atownofthe Netherlands, in Drenthe, 30 miles S.S.E. of Groningen. Pop. 580. Emmendingen, em'm^n-ding'en, a town of Baden, on the Eltz, and on a railway, 9 miles N.N.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 3487. It has manufactures of mper and cotton. Emmerich, §m'meh-riK\ or Emrich, ^m'riK, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 49 miles N.N.W. of Dusseldorf, on a railway, and on the right bank of the Rhine. It has a custom-house, and manufactures of woollen stuffs, leather, hats, hosiery, and soap. Pop. 8107. Em'merton, a post-hamlet of Richmond co., Va., 5 miles S.E. of AVarsaw. It has 2 churches. Emmetsburg. See Emmettsburg. Em'mett, a northern county of Iowa, bordering on Minnesota, has an area of 432 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Des Moines River, and contains several small lakes. The surface is undulating; the soil is fertile. A large portion of it is prairie. Wheat, Indian corn, hay, and oats are the staple products. Capital, Estherville. Valuation of real and personal estate, S>435,126. Pop. in 1S70, 1392, of whom 990 were Americans; in 1875, 143G. Em'mett, a northern county of Michigan, is adjacent to the Strait of Mackinaw. Area, about 430 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by Lake Michigan, and its outline is indented by Little Traverse Bay. The surface is partly covered with forests of sugar-maple, &c. ; the soil produces oats, potatoes, grass, &o. Capital, Little Traverse. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, S14i,115. Pop. in 1870, 1211, of whom 1160 were Americans; in 1874, 1272. The Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad terminates in this county. Emmett, a post-village of Nevada co.. Ark., on the Cairo & Fulton Railroad, 41 miles N.E. of Texarkana. It bas 3 churches. Emmett, a post-office of San Benito co., Cal. Emmett, a post-office of Union co., Dakota. Emmett, a township of McDonough co., 111. Pop. 957. Emmett, a post-hamlet of Emmett co., Iowa, in Em- mett township, and on the West Fork of the Des Moines River, 6 or 7 miles N. of Estherville. Pop. of the town- ship, 173. Emmett, township, Pottawatomie co., Kan. Pop. 458. Emmett, a township of Calhoun eo., Mich. Pop. 1280. It contains the village of White's Station. Emmett, or Emmet, a post-village of St. Clair co., Mich., in Emmett township, and on the Chicago & Lake Huron Railroad, 19 miles W. of Port Huron. It has a church, a grist-mill, and manufactures of lumber and cbar- coal. Pop. of the township, 1206. Emmett, a township of Renville co., Minn. Pop. 349. Emmett, a post-hamlet of Paulding co., 0., on the Wabash Railroad, at Emerald Station, 11 miles W.S.W. of Defiance. Emmett, a townsbip of Dodge co.. Wis. Pop. 1356, exclusive of that portion of the city of Watertown which lies within the township. Em'mettsburg, a post-village, capital of Palo Alto CO., Iowa, on the Des Moines River, and in a townsbip of its own name, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Rail- road, 25 miles W. by N. of Algona, and about 55 miles N.N.W. of Fort Dodge. It has a cbureh, 2 newspaper offices, 2 banks, and manufactures of fanning-mills and farming-implements. Pop. 44; of the township, 402. Emmettsburg, Maryland. See Emmittsburg. Emmettsburg, a bamlet of Deer Lodge co., Montana. EMM 710 ENC Em'mettsville, a post-hamlet of Randolph co., Ind., in (xrecne township. It has a church. Pop. 67. Em'inettville, a post-office of Ada co., Idaho. Emniigaiioor, em^me-g^-noor', a town of India, dis- trict of Bellary. Pop. 7326. Em'inittsburg, or Emmettsburg, a post-village of Frederick co., Md., is about 50 miles W.N.W. of Balti- more, and 10 miles S.S.W. of Gettysburg, Pa. It contains 5 churches, Mount St. Mary's College (Catholic), a large seminary conducted by the sisters of charity, and 2 superior hotels. It has also manufactures of furniture and ma- chinery. Pop. 700. Em'mons, a township of Davidson co., N.C. Pop. 961. Ein'monsburg, a post-hamlet of Fulton co., N.Y., 14 miles N.E. of Little Falls. It has a tannery. Em'morton, a post-hamlet of Harford co., Md., about 25 miles N.E. of Baltimore. Em'ory, a township of Stanislaus eo., Cal. Pop. 843. Emory, a post-village, capital of Rains co., Tex., 22 miles N.W. of Mineola. It has 2 churches and an academy. Emory, a post-village of Washington co., Va., on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 10 miles E.N.E. of Abingdon. It has a money-order post-oiiice, and is the seat of Emory and Henry College (Methodist Episcopal), which was founded in 1838 and has a library of 13,580 volumes. Emory College, Georgia. See Oxford. Emory Grove, Baltimore co., Md. See Glen Moheis. Emoy, or Emouy, a town of China. See Amoy. Emperor William's Land, a tract of Greenland, on the E. coast, including Cape Bismarck, the extreme N. point (lat. 76° 40' N. ; Ion. 17° 10' W.) reached in this direction. Em'peyvill e, a hamlet of Oneida CO., N.Y., 5 miles N.E. of Camden. It has a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a church. Empfingen, Jmp'fing'en, a village of Prussia, in Hoh- enzollern, near Haigerloch. Pop. 1495. Em'pire, a township of Stanislaus co., Cal. Pop. 2993. Empire, a township of McLean oo., 111. Pop. 2133. It contains Le Roy and Empire Station. Empire, a hamlet of AVhitesides co.. 111., in Hopkins township, 1 mile from Gait Railroad Station. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a woollen-mill. Empire, a post-hamlet of AVright co., Iowa, 10 miles N. of Blairsburg Railroad Station. It has a cheese-factory. Empire, a township of Ellsworth co., Kansas. Pop. 1874. Post-ofBces, Bradley Springs, Summit Springs, Alum Creek, and Fort Harker. Empire, a post-township and hamlet of McPherson co., Kansas, 6 or 7 miles E. of McPherson. It has a grist-mill. Pop. 442. Empire, a post-office of Plaquemines parish. La. Empire, a post-village of Leelenaw co., Mich., on Lake Michigan, in Empire township, 20 miles W. by N. of Traverse City. Here are forests of pine, sugar-maple, beech, Ac. Pop. of the township, 416. Empire, Minnesota. See Empire City. Empire, a post-township of Fond du Lac co.. Wis., at the south end of Lake Winnebago, about 3 miles E. of Fond du Lac. Pop. 1029. Empire City, a post-village of Clear Creek co.. Col., is on the Rocky Mountains, about 50 miles W. of Denver, and 3 miles N. of Georgetown. It has a hotel and smelting- works. Gold and silver are found here. Empire City, a post-town of Cherokee co., Kansas, is situated on a hill 6 miles W. of Joplin, Mo. It has 2 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, and mines of lead and zinc. Pop. 2337. Empire City, a post-office of Dakota co., Minn., in Empire township, on the Hastings & Dakota Railroad, at Auburn Station, 12 miles S.W. of Hastings. Pop. of the township, 601. Empire City, a post-village of Ormsby co., Nov., on the Virginia & Truckee Railroad, 4 miles N.E. of Carson City. It has a church. Empire City, a post-village, capital of Coos co., Ore- gon, is on Coos Bay, about 130 miles S.S.W. of Salem. It has a church, a saw-mill, and a newspaper office. Coal or lignite is found near this place. Empire Iron-Works, a hamlet of Trigg co., Ky., on the Cumberland River, 10 miles S. by E. of Edrtyville. Here are 2 blast-furnaces for pig-iron, and a rolling-mill which manufactures boiler-plate of superior quality. Empire Mines, a station in Garrett co., Md., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 3 miles W. of Piedmont, and 14 miles E. of Altamont. Empire Prairie, pra'roe, a post-hamlet of Andrew CO., Mo., 10 miles E.N.E. of Rosendale Railroad Station, It has 2 churches. Empire Ranch, a village of Yuba co., Cal., on the Yuba River, 16 miles N. of Wheatland Railroad Station. It has 2 churches. Gold-mining is the principal occupa- tion of the inhabitants. Pop. about 600. Empire Road, Maine. See East Poland. Empire Station, a post-office of McLean co., 111., 4 miles S.E. of Le Roy, and on the Indianapolis, Blooming- ton & Western Rjvilroad. Empoli, ^m'po-Iee (anc. Em'puhuii?), & town of Jifdy^ in Tuscany, 20 miles by rail W. of Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 5949. It has manufactures of straw hats. Empo'ria, a city and the capital of Lyon co., Kansas, in Emporia township, on the S. bank of the Neosho River, 1 or 2 miles N. of the Cottonwood River, on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad where it crosses the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 61 miles S.S.W. of Topeka, 61 miles S.E. of Junction City, and 28 miles W.N.W. of Burlington. It contains a court-house, 8 churches, 2 na- tional banks, a large state normal school, 3 flouring-mills, a foundry, and manufactures of brooms, furniture, soap, and woollen goods. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Emporia is surrounded by fertile undulating prairies. Pop. of the township in 1878, 16S3 ; of the city, about 4000. Emporise, the ancient name of Ampdrias. Emporion, ^m-po're-on, a town on the island of San- torini, in the Grecian Archipelago. Emporium, the ancient n.ame of Mazzara. Empo'rium, a post-borough, capital of Cameron co.. Pa., on Sinnemahoning or Driftwood Creek, and on the Philadelphia i Erie Railroad, 149 miles E.S.E. of Erie, .and 73 miles N.W. of Lock Haven. It is the south terminus of the Buffixlo, New York & Philadelphia Railroad. It has 4 churches, a graded school, 2 tanneries, several saw-mills, and an extensive trade in lumber which is procured in Cam- eron CO. Two newspapers are published here. Pop. 898. Emrich, a town of Prussia. See Emmerich. Ems, dms (anc. Atui'sia, or Ami'siua), a river of North- western Germany, rises in Westphalia, N. of Paderborn, flows through Hanover, and joins the North Sea by an estu- ary between the Netherlands and East Friesland, after a course of 160 miles. Near its mouth it expands into a basin called the Dollart. Its princip.al affluents are the Worse, Haase, and Leda, and near its banks are the towns of Lingen, Meppen, Aschendorf, and Emden. Ems, tos, or Bad-Ems, bid-^ms, a town and water- ing-place of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, on the Lahn, 5 miles by rail AV. of Nassau. Pop. 5464. It is shut in by hills, and has a pleasant terrace along the Lahn, with fine scenery on the heights around it. Emsdetten, Sms'd5t-ten, a village of Prussia, in West- phalia, 15 miles by rail N. of Miinster. Pop. 1692. £ms-H6hen, a town of Austria. See Hohen-Ems. Emskirchen, 5ms'keeRK-en, a town of Bavaria, in Middle Eranconia, on the Aurach, 14 miles by rail W.N.W, of Nuremberg. Pop. 858. Ems'worth, a town of England, co. of Hants, on an arm of Chichester harbor, 8^ miles by rail E.N.E. of Ports- mouth. Pop. 1824, Ems'worth, a post-village of Alleghany co., Pa., on the Ohio River, and on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 7 miles N.W. of Pittsburg. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 800, Eintza, a river of Russia, See YEAtTSA, E'mu, a town of Australia, in New South Wales, eo. of Cook, 35 miles W. by N. of Sydney. Po]). 600. Emu Bay, of Tasmania, in Bass's Strait, between Blackman's Point and Round Hill Point. Lat. 41° 4' S.; Ion. 140° E. Emuck'faw, a post-office of Tallapoosa co., Ala. Em'yvale, a town of Ireland, co. and 5 miles N.N.E. of Monaghan, Pop. 424. Enara, i-ni'ri, or Enare, i-nj'ri, a lake of Russian Lapland, lat. 69° N., Ion. 28° E. Area, 685 square miles. It contains numerous islands, and communicates with the Arctic Ocean by the Patsjoki River. On its W. shore is the fishing village of Enara. Enarea, Sn-i're-il, a country of Africa, in .Abyssinia, S.W. of Shoa. and between lat. 7° and 8° N, and Ion. 36° and 37° E. Exports, coffee, slaves, and ivory. Principal town, Sakka. Enchant'ed Prairio, pra'ree, apost-ofliceof Coosco., Oregon, on the Coquilla liivcr. Enchusa, Ni'tlierlands. See ENKiirv.'iKN. Encinal, or Ensiuiil, cn-so-nil', a county in the S. part of Texas, has an area of about 1600 square miles. It is partly drained by the Rio Nueces, which touches the N.E. part of the county. The surface is uneven or nearly ENC 711 ENG level; the soil is uncultivated, but produces pasture for sheep. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1'J,457. Pop. in 1S70, 427, of whom 200 were Americans. £iicina-Soia, 4n-thee'ni-so'li, a town of Spain, 60 miles N.N.E. of Huelva. It has manufactures of woollens and linens. Pop. 3947. Encoun'ter Bay, in South Australia, in lat. 35° 30' S., Ion. 139° E. It receives the outlet of Murray River, and is E. of Kangaroo Island. Encruzilhada, Sn-kroo-zeel-yi'di, a village and har- bor of Brazil, province of Rio Grande do Sul, to the S. of the Jacuhy, 50 miles Vf. of Rio Pardo. Pop. 2000. Endava, in-di'vi, a river of the United States of Co- lombia, rises in lat. 5° 30' N., Ion. 60° 20' W., and, after an E. course, joins the Orinoco near the influx of the Meta. Elide, Sn'di, a town on the S. coast of the island of Flores, in lat. 8° 52' S. and Ion. 121° 42' E. It has a good harbor. The name Ende is also given to the whole island. Endeavor (en-dev'ur) River, in Queensland, enters the Pacific in lat. 15° 26' S., Ion. 145° E. Endeavor Strait, in North Australia, is between Cape York and Wolf Island, E. of the Gulf of Carpentaria. Lat. 10° 45' S.; Ion. 142° 10' E. Endeuich, 4n'den-iK\ a village of Prussia, in Cologne, 2 miles W. of Bonn, on the Kreuzberg. Pop. 984. En'derbury Island, in the Pacific (lat. 3° 9' S., Ion. 171° 8' W.), afi'ords a good grade of phosphatic guano, and has potable water, but is witliout permanent inhabitants. Greatest elevation, about 25 feet. En'derby Island, one of the Auckland Islands. En'derby Land, a large desolate island in the Ant- arctic Ocean, crossed by the South Polar Circle, lat. 67° 16' S., Ion. 49° 47' E. Enderi, a town of Russia. See Andbeeva. Endermo, in'dir'mo\ a port of Japan, on the S. coast of the island of Yesso. Lat. 42° 20' N. ; Ion. 141° 5' E. Enders, Dauphin eo.. Pa. See Jacksonville. Endian, a town of Persia. See Hindian. Endingen, ^n'ding-^n, a town of Baden, 12 miles N.N.W. of Freiburg. It has linen-manufactories and ex- tensive vineyards. Pop. 2679. Endingen, a village of WUrtemberg, li miles S.W. of Bahlingen. Pop. 611. En'dor, a village of Palestine, 18 miles S.E. of Acre, on the western declivity of Mount Hermon. En'dor, a post-office of Will co., III. Endovichtcha, a town of Russia. See Yendovichtska. Endred, ^n'drSd', or Gross Andra, groce 4n'dri, a village of Hungary, S miles from Oedenburg. Pop. 860. En'dricli, a river of Scotland, rises in the county of Stirling, and flows through the picturesque valley of In- nerdaie into Loch Lomond. En'drod', a village of Hungary, co. of Bekes, on the Koros, 20 miles N.W. of Csaba. Pop. of commune, 8714. En'ergy, a post-ofiice of Howard co., Ind. Energy, a post-hamlet of Clarke co., Miss. Energy, a post-office of Schuyler co., Mo. En'field, a town of England, co. of Middlesex, at a railway junction, 10 miles N.E. of London. It has an an- cient church, with several subordinate chapels, a free school founded in 1413, a royal manufactory of small-arms, nnd remains of an ancient royal palace. Pop. of parish, 16,054. Enfleld, a village of Ireland, co. of Meath, 24 miles by rail W.N.w. of Dublin. En'fleld, a post-village of Hartford co., Conn., about 16 miles N. of Hartford, near the east bank of the Connecti- cut River, here crossed by a bridge, and near the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, which passes through En- field township. It has a high school and several churches. The township contains villages named Thompsonville and Hazardville, and has a community of Shakers. Pop. of the township, 6332. Enfield, a post-village of White co., III., in Enfield township, on the Springfield division of the Ohio & Missis- sippi Railroad, where it crosses the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 99 miles E.S.E. of Belleville, and 34 miles N. by W. of Shawneetown. It has 4 churches, a high school, and a newspaper. Pop. of the township, 2426. Enneid, a station in Clayton co., Iowa, on the Daven- port ghe-iN»'-li-b4N", atown of France,_Seine-et-Oise, 9 miles by rail N. of Paris. P. 1200. Engia, a corrupt spelling of ^gina (which see). En'gineer' Mountain, Colorado, is in lat. 37° 42' N., Ion. 107° 48' 12" W. It has an altitude of 12,971 feet above sea-level. It is mainly formed of volcanic rocks, including trachyte. Two of its sides are very steep. ENG 712 ENG England, ing'gland {Jj.An'glia; Fr. Angleterre, 6ng'- I'taiR' ; It. Inghilterra, in-ghil-tSR'RS, ; Sp. and Port. Inyla- ferra, ing-gli-t^u'nS,; G^v, England, h^g'Yhni; Dutch, ^/i- geland, Ing'ii^-l^nt''), the southern and larger section of the island of Great Britain, and the most important of the three kingdoms constituting the British empire, between lat. 49° 57' 42" and 55° 46' N. and Ion. 1° 40' E. and 5° 42' W. The northern boundary, between it and Scotland, is consti- tuted by the Solway Firth and the river Sark on the west, then by a line to the point where the Liddell falls into the Esk, thence by the Liddell eastward and upwards till it is struck by the Cheviots, then by the watershed of that range till they sink into the valley of the Tweed, and finally by the Tweed till it falls into the sea. On all other sides Eng- land is washed by the sea. (See Great Britain.) Its coast-line is irregular, being much indented by a continu- ous series of bays, estuaries, and headlands, so that although measured from headland to headland its coast-line is only 1200 miles, if the curves of its inner indentations are fol- lowed the measurement amounts to 2000 miles. Its gen- eral shape is that of a triangle, of which the bfi,se is the southern coast from Land's End to South Foreland, and the apex Berwick. Length, from Portland Bill to Berwick, 363 miles; greatest breadth, viz.. from Nortb Foreland to Land's End, 320 miles. Area, 58,256 square miles, of which 7377 belong to Wales and 50,879 to England. With the ex- ception of Belgium, England and Wales constitute the most thickly peopled country in Europe, the average to a square mile being 389. In 1801 the pop. was 9,156,17] ; in 1871, 22,712,269, giving an increase of 150 per cent. The follow- ing table exhibits the area in square miles, and the popula- tion, of each of the 40 counties of England in 1871, exclu- sive of army and navy: Count] ei Bedfordshire Berkshire Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire... '. Cornwall Cumberland Derbyshire ... Devonshire Dorsetshire Durham Essex Gloucestershire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Huntingdonshire Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire Middlesex Monmouthshire Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland Nottinghamshire Oxfoidshire Butlandshire Shropshire (Salop) Somersetshire Southamptunshire "| (Hampshire or > Hants). j Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Warwickshire Westmoreland Wiltshire Worcestershire Yorkshire East Biding North Riding West Riding (inclu-l ding the city of York, f Total.. 1,359 l,r)lG 1,026 2,5SG 980 1,012 1,649 1,258 2,116 9«5 2,U1G 1,613 1,145 1,485 755 1,46G 140,257 196,475 175,S79 186,909 561,201 379,394 601,374 195,537 685,089 4G6,43C 534,640 125,370 192,226 63,708 848,294 2,819,495 269,311 436,599 2,539,765 195,448 438,656 243,891 386,646 319,758 177,975 22,073 248,111 463,483 544,684 858,326 348,869 1,091,635 417,457 65,010 257,177 338,837 Bedford. Aylesbury. Cambridge. Chester (Stock- port). Bodmin. Carlisle. Derby. Exeter. Dorchester. Durham. Chelmsford. Gloucester (Bristol). Hereford. Hertlbrd. Huntingdon. Maidstone. Lancaster ^Manchester & Liverpool). Leicester. Lincoln. Brentford (Lon- don). Monmouth. Northampton. Newcastle. Nottingham. Oxford. Oakham. Shrewsbury. Bath. ( Winchester ■I (Portsmouth, (Southampton) Stafford (Wol- verhampton). Ipswich. Guildford. Chichester (Brighton). Warwick (Bir- Appleby. Salisbury. Worcester. York. Beverly (Hull). Northallorton. ( Leeds (Shef- -{ field, Brad- i ford). For extent and population of Welsh counties, see Wales. An account of the physical features, geology, manufac tures and commerce, army and navy, and details affecting imperial interests, may be found under Great Britain. Agriculture. — Agriculture has attained high eminence in some districts of England, especially in the N. and E. counties ; in many parts, particularly in the W., it is back- ward. Wheat is the principal crop, especially in the E. and S.E. counties ; barley is raised chiefly in the central counties, and oats in theN., though cultivated more or less in all parts of the country. Peas, beans, potatoes, and turnips are the crops next in importance. Rye and buck- Avheat are not extensively cultivated; rape, flax, hemp, and mangel-wurzel only in certain parts. Hops are nearly con- fined to Kent, Herefordshire, and the vicinity of Earn- ham, in Surrey, the number of acres under this crop being about 66,000. Near the large towns the ground is com- monly laid out in market-gardens, and in Bedfordshire an extensive district is appropriated to growing vegetables for the London market. In the S.W. counties large quantities of apples are grown, and Devon and Hereford are famous for cider. Perry is made chiefly in AVorcestershire, and mead in many of the counties contiguous to Wales. The grape does not succeed so as to produce wine, beer and ale being the national beverages. The Durham or Short-horned, Devon, Hereford, Jersey, and Alderney are the most noted breeds of cattle. Butter is an important product in Essex, Cambridge.shire, and Dorset; cheese in Cheshire, Gloucester, Wilts, Somersetshire, &c. The total annual produce of wool in England has been estimated at 470,000 packs of 240 pounds each (upwardsof 1,000,000 hundred-weight). Swine are very generally kept, and are numerous in the forest- lands of Hants, Berks, Gloucester, and Hereford, the number being nearly 2,000,000. Geese are raised largely, especially in the Lincoln fens, for the London market. Poultry is universal. England is generally well wooded, and 62,620 acres of royal forest lands are enclosed for the growth of timber. The New Forest in Hampshire, the forests of Epping (Essex), Sherwood (Kent), and Dean (Gloucester), are among the largest; but the oak grows to the greatest perfection in the wealds of Sussex, Surrey, and Kent, many parts of which have remained wooded ever since the time of the Romans. lieligion and Education. — The established church of Eng- land is the Protestant Episcopal, but the most perfect toler- ation is granted to all creeds. The sovereign is the head of the church, having right to nominate to bishoprics and archbishoprics. The church is governed by 2 archbishops and 29 bishops, besides several suffragan and coadjutant bishops, and has 12,837 parishes or benefices, in each of which there is a church, presided over by a rector or vicar, who holds the living. Of clergymen of every degree con- nected with the established church the number is about 23,000. The Episcopal population of England and Wales is estimated at 13,500,000, leaving about 11,000,000 to other creeds. Among Protestant dissenters the most prom- inent bodies are the Methodists, Independents, and Baptists. The Methodists possess alone 9000 places of worship, the Independents 3500, and the Baptists 2000. The Roman Catholics are estimated at 2,000,000, with 1039 chapels and 1810 clergymen, presided over by 1 archbishop (Westmin- ster) and 12 bishops. There are altogether 122 religious denominations, whose names have been given in to the registrar-general. Episcopaliy, England and Wales are divided into 2 arch- bishoprics, — Canterbury and York. The Archbishop of Can- terbury is primate and metropolitan of all England, and crowns the monarch, whether king or queen. The Arch- bishop of York is styled primate and metropolitan of Eng- land, and crowns the queen-consort. The income of the former is £15,000 (about $75,000) a year; of the latter, £10,000 (about $50,000). The doctiines of the church are embodied in the Thirty-Nine Articles, and, having been ratified by Parliament, cannot be changed without its con- sent. The average yearly income of its clergy is about £300 (S1500), livings varying from upwards of £2000 ($10,000) down to £50 ($250). At the head of the educational system of England stand the ancient national universities of Oxford and Cambridge, two of the most celebrated institutions in the world. They are almost exclusively for the wealthier classes, and, till a recent period, only for members of the Church of England. Prominent among the institutions of learninir arc llir Uni- versities of Durham and London, and Kin.;- t HD-l:!', Lon- don, all of which have the power of graniupj, .1. .h r^. In addition there are throughout Ibo eounti v -rN , ral rillr:;iiito institutions, with professional staffs of higli fniincni.x, m Owca'sCoUego, Manchester, University College, Aberystwith, ENG 713 (fee. Besides there are numerous theological colleges or semi- naries, attached to most of which are professors in tlie facul- ties of arts and philosophy. The Church of England alone has 14 such seminaries. There are many colleges and in- stitutions for imparting professional or technical training. At the head of these stands the South Kensington School and Museum for the promotion of science and art, which receives an annual grant from government amounting to about £300,000. Lectures on art, &c., are regularly de- livered, and its museum is unrivalled as an adjunct to a technical school. The number of schools throughout the country in connection with it in 1877 was 1426 ; the number of students, 57,988. The College of Physicians and the College of Surgeons (London) are world-renowned, as are also the School of Mihes and the Royal Institution (London). The latter became famed under Young, Davy, and Faraday, and maintains its celebrity under Tyndall and Huxley. The royal military academics of Woolwich and Sandhurst, the Royal Naval College of (rrcenwich, and the Agricultural College of Cirencester are efficient institutions. At the head of secondary education stand the great public schools, — notably Eton, Harrow, Rugby, and Marlborough. These schools are richly endowed, and have long had a high repute for classical training. Their expense, however, de- bars all but the wealthy from them. For the middle classes there are numerous grammar-schools (mostly ancient and well endowed) and private seminaries. England has not yet adopted a directly compulsory system of eJucation, but the act of 1870 attempts to attain the same ends indirectly by enacting that no child shall be employed unless he has received education, that there shall be pro- vided in every school district a sufficient amount of accom- modation in public elementary schools for all the children resident in it, and that all children whose parents are unable to pay shall be taught free, the expenses to be provided from local rates. The school boards have the power of making parents give education to all children between 5 and 13. The present school system of England is one of considerable efficiency and of great promise, the schools being sustained partly by public and private grants and partly by local taxation. Judicial Si/stem. — England has no legal code. The whole body of its laws may be divided into two classes, — those based on immemorial usage, and those springing from par- liamentary enactment. Of these the former has taken far deeper root in the national life than the latter. The courts of law fall into two divisions, — those of common law and those of equity. In the latter courts no juries are em- ployed ; and though governed, like those of common law, by precedent, their modes of procedure are less technical and their forms of remedy simpler and more diverse. The courts of common law comprise the Queen's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer, — all for the trial of civil cases, it being left to suitors to select before which their suits shall come; also the Courts of Probate, Divorce, and Matrimonial Causes. The courts of equity comprise the Courts of the Lord Chancellor, the Lords Justices of Appeal and the three Vice-Chancellors, and the Courts of Appeal of the County Palatine of Lancashire. The effect of the legislation of 1874 and 1876 is that there is now one su- preme court of judicature, consisting of two permanent divisions, called the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal. The former takes jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery, the three Common-Law Courts, the Courts of Admiralty, Probate, and Divorce, and the Courts of Pleas at Lancaster and Durham, as well as the courts created by Commission of Assize. The latter takes jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal in Chancery, the Court of the Exchequer, and the appellate jurisdiction in admiralty and heresy mat- ters. The High Court of Appeal consists of the Lord High Chancellor, the Lord Chief-Justice of England, the Master of the Rolls, the Lord Chief-Justice of the Common Pleas, and the Lord Chief-Baron of the Exchequer as ex-offieio mem- bers, with six Lords-Justices as ordinary members. By act of 1876, the House of Lords, as final court, sits for the three kingdoms for the hearing of appeals from the English Court of Appeal and the Scotch and Irish courts. The Lords of Appeal are the Lord Chancellor, the Lords in appeal in ordinary, and peers who have held high judicial office in Great Britain and Ireland. The criminal courts are : (1.) That of Justice of Peace, sitting singly or in petty sessions of two or more justices. In populous districts stipendiary magistrates are now substituted for these courts. (2.) The justices sitting in Quarter Sessions to determine felonies and other offences. In boroughs this court is presided over by the recorder. (3.) More serious offences are reserved for the judges of the superior courts, sitting under a commission ENG of oyer and terminer and jail delivery, and called Assize Courts. The Court of Queen's Bench, as representing the ancient Aula Regis (King's Council), combines the func- tions of a civil and criminal court, and has a general super- intendence over all courts of criminal jurisdiction. History. — The proper history of England begins in the fifth century, when the Britons called on certain Teutonic confederations dwelling on the North Sea and the Baltic, and known as Jutes, Saxons, and Angles, for aid in repel- ling the inroads of the Picts and Scots living north of Ha- drian's wall. We learn little of the contest between these Teutons and the northern Kelts. We know only that after clearing the country of them they turned upon the Britons themselves, and driving them from the more fertile dis- tricts formed settlements therein. The Jutes occupied Kent and the Isle of Wight; the Saxons the remainder of the district lying south of the Thames and Essex; and the Angles the rest of the eastern and inland parts of the country as far north as the Firth of Forth. The ancient Britons were left only Wales, Cornwall, Cumberland, and the south- west of Scotland. Each of these Teutonic peoples consisted of many tribes, each under its own chief, who was in time of peace practically independent. Gradually these smaller tribes coalesced into seven or eight greater states or na- tions, to which the name of the Heptarchy has been given. Rivalries broke out among these nations, and intestine divisions raged till 827, when Egbert, King of Wessex, was declared overlord of all the. country, which now re- ceived the name of Angelcyn, which may be rendered England. Previous to this, in the seventh century, all the land had become Christian, mainly through the labors of St. Augustine and of Irish and Scottish missionaries. The early part of the reign of the illustrious Alfred (871-901) was spent in continunl and ultimately successful struggles against the heathen Danes, who had made settlements on the east coast and strove to extend their sway over Wessex. To Alfred is to be attributed the establishment of order on the basis of constitutional law. His virtues, his wisdom, his piety, his literary acquirements, and his glorious achievements have earned for him the title of "the Great." Under the reign of his grandson, Edred (946-55), the Danes were quelled, and Northumberland, as far north as the Forth, was incorporated with the rest of the country, so that now for the first time a kingdom of England was formed. But the Scandinavians did not remain long quiescent. In the reign of ^thelred the Unready, they renewed their piratical incursions, and ultimately Sweyn, King of Denmark (1014)j came in 2)erson, compelled Mih.- elred to take refuge in Normandy, and ascended the empty throne, thus founding a Danish dynasty. Four Danish kings reigned in England, — Sweyn, Canute, Harold Hare- foot, and Havdicanute. On the death of the last, who had rendered himself infamous, the English people returned to their native dynasty, and elected Edward the Confessor, son of the late ^thelred, as their king. Edward's death initiated one of the greatest events in English history. Two claimants to the throne appeared, — Harold, his brother-in- law, and William, Duke of Normandy, to whom the throne had been bequeathed by Edward. At the decisive battle of Hastings (1060), Harold was slain, and his army of Englishmen destroyed. William the Conqueror thereupon assumed the sovereignty. His court was filled with his Norman followers, among whom much of the land of Eng- land was distributed, while Norman-French became the language of the court, of law-proceedings, and of the schools. William retained his French possessions, and on this was based England's claim to French territory, the cause of long and bloody ware. The famed dynasty of the Plantagenets commenced after the death of Henry, the son of the Con- queror, in 1135, with the reign of Henry of Anjou, son of the late king's daughter by Geoffrey Plantagenet. His reign was mainly a long struggle against the growing power of the clergy, culminating in the murder of Becket, Arch- bishop of Canterbury. It is marked, too, by the conquest of the Irish pale in 1170. Richard the Lion-hearted, Henry's son, devoted himself almost wholly to foreign war in the Holy Land and France. He was slain at the siege of Chains, 1199, and was succeeded, not by his son, but by his brother John, who murdered his nephew and usurped the crown. During John's reign, England lost nearly all her French dominions ; but his very weakness became a boon to the country, for the nobles extorted from it at Runnymede (1215) the Magna Charta, which has been well styled the charter of English liberty. Edward I. signalized his reign by the conquest of Wales (1282), and he struggled strenu- ously nnd almost successfully to establish the suzerainty of England over Scotland. In 1305 he barbarously mur- ENG 714 ENK dered the Scottish patriot and leader, Wallace. At Ban- nockburn (1314), King Robert Bruce utterly routed the great army of Edward II., and established the independence of Scotland. The reign of Edward III. was characterized by determined efforts to conquer France, the throne of which he claimed in virtue of his mother. His campaigns were rendered illustrious by the victories won by his son, the Black Prince, at Crecy and Poictiers. Richard II., Edward's grandson, was driven from his throne by Henry Bolingbroke, Buke of Lancaster, who assumed the sovereignty under the title of Henry IV., and laid the foundation of the fierce struggles between the houses of York and Lancaster, known as the Wars of the Roses. In this reign the fires of perse- cution were lighted against the Lollards and Wickliffites. The victory of Agincourt distinguished the reign of Henry V, He was succeeded by his infant son, Henry VI. During his reign began the Wars of the Roses, which desolated England for 30 years (1455-85), sacrificing eighty princes of the blood-royal and the larger proportion of the old nobil- ity. It was brought to a close by the victory gained over Richard III. at Bosworth (1485) by Ilenrj-, Duke of Rich- mond, who, in virtue of his wife, united the claims of both houses. He was the founder of the Tudor dynasty. The inter- est in the reign of Henry VIII. centres in the contest between the crown of England and the see of Rome, which, in the reign of Henry's successor, Edward VI., eventuated in the formal renunciation by England of the authority of Rome, and the adoption of the principles of the Reformation, as embodied in the Forty-Two Articles of 1548. In the reign of his sister Mary, commonly called "Bloody Mary," an attempt was made to undo the work of the Reformation. Parliament re-established the supremacy of the Pope, and the fires of persecution were lighted, Bishops Hooper, Latimer, Ridley, and Cranmer being among the sufferers. These horrors turned the minds of the people further from Rome, and the accession of the Protestant Elizabeth was hailed as a relief to the nation. Her reign was signalized by the defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588), but sullied by her cruelty to her unfortunate relative, Mary Queen of Scots. Elizabeth died in 1603. Under her successor, James VI. of Scotland and I. of Great Britain, the history of England passes into that of Gkeat Britain (which see). £ngMaud's Point, a post-office of Cherokee co., N.C., 18 miles W. of Murphy. Engle's (^ng'gl'z) Mills, a post-hamlet of Garrett co., Md., about 30 miles W. of Cumberland. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. £nglewood, dng'gh^l-wood, a post-village in Lake township, Cook co., 111., on the Dummy Railroad, 7 miles S. of Chicago, 2 or 3 miles from Lake Michigan, and on the Michigan Southern and the Chicago, Rock Island SOO foot above the level of the lake. The corniferous liuio,<(uno forms the northern margin of this lake for many iiiiles. ainl. dip- ping southward, probably forms its bed, as the small depth of the lake appears to indicate." The lar;::ost allUionts of this lake, besides the Detroit River, arc the Mauiuco. San- dusky. Raisin, and Cuyahog^i Rivers. Us wator is disohargod through the Niagara" River, which issues from llic north- eastern end of the lake. The principal towns and harbors on this very important channel of couimorce arc liuflalo. Clovo- land, Toledo, Erie, Sandusky, and Dunkirk. The Erio Canal ERI 719 ERI extends from Buffalo to Albany, and connects this lake with the Hudson Kiver. The navigation is closed by ice for several months in winter. Violent storms previiil here in some seasons of the year, especially in November and De- cember, often accompanied with disastrous shipwrecks. Erie, a county in the west part of New York, has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Tonawanda Creek, on the S. by Cattaraugus Creek, and on the W. by Lake Erie and Niagara River. It is also drained by Buffalo and Cayuga Creeks. The surface is partly undulating and partly level, and extensively covered with forests of ash, elm, beech, sugar-maple, oak, &c. ; the soil is fertile and adapted to grain and pasturage. Oats, hay, wheat, Indian corn, butter, and potatoes are the staple products. This county has beds of good hydraulic lime- stone or cement, and quarries of corniferous limestone, a valuable material for building. It is intersected by 5 rail- roads, namely, the New York Central, the Erie, the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, the Buffalo & Jamestown, and the Buffalo, Corry st-village of Howard co., Ind., in Irvin township, about 20 miles S. of Logansport, and 10 miles W. of Kokomo. It has 2 churches. Pop. of township, 1316. Er'ving, a post-village of Franklin co., Mass., in Erving township, on Miller's River, and on the Vermont & Massa- • chusetts Railroad,. 42 miles W. of Fitehburg. It has a church, and manufactures of chairs, sash, doors, pails, and piano-legs. Pop. of the township, 794. Ervy, ^rWcc', a town of France, in Aube, 19 miles S.S.AV. of Troyes. Pop. 1675. Erwa, fru'wiV, an island in the Red Sea, one of the Dhalak group. It is about 12 miles in circumference. Er'wash, a river of England, co. of Nottingham, falls into the Trent 4 miles S.W. of Nottingham. Er'win, a post-hamlet of Schuyler co.. 111., in Camden township, on La Moin River, about 42 miles E.N.E. of Quincy. It has 2 churches. Erwin, a post-townsiiip of Steuben co., N.Y., about 3 miles AV. of Corning, is drained by the Conhoeton and Canistco Rivers, which unite on its E. border, and is intLM-- sectedby the Erie Railroad, on which are Erwin Post-Ollice ERW 721 and Station, 6 miles W. of Corning. It has manufactures of bricks and lumber. Pop. 2024. Erwin Centre, a post-hamlet of Steuben co., N.Y., on the Tioga Eiver, and on the Corning, Cowanesque & Antrim Railroad, S miles S.W. of Corning. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill, £r\vin'iia, a post-village of Bucks co., Pa., in Tini- cum township, on the Delaware River, about 20 miles below Easton. It has 2 hotels and 'd general stores. Er'wmsville, a post-office of Cleveland co., N.C. Erxleben, jRx'lA'ben, a village of Prussia, 10 miles S. of New Haldensieben. 'Pop. 18:i8. Erythrieum Mare. See Red Sea. Eryx, the ancient name of Lerici. Erzberg, Suts'benG ("ore mountain"), a celebrated mining district of Styria. The town of Eisenerz lies at the foot of the Erzberg Mountain ; and here, for upwards of 1000 years, e.\tonsive iron-mines have been in operation. On the summit of the mountain an iron crucifix, 25 feet in elevation, was erected by the Archduke John in 1823. See ErsENEnz. Erzen, Sii'zSn (ano. Arziano'rum Op'pidiim? or Thos'- pia >), a town of Asiatic Turkey, 85 miles E. of Diarbekir, on the Erzen River, an affluent of the Tigris. Near it, on the E., is the small lake Thospitis. Erzengan, er^zen-gin', or Erzingen, 5r^zin-gh{n', a town of Asiatic Turkey, in a plain on the Euphrates, 75 miles W.S.AV. of Erzroom. It is said to comprise :1000 houses. Erzeroum, or Erzeruin. See EitzRooif. Erz-Gebirge,5i!ts'ga-beeii'gheh ("ore mountains"), a mountain-chain of Germany, bounding Saxony on the E. and Bohemia on the N.W., and extending from the Fichtel- berg N.E. to the Saxon Switzerland. Total length, about 120 miles ; average breadth, 25 miles ; average height, 2500 feet, but the Schwarzwald rises to 4500 feet. It is abrupt on its S.E. side, mostly of primary formation, and yields numerous metallic ores, whence its name. Erzingen, a town of Turkey. See Erzengan. Erzroom, Erzroum, Erzrum, Erzeroum, or Erzerum, erzroom', written also Arzroom, arzVoom' (anc. -ilrze/t/), the principal city of Armenia, in Asiatic Turkey, Sapital of a vila.yet of the same name, on a large elevated plain on the Kar^-Soo, or W. branch of the Eu- phrates, 120 miles S.E. of Trebizond, and 155 miles W. of Mount Ararat. It is partly enclosed by a wall 30 feet high, and has an extensive citadel. The streets are narrow, filthy, and infested with dogs ; the houses are mostly of mud, tim- ber, or sun-dried bricks. The principal buildings are the Armenian and Greek churches and schools, about 40 mosques^ a large custom-house, and numerous khans or caravansaries. It has a Catholic bishop of the Armenian rite. Erzroom has an extensive trade with all the adjacent countries, anil is a chief halting-station for caravans going from Teheran to Mecca. The imports comprise shawls, silk, cotton, to- bacco, rice, indigo, madder, and rhubarb from the E., and broadcloths, chintzes, shawls, and cutlery from the W. by way of the Black Sea. Its vicinity is extremely fertile : and near it many cattle, horses, mules, and sheep are reared, which, with furs, galls, «te., form the principal exports. Erzroom was founded about 415, near the site of the ancient Arse, under the name of Theodosiopolis ; and it was the bulwark of Armenia under the Byzantines, as it still is un- der the Turks, its position rendering it an important mili- tary post. Erzroom is supposed to be a corruption of Ardz- Eoom, i.e., " the land of Rome ;" the Turks sometimes applying the name Room (or Rome) to any territory that was recognized as forming a part of the ancient Roman or Byzantine empire. Pop. estimated from 55,000 to 100,000. Erzroom, or Erzroum, a vilayet of Armenia, one of tlie great subdivisions of Asiatic Turkey, mostly between lat. 39° and 41° N. and Ion. 39° and 44° E., having N.W. the pashalic of Trebizond, S.W. and S. Karpoot, Diarbekir, and Van, and E. and N.E. Persia and the Russian district of Transcaucasia. It is a lofty table-land, elevation esti- mated at 6000 feet, and traversed from E. to W. by several mountain-chains, and contains the sources of the Euphrates, Araxes, Koor, and Choruk Rivers. The winter and spring climate is severe, but the summer heat is considerable. It has many extensive and fertile valleys, producing rye, barley, flax, and fine fruits, and rich pasturages, feeding numerous herds of cattle, &e. It is subdivided into the districts of Erzroom, Ipsera, Bayazeed, tfcc. ; the principal towns are of the same names. Esa, a river of Italy. See Lvs. Es'bon, a post-hamlet in Esbon township, Jewell CO., Kansas, about 50 miles S. by W. of Edgar, Neb. Pop. of township, .S76. Escalaplano, S5-kS,-14-pl4'no, or ScalapIano,sk^- 46 ESC li-pli'no, a village on the island of Sardinia, 15 miles E. of Isili. Pop. 1422. Escalda, a Spanish name for the river Scheldt. Escalona, 8s-ki-lo'ni, a town of Spain, province and 28 miles N.W. of Toledo, on the Alberchc. Pop. 979. Escalona, a town of Spain, province and 12 miles N. of Segovia. Pop. 904. Escalonilla, Ss-ki-lo-neel'yA, a village of Spain, in New Castile, 20 miles W.N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 2256. Escambia, es-kam'bc-a, a county in the S. part of Alabama, has an area of about 1150 square miles. It is intersected by the Conecuh and Escambia Rivers. The sur- face is nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests, in which the pine abounds ; the soil is sandy and in- ferior. It produces a little cotton and Indian corn. This county is traversed by the Mobile & Montgomery Railroad. Capital, Pollard. Valuation of real and personal estate, $.345,616. Organized in 1868. Pop. in 1870, 4041, of whom 4003 were Americans. Escambia, the most western county of Florida, has an area of about 800 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Escambia River, on the S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and on the \V. by the Perdido River. The surface is nearly level ; the soil is sandy and poor. Here are extensive forests of small pine trees. Sugar-cane, maize, and rice are the chief products of the soil. This county is intersected by the Pensacola & Louisville Railroad. Capital, Pensacola. Val- uation of real and personal estate, S2,815,895. Pop. in 1870, 7817, of whom 7249 were Americans. Escambia, a post-hamlet of Escambia co., Ela., 4 miles from Oakfield Station, which is 6 miles N. of Pensacola. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Escambia River rises in Monroe co., Ala., and runs southward through Escambia co.into Florida. It forms the eastern boundary of Escambia co. of Florida, and enters Pen- sacola Bay. It is navigable to the mouth of the Conecuh River. The latter is usually treated as an affluent of the Escambia, but it is longer than that river. Escanaba, Escanawba, or Esconawba, esMii- naw'ba, a post-village, capital of Delta CO., Mich., is on Green Bay, near the mouth of the Escanaba River, in a township of its own name, and on the Peninsular division of the Chicago &, Northwestern Railroad. By railroad it is 7.3 miles S.S.E. of Marquette, and 115 miles N.N.E. of the city of Green Bay. It has 3 churches, an iron-furnace, a bank, a graded school, a newspaper office, several large saw-mills, 2 first-class hotels, and some machine-shops of the railroad. Large quantities of iron ore and lumber are shipped here. Pop. of the township, 3120; of the village, about 2800. Here are two iron docks, erected at a cost of $400,000. Escanaba (or Escanawba) River, Michigan, rises in Marquette co., runs southeastward through Delta co., and enters the Little Bay de Noquet, which is a part of Lake Miohignn. It is nearly 100 miles long. Escataw'pa, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Ala., on the Mobile & Ohio R.ailroad, 60 miles N.N.W. of Mobile. It has a church, and manufactures of lumber, rosin, and turpentine. Escataw'pa (or Escatap'pa) River rises in Wash- ington CO., Ala., runs nearly southward, and intersects Mo- bile CO., from which it passes into the state of Mississippi. It enters the Pascagoula River 6 miles from its mouth. Escatron, fe-kJ-tron', a town of Spain, 42 miles S.E. of Saragossa. near the Ebro. Pop. 2696. Escaudain, 5s'ko"dJNo', a village of France, in Nord, 8 miles S.W. of Valenciennes. Pop. 2377. Escaut, a river of France and Belgium. See Scheldt. Esch, Ssh, a town of the grand duchy of Luxemburg, ID miles by rail S.W. of Luxemburg. Pop. 33S5. Eschail, Ssh'ow, a town of Bavaria, in Lower Fran- conia, on the Elsava, 30 miles W. of Wurzburg. Pop. 932. Eschelbacb, feh'el-b4K\ a village of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, near Wiesloch. Pop. 1240. Eschenau, 5sh'en-ow\ a village of Wilrtemberg, 6 miles E. of Weinsberg, with a church and a castle. P. 1 008. Eschenbach, Ssh'?n-b4K*, a town of Bavaria, 27 miles S.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1388. Eschenbach, Ssh'?n-biK\ a village of Switzerland, canton and 6 miles N. of Lucerne. Pop. 1194. Eschenz, fch'^nts, a village of Switzerland, canton of Thurgau, on the Rhine, 13 miles E.S.E. of Schafi'hausen, consisting of Ober and Unter Eschenz. Pop. 1021. Eschershausen, dsh'ers-how^zen, a village of Bruns- wick, on the Lenne. Pop. 1261, engaged in linen-weaving. Eschmunein, a village of Egypt. See Oshmooneyn. Escho], es'kol, a post-hamlet of Perry co., Pa., in Sa- ESC 7122 "EBK ville township, about 30 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg. It has 2 churches, a fiour-raill, and a tannery. Pop. 7S. Escholzmatt, Ssh'olts-miLtt^ a village of Switzerland, canton of Lucerne, 3000 feet above sea-level. Pop. 3074. Eschreff, a town of Persia. See Ashruff. Eschscholtz or Escholtz (Ssh'olts) Bay, an inlet of Kotzebue Sound, in Behring Strait, Alaska, near the Arctic Circle. Lon. 161° 10' W. Eschwege, fish'wi'gheh, a town of Prussia, in Hesse- Nassau, on a railway, and on the Werra, 26 miles E.S.E. of Cassel. It is a flourishing town, and has manufactures of woollens and linens. Pop. 77-12. Eschweiler, ^sh'wl-l^r, a town of Prussia, Puhine prov- ince, at a railway junction, S miles N.N.E. of Aix-la-Cha- pelle. It is the seat of large and varied manufacturing and mining industries. Pop. 15,525, of whom 11,000 live in the town proper. Escocia and Escoces. See Scotland. Escoheag, Ss^ko-hSg', a post-office of Kent co., R.I, Escondido, 63-kou-dee'do (i.e., "hidden" or "shel- tered"), a harbor of Cuba, on its S. coast, 60 miles E. of Santiago. Escondido, a harbor of Venezuela, state of Zulia, on the N. coast of the peninsula of Paraguana. Escondido, a harbor of the United States of Colombia, on the E. side of the Bay of Panama, 140 miles S.E. of Panama. Escondido, a harbor in the Gulf of California, in lat. 25° 60' N., lon. 110° 45' W., near Loreto. Escondido, a harbor of Yucatan, at the N.E. extremity of Lake Torminos. Lat. 18° 50' N. ; lon. 91° 5' W. It is the name of the channel from Lake Terminos into the Gulf of Mexico, and of the Bluefields River, in Nicaragua. Escorial, a town of Spain. See Escubial, Escoriaza, es-ko-re-a'tha, a town of Spain, 33 miles S.W. of St. Sebastian, with mineral springs. Pop. 740. Es'cott, a post-village in Leeds co., Ontario, 5 miles S.AV". of Mallorytown. Copper ore is found in the vicinity. It contains 2 saw-mills and 2 cheese-factories. Pop. 200. Escudo, ^s-koo'do, an island in the Caribbean Sea, 9 miles from the N. coast of the Isthmus of Panama. Lat. 9° 6' 24" N. ; lon. 81° 34' 30" AV. Escudo de Veragua, es-koo'do di vi-ra'gwi, a river dividing Central from South America, flows into the Carib- bean Sea. Escuintia, §s-kweent'Id, a town of Central America, state and 35 miles S.W. of Guatemala. Pop. 2500, Escula'pia, a watering-place of Lewis co., Ky., 18 miles S.E. of Maysville. It has sulphur springs, and is in a delightful valley. Here is Marine Post-Office. Escurial, Ss-koo-re-^l', or Escorial, ^s-ko-re-il', a town of Spain, in Estremadura, province and 32 miles S.E. of Caceres. Pop* 1637^ Escurial, Escorial, or Escorial de Abajo, ^s- ko-re-al' di i,-bft,'Ho, a town of Spain, province and 24 miles by rail N.W. of Madrid, on the S.E. slope of the Sierra Guadarrama. It is remarkable for the celebrated monas- tery and palace of the Escurial in its vicinity, built by Philip II., which contains a magnificent mausoleum for the members of the royal family, and an extensive collection of rare paintings, books, and MSS. It was set on fire by lightning and partially destroyed in 1372. Esdaile, ezMiir, a popt-village of Pierce co., Wis., in Hartland township, on the Isabella River, 8 miles N.E. of Red Wing, Minn. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a manufactory of spokes and hubs, Esdraelon, ^s-dra-ee'lon, Esdrelon, §s-dree'lon, or Plain of Jezreel, jez're-cl (Turk. Merj Iboo Ameer), a famous plain of Palestine, S. of Acre, between Mounts Carmel on the AV. and Hermon and Gilboa on the E. It is highly fertile, and is watered by the Kishon. It has been the scene of numerous combats, both in ancient and modern times. Esens, 5z'6nss or i'zGnss, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, near the North Sea, 26 miles N.E. of Emden. Pop. 2114. Esgueira, Ss-gi'e-ra., a village of Portugal, in Beira, 22 miles N.E. of Aveiro. Pop. 1836. It has a Benedictine convent, the oldest in the kingdom. Esh, a chapelry of England, co. and 4 miles W. of Dur- ham. Pop. 2294. Here are coal-mines, and 1 mile E. is the great Roman Catholic college of Ushaw. Esh'bach, a village in Washington township, Berks CO., Pa., on the Colebrookdale Railroad, 12 miles N. of Pottstown. It has some small manufactories. Esli'er, a village of England, co. of Surrey, 15 miles by rail S.W, of London. In this parish the royal palace of Claromont was built by the great Lord Clive, and purchased for the residence of Princess Charlotte and Prince Leo- pold in 1816. It was the residence of Louis Phili])pe after his abdication in 1848. Esher Place is a splendid Gothic structure, once occupied by Cardinal Wolsey. Pop. of parish, 1460. Eshmouncyn, a village of Egypt. See Oshsiooneyv. Esh^temo'a, an ancient town of Palestine, identified with the village of Semooa or Semua, 8 miles S. of Hebron. Esiano, i-se-a'no, a village on the island of Sardinia, on the elevated plateau of Planargia. Pop, 1500. Esiglie, a village of Italy. See Exilles. Esine, A-see'ni, a village of Italy, province of Brescia, 4 miles S. of Breno, on the Oglio. Pop. 1502. Esino, i-see'no, a river of Italy, in the Marches, rises on the N, slope of the Apennines, flows N.W., and enters the Adriatic 7 miles N.W. of Ancona. Length, 40 miles. Esk, a river of England, co. of Cumberland, rises in Sea- Fell, and flows S.W. for 20 miles into the Irish Sea, near Ravenglass. Esk, fisk, a beautiful lake of Ireland, in Ulster, co. and about 3 miles N.N.E. of Donegal. Area, 976 acres. Esk, a mountain-range of Ireland, in Munster, between the COS. of Cork and Kerry. ■ Esk, a river of Scotland, co. of Dumfries, formed by the confluence of the Black and White Esk in Eskdalemuir, flows 24 miles into Solway Firth. Esk, North, a river of Scotland, co. of Forfar, rises in the Grampians, and flows 32 miles into the German Ocean, 3 miles N. of Montrose. Esk, North and South, two small but beautiful streams of Scotland, rise in the co. of Peebles, flow through Mid- Lothian, unite near Dalkeith, and proceed to the sea at Musselburgh. The North Branch flows past Roslin Castle and Hawthornden. Esk, North and South, two rivers of Tasmania, district of Launceston, flow W., and join the Macquarie and Quamby to ftirm the Tamar River. The town of Launceston is on the North Esk and that of Perth on the South Esk. Esk, South, a river of Scotland, co. of Forfar, rises in the Grampians, in the N.W. part of the co., and flows E. 36 miles through Strathmore into Montrose Harbor. The towns of Brechin and Montrose are on its banks, Eske, Ssk, a river of England, co. of York, North Riding, fliows E. into the North Sea at Whitby. Eskee, or Eski, ^s'kee (signifying "old"), a Turkish prefix of the names of numerous towns, *fcc. Eskee Adalia, ^s'kee S,-d^'lee''3,, the ruins of the an- cient Side, in Asia Minor, on the Mediterranean, 35 miles N.W. of Alaya. Eskee Andaval, §s'kee ^n-dS,-var, a town of Turkey, 6 miles N.E. of Nigdeh, once famous for its breed of horses. Eskee Baba, ^s'kee b^'b^, a village of European Tur- key, in Roumelia, 28 miles S.E. of Adrianople. Eskee (or Eski) Djuma, es'kee joo'mA, a town of Bulgaria, 18 miles W. of Shoomla. Eskee (or Eski) Erekli. See Ereglee. Eskee (or Eski) Hissar, Es'kee his-sar' (anc. Laodi- ce'n), a ruined city of Asia Minor, 46 miles S.E. of Ala- Shehr (anc. Philadelphia). It has extensive remains o£ walls, 2 theatres, temples, &c. ; but, having suff"ered greatly from earthquakes, its site is now wholly deserted. Eskee (or Eski) Hissar (anc. StraUmicx'n), a ruined city of Asia Minor, 55 miles S.E. of Ayasoolook (anc. Epk'- esns). It has extensive remains, including a vast temple and a theatre. Eskee Kroom, a town of Russia. See Star-Kr«m. Eskee Sara, ^s'koe s^'rS,, or Eski Saghra, Es'kee si'grd., a town of Eastern Roumelia, on the S. slope of the Balkan Mountains, 50 miles N.E. of Philippopolis, and 90 miles AV. of Boorghas. Pop. 20,000 (?), It is finely sit- uated, and has manufactures of carpets and leather. Near it are hot mineral baths. Eskee (or Eski) Shehr, Es'kee sh^hr (anc. Bori/- Ife'inn .?), a town of Asia Minor, 27 miles E.N.E. of Kutaieh. Eskee Stambool,or Eski Stainbou I, Es'kee st&m- bool', is the ancient Alkxaxdria TrioAs (which see). Esker, a river of Bulgaria. See Isker. Eski, a Turkish prefix. See Eskee. Eskilstuna, ^s-kil-stoo'n4, a town of Sweden, 57 miles W. of Stockholm, on the Hjelmar. It is the seat of iron-, steel-, and copper-works, and manufactures hardware, cut- lory, needles, firearms, &c. Pop. 6201. Eskilup, a town of Asia Minor. See Iskelib. Eskimos. See Esquimaux. Esk'ridge, a post-ofiice of Wabaunsee 00., Kansas, about 30 miles W.S.W. of Topeka. Eskridge, a station in Montgomery 00., Miss., on the ESL 723 ESQ New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 16 miles S. of Grenada. Ssla, 5s'lA, a river of Spain, rises in the N. part of Leon, S. of the mountains of Asturias, flows S.S.W., and joins the Douro about 15 miles below Zamora. Length, 152 miles. £s'men, a township of Livingston co.. 111. Pop. 917. Esmeralda, es-mA-r^l'da, sometimes written Ksme- relda, a river of South America, in Ecuador, rises near Quito, fiows N.W., and enters the Pacific in lat. 0° 5S' N., Ion. 79*= 40' W. Length, 110 miles. At its mouth is the town of Esmeraldas. Esmeralda, a mission settlement of Venezuela, on the Orinoco, 16 miles E. of its bifurcation. £smeral'da, a large county in the W. part of Ne- vada, borders on California. It is partly traversed by Walker River, and contains Walker Lake, which has no outlet. The surface is partly mountainous and partly con- sists of arid plains, in which timber is scarce. The soil, which requires irrigation to render it fertile, produces some wheat and barley. The inhabitants are mostly employed in mining. This county has gold- and silver-mines, the annual product of which sometimes reaches nearly $500,000. Capital, Aurora. Valuation of real and personal estate, S;i,l74-,242. Pop. in 1870, 1553, of whom 1065 were natives and 4S8 were foreigners; in 1875, 12SS. Esmeraldas, es-md,-r^rd5.s, a maritime town of Ecua- dor, capital of a province, 95 miles N.W. of Quito, at the mouth of the Esmeralda. Lat. 1° N. ; Ion. 79° 35' W. EsmeraldaSy a maritime province of Ecuador, in the northwest. Area, 7439 square miles. Capital, Esmeral- das. It is by far the smallest province in the republic. Pop. 9183. Esmeralda, Serra, sSa'Ri ^s-mi-ril'dS,, a mountain- chain of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, between the Doce and Behnonte Rivers. Lat. 18° 30' S. Length, from W. to E., about 170 miles. Es'moU, a frontier city of Southwest China, province of Yun-Nan. It is walled and garrisoned by Chinese sol- diers, and traversed by merchants' caravans in the trade between China, Siam, and Burmah. Esneh, es'n^h, or Esne, ^s'ni, written also Isn^, and Esua (Coptic, 'Snej anc. Latop'olis), a town of Upper Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, 25 miles S. of Thebes. Lat. 25° 19' 39" N. ; Ion. 32° 34' 30" E. It is the entrepot for the Sennaar caravans, and has manufactures of cotton shawls and pottery, a cotton-spinning factory, a Coptic monastery, and a trade with Abyssinia and the Soodan ; but it is chiefly remarkable for its ruins, especially for those of a vast ancient temple. Pop. 7000. Esneh, a province of Egypt, including a part of Nubia. Capital, Esn€. Pop. 251,742. EsO) i'so, an island of Dalraatia, 8 miles S.AV. of Zara, in the Adriatic, between the islands of IsoIji. Grossa and Ugliano. Length, 7 miles. Es^ofe'a, a post-office of Vernon co., Wis. E'som Hill, a post-village of Polk co., Ga., 10 miles W. of Cedar Town. It has 2 churches. Eso'pus, a post-village of Ulster co., N.Y., in Esopus township, 1 or 2 miles W. of the Hudson River, about 6 miles S. of Rondout, and 80 miles N. of New York. It has several churches. The township is bounded on the N.W. by Rondout or Wallkill River, and contains a larger vil- lage, named Port Ewen. It has 11 churches, 2 woollen-fac- tories, and a manufactory of cutlery. Total pop. 4528. Eso'pus Creek, Ulster co., N.Y., runs first southeast- ward, then northeastward, and enters the Hudson River at Saugerties. It is nearly 65 miles long. Kingston is on this creek. Esouan, a town of Egypt. See Asswan. Espadacinta, ^s-pd-da-secn'ti, a fortified town of Portugal, in Tras-os-Montes, on the right bank of the Douro, 20 miles E. of Torre de Moncorvo. Espagne, Espagnol. See Spain. Espaiion, ^:;^pa,Ue-6K«', a town of France, in Aveyron, on the Lot, 16 miles N.E. of Rodez. Pop. 2580. Espana, Espanol. See Spain. Espauoia, the original Spanish name of Hayti. Espardell, ^s-par-d6U', one of the Balearic Islands, in the Mediterranean, a little N, of Formentera, and between tliat island and Iviga. Lat. 38° 48' N. ; Ion. 1° 25' E. Espar'nia, or Shawnee'town, a village of the Sem- inole Nation, Indian Territory, 90 miles from Eufaula Rail- road Station. It has 3 stores, and a mission and manual labor school under the direction of Friends. Here is Shawnectown Post-Office. Esparragosa de Lares, Ss-pan-nd-go'sa di li'res, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 80 miles E. of Badajos. Pop. 2778. Esparraguera, fis-paR-R4-gi'r5,, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 14 miles N.W. of Barcelona, on the Llobregat. Pop. 3087. It has numerous cloth-factories and paper-mills, and an annual fair. Espartel, Cape, Morocco. See Cape Spartel. Espejo, 5s-pi'Ho, a town of Spain, 25 miles S.E. of Cordova, with the remains of a Moorish castle. Pop. 5420, Espelette, Ss'p?h-l€tt', a village of France, in Basses- Pyrenees, 12 miles S. of Bayonne. Pop. 1541. Espera, fis-pi'rA, a town of Spain, 34 miles N.E. of Cadiz, on the Guadalete. Pop. 1822. It has linen-weaving. Es'perance, a post-village of Schoharie co., N.Y., in Esperance township, on Schoharie Creek, and on the Albany «fe Susquehanna Railroad, 31 miles W, of Albany. It has 2 churches, a paper-mill, and a flour-mill. Pop. of the town- ship, 1315. Esperance, Quebec. See North Ham. Esperance, Port, Tasmania. SeeAiiAMSON's Harbor. Esperau'za, a post-office of Pimtotoc co.. Miss. Esperanza, Ss-pi-r^n'zS,, a German town of the Ar- gentine Republic, province and 25 miles N. of Santa F6. Esperaza, 4s^peh-r§,^z^', a town of France, in Aude, 8 miles S. of Limoux, on the Aude. Pop. 1662. Espichel, Cape, Portugal. See Cape Espichel. Espiel, ^s-pe-el', a town of Spain, 25 miles N.W. of Cordova, near the left bank of the Guadiato. Pop. 2056. Espierre, ^s'pe-aiR', a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 8 miles S.S.E. of Courtrai. Espinardo, es-pe-naR'do, a town of Spain, province and 2 miles N.N.W. of Murcia. Espinha^o, Serra do, sGR'ni do Ss-peen-yi'so, a mountain-chain of Brazil, province of Bahia, extends from near Bahla to the Uruguay. It is rich in diamond-mines. Espinosa de los illonteros, es-pe-no's^ di loce mon-ti'roce, a town of Spain, 52 miles N. of Burgos. Espirito Santo, es-plr'e-to s3,n'to or Ss-pee're-to sS,n'- to, a maritime province of Brazil, between lat, 18° 30' and 21° 20' S., having N. the province of Bahia, and E. the At- lantic. Area, 17,030 square miles. Capital, Victoria. Pop. 82,137. The principal rivers are the Docp, which bounds it on the N., and the Parahiba do Sul, on tne S. Espirito Santo, or Villa Velha d'Espirito Santo, veel'ia. vel'yS, d^s-pee're-to sdn'to, the former capi- tal of the above province, is situated on the S. shore of the Bay of Espirito Santo. Pop. 1000. Espiritu Santo, ^s-plr'e-too s^n'to or ^s-pee're-too sin'to, a village of Spain, in Badajos. 42 miles E. of Llerena. Espiritu Santo, a town of Cuba, near the centre of the island, connected by railway to Remedies. Pop. 7000. Espiritu Santo, the largest and westernmost of the New Hebrides Islands, in the Pacific. Lat. 15° S.; Ion. 167° E. Length, 65 miles; breadth, 20 miles. Espiritu Santo, an island in the Gulf of California, 30 miles N. of La Paz, is 13 miles long by 5 miles wide. Espiritu Santo Bay, Florida. See Tampa Bay. Espiritu Santo, Cape. See Cape Espiritu Santo. Espita, ^s-pee'ta, a town of Yucatan, 30 miles N. of Valladolid. Pop. 3000. Espluga de Francoli, ^s-ploo'gi di fr4n-ko-lee', a town of Spain, 22 miles N.N.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 3471. Esporlas, 5s-pou'Us, a town of Majorca, 8 miles N.W. by N. of Palma. Pop. 1614. Esposeuda, 5s-po-s^n'di, a maritime town of Por- tugal, in Minho, at the mouth of the Cavado, 26 miles N. of Oporto. Pop. 1498. Es'py, a post-village of Columbia co,, Pa., in Scott town- ship, on the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, and on the Lackawanna k Bloomsburg Railroad, 2 miles E. of Bloomsburg. It has 2 churches, a bank, 2 planing-mills, and a manufactory of cement. Boats are built here. Es'pyville, a post-village of Crawford co.. Pa., on the Erie k Pittsburg Railroad, 47 miles S.S.W. of Erie, and 20 miles W. by S, of Meadville. It has 2 or 3 churches, a carriage-shop, a saw-mill, and 3 stores. Pop. about 300. Esqueheries, es^ki^ree', a town of France, in Aisne, 15 miles N.N.W. of A^ervins. Pop. 2149. EsqueNbecq, ^s'kol'bek', a village of France, in Nord, 12 miles by rail S. of Dunkerque. Pop. 1866. Esquermes, es'kaiitm', a village of France, depart- ment of Nord. a suburb of Lille. Pop. 3731. Es^ques'ing, or Stew'art Town, a post-village in Halton CO., Ontario, 1 ^ miles from Georgetown. It con- tains flouring-, saw- and shingle-mills. Pop. 250. Esquibien,es^kee'bee-aNg', a village of France, in Fi- nistere, on the sea, 26 miles W. of Quimper. Pop. 2001. ESQ 724 ESS JBsquiera, Ss-ke-i'ri, a village of Portugal, province of Beira, 22 miles N.E. of Aveiro. Pop. 2900. Bsquimalt, Ss'ke-milt, a seaport of British Columbia, on Vancouver Island, on tlie Strait of Juiin dc Fuca, 65 miles from its entrance, and 3 miles S.W. of Victoria. The harbor of Esquimalt is very extensive, capable of re- ceiving vessels of the largest class, and destined apparently to be, in connection with the Canada Pacific Pi-ailway, the future entrepot of a national commerce. Esqiiimalt is the station of her Majesty's ships on this portion of the Pacific coast. Here are a navy-yard, a hospital, and other neces- sary buildings for the requirements of the squadron. JBsquimaux, ^s'ke-mo or Ss'ke-m6z, sometimes writ- ten Eskimos ("eaters of raw flesh"), the present in- habitants of Arctic America and Greenland, consisting of three principal stocks, — the Kalalits, better known by the name of Grreenlanders ; the Esquimaux proper, on the N. and E. coast of Labrador; and the Western Esquimaux, found along Hudson's Ba}', the W. side of Baffin's Bay, the polar shores of America as far as the mouths of the Copper- mine and Mackenzie Kivers, and both on the American and Asiatic sides of Behring's Strait. This last locality gives them the remarkable peculiarity of being the only aborigi- nal race common to the Old and the New World. Their physical peculiarities are a stunted stature (seldom exceed- ing five feet in height), flattened nose, projecting cheek- bones, thick lips, eyes often oblique, and yellow and brownish skin. The dress of the men consists chiefly of a cloak of seal-skins, which reaches to the knees; and that of the women differs from it only in a few minute points. In summer they live in tents covered with the skins of rein- deer and fallow-deer ; in winter they may be said to burrow beneath the snow. Their chief dependence for food is on fishing, particularly on that of the seal. Their weapons are bows and arrows and sj^ears or lances, generally pointed with stones or bones, but sometimes with copper. Their language consists of long compound words, and has regular though remarkable inflections: in grammatical structure, at least, it is American. In intellect they are by no means deficient, and the success of the Danish missionaries proves their capability of receiving Christianity, understanding its truths, and conforming to its precepts. Esquimaux, es'ke-mo, a group of islands on the E. coast of Labrador. Lat. 54^ 35' N. ; Ion. 56° 21' W. Esquimaux, an island and harbor in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the N. or Labrador coast, near the mouth of Esquimaux Eiver, 30 miles W. of the Strait of Belle Isle. Esquimaux i?oint, a post-village in Saguenay cc, Quebec, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 163 miles from Gaspe Ba^in. Here are extensive fisheries. Pop. 862. Esquimaux (or St. Paul) River, a large stream on the N. shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 30 miles W. of Blanc Sablon. Boats can ascend it for 5 miles. It is navi- gated by canoes for many miles inland, and abounds with salmon. Esquina, Ss^kee'nS,, a town of the Argentine Republic, province of Corrientes, near the Parand, 150 miles abo\e Bajada de Santa Pe. Pop. 1794. Esquipulas, ^s-ke-poo'las. a town of Guatemala, IS miles S. by E. of Chiquimula de la Sierra. Pop. 1800. Esrom, ^s'rom, a lake of Denmark, island of Seeland, 11 miles W. of Elsinore. Area, 8 square miles. Near its N. end is a small village of the same name. Ess, Sss, a cataract of Ireland, c&. of AVicklow, 4| miles ^y. of Glendalough, formed by the Avonbeg Iliver. Esse, Ss^si', a village of France, in lUe-et-Vilaino, 16 miles S.W. of Vitrg. Pop. 1490. Esseck, or Essegg, a town of Austria. See Eszhk. Essen, Ss'sen, a town of Prussia, in the Rhine province, at the junction of several railways, 19 miles N.N.E. of Dus- seldorf. It has extensive manufactures of steel and iron goods, artillery, machinery, fire-arms, steam-engines, vitriol, leather, woollen and linen goods, and coal-mines. It has an old Capuchin convent and a gymnasium, and is the seat of a mining board and a municipal court of justice. Pop. 54,790, or, with close suburbs, 76,450. Essen, a village of Prussia, in Hanover, 13 miles E. N.E. of Osnaburg. Pop. 860. Essen, a village of Oldenburg, 31 miles S.S.AV. of the town of Oldenburg. Pop. 564. Es'seudon, a Tilhige of Bourke eo., Victoria, Aus- tralia, on the Moonee Ponds, 5 miles N.N.W. of Melbourne. Pop., with Eleraington, 2456. Esscquibo, 6s-seh-kce'bo (more properly Esseque- bo, Ss^si-ki'bo), the principal river of British Guiana, in South America, enters the Atlantic in the N.W. part of that colony, by an estuary 20 miles in width, in lat. 7° N., Ion. 68° 40' W., after a course of at least 450 miles. Afflu- ents, the Rupununy, Massaroony, and Cuyuni. It abounds with islands, and in its estuary are three or four of consid- erable size. About 60 miles from its mouth are the Falls of Etabally. Essequibo, the westernmost county of British Guiana, has a sea-front of 120 miles from the river Barima on the W. to Boerasirie Creek on the E. Pop. 35,122. Es'sex, a county of England, having N. the counties of Cambridge and Suffolk, E. the North Sea, S. the Thames, and W. Middlesex and Herts. Area, 1649 square miles. The surface towards the Thames and the sea is fiat, marshy, and much broken into peninsulas and islands ; in the centre and N. it is beautifully diversified and richly wooded. Principal rivers, the Thames, Lea, Stour, Boding, Crouch, Colne, Chelmer, and Blaekwater. The soil is mostly a fer- tile loam. The climate on the coast is damp, and produces agues; in other parts it is clear and healthy, less rain falling than perhaps in any other English county. The farming is ranked among the best in England. The quality of the Essex wheat is very superior. Besides the usual crops, teasels, saffron, caraway, and hops are largely grown. Great numbers of calces are fattened for the London mar- ket, and the butter is of fine quality. The stock of sheep is large. Chief towns, Chelmsford (the capital), Colchester, Maldon, and Harwich. Pop. 406,436. Essex was the name of a kingdom of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy, comprising the county of Essex and parts of the counties of Middle- sex and Hertfordshire. Es'sex, the northeasternmost county of Massachusetts, has an area of abbut 520 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the S.E. by Massachu- setts Bay, and is intersected by the Merrimac and Ipswich Rivers. Its outline is indented by many bays and inlets, which aff'ord good harbors. The surface is uneven, and in some parts is rugged and rocky. Among its forest trees are the ash, white oak, hickory, and elm. The soil produces hay, potatoes, Indian corn, &c. The prosperity of this county is derived chiefly from manufactures of boots and shoes, cotton goods, woollen goods, and various other arti- cles, the value of boots and shoes produced per annum some- times amounting to nearly $30,000,000, and of cotton goods to over §10,000,000. Several quarries of fine granite, or syenite, have been opened in this county. It contains the cities of Salera, Gloucester, Lawrence, Lynn, Haverhill, and Newburyport. Essex co. is traversed by the Boston & Maine Railroad, the Danvers & Newburyport Railroad, the Eastern Railroad, the Salem &, Lowell Railroad, and other short lines. Capitals, Salem, Newburyport, and Lawrence. Valuation of real and personal estate, S214,43S.507. Pop. in 1870, 200,843, of whom 157,065 were Americans j in 1875, 223,342. Essex, a county in the N.E. part of New Jersey, has an area of about 150 square miles. It is bounded on the N., the E., and the W. by the Passaic River, which aft'orda water-power, and on the S.E. by Newark Bay. The surface is partly level, and is diversified by two high ridges, called First and Second Mountains. The soil in some parts is fertile, and produces hay, Indian corn. &c. This county has important manufactures of hats and caps, trunks, jewelry, and other articles. It is intersected by the Morris & Essex Railroad, the Paterson & Newark Railroad, and the New Jersey Railroad. Capital, Newark. Valuation of real and personal estate, $160,269,082. This is the most populous and wealthy county of the state. Pop. in 1870, 143,839, of whom 97,504 were Americans. Essex, a county in the N.E. part of New York, has an area of about ISOO square miles. It is bounded on tlie E. by Lake Champlain, and is drained by the Hudson River, which rises in this county, and by the Au Sable River. The surface is diversified with numerous lakes, extensive forests, and the grand mountain-scenery of the Adirondacks. Near tlie middle of the county rises ^Mount Marcy, which is the highest mountain in the state. The soil is partly fer- tile. Oats, haj', butter, wool, and potatoes are the staple products. This county has abundance of granite, Trenton limestone, and magnetic iron ore, and extensive iron-works. It is intersected V ^^^ New York & Canada Railroad. Capital, Elizabethtown. " Hyiiersthcne," says Emmons, '*is by far the most extensive and important rock in Essex eo." Valuation of real and personal estate. $10,262,516. Pop. in 1870, 29.042, of whom 21.109 were Amcrii-ans: in 1875, 34.474. This county .-'..ntains about lOli lakes, nio.-^tly long and narrow. The uaint's of the largest are Placid, Sehroon, Paradox, and Siwiford. Essex, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Vermont, bordering on Canada, has an area of about 650 square uiilea. ESS 725 EST It is bounded on the E. by the Connecticut River, and is drained by the Clyde, Moose, and Nulhegan Rivers. The surface is mountainous, and mostly covered with forests of sugar-maple and other trees. The soil is not very fertile. Lumber, hay, oats, butter, and potatoes are the staple products of the county, which is intersected by the Grand Trunk Railway. Capital, Gruildball. Valuation of real and personal estate. $4,537,927. Pop. in 1870, 68U, of whom 5412 were Americans. Essex, a county in the E. part of Virginia, has an area of about 270 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Rappahannuck River, which is here navigable. The Burface is partly uneven, and more than one-third of it is covered with forests. The soil is sandy, and produces In- dian corn, wheat, and grass. Capital, Tappahannock. Val- uation of real and personal estate. $2,199,761. Pop. in 1S70, 9927, of whom 9915 were Americans. Essex, a county of Ontario, situated between Lakes St. Clair and Huron. Area, 235 square miles. It is traversed by the Great Western and Canada Southern Railways. Capital, Sandwich. Pop. 32,697. Essex, a post-village of Esse.\ township, Middlesex co., Conn., on the west bank of the Connecticut River, 7 miles from its mouth, and on the Connecticut Valley Railroad, about 30 miles E. of New Haven. It has 5 churches, a national bank, a savings-bank, an academy, and manufac- tures of ivory goods, bone goods, cotton wadding, emery- wheels, &c. Pop. of the township, 1669. It contains a village named Centre Brook. Essex, a township of Kankakee co., 111. Pop. 990. Essex, a township of Stark co., 111. Pop., including that ofWyoming, 1538. Essex, a township of Porter co., Ind. Pop. 228, Essex, a post-village of Page co., Iowa, in Pierce town- ship, on the Nishnabatona River, and on the railroad be- tween Red Oak and Nebraska City, 13 miles S. of Red Oak. It has a bank, 2 drug-stores, and 3 dry-goods stores. Pop. about 300. Essex, a post-village and township of Essex co., Mass., on the sea-coast, 25 miles N.N.E. of Boston, and at the terminus of a branch of the Eastern Railroad. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, and a shoe-factory. The prin- cipal business of Essex is building vessels for the fisheries. Kufus Choate was born here in 1799. Pop. 1713. Essex, a hamlet of Clinton co., Mich., in Essex town- ship, 27 miles N.N.W. of Lansing. Pop, of township, 1513. Essex, a post-village of Stoddard co.. Mo., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad (Cairo division), 30 miles E. of Poplar Bluff. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Essex, a station in Essex co,, N,J., on the Paterson, Newark ' deh to, a lagoon of France, in Herault, separated from the Mediterranean by the nar- row tongue of land on which is the town of Cette, and communicating N.E. with the similar lagoon of Maguelonne. Length, 13 miles; average breadth, 3 miles. It is traversed by the Canal dn Midi, affords an abundance of fish, and is frequented by flocks of aquatic birds. Etang de Valcares, iHON"' d?h v3,rkan', a salt lagoon of South France, in the delta of the Rhone. Etang du Nord, iH6N»' dii non, a post-village in the western extremity of Grindstone Island, one of the Magda- len group, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 120 miles S.E. of Ga^pe Basin. The inhabitants are of French descent. Etaples, or Estaples, i'tip'l' (anc. Stap'nlit?), a seaport town of France, in Pas-de-Calais, on the Canche, near its mouth, 15 miles by rail S. of Boulogne. It has breweries and distilleries, and a trade in salt. Pop. 2741. Etats-Unis, the French for the United States. Etawah, StHi'wi, or Etaweh, ^t"t&'weh, a district of India, division of Agra, in the Doab. Lat. 26° 21'-27° N.; Ion. 78° 46'-79° 47' E. Area, 1691 square miles. Princi- pal towns, Minpooree and Etawah. Etawah, a town of British India, capital of the above district, on the Jumna, 63 miles S.E. of Agra, with remains of former grandeur. Pop. 30,549. Etcheho'ma, a post-oflice of Jasper co.. Miss. Etchemin, St'ch?-min (Fr. pron. ^tcV^h-miiN"'), or Echcmin, a river of Quebec, flowing from a lake of the same name, lat. 46° 21' N., Ion. 70° 37' AV. It falls into the St. Lawrence between 3 and 4 miles above the city of Quebec. Entire length, about 50 miles. Etchen-Chai, the Turkish name of Xanthcs. Etch'etah, a post-office of Custer co., Montana, at the village of Sherman. Etchmiadzin, a town of Armenia. See Echmiedzih. Eted, inW, or Eteta, i'ti'toh', a village of Transyl- vaniii, 25 miles E S.E. of Maros-Vasarholy. Pop. 1470. Eten, A-tSn', a town of Peru, province of Chiclayo, near the sea. Its port, an open roadstead, is the terminus of a railway to Liimbaycque, 28 miles distant. It has an iron uiole 2600 feet long, with steam cranes and launches for unlading ships; also nuichine-shops, foundries, and manu- factories of hats and eigar-boxea. Pop. 3000. Eth'el, a post-hamlet of Hall co., Ga., 6 miles N. of Gainesville. It has a church and an academy. ETII 727 ETO Ethiopia, e-the-o'pe-a (L. jEthw'pia ; Gr. Aii^iojna, Aithiopia)^ the name given by the ancient geographers to the countries S. of Egypt. It was often vaguely applied to the whole southern part of Africa from the Red Sea to the Atlantic, or, to speak more correctly, as far W. as the knowledge of the ancients extended. In its most exact political sense it seems to have denoted the kingdom of Meroe; but. with a wider application, it included also the kingdom of the Axomitje. besides several other tribes, — the Troglodytes and the Ichthyophagi on the Red Sea, and the Blemmyes, Megabari, and Nubte in the interior. The peo- ple of Ethiopia were of Semitic race, and spoke the Greez, a language allied to the Arabic. Their religion appears to have been similar to that of the Egyptians, though free from their grosser superstitions. Some traditions made Meroe the parent of Egyptian civilization, while others ascribed the civilization of Ethiopia to Egyptian coloniza- tion. So great was the power of the Ethiopians tliat more than once in its history Egypt was governed by Ethiopian kings, while the most powerful kings of Egypt do not seem at any time to have acquired a permanent hold upon Ethi- opia. At present the name sometimes designates Abyssinia and its surroundings, and sometimes applies in a vague way to a much larger and indefinite region of Central Africa. -Adj. and inhab. Ethiopian, e-the-o'pe-an. Etive, a lake of Scotland. Sec Loch Etive. Etjou, 5t-yoo', a town of Japan, on the island of Kioo- Sioo.65 miles N.E. of Nagasaki. Etko, St'ko, or At'koo, called also Boheyret At- koo, a lagoon of Lower Egypt, 7 miles S.S.W. of Rosetta, 18 miles in length, and from 3 to 5 miles in breadth. It is separated from the Mediterranean by a narrow sand-bank, on which is the village of Etko, 1-4 miles B. of Abookeer. Et'lah, a post-office and station of Franklin co.. Mo., on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 70 miles W. of St. Louis, and near the Missouri River. Etna, St'na (L. yEt'na; Sicilian, Mongibello, mon-'^e- bSrio; a corruption of the Gibbet Vtiamat, or "mountain of fire," of the Saracens), a volcano in the N.E. of Sicily, near the coast, and within a short distance of Catnnia. The loftiest summit is in lat. 37° 43' 31" N., Ion. 15° E., and is 10,874 feet above sea-level. The base covers nn area of nearly 90 miles in circumference, and is almost encircled by the rivers Alcantara and Griaretta, the sea marking its limits on the E. The dimensions of the crater have been variously stated, the circumference from 2^ miles to 4 miles, and the depth from 600 to 801) feet; but the height of the cone, the diameter of the crater, and its depth, are liable to constant change. Although, when viewed from a distance, Etna presents a very symmetrical cone, it is found, on a nearer approach, to have an exceedingly diversified sur- face and to bo studded on its flanks by numerous minor cones. When viewed from above, these present one of the most striking scenes imaginable, being arranged in beauti- ful picturesque groups and richly clothed with wood, — those in the higher parts with lofty pines, and those at lower elevations with chestnuts, oaks, beech, and holm. The great terminating cone, at the summit of which is the principal crater or opening, which is continually throwing out sul- phurous vapors, rises from an irregular plain 9 miles in circumference and about 1100 feet below the culminating point. The interior of this crater is incrusted with sulphur and salts to the depth of about 100 yards. The bottom of the crater is level and tolerably hard, though, from being composed of loose cindcrSj the feet sink in in some places. About 80 eruptions of Etna are recorded in history ; the more remarkable ones of later periods are those of 1792, ISll, 1819, 1832, 1843, 1865, and 1874, The eruption of 1792 continued for a whole year ; the streams of lava which flowed from the mountain on that occasion were often 30 feet high while in their fluid state. In that of 1S32, numer- ous fiery mouths opened in the sides of the mountain, from which, in the midst of violent explosions and tremendous dis- charges of ashes and cinders, issued a stream of lava 18 miles in length, 1 mile broad, and 30 feet high. In 1669 one of these burning streams of molten matter overtopped the ramparts of Catania, 60 feet in height, and fell in a fiery cascade into the city, a part of which it destroyed ; and the solid lava may still be seen curling over the top of the rampart, like a cascade in the act of falling. At the foot of the crater of Mount Etna, 9652 feet above the sea, is a building, called the English House. This house is covered with snow till the middle of .Tune, and fresh snow falls on it in August. -Adj. Etnean, ^t-nee'an (L. vEtx.e'us). Et'ua, or Etna Mills, a post-village of Siskiyou co., Cal., 97 miles N. of Redding. It has 2 churches and 2 flour-mills. The name of its post-office is Etna Mills. Etna, a post-village of Coles co.. 111., on the Chicago division of the Illinois Central Railroad, 180 miles S. by W. of Chicago. It has 2 churches. Etna, a township of Kosciusko co., Ind. Pop. 1007. It contains Etna Green. Etna, a township of Whitley co., Ind. Pop. 429. It contains the village of Hecla. Etna, a township of Hardin co., Iowa, Pop. 854, ex- clusive of Ackley and Abbott. Etna, a post-village of Penobscot co.. Me., in Etna township, on the Maine Central Railroad, 18 miles W. of Bangor. It has a church. The township has manufactures of carriages and cheese. Pop. of the township, 844. Etna, a post-hamlet of Fillmore co., Minn., about 32 miles S. of Rochester. It has a church. Etna, a post-village of Scotland co,, Mo., about 32 miles W. of Keokuk, Iowa. It has 2 churches, a grist-mil!, and a steam saw-mill. Etna, a post-oftice of Bergen co., N.J. Etna, a post-village of Tompkins co., N.Y., in Dryden township, on Fall Creek, and on the Utica, Ithaca & Elmira Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Ithaca. It has 2 churches, a union school, a foundry, a machine-shop, a planing-mill, and a furniture-factory. Pop. 230. Etna, a post-village of Licking co., 0., in Etna town- ship, 2 miles from Pataskala Station, and 17 miles E. of Columbus. It has 2 churches, a carriage-shop, a broom- factory, &.Q. Pop. 258 ; of the township, 1224. Etna, a post-borough in Shaler township, Alleghany CO., Pa., on the Alleghany River, and on the Western Penn- sylvania Railroad, 2 miles N. of Pittsburg, and 5 miles above Alleghany City. It has 4 churches, a public hall, 5 hotels, a large blast-furnace, a rolUng-mill, and gas-pipe- works, in which natural gas is used as a fuel. Pop. in 1870, 1447; in 1878, about 2400. Etna, a post-office of Decatur co., Tenn. Etna, a post-village of Smith co., Tex., 14 miles N. of Jacksonville Station. It has 3 churches and a stenm mill. Etna, a post-hamlet of Lafayette co., AVis., 3 miles from Benton Station, and about 18 miles E.N.B. of Dubuque, Iowa. It has a flour-mill. Lead is found here in mag- nesian limestone. Pop. 50. Etna Centre, a post-office of Penobscot co.. Me. Etna Fnrnace, a station in Lawrence co., 0., on a branch of the Iron Railroad. 10 miles by rail from Ironton. Etna Green, a post-village of Kosciusko co., Ind., in Etna township, on the Pittsburg, Fort AVayne A Chi- cago Railroad, 50 miles W.N.W. of Fort Wayne. It has 3 churches, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 397. Etna Mills, a post-office of California. See Etna. Etna Mills, a post-office of King William co., Va. Etna Station, in Lawrence co., 0., is on the Iron Railroad, 9 miles N, of Ironton, and at the junction of the branch leading to Ellison., ]fitoile,ii.HwJll', orL'Etoile,li*twil',atownof France, in Drome, 7 miles by rail S. of Valence. Pop. 946. Etolia, a district of Greece. See ^tolia. Etolin Harbor, Alaska. See Fort Whangell. E'ton, a town of England, co. of Bucks, on the right bank of the Thames, opposite Windsor, with which it is connected by a handsome bridge. The town is famous for Its college, founded by King Henry VI. in 1446, and now a favorite seat of preliminary instruction for the sons of the nobility and gentry. Pop. 2806. Etoni'ah, a post-ofiice and settlement of Putnam co., Fla., 20 miles N.W. of Palatka, It has a church. Oranges, lemons, pine-apples, and bananas flourish here. Et'owah (generally called hi'to-wa, and formerly writ- ten Ilightower), a river of Georgia, rises in Lumpkin co,, and runs southwestward through Dawson and pherokee COS. It flows nearly northwestward through Bartow co., and unites with the Oostenaula River at Rome to form the Coosa. Its length is estimated at 150 miles. Gold is found near this river. EtOAVah, a county in the N.E. part of Alabama, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is intersected by the Coosa River, and also drained by Wills Creek. The sur- face is diversified by hills, valleys, and extensive forests ; the soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, cotton, wheat, and pork are the staple products. It is traversed by the Ala- bama & Chattanooga Railroad. Capital, Gadsden. This county was formed in 1866 of parts of Blount, Calhoun, Cherokee, and De Kalb cos. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $1,168,222. Pop. in 1870, 10,109, of whom 10,060 were Americans. Etowah, a station in Bartow co., Ga., on the Western & Atlantic Railroad, 46 miles N.W. of Atlanta. ETR 728 EDG £tretat, iHreh-ti', a village of France, in Seine-Infe- rieure, on the English Channel, 16 miles N.N.E. of Havre. Pop. 1978. fjtruria, e-troo're-i, in ancient times one of the most important countries of Italy, now forms the greater part of Tuscany and a portion of Umbria. The name was restored by Napoleon, who, in 1801, formed of the grand duchy of Tuscany the kingdom of Etruria, which was united to the French Empire in 1807. (See Tuscany.) Adj. and inhab. Ethu'.bian and Etrus'can, Etru'ria, a hamlet of England, co. of Stafford, Ih miles N.E. of Newcastle-under-Lyme. Here were the manufac- tures of Wedgwood, the great improver of English pottery. Etruria, a township of Halifax co., N.C. Pop. 293S. Etsch, the German name of the river Adige. Etsetl, or Ecsed, ^tch'^d', a village of Hungary, co. of Heves, about 6 miles from Gryongyos. Pop. 1900. Etsed, or Ecsed, a village of Hungary, 24 miles W.N.W. of Szathmar-Nemeth, on the Kraszna. Pop. 1300. Etska, a village of Hungary. See Ecska. Et'ta Jane, a post-hamlet of Union co., S.C., 14- miles S. of Gaffney's Station. It has a church and an academy. Et'taville, a post-office of Crawford co., Ga. Ettelbriicic, 3t'tel-bruk\ a villa.ge of Luxemburg, at a railway junction, 3 miles S.W. of Diekirch. Pop. 2879. Etten, et't^n, a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, 6 miles by rail W.S.W. of Breda. Pop. IIUO. Etteiiheiin, 6t't?n-hime\ a town of Baden, 18 miles by rail N. of Freiburg. Pop. 2799. Et'ter, a post-hamlet of Dakota co., Minn., on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Hastings. Pop. about 100. Here are several lakes. Etters, York co., Pa. See Goldsboroogh. Et'tieville, a post-hamlet of Gentry CO., Mo., 20 miles N.W. of Pattonsburg. Ettisweil, 6t'tis-00 feet, while on the S. face of Mount Kosa it rises to 10,000 feet. On the Pyrenees, the snow-line occurs, on the N.and S. sides respectively, at the >- eights of 8300 and 9100 feet. Thus it appears that the line of per- petual congelation falls lower on the Pyrenees than on the Alps, though the latter mountains lie 3° farther north than the former; but this is the inevitable consequence of the vicinity of the ocean, which diminishes the intensity of the summer heat. Zoolofji/. — The zoology of Europe offers little for remark. The reindeer and polar bear are peculiar to the N. In the forests of Poland and Lithuania the urus or bonasus, a species of wild ox, or bison, is occasionally met with. Bears and wolves still inhabit the forests and mountains, but, in general, cultivation and poptilation have expelled wild animals. The domesticated animals are nearly the same throughout. The ass and mule lose their size and beauty N. of the Pyrenees and Alps. A few camels are bred in Italy, in which country also buffaloes are used for draught. The Mediterranean Sea has many species of fish, but no great fishery; the northern seas, on the other hand, are annually filled with countless shoals of a few species, chiefly the herring, mackerel, cod, and salmon. Veijciation. — With respect to the vegetable kingdom, Europe may be conveniently divided into four zones. The first, or northernmost, is that of fir and birch. This may be subdivided into the zones of lichen, birch, and fir. The tundras, or mossy plains of Scandinavia, do not equal in extent those of Eastern Russia. The heights inaccessible to other vegetation, up to the borders of perpetual snow, are occupied by lichens, the most valuable of which are the reindeer moss and the Iceland moss. The birch reaches almost to North Cape ; the fir ceases a degree farther S. The cultivation of grain extends farther in these rude latitudes than might be at fii-st supposed. Barley ripens even under the 70th parallel ; wheat ceases at 64° in Norway, 62° in Sweden. In the country of the Samoieds, in Eastern Rus- sia, the limit of barley is at about 67°. Within this zone, agriculture has little importance, the inhabitants being chiefly occupied with the care of reindeer or cattle, and in fishing. The next zone, which may be called that of the oak and beech and of cereal produce, extends from the limit above mentioned to the 4Sth parallel. Next we find the zone of the chestnut and vine, occupying the space between the 48th parallel and the mountain-chains of Southern Europe. Here the oak still flourishes, but the pine species become rare. Rye, which characterizes the preceding zone, on the continent gives way to wheat, and, in the S., to maize also. The fourth zone, comprehending the southern penin- sulas, is that of the olive and evergreen woods. The orange flourishes in the S. portion, and rice is cultivated in a few spots in Italy and Spain. The deciduous oak here gives place to the evergreen and cork oaks, with edible acorns. The lines which define the region favorable to the growth of each plant generally incline S. towards the E. ; but it is otherwise with the vine, olive, and a few other plants within certain limits. The cultivation of the vine begins on the coast of France in lat. 48°, passes N. of Paris, in lat. 49°, and goes still farther N, in Germany, where it reaches its northern limit; it is still, however, carried on with success on the Volga, in lat. 50°. The following table exhibits the name, area, and popula- tion of each state in Europe: eqnare miles. Pojjnlation. Cermini 187 20S 7Jj 42,727,360 Aiibtio Hunpii-j 1S76 2i7 SSO 35,911,077 Lachtonstein IbTb bb 8,664 bwititil-ind li7b 1d7J2 2,769,972 Nctheilmds IblO 12l)bU 3,924,792 Luxenibuio I'al'i 1 )92 205,158 Enro^eaii Ivu&bia Mth Polmd 167- 2 OU) )40 74,125,833, FiiiUncI 1s7j 144 222 1,912,647' bwudcu lb7t lr7 477 4,484,539 ^on^■^} 1S7t 122 2bO 1,806,900 Deiinml ls7b 14ooJ 1,903,000 1 el„ium 1^70 llo71 5,336,185 Frinct ls7b 197 J40 30,905,788 C 1 eat Brit iin and dependencies lb78 121773 31,806,396 laiLe l'-76 514 10,600 IcUiud 1'576 39 64J 71,300 bp7ti 114 296 26,801,164 JmopeanTuikey ncludingE Eoumelia 7obJl 8,025,000 Koum mia 187>i 49 202 Ib7b7 5,376,000 Sema 1870 1,338,505 Montenegro 37 8 311,000 GiLcte lb70 19 i,2 1,457,894 Bulgaria 3oOUO 2,500,000 Malta lb7J 98 145,599 Elhnoijra]}hy and Language. — Europe is ocoiipied by many different races, eitlier distinct or very remotely connected. Most of tliese nations belong linguistically, if not by pure descent, to the great Indo-European or Aryan stoclt, of which the principal European "branches (as commonly reo Agnized) are the Celtic, Teutonic, Slavic, and Grseco- Latin: but in the N. and E. of Europe are numerous peoples who belong to the North Asiatic or Ugrian-Mon- golian stem. The Celts once possessed the W. of Europe, from the Alps to the British Islands. The only remnant of the Western Celtic language, at the present day, is the Gaelic, or Erse, spoken in some districts of Ireland, the Scotch Highlands, the Isle of Man, and the Hebrides. The Cymric Celts are represented by the Welsh and Bretons, who still use their EUR 734 EVA ancient speech. In Northeastern Sp^Lin and Southwestern France are found the Basques. Their language, the Es- kuara, has no discoverable affinity with any other; and the Basques are believed to be the only European race (except the Jews) who are neither of the Indo-European nor the Ugrian-Mongolian stock. Next to the Celtic comes the Teutonic race, to whioh belong the Germans, Scandina- vians, Dutch, Frisians, Flemish, and English. To the E., in general, of the Teutonic race, though sometimes mixed with it, come the Slavic peoples, to whom belong the Poles, Bohemians, Servians, Croatians, Slovaks, Sloventzi, and Russians. The Wends, formerly a powerful nation on the S, shores of the Baltic, but now absorbed in the German name, were of this race. Among the Slavonians the great mass of the people were serfs, and subject to harsh treatment. Hence their national name (Slave), which means "free," has become, in West Europe and America, the designation of one deprived of liberty. Slavic literature (except the old church writings and the vast body of traditional and ballad literature) is of modern date. In the S. and S.E. of Europe are the descendants of the peoples who anciently spoke Greek and Latin, which latter absorbed the Etruscan and other languages of ancient Italy. Greek was the language not merely of the Grecian Peninsula, but of all the islands and Asiatic shores of the ^gean Sea; it was this language — rich, vigorous, and singularly perspicuous — that first gave expression to that pure taste and manly conception which now form the distinction of Europe. Modern Greek is spoken within a limited range, and differs from the ancient tongue, chiefly, in having lost many grammatical inflex- ions. The Roumanians and Macedo-Wallachians are allied, at least in language, to the Latin races, among whom are classed the Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, and even the French. The Albanians, on the W. side of the Grecian Peninsula, are probably sprung from the Indo-European stem. The language of the gypsies has copious East-In- diun elements. The Lettish tribes, now much reduced, are generally regarded as remotely allied to the Slavic races. The Finnish race includes the Finns proper, to whom are allied in language, if not in descent, the Lapps; also the Karelians, Samoieds, Esthonians, Bashkeers, and countless other tribes, mostly North-Asiatic. The Magyars and Szeklers employ a language clearly allied to the above and less clearly to the Turkish and the Tartar tongues of Southern Russia. The Semitic race is represented by the Jews, and through the Arabic conquest has left its impress in the Spanish Peninsula. The Maltese language is based upon a corrupt form of Arabic. The nationalities above enumerated, with others, are found in some countries very distinctly separated, as in Austro-Hungary. But in many portions of Europe the people are of mixed race. In parts of Germany the peasantry are Slavic in blood but German in language; and in large tracts of Russia the people are Finns Russianized in language and religion. The literary cultivation of Europe, considered in the aggregate, and apart from the separate national literature of which it is composed, took its inceptive growth from an- cient Greece. In poetry, history, and speculative philoso- phy the Greeks excelled in their time ; but their original and peculiar merit was that of laying the foundations of exact science and rearing the enduring edifice of human knowledge. It was fortunate that Christianity, while spreading W.. raised in general consideration the two lan- guages which contained the seeds of civilization. When the Arabs, having overrun with great rapidity the N. of Africa and part of Spain, laid aside their arms and turned to cultivate the arts of peace, they created, in the latter country particularly, a literature which was remarkable for its extreme copiousness. The history of modern Europe starts from Rome, as its literature from Greece. In the early years of the Christian era the Romans subdued all Western and Northern Europe, as far as the Baltic. The Roman power was favorable to civi- lization; it increased the measure of general liberty, pro- moted intercoursein various ways, especially by the construc- tion of good roads on a great scale, and perfected the civil law. As the Roman Empire declined, the Germanic and Eiistern hordes swept over Europe, and would apparently have overthrown civilization itself, but for the work of the Christian church, which gave to the barbaric races (who almost everywhere became Christianized) some measure of civilization and restraint. With these people rose into voguo the feudal system, which made the tenure of land depend on the condition of military service. But tlie feudal system, as a military organization, proved a failure ; it created turbulent vassals, and not trained soldiers, and after experiencing, in the sixteenth century, the great superiority of the Ottoman troops in the field, European nations adopted the system of standing armies. This change, however, was unfavorable to liberty, to morals, and to public economy; and the gradual discovery of the immense power connected with a well-trained standing army prompted inordinate ambition. Hence the wars and revolutions of the last and present centuries. The extinction of ancient European dynasties, however, will hereafter be thought a matter of little importance, compared with the colonization which now proceeds from the western part of Europe over the whole earth, carrying with it cultivated languages, ripe literature, useful arts, enlightened sentiments, and Christian philan- thropy. Adj. and inhab. European, yu-ro-pee'an. JEuro'tas, now called Vasilee- (Vasiliko-, v^-sil'- e-ko, or Basili-, va'se-lee) Potamo, vi'se-lee-pot-5,- mo', a river of Greece, in the Morea, and the principal stream of ancient Laconia, falls into the Gulf of Kolo- kythia. Length, 60 miles. flurytania, yu-re-ta-nee'a or ev-re-ti\,-nee'^, a district or eparchy of Greece, nome of jEtolia and Acarnania (the name was anciently applied to the northernmost part of ^tolia). Its capital is Karpenisi. Pop. 33,018. £use, a town of France. See Eauze. £uskircheii9 ois'keenK'en, a town of Rhenish Prus- sia, at a railway junction, 20 miles S.W. of Cologne. It has mines of iron, lead, and lignite, arid manufactories of wool- lens and potash. Pop. 5489. Kustis, yus'tis, a post-township of Franklin co.. Me., on Dead River, 45 miles N.W. of North Anson. It has sev- eral lumber-mills. Pop. 342. SutaWy yu'taw, a post-village, capital of Greene co., Ala., on the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad. 35 miles S.W. of Tuscaloosa, and about 68 miles W.N.W. of Sclma. It contains a court-house, 6 churches, and a newspaper oftice. Pop, estimated at 1000. £iitaw Indians. See Utah Indians. £utaw Springs, a small affluent of the Santee River, in South Carolina. Near it, in Charleston co., 60 miles N.W. of Charleston, was fought a bloody battle in 1781. £utin, oi-teen', a town of Germany, in Oldenburg, cap- ital of the principality of Lubeck, in a detached territory enclosed by Holstein, at a railway junction, 18 miles N. of Lubeck. Pop. 3200. It has a ducal palace on an island in an adjacent lake. JCutingen, oi'ting-en, a village of Baden, near Pforz- heim, on the Enz. Pop. 1286. Eutiiigen, a village of Wiirtemberg, in the Black Forest, 3 miles N.E. of Horb. Pop. 1082. £uxine Sea. See Black Sea. £uxiniis Pontus, an ancient name of the Biack Sha. Kvangeline, e-van'j?l-een, a township of Charlevoix CO., Mich., on an arm of Lake Michigan. Pop. 190. JBvan'gelist Islands, or Four Svan'gelists, a group of rocky islets of South America, off the W, coast of Patagonia, lat. {southernmost) 52° 24' S., Ion. 75° 7' AV., consisting of four principal islets and some detached rocks and breakers. They form an excellent leading-mark for the W. entrance of the Strait of Magellan. £v'ans, a post-village, capital of Weld co., Colorado, on the South Fork of the Platte River, and on the Denver Pacific Railroad, 48 miles N.N.E of Denver, and 4 miles S. of Greeley. It has a new court-house, a bank, 3 churches, 3 hotels, and a flour-mill. One weekly newspaper is pub- lished here. Pop. about 1000. £vans9 a post-office and station in Evans township, Marshall co., 111., on the Ciiicago & Alton Railroad, 15 miles W. of Streator, and 14 miles E. of Lacon. The township contains the village of Wenona and a pop. of 1989. £vans, a station in Eureka co., Nevada, on the Eureka & Palisade Railroad, 12 miles S. of Palisade. £vans9 or £vans Centre, a post-village of Erie co., N.Y., in Evans township, and near the Lake Shore & Mich- igan Southern Railroad, 20 miles S.S.W. of Buffalo, and U miles from Lake Erie. It has 2 churches, a tannery, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 150. Hero is Evans Post-Office. The township contains larger villages, named Angola and North Evans, and has 8 churches, and manu- factures of cheese, flour, Ac. Pop. of the townsiiip, 2780. Evans Bridge, a station on the branch railroad from Mcadville, Pa., to Oil City. 14 miles S.E. of Meadville. £v'ans1)urg, a post-hamlet of Coshocton co., 0., 1 mile from Oxford Railroad Station, and about 30 miles N.E. of Zanesville. It has a ohuroh. Bvansburg, a post-borough of Crawford co.. Pa., on Conneaut Lake, about 10 miles W.S.W. of Meadville. It is 2i miles N. of Evansburg Station. It has an iicadeu\v, 3 churches, and a lumber-mill. Pop. 174. EVA 135; EVE £vansbuTg9 a village of Montgomery go., Pa., in Lower Providence township, i mile from CoUegevillo Railroad Station. It has 2 churches and a steam-tannery. Evansburg Station, in Crawford co., Pa., is on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 14 miles by rail W. of Meadvillo. Here is Stony Point Post-Office. £vaus Land'lug, a post-office of Harrison co., Ind., on the Ohio River, d miles from West Point, Ky. Evans' Mill, a post-office of Whitley co., Ky. Evans' Mills, a station in Escambia co., Ala., on the Mobile & Montgomery Railroad, 53 miles N.E. of Mobile. Evans' Mills, a post-village of Jefferson co., N.Y., in Le Ray township, on Pleasant Creek, and on the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, 11 miles N.E. of Wat- ertown. It has several churches, mills, and stores, and manufactures of cheese-boxes, ale, beer, and flour. P. 500. Ev'ansport, a post-village of Defiance co., 0., on Bean Creek, about 50 miles W.S.W. of Toledo, and U miles N. of Defiance. It has 2 churches and a union school. P. 191. Ev'anston, a handsome post-village of Cook co., 111., on Lake Michigan, 12 miles N. of Chicago, and in a small township of its own name. It is on the Milwaukee divis- ion of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, and contains 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 2 banks, a number of fine residences, the G-arrett Biblical Institute, and the Evanston College for Ladies, which was founded in 1S71, It is also the seat of the Northwestern University (Methodist), which was founded in 1854. This institution has a library of 22,000 volumes. Evanston has gas-works and Holly water- works. Pop. of the township, 3062. Evanston, a post-village, capital of Uintah co., Wy- oming, on Bear River, and on the Union Pacific Railroad, 76 miles E. of Ogden, and about 75 miles N.E. of Salt Lake City. Elevation, 6S70 feet. It contains 3 churches, sev- eral hotels, a savings-bank, 2 other banks, several lumber- mills, and machine-shops of the railroad company. A tri- weekly newspaper is published here. About 1 mile from the town there is one of the largest coal-beds in the West, from 22 feet to 32 feet in thickness, from which nearly 400 tons of good coal are mined daily; and iron ore is found with or under the coal. Pop. about 2400. Ev'ansville, a post-village of Washington eo.. Ark., about 33 miles N. of Fort Smith. It has a church, a grist- mill, and a saw-mill. Evansville, a post-village of Randolph eo., 111., on the Kaskaskia River, 32 miles S. of Belleville. It has 2 churches, a flouring-raill, and a broom-factory. Pop. 250. Evansville, a city and port of entry of Indiana, the capital of Vanderburg co., is situated on a high bank of the Ohio River, about 19U miles below Louisville, and 190 miles above Cairo. It is on the St. Louis & Southeastern Rail- road (which here crosses the river by a ferry-boat), 162 miles E.S.E. of St. Louis, and is the south terminus of the Evansville & Terre Haute Railroad, which connects here with the Lake Erie, Evansville & Southwestern Railroad, 109 miles S. of Terre Ilaute. The course of the river is here so remarkably sinuous that Evansville, though upon its bank, is near the centre of the county. The city contains about 50 churches, a city hall, 5 national banks, a savings- bank, a high school, a handsome court-house, an opera-house, a custom-house, 8 public halls, a United States marine hos- pital, and printing-offices which issue 5 daily and 5 weekly newspapers ; 2 of the dailies are in the German language. Its prosperity is chiefly derived from trade, and extensive manufactures of furniture, engines and boilers, machinery, stoves and heaters, flour, leather, saddlery and harness, cotton goods, lumber, tobacco, farming-implements, Ac, the aggregate value of which is about $5,000,000 per annum. Evansville has 12 fiouring-mills, 6 breweries, 7 iron-foun- dries, 4 machine-shops, a rolUng-mill, 2 woollen-mills, a large cotton-factory (400 hands), and several planing-mills and saw-mills. It is favorably situated for manufactures, being surrounded by extensive beds of coal, which is abun- dant and cheap. It is said to be the largest shipping-point for corn, wheat, and pork on the Ohio River between its mouth and Cincinnati. It is the centre of a great tobacco- producing section, and has a large trade in that staple. A new building has recently been erected here for the custom- house and post-office, which cost $250,000. Here is the Willard Library and Art Gallery, endowed with $500,000. Evansville is lighted with gas, and supplied with water by the Holly system. Pop. in 1860, 11,484; in 1870, 21,830; present pop, about 40,000. Evansville, a post-village of Douglas co., Minn., in Evansville township, about 18 miles N.W. of Alexandria. It has a church. The surrounding country is diversified with lakes, prairies, and groves. Pop. of township, 269. Evansville^ a post-hamlet of Monroe co.. Mo., on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, 8 miles E. of Moberly. Evansville, a hamlet of Ulster co., N.Y., 5 miles S. of Ellen ville. Evansville, a station in Berks co., Pa., on the Berks & Lehigh Railroad, 11 miles N. of Reading. Evansville, a post-village of Columbia co., Pa., in Brier Creek township, 4 miles N. of Berwick. It has a church and a manufactory of threshing-machines. Evansville, a post-hamlet of Orleans co., Vt., 4 miles E. of Barton Landing. It has a manufactory of whetstones and one of lumber. Evansville, a post-village of Preston eo., W. Va., 5 miles S. of Newburg Railroad Station, and about 70 miles S.E. of Wheeling. It has 2 churches. Evansville, a post-village of Rock co., Wis., in Union township, on the Chicago lamborough West. See West Flamborofgh. Flan'agan's Mills, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co., Va., on Wills River, about 50 miles W. of Richmond. It has a flour-mill. Flanders, flan'derz (L. Flcm'drki; Sp. Flandes, flin'- dSs; It. Finudra, fe-in'dra.; Fr. Fhmdre, flftNd'r ; Ger. Flandeni, fldn'd^rn ; Dutch, Vlaanderen, vl^n'd^r-en), a former country or district of Europe, now included in the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. It stretched from the Scheldt, below Fort Lillo, W. along the Hondor West Scheldt, and W.S.W. along the German Ocean, to the entrance of the Straits of Dover, near Gravelines. The name occurs for the first time in the seventh century'. The erection of the territory into a county took place in the ninth century, and was made by Philip the Bold, King of France, in favor of his son-in-law, Baldwin of the Iron Arm. It after- wards passed to the united houses of Spain and Austria, and ultimately to the latter, but underwent considerable curtailment by the conquests of the French in the W., when part of it became French Flanders and is now included in the departments of Nord and Ardennes, and the conquests of the Dutch in the N., who succeeded in including the most northerly portion of it in the province of Zealand. The remainder still retains its ancient name, and forms the provinces of East and West Flanders, in Belgium. Adj. Flkm'ish j inhab. Flem'ing. {The French of both is Fla- mand, fli^miNo'.) See East Flanbers and West Flanders. Flanders, or French Flanders (Fr. F/andre, flftNd'r), an old province of France, of which the capital was Lille. It is now in the departments of Nord and Ar- dennes. Flan'ders, a post-village in Mount Olive township, Morris co., N. J., on the Central or High Bridge Railroad, in a beautiful valley, 17 miles N.E. of High Bridge, and about 12 miles W.N.W. of Morristown. It has 2 churches, 3 flouring-mills, '6 saw-mills, an academy, and a chalyb- eate spring. Pop. about 500. Flanders, a post-village of Suffolk co., N.Y., in South- ampton township, on Peconic Bay, 3 miles S.E. of River- head. It has 2 churches. Pop. 100. Flandreau, tian'dro, a post-village, capital of Moody CO., Dakota, on the Big Sioux River, about 110 miles N.N.E. of Yankton. It is 40 miles N. of Sioux Falls. It has 4 chnrehos ami a Imnk. Flandrc OroidiMitale. See West Flanders. Flandrc OriciituU^ See East Flandkrs. Flanigan"s, (hit;nio. See McGillivray. Flan'nen or Flan'nan Isles (written also Fan- nan), or the "Seven Hunters," a group of islets of the Hebrides, Scotland, 20 miles W. of Lewis. They are not inhabited, but feed numerous sheep, and are a great resort of sea-fowl. FLA 769 FLA Flat, Pike co., 0. See California. Flat Bay, a hamlet on the French shore, Newfound- land, at the head of St. George's Bay, 8 miles from Sandy Point. Pop. 150. Flat Bow River. See Kootenay Rivek. Flat Branch, a township of Shelby co., 111. Pop. 989. Flat Branch, a post-office of Forsyth co., N.C. Flat Brook, a post-hamlet of Columbia co., N.Y., in Canaan township, on the Boston & Albany Railroad, about 14 miles S.W. of Pittsfleld, Mass. Flat'broolcville, a post-hamlet of Sussex co., N.J., on the Delaware River, 13 miles above the Water Gap, It has a church. Pop. about 100. Flat'bush, a post-village of Kings co., N.Y., in Flat- bush township, 3 or 4 miles S.S.E. of Brooklyn. It contains 5 churches, the Erasmus Hall Academy, an almshouse, a lunatic asylum, and a newspaper office. The township eon- tains also a village named Parkville. Prospect Park of Brooklyn is contiguous to Flatbush. Pop. of the township, 496S. Flat Creek, Monroe co., Ala., runs southwestward, and enters the Alabama River 4 miles above Claiborne, Flat Creek, Twiggs co., Ga., flows into the Oomulgee River. Flat Creek, in the S.E. part of Virginia, flows through Amelia co. into the Appomattox River. Flat Creek, a post-office of Winn parish. La. Flat Creek, apost-offiee of Barry co.. Mo., 16 miles E. of Cassville. Pop. of Flat Creek township, 1571. Flat Creek, a township of Pettis co.. Mo. Pop. 1651. Flat Creek, a township of Stone co.. Mo. Pop. 595. Flat Creek, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., N.Y., 4 miles S. of Spraker's Station. It has a church, a cheese- factory, and a saw-mill. Flat Creek, township. Buncombe co., N.C, P. 1168. Flat Creek, township, Lancaster co., S.C. P. 2088. Flat Creek, a post-village of Bedford co., Tenn., 7 miles S.E. of Shelbyville. It has 3 churches and an .academy. Flat Fork, a post-office of Roane co., W. Va. Flat Gap, a post-hamlet of Johnson co., Ky., 25 miles S. of Willard. It has 2 churches and an academy. Flat Gap, a post-hamlct of JeflTerson co,, Tenn., 5 miles S.E. of New Market. It has 2 churches. Flat'head, Sailish, or Selish (sA'lish) In'dians, a tribe dwelling in Idaho, in the vicinity of Clarke's River and the adjacent portion of the Columbia. Their name is derived from a custom, said to have been formerly prevalent among them, of flattening the heads of their children, when very young, by artilieial means. This practice still obtains among several other tribes, to whom the name of Flatheads is not usually given. These tribes occupied the territory on both sides of the Columbia River for a consid- erable distance from its mouth. They are commonly of diminutive stature, and badly made, with wide mouths and thick lips, the nose thick, and the nostrils large. The flat- tening of the head is accomplished by subjecting the skull of the infant to constant and severe mechanical pressure during the first six or eight months of its life. It does not appear that this operation has any effect in diminishing the capacity of the cranium or the whole volume of brain. Flat'head ILake, or Se'lish Lake, is in Missoula CO., Montana. It is about 30 miles long and 12 or 14 miles wide. Gold is found in the vicinity of this lake. The out- let of it is Flathead River, which issues from the southern end, runs southwestward, and enters the Bitter Root or Clarke's River. Flathead Pass, Montana, is a depression in the Gal- latin Range of mountains, and is a great thoroughfare for the Flathead and Bannaek Indians, The elevation of this pass above the level of the sea is 6769 feet. It is 15 miles from Union Pass. Flathead River. See Claeke's River. Flat-Holmes, an islet of England, in the Bristol Channel, co. of Somerset, N. of Steep-Holmes, and 8 miles S.S.E. of Cardiff. It is about 1^ miles in circumference, and has a light-house, in lat. 51° 22' 36" N., Ion. 3° 7' 3" W. Flat Island, a small island of the Mergui Archipelago, Bay of Bengal. Flat Island, a small island in the Gulf of St. Law- rence, off Point Peter, district of GaspS. Flat Islands, two islets off the W. coast of Sumatra, in lat. 2° 20' N., Ion. 96° 3' E. Flat Islands, a group of islands on the W. side of Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland, 7 miles from Barrow Har- bor. Pop. 250. Flat Islands, a group on the W. side of Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, 15 miles from Burin. Pop. 306. 49 Flat'kill Creek, in the N. part of New Jersey, rises in Sussex CO., and enters the Delaware on the boundary between that county and Warren. Flat'lands, a post-township of Kings eo., N.Y., about 5 miles S.S.E. of Brooklyn. It is bounded on the E. by Jamaica Bay of the Atlantic Ocean. It has 4 churches, and eontnins Canarsie Village. Pop. 2654. Flat Lick, a township of Johnson co.. III. Pop. 1180. Flat Lick, a post-hamlet of Knox co., Ky., 8 miles W.N.W. of Pineville, It has a church, 3 stores, and 12 dwellings. Flat Mountain, AVyoming, is in the S. part of the National Park of the Yellowstone, about a mile S. of Y'cl- lowstone Lake. It has an altitude of 9704 feet above the sea-level, and is about 2300 feet higher than the lake. It is composed chiefly of trachyte, and is of volcanic origin. Flato'nia, a post-village of Fayette co., Tex., on the Galveston, Harrisburgi San Antonio Railroad, 37 miles W. of Columbus. It has 2 churches, a private bank, and an academy. Pop. about 800, Flatow, fli'tov (Pol, Zloioioo, zlo-to'vo, or Cdotomo, tchlo-to'vo), a town of Germany, in West Prussia, 26 miles by rail N.E. of Schneidemiihl. Pop. 3317. It has manu- factures of cloth and lace. Flat Point is the S. extremity of the island of Su- matra, and a headland on the S. coast of Borneo. Flat Ridge, a post-office of Guernsey co., 0. Flat Ridge, a post-office of Grayson co., Va. Flat River, Michigan, drains part of Montcalm eo., runs southwestward through Ionia eo., and enters Grand River at Lowell, in Kent co. Flat River, North Carolina, rises in Person co., runs in a S.S.E. direction, and enters the Neuse River on the N. border of Wake co. Flat River, a post-hamlet of Orange co., N.C, about 30 miles N.W. of Raleigh. It has 3 churches, and manu- factures of tobacco. Flat River, a township of Person co., N.C. Pop. 968. Flat River, or Gascoigne (gis'koin') Cove, a post-village in Queens eo., Prince Edward Island, 30 miles S.E. of Charlottetown. Pop. 250. Flat Rock, a post-hamlet of Clay co., Ala., about 90 miles N.N.E. of Montgomery. Flat Rock, a hamlet of De Kalb co., Ga,, on South River, 7 miles S,W. of Lithonia Station, and 12 miles S.E, of Atlantn.. It has a church and a cotton-factory. Flat Rock, a post-office of Pike eo., Ga. Flat Rock, a post-hamlet of Crawford eo., 111., on the Paris, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, 22 miles N.N,W, of Vineennes, Ind, It has a church. Flat Rock, a township of Bartholomew co., Ind., traversed by the railroad between Columbus and Shelby- ville. Pop. 1543. Flat Rock, a post-hamlet of Shelby co., Ind,, near Flat Rock Creek, on the railroad between Columbus and Shelbyville, 1 3 miles N.N,E. of Columbus. It has a church. Flat Rock, a post-office of Neosho co., Kansas, 9 miles N. of Osage Mission. Flat Rock, a post-office of Pulaski co., Ky. Flat Rock, a post-village of Wayne co., Mich., in Brownstown township, on the Huron River, and on the Chi- cago & Canada Southern Railroad, 24 miles S.S.W. of De- troit. It has 3 churches, 2 carriage-shops, 2 flour-mills, a graded school, and manufactures of shoes, heading, staves, &c. Pop. about 700. Flat Rock, a post-village of Henderson co., N.C, about 100 miles W. of Charlotte. It has a church. Flat Rock, a township of Henry Co., 0., on the Mau- mee River. Pop. 1184. Flat Rock, a post-village of Seneca co., 0., in Thomp- son township, 3 miles S.W. of Bellcvue, and about 20 miles E.N-.E. of Tiffin. It has 2 churches .and a union school. Flat Rock, a post-township of Kershaw co., S.C, 18 miles N. of Camden. It has 3 churches. Pop. 3755, Flat Rock, a post-office of Lewis co., Tenn. Flat Rock, a post-office of Powhatan co., Va. Flat Rock, a post-office of Mason co., Vf. Va. Flat Rock, a hamlet of Newfoundland, on the north shore of Conception Bay, 2 miles from Carbonear. P. 120. Flat Rock, a fishing hamlet of Newfoundland, on the sea-coast, 12 miles N. of St. John's. Pop. 300. Flat Rock Creek, Indiana, rises in Henry co., runs southwestward through the cos. of Rush and Shelby, and enters the East Fork of White River at Columbus. It is nearly 100 miles long, and affords abundant water-power. Flat Shoal, a post-oflice of Surry co., N.C. Flat Shoals, a post-hamlet of Meriwether CO., Ga., on FLA 770 FLE Flint River, 21 miles S.W. of Griffin. It has 2 churches, a woollen-factory, a flouring-mill, and a saw-mill. The river here affords abundant water-power. Flattery, Cape. See Cape Flatteuy. Flat'tery Cape, a cape of Eastern Australia, in lat. 14° 62' S., Ion. 145° 2' 21" E. Flat Top, a post-office of Mercer co., W. Va. Flat'wood, a post-office of Phelps co.. Mo. Flatwoods, a post-hamlet of Fayette co., Pa., about 10 miles E. of Brownsville. It has a church. Flat Woods, a post-hamlet of Wayne co., Tenn., on Buffalo River, 45 miles S.W. of Columbia. It has a church. Flat Woods, a post-office of Scott co., Va. Flat Woods, a post-haralet of Braxton co., W. Va., 65 miles S. by W. of Clarksburg. Flatwoods Academy, a post-office of Elbert co., Ga. Flavacourt, fliH-i^kooE', a town of Fr.ance, in Oise, 3 miles N.W. of Chaumont. Pop. 904. Flavia Csesariensis, the ancient name of Mekcia. Flavias, a supposed ancient name of Favaios. Flavigny, flaVeen'yee', a town of France, in Cote-d'Or, 27 miles N.W. of Dijon. Pop. 11.36. Flavionaria, the Latin name of Aviles. Flavium Brigaiitiiim, ancient name of Betanzos. Flavy-le-Martel, fliVee'-leh-maR"tel', a village of France, Aisne, 9 miles S.S.W. of Saint-Quentin. P. 1542. Flaiv'renceville(Oak Grove Post-Office), a village of Prince George's CO., Md., 14 miles from Brick Church Sta- tion. It has .3 churches. Flawyl, fli'\Vee], a town of Switzerland, canton and 15 miles by rail W. of St. Gall. It has important manufactures of lace and muslin. Pop. 3105. Flayosc, fli^osk', a village of France, in Var, 4 miles W. of Dr.aguignan. Pop. 1963. Flea Hill, township, Cumberland co., N.C. Pop. 1899. Fleche, La, a town of France. See La Fleche. Fleckeroe, Mk'^r-'o'^h, an island off the S. coast of Norway, 3 miles S. of Christiansand, with a good harbor. Fleet, a small river of Scotland, issuing from a lake of the same name, and flowing S.S.E. into Wigtown Bay. Fleet is also the name of a small river of England, an affluent of the Trent, oo. of Notts ; and of ancient Fleta, which bounded the Roman city of London on the W. and is now a covered sewer called Fleet-ditch. Fleet'ville, a post-hamlet of Lackawanna co.. Pa., in Benton township, about 15 miles N. of Soranton. It has 2 churches. Pop. 100. Fleet'wood, a seaport and watering-place of England, CO. of Lancaster, on the Wyre, at the entrance of More- cambe Bay, IS miles N.W. of Preston by railway. The town has a church and a hotel, market-house, custom-house, light-house, and docks. Several steamers ply between it and Ireland and Scotland. Pop. 4428. Fleet'wood, a post-village of Berks co.. Pa., in Rich- mond township, on the East Pennsylvania Railroad, 11 miles N.E. of Reading. It has 1 or 2 foundries, a grist-mill, sev- eral hotels, and 3 churches. Flehiiigen, fli'hing-en, a village of Baden, 5 miles from Bretten. Pop. 10S2. Flekkefiord, or FlekUeQord, flSk'k9h-fe-ond\ a town of Norway, 65 miles W. of Christiansand, on an inlet of the North Sea. Pop. SSO. Flem'ing, a county in the N.E. part of Kentucky, h,as an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Licking River, and is drained by Fleming and Fox Creeks. The surface is partly undulating and partly hilly, and extensively covered with forests; the soil is cal- careous and fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, pork, and tobacco are the staple products. Limestone underlies a part of this county, which has also a deposit of iron fulgurites. It is intersected by the Maysville & Lexington Railroad. Capital, Flemingsburg. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,.345,280. Pop. in 1S70, 13,398, of whom 13,147 were Americans. Fleming, a station in Tuscaloosa co., Ala., on the Ala- bama & Chattanooga Railroad, 12 miles E. of Tuscaloosa. Fleming, a post-village of Liberty co., Ga., on the At- lantic & Gulf Railroad, 24 miles S.W. of Savannah. It has a church. Fleming, a post-hamlet of Livingston co., Mich., on the Detroit, Lansing & Lake Michigan Railroad, 57 miles W.N.W. of Detroit. Fleming, a post-village of Cayuga co., N.Y., in Fleming township, 5 miles S. of Auburn. It has 2 churches. The township is bounded on the E. by Owaseo Lake, and inter- sected by the Southern Central Railroad. Pop. of the town- ship, 1262. Fleming, a post-office of Washington co., 0., on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 11 miles W.S.W. of Marietta. Fleming, Centre co.. Pa. See Uniontille. Flem'ingsburg, a post-village, capital of Fleming co., Ky., is on the Covington, Flemingsburg & Pound Gap Rail- road, about 20 miles S. of Maysville, 55 miles N.E. of Lex- ington, and 4 miles S. of Johnson's Station of the Maysville & Lexington Railroad. It contains 7 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a money-order post-office, the Flemingsburg Collce, and 2 or 3 banks. Pop. 426. Flem'ingsville, a post-village of Tioga co., N.Y., in Owego township, on the Southern Central Railroad, 4 or 5 miles N. of Owego. It has a church. Pop. 91. Flem'ington, a post-village of Marion co., Fla., about 16 miles S. of Gainesville. Flemington, a post-village, capital of Hunterdon co., N.J., in Raritan township, 20 miles direct (28 miles by railroad) N. by AV. of Trenton. It is the N. terminus of a railroad which connects it with Lambertville, and the South Branch of the Central Railroad extends from this place 16 miles to Somerville. Flemington contains a court-house, 5 churches, 2 nation.al ba.nks, 2 superior hotels, a pottery, a steam flour-mill, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 1412. Flemington, a post-village of Columbus co., N.C, on the A?ilmington, Columbia &, Augusta Railroad, 36 miles W. of Wilmington. It has 2 churches and a factory for cypress staves. Pop. about 250. Flemington, a former post-village of Clinton co.. Pn., on the Bald Eagle Valley Railroad, 2 miles W. of Lock Haven, is now the 5th ward of that city. It contains 2 large saw-mills, a flour-mill, a machine-shop, and a church. Flemington Post-Offiee and Station remain here. Flemington, a post-village of Taylor co., W. Va., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Grafton. Here is the West Virginia College (Free-Will Baptist). Flemington Junction, a station near Flemington, N.J., on the Lehigh Valley Railroad where it crosses the South Branch Railroad, 26 miles S.E. of Phillipsburg. Flem'ingville, a post-hamlet of Linn eo., Iowa, S miles E. of Centre Point. Flem'mings, a post-hamlet of Catawba co., N.C, in Mountain Creek township, 12 miles S.W. of Statesville. Flensburg, fltos'booKG (Danish, Flensborg, flSns'borc ; L. Fleiwp'oUs), a town of Prussia., in Sleswick, at the W. end of Flensburg-Fiord, an inlet about 20 miles long by from 2 to 10 miles broad, with from 6 to 12 fathoms of water, 20 miles by rail N.N.W. of Sleswick. Lat. 64° 46' 54" N. ; ion. 9° 26' 12" E. It is well built, and has several handsome streets and squares, a high school, a hospital, a penitentiary, and several charitable institutions. The in- dustry of the place comprises sugar-refining, tobacco-spin- ning, soap-m.aking, iron-founding, brewing, distilling, »fcc. ; and it has several ship-yards. Flensburg is an ancient town, and the most populous in Sleswick. As early as the twelfth century it was a wealthy place. Pop. 26,474. Flers, flaia, a town of France, in Orne, at a railway junc- tion, 13 miles N.N.E. of Donifront. It has manufactures of linen and cotton goods. Pop. 8571. Flesh'erton, or Arteme'sia, a post-village in Grey CO., Onta.rio, on a branch of the Beaver River, and on the Toronto, Grey & Bruce Railway, 86^ miles N.W. of Toronto. It has several stores, a carding-, a saw-, and a grist-mill. Pop. 360. Flesselles, flfe^s^ll', a village of France, in Somme, 7 miles N. of Amiens. Pop. 1661. Flessingue, the French name of Flushing. Fletch'all, a township of Worth eo., Mo. Pop. 682. Fletch'er, a post-village of Miami co., 0., in Brown township, on the railroad between Piqua and Urbana, 7 miles E. of Piqua, and 10 miles S. of Sidney. It has 3 churches. Pop. 306. Fletcher, a post-township of Franklin oo., Vt., 22 miles N.E. of Burlington, is bounded on the S. by the Lamoille River. Pop. 865. Fletcher Station is on the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad, 30 miles E. of Lake Champlain. Fleurance, fluhVAsss', a town of France, in Gers, 16 miles by rail N. of Auch. Pop. 3737. Fleurbaiv, flun'bi', a village of France, in Pas-de- Calais, 5 miles by rail S.W. of Armentieres. ]?op. 388. Fleurier, fluh're-i', a village of Switzerland, canton and 18 miles S.W. of Neufchatel. Pop. 3051. Fleurs Castle, Hoori kas'sel (rhyming with moorz), the seat of the Duke of Roxburgh, in Scotland, co. of Rox- burgh, on the Tweed, 1 mile above Kelso. If is a superb mansion, built by Vanbrugh in 17IS. Fleurus, fluh^riice', a village of Belgium, in Ilainaut, in a wide plain, 7 miles by rail N.E. of Charleroi. Pop. FLE 771 FLO 3600. Sanguinary battles took place in its vicinity in 1622, 1670, 179i, and 1815. Fleury, fluhM-ee', a village of Prance, in Aude, 7 miles N.B. of Narbonne. Pop. 1675. Fleury, a village of France, in Yonne, 6i miles N.W. of Auxerre. Pop. 1395. Fleury-sur-Aiidelle, fluhVee'-siiB-ftN»"d51l', a vil- lage of France, in Eure, 9 miles N.N.W. of Les Andelys. Fleury-sur-Loire, 6uh'ree'-siiR-lwaR, a village of France, on the Loire, 20 miles E.S.E. of Orleans. Pop. 461. Flevus Lacus, the Latin name of Zuydeb Zee. Flieden, flee'den, a village of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, 9 miles S.W. of Fuida, on the Flieden. Pop. 1615. Flij, a town of Spain. See Fnx. Fliins, Aims, a village of Switzerland, canton of Gri- sons, 11 miles W. of Chur, 2700 feet above sea-level. P. 749. Flin'ders, a group of four islands off the N.E. coastof Australia, near Cape Flinders, at the mouth of Bathurst Bay. Lat. 14° 11' 5" S.; Ion. 144° 12' 5" E. Flinders, a bay of Western Australia, co. of Sussex, between Cape Leeuwin and Cape Beaufort. Lat. 34° 20' S. Flinders, a river of Northern Australia, flowing into the Gulf of Carpentaria. Flin'ders' J^and is a name formerly given to the coast of Southern Australia, between Ion. 127° and 140° E., discovered by Flinders in 1802. Flinders' Range, in Southern Australia, is a moun- tain-system, extending, with its ramifications, N.N.E. from about lat. 32° S., Ion. 138° E., through the peninsula sur- rounded by Lake Torrens. Mount Serle, its chief summit, is in lat. 30° 30' S., Ion. 138° 40' E. Flines-les-Mortagne, fleen-Ii-monHin', a village of France, on the Scheldt, 7 miles S.S.E. of Tournay. Pop. 1872. Flines-les-Raches,fleen-U-r3,sh, a village of France, in Nord, 3 miles N.E. of Douai. Pop. 4046. Flings'ville, a post-hamlet of Grant co., Ky., 3 miles from Crittenden Station. It has a church, Flinn, a township of Lawrence CO., Ind. Pop. 967. It contains the village of Leesville. Flinn's Mill, a post-office of Hale co., Ala. Flinsberg, flins'bSise, a village of Prussian Silesia, 40 miles S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Queiss. Pop. 1760. It has mineral springs and baths. Flint, or Flint'shire, a county of Wales, having N. the Irish Sea, E. the Dee, and S. and W. Denbighshire. Area, 264 square miles, it being the least of the Welsh counties. Surface level in the N. ; elsewhere, finely diver- sified, and a mountain-range runs parallel with the Dee throughout the county. Chief rivers, the Dee and Clwyd. The soil is extremely fertile in the plains and vales. Prin- cipal agricultural products, wheat and cattle of a small but excellent breed, with cheese and butter. Its lead-mines are now the most extensive in the empire : those of copper are also valuable, and coal, near the Dee, is plentifully obtained for smelting-works and for export. Chief towns, Flint, Mold, St. Asaph, Holywell, Rhuddlan, and Hawarden. The county sends one member to the House of Commons, and one is returned for its boroughs. Pop. 76,312. Flint, a seaport of Wales, capital of the co. of Flint, on the estuary of the Dee, 12* miles by rail N.W. of Chester. It is surrounded by ancient intrenchments, has the ruins of a castle of great strength, a county jail and guild hall, considerable exports of coal and lead from the large mines in the vicinity, and imports of timber, Ac. Its wharves are approached by vessels of 300 tons at all stages of the tide. Pop. 4269. Flint, a station in Morgan co., Ala., on the South & North Alabama Railroad, 6 miles S. of Decatur, Ala. Flint, a township of Pike co., 111., 24 miles W. of Jack- sonville, is bounded E. by the Illinois River. Pop. 403. Flint, a post-village of Steuben co., Ind., 8 miles W. of Angola, and about 44 miles N. of Fort Wayne. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Flint, a post-office of Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory. Flint, a post-office or hamlet of Mahaska co., Iowa, about 11 miles N. by W. of Oskaloosa. Flint, a flourishing city and the capital of Genesee co., Mich., is situated on the Flint River, and on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, 34 miles S.S.E. of East Saginaw, 64 miles N.N.W. of Detroit, and 6fi miles W. of Port Huron. The Chicago & Lake Huron Railroad connects this place with Port Huron. Flint contains a court-house, a city hall, 8 churches, 2 national banks, a high school, a savings-bank, 9 saw-mills, a paper-mill, 3 breweries, 2 flouring-mills, 3 brick-yards, a stave-factory, manufactures of machinery, sash, doors, blinds, furniture, carriages, &c., and the state institution for the deaf, dumb, and blind, which is a large and ornamental edifice. The high-school building cost $160,000. Five weekly newsp.apers are published here. Large quan- tities of lumber are exported from Flint. Pop. 8197. Flint, a township of Genesee co., Mich., is adjacent to the city of Flint. Pop. 1244. Flint, Ontario co.. New York. See Flint Creek. Flint, a post-village of Franklin co., 0., in Sharon township, on the railroad between Columbus and G.alion (at Westerville Station), 11 miles N. of Columbus. It has 2 churches. Flint Creek, Indiana, a small stream flowing into the Wabash near the N. extremity of Fountain co. Flint Creek, Iowa, runs S.E. through Des Moines co., and enters the Mississippi 1 mile above Burlington. Flint Creek, New York, intersects Yates co., runs nearly northward in Ontario co., and enters the Canandaigua Outlet about 4 miles E. of Clifton Springs. Flint Creek, a post-office of Harrison co., Miss. Flint Creek, a post-village of Ontario co., N.Y., in Seneca township, on the Ontario Southern Railroad (at Flint Station), 3 miles N. of Stanley, and about 6 miles W. of Geneva. It has about 20 houses and a manufactory of heading and hubs. Flint Hill, a post-office of Clay co., Ala., 18 miles S. of Oxford. Flint Hill, a hamlet of St. Charles co.. Mo., about 44 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis. Flint Hill, a post-office of Medina co., Tex. Flint Hill, a post-village of Rappahannock co., Va., 13 miles S.S.E. of Front Royal. It has 3 churches. Flint Island, Meade co., Ky. See Coscoriua. Flint'on, a post-village in Addington co., Ontario, on the Scootamatta River, 42 miles N.N.E. from Belleville. Pop. 100. Flint Ridge, a post-hamlet of Greenwood co., Kansas, 22 miles N.E. of El Dorado. Flint Ridge, a post-office of Lancaster co., S.C. Flint River, Alabama, runs southward through Madi- son CO., and enters the Tennessee River about 15 miles S. of Huntsville. It is nearly 75 miles long. Flint River, Georgia, rises about 10 miles S. of At- lanta, and runs nearly southward to Talbot co., and south- eastward to Macon co., which it intersects. It flows south- ward to Alb.any, forming the eastern boundary of Sumter and Lee cos., and below Albany it pursues a southwestward course until it unites with the Chattahoochee River at the S.W. extremity of Georgia,' to form the Appalachicola. The length of the Flint is estimated at 400 miles. Steamboats can ascend it to Alb.any, nearly 150 miles. Flint River, Michigan, is formed by two branches, which rise in Lapeer co. and unite in the same. It runs southwestward to the city of Flint, below which it flows northwestward to the middle of Saginaw co. and unites with the Shiawassee to form the Saginaw River. Its length, including one branch, is about 140 miles. Flint River, township, Des Moines co., Iowa. P. 1342. Flint River Factory, a post-office of Dpson co., Ga. Flint Rock, a post-office of Travis co., Tex. Flintshire, a county of North Af ales. See Flint. Flint's JUills, a post-office of Washington co., 0. Flint Stone, a post-hamlet and summer resort of Al- leghany CO., Md., 12 miles E.N.E. of Cumberland. It has 3 churches and a steam tannery. Flint'ville, a post-village of Lincoln co., Tenn., at Cunningham, a station on the Winchester <1 Alab£ima Rail- road, li miles S.E. of Fayettevillo. It has 2 churches and a distillery. Flintville, a post-hamlet of Brown co.. Wis., on the Suaraico River, 9 miles N.W. of Fort Howard. It has 2 stores. There are several lumber-mills in the vicinity. Flint'y Branch, a post-office of Mitchell co., N.C. Flip'pin, a post-village of Monroe co., K,y., about 20 miles S. of Glasgow. It has several churches, 2 stores, &a. Flip'po's, a post-office of Caroline co., Va. Flisk, a small river of Ireland, which flows into the Lake of Killarney. Flitsch, flitch, or Pless, plSss, a market-town of the Tyrol, 60 miles by r.ail N.N.W. of Triest. on the Isonzo. Pop. 1463. Near it is the Flitscher-Klausc (flitch'er- klow'zeh), a pass cut across the Julian Alps in 1809. Flix, or Fly, flecH, a town of Spain, 40 miles W. of Tarr.agona, on a peninsula of the Ebro. Pop. 2435. It has manufactures of linens. Flixecourt, fleex^kooR', a village of France, in Somme, 15 miles N.W. of Amiens. Pop. 1803. Flobecq, flo'bSk', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 22 FLO 7 miles N.E. of Tournay. Pop. 5250. It has extensive man- ufactures of linens. Flock'ton, a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, 7 miles E.S.E. of Huddersfield. Pop. 1116. Flod'da, or Flad'da,an islet of the Hebrides, off the N.W, point of Rasay Island. Flod'den, a hill of Enghmd, co. of Northumberland, 8 miles N.N.W. of Wooler. Around its base was fought, September 9, 151.3, between the English and Scotch, the battle of Flodden Field, described in the last canto of Scott's "Marmion." A pillar has been erected on the spot to commemorate this action. Flogny, flon'yee', a village of Prance, in Yonne, 18 miles N.W. of Auxerre. Pop. 404. Floh, flo, a village of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, about 25 miles E.N.E. of Fulda, on the Nesselwasser. Pop. 1001. Flonheini, flon'hime, a town of Germany, in Hesse, 17 miles by rail S.S.W. of Mentz. Pop. 1721. Flood, a township of Darlington co., S.C. Pop. 862. Flood'wood, a post-village of Athens co., 0., on the Hocking Valley Railroad, 10 miles N.W. of Athens. Coal is mined here. Flo'ra, a post-office of Bullock co., Ala. Flora, a township of Boone co., 111. Pop. 1273. Flora, a post-village of Clay co., 111., in Harter town- ship, on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad where it crosses the Springfield division of that railroad, 95 miles E. of St. Louis, Mo., and 108 miles S.S.E. of Springfield. It has a national bank, a savings-bank, 6 churches, a newspaper office, 2 flouring-mills, 2 chair-factories, &c. Pop. 1^39. Flora, a post-village of Carroll co., Ind., in Monroe township, on the Logansport, Crawfordsville & Southwestern Railroad, 19 miles S.S.W. of Logansport. " It has a church, a carriage-shop, and 5 stores. Pop. 300. Flora, a town of Renville co., Minn. Pop. 437. Flora, a post-village in Waterloo co., Ontario, 16 miles N. of Berlin. It has a grist- and saw-mill. Pop. 100. Florae, flo'rak', a town of France, in Lozere, 24 miles S.B. of Mcnde, on the Tarnon. Pop. 173S. Flora Dale, a post-hamlet of Adams co., Pa., in Mcn- allen township, about 40 miles S.W. of Harrisburg, It has a Friends' meeting. Flora Falls, in the township of Stony Point, Rock- land CO., N.Y., is a beautiful cascade on Flora Creek, which has worn a remarkable chasm in the sandstone at this place. Flo'ral, a post-office or hamlet of Cowley co., Kansas, about 10 miles N.E. of Winfield. Flo'vaville, a post-hamlet -of St. Clair co.. 111., 11 or 12 miles S.S.W. of Belleville. It has a church, Flo'raville, a hamlet of Bergen co., N.J., near the Hudson River, and i mile E. of Walton Station of the Northern Railroad. Floravis'ta, a post-office of Taos co., New Mexico. Flor'ence (It. Fh-enze, fe-rgn'zi, or Fhrenza, fe-o-r^n'- zk; Fr. Florence, floH-ftNss' ; Ger. Fl-oreuz, ^o-r&nts' ; anc. Floren'tia Tttsco'rum), a celebrated city of Tuscany, and the former capital of Italy, at the terminus of railways con- necting it with Prato and Pistoja, with Arezzo and Rome, and with Leghorn, Pisa, and Sienna, 143 miles N.W. of Rome, and 50 miles E.N.E. of Leghorn. Lat. (cathedral) 43° 46' 36" N.; Ion. 11° 15' 30" E. It is intersected by the Arno, which divides it into two unequal parts (the larger being on the N. side of the river), and is crossed by bridges, one of which, the Ponte della Santa Trinita, is of marble, is remarkable for its lightness and elegance, and is adorned with statues. On either side of the Arno is a spacious quay, called the Lungo TArno, or Lung' Arno (" along the Arno"), a favorite lounge or promenade of the Florentines. The site of the old walls has been converted into spacious streets and promenades, and the town has pushed out far beyond its old limits, but the old town gates remain. The older streets are generally narrow, but are clean and well paved with flagstones. The private dwellings are mostly handsome, and the palaces, of which there are a great many, are noble and impressive struc- tures. Many of these are magnificently fitted up, and con- tain extensive libraries and valuable collections of paint- ings, one of the choicest in Italy being in the Pitti Palace, formerly the residence of Luca Pitti, the formidable oppo- nent of the Medici family. The city contains numerous piazzas or squares, the most important of which, and the centre of public life, is the Piazza della Signoria, adorned with a marble fountain and a bronze statue of Cosmo I., by John of Bologna. Several of the other squares are of considerable size. The most remarkable building in Florence, and perhaps the most remarkable of the kind in Europe, is the Duomo, 2 FLO or cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, situated in a spaeioug square, nearly in the centre of the city. It is a stupen- dous edifice, with a dome, the largest in the world, and said to have excited the admiration and emulation of Michael Angelo. Opposite the gates of the cathedral is the small octagonal church of St. John (San Giovanni), now used as a general baptistery for the city, and the three bronze gates of which are celebrated as the most beautiful castings extant. None of the other churches, the number of which is said to be 170, exhibit any remarkable architectural excellence, though in many instances their internal decorations are imposing. The two market-places, the Mercato Yecchio and the Mercato Nuovo, are deserving of notice : the gallery (loggia) of the latter was built by Cosmo I., from designs by Tasso. These markets are amply supplied with mer- chandise and provisions of all sorts, and with a profusion of the most gorgeous flowers. Immediately behind and extending S.W. from the Palazzo Pitti are the Boboli gar- dens, about li miles in circumference. Magnificent lau- rels, cypresses, yuccas, &c., form their chief natural attrac- tions; their artificial ornaments consist of terraces, statues, and vases. The proudest boast of Florence, however, is its grand gallery. It occupies the upper story of a fine build- ing, called the Uffizi, erected by command of Cosmo I., after a design by Vasari. In this gallery are contained speci- mens of painting and statuary by the greatest masters. The Laurentian Library, a long and lofty gallery, with beautiful windows of stained glass, contains upwards of 130,000 volumes and 9000 ancient MSS., equalled in im- portance by no collection, except the Vatican. The Maglia- becchian Library is the great repository of printed books. The library called the Biblioteca Marucelliana comprises a large and excellent collection. The Biblioteca Riccardiana is a fourth public library, founded in the end of the six- teenth century by Riccardo Romolo Riccardi, and has been purchased by the government. The private libraries are numerous and extensive. The national library has 280,000 volumes and 14,000 MSS. The charitable institutions of this superb city of palaces are many and important; some of them are of very ancient date; one, called the Buon- uomini (good men) di San Martino, has been in existence for 400 years. It consists of a society of gentlemen, who collect and distribute alms among the poor who are ashamed to beg. Another, which has existed for 500 j'ears, called the Misericordia, is diffused over Tuscany. Schools and other literary and educational establishments are also numerous. The manufactures of Florence have greatly fallen off, but still silk-worms are reared to a considerable extent, and woollens, silk, straw hats, porcelain, mosaics, and pietra dura are manufjictured, as also numerous objects in the fine arts; but the chief dependence of the city is on the visits and temporary residence of foreigners. The character of the climate, which is in general fine, though somewhat foggy in autumn, the cheapness and abundance of provi- sions, and the beauty of the city itself, as well as that of its delightful vicinity, studded with villas, country-houses, and gardens, render Florence one of the most desirable places of residence in Italy. It is an archbishop's see. Florence holds a conspicuous place in the history of modern Italy. It owes its origin to a colony of Roman soldiers sent thither by Octavianus after the victory of Perugia, to whom he allotted part of the territory of the colony of Fiesole, established about 40 years before b}' Sylla. Christianity was established here in the third century, and early in the fourth a bishop of Florence attended a coun- cil at Rome. In the beginning of the twelfth century the city had risen into importance through the industry of its inhabitants, who had now commercial establishments in the Levant, France, and other parts of Europe, and had become money-changers, money-lenders, jewellers, and goldsmiths. Towards the end of the fourteenth century the wealthy family of the Albizzi became chief rulers in Florence. These again were overthrown in 1434 by Cosmo de' Medici, a popular citizen and princely merchant, who assumed the first place in the state. On the fall of the republic, in the sixteenth century, a member of a lateral brunch of the Medici, the line of Cosmo having become extinct, was made Duke of Florence by Charles V. The Medici con- tinued to rule till the year 1737, when, becoming extinct, they were succeeded by Francis of Lorraine, iifterwards Emperor of Germany. Florence was the capital of Tus- cany until 1859, and the capital of Italy from 1860 to 1871. Pop. 167,093. Adj. and inhab. Florentine, flor'- ^n-tlno (It. FiORKNTiNO, fe-o-r5n-tee'no). Florence, a fertile and woU-oultivated province of Italy, in Tusonny, traversed by the Apennines and the Arno. Area, 2203 square miles. Capital, Florence. Pop. 766,824. FLO 773 FLO Flor'ence, a post-village, capital of Lauderdale co., Ala., on the north bank of the Tennessee River (here crossed by a bridge), at the head of steamboat navigation, and at the lower end of the Muscle Shoals, about 70 miles W. of Huntsville. A branch railroad nearly 5 miles long connects Florence with Tuscumbia, a station on the Mem- phis & Charleston Railroad. It has a normal college, 5 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and a seminary for girls, called Florence Synodical College. Pop. 2003. There are 3 cotton-factories in the vicinity. Florence, a post-village, capital of Pinal co., Arizona, on the Gila River, 235 miles from its mouth, and 75 miles N.N.W. of Tucson. It has a United States land-office, a money-order post-office, 2 churches, a smelting-furnace for silver, and a newspaper office. Here is an ancient ruin called Casa Grande. Pop. 21S. Florence, a post-office of Drew co., Ark. Florence, a post-village of Los Angeles co., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad, fi miles S. of the city of Los Angeles, and at the junction of the Wilmington and San Diego divisions of that road. It has a church. Florence, a post-hamlet of Fremont co.. Col., on the Arkansas River, and on the Denver & Rio Grande Rail- road (at Labran Station), S or 9 miles E. of Cafion City. It has 2 churches. It- is surrounded by large beds of coal. Florence, a post-village of Stewart co., Ga,, on the Chattahoochee River, about 32 miles S. of Columbus. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 100. Florence, a post-office and mining-camp of Idaho co., Idaho, is about IfiO miles N. of Boise City, near the Salmon River Mountains, at an elevation of 11,100 feet. Gold is found here. Florence, a post-hamlet of Pike co.. 111., on the Illi- nois River, about 24 miles W.S.W. of Jacksonville. Florence, a township of Stephenson co., III. Pop. 1185. It contains Florence Station. Florence, a township of Will co., lU. Pop. 875. Florence, a post-village of Switzerland co., Ind., in York township, on the Ohio River, 60 miles below Cincin- nati, and about 28 miles above Madison. It has a church, a flouring-mill, and a barrel -factory. Florence, a post-village of Benton co., Iowa, in Flor- ence township, near Prairie Creek, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 15 miles W.S.W. of Cedar Rapids. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and a grist-mill. Large quantities of grain and stock are shipped here. The name of its station is Norway. Pop. 313; of the township, 1161. Florence, a post-village of Marion co., Kansas, in Doyle township, on Cottonwood Creek, and on the Atchison, TopeUa & Santa Fe Railroad, at the junction of a railroad extending to El Dorado, 45 miles W.S.W. of Emporia, and 29 miles E.N.E. of Newton. It has a bank, a church, and a flour-mill. Florence, a post-village of Boone co., Ky., on the Cin- cinnati Southern Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Cincinnati. It has 5 churches, and manufactures of carriages, ploughs, eigars, &c. Pop. 374. Florence, a post-office of Howard co., Md. Florence, a post-village of Hampshire co., Mass., on Mill River, and on the New llaven & Northampton Railroad, 3 miles N.W. of Northampton, with which it is connected by street-railway, and about 20 miles N. by W. from Spring- field, It has 3 churches, a savings-bank, and manufactui-es of sewing-machines, sewing-silk, tacks, and a great variety of other goods. Florence, a post-township of St. Joseph co., Mich., about 30 miles S. of Kalamazoo, is drained by the St. Joseph River. It has 2 churches. Pop. 915. Florence Station is on the Kalamazoo division of tihe Michigan Southern Rail- road, 29 miles S. of Kalamazoo. Florence, a township of Goodhue co., Minn., bounded N.E. by Lake Pepin. Pop, 951. Florence, a post-hamlet of Morgan co.. Mo., about 15 miles S.E, of Sedalia. It has 2 churches and a pottery. Florence, a post-village of Douglas co.. Neb., on the Missouri River, and on the Omaha & Northwestern Railroad, 6 miles by rail N. of Omaha. It has a church. Florence, a post-village in Florence township, Bur- lington CO., N.J., on the Delaware River, and on the Camden & Amboy Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Bordentown, and 24 miles E.N.E. of Philadelphia. It has 3 churches, an iron- foundry, and pipe-works. Florence, a post-village of Oneida co., N,Y,, in Flor- ence township, 8 miles N. of Camden, and about 36 miles N.N.E. of Syracuse. It contains 3 churches, 3 saw-mills, and a flour-mill. Pop. of the township, 2192. Florence, a post-village of Erie co., 0., in Florence township, about 20 miles S.E. of Sandusky City, and 6 miles from Lake Erie. It has a high school, a cheese-factory, nnd several churches. The township contains a village named Birmingham, has 4 churches, and a pop. of 1341. Florence, a station in Madison co., 0,, on the Little Miami Railroad, 16 miles W.S.W. of Columbus. Florence, or West Florence, a post-hamlet of Preble co., 0., on the Cincinnati, Richmond & Chicago Riiil- road, 10 miles E.S.E. of Richmond, Ind. The name of its post-office is West Florence. Florence, a township of Williams co., 0., on the In- diana line. Pop. 1678. Florence, a post-village of Washington co.. Pa., in Hanover township, 24 miles W. by S. of Pittsburg. It has 2 churches. Florence, a post- village of Darlington co., S.C, on the Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, at the N, ter- minus of the Northeastern Railroad, which connects here with the Cheraw A Darlington Railroad, 102 miles N. of Charleston, and 81 miles E.N.E. of Columbia. It has 7 churches, a hotel, a machine-shop, and a newspaper office. Florence, a post-village of Williamson co., Tex., about 44 miles N. of Austin. It has 3 churches, an academy, and a flour-mill. Florence, a post-hamlet of Randolph co., W. Va., 65 miles S. of Clarksburg. Flor'ence, or Victo'ria (also called Zone Mills), a post-village in Lambton co., Ontario, on the East Branch of Sydenham River, 16 miles W. of Newbury. It has sev- eral stores, grist-, shingle-, and carding-mills, and potash-, soap-, and other factories. Pop. 350. Florence Station, a post-hamlet of Stephenson co., 111., in Florence township, on the Western Union Railroad, 8 miles S.W. of Freeport. Florence Station, a post-office of McCracken co., Ky., on the Paducah & Memphis Railroad, 9 miles S. of Pad u cab. Florence Station, a post-hamlet of Rutherford co., Tenn., on the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, 26 miles S.E. of Nashville. Cotton and grain are shipped here. The battle of Stone's River was fought nearly 2 miles from this station, December 31, 1862- January 2, 1863. Flor'enceville, a post-office of Upson co., Ga. Florenceville, a post-office of Howard co., Iowa. Flor'enceville, a post-village in Carleton co., New Brunswick, on the river St. John, 20 miles N. of AVood- stock. Pop. 350. Florenceville East, a post-village in Carleton co., New Brunswick, on the New Brunswick Railway, and on the river St. John, opposite Florenceville. Pop. 180. Florensac, floH-6N'^'sak', a town of France, in Herault, 26 miles S.W. of Montpellier. Pop. 3833. Florentia, or Florentia Tuscorum. See Flor- ence. Florentia, the ancient name of Fiorenzuolo. Florenz, the German name of Florence. Flores, flo'rfis,Floris, flo'ris, Ende,5n'di, Mand- lirei, mAnd-fee'ri, or Maugarai, an island of the Malay Archipelago, and the largest of the chain that extends from Java to Timor, mostly between lat. 8° and 9° S. and Ion. 120° and 123° E. Length, from W. to E., about 200 miles ; average breadth, 35 miles. Surface hilly, and on its S. side are several lofty volcanic peaks. Cotton of good staple is raised, but the chief exports are sandal-wood, bees-wax, horses, and dycwoods. The native inhabitants are a dark curly-halred race, who occupy all the islands hence E. to Timor Laut, in Ion, 131° E. ; on the coast are several colo- nies of Malays and Boogis, which latter possess the valuable port of Ende, on the S. coast. At its E. extremity is La- rantuca, a Portuguese station. The Strait of Flores, on the E., separates this island from Solor and Adenara. Flores, flo'rfis, the most W. of the Azores. Lat. 39° 25' N.; Ion. 31° 12' W. Surface mountainous, but fertile; shores steep. The products comprise wheat, rye, yams, fruits, cedar-wood, archil, and manufactured woollen stuffs. Principal towns, Santa Cruz and Lagens. Pop. 10,508. Flores, Argentine Republic. See Carmen de las Flores. Flores, flo'rSs, an island of the Plata estuary, 22 miles E. of Montevideo. Lat. 34° 56' S. : Ion, 55° 55' W. Flores, flo'r^s, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, off the W. coast of Vancouver Island. Lat. 49° 20' N. ; Ion. 126° 10' W. It is 15 miles long. Flores, flo'rfis, a town of Brazil, province and 280 miles N.E. of Goyaz, near the Parang. Pop. 2400. Flores Head, or Iron Cape, the most N.E. point of Flores Island. Lat. S° 1' S.; Ion. 122° 50' E. FLO 774 FLO Flores Sea^ that part of the South Pacific Ocean lying N. of the island of Flores, and S. of the island of Celebes, extending from N. to S. upwards of three degrees of latitude. It is interspersed with numerous islets and coral reefs. Flo'resville, a post-village, capital of Wilson co., Tex., on or near the San Antonio River, 30 miles S.E. of San Antonio, and about 95 miles S. by W. of Austin. It has a church and several stores. Pop. about 1200. Flo'reyville, a post-hamlet of Kooks co., Kansas, 30 miles N. of Hays City. It has a church. Floreyville, or Rosedale, a post-village, capital of Bolivar co., Miss., on the Mississippi River, 2 miles from Riverton Station. It has a printing-office and 2 churches. Rosedale is the post-office name. Florian, floH-e-an', orrioriaiia,flo-re-^'n3L, a suburb of La Valetta, in Malta. Here are the residences of many English families, with Protestant burial-grounds, barracks,a botanic garden, and a house of industry for female children. Flor'id, a post-village of Putnam co., 111., in Henne- pin township, 7 miles S.E. of Bureau Junction. It has 2 churches and a nursery. Florida, flor'§-da (Sp. pron. flo-ree'DS), the southeast- ernmost state of the American Union, consisting mainly of ft peninsula, which, with the opposite peninsula of Yucatan ftnd the intervening W. portion of the island of Cuba, forms the eastern barrier of the Gulf of Mexico, converting that body of water into the Mediterranean of the New World. The state is bounded N. by Alabama and Georgia, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by the Straits of Bimini and the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by the Gulf of Mexico and Alabama. Area, 59,268 square miles. Its extreme limits are in lat. 24° 3t)' and 31° N. and 79° 48' and 87° 3S' W. (Greenwich). Its southern keys or islets are the southernmost points within the limits of the United States. Face of the Country, — The whole peninsula (275 miles long and 90 miles in average breadth) is low, having few hills which attain the height of 200 feet above sea-level. The surface is considerably diversified by low elevations, and everywhere forest trees abound, except in portions of the Everglades and upon the sandy keys ofi" the coast. There are innumerable lakes, of which the largest is the shallow Okeechobee in the S. Swamps and marshes are numerous. Of these we may notice the Everglades in the S., covering more than two million acres, the Kissimee and Cypress swamps, N. of Lake Okeechobee, and the Okefinokee swamp, which is mostly in the state of Georgia, but extends south- ward into this state for a considerable distance. Springs are abundant, and often discharge copious supplies of water, and in many cases the waters have saline and other mineral constituents which impart valuable sanative quali- ties. It is believed that the fables once current in Spanish and Indian legends regarding the Fountain of Youth had reference to some one or more of these medicinal springs. There are numerous rivers, several of which (the St. John's, the Ocklawaha, the Appalaehicola, the St. Mary's, Ac.) are navigated by steamers. The scenery on the St. John's is remarkably beautiful. The coast-line extends nearly 1200 miles. There are numerous bays, sounds, and lagoons, particularly along the Gulf coast; and they are generally shut in from the sea by keys and low spits composed of sand, broken coral, and shells. A few of the southern keys are covered with hard, rocky knolls. Many are grassy or clothed with a jungle of shrubs and trees which are AVest Indian rather than continental in character; and some of the keys have a good soil. The principal harbors and ports are Fer- nandina, Jacksonville on the St. John's, and St. Augustine, on the B. coast; Key West, in the S. ; Charlotte Harbor, Tampa Bay, Cedar Keys, St. Mark's, Punta Rassa, Appa- laehicola, and Pensacola, on the Gulf side. Geology and Minerals. — Except a long narrow strip of the tertiary extending along the northern boundary, Florida is entirely of post-tertiary origin, and is mainly based upon coral-beds, which, according to Agassiz, have gradually ex- tended southward, during a period of not less than 50,000 years, and have not yet finished their growth, the southern keys enclosing a shallow sound which seems destined to be changed to a marshy everglade and ultimately to become dry land. The principal mineral products of the state are shell and coral limestone ; coqm'nn, a useful shell-conglom- erate employed as a building-material; clay suitable for making pottery and bricks ; and a peaty material which is abundant in the swamps and low hammocks, but is not utilized for any industrial purpose. Bog-iron ore is reported to exist in the interior. Animal Life. — Florida is a great resort for tho hunter and fisherman. Among the game animals are deer, a small variety of the black bear, tho raccoon, and the opossum. Alligators abound in lakes and streams, and a true crocodile is said to exist in the south. The manatee, or sea-cow, a large Sirenian, which formerly browsed in great numbers along the shores, is now not common. Wild turkeys are abundant, and waterfowl and other game birds are extremely plentiful in the more remote sections of the state. Many birds seldom seen elsewhere in the United States make this state their resort. Among the valuable food fishes are shad, black and other bass, aheepshead, mullet, grouper, &c. The green turtle is often taken among the keys. Sharks of large size haunt the shores. Rattlesnakes and other dangerous serpents are common, and in the marshy region the insect tribes are at certain seasons very annoying. In the south- ern sounds the taking of sponges is an important industry. Much of the wild land is well adapted to pasturage. Soil, Vegetation, Agriculture. — All qualities of soil are found, from the pine barrens, which produce little besides lumber and forest products, to the fertile hammock lands, some of which are as productive as any soil in the world. When ditched and drained, the swamp lands are often very valuable. Next in value are the " low hammock" lands, which are highly prized and very prolific. The great " Gulf hammock" is a large tract in the W., especially adapted to the growth of sugar-cane. "High hammock" lands are less durable and require more fertilizing than the lower lands, but are perhaps better adapted to general culture, and are more healthful; and even the light sandy pine, hickory, and oak lands, properly treated with manures and judici- ously managed, will in many parts of the state yield profit- able crops. The natural vegetation of Florida is very rich, and the state is capable of affording abundant supplies of timber and forest products. The long-leaved pine, the ex- cellent (evergreen) live-oak, juniper or red cedar, hickory, and other timbers are extensively sawn and exported. Among the rare trees is the Torreya, or stinking yew; and in the extreme S. grow the mahogany, the deadly manchi- neel, Jamaica kino, the cachibou gum-tree, the satin-wood, the lignum-vitEG, the Indian almond tree, the cocoanut, the canella, and other trees which are seen nowhere else in the United States. Several species of palmetto are found in Florida. The Zamia integHfolia, a curious cycad, grows in the S.E. abundantly, and from its root a starch called Flor- ida arrowroot has been produced. Of cotton, both the long and the short staple kinds are grown. Sugar-cane is chiefly raised along the Gulf coast. Indian corn and rice are the principal cereals, and the latter grain is well adapted to the climate and soils of Florida. An important and lucrative industry of late is the cultivation of early garden vegetables for the Northern markets. The vine grows here to perfec- tion, and some attention has been given to the manufacture of wine. A great deal of capital has been profitably in- vested in the planting of orange-groves. The orange grows wild here, and in the central and southern parts of the state there is no fear of killing frosts. The oranges of Florida are of excellent quality. Figs, limes, lemons, guavas, pome- granates, olives, and other subtropical fruits do finely in the larger portion of the state. In the S. are grown pineapples, bananas, ttc. Tobacco is largely grown. The rearing of neat cattle is a very important occupation in the S. and W. The cattle are small, and are mostly shipped alive to Ha- vana. The pasture-grasses are inexhaustibly abundant. The climate is singularly equable; for the state lies too far S. to experience severe cold at any time, and its sum- mer heat is tempered and qualified by the seas on either hand. Notwithstanding the copious rainfall, there are oc- casional severe droughts. Many thousands yearly make Florida a winter resort ; and large numbers of consump- tives and other invalids have found the climate of the dry pine regions very beneficial. Malarial and remittent fevers prevail in some sections; and yellow fever is an occasional visitant of the seaports. Manufactures, (&C. — The manufacture of pine lumber, spars, live-oak ship-timber, and naval stores (rosin, tar, oil of turpentine, Ac), the taking and preparation of sponges for market, and the cigar-manufacture (of which Key West is the seat), are all industries of importance. Pensacola is now the principal seat of the lumber-trade. Juniper (red cedar) window-sash is manufactured to some extent for the general market at several points. The fisheries employ some capital, chiefly in the south. Salt is made by solar evaporation, ami cotton-seed oil and oil-cake are made and exported. Alli- gator sliins are prepared for the manufacture of boots and shoes quite largely. Palmetto hats and braids are impor- tant articles of domestic manufacture. Public Lands. — Tliore are large areas of public lands in the state. Tlie United States lands are chiefly open to set- tlement under the homestead and pre-emption laws, at FLO 775 FLO nominal rates. Swamp-lands, owned by the state, are sold at 70 cents per acre. Several counties, even in the northern portion of the state, were very sparsely settled in 1S70. In some cases there were disputed claims, some of them dating back to the Spanish occupation, which obstructed the giving of a clear title to lands j but these claims in no case exist except in some of the long-settled sections of the state. The Everglades in some places approach very near the sea, and their outlets have considerable fall: hence it is believed that much of this great area might easily be drained and rendered habitable and fertile land. Jiaihoads. — These are (1) the Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile llailroad, from Jacksonville to Chattahoochee, with branches to Monticello and St. Marks, 234 miles in all ; (2) the Florida Railroad, from Fernandina to Cedar Keys, 165 miles; (3) a branch of the Atlantic & Gulf llailroad, from Lawton, Ga., to Live Oak, Pla., 16 miles in this state; (4) the St. John's Railroad, from St. Augustine to Tocoi, 12 miles; (5) the Pensacola Railroad, from Pensacola to Whiting, Ala., 41 miles in this state. Short lines of railroad extend from Ellaville, Pensacola, &c., into the forests, sup- plying timber for mills, &q. The total length of railways is about 500 miles. Education. — The public schools are supported by taxa- tion, by the avails of a large fund, by the Peabody fund, by various contributions, and by the sale of school lands given by the United States government for the support of public schools and seminaries. There is also a seminary fund, for the maintenance of two seminaries. A state agricultural college has been established at Eau Gallie. An institution called Brown's University, near Live Oak, has been reported, and another, called St. John's College, at Key West. There are private and parochial schools and academies in the large towns. There is a state board of education, with state and county superintendents. Counties and Towns. — There are 39 counties, namely, Alachua, Baker, Bradford, Brevard, Calhoun, Clay, Colum- bia, Dade, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Hamilton, Hernando, Hillsborough, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, La- fayette, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Manatee, Marion, Monroe, Nassau, Orange, Polk, Putnam, Saint John's, Santa Rosa, Sumter, Suwanee, Taylor, Volusia, Wakulla, Wal- ton, Washington. The principal towns are Jacksonville, on the St. John's (pop. in 1870, 6912); Key West, a seaport on Bone Key, or Thompson's Island (5016); Pensacola, the seat of a United States navy-yard (at Warrington) and of a large lumber-trade (3347); Tallahassee, the capital (2023) ; Fernandina, a seaport on Amelia Ishxnd (pop. 1722), and St. Augustine, the oldest town in the United States (pop. 1717); Lake Butler in 1870 had 1073 inhabitants; Monti- cello, 1052 ; Cedar Keys, on the AV. coast, 440 ; Palatka, on the St. John's, 720 ; Euchee Anna, 922 ; Appalachicola, a gulf port, 1129; Milton, 1014; Tampa, 714, Ac. Constitution, &c. — The first constitution of the state was adopted in 1845 ; another in 1805; that now in force, in 1868. It asserts in the strongest terms the principles which controlled the "reconstruction policy" of the United States government from 1865 to 1870, and in equally strong language repudiates the principles of the old state-rights party. The governor is chosen for a term of four years, as are the state senators, 24 in number; while the 53 members of the assembly (the lower house) are elected for two years. Voters must have resided in the state one year, and in the county six months. Judges are appointed for life by the governor, and are removable for misconduct. Florida sends two members to the United States house of representatives. History. — Discovered in 1512 by Juan Ponce de Leon, it was named Florida either on account of the profusion of wild flowers he found upon its savannahs, or because he landed upon the paseua Jiorida, or *' flowery Easter," of that year. The name was by the Spanish writers of that day given to a great territory lying to the N. and W. also. Here Ponce made a tedious and bootless quest in search of the Fountain of Youth, which should renew his strength and beauty. Later expeditions were made by the same explorer in 1516, by Vasquez in 1520, by Verazzani in 1523, by De Garay in 152'!, and by the unfortunate De Narvaez in 1528. Fernando de Soto marched, 1539-42, through Florida to the Mississippi, and there died. In 1565, Menendez hanged, as heretics, the members of a French Huguenot colony planted in 1564 where St. Augus- tine stands; and in a short time a French officer avenged their murder by hanging their Spanish successors to the same trees. The permanent settlement (Spanish) of St. Au- gustine dates from 1565. In 1696 the French founded Pen- sacola. St. Augustine was often attacked and once (1586) captured by English forces. From 1763 to 1783, Great Britain possessed the country, when by treaty it passed again into Spanish occupation. In 1812 and ISIS, Jack- son occupied Pensacola; and in 1819 the United States acquired the whole region by treaty, including also the Spanish colony of West Florida, which extended from the river Perdido westward to the Mississippi, — the present state of Florida being the " East /Florida" of the Spaniards. In 1822 the territorial government was organized. In 1S35 began the terrible and costly war with the Seminole In- dians, whose remnants in 1846 were for the most part induced to remove to the Indian Territory. The state was admitted to the Union in 1845, and passed an ordinance of secession in 1861. In 1864 the nationiil troops were badly defeated at Olustee. In 1865 a new constitution was formed, but the state was not re-admitted to representation in Con- gress until 1868. Since 1865 there has been a large immi- gration from the North, and for more than half the year a great number of invalids and others make Florida their temporary abode, on account of its agreeable and healthful winter climate. Popidation, in 1830, 34,730; in 1840,54,477; in 1850, 87,445; in 1860, 140,424; in 1S70, 188,248, including 91,689 colored people and 502 Indians. The latter live principally in the morasses of the far south, and are entitled to representation in the legislature. Florida^ a post-oflEice of La Plata co.. Col, Florida^ a post-hamlet of Madison co., Ind., on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, 4 miles N. of Anderson. Florida, a township of Parke co., Ind., bounded W. by the river Wabash. Pop. 2110. Florida, a post-township of Berkshire co., Mass., is bounded on the E. by the Deerfield River, and traversed by the Hoosac Tunnel. It contains a village named Hoosac Tunnel, on the Vermont & Massachusetts Railroad, 7 miles E. of North Adams. It has a church. Pop. 572. Florida^ a post-village of Monroe co.. Mo,, is at the confluence of the Middle and North Forks of Salt River, about 24 miles N. of Mexico. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 120. Florida, a township of Montgomery co., N.Y., lying on the Erie Canal, S. of the Mohawk. It contains Fort Hunter, Minaville, Fort Jackson, and Scotch Bush. Pop. 3065. Florida, a post-village of Orange co., N.Y., in War- wick township, on a branch of the Erie Railroad, 6 miles S,S.W, of Goshen, and about 60 miles N,W, of New York, It contains 3 churches and the S. S. Seward Seminary. This was the native place of the statesman William H. Seward, whose father. Judge S. S. Seward, here founded a seminary and endowed it with $20,000. Pop. 459. Florida, a post-village of Henry co., 0., in Flat Rock township, on the Maumee River, and on the Wabash & Erie Canal, 9 miles below Defiance, and 2^ miles from Okolona Station. It has 3 churches and a graded school. Florida Bay, a body of water at the S. end of Florida, between Florida Reefs and the mainland, Florida, Gulf of. See Bahama Channel, and Gulf Stream, Florida Reefs (or Keys), an almost continuous chain of small islands and sand-banks, reefs, or keys, extending from Cape Florida in a S.W, direction for a distance of 220 miles, the whole lying in a bow or curve. They are very numerous. Among the principal may be mentioned Key or Cayo Largo and Cayo Hueso (Bone Key, Thompson's Island, or Key West), on which the city of Key West is built. Floridia, flo-ree'de-^, a town of Sicily, province and 7 miles W, of Syracuse. Pop. 8492. Floridsdorf, flo'rits-donf, called also Florisdorf, flo'ris-donf, a village of Lower Austria, 4 miles by rail N. of Vienna. Pop. 2873. Flor'iii, a post-hamlet of Sacramento co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 10 miles S. of Sacramento. Florinas, a village of Sardinia. See Fiulinas. Flo'ris, a post-village of Davis co., Iowa, in Lick Creek township, on the Chicago, Rock Island Columbus Uailroad, 2 miles N. of Cadiz. Folk's Store, a post-hamlet of Colleton co., S.C, 14 miles from Brunson Station. It has a church. Folk-Velka, a town of Hungary. See Felka. Folk'ville,a hamlet of Morgan co., Ala., on the rail- road between Birmingham and Decatur. It has a steam flou .ill. Folio, fol'lo (L. Fol'lum), a village of Italy, province of Genoa, 7 miles N.E. of Levanto. Pop. 2338. Follonica, fol-lon'e-kiL, a maritime village of Italy, province of Pisa, on the Mediterranean, opposite Elba, and 12 miles E. of Piombino, on a railway. Ore from Elba is brought hither to be smelted, and during eight months of the year much iron is produced from its furnaces; but in summer the fever which prevails throughout the Maremme drives all the people away. Fol'ly Island, one of the sea-islands of Charleston CO., S.C, is bounded on the S.E. by the Atlantic, and on the landward side by Folly Island River {so called), and reaches from Light-house Inlet on the N.E. to Stone River on the S.W. A part of its surface is densely timbered. Folly Lake, a post-village in Colchester co., Nova Scotia, 25 miles by rail N.W. of Truro. A large quantity of lumber is shipped from this station. Folly Mills, a post-hamlet of Augusta co., Va., 4 or 5 miles S. of Staunton. It has a large fiouring-mill. Folly Village, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, in Col- chester CO., on Cobequid Bay, 4 miles W. of Debert. Ship- building is carried on here. Pop. 400. Folsom, ful'spm, or Folsom City, a post-village of Sacramento co., Cal., on the American River, near the junction of its forks, and on the Sacramento Valley Rail- road, 23 miles E.N.E. of Sacramento. It has 3 or 4 churches, a newspaper ofiice, a bank, a money-order post- office, a flouring-niill, and extensive quarries of granite, which is exported to San Francisco. Gold is found near this place. Fol'somdale, a post-hamlet of Wyoming co., N.Y., in Bennington township, on Cayuga Creek, about 48 miles S.W. of Rochester. It has 1 or 2 churches and a grist-mill. Fol'somville, a post-village of Warrick co., Ind., in Owen township, 28 miles E.N.E, of Evansville. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Fombio, fom'be-o, a village of Italy, province of Milan, 2 miles S.W, of Codogno. Pop. 2126. Fom'nier Creek, of Arkansas, flows through Clark CO. into Little Missouri River. Fou'da, a post-hamlet of Pocahontas co., Iowa, on the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, 35 miles W. of Fort Dodge. Fonda, a post-village, capital of Montgomery co.. N.Y., is in Mohawk township, on the N. bank of the Mohawk River, at the mouth of Cayadutta Creek, and on the New York Central Railroad, 43^ miles W.N.W. of Albany, and 30 miles E. of Little Falls, It contains a court-house, a graded school, 3 churches, a national bank, a paper-mill, a flour-mill, a carriage-shop, and a newspaper office. It is the S. terminus of the Fonda, Johnstown &, Gloversville Railroad, and is \ mile from the Erie Canal. Pop. 1092. Fon'da's Bush, orBroadal'bin, a post- village of Broadalbin township, Fulton co.. N.Y., on Fonda's Creek, about 40 miles N.W. of Albany, and 10 miles N. of Amster- dam. It contains 3 churches, and several mills and manu- factories of buckskin gloves and mittens. Pop. 987. The name of its post-office is Broadalbin. Fond-des-Negres, f6N«-di-ni'g'r, a town of Hayti, in its S.W. peninsula, bb miles W.S.W. of Port au Prince. Fond du Lac {i.e., " end of the lake"), a name some- times applied to the S. extremity of Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin. Fond dn Lac (Fr, pron. f6N« dii lik), a county in the E. part of Wisconsin, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is drained by Milwaukee and Rock Rivers, which rise in it. Its name, which in French signifies " end of the lake," refers to Lake Winnebago, the southern end of which lies in this county and afl"ords facilities for steam navigation. The surface is diversified with prairies and forests of good timber, which is here abundant. The soil is calcareous and very fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, lumber, Indian corn, butter, and wool are the staple products. Silurian limestone underlies part of this county, which is intersected by 3 railways, — the Chicago & Northwestern, -the Sheboy- gan & Fond du Lac, and the N. division of the Milwaukee & St. Paul. Capital, Fond du Lac. Valuation of real and personal estate, $35,861,740. Pop. in 1870, 46,273, of whom 31.477 were Americans ; in 1875, 50,241. Fond du Lac, a post-office of Tazewell co., 111., on Lake Peoria, and near the Illinois River, 3 miles S.E. of Peoria. Pop. of Fond du Lac township, 889. Fond du Lac, a post-hamlet of St. Louis co., Minn., on the St. Louis River, at the head of navigation from Lake Superior, and on the Northern Pacific Railroad, 15 miles S.AV. of Duluth. The water-power is fine, and there is a mineral spring of local reputation. This is one of the oldest towns in Minnesota, and was once an important trading-post. Pop. of Fond du Lac township, 125. Fond du Lac, a city of Wisconsin, the capital of Fond du Lac CO., is finely situated at the S. end of AVinnebago Lake, at the mouth of the Fond du Lac River, on the Chicago <& Northwestern Railroad where it crosses the She- boygan & Fond du Lac Railroad, and on the Fond du Lac, Amboy k Peoria Railroad, 177 miles N. by W. of Chicago, 17 miles S. by E. of Oshkosh, 43 miles W. of Sheboygan, and 63 miles N.N.W. of Milwaukee, with which it is directly connected by railroad. Steamboats can ascend from Green Bay to this place via Pox River and Lake Winnebago. It contains a court-house, 18 or 20 churches, an opera-house, several public halls, a high school, 2 national banks, 2 savings-banks, numerous saw-mills, and manufactories of carriages, sash, doors, and blinds, flour, machinery, cars, paper, engines, kd. Two daily and 4 weekly newspapers (2 of which latter are Gorman) are published here. This city is supplied with good water by artesian wells, the num- ber of which is nearly 1000. Among its churches are 2 Baptist, 4 Catholic, 1 Congregationaiist, 2 Episcopal, 1 Evangelical, 4 Methodist, 2 Lutheran, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Universalist. It has also a female institute, 2 convents, 1 or 2 public libraries, and many elegant residences. Pop. in 1860, 5450; in 1870, 12,764; in 1875, 15,303 j of Fond du Lac township, exclusive of the city, 1445. Fondettes, f^NoMfit', a village of France, in Indre-et- Loire, 4 miles N.N.W. of Tours. Pop. 2251. Fondi, fon'dee (ano. Fun'di), a town of Italy, province of Caserta, on the Appinn Way, 14 miles N.W. of Gneta. Pop. 6740. It is unhealthy from the proximity of a salt lagoon (ano. Fnnda'nm La'cun); but it has a Gothic cathe- dral, and other public buildings, with remains of cyolo- pean walls. Its vicinity (the ancient Cfoc'ttbus A'fier) is extremely fertile, and was anciently famous for its wine. Fondo, fon'do, a town of Austria, in Tyrol, 25 miles N. of Trent. Pop. 2020. FON 779 FOO Fondon, fon-don', a village of Spain, in Andalusia, 28 miles N.W. of Almeiia. Pop. 2614. Foneswood, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Va. Fong, fong, a prefix to the names of many cities of China. See also Fung. Fong-Tsiang, fong-tse-ing', a city of China, prov- ince of Shen-See, on an affluent of the Hoei-Ho, 90 miles \V. of See-Ng;in. Fong- Yang, or Fung- Yang, fung-ying, a town of China, province of Ngan-Hoei, on a mountain near the Hoai-Ho, 495 miles S. by E. of Peking. Fonni, fon'nee, a village of the island of Sardinia, 34 miles N.N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 2920. Fonseca, fon-sA'ki, a town of Spain, 12 miles S. of Toledo. It has dye-works, brandy-distilleries, and manu- factures of cloth. Pop. 4162. Fonseca Gulf. See Gulp of Coschagua. Fons Opertus, the Latin name of Fontcodvkrte. J'on'ta Flo'ra, a post-office of Burke co., N.C. FonHain'bleau', a post-office of Andrew co.. Mo. Fontainebleau, f6s''-t5n-blo', probably contracted from Fontaine Belle Eau, " fountain of beautiful water" (L. Fom BeUnqucue, Fous Blemtdi), a town of France, department of Seino-et-Marne, in the midst of one of the finest forests in the republic, on the railway from Paris to Lyons, about 2 miles from the left bank of the Seine, and 37 miles S.S.E. of Paris. It is well built, partly of stone and partly of brick, with spacious and regular streets. It is the seat of a court of first resort and several public offices, and contains fine barracks, a communal college, school of de- sign, public library, public baths, and several hospitals. The castle or palace of Fontainebleau, from which the town derives its chief importance, is one of the most magnificent in France, many of whose sovereigns have made it their favorite residence and vied with one another in Lavishing upon it all the embellishments that art could furnish. The park, laid out like a vast garden, and adorned ivith statues, temples, fountains, lakes, and waterfalls, corresponds to the magnificence of the palace. The forest, which has an area of 84 English square miles, abounds with all kinds of game. Fontainebleau has manufactures of calico, porcelain, and stone-ware, also quarries of sandstone, extensively used in paving the streets of Paris, and a trade in wine, fruits, pre- serves, horses, and cattle. Pop. 11,545. Fontaine Francaise, f6N<''tin' (or f6N"HSn') frdN""- siz', a town of France, Cote-d'Ov, 20 miles N.E. of Dijon. It has a fine chateau and a monument to Henry IV. of France. Pop. 1044. Fontaine I'Eveque, f6N''Hen' li'vek', a town of Belgium, in Hainaut, 6 miles W. of Charleroi. Pop. 3300, employed in iron-forges, hardware-manufactures, ^koo"vaint' (L. Font Oper'Uis), a village of France, in Savoy, on the Arvan, 3 miles W.S.W. of Saint- Jean-de-Maurienne. Pop. 1353. Fonte, fon'ti, a village of Italy, 21 miles W.N.W. of Treviso. Pop. 1630. Fontecchio, fon-tek'ke-o, a village of Italy, 15 miles S.B. of Aquila. Pop. 863. Fontello, fon-tdl'lo, a town of Portug.al, in Beira, on the Douro, 4 miles E.N.E. of L.amego. Pop. 868. Fontenay-le-Comte, fisoHeh-ni'-l^h-kftNt, a town of France, in Vendee, on the Vendee, where it becomes navigable, 35 miles S.E. of La Bocho-sur-Yon. Pop. 7309. It is pleasantly situated, and has a communal col- lege, barracks, hospitals, a church with a spire 311 feet in height, and a ruined castle. It has manufactures of coarse linen and woollen cloths ; and it is an entrepot for the Gironde and Charente wines. Fontenay is the name of numerous communes and villages of France, among which is FoNTBNAV-Aux-RosES (f6N=H^h-ni'-o-roz), department of Seine, 6 miles S. of Paris, with a station on the railway to Sceaux, and a population of 2804. Fontenay-sous-Bois, f6N"^teh-ni'-soo-bw3,, a town of France, in Seine, on a railway, 6 miles from Paris, and 1 mile E. of Vincennes. Pop. 4403. Fontenelle, fon-te-n51', a post-hamlet of Washington CO., Neb., on the Elkhorn River, about 35 miles N.W. of Omaha. It has a church. Fontenelle Creek, Wyoming, runs eastward, and enters Green River in Uintah oo. Fontenoy, fi!iN°H?h-nwi', a village of Belgium, prov- ince of Hainaut, 5 miles S.E. of Tournay. Here, on the 30th of April. 1745, the forces under the Duke of Cumberland were defeated by the French under Marshal Saxe. P. 830. Fon^tenoy', a post-ofiice of Brown co., Wis., 16 miles S.B. of Green Bay. Fontenoy-le- Chateau, fAN»"teh-nwJL'-leh-shaHo', a town of France, in Vosges, on the Coney, 20 miles S.S.W. of Epinal. Pop. 1564. Fontes, fon'tes, a town of Portugal, in Tras-os-Montes, 15 miles W. of Villa Real. Pop. 1829. Fontevivo, fon-ti-vee'vo, a village of Italy, province of Parma, in a plain, 9 miles W.N.W. of Parma. It con- tains a mausoleum of Ferdinand, Duke of Bourbon, who died here in 1802. Pop. 2618. Fontevrault, f6N»Heh-vro', a town of France, in Maine- et-Loire, 10 miles S.E. of Saumur. It owed its foundation to a famous abbey, destroyed during the first revolution, a part of which is now a prison. The other remaining por- tions are a church of the twelfth century, in which are the tombs of Henry II. and Richard I. of England, Eleanor of Guienne, and Isabelle, widow of King John. Pop. 2651. Font Hill , a station on the Mont Alto Railroad, 7 miles from Chambersburg, Pa. Fontiveros, fon-te-v^'roce, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 25 miles N.N.W. of Avila. Pop. 897. Fontvieille, f6N<>Ve-iI' or fiN=Ve-i'ye, a village of France, in Bouches-du-Rhone, 5 miles N.E. of Aries. It has important stone-quarries and warm springs. Pop. 2237. Fony, a village of Hungary. See Fexy. Fonz, fons or fonth, a town of Spain, 35 miles B.S.E. of Huesca. Pop. 2254. Fonzaso, fon-z3,'so, a village of Northern Italy, 22 miles W.S.W. of Belluno. Pop. 4879. Foo, Fou, or Fu, a Chinese word signifying a "city," or more properly a " city of the first class," joined to many Chinese names, as Kai-Fong-Foo, Yunnan-Foo, these com- pounds being nearly equivalent to the " great city of Kai- Fong," the " great city of Yunnan," Ac. It may, however, be observed that there are several other Chinese words represented in English by Foo having altogether a different signification from the above. Foo, or Fou, foo, a town of China, province of Shen- See, situated on the Lo-Ho, 45 miles S. of Y'en-Ngan-Foo. Fooah, Fouah, or Fona, foo'i (anc. Metelis), a vil- lage of Lower Egypt, on the W. arm of the Nile, opposite Atfeh, 16 miles S.'S.E. of Rosetta. FOO 780 FOR Foo^-Choo', Foo-Choo-Foo, foo^choo^foo', Foo- Chow-Foo, Foo-Tchow-Foo, foo^chow^foo', or Fou-Tcheou-Fou, fooV.h^-oo'foo', a city of China, one of the treaty-ports, capital of the province of Fo-Kien, on the Min River, 25 miles from its mouth. Lat. 26° 12' 24" N. ; Ion. 119° 30' E. Pop. estimated at 500,000. It is surrounded by an amphitheatre of hills, about 4 miles dis- tant, and is enclosed by a castellated wall, 9 or 10 miles in circumference, outside of which are suburbs as extensive as the city itself. The whole is commanded by a fortified hill 500 feet above the plain, and inside of the walls is another height, crowned by a conspicuous watch-tower. A long bridge, erected on granite pillars, here crosses the river, and is partly covered with shops. Foo-Choo has a naval arsenal, sliip-yards, and a school of navigation. The walled city has good shops and houses, and a main street, with resi- dences for the public functionaries. Large quantities of cotton goods and well-dyed blue cloths are manufactured here, and 500 ovens for the production of porcelain are constantly employed in the city and its vicinity. Near it are also extensive lead-mines ; and, the black-tea district being within 70 miles, tea is procured at Foo-Choo much cheaper than at Canton. A large commerce is carried on with the maritime provinces of China, both by land and by water, also with the Loo-Choo Islands and Japan. The principal exports are timber, tea, paper, bamboo, oranges and other fruits, spices, copper, and corn; the imports comprise salt, sugar, European manufactures, and a great variety of other goods. In 1876 the city suffered severely from a flood, a fire, and a typhoon which followed one another in quick succession. Foo-Choo-Foo, or Foo-Chow-Foo, a city of China, province of Kiang-See, 240 miles N.'W. of the fore- gom ^ity. Foo-Keu, foo^ku' or foo^ke-oo', a town of China, prov- ince of IIo-Nan, on an affluent of the Hoai-Ho, 45 miles S. of Kai-Fong. Foo^ladoo', a mountainous district of "Western Africa, near the sources of the Senegal, between Ion. S° and 10° W., and intersected by the 13th parallel of N. lat. The scenery of this country is represented as singularly grand and sublime, with villages perched among precipices many hundred feet in perpendicular height. Foolalis, Foulahs, or Fulahs, foo'l^z\ by some writers called Fellatahs, fel-]a.'tS.z, a remarkable race, widely diifused through West Africa, particularly Senegani- bia. Their principal kingdoms are Foota-Toro, Bondoo, Fooladoo, Kaarta, Ludamar, and Kasson. Their original locality is unknown. Though allied to the negro family, they differ widely in their physical characteristics from that race, having neither their deep jet color, crisped hair, flat nose, nor thick lips. In person they are tall, well propor- tioned, and of erect and graceful figure. In speaking of the negro nations they always rank themselves with the white people. They are shrewd and intelligent, and are active traders; agriculture, however, is their chief and favorite employment. They have many large commercial towns, large tracts of highly-cultivated lands, and numerous schools. They are mostly Mohammedans, to which religion they became converts about 400 years ago. Foo-Ming, foo^ming', a town of China, province and 18 miles N.W. of Yun-Nan, on an affluent of the Yang-tse- Kiang. Foouai, or Founai, foo^ni', a considerable town of Japan, island of Kioo-Sioo, near its N. coast. Foo-Xing, or Fou-Ning, foo^ning', a city of China, province of Fo-Kien, 70 miles N.E. of Foo-Choo-Foo. Foo-Ningr? or Fou-Niiig, a city of China, province of Pe-Chee-Lee, near the Yellow Sea, 165 miles E. of Peking. Foo-Pim, or Fou-Pim, foo^pim', a town of China, province of Pc-Chee-Lee, 63 miles W. of Pao-Ting. Foo-Pin, or Fou-Pin, foo^pin', a town of China, province of Quang-Tong. Foor and Foorian, Africa. See Darfoor. Fooricaria, foo-re-ki're-i, a large town of Africa, Mandingo country, 75 miles N.N.E. of Sierra Leone. Foosee, Fousi, or Fusi, foo^see', the loftiest moun- tain in the empire of Japan, commonly called by the Japanese Fooseeyama, also written Fuji, Fuji-saii, and Fiiji-yaina. It is situated in lat. 35° 15' N., Ion. 138° 35' E., in the province of Soorooga, island of Hondo. Its height, according to Siebold, is 12,440 feet; it stands in an isolated position in the centre of a boundless landscape of uncommon beauty. It is an ancient volcano, formerly the most active in all Japan ; but a century and a half have elapsed since the last eruption, and its crater is now filled with water. It is regarded with a superstitious reverence; and, in the month of August, Booddhist devotees make pil- grima.ges to its summit, to offer prayers to the idols which have been placed in the ravines of the rock by their an- cestors. According to Japanese historians, this mountain emerged from the bosom of the earth in the year 285 B.C., and a corresponding depression of the ground produced, in a single night, the great Lake Mitsoo, or Biwako. The last eruption occurred at the close of the year 1707. Foo-Shan, or Fou-Schan, foo^shd,n', a large city of China, province of Quang-Tong, 21 miles E.N.E. of Can- ton, on the island of See-Kiang (Si-Kiang). A portion of its inhabitants live in boats. Pop. estimated at 200,000. Foo-Shan, or Fou-Chan, foo'shan', a town of China, province of Kiang-Soo, on the Yang-tse-Kiang, below Nanking, at the base of a fortified height. Foosiyama, or Fousiyama, See Foosee. Foos'land, a post-hamlet of Champaign co., 111., and a station on the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, and on the Havana, Rantoul & Eastern Railroad, 133 miles S.S.AV. of Chicago, and 8 miles S. of Gibson. It has a church. Foo'ta, a territory of Western Africa, in Senegarabia, S. of the Senegal, extending between lat. 15° and 16° 26' N., Ion. 12° 36' and 16° 36' W. It is divided into three parts, of which that on the W. is called Foota-Toro, that in the centre Foota (proper), and that on the E. Foota-Damga. The soil is fertile, well watered, and well cultivated ; br.t the climate is extremely hot. The principal productions arc rice and other cereals, cotton of excellent quality, and tobacco. The forests are extensive, and the district con- tains several iron-mines. The natives profess the Moham- medan religion. The government is theocratic and elect- ive; but the almamy, or chief, must be chosen from certain privileged families by a council of five persons. Foota-Bondoo, Senegambia. See Bondoo. Foota-Jallou, foo'ta-jS^lMon', a considerable district of Western Africa, in Senegambia, intersected by lat. 13° N. and Ion. 13° W. It is extremely mountainous, and is remarkable for the romantic beauty of its scenery. The rivers Senegal, Gambia, and Grande have their source within this district. The capital, Teemboo, in lat. 10° 25' N., Ion. 10° 40' W,, contains a population of about 7000. Foo-Tchow-Foo, See Foo-Choo. Foot'dee, or Futtie, foot'tee, a fishing village of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, forming a suburb of New Aber- deen, adjacent to the entrance of the harbor. Foote, foot, a county in the S.AV. part of Kansas, has an area of 720 square miles. It is traversed by the Arkan- sas River and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. The surface is nearly level, and almost destitute of timber. The soil is fertile. Foote, a post-hamlet of Iowa co., Iowa, on English River, about 22 miles S. by E. of Marengo. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Foote's, a station of the Red River division of the International & Great Northern Railroad. See Sabine Mills. Foot of Grade, a station in Bedford co.. Pa., on the Bedford & Bridgeport Railroad, 16 miles S.S.W. of Bedford. Foot of Plane, a post-hamlet of Bradford co., Pa., on the Barclay Railroad, 2 miles E. of Barclay. It has a large saw-mill. Footoona, an island in the Pacific. See Erronan. Foots'cray, a borough of Bourke co., Yictoriaj on Salt- water River, 4 miles by rail S.W. of Melbourne, It has a dry-dock. Pop. 2473. Foot's Creek, a post-office of Jackson co., Oregon. Footsitz, or Foutsitz, foot'sits', a town of Japan, on the island of Hondo, 105 miles N.E. of Kioto. Foot'ville, a post-office of Yadkin co., N.C. Footville, a village of Ashtabula co., 0., in Trumbull township, 6 miles W. of Rock Creek Station. It has a church, a graded school, a carriage-shop, a manufactory of cheese-boxes and lumber, and whetstone-quarries. Footville, a post-village of Rock co., Wis., in Ply- mouth township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 8 miles W. of Janesville. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and a carriage-factory. Forbach, foR'bdK, a village of Baden, on the JMurg, here crossed by a suspension-bridge, 24 miles S.S.W. of Carlsruhe. Po*p. 1351. Forbach, a town of Germany, in Lorraine, on the Nancy & Mannheim Railway, 38 miles E. of Metz. Pop. 6173. It has coal-mines, and manufactures woollen cloths, tobacco-pipes, glassware, jiutlorv. Ac. Forbes, fou'bfis, a tuwn of Bohemia, S miles S.E. of Budweis. Pop. 750. Forbes, forbz, a village of Holt co., Mo., on the Kansas FOR 781 FOR City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad, 19 miles N.W. of St. Joseph. It has several churches and stores, and an active trade. Pop. about 200. Post-ofhcc, Elm Grove. Forbes' (forbz) Islands, off the N.E. coast of Aus- tralia, in Temple Bay. Lat. 12° 30' S. ; Ion. 143° 20' E. Forbestown, forbz'town, a small post-village of Butte CO., Cal.. about SO miles N. by E. of Sacramento. For'bush, a post-office of Yadkin co., N.C., in Fall Creek or Forbush township. Pop. of township, 1429. Forcados River, Africa. See Rio dos Korcados. Forcall, fon-k^U', a town of Spain, 44 miles N. of Cas- tellon de la Plana, on an affluent of the Ebro. It has a manufacture of sandal-cords. Pop. 1663. Forcalquier, foiiMiirke-i', a town of France, in Basses-Aljjes, 24 miles S.W. of Digne. Pop. 1799. Force's Corners,' Brant co., Ontario. See Woodbury. Forchheim, fouK'hime, a fortified town of Bavaria, on the Regnitz, 16 miles by rail S.S.E. of Bamberg. It has a church, a synagogue, and an arsenal. Pop. 3659. Forchtenau, foRK'tek-now^ (Hun. Frakno-Alhja, frik'no^-oll'yoh^), a town of Hungary, co. and 11 miles W. of Oedenburg. It has an elegant residence of the Ester- hazy family. Pop. 830. Forchtenberg, foRK'ten-bSRG\ a town of WUrtem- berg, IS miles N.E. of Heilbronn. Pop, 1027. Ford, a county in the E. part of Illinois, has an area of about 460 square miles. It is driiined by the source of the Sangamon River and a small affluent of the, Vermilion River. The surface is nearly level. The soil is fertile. A large part of it is prairie. Indian corn, oats, hay, and ■wheat are the staple products. It is intersected by 3 rail- roads, — the Illinois Central, the Wabash, and the Gilman, Clinton & Springfield. Capital, Paxton. Valuation of real and personal estate, §8,563,736. Pop. in 1870, 9103, of whom 7105 were Americans. Ford, a county in the S.W. part of Kansas, has an area of 1080 square miles. It is intersected by the Arkansas River and Crooked Creek. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is adapted to pasturage. It is trav- ersed by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. Cap- ital, Dodge City. Pop. in 1S70, 427; in 1878, 2160. Ford, a post-office of Elkhorn co.. Neb. Ford, apost-ofliceof Geauga co., 0., at Newbury Centre. Forde, fon'd^h, a village of Norway, 76 miles N.N.E. of Bergen. Ford'ham, a former post-village of Westchester co., N.Y,, on the New York &, Harlem Railroad, about 10 miles N. of New York City. It contains 4 churches, a Catholic academy for girls, an institution for female deaf-mutes, and St. John's College (Catholic), which has a library of 15,000 volumes. Pop. in 1S70, 2151. In 1873 this village was annexed, with the township of West Farms, to the city of New York. Fordliam, a hamlet of Adams co.. Wis., 4 miles from Friendship, Fordham Landing, a station within the limits of New York City, on the E. bank of the Harlem River, and also on the Hudson River Railroad (Grand Central Branch), 1 mile AV. of Fordham. Ford'ingbri^Jge, a town of England, co. of Hants, on the Avon, here crossed by a stone bridge, 15 miles by rail S. of Salisbury. Pop. of parish, 3053. Fordoche, forMosh', a small bayou of Louisiana, flows through Pointe Coupee and Iberville parishes, and commu- nicates with Atchafalaya Bayou. For'don, a town of Prussian Poland, 7 miles E.N.E. of Bromberg, on the Vistula. Pop. 2045. Ford River, Michigan, rises in Marquette co., in the Upper Peninsula, runs southeastward through Delta co., and enters Green Bay near its northern end. It is about 100 miles long. Ford River, a post-hamlet of Delta co., Mich., in Ford River township, on a river of its own name, and on the Chicago " ^°-\ico. Fort Bayara, ^i'ard, a post-office and military post of Grant co.. New Mexico', 90 miles N.W. of Mesilla. Fort Bend, a county in the S.E. part of Texas-, has an area of about 860 square miles. It is intersected by the Brazos River, which is navigable by steamboats, and is bounded on the S.AV. by the Bernard River, The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is diversified wTth prairies and forests in which the live-oak abounds. The soil is fer- tile, and produces pasture for many thousand cattle. The FOR 786 FOR other staple products are cotton and Indian corn. This county is travex*sed by the Galveston, Ilarrisburg & San Antonio Railroad. Capital, Kichmond. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,238,995. Pop. in 1870, 7114, of whom 6950 were Americans. Fort Ben'ton, a post-village, capital of Chotean. co., Montana, is on the Missouri River, at the head of steam- boat navigation, about 40 miles below the Great Falls, and 2500 miles from the mouth of the river. It is nearly 125 miles N.N.E. of Helena, and is 2780 feet above the sea- level. Here is a military post. The village has 2 banking- houses and a newspaper otfice. It is an important mart for the fur-trade in the United States. Pop. 367. Fort Ber'thold, apost-village of Stevens co., Dakota, on the Missouri River. Lat. 47° 34' N. ; Ion. 101° 4S' W. Fort Bid'well, a post-village of Modoc co., Cal., is at the N. end of Surprise Valley, about 175 miles N.E. of Shasta. It has a money-order post-office. Near it are 3 alkaline lakes. Fort Black'imore, a post-village of Scott co., Va., 40 miles W.N.W. of Bristol, Tenn. It has 2 churches, an academy, a machine-shop, &c. Fort Bliss, a United States post, 3 miles N.E. of El Paso, Tex., on the Rio Grande. Fort Block'house and Fort Monck'ton, two forts of England, co. of Hants, defending the entrance of Ports- mouth harbor, on the AY. Fort Bluff, a post-office of Morgan co., Ala. Fort Bois6, bwS,'zi', a United States post, near Bois6 City, Idaho. Fort Boonej an old fort on the site of Booneville, Ky. It was erected by Colonel Boone in 1775. Fort Bra'dy, a United States work at Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., on the S. bank of St. Mary's River. Fort Branch, a post-village of Gibson co., Ind., in Johnson township, on the Evansville *fc Terre Haute Rail- road, 20 miles N. of Evansville. It has a money-order post-office, 6 churches, and a graded school. Fort Bridg'er, a post-office and military post of Uintah co., Wyoming, on the Black Fork of Green River, 10 miles S.E. of Carter Station of the Union Pacific Rail- road. Lat. 41° 18' N.; Ion. 110° 32' W. Fort Brooke, a United States fort, at the head of Tampa Bay, Fla. Fort Browder, Barbour co., Ala. See Batesville. Fort Brown, a government fort near Bi'ownsville, Tex. Fort Buf'fingtoii, a post-hamlet of Cherokee co., Ga., 6 miles E. of Canton. Fort Bu'ford, a post-office and military post of How- ard CO., Dakota, near the mouth of the Yellowstone River, and on the Missouri River where it crosses the boundary between Dakota and Montana. Fort Calhoun, kal-hoon', a post-village of "Washing- ton CO., Neb., 2 miles from the Missouri River, and on the Omaha & Northwestern Railroad, 20 miles N. by W. of Omaha. It has 2 churches and a steam flour-mill. Its station-name is Calhoun. Pop. 236. Fort Call, a post-office of Bradford co., Fla. Fort Cain'eron, a United States military post, near Beaver, Beaver co., Utah. Fort Cape Dis^appoint'ment, a United States post on Cape Disappointment, Washington. Fort Car'roU, a fortification standing on Sollers Point Flats, in the Patapsco, 8 miles below Baltimore. Fort Cas'well, a brick fortification on Oak Island, near the mouth of Cape Fear River, N.C., was occupied by the Confederates in 1861, and destroyed by them in 1865. Fort Chartres, shar'tris, a steamboat-landing on the Mississippi River, in F^andolph co., 111., near the Prairie du Rocher, and 50 miles by water below St. Louis. Fort Clark, a military post of Kinney co., Tex., is at or near Brackettville, about 48 miles N. of Eagle Pass, and 126 miles W. of San Antonio. Pop. 395. Fort Clat'sop, a post-office of Clatsop co., Oregon. Fort Clinch, designed for the defence of Fernandina, Fla., stands on the N. extremity of Amelia Island. It was occupied by Confederate troops in 1861, and retaken by United States forces in 1S62. Fort Col'lins, a post-village, capital of Larimer co., Col., on Cache la Poudre Creek, in a fertile valley, and on the Colorado Central Railroad, about 4 miles from the Rocky Mountains, and 82 miles by rail N. of Denver. It has 3 churches, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, 4 hotels, a flouring-iiiill, and a grudcd school. The Agricultural Col- lege of Coltrarlo is located here. Pop. about 700. Fort Coliini'biis, a United States fort on Governor's Island, New York Harbor. Fort Col'viUe, a post-village, capital of Stevens co., Wash., on the Columbia River, near lat. 48° 38' N. It has a church. Here is a United States fort. Fort Concho, kon'cbo, a post-office and military post of Tom Green co., Tex., on the Concho River, 210 miles N.W. of Austin. Lat. 31° 31' N.; Ion. 100° 31' W. Here are stone buildings for hospital, guard-house, magazine, stables, store-house, &e. Pop. of Fort Concho and vicinity, 913, Fort Con^stitu'tion, a strong defensive work 3 miles E. of Portsmouth, N.H., on the peninsula which forms the easternmost point of the mainland of New Hampshire. Fort Coulonge, kooMonzh', a post-village in Pontine CO., Quebec, at the confluence of the river Coulonge with the Ottawa, 23 miles N. of Portage du Fort. It has a saw- mill, a store, 4 taverns, and a large lumber-trade. P. 100. Fort Covington, kuv'ing-ton, a post-vilhige of Frank- lin CO., N.Y., in Fort Covington township, on Salmon River, about 5 miles from its mouth, 1 mile from the Canadian frontier, and 16 miles N.W. of Malone. It contains 3 or 4 churches, 2 grist-mills, a saw-mill, a union free school, a newspaper office, a tannery, and a cheese-factory. Pop. 953,- of the township, 2421. Fort Craig, a post-office and military post of Socorro CO., New Mexico, on the Rio Grande, 3 miles S. of San Marcial, about 125 miles below Albuquerque, and 175 miles S. of Santa Fe. The adjacent country is rich in mineral. Fort Cum'berland, a fortress of England, co. of Hants, on Portsea Island, 4 miles E. of Portsmouth. Fort Cuni'mings, a post-office of Grant co.. New Mexico, about 50 miles W.N.W. of Mesilla. Here is a ruined fort. Fort Cns'ter, a post-office and military post of Custer CO., Montana, on the Yellowstone River, at the mouth of the Big Horn. Fort Dade, a post-office of Hernando co., Fla., on the Withlacoochee River, 170 miles S.E. of Tallahassee. Near this spot, in December, 1835, Major Dade, with his 112 companions, perished while heroically defending themselves against an overwhelming force of Indians. Only one of the number escaped. Fort D, A. Rus'sel], a United States post, 3 miles N.W. of Cheyenne, Wyoming. Fort Dau'phin, a ruined French fort and town on the S. coast of Madagascar. Lat. 25° 1' S. ; Ion. 46° 40' E. Fort Da'vis, a post-village and United States military post, capital of Presidio co., Tex., 446 miles N.W. of San Antonio. Lat. 30° 36' 23" N.; Ion. 103° 36' 45" W. Fort Defi'ance, a post-office of Caldwell co., N.C. Fort Defiance, a post-office of Augusta co., Va., and a station on the railroad from Staunton to Harrisonburg, 11 miles N.E. of Staunton. Fort-de-France, fon-d^h-fR^Nss, or Chasseloup- Xiaubat, shassMoo'-lo'^bi', a town on the W. coast of Mar- tinique, French AVest Indies, the capital of the colony. It has a fine harbor, strong fortifications, a college, a naval arsenal, a prison, and several hospitals, and its public buildings are good. Pop. 13,2SS. Fort Del'aware, on Pea Patch Island, in Delaware Bay, near Delaware City, is a strong work, of which the construction was begun in 1814, Fort Depos'it, a post-village of Lowndes co., Ala., on the Mobile & Montgomery Railroad, 33 miles S.S.W. of Montgomery. It has 2 churches, an academy (male and female), and several stores. Pop. about 450. Fort Dodge, a post-town, capital of Webster co., Iowa, on the Des Moines River, at the junction of the Des Moines & Fort Dodge Railroad with the Iowa division of the Illinois Central Railroad, 192 miles W, of Dubuque, 135 miles E. of Sioux City, and So miles N.N.W. of Des Moines. It contains a court-house, 6 or 7 churches, a high school, 2 national banks, 2 foundries, 2 newspaper offices, and manufactures of furniture, plaster, ami stucco. Coal is mined near this place, which is also an important market for grain, and quarries of good building-stone and of gyp- sum have been opened here. Pop. 3537. Fort Dodge, a post-office and United States post in Ford CO., Kansas, on the Arkansas River, 5 miles E.S.E. of Dodge City. Fort Don'elson, Stewart co., Tenn.. is on the loft blink of the Cumberland River, about 1 milo below Dover. This place was the scene of an important victory gained by the Union forces under General Grant, February 16, 1S62, when it was captured, with about 13,000 prisoners. Fort Douglas, dug'lass, a post-hamlet of Johnson co., Ark., 25 miles N.E. of Clarksville. It has a church. Fort Dunc'an, a United States post, near Eagle Pass, Maverick co., Tex., on the Rip Grande. FOR 787 FOR Fort Du Quesne, Pennsylvania. See Pittsburg. Forteau (Ibr^tn') Bay, an inlet on the coast of La- brador, near the S.W. extremity of the Straitof Belle Isle. It receipes a considerable river, and on its W. side is the prosperous fishing village of Forteau. FortEd'ward,a post-village of Washington co., N.Y., is in Fort Edward township, and is finely situated on the E. bank of the Hudson River, on the Champlain Canal, and on the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad, at the junction of the Glens Falls Branch, 55 miles N. of Albany, and 22 miles S.S.W. of Whitehall. It contains o churches, 2 national banks. 2 newspaper offices, and the Fort Edward Collegiate Institute, which is open to both sexes and occu- pies a brick building 1^00 feet long and 5 stories high. Fort Edward has 3 gang saw-mills, 4 potteries, an iron- furnace, a paper-mill, a foundry and machine-shop, &c. Water-power is obtained for these mills by a dam across the Hudson. Pop. 3492 ; of the township, 5068. Fortei, a village of Sardinia. See Furtei. Fort El'liott, a post-office and United States post of Texas. Fort El'lis, a military post of Gallatin co., Montana, is at the south end of the fertile Gallatin valley, 3 miles S.E. of Bozeman. Lat. 45° 40' 40" N.; Ion. 111° 0' 15" W. Fort E'rie, a post-village of Welland co., Ontario, on Lake Erie, at its outlet into the Niagara River, and on the Grand Trunk, Great Western, and Canada Southern Railways, opposite Buffalo, N.Y. A railroad bridge connects Fort Erie with Buffalo. Fort Erie is a port of entry, has an American consulate, and contains several churches, a dozen stores, and 2 hotels. Pop. 835. Fortesque (fonHSsk'?) Bay, a beautiful bay of Tas- mania, on the E. coast of Tasman's Peninsula. Forteveiitiira, island. See FuEuxEVENTrnA. Fort EAvell, yu'el, a post-village of La Salle co., Tex., on the Nueces River, about 120 miles S.S.W. of San Antonio. It has a church. Fort Fair'field,a post-village in Fort Fairfield town- ship, Aroostook co.. Me., is on the Aroostook River, about 7 miles from its mouth, and about 50 miles N. of Houlton. It is the N. terminus of a branch of the New Brunswick Railroad. It has several churches, a newspaper office, and a money-order post-office. Pop. of the township, 1 893. The township has 5 churches and manufactures of lumber. Fort Fet'terman, a post-office and military post of Albany co., Wyoming, is on the North Platte River, about 110 miles N. by E. of Laramie City. Fort Foote, a post-office of Prince George's co., Md., on the Potomac River, 6 miles below Washington. Here are barracks and a fort, one of the defences of Alexandria, Va., and of Washington, D.C. Fort Fred Steele, a post-office and military post of Carbon co., Wj'oming, on the North Platte River, and on the Union Pacific Railroad, 695 miles from Omaha. Elevation, 6840 feet. Fort Gaines, ganz, on the E. extremity of Dauphin Island, Ala., is at the entrance of Mobile Bay, opposite Fort Morgan. Lat. 30° 13' N. ; Ion. 87° 59' W. Fort Gaines, a post-village, the capital of Clay co., Ga., on the Chattahoochee River, and on a branch of the Southwestern Railroad, about 24 miles below Eufaula, and 24 miles S.W. of Cuthbert. Steamboats can ascend the river to this place, from which a large quantity of cotton is shipped. It has an academy and 5 churches. Pop. 758. Fort Gar'land, a post-village of Costilla co., Col., is in the fertile San Luis Park, on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, 108 miles by rail S.W. of Pueblo. Here is a military post. Elevation, 7996 feet. Fort Garry, Manitoba. See Winnipeg. Fort Gates, a post-hamlet of Putnam co,, Fla., on the W. bank of the St. John's River, 140 miles from its mouth. Fort Gay, post-office, Wayne co.,W.Ya., at Cassville. Fort George, a fort of Scotland, co. and 9 miles N.E. of Inverness, on the line of the Caledonian Canal, on a point of land jutting into Moray Firth. It covers ]5 acres, has quarters for 3000 men, bomb-proof magazines, and is a fortificntion of great strength. Fort George, a post-office and summer and winter resort of Duval co., Fla., is on an island at the mouth of St. John's River, 25 miles E. of Jacksonville. Fort George, an old fort {now a picturesque ruin) at the S.E. end of Lake George, N.Y. Fort Gib'son, a post-village and military post of the Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory, on the Neosho River, near its entrance into the Arkansas. It is 6 miles from Gib- son Station, which is on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Rail- road, lOS miles S. of Parsons, Kansas. It has 3 churches. Fort Gor'ges, Me., stands on Hog Island Ledge, in Porthmd harbor. Lat. 43° 39' N. ; Ion. 70° 20' W. Fort Gra'ham, a post-hamlet of Hill co., Tex., 40 miles N.N.W. of Waco. It has 2 churches. Fort Gratiot (grash'e-ot), a post village and military post "Of St. Clair co., Mich., in a township of its own name, on Lake Huron, and on the Grand Trunk Railroad, at the mouth of Black River, and at the point where the St. Clair River issues from the lake, about 1 mile N. of Port Huron. It has a church and a graded school. Pop. of the town- ship, 1361. The military post is within the limits of the city of Port Huron. Fort Grif'iin, a post-office and military post of Shack- elford CO., Tex., 16 miles N. of Albany, and 160 miles W. of Fort Worth. Fort Griswold, griz'wold, a United States work in the town of Groton, New London co., Conn., opposite New London. A monument near by commemorates the massacre of Ledyard and his men by the British and tories in 1781. Forth, forth, a river of Scotland, rises on the N.E. side of Ben Lomond, flows eastward, and expands into the arm of the sea called the Firth of Forth. Length estimated at 170 miles. Chief tributaries, the Teith, Allan, and Devon. The Forth has many good harbors, the principal of which is Leith. The river is navigable to Stirling for vessels of 100 tons, and to Alloa for vessels of 300 tons. It is con- nected with the Clyde by a canal 38 miles in length. See Firth of Forth. Fort Hall, a military post of Oneida co., Idaho. Lat. 43° 8' 54" N.; Ion. 112° 6' 30'' W. Fort Hal'leck, a post-office and military post of Car- bon CO., Wyoming, about 45 miles N.W, of Laramie City. Fort Ham'ilton, a post-village of Kings co., N.Y., is at the W. end of Long Island, on the Narrows, about 6 miles S. of New York City. Here is a strong fort of the same name, erected for the defence of New York harbor. Many persons doing business in the metropolis have resi- dences here. Fort Har'ker, a post-hamlet and military post of Ellsworth CO., Kansas, on the Smoky Hill River, and on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 80 miles W.S.W. of Junction Oity, and 5 miles E. of Ellsworth. Fort Hays, a United States post, adjacent to Hays City, Kansas. Fort Herlcimer, New York. See IlERKisrEU. Fort Hill, a post-office of Lake co., IlL, about 44 miles N.N.W. of Chicago. Fort Hill, a station on the Pittsburg, Connellsville & Washington Railroad, 18 miles W. of Garrett, Pa. Forth Moun'tains, a range of hills of Ireland, in Leinster, 4 miles W. of Wexford. The maritime barony of Forth forms a peninsula, studded with the ruins of Anglo- Saxon towers, built to protect the invaders from the Irish. Fort How'ard, a post-town of Brown co.. Wis., is on the left or N.W. bank of Fox River, about a mile from its mouth, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, oppo- site the city of Green Bay, 65 miles N.N.E. of Fond du Lac. A drawbridge crosses the river here. Fort Howard con- tains S or 9 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 3 foundries with machine-shops, several steam saw-mills, 2 boiler-factories, and a sash- and blind-factory. Lumber is the chief article of export. Pop. 3610. Fort Hunt'er, a post-village of Montgomery co., N.Y., on the Mohawk River, at the mouth of the Schoharie, on the New York Central Railroad, and on the Erie Canal, 5 or 6 miles E S.E. of Fonda. It has a church and a broom- factory. Pop. 200. Fort Hunter, Pennsylvania. See Rockville. For'tified Island, or BasAvarage, bas'war-aj\ in British India, presidency of Madras, is a small island op- posite Onore, on the Malabar coast. Fort In^depend'ence is on Castle Island, in Boston harbor, 3 miles below the city. It was called Castle Wil- liam in and before the Revolution. The present name was given by the elder Adams while president. Fort Isle au\ Xoix, eel o nwa. or Fort Len'nox, on an island in the river Richelieu, near the southern bound- ary of Quebec, was fortified by the French in 1759 and by Schuyler in 1775. It is a strong fortress, but unoccupied. Fort Jack'son, a United States work on the Savannah River, 4 miles below Savannah, Ga. Fort Jackson, an important fortification of brick, at Plaquemine Bend, on the Stississippi, 78 miles below New Orleans, La., and opposite Fort St. Philip. Fort Jackson, a post-village in Hopkinton township, St. Lawrence co., N.Y., on the St. Regis River, 44 miles E. of Ogdensburg. It has 2 churches and several mills. FOR 75 Fort Jefferson, on Garden Key, one of the Dry Tor- tugas Islands, Florida. It Vias a light-house. Lat. 24° 37' 47" N.; Ion. 82° 52' 53" W. Fort Jefferson, a hamlet of Ballard oo., Ky., on the New Orleans, St.Louis &, Chicago Railroad, 7 miles S. of Cairo, 111. It has a.steam saw-mill. Here is WieklifTe Post-Office. Fort Jen'nings, a post-village of Putnam co., 0., in Jennings township, on the Toledo k Delphos Railroad, 5 miles N.N.E. of Delphos. It has 2 churches. Fort Jes'sup, a post-hamlet of Sabine parish. La., SO miles S. by E. of Shreveport. It has a church, an academy, and a bank. Fort John'ston, North Carolina, a revolutionary fortress on the Cape Fear River, i miles from its mouth, on the site of the present town of Smithville. There is still a fortress here of the same name, forming one of the defences of Smithville. Fort Jones, a post-village of Siskiyou co., Cal., on Scott's River, about 15 miles S.W. of Yreka. It has a church, a flour-mill, and 3 general stores. Fort Kearney, kar'ne, a former military post of Kearney co.. Neb., on the S. bank of the Platte River, and on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, 127 miles W. of Lincoln. It was demolished in 1875. Fort Kent, a post-township and village of Aroostook CO., Me., is on the river St. John, which separates it from New Brunswick, Canada. It has manufactures of lumber. Pop. 1034. The village is 42 miles N.W. of Caribou. Fort Keogh, ke'oh, a post-office and military post of Custer CO., Montana. 1 mile from the Yellowstone River, and 5 miles from Miles City. Fort Klam'ath, a military post of Lake co., Oregon, 180 miles E.S.E. of Roseburg. Here is a reservation for the Klamath, Modoc, and Snake Indians. Lat. 42° 41' 34" N. ; Ion. 121° 55' W. Fort Knox, a United States work at the narrows of the Penobscot, opposite Bucksport, Me, Fort lia'iayette', a United States fortification of stone, on Hendrick' s Reef, in the narrows at the entrance to New York harbor. Fort Lamar', a post-office of Madison co., Ga. Fort Land'ing, a post-office of Tyrrel co., N.C. Fort Lapwai, lap'wl, a United States post of Nez Perces co., Idaho, 12 miles S.E. of Lewiston. Fort Lar'amie, a post-office and military post of Lar- amie CO., Wyoming, on the Laramie River, li miles from its mouth, and 89 miles N.N.E. of Cheyenne. It is 4519 feet above the level of the sea. Here is a military reserva- tion of 50 square miles. Pop. 493. Fort Lar'ned, a post-office and military post of Paw- nee CO., Kansas, is 7 miles W. of Larned Station of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. Fort Lawrence, Nova Seotia. See Amhekst. Fort Leavenworth, lev'^n-worth, an important mili- tary post and a post-office of Leavenworth co., Kansas, on the W. bank of the Missouri River, and on the Leaven- worth, Atchison & Northwestern Railroad, 2 miles N. of the city of Leavenworth. Here is a government reservation, comprising several square miles of land. This fort, which was established in 1827, is an important depot of supplies for the western posts, and is a general rendezvous of troops. Here are large and expensive buildings for barracks, a hos- pital, store-houses, stables, &c. This is the headquarters of the Dep.artment of Missouri. Fort Lee, one of the defences of the harbor of Salem and Beverly, Mass.. on Salem Neck. Lat. 42° 31' N. Fort Lee, a post-village of Bergen co., N.J., in Ridge- field township, on the Hudson River, at the lower end of the Palisades, 8 or 9 miles above New York. It has a house of the Capuchins, 4 churches, and manufactures of pianos and photograph materials. Fort Lem'hi, a post-office of Lemhi co., Idaho, on Salmon River, about 120 miles N.N.E. of Idaho City. Fort Lennox, Quebec. See Fort Isle aiix Noix. Fort Liberie, leo'bSn'ti', formerly called Port Dau- phin, a seaport town of Hayti, on its N. coast. Lat. 19° 42' N.; Ion. 71° 57' W. It has a good harbor. Fort Lincoln, link'un, a post-hamlet of Bourbon co., Kansas, on Little Osage River, 14 miles N. of Fort Scott. Fort Lit'tleton, a post-hamlet of Fulton co.. Pa., in Dublin township, about 20 miles W.N.W. of Chambersburg. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a foundry. Pop. 100. Fort Liv'ingston, a briok structure on Grand Terre Island, La., at the entrance of Barataria Bay. Fort Louis, foa loo*ee', a town of Alsace, near the Rhine, 21 miles N.N.E. of Strasburg, with the remains of a fort built by Vauban and destroyed in 1815. Pop. 235. ! FOR Fort Lnp'ton, a post-office of Weld co.. Col., on the Denver Pacific Railroad, 26 miles N. of Denver. Fort Ly'on, a post-office and military post of Bent co.. Col., on the Arkansas River, and on the Kansas Pacific Railroad (Arkansas Valley IJranch), 3 miles N.E. of Las Animas. It is the chief military post in Colorado. Fort Lyon, a post-hamlet of Benton co.. Mo., 8 miles S. of Windsor Station. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a wagon-shop. Fort MacCla'ry, on Kittery Point, Me., one of the defences of Portsmouth, N.H., and of the Kittery Navy- Yard. Fort MacCoy', a post-village of Marion eo., Fla., 35 miles S.S.E. of Waldo Railroad Station. It has 2 churches. Fort MacHen'ry, one of the defences of Baltimore, Md., on Whetstone Point, near the W. bank of the Pat-apsco. It was inefi'eetually bombarded by a British fleet in the war of 1812. Fort Mac'Intosh, a United States post near the town of Laredo, Tex., on the Rio Grande. Fort MacKav'ett, a post-village and United States post of Menard CO., Tex., on San Saba River, 165 miles N.W. of San Antonio. Fort Mack'inaw, on Mackinaw Island, Mich., com- mands the town of Mackinaw, at the entrance to Lake Michigan. Fort Macomb, ma-kom', a United States work near the Chef Menteur entrance to Lake Pontchartrain, La., 25 miles E.N.E. of New Orleans. Fort Ma'con, at the entrance to the harbor of Beau- fort, N.C, stands at the E. end of Bogue Island. Fort MacPher'son, a United States post and res- ervation in Lincoln co., Neb., on the S. side of the Platte River, opposite McPherson Station. Here is a national cemetery. Fort MacRae, mak-kree', a United States post and reservation in Socorro Co., New Mexico, at Ojo del Muerto, near the Rio Grande. Lat. 33° 2' N. ; Ion. 107° 5' W. Fort Mac'Ree', a United States fort on Foster's Bank, at the entrance to Pensaeola Bay, opposite Fort Pickens. Fort 3Iad'ison, a city, the capital of Lee co., Iowa, on the Mississippi River, and on the Burlington & South- western Railroad and the Burlington & Keokuk Railroad, 19 miles S.W. of Burlington, and 24 miles above Keokuk. It contains a court-house, a high school, a state prison, a public hall, 8 churches, a national bank. 1 other bank, a foundry, 2 large lumber-mills, and manufactures of chairs, boots, shoes, and farming-implements. Two weekly news- papers are published here. Pop. 4305. Fort Madison, an old defensive work on the le.''tbank of the river Severn, near Annapolis, Md. Fort Madison, a post-hamlet of Oconee co., S.C., in the valley of the Tugaloo River, and on the Atlanta & Charlotte Air-Line Railroad. Fort fliagin'nis, a post-office of Choteau co., Mon- tana, about 100 miles N.W. of Fort Benton. Fort Mar'ion, a fort built at St. Augustine, Fla., by the Spaniards (1520-1756), .and called by them San Marco. It is constructed of coquina, a shell-conglomerate, and is pre- served as an object of historic interest. Fort Ma'son, a post-office of Orange co., Fla. Fort Mas'sachu'setts, a United States work on Ship Island, Miss. Lat. 30° 20' N. ; Ion. 89° 7' W. Fort Meade, a post-hamlet of Polk eo., Fla., about 45 miles E.S.E. of Tampa. It has 2 churches. Pop. 100. Fort Mifflin, a United States work on Blud Island, iust below the mouth of the Schuylkill River, and near the League Island Navy-Yard, Philadelphia, Pa,. Fort Mill, a post-village of York co., S.C, in Fort Mill township, on the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta Rail- road, 1 8 miles S. of Chai-lotte, N.C. It has 3 chuvohcs, an academy, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, lic. Pop. 400 ; of the township, 2473. Fort Mil'ler, a post-village in Fort Edward township, Washington eo., N.Y., on the Hudson River and Cham- plain Canal, 47 miles N. of Albany. It has 2 churches, a paper-mill, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Fort Mitch'ell, a post-office and station of Russell co., Ala., on the Mobile & Girard Railroad, 9 miles S.S.W. of Columbus, Ga. Here are 2 stores. Fort Mitchell, a post-office of Lunenburg co., Va., on the Roanoke Valley Railroad, 9 miles S. of Kcysville. Fort Monckton, England. See Four Bi.ocKiiorsE. Fort Monroe, mon-ro', at Old Point Comfort, Va., on Hampton Roads, encloses 80 acres of land, and has thus far cost the United States for construction some $3,000,000. Here are a United States school of artillery, an arsenal, io. FOR 789 FOR Fort Montgomery, mgnt-gum'^r-e, Clinton CO., N.Y., is on the W. bank of Richelieu River, at the outlet or N. end of Lake Champlain, about 1 mile N. of Rouse's Point. It is a strong fort, erected for the defence of the frontier, on the boundary between the United States and Canada. Fort 31ontgomery, a post-village of Orange co., N.Y., on the Hudson River, about 14 miles below Newburg, and nearly opposite Highlands Station. It has a church. Fort Mor'gan, an important United States fortifica- tion, on the site of the old Fort Bowyer, on Mobile Point, Ala., at the entrance to the bays of Mobile and Bon Secours, opposite Fort Gaines. Fort Motte, mot, a post-hamlet of Orangeburg co., S.C., on the Congaree River, and on the South Carolina Railroad, 31 miles S.S.E. of Columbia. Fort Moultrie, mOl'tree, on Sullivan's Island, S.C., at the entrance to Charleston harbor, opposite Cumuiing's Point, is on the site of the old Fort Moultrie, which was built of palmetto logs and in 1776 was unsuccessfully attacked by the fleet of Sir Peter Parker. Fort Mouii'tain, a post-hamlet of Murray co., Ga. Fort Neces'sity, a post-office of Franklin parish, La. Fort'iier, a post-office of Emanuel co., Ga. Fort Nia$;'ara, Niagara co., N.Y., is a fortification at the mouth of the Niagara River, 1 mile N. of Youngstown. Fort Og'den, a post-hamlet of Manatee co., Fla., about 200 miles S. of Gainesville. It has 2 churches. . Fort Oiita'rio, a United States work at the city of Oswego, N.Y. Fort Os'age, a township of Jackson co., Mo. Pop. 1695, It conta.ins Buckner and Lake City. Fort Payne, pain, a post-village of De Kalb co., Ala., on the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad, 51 miles S.W. of Chattanooga. It has 2 churches. Fort Pembina, pem'bee-na, a United States post on the Red River of the North, near the Manitoba line. Fort Pen'dleton, a post-office and summer resort of Garrett co., Md., on the North Branch of the Potomac, 12 miles S.E. of Oakland. Elevation, about 3U00 feet. Fort Pickens, Pensacola Bay. See Pensacola. Fort Pierre, pe-air', a thriving trading and post-vil- lage of Dakota, on the Missouri, at the mouth of Bad River, about 25 miles by river below Fort Sully. Fort Pike, a post-office and military post of Orleans parish, La., on the Rigolets Pass, and near Lake Pontchar- train, 35 miles E.N.E. of New Orleans. Here is a brick fort, on the island called Petites Coquilles. Fort Pitt, a station in Alleghany co., Pa., on the Pitts- burg, Cincinnati Gulf Railroad, and at the terminus of the Fort Scott, Southeastern & Memphis Railroad, 98 miles S. of Kansas City, 48 miles N.E. of Parsons, and 111 miles S.W. of Sedalia. It is the most populous and important town in the southeastern part of the state, and is a great market for bituminous coal, the mining and shipping of which consti- tute the most extensive interest of the city. It contains a court-house, 9 churches, a high school, a normal school, 2 national banks, 3 flouring-mills, a woollen-mill, 2 machine- shops, a soap-factory, a grain-elevator, a brewery, 2 foun- dries, Ac. Two diiily and 2 weekly newspapers are published here. A military post was established here in 1842. P. 6750. Fort Sel'den, a post-oCBce and military post of Donna Ana CO., New Mexico, on the Rio Grande, 9 miles above Donna Ana, and 90 miles N. of the boundary of Texas. Three companies are stationed here. Fort Sen'eca, a post-hamlet of Seneca co., 0., on the Sandusky River, about 9 miles N. of Tiffin. Fort Sev'ern, a fortification on the left side of the river Severn, near Annapolis, Md. Fort SeAV'all, a defensive work adjoining the town of Marblehead, Mass. Fort Sey'bert, a post-office of Pendleton co., W, Va. Fort Shaw, a post-office and military post of Lewis and Clarke co., Montana, on the Sun or Medicine River, 85 miles N. of Helena. Fort Sill, a poet-office and military post in the Kiowa Reserve, Indian Territory, 170 miles W. by N. of Caddo Railroad Station. Lat. 34° 40' N.; Ion. 98° 30' W. roR 790 FOR Fort Sim'coe, a post-office and Indian agency of Yakima co., Wasliington, 65 miles N. of the Dalles, Oregon. Here is a reservation on which about 3500 Indians live and cultivate the soil. There are 2 churches on this reservation. Fort Sis'seton, a post-office of Deuel CO., Dakota. Fort Smith, a post-village of Sebastian oo.. Ark., on the S. bank of the Arkansas River, where it crosses the western boundary of the state, ]69 miles W.N.W. of Little Kock. It is the W. terminus of the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad, and is at the mouth of the Poteau River. It contains a national bank, an academy, printing-offices which issue 3 weekly newspapers, 10 churches, 2 flour- mills, a brewery, a tannery, a planing-mill, and manu- factures of ploughs and wagons. Pop. 2227. Here is hold a United States District Court having criminal jurisdiction of the Indian Territory. Fort Snel'ling, a post-hamlet and military post of Hennepin co., Minn., on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, and on the right bank of the Mississippi River, just above the mouth of the Minnesota, 6 or 7 miles S.W. of St. Paul. A fort was established here in 1819. Fort Sl)riiig Depot, a post-hamlet of Greenbrier co., W. Va., on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 17 miles W. of White Sulphur Springs. It has a church and a lime-kiln. Fort Stand'ish, a United States work on Saquish Head, at the entrance to the harbor of Plymouth, Mass. Fort Stan'ton, a post-office and United States post of Lincoln co.. New Mexico, 12 miles W. of Lincoln. Fort Steele, Wyoming. See Fort Fred Steele. Fort Ste'phens, a post-office of Kemper co.. Miss. Fort Ste'vens, a United States work in Oregon, near the mouth of the Columbia, 9 miles W. of Astoria. Fort Ste'venson, a post-office and military post of Stevens co., Dakota, on the Missouri River, 71 miles above Bismarck. Fort Stock'ton, a military post in Presidio co., Tex., on Comanche Creek, 71 miles N.E. of Fort Davis. Fort Sul'livan, on Moore Island, Me., is one of the defences of Eastpobt (which see). Fort Sul'ly, a post-village and military post, capital of Sully CO., Dakota, on the Missouri Iliver, about 250 miles N.W. of Yankton. It has a money-order post-office. Fort Sum'iier, post-office, San Miguel co.. New Me.tico. Fort Suin'ter, a brick fortification built upon .an artificial island, 3 miles S.E. of Charleston, S.C, and 1 mile from Fort Moultrie. It was the scene of very important events during the war of 1861-65. The construction of this work was begun in 1829. Forts'ville, a post-hamlet of Saratoga co., N.Y., in Moreau township, 14 miles N.E. of Saratoga Springs. It has a church, a grist-mill, and 2 stores. Port Tatas, Borneo. See Banjekmassin. Fort Tay'lor, a brick structure on the S.W. shore of Key West Island, Fla. Fort Ti'condero'ga, a station in Essex co., N.Y., on Lake Champlain, and on the New York &, Canada Railroad. 22i miles N. of Whitehall, at the junction of the branch to Ticonderoga and Baldwin. Here are the ruins of the his- toric fort Ticonderoga, which stands upon a peninsula in the lake. It is connected by steamer with the principal ports on the lake. Fort Tomp'kins, on Staten Island, New York, is at the Narrows, opposite Fort Hamilton. Fort Tot'teii, a post-office and military post of French CO., Dakota, on Lake Minniwakan, 82 miles N. of James- town. It is on an Indian reservation. Fort Trum'bull,aUnited States fortification designed for the defence of New London, Conn., on the Thames, 1 mile below that town. Fortuna, foa-too'ni, a town of Spain, 16 miles N.N.E. of Murcia. Pop. 4310. It has mineral baths and a salt- petre-factory. FortunatsE Insula;. See Canakies. For'tune, a fishing settlement on the French shore of Newfoundland, 113 miles from Tilt Cove. It has a fine harbor. Fortune Bay, a post-town and port of entry of New- foundland, at the entrance to Fortune Bay, 57 miles W.S.W. of Burin. It has a considerable trade with the Miquelon Islands. Pop. 805. For'tune Bay, an extensive inlet of the Atlantic, on the S. coast of Newfoundland, hit. 47° N., Ion. 65° W., giving the name to a district on its N. side. It contivins Brune Island, and at its entrance are the French islands of Miquelon and St. Pierre. Fortune Harbor, a fishing hamlet of Newfoundland, on Bay of Exf loits, 28 miles from Twillingate. Pop. 230. Fortune Island, in the Malay Archipelago, in the Molucca Passage. Lat. 0° 55' S. ; Ion. 124° 8' E. Fortune Island, in the Malay Archipelago, in the Banda Sea. Lat. 5° 3' S.; Ion. 132° 11' E. Fortune Island, in the Sooloo Sea. Lat. 14° 4'N.; Ion. 120° 32' E. Fortune Island, a small islet off the coast of Sumatra. Fortune Key, one of the Bahama Islands. Fort Union, yun'yun, a former post on the Missouri River, at the mouth of the Yellowstone. Fort Union, a post-office and military post of Mora CO., New Mexico, about 65 miles N.E. of Santa Fe. "The valley in which Fort Union is located," says Prof. Hayden, " is a very beautiful one, and is plainly carved out of the cretaceous plateau." Here is a United States arsenal. Fort Val'ley, a post-village of Houston co., Ga., on the main line of the Southwestern Railroad, at the junction of two branches, 26 miles S.W. of Macon, and 74 miles E. of Columbus. It is the largest village in the county, and is a shipping-point for cotton. It has 2 banks, 2 newspaper offices, 2 churches, a male academy, a female seminary, and the Georgia Agricultural Works. Pop. about 2000. Fort Vancouver, van-koo'ver, a United States post of Clarke co., Washington, 8 miles N. of Portland, Oregon, on the N. bank of the Columbia, near the town of Vancouver. Fort Victoria, vik-to're-4, in the Malay Archipelago, is the citadel of the capital town of Amboyna. Fort Victoria, a town and fort of India. See Ba.ncoot. Fort'ville, a post-village of Hancock co., Ind., in Ver- non township, on the railroad which connects Indianapolis with Muncie, 21 miles E.N.E. of the former. It has 3 churches, 2 steam saw-mills, a grist-mill, a hotel, a planing- mill, Ac. Pop. 387. Fort Wads'worth, a military post of Deuel co., Da- kota, on Kettle Lake. Lat. 45° 43' 30" N. ; Ion. 97° 30' W. Fort VVadsworth, on Staten Island, N.Y., is at the Narrows, the principal entrance to New York Harbor. Fort Wal'lace, a post-office and military post of Wal- lace CO., Kansas, near the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 353 miles W. of Topeka. The fort is built of stone and is occupied by a garrison. Fort Wal'la Wal'Ia, a United States post near the town of Walla W.alla, Washington. Fort VVar'ren, one of the defences of Boston, Mass., is upon George's Island. It is a strong work, built of Quincy granite. Fort Wash'ington, a post-office of Prince George's CO., Md., on the Potomac River, 14 miles S. of Washington, D.C. Here is a fort or defensive work. Fort Washington, a station in Montgomery co., Pa., on the North Pennsylvania Railroad, 14 miles N. of Phila- delphia. Fort Washita, wash'e-taw', a post-office of the Chick- asaw Nation, Indian Territory. Here are the ruins of an abandoned fort. Fort Wayne, wane, a city of Indiana, capital of Allen CO., is on the Maumee River, at the confluence of its branches the St. Joseph and St. Mary's Rivers, and on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad where it crosses the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago and Wabash Railroads, 148 miles E.S.E. of Chicago, 142 miles S.S.E. of Grand Rapids, 92 miles N. of Richmond, and 94 miles W.S.W. of Toledo, 0. It is the S. terminus of the Fort Wayne, Jackson k Sagi- naw Railroad, and the N. terminus of the Fort Wayne, Muncie & Cincinnati Railroad. Its trade is also facilitated by the Wabash & Erie Canal. It contains a court-house, 27 churches, 2 or 3 national banks, a high school, the Concordia College (Lutheran), which was founded in 1850, and the Fort Wayne College (Methodist Episcopal), which was organized in 1846. It is tlie seat of a Catholic bishop, and has a Cath- olic hospital, a convent, and 2 academies. Four daily ond 6 weekly newspapers are published here ; 2 of the weekly papers are in German. This city has several iron-foundries and machine-shops, a rolling-mill, and manufactories of railroad-cars, organs, woollen goods, engines and boilers, Ac. Large workshops of 3 railroads are located here. Pop. about 24,000. Fort Wayne, a United States fort, near Detroit, Mich., on the Detroit River. Fort Whip'ple,a United States military post, 2 miles N. of Prescott, Arizona. Fort Whipple, a United States work of Ale.xandria CO., Va., near Arlington. Fort William, wil'yam, a village and fort of Scot- land, 00. of Inverness, on Loch Eil, near the foot of Ben Nevis, adjacent to the village of Maryburgh. Pop. of vil- lage, 1212. FOR 791 Fort William, wil'yiim, a post-village in Pontiac eo., Quebec, on the river Ottawa, 20 miles above llenfrew, chiefly inhabited by Indians. It was formerly a fort of the Hudson's Bay Company. Pop. 125. Fort William, or Prince Arthur's Landing, a post-village in the district of Thunder Bay, Ontario, on the Kaministiquia River, about a mile from its discharge into Thunder Bay, in Lake Superior, 750 miles from Colling- wood. Lat. 48° 23' 33" N. ; Ion. 89° 20' W. The fort was erected by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1803. The vil- lage contains 8 stores, 2 hotels, and a church. It is a landing of the Lake Superior steamers, and is an important station of the Canada Pacific Railway. Rich silver-mines are worked in the vicinity. Pop. 503. Fort Win'gate, a post-office and military post of Va- lencia CO., New Mexico. Lat. 35° 20' N. ; Ion. 108° 20' W. Fort Win'neba'go, a township of Columbia co.. Wis. Pop. 727. 1 ort Win'throp, Massachusetts, a United States work on Governor's Island, in Boston harbor. Fort Wolcott, wool'kut, a United States work on Goat Island, in the harbor of Newport, R.I. Fort Wood, a fortification on Bedloe's Island, in the harbor of New York. Fort Wool, a United States work standing upon a shoal, called " the Rip Raps," in Hampton Roads, Va., 1 mile S.E. of Fort Monroe. Fort Worth, a post-village, capital of Tarrant co., Tex., on the West Fork of the Trinity River, and on the Texas Pacific Railroad, 33 miles W. of Dallas, and 175 miles N. of Austin. It has 2 banks, 2 or 3 newspaper offices, and 6 churches. Pop. about 2000. Fort Wrangell, ring'el, a post-village and military post of Alaska, in the Pacific Ocean, at Etolin Harbor, on Wrangell Island, about 145 miles E.S.B. of Sitka. Lat. 56° 31' 30" N. ; Ion. 132° 20' W. Forty-Eight, a post-office of Wayne co., Tenn. Forty-One Mile Turn'out, a station in Colleton CO., S.C, on the South Carolina Railroad, 41 miles N.W. of Charleston. Fort Yu'ma, a United States post in San Diego co., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad, and on the Colo- rado River, opposite Yuma, Arizona, 80 miles by water from the Gulf of California. Forum Alieni, the ancient name of FEnn.inA. Forum Claudii, supposed ancient name of Okiolo. Forum Cornelii, the ancient name of IwoL.i. Forum Gallorum, ancient name of CASTEL-FnArrco. Forum Jovis, supposed ancient name of Mahazion. Forum Julii, the ancient name of Friuli. Forum Julii, or Forum Julium. See Freius. Forum Julii, the ancient name of Cividale. Forum Licinii, supposed ancient name of Lecco. Forum Livii, the ancient name of Forli. Forum Neronis, the ancient name of Lodeve. Forum Novum, the ancient name of FoRxovo. Forum Popilii. See Forlimpopoli, and Polla. Forum Segusianorum, the ancient name of Feurs. Forum Sempronii. See Fossombrose. Forum Vocontii, the ancient name of Vii>AnB.iN. For'ward, a township of Alleghany eo., Pa. Pop. 1300. Forward, a township of Butler CO., Pa. Pop. 1025. It includes Prospect. Forward, a post-office of Dane co.. Wis. Fos, fos, a hamlet of France, in Bouches-du-Rhone, 6 miles S. of Istres, at the head of the Gulf of Fos, at the mouth of the Canal of St. Louis, and near the outlet of the old canal (fossa) dug by Caius Marius. The ground is marshy. Here are salt-works. Pop. of commune, 1170. Fos, a village of France, in Haute-Garonne, in the Pyrenees, 60 miles S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. 1551. Foscaldo, fos-kil'do, a market-town of Italy, province and 16 miles N.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 2000. Fosco'ro, a post-hamlet of Kewaunee co., Wis., in Ahnepee township, on Lake Michigan, 40 miles N.E. of the city of Green Bay. It has 1 or 2 lumber-mills. Fosdinovo, fos-de-no'vo (L. Fmdeno'vum), a village of Italy, 7 miles N.W. of Carrara, 1814 feet above the sea. Pop. of commune, 5962. Fosn£ES, or Fosnas, fos'nice, a maritime villjige and parish of Norway, 90 miles N.N.E. of Trondhjem. Fossaceca, fos^si-chi'ki, a village of Italy, province and 9 miles N.W. of Campobasso. Pop. 2770. Fossaceca, a village of Italy, pi-ovince of Caserta, 12 miles N.W. of Piedimonte. Pop. 983. Fossaceca, a village of Italy, province of Chieti, near the Adriatic, 4i miles S.E. of San Vito. Pop. 3268. FOS Fossa Clodia, the ancient name of Chioggia. Fossano, fos-s4'no (anc. Fossa'iium), a town of Italy, in Piedmont, on the Stura, 14 miles by rail N.E. of Coni. It is picturesquely situated on a hill, enclosed by old walls, and crowned by a fine castle. Internally it is antique and gloomy, the houses built over arcades, which form the foot- ways. It is a bishop's see, and has a fine cathedral, con- taining a few good paintings, other churches and conven- tual buildings, several palaces, a theatre, hospital, 7noiit- de-pi4t6, orphan asylum, cemetery', a scientific academy, several educational establishments, and mineral baths. Its manufactures are silk, leather, iron, woollen goods, and paper. Pop. 16,544. Fosse, or Fosses, foss, a village of Belgium, province and 8 miles S.W. of Namur. Pop. 3547. Fos'sil, a post-office of Wasco co., Oregon. Fos'silville, a post-village of Bedford co.. Pa., in Londonderry township, on the Bedford & Bridgeport Rail- road, 18 miles N. of Cumberland, Md. It has a church and a mine of iron ore. Fossnaes, a village of Norway. See Fosn.es. Fossombrone, fos-som-bro'ni, a town of Italy, in the Marches, on the Metauro, 10 miles B.N.E. of Urbino. Pop. 9056. It sprang from the ruins of the ancient Foncm Sem- pronii, 2 miles distant, is a bishop's see, and has a cathedral and flourishing manufactures. Fossum, fos'soom, a village of Norway, 62 miles S.W. of Christiania. It has a cobalt-mine and iron-works. Fostat, fosUit', or Old Cairo (ki'ro), a town of Cen- tral Egypt, on the Nile, 3^ miles S.W. of Cairo, opposite Gheezeh. See Cairo. Fos'ter, a county in the N.E. part of Dakota, has an area of about 1400 square miles. It is intersected by the Sheyenne River, and contains several lakes. Foster, a post-villnge of Bracken co., Ky., on the Ohio River, about 30 miles below Maysville. Pop. 191. Foster, a township of Faribault eo., Minn. Pop. 346. Foster, a township of Luzerne CO., Pa. Pop. 2999. It contains Jeddo, Eckley, and other coal-mining towns. Foster, a township of Schuylkill co.. Pa. Pop. 100. It contains Glen Carbon. Foster, Susquehanna co.. Pa. See Hop Bottom. Foster, Venango co.. Pa. See Coal City. Foster, a post-township of Providence CO., R.I., about 16 miles W. of Providence. Pop. 1630. Foster, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., Wis., about 10 miles S.E. of Fond du L.ac. Fos'ter Brook, a post-office of McKean co.. Pa., is at Red Rock Station, 2 miles E. of Derrick City. Fos'terburg, a post-village of Madison co.. 111., 6 miles N.E. of Upper Alton. It has 3 churches. Fosterburg, or Foster's, a hamlet of Marion co., 111., 4 miles E. of Vernon Station, which is 11 miles S. of Vandalia. It has a church. Here is Lester Post-OSice. Foster Centre, a post-hamlet of Providence co., R.I., in Foster township, about IS miles W. by S. of Providence. It has a church, a manufactory of shell jewelry, and a stone- quarry. Pop. 34. Fos'terdale, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., N.Y., 6 miles E. of Cochecton Railroad Station. It has a church. Foster Poud, a post-office of Monroe co.. 111. Fos'ters, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., Ala. Foster's, a hamlet of Illinois. See Fosterburg. Foster's, a station in Washtenaw co., Mich., on the Michigan Central Railroad, 2 miles W. of Ann Arbor. Foster's, a station in Adams co.. Miss., on the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad, 5 miles E. of Natchez. Foster's, or Falkland, a post-settlement in Lunen- burg CO., Nova Scotia, 41 miles from Kentville. Pop. 100. Foster's Crossing, a post-hamlet of Warren co., 0., in Hamilton township, on the Little Miami Railroad, 27 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. It has a distillery, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Foster's Meadow, a post-hamlet in Queens co., N.Y., on a branch of the Long Island Railroad, 2 miles N. of Val- ley Stream Junction. It has 2 churches. Foster's Mills, a post-hamlet of Armstrong co.. Pa., in Sugar Creek township, 7 miles S.S.W. of East Brady. Foster Springs, a post-hamlet bf Lyon co., Kansas, 7i miles N. of Americus. Foster's Ridge, a post-office of Perry co., Ind. Foster's Store, a post-hamlet of Chattooga co,, Ga., 21 miles from Rome. It has a church and an academy. Fos'tertown, a hamlet of Burlington co., N.J., at Brown's Station, 1 mile S. of Lumberton. Fostertown, a hamlet of Orange co., N.Y., in New- burg township. It has a church. FOS 792 Fos'terville, a post-hamlet of Cayuga co., N.Y., in Aurelius township, about 6 miles W.N.W. of Auburn. It has a church. Fosterville, a village of Mahoning co., 0., in Youngs- town township, 2 miles from the Painesville & Youngstown Railroad, lilock coal is largely mined here. Fosterville, a post-village of Kutherford co., Tenn., on the Nashville & Chattanooga Hailroad, 46 miles S.S.E. of Nashville. It has a church. Fosterville, a post-village of Anderson co., Tex., 13 miles N.W. of Nechesville Station. It has 2 churches. Fosto'ria, a post-village of Seneca co., 0., in Loudon township, on the Lake Erie &■ Louisville Railroad, and on the Chicago division of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad where it crosses the Columbus & Toledo Railroad, 21 miles S.W. of Fremont, 16 miles N.E. of Findlay, and 13 miles W. by N. of Tiffin. It contains a bank, 6 churches, a nor- mal school, several flour-mills and saw-mills, 2 iron-foundries, and 2 manufactories of sash and doors. Two weekly news- papers are published here. Pop. about 30U0. Fostoria, a post-hamlet of Blair co., Pa,, on the Penn- sylvania Railroad, 8 miles N.E, of Altoona. It has 2 stores. Fota^ a small island of Ireland. See Foaty. Fotcha, Fotscha, or Fotsha, fot'shi, a town of Herzegovina, 30 miles E, of Mostar. Fine cutlery is here made. Pop. 8000. Foth'eringay, a village of England, co. of North- ampton, 27 miles N.E. of Northampton. Fou, a town of China. See Foo. Fou, a Chinese name for "city." See Foo. Fouah and Foua, a village of Egypt. See Fooah. Fou-Chan, China. See Fog-Shan. Fou-Chou, a city of China. See Foo-Choo-Foo. Fouesnant, foo-^s^nftN^', a town of France, in Finis- tSre, 8 miles S.E. of Quimper. Pop. 242, Foug, foog (anc. Fa'gaa Leco'rum ?), a village of France, in Menrthe-et-Moselle, 5 miles by rail W. of Toul. A hill in the vicinity is crowned by the remains of a palace which belonged to the early kings of France. Pop. 1484. Fougeray, or Le Grand Fougeray, l§h grAN« foo^zh^h-ri', a town of France, in Ille-et-Vilaine, 17 miles E.N.E. of Redon. Pop. 1083. Fougeres, foo^zhain' (L. Filicanee Hkedonum), a town of France, Ille-et-Vilaine, 27 miles N.E. of Rennes, near the Nangon. Pop. 10,396. It has a commercial college, mineral springs, manufactures of sail-cloth, hempen fab- rics, flannel, glass, shoes, &q., and trade in corn, butter, and honey. It was formerly one of the strongest places in Brittany, and was often taken and retaken during the wars with the English. A battle took place here, November 15, 1793, between the Vendeans and the Republicans. Fougerolles, foo'zheh-roir, a village of France, de- partment and 19 miles N.W. of Mayenne. Pop. 817. Fougerolles, a village of France, in Haute-Saone, 16 miles N.N.W. of Lure. Pop. 12S2, or, with commune, 6459. It has a considerable manufacture of cherry brandy. Fouges, foozh, a seaport town of Asia Minor. (See Phoc-ea.) The Gulf op Fouges is an inlet of the iEgean Sea, immediately N. of the Gulf of Smyrna. Fou-Hoa, a town of China. See Oochee. Foul, or Foula, an island of Shetland. See Fowla. Foulahs, a race of West Africa. See Foolahs. Foul Island, in the Bay of Bengal, off the W. coast of Burmah. Lat. 18° 4" N. ; Ion. 93° 57' E. Foul'ness, an island of England, co. of Essex, on the North Sea, 9 miles E.N.E. of Rochford. It is the largest of a cluster of islands near the mouth of the river Crouch. Foul'point, a village on the E. coast of Madagascar. Lat. 17° 40' S. ; Ion. 49° 30' E. Foulta, a village of India. See Fulta. Founai, a town of Japan. See Foonai. Foun'dry Village, in Colerain township, Franklin CO., Mass., 2 miles S.W. of Colerain village. It has a church and some manufactures. Foun'dryville, a hamlet in Foster township, Luzerne CO., Pa., on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 1 mile from Jeddo, and 67 miles W.N.W. of Easton. It has a foundry and machine-shop, Foung-\ang, a city of China. See Fung-Yang. Foung-Yang-Houang-Tching, China. SeeFuxG- Whang-Ciiing. Fou-Ning, a city of China. See Foo-Ning. Foun'tain, a county in the W. part of Indiana, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Wabash River, and intersected by Coal Creek. The Burfaoe is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests, in which the sugar-maple abounds. The soil is a FOU fertile loa,m. Wheat, Indian corn, pork, and hay are the staple products. This county has beds of bituminous coal. It is traversed by the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western Railroad, the Wabash Railroad, and the WaJoash & Erie Canal. Capital, Covington. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, 810,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 16,389, of whom 15,441 were Americans. Fountain, a post- village of EI Paso co.. Col., on Foun- tain Creek, and on the Denver &, Rio Grande Railroad, 12 miles S.S.E. of Colorado Springs. It has a church. Fountain, a post-office of Brookings CO., Dakota. Fountain, a township of Monroe co.. 111. Pop. 2977. It contains Waterloo, the county scat. Fountain, a post-village of Fountain co., Ind., on the Wabash River, about 7 miles below Attica. It has a church. Fountain, a township of Ottawa co., Kansas. Pop. 786. Fountain, a post-village in Fountain township, Fill- more CO., Minn., on the Southern Minnesota Railroad, 61 miles W. of La Crosse, Wis., and about 30 miles S.S.E. of Rochester. It has a church, a drug-store, an elevator, &c. Pop. of the township, 999. Fountain, a station in Centre co., Pa., on the Belle- fonte & Snowshoe Railroad, 2 miles E. of Snowshoe. Fountain, a post-office of Schuylkill co.. Pa. Fountain, a township of Juneau co.. Wis. Pop. 740. Foun'tain Blutf, a post-village of Jackson co., lii., on the Mississippi River, and on the Grand Tower rs, and the school for living Oriental languages. Outside of Paris there are three schools of the arts and trades, several schools of fine arts, 3 schools of agriculture, 1 of horticulture, 3 for veterinary surgeons, 1 at Saint-Etienne for miners, and 1 for mining engineers. There are Catholic universities at Paris, Angers, Lille, and Toulouse. Communal and Departmental Adniiniatration. — The com- mune represents the elementary territorial unit. It com- prises either a town or one or more villages, with the ad- jacent rural districts, and is governed by a raaire, deputies, and municipal council. The maire is appointed by gov- ernment, and is assisted by deputies similarly appointed. The council is elected by the inhabitants. Paris and Lyons have special municipal administrations. The canton consists in most cases of ten communes. It is not so much an administrative as a judiciary division. Recruiting for the army takes place at the chief town of the canton; The arrondissement is usually composed of eight cantons. It is governed by a sub-prefect, appointed by the president of the republic. He is assisted by a coiineil con- sisting of as many members as there are cantons in the arrondissement. The department comprises generally four arrondissements. It is governed by a prefect, who is ap- pointed by the president on the nomination of the minister of the interior, and is assisted by a council composed of as many members as there are cantons. Army and Navy. — The French army is now organized on the basis of a law for recruitment enacted by the National Assembly in 1S72 and supplemented by laws passed in 1373-75. Personal military service is in virtue of these obligatory on every Frenchman, this liability continuing from his twentieth to his fortieth year. His terms of ser- vice are distributed as follows, viz., (1) five years in the active army; (2) four years in the reserve of the active army; (3) five years in the territorial army; (4) six years in the reserve of the territorial army. Besides for physical unfitness, partial or complete exemption is given for family and professional reasons: thus, the oldest of a family of or- phans, the oldest son or grandson of a widow, teachers, artists who have gained the grand prize, and ecclesiastics are exempt. Young men engaged in studies or avocations which would suffer by interruption may be exempted par- tially or completely on the recommendation of their muni- cipal council. Young men who can prove a certain amount of education by passing an examination are permitted to enlist as volunteers for one year only, provided they feed and clothe themselves at their own expense. All soldiers in the active array who have learned their duties, and who can read and write, may at the end of a year's service be sent off on furlough for an indefinite time. The active army is thus composed of all the young men from twenty to twenty-nine who have not been exempted, the reserve of all the men from twenty-nine to forty. Neither the active array nor its reserve are in any way localized, but are drawn from and distributed over the whole of France. On the other hand, the territorial army and Its reserve are spread over fixed districts determined from time to time by administrative enactment. The total eff"ective force of the active army in 1876 was 470,600 (or, with gendarmerie, 499,113) men, and 120,894 horses. Sir G-arnet Wolseley states its effective force on the 1st of January, 1878, to be 745,000, not including 27,000 gendarmerie. The reserve will not have reached its full development till the end of ISSl, but he estimates it as con- sisting on the 1st of January, 1878, of 500,000 soldiers trained in the regular army. The Gotha Almanac for 1878 rates the effective force of the French army placed on a war- footing at 1,750,000 men. The whole of France is divided into eighteen military regions, each under a general of division and subdivided into districts corresponding to the departments, each under a general of brigade. The fortified places are specially ad- ministered by a service dea fortljicationa, with cliefa-Ueux or headquarters at Arras, Bayonne, Besangon, Bourges, Brest, Cherbourg, Grenoble, Langres, Rochelle, Havre, Lille, Lyons, Marseilles, Montpellier, Nantes, Perpignan, Saint- Omer, Toulon, and Toulouse. To replace Metz and Stras- burg, lost to Germany, a decree of government of 1872 cre- ated military establishments at Avignon, Perpignan, Quibe- ron, and Rouen. The war navy of France consists of about 500 vessels, mostly steamers, with an aggregate of nearly 3000 guns; and of the ships over 50 are iron-clad. The navy is manned partly by conscription and partly by voluntary enlistment. The time of service is the same as in the army. By the law of 1372 it is enacted that a certain number of young men liable to service in the active army may select the navy instead. Finance. — In 1875 the total public debt of France, con- solidated and redeemable, amounted to $4,687,921,400, the interest or rente on which was $149,680,980. The number of inscriptions of rente, that is, of individual holders, was 4,380,933. Colonies and Dependencies. — The island of Corsica is treated as an integral part of France. Algeria is, the most important colonial possession. Besides Algeria, she pos- sesses in Africa Senegal, some small establishments near the Gold Coast, Gaboon, the island of Mayotte and its depend- encies, Nossi Be, Sainte-Marie-de-Madagascar, and Re- union ; in Asia, the cities of Mah6, Carrieal, Pondicherry, Yanaon, and Chandernagore in India, and, in Indo-China, French Cochin China or Basse Cochin-Chine; in Oceanica, New Caledonia, the Loyalty Isles, Clipperton Island, and FRA 798 ERA the Marquesas, besides the Society, Pearl, and Gambier Islands (under French protection); in South America, French Guiana; in the "West Indies, Martinique, Guade- loupe, St. Bartholomew, and several minor islands; and in North America, the islands of St, Pierre and Miquelon, to the S. of Newfoundland. The kingdom of Cambodia is under French control, and the existence of a French pro- tectorate over Anam has been announced. Exclusive of Algeria, Cambodia, and the protectorates, the colonies have a population of 2,702,500. Population. — According to the census of 1876, the popu- lation of France was 36,905,788, of whom 18,373,639 were males and 18,532,149 females. In 1872 the population was 36,102,921, showing an increase in four years of 802,867, or 2.2 per cent. Part of this increase is due to the immigra- tion of persons from the portions of Alsace and Lorraine annexed by Germany. The natural rate of increase of the population in France is lower than that of any other nation in Western Europe. Of the whole population the rural por- tion constitutes 68.9 per cent, and the urban 31 per cent. Although the rural population is decreasing, more than one- half of the people still live by agriculture. The population of the different departments was, in 1876, as follows; Ain 365,462 Aisne 5G0,4';i7 Allier 405,783 AIpes-Maritimes 203,004 Ardeche 384,378 Ardennes 320,782 Anle for the beauty of its scenery and the fertility of its soil. The siirface is diversified with hills and extensive forests. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and hay are the staple products. Good limestone underlies a large part of the county. It is intersected by the Harpers Ferry & Valley Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Capital, Winchester. Valuation of real and personal estate, $9,100,000. Pop. in 1S70, 16,696, of whom 16,340 were Frederick, or Fred'ericksville, a post-village in Frederick township, Schuyler co.. 111., on the W. bank of the Illinois River, and on the St. Louis, Rock Island & Chicago Railroad, 4 miles N. of Beardstown. It has a steam ftouring-mill, a saw-mill, a town house, and a boat- yard. Coal is mined here. The name of its post-office is Fredericksville. Pop. 669 ; of the township, 956, Frederick, a city, the capital of Frederick co., Md., is situated in a fertile valley, 61 miles by rail AV. by N. of Baltimore, and about 44 miles N.N.W. of Washington, D.C. It is on the Frederick & Pennsylvania Line Railroad, and is connected with the Baltimore V. of Sedalia. FEB 8( Freedom, a township of Lafayette co., Mo. Pop. 2559. Freedom, a post-township of Carroll co., >f.H., is bounded on the S. by Ossipee Lake and Ossipee River. It has 3 churches, a savings-bank, and manufactures of car- riages, &G. Pop. 737. Freedom, a township of Cattaraugus co., N.Y. Pop. 1341. It contains Elton. Freedom, a township of Henry co., 0. Pop. 812. It contains Freedom Mills. Freedom, a post-office of Portage co., 0., in Freedom township, about 21 miles N.E. of Akron. The township has 2 churches and 4 cheese-factories. Pop. of the town- ship, 781. Freedom Station, on the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, is 6 miles N.E. of Ravenna. Freedom, a township of Wood co., 0., traversed by Portage River. Pop. 1089. It contains New Rochester. Freedom, a post-office of Coos co., Oregon. Freedom, a township of Adams co.. Pa., on the Mary- land line. Pop. 419. Freedom, a post-borough of Beaver co., Pa., on the right or N. bank of the Ohio River, and on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne A Chicago Railroad, 24 miles N.W. of Pitts- burg, and 2 miles S.E. of Rochester. It has a bank, 5 churches, an oil-refinery, 2 fire-brick-kilns, a boat-yard, a grist-mill, and 2 saw-milis. Pop. 634. Freedom, a township of Blair CO., Pa. Pop. 1020. It contains McKee's Gap. Freedom, a village of Venango co.. Pa., in Rockland township, li miles from Rockland Station. It has a church. Freedom, a post-township of Outagamie co.. Wis., 10 miles N.E. of Appleton. It has 5 churches. Pop. 1581, Freedom, a township of Sauk co., Wis. Pop. 1057. Freedom Centre, a post-office of La Salle co.. III. Freedom Mills, a post-hamlet of Henry co., 0., in Freedom township, about 40 miles W.S.W. of Toledo. It has a church. Freedom Plains, a post-hamlet of Dutchess co., N.Y., in La Grange township, 2 miles from Billings Station, which is 20 miles N.E. of Newburg. It has a church. Freedom Station, a post-hamlet of Portage co., 0., on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 6 miles N.E. of Ravenna. Free Hill, a post-office of Washington co., Tenn., 10 miles N. of Jonesborough. Free'hold, formerly Monmouth Court-House, a post-village, capital of Monmouth co., N.J., is in Free- hold township, and on the Freehold & Jamesburg Railroad, 11 miles S.E. of Jamesburg, 18 miles W. of Long Branch, and 25 miles (direct) E. of Trenton. It contains 6 churches, 2 national banks, the Freehold Institute for ladies, 2 news- paper offices, a graded school, and an iron-foundry. Here occurred an indecisive battle, called the battle of Mon- mouth Court-House, between Washington and the British, June 28, 1778. Pop. about 2200; of the township, 4231. Freehold, a post-village of Greene co., N.Y., in Green- ville township, on Catskill Creek, about 30 miles S.S.W. of Albany, It n.as 1 or 2 grist-mills, a nursery, Ac. Freehold, or Wrights'ville, a post-village of War- ren CO., Pa., in Freehold township, on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 10 miles N.E. of Corry. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a steam stave-factory. The name of its post-office is Freehold. Pop. of the township, 1316. Free'land, a post-office of De Kalb co.. III., about 20 miles W.S.W. of Aurora. Freeland, a post-office and station of Baltimore co., Md., on the Northern Central Railroad, 34 miles N. of Bal- timore, and near the Pennsylvania line. Freeland, a station on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, 11 miles N.W. of East Saginaw, Mich. The name of its post-office is Jay. Freeland, apost-office of Carter co., Mo. Freeland, a post-hamlet of Muskingum co., 0., 7 miles N.W. of Cumberland Station. Freeland, a post-office of Luzerne co.. Pa. Freeland, Montgomery co., Pa. See Collegeville. Free'landville, a post-village of Knox co., Ind., in Widner township, 18 miles N.E. of Vincennes. It has 4 churches, a graded school, and a wagon-factory. Freel'ton, a post-village in Wentworth cOi, Ontario, 12 miles N.W. of Hamilton. Pop. 150. Free'man, a post-office of Clay co., Iowa. Freeman, a post-hamlet of Pratt co., Kansas, 30 miles from Sterling Railroad Station. Freeman, a post-township of Franklin co.. Me., about 14 miles N. of Farmington. Pop. 60S. Freeman, a township of Freeborn co., Minn., on the Iowa line. Pop. 811. 3 FRE Freeman, a post-village of Cass co.. Mo., in Dolan township, on the Osage division of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, 74 miles W. of Sedalia. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a money-order post-office. Pop. 157. Freeman, a post-office of Licking co., 0. Freeman, a post-township of Crawford co.. Wis., is on the Mississippi River, opposite Lansing, Iowa. Pop. 1564. Freeman's, a township of Franklin co., N.C. P.13I8. Free'mansburg, a post-borough of Northampton co., Pa., on the Lehigh River, on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, and on the Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroad, 9 miles S.W. of E.aston, and 2 or 3 miles N.E. of Bethlehem. It has 2 churches and a manufactory of toilet-soap and candles. Pop. 043. Freeman's Landing;, a village of Hancock co., W. Va., on the Ohio River, opposite Sloan's Station, Ohio. It has a church and 3 manufactories of fire-bricks. Freeman's Mills, a post-hamlet of Guilford co., N.C, 6 miles S.E. of Jamestown Station. Freeman's Peak, Colorado, a mountain in lat. 39° 16' 32" N., Ion. 105° 21' 45" W. It is 4 miles from Vir- ginia Mountain, and has an altitude of 10,600 feet. Freeman's Run, a post-office of Potter co., Pa. Free'mansville, a post-hamlet of Milton co., Ga., 20 miles N.E. of Marietta. It has a church and an academy. Free'mantle, or Fre'mantle, a town of Western Australia, at the mouth of the Swan River, 12 miles S. of Perth. Lat. 32° 5' S. ; Ion. 115° 40' E. It has a convict- prison and a government building. Pop. 4000. Free'manton, a post-hamlet of Effingham co., III., on the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, 8 miles W.S.W. of Effingham. Free Negro Bend. See Jefferson SxATiorf, La. Free'o, or Fre'co, a post-office of Ouachita Co., Ark. Free'port, a post-hamlet of Sacramento co., Cal., on the Sacramento River, 7 miles S. of Sacramento City. Freeport, a post-village of Walton co., Fla., on Choctawhatchee Bay, at the head of navigation, about 75 miles E. of Pensacola. It has 2 churches, a lumber-mill, and a boat-yard. Freeport, a city, the capital of Stephenson co.. III., on the Pecatonica River, and on the Illinois Central Railro.ad where it crosses the Western Union Railroad, 70 miles E.S.E. of Dubuque, 35 miles N. of Dixon, and 121 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. It is at the W. terminus of a division of tho Chi- cago &, Northwestern Railroad, and is 28 miles W. of Rock- ford. It contains a court-house, 13 churches, 2 national banks, 2 other banks, a high school, Freeport College (Pres- byterian), which was founded in 1872, and some manufac- tures. Four or 5 weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 7889. Freeport, a post-village of Shelby co., Ind., in Han- over township, on Blue River, 2 miles from Morristown Station, and about 25 miles E.S.E. of Indianapolis. It has a church, a woollen-factory, a saw-mill, and a planing-mill. Freeport, a post-village of Winneshiek co., Iowa, on the Upper Iowa River, 3 miles E. of Decorah. It has a church and a paper-mill. Freeport, a post-village in Freeport township (which is on Casco Bay), Cumberland co., Me., and on the Maine Central Railroad, 18 miles N.E. of Portland. It has 3 churches. Ship-building is the most important business of this place, and it has several vessels employed in the coasting-trade and fisheries. Pop, about 600 j of the town- ship, 2457. Freeport, a post-village in Irving township, Barry co., Mich., 9 miles N.W. of Hastings. It has 1 or 2 churches, a union school, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 200. Freeport, a post-village of Queens CO., N.Y., in Hemp- stead township, on the South Side Railroad, 24 miles E.S.E. of Brooklyn. It has 2 churches and an academy. Oysters and fish are exported from this place. Freeport, a post-village in Freeport township, Harri- son CO., 0., on Stillwater Creek, about 45 miles S. of Canton. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and manufactures of chairs, leather, wagons, &c. Pop. of the township, 1015. Freeport, Warren co., 0. See Ohegon. Freeport, a village of Wood co., 0., in Montgomery township, 2 miles from Bradner Station, which is 24 miles S. of Toledo. It has 3 churches, 2 drug-stores, and several other stores. The name of its post-office is Prairie Depot. Freeport, a post-borough of Armstrong co.. Pa., in a valley, on the right bank of the Alleghany River, at the mouth of the Kiskiminetas, and at the mouth of Buffalo Creek. It is on the Alleghany Valley Railroad and the Western Pennsylvania Railroad, 29 miles N.E. of Pitts- burg, and 14 miles S.W. of Kittanning. It contains 10 FRE 810 FRE churches, a national bank, 1 other bank, a newspaper office, a foundry, a tannery, a planing-mill, and a manufactory of flannel. Pop. 1640. Freeport, Greene co., Pa. See New Fbeeport. Freeport, a post-office of Gloucester oo., Va. Freeport, a post-village of Cowlitz co., Washington, on the Cowlitz lliver, and on the Northern Pacific Railroad at Wallace Station. It has 2 churches and a lumber-mill. Free'port, apost-villagein Waterloo co., Ontario, on the Grand lliver, 4 miles E.S.B. of Berlin. Pop. 100. Freeport, Nova Scotia. See Long Island. Free'shade', a post-office of Middlese.x co., Va. Free Soil, a post-township of Mason co., Mich., about 15 miles N.E. of Ludington. Pop. 214. Free'stone, a county in the N.E. central part of Texas, has an area of about 820 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by Trinity River, and is drained by Tahuacano Creek. The surface is hilly or undulating; the soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Fairfield. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,116,034. Pop. in 1S70, 8139, of whom 8115 were Americans. Freestone, a post-village of Sonoma co., Cal., on the North Pacific Coast Railroad, 66 miles N.N.W. of San Fran- cisco. It has a church and a saw-mill. Freestone, Scioto co., 0. See Buena Vista. Freestone, a post-ofiice of Prince William co., Va., on the railroad between Alexandria and Fredericksburg. Free'town, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Ind., about 60 miles S. of Indianapolis. Freetown, a post-village of Bristol oo., Mass., in Freetown township, on the Old Colony Railroad, 45 miles S. of Boston, and 8 miles N.N.B. of Fall River. The town- ship is also traversed by the Taunton & New Bedford Rail- road, and has 5 churches, and manufactories of guns and nails. Pop. 1372. Freetown, a township of Cortland co., N.Y. Pop. 866. The name of the post-office is Freetown Corners. Free'town, a post-village in Prince co.. Prince Edward Island, 10 miles by rail E. of Summerside. Pop. 150. Free'town, or Saint George, a town of West Africa, capital of the British colony of Sierra Leone, on its W. coast. Lat. 8° 27' N.; Ion. 13° 14' W. It is enclosed landward by an amphitheatre of mountains, is regularly built, mostly of wood, and has various schools, government offices, and barracks, a theatre, and around it many Euro- pean country-houses. Pop. 18,035. Freetown Corners, a post-hamlet of Cortland co., N.Y., 40 miles S. of Syracuse. It has 2 churches. P. 125. Free Union, yun'yiln, a post-hamlet of Webster co., Ky., 4 miles W. of Di.xon. It has a church. Free Union, a post-hamlet of Albemarle co., Va., 9 miles N. of Ivy Depot. It has a church. Free'ville, a post-village of Tompkins co., N.Y., in Dryden township, on the Southern Central Railroad where it crosses the Utica, Ithaca & Elmira Railroad, at the junc- tion of the Scipio Branch of the latter road, 10 miles N.E. of Ithaca. It has a church, a cheese-factory, a grist- mill, &a. Free'water, a post-office of Harlan co.. Neb. Free Will, a post-office of Osborne co., Kansas. Fregella;, the supposed ancient name of Pontecorvo. Fregellae, the ancient name of Ceprano. Fregenal de la Sierra, fri-ni-nil' di. li se-SK'ni, a town of Spain, 39 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 6948. It has tan-yards, and manufactories of linens and leather. Fregionaja, fri-jo-na'yS, a village of Italy, 6 miles W. of Lucca. It has a monastery, founded in 1107. Freiamt, fri'imt, a town of Baden, circle and i miles B. of Emmeiidingen. Pop. 2019. Freiberg, or Freyberg, fri'bSRG, a town of Saxony, capital of its mining district, 20 miles S. W. of Dresden, near the Mulde. at the junction of several railways. Pop. 23,559. It is enclosed by ancient fortifications, and has a fine cathe- dral, with some remarkable monuments and works of art, an orphan asylum, a gymniisiuni, burgher school, ttc, and outside of the town is the old cathedral of Freudenstcin. It is the seat of the administration of mines and foundries for the kingdom, and of a famous mining academy. In the vicinity are numerous mines of silver, copper, lead, cobalt, i&c. :. the principal is the llimmelsfUrst, one of the most productive silver-mines in Europe. Freiberg has also flourishing manufactui-es of gold and silver lace, wool- len cloths and cassimcres, and some extensive breweries. Freiburg, or Freyburg, fri'b83RQ, a city of the grand duchy of Baden, on the Treisam, at a railway junction, 70 miles S.S.W. of Carlsruhe. Pop., including suburbs, 30,595. It is well built, and its cathedral, with a spire 380 feet in height, is one of the noblest Gothic edi- fices in Germany. The other principal buildings are the grand ducal and archbishop*s palaces, 3 hospitals, custom- house, exchange, &c. The university, founded about 1454, and famous as a school of Roman Catholic theology, has about 375 students. The town has numerous museums, a botanic garden, a gymnasium, a school of forest economy. Herder's Institute of Arts, various other public schools, and a library of 260,000 volumes. Its chief sources of prosperity are its university and other public establishments ; but it has also manufactures of bells, chiccory, chemicals, leather, potash, gunpowder, and paper. Freiburg, fri'bOoRO, a town of Prussian Silesia, 36 miles by rail W.S.W. of Breslau. It has manufactures of linen and tobacco. Pop. 7821. Freiburg, a village of Prussia, in Hanover, 18 miles N.N.AV. of Stade, with a port on the Elbe. Pop. 2310. Freiburg, fri'booRO, a town of Prussia, province of Saxony, 13 miles S.W. of Merseburg. Pop. 2914. Freiburg, a canton of Switzerland. See Freyburg. Freiburg, fri'burg, a post-village in Waterloo co., On- tario, 4i miles N. of Breslau. Pop. 100. Freiburg in Uechtland. See Freyburg. Freicho, a village of Portugal. See Freixo. Freidensburg, Pennsylvania. See Friedensbuhg. Freienohl, fri'^h-nor, a village of Prussia, in West- phalia. Pop. 1100. Freiensern, fri'§n-sSRn\ a town of Hesse, in Ober- Hessen, 9 miles N.E. of Hungen, on the Seebach. Pop. 721. Freienwalde, fri'en-wardeh, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 40 miles by rail N!E. of Berlin. It has min- eral springs, lignite-mines, and manufactures of alum and glauber salts. Pop. 6011. Freienwalde, or Neu (noi) Freienwalde, a town of Prussia, in Pomer.ania, 32 miles by rail E. of Stettin. It has m.anufactures of cloths. Pop. 2293. Freihan, fri'hin, a town of Prussia, in Silesia, 38 miles N.N.B. of Breslau. Pop. 521. Freiheit, fri'hite. a town of Bohemia, on the Aupe, 25 miles E.N.E. of Gitsehin. Pop. 1167. Freinsheim, frlns'hime, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, 22 miles N.E. of Landau. Pop. 2107. Freising, fri'zing, a town of Bavaria, on the Isar, 20 miles by rail N.N.E. of Munich. It has breweries and to- bacco-factories, a cathedral, a normal school and priests' seminary, and the see-house of the Archbishop of Munich. Freistadt, a town of Austria. See Freystadt. Freistadt, or Freystadt, fri'stitt, a town of Prua- si.a, in Silesia, 23 miles W.N.W. of Glogau. It has manu- factures of woollens. Pop. 3833. Freistadt, a town of Western Prussia, 16 miles S.E. of Marienwcrder. Pop. 2564. Freistadt, fri'statt, a post-office of Ozaukee Co., Wis. FreiAValdau, fri'wiPdow, a town of Austrian Silesia, 40 miles by rail W.N.W. of Troppau. It has a castle, and manufactures of cloth, paper, and chemicals. Pop. 5242. Freixo (or Freicho) de Numao, fri'sho di noo- mowNo', a village of Portugal, in Beira, 40 miles E.N.E. of Viscu. Pop. 776. Freixo (or Freicho) d'£spada-a-Ciuta, fri'sho d§s-pi'di-3,-seen't3,, a vilKage of Portugal, in Tras-os-Mon- tes, 50 miles S. of Braganza, and near the Douro. P. 1935. Frejus, fr^zhUce' (anc. F^>'l■^tm Ju'limn, or Fo'rum Jn'lii), a town of France, in Var, 18 miles S.E. of Dragui- gnan. It has a cathedral, episcopal palace, and remains of Roman walls. Frejus is on the sea-coast, and on the rail- way between Nice and Toulon. Pop. 2791. Fre'lighsbnrg, a post-village of Quebec, capital of the CO. of Missisquoi, on Pike River, near the Vermont line, 10 miles E. by N. of St. Armand. It oontains 3 hotels, 6 stores, a printing-office, a tannery, and several mills and factories. It is a port of entry. Pop. 621. Frelinghuys en, free'ling-hi^zen, a township of AVarren 00., N.J. Pop. 1113. It contains Paulina, Ac. Frels'burg, a post-village of Colorado oo., Tex., 12 miles N. of Columbus, and about 68 miles W. of Ilonston. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 200. Fremantle, Australia. See Freemanti.e. Fre'mOHt', a county in the S. central part of Colorado, has an area estimated at 1600 square miles. It is intersected by the Arkansas River, and traversed by a branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. The surface is diversified by deep canons and grand mountain-scenery. The soil of the valleys is fertile. The highlands produce forests of evergreen trees, among which are several species of fir and pine. A mine of good coal or lignite has been opened in FRE 811 FRE this county, which also has mines of copper and silver. Capital, Caiion City. Valuation of real ami personal estate, $580,270. Pop. in 1870, 1064, of whom 817 were Americans. Fremont, the most southwestern county of Iowa, bor- ders on Missouri. Area, about 675 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Missouri River, and is drained by the East and West Branches of the Nishnabatona River, ■which unite near the middle of the county. The surface is diversified with prairies and groves. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad, and a branch of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad. Capital, Sidney. Valuation of real and personal estate, §7,102,950. Pop. in 1S70, 11,174, of whom 10,589 were Americans; in 1S75, 13,719. Fremont, a township of Lake co., 111. Pop. 1015. Fremont, a post-village of Steuben eo., Ind., in Fre- mont township, and on the Fort Wayne, Jackson & Saginaw Railroad, 50 miles N.N.E. of Fort AVayne. It has 2 churches, a foundry, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a carriage-shop. Pop. 392 ; of the township, 962. Fremont, a township of Benton co., Iowa. Pop. 751. Fremont, a township of Bremer co., Iowa, traversed by the Wapsipinicon River. Pop. S29. Fremont, a township of Buchanan co., Iowa. Pop. 641. It contains Ward's Corners and Winthrop. Fremont, a township of Butler co., Iowa. Pop. 723. Fremont, a township of Cedar co., Iowa. Pop. 1065. It includes Stanwood. Fremont, a township of Clarke co., Iowa. Pop. 572. Fremont, a township of Fayette co., Iowa. Pop. 575. Fremont, a township of Hamilton co., Iowa. Pop. 470. Fremont, a township of Johnson co., Iowa, on the Iowa River. Pop. 889. Fremont, a post-village of Mahaska eo., Iowa, in Cedar township, 14 miles N. of Ottumwa. It has 3 churches and 3 stores. Pop. about 300. Fremont, a township of Page co., Iowa. Pop. 775. Fremont, a township of Winneshiek co., Iowa, on the Minnesota line. Pop. 692. It contains Plymouth Rock. Fremont, a post-township of Lyon co., Kansas, near the Neosho River, 5 miles N. of Emporia. Pop. 660. Fremont, a township of Isabella co., Mich. Pop. 373. Fremont, a township of Saginaw co., Mich. Pop. 252. Fremont, a township of Sanilac co., Mich. Pop. 774. Fremont, a post-hamlet of Shiawassee co., Mich., in Shiawassee township, 6 miles S. of Corunna. Fremont, a township of Tuscola co., Mich. Pop. 794. It contains Mayville. Fremont, a hamlet of Freeborn co., Minn., about 6 miles W. of Albert Lea. Fremont, a post-township of Winona co., Minn. P. 913. Fremont, a post-office of Clarke co., Mo. Fremont, a post-town, capital of Dodge co., Neb., on the left or N. bank of the Platte River, and on the Union Pacific Railroad, at its junction with the Sioux City & Pacific Railroad, 47 miles W.N.W. of Omaha, and 25 miles W.S.W. of Blair. Elevation, 1176 feet. It contains a court-house, 8 churches, a high school, 2 banks, and a supe- rior brick hotel. One daily newspaper is published here. Fremont is an important market for grain, and has 2 grain- elevators, a brewery, and manufactures of carriages, cheese, cigars, Ac. Pop. about 2500. Fremont, a post-township of Rockingham co., N.H., about 28 miles S.E. of Concord, and on the Nashua & Roches- ter Railroad, 24 miles N.E. of Nashua. It has manufac- tures of barrels, carriages, lumber, palm hats, and pails. Pop. 527, Fremont, a township of Steuben eo., N.Y. Pop. 1124. Fremont, a township of Sullivan co., N.Y., on the Delaware River. Pop. 2331. It contains Fremont Centre, Long Eddy, and Hankins. Fremont, a post-villago of Wayne co.. N.C., in Na- hunta township, on the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad, 11 miles N. of Goldsborough. It has 3 churches, a normal school, a coacli-factory, a flouring-mill, and a steam saw- mill. Pop. about 400. Fremont, a city, the capital of Sandusky eo., 0., on Sandusky River, and on the Lake Shore Railroad, at its junction with the Lake Erie & Louisville Railroad, 30 miles S.E. of Toledo, SS miles W. by S. of Cleveland, and about 24 miles W.S.W. of Sandusky City. Steamboats can ascend the river to this place, which is at the head of navigation. It contains 9 or 10 churches, 2 national banks, a high school, 13 public school buildings, a Catholic industrial school, several flouring-mills, iron-foundries and machine-shops, 4 lime-kilns, and manufactories of carriages, harvesters, steam-engines, sash and blinds, and farming-implements. It has a bridge across the Sandusky. Three weekly news- papers are published here. Pop. 5455. Fremont, a post-oftice of Chester co., Pa,, about 25 miles S.S.E. of Lancaster. Fremont, a post-hamlet of Obion co,, Tenn., 8 miles W.S.W. of Union City. It has a church. Fremont, a township of Clark co., Wis. Pop. 104. Fremont, a post-village of Waupaca co., Wis., in Fre- mont township, and on the navigable Wolf River, about 25 miles N.W. of Oshkosh, 2Jt miles from Dale Station. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a flour-mill, a saw-mill, and several stores. Pop. about 500 ; of the township, 858, Fremont Basin. See Gixeat Basin. Fremont Centre, a post-office of Lake co., III. Fremont Centre, a post-village of Newaygo co., Mich., in Dayton and Sheridan townships, on Fremont Lake, and on the Big Rapids Branch of the Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, 23 miles N.E. of Muske- gon, and 9 miles N.W. of Newaygo. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a newspaper otfice, 5 lumber-mills, a flour- mill, a tannery, a stave-factory, Ac. Pop. about 900. Fremont Centre, a post-village of Sullivan co., N.Y., in Fremont township, 4 miles N.E. of Ilankins Station, and about 22 miles N.N.E. of Honesdale, Pa. It has 2 churches and a brewery. Fremont City, a village of Scott township, Fremont CO., Iowa. Pop. 189. Fremont Peak, Wyoming, is a granitic peak of the Wind River Mountains, near lat. 43° 28' N. Its altitude is 13,576 feet above the level of the sea. It was named in honor of General John C. Fremont, who first explored and meas- ured it. Its sides are covered with forests of pine, and its summit with perpetual snow. Fre'mont's Or'chard, a post-office of Weld co., Col. Frenay-le-Vicomte, France. See Fresxay. French, a township of Adams co., Ind. Pop. 824. French Bar, a post-office of Lewis and Clarke co., Montana. French Broad, a post-office of Buncombe co., N.C. French Broad River rises in the Blue Ridge in the W. part of North Carolina, runs northward through Bun- combe and Madison cos., and passes into the state of Ten- nessee. It flows northwestward to Hamblen co., where it changes its course to the southwest, and enters the Holston River about 3 miles above the city of Knoxville. Its length is estimated at 250 miles. It presents admirable scenery where it passes through the Smoky Mountain, near the Warm Springs of North Carolina. French'burg, a small post-village, capital of Menifee CO., Ky., about 54 miles E. of Lexington. It has 2 churches and a lumber-mill. French Camp, a post-village of San Joaquin co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 5 miles S. of Stockton. French Camps, a post-village of Choctaw co., Miss., 21 miles N.E. of Kosciusko. It has 2 churches, the French Camp Institute, several stoves, and a tannery. Pop. 175. French Cochin China. See Cochin China. French Corral, a post-hamlet of Nevada co., Cal., on Yuba River, 14 miles N.W. of Nevada. It has gold-mines, the annual yield of which is §360,000. French Creek, Dakota, rises among the Black Hills, runs southeastward, and enters the Cheyenne River. It is nearly 75 miles long. French Creek, of Chester co., Pennsylvania, drains the north part of the county, runs nearly eastward, and enters the Schuylkill River at Phoenixville. French (or Venan'go) Creek, of Pennsylvania, drains part of Erie co., runs southward through the middle of Crawford co., passes Meadviile, and finally flows south- eastward, and enters the Alleghany River at Franklin, in Venango co. It is nearly 140 miles long. Its Indian name is Venango. Petroleum abounds near its mouth. French Creek, a township of Edwards en., III. P,1132. French Creek, a post-township of Allamakee co., Iowa, is bounded on the N. by the Upper Iowa River. Pop. 751. French Creek, a post-township of Ch.autauqua co., N.Y., about 22 miles E.S.E. of Erie, Pa. It is the south- westernmost township of the state, and is drained by French Creek, which rises here. Pop. 1049. French Creek, a station in Chester co.. Pa., on the Pickering Valley Railroad, 2 miles from Phcenixville. French Creek, a township of Mercer co., Pa. Pop. 999. It contains Milledgeville. French Creek, a township of Venango co.. Pa., bounded N.E. by the creek of the same name, and to some PRE 812 FEE extent contiguous to French Creek township in Mercer co. Pop. 1330. It has beds of coal. French Creek, a post-hamlet of Upshur co., W. Va., 38 miles S. of Clarksburg. It has an academy. French Creek Church, post-office, Bladen co., N.C. French Flanders, France. See Flanders, French Grove, a post-office of Peoria co., III. French Guiana, ghee'i'ni (Fr. Guyane Frangaise, ghee^dn' frftNo^siz'), a French colony in South America, the most E. division of Guiana, its coast-line extending from the river Marowyne on the W. to the river Oyapok on the E., which separates it from Brazil, a distance in a straight line of about 200 miles; between lat. 2° and 6° N. and Ion. 49° 38' and 54° 38' W. The greatest length of the colony, from N. to S., is about 280 miles ; its greatest breadth, about 220 miles. Area, 27,560 square miles. This terri- tory much resembles British. Guiana in its physical features and climate. The articles of export are gold, coifee, sugar, rum, cabinet-woods, annotto, cacao, cotton, skins, isinglass, india-rubber, vanilla, pepper, cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, &c. The coast is low, consisting of a flat alluvial tract, of great fertility, in some places marshy and covered with thick forests of mangroves. The highlands in the interior, the soil consisting of clay mixed with gold-bearing granitic sand, are also fertile; and the whole country is exceedingly well watered, the principal streams being the Mana, Sinni- mari, Ouya, and Approuague. Of late nearly every other industry has been superseded by that of gold-washing, an occupation which has proved very profitable. The territory includes the island of Cayenne, on which is situated Cayenne, the capital of the colony. The govern- ment is vested in a governor, assisted by a privy council and colonial council elected by the colonists. The French first settled in Cayenne in the year 1604. In 1763 the French government, with the view of improving and otherwise increasing the importance of the colony, sent out 12,000 emigrants; but, no arrangements having been made for their reception or subsequent disposal, they nearly all perished from exposure to the climate, which was then extremely insalubrious. In 1809 the colony was captured by the forces of the British and Portuguese, and restored to France at the peace of Paris in 1814. This colony serves as a place of banishment for criminals and political offend- ers. Pop. in 1875. 32,500. French Gulch, a post-office and mining village of Shasta co., Cal., 15 miles N.W. of Shasta. It has a church, and 3 quartz-mills for gold, which is mined here. Pop. about 300. French Gulch, a post- village or mining-camp of Deer Lodge CO., Montana, about 70 miles S.W. of Helena. Gold is found here. Pop. 155. French Hay, a post-office of Hanover co., Va. French Island, the largest island off the coast of Vic- toria, Australia, lies in the landlocked bay called Western Port. Area, about 110 square miles. French Lake, a post-township of Wright co., Minij., 8 miles N. of Cokato Station. It has a church. Pop. 430. French Lick, a post-township of Orange co., Ind., about 48 miles W.N.W. of New Albany. The French Lick Springs (saline sulphur) are among the most celebrated in the state, and are much visited by invalids. They are 9 miles S. of Georgia. Here is a large hotel, in a picturesque valley. Pop. 1599. French'man's Bay, Maine, is an inlet of the Atlan- tic Ocean, from which it extends about 30 miles northward into Hancock co. It affords good harbors, washes the east- ern shore of Mount Desert Island, and encloses several lesser islands. Frenchman's Bay, a village in Ontario co., Ontario, on Lake Ontario, 21 miles by rail E.N.E. of Toronto. P. 100. French MiUs, a hamlet of Bradford co., Pa., IJ miles from Fassett. It has a church and a steam saw-mill. French Mountain, a post-hamlet of Warren co., N.Y., 5 miles N. of Glenn's Falls. It has 2 churches, a tannery, and a saw-mill. French Park, a market-town of Ireland, co. of Ros- common, 16i miles S.AV. of Leitrim. Pop. 515. French Port, a post-office and steamboat-landing of Ouachita co., Ark., on the Ouachita River. French Prairie, pri'ree, a post-office of Scott co.. Ark, French River, of Ontario, flows W. from Lake Nipis- sing into the Georgian Bay, which it enters in lat. 45° 53' N., Ion. 81° 5' W,, after a course estimated at 55 miles. It is noted for the beauty and variety of its scenery. French River, of the North-West Territories, joins the estuary of tlio Abbitibbi and Moose Rivers at the S.W. corner of James's Bay, lat. 51° 8' N., Ion. 81° W. French River, a post-village in Pictou co., Nova Scotia, 15 miles from New Glasgow. Pop. 200. French's, a station in Hampshire co., W. Va, See South Branch Depot. French's Creek, township, Bladen co., N.C. P. 1176. French Settlement, a post-village of Livingston parish. La., on the Amite River, 90 miles W.N.W. of New Orleans. It has a church, a mill for c^'press lumber, and about 30 families. French Shore, a portion of the N.E. and W. coasts of Newfoundland, upon which, by various treaties, the French have the right of fishing. This region, being re- garded as neutralized territory, has neither law, magis- trates, nor regular mail service. Pop. 5387. French'ton, a post-office of Upshur co., W. Va. French'town, a post-office of Harrison co., Ind. Frenchtown, a township of Monroe co., Mich., on Lake Erie. Pop. 2124. It contains Pointe aux Peaux and the decayed lake-port of Brest. Frenchtown, a post-village of Missoula co., Montana, on the Missoula or Clarke's River, about 115 miles W.N.W. of Helena. It has a church, 2 grist-mills, and a saw-mill. Frenchtown, a post-office of Antelope co., Neb. Frenchtown, a post-borough of Hunterdon co., N.J., on the Delaware River, 19 miles below Fasten, and on the Belvidere Delaware Railroad, 32 miles N.N.W. of Trenton. It has 4 churches, a national bank, an iron-foundry, a Hour- mill, 3 spoke -factories, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 912. Frenchtown, a hamlet in Bradford co., Pa., on the Pennsylvania & New York Railroad, 15 miles S.E. of Towanda. Here is Homet's Ferry Post-Office. This region was settled by French refugees about the year 1800. Frenchtown, a hamlet of Crawford co.. Pa., in Mead township, 7 miles E. by S. of Meadville. It has a church, FrenchtOAVn, a village of Luzerne co., Pa., on the Beaver Meadow Branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, about 25 miles S. by W. of Wilkesbarre. It has a church and about 100 dwellings. Coal is mined here. The nearest post-office is Audenried. French Valley, a post-hamlet of Wabaunsee co., Kan- sas, 16 miles W. of Burlingame. French Village, a post-office of St. Clair co., 111., on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of St. Louis, Mo. French Village, a post-hamlet of St. Franpois co.. Mo., about 50 miles S, of St. Louis. It has a church. French Village, a post-hamlet of Northumberland CO., New Brunswick, 28 miles from Chatham, Pop. 100, See also Alexandria. French'ville, a post-village or settlement of Clearfield CO., Pa., in Covington township, about 40 miles W. of Lock Haven. It has a church and several lumber-mills. Frenchville, a post-office of Mercer co., W. Va. Frenchville, a post-office of Trempealeau co., Wis. Frenes, a town of France. See Fresnes. Freneuse, lake. New Brunswick. See Grand Lake. Frenier, fri^ne-i', a station in St. John Baptist parish, La., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, and on the W. shore of Lake Pontchartrain, 24 miles W.N.W. of New Orleans. Frenstadt, a town of Moravia. See Frankstadt. Frequentnm, a supposed ancient name of Frigento. Fresh'ford, a town of Ireland, co. and 9 miles N.W. of Kilkenny. Pop. 915. Fresh Pond, a station in Middlesex co., Mass., on the Watertown Branch of the Fitchburg Railroad, 6 miles W. of Boston. It is near a pleasant lake of the same name. Fresh Pond, a post-hamlet of SuflFolk co., N.Y., on Long Island Sound, about 42 miles E. by N. of Brooklyn. Here are 2 large brick-yards. See, also. East Williams- burg. FreshSva'ter, a maritime village near the W. end of the Isle of Wight, If miles S.S.W. of Yarmouth. The clitfs of Freshwater Bay are perforated by caverns and sur- mounted by a light-house. Pop. of parish, 2028. Fresh'water, a post-office of Colusa co., Cal., 15 miles W. of Colusa. Fresh'water, a hamlet on the N, side of Conception Bay, Newfoundland, 2 miles from Carboncar. Pop. 390. Fresnay, friend', or Fr^nay-Ie-Vicomte, fri'njV'- l§h-vceMiONt', a town of France, in Sarthe, 20 miles W.S.W. of Maraers, on the Sarthe. Pop. 3010, employed in manu- factures of table and other linens, and leather. Fresneda, or La Fresneda, Ifl. fr^s-ni'Di, a town of Spain, in Aragon, 70 miles N.E. by E. of Teruel,aud 15 miles S.E. of Alcafiiz. Pop. 1578. Fresnes, a town of France, in Nord, at a railway FRFi 813 FRI junction, 5i miles K. of Viilcnciennea. Pop. 5632. It has a coal-mine, glass-works, distilleries, &,c, Fresnes, or Frenes, frain, a town of France, in Orne, 12 miles N. of Domfront. Pop. 2014. Fresnes-Slir-Apance, i'rain-silR-i^pftNss', a town of France, 23 miles E.N.E. of Langres. Pop. 1106. Fresnillo, frSs-neel'yo, a town of Mexico, state and 25 miles N.W. of Zacatecas. It has silver- and copper-mines. Fres'no, a large county in the central part of Califor- nia, is bounded on the N.E. by the Sierra Nevada and on the S.AV. by the Coast Range of mountains. It is about 135 miles in length. It is intersected by the San Joaquin River, and also drained by King's and Fresno Rivers. On the E. border of this county stand Mount Goddard and Mount King, each of which is about 14,000 feet high. The surface is partly a plain of barren sand ; other portions of it produce pasture for sheep. This county has at New Idria a mine of cinnabar or quicksilver, the product of which in 1870 was worth $330,000. It is traversed by the Central Pacific Railroad. Capital, Fresno City. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,774,295. Pop. in 1870, 6336, of whom 4974 were natives and 1362 were foreigners. Fresno City, a post-village, capital of Fresno co., Cal., on Fresno River, and on the Visalia division of the Central Pacific Railroad, 122 miles S.S.E. of Stockton. It has a newspaper office. Fresno-de-la-Vega, fr8s'no-di-li-vi'gi, a town of Spain, 16 miles S. of Leon, near the Elsa. Pop. 952. Fresno-el-Viego, fi'^s'no-fil-ve-i'go, a town of Spain, in Leon, 34 miles S.AV. of Valladolid. Pop. 1299. Fres'no Flats, a post-oifice of Fresno eo., Cal. Fresuo River, California, rises near the Sierra Nevada, runs southwestward, and enters the San Joaquin River in Fresno co. It is about 100 miles long. Fresnoy-le-Grand, fri"nwi'-l5h-gr6N», a village of France, Aisne, 10 miles by rail N.E. of Saint-Quentin. It has manufactures of cashmere shawls and gauze. P. 3894. Fresse, fr§ss, a village of France, in IIaute-Sa5ne, 8 miles N.E. of Lure. Pop. 865. Fresse, a village of France, in Vosges, 12 miles S.E. of Retuircmont. Pop. 1200. Fretaval, friHiVil', a town of France, in Loir-et- Cher, on the Loire, 9 miles N.E. of Vend&me. Pop. 979. Fretin, friniN°', a village of France, department of Nord, 7 miles from Lille. Pop. 2008. Fretum Gallicum, the Latin for Strait of Dover. Freuchie, fru'Kee, a village of Scotland, co. of Fife, 2 miles E. of Falkland. Pop. 1195. Freiidenberg, froi'd§n-bfiRG\ a village of Germany, in Baden, 8 miles W.S.W. of Wertheim. Pop. 1589. Freudenl>erg, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 6 miles S.S.W. of Saarburg. Pop. 941. Freudenstadt, froi'den-stitt^, a town of Wiirtemberg, Black Forest, on the Murgj 40 miles S.W. of Stuttgart. It has manufactures of iron, woollen cloths, white lead, and Prussian blue. Pop. 5325. Freudenthal, froi'den-t41\ a walled town of Austrian Silesia, 12 miles by rail S.AY. of Jiigerndorf. It has a large palace, a Piarist college, a high school, and manufactures of linen and woollen cloths. Pop. 6440. Freudenthal, a village of Wiirtemberg, 4 miles W.N.W. of Besigheim. Pop. 774. Frevent, frk-vb^°', a town of France, in Pas-de-Calais, on the Canche, 21 miles W. of Arras. It has manufactures of linens, woollens, and leather. Pop. 3792. Frews'burg, a post-village in Carroll township, Chau- tauqua CO., N.Y., near the Conewango Creek, on the Dun- kirk, Alleghany Valley & Pittsburg Railroad, 6 miles S.E. of Jamestown. It has 3 churches, a graded school, 2 mills, and 2 hotels. Pop. 379, Freyberg, fri'b^RG (Moravian, Przibon, pzhee'bon), a town of Moravia, 42 miles E.N.E. of Olmutz. It has a Piarist college and a gymnasium. Pop. 4414. Freyberg, a town of Saxony. See Freiberg. Freyberg, Auglaize co., Ohio. See Fryburg. Freyburg, a city of Baden. See Freiburg. Freyburg, fri'bSoRG, Fribourg, free^booR', or Frei- burg in Uechtland, frl'bOoRG in iiKt'lint, a town of Switzerland, capital of the canton of Freyburg, on the Saane, 17 miles by rail S.W. of Bern. Pop. 10,904. It is highly picturesque, is enclosed by ancient walls, and con- sists of the upper or French town and the lower or German town. Freyburg has many quaint old houses, a cathedral with a spire 280 feet high and with a famous organ, a Rath- haus, a college, town hall, diocesan school, museum, hos- pital, orphan asylum, workhouse, prison, public baths, several libraries, and medical, natural history, and anti- quarian societies, with manufactures of woollen cloths, straw hats, hardware, porcelain, and leather, sugar-re- fineries, dye-houses, and a considerable annual cattle-market. It is a bishop's see, and has a large priests' seminary. Freyburg, Freiburg, or Fribourg, a canton of Switzerland, bounded N. and E. by the canton of Bern. Area, 565 square miles. Pop. 113,952, mostly Roman Cath- olics. It is situated mostly in the basin of the Aar, and partly in that of the Thiele and Lake Neufch^tel. Surface hilly in the S. and B., where it is traversed by ramifications of the Bernese Alps ; culminating points, the Dent de Bren- laire, 7723 feet; Dent de Folligran, 7716 feet; and Mont Moleson, 6583 feet. Principal rivers, the Saanc and the Broye. The greater part of Lake Morat is in this canton. Agriculture is the chief occupation in the N., and cattle- rearing in the S. districts. Grain is grown suflicient for home consumption, and dairy-husbandry is more advanced than in any other canton. French is the prevalent lan- guage, but German is spoken in the N.E., and Romansch in the S. Chief towns, Freyburg, Romont, and Bulle. Freycinet (fri'se-nlf) Harbor, an inlet of Shark Bay, in Western Australia. Lat. 26° 20' S. ; Ion. 114° E. Freycinet Island, in the Pacific, in Dangerous Ar- chipelago. Lat. 77° 55' S. ; Ion. 140° 52' W. Freycinet's Peninsula, of Tasmania, on the W. coast, forming, with Schouten's Island, the E. side of Oyster Bay. Lat. 42° 18' S. ; Ion. 148° 20' E. Freyenwalde. See Freienwalde. Frey-oe, fri'B^^h, an island off the W. coast of Nor- way, immediately S. of Christiansund. Prey's Bush, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., N.Y., in Minden township, about 54 miles W.N.W. of Albany. Freystadt, a town of Prussia. See Fueistadt. Freystadt, or Freistadt, fri'stitt, a town of Upper Austria, 18 miles by rail N.N.E. of Lintz. It has 2 castles, a Piarist college, and a high school. Pop. 2680. Freystadt, a town of Austrian Silesia, 11 miles N.W. of Teschen. Pop. 2661. Freystadtel, fri'stStH?l, or Freysztak, frisHik', a town of Hungary, 15 miles N.W. of Neutra, on the Waga, opposite Leopoldstadt. Pop. 6346. Freywaldau, of Austrian Silesia. See Freiwaldau. Freywaldau, fri'wiPdow, a village of Prussian Sile- sia, 49 miles W.N.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1060. Friar Islands, near Tasmania. See Boreel. Fri'ar's Hill, a post-office of Greenbrier co., W. Va. Friar's Point, a post-village, capital of Coahoma CO., Miss., on the Mississippi River, 15 miles below Helena, Ark., and about 70 miles by land S.S.W. of Memphis, Tenn. It has 6 churches, an academy, many fine residences, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 2000. Frias, free'is, a town of Spain, 35 miles N.N.E. of Burgos, near the Ebro. Pop. 1073. Friaul, a district of Italy. See Friuli. Fribourg, Switzerland. See Freyburg. Fri'burg, a township of Otter Tail co., Minn. Pop. 64. Fribuss, free'bSoss, Friibis, frii'bis, or Friipas, frii'pds, called also Friebuss and Friihbuss, a town of Bohemia, in the Erz-Gebirge, 84 miles N.N.W. of Prague. Pop. 1322. Fricento, a town of Italy. See Frigento. Frick, frik, a village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, 8 miles N. of Aarau. Pop. 940. Frickcnhausen, frik'^n-how^z^n, a town of Bavaria, in Lower Franeonia, on the Main, S.E. of Wiirzburg. Frick's Gap, a post-office of Walker oo., Ga. Fri'day Har'bor, a post-village, capital of San Juan CO., Washington, on San Juan Island, near the north end of Paget Sound, 100 miles N. of Seattle. Fridericia, a town of Denmark. See Fredericia. Frid'hein, a post-office of Grant co., Minn. Friedau, or Fridau, free'dow, a village of Lower Austria, 6 miles S.W. of St. Polten. Pop. 867. Friedberg, freed'b^uG or freefhSnc, a town of Aus- trian Silesia, 47 miles N.W. of Troppau. Pop. 941. Friedberg, freed'h^nc, a town of Bavaria, 4 miles B.S.E. of Augsburg. Pop. 2400. Friedberg, a town of Bohemia, 27 miles W.S.W. of Budweis. Pop. 920. Friedberg, a town of Hesse, 21 miles by rail N. of Frankfort. Pop. 4356. Friedberg, a town of Styria, 39 miles N.E. of Gratz. Pop. 522. Friedberg, or Friedeberg, free'deh-b^Ro', a town of Prussia, Brandenburg, 56 miles N.E. of Frankfort. It is surrounded by lakes, enclosed by walls, and has woollen- cloth-factories and tanneries. Pop. 5804. FBI 814 FRI Fiiedburg, freed'burg, a post-hamlet of Forsyth co., N,C., 7 miles S. of Salem. It has a church, a grist-mill, a foundry, &(i, Friedeberg, or Friedeberg-am-Queiss, free'- d^h-beRG^-aui-kwiss, a town of Prussian Silesia, 46 miles W.S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Queiss. Pop. 2496. Friedeberg, or O'ber Friedeberg, a town of Prus- sian Silesia, 19 miles S. of Liegnitz. Here, in 1745, the Austrians were defeated by Frederick II. Friedeburg, free'd§h-bo6itG\ a village of Prussia, in Hanover, 16 miles E.S.E. of Aurich. Pop. 1014. Friedeck, free'd^k, a town of Austrian Silesia, 14 miles "W.S.W. of Teschen, on the Ostrawitza. It has a large cas- tle, a pilgrimage church, mineral baths, and manufactures of linen cloths. Pop. 6170. Friedens, free'denz, a post- village of Somerset CO., Pa., in Somerset township, 5 miles N.E. of Somerset, and about 22 miles S. of Johnstown. It has 2 churches, Friedensau, free'den saw, a post-hamlet of Thayer CO., Neb., 8 miles from Carleton. It has a church. Friedensbiirg, free'd^nz-biirg, a hamlet of Berks co.. Pa., 10 miles E.N.E. of Reading. Here is Oley Post-Office. Friedensburg, a post-village of Schuylkill co., Pa., in Wayne township, 4 miles W.S.W. of Schuylkill Haven, and about 9 miles S.S.W. of Pottsville. It has 2 churches and a tannery. Friedensville, free'd^nz-vil, a post-village of Lehigh CO., Pa., in Upper Saucon township, 6 miles S.E. of Allen- town. It has 2 churches and a rich zinc-mine. Friedersdorf, freo'ders-doRf\ or Friedersdorf- am-Queiss (im kwiss), a frontier village of Prussian Silesia, 20 miles S.E. of Gorlitz, on the Queiss. Pop. 1285. Friedersdorf- an • der - Laudskrone, free'ders- doRf^-dn-d^R-l^nts'kro-neh, a village of Prussia, province of Silesia, W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 660. Frledewald, free'deh-w4It\ a town of Prussia, 24 miles N.N.E. of Fulda. Pop. 1255. FriedeAValde, free'deh-w^lMeh, a village of Prussian Silesia, 45 miles by rail S.S.E. of lireslau. Pop. 105. Friedland, freed'Unt, a town of Bohemia, 68 miles N.N.E. of Prague. Pop. 4482. It gave the title of duke to Wallcnstein. Friedland, freed'land or freet'lint, a town of Ger- many, in Meeklenburg'-Strelitz, 30 miles N.E. of Neu- Strelitz. It has manufactures of various fabrics, and an active trade in horses. Pop. 5086. Friedland, a town of Eastern Prussia, 27 miles S.E. of Konigsberg. Pop. .3296. Here the French defeated the allied Russians and Prussians, 14th of June, 1807. Friedland, freed'lint, a town of Moravia, on the Os- trawitza, 44 miles E. of Olmutz. Pop. 2135. Friedland, a town of Moravia, 22 miles N.N.E. of Olmutz, in a valley on a mountain-slope. Pop. 900. Friedland, a town of Prussia, in Silesia, 46 miles S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 1164; including Alt Friedland, 2059. Friedland Markisch, freed'lint maR'kish, a town of Prussia, 120 miles W.S.W. of Marienwerder. Pop. 2447. Friedland, Prus'sian, a town of Prussia, 70 miles W.S.W. of Marienwerder. Pop. 3487. Fried'line's Mill, a post-hamlet of Somerset co.. Pa., la miles S.S.W. of Johnstown. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Friedrichroda, freed'riK-roMi, a town of Germany, in Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 9 miles S.W. of Gotha. Pop. 2845. Friedrichsfeld, freed'riKs-felt\ a village on the Mayn- Neckar Railway, in Baden, between Heidelberg .and Laden- burg. Pop. 770. Friedrichsfelde, frecd'riKs-fSPd^h, a village of Prus- sia, Brandenburg, 21 miles N.E. of Potsdam. Pop. 2107. Friedrichshafen, freed'riKs-hi'f^n, or Buchhorn, booK'hoRn, a town of Sviirtemberg, at the S. terminus of the Wiirtemberg Railway, on Lake Constance. Pop. 2908. FriedrJchsliagen,freed'riiis-h^"ghen, atownof Prus- sia, in Brandenburg, circle of Potsdam. 'Pop. 3471. Friedrichshamn, Finland. See Fuehbriksham.v. Friedrichshuld, Prussia. See Billerbeck. Friedrichsriili, freed'riKS-roo\ a village of Germany, in Holstein, 18 miles by rail S.E. of Hamburg. Pop. 267. Friedriclisstadt, Russia. See Frederickstadt. Friedrichstadt, freed'rlK-staO (Danish, FrederklM- staclt, frjd'?r-ik-st3,tt'), a town of Prussia, in SIcswick, on the Eider, 23 miles W.S.W. of Sleswick. Pop. 2268, Friedriclisthal, freed'rik-s-t:\r, a town of Prussian Silesia, 15 miles N. of Oppoln. Pop. 160. Friedrichsthal, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 10 miles by rail N.E, of Saarbriiok. It has glass-works. Pop. 5002. Friedrichswerk, Denmark. See Fbederiksvark. Friedrickshall, Norway. See Fkederickshald. Friend, or Friend'ville, a post-village of Saline co., Neb., on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, 37 miles W.S.W. of Lincoln. It has 2 hotels, 4 stores, and a church. Pop. about 200. Friend Grove, a post-office of Wabash co.. Ill, Frieudlay, fr^nd'la, a post-oi5ce of Montgomery co., Kansas. Friendly, frfind'l? (or Tonga, ton'gi) Islands, a collection of upwards of 150 islands in the ]?acific Ocean, composing the Tonga and Feejee groups (which see), be- tween lat. 13° and 25° S. and Ion. 172° W. and 177° E. They were discovered by Tasman in 1643, but received their collective name from Cook. See Polynesia. Friends' Creek, township, Macon co.. 111. P. 1538. Friend'ship, a post-hamlet of Ripley co., Ind., in Brown township, on Laughery Creek, about 22 miles N.E. of Madison, It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a saw- mill. Pop. about 100. Friendship, a post-office of Caldwell co., Ky. Friendship, a post-office of Bienville parish. La. Friendship, a post-township of Knox co., Me., on the Atlantic Ocean, 16 miles S.AV, of Rockland. It has 3 churches, and a hamlet named Friendship, which is on the sea-coast, 9 miles S. of Waldoborough Station. Pop. 890. Friendship, a post-village of Anne Arundel co., Md., on Chesapeake Bay, about 40 miles S. of Baltimore. It has 3 churches. Friendship, a station in Worcester co., Md., on the Worcester Railroad, 3 miles N. of Berlin. Friendship, a post-office of Lincoln co.. Miss. Friendship, a post-office of Caldwell co., Mo. Friendship, a post-village of Alleghany co., N.Y., in Friendship township, and on the Erie Railroad, 86 miles E.S.E. of Dunkirk, and 8 miles W. of Belmont. It eon- tains 4 churches, a newspaper office, a national bank, an academy, 2 flour-mills, several saw-mills, and a shoe-fac- tory. Pop. 474; of the township, 1871. Friendship, a post-village of Guilford co., N.C., in Friendship township, on the railroad between Greens- borough and Salem, 91 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh. It has 3 churches and a seminary. Pop. of the township, 1348. Friendship, a post-hamlet in Nile township, Scioto CO., 0., on the Ohio River, 6 miles below Portsmouth. It has a church and a plough-factory. Friendship, township, Clarendon co., S,C, Pop. 1440. Friendship, a post-village of Crockett co., Tenn., on the railroad from Brownsville to Cairo, 22 miles N. of Bruwns\-ille. It has 4 chui'ches, the Home Institute, and a Friendship, a post-office of Harrison eo., Tex., 9 miles N.E. of Longview. Friendship, a post-village of Washington co., Va., 5 miles from Glade Spring Station. It has a church, a steam tannery, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Friendship, a post-village, capital of Adams co.. Wis., in Adams township, about 37 miles N.W. of Portage City, and 7 miles E. of the AVisconsin River. It has 2 churches, a carriage-factory, and a newspaper office. Pop, 76. Friendship, a township of Fond du Lao co.. Wis., bounded on the E. by Lake Winnebago. Pop. 1107. Friend'shipville, a post-office of King George co., Ya. Friends Station, a villago of Jefferson co., Tenn., 1 mile from New Market. It has 2 churches and a high school. Friends'ville, a post-village of Wabash co.. III., in Friendsville township, about 24 miles S,W. of Vincennes, Ind., and 6 miles N.W. of Mount Carmel. It has a church, a graded school, and a flour-mill. Pop. of township, 1216. Friendsville, a post-hamlet of Medina co., 0., 4 miles N. of Burbank Station, and about 38 miles S.S.W. of Cleve- land. It has a church. Pop. about 100. Friendsville, a post-borough of Susquehanna co., Pn., 13 miles N.W. of Montrose. It has a church. Pop. 223. Friendsville, a post-village of Blount co., Tenn., 10 miles S. of Concord. It has a Friends' meeting, the Friends- ville Institute, a tannery, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Friends'wood, a post-hamlet of Hendricks co., Ind., on the Indianapolis &• Vincennes Railroad, 12 miles S.W. of Indianapolis. It has a Friends' meeting, a high school, a bank, and a lumber-mill. Friendville, Nebraska. See FniRNn, Fri'erson's Mill, a post-offico of De Soto parish, La. Friesach, free'ziK, or Frisches-Wasser, frish'es- ^V^s's(Jr (ano. Vh-uiinm f), a town of Austria, in Oarinthia., 23 miles N,N.E. of Klagenfurth, on a railway. Pop. 1482, FRl 815 PRO Friesack, frce'zik, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 33 miles N.W. of Potsdam, on a railway. Pop. 3i81. Friesburg, freez'burg, a hamlet of Salem oo., N.J., in Upper AUoways Creek township, oi miles from Daretown Station. It has a church. FriesenUeim, free'zen-hime\ a village of Germany, in Baden, 8 miles S.S.W. of Offenburg. Pop. 2162. Friesenheiin, a village of Bavaria, Palatinate, on the Rhine, 3 miles by rail S.W. of Mannheim. Pop. 2628. Friesland, freez'land, or Vrieslaiid, frees'ljlnt (Fr. Friae, freez ; L. Frisia), a province of the Netherlands, on the N.E. side of the Zuyder Zee. Area, 1272 square miles. The surface is flat, and,, being below the level of the sea, its coasts are protected by dikes. Capital, Leeuwardcn. Pop. 317,405. The Frisian language is here employed to some extent. The Friesland of history was much larger than the present province. -Adj. Frisian, Fkiesian, frcez'yan, and FniESic, free'zik; inhab. Fbieslander or FnisiAS. See East Friesland. Friesner, freez'n^r, a post-hamlet of Hocking eo., 0., in Falls township, on the Columbus & Hocking Valley Rail- road, i miles N.W. of Logan. Friesoythe, free'zoi-t^h, a town, grand duchy and 18 miles Vf.S.Vf. of Oldenburg. Pop. 1473. Frig'ate Isle, an inhabited island, the easternmost of the Seychelles. Lat. 4° 32' S. ; Ion. 56° E. Frigento, fre-j5n'to, or Friceilto, fre-ch^n'to (anc. Freqiien'tum ?), a town of Italy, province and 17 miles E.N.E. of Avellino. Pop. 3335. Frigiliaiia, fre-He-le-i'ni, a town of Spain, 27 miles B. of Malaga, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 3022. Frignano, freen-yi'no (Maggiore, mid-jo'ri, and MiNORE, me-no'ri), two contiguous villages of Italy, prov- ince and 10 and 11 miles S.W. of Caserta. United pop. 5169. Friiico, frin'ko, a village of Italy, province of Ales- sandria, 7 miles N. of Asti, on the Versa. Pop. 1369. Frink'ville, a post-office of Brown co., K.ansas. Frio, free'o, a county in the S. part of Te.>£as, has an area of about 1080 square miles. It is intersected by Rio Frio, and also drained by Rio Hondo, Rio Leona, and Flores Creek. The surface is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is uncultivated, but produces pasture for cattle. This county had in 1870 60,834 cattle. Pop. in 1870, 309, of whom 293 were natives and 16 were foreigners. Capital, Frio Town. Frio, a river of Texas. See Rio Frio. Frio, Cape, a promontory of Brazil. See Cape Frio. Friockheiin, free'ok-heom\ a village of Scotland, co. of'Forfar, (ii miles N.W. by N. of Arbroath. Pop. 1128. Frio Town, a post-village, capital of Frio co., Tex., on Rio Frio, 65 niiles S.W. of San Antonio. It has a church, a masonic hall, and a saddle-factory. Frisanco, fre-sin'ko, a town of Italy, government of Venice, near Friuli. Pop. 3178. Fris'bee,a station in McKean co.. Pa., on the McKcan & Buffalo Railroad, 6 miles N. of Smethport. Friscariolnm, an ancient name of Frasoarolo. - Frischau, frish'ow, a village of Austria, in Moravia, 20 miles E. of Znaim. Pop. 960. Frischau, orFrissawa, fris-si'Ai, a village of Mo- ravia, 30 miles from Gross-Meseritsch. Pop. 900. Frische-Haff, frish'?h-hif (" Freshwater Bay or La- goon"), an extensive lagoon of East Prussia, between lat. 54° 15' and 54° 45' N., Ion. 19° 16' and 20° 25' E., sepa- rated from the Baltic by the Frische-Nehrung, a tongue of land 38 miles in length by 1 mile in breadth, and at the N.E. extremity of which it communicates with the Baltic by a channel A mile across. Length of the Haff, from S.W. to N.E., 57 miles ; average breadth, 5 miles. It receives the Pregel and Passarge Rivers, and two arms of the Vis- tula at its delta. The towns of Pillau, Fischhausen, and Brandenburg are on its shores. Frisches-VVasser,a town of Austria. See Friesach. Fris'co, a post-offiee and mining-camp of Beaver co., Ut.ah, 150 miles S.S.W. of York Railroad Station. It has 2 smelting-furnaoes for lead and silver, and 3 stores. Here is a valuable mine, called the " Horn silver-mine." Frise, the French name of Friesland. Frisia, the Latin name of Friesland. Fris'toe, a township of Benton co.. Mo. Pop. 1401. Frith of Forth. See Firth oi- Forth. Fritzlar, frits'lan, a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, 16 miles S.W. of Casse!. Pop. 2964. It has an Ursuline convent. Fritz'town, a post-hamlet of Berks eo.. Pa., on the Reading &. Columbia Railroad, 9 miles W. by S. of Reading. It has a church. Friuli, fre-oo'lee (It. pron. free'oo-le; Ger. FriaiU, free'owl ; anc. Fo'rum Jii'lii), an old province of Northern Italy, now divided between Austria, circle of Goritz, and the province of Udine, in Italy. The prevalent language is the Friuli.an, which resembles the Romansch. Friz'elburg, or Frlz'zleburg, a post-village of Carroll CO., Md., 4 miles N.W. of Westminster, and about 36 miles N.W. of Baltimore. It has a church. Pop. 161. Frizell's Mills, Ontario. See Water Mills. Frob'isher Strait, in British North America, between Hudson's Strait and Northumberland Inlet, leading from the ocean AV., and separating the districts of Metaineog and Nita. Length, 240 miles; medium breadth, 30 miles. It was discovered in 1576 by Sir Martin Frobisher. Frod'sham, a town of England, on the Mersey and Weaver Rivers, co. and 11 miles by rail N.E. of Chester. It has salt-works and cotton-manufactures. The town has a fine old church, a grammar-school, and a graving-dock for vessels. Pop. 1014. Froelich, fro'lik, a station in Clayton co., Iowa, on the Eastern Iowa Railroad, 2 miles from Beulah. Froen, fro'^n, an island of Norway, off its W. coast. Lat. 61° 47' N. Froen, a village of Norway, 115 miles N.W. of Chris- tiania, on the Lougan. Pop. of parish, 5000. Frog Level, Newberry co., S.C. See Prosperity. Frog'raore, a post-hamlet of Concordia parish, La., IB miles \N. of Natchez, Miss. It has a church. Frog'more, a post-village in Peel co., Ontario, on the river Credit, 7 miles W. of Port Credit. Pop. 150. Frog Pond, a post-office of Traill co., Dakota. Frog'town, a post-office of Clinton co.. 111. Frohburg, fro'boona, a town of Sa.xony, 21 miles S.S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 2867. Frohna, or Fronah, fro'na, a post-village of Perry CO., Mo., about 1 mile from the 'Mississippi River, and 60 miles E. of Ironton. It has a flour-mill, a church, a wagon- shop, and 2 stores. Frohnleiten, fron'li't?n, a village of Austria, Styria, 14 miles N. of Gratz. Pop. 847. Frohsdorf, fros'donf, a village of Lower Austria, on the Leitha, near Wiener-Neustadt. Pop. 539. Frohse, fro'seh, a village of Prussian Saxony, 6 miles S.S.E. of Magdeburg, on the Elbe. Pop. 1296. Frojen, an island of Norway. See Froyen. Frome, a river of England, co. of Dorset, flows past Frampton and Dorchester into Poole Harbor. Frome, a river of England, co. of Hereford, an affluent of the Lugg. Frome, a river of England, co. of Somerset, which, after a N. course of 20 miles, flows into the Avon. Frome, or Lower Frome, a river of England, co. of Gloucester, an affluent of the Avon. Fronie, or Upper Frome, a river of England, co. of Gloucester, an affluent of the Severn. Frome, or Frome Sel'wood, a borough of England, CO. of Somerset, at a railway junction, 19 miles S.E. of Bristol, is pleasantly situated on the E. and N.E. declivity of a hill, at the base of which flows the river Frome. It has 1 British, 1 National, 4 Dissenters' schools, and one at- tached to each of the 3 churches, besides a number of pri- vate schools. There are also a blue-coat school, in which boys are clothed and educated, a charity school for girls, and a flourishing savings-bank. Frome has been long celebrated for the manufacture of woollen cloths, broad- cloths, cassimeres, silk, livery cloths, carriage-linings, ale, and hats. The environs are beautiful, and are adorned by numerous handsome mansions and villas. Frome returns a member to the House of Commons. Pop. 8957. Fromista, fro-mees'tJ, a town of Spain, province and 20 miles N. of Palencia. Pop. 1389. Fronsac, friN^'sik', a town of France, in Gironde, on the Dordogne, opposite Libourne. Pop. 1517. Front, fr6N» (L. Frons), a village of Italy, 10 miles S. of Turin, on the Amalone. Pop. 1316. / Fronteira, fron-ti'e-rS,, a town of Portugal, in Alem- tejo, 12 miles E. of Aviz. Pop. 2195. FronUenac', a post-village of Goodhue co., Minn., in Florence township, on Lake Pepin, nearly opposite Maiden Rock, Wis., and near the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad (Frontenac Station), 10 miles E.S.E. of Red Wing. Tourists and invalids are attracted to this place by the fine scenery and facilities for bathing, fishing, Ac. Frontenac, fron^te-nik' (Fr. pron. frAN"H?h-n3ik'), a county of Ontario, bordering upon Lake Ontario, near its outlet. Area, 322 square miles. It is traversed from E. to AV. by the Grand Trunk Railway, and from S. to N. by the Kingston *fc Pembroke Railway, and contains many small FRO 816 rue lakes and rivers. The Rideau Canal connects Kingston, the capital of this county, with Ottawa, Pop. 28,717. Frontenay, a village of France. See Rohan-Rohan. Frontenay, fr6N»'tijh-ni', a village of France, in Deux-Sevres, 7 miles by rail S.W. of Niort. Pop. 1376. Frontenhausen, fron'tjn-how'zen, a town of Ba- vavia, 52 miles N.E. of Munich. Pop.' 1343. Frontera, or La Froiitera de Tabasco, li fron- ti'ri di, ti-bis'ko, a town of Mexico, state of Tabasco, and on the Tabasco River, 3 miles from its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico, and 70 miles N.N.E. of San Juan Bautista (Villa Hermosa), of which it is the port. It has some stone dwell- ings, a custom-house, and an export trade in logwood, cacao, timber, dye-woods, and drugs. Frontier, fron-teer', a county in the S.W. part of Nebraska, is drained by Little Medicine Creek. The sur- face is undulating and nearly destitute of timber. Capital, Stockville. Pop. in 1876, 243. Frontier, a post-hamlet of Hillsdale co., Mich., about 10 miles S. of Hillsdale. It has a lumber-mill and 2 stores. Frontier, a post-hamlet of Clinton co., N.Y., on the Canadian frontier, about 33 miles N.W. of Plattsburg. It has a carriage-shop and a butter-factory. Frontignan, friN^Heen^yAN"', a town of France, in Herault, on the sea-coast, 14 miles S.W. of Montpellier. Muscat wine and salt are made here. Pop. 2910. Fronton, fr6iJ"H6No', a village of France, in Hautc- Garonne, 16 miles N. of Toulouse. Pop. 1402. Front Range, Colorado, the most eastern range of the Rocky Mountains, trends nearly N. and S. along the line of meridian 105° W. Its highest summits are Pike's Peak (14,147 feet). Long's Peak (14,271 feet), and Mount Evans (14,330 feet). Front Roy'al, a post-village, capital of Warren co., Va.. near the Shenandoah River, and on the Manassas division of the Virginia Midland Railroad, 84 miles W. of Washington, D.C., and about 20 miles S. of Winches- ter. It has a court-house, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, 5 churches, a graded school, a foundry, a steam tannery, a carriage-shop, and a cigar-factory. Pop. 705. Fro'sa, a post-office of Limestone co., Tex. Frosinone, fro-sc-no'ni (ane. Frusino), a town of Italy, on the Cosa, an affluent of the Sacco, 48 miles E.S.E. of Rome. It is a bishop's see, has some antiquities, and is the seat of a largo annual fair. Pop. 10,161. Frosolone, fro-so-lo'ni, a village of Italy, province of Campobasso, 11 miles E. of Isernia. Pop. 5633. Frossasco, fros-sis'ko, a village of Italy, 4 miles N. of Pinerolo, on the Noso. Pop. 1565. Frossay, fros^si', a village of France, in Loire-Infe- rieure, on the Loire. IS miles W. of Nantes. Pop. 435. Frost, a post-village in Rome township, Athens co., 0., on the Hocking River, on the Marietta & Cincinnati Rail- road, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Short Line Railroad, 20 miles E. of Athens. It has 2 churches and a tannery. Pop. about 150. Frost, Tennessee. See Martin. Frost, a post-hamlet of Pocahontas co., W. Va., 45 miles N.W. of Millborough Depot, Va. Frost'burg, a post-village of Alleghany co., Md., in a mountainous region, on the Cumberland & Piedmont Rail- road, 9 miles W. of Cumberland. Its prosperity is chiefly derived from operations in coal, which is extensively mined here. It has 2 newspaper offices, 10 churches, 2 foundries, and a manufactory of lire-bricks. Pop. about 3500. Frostburg,apost-ham!et of Jefferson co.. Pa., in Perry township, about 60 miles N.E. of Pittsburg. Frost's Mills, a hamlet of Dutchess oo.,N.Y.,3.> miles from Staatsburg. It has a church and a flour-mill. Frost's Mills, a station on the Greenville & Columbia Railroad, 7 miles from Columbia, S.C. Frost Village, a post-village in Shefford co., Quebec, 2 miles from Waterloo. Pop. 150. Frouard, froo-an', a vilLage of France, in Meurthe-et- Moselle, 5 miles by rail N.W. of Nancy. Pop. 2404. Froyen, or Frojen, fro'yen, an island of Norway, off its W. coast, 52 miles W.N.W. of Trondhjem, separated from Hitteren Island by Froy-Fiord. Length, 20 miles. Fro'zen Camp, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., W. Va., 40 miles S. by AV. of Parkersburg. Frozen Creek, a post-office of Breathitt co., Ky. Fro'zen Strait, in British North America, is be- tween Southampton Island and Melville Peninsula. Lat. 66° N. ; Ion. 85° AV. Average breadth, 15 miles. Friibis, or Friihbuss, Bohemia. See Friburs. Frngarolo, froo-gi-ro'lo, a village of Italy, in Pied- mont, 4 miles by rail S.S.E. of Alessandria. Pop. 2494. Frnges, friizh, a town of France, in Pas-de-Calais, 35 miles W.N.W. of Arras. It has manufactures of woollens and hosiery. Pop. 2185, Fruit (frut) Cove, a post-office of St. John's co., Fla. Fruit Hill, a post-office of Christian co., Ky. Fruit Hill, a post-hamlet of Hamilton co., 0., on the Cincinnati & Portsmouth Railroad, 7 miles E. of Cincinnati. It has 2 or 3 churches. Fruit Hill, a post-office of Edgefield co., S.C. Fruit Land, a post-hamlet of Hancock co., III., in Pontoosuc township, 6 miles S.W. of Dallas City. It has a flouring-mill. Fruitland, frUt'land, a post-hamlet of Wicomico co., Md., on the Eastern Shore Railroad, 3 or 4 miles S. of Salis- bury. It has 2 churches and 2 stores. Fruitland, a hamlet of Muskegon co., Mich., in Fruit- land township, about 11 miles N.N.W. of Muskegon. Pop, of the township, 208. Fruitport, frut'port, a post-village and summer resort of Muskegon Co., Mich., on the Chicago A Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, at the head of Spring Lake, near an inlet or creek which opens into Lake Michigan, 10 miles S. of Muskegon. It has a church, 2 hotels, a high school, and a mineral spring. Large steamboats come from Lake Mich- igan to this place. Pop. about 250. Fruitport, formerly liOvell, a township of Muske- gon CO., Mich. Pop. 378. Fruit Valley, a post-office of Bedford co., Tenn. Fruitville, frut'vll, a township of Currituck co., N.C. Pop. fiOO. Fru'met', a post-hamlet of Jefferson co.. Mo., 8 miles W. of De Soto. It has a church and a lead-furnace or lead- mine. Friipas, a town of Bohemia. See FniBiiss. Frusino, the ancient name of Fhosinone. Frutigen, froo'te-chSn, a flourishing village of Swit- zerland, canton and 27 miles S.S.E. of Bern. Pop. 3780, Fry'burg, or Freyburg, a post-village of Auglaize CO., 0., on the Dayton A Michigan Railroad, about 30 miles N. of Piqua. It'has a church and a saw-mill. Fryburg, a post-village of Clarion co.. Pa., about 17 miles E.S.E. of Oil City. It has a convent of Benedictine nuns, a foundry, a grist-mill, and several general stores. Pop. about 300. Fry'denland, a post-office and trading-post of Oconto CO., Wis., inO miles from Green Bay City. Fryeburg, fri'burg, a post-hamlet of Wright co., Iowa, on the Iowa River, 40 miles E.N.E. of Fort Dodge. Fryeburg, a post-village in Fryeburg township, Ox- ford CO., Me., on the Saco River, and on the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad, 49 miles N.AV. of Portland, and 11 miles S.E. of North Conway. It has 1 or 2 churches, an academy, a money-order post-office, 2 lumber-mills, a tan- nery, a carriage-shop, and several summer board'ng-houses. Pop. of the township, 1507. Fryeburg Academy Grant, a tract of land in Ox- ford CO., Me., granted by legislature to the Fryeburg Academy. Pop. 38. Fryeburg Centre, a post-office of Oxford co., Ble., about 30 miles S.W. of Paris. Fry'er's Pond, a post-office of Burke co., Ca. Frye (fry) Village, a village in the town of Andover, Essex CO., Mass., 2 miles S. oif Lawrence. It is on the Shawsheen River, .and has a saw-mill, and manufactures of shoe-thread, printers' ink, lamp-black, ,tc. Fryken, frii'ken, a lake, or rather chain of lakes, in Sweden, N. of Caristad, stretching from N. to S. about 40 miles, and discharging into Lake Wcner by the Nors. Fry's Store, a post-hamlet of Northumberland co.. Pa., in Delaware township, 4 miles N.E. of Dewart Station. Frystone Ferry, England. See Ferry Bridge. Fu, a Chinese word meaning " city." See Foo. Fubine, foo-bee'nA, a village of Italy, 9 miles W.N.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 2833. Fu'ca, or Ju'an de Fn'ca (Sp. pron. noo-in' d4 foo'ka), a strait, N. of Washington Territory and S. of Vancouver Island, leading from the Pacific into the Gulf of Georgia, and forming a part of the British and United States boundary-line. Lot. of entrance, 48° 10' N. Fucecchio, foo-ch3k'ke-o, a town of Italy, on the Arno, 23 miles W. of Florence. Pop. of commune, 10,716. Fucecchio, a lake of Italy, province of Pisa, is about 7 miles long by 3 miles in average breadth, and flows by a small stream S'.AV. to the Arno. Fncine (fu'sTnl Lake, Lngo Fucino, Wga foo- ohcc'nn, or Celnuo, chi-ll'no (anc. Fnri'iitis Z.i'fiis), a former lake of Italy, province of Aquila, formerly 11 miles FUD 817 FUL long, 5 miles broad, and 35 miles in circuit. It lies 2181 feet above sca-Ievel. enclosed on the N.E., E., and S.E. by the Apennines, S. by Mount Salviano, and W. by the Roman sub-Apennines. The Emperor Claudius caused a tunnel to be cut beneath Salviano for the purpose of discharging the waters of the lake into the Garigliano. This work has been restored and completed by the Prince Torlonia, and the lake is now nearly dry. It has no natural outlet. Fudgy's (fuj'iz) Creek, a post-hamlet of Cabell co., W. Va., 6 miles S. of Milton Railroad Station. Fuego, one of the Cape Verd Islands. See FoGO. Fuegos, fwi'goce or foo-i'goce (i.e., "fires"), one of the Philippine Islands, in the Malay Archipelago, ."0 miles N. of Mindanao. Lat. 9° N.; Ion. 123° 30' E. Length, 20 miles. In its centre is a volcanic peak. Fuen-Abejuna, Spain. See Fuente-Ovejuna. Fiieiicaliente, fwen^ki-le-fin'ti or foo-^nMii-le-Sn'ti, a town of Spain, 45 miles S-S.^V. of Ciudad Real. Fuen-Choo, Fuen-Tchou, or Fuen-Choo- Foo, fw§n^-choo^-foo', a town of China, province of Shan- See, on the Fuen-Ho, 50 miles S.W. of Tai-Yuan. Fuengirola, fw^n'ne-ro'Ia, a town of Spain, 20 miles S.W. of Malaga, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 1409. Fuen-Ho, fwSn^-ho', a river of China, province of Shan-See, flows S., and joins the Hoang-Ho in lat. 35° 30' N., Ion. 110° 28' E. The cities of Tai-Yuan, Fuen-Choo, Ping-Yang, and Kiang are on its banks. Fuen-JJabrada, fwSn-li-bri'ni, a village of Spain, in New Castile, 9 miles S. of Madrid. Pop. 2217. Fueii-Labrada-de-Ios-Montes, twin-M-hri'Di.- di-loce-mon'tSs, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 100 miles B. of Badajos. Pop. 1029. Fuen-Mayor, fw^n-mi-yon', a town of Spain, 6 miles W. of Logrofio, near the Ebro. Pop. 2128. Fuensalida, fwSn-sa-lee'Di, a town of Spain, prov- ince and 16 miles N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 2580. Fuensanta, fwJn^sin'ti, a town of Spain, province and 58 miles S. of Cuenca. Pop. 1477. Fuen-Tchou, a town of China. See Fuen-Choo. Fuente-Alamo, fw5n'ti-i'la-mo, a town of Spain, 18 miles S. of Murcia. Pop. 808. Fuente-Albilda, fwen'ti-al-beel'di, a village of Spain, in Valencia, 24 miles from Albacete. Pop. 1102. Fuente-Cantos, fwSn'ti-kan'toce, a town of Spain, 48 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 6386. Fuente-del-Arco, f\v4n'ti-d41-aK'ko, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 80 miles from Badajos, on the N. slope of the Sierra Morena. Pop. 1619. Fuente-del-Fresno, fw4n'ti-dSl-frJs'no, a town of Spain, in La Mancha, 20 miles N.N.E. of Ciudad Rodrigo. Pop. 2528. Fuente-del-Maestre, fwSn'ti-d^l-mi-^s'tri, a town of Spain, 30 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 5869. Fuente-de-Pedro-NarrOjfwSn'ti-di-pi'nro-nan'- Ro, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 50 miles W.S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 1335. Fuente-el-Sanco, fwSn'ti-Sl-sSw'ko, a town of Spain, 48 miles S.W. of Valladolid. Pop. 3329. Fuente-£ncarros, fwSn'ti-Sn-kan'Roce, a town of Spain, in Valenci.a, 55 miles from Alicante. Pop. 1781. Fuente>Guinaldo, fw^n'ti-ghe-nil'do, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 17 miles S.S.W. of Ciudad Rodrigo. Pop. 1837. Fueiite-Heridos, fw^n'ti-i-ree'Doce, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 64 miles N.W. of Seville. Pop. 1289. Fuente-la-Hlguera, fw6n'ti-la-e-gi'r4, a town of Spain, province of Valencia, 43 miles N.AV. of Alicante. Pop. 3255. FueHte-la-Pena,fw4n'ti-lJl-p8n'yi, atownofSpain, 29 miles S.W. of Zamora. Pop. 1884. Fuente-Ovejuna, fwen'ti-o-vA-noo'ni (.inc. Mel- laira?), written also Fuente-Abejuna, fwen'ti-d-ni- Hoo'ni, and Fuente-Obejuna, fw6n't4-o-vi-Hoo'na, a town of Spain, 36 miles N.W. of Cordova. It has manu- factures of woollens and leather. Pop. 2919. Fuente-Palniera, fwSn'ti-pal-mi'ra, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 25 miles S.W. of Cordova, in a pl.ain. Fuentepelago, fwSn'ti-pel'a-go, a town of Spain, 16 miles N. of Segovia. It manufactures linen. Pop. 1441. Fuenterrabia, the Spanish name of Fostarabia. Fuentes-de-Andalucia, fwen'tSs-di-Jln-da-loo- thee'i, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 32 miles E.N.E. of Seville. Pop. 6900. Fuentes-de-Don-Bermuda,fw§n't53-dA-don-bSR- moo'na, a town of Spain, 12 miles W.N.W. of Palencia. Pop. 23S6. Fucntes-de-Ebro, fwSn't5s-di-i'bro, a town of 52 Spain, in Aragon, 20 miles S.S.E. of Saragossa, on the Ebro. Pop. 2048. Fuentes-de-IiCon, fwSn'tSs-di-li-on', a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 60 miles S. of Badajos, on the bor- ders of Seville. Pop. 2950. Fuentes-de-Onore, fwSn't5s-di-o-no'ri, a town of Spain, in Salamanca, 16 miles S.W. of Ciudad Rodrigo. Fuerte, fw^R'ti, a small island off the N.W. coast of the United States of Colombia, in the Caribbean Sea, 88 miles S.S.W, of Cartagena. Fuerte, or Rio de Fuerte, ree'o di fwea'ti, a river of Mexico, in Cinaloa, enters the Gulf of California, lat. 26° 50' N., Ion. 109° 10' W., after a W. course of 180 miles, Fuerte, El, Mexico, See Villa del Fuerte. Fuerte de San Jos^, fwSa'ti di s4n Ho-si', a town of the Argentine Republic, 95 miles N.E. of Tucuman. Fuerteventura, fw^K'ti-vte-too'ra, or Forteven- tura, foR'ti-ven-too'ril, one of the Canary Islands, in the E. part of the archipelago, separated from Lanzarote on the N. by the canal of Bocayna. Lat. of its N.W. point, 28° 42' N. ; Ion. 14° 1' W. Area, 758 square miles. Capital, Betancuria. Principal harbor, Cabras, on the E. coast. See Canaries. Fuf, a town of Arabia. See Hofhoof. Fuga, foo'gj, one of the Babuyan Islands, 25 miles N. of Luzon. Lat. 19° N.; Ion. 121° 20' E. Fu'gate's Hill, a post-hamlet of Russell co., Va., 18 miles N.W. of Bristol, Tenn. It has a church. Fu'git, a township of Decatur co., Ind. Pop. 1630, Post-offices, Clarksburg, St. Maurice, and Kingston. Fugeloe, foo'ghJh-lo'Sh, an island of Norway, Fin- mark, in the Arctic Ocean. Lat. 79° 18' N. ; Ion. 20° 40' E, Fiigen, fu'chen, a village of Austria, Tyrol, on the Zil- lerbach, near the Hartberg, 25 miles E. of Innspruek. Fuhnen, an island in the Baltic. See Funen. Fuh-Shan, a city of China. See Fat-Shan. Fuji, Fuji-San, or Fuji-Yama. See Foosee. Fukok, an island in the Gulf of Siam. See Phookok. Fulahs, a race of West Africa. See Foolahs. Fulailee, foo-li-lee', or Fullalee, fiil-l&-lee', a river of Sinde, forming the E. arm of the Indus at the delta. It leaves the Indus about 12 miles N. of Hyderabad, which city it insulates by sending off a branch to rejoin the main stream 15 miles below. Thence it is called Goonee. The Fulailee has been converted into a feeder for a system of irrigating canals. Fulanga, foo-lin'gi, one of the Feejee Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, It is surrounded by a coral reef. Fulda, fool'di, a river of Germany, joins the Werra to form the Weser, after a course of 90 miles. Fulda, familiarly called Fuld, foold or foolt, a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, at a railway junction, on the Fulda, 64 miles S.E. of Cassel. It has a fine cathedral, bishop's palace, Franciscan and Benedictine monasteries, numerous hospitals, asylums, an arsenal, prison, and work- house. Most of its inhabitants are Roman Catholics, over whom the Bishop of Fulda has ecclesiastical jurisdiction. The public institutions comprise a seminary, gymnasium, lyceum, with a public library, school of indu^^try, orphan asylum, (tc. It has manufactures of linen and woollen fabrics, tobacco, and leather. Pop. 10,749. Fulda, fooi'dah, a post-village of Spencer co., Ind., about 46 miles E.N.E. of Evansville. It has a church. Fulda, a pnst-offiee of Chautauqua co., Kansas. Fulda, a post-hamlet of Noble co., 0., in Enoch town- ship, 6 miles N.E. of De.xter City. It has a church. 1* ulda, a post-office of Klikitat co., Washingttm. Fiilek, fiiMSk', a village of Hungary, in Little Cuma- nia, 48 miles S.E. of Pesth, Pop. 1340. Ful'ford, a town of England, co. and 2 miles S. of York, of which it is a suburb. Pop. 3537. Ful'ford, a post-village in Brome co., Quebec, 4 miles S.W. of Waterloo. Pop. 250. Fulginiuin, or Fulginia. See Foligno. Ful'hani,a parish of England, co. of Middlesex, on the Thames, 5i miles S.W. of St. Paul's, London. It contains many market-gardens, and has handsome mansions, with almshouses, schools, and other charities. Pop. 23,350. Fuligno, a town of Italy. See Foligno. Ful'kerson, a post-office of Scott co., Va., 15 miles W.N.W. of Bristol, Tenn. Fulk's Run, a post-office of Rockingham co., Va. Fullalee, a river of India. See Fulailee. Full'arton, a post-village in Perth eo., Ontario, on the river Thames, 6 miles S. of Mitchell. Pop. 150. FuUarton's Marsh, apost-village, Queens co.. Prince Edward Island, 7 miles from Charlottetown. Pop. 150. FUL 81 Full'en'Sjapost-office and station of Greene co., Tenn., on the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad, 15 miles S.W. of Jonesborough. FuU'er, a post-hamlet of Jefferson Co., Pa., on the Low Grade division of the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 8 miles B. of Brookville. Coal is found here. It has a lumber- mill and 20 houses. Full'ersburg, a post-hamlet of Du Page oc, 111., on the Chicago, Millington & "Western Railroad, 17 miles W.S.W. of Chicago. It has a church, a grist-mill, and an academy. Fuller's Point, a post-office of Coles co., 111. Full'er's Station, a post-hamlet of Albany co., N.Y., on the railroad from Schenectady to Athens, 8 miles S. of Schenectady. It has 3 churches. FuU'erton, a post-office of De Witt co.. 111., on the Gilman, Clinton & Springfield Railroad, 13 miles E. by N. of Clinton. Fullerton, a station in Clarion co.. Pa., on the Alle- gh.-iny Valley Railroad, 89 miles N.N.E. of Pittsburg. Fiillerton, Lehigh co.. Pa. See Feusdale. Full'erville Iion-VVorks, or Full'ersville, a post-village of St. Lawrence CO., N.Y., in the township of Fowler, 7 miles S.E. of Gouverneur. Pop. 149. Fullgreit, a vilLige of Austria. See Folgaria. Fiillstein, fLUl'.5tine, a village of Austrian Silesia, 15 miles from .Jagerndorf. Pop. 902. Ful'mer Valley, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co., N.Y., 5 miles S.S.W. of Andover. It has a steam saw-mill. Ful'nior, a station on the Northeast Pennsylvania Rail- road, 16 miles N. of Philadelphia, Pa. Fiil-See, fiil-si or fiil-zA, written also Fil-See and Fiil-See, a lake of Denmark, on the W. coast of Jutland, about 30 miles in circuit. Fulta, Falta, ful'ta, written also Foulta (anc. PhaUita, "fertility"), a village of Bengal, 20 miles S.S.AV. of Calcutta, on the B. bank of the Hoogly. Fulton, fool'ton, a county in the N. part of Arkansas, bordering on Missouri, has an area of about 940 square miles. It is intersected by Spring River and the North Fork of White River. The surface is hilly, and is exten-' sively covered with forests of the oak, hickory, chestnut, ash, &c. ; the soil is partly fertile, and produces Indian corn, cotton, Ac. Capital, Salem. Silurian limestone crops out here. Valuation of real and personal estate, $971,825. Pop. in 1870, 4843, of whom 4838 were Americans. Fulton, a county in the N.'W. part of Georgia, has an area of about 200 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Chattahoochee River. The surface is hilly or un- even, and partly covered with forests : the soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, sweet potatoes, and wheat are the staple products. Five important railroads meet at Atlanta, which is the capital of this county and of the state. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $16,039, 400. Pop. in 1870, 33,446, of whom 32,267 were Americans. Fulton, a county in the W. part of Illinois, has an area of about 860 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Illinois River, and intersected by Spoon River, which enters the former stream in this county. The sur- face is undulating and extensively covered with forests ; the soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, pork, and cattle are the staple products. This county has mines of bituminous coal, and is copiously supplied with hard timber. It is intersected by 3 railroads, the Chicago, Bur- lington k Quincy, the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw, and the St.. Louis, Rock Island & Chicago. Capital, Lewistown. Valuation of real and personal estate, $26,070,096. Pop. in 1870, 38,291, of whom 36,298 were Americans. Fulton , a county in the N. part of Indiana, has an area of about 370 square miles. It is intersected by the Tippe- canoe River. The surface is nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests, in which the oak and sugar- maple are found ; the soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago Railroad. Capital, Rochester. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,659,225. Pop. in 1870, 12,726, of whom 12,212 were Americans. Fulton, a small county which is the S.W. extremity of Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee. It is bounded on the N.W. by' the Mississippi River. The soil is fertile, and is partly covered with forests. Indian corn, tobacco, cotton, and poik are the staple products. It is intersected by the Mobile A Ohio and Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroads. Capital, Hickman. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $3,755,571. Pop. in 1870, 6161, of whom 6971 were Americans. FUL Fulton, a county in the E. part of New York, has an area of about 530 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by East Canada Creek, and is partly drained by Sacondaga Creek. The surface is hilly ; the soil is mostly fertile. In 1870 it had 107,869 acres of woodland. Oats, hay, Indian corn, and butter are the staple products. The Fonda, Johns- town k Gloversville Railroad connects this county with the New York Central Railroad. Capital, Johnstown. The chief articles of export are gloves and mittens, the annual value of which, in 1870, was $3,189,920. Trenton lime- stone and other Silurian rocks underlie this county. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $11,714,680. Pop. in 1870, 27,064, of whom 24,549 were Americans. Fulton, a county in the N.W. part of Ohio, bordering on Michigan, has an area of about 360 square miles. It is drained by Bean Creek and other small affluents of the Maumee River. The surface is nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the ash, beech, elm, hickory, white oak, black walnut, and other trees; the soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and hay are the staple products. The rocks which underlie the surface are every- where covered with a deposit of drift 50 feet thick or more. This county is intersected by the Air-Line division of the Lake Shore k Michigan Southern Railroad. Capital, Wau- seon. Valuation of real and personal estate, §6,616,103. Pop. in 1870, 17,789, of whom 16,916 were Americans. Fulton, a county in the S. part of Pennsylvania, bor- derin" on Maryland, has an area of about 400 squa,re miles. It is "drained by Licking Creek and several small affluents of the Juniata River. It is bounded on the E. by Cove or Tuscarora Mountain, and on the W. by a long ridge, called Sideling Hill. The highlands are mostly covered with for- ests, and the valleys are fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and grass are the staples. Capital, McConnellsburg. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, $6,040,050. Pop. in 1870, 9360, of whom 9115 were Americans. Fulton, a station in Sumter co., Ala., on the Gainesville Branch Railroad, S miles W. by S. of Gainesville. Fulton, a post-village of Hempstead co.. Ark., on the Red River, and on the Cairo & Fulton Railroad, 126 miles S.W. of Little Rock, and 19 miles N.E. of Texarkona. It has 2, churches, several general stores, and a lumber-mill. A large quantity of cotton is shipped here. Pop. about 500. Fulton, a post-office of Sonoma co., Cal., on the San Francisco k North Pacific Railroad, at the junction of the Fulton k Guerneville Railroad, 61 miles N. of San Francisco. Fulton, a post-town in Fulton township, Whitesides co., III., on the Mississippi River, opposite Lyons, and on the Chicago k Northwestern and Western Union Railroads, 135 miles W. of Chicago, and 2 miles above Clinton, loiya. An iron drawbridge across the river connects Fulton with Clinton. Fulton contains the Northern Illinois College, 6 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, 2 steam lumber-mills, Ac, and has manufactures of carriages, flour, stoneware, and pipes. It is a terminus of the Mendota Branch of the Chicago, Burlington k Quincy Railroad, and is an important point for the transfer of freight. Pop. 1875 ; of the township, 2162. Fulton, a township of Fountain co., Ind. Pop. 916. Fulton, a post-village of Fulton co., Ind., in Liberty township, about 15 miles N.N.B. of Logansport. It has 2 churches, a steam flour-mill, and a steam saw -mill. Fulton, a post-village in Farmers' Creek township, Jackson co., Iowa, on the North Fork of Maquoketa River, about 28 miles S. of Dubuque. It has 2 churches, a flour- ing-mill, and a saw-mill. Fulton, or Stock'ton, a village in Fulton township, Muscatine co., Iowa, on the Chicago, Rock Island k Pacific Railroad, 16 miles W.N.W. of Davenport. It hius 2 churches. The name of its post-office is Stockton. Pop. 108; of the township, 1162. Fulton, a township of Webster co., Iowa. Pop. 20S. Fulton, a post-village of Bourbon co., Kansas, on the Missouri River, Fort Scott A Gulf Railroad, nt Osaga Sta- tion, 12 miles N. of Fort Scott. It has 2,churches, 2 ele- vators for grain, and a grist-mill. Fulton, or Fulton Station, a post-village of Fulton CO Ky., on the Paducah A Jlemphis Railroad, at its junc- tion w"ith the New Orleans, St. Louis A Chicago Railroad, 50 miles S.S.W. of Paducah, and 22 miles S.S.K. of Colum- bus. It contains 2 churches, the Fulton Scnihiiuy. the Oak- wood Institute, a newspaper office, and n furniture-laotory. The name of its post-office is Fulton Station. Fulton, a township of Gratiot co., Mich. Pop. 1222. Fulton, a post-village of Kalamazoo oo., Miob., in Wakeshma township, 9 miles E. of Vicksburg, and about 18 miles S.E. of Kalamazoo. It has 2 ohurohes. FUL 8 Fulton, a post-village, capital of Itawamba co., Miss., is on or near the E. bank of the Tombigbee River, about 50 miles S. of Corinth, and 58 miles N. of Columbus. It has 3 churches and a woollen-factory. Pop. 132. Fulton, a post-village, capital of Callaway co., Mo., in Fulton township, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 26 miles N.N.E. of Jefferson City, and 24 miles S. of Mexico. It is the seat of the state asylum for the insane, and of an insti- tution for the deaf and dumb, also founded by the state. It contains 2 banks, 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, the AVest- minster College (Presbyterian), which was organized in 1852, a female seminary, and a flouring-mill. Pop. 15S5; of the township, 4565. Fulton, a post-office of Colfax co., Neb. Fulton, a post-village of Volney township, Oswego co., N.Y., on the New York & Oswego Midland Railroad, on the Oswego & Syracuse Railroad, and on the right or E. bank of the Oswego River, 24 miles N.W. of Syracuse, and II miles S.S.E. of Oswego. It contains 6 churches, 2 national banks, a graded school, a seminary, 2 iiouring- mills, 2 machine-shops, and 3 woollen -mills, for which the river affords motive-power. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 3507. Fulton, a township of Schoharie co., N.Y. Pop. 2503. Fulton, a post-village of Davie co., N.C., in Fulton township, on the Yadkin River, 12 miles N.W. of Lexing- ton, arid 20 miles N. of Salisbury. It has a church, a tan- nery, a saw-mill, and a grist-mill. Pop. of township, 2320. Fulton, a township of Fulton co., 0. Pop. 1328. It contains Ai. Fulton, Stark co., 0. See Canal Fdltos. Fulton, a township of Lancaster co., Pa., on the E, bank of the Susquehanna, borders on Maryland. P. 18SS. Fulton, a station in Northumberland co.. Pa., on the Mahanoy division of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 3 miles B. of Shamokin. Fulton, a post-hamlet of Westmoreland co., Pa., about 24 miles S.E. of Pittsburg. It has 3 churches. Fulton, a post-township and hamlet of Clarendon co., S.C, about 40 miles E.S.E. of Columbia. It has 3 churches. Pop. 1087. Fulton, a post-village of Lauderdale co., Tenn., on the Mississippi, 38 miles N. of Memphis. It has 3 general stores. Fulton, a post-village of Aransas co., Tex., is situated on Aransas Bay, 3 miles N. of Roekport, and 60 miles S.W. of Indianoia. Canned beef, salted beef, hides, and tallow are exported from Fulton, Fulton, a post-hamlet of Albemarle co., Va., near the James River, S miles E. of Rockfish Depot. Fulton, a village of Ohio co., W. Va., is near the Ohio River, 1 mile E. of AVheeling. Pop. 333. Fulton, a post-hamlet of Rock co., Wis,, in Fulton township, on Rock River, at the mouth of Catfish River, 4 miles S.W. of Edgerton, and about 24 miles S.S.E, of Madison. It has a woollen-factory, a flour-mill, and a church. Pop, 2011. The township contains Edgerton. Fulton, a post-vilhige in Lincoln co., Ontario, 7 miles from Winona. Pop. 150. Fultonham, fo61'ton-ham, a post-village in Fulton township, Schoharie CO., N.Y., on the Schoharie, 5 miles S.W. of Middleburg. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Fultonham, a post-office of Ohio. See Uniontown. Fulton House, a post-office and station of Lancaster CO., Pa., on the Peach Bottom Railroad, about 24 miles S. by E. of Lancaster. Robert Fulton was born here. Fulton Lakes, New York, a chain of small lakes in the counties of Hamilton and Herkimer, connected by short outlets with one another and with Moose River, which re- ceives their surplus water. Fulton Landing, Greenup co., Ky., is on the Ohio River, 30 miles below Huntingdon. Here is Wurtland Post- Office. Fulton Station, Kentucky. See Fulton. Fultonville, fool'ton-vil, a post-village of Montgomery CO., N.Y., in (jlen township, on the S. bank of the Mohawk River, opposite Fonda, and on the Erie Canal, 42 miles W.N.W. of Albany. It contains 2 churches, a newspaper office, and a sash- and blind-factory. Pop. 1117. Fulvii Forum, the ancient name of Valknza. Ful'wood, a town of England, co. of Lancaster, 2 miles by rail N.E. of Preston, with cotton- and iron-mills. Pop. 3079. Fumay, fu^mi', a town of France, in Ardennes, on the Meuse, 16 miles by rail N. of M^zieres. It stands very picturesquely among wooded heights, two of which, termed the Dames de la Meuse ("ladies of the Meuse"), overhang the river. Fumay has quarries of slate. Pop. 4099. 3 FUR Fumbina, a country of Africa. See Adamawa. Fume], fii^m^r, a town of Prance, in Lot-et-Garonne, on the Lot, 30 miles N.E. of Agen. Pop. 2229. Fumone, foo-mo'ni, a town of Italy, 7 miles N.N.W. of Frosinone. Pop. 1503. Funchal, foon-shil' ("fennel-place"), the capital of Madeira, on its S. coast. Lat. 32° 37' N. ; Ion. 16° 54' W. It stands on a declivity, and has a fine appearance from the sea. It is an important port of call for steamers, and has telegraph lines to Lisbon and Brazil, 2 banks, several newspapers, good public buildings, and well-paved but nar- row streets. There are 2 Anglican, 1 Presbyterian, and several Catholic churches. Funchal is a bishop's see. It is visited by many invalids in winter. Pop. 18,000. Fund&o, foon-dowN"', a town of Portugal, province of Beira, 36 miles S.W. of Garda. It has manufactures of cloths. Pop. 2375. Fundi, the ancient name of Fondi. Fundy, Bay of. See Bay op Fundy. Fu'nen, or Fuhnen (Ger. Filnen or FUlmen, fii'nen ; Dan. Fijen, fii'en ; L. Fto'nia ; Fr. Fionie, fee'o'nee'), an island in the Baltic, and, next to Seeland, the largest of the Danish islands, is situated between lat. 55° i' and 65° 38' N. and Ion. 9° iV and 10° 53' E., separated from Seeland on the E. by the Great Belt, and frota the mainland on the W. by the Little Belt. Area, 1123 square miles. Its shores are greatly indented, and in the N.E. the Odense Fiord receives the Odense, the principal river, 35 miles in length. Lakes are numerous. The soil is very productive. Grain, flax, hemp, and fruit are cultivated. Funen exports many cattle; the other principal exports are honey, grain, horses, fruit, lard, butter, leather, salted meat, and some manufac- tured goods. Funen, with Langeland, an island S.E., forms a stift, subdivided into 3 amts. Principal towns, Funen, Odense, Svendborg, and Nyborg. Pop. 204,904. Fiinfhaus, fUnf'hflws, Fiinfh&usel, fiinf'hoi^zel, or Hangendenlissen, hang'en-den-lis^sen, a town of Lower Austria, about 2 miles from Vienna. riinfkirchen, flinf'keeKK^en ("five churches;" Hun. Pecs or Pets, paiteh), a city and bishop's see of Hungary, capital of the county of Baranya, on a railway, 105 miles S.S.W. of Buda. It is well built, and has a cathedral, re- mains of mosques, baths, and other edifices built by the Turks, who held the town from 1643 to 16S6, a Roman Catholic diocesan school, a college, and military and high schools. Pop. 23,863. Fung, or Foung, fung or foong, a prefix to the names of numerous cities, Ac, of China. Fung-Thian, a city of Manohooria. See Mookden. Fung-Wall, fung'-wi', a city of China, province of Che-Kiang, about 30 miles from Ning-Po. Fung-Whang-Ching, fiing"-h\ving^-ehing', some- times written Foung-Yang-Houang-Tching, acity of China, province of Leao-Tong, near the Corean frontier. . Fung- Yang, fung^-ying' or foong'-y3,ng', written also Foung-Yang, a city of China, province of Ngan-Hoei, 95 miles N.AV. of Nanking. Funk'houser, a hamlet in Mound township, EfiSngham CO., 111., on the St. Louis, Yandalia .'. of Cagliari. Pop. 701. Gadoo, gd-doo', a native state of Senegambia, S. of Fooladoo and Brooko. It is mountainous, is well watered by the Senegal, and has mines of gold, iron, and saltpetre. Gador, g&-don', a town of Spain, province and 10 miles W. of Almeria, on the Alnieria River. Pop. 1621. Gads'den, a county in the N. part of Florida, border- ing on Georgia, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Ocklockonnee Kiver, and on the W. by the Appalachicola. The surface is mostly covered with forests; the soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, molasses, and sweet potatoes are the staples. It is intersected by the Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroad. Capital, Quincy. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,650,000. Pop. in 1S70, 9802, of whom 9762 were Americans. Gadsden, a beautiful post-village, capital of Etowah CO., Ala., on the Coosa River, at the S.W. end of Look- out Mountain, about 70 miles N.E. of Birmingham, and 70 miles S.E. of Huntsville. It has 6 churches, a steam flour- ing-mill, 4 saw-mills, and 2 planing-mills. One weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. about 2400. Steamers ascend the river from this point to Rome, Ga. Gadsden, a post-hamlet of Richland co., S.C, on the South Carolina Railroad, 20 miles E.S.E. of Columbia. It has 2 churches and 2 general stores. Gadsden, a post-village of Crockett co., Tonn., on the Louisville & Memphis Railroad, 76 miles E.N.E. of Mem- phis. It has 3 churches and an academy. Gads'hill, England, co. of Kent, 2.i miles N.W. of Rochester, famous as tho scene of Falstaff's and Prince Henry's rencounter, and as tho home of Dickens. Gae, gA'JV or gi,, a village of Western Afrieii. in Foota- Toro, on the Senegal. Lat. 16° 2S' N. ; Ion. 15° 28' AV. Gsestrikland, Sweden. See Gestrikland. Gaeta, gi-i'ti (anc. Caie'ta or Caje'ta ; Fr. Gaete, gil^- ait'), a strongly fortified seaport of Italy, province of Caserta, occupying a peninsula on the N.W. sideuf the Gulf of Gneta, 40 miles N.W. of Naples. It has a handsome cathedral, 9 other churches, a public seminary, hospital, and foundling asylum. In its immediate vicinity stood the villa of Cicero, near which he met his death, B.C. 43. It is the see of an archbishop, and the seat of some trade; its port is one of the best in Italy. Gaeta is of great antiquity, having been a place of resort for the wealthy Roman families. Pop. of commune, 18,385, See Gulf of Gaeta. Gatf'ney's, a village in Spartanburg co., S.C, on the Atlanta k Richmond Air-Line Railroad, 20 miles E.N.E. of Spartanburg, and 1 mile from Limestone Springs. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 150. Gafsa, Ghafsa, gaf'si, or Cafsa, k&f's^ (anc. Cop'~ sa), a town of Africa, in Tunis, 74 miles W.N.W. of Cabes. Gag or Gaga, Malay Archipelago. See Gagy. Gage, a county in the S.E. part of Nebraska, bordering on Kansas, has an area of about 864 square miles. It is intersected by the Big Blue River, and is partly drained by the Big Nemaha River. The surface is undulating; the soil is fertile and adapted to pasturage. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and hay are the staple products. Limestone of a beautiful cream color, and a good building-stone, crops out on the Big Blue River near Beatrice. This county contains extensive prairies and has not much timber. It is partly traversed by the Omaha & Southwestern Railroad. Cap- ital, Beatrice. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,636,355. Pop. in 1870, 3359; in 1876, 6021. Gage, a post-ofiice of Yates co., N.Y. Gage's Lake, a post-ofiice of Lake co.. 111. Gage'town, a post-hamlet of Tuscola co., Mich., in Tuscola township, about 36 miles E. of Bay City. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Gage'town, a post-town, capital of Queens co., New Brunswick, on the river St. John, 25 miles S.E. of Fred- ericton. Pop. of parish, 1282. Gage Valley, a post-ofiHee of Howard co., Neb. Gage'ville, a hamlet of Miller co.. Mo., 30 miles S. of Jefferson City, It has a furnace for smelting lead, and rich mines of lead (galena). Pop. about 100. Gaggenau, siig'ghen-ow^ a village of Baden, on the Murg, 14 miles STS.W. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1301. Gagliauo, gdl-yi'no, a village of Italy, province of Aquila. Pop. 1699. Gagliano, a village of Italy, province of Lecce, on the sea-coast, near the extreme S.E. point of Italy. Pop. 1953. Gagliano, a village of Sicily, province and 40 miles W.N.AV. of Catania. Pop. 4133. Gagliavola, gal-yi-vo'13, (L. Haliavola), a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 28 miles S.S.E. of Novara, on the Agogna. Pop. 738. Gagy, gd'ghee, Gag, g^g, or Gaga, gi'g^, an island in the Malay Archipelago, Uilolo Passage. Lat. (N. point) 0° 20' S,; Ion. 129° 53' E. Gahan'na, a post-office of Franklin co., 0. Gaibiel, a town of Spain. See Gaybikl. Gaidaronisi, gi^DS,-ro-nee'see, or Gaitharonisi (anc. Hyetu'sa), an island off" the S.W. coast of Asia Minor, 13 miles S. of Samos. Lat. 37° 28' N. ; Ion. 27° E. Gaidaronisi (anc. Chryae?), a small island in Turkey, in the Mediterranean, on the S. side of Crete. Lat. 34° 38' N.; Ion. 25° 45' E. Gaikwar's Dominion. See Baroda. Gail, gbtl (Slavonian, SiUa, sil'lil). a river of Austria, in Carinthia, flows E., and joins the Brave near Villach. Gaildorf, ghil'doRf*, a town of WUrtembcrg, on the Kocher, 31 miles N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1460. Gaillac, gih^y^k' or giPyAk', a town of France, in Tarn, 13 miles by rail W. of Alby, on the Tarn. It has a communal college, manufactures of wine-casks and turned wares, and distilleries. Pop. 6099. Gaillac Toulza,gah^yak'toorzi', a village of France, in Hautc-Garonne, 16 miles' S.S.E. of Murct. Pop. 1972. Gaillan, gAh'yftN"' or giPyftN"', a village of France, in Girondc, 1 mile N.N.W. of Lesparre. Pop. 2377. Gaillai'd's (ga'lardz) Cross Roads, a post-ofiice of Sumter co.. S.C. Gaillon, gih*}'&No' or gjirvix"', a village of France, in Eure, S miles E.S.E. of Louviors, and 4S miles by rail N.W. of Paris. Pop. 3126. Gaines, ginz, a county in the N.W. of Texas, bounded W. by New Mexico. Gaines, or Gaines Station, a post-village of Gene- see CO., Mich., in Gainos township, on tho Detroit &. Mil- GAI 8 waukee Railroad, 63 miles N.W. of Detroit, and 15 miles S.W. of Flint. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and manufactures of lumber and staves. Pop. of the township, 1400. The post-office is Gaines Station. Gaines, a township of Kent co., Mich., traversed by the railroad from Kalamazoo to Grand Kapids, Pop. 1273. Gaines, a post-village of Orleans co., N.Y., in Gaines township, about 6 miles S. of Lake Ontario, and 30 miles W.N.W. of Rochester. It has 2 churches and a tannery. Pop. 250. The township is intersected by the Erie Canal. Pop. 2156. Gaines, a post-hamlet of Tioga co., Pa., on Pine Creek, and in Gaines township, 46 miles N. of Lock Haven. It has 2 churches and a lumber-mill. Pop. of township, 440. Gaines Basin, a hamlet of Orleans co., N.Y., in Gaines township, on the Erie Canal, 1^ miles from Albion, Gainesborough, ganz'bur-ruh, a post-village, capital of Jackson co., Tenn., on the Cumberland River, about 6S miles E. by- N. of Nashville. Gainesborough, Virginia. See Gainsborough. Gaines' Cross Roads, a post-hamlet of Rappahan- nock CO., Va., 18 miles W. of Warrenton. It has a church. Gaines Farm, a hamlet of Henry co., Mo., 10 miles S.E. of Clinton. Gaines Landing, a post-office of Chicot co., Ark., on the Mississippi River, about 9 miles below Arkansas City. Gaines Mill, Virginia. See Cold Harbor. Gaines lUills, a hamlet of Winston co.. Miss., 14 miles S. of Starkville. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill, also a church. Gaines Station, Michigan. See Gaines. Gainestown, ganz'town, a post-village of Clarke co., Ala., on the Alabama River, 60 miles N.N.E. of Mobile. Gainesville, ganz'vil, a post-village of Sumter eo., Ala., on the Tombigbee River, at the mouth of the Noxu- bee, about 43 miles S.W. of Tuscaloosa. It is the E. ter- minus of the Gainesville Branch of the Mobile & Ohio Rail- road. It has a national bank, 5 churches, the Gainesville Female Academy, a newspaper office, and 8 dry-goods stores. Pop. estimated at 1500. Gainesville, a post- village, capital of Greene co., Ark., about 77 miles E.N.E. of Batesville. It has a church, an academy, a newspaper office, a flour-mill, &c. Pop. about 400. Gainesville, a post-village, capital of Alachua co., Fla., on the railroad which connects Fernandina with Cedar Keys, 70 miles S.W. of Jacksonville, and 57 miles N.E. of Cedar Keys. It has 6 churches, a seminary, and a newspaper office. It is a resort for invalids. Gainesville, a post-village, capital of Hall co., Ga., on the Atlanta & Richmond Air-Line Railroad, 53 miles N.E. of Atlanta. It is a pleasant place of summer resort, and has increased rapidlj-^ since 1870. Two or 3 weekly news- papers are published here. It has 2 banks, 3 churches, the Gainesville College, and mineral springs. Pop. about 2000, Gainesville, a post-hamlet of Allen co., Ky., about 22 miles S.E. of Bowling Green. Gainesville, a post-village of Hancock co.. Miss., on the Pearl River, about 45 miles N.E. of New Orleans. It has 2 churches, a large saw-mill, and a brick-yard. P. 71. Gainesville, a post-village, capital of Ozark co.. Mo., about 6o miles S.E. of Springfield. It has 3 churches and a cotton-gin. Gainesville, a post-village of Wyoming co., N.Y., in Gainesville township, on the Rochester & State Line Rail- road, and near the Erie Railroad, about 44 miles (55 by rail) E.S.E. of Buffalo. It has 2 or 3 churches. Pop. 114. Gainesville Station, or East Gainesville, is on the Erie Rail- road, at the junction of the Silver Lake Railroad, which extends 7 miles to Perry. The township has 4 churches, and manufactures of cheese, tiour, and lumber. Pop. 1715. Gainesville, a post-village, capital of Cook co., Tex., about 6 miles S. of the Red River, and 34 miles W. of Sher- man. It has a court-house, a bank, 4 churches, a money- order post-office, a high school, 2 newspaper offices, and manufactures of carriages, flour, furniture, and saddles. ■ Gainesville, a post-hamlet of Prince William co., Va., on the Virginia Midland Railroad (Manassas division), 36 miles W. of Alexandria. Gainesville Centre, a hamlet of Wyoming co., N.Y., in Gainesville township, 1 mile from Gainesville Station. Gainfahrn, Gainvarn, ghin'faun, or Confarn, kon'faRn, a village of Austria, 4 miles from Baden. P. 1719. Gain'ford, a village of England, eo. of Durham, on the Tees, 73 miles by rail W. of Darlington. Pop. 840; of parish, 7103. Gains'borough, a town of England, co. and 16 miles N.W. of Lincoln, on the Trent, at the junction of several railways and canals. The town is densely built, clean, and well paved and lighted. It has a church, a grammar- school, town hall, neat theatre, a curious ancient hall, said to have been a palace of John of Gaunt, and a workhouse. Chief foreign imports, linseed, rape-seed, bones, and timber j exports, Manchester, Birmingham, and Sheffield manufac- tures. Pop. 7564. Gains'borough, a post-village of Frederick eo,, Va., about 10 miles N.W. of Winchester. It has 2 churches. Gairing, a town of Hungary. See Ga.jar. Gairloch, gir'loK, a branch of the Firth of Clyde, co. of Dumbarton, Scotland, opposite Greenock. Length, 7 miles. Gairloch, Nova Scotia. See New Gairloch. Gairo, ghl'ro, a village of Sardinia, 3 miles from La- nusei. Pop. 1370. Gairsa, gir'sS,, or Gairsay, gir'si, one of the Ork- ney Islands. Length, 2 miles. Pop. 71. Gais, ghice, a village of Switzerland, canton and 4 miles N.E. of Appenzell, on the S. declivity of the Gabris Mountains, 2900 feet above the sea. Pop. 2552. Gaitharonisi, island. See Gaidaronisi. Gaither's, ga'th^rz, a station in Carroll co., Md., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 33 niiles W. of Baltimore. Gaithersburg, ga'th^rz-biirg, a post-village of Mont- gomery CO., Md., on the Metropolitan Branch of the Balti- more & Ohio Railroad, 22 miles N.N.W. of Washington, D.G. It has 2 churches and 2 stores. Pop. about 150. Gajandragharh, India, See Gudjunturgurh. Gajar, goh'yoR', or Gairing, ghi'ring\, a market- town of Hungary, co. and 24 miles N.N.AV. of Presburg, on the Rudana. Pop. 3603. Gajdobra, ghiMo'br6h\ a village of Hungary, eo. of Bacs, 7 miles from Palanka. Pop. 2421. Gajera, a town of India, district of Baroach. P. 5239. Gajssin, or Hajssin, a town of Russia, in Podolia, 20 miles E. of Bratslav. Pop. 9417. Gakova, goh^ko'voh^ a village of Hungary, co. of Bacs. Pop. 2251. Galacz, a town of Moldavia. See Galatz. Galadzet (gft-Iid-z^f) Hills, a range in British Bur- mah, loo miles N. of Rangoon. They are steep and rugged, and extend for about 60 miles from E. to W. Galani', Kajaaga, kS,-ja'g^, or Gadiaga, a coun- try of Africa, in Senegambia, intersected by the parallel of 14° 45' N. and by the meridian of 13° 10' W. It occupies a narrow space along the Senegal, and is divided by the Faleme into two parts, of which the W. is called Goye, Guog, or Lower Galam, and the E. Kamera, or Upper Galam. It is fertile, and rich in vegetable products; the rivers abound with fish, crocodiles, and hippopotami, and the for- ests with lions, elephants, wild boars, and apes. The in- habitants are an industrious, agricultural, and commercial people, extensively employed as carriers. The supreme power is conferred according to the principle of collateral succession, but the authority of the chief is restricted by a national council. Galam, gi'lAm', or Fort Saint Joseph, a town of West Africa, capital of the above country, on the Senegal River. Galantlia, giMin'ti^ a village of Hungary, 29 miles E. of Presburg. Pop. 1600. Galapagos, gi-lA'pirgoce, commonly pronounced in English gal-la-pi'gus (Ger. Schildkrdteninacln, shilt'kro- ten-in'seln, or "Tortoise Islands;" Fr. Gallajmgos, garid^- pi^gos'. Ilea des Tortues, eel di toRHii', '"Islands of the Tortoises"), a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, on and near the equator, between Ion. S9° and 92° W., 730 miles W. of the coast of Ecuador, South America, and consisting of 6 principal and 7 small islands, the largest, Albemarle Island, being 60 miles in length by 15 miles in breadth and reaching an elevation of 4000 feet. All are volcanic, and abound in lavas. They are frequented by turtles of enormous size, and the birds, animals, and plants are gen- erally of very marked and peculiar species. On Charles Island a small colony of Ecuadorians was planted, forming a penal settlement; but the group is now nearly unpeopled. The principal islands are Albemarle, Indefatigable, Chatham, Charles, James, Narborough, Hood, Barrington, Bindloes, and Abingdon. Galapagos Islands, an unimportant group of the West Indies, Bahamas, N. of Abaco. Galaroza, gil-lS.-ro'th^, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 58 miles N. by E. of Huelva, on the Martiga. Pop. 1726. Galashiels, gaPa-sheelz', a burgh of Scotland, cos, of Roxburgh and Selkirk, at a railway junction, 5 miles W.N.W. of Melrose. It is irregularly built of stone on both GAL 824 GAL sides of the Gala, and has 2 branch banks, and flourishing manufactures of stockings, flannels, blankets, shawls, tweeds, and plaids. Pop. 10,312. Galata, g&'Ii-ta, the largest suburb of Constantinople, on the N. side of the Golden Horn, J of a mile W. of the Seraglio Point. It is about 4 miles in circumference. The wall which divided it from Pera has been removed, and the space is occupied by streets. The inhabitants are mostly European Christians, and Galata is the chief seat of the foreign trade of the Turkish capital. It has Roman Catholic, Greek, and Armenian churches, a remarkable tower 140 feet in height, and the custom-house for the port of Constantinople. Two floating bridges connect it with the main city. Galata, a village and cape of Bulgaria, on the Black Sea, 4 miles S.E. of Varna. Galata, a village of Greece, in iEtolia, W. of Lepanto, near the Phidaris. Galatia, Saline co., III. See Gallatia. Galatone, g3,-ld.-to'ni, a town of Italy, province and 17 miles S.W. of Lecce. It has a castle, several convents, and manufactures of olive oil. Pop. 5559. Galatro, g3.-lS,'tro, a town of Italy, province of Reggio di Cahibria, 18 miles N.E. of Palmi. Pop. 1944. Galatz, gd'ldts, Gaiacz, or Galatch, ga'l^tch (anc. Axiop' oil's ?), a town of Roumania, in' Moldavia, on the left bank of the Danube, between the confluences of the Sereth and the Pruth with that river, and on the Roumanian Rail- way, Lat. 45° 26' 12" N. ; Ion. 2S° 2' 58" E. The older parts of the town consist of miserable wooden houses or huts, confusedly huddled together and forming a series of nar- row, filthy, and irregular streets. In the newer quarters are numerous well-built houses of stone. There are here several Greek churches, a convent, a hospital, and a large bazaar, always well filled with merchandise. The lower part of Galatz consists almost entirely of warehouses, but is ill drained and badly paved. Galatz is the principal port in the principality, except Brahilov, and a medium of the commerce carried on between Germany and Constantinople, vessels of 300 tons being able to ascend the Danube thus far. Its trade was formerly in the hands of the Greeks, but many English and other foreign houses have estab- lished themselves there. The principal exports are grain, wine, planks and deals, wool, tallow, and preserved meats. Pop. 80,000. Ga'la Water, a river of Scotland, rises in the Muir- foot Hills, CO. of Edinburgh, flows mostly S.S.W., and joins the Tweed close to Abbotsford. Galaxidi, gi-lix'e-de (anc. (En'tke), a seaport town of Greece, in Phoeis, on the Gulf of Salona, 12 miles S, of Sa- lona. It has two harbors, and was one of the most flourish- ing commercial towns in Greece. Pop. 4127. Gal'braith's Store, a post-hamlet of Henry co., Mo., 10 miles E.S.E. of Clinton. Gaidar, g^l-dau', or Galdas, g^l'dis, a village of the Gran Canaria Island, on its N.W. coast, 5 miles N.W. of Palmas. Pop. 1956. Gale, a post-office of Woodbury co., Iowa. Gale, a township of Trempealeau co., Wis., bounded S. by the Black River, Pop. 1745. It contains Galesville. Galeata, gk-]k-^'tk, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, on the Ronco, about 30 miles S. by W. of Ravenna. Pop. 3934. Galega, g3,-lA-'gi, a small island in the Indian Ocean, N.E. of Madagascar. Lat. 10° 29' 50" S.; Ion. 56° 46' E. Ga'leii, a township of Wayne co., N.Y. Pop. 5468. It contains the villa.ge of Clyde. Gale'ua, a post-office and mining-camp of Lawrence CO., Dakota, among the Black Hills, about 200 miles S.W. of Bismarck, It has mines of gold and silver, 2 saw-mills, a quartz-mill, and a smelting-furnace. Galena, a city, the capital of Jo Daviess co., 111., is pic- turesquely situated on the Fevre lliver, 6 miles from its entrance into the Mississippi. By railroad it is 19 miles E.S.E. of Dubuque, and 133 miles AY.N.W. of Chicago. It is on the Illinois Central Railroad (Northern division), and is a terminus of the Galena & Southern Wisconsin Railroad. Steamboats can ascend the rivor to this place, which is about 100 miles by water above Davenport, Iowa. The Fevre River hero flows between picturesque limestone bluffs, and the houses are built on several terraces at various elevations. Galena contains a custom-house, 2 national banks, a high school, 10 churches, and printing-offices which issue 1 German and 3 English weekly newspapers ; also the Northwestern German-English Normal School, organized in 1S68. It has 2 foundries with machine-shops, 2 steam flour-mills, 2 furniture-factories, a planing- mill, a woollen- mill, a lumber-mill, and a sash- and blind-factory. The principal exports are lead (mined and smelted in the vicinity), zinc, dairy-products, and grain. Pop. 7019. Galena, a post-village of Floyd co., Ind., in Greenville township, 8 miles N.W. of New Albany. It has 2 churches and a flouring-mill. Galena, a township of La Porte co., Ind,, on the Mich- igan line. Pop. 867. Galena, a post-village of Cherokee co., Kansas, 7 miles from Baxter Springs. It has 3 churches, a bank, and fur- naces for smelting lead, which is mined here. Pop. 2000. Galena, a post-village of Kent co., Md., near the Kent County Railroad, about 42 miles E. of Baltimore, and 1 mile S. of the Sassafras River. It has 3 churches, an academy, a seminary for girls, and a machine-shop. Pop. 307. Galena, a post-village, capital of Stone co, Mo., on the James River, about 32 miles S.S.W. of Springfield. It has a newspaper oflice. Lead ore (galena) is found near it. Galena, a post-hamlet of Dodge co., Neb., 2^ miles from Scribner, and 24 miles N. by W. of Fremost. Galena, a post-village of Lander co., Nev., on Reese River, about 70 miles N. of Austin. It is 15 miles S. of Battle Mountain. Gold, silver, and lead are found here. Galena, a post-village of Delaware co., 0., in Berkshire township, on the Cleveland, Mount Vernon & Columbus Railroad, 19 miles N. by E. of Columbus. It has a church, a high school, manufactures of carriages and farming- implements, and a money-order post-office. Pop. about 500. Galena, a village of Scioto co., 0., in Brush Creek township, 24 miles N.W. of Portsmouth. It has a church and a large tannery. The name of its post-office is Rarden. Galena Mountain, Colorado, a peak of the San Juan Mountains, in lat. 37° 50' N., Ion. 107° 34' S" W. Its altitude is 13,290 feet above the sea-level. Galenstock, gd'len-stok\ a mountain of Switzerland, cantons of Valais and Uri, forming by its N.E. side one of the barriers of the magnificent glacier in which the Rhone has its source. Its loftiest summit exceeds 11,000 feet, Galeo'ta Point, the S.E. point of the island of Trin- idad, in the West Indies. Lat. 10° 9' N.; Ion. 60° 59' W. Gal era, gi-l^'r^, a deserted but picturesque village of Italy, 13 miles N.W. of Rome, on the Arrone. Galera, gS.-lA'r3,, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, prov- ince and 70 miles N.E. of Granada. Pop. 1960. Galera, a village of Spain, province of Tarragona, 6 miles S.W. of Tortosa. Pop. 1408. Galera, gi-li'ra, a river of Brazil, in Matto-Grosso, joins the Guapore 50 miles N.N.W. of the city of Matto- Grosso, after a course of about 90 miles. Galera, gd-li'ri, a point in the United States of Co- lombia, 28 miles N.N.E. of Cartagena, bounding a bay of its own name on the N. Lat. 10° 51' N. ; Ion. 75° 25' W. Galera, gd-lA'rS,, an island of the Pacific, one of the Solomon Islands. Lat. 9° 15' S. ; Ion. 161° 30' E. Gales, the Spanish for Wales. Galesburg, gailz'burg, a city of Knox co.. 111., 53 miles W.N.W. of Peoria, 164 miles W.S.W. of Chicago, 43 miles E. by N. of Burlington, Iowa, and 99 miles N.E. of Quincy. It is directly connected with all these cities by four divisions of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, which meet here. It is surrounded by fertile prairies, and is noted for its educational institutions. It contains about 15 churches, a high school, a city library of 6500 volumes, 2 or 3 national banks, the Lombard University (Universalist), which was founded in 1857, and Knox Col- lege (Congregationalist), which was organized in 1841 and has a library of about 7000 volumes. A daily and 3 weekly newspapers are published here. It has several foundries and machine-shops, and manufactures of brooms, corn- planters, carriages, &c. Pop. 10,158. Galesburg, a post-village of Jasper co., Iowa, 10 miles S.E. of Newton, and about 38 miles E. of Des Moines. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 300. Galesbur^, a post-hamlet of Neosho oo., Kansas, on the Neosho division of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Rail- road, 11 miles N.N.W. of Parsons. Galesburg, a post-village of Kalamazoo co., Mich., in Comstock township, on the Kalamazoo River, and on tho Michigan Central Railroad, 9 miles E. of tho city of Kala- mazoo. It has a money-order post-office, 3 churches, a union school, a flour-mill, a bank, and a foundry. Pop. about 900. Galesburg, a post-hamlet of Jasper co., Mo., 6 miles N. of Oronogo. It has a flouring-mill and a saw-mill, Galesburg, Campbell co., Va. See Pigeon IIi^n. Gales Creek, a post-ufiico of Washington co., Oregon. Gale's Crossing, a station of tlio Fitchburg & Wor- cester Railroad, 7 miles S.E. of Fitohburg, Mass. GAL 8: Gale's Ferry, apost-hamlet of New London co., Conn., on the river Thames, 8 miles below Norwich, and ^ mile from Montville Station. It has a church. Gales Town, a post-hamlet of Dorchester co., Md., on the Nanticoke River, about 22 miles E. of Cambridge. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Galesville, Cherokee co., Ala. See Gaylesville. Galesville, gailz'vil, a post-office and station of Piatt CO., III., in Sangamon township, on the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, 10 miles from Monticello, and 150 miles S.S.W. of Chicago. Galesville, a hamlet of Anne Arundel co., Md., on West River, 15 miles S. of Annapolis. It has 3 stores and a steamboat-landing. Pop. about 75. Galesville, New York. See Middle Falls. Galesville, a post-hamlet of Douglas co., Oregon, 40 miles S. of Roseburg. Galesville, a post-village, capital of Trempealeau co., Wis., in Gale township, on Beaver Creek, about 21 miles N. by W. of La Crosse, and 15 miles E.N.E. of Winona. It is the seat of Galesville University (Methodist Episcopal), which was organized in 1855. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a flour-mill, and a newspaper office. Pop, 1068. Gale'ville Mills, a post-village of Ulster co., N.Y., in Shawangunk township, 2 miles from Shawangunk Station. It has 2 churches, a paper-mill, and about 25 houses. Gale'wood, a village in Cook co.. 111., on the Chicago &, Paciflc Railroad, S miles AV. of Chicago, 86 feet above the level of Lake Michigan. Galga, g4rgoh\ a river of Hungary, joins the Zagyva 30 miles E.N.E. of Pesth. Length, 40 miles. Galiano (gS.-le-i'no) Islaud, of British Columbia, in Queen Charlotte's Sound. Lat. 51° 9' N. ; Ion. 128° 2' W. Galicia, gal-ish'e-a (Sp. pron. g4-lee'the-A or g^-Iee'- se-a; anc. Gallve'cia, the country of the Gallie'ci)^ an old province of Spain, with the title of kingdom, now a captain- generalcy, forming the provinces of Corunna, Lugo, Orense, and Pontevedra, at the N.W. extremity of the Peninsula, between lat. 41° 50' and 43° 50' N. and Ion. 6° 50' and 9° 15' W. Area, 10,876 square miles. Its surface is generally mountainous, and its principal rivers are the Minho, Sil, and Ulla. The forests are extensive, and feed large herds of hogs. There are also good pasture- lands and wide tracts of heath. Chestnuts, maize, rye, flax, potatoes, wheat, bar- ley, and inferior wine form the principal vegetable prod- ucts. The first compose most part of the food of the Gali- cians ; the rest are partly exported. Sheep and horses are extensively reared. The mineral products comprise copper, lead, tin, antimony, marble, and jasper. The mass of the Galicians, or Gallcgos, are poor and ignorant, but hardy and industrious, and they make the best laborers, soldiers, and servants in the Peninsula. Pop. 1,976,086. Adj. and inhab. Galle'gan (Spanish, Gallego, gil-yi'go) and Galician, gal-ish'e-an. Galicia, gal-ish'e-a, or Kingdom of Austrian Poland (Polish, Halicz, ha'litch ; Hun. Holies, h^'litch^ ; Ger. Gallzieii, ga-lit'se-en), a province of Austro-Hungary, in Cisleithania, composed of the titular kingdom of Lodo- meria, the duchies of Auschwitz and Zator, and the grand duchy of Cracow, and comprising the greater part of Aus- trian Poland. It lies between lat. 47° 40' and 50° 35' N. and Ion. 18° 55' and 26° 25' E. ; bounded N. by Poland, N.E. and E. by Russia, S.E. by Bukowina, S. by Hungary, and W. by Moravia and a small portion of Prussian Silesia ; greatest length, E. to W., 325 miles; breadth, towards the E., where the widest, a little W. of the meridian 25°, 190 miles, thence diminishing westward. Area, 30,212 square miles. Its contour is generally defined by natural boundaries: on the S. by the Carpathians, which form a long and irregu- lar curve along its frontier; N.W, by the Vistula; S.E. by the Bialy Czeramos, a tributary of the Pruth, and for a short distance by the Dniester; and E. by the Podhorce, a tribu- tary of the Dniester. Part of the N. and all the N.E. are without natural boundaries. The great physical features of the country are, in a manner, determined by the Car- pathians and their ramifications. The loftiest summit, the Great Kriwan, has a height of 8029 feet. Galicia is partly traversed by the great watershed which divides the whole continent of Europe into two great basins. The chief river on the N. and W. of this watershed is the Vistula, which, before quitting the frontier, receives the Sola, Raba, united Poprad and Dunajec, Wisloka, &nd San, and also drains a large portion of the E. by its tributary the Bug. The chief rivers on the other side are the Dniester, which rises near the centre of the kingdom and flows across it in an E.S.E. direction, receiving numerous tributaries on both ) GAL banks. The climate is severe, particularly in the S., where more than one of the Carpathian summits are beyond the limit of perpetual snow. The winters are long, and the summers comparatively short, but very warm. In the more mountainous districts the soil often forms a thin covering on bleak and almost barren rocks, where scanty pasture only is obtained. In other parts of the same districts both the quality and depth of the soil improve, the pastures become excellent, and many magnificent forests occur. In general, where the elevation is small, the ground, more especially where resting on limestone, is of great fer- tility and yields abundant crops of corn and maize. Hemp, flax, and tobacco are also extensively grown. The domestic animals include great numbers of horned cattle, generally of a superior description, and a fine hardy breed of horses, well adapted for cavalry. Sheep, goats, swine, bees, and poultry abound. The minerals include marble, alabaster, petroleum, copper, calamine, coal, iron, and rock salt. The last two are of much importance. Iron occurs in parts of the central Carpathian chain, and bog-iron ore is fre- quently met with in extensive seams on the plains. The rock salt is particularly abundant, stretching in continuous beds for nearly 250 miles along the base of the Carpathians. Manufactures have latterly made much progress, spirits, wooden-ware, potash, tar, paper, leather, pottery, and glass being leading articles of manufacture. The principal ex- ports are salt, hides, wool, cattle, wood, coal, anise-seed, linen, and brandy. The population is generally of Slavic race, and consists of two principal branches, Polish in the W. and Russniak (Little Russian, or Ruthcnian) in the E. Of religious denominations the Roman Catholic is the strongest, but many of its members are of the Armenian and Ruthenian rites. There are many Jews in the province, and some Protestant and Greek Christians. Educational estab- lishments, both for superior and ordinary instruction, are numerous. At the head of the former stand the Universities of Cracow and Lemberg. Schools are spread over the whole country and well attended. Lemberg is the capital. Pop. 5,418,016. Adj. and inhab. Galician, gal-ish'e-an. Ga'Iien, a post-village of Berrien co., Mrch., in Galien township, and on the Michigan Central Railroad, 14 miles S. by W. of Niles, and 79 miles E. of Chicago. It has a church, a lumber-mill, a pump-factory, and a manufactory of handles for hoes, forks, Ac. Pop. of the township, 1231. Galien River, Michigan, a small stream which drains part of Berrien co. and enters Lake Michigan at New Buffalo. Gal'igher, a post-office of Guernsey co., 0. Gal'ilee (L. GaliWa ,- Gr. raAiAaia), a province of an- cient Palestine, comprising the country AV. of the Jordan, from Samaria nearly to Sidon, together with both shores of the Lake of Galilee (or Tiberias). It was the northernmost of the main divisions of Palestine at the beginning of the Christian era. For the Sea of Galilee, see Lake of Taba- ItEEVAH. Gal'ilee, a township of Manitou co., Mich., on Great Beaver Island, in Lake Michigan. It is, or was, a Mormon settlement. Pop. I(i3. Galinara, gi-le-ni'rJL (anc. Gallmaria), a small island of Italy, 2 miles S.E. of Albenga. Galioil, gi'le-on or gi-le-on', an island on the N.E. coast of Java and the E. coast of the island of Madura. Lat. 7° S. ; Ion. 114° 13' E. Gal'ioii, a city of Crawford eo., 0., on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad where it crosses the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railroad, and at the junction of the Bellefonte & Indianapolis division of the latter road with the main line, 15 miles W. by S. of Mans- field, 58 miles N. by E. of Columbus, and 6 miles S.S.W. of Crestline. It has 10 churches, 2 national banks, 2 news- paper offices, a graded school, 2 machine-shops, 4 cigar- factories, 2 railroad-shops, and a foundry. Pop. about 6000. Galistes, gi-Iees'tjs, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, 42 miles N.N.W. of Caceres. Pop. 1052. Galita, gi'IeeHi (anc. Cal'athe?), an island of the Mediterranean, off the N. coast of Tunis. Lat. 37° 31' N.; Ion. 8° 55' E. Between it and the mainland are the Sorelli Rocks. Galitch, a town of Austria. See Halicz. Galitch, ga'litch, a town of Russi.a, government and 60 miles N.E. of Kostroma, on Lake Galitch. Pop. 5620. Galiub, a town of Egypt. See Galyoob. Galiubvjeh, a province of Egypt. See Galvoobeeyeh. Gal'ivant's Ferry, or Gal'iivant's Ferry, a post- township of Horry co., S.C. Pop. 1089. Galizien. See Galicia (Austrian). Galkot, g^rkot', a small town of Nepaul, consists of GAL 826 GAL about 500 huts, surrounding the house of the chief, hit. 28*^ 17' N., Ion. 83° W E., 76 miles W.N.W. of Gorkha. Galkot, a territory of Nepaul. It is very small, but well cultivated, and has coppet*- and iron-mines. Galla, or Also-Galla, Arsho'-gal'loh\ a village of Hungary, co. of Komorn, at the foot of Mount Steinberg, about fi miles from Dotis. Pop. 800. Gallfeci and Gallfccia. See Galicu (of Spain). Gal'lasjher's Ranch, a post-office of Medina co., Tex. GalMagherville, a station in Chester co., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1 mile W. of Downingtown. Gal'laher, a station in Johnson co.. Mo., on the Mis- souri Pacific Railroad, 23 miles W. of Sedalia. Gal'laher's, a station in Marion co.. W. Va., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 9 miles W. of Fairmont. Gal'laher's Mills, a post-office of Roane co., Tenn. Gal'lant Green, a post-office of Charles co., Md. Gallapagos, the French name of Galapagos. GallaratC, g3,l-l3,-ri'ti, a town of Italy, at a railway junction, 23 miles N.W. of Milan, with cotton-mills. Pop. 7576. Gallardon, ga,riaRM6No', a village of France, in Enre- et-Loir. 10 miles E.N".E. of Chartres, Pop. 1671. Gallari^ues, g^riaug', a town of France, in Gard, 12 miles by rail S.W. of Nimes. Pop. 1947. Gallas, g3,l'lS.z, a numerous and powerful race, chiefly inhabiting a territory in Eastern Africa, S. of Shoa, but dispersed in great numbers over the countries adjoining, es- pecially N. and E. They are divided into many tribes, but are all distinguished by the same general characteristics, mora! and physical. Their color varies from black to brown- ish yellow. They are tall, with spare, wiry, and muscular bodies, and have agreeable countenances. They are brave, but ferocious and cruel, massacring in war alike young and old, male and female. Their language is spoken through- out a great region. They are in a low state of heathenism, have no priests, and know only about a Being to whom, on particular occasions, they sacrifice a cow or sheep : but to the N. and E. many are Mohammedans and some profess Christianity. They are not negroes, but seem to be allied in language and blood to the Kabyles and Copts. Gallatia, or Galatia, gal-li'she-a. a post-village of Saline co., III., in a township of the same name, about 30 miles W.N.W. of Shawneetown. It has 3 churches. Pop. of the township, 1319. GalMatin, a county in the S.E. part of Illinois, has an area of about 350 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Wabash River, and on the S.E. by the Ohio River, and is intersected by Saline Creek. The surface is nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and pork are the staple products. This county is traversed by the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad and the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (Springfield division). Capital, Shawneetown. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,940,056. Pop. in 1870, 11,134, of whom 10,727 were Americans. Gallatin, a small county in the N. part of Kentucky, is bounded on the N.W. by the Ohio River, and on the S. by Eagle Creek. The surface is hilly. The soil is fertile. In- dian corn, wheat, and pork are the staple products. The rock which lies next to the surface is Silurian (Trenton) limestone. This county is intersected by the Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington Railroad. Capital, Warsaw. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $3,060,520. Pop. in 1870, 5074, of whom 4944 were Americans. Gallatin, a county in the S. part of Montana, borders on AVyoming Territory. It is intersected by the Yellow- stone River, and also drained by the Gallatin Fork of the Missouri, which unites with two other forks on the W, bor- der of the county. The river formed by this junction is the Missouri, which forms part of the W. boundary. The surface is hilty and mountainous. The soil of Gallatin valley is fertile, and produces wheat, oats, grass, &c. Mount Gallatin, in this county, is about 10,000 feet high. Gold and coal are found in this county. A large part of it is covered with pine forests. Capital, Bozeman. Valuation of real and personal estate, $894,866. Pop. in 1870, 1578, of whom 1250 were Americans. Gallatin, a township of Clay co.. Mo. Pop. 2241. It contains Moscow. Gallatin, a post-village, capital of Daviess co., Mo., on Grand River, on the Southwestern Branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and on the Chillicothe &■ Omaha Branch Railroad, 76 miles N.E. of Leavenworth, and 25 miles AV.N.W. of Chillicotho. It has 5 churches, 2 banks, a graded school, 2 newspaper offices, and manufactures of oarriagcs and wine. Pop. about 1000. Gallatin, or Gallatin City, a post-village of Gal- latin CO., Montana, is situated at the point where the Gal- latin, Jeff'erson, and Madison Forks unite to form the Mis- souri, 70 miles S.S.E. of Helena. It has a grist-mill. Gallatin, a township of Columbia co., N.Y. Pop. 1361. It contains Gallatinville, &c. Gallatin, a post-village, capital of Sumner co., Tenn., is on the Louisville A Nashville Railroad, 26 miles N.E. of Nashville, and 3 miles N. of the Cumberland River. It contains a court-house, an academy, 7 churches, a national bank, 1 other bank, 2 flour-mills, a planing-mill, a foundry, a woollen-mill, a large cotton-factory, a college, and manu- factories of carriages and farming-implements. Two weekly newspnpers are published here. Pop. about 3000, Gallatin Ran^e, Montana, a range of mountains on the E. side of the Gallatin River, composed, says Hayden, of gneissic and quartzitic beds as a base, with a great thick- ness, 1700 to ISOO feet, of Lower Silurian strata resting un- conformably upon them. The carboniferous limestones, which are very hard, form, with their upturned edges, the very summit of the Gallatin Range, including Bridger's Peak, Union Peak, &c. Bridger's Peak is said to rise about 9000 feet above the sea-level. Gallatin River, or Gallatin Fork of the Mis- souri, rises at the base of Mount Gallatin, in Montana. It runs nearly northward, and unites with the Jefferson Fork at Gallatin. The length is estimated at 170 miles. It runs in a deep and narrow canon 70 miles long, between vertical walls which in some places are 2000 feet high. The rocks that crop out here are Silurian, Carboniferous, and Jurassic limestones. "The Gallatin River," says Hayden, "seems as it were to be crowded in between the two great rivers the Yellowstone and the Madison, and it has therefore cut a continuous gorge through the rocks for more than 70 miles, with walls on either side rising from 1000 to 2000 feeU As a geological section it has hardly a parallel in the West." The valley through which the river flows after it has emerged from this canon is described by him in these terms : " In beauty and fertility the valley of the Gallatin surpasses all others in Montana which have come within the limits of our explorations." Gal'latinville, a post-hamlet of Columbia co., N.Y., on the Rhinebeck & Connecticut Railroad, 24 miles N.E. of Rondout. GalMaudet', a post-office of Marion co., Ind., on the Indianapolis, Cincinnati *fc Lafayette Railroad, 9 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. Gal'lanher, a township of Clinton co., Pa. Pop. 252. Gal'laway, a post-oifice of Pulaski co., Ark., on the Memphis & Little Rock Railroad, 10 miles E. of Little Rock. Galle, or Point de Galle, point de gil, formerly Punto Gallo, poon'to gS.rio, a seaport town of Ceylon, on its S.W. coast. It has steam and telegraph communi- cation with Australia, India, and Europe, and is a place of much commercial importance. Pop. 47,754. Galtego, gS,l-yi'go, a river of Spain, rises in the Pyre- nees, and joins the Ebro about 1 mile below Saragossa, after a southward course of 80 miles. Gallc^o, the Spanish name of Galicia. Galle^os, gS,l-yi'goce, a small and rapid river of Pata- gonia, enters the Atlantic, opposite the Falkland Islands, in lat. 51° 33' S., Ion. 69° AV. Gallenkirch, g^ri§n-keenK\ a village of Austria, in Tyrol, about 35 miles from FeldUirch. Pop. 1560. Galles, the French for Walks. Gallese, ga.l-14'si, a village of Italy, 16 miles E.S.E. of Viterbo. It is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Feeeeu'nium. Pop. 137S. GalMeyhead', a promontory of Ireland, in Munster, CO. of Cork, between the Bays of Ross and Clonakilty. Gallia, an ancient name of France. Gal'lia, a county in the S. part of Ohio, has an area of about 440 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Ohio River, which separates it from West Virginia, and is intersected by Raccoon Creek, and also drained by Cam- paign and Symmes Creeks. The surface is mostly hilly, and more thiin one-third of it is covered with forests of the ash, beech, chestnut, hickory, buckeye, oak, .tc. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork nrc tho staple products. This county has beds of bituuiinnus oal and carboniferous limestone. Capital, Gallipolis. Valuation of real and personal estate, $9,415,259. Pop. in 1870, 25,545, of whom 24,389 wore Americans. It is intersootod by the Dayton & Southeastern Railroad. Gallia Furnace, a post-village of Gallia oo., 0., about 20 miles W. of Gallipolis. It has an iron-furnace and an academy. Pop. 200. GAL 827 GAL Galliano, gil-lc-i'no, a village of Italy, S.E. of Como, hasaeui'ious Lombard church, with inscriptions of the fourth and frescoes of the eleventh century. Galliate, gil-le-i'ti, a village of Italy, province and 4J miles E.N.E. of Novara. Pop. of commune, 7018. Galiica Flavia, a supposed ancient name of Fhaga. Gallicana, gil-le-ki'n4, a village of Italy, 19 miles E. of Rome. Pop. 1221. Gallicano, gil-le-ki'no, a town of It.aly, 16 miles N. by W. of Lucca, near the Serchio. Pop. 293.3. Gallico, gil'le-ko, a town of Italy, in Calabria, near the W. coast, province and 5 miles N. of Reggio. P. 4265. Gallicuin Fretum. See Strait of Dover. Gallicus Oceaiius. See Bay of Biscay. Gallicus Sinus, the ancient name of Gulf of Lyons. Galli^nana, gil-leen-yi'ni, or Galliniana, gil-le- ne-A'nd, a town of Austria, 45 miles S.E. of Triest. Galiina, gil-lee'ni, or Gallinhas, gil-leen'yila, an island off the W. coast of Africa, one of the Bissagos group. Gallinaria, the ancient name of Galisaiia. Gallinas, gil-lee'nis, a river of Western Africa, falling into the Atlantic in lat. 7°N.,lon. 11° 38' W., and formerly noted for the number of slaves shipped from it. Gallinas (gil-lee'nis) Spring, a post-hamlet of San Miguel CO., New Mexico, about 70 miles E.S.E. of Santa Fe. Gallipoli, gil-lip'o-le (ane. Gallip'olis), a seaport town of European Turkey, in Roumelia, on the E. coast of the peninsula of Gallipoli, at the entrance of the Sea of Mar- mora, 132 miles AV.S.W. of Constantinople. Lat. 40° 24' N.; Ion. 26° 40' E. Pop. about 20,000. It has two ports, and is the' principal station of the Turkish fleet. The town is ill built and dirty, but has extensive bazaars. It has manufactures of cottons, silks, and earthenwares, and of the best morocco leather made in Turkey. It is a Greek bish- op's see, and the residence of a capidan pasha. The Pexinsitla of Gallipoli (ano. Thra'dca Cliersone'- sus) is situated between lat. 40° 3' and 40° 38' N. and Ion. 26° 10' and 27° E., extending S.W., separating the Hellespont on the S.E. from the ^gean Sea and Gulf of Saros on the W. and N. Length, 63 miles ; breadth, from 4 to 13 miles. Gallipoli, g41-lip'o-le (ane. Gallip'olis), a fortified sea- port town of Naples, province of Lecce, 29 miles W.S.W. of Otranto, on a rocky islet in the Gulf of Taranto, con- nected by a bridge with its suburb Lizza on the mainland. It is well built, has a cathedral and a castle, and is noted for its extensive cisterns excavated in the rock and used for storing olive oil. One mile W. is the island of Sant' An- drea, between which and the town is a harbor, with from 10 to 12 fathoms of water. This port is one of the most fre- quented in Southern Italy, as the great mart for the oil of Apulia. The town has also manufactures of muslins, wool- lens, and cotton hosiery, a tunny-fisbery, and an active trade in corn, wine, and fruits. It is a bishop's see. Here the date-palm grows. Pop. 9951. Gallipolis, garie-po-leece', a city, the capital of Gallia CO., 0., is in Gallipolis township, on the Ohio River, about 20 miles below Pomeroy, and 56 miles S.E. of Chillicothe. It is the S. terminus of the Gallipolis, McArthur &, Colum- bus Railroad. It contains a court-house, 8 or 9 churches, a national bank, 1 other bank, a high school, the Gallia Acad- emy, several steam flouring-mills, and manufactures of leather, lumber, brooms, furniture, and woollen goods. Three weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 3711 ; of the township, exclusive of the city, 868. It was settled by the French. Gallisteo, gal-lis'te-o, a post-office of Santa F6 co.. New Mexico, about 25 miles S. of Santa Fe, Gallit'zin, a post-village of Cambria co.. Pa., in Gal- litzin township, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 12 miles W.S.W. of Altoona, and 3 miles N.E. of Cresson. It is at the W. end of the great tunnel by which the trains pass through the Alleghany Mountain. Here is a church. Pop. of the township, 977. Gallivant's Ferry, S.C. See Galivant's Ferry. GalI'man, a post-hamlet of Copiah co., Miss., on the railroad from New Orleans to Jackson, 28 miles S.S.W. of the latter. It has a church and 3 or 4 stores. Gallncukirchen, gJtl'noi-keeRK'en, a town of Upper Austria, 4 miles N.N.E. of Steyeregg. 'Pop. 1125. GaPloo' (or Galloup, gaPloo') Island, Jefferson CO., N.Y., is in the eastern part of Lake Ontario. Galloupe's (gal'loops) Island, Suffolk co., Mass., lies in the outer harbor of Boston. Gal'loway, a district comprising the counties of Wig- town and Kirkcudbright, Scotland. It gives the title of earl to tlie Stewart family. Gal'loway, a station of Pulaski co.. Ark., on the Memphis & Little Rock Railroad, 9 miles E. of Little Rock. Galloway, a township of Christian co., Mo. Pop. 480. Galloway, a township of Atlantic co., N.J., bordering on the Atlantic, and on Egg Harbor River and Great Bay. Pop. 2860. It contains Oceanville, Leeds Point, Ac. Galloway, a post-village of Franklin co., 0., in Prairie township, on the Columbus, Springfield & Cincinnati Short- Line Railroad, 10 miles W. of Columbus. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Galloway, a post-village of Fayette co., Tenn., on the Louisville & Great Southern Railroad (at Galloway Station), 28 miles E.N.E. of Memphis. It has 3 churches and 2 mills. Pop. 600. Its post-ofiice name is Galway. Gall, St., a canton of Switzerland. See Saint Gall. Gallucio, gil-loo'cho, a village of Italy, province of Casorta, 25 miles E.N.E. of Gaeta. Pop. 31 10. Gal'lupville, a post-village of Schoharie co., N.Y., in Wright township, about 26 miles W. of Albany. It is 5 miles E. of Schoharie Court-House. It has 3 churche.--, nearly 40 houses, and a tannery. Gallura, gS,l-Ioo'r§-, one of the four quarters into which the island of Sardinia was divided in the Middle Ages. It occupied the most northern part of tlie island. Galluzzo, gil-loot'so, a town of Italy, province and 3 miles S.S.W. of Florence. Pop. of commune, 14,133. Galinis, the German for Charmey. Galoengong, gi'loonVong', or GalongongjgiMon'- gong', a volcano of Java, not far S. of Batavia. No erup- tion of this mountain was on record, or in the recollection of the inhabitants around, till October 8, 1822, when a fear- ful outburst took place and a large district was laid waste. Galofaro, gi-lo-fi'ro (ane. Gharyb'dia ?), a famous whirlpool, immediately outside of the harbor of Messina, in the strait between Italy and Sicily, near Cape Faro. Op- posite to it, on the coast of Italy, is the rock of Scylla. Galoppe, the French name of Gulpen. Galos, a town of Hungary. See GoLS. Galsa, garsoh\ a village of Hungary, co. and about 12 miles from Arad. Pop. 2160. Galston, gaws'ton, a town of Scotland, co. of Ayr, 4 miles by rail E. of Kilmarnock. Weaving and coal-mining are the leading industries. Pop. 4727. Gait, gawlt, a post-village of Sacramento eo., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 27 miles S. of Sacramento, at the junction of the Amador Branch Railroad. It has 2 hotels and 2 general stores. Gait, a post-village of Whitesides co.. 111., in Hopkins township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 3 miles W. of Sterling. It has a high school and manufactures of cheese and machinery. Gait, a station in Carroll co., Md., on the, Frederick k Pennsylv.ania Line Railroad, 2 miles N.E. of Taneytown. Gait, a post-office of Missaukee co., Mich. Gait, gawlt, a post-town of Waterloo co., Ontario, at a railway junction, 25 miles N.N.W. of Hamilton. The Grand River affords water-power, and the town has a heavy trade, 6 or more churches, 3 banks, 2 newspaper otlices, and large manufactures of flour, axes, paper, eastings, wooden-ware, leather, Ac. Pop. 3827. Galtee or Galty (gawl'tee) Mountains, of Ireland, in Munster, extend E. and W. for about 20 miles. Galtelli, gil-tSl'le, a village on the island of Sardinia, 67 miles S.E. of Sassari. It is a bishop's see. Pop. 798. Gait's Mills, a post-office of Amherst co., Va. Ga'lum, a station in Perry co.. 111., on the Chester &, Tamaroa Railroad, 23 miles N.E. of Chester, III. GaI'va, a post-village of Henry eo., III., in Galva township, on the Chicago, Burlington &, Quincy Railroad where it crosses the Peoria &, Rock Island Railroad, 48 miles N.N.W. of Peori.a, 23 miles N.E. of Galesburg, and 141 miles W.S.W. of Chicago. It has a high school, 8 churches, a national bank, a newspaper office, and a private bank. Coal is mined here. Pop. about 3000. Galva, a post-office of Ada co., Iowa. Galveas, gil-vi'as, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 37 miles W.S.W. of Portalegre. Pop. 1417. GaI'veston, a county in the S.E. part of Texas, is bounded on the N.E. by Galveston Bay, and on the S.E. by the Gulf of Mexico. Area, nearly 300 square miles. The surface is nearly level, and the soil is sandy. This county includes a long narrow island, called Galveston, which lies between the Gulf of Mexico and West Bay. It is inter- sected by the Galveston, Houston & Henderson Railroad. Capital, Galveston. Valuation of real and personal estate, $16,379,724. Pop. in 1870, 15,290, of whom 11,363 were Americans. GAL 8 Galveston, a post-village of Cass co., Ind., in Jackson township, on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, 16 miles S.S.E. of Logansport. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a pump-factory, &g. Pop. 390. Galveston, a port of entry, the seat of justice of Gal- veston CO., and the most populous and commercial city of Texas, is situated on the Gulf of Mexico, and on an island at the mouth of a bay of its own name, about 450 miles W. by S. of New Orleans. It is 214 miles by rail E.S.E. of Austin City. Lat. 29° 18' N.; Ion. 94° 50' W. The island of Galveston, which separates the bay from the Gulf of Mexico, is about 30 miles in length and 3 miles in breadth. The surface is level, and has a mean elevation of only 4 or 5 feet above the water. The bay extends northward from the city to the mouth of Trinity River, a distance of 35 miles, and varies in breadth from 12 to IS miles. The har- bor of Galveston, which is the best in the state, has 12 or 14 feet of water over the bar at low tide. Galveston is one of the most flourishing ports on the Gulf of Mexico, and carries on an active trade. The chief articles of export are cotton, hides, grain, and pork. Steamships make regular passages from this port to New York, New Orleans, Indianola, Morgan City, Havana, Liverpool, »fec. Galveston contains about 20 churches, a Catholic cathedral, a city hall, a custom- house, a United States court-house, a theatre, an opera-house, a public library, a large city hospital, a cotton exchange, 2 national banks, several other banks, 3 iron-foundries, a steam flour-mill, several machine-shops, planing-mills, cigar- factories, &,Q. It has lines of street railway. Three daily newspapers are published here. This city is the seat of the University of St. Mary (Catholic) and of the Texas Medical College. It is the S.E. terminus of the Galveston, Houston & Henderson Railroad, and of the Gulf, Colorado «fc Santa Fe Railroad, which connects here with the Galveston, Brazos & Colorado Railroad. The value of the annual exports is about $33,000,000. The quantity of cotton re- ceived here in a year is nearly 450,000 bales. Galveston is a Catholic bishop's see. Pop. in 1860, 7307 j in 1870, 13,818 ; present pop. about 30,000. Galveston, a post-hamlet in Pittsylvania co., Va., on the Virginia Midland Railroad, 24 miles N. of Danville. Galveston Bay, Texas, is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, from which it is partly separated by Galveston Island. It extends northward from the city of Galveston about 35 miles, and is nearly 20 miles wide at the broadest part. The Trinity River enters it at the northern end. GalveZjg^l'veth, a town of Spain, province and 16 miles S.W. of Toledo. It has manufactures of serge. Pop. 2795. Galvez, a group of islands. See Hapai. Galway, gawl'way, a maritime county of Ireland, in Connaught, bounded on the AV. by the Atlantic. Area, 2342 square miles. The surface in the \V. includes Lakes Cor- rib and Mask, and the district of Connemara, one of the wildest and most mountainous in Ireland, with a sea-coast deeply indented with inlets. In the E. it is mostly flat and sterile, but interspersed with bogs. Chief rivers, the Shan- non, which bounds the county on the S.E,, the Black, and the Suck. The fisheries are valuable. The Irish language is in many districts universal. The county is the second in extent in Ireland. Capital, Galway. It sends four mem- bers to the House of Commons, — two for the county and two for the chief town. Pop. 248,453. Galway, a town and seaport on the AV. coast of Ireland, capital of the above county, is situated on the N. side of Galway Bay, at the W. terminus of the Midland Great "Western Railway, 117 miles W. of Dublin, lat. (light) 53° 15' 12" N., Ion. 9° 3' 30" W., at the mouth of the Corrib, issuing from Lough Corrib, and across which there are two stone bridges. In the more ancient parts of the town the streets are narrow and irregular, but in the modern portions the streets are spacious and the houses in general handsome and substantial. The town is well lighted with gas, and is abundantly supplied with water. The principal buildings are the Queen's College, a beautiful structure in the Eliza- bethan style, the collegiate church of St. Nicholas, a large old edifice in the decorated English style, a Catholic cathe- dral, monasteries, nunneries, Presbyterian and Methodist meeting-houses, the county and town court-houses, both handsome Grecian structures, the prisons, the county in- firmary, fever hospital, an endowed and a charter school, the custom-house, the union workhouse, and barracks. The buildings of the Franciscan Nunnery, or Convent of St. Clare, and of the Presentation Convent, are extensive and imposing. The grammar-school is a spacious and neat structure. The benevolent and charitable institutions are the town infirmary and dispensary and the fever hospital. Galway is not a manufacturing place, but there are brew- 3 GAM eries, distilleries, iodine- and salt-works, a paper-mill, a foundry, atan-yard, and several flour-mills in the town and its vicinity. Its retail trade is considerable. The com- merce of the port was at one time extensive, but has now declined. The principal exports are corn, flour, kelp, mar- ble, wool, and provisions; imports, timber, wine, salt, coal, hemp, tallow, and Swedish and British iron. It is a bishop's see (Roman Catholic). On the right bank of the Corrib, and forming a suburb, is a large fishing village, called Clad- dagh, inhabited by a peculiar and primitive race of people. The borough returns two members to the House of Commons. Galway was conquered in 1232 by the Anglo-Normans under De Burgh, many of whose descendants still reside in the town. During the Middle Ages it had a flourishing trade with Spain, whence the Moorish character of its architecture. Pop. in 1841, 17,275; in 1851, 24,697; in 1871, 15,597: Galway, gawl'way, a handsome post-village of Saratoga CO., N.Y., in Galway township, 10 miles AV. of Ballston Spa. It contains 3 churches and about 45 houses. Pop. of the township, 1945. Galway, a village of Tennessee. See Galloway. Galway Bay, on the AV, coast of Ireland, about 18 miles broad at its mouth, and about 20 miles long from E. to AV. It is protected by the Arran Isles. Galwen, gd.l-w^n', a town of Eastern Africa, in the region S. of Abyssinia, on a river, near lat. 1° 43' N,, Ion. 44° 35' E. Pop. 9000 (?). Galyoob, Galiub, gS,-le-oob', or Kalyoob, kd-le- oob', a town of Egypt, capital of the Galyoobeeyeh province, at a railway junction, IS miles N. of Cairo. Galyoobeeyeh, Galiubijeh, gS,l-yoo-bee'yeh, or Kalyoobee'yeh, a province in the Delta of Egypt. Chief town, Benha. Capital, Galyoob. Pop. 188,275. Gamaclies, ga^mSsh', a town of France, in Somme, 14 miles S.AV. of Abbeville, on the Bresle, Pop. 1840. Gainalero, g^-mk-li'ro, a villa.ge of Italy, 9 miles S.S.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 1622. Gama'liel, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., Ky., 28 miles S. of Glasgow. It has a church, Gambalarum, gam-bi-14'rum, a river of Africa, in Soodan, falling into the S. extremity of Lake Chad, after a course of about 85 miles, direct distance. Gambara, g&m-ba'ra, a village of Northern Italy, 19 miles S. of Brescia. Pop. 2603, Gambarare, g^m-M-ra'ri, or Gambararo, g^m- ba-ra,'ro, a village of Italy, 9 miles AV. of Venice. P. 3805. Gambaroo, g^m-ba-roo', a ruined town of Bornoo, on the Yeoo, 5 miles N, by AV. of Birnee. It was formerly the residence of the sultans of Bornoo. Gambatesa, g^m-bi-ti's5,, or Gambetesa, gim- bi-td'sd, a village of Italy, province and 16 miles E.S.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 3257. Gambia, gim'be-a (the Stachir of Ptolemy), a river of AVestern Africa, in Senegarabia, the centre of which region it traverses, entering the Atlantic at Bathurst, 110 miles S.E. of Cape Verd, in lat. 13° 28' N., Ion. 16° 35' AV., after a AV.N.AV. course estimated at upwards of 1000 miles. At its mouth it is about 4 miles across, but immediately within this its width is doubled, and a ship may ascend it for about 150 miles. It has numerous affluents, and the Casamanza, which enters the Atlantic about 60 miles farther S., is con- sidered one of its arms. Gambia, a British colony of AVestern Africa, consist- ing of the island of St. Mary, with the town of Bathurst, &c., together with British Combo, at the mouth of the river Gambia, and several forts on its banks, along which British influence extends. Area, 21 square miles. It is stated to be the most healthy European settlement in AVestern Africa, and has a flourishing trade. Its exports include wax, hides, ivory, oil-seeds, cocoanuts, ginger, copal, gold-dust, rice, palm oil, horns, and timber. It is a member of the colo- nial establishment called the AVest Africa Settlements. Cap- ital, Bathurst. Pop. 14,190, Gambler, gam^beer', a post-village of Knox co,, 0., in College township, on the A''ernon River, and on the Cleve- land, Mount A^^ernon & Columbus Railroad, 5 miles E. of Mount A''ernon, and 51 miles N.E. of Columbus. It con- tains 3 churches and Kenyon College (Protestant Episcopal), which was organized in 1826 and has a library of 12,000 volumes. Pop. 581. Gam'bier^ Islands, a group in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 23° 8' S., Ion. 134° 55' AV., consisting of five large islands and several small islets in a coral reef lagoon. They are under French protection. Pop. 1500. Gambler Islands, a group in Spencer Gulf, South Australia. AVedge Island, the largest, is in lat. 35° 12' S,, Ion, 136° 30' E. GAM 829 GAN Gam'ble, a station in St. Louis co., Mo., on the Biddle Street Branch of the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Raih-oad, 2 miles N. of St. Louis. Gamble's, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pa. Gamble's Store, a post-office of Rutherford co., N.C. Gamble's Store, a post-office of Blount co., Tenn. Gambolo, gdra'bo-lo, a village of Italy, 18 miles S.E. of Novara. Pop. 6595. Gam'brill's, a station of Anne Arundel co., Md., on the Annapolis &, Elk Ridge Railroad, 12 miles N.W. of Annapolis. Gambroon, a town of Persia. See GosiBnooN. Gameren, gi'meh-r§n, a village of the Netherlands, in Gelderland, 11 miles S.W. of Thiel, on the Waal. Gamka, gdm'ki. or Great Lion, a river of South Africa, in Cape Colony, rises near Beaufort, lat. 32° 24' S., Ion. 22° 4S' E., flows S.W., and joins the Dwyka River to form the Gauritz. Gamla Karleby, gim'lS. kiu'lgh-bii {i.e., "Old Karlcby"), a town of Finland, Ieeu and 68 miles N.E. of Vasa, i mile from the Gulf of Bothnia. Pop. 2104. New Karleby (or Nykauleby, nii-kaR'leh-bii) is a maritime town, 45 miles N.E. of Vasa. Pop. 1198. Gammertin^en, g5,m'm9r-ting'en,a town of Prussia, in HohenzoUern, 11 miles N. of Sigmaringen. Pop. 1181. Gamrie, gara'ree, a village of Scotland, co. of Banff, on the North Sea, 7 miles E.N.E. of Banff. Gamrun, a town of Persia. See Gomeroox. Gamshurst, glms'hoonst, a village of Baden, in a marshy and unhealthy district N. of Offenburg. Pop. 1207. Gail, gftN**, a town of France, in Basses-Pyrenees, 4 miles S. of Pau. Pop, 896. Gananoque, gan-an-uk', a town and port of entry of Leeds co., Ontario, on the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the river Gananoque, IS miles by rail N.E. of Kingston. It has 4 churches, a bank, great water-power, and varied manufactures. Pop. 2020. Ganat, gi'nAt', or Janat, ji^ndt', a town of Africa, in Fezzan, 120 miles S.S.W. of Moorzook. Gand, a city of Belgium. See Ghent. Gaudapoor, g5,nMi-poor', a town of India, presi- dency of Bombay, 02 miles N. of Ahmednuggur. Gande (Gandavum), a city of Belgium. See Ghent. Gaiidellino, gan-d5l-lee'no, a village of Italy, 8 miles from Clusone, on the Serio. Pop. 1127. Gandersheim, gS,n'd?rs-hime\ a town of Germany, in Brunswick, on the Gande, 36 miles by rail S.W. of Brunswick. Pop. 2454. Gaudesa, gin-dA's^, a town of Spain, province and 42 miles W.S.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 2705. Gaiidia, gin'de-i, a town of Spain, province and 40 miles by rail S.S.E. of Valencia, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 6473. It has a fine. collegiate church, a college, and a palace of the Duke of Gandia. Gandicotta, gin-de-kot'ti, a town and fort of British India, presidency of Madras, 43 miles N.W. of Cuddapah, on the Pennar. Gandino, gin-dee'no, a town of Italy, in Lombardy, 12 miles N.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 3622. Gaiidiolle, g6NaMe-oll', a village of Western Africa, at the mouth of the Senegal River, 10 miles S. of St. Louis. It is under French control. Gaiiiya, a town of Russia. See Yelisavetpol. Gail'do, an extensive and fertile Mohammedan king- dom of Africa, in the Soodan, one of the largest of the native African countries, traversed for many miles by the Niger, and comprising m;^ny minor and loosely confeder- ated states. Estimated area, 82,000 square miles. In its N.E. portion stands Gando, the capital, a large town, about 90 miles S.W. of Saceatoo. The dominant pei)ples are of the Foolah and Houssa stocks, which are distinct, though often confounded. Pop. about 5,800,000. Gands, and Gandwana. See Gundwana. Gan'dy's Cove, a post-office of Morgan co., Ala. Gaugala, ga.n-gS,'lil, an island of Western Africa, in the Faleui^. Lat. 14° 44' N. ; Ion. 12° 12' W. Gaiigataudi, a village of Italy. See Lastra. Ganges, gin'j^z (Fr. Gauge, gfiNzh ; Hindoo, Gunga, or Gaiiga, gung'g^, so called as flowing through Gang, the earth, to heaven), the principal river of India, through the N. part of which it flows from \V. to E., traversing the North- West Provinces and Bengal. It rises by two principal heads, Bhagirathi and Alakananda, in lat. 31° N. and Ion. 79° E., from an immense mass of snow, at an elevation of 13,000 feet, flows at first S.W. to Hurdwar, and thenceforward mostly E.S.E. to the Bay of Bengal, which it enters by numerous mouths, after having united with the Brahmapootra in a common delta-system of vast extent and most complicated character. The total length of the Ganges is estimated at 1960 miles. In its course it receives 11 affluents, some of which are equal to the Rhine; the principal are the Jumna, Ramgunga, Goomty, Goggra, Sone, Gunduck, Cosi, Ma- hanunda, and Attri, which have courses varying from 300 to 600 miles in length. Between Hurdwar and Alla- habad it is usually from 1 to li miles across; below which its breadth increases frequently to 3 miles, and at 500 miles from the sea it is 30 feet in depth, and so continues to near its mouth, where, however, the quantity of deposit it brings down often forms bars and shoals. About 200 miles from the sea the delta of the Ganges, which is considerably more than double that of the Nile, commences. It is a flat alluvial tract of from 80 to 200 miles in breadth. The S. extremity, or that part which borders on the sea, is known as the Sunderbunds, a dreary, unhealthy region, covered with wood and broken up by numerous creeks and rivers, many of which are salt. The whole coast of the delta is one mass of mud-banks, which are continually shifting, and among which there are several large mouths, which ships of burden can safely enter. The periodical inundation of the Ganges, which commences about the end of April or the beginning of" May, proceeds from the tropical rains which begin to fall about that period. The rise of the river is at first slow and gradual, not exceed- ing an inch a day for the first fortnight. Afterwards it in- creases to 3 or 4 inches, and latterly, when the rains have become general in all the countries through which it passes, it rises about 5 inches a day, until it has attained a height of 32 feet above its ordinary level. By the end of July all the flat country of Bengal contiguous to the Ganges and Brahmapootra is overflowed to an extent in breadth of 100 miles, nothing being visible but villages and the tops of trees, the former being built on artificial mounds above the height of the flood. After the middle of August the waters begin to subside, running off at the rate of from 3 to 4 inches a day till November, from which period to the month of April they decrease at the rate of about + inch a day. The quantity of water discharged into the ocean by the Ganges is computed to be 500,000 cubic feet per second in the four months of the flood-season, and 100,000 cubic feet per second on an average during the remainder of the year. The quan- tity of mud brought down annually by the stream is com- puted at 235,521,387 cubic yards, and it discolors the sea to a distance of 60 miles from the coast. Owing to the loose- ness of the soil on the banks, large portions of them are being constantly swept away by the force of the current, and expensive engineering works are required to preserve the channels of navigation. The phenomenon called the Bore, a sudden and rapid in- flux of the tide, in the form of an enormous wave, rising as perpendicular as a wall, assumes a formidable appearance in the Ganges. In the Hoogly the Bore rushes onwards, with an appalling noise, at the rate of between 17 and 18 miles an hour, and at Calcutta it sometimes causes an in- stantaneous rise of 5 feet, having been probably more than double that height at the mouth of the river. The waters of the Ganges are held sacred by the Hindoos, from Gan- gootri, about 15 miles from its source, to the island of Sau- gur, at the mouth of the Hoogly. There are, however, par- ticular places more eminently sacred than the rest, and to these pilgrims resort from great distances to perform their ablutions and carry off water to be used in future cere- monies. The Ganges water is also esteemed for its me- dicinal properties, and in the British courts of justice wit- nesses of the Brahmanical faith are sworn upon it. The valley of the Ganges is one of the richest on the globe, and contains a greater extent of vegetable mould, and of land under cultivation, than any other country, with the exception, perhaps, of the Chinese Empire. For hun- dreds of miles along its course, down to the Gulf of Ben- gal, not a stone is to be seen. Wheat and other European grains are produced in the upper part of this magnificent valley, while in the S. every variety of Indian fruit, rice, cotton, indigo, opium, and sugar, are produced in the great- est profusion. The sources of the Ganges are at an elevation of upwards of 13,000 and 18,000 feet respectively above sea- level; yet the fall of the river from Hurdwar, nearly at the foot of the Himalayas, to the delta, a distance of about 1200 miles, is only 1000 feet. Its banks, in many places, exhibit scenes of great beauty, while in the stream itself clusters of picturesque rocks occasionally occur, interesting not only IVom their own appearance, but also from the associations connected with them. The Ganges is navigable for boats of a large size nearly 1500 miles from its mouth; and the busy scene which it GAN 830 OAR daily exhibits, from the number and variety of boats with which it is crowded, is not, perhaps, equalled on any other river in the world. It forms, with its tributaries, a great route of communication and traffic throughout a large part of India, and its value as a highway for commerce is all the more increased from the numerous important towns and cities that lie either immediately on its banks or at no great distance from them. Of these, ascending the stream, may be named Calcutta, Moorshedabad, Bahar, Patna, Benares, Allahabad, Cawnpoor, and Furruckabad. Adj. Gangetic, gan-j^t'ik. Ganges, g6Nzh, a town of France, in H^rault, on a railway, 28 miles W.N. W. of Montpellier. It has a chamber of manufactures, and fa.ctories of silk gloves, hosiery, and twist, with a trade in wine. Pop. 4346. Gan'ges, a post-hamlet in Ganges township, Alleg.an CO., Mich., on Lake Michigan, about 35 miles S. of Grand Haven. It has a tannery, 2 or 3 stores, and large orchards of apples and peaches. Pop. of the township, 1130. Ganges, a post-hamlet of Kichland co., 0., 11 miles N. of Mansfield. Gangeticus Sinus. See Bay of Bengal. Gangi, gin'jee, a town of Sicily, province of Palermo, 19 miles S.S.E. of Cefali. Pop. 13,057. Gang Iflills, a post-village of Herkimer and Oneida COS., N.Y., 4 miles E. of Prospect Station, which is 18 miles N. of Utica. It has a church, and a lumber-mill on West Canada Creek. Pop. 104. Gangootri, g^n^goo'tree, a famous place of pilgrimage in Northern India, in Gurhwal, near the source of the Ganges, in lat. 30° 59' N., Ion. 78° 56' E., and 10,073 feet above the sea. Gangpoor, Gangpur, ging'poor', or Gang'pore', a native state of India, in Chuta-Nagpoor, lat. 21° 47' 5"- 22° 32' 20" N., Ion. 83° 34' 35"-85° JO' 16" E. Area, 2484 square miles. It is under British supervision, and pays a small tribute. It is a hilly table-land, producing timber, silk, resin, catechu, and drugs. Coal is found, and wild animals are very numerous. Pop. 73,637. Capital, Suadi, a small village, in lat. 22° 10' N., Ion. 84° 5' E. Gangra, the supposed ancient name of Kankaree. Gangurah-Behra, ging-goo'ri-b^h-rd', a town of India, Boglipoor district. Pop. 3946. Gan-Hway, a province of China. See Ngan-Hoei. Ganier, gd^neer', a township of Kankakee co., 111., traversed by the river Kankakee. Pop. 1582. Ganitsa, a village of Hungary. See Ganya. Ganja, a town of Russia. Sec Yelisavetpol. Gai^jam, g^n^j^m', the northeasternmost district of the Madras Presidency, British India, having Orissa on the N.E. and the Bay of Bengal on the S.E. The coast region is low, but the district as a whole is fertile. Area, 8813 square miles. Capital, Ganjam. Pop. in 1871, 1,520,088. Gai\jam, a town of India, capital of the above, on a small river, near its mouth in the Bay of Bengal, 90 miles S.W. of Cuttack. It has lost much of its former importance as a seat of trade. Ganjeh, a town of Russia. See Yelisavetpol. Ganjooly, a town of India. See Janjowla. Gann, or Mount Holly, a post-village of Knox CO., 0., in Union township, on the Cleveland, Mt. Vernon & Columbus Railroad, at Gann Station, 19 miles E.N.E. of Mount Vernon. It is on the Mohican River, and has a woollen-mill and a plough-fa,ctory. Pop. 159, Gannat, g^n^ni', a town of France, in AUier, on the Andelot, 34 miles S.S.W. of Moulins. Pop. 5042. Gan'net Island, on the coast of Labrador. Lat. 54° N. ; Ion. 56° 34' W. Gan'net Island, on the W. coast of New Zealand, North Island. Lat. 37° 67' S.; Ion. 174° 2' E. Gannet Rock, a small island, 6i miles from the S.W. head of Grand Manan. Lat. 46° 32' N. ; Ion. 66° 62' W. On it is a light-house. Gan'nett, a station in Lincoln co., Neb., on the Union Pacific Railroad, 6 miles E. of North Platte. Gano', a post-village of Butler co., 0., in Union town- ship, on the Dayton Short-Line Railroad, and on the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad, 14 miles N. of Cincinnati. It is finely situated on high ground. It con- tains 4 churches, a paper-mill, and several fino residences. Ganos, giVnos\ a town of European Turkey, in Rou- melia, 44 miles N.E. of Gallipoli, on the W. side of the Sea of Marmora. Ganowitz, a town of Austria. See Gonobitz. G&nserndorf, gan'sern-douf\ a village of Lower Aus- tria, at a railway .iunotion, 19 miles N.E. of Vienna. Gansevoort, gans'voort, a post-village of Saratoga CO., N.Y., in Northumberland township, on the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad, 11 miles N.E. of Saratoga Springs. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Pop. about 200. Gans'ville, a post-hamlet of Winn parish, La., about 52 miles S.S.W. of Monroe. It has a church. Gante, Gantois, Netherlands. See Ghent. Gantheaume (ginHom') Bay, of Australia, is on the W. coast. Lat. 27° 46' S.; Ion. 114° 7' E. Gantt, a township of Greenville co., S.C. Pop. 844. Gan-Whay, a province of China. See Ngan-Hoei. Ganya, gJn'yOh", or Ganitsa, gi-nit'si, a village of Hungary, co. of Marmaros, 18 miles from Szigeth. Gap, gip (anc. Vapin'ciim), a town of France, capital of Hautes-Alpes, 46 miles S.S.E. of Grenoble, on the Luye. It has a Gothic cn.thedral, a communal college, a normal school, a public library, a court-house, town hall, prefec- ture, bishop's palace, barracks, and a large public reser- voir. It is a railway terminus. Pop. 7249. Gap, a post-village of Lancaster co.. Pa., in Sadsbury and Salisbury townships, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 18 miles E.S.E. of Lancaster. It has 2 churches, 2 hotels, several stores, and about 45 residences. Rich mines of nickel have been opened near this place. Gap Civ'il , or Spar'ta, a post-village, capital of Alle- ghany CO., N.C., in Gap Civil township, about 66 miles N. by W. of Statesville. It has a court-house and an academy. Here is Gap Civil Post-Office. Pop. of the township, 958. Gap Creek, a post-hamlet of Ashe co., N.C., 55 miles S. of Marion, Va. It has a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a copper-mine. Gap Creek, a post-office of Knox co., Tenn. Gap Grove, a post-hamlet of Lee co.. 111., about 5 miles W. of Dixon. Gapio, a lake of Prussia. See Goplo. Gap Mills, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., W. Va,, 18 miles S.E. of Fort Spring Station. It has a church. Gapplitz, a town of Bohemia. SccKaplitz. Gap Ridge, a post-office of Harlan co.,_ Ky. Gap Run, a post-office of Carter co., Tenn. Gaxisal, a town of Russia. See Hapsal. Gap Springs, Pa. See Doubling Gap Spkixgs. Gap Store, a post-office of Tazewell co., Va. Gaps'ville, a post-hamlet of Fulton co., Pa., 12 miles S.E. of Everett Railroad St.ation. It has a church. Garachico, gi-ra-chee'ko, a town of the island of Teneriffe, on its N. coast. Pop. 1030. It was nearly de- stroyed by a volcanic eruption in 1705, before which it was one of the most important places in the island. Gar'afra.v'a, or Doug'las, a post-village in AVelling- ton CO., Ontario, on Grand River, 20 miles N. of Guelph. It contains saw- and grist-mills. Pop. 250. Garah, gi'ri, or Am-el-Saghier, im-41-sa-ghe'4r, a small town of Egypt, on the oasis of the same name, in the Libyan Desert, 250 miles S.W. of Cairo. The oasis consists of a level plain enclosed by abrupt precipices and covered in part with beautiful palm woods. Salt pools occur hero and there, surrounded by an efflorescence of dazzling whiteness. Garai,.a river of Bengal. See Baleswar. Gara, Lough, Ireland. See Lough G.atia. Garam, a river of Hungary. See Gran. Garama and Garamantes. See Moorzook. Garbagnate, gaR-b&n-yi'ti, a village of Italy, prov- ince of Milan, 5 miles N.N.W. of Bollate. Pop. 2170. Garbana, gaR-bi'ni (L. Garbane'a Dertlioiien'ahim), a town of Italy, 22 miles S.S.E. of Alessandria. P. 1477. Gar'ber, a post-office of Harlan co.. Neb. Garber, a station in York co.. Pa., on the Hanover & York Railroad, 1 mile S.W. of York. Garber's Mills, a post-office of Washington co., Tenn. Gar'berville, a post-hamlet of Humboldt co., Cal., about 60 miles S.S.E. of Eureka. Garbieh, a province of Egypt. Sec GHAnnEEYEn. Gar'buttsville, a hamlet in Monroe co., N.Y., on the Rochester & State Line Railroad, 16 miles S.W. of Roches- ter. It hjis a flour- and plaster-mill. Gar'celon, a station in Warren co.. Pa., nn the Phila- delphia it Erie Railroad, 7 miles S.E. of Corry. Garchizy, gaR^shee^zee', a village of France, in Nievre, 14 miles N.W. of Nevers. Pop. 1622. Garcia, gar-scc'3, a small river in the S.W. part of Mendocino co., Cal., flows N.W., and enters the Pacific. Garcia, a station in Marin co., Cal., on the North Pacific Co.ast Railroad, 35 miles N.N.W. of Snn Fninoisco. Gar Creek, a post-hnmlet of Allen Co., Ind., in Jfilan township, on the Wabash Riiilroad, U miles E. of Fort Wayne. It has a lumber-mill. GAR 831 GAR Gardy gan, or Gardon, gauMiN^', a river of France, flows E.S.E., and joins the Ulione 5 miles N.E. of Taras- con. Length, 55 miles. Gard, a department of France, in the S., formed of part of the province of Languedoc, bounded E. by the Rhone, and S., for 10 miles, by the Mediterranean. Area, 225G square miles. In the N. it is traversed by high mountains; in the S., numerous lakes and marshes render the country unhealthy. Chief rivers, the Rhone, Vidourle, and Herault, which flow to the Mediterranean, and the Ceze and Gard, affluents of the Rhone. It has mines of iron, coal, lead, sulphur, and zinc. Grain is raised insufficient for home con- sumption, but wine, brandy, olive oil, and fruit are abun- dant. Silk-wor[U3 are extensively reared. Capital, Nimes. The department is divided into the 4 arrondissements of Alais, N!mes, Uzes, and Le Vigan. Pop. 423,804. Garda, gau'di, a village of Italy, 17 miles N.W. of Verona, on the E. shore of Lago di Garda. Pop. 1409, Gar'da, a post-office. of McLean co.. III. Gardafui, Cape, Africa. See Cape Guardafui. Gardaia, gau-dl'S,, or Ghardeia, gau-dA'yi, a town of Algeria, in the Sahara, about 300 miles S. Of Algiers. Lat. 31° 57' N.; Ion. 2° 50' E. It is surrounded by a wall, and defended by nine towers, capable of containing 300 to 400 combatants, and has 6 gates. The town con- tains 6 mosques, one of which is of extraordinary size. A considerable trade is carried on with Tunis, Algiers, &c., in oil, ostrich feathers, corn, butter, groceries, pottery, and other articles. The Jews have a synagogue here, and live in a quarter by themselves. Gardaia is surrounded by im- mense orchards, watered by wells, which sometimes have a depth of 900 feet. In these orchards are cultivated the vine and all other kinds of fruit common to that part of Africa. Pop. 12,000. Gardauiie, gaRMin', a town of France, in Bouches-du- Rhune, 5 miles S. of Aix. Pop. 2268. Gardelc^en, gan'deh-lA^ghen, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the Milde, 25 miles by rail W. by S. of Sten- dal. Pop. 6389. Gardempe, a river of France. See Gartejipe. Gar'den, a post-hamlet of Pickens co., Ala., 23 miles E.N.E. of Macon, Miss. It has a church. Garden, a post-township of Boone co., Iowa, Pop. 671. Garden, a township of Harvey co., Kansas. Pop. 349. It contains Garden City. Garden, Delta co., Mich. See Hale's Bay. Garden, a post-hamlet of Athens co., 0., in Lodi town- ship, 7 miles S. of Guysville Station. It has 2 churches. Gardena, a valley of the Tyrol. See Groden. Garden City, a post-hamlet of Blount co., Ala., on the South & North Alabama Railroad, 40 miles N. of Bir- mingham. Garden City, a post-village of Blue Earth co., Minn., in Garden City township, on the AYatonwan River, about 14 miles S.W. of Mankato, and 14 miles E. of Madelia. It has 2 churches and 3 flouring-mills. Pop. 368; of the township, 871. Garden City, a post-office of Cass co., Mo. Garden City, a post-village in Hempstead township, Queens co., N.Y., on the Great Plains and on the Flushing, North Shore & Central Railroad, 20 miles E. of New York City. It has a splendid church, male and female semi- naries, a superior hotel, a public park, gas-works, &c. It was founded by A. T. Stewart, who paid $394,350 for the site of the village and the large tract surrounding it. Garden City, a post-hamlet of Rich co., Utah, on Bear Lake, 58 miles N.N.W. of Evanston, Wyoming. It has a grist-mill ii.nd a saw-mill. Garden Cottage, a post-hamlet of Pulaski co., Ky., on the Cumberland River, 5 miles S. of Somerset. It has a church and the Pisgah Seminary. Garden Creek, a post-hamlet of Haywood co., N.C, 40 miles W. of Henry's Station, Gar'dener, a station in Lehigh co., Pa., on the Cata- sauqua & Fogelsville Railroad, 3 miles S. by E. of Alburtis. Garden Grove, a post-office of Los Angeles co., Cal. Garden Grove, a post-village of Decatur co., Iowa, in Garden Grove township, on a branch of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, about 60 miles S. of Des Moines, and 24 miles S.W. of Chariton. It has 2 churches. Here is Garden Grove College. Pop. of township, 506. Garden Hill, a post-village in Durham co., Ontario, 12 miles N. of Port Hope. It contains a woollen-factory, 2 grist-mills, and 3 saw-mills. Garden Island, of Australia. See Buache. Garden Island, a post-village in Frontenac co., On- tario, on an island in the St. Lawrence, opposite Kingston. It has several ship-yards and a flouring-mill, and has com- munication with Kingston by ferry. Pop. 762, Garden of £den, a post-village in Pictou co., Nova Scotia, 24 miles from New Glasgow, Pop. 100. Garden Pass, a station in Eureka co., Nevada, on the Eureka & Palisade Railroad, 21 miles N. of Eureka. Garden Plain, a post-office of AVhitesides co., III., in Garden Plain township, and on the Mendota & Clinton Railroad, 7 miles S.E. of Clinton, Iowa, and 5 miles S. of Fulton. The township is bounded on the N.W. by the Mississippi River. Pop. 1091. Garden Plain, a post-township of Sedgwick co., Kansas, 17 miles W. of Wichita. Pop. 418. Garden Prairie, a post-village of Boone co., III., in Bonus township, on Kishwaukee River, and on the Free- port Branch of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 6 miles E. of Belvidere, and 72 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a cheese-factory, a flouring- mill, (fee. Pop. about 250. Garden Reach, a south suburb of Calcutta, Bengal, on the Hoogly, just below the village of Kidderpoor. It is a fashionable place for European residents. Garden River, or Ketekau'ne-See'be, a post- village in the district of Algoma, Ontario, 12 miles E.N.E. of Sault Ste. Marie. This is an Indian reserve, extending 9 miles along St. Mary's River. The Indians are chiefly engaged in the fishery and the chase. Garden River is a missionary station of the churches of England and Rome. It contains 2 stores. Steamers from ColUngwood to Fort William call here. Pop. 400. Garden's, a station in Chester co., Pa., on the Chester Valley Railroad, 14 miles E.N.E. of Downingtown. Garden Valley, a post-hamlet of El Dorado co., Cal., 14 miles E.S.E. of Auburn. It has a cheese-factory. Garden Valley, a post-office of Macon co., Ga. Garden Valley, a post-village of Smith co., Tex., near the Neehes River, 10 miles W. of Lindale Station. It has 2 churches and an academy. Garden Valley, township, Jackson co., AVis. P. 1026. Gar'denville, a post-hamlet of Baltimore co., Md., 2 or 3 miles N.E. of Baltimore. It has 2 churches and a brewery. Gardenville, a post-office of St. Louis co.. Mo. Gardenville, a post-hamlet of Erie co,, N.Y., on the Bufialo, New York & Philadelphia Railroad, about 9 miles S.E. of Buffalo. It has 2 churches, Gardenville, a post-hamlet of Bucks co., Pa., in Plumstead township, about 32 miles N, of Philadelphia. It has a Friends' meeting, Gar'di, a post-office and station of Wayne co., Ga., on the Macon & Brunswick Railroad, 33 miles N.N.W. of Brunswick. Here is a steam saw-mill. Gardia, gaR'dee'4,, a village of West Africa, in Bondoo. Lat. 14° 5' N.; Ion. 12° 28' W, Gardiki, gaR-dee'kee, a town of European Turkey, in Albania, 12 miles N. of Delvino. Gar'diner, a post-town of Kennebec co.. Me., in Gardiner township, on the W. bank of the Kennebec River, at the mouth of the Cobbosseecontee River, and on the Maine Central Railroad, 7 miles S. of Augusta, and 56 miles N.N.E. of Portland. Large vessels can ascend to this place, which has a bridge across the Kennebec River and is liberally supplied with water-power. It contains 10 churches, 3 national banks, a savings-bank, a city hall, a public library, a high school, 3 paper-mills, several flouring- mills, 11 saw-mills, a woollen-factory, several machine-shops, 2 potterieSj and manufactories of sash and blinds, bricks, carriages, and furniture. Lumber and ice are the chief articles of export. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. of the township, 4497. Gardiner, a post-township of Ulster co., N.Y., is trav- ersed by the Wallkill Valley Railroad, and contains Gardi- ner Station, which is 82 miles N. of New York City, and 20 mites S;S.W. of Kingston. It is drained by the Wallkill River. Pop. 1710. Gardiner, a post-village of Douglas co., Oregon, on the Umpqua River, near its mouth, about 60 miles W.S.W. of Eugene City, and 2 miles from the ocean. It has 2 steam saw-mills. Gardiner Mines, a post-village in Cape Breton co., Nova Scotia, 4 miles by rail from Bridgeport. Pop. 300. It has important coal-mines. Gardiner's Island, belonging to the township of Easthampton, Suffolk co., N.Y., lies off" the E. end of Long Island, from which it is separated by Gardiner's Bay. Area, 3300 acres. Its surface is undulating pasture-land. I At its N. extremity stands a light-house, in lat. 41° 8' IS" GAR 832 GAR N., Ion. 72° 8' 13" ^Y., with a fixed light, 29 feet above the water-level. Gard'ner, a post-office of Huerfano co., Col,, 10 miles W. of Badito. Altitude, 8490 feet. Gardner, a post-village in Greenfield township, Grundy CO., 111., on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 65 miles S.S.W. of Chicago, and 26 miles N.N.E. of Pontiac. A branch of the Chicago &. Illinois Railroad extends hence to Coal City. It has a money-order post-otfice, 3 churches, and a bank. Coal is mined here. Pop. 940. Gardner, a station in Piatt co., 111., on the Indianap- olis, Bloomington & Western Railroad, 21 miles W. by N. of Urban a. Gardner, a township of Sangamon co., 111. Pop. 1270. It contains Farmingdale and Bradfordton. Gardner, a post-village of Johnson co., Kansas, in Gardner township, on the Leavenworth, Lawrence &■ Gal- veston Railroad, 30 miles S.W. of Kansas City, and about 21 miles S.E. of Lawrence. It has 2 churches and 25 dwell- ings. Pop. of the township, 991. Gardner, a post-village of Worcester co., Mass., in Gardner township, on the Boston, Barre & Gardner Rail- road where it crosses the Vermont & Massachusetts Rail- road, 70 miles W.N.W. of Boston, and 15 miles W. of Fitch- burg. It has a national bank, a high school, a newspaper office, and extensive manufactures of chairs, pails, and tubs. The township contains another village, named South Gard- ner. Total pop. 3730. Gardner, a station in Centre eo., Pa., on the Tyrone & Clearfield Railroad, 8 miles N. of Tyrone. Gardner, a township of Boor co.. Wis., bounded N.W. by Green Bay. P. 414, It contains Little Sturgeon. Gardner's, a township of Wilson co., N.C. Pop. 1178. Gardner's JSlulf, the head of navigation for steamers on the Great Pedee, is in Marlborough co., S.C, 6 miles W. of Bennettsville, and is an important shipping-point. Gardner's Corners, a hamlet of Lewis co., N.Y., in Montague township, 11 miles W. of Lowville. It has a cheese-factory. Gardner's Ford, a hamlet of Cleveland co., N.C, 12 miles N. of Shelby. It has a church, and a cotton-factory which makes sheeting. Pop, about 80. Gardner's Island, in the township of Clayton, Jef- ferson CO., N.Y., is one of the Thousand Islands, and lies in the river St. Lawrence. Gardner's lUills, a village of Salt Lake co., Utah, 1 mile from Bingham Junction. It has a church, a grist- mill, a woollen-mill, gow-^Uk^h-beer' (anc. Antseop'olis), a village of Egypt, with the remain^ of a temple, on the E. bank of the Nile, 26 miles S.E. of Sioot. GaugodeS) the supposed ancient name of Argo. Gauhati, a town of Assam. See Gowhatty. Gauir, g6w'fUND. Gemiindeh, g'miin'd^n, a town of Germany, Bavaria, GEM on the Main, where it is joined by the Saale, 21 miles N.N.W. of Wurzburg. Pop. 18;^8. Gemiinden, a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, 15 miles N.E. of Marburg. Pop. 533. Gemiiudeii} a village of Khenish Prussia, 30 miles S.S.W. of Coblentz. Pop. 1060. Genabura, the ancient name of Orleans. Genalguacil, nA-nAl-gwi-theer, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 5o miles W.S.AV. of Malaga. Pop. 1539. Geiiappe, zh^h-nipp', a village of Belgium, in South Brabant, on the Dyle, and on the Mons-Wavre Kailway, 17 miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1600. Geiiargentu, ji-nau-j5n-too', the loftiest mountain- range of Sardinia, near the centre of the island. Its prin- cipal summit rises to 5276 feet above the sea. Genaro, ji-ni'ro, or Monte Geiinaro, mon'ti jSn- ni'ro, a mountain of Italy, 21 miles N.E. of Rome, 4185 feet in height. Geuavay an ancient name of Geneva. Genazzano, ji-nit-s^'no, or Genazeno, ji-nid- zk'no, a town of Italy, in the Campagna di Roma, 24 miles E.S.E. of Rome. It contains the rich chapel of Madonna di Buon Conaiglio, one of the most famous shrines in this vicinity. Pop. 3565. Geiid, a town of Belgium. See Ghent. Gendringen, ghSn'dring-en, a village of the Nether- lands, in Gelderland, on the Alt-Yssel, 22 miles E.S.E. of Arnhem. Pop. 1000. Genegan'set, GencgaiitsMet, or Genegan'- sette, a small river of Chenango co., N.Y., ri,ins south- ward, and enters the Chenango River about 5 miles above Chenango Forks. Gencgantslet, a hamlet of Chenango co., N.Y., 2 miles from Greene, Genemuiden, Hi'ngh-moiMon, a village of the Neth- erlands, in Overyssel, 8 miles N. of Zwolle. Pop. 2315. Generac, zhi'ni'rik', a village of France, in Gard, 7 miles S. of Nlmes. Pop. 2093. Gen'eraPs Island, one of the sea-island group or chain, belonging to Mcintosh co., Ga. Pop. 49, General Wayne, a post-office of Montgomery co., Pa., at Elm Station on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 6 miles W. of Philadelphia. It is adjacent to Belmont Driving-Park. G.eneros'tee Creek, of Anderson co., S.C., flows S.W. into the Savannah lliver. Genes, the French name of Genoa. Genesee, j^n^e-see', a county in the S.E. central part of Michigan, has an area of 648 square miles. It is inter- sected by Flint River, and is also drained by the Shiawassee River. The surface is undulating, and extensively covered with forests of pine, oak, sugar-maple, and other trees. The soil is mostly a fertile sandy loam. Wheat, hay, In- dian corn, oats, wool, and butter are the staple products. Lumber is the chief article of export. This county is intersected by the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad and the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad. The Chicago & Lake Huron Railroad connects Port Huron with Flint, which is the capital of this county. Valuation of real and personal estate, $18,097,122. Pop. in 1870, 33,900, of whom 28,518 were Americans ; in 1S74, 34,568. Genesee, a county in the W. part of New York, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is drained by Ton- awanda, Oak Orchard, and other creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is very fertile and well cultivated. Wheat, oats, hay, Indian corn, barley, wool, and butter are the staple products. This county has quarries of gypsura, hydraulic limestone, and corniferous limestone of the Devonian age. It is intersected by the New York Central Railroad, the Attica Branch of the Erie Railroad, and the Rochester & State Line Railroad. Capital, Ba- tavia. Valuation of real and personal estate, $45,355,321. Pop. in 1870, 31,606, of whom 25,773 were Americans. Genesee, a post-office of Nez Perccs co., Idaho. Genesee, a township of Whitesides co.. III. Pop. 1271. It contains New Genesee. Genesee, a post-hamlet of Genesee co., Mich., in a township of the same name, on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad {Flint River division), 4 miles N. of Flint. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. The name of its post-office is Genesee Village. Pop. of the township, 1550. Genesee, or Genhesee, a township of Kandiyohi co., Minn. Pop, 652. It contains Atwater. Genesee, a township of Alleghany co., N.Y. Pop. 958. It contains Ceres. Genesee, a station of Alleghany co., N.Y., at Wellsville. Genesee, a township of Potter co., Pa. Pop. 767. Genesee, a post-village of Waukesha co., Wis., in 9 GEN Genesee township, about 7 miles S.W. of Waukesha, and 1 or 2 miles S. of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Rail- road. It has a church, a cheese-factory, a woollen-mill, ond a grist-mill. Pop. 400; of the township, 1376. Genesee Depot, a post-hamlet of Waukesha co., Wis., in Genesee township, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 28 miles W.S.W. of Milwaukee. It has a church, 2 stores, and about 15 houses. Genesee Falls, a township of Wyoming co., N.Y., about 48 miles E.S.E. of Buffalo, is bounded on the E. by the Gen.esce River. It contains Portagcville, or Genesee Falls, and is remarkable for beautiful scenery. Pop. 909. Genesee Falls, or Port'ageville,a post-village of Wyoming co., N.Y., on the Genesee River, and on the Erie Railroad, 13 miles by railroad S.S.E. of Warsaw, and 61 miles E.S.E. of Buffalo. It has 3 churcheg. Near this place the railroad crosses the Genesee by an iron bridge, 820 feet long, and 236 feet above the water. Here is a beautiful cataract, about 100 feet high, below which the river runs in a gorge 380 feet deep. Within the distance of 1^ miles are 3 falls, one of 68 feet, one of 110 feet, and one of 90 feet. The name of the post-office is Portageviilo. Pop. 491. Genesee Fork, a post-hamlet of Potter co.. Pa., on the Genesee River, 10 miles S. of Wellsville, N.Y. It has a cheese- factory and a saw-mill. Genesee River rises in Potter co., Pa., from which it passes into Alleghany co., N.Y. It flows generally northward, forming the southeast boundary of Wyoming CO., then intersects Livingston and Monroe cos., and enters Lake Ontario 7 miles N. of Rochester. It is nearly 200 miles long. Near the middle of its course it runs for 20 miles in a deep and narrow gorge, between perpendicular cliffs of sandstone which at some places are 350 feet high. In this gorge it descends more than 500 feet, and forms 3 cascades, one of which, near Portageville, is 110 feet high. This cascade is called Portage Falls. At Mount Morris, in Livingston co., the river emerges from this chasm into the broad and fertile Genesee Valley. At Rochester the river has a vertical fall of about 95 feet and affords un- limited water-power. Between this place and the mouth of the river occurs another cascade, nearly as high. The Genesee Valley Canal follows the course of this river, and extends from Rochester to Olean. Genesee Village, Mich. See Genesee. Genese'o, a post-office of Minnehaha co., Dakota. Geneseo, a post-village of Henry co.. III., in Geneseo township, and on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Rail- road, 23 miles E. of Rock Island, 75 miles W. of Ottawa^ and 1 or 2 miles S. of Green River. It has a high school, a national bank, 13 churches, 3 large grain-warehouses, 2 newspaper offices, and manufactures of furniture, farming- implements, stoves, wagons, &c. Coal is mined here. Pop. 3042; of the township, 4081. Geneseo, a township of Cerro Gordo co,, Iowa, trav- ersed by the Iowa Central Railroad. Pop. 397. Geneseo, a township of Tama co., Iowa. Pop. 569. It contains Mooreville. Geneseo, a post-village, capital of Livingston co., N.Y., is on the E. bank of the Genesee River, in Geneseo township, and on the Dansville & Mount Morris Branch of the Erie Railroad, 28 miles S. of Rochester, and 21 miles N.N.W. of Dansville. It contains 5 churches, a public library of 6500 volumes, the Geneseo Academy, I or 2 national banks, a machine-shop, a newspaper office, and a state nor- mal and training school. Pop. 2000; of township, 3118. Gen'esis, a post-office of Cumberland co., Tenn. Genest, or Le Genest, l^h zh§h-nA', a village of France, in Mayenne, 6 miles N.W. of Laval. Pop. 1018. Genestelle, zh^h^n^sH^U', a village of France, in Ar- deche, 9 miles AV. of Privas. Pop. 1411. Geneva, jen-ee'va (Fr. Geneve, zh§h-naiv' or zh^h- nSv'; Ger. Gen/, gh^iif; It. fi'mewa, je-ni'vri; Sp. Ot- nebra, He-ni'Bri; anc. Gene'va or Gena'va), the largest city of Switzerland, capital of a canton of its own name, in the centre of a basin the sides of which are formed partly by the lower slopes of the Jura and partly by secondary chains of the Alps, at the W. extremity of the Lake of Geneva, where it narrows almost to a point and pours out the Rhone, here crossed by several bridges, and dividing the town into two portions, the larger of which ia on the left or S. bank. The environs are covered with hand- some villas, and the city itself, when approached either by land or by water, has a very imposing appearance. It is connected by railway with Lyons and with Lausanne. It is surrounded by walla flanked with bastions, and is entered on the land side by three gates. Geneva is divided into GEN 840 GEN two parts, upper and lower. The upper town, occupied chiefly by the burgher aristocracy, contains a considerable number of well-built houses and handsome hotels ; the lower town, the seat of trade and the residence of the poorer classes, is very indiff"erently built, consisting chiefly of houses remarkable only for their disproportioned height, and lining narrow, irregular, dark, and ill-cleaned streets. The chief exception is along the banks of the Rhone, where a quay about 400 yards long is bordered by a row of hand- some modern houses. The more important public build- ings and institutions are the cathedral, or church of St. Pierre, a Gothic structure of the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries, occupying the highest site in the town, and by its three towers forming the most conspicuous object within it; the town house, in the Florentine style; the Mus6e Rath, a neat buiUing, named after its founder; the arsenal, with a collection of ancient armor; the 6ld pi-ison, originally the bishop's palace ; the casino, penitentiary, and house of correction. Among the principal educational institutions may be mentioned the college which was founded by Cal- vin; the academy, composed of the four faculties of theol- ogy, law, science, and literature, with a public library, a fine museum of natural history, and a botanic garden; the primary schools, a number of other schools supported by the state or special endowments, and a great many private boarding-schools, some of which are of considerable celeb- rity. Besides these, there is the Evangelical School, a theological seminary, and the Athenee, an art institution. The only important manufacture of Geneva is that of watches, musical boxe^, and jewelry. The trade is very much restricted by the narrow limits of the Genevese terri- tory. There is also a want of a proper navigable outlet, the navigation of the Rhone below Geneva being much ob- structed. Its chief trade, in addition to that furnished by its staple manufacture, consists in supplying the surround- ing districts with merchandise. The origin of Geneva is unknown, but its antiquity is proved by the reference which Ciesar makes to it. It was successively occupied by the Burgundians, who made it their capital, the Ostrogoths, and the Franks. It next formed part of the second kingdom of Burgundy, and became in- corporated with the Germanic Empire. By a grant of the emperors^ the temporal was added to the spiritual power of the bishops, and the Counts of Savoy, having succeeded in controlling the nomination of the bishops, became in a man- ner masters of Geneva. This state of affairs was suddenly interrupted by the Reformation, to which the Genevese are indebted both for their civil and their religious freedom. The celebrity which they afterwards acquired, chiefly under the guidance of Calvin and his associates, is matter of history. The city was taken by the French in 1798, and formed, till 1813, the capital of the department of Leman. In 1814, along with a small territory, it joined the Helvetic Confed- eration. Pop. 46,783; with suburbs, 68,165. Adj. and inhab. Genevese, j^n^e-veez'. Geneva, a small canton of the Swiss Confederation, bounded A¥. and N.W. by France, N. by the canton of Vaud and the Lake of Geneva, and E. and S. by France, and including also the communes of Celigny, Le Coudre, and Petit Bois, enclosed by Vaud. Area, 91 English square miles. The surface is broken by several hills, none of which are more than 400 feet above the lake. The whole canton belongs to the basin of the Rhone, and the only streams of importance are that river and the Arve, which joins it a little below the town of Geneva. The soil has been so much improved by skilful and persevering culture that the whole territory wears the appearance of a large and beau- tiful garden. Even the natural flora is remarkably rieli, and makes the surrounding country a favorite resort of the botanist. Part of the surface is under the culture of the vino; but the wine is not remarkable for either quantity or quality. The manufactures are extensively carried on, and consist chiefly of clocks and watches, gold, silver, and other metal wares, woollen cloths, silk goods of various de- scriptions, hats, and leather. The territory of Geneva, having, by the arrangement of the Congress of Vienna, ob- tained an accession of 15 communes detached from France and SaV^oy, was admitted a member of the Swiss Confed- eration in 1814. The legislative power is exercised by a great council, composed of deputies elected by all male citizens of 21 years of age and not under legal incapacity. All religious denominations are declared to have perfect freedom, and in 1870 the number of Catholics and of Prot- estants was about equal. Capital, Geneva. Pop. in 1876, 99,352. G-ene'va, a county in the S.E, part of Alabama, bor- dering on Florida, has an area of about 000 square miles. It is intersected by the Choctawhatchee and Pea Rivera. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests of pine. The soil is sand}'. Indian corn, cotton, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Geneva. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $268,633. Pop. in 1870, 2959, of whom 2952 were Americans. Geneva, a post-village, capital of Geneva co., Ala., on the Choctawhatchee, at the mouth of Pea River, about 85 miles S.S.W. of Eufaula. It has a church and a lumber- mill. Pop. 126. Geneva, a post-village of Talbot co., Ga., on the South- western Railroad, 30 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. It has 2 churches and a newspaper office. Pop. about 300. Geneva, a post-village, capital of Kane co.. 111., in Geneva township, on Fox River, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, at the junction of the Fox River Valley Railroad and of a branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 35 miles W. of Chicago, and S miles N. of Aurora. It is the seat of important manufactures, and contains a court-house, 7 churches, a newspaper office, a high school, a machine-shop, a flour-mill, and a foundry. Pop. about 1100; of the township, 1829. Geneva, a post-village of Adams co., Ind., on the Cin- cinnati, Richmond & Fort "W.ayne Railroad, 38 miles S.S.E. of Fort Wayne. It has 2 churches. Geneva, a township of Jennings co., Ind. Pop. 2037. Geneva, a hamlet of Shelby co., Ind,, in Noble town- ship, on Flat Rock Creek, 22 miles N.E. of Columbus. It has a church. Here is Sulphur Hill Post-Office. Geneva, a post-village of Franklin co., Iowa, in Geneva township, on the Central Railroad of Iowa, 36 miles S. of Mason City, and 9 miles N. by W. of Ackley. It has a church and a graded school. Pop. of the township, 669. Geneva, a post-village of Allen co., Kansas, in Geneva township, 16 miles N. by W. of Humboldt, and 3 miles E. of Neosho Falls. It has 2 churches. Pop. of township, 593. Geneva, a post-hamlet of Lenawee co., Mich., in Rollin township, about 16 miles W.N.W. of Adrian. Geneva, a township of Midland co., Mich. Pop. 131. Geneva, a township of Tuscola co., Mich., on Saginaw Bay. Pop. 207. Geneva, a township of Van Buren co., Mich. Pop. 1002. Geneva Station is at Irvington. Geneva, a post-hamlet of Freeborn co., Minn., in Geneva township, on a small lake of the same name, about 35 miles S. of Faribault, and 20 miles N.W. of Austin. Pop. of the township, 463. Geneva, a post-village, capital of Fillmore co.. Neb., 8 miles S. of Fairmont Railroad Station, and 60 miles W.S.W. of Lincoln. It has a church, a money-order post- office, and a newspaper office. Geneva, a beautiful town in Geneva township, Ontario CO., N.Y., at the N. end of SenecA Lake, about 16 miles (direct) E. of Canandaigua. By railroad it is 26 miles W. of Auburn, and 50 miles E.S.E. of Rochester. It is on the Auburn Branch of the New York Central Railroad, and is the northern terminus of the Geneva, Ithaca & Sayre Rail- road. It is finely situated on high ground on the W. shore of the lake, and contains many handsome residences. Ge- neva contains 10 or 11 churches, the Geneva Classical and Union School, the Walnut Hill Seminary for boys, 2 national banks, and a water-cure, and is the seat of Hobart College (Protestant Episcopal), which was organized in 1824 and has a library of 13,000 volumes. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Steamboats ply daily in all seasons of the year between this place and Watkins, which is about 36 miles distant. Here are 2 large nurseries of fruit-trees. Geneva has also optical works, beriding-works, and manu- factures of engines, boilers, and steam heating-apparatus. Pop. 5521 ; of the township, 7557- Geneva, a post-village of Ashtabula co., 0., in Geneva township, on the Lake Shore Railroad, 45 miles E.N.E. of Cleveland, 3 miles from Lake Erie, and 10 miles S.W. of Ashtiibula. It has a national bank, 1 other bank, a graded school, a normal school, and a newspaper ollico. Pop. 1090. The township is bounded on the N. by Lake Eric. P. 2298. Geneva, a post-borough of Crawford co., Pa., in Green- wood township, on the Atlantic & Great AVestorn Railroad, 8 miles S.S.W. of Meadville. It has 2 churches, a high school, a lumber-mill, and a planing-niill. Geneva, a village of Rhode Island, now in the 10th ward of Providence. Pop. 250. Here are manufactures of worsted and woollen goods. Geneva, a post-village of Walworth co., Wis., in Geneva township, at the eastern end and outlet of a beautiful lako of the same name, 7 or 3 miles S.E, of Elkhorn, and about 44 miles S.W. of Milwaukee, It is on a branch of the Chicago GEN 8 & Northwestern Railroad, and has a station called Geneva Lake. It has a bank, 5 churches, a newspaper office, a female seminary, and a manufactory of reapers and mowers. Several citizens of Chicago have fine residences here. Sieani- boat-s navigate the lake, which is 9 miles long. Pop. of village, 1680; of township, additional, 1010. Gene'va, a post-village in Argenteuil co., Quebec, 3 miles S. of Lachute. Pop. 150. Geneva Bay, a village in Walworth township, Wal- worth CO., Wis., at the W. end of Geneva Lake, about 25 miles E.S.E. of Janesville. Pop. 997. Geneva Lake, Wisconsin, in the S. part of Walworth CO., is about 10 miles long, and varies in width from 1 to 2 miles. The water, which is deep and pure, is discharged by a creek which issues from the N.E. end of the lake and enters Fox River. Geneva Switch, a station in Kane co., 111., on the Chicago k Iowa Railroad, 1 mile W. of Aurora, and at the junction of one of the railroads running N. to Geneva. Geneve, the French for Geneva. Gene'via, a post-office of Henderson co., Ky. Genf, the German name of Geneva. Genfer- See, lake, Switzerland. See Lake of Geneva. Gengenbach, ghSng'^n-bAic^, a town of Baden, on the Kinzig, 5 miles N.N.W. of Zell. Pop. 2340. Genii, Jenil, or Xenil, ni-neel', a river of Spain, in Andalusia, joins the Guadalquivir 33 miles S.W, of Cor- dova, after a W.N.W. course of about 120 miles. Genius, zheh-nee^yi', a village of France, in Indre-et- Loire, 22 miles S.E. of Tours. Pop. 424. Genis, zheh-nee', a village of France, in Dordogne, 23 miles E.N.E. of Perigueux. Pop. 1436. Genissac, zh§h-nees^s^k', a village of France, in Gi- ronde, 20 miles E. of BordGaux. Pop. 11S5. Genitchi, a stroit of Russia. See Sivash. Geni'to, a post-office of Powhatan co., Va., on the Ap- pomattox River, at Powhatan Station on .the Richmond & Danville Railroad, about 30 miles W.S.W. of PJchmond. Genlis, zhfiNo^lee', a village of France, department of Cote-d'Or, 10 miles S.E. of Dijon. Pop. 909. Gennargentu, mountains. See Ggnau&entu. Gennaro, j^n-n^'ro, a mountain of Italy, 9 miles N. of Tivoli, belonging to the eastern branch of the Central Apennines. Height, 42S9 feet. With the exception of Guadagnolo, it is the highest point in the chain which bounds the Campagna on the E. Gennep, nSn'n^p, a town of the Netherlands, in Lim- burg, on the Prussian frontier, 12 miles S.E. of Nymwegen. Gennes, zhfinn, several villages of France; the prin- cipal in the department of Maine-et-Loire, 17 miles S.E. of Angers, on the left bank of the Loire. Pop. 1758. Gennesareth, Lake of. See Tabarekvah. Genoa, j5u'o-a (Ital. Genova, j^n'o-v^; Fr. Genes, zhain; anc. Gen'na), a fortified seaport city of Northern Italy, on the Mediterranean, between the rivers Bisagno and Polcevera, at a railway junction, 75 miles S.E. of Turin. Lat. 44° 24' 54" N. ; Ion. S° 53' E. The appearance of the city from the sea is beautiful and striking : it is in the form of a crescent, and rises gradually from the shore, — the white- ness of the houses, the imposing outlines of the intermin- gling palaces, and the distant villas and gardens, heighten- ing the effect of its picturesque position. Immediately be- hind the city rises an abrupt hill, covered with villas and country-houses. The city is enclosed by a double line of fortifications, forming a vast semicircle, supported by nu- merous detached outworks, crowning hiU after hill, and constituting one of the most extensive town fortifications in Europe, the outer wall being about 7 miles in extent. In the older parts of the town the streets are extremely narrow, being seldom more than 10 feet wide, with lofty buildings on either side. They are also dark, steep, and crooked, and almost wholly inaccessible to carriages. In the newer quarters, again, many of them are. spacious and are lined ■with noble edifices. The finest of these streets are the Strada Nuova and the Strada Balbi, in both of which 9,re palaces of the most superb architecture. Most of the streets are paved with smooth slabs of lava, having a pathway of bricks in the centre to afford footing to mules and to per- sons carrying burdens. Many of the palaces are crowded with works of art and splendidly fitted up. The principal are the ducal palace, the palaces of Doria, Serra, Giusti- niani, Cambiaso, Balbi, Adorno, Durazzo, and the palaces of the king and the queen-mother. The churches and hospitals of Genoa rival the palaces in splendor. The most remarkable of the former is the Duomo, or cathedral of San Lorenzo, founded in the eleventh, cen- tury, but not completed till the beginning of the twelfth. GEN The most conspicuous church in the general view of the city is that of Carignano, finely situated on a hill, end having a resemblance to St. Peter's in its general plan. The other churches of note are Santo Stefano della Porta, a handsome structure, but chiefly remarkable for containing a painting of the martyrdom of the titular saint, the joint production of Raphael and Giulio Romano; San Siro, the most ancient Christian foundation in Genoa; St, Ambrose, containing several fine paintings, and splendidly decorated within; and L'Annunziata, also magnificently fitted up in- teriorly. There are a number of other interesting ecclesi- astical edifices, although more than half the churches in the city were demolished by the French, The principal chari- table institution is the Albergo de' Poveri, in which orphans and old people find shelter; the children are brought up to different trades, and the girls who marry out of the hos- pital receive a dowry. The house itself unites the beauties of architecture on the most splendid scale, with the most perfect convenience. The Ospedale del Pammatone is an- other splendid institution for benevolent purposes, founded in 1430. The deaf and dumb institution is also celebrated. There are in and about Genoa 15 different religious estab- lishments for females, all regulated according to the mon- astic system, though none of the inmates take vows. The largest of these institutions is that of the Fieschine, which contains 250 persons, all employed in such light work as lacc-making, embroidery, and the manufacture of arti- ficial flowers. The Teatro Carlo Felice. is an elegant struc- ture, the Bank of St. George is one of the most ancient and celebrated in Europe, and the university occupies a hand- some building. Besides the university, the other chief educational institutions are the theological seminary, the school of fine arts, the royal marine school, and the school of navigation. Genoa is the seat of royal courts, of a chamber of commerce, and of an admiralty court. It is supplied with water by aqueducts 18 miles in length. The Brignole-Sale Palace, with a rich art collection and a fine library, is now public property. Genoa is the see of an archbishop. The manufactures of Genoa are considerable. Its vel- vets and silk are world-famed ; and it likewise possesses factories of cloth, stockings, blonde, oil-cloth, hats, paper, essences, gloves, lace, cotton goods, oils, and soap. Besides these, its works in gold, silver, and marble have a high reputation ; indeed, for silver filigree and coral wrought into bracelets, brooches, bunches of flowers, and other kinds of ornaments, as well as for fine cabinet-work and house- furniture, the Genoese workmen stand unrivalled, and their productions are sent to all parts of the world. The port is of a semicircular form, about three-quarters of a mile in diameter, formed by two moles projecting into the sea from opposite sides, but not opposite each other; the Molo Nuovo, or New Mole, on the E. side, being about 790 yards S. of the Molo Vecehio, or Old Mole, on the W. Near the abut- ment of the New Mole is the light-house, a beautiful struc- ture, 300 feet in height. There is, besides, a fixed harbor- light on each of the moles. Genoa is the chief outlet, by the Mediterranean, for the manufactures of Switzerland and Northern Italy. There are yards for naval construction. The harbor is safe and good, but much too small for the needs of the port : hence new harbor-works are in construc- tion, to cost S5,000,000, the gift of the Duke of Galliera. It is believed that these improvements will more than double the commercial capacity of the port. There is an immense number of bonding warehouses situated in one locality, called Porto Franco; these are surrounded by walls, and form a small separate town. The principal articles of ex- port are rice, oils, fruit, cheese, rags, the products of .its manufactures, *fec. ; imports, cottons, raw cotton, woollens, cochineal, indigo, colonial produce, tobacco, salt fish, hides, grain, lead, nutgalls, i&c. In ancient times the Genoese merchants were remarkable for their enterprise and for the extent of their dealings. They brought the productions of Hindostan from Ispahan to Trebizond. and from thence conveyed them through Kaffa, in the Crimea, and after- wards through Constantinople, to Europe. Their commerce subsequently declined greatly, but has always been respect- able, and at present Genoa is the leading seaport of Italy. The origin of Genoa is said to be more remote than that of Rome. As early as the ele\"enth century the Genoese had become formidable at sea, and, notwithstanding an almost continuous succession of wnrs through several ages, gradually increased in power and importance. For nearly seven centuries, with some interruption, Genoa was the capital of a famous commercial republic, which planted numerous colonies in the Levant and on the shores of the Black Sea. After a long period of internal distraction and GEN 842 GEO misrule, the citizens instituted a supreme magistrate, called Doge, for life, excluding by law all the nobles. Another and more efficient form of government was introduced by Andrea Doria in 1528, which existed till overturned by Bonaparte. The city in 1799, being then in the possession of the French, was taken by the united forces of Austria and England, and finally, in 1815, after a rapid succession of changes, united, by a decision of the Ck)ngress of Vienna, to the Sardinian monarchy. Pop. 161,669. Adj. and inhab. G-esoese, jSn'o-eez'. See (tulf of Genoa. Genoa, or Genova, a province of Italy, in Liguria, bounded on the S. by the Gulf of Genoa. Area, 1588 square miles. Capital, Genoa. Pop. 716,759. Genoa, jen'o-a or je-no'a, a post-village of De Kalb CO., 111., in Genoa township, on the Kishwaukee River, and on the Chicago & Pacific Railroad, 59 miles W.N.W. of Chicago, and about 25 miles B.S.E. of Rockford. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 993. Genoa, a post-hamlet of Wayne co., lowa^ 5 miles S. of Seymour Station. Pop. 87. Genoa, a post-village of Livingston co., Mich., in Genoa township, on the Detroit, Lansing & Northern Rail- road, 39 miles E.S.E. of Lansing. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 921. Genoa, a post-hamlet of Olmsted co., Minn., in New Haven township, about 10 miles N.W. of Rochester. It has a church, a lumber-mill, Ac. Genoa, a post-village of Platte co., Neb., on the Loup River, about 20 miles Vf. of Columbus. It has a church. Genoa, a post-village, capital of Douglas co,, Nov., is on Carson Kiver, about 4 miles E. of Lake Tahoe, and 15 miles S.S.W. of Carson City, It is in a mountainous country, near the Sierra Nevada. A newspaper is pub- lished here. Genoa, a post-village of Cayuga co., N.Y., in Genoa township, on Big Salmon Creek, 20 miles S. of Auburn, and 17 miles from Freeville. It has 2 churches, 2 flour- mills, a machine-shop, &g. The township is bounded on the W. by Cayuga Lake, and contains the village of North- ville. Total pop, 2il9, Genoa, a township of Delaware co,, 0,, on the Cleve- land, Mount Vernon & Columbus Railroad, Pop. 1050, Genoa, a post-village of Ottawa co., 0., on the Lake Shore A Michigan Southern Railroad, 13 miles S.E, of To- ledo, and 16 miles N,W, of Fremont. It has 5 churches, a graded school, and manufactures of carriages, lime, lumber, *fcc. Here are quarries of limestone. Pop. 558. Genoa, Pickaway co., 0. See Commercial Point. Genoa, a post-village of Vernon co., Wis., in Genoa township, and on the Mississippi River, 18 or 20 miles S. of La Crosse, It has a church. Pop, of the township, 717, Genoa, a village at the S,E. corner of Walworth co,. Wis,, in Bloomfield township, 77 miles N,N,W, of Chicago, and 9 miles S.E, of Geneva, The Fox River line of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad here crosses the Kenosha division of the same. It has a church, a money-order post-office named Genoa Junction, a graded school, &c, Genoa BlutT, a post-hamlet of Iowa co,, Iowa, in Sumner township, about 10 miles S. by W, of Marengo, It has a church. Genoa Junction, Wisconsin. See Genoa. Genoese, adjective and inhabitant. See Genoa. Genola, ji-no'Ii (L. Gaveuola), a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 10 miles E.S.E. of Saluzzo. Pop. 1994. Geno'la, a station^n Huntingdon township, Suffolk co., N.Y., on the Smithtown &. Port Jefferson Railroad, 3 miles S.E. of Northport village. The station is also called East Nbrthport, Northport Station, Ac, and the locality gener- ally is known as Genola, Fairview, or Claypits. Genolhac, zh§h-noMdk', a town of France, in Gard, 17 miles N.N.W. of Alais. Pop. 1313, Genoni, ji-no'hee, a village on the island of Sardinia, 4 miles from Laooni. Pop. 1361. Genosa, a town of Italy. See Gisosa. Genova, the Italian name of Genoa, Gensac, zhftNo'sik', a town of France, in Girondo, 31 miles E, of Bordeaux, Pop, 1318. Gensano, a town of Italy, See Genzano, Genslngen, ghSn'sing-^n, a village of Hesse, 7 miles S.E. of Bingen, Pop, 982. Gent, giiSnt, a town of the Netherlands, in Gelderland, 7 miles E.N.E. of Nymwegcn. Pop. 2306. Gentliin, ghSn-teon', a town of Prussian Saxony, on the Berlin .t Magdeburg Railroad, and on the Plauen Canal, 30 miles N.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 3718. Genthod, zhftN°HO', a Village of Switzerland, oahton and 4 miles N. of Geneva, on thb Lake of Geneva, Gen'tile Val'ley, a post-office of Oneida co,, Idaho, in a fertile valley, 25 miles N, of Franklin, Gentilly, zh6N°'tee^yee', a village of France, in Seine, 4 miles N,E, of Sceaux, on the Bievre, forming a close south- ern suburb of Paris, The commune comprises the village of Bicetre, celebrated' for its castle, serving as a hospital for 5000 superannuated and imbecile old men, and as a prison. This edifice also contains extensive worksiiops for polishing glass, woollen-spinning, and various manufactures. Near this is the fort of Bicetre. Pop. 10,378. Gentilly, zhon-til'Iee, a station in Orleans parish. La., on the New Orleans and Mobile Railroad, 5 miles E. of New Orleans, Gentilly is also the name of a station on the Lake Pontchartrain Railroad, 3 miles N. of the terminus in New Orleans. Gentilly, zh6NoHeel'yee or zhfiNo'teeryee', a post-vil- lage of Quebec, co. of Nicolet, 75 miles S,W, of Quebec, It is on the St, Lawrence River, and has a large trade in lum- ber,. Pop. 500. Gentry, j5n'tree, a county in the N,W, part of Missouri, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is intersected by Grand River, and is also drained by the East and West Forks of the same. The surface is undulating or mod- erately uneven, and a large part of it is covered with forests ; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, oats, wheat, grass, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Albany, Valua':ion of real and personal estate, $4,500,000. Pop. in 1870, 11,607, of whom 11,298 were Americans. Gentry, a station on the Lexington Branch of the Mis- souri Pacific Railroad, 3 miles N.W. of Sedalia, Mo. Gentry's Mill, a post-office of Hamilton co., Tex. Gen'tryville, a post-village of Spencer co,, Ind,, in Jackson township, 1 mile from Gentryville Station on the Rockport & Cincinnati Railroad, and about 33 miles E,N,E. of Evansville, It has 2 churches, a tannery, &c. The sta- tion is 14 miles N, of Rockport. Pop, about 400. Gentry vil I e, a post-village of Gentry co,. Mo,, on Grand River, 44 miles N,E. of St, Joseph, and 10 miles S, of Albany. It has a money-order post-office, 2 drug-stores, a llouring-mill, a church, and a woollen-factory. Pop, 600. Genua, the ancient name of Genoa, Genzano, j5n-z3.'no, or Gensano, j5n-sS,'no, a town of Italy, 18 miles S,E. of Rome, on the Appian Way, Pop. 5306, It has a palace of the Duke of Cesarini, a Capuchin convent, and a modern cathedral. An annual festival here, called the Iiijiorata di Genzano (in-fe-o-r4'ti dee jdn-zi'- no), is frequented by numerous visitors from Rome. Genzano, a town of Italy, province and IS miles N.E. of Potenza. Pop. 5260, Geographe, jee-o-graf or zhi-o-grjr, a strait in Tasmania, separating Schouten Island from Freycinet's Peninsula, Geographe, a bay of Western Australia, co, of Sussex, of which it occupies the whole northern extremity, being about 35 miles in width, George, a lake of New South Wales, between the coun- ties of Argyle and Murray, 2000 feet above the sea, about 18 miles in length, and 7 miles in breadth, George, Pennsylvania, See Geokge's Station. George d'Elmina (St.), Africa. See Elmina. George, Lake. See Lake George, and Caldw'ell. Georgenbourg, a town of Russia. See Yoorboorg. Georgensgmund, gi-on'gh?ns-m66nt\ a village of Bavaria, at a railway junction, 40 miles S. of Nuremberg. Georgenthal, gi-on'gh^n-tiP, a town of Bohemia, 25 miles W. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 2450. Georgenthal, a village of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 8 miles S.S.W. of Gotha. Pop. 750. Georges, jiir'j^z, a township of Fayette co., Pn., has beds of iron ore and coal. Pop. 2544. It contains Smithfield. George's Camp, a post-office of Jones co., Miss. George's CreeU, of South Carolina, enters the Saluda from the right, a few miles E. of Pickensville. George's Creek, a post-office of Inyo co., Cal. George's Creek, a post-office of Lawrence co., Ky. George's Creek, a township of Barnwell co., S.C. Pop. 1295, George's Creek, a post-hamlet of Pickens co., S,C,, in Pickensville township, 5 miles N,E, of Easley, George's Creek, a post-office of Somerville co,, Tex. George's Mills, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., N.H., in Sunapeo township, nt the head of Sunapeo Lake, about 35 miles W.N.W. of Concord. It has a church, a grist- mill, a saw-mill, and a bucket-factory. George's Station, a post-hamlet of Westmoreland CO., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, SJ miles E. of Grccns- burg. It has about 6 houses. GEO 843 GEO George's Station, S.C. See Saint George's. George's Store, a post-hanilet of Lincoln co., Tenn., on Elk River, 18 miles E. of Fayetteville. It has 2 churches and 3 stores. Georgesville, jor'jgz-vilj a post-bamlet of Franklin CO., 0., on Darby Creek, and on the Columbus & Springfield Kailroad, 13 miles W.S.W. of Columbus. It has a church. George'tOAVn, a county in the S.E. part of South Carolina, has an area of about 800 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Great Pedee River, on the S.E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the S.W, by the Santee River. It is also intersected by the AVaccamaw and Black Rivers. The surface is level, partly occupied by swamps, and exten- sively covered with forests of pine and other trees; the soil is mostly sandy. Rice is the staple product. Capital, George- town. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,980,338. Pop. in 1870, 16,161,'of whom 16,102 were Americans. Georgetown, a post-village of El Dorado co., Cal., about 50 miles N.E. of Sacramento, and 16 miles N. of Plaeerville. Gold is found near it. Pop. of Georgetown township, 1023. Georgetown, a mining town of Clear Creek co., Col., is situated high on the Front or Snowy Range, and on Clear Creek, about 7 miles from Gray's Peak. Altitude, 8412 feet. It is 64 miles W. of Denver by the Colorado Cen- tral Railroad. Its prosperity is derived from the working of the silver-mines in the vicinity, which are pronounced by Prof. Hayden to be practically inexhaustible. It has a national bank, several quartz-mills, and printing-offices which issue a daily and a weekly newspaper, also the " Mining Review" monthly. Galena, zinc blende, granite, and quartz are found here. Here are 4 churches, large reduction-works, and several superior hotels. Georgetown, a post-village of Fairfield co., Conn., on the Danbury & Norwalk Railroad, 13 miles S. of Danbury. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of glue, sandpaper, curled hair, and wire goods. Pop. about 500. Georgetown, a post-village, capital of Sussex co., Del., in Georgetown hundred, and on the Junction & .Breakwater Railroad, at the junction of the Breakwater & Frankford Railroad, 104 miles S. of Wilmington, and 15 miles W.S.W. of Lewes. It contains 4 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, an academy, several hotels, and a car- riage-shop. Pop. 710; of the hundred, 1863. Georgetown, a city and port of entry of the District of Columbia, on the Potomac River, at the head of navi- gation, 2 miles above Washington, from which it is sepa- rated by Rock Greek. The site comprises several eminences, which commahd beautiful views and are occupied by hand- some villas and residences. This city contains 10 churches, a national bank, the Academy of the Visitation, the George- town Institute for males, the Georgetown Female Seminary, the Collegiate Institute for young ladies, and a convent, and is the seat of Georgetown College (Roman Catholic), which was organized in 1789 and has a library of nearly 25,000 volumes. One weekly newspaper is published here. The Chesapeake & Ohio Canal crosses the Potomac here by a remarkable aqueduct, which is 1446 feet long and cost about $2,000,000. Georgetown has a number of large flour- mille, which have a wide reputation. Though regarded as a city, it has at present no distinct municipal government. Pop. 11,384. Georgetown, a post-village of Putnam co., Fla., on St. John's River and Lake George, about 30 miles S. of Palatka. It has 3 churches, a lumber-mill, &c. Georgetown, a post-village, capital of Quitman co., Ga., on the Chattahoochee River, at the terminus of the Southwestern Kailroad, opposite Eufaula, and 24 miles W.N.W. of Outhbert. It has 3 churches. About 4000 bales of cotton are annually shipped from here. Pop. 263. Georgetown, a post-village of Bear Lake co., Idaho, on Bear River, about 25 miles N. of Paris. Georgetown, a hamlet of Clay co.. 111., usually called Bible Gkove (which see). See also Steel's Mills. Georgetown (Smithton Post-Office), a village of St. Clair CO., 111., 7 miles S. of Belleville. It has 2 churches, a flouring-raill, and 3 general stores. Georgetown, a post-village of Vermilion co., 111., in Georgetown township, on the Little Vermilion River, and on the Paris and Danville Railroad, 10 miles S. of Danville. It has a graded school, money-order post-office, a bank, and 3 churches. Pop. about 900. The township is intersected by the Big Vermilion River. Pop. of the township, 2237. Georgetown, a village of Brown co., Ind., in Jack- son township, on Bean Blossom Creek, 4 miles N. of Nash- ville, and 8 miles S.of Morgantown. It has a church and a tannery. Pop. 200. Here is Bean Blossom Post-Office. Georgetown, a hamlet of Cass co., Ind., on the Wa- bash River, 8 miles W. of Logansport. Georgetown, a post-township of Floyd co., Ind., 10 miles AV. of New Albany. It has 3 churches. Pop. 1424. Georgetown, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., Iowa, about 10 miles W. of Albia. Georgetown, a post-village, capital of Scott co., Ky,, on the North Elkhorn Creek, about 20 miles E. of Frank- fort, and on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, 13 miles N. of Lexington. It is the seat of Georgetown College (Bap- tist), which was organized in 1838. Georgetown has 7 churches, 2 banks, a newspaper office, and a female semi- nary. Elevation, 875 feet. Pop. 1570, Georgetown, a post-township of Sagadahoc co., Me., is an island 12 miles long (sometimes called Parker's Island), at the mouth of the Kennebec River. The township has 3 churches and 1 or more lumber-mills. Pop. 1135. George- town Post-Office is 10 miles S.S.E. of Bath. Georgetown, a hamlet in Frederick co., Md., on the Frederick & Pennsylvania Line Railroad, 6 miles N.E. of Frederick. It has 2 churches. Georgetown, a hamlet and shipping-point of Kent CO., Md., on the Sassafras River, about 44 miles E. of Bal- timore, and 1 mile N. of Galena. It has a church. Georgetown, a post-village of Essex eo., Mass., in Georgetown township, on the Boston & Maine Railroad, at the junction of 2 branches of the same, 31 miles N. of Bos- ton, and 9 miles S.W. of Newburyport. It contains a high school, 4 churches, a national bank, a savings-bank, and a newspaper office. The township has manufactures of boots and shoes. Pop. of the township, 2214. Georgetown, a post-township of Ottawa co., Mich., about 10 miles S.W. of Grand Rapids, is traversed by Grand River. It has 3 saw-mills. Pop. 1464. Georgetown, a post-village of Clay co., Minn., on the Red River of the North, just below the mouth of the Buf- falo River, 15 miles N. of Moorehead. It has a church, a bank, and a high school. Pop. about 100. Georgetown, a post-village of Copiah co., Miss., on or near Pearl Rivei-, 17 miles E. of Hazlehurst. It has 2 churches. Georgetown, a post-village of Pettis co.. Mo., in Cedar township, on the West Fork of La Mine River, and on the railroad which connects Lexington with Sedalia, 4 miles N.W. of Sedalia. It has a church, and manufactures of brooms and lime. Georgetown, a post-office of Custer co., Neb. Georgetown, a hamlet of Jefferson co., Neb., about 50 miles S.S.W. of Lincoln. Georgetown, a post-hamlet of Burlington co., N.J., 5 miles S.S.E. of Bordentown. It has a church and a car- riage-factory. Georgetown, a post-office and mining-camp of Grant CO., New Mexico, about 24 miles E. by N. of Silver City. It has silver-mines. Pop. about 300. Georgetown, a post-village of Madison co,, N.Y., in Georgetown township, near the Syracuse & Chenango Rail- road, on which it has a station, 32 miles by rail S.E. of Syracuse. It has 2 churches, 2 tanneries, and a carriage- shop. Pop. of the township, 1427. Georgetown, a post- village, capital of Brown co., 0,, in Pleasant township, on White Oak Creek, and on the Cin- cinnati & Portsmouth Railroad, 6 or 7 miles N. of the Ohio River, and about 40 miles E.S.E. of Cincinnati. It con- tains a court-house, 3 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a graded school, a woollen-factory, &q. Blue or Silurian limestone abounds here. Pop. 1037. Georgetown, a hamlet of Clermont co., 0., in Wayne township. Pop. 65. Georgetown, a village of Hamilton co., 0., in Cole- rain township, about 12 miles N.N.W. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches. Pop. 172. Here is Dunlap Post-Office. Georgetown, a village of Harrison co., 0., in Short Creek township, 6 miles S.E. of Cadiz, and about 20 miles N.W. of Bellaire. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. The name of its post-office is Short Creek. Georgetown, or Lud'low, a hamlet of Miami co., 0., in Union township, about 20 miles N.W. of Dayton. It has a church and a carriage-shop. Here is Potsdam Post-Office. Georgetown, a post-village of Beaver co., Pa., on the left or S. bank of the Ohio River, opposite the line of the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad, about 3G miles below Pitts- burg. It has 2 churches, and Wells of natural gas. P. 297. Georgetown, a village of Lancaster co.. Pa,, in Bart township. It is 1 mile from the Gap nickel-mines, and 5 miles S.W. of Christiana Railroad Station. It has a church. Georgetown, a village of Northumberland co., Pa., on GEO 844 GEO the Susquehanna Uiver, and on the Northern Central Rail- road, 38 miles N. of Harrisburg. It has a church and manufactures of lime. Here is Dalmatia Post-Office. GeorgetOAvn,aport of entry and the capital of George- town CO., S.C., is in a township of the same name, and on "Winyaw Bay, at the mouth of the Waccamaw River. It is about 14 miles from the Atlantic Ocean,' and 50 miles N.B. of Charleston. It contains 5 churches, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, and several distilleries of turpentine. Rice, pine lumber, and turpentine are the chief articles of export. Pop. 2080 ; of the township, 3520. Georgetown, a post-hamlet of James co., Tenn., 11 miles N. of Cleaveland. It has a church and plough-factory. Georgetown, a post-village, capital of Williamson co., Tex., on the San Gabriel River, 9 miles N. of Round Rock Station, and 28 miles N. by B. of Austin. It is the seat of the Southwestern University of Texas (Methodist), and has a newspaper office, a female academy, and 3 or 4 churches. Pop. about 1200. Georgetown, a post-village of Grant co.. Wis., about 14 miles N.E. of Dubuque, Iowa. It has 2 general stores, Georgetown, Nova Scotia. See Riversdale. Georgetown, a village in Halton co., Ontario, on the river Credit, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 29 miles N.W. of Toronto. It has valuable water-power, paper-mills, brewery, tannery, iron-foundry, grist-mill, marble-works, a newspaper office, 3 hotels, about 20 stores, and a large trade in lumber, grain, and country produce. , Pop. 1282. Georgetown, a village in Hastings co,, Ontario, on the river Moira, at the head of Lake Stoco, 26 miles N. by E. of Belleville. Pop. 180. GeorgetoAVn, a seaport town, capital of Kings co.. Prince Edward Island, at the entrance into Cardigan Bay, on the S.E. side of the island, 30 miles E. of Charlottetown. It possesses one of the best harbors on the island. It has a good trade in country produce, and contains 3 churches, 8 hotels, 15 stores, and a large foundry. A weekly newspaper is published in Georgetown. It has railway communication with the chief places on the island. Pop. 1100. Georgetown, Quebec. See Salnt Louis db Goxzague. Georgetown, a village near the W. end of Grand Cayman, British West Indies. GeorgetoAVH, West Indies, See Saint George. Georgetown, a town of the island of St. Vincent, British West Indies, on the E. coast. Georgetown, a town of the island of Tobago, British West Indies, on Barbadoes Bay, an inlet of the S.E. coast. Georgetown (Dutch, Stahroek^ sta'brook), often called Demerara, dem-^-ril'ra, a city, capital of British Guiana and of the county of Demerara, on the E. bank of the navi- gable Demerara River, at its mouth, is regularly built, having wide and straight streets, mostly with canals in them, and many of them lined with trees. The dwellings are generally of wood, and stand on pillars of brick, the streets being below the level of high tide, which is excluded by means of a sea-wall and sluices. Many houses are sur- rounded by pleasant gardens. The town has a good water- supply, telegraph lines to America and Europe via Cuba and Brazil, a steam ferry, and a railway to Mahaica, 22 miles away. It is the seat of an Anglican bishop and of a Catho- lic vicar-apostolic, and has several Anglican, Catholic, Pres- byterian, and Dissenting churches, good schools and hospitals, a stone government-house, custom-house, bonded warehouse, gas-works, chemical works,. Ac, several banks, insurance companies, and newspapers. There is a bar at the river's mouth, with but 8 feet of water, and large ships discharge and load by means of lighters. Pop. in 1871, 36,5G7. George Town, a town of Cape Colony, South Africa, 125 miles E. of Zwellendam. Pop. 1937. George Town, a village, capital of the island of As- cension, on the N,W. coast, with a fort and military works, a navy yard, and a coal depot. George ToAvn, a maritime town of TDsmania,.28 miles N.W. of Launceston, near the mouth of the Tamar. Lat. 41° 6' S.J Ion. 146° 50' E. George'town, often called Pe^nang', a seaport town, capital of the island of Penang, in Malacca Strait. Lat. 5° 25' 6" N. ; Ion. 100° 19' 45" E. See Penang. George'ville, a post-hamlct of Kandiyohi co., Minn., 24 miles N.N.E. of Willmar. It has a church. Georgeville, a poet-office of Ray co.. Mo. Georgeville, a post-hamlet of Indiana co., Pa., in East Mahoning township, 18 miles N. of Indiana. Georgeville, Nova Scotia. See Cape GtconGE. Georgeville, a post-village in Stanstead co., Quebec, on the E. side of Lake Memphromagog, 13 miles N. of Derby Line, Vt. Pop. 260. Georgia, jor'je-a, or Grusia, groo'se-a (Pers, Goor- gistan or Gourgistan, goor-ghis-t4n', or (?oo?;/iB^aH, goor-jis- tin' ; written also Gurdackiatan and Gurjietan), a country of Asia, in Pvussian Transcaucasia, now forming the govern- ment of Tiflis. It is bounded S. by an Armenian range which separates the basin of the Koor from that of the Aras, and W. by a branch of the Caucasus forming part of the watershed between the Caspian and the Black Sea. The name is sometimes employed to designate nearly the whole territory possessed by the Russians S. of the Caucasus. In this large sense it may have an area of 28,800 geograph- ical square miles; but that of Georgia proper does not exceed 16,800 geographical square miles. The central part is occupied by a large and fertile valley, in which the Koor flows from W. to E. and receives almost all its drain- age. The soil generally in the lower grounds, and more especially in this valley, is of great fertility,' and, having the advantage of a delightful climate, grows in abundance all the ordinary cereals, maize, hemp, and flax, as well as great quantities of wine and cotton and unlimited supplies of fruit. Important improvements have taken place in agriculture since the Russians acquired possession of the country from Persia, in 1800 ; but it has not yet recovered from the disasters brought upon it by ages of misrule and almost incessant warfare. The natives, forming about three- fourths of the whole population, have been as much cel- ebrated as the Circassians for the athletic frames of the men and the beauty of the women. Hence in former times many youths were sold, the males to serve in the armies and the females to become inmates of the harems of the Turks. The nobles long derived their chief revenue from this traf- fic, valuing their serfs only for the money they could ob- tain for them. Under the Russian sovereignty this traf- fic has ceased, and the distinction which divided the whole population into the classes of nobles and serfs has been abolished. The Georgians belong nominally to the Greek church, but both clergy and people are generally ignorant. The Bible, however, was translated into their native lan- guage, a peculiar dialect having apparently some Aryan affinities, as early as the beginning of the fifth century. Capital, Tiflis. Pop. of Georgia proper, about 606,000. Adj. and inhab. Georgian, j6r'je-an. Georgia, jor'je-a (named in honor of George II., King of Great Britain), one of the Southern States of the American Union, bordering on the Atlantic, is bounded N. by North Carolina and Tennessee, N.E. and E. by South Carolina and the Atlantic Ocean, S. by Florida, and W. by Alabama. From South Carolina it is divided by the Savannah and Chattooga Rivers; from Florida, in part, by St. Mary's River, and from Alabama (partly) by the Chattahoochee. Its extreme limits are the parallels of 30° 20' and 35° N. lat. and the meridians of 80° 48' and 85°. 38' W. Ion. Ex- treme length, 320 miles from N. to S. ; greatest breadth, 254 miles. Present area (much reduced since 1798), 5S,U00 square miles. Georgia was one of the original 13 states of the Union. The Face of ike Country is exceedingly various. In the N. and N.AV. is a mountain-region, covering some 25 coun- ties, whose ranges pursue a somewhat parallel N.E. and S.W. course across the state, terminating in the hill-country of Alabama. The .highest peaks of the Blue Ridge exceed 3000 feet in altitude. Between the mountain-ridges the country is broken, with very fertile valleys, a delightful climate, and varied mineral wealth. S.E. of the moun- tains a plain or terrace some 65 miles in average breadth extends along the foot-hills, with a red loamy soil, natu- rally very productive. Another still lower and wider ter- race or plain borders this region, with limits having also a general N.E. and S.W, direction, and containing much pro- ductive land, with districts which have a light soil. Some 60 miles in average distance from the coast is the S.E. limit of the so-called pine barrens, which are capable of afibrding great supplies of timber and naval stores, and which have a soil easily wrought and by no means unproductive. Along the coast and near the lower courses of the streams are rich alluvial districts, interspersed with swamps, which are available for rice-cutturo. The sea-islands, separiited from the mainland by shallow sounds, haveadight soil, well adapted to the growth of sea-isliind cotton. In the S.W. there is a large area with a good but easily-exhausted soil, which has long been celebrated for its cotton- product. In the S.E. is the great Okefinokee Swamp. A line drawn from, Augusta S.W. to Eufaulii, Ala., roughly marks the N.W. limit of a greivt tertiary (eooono) tract, covering nearly all that part of Georgia which lies S.E. of that lino, except the pleistocene and alluvion of the coast. The N.W. portion of the state is mainly based GEO 845 GEO upon azoic rocks, but there is a considerable area of tlie cretaceous to the E. of Columbus, and a large Silurian tract in the northwestern angle of the state, crossed by narrow belts of the Devonian, upon which rest two very small beds of carboniterous strata. Lookout Mountain, which crosses the extreme N.W. corner of Georgia, lying partly in Ten- nessee and partly in Alabama, contains plenty of semi- bituminous coal of excellent quality. It ia chielly wrought at Cole City. In this- vicinity, it is confidently stated, occurs all the coal that will ever be found in-Gicorgia. Here also is found abundance of iron ore, — a species of black-band, finely adapted for easy smelting. Gold has been found in most of the northern counties ; a branch United States mint, at Dahlonega, coined over 86,000,000 between 1837 and 1861, when it was discontinued. Copper, silver, zinc, and lead ores, fine marble, choice granite, limestone, baryta, gra- phite, and a great many other useful minerals, abound, but none, it is believed, are at present wrought to any great extent. Natural medicinal springs, saline, chalybeate, and sulphurous, are very numerous. Interesting fossil remains of the mylodon, megatherium, and other gigantic species of extinct mammals occur in the coast region. In Northern and Central Georgia are a number of remarkable caves, many very picturesque cataracts, mountains renowned for their romantic and inspiring scenery, and abundant relics of prehistoric times, such as mounds, fortifications, places of sepulture, and fragments of rude pottery. Rivera are numerous, and have afforded important means of internal communication ; but the recent great extension of railroads has remarkably reduced the amount of steam- boat travel and commerce. The streams more or less suited for steam navigation are the Savannah, the Ogeechee (with its main tributary the Cannouchee), the Altamaha (with its constituents the Oconee and the Ocmulgee), the Satilla, the St. Mary's, the Flint, the Chattahoochee, the Upper Coosa, and perhaps a few others. The sounds which divide the sea-islands from the mainland constitute together a safe and landlocked channel, well suited for steamboat commu- nication. In the highlands, the numerous streams afford abundant and unfailing water-power. The climate is as various as the face of the country and the soil. The mountain-country in the N. hascool, delight- ful summer weather, while its winters are mild and' com- fortable. This region is very healthful. The pine barrens of the centre and S. are equally healthful, but warmer, and are especially recommended as a winter resort for consump- tives. The coast region, and the S. portion generally, have a summer climate which is very enervating to persons of Northern origin ; and people not acclimated are here liable to severe attacks of malarial and remittent fever. The coast towns are subject to occasional visitations of yellow fever. Snow falls not unfrequently in the northern and central regions, but never remains long. Agricultural Resources. — 'Cotton and maize aro the lead- ing farm-productions. As a rule, the cotton-product of Georgia has been well sustained in quantity since the war, and nearly all the counties in the state in 1870 reported more or less cotton to the United States census-takers. The coast-region is well adapted to the growth of the high-priced sea-island cotton. The cotton-crop is mainly yjroduced in the central, west central, and southwestern regions. Of late years Georgia has wisely extended her area of corn-fields; and the increase in the corn-crop has reacted favorably upon the production of wool, which has for some time been a staple of high value. Geoi'gia has much fine grnzing-land, and beef-cattle might be profitably shipped in large num- bers. Wheat of fine quality is raised in the northwest, and the area of its profitable culture might be much extended. Tobacco is i3hiefly produced in the N. ; rice and some sugar- cane are grown in the S. : and the former has long been a staple crop in the lowlands. Pork is fattened extensively, but is mainly employed for home consumption. Sweet po- tatoes are a leading product. Fruit-culture, wine-growing, and market-gardening are attracting attention ; and the considerable increase in the manufacturing population is developing an important home demand for fruit and mar- ket-garden products. Manufactures. — Georgia has taken a new and important departure in manufacturing industry. Most interesting and satisfactory is the record of her progress in the cotton manufacture. Woollen goods are also manufactured to a considerable extent. For manufactures of this class Geor- gia offers especial advantages in her abundant water-power, and in the fact that her cotton and wool are grown at home and the heavy cost of transportation is saved. Machine- shops, tobacco-factories, tanneries, and lumber-mills are also numerous. The lumber-business is especially large. In 1870 more than half the state was covered with forest. Valuable species of pine, oak, cedar, ash, cypress, hickory, and other timber trees abound ; and Brunswick, Darien, and Savannah are seats of large exports of the forest products, Columbus and Augusta manufacture cotton and woollen goods; and Atlanta, the capital, has important and varied manufacturing interests. Cotmties. — Georgia has 137 counties, — Appling, Baker, Baldwin, Banks, Bartow, Berrien, Bibb, Brooks, Bryan, Bulloch, Burke, Butts, Calhoun, Camden, Campbell, Carroll, Catoosa, Charlton, Chatham, Chattahoochee, Chattooga, Cherokee, Clarke, Clay, Clayton, Clinch, Cobb, Coff'ee, Co- lumbia, Colquitt, Coweta, Crawford, Dade, Dawson, De- catur, De Kalb, Dodge, Dooly, Dougherty, Douglas, Early, Echols, Efiingham, Elbert, Emanuel, Fannin, Fayette, Floyd, Forsyth, Franklin, Fulton, Gilmer, Glascock, Glynn, Gordon, Greene, Gwinnett, Habersham, Hall, Hancock, Haralson, Harris, Hart, Heard, Henry, Houston, Irwin, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Jones, Laurens, Lee, Liberty, Lincoln, Lowndes, Lumpkin, Macon, Madison, Marion, McDufiie, Mcintosh, Meriwether, Miller, Milton, Mitchell, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Murray, Mus- cogee, Newton, Oconee, Oglethorpe, Paulding, Pickens, Pierce, Pike, Polk, Pulaski, Putnam, Quitman, Rabun, Randolph, Richmond, Rockdale, Schley, Scriven, Spalding, Stewart, Sumter, Talbot, Taliaferro, Tatnall, Taylor, Telfair, Terrell, Thomas, Towns, Troup, Twiggs, Union, Upson, Walker, AValton, Ware, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Web- ster, White, Whitfield, Wilcox, Wilkes, Wilkinson, Worth. Cities and Towns. — Of these the principal are Savannah, the largest city, and the principal seaport and commercial centre (pop. in 1870, 28,235) ; Atlanta, the capital, a thriving railroad centre, the seat of extensive trade and manufac- tures (pop. 21,879); Augusta, the Lowell of the South, on the Savannah River (pop. 15,389); Macon, a commercial and railroad centre, on the Ocmulgee (pop. 10,810) ; Colum- bus, on the Chattahoochee, a busy manufacturing town (pop. 7401); Athens, on the Oconee (pop. 4251). Otherplaces of importance are Griffin, Americus, Milledgeville, Bruns- wick, Fort Gaines, La Grange, Rome, Cuthbert, &c. The principal seaports are Savannah, Brunswick, Darien, Doboy Island, and St. Mary's. Railroads. — The railroad system of Georgia has been laid out upon a generous scale, and has received liberal state aid, but has apparently been pushed of late too rapidly for public needs. The period of commercial de- pression which began in 1873 has been an unfortunate one for several important roads in the state, and, while the older roads have been prosperous, a number of the newer ones have passed into the hands of receivers to be operated for the benefit of creditors, or have been seized by the state. In 1879 there were in operation railways with the aggregate length of 2414 miles. Finances.—ln 1878 there was a public debt of $10,644,500, largely incurred by assisting various railroads. A consid- erable part of this debt is offset by the market value of cer- tain railroads which have been seized by the governor, the companies having failed to keep their engagements to the state. Besides this debt, more than ten million dollars in claims ogainst the state have been disallowed on various grounds. Public Education is under the stipervision of a school commissioner and a state board of education, assisted by county school commissioners and city superintendents, and in general the educational outlook is hopeful and en- couraging. Separate schools are maintained for colored pupils. In 1874 there were 3992 public schools, sustained in part by a school fund, in part by various taxes, rents, and appropriations, and in part by tuition-fees. The cities have also local taxes and aid from the Peabody fund. Nor- mal depai'tments are sustained at one or two of the colleges of the state. There were reported in 1875 10 public and 86 private high schools, 9 other secondary schools, and 3 busi- ness colleges. Athens is the seat of the state university, with academic, technical, law, and medical departments, and having a branch called the State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. At Dahlonega is the North Geor- gia Agricultural College, also a state institution, affiliated with the university. There is a non-sectarian college at Bowdon. Macon is the seat of Mercer University (Baptist) and Pio Nono College (Catholic), Emory College, at Oxford, is under Methodist supervision. Atlanta has two collegiate institutions, — Clarke and Atlanta Universities. Marshall College, at Griffin, and the masonic college at Covington, are among the other schools of this grade. Theology is taught in four institutions, medicine in three, and law in one. Twenty-one colleges for ladies are reported; and GEO 846 GEE there is an effective system of Roman Catholic free parochial and other schools, including a college and several academies. There is a normal school at AVaynesborough. For the colored race several charitable and religious associations support special schools. At Cave Spring is a state institution for deaf-mutes, at Macon an academy for the blind, and at Midway a hospital for the insane. History. — Founded in 1733 by Oglethorpe and other benev- olent Englishmen as a refuge for poor debtors (at that time a grievously-oppressed class), Georgia's early history is one of much interest. Savannah was founded in 1733., White- field established an orphan asylum at Bethesda, and he, with the Wesleys, did much to forward the young colony. Prominent events have been the Spanish war, 1739-42; the surrender of the colonial charter, 1752 ; the establish- ment of the general assembly, 1765; and the definition of the southern boundary, 1763, which was followed by a period of remarkable prosperity. Nevertheless, Georgia warmly espoused the cause of her northern sister-provinces in the Revolutionary war. In 177S, Savannah was taken by the British. The first state constitution was adopted in 1777. Indian wars followed in the W,, but in 1802 the Creeks ceded to the whites their valuable lands in the present S.W. of the State. In 1798, Mississippi Territory was set off from Georgia, which Up to that time had been bounded on the Wi by the Mississippi River. In 1802, Georgia ceded all her remaining lands in the .present states of Missis- sippi and Alabama to Mississippi Territory, and in 1804: she received from the United States a strip 12 miles wide along her present northern boundary, since which time her limits have remained unchanged. (The territory received in 1804: had belonged to South Carolina until 1787.) In 1838 the Cherokees were removed from the state. From this time Georgia prospered greatly, and merited her title of the Empire State of the South. In 1861 she passed the ordinance of secession, and in the war which followed she bore her full share of suffering. A new constitution was adopted in 1865; but in 1867 this, constitution, with the entire state government, was set aside by Congress. In 1868 another constitution was adopted, and Georgia was re- admitted to the Union ; but on the failure of the state to ratify the Fifteenth Amendment of the United States Con- stitution, her members of Congress were again unseated, and a military rule was re-established, which lasted until the Fifteenth Amendment was endorsed by the state legis- lature. After a short period of misrule and political un- rest, the state seems to have entered upon a new career of prosperity and social advancement. GovenimenU — The first state constitution was adopted in 1777, another in 1785, a third in 1865, and the one at present in force was framed in 1868. The governor is chosen for a term of four years. There is a senate of 4:4, elected for four years, one-half of the members being chosen every two years. The members of the house of representatives are 168 in number, chosen for 2 years, and the legislature is called the General Assembly. The principal judicial officers are appointed by the governor, and most of the state executive officers are chosen by the General Assembly. The state has nine representatives in the lower house of Congress. Pop. in 1775, 75,000; in 1790, 82,548; in 1800, 162,686; in 1810, 252,433; in 1820,340,985: in 1830, 516,283 ; in 1840, 691,392; in 1850, 906,185; in 1860, 1,057,286 j in 1870, 1,184,109, of whom 545,142 were colored. Georgia, a post-hamlet of Lawrence co., Ind., on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 60 miles E. of Vincennes. Georgia, a township of Jasper co., Mo. Pop. 948. Georgia, a post-village of Franklin co., Vt., in Georgia township, 7 miles S. by W. of St. Albans. It has 3 churches and an academy. Tlie township is bounded on the W. by Lake Champlain, and is intersected by the Central Vermont Railroad. Pop. 1603. Georgia, Nkw, an island in the Pacific Ocean, one of the Solomon Islands, E. of Papua. Georgia City, a post-village of Jasper co.. Mo., is near Spring River, and on the Joplin Railroad, 14 miles N.W. of Joplin City, and 8 miles N.W. of Oronogo. Georgia, Gulf of. See Gulp op Georgia. Georgian'a, a post-village of Butler oo., Ala., on the Mobile A Montgomery Railroad, 60 miles S.S.W. of Mont- gomery. It has 2 churches, an academy, and a saw-mill. Georgiana, township, Sacramento co., Cal. Pop. 1056. Georgiana, a post-office of Brevard co., Fla., on Indian River. Geor'gian Bay, Canada, is the northeastern part of Lake Huron. It is partly separated from the main body of tliat lake by a peninsula called Cabot's Head and by Great Manitoulin Island. It is about 110 miles long and 50 miles wide. Georgia Pass, Colorado, a pass of the main range of the Rocky Mountains, Elevation, 11,487 feet. Lat. 39« 28' N. ; Ion. 105° 55' "W. The grades are easy on both sides. Georgia Plain, a post-office of Franklin co., Vt. Geor'giaville, a post-village in Smithfield township, Providence co., R.I., on the Providence &. Springfield Rail- road, 9 miles N.AV. of Providence. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and 2 manufactories of cotton print cloth. Pop. 608. Georgievsk, or Gheorghievsk, gi-oR-ghe-evsk', a tovin of Russia, government of Terek, near an affluent of the Kooma (Kuma), 90 miles S.E. of Stavropol. Pop. 3345. Georgievskoe, gA-OR-ghe-fiv'sko-i, a village of Rus- sia, 120 miles N.W. of Viatka, on the Kama. Georgi'na, or Sut'ton, a post-village in York co., Ontario, 26 miles N.N.E. of Newmarket. It contains sev- eral stores and hotels. Pop. 300. Georgswalde, gi'oRgs-wardeh, a town of Bohemia, 64 miles N. of Prague. Pop. 5671. Geppersdorf, gh^p'p^rs-donr, a village of Austria, in Moravia, circle of Olmutz, Pop. 1040. Geppersdorf, a village of Austrian Silesia, circle of Trqipau. Pop. 342. Gepp'ville, a post-office of Jay co., Ind. Ger, zhaiR, the name of several villages of France, the principal of which is in Manche, 8 miles E.N.E. of Mortain, with a pop. of 416. Gera, gi'ri, a river of Central Germany, flows north- ward, and, after a course of about 38 miles, joins the Un- strut 12 miles N. of Erfurt. Gera, a town of Germany, chief town of Reuss-Schleitz, on the White Elster, 35 miles S.S.W. of Leipsic. It is con- nected by railway with the principal cities of Germanj'^, is enclosed by walls, and has several churches and hospitals, an orphan asylum, a richly-endowed gymnasium, a public library, museums, and normal and other schools. It manu- factures woollen and cotton fabrics, leather, hats, tobacco, porcelain, colors, earthenware, and carriages, and has dye- works, breweries, and brick-kilns. In its neighborhood are well-frequented public baths. Pop. in 1875, 20,810. Ge'race, ji-ri'chi (anc. Lo'cri), a town of Italy, prov- ince and 34 miles (60 miles by rail) N.E. of Reggio di Cala- bria. Pop. 7257. It is a bishop's see. Geraci,ji-r4'chee, a town of Sicily, in the Val Dimona, 16 miles S.S.E. of Cefalii. Pop. 3382. Ger'aldton, a seaport of West Australia, near Cham- pion Bay, 226 miles N. by W. of Perth. Lead and copper are mined near it. Pop., with surrounding district, 294.T. Gerard-de»Rys, zhiVaR'-de-reece, an island in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 3° 10' S., Ion. 148° 10' E., 40 miles long, and inhabited by Papuan negroes. G^rardmer, zhiVaud^main', or G6rome, zhi'ro^mA', a village of France, in Vosges, between Lakes Gerardmcr, Longemer, and Retournemer, 18 miles S. of Saint-Die. Pop. 2331. Ger'ardstown, or Ger'rardstown, a post-village of Berkeley CO., AV. Va., 10 miles from Martinsburg. It has 3 churches and a newspaper office. Gerasa, je-ri'sa, or Jerash, je-rS-sh', written also Djerash, a ruined city of Syria, in ancient Decapolis, 80 miles S.S.W. of Damascus, on the opposite slopes of two hills, 2000 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 32° 20' N. ; Ion. 36° 3' E. The ruins of this city have been compared to those of Baalbec and Palmyra. Gerasa was built by the Romans after their conquests in the East, taken by storm by Alexander Jann^eus, burned by the Jews in their ven- geance on the Syrians for the massacre of their brethren at Coasaroa, taken by Annius, a general under Vespasian, who burned what remained of it, and in 1122 its castle was de- stroyed by Baldwin II. of Jerusalem. Another Gerasa stood on the E. of the Lake of Galilee, opposite Magdala. Geran, a town of Hesse. See Gross Gerau. Gerba, or Gerbi, Africa. See Jerba. Gerberoy, zhfirt^b^h-rwi', an ancient town of France, in Oise, 12 miles N.W. of Beauvais. Pop. 316. Gerbeviller, zh^R'bAS-ee^v'LiR', a town of France, in Meurthe-et-Moselle, 6 miles S. of Lun^ville. Pop. 1914. Gerbier-des- Jones, zhfiR^be-A'-di-zh6N«'. one of the C6vennes Mountains, in France, department of Ardeche, 18 miles W.N.W.- of Privas. Height, 5125 feet. Gerbstedt, or GcrbstHdt, gh^ub'stStt, a town of Prussian Saxony, 25 miles N.W. of Mersoburg. Pop. 2053. Gerdauen, ghdn'dow-^n, a town of East Prussia, 30 miles by rail S.W. of Insterburg. Pop. 2864. Gere, ghoor, a post-office of Barton co., Kansas. GER 847 GER' GeremoabOy zhi-ri-mo-i'bo, a town of Brazil, in the interior of the provinoe of Bahia. Pop. 3000. Gerenzano, j4-r5n-zi'no, a village of Northern Italy, 15 miles N.W. of Milan. Pop. 1755. Gerez, Serra de. See Sekha de Gerez. Gergal, uSa-gil', a town of Spain, province and 18 miles N. of Almevia. Pop. 3681. Gergei, j^R-ji'ee, a village on the island of Sardinia, 34 miles N. of CagUari. Pop. 1960. Gersren, ghSn^gh^n', a small town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Euphrates. Lat. 37° 56' 30" N. ; Ion. 39° 11' E. Gergenti, a city of Sicily. See Girgenti. Gergesdorf, Transylvania. See Gyok-Falva. Gerideh, ghSh'reeM^h (anc. Cra'tia ? or Flaviop'olia f), a town of Asia Minor, 32 miles E. of Eoli. Gerindote, ni-reen-do'ti, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 16 miles N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 1173. Geringsvvalde, gi'rings-^ird^h, a town of Saxony, 30 miles S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 2850. Gerk, gh^ak, a village of Austro-Hungary, in Slavonia, near the confluence of the Bossut and Save. Pop. 1680. Gerki, gh^R'kee, a town of the Saccatoo country, Africa, about 50 miles N.E. of Kano. Gerlachsheim, ghSR'lS,Ks-hime\ a village of Ger- many, in Baden, 13 miles E.S.E. of Wertheim. Pop. 1039. Gerlachsheim, a village of Prussia, in Silesia, gov- ernment and W.S.W. of Liegnitz. Gerlachsheim Gerlingeii (gh3n'ling-§n), a village of Wiirtemberg, 3 miles E. of Leonberg. Pop. 1850. GerlaAV, gher'law, a post-hamlet of Warren co., 111., on the Rockford, Rock Island &, St. Louis Railroad, 6 miles N. of Monmouth. It has a church and 10 houses. Germa, the supposed ancient name of Yerma. Germa, ghSn'raS,, a town of Africa, in Fezzan, 50 miles N.W. of iloorzook. German. See Germany. German, jer'man, a township of Bartholomew eo., Ind. Pop. 1302. It contains Taylorsville. German, a township of Marshall co., Ind. Pop. 2233. It contains Bremen. German, a township of St. Joseph co., Ind., on the Michigan line. Pop. 561. German, a township of Vanderburg co., Ind. Pop. 1683. It contains St. Joseph. German, a township of Grundy cc, Iowa. Pop. 930. German, a township of Keokuk co., Iowa. Pop. 1532. German, a township of Bollinger co.. Mo. Pop. 1117. German, a township of Madison co., Mo. Pop. 868. German, a post-township of Chenango co., N.Y., about 25 miles N. of Binghamton. Pop. 606. German, a township of Allen co., 0. Pop. 1462. It contains AUentown and Elida. German, a township of Auglaize co., 0. Pop. 1750. It contains New Bremen and Ober-Bremen, German, a township of Clark co., 0. Pop. 1918. It contains Fremont and Noblesville. German, a post-township of Darke co., 0. Pop. 1743. It contains Palestine, at which is German Post-Office. German, a township of Fulton co., 0. Pop. 2479. It contains the village of Archbold. German, a township of Harrison co., 0. Pop. 1227. It contains Cadiz Junction, Miller's Station, and New Jef- ferson. German, a township of Holmes co., 0. Pop. 1408. German, a township of Montgomery co., 0. Pop. 3197. German, a township of Fayette co.. Pa., washed on the W. by the river Monongahela. , Pop. 1911. German, a post-office of Braxton eo., W. Va. German Flats, a township of Herkimer co., N.Y. Pop. 7402. It contains Ilion and Mohawk. Germania, the Latin name of Grrmany. Germa'nia, a post-hainlet of Calhoun co., Ala., on the Selina, Rome & Dalton Railroad. It has a tannery. Germania, a post-office of Sedgwick co., Kansas. Germania, a post-office of Sanilac co., Mich. Germania, a hamlet of Atlantic co., N.J.,)n Galloway township, 5A miles from Egg Harbor City. Wine is made here. Germania, a post-village of Potter co.. Pa., about 40 miles N. of Lock Haven. It has 2 churches, a tannery, and 2 steam saw-mills. Germania, a post-village of Marquette co.. Wis., in Shields township, 7 miles W. of Princeton. It has 2 churches, a money-order post-office, and manufactures of flour, wagons, d?h-ri'deh-5n-o'ver-flik'k?h, written also Goere, an island of the Netherlands, in South Holland, between two outlets of the Mouse, united to the island of Over-Flakkce by causeways. The town of Goeree or Goedereede is on tl'.e E. coast. Goes,Hooce, or Ter- Goes, ter-Hooce', a fortified town of the Netherlands, Zealand, on the island of South Beve- land, and on the railway from Bergen-op-Zoom to Flushing. Lat. 41° 30' N. : Ion. 3° 53' E. Pop. 5205. It has a curious ancient monastery, a harbor on an arm of the Scheldt, ship- building docks, and an active trade in salt. Goes, go'Ss, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 19 miles E. of Coimbra. Pop. 3553. Goes Station, a post-ofiice of Greene co., 0., on the Xenia & Springfield Railroad, 5 miles N. of Xenia. Gffita-Klf, a river of Sweden. See GornA. Gojteborg, or Goteborg. See Gothenbuug. Goettee, a township of Beaufort co., S.C. Pop. 2319. Gcettingen, a city of Germany. Sec Gottinges. Gtctsseiibriick, got'zcjn'briik', a village of Germany, in Lorraine, 15 miles S.E. of Saargomiind. It has a manu- factory of watch-glasses. Pop. 677. Goewey, a township of Osceola eo., Iowa. Pop. 395. Golf's, a station on the Louisville, Paduoah i Souih- western Railroad, 20 miles W. of Litchfield, Ky. GOF 869 GOL Goflfs, a post-office of Ritchie co., W. Va. GotPs Falls, a post-village of Hillsborough co., N.U., on the AV. bank of the Merrimac River, and on the Con- cord Railroad, 4 miles below Manchester. It has a church and a woollen-factory. Gotf's Mills, a post-office of Steuben co., N.Y. Goffs'toivn,a post-village of Hillsborough co., N.H., inGotfstown township, on the Piscataqua River, and on tlie Manchester & North Weare Railroad, about 15 miles S.S.W. of Concord. It has a town hall, 2 churches, a machine- shop, and a manufactory of sash and blinds. Pop. of the township, 1656. Gortstown Centre, a post-village of Hillsborough co., N.H., is in Gottstown township, on the Piscataqua River, and on the Manchester & North Weare Railroad, 6 miles W.N.AV. of Manchester. It has 2 churches and a pulp-mill. Gogaii, go\g3,n', a village of Persia, province of Azer- baijan, on the E. side of the La,ke of Ooroomeeyah. Gogeh, a town of India. See Gogo. Gog'gaiisville, a post-village of Monroe co., Ga., on the railroad between Macon and Atlanta, 35 miles W.N.W. of Macon. It has a church, an academy, and about 12 houses. Goggingen, gbg'ghing-en, a village of Baden, circle of Lake, E. of Mosskirch. Pop. 731. Gogginsen, a village of Bavaria, on the Wertach, 2 miles S.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1679. Gogginsville, gog'ghinz-vil, a post-hamlet of Frank- lin CO., Va., about 48 miles S.AV. of Lynchburg. Goggra, Gogra, gog'gra, Ghagra, ga'gri, Sarjou, sar^joo', De'wa,or Kanar, kSi'nar' (Hindoo, Gkargharn, gar'gi-rll), a river of India, one of the chief tributaries of the Ganges, which it joins about 100 miles E.N.E. of Benares, after a S.E. course of from 400 to 500 miles through Nepaul, Oude, and Bengal. The towns of Fyza- bad and Oude are on its banks. It is the Saret/u of Hindoo mythology, and, according to Rennell, the Agorames of Arrian. The river is the channel of a large trade, and is regarded with peculiar veneration by the Hindoos, its banks being resorted to by numerous devotees. Gogna, a river of Italy. See Agogna. Go'go, Gogeh, or Goghe, go'gheh, a town of India, district of Ahmedabad, on the W. side of the Gulf of Cam- bay. Lat. 21° 39' N.; Ion. 72° 15' E. During the S.AV. monsoon its anchorage is safe and good. Pop. 9571. Gohan'uh, a town of India, Kohtuk district, on the Rohtuk Branch Cunal, 50 miles N.W. of Delhi. Pop. 6668. Goheeii'ville, a post-hamlet of Armstrong co., Pa., 10 miles N.E. of Kittanning. It has a flour-mill, Gohiid, go^hiid', a town of British India, district and 22 miles N.E. of Agra. Lat. 26° 24' N. ; Ion. 78° 20' E. Gohun, go'hun', a town of India, in Bundelcund, 11 miles N.W. of Jaloun. Goianiuha, go-yS,-neen'yi, a town of Brazil, province of Rio Grande do Norte, 28 miles S. of Natal. Pop. 1500. GoirlCjgoin'l^h, a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, 15 miles S.W. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1441. Goisern, goi'zern, a village of Upper Austria, on the Traun, 6 miles N.N.W. of Hallstadt, Pop. 942. Goito, go'e-to, a village of Italy, S miles N.W. of Man- tua, on the Mincio. Pop. 5274. Gojam, or Godjam, go''j^m', a district of Abyssinia, in Amhara. Lat. from 10° to 11° N. ; Ion. from 37° to 38° E. It is mostly a grassy plain, traversed in some parts by high mountain-ranges and by aflSuents of the Abai. Gojeb, or Godjeb, go'j^b, written also Gocheb, Gochop, or Goshop, a river of Africa, in the country S. of Abyssinia, flowing E., in lat, about 6° N., supposed to join the Abai. Gokauk, or Gokak, go-kawk', atown of India, district and 32 miles N.E. of Belgaum. Pop. 12,612. Gok'la, a town of India, Boglipoor district. Pop. 3149. G6ktsche-Denghis,gokt'shi-d5ng'ees\"bluelake"), also called Keghain (kivam') Sea, Goukcha, Goo- keka, Goktcha, and Goutehka, Sevan, or Se- vangha, and sometimes Sewan, si^win', a lake of Rus- sian Armenia, to the N.E. of Erivan, 47 miles long from N.W. to S.E., and on an average 12 miles broad. It is about 5300 feet above the sea-level, in a basin surrounded by mountains, many of them covered with the richest ver- dure, not a few of the most fantastic forms, and several covered with snow. In the N.W, of the lake there is an island, called ^ewan or Sevan, with a convent on it. This lake was called Lyckiiitis hy the ancients, Gola-Secca, go'IS,-sSk'ki, a village of Italy, province and 33 miles N.W. of Milan, on the Ticino. Pop, 1703. Golcar, gol'k^r, a town of England, West Riding of Yorkshire, 4 miles by rail W.S.W. of Huddersfield. Pop. 6033. Here are many shoddy-mills. Golconda, gol-kon'dS,, a fortified town of India, in the Nizam's dominions, 3 miles W. of Hyderabad. Lat. 17° 15' N. ; Ion. 78° 32' E. It has been noted as a depot for diamonds, which are brought hither from the plains at the base of the Neela Hulla Mountains, on the banks of the Kistnah and Pennar Rivers. Golcon'da, a post-village, capital of Pope co., 111., on the Ohio River, 77 miles above Cairo, and about 24 miles by land N. by E. of Paducah. It has a court-house, a bank, 5 churches, a newspaper oflicej 4 hotels, 2 flouring- mills, 2 saw-mills, a woollen-mill, ttc. Pop. about 1600. Golconda, a post-village of Humboldt co., Nevada, near the Humboldt River, and on the Central Pacific Rail- road, 128 miles W. of Elko. Gold, silver, and lead are found in the vicinity. Gold, a township of Bureau co.. 111. Pop. 392. Goldapp, gordai)p, a town of East Prussia, 21 miles S.E. of Gumbinnen, on the Goldapp River. Pop. 4809. Goldau, gol'dow, a village of Switzerland, canton and 5i miles W.N.W. of Schwytz, at the S. foot of the Rossberg, by a land-slip of which mountain the former village of the same name, with the villages of Bussingen, Rother, and a part of Lowertz, were totally buried, on September 2, 1806. Goldberg, golfb^ac, a town of Germany, in Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, 2S miles E. of Schwerin. Pop. 2S48. Goldberg, a town of Germany, in Prussian Silesia, 11 miles S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Katzbach, an affluent of the Oder. It has distilleries, and manufactures of woollen cloth and hosier}'. Pop. 6475. Gold Coast, a British colony of Western Africa, on the sea-coast, extending from Ion. 1° 10' E. to about 3° W., and bounded N. by Ashantee. In 1664 the English first came here; in 1850 they purchased the Danish forts on the coast, and in 1S72 those of the Dutch, upon which a war followed with Ashantee; and in 1874 the former protector- ate was changed into a definite colonial government, and slavery was abolished. The country is mostly level near the coast, but hilly in the interior. Area, 16,626 square miles. The soil is exceedingly fertile, but the climate is very sickly, even for the natives. Palm oil is the leading export, but some gold-dust is obtained, whence the name of the country. Capital, Cape Coast Castle. Pop. 408,070. Gold Creek, a station on the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad, 24 miles N.W, of Little Rock, Ark. Gold'en, a town of Ireland, co. of Tipperary, 3^ miles W. of Cashel. Pop. 354. Gold'en, the capital of Jefferson co., Col., is situated on Clear Creek, and on the Colorado Central Railroad, 16 miles W. of Denver. It has a court-house, 2 banks, 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a state school of mines, Jarvis Hall, 3 flouring-mills, a paper-mill, 4 collieries, machine- and car- shops, 2 potteries, and 3 smelting- and reduction-works for gold and silver. Coal is found here. Pop. 587. Golden, a township of Oceana co., Mich., on Lake Michigan. Pop. 540. It contains Mears and East Golden. Golden, a post-hamlet of Barry co., Mo., on the White River, 16 miles S.E. of Cassville. Golden Bridge, a village of Ireland, co. and 1| miles W.S.W. of Dublin. Golden Brook JYIills, a post-office of Rockingham CO., N,H.,3 miles from Windham Depot. Here isa woollen- mitl. Golden City, a post-village of Barton co., Mo., 24 miles N.E. of Carthage. It has a church and a wagon-shop. Golden Corners, a post-office of Wayne co., 0. Golden Dale, a post-village of Klikitat co.. Wash- ington, about 12 miles N.N.E. of Celilo, Oregon, It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Golden Gate, a post-village of Brown co., Minn,, 16 miles W.N.W, of New Ulm. It has 2 general stores. Golden Grove, a station in Lauderdale co.. Miss., on the Vicksburg & Meridian Railroad, 5 miles W. of Meridian. Golden Grove, a township of Barton co., Mo. P. 405. Golden Grove, a post-office of Greenville co., S.C, and a station on the Greenville & Columbia Railroad, 10 miles S. of Greenville. Golden Hill, a post-hamlet of Arkansas co.. Ark., 25 miles S. of Devall's Bluff. It has a church. Golden Hill, a post-hamlet of Dorchester co., Md., about 15 miles S.S.W. of Cambridge. Golden Hill, a post-office of Wyoming co., Pa. Golden Junction, in Jefi"erson co.. Col., is on the Colorado Central Railroad, at the junction of the Broad and the Narrow Gauge division, 2 miles E. of Golden. GOL 870 GOM Golden Lake, a post-office and landing of Mississippi CO., Ark., on the Mississippi River, 40 miles above Hopefield. Golden Lake, a post-office or hamlet of Waukesha CO., Wis., on a small lake, about 34 miles W. of Milwaukee. Golden Peak, Colorado, has an altitude of 9650 feet above the sea-level. Lat. 39°49' N.; Ion. 105° 20' 52" W. Golden Pond, a post-hamlet of Trigg co., Ky., 14 miles S. of Eddyville. It has a grist-mill. Golden Prairie, a post-office of Delaware co., Iowa. Golden's Bridge, a post-village of Westchester co., N.Y., in Lewisborough township, on the Croton River, and on the New York A Harlem Railroad, 44 miles N.N.E. of the Grand Central Depot of New York. It has a church and about 30 dwellings. The New York & Mahopac Railroad extends from this place to Lake Mahopac. Golden Spring, a post-hamlet of Burt co.. Neb., near the Missouri River, 18 miles N. of Herman Station. Golden Spring, a post-hamlet of Buchanan co., Va., 60 miles from Saltville. Golden Springs, a post-office of Anderson co., S.C. Goldenstein, gol'den-stlne', or Koldsstein, kolt'- stine, a town of Moravia, 35 miles N.W. of Olmutz. Golden Valley, a township of Rutherford co., N.C. Pop. 1122. Gold'enville, or Sher'brooke Gold-Mines, a post-village in Guysborough co.. Nova Scotia, on the N.W. side of St. Mary's River, 3 miles from Sherbrooke. Here are rich gold-mines, and some quartz-mills, worked by steam and by water. Pop. 900. Gold'field, or Grant, a small post-village of Wright CO., Iowa, in Liberty township, on the Boone River, about 26 miles N.N.E. of Fort Dodge. Gold Hill, a post-office of Lee co., Ala., on the Savan- nah & Memphis Railroad, 11 miles N.W. of Opelika. Gold Hill, a mining-camp of Nevada co., Cal., adjacent to Nevada City. Gold is found here. Gold Hill, a post-town of Storey co., Nevada, on the Virginia & Truckee Railroad, and on the AVashoe Range of the Sierra Nevada, about 1 mile S. of Virginia City, and 7000 feet above the level of the sea. It contains 4 churclies, several quartz-mills, and a bank. A daily newspaper is published here. This town has rich silver-mines, the an- nual product of which amounts to several million dollars. Gold Hill is one of tlie most populous places in the state. Here is the famous Comstock Lode, on Mount Davidson. Pop. 43U. Gold Hill, a post-village of Rowan co., N.C, in Gold Hill township, 14 miles S.E. of Salisbury, and about 34 miles N.B. of Charlotte. It lias 3 churches and a carriage- shop. Gold is found here. Pop. of the township. 959. Gold Hill, a post-hamlet of Buckingham co., Va., 25 miles N. of Farmville. It has a church. Gold Hill, a post-offlce of Grant co., W. Va. Goldingen, gol'diug-^n, a town of Russia, in Cour- land, 72 miles W.N.W. of Mitau. Pop. 4752. Goldkronach, golt'kro~naK, a town of Bavaria, on the Kronaeh, 7 miles N.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 876. Gold Mine, a post-office of Marion co., Ala., 54 miles S. of Tuscumbia. Gold Region, re'jun, a post-office of Moore co., N.C. Gold'rinsey, a post-office of Saline co.. Neb. Gold Run, a post-village of Placer co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 64 miles N.E. of Sacramento, and about 12 miles E. of Grass Valley. It has a church, a banking-house, 2 hotels, and several stores. P. about 500. Golds'berry, a township of Howell co., Mo. Pop. 349. Golds'borough, a post-hamlet of Pulaski co., Ga., 10 miles from Cochran Railroad Station. It has a church. Goldsborough, a post-village of Caroline co., Md., on the Maryland & Delaware Railroad, 24 miles N.N.E. of Easton. It has 3 general stores. Goldsborough, a post-village, capital of Wayne co., N.C, in Goldsborough township, on the left bank of the Neuse River, and on the Wilmington k Weldon Railroad, 84 miles N. of Wilmington, 49 miles S.E. of Raleigh, and 59 miles W. by N. of New-Berne. It is the W. terminus of the Atlantic k North Carolina Railroad, which hero connects with a branch of the Richmond & Danville Rail- road. It has a court-house, a bank, 6 churches, a college, manufactures of carriages, machinery, Jkc, and printing- offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers. Pop. 1134; of the township, 3886. ( Goldsborough (Etters Post-Office), a borough of York CO., Pa., on the Susquehanna River, and on the Northern Central Railroad, 11 miles S.E. of Harrisburg. It has 2 saw-mills, a planing-mill, a cigar-factory, 2 hotels, and a quarry of brownstone. Pop. 310. Goldscheuer, golt'shoi^er, a village of Germany, in Baden, on the Rhine, 6 miles W.N.W. of Offenburg. Gold'smith, a post-hamlet of Tipton co., Ind., on the Lafayette & Muncie Railroad, 5 miles W. of Tipton. It has a brick-yard and a plough-factory. Gold'ville, a post-hamlet of Tallapoosa co., Ala., 21 miles N. of Dadeville. Golega, go-li'g^, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, on the Tagus, 70 miles N.N.E. of Lisbon. Pop. 3734. Golek-Boghaz, go'lek'-bo'gJ,z' (the "Cilician gates" of antiquity), a pass in Asiatic Turkey, through the Bui- ghar-Tagh (Taurus), 30 miles N.W. of Tarsus, and de- fended by Turkish batteries. Gole'ta, a post-hamlet of Santa Barbara co., Cal., 7 miles W. of Santa Barbara. It has a church. Golet'ta, a seaport of Tunis, at the entrance to the bay, and 11 miles by railway or steamboat N. of the town of Tunis. It has forts, a custom-house, a palace and harem belonging to the Bey of Tunis, a court-house, and many fine villas. Pop. 3500. Golfe de Gascogne, the French for Bav of Biscay. Golfo de Maracaybo. See Gulf of MAn.icAYBO. Golfo Dulce, a gulf of Costa Rica. See Dulcf,. Golfo Dulce, a lake of Guatemala. See Dulce. Goli, go'Iee, a small island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic Sea, 3 miles N.E. of the island of Arbe. Goli, a town of Africa, in Senegambia, on the estuary of the Jeba, 5 miles N.E. of Bissao. Pop. 4000. Goliad, goMe-ad', a county in the S. part of Texas, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is intersected by the San Antonio River, and is also drained by Coleto and other creeks. The surface is nearly level, and is diversified with prairies and woodlands, in which the ash, elm, live-oak, and pecan are found. The soil produces Indian corn, cotton, and pasture. Capital, Goliad. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $835,401. Pop. in 1870, 3628, of whom 3350 were Americans. Goliad, a post-village, capital of Goliad co., Tex., on the N. bank of the San Antonio River, .about 90 miles S.E. of the city of San Antonio, and 55 miles W.N.W. of Indianola. It contains a court-house, the Paine Male and Female College, a newspaper office, a bank, and 3 churches. Golin'do, a post-hamlet of Falls co., Tex., about 16 miles S. of Waco. It has a church. Golin'za Mills, a hamlet of Forest co.. Pa., 10 miles from Tionesta. It has 2 lumber-mills. GoUersdorf, gol'lers-donf ', a town of Lower Austria, on the Gollersbach, 23 miles by rail N.W. of Korneuburg. Gollnow, gol'nov, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 14 miles N.E. of Stettin, on tlie Ihna, with copper-works, and woollen-, fulling-, and paper-mills. Pop. 7913. Gollousier, gol-loo-seer' (Fr. pron. gorioo^se-i'l, a maritime town of the island of Socotra, on its N. coast. GoUub, gol'loob, a town of Prussia, on the Drewenz, opposite Dobrzyn, in Poland. Pop. 2701. Gollumbincze, gol'loom-bin'sA, cr Golubincze, go'loo-bin'si, a village of Slavonia, 22 miles S.E. of Peter- wardein. Pop. 3340. Golma, an island of Sweden. See HoLMorf. Golnitz, gbl'nits, a town of Hungary, co. of Zips, 13 miles S.W. of Eperies. Pop. 5205. In and around it are iron- and copper-mines, iron-forges, and factories of iron- wire and cutlery. Golo, go'lo, a river of Corsica, enters the Mediterranean on its E. coast, 12 miles S. of Bastia. Golovatchef, or GoloAVatschev, a headland of Saghalin. See Cape Golovatchef. Gols, golsh, or Galos, gohMosh', a town of Hungary, CO. of Wieselburg, 32 miles S.E. of Vienna. Pop. 2092. Gol'spie, a village of Scotland, co. of Sutherland, on Dornoch Firth, 12 miles N.N.E. of Dornoch. Pop. 1074. Golssen, gols's^n, a town of Prussia, 46 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort, on the Dahme. Pop. 1241. Goltsch-Jenikau, goltsh-yA'ne-kow\ a town of Bo- hemia, 50 miles by rail E.S.E. of Prague. Pop. 2708. Golubincze, Austria. See Gollumbincze. Goniauizza, go-niA-nit'si, a village of European Tur- key, in Albania, 43 miles W.S.W. of Yanina, on the coast. Gomara, a country of Africa. See Kaffa. Gomaringen, go'ini-ring^^n, a village of WUrtcra- berg, 5 miles W. of Routlingen, on the Wiesatz. Pop. 1729. Goniati, the Hindoo name of the Goomtee. Gonibas, gom'bosh', a village of Hungary, co. of Lip- tau, 7 miles from Rosenborg. Pop. 960. Gomber, Ohio. See Loue Citv. Gonibin, gom'beon, a town of Russian Pol.and, province and 55 miles W. by N. of Wai-saw. Pop. 5249. GOM 871 GOO Gom'broon', Gom^beroon', Gainrun,gim^roon', Gam^broon', Bunder Abbas, bun'derflb'b3,s', Beii'- der Ab'bas', or Bun'der Ab^bas'see (formerly Hor^- mooz'f Honnuz, or Harmoz'ui), a seaport town of Persia, province of Kerman, but latterly forming a part of the Muscat dominions, on the Persian Gulf, near its mouth, about 12 miles N.W. of the island of Ormuz. Lat. 27° IS' N.; Ion. 56° 30' E. Pop. 5000. Gomel, a town of Russia. See Homel. Go'mer, a township of Caldwell co., Mo. Pop. 5dS. Goiner, a post-village of Allen co,, 0., on the Ottawa Uiver, 4 miles N. of Elida Station, and about 10 miles N.N.W. of Lima. It has a church. Gomera, go-mi'rd, one of the Canary Islands, W. group, W. of Teneriffe, from which it is separated by a strait 13 miles broad. Length, 23 miles; breadth, 9 miles. It has mountains covered with perpetual snow, and many fertile valleys, producing corn, archil, silk, dates and other fruits, wine, cotton, sugar, &c. It is well wooded, and water is abundant. The principal town is San Sebastian. Total pop. SGOO. Gomera, go-mi'rS,, a river of Morocco, province of Fez, enters the Mediterranean near Velez de Gomera, after a N.W. course of 50 miles. Gome'ria, a post-office of Republic co., Kansas. Go'mer's Mills, a post-office of Elbert co., Colorado. Gom'etra, or Gom'etray, a small island of Scotland, CO. of Argyle, between Stafl'a and Mull, near Ulva. Gomez, go'm^s, an island of the United States of Co-- lombin, in the Caribbean Sea, at the mouth of the Magdalena. Lat. 11° 6' N.; Ion. 74° 50' W. Gommeguies, gom'mdn^yee', a town of France, in Nord, 14 miles N.W. of Avesnes. Pop. 3148. Gommenitza, a town of Turkey. See Gomanizza. Gominem, gom'mern, a town of Prussia, in Saxony, 9 miles E.S.E. of Magdeburg, on the Ehle. Pop. 2606. Gomoua, go-mo'na, a small island of the Pacific, XuUa Islands, in lat. 1° 46' S., Ion. 127° 27' E. Go^mor' and Kis-Hont, kish'hont', a county of Hungary, in the N. is very mountainous and has great and varied mineral wealth, but the S. part is fertile. Area, 1583 square miles. Pop. 173,438. Gomor Sajo, go^mor' soh'yo^, a village of Hungary, in the county of Gomor and Kis-Hout, on a railway, and on the Sajo, 88 miles N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 960. Gomul, gohntir, orGoolairee, goo-li'ree or goo-li'- ree, an important pass on the route from India into Afgha- nistan, leading from Dera Ismaeel Khan to Ghuznee, along the channel of the Gomul River. Gomul, a river of Eastern Afghanistan, rises about lat. 33° N., Ion. 69° 22' E., 50 miles S.S.AV. of Ghuznee, and, crossing the Suleiman range of mountains about lat. 32° 25' N., is lost in the sand. During the rains, how- ever, it continues its course to the Indus, lat. 32° 5' N., Ion. 71° E. Gonaive, or La Gonaive, U go^niv', an island of the West Indies, W. of HaytJ, in the Ray of Leogane. Length, about 36 miles; average breadth, 8 miles. It has no permanent population. Goiiaives, or Les Gonaives, \k go^nlv', a town of Hayti, on the Bay of Gonaives, 65 miles N.W. of Port-au- Prince. It has a good harbor, and exports coffee, dyewoods, and cotton, and imports from the United States dry-goods and provisions. It is a bishop's see. Pop. 6000. Goncelin, g6jSo's?h-liNo', a town of France, depart- ment of Isere, 17 miles N.E. of Grenoble. Pop. 1634. Gon'da, a district of India, in the Fyzabad division. Oude, lying N. of the Fyzabad district. Area, 2683 square miles. Capital, Gonda. Pop. 1,168.462. Gonda, a town of India, capital of Gonda district, 3D miles N.N.W. of Fyzabad. Pop. 11,764. ■ Gondal, gon-dil', a native state of India, in Kattywar, and in the Halar division. Area, 099 square miles. Pop. in 1872,137,217. GonMar, the capital city of Abyssinia, 21 miles N.E. of Lake Dembea or Zana, in lat. 12° 50' N., Ion. 37° 32' E. It is built on a lofty, isolated hill, between two rivers, which unite below the town. Entire circumference of the city, about 11 miles. It contains a ruined palace, many churches, and other buildings devoted to religious purposes. Gondar has lost much of its former splendor. Cotton cloths of a fine quality, with leather-work and silver filigree, are manu- factured here. The people of this city are represented as extremely licentious and addicted to the most barbarous and brutal practices. Pop. about 6000. Gondecourt, g^Nd^koon', a town of France, depart- ment of Nord, 9 miles from Lille. Pop. 2095. Gondelsheim, gon'd§ls-hirae\ a village of Baden, 11 miles E.N.B. of Carlsruhe, Pup. 1320. Gondokoro, gon-do-ko'ro, or Ismailia, iz-mi-ee'- l§-3,, an important ivory-trading town on the Upper Nile, included in the territory annexed by Egypt in 1871. Al- titude, 1621 feet. Gondrecourt, gANdVMcooit', a town of France, in Mouse, 17 miles S.S.W. of Commerey. Pop. 1766. Gonesse, go*n^ss', a town of France, in Seine-et-Oise, 10 miles N.E. of Paris, on the Crould. Pop. 2817. Gonfaron, g6N°''fiM-6NG', a village of France, in Var, 22 miles N.E. of Toulon. Pop. 2197, Gouiadz, or Goniondz, g6n'y6sz\ a town of Rus- sia, government of Grodno, 32 miles N.W. of Bialystok, on the JBober. Pop. 1846. Gou'ie, a post-village of Strafford co., N.H., in Roch- ester township, on the Boston k Maine Railroad, 8 miles N. of Dover, and on the Nashua & Rochester Railroad, 2 miles S.W. of Rochester. It has a national bank, a woollen-mill, several brick-yards, and 2 churches. Gonnevil'le, gonnVeel', a village of France, in Manche, 5 miles E. of Cherbourg. Pop. 1102. Gonueville, a village of France, in Seine-Inferieure, 11 miles N.N.E. of Havre, Pop. 692. Gonuingen, gon'ning^^n, a village of Wiirtemberg, 5 miles S.W. of Reutlingen. Pop. 1776. Gonnord, gon^noK', a town of France, in Maine-et- Loire, IS miles S. of Angers. Pop. 1703. Goniios-Codiiia,gon'nos-ko-dee'n4, a village of Sar- dinia, 20 miles S.E. of Oristano. Gonnos-Fanadiga, gon'nos-fi-nS.-dee'gi, a village of Sardinia, 30 miles N.N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 3787. Goniios-Tramatza, gon'nos-tri-mit'sIL, a village of Sardinia, 18 miles S.E, of Oristano. Pop. 958. Gonobitz, go'no-bits, GonOAVitz, go'no-*its\ or Ganowitz, gi'no-'^its^, a town of Austria, in Styria, 19 miles S.S.W. of Marburg. Pop. 912. Gonsinskoie-Ozero, gon-sin-skoi'i-o-zi'ro, a lake of Asiatic Russia, 58 miles N. by W. of Kiakhta. Gontensweil, gon'tgns-wile', or GundischAveil, goon'dish-^ile\ a village of Switzerland, in Aargau, 14 miles S.S.E. of Aarau. Pop. 2131. Gonzaga, gon-z^'gi, a town of Italy, in Lombardy, 14 miles S. of Mantua. Pop. 17,526. Gonzales, gon-zah'l^z, a county in S. central Texas, has an area of about 1050 square miles. It is intersected by the Guadalupe River, and also drained by the San Marcos River and several creeks. The surface is undulating or hilly; the soil is fertile and adapted to pasturage. Cattle, Indian corn, cotton, and pork are the staple products. In 1870 this county had 84,400 cattle. It is traversed by the Galveston, Harrisburg &, San Antonio Railroad. Capital, Gonzales. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,648,715. Pop. in 1870, 8951, of whom 8804 were Americans. Gonzales, a post-village of Monterey co., Cal., in the fertile Salinas Valley, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 17 miles S.E. of Salinas City. It has a manufactory of farm- ing-implements. Gonzales, a station in Escambia co., Fla., on the Pen- sacola Railroad, 13 miles N. of Pensacola. Gonzales, a post- village, capital of Gonzales co., Tex., on the Guadalupe River, 1 mile below the mouth of the San Marcos River, about 66 miles E. of San Antonio, and 60 miles S. by E. of Austin. It has 2 banks, 3 churches, and the Gonzales College. One or 2 weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 1255. Gonzalo, a town of Brazil. See Sao Gon^alo. Goob Ducuoo, in the Red Sea. See Ansley Bat. GoocliMand, a county near the central part of Vir- ginia, has an area of about 275 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the James River. The surface is undulating and extensively covered with forests. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and tobacco are the staple products. Coal and gold are found in this county. Capital, Goochland Court-House. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,528,775. Pop. in 1870, 10,313, of whom 10,281 were Americans. Goochland, a post-office of Rock Castle co., Ky. Goochland Court-House, a post-village, capital of Goochland co., Va., is about 30 miles W.N.W. of Rich- mond, and J of a mile N. of the James River. It has a church, a school, and a hotel. Gooch's Mill, a post-hamlet of Cooper co., Mo., in Saline township, 35 miles N.W. of Jefferson City. Good'ale's Corner, a post-office of Penobscot co., Me. Good'all's, a post-office of Hanover co., Va., 22 miles N. of Richmond. Good'bars, a post-office of Lonoke co., Ark, GOO 872 GOO Goodbars, a post-office of Warren co., Tenn. Good'by's, a township of Orangeburg eo., S.C. P. 719. Good Cor'iier, a post-village in Carleton co., New Brunswick, IB miles N.W. of AVoodstoolt. Pop. 120. Goode, a post-of&ce of Phillips co., Kansas. Good'ell's, a post-vill.age of St. Clair co., Mich., on the Chicago & Lake Huron Railroad, 14 miles W. of Port Huron. It has 2 churches, 2 stores, and 1 or 2 saw-mills. Goodenow, good'e-no, a post-hamlet of Will co., III., in Crete township, on the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, 42 miles S. of Chicago. Goode's Crossing, a post-hamlet of Bedford co., Va., at Goode's Station on the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad. It has a church. Good'farm', a township of Grundy co., III. Pop. 803. Good'field, a post-office of Meigs co., Tenn. Good'giou's 1* actory, a post-hamlet of Laurens co., S.C, 9 miles W. of Laurens Court-House. It has a church, a woollen-factory, and a grist-mill. Good Ground, a post-village in Southampton town- ship, Suffolk CO., N.Y., is on Shinnecock Bay, on a branch of the Long Island Railroad, 85 miles from Brooklyn, about 7 miles S.E. of Riverhead, and 2 miles S.W. of Great Peconic Bay. It has a church, a grist-mill, a job printing- office, &c. It is a favorite resort of sportsmen. Pop. 504. Good Har'bor, a post-hamlet of Leelenaw co., Mich., on Lake Michigan, 28 miles N.W. of Traverse City. It lias 1 or 2 lumber-mills. Good Hart, a post-office and Indian village of Emmett CO., Mich., 15 miles N.N.W. of Petoskey. It has a church and about 30 houses. Good Hope, a post-office of Elmore co., Ala. Good Hope, a post-hamlet of Walton co.,Ga., 7 miles E. of Monrno. It has 2 stores. Pop. about 100. Good Hope, a post-village of McDonough co.. 111., on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, 8 miles W. of Bushnell. It has 3 churches. Good Hope, a post-hamlet of Leake co., Miss., 20 miles N. of Morton Railroad Station. It has 2 churches. Good Hope, a post-village of Fayette co., 0., in Wayne township, about 25 miles W.N.W. of Chillicothe. It has 2 churches. Pop. 118. Good Hope, a township of Hocking co., 0. Pop. 986. It contains Rockbridge. Good Hojie, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co.. Pa., in Hampden township, about 8 miles W.N.W. of Harris- burg. It has a flour-mill and a store. Good Hope, a post-office and station of Milwaukee CO., Wis., on the Milwaukee River, and on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 9 miles N. of Milwaukee. Good Hoi)e, Cape of. See Cape of Good Hope. Good'hue, a county in the S.E. part of Minnesota, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Mississippi River and Lake Pepin (an expan- sion of that river), which is 3 or 4 miles wide. It is also drained by Cannon and Zumbro Rivers. The surface is undulating, and diversified with prairies and groves. The soil is very fertile. Wheat, oats, h.ay, Indian corn, and cattle are the staple products. Silurian and magnesian limestone of good quality underlies part of the soil. On the banks of Lake Pepin the high cliffs and escarpments of this rock present beautiful and picturesque scenery. This county is intersected by the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Capital, Red AVing. Valuation of real and personal estate, $11,883,754. Pop. in 1870, 22,618, of whom 12,164 were natives and 10,454 were foreigners ; in 1875, 28,500. Goodhue, a township of Goodhue co., Minn. Pop. 998. Goodhue Centre, a post-office of Goodhue co., Minn., 11 miles S. by W. of Red AVing. Good'iug's Grove, a post-hamlet of Will co.. III., in Homer township, about 22 miles S.W. of Chicago. It has 2 churches. Good In'tent', a post-office of Atchison co., Kansas, 6 miles N.W. of Atchison. Good Intent, a post-h.amlet of Washington co.. Pa., about 45 miles S.W. of Pittsburg. It has 2 churches and a tannery. Good'ison, a post-hamlet of Oakland co., Mich,, in Oakland township, on the Detroit & Bay City Railroad, 35 miles N. by W. of Detroit. It has a flouring-mill. Good'iand, a post-village of Newton co., Ind., in Grant township, on the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Cen- tral Railroad, 49 miles W. of Logansport, and about 28 miles E. of Watsoka, 111. It has 4 churches, 2 banks, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 900. Goodland, a post-office of Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory, 25 miles from Paris, Tex. Goodland, a post-township of Lapeer co., Mich., 4 miles N. of Imlay City. Pop. 920. Goodland, a hamlet of Knox co., Mo., 56 miles W.N.W. of Hannibal. Goodland, a township of Orangeburg co., S.C. P. 955. Good'lettsville, a post-village of Davidson co., Tenn., on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 12 miles N. of Nashville. It has 3 churches. Goodloe, good'lo, a post-hamlet of Floyd co., Ky., 8 miles W. of Prestonburg. It has 2 churches. Goodloe's, a post-office of Spottsylvania co., Va. Good Luck, a hamlet of Ocean co., N.J., i mile Irom Cedar Creek Station. It has 2 churches. Good'man, a post-village of Holmes co.. Miss., on the Mississippi Central Railroad, 51 miles N.N.E. of Jackson. It has 2 drug-stores and several general stores. A large quantity of cotton is shipped here. Goodman's Cross Roads, a post-office of Harris CO., Ga. Goodman's Islands. See Fead's and Goodman's Islands. Good'man's Landing, a hamlet of Monroe co., 111., on the Mississippi River. Good Night, a station in Pueblo co., Col., on the rail- road from Pueblo to Canon City, 4 iniles W. of Pueblo. Good'rich, a township of Crawford co., Iowa. P. 258. Goodrich, a post-office of Linn co., Kansas. Goodrich, a post-village of Genesee co., Mich., in Atlas township, 14 miles S.E. of Flint. It has 3 churches, a foundry, and a grist-mill. Pop. about 300. Good River, or Ninne Scah, of Kansas, rises in the S. part of tiie state, runs nearly eastward through Reno CO., and enters the Arkansas River on the E. border of Sumner co. It is about 150 miles long. Good River, a post-office of Sedgwick co., Kansas. Good'rum's, a station in Warren co., Miss., on the Mississippi Valley & Ship Island Railroad, 10 miles S. of Vicksburg. Good's mills, a post-office of Rockingham co., Va. Good'son, a post-office of Polk co.. Mo. Goodsou, a town of Washington co., Va., on the At- lantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, contiguous to Bristol, Tenn. It has 7 churches, a bank, a female college, a news- paper office, a high school (male), and manufaetures of fur- niture, tobacco, woollen goods, and sash and blinds. Pop. about 2000. Good'speed's, a station in Haddam township, Middle- sex CO., Conn., on the Connecticut Valley Railroad, and on the Connecticut River, opposite Goodspeed's Landing. Goodspeed's Lauding, a village of Middlesex co.. Conn., in Bast Haddam township, on the E. bank of the Connecticut River, and opposite Goodspeed's Station of the Connecticut Valley Railroad, 30 miles S.S.E. of Hartford. It has a church, a national bank, and manufactures of coffin- trimmings, britannia-ware, plated forks and spoons, cigars, and drain-tiles. The name of its post-office is East Haddam. Good Spring, a post-hamlet of Surry co., N.C., 60 miles N.W. of Winston. It has a church. Good Spring, Pennsylvania. See Eckert. Good Spring, a post-hainlet of Giles co., Tenn., 6 miles S.W. of Pulaski. It has 2 churches and a tannery. Good Springs, a post-offloe of Limestone co., Ala. Good Success' Bay, Terra del Fuogo, Le Maire Strait, is in lat. 64° 49' S., Ion. 65° 13' W. Good Thun'der Ford, a post-village of Blue Earth CO., Minn., in Lyra township, on the Central Railroad of Minnesota, 14 niiles S. of Mankato. It has 2 churches. GoodView', a post-office of Bedford co., Va. Good'ville, a post-village of Lancaster co.. Pa., in East Earl township, about 18 miles S. by W. of Reading, and 1 mile from'Cedar Lane Station. It has 2 churches, a carriage-shop, tfec. Good^Ava'ter, a post-village of Coosa co., Ala., on the Savannah & Memphis Railroad, 60 miles W.N.W. of Ope- lika. It has 3 churches and several stores. Goodwater, a post-office of Iron co., Mo. Good Will, a post-oflice of Franklin co., Ga. Good'win, a post-office of Pima co.. Arizona. Goodwin, a post-hamlet of St. Francis co., Ark., on the Memphis .t Little Rock Railroad, 59 miles W.S.W. of Memphis, Tenn. It has 2 stores. Goodwin's, a station in Sonoma co., Cal., on the San Francisco & North Pacific Railroad, 47 miles N. of San Francisco. Good'win Sands, a range of exceedingly destructive shoals in the Strait of Dover, extending oft" the S.E. coast of England, co. of Kent, about 7 miles E. of Deal and the GOO 873 GOO Isle of Thanet, the roadstead termed the Dowiis lying be- tween them and the mainland. Length, about 10 miles. Goodwin's Corner, a post-hamlet of Union co., Ind., 13 miles S. of Richmond. It has a chureh. Goodwin's Mills, a post- village of York eo., Me., in Dayton and Lyman townships, 6 miles W. by N. of Bidde- ford. It has 2 churches and a lumber-mill. Good'wood, the fine seat of the Duke of Richmond, in England, co. of Sussex, 3 miles N.N.E. of Chichester. The Goodwood races are held annually in the park during the last week in July. Good'wood, a post-village in Ontario co., Ontario, on the Toronto & Nipissing Railroad, 35 miles N.N.E. of To- ronto. Pop. 100. Goodwood, Middlesex co., Ontario. See BnYAXSTOx. Goodwynsville, good'winz-vil, a post-office of Din- widdle CO., Va. Good'year's, a post-hamlet of Cayuga eo., N.Y., in Genoa township, about 22 miles S. by W. of Auburn. It has a church. Goodyear's Bar, a post-village of Sierra co., Cal., about 46 miles N.E. of Mai-ysville. It has a gold-mine and a lumber-mill. It is surrounded by mountains. Goojah, goo'ja, a town of Sinde, 10 miles W. of Tat- tah, on a creek of the Indian Ocean. Goojerat, a town and province of India. SeeGrzERAT. Gookeka, a lake of Asia. See Goktsche-Denghis. Goolairee, a pass of India. See Gomul. Goolane (or Gulane) Ness, goo'lan nSs, a headland of Scotland, co. of Haddington, at the entrance to the Firth of Forth, 13 miles W.S.W. of the isle of May. Goold, an island on the N.E. coast of Australia, in Rockingham Bay. Lat. 1S°9'64"S.,- Ion. 146° 11' 30" E. Gooldja, Asiatic Russia, See Kooldja. Goole, gool, a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, on the Ouse, at the influx of the Don, at a railway junction, 3 miles S. of Howden. The docks of Goole form its most important feature. Its port is accessible to large sea-going ships, and its trade is large. The town owes its rise and subsetjuent importance chiefly to the opening of the Knottingley & Goole Canal by the Aire & Galder Navi- gation Company, by which a direct inland navigation ha.s been effected to Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, &c. P. 7680. Goole, a post-office of Vernon co., Wis. Goolesborough, goolz'bur-riih, a post-office of Titus CO., Tex. Gooija, Asiatic Russia. See KooLD.rA. Goolkoo, goolHioo', a mountain-range of Afghanistan, 30 miles S.W. of Ghuznee, lat. 33° 22' N., Ion. 67° 50' E., 13,000 feet high, and covered with perpetual snow. Gooma, or Guma, goo'mi, a walled town of Chinese Toorkistan, 40 miles N.W. of Khoten. Pop. 30,000. Goomga'on, a town of India, district and 12 miles S. of Nagpoor. Pop. 3300. Goomish- (Goumish-, or Guinish-) Khanch, goom'ish-K&'neh (" place of silver;" anc. Byloe?), a town of Asiatic Turkey, 100 miles W.N.W. of Erzroom. It is built in successive terraces up the sides of a ravine, and is mostly inhabited by Greeks and Turks. Near it are pro- ductive silver-, lead-, and copper-mines, the ores from which are reduced at Tokat. Pop. 10,000. Goomree, a town of Russia. See Ai.exandropol. Goomsur, or Gumsur, goom^sur' (Timioofihumsara, goom-s^'ri), a town of British India, presidency of Madras, 73 miles W. of Juggernaut. Goomtee, or Goomty, goom'tce (Hindoo, Gomati, go'mi-tee, *' winding"), a river of British India, a tributary of the Ganges, which it joins 17 miles N.E. of Benares. Its chief affluent is the Sye. The cities of Lucknow, Sul- tanjjoor, and Jounpoor are on its banks. Length, 480 miles. Goomtee, or Goomty, a river of Bengal, rises in Hill Tiperah, flows through Tiperah, and joins the Brahma- pootra 20 miles S.E. of Dacca. Comilla is on its S. bank. Goonabad, Gouuabad, or Gunabad, goo-ni-bid', a town of Persia, in Khorassan, 135 miles W.S. W. of Meshed. Goonang-'Tella, of Celebes. See Goonosg-Tella. Goon'da, a town of India, 25 miles N.W. of Oude. Goondiam, or Goundiam, goon-de-im', a village of West Africa, in Upper Galam, on the Faleme, Lat. 14° 40' N.; Ion. 12° 12' W. Goonee, goo'nee^, an arm of the Indus, in Sinde, con- tinuous with the Fulaiiee below Il^'dei-abad, enters the In- dian Ocean by the Koree and Sir mouths of the Indus at its delta. Its W. branch is navigable a distance of 50 miles. Gooniani - Amadoo, or Gouniam - Amadon, goo-ne^S.m'-4-m3,-doo', a village of West Africa, in Bondoo, about 2i miles S. by W. of Gooniam-Sisse. Gooniam- (or Gouniam-) Sisse,goo*ne-im'-5ees'- s^h, a village of West Africa, in Bondoo. Lat. 14° 50' N. ; Ion. 12° 24' W. Goonieh, Gonnieli, or Gunieh, goo'neeVh, a walled town of Asiatic Russia, on the E. coast of the Black Sea, at the mouth of the Choruk. Goonong-Apee, Gounong-Api, Gunong-Api, Goenong-Api, goo^nong'-3,^pee', or Goenong-Apu, goo^nong'-i^pii', an island of the Banda group, in the Malay Archipelago, ISO miles S. of Booro. Lat. 6° 35' S. j Ion. 126° 45' E. It contains a volcanic peak, which in 1820 broke out in a fearful eruption. Goonong-Apee, Gounong-Api, or Gunong- Api, an island of the Malay Archipelago, in the Flores Sea, N.E. of Sumbawa. Lat. 8° 15' S. ; Ion. 119° 8' E. It has a volcano. Goonong-Tella,Goenong-TeIla,goo"nong'-t81'- li, or Gorontalo, a spacious bay on the E. coast of the island of Celebes, on the N, side of which, and not far from its entrance, is Gorontalo River and village. Lat. 0° 28' 30" N.; Ion. 123° 15' E. Goonong-Tella, or Goenong-Tella, a maritime town of Celebes, on the N. coast of Goonong-Tella Bay, between the N. and E. limbs of the island. Lat. 0° 30' N. ; Ion. 123° E. Goonour, goo'nowr, a town of India, district and 44 miles E.N.E. of Budaon. Pop. 6298. Goontoor, a volcano of Java. See Goentoer. Goor, goR, a town of the Netherlands, province of Over- yssel, 28 miles S.E. of Zwolle. Pop. 2236. Goorban, goor^bin', a river of Sinde, rising between Kurrachee and Sehwan, about lat. 25° 20' N., Ion. 67° 38' E., and, after a S.W. course of about 60 miles, falls into the Bay of Kurrachee in lat. 24° 48' N., Ion. 67° 6' E. Goordaspoor, or Gurdaspur, goorMas-poor', a dis- trict of the Amritsir division, Punjab. Area, 1821 square miles. Capital, Goordaspoor, a town about 45 miles N.E. of Amritsir. Pop. 906,126. Goorga'on, a district of the North-West Provinces, India. Lat. 27° 40-28° 30' N. ; Ion. 76° 21'-77° 35' E. Area, 1980 squ.are miles. Capital, Goorgaon. Pop. 690,395. Goorgaon, a town of India, capital of Goorgaon dis- trict, IS miles S.W. of Delhi. Pop. 7096. Goorgaun, Gourgan, or Gurgan, goor'gin' or goor^gawn', a town in the N.E. part of Persia, on a small stream of its own name, which flows into the Caspian Sea. Lat. 37° 10' N. ; Ion. 55° 30' E. Goorgistan, or Gourgistan. See Georgia. Gooriel, Gouriel, Gurlel, goo-re-5r, or Guria, a former province of Asia, now in the Russian dominions, at the E. extremity of the Black Sea. It formed a part of the ancient Colchis. The principal towns are Batoom and Poti. Gooriev, Gouriev, Guriev, or Gurjew, goo-re- 5v', a town and fortress of Russia, government of Ural, on the Ural, at its mouth in the Caspian Sea. Lat. 47° 10' N.; Ion. 52° E. Pop. 2838. Goorkha, goor'ki, a city of Nepaul, 58 miles W. of Khatraandoo, in lat. 27° 52' N., Ion. 84° 22' E., formerly the capital of the Goorkhas. Goorserai, goor-se-ri', a town of India, in the Jhan- see division, 45 miles E. of Jhansee. Pop. 7559. Goorsoof, Goursouf, or Gursuf, gooa-soof, a maritime village of Russia, in the Ciimea, on its W. coast. Goorumconda, Gurramcouda, or Gurrum- conda, goor-rum-kon'da, a strong hill-fort of British India, presidency of Madras, 52 miles S.S.W. of Cuddapalj. Goos, Gous, or Gus, goes, a river of Russia, rises in the government of Vl.adimeer, and, flowing S., empties itself into a lake, after a course of 60 miles. Goose'berry Islands, a group of isl.inds on the E. coast of Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland, 12 miles from Green's Pond. Pop. 316. Goose Creek, an affluent of Snake River, is formed by two branches, which rise in Nevada and Utah and unite near the S. boundary of Idaho. It runs northward in Al- turas CO., Idaho, and enters the Snake River about 10 miles below the Shoshone Falls. Goose Creek, Virginia, drains the N. part of Fau- quier CO., runs eastward through Loudoun co., and enters the Potomac River 4 miles E. of Leesburg. It is nearly 50 miles long. Goose Creek, a post-office of Owyhee co., Idaho. Goose Creek, a township of Piatt co., 111. Pop. 1120. It contains Deland. Goose Creek, a township of Union co., N.C. P. 2207. Goose Creeli, a post-office of Ritchie co., W. Va. Goose Creek Island,apost-officeof Pamlico eo., N.C. GOO 874 GOR Goose Harbor, Nova Scotia. See Ovster Ponds. Goose Island, an island in the Ottawa River, Canada, 3i miles below the mouth of the Rideau. Goose Island, an island in the St. Lawrence River, Quebec, 13 miles N.E. of the island of Orleans. Goose Island, one of the Furneaux Islands, in lat. 40° 19' N., Ion. U7° -47' E. Goose Island, in Christmas Sound, off the S. coast of Terra del Fuej^o ; so named by Captain Cook. Goose Island, a rocky islet in Bass's Strait, on which a li^ht-house was erected in 18i6. Goose Island, a post-hamlet of Alexander co., 111., on the Mississippi River, about 16 miles above Cairo. It has a church. Goose JLake, Asiatic Russia. See Gonsinskoie-Ozero. Goose Lake is partly in Modoe co., Cal., and is in- tersected by the S. boundary of Oregon. It is nearly 30 miles long and 10 miles wide. Its outlet, called Pitt River, issues from the S. end of the lake. Goose Lake, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa, on the Iowa Midhmd Railroad, 17 miles N.W. of Lyons. Goose Lake, a station in Marquette co., Mich,, on the Chicago &■ Northwestern Railroad, 5 miles S.E. of Ne- gaunee. Goose Neck, a post-oilice of Hickory co., Mo. Gooserai, a town of India. See G-oorskrai. Goose River, Dakota, rises in the N.E. part of the territory, runs southeastward, and enters the Red River of the North about lat. 47° 30' N. It is about 100 miles long. Goose River, a post-village in Kings co.. Prince Ed- ward Island. 40 miles from Charlottetown. It has 2 cloth- factories and 2 grist-mills. Pop, 200. Goota, or Guuta, goo'ti, a village of West Africa, in Bondoo, on the Faleme, in lat. 14° 24' N., Ion. 12° 18' W. Gootlinee, or Guthni, gooth'nee, a town of the Sarun district, Bengal, 54 miles N.W. of Chuprah. Here are 4 Bugar-refineries. Pop. 4379. Gooty, Gootee, or Gutti, goot'tee, a fortified town of India, district and 50 miles E. of Bellary. Pop. 6033. Go'pher, a station in Appling co., G-a., on the Macon & Brunswick Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of Baxley. Gopher, a post-office of Osceola co., Iowa. Gopher, a station in Wallace co., Kansas, on the Kan- sas Pacific Railroad, 23 miles E.N.E. of Fort Wallace. Go'pher Creek, of Iowa, flows into the Missouri a iittle below the mouth of Boyer River. Goplo, gop'lo, or Gapio, gitp'lo, a long and narrow lake of Prussia, about 30 miles S.E. of Bromberg. Its S. part is in Russian Poland. Goppingen, gdp'ping-en, a town of WUrtemberg, on the Fils, 27 miles by rail N.AV. of Ulm. It is well built, and has a royal residence, a remarkable town hall, mineral baths, manufactures of woollen cloth and earthenwares, bleaching-works. and an active trade in wool. Near it are the baths of Boll, and the ruined castle of Hohenstaufen. Pop. 9532. Gora, go'ri. a town of Poland, 19 miles S.S.E. of War- saw. Pop. 2742. Gora, a village of Prussia, province of Posen, 22 miles S.S.W. of Bromberg. Gora, a town of Prussian Silesia. See Guhrau. Gora, the supposed ancient name of Augo. Go'ra-Bazar', a southern suburb of Berhampoor, in India, chiefly inhabited by Mohammedans, Pop. 4903. Gorahunder, goh-a-bun'der, a village and fort of I^ritish India, 20 miles N. of Bombay, at the N. extremity of the island of Salsette. Goraghat, or Goraghaut, go-rA-gawt', written also Goragot and Ghoraghat, a town of Bengal, in the Dinagepoor district. Lat. 25° 12' N. ; Ion. 89° 17' E. It was once the capital of the Eastern Mogul Empire, but is now mostly an enormous mass of ruins, covered by a dense jungle. The present town, a mere village, has a large trade by the Karatoya River, upon which it stands, Gorakhpur, India. See Goruckpoor. Gorain, goh-im', an island of the Malay Archipelago, 20 miles in circuit. Lat. 4° 3' S. ; Ion. 131° 50' E. Gor'balS, a suburb now forming part of the city of Glasgow, in Scotland, cos. of Lanark and Renfrew, on the S. bank of the Clyde. Pop. 10,irj2. Gorhatov, or Gorbatow, gon-bl-tov', a town of Russia, government and 36 miles W.S.W. of Nizhneo- Novgorod, on the Oka. Pop. 2^83. Gtirchen, goii'ic^n, or Mietska Gorka, moots'kS, gOR'ki, a town of Prussia, province and 52 miles S. of Posen. Pop. 1759. Gorcum, a town of the Netherlands. See Gorkum. Gordes, goRd, a town of France, in Vaucluse, 10 milea AY.N.W. of Apt. Pop. 910. Gor'do, a post-village of Pickens co., Ala., 23 miles W.N.W. of Tuscaloosa. It has 2 churches. Gor'doii, a county in the N.W. part of Georgia,- has an area of about 420 square miles. It is intersected by the Oostenaula River. The surface is billy, and mostly covered with forests. The soil is fertile, Indian corn, wheat, grass, and pork ,are the staple products. This county has abun- dance of limestone. It is traversed by the Western & Atlantic and Selraa, Rome & Dalton Railroads. Capital, Calhoun. Valuation of real and personal estate, 82,922,000. Pop. in 1S70, 9263, of whom 9239 were Americans. Gordon, a post-village of Henry co., Ala., on the Chat- tahoochee River, about 5b miles S. of Eufaula. Gordon, a post-village of Wilkinson co., Ga., on the Central Railroad of Georgia, at the S. terminus of the Milledgeville Branch, 22 miles E. of Macon. It has a church, a number of stores, and a masonic lodge. Pop. about 300. Gordon, a station in Muhlenburg co., Ky., on the Louisville, Paducah & Southwestern Railroad, 4 miles S.W. of Greenville. Gordon, a post-office of Claiborne parish, La. Gordon, a station of Ouachita parish, La., on the North Louisiana & Texas Railroad, S miles E. of Monroe. Gordon, a post-office of Renville co., Minn. Gordon, a township of Todd co., Minn. Pop. 385. Gordon, a post-hamlet of Darke co., 0.,on the Dayton & Union Railroad, 21 miles N.W. of Dayton. It has 2 churches and 2 stores. Pop. 87. Gordon, a post-village of Schuylkill co., Pa., on a branch of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, 2 or 3 miles S. of Ashland. It contains a church and repair-shops of the railroad company. Here are 2 steep inclined planes, by means of which cars loaded with coal are hoisted up or drawn over Broad Mountain. Pop. about 500. Gordona, goR-do'na, a village of Italy, province of Milan, on the Mera, 5 miles S.S.AV. of Chiavenna. Gordo'na, a post-office of Pontotoc co.. Miss. Gordoncillo, gon-don-theel'yo, a town of Spain, province and about 22 miles from Leon. Pop. 1017. Gor'don's Ferry, a post-office of Jackson co., Iowa, on the Mississippi River, and on the Chicago, Clinton & Du- buque Railroad. 14 miles S. of Dubuque. Gor'donsville, a post-office of Lowndes co.. Ala. Gordonsville, a post- village of Logan co., Ky., about 40 miles W.S.W. of Bowling Green. It has a church, a flour-mili, and a tobacco-factory. Gordonsville, a post-office or hamlet of Freeborn co., Minn., on Shell Rock River, 20 miles S.AV. of Austin. Gordonsville, a post-hamlet of Smith co., Tenn., 21 miles E. of Lebanon. It has a church. Gordonsville, a post-village of Orange co., Va., on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, at its junction with the Virginia Midland A" Great Southern Railroad, 95 mites S.W. of Washington, 21 miles N.E. of Charlottesville, and 76 miles N.W. of Richmond, It has a money-order post- office, 5 churches, a newspaper office, and a chair-factory. Pop. (estimated) 1200. Gor'donville, a post-office of Livingston co., Mo. Gordonville, a post-village of Lancaster co.. Pa., in Leacock township, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 54 miles W. of Philadelphia. It has a church and a cigar-factory. Pop. about 250. Gordonville, a post-hamlet of Grayson co., Tex., 18 miles W. of Denison. It has a church and 2 steam mills. Gore, a township of Sumner co., Kansas, on the Arkan- sas River. Pop, 301. It contains Littleton. Gore, a township of Huron co., Mich,, bordering on Lake Huron. Pop. 25S. Gore, a post-village of Hocking co., 0., in Falls town- ship, on the Straitsville Branch of the Columbus & Hocking Valley Railroad, 58 miles S.E. of Columbus. It has 2 churches, and the Thomas Iron-Works. Pop. about 500, Here are rich mines of coal and iron ore. Gore, a post-villnge in Hants co.. Nova Sootia, 22 miles from Shubenacadie. It has quarries of granite and slate. Gold has been found here. Pop. 200. Gor^e, goVi', a French colonial town of Africa, 1 mile S.E, of Dakar and of the point of Cape Verd. It covers two-thirda of the dry and rooky island of Gor^e. It has (in common with Dakar) a good harbor, and is called tho healthiest plaoo in West Africa, but tho water-supply is ilo- fioient. The native quarter is composed of grass huts, but as a whole tlie town is pleasant, being deoorated with lino flowering trees and shrubs. Pop. 2i52. GOR 875 GOll Goree, goh-i', a village of Jersey, on its S.E. coast, 7 miles E.S.E. of St. Holier 's. Goree, an island of the Netherlands. See Goeree. Gore Island, Alaska. Sec Saint Matthew Islands. Goreloi, Aleutian Islands. See Burnt Island. Goresbridge, gSrz'brij, a village of Ireland, co. of Kilkenny, 2J miles E. of Gowran. Gore's Land'ing, a post-village in Northumberland CO., Ontario, on Rice Lake, 12 miles N. of Coburg. P. 100. Gore's Pass, Colorado, a depression of the Park Range, in Grant CO., 9590 feet high. Goresville, gorz'vil, a post-hamlet of Loudoun eo., Va., near the Potomac Kiver, 6 miles N. of Leesburg. It has a church. Goreville, gSr'vil, a post-village of Johnson co.. 111., S miles W. of Tunnel Hill Station. It has a church, a tobacco-factory, and several stores. Pop. about 300. Go'rey, a town of Ireland, co. and 24 miles N.N.E. of Wexford. Pop. 2639. Gor'gas,a station on the Germantown & Chestnut Hill Railroad, 2 miles from Germantown, Pa. Gorgona, gon-go'ni, an island in the Mediterranean, belonging to Italy, between Corsica and Leghorn. It is a wooded rock, about 2 miles in length and breadth, inhabited by families engaged in its fishery of anchovies. Gorgona, gon-go'nS., an island of the United States of Colombia, in the Bay of Choco, in the Pacific, 110 miles S.W. of Buenaventura. Lat. 2° 67' N. ; Ion. 78° 25' W. Gorgona, a village of the United States of Colombia, on the isthmus and 20 miles N.W. of Panama, on the river Chagres. Gorgonilla, an island in the Pacific. Sec Tumaco. Gorgonzola, goR-gon-/.o'li, a village of Italy, 12 miles E.N.E. of Milan. It has an extensive trade in the Strachino cheese. Pop. 4774. Gorgue, or lia Gorgue, 15 goRg, a market-town of France, in Nord, 10 miles S.E. of Hazebrouck. Pop. 1061. Gorham, go'ram, a post-hamlet of Labette co., Kansas, 14 miles E. of Cofleyville. Gorham, a post-village of Cumberland co.. Me., in Gorham township, on the Portland & Rochester Railroad, 10 miles W. of Portland. It has 4 or 5 churches, a money- order post-office, a high school, a savings-bank, and manu- factures of woollen goods, carpets, and powder. The town- ship is traversed by the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad. Pop. of the township, 3351. Gorhain, a post-village and summer resort of Coos co., N.H., on the Androscoggin River, in Gorham township, and on the Grand Trunk Railroad, 91 miles N.W. of Port- land, Me., and about 10 miles N.E. of Mount Washington. Here are several hotels, surrounded by admirable scenery. Gorham has 3 churches and a savings-bank. Pop. of the township, 1167. Gorham, a post-village of Ontario co., N.Y., in Gorham township, on Flint Creek, 10 miles S.E. of Cauandaigua, and 3 miles from Gorham Station on the Northern Central Rail- road. It has 3 churches, a union school, a flour-mill, and about 24 houses. Gorham Station is at Stanley. Gorham, a post-township of Ontario co., N.Y., is bounded on the W. by Canandaigua Lake, and intersected by the Northern Central Railroad. Pop. 2427. It contains villages named Gorham and Reed's Corners. Gorham, a township of Fulton co., 0., on the Michi- gan line. Pop. 1655. It contains Fayette. Gori, go'ree^, a town of Africa, on a small island of the same name in the Niger, about midway between Egga and the confluence of the Benuwe. Gori, go'ree or goeree', a town of Russia, in Transcau- casia (Georgia), on the Koor, government and 45 miles by rail W.N.W. of Tiflis. Pop. 51S3. Gori, or Gory, a village of Russia, government and 42 miles N.E. of Moheelev. Gorihir, or Gaurihar, gorH-hur', a petty state of India, in Bundelcund, feudal to the British. Area, 76 square miles. Capital, Gorihir, a village about lat. 25° 16' N., Ion. 18° 15' E. Total pop. 7500. Gorin, go^rin' or go-reen', a river of Russian Poland, joins the Pripets by two arms about 50 miles E. of Pinsk, after a tortuous northerly course of 230 miles. Gorinchem,a town of the Netherlands. See GoRKrM. Gorisseifen, go'ris-si^f^n, a town of Prussia, in Silesia, consisting of three parts, — Ober- (o'b^r), Nieder- (nee'der), and Kdniglich- (ko'nig-liK) Gorisseifen. Total pop. 2172. Giiritz, go'rits (Ger. Gorz, gonts ; It. Gnrizin, go-rid'- ze-4), a city of Austro-Hungary, capital of the district of Goritz, 22 miles N.N.W. of Triest, on the Isonzo. It con- sists of an upper or old town, enclosed by walls and with a partly ruined castle, now a prison, and a lower or new and well-built town. Principal buildings, a fine cathedral, several other churches, the archbishop's palace, the barracks, formerly a Jesuits' college, the town house, almshouses, an elegant theatre, diocesan school, a philosophical academy, Piarist and other colleges, Ursuline, Jews', and other su- perior schools, societies of agriculture and arts, and manu- factures of silks, rosoglio, leather, and preserves, with dye- works, sugar-refineries, and a brisk trade. Pop. 16,659. Goritz, or Goritz and Gradislia,gri-dis'k4. a dis- trict of Austria, in the Kiistenland, bounded paitly by Ca- rinthia and partly by Italy. Area, 1140 square miles. One of the titles of the Emperor of Austria is Prince-Count of Giiritz and Gradiska. Capital, Goritz. Pop. 204,076. Goritz, a town of Prussia, in Brandenb\irg, on a rail- way, 12 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 2517. There are several small towns of this name in Prussia and Austria. Giiritz, Gradiska, Istria, and Triest, a crown- land of Austria. See KUstenland. Gorkee, or Gorki, gorMiee', a town of Russia, gov- ernment of Moheelev, 30 miles S.E. of Orsha. Pop. 5035. Gorkha, a town of India. See Goorkha. Gorkuni, Gorcum, goR'kSm, or Gorinchem, go'- rink-?m, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in South Holland, on the Meuse (Maas), at the influx of the Linge, 22 miles E.S.E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 9301. It has a col- lege, manufactures of tobacco-pipes, active salmon-fishery, and a considerable trade in corn, cheese, hemp, and horses. Gorkum is the birthplace of several eminent Dutch painters. Goria, goR'lJ, a village of Northern Italy, 4 miles from Milan. Pop. 3076. Gorlago, goR-li'go, a village of Italy, in Lombardy, 7 miles E.S.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 1305. Gor'leston, a town of England, in Suffolk, on the Yare, opposite Yarmouth. It has barracks and a national school, and is the seat of a great fishery. Pop. 4402. Gori ice, gon-leet'si, a town of Austria, in Galioia, 20 miles E.N.E. of Neu-Sandcc. Pop. 3666. Gorlitz, goR'lits, almost giiR'lits (Wendisch, Forlerz, foR'lirts; Polish, Garlic, goR'lits), a town of Prussian Si- lesia, 52 miles W. of Liegnitz, on the Neisse, and at the junction of several railways. Pop. 45,310. It is walled, entered by 11 gates, and has 3 suburbs. Principal edifices, the church of Sts. Peter and Paul, a structure of the fifteenth century, the town hall, 4 hospitals, a prison, and an orphan asylum. It has a gymnasium, a library, exten- sive manufactures of linen and woollen cloths, bell -foundries, steel- and iron-factories, railway-car-works, lithographic printing and bleaching establishments, and an active trade in linen fabrics and wool. Gor'man, a township of Otter Tail co., Minn. Pop. 168. Gorman's Station, post-office, Los Angeles co., Cal. Gor'manstown, a village of Ireland, co. of Meath, IJ miles N.W. of Balbriggan. Gorm'ley, a post-village in York co., Ontario, 74 miles S.E. of Aurora. Pop. 100. Goro, go'ro, or Koro, ko'ro, one of the Feejeo Islands. Lat. (N. point) 17° 14' S. ; Ion. 179° 26' AV. It is 9 miles long. Pop. about 2000. Gorodischtche, go-ro-di^h'chi, or Gorodetscho, go-ro-di'cho, a town of Russia, government of Grodno, near Novogrodek. Pop. 1500. Gorodischtche, or Gorodichtchi, go-ro-dish'chce, a town of Russia, government and 16 miles E.N.E. of Nizhnee-Novgorod. Pop. 3400. Gorodischtche, or Goroditch, go-ro-ditch', a town of Russia, government and 35 miles E.N.E. of Pensa. Pop. 3529. Gorodischtche, Goroditche, go-ro-deo'chA, or Pogorjeloje"Gorodischtsche,a town of Russia, gov- ernment and 40 miles S.W. of Tver. Pop. 2188. Gorodnia, go-rod'ne-i, or Horodnia, ho-rod'ne-3., a town of Russia, government and 33 miles N.E. of Cher- nigov, with 2473 inhabitants. Gorodok, go-ro-dok', a town of Russia, government and 20 miles N.N.W. of Vitebsk. Pop. 2944, mostly Jews. Gorodok Borissov, go-ro-dok' bo-ris-sov', a town of Russia, government and 63 miles S.W. of Moscow. Pop. 500. Gorodok is the name of several villages in the gov- ernment of Minsk. Goroguea, go-ro-gi'l, or Gurguea, gooR-gi'J, a river of Brazil, between the provinces of I'iauhy and Per- nambuco, joins the Parahiba 95 miles N.N.W. of Oeiras, after a N.E. course of 320 miles. Gorokhov, go-ro-kov', Gorokhovetz, or Goro- chowez, go-ro-ko-v4ts', a town of Russi.a, government and 95 miles E. of Vladimeer, on the Kliasma. Pop. 2574. GOR 876 GOS Gorokhov, a village of Ruasia, in Volhynia, 30 milea S.E. of Vladiineer. Pop. 1950. Gorontalo, a bay of Celebes. See Goonong-Tella. Gor'ran, a village of England, on the S. coast of Corn- wall, 7 miles S. of St. Austell, with a haven and a fishery. Gorredyk, or Gorredijk, goR'Re-dik\ a town of the Netherlands, in Friesland, IS ruiles S.E. of Leeuwarden. Gorrevod, goiiVod', a village of Prance, in Ain, 18 miles N. of Bourg. Poj>. 5S4. Gor'rie, or How'ick (also called Leech'ville), a post-village in Huron co., Ontario, on the Toronto, Grey & Bruce Railway, and on the Maitland River, 23 miles W.S.W. of Mount Forest. It has a saw-mill, a flour-mill, a shingle- mill, 2 tanneries, an iron-foundry, carriage- and cheese- factories, 3 churches, and several stores. Pop. 400. Gorron, gon^uANo', a village of France, department and 11 miles N.AV. of Mayenne. Pop. 2101. Gorsbachj. gous'b^K, a village of Prussian Saxony, 35 miles E.N.E. of Merseburg, with a church. Pop. 1503. Gorsel, goR'sel, a village of the Netherlands, inGelder- land, 5 miles N. of Zutphen. Pop. 629. Gor'siich, a station on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 28 miles W. of Baltimore, Md. Gorsuch's Mills, a post-village of Baltimore co., Md., about 30 miles N. of Baltimore. Gort, a town of Ireland, co. of Galway, 16 miles by rail N.N.E. of Ennis. It has barracks, workhouse, and large market. Pop. 1773. Gor'ton, a town of England, co. of Lancaster, 3^ miles by rail E.S.E. of Manchester, of which it forms a suburb. Pop. 21,616. Gor'toii, a station in Grant co., Minn., on the St. Paul & Pacific Il;iilroad, 32 miles S.E. of Breckenridge, on a very level prairie. Elevation, 1012 feet. Gortope, a village of Thibet. See Garoo. Goi'tpoo, one of the Kooril Islands. See Itooroop. Gortynia, supposed ancient name of Metropoli. GorucUpoor, or Gorakhpur, goHuk-poor', a dis- trict of the North-West Provinces, India, having Nepaul on the N., Bengal on the E., and the river Goggra on the S. Area, 4584 square miles. Except at the foot of the Hima- laya, which is bordered by a terai, or marshy tract of un- healthy jungle, most of the district is very fertile and well cultivated. Capital, Goruckpoor. Pop. 2,019,350. Goruckpoor, or Gorakhpur, a town of India, cap- ital of the district of Goruckpoor, on the navigable river Raptee, SO miles E. of Fyzabad. It has some celebrated but ill-kept temples, and the Imambarra, an old palace. The town is filthy and neglected, and is overrun with troops of monkeys, here objects of popular veneration. P. 53,853. Gory, a town of Russia. See Gonr. Gorz, a city of Austria. See Gokitz. Gorze, goRz, a town of Lorraine, 9 miles W.S.AY. of Metz. Pop. 1531. Gorzke, goRts'keh, a town of Prussia, province of Saxony, 27 miles E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1475. Gosar'ly, a town of India, 60 miles W.N.W. of Agra. Go'shen, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Ark., 85 miles from Pierce City, Mo. It has a church and a plough- factory. Goshen, a station in Tulare co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Raih'oad, and a terminus of the Visalia division, 10 miles N. by AV. of Tulare. Goshen, a post-village of Litchfield co.. Conn., in Goshen township, about 33 miles W.N.W. of Hartford. It has an academy. It is surrounded by good dairy-farms. The township has 3 churches, and manufactures of cotton yarn, butter, and cheese. Pop. of the township, 1223. Goshen, a parish in Lebanon township, New London CO., Conn., has a church and india-rubber works, and is 5 miles N.W. of Yantlc Station. Goshen, Windham co., Conn. See Clark's Corner. Goshen, a post-hamlet of Lincoln co., Ga., 50 miles N.W. of Augusta. It has 2 churches and a high school. Goshen, a township of Stark co., 111. Pop. 1270. It contains Lafayette. Goshen, a city, the capital of Elkhart co., Ind., on the Elkhart River, and on the Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan Railroad and the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Rail- road (Air-Line division). 10 miles S.E. of Elkhart, 111 miles E. by S. of Chicago, and 25 miles N. of Warsaw. It has a court-house, 7 churches, 2 national banks, and a high school. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Goshen has 3 flouring-mills, 2 iron-foundries, a woollen-mill, an oil-mill, 2 saw-mills, . and several manufactories of furniture and farming-implements, for which the river affords motive- power. Pop. 3133. Goshen, a township of Muscatine co., Iowa. Pop. 1235, It contains Atalissa. Goshen, a post-office of Ringgold co., Iowa. Goshen, a township of Clay co., Kansas. Pop. 608. Goshen, a post-hamlet of Oldham co., Ky., 8 miles S.W. of La Grange. It has a church and an academy. Goshen, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Md., 35 miles W. of Baltimore. It has a church and a flour-mill. Goshen, a post-township of Hampshire co., Mass., 14 miles N.W. of Northampton. It has a church. Pop. 349. Goshen, a post-village of Harrison township, Mercer CO.. Mo., 5 miles W. of Princeton, and about 45 miles N. of Chillicothe. It has 2 churches. Goshen, a post-township and hamlet of Sullivan co., N.H., about 33 miles W. of Concord. The township has 3 churches. Pop. 507. Goshen, a post-village of Cape May co., N.J., 22 miles S.S.E. of Millville, and 2 miles E. of*Delaware Bay. It has a church. Many oysters and crabs are procured here. Goshen, a post-village, one of the capitals of Orange CO., N.Y., in Goshen township, and on the Erie Railroad, 60 miles N.N.W. of New York, and 18 miles S.W. of Newburg. The Wallkill Valley Railroad and Pine Island Branch of the Erie Railroad connect here with the main line. Goshen contains a court-house, 6 churches, 2 national banks, several classical schools, and printing-offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers. It has manufactures of bricks, cheese, tiles, (fee. Pop. 2205. Large quantities of butter and milk are exported from this place. Goshen township, which is bounded on the W. by the Wallkill River, is noted for the superior quality of its butter. The surface is diversified with hills of gradual slope which are arable to the summits. Total pop. 4065. Goshen, a post-office of Wilkes co., N.C. Goshen, a township of Aughiize co., 0. Pop. 524. Goshen, a township of Belmont co., 0. Pop. 2163. It contains Belmont and Fairmount. Goshen, a township of Champaign co., 0. Pop. 1965. It contains Mechanicsburg. Goshen, a post-village of Clermont co., 0., in Goshen township, 2 miles from Hill's Station, and about 24 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. Here are the Goshen Seminary and 4 churches. Pop. 274; of the township, 1S76. Goshen, a township of Hardin co., 0. Pop. 928. Goshen, a township of Mahoning co., 0. Pop. 1475, It contains the village of Garfield. Goshen, a township of Tuscarawas co., 0. Pop. 4650. It contains New Philadelphia and Loekport. Goshen Sta- tion of the Tuscarawas Valley Railroad is 3 miles S.E. of New Philadelphia. Goshen, a post-hamlet of Lane co., Oregon, on the Oregon & California Railroad, 7 miles S. of Eugene City. Goshen, a township of Clearfield co., Pa., bounded S. by the West Branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 468. Goshen, apost-officeof Lancaster co., Pa., anda station on the Peach Bottom Railroad. Goshen, a post-ofiBce of Lincoln co., Tenn. Goshen, a post-hamlet of Henderson co., Tex., about 45 miles N.N.W. of Palestine. It has a church. Goshen, a post-village of Utah co., Utah, 5 miles S.W. of Santaquin Station. It has a church and a flour-mill. Goshen, a township of Addison co., Vt. Its centre is 6 miles N.E. of Brandon. Pop. 330. Goshen, or Goshen Bridge, a post-village of Rock- bridge CO., Va., on Calf Pasture River, and on the Chesa- peake & Ohio Railroad, 32 miles S.W. of Staunton. It has 3 churches. The name of its post-ofiice is Goshen Bridge, and its station is Goshen. Goshen and Wilmington Pike, the station name of Pleasant Plain, Ohio. Goshen Creek, Duplin co., N.C, runs southeastward, and entfis the North Branch of the Cape Fear River. Go^lion Hill, a post-office of Pike co., Ala. Goshen Hill, post-township, Union co., S.C. P. 1431. Goshen Springs, a post-hamlet of Rankin co., Miss., 14^^ miles S.E. of Canton Station. It has 2 churches. Go'shenville, a post-hamJet of Chester co., Pa., 22 miles W, of Philadelphia. Goshop, a river of Africa. See Go.teb. Goslar, gos'lar, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 27 miles S.E, of Hildeshcim. on an atBuent of the Ocker, at the N.E. foot of the Harz, Pop. 9823, mostly employed in the adjacent mines of the Raramelsborg, but pnrtly in manufactures of vitriol, shot, hardwares, carpets, lentlior, &,c. It is enclosed by walls, with houses in an antique style, it being one of the oldest towns in Germany. The principal buildings and antiquities are portions of the GOS 877 GOT cathedral and of an imperial pala.ce, now a corn-magazine, with some churches and conventual edifices, a hosjjital, a college, and the Zwinger, an old tower, now used for a place of entertainment, Goslar is the seat of the mining council of the Harz. Gos'nold, a township of Dukes co., Mass. Pop. 115. It comprises the Elizabeth Islands. Gos'per, a county in the S. part of Nebraska, has an area of 46S square miles. The Platte lliver touches its N.E. corner. The surface is undulating or nearly level. Capital, Daviesville. Pop. 250. Gospich, gos'piK, a town of Austro-IIungary, in Cro- atia, 14 miles E. of Carlopago. Pop. 1500. Gos'port, a fortified seaport town of Engl.and, co. of Hants, separated from Portsmouth by the mouth of Ports- mouth harbor. It is at the termination of a branch of the Southwestern Railway, 66 miles S.W. of London. Pop. 7366, mostly engaged in government navy works, or in retail trade and the supply of shipping. Gosport has ex- tensive barracks, the Koyal Clarence victualling-yard, a powder-magazine, iron-foundries, and a county house of correction. Outside of the town, on the S., is Haslar Hos- pital, a naval infirmary. Gos'port, a post-village of Clarke co., Ala., 20 miles E. of Jackson, and 2 miles from the Alabama lliver. It has 3 churches and a higli school. Gosport, a post-village of Owen co., Ind., on the West Fork of White River, and on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad where it crosses the Indianapolis ^ Vineennes Railroad, 44 miles S.W. of Indianapolis, and 9 miles N.E. of Spencer. It has 4 ehui-ches, a bank, a graded school, and a newspaper office. Pop. 860. Gosportj a post-village of Marion co., Iowa, about 40 miles S.E. of Des Moines. It has 2 churches. Coal is mined here. Pop. 108. Gosport, a township of Rockingham co., N.H. It comprises White, Star, and Londoner's Islands, which are those of the Isles of Shoals that are under New Hamp- shire jurisdiction, the others being in York co.. Me. The former fisliing village of Gosport was on Star Island, 9 miles S.E. of Portsmouth. Pop. of township, 94. Gosport, Norfolk co., Va., is a part of the city of Portsmouth, and is adjacent to the United States navy yard. It is bounded on the E. by the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River, and on the S. by the wall of the navy yard. It has a church. Gossau, gos'sSw, a village of Switzerland, canton and 6 miles W.S.W. of St. Gall. Pop. of commune, 3485. Gosselies, gos^s^h-lee', a town of Belgium, in li.alnaut, 4 miles by rail N. of Charleroi. It has manufactures of hats, cloth, nails, and edge-tools. Pop. 6511. Gos'sett, a post-hamlet of White co.. 111., on the Cairo & Vineennes Railroad, 84 miles N.E, of Cairo. It has a grist-mill, a saw-mill, &c. Gossnitz, goss'nits, a village of Germany, duchy of Sa.xe-Altenburg, on the Pleisse, 31 miles by rail S. of Leip- sio. Pop. 3647. Goss Run Junction, a station on the Tyrone & Clear- field Railroad, 1 mile from Moshannon, Pa., at the junc- tion of a branch road. Gostenhof, gos'tfn-hof\ a town of Bavaria, 1 mile S.W. of Nuremberg, of which it is now a part, on the Lud- wig Canal and the Furth Railway. Gostin, or Gostyn, gos'tin, a town of Prussia, prov- ince and 38 miles S.E. of Posen. Pop. 3077. Gostynin, gos-te-neen', a town of Russian Poland, government and 65 miles W.N.W. of Warsaw. Pop. 5907. Gota, go'ti, a town of India, in the Sattarah domin- ions, 23 miles S.W. of Bejapoor. Gbta, a river of Sweden. See Goth.i. Gotaland, the Swedish name of Gothland. Goteborg, a city of Sweden. See Gothesbiirg. Gotha, go'ti, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Saxe- Coburg-Gotha, and capital of the duchy of Gotha, at a rail- way junction, llmiles W.S.W. of Erfurt. Pop.22,928. It stands on thi? declivity of a hill, crowned by the palace of Friedenstein, the usual residence of the sovereign of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha, and containing a good gallery of paint- ings, a library of 240,000 volumes, one of the finest cabi- nets of coins in Europe, collections of Japanese and Clii- nese curiosities, and various museums of arts and science. Gotha is one of the best-built towns in Germany, and is en- closed by handsome boulevards, which replace its ancient fortifications. It contains numerous churches, an arsenal, a gymnasium, one of the most esteemed in Germany, a ducal high school, orphan and lunatic asylum, a house of correction, an institution for neglected children, the Caro- line Establishment for Poor Girls, a polytechnic and a nor- mal school, school of trades, society of arts, jd onss, a post- village in Gloucester CO., New Brunswick, on the Bay of Chaleurs, 29 miles N.E. of Bathiirst. Pop. 700. Grand Bahama, ba-hi'ma, one of the principal islands of the Bahama group, 57 miles E. from the coast of Florida. Lat. (W. end) 26° 41' N. ; Ion. 79° U' W. It is about 70 miles long by 9 miles broad, healthy and tolerably fertile, but thinly inhabited. Pop. 858. Grand Bank, a submarine plateau extending some 350 miles eastward from Newfoundland, and covered by waters varying in depth from 30 to 60 fathoms. It is supposed by some savants to have been chiefly formed by means of icebergs bringing masses of stone and earth from the glaciers of the Arctic coast. These icebergs are melted by the influence of the Gulf Stream, and their bur- den of earth and gravel falls to the sea-bottom. The Grand Bank is much visited by cod-fishing vessels. It is a part of the so-called Telegraphic Plateau. Its breadth from N. to S. is estimated at 275 miles. Grand Bank, a post-town and port of entry of New- foundland, on the S. side of Fortune Bay, 4 miles from Fortune. It has a considerable trade and fishery. P. 740. Grand Bassam, Africa. See Bassam. Grand Bay, a post-village of Mobile co., Ala., on the New Orleans & Mobile Railroad, 25 miles S.W. of Mobile, and 4 miles from Grand Bay, which is a part of the Gulf of Mexico. It has 2 churches and 1 or 2 lumber-mills. Grand Bay, a post-village in Kings co., New Bruns- wick, 11 miles by rail N.W. of St. John. Pop. 100. Grand Bay (Fr. Grande-liaie, grON"-b^), Saint Alexis, siNt iM^k'see', or Ha Ha Bay, a post-village in Chicoutimi co., Quebec, on the Saguenay River, 60 miles from its mouth. The bay here is over a mile wide, and about 100 fathoms deep. The name Ha Ha Bay was given to it by its early discoverers, and it is a great source of attraction to tourists during the summer months. The vil- lage of Grand Bay contains several stores and saw-mills, and has a large trade in lumber. Vessels load here direct for England. Pop. 300. Grand Blanc, a post-village of Genesee co., Mich., in Grand Blanc township, on Thread Creek, and on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, 7 or 8 miles S.S.E. of Flint. It has 2 churches, a carriage-shop, &c. Pop. about 300 ; of the township, 1389. Grand Blutf, a post-hamlet of Panola co., Tex., on Sabine River, 21 miles S. of Marshall. It has a church. Grand- BornandjgrdNa-boR^nfiNo', a village of France, in Haute-Savoie, 15 miles E.N.E. of Annecy. Pop. 187. Grand-Bour^, gr6N«-booR, a town of France, depart- ment of Creuse, 12 miles W. of Gueret. Pop. 663. Grand-Bourg, grfiNo-booR, a town of the West In- dies, chief town of the French island of Marie-Galante. Its roadstead is somewhat diflicult of access. It has several public buildings, a light-house, and some trade. P. 6992. Grand Brule, Quebec. See Lateuriere. Grand Caillou Bayou, kih^yoo' bi'oo, Louisiana, rises near Ilouma, runs southward and southwei=tward in Terre Bonne parish, and enters the Gulf of Mexico through Lake Caillou, after a course of 45 miles through rich sugar- plantations. Large vessels can ascend it 25 miles. Grand CaPumet', an island uf Canada, in the river Ottawa, 7 miles above Portage du Fort. Area, 30,200 acres. Pop. 1080. Grand Canary Island. See Gran Canaria. Grand Cayman, ki-min', the largest of the isles called Caymans, British West Indies, is 17 miles long and from 4 to 7 broad, well wooded, and surrounded by reefs. Grand Centre, a post-office of Osborne co., Kansas. Grand Cess, a town of Liberia, belonging to the Kroo- men, on the coast. It consists of a large number of thatched huts, and its people are engaged in maritime pursuits. Grand Chain, a station of Pulaski co., 111., on the Cairo k Vincennes Railroad, 20 miles N.N.E. of Cairo. Pop. about 200. See, also. New Grand Chain. Grand-Champ, gi-fiNo-shdN", a town of France, in Morbihan, 8 miles N.N.W. of Vannes. Pop. 66S, Grand Chariton River, See Chariton River. Grand Chenier, shi-neer', a post-village of Cameron parish. La., on the Gulf of Mexico, 90 miles E.N.E. of Galveston. It has a church. Grand Chute, shute, a township of Outagamie co., Wis. Pop., exclusive of the city of Applcton, 1653. Grand Combe. France. See La Grande Combe. Grand Coteau, koHo', a post-village of St. Landry parish. La., about 10 miles S. of Opelousas. It is the seat of St. Charles College (Catholic), has a convent, and about 10 general stores. Pop. 470. Grandcour, grfiNoMtooR', a village of Switzerland, can- ton of Vaud, near the Lake of Neufchatel, 28 miles N.N.E. of Lausanne. Grand Cross'ing, a post-village of Cook co.. 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad where it crosses the Lake Slioro & Michigan Southern and the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne &. Chicago Railroad, 9 miles S. of Chicago (4 miles from the city limit). It is a part of the village of Hyde Park. It has a church, a graded school, and manufactures of sewing- machines and furniture. GRA GRA Grand Desert, a French name for the Sahara. Grand Detour, di-toor', a post-village of Ogle co., III., in Grand Detour township, on Rock River, 6 miles (12 miles by water) N.E. of Dixon, to which place a steam- boat plies hence. It has 3 churches, a high school, and manufactures of butter and cheese. Pop. about 401) j of the township, 605. Grande-Aa, a river of Belgium. See Aa. Grande-Uaie, Canada. See Grand Bay. Grande Haie, Westlndies. See Philipsburg. Grande Bretague. See Great Britain. Grand SCd'dy, a post-office of Perry co., Mo. Grande Gaspar. See Gaspar Grande. Grande Greve, grONd griv, a post-village in Gaspe CO., Quebec, on the N. side of Gaspe Bay, IS miles S.E. of Gaspe Basin. It contains a saw-mill and 2 stores, and is a large fishery station. Pop. 100. Grande Ilha, Brazil. See Ilha Grande, Grande Island. See Cape Verd Islands. Grande Isle (Fr. pron. grONd eel), an island in the river St. Lawrence, betvyeen Lakes St. Louis and St. Francis, 4^ miles long by H miles broad. It divides the St. Law- rence into two channels : that on the S. side is called the Beauharnois Channel, in the course of which are the rapids Croche, Les Faucilles, and De Bouleau, the latter both in- tricate and difficult to pass. Grande Ligne, grSxd leen, or Cole'brook, a post- village in St. Johns co., Quebec, on the Grand Trunk Railway (Ghamplain division), 33 miles S.S.E. of Montreal, and near the river Richelieu. It contains 2 stores, a hotel, and a French Protestant college. Pop. 400. Grande Rio, Brazil. See Rio Grande. Grande Ronde, in Union co., Oregon, a fertile and pleasant valley, containing27o,000 acres of arable land. It is surrounded by well-timbered mountains, is about 20 miles long and 18 wide, and contains La Grande, Orodell, Summer- ville, Cove, Sand Ridge, Uniontown, and Catharine Creek. Grande Ronde, a post-office of Polk co., Oregon, about 28 miles "W. of Salem. Here is an Indian agency. Grande Ronde River, Oregon, rises in the Blue Mountains, in Umatilla co., runs northeastward through Union eo., and enters the Snake or Lewis River about 12 miles from the extreme N.E. part of Oregon. It is nearly 175 miles long. Grande-Terre, gr6Nd-t^rr, a French island of the "West Indies, lying E. of Guadeloupe, and separated from that island by a navigable but narrow strait, the Riviere Salee. It is 30 miles long and 12 broad, and, unlike Gua- deloupe, is low, flat, fertile, and based upon coral rocks. Chief town, La Pointe-a-Pitre. This island is regarded as a part of Guadeloupe. Grande Terre, Louisiana. See Grand Isle and Fort Livingston. Grande Vallee, grSxd vS,rU', a post-village in Gaspe 00., Quebec, 6S miles E. of Ste. Anne des Monts. Pop. 318. Grand Falls, or Cole'brooke, a post-town of New Brunswick, capital of the co. of Victoria, on the St. John River, and on the Fredericton & Riviere du Loup Railway, 202 miles N.W. of St. John, and 116 miles S.E. of Riviere du Loup. It contains, besides the county buildings, several hotels, 3 stores, a tannery, and saw- and grist-mills. In the immediate vicinity the river St. John falls precipitously a height, of 130 feet. Over this fall is a handsome suspension- bridge. Pop. 700. Grand'father Mountain, of North Carolina, is an isolated mass of land in Watauga co., rising N.N.E. of Mount Mitchell, to the height of 5S97 feet above the sea. Grand-Fontaine,grdNo^-f6NaHin', a village of France, in Vosgcs, arrondissement of Saint-Die. Pop. 974. Grand Forks, a county in the N.E. part of Dakota, borders on Minnesota. It is bounded on the E. by the Red River of the North. Timber is scarce in this county, which is nearly all prairie. Capital, Grand Forks. Grand Forks, a post-village, capital of Grand Forks CO., Dakota, on the Red River of the North, 150 miles by water N. of Moorehead, at the mouth of Red Lake River. Steamboats ply between this place and Manitoba. It has a church, a newspaper office, and a steam saw-mill. Grand Glade, a post-hamlet of Crawford co., 111., about 26 miles N.E. of Olney. Grand Glaise (or Glaze), a station in Jackson oo., Ark., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 72 miles N.E. of Little Rock. Grand Gorge, a post-village of Delaware co., N.Y., in Rpxbury township, f of a mile from Grand Gorge Station, and a.bout 45 miles S.W. of Albany. It has 2 churches, a sash- and blind-factory, and a planing-mill. Grand Gulf, a post-village of Claiborne co.. Miss., on the Mississippi, 1 mile below the mouth of the Big Black, and 25 miles by land S.S. W. of Vicksburg. It has 4 churches. It is connected by railroad with Port Gibson. Pop. 190. Grand Har'bor, a post-village in Charlotte co.. New Brunswick, on the island of Grand Manan, 51 miles S. by E. of St. Andrews. Pop. 300. Grand Ha'ven, a post-hamlet of Osage co., Kansas, 10 miles from Burlingame, Grand Haven, a city, the capital of Ottawa co., Mich., is on Lake Michigan, and on the S. bank of Grand River (which here enters the lake), about S6 miles by water E. of Milwaukee, and 112 miles N.E. of Chicago. By railroad it is 31 miles W. by N. of Grand Rapids, and 14 miles S. of Muskegon. It is on the Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, and is the ^V. terminus of the Detroit &, Milwaukee Rail- road. It has a good harbor, formed by the mouth of the river, here nearly 400 yards wide and 15 to 30 feet deep. Large quantities of lumber, gi'ain, &c., are shipped here in steamboats. Two light-houses have been erected here. Grand Haven contains a court-house, 11 churches, a high school, a national bank, a first-class hotel which cost $200,000, several large lumber-mills, a stave-factory, a foundry, manufac- tures of farming-implements, sash and blinds, and a cele- brated magnetic spring, which is a summer resort. Two or 3 weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 4363. Grand Haven, a township of Ottawa co., Mich., on Lake Michigan. Pop. 677. Grand Island, a post-hamlet of Colusa co,, Cal., on Sacramento River, about 22 miles AV. of Marysville. Pop. of Grand Island township, 702. Grand Island, a post-village, capital of Hall co., Neb., on the Platte River, and on the Union Pacific Rail- road, 154 miles W. by S. of Omaha. It contains a bank, several hotels, 2 newspaper offices, a steam tiour-mill, and 3 churches. Elevation, 1S50 feet. Pop. about 1000. The river is divided here into two channels by an island nearly 50 miles long. Grand Island, a post-township of Erie co., N.T. Pop. 1072. It contains Beaver Island, Buckhorn Island, and Grand Island, all in the river Niagara, above the Falls. Area of Grand Island, 18,500 acres. It is fertile and well cultivated. Steam-ferries connect it with Tonawanda, &e. The township contains Sour Springs, Sheenwater, and other summer resorts. Grand Isle, the most northwestern county of Ver- mont, borders on Canada. Area, about 80 square miles. It comprises, besides a small peninsula, several islands in Lake Champlain, the largest of which is about 10 miles long. The surface is undulating; the soil is fertile. Oats, hay, wool, and butter are the staple products. It is intersected by the Vermont Central Railroad. Capital, North Hero. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,408,000. Pop. in 1870, 4082, of whom 3171 were Americans. Grand Isle, in Schoolcraft co., Mich., is in Lake Supe- rior, near the S. shore. Length, about 15 miles; greatest breadth, 7 or S miles. Between it and the mainland, on the S.E., is Grand Isle Bay, on the shore of which are the famous *' Pictured Rocks." Grand Isle, a post-office of Jefferson parish, La., on the island of Grande Terre, at the mouth of Barataria Bay. Here are a light-house and a fort (Fort Livingston). Grand Isle, a post-township of Grand Isle co., Vt., is a part of South Hero, an island in Lake Champlain, 8 miles E.N.E. of Plattsburg, N.Y., and about IS miles N. of Bur- lington. This island is connected with the mainland by a bridge. Pop. 682. Grand Junction, a post-village of Greene co., Iowa, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad where it crosses the Des Moines & Fort Dodge Railroad, 3S miles S. of Fort Dodge, 50 miles N.W. of Des Moines, and 22 miles W. of Boone. It has 2 churches, a bank, 2 hotels, and a news- paper office. Pop. 479. Grand Junction, Massachusetts. See Cottagr Farm. Grand Junction, a post-hamlet of Van Buren co., Mich., on the Chicago & Michigan Lake Sliore Railroad where it crosses the South Haven division of the Michigan Central Railroad, 11 or 12 miles E. of South Haven, and 28 miles S. of Holland. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Pop. about 200. Grand Junction, a post-village of Hardcmnn co., Tenn., at the intersection of the Memphis & Charleston and Chicago, St. Louis &, New Orleans Railroads, 52 miles E. of Memphis, 25 miles N.E. of Holly Springs, and 4fl miles S.S.W. of .Jackson. It has 2 churches, a number of stores, a steam ftouring-mill, and an academy. Pop. 4tJ0, Grand Lake, Louisiana. See CnETibrACHES Lakk. GRA 8S5 GRA Grand Lake, or Schootlic (skoo'dik) Lake, Maine, forms part of the boundary between the United States and the British province of New Brunswick. It is about 25 miles long and 4 miles wide. The St. Croix River issues from its S.E, end. Grand Lake, a large lake of Washington co., Me., discharging its waters through Big Lake and Kennebasis River into the St. Croix. Grand (or Freneuse, fr^h'nuz') Lake, a beautiful lake of New Brunswick, in Queens co. Length, 25 miles; breadth, 6 miles. It has its outlet in the river St. John through the Jemseg (a small but deep stream), opposite Gagetown. Trout, gaspereaux, and salmon abound in the lake and the streams flowing into it. Its principal affluent is the Salmon River, navigable from its mouth, but only 10 miles for steamers, and for canoes 75 miles. Newcastle River is navigable for canoes 40 miles, and empties into Grand Lake, the scenery .around which is very beautiful. On its banks and tlie banks of Salmon and Newcastle Rivers are extensive veins of coal. Maquapit and French Lakes are connected with Grand Lake. Grand Lake, a beautiful lake of Nova Scotia, 23 miles N. of Halifax. It contains several small islands, and forms the chief source of supply of the Shubenacadie River. Length, about S miles ; breadth, 1 to 2 miles. Grand Lake, a post-office of Chicot co., Ark. Grand Lake, a staticm of Montgomery co., Tex., on the International & Great Northern Railroad, 36 miles N. of Houston. Grand Lake Stream, a post-hamlet of Washington CO., Me,, at the E. end and outlet of Grand Lake, 15 miles W. of Princeton. It has a large tannery. A steamer plies hence to Princeton daily. Grand Lake Vieto'ria, a large lake of Quebec, on the Ottawa River, about lat. 47° 40' N., Ion. 77° 30' W. Grand Ledge, a post-village of Eaton co., Mich., in Oneida township, on Grand River, and on the Detroit, Lansing & Lake Michigan Railroad, 12 miles W. of Lan- sing. It has 5 churches, 2 banks, a newspaper office, a graded school, a foundry, and manufactures of farming- implements, lumber, flour, sash, blinds, &c. P. about 140U, Grand-Lieu, grfia^-le-uh', a lake of France, depart- ment of Loire-Inferieure, 6 miles S.W. of Nantes. Length, 8 miles. It receives the Boulogne and Ognon Rivers, and discharges itself into the Loire by the Acheneau. Grand Ligne, Quebec. See Grande Ligne. Grand-Luce, grON^^-Iii^si', a town of France, depart- ment of Sarthe, IS miles S.E. of Le Mans. Pop. 1142. Grand Manan, man-an' (or Menan, m?.n-an'), an island off the easternmost angle of Maine, in the co. of Charlotte, New Brunswick. Length, 20 miles; average breadth, about 5 miles. It abounds with valuable timber, has excellent facilities for ship-building, and has various fishing-stations around the coast. Pop. 1867. There is a light-house on the island, lat. 44° 45' 52" N., Ion. 66° 44' 4" W. Grand Marais, mS.Vi', a hamlet of Berrien co., Mich., on Lake Michigan, 2 miles from Stevensville Railroad Sta- tion. It has a lumber-mill. Grand Marais (or Blaurais), a post-office of Lake CO., Minn., on Lake Superior, 56 miles N.B. of Beaver Bay. Grand Marsh, a hamlet of Columbia co., Wis., 20 miles N. of Kilbourn. Grand Meadow, med'o, a township of Clayton co., Iowa. Pop. in 1S75, S50. Grand Meadow Station is on the Iowa & Minnesota division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 23 miles W. of McGregor. Grand Meadow, a post-village of Mower co., Minn., in Grand Meadow township, and on the Southern Minne- sota Railroad, 85 miles W. of La Crosse, and about 22 miles E.N.E. of Austin. It has a bank, hotels, 2 grain-elevators, and several stores. Pop. of the township, 575. Grand Mira North, a post-village in Cape Breton co., Nova Scotia, on Mira River, 24 miles S.E. of Sydney. P. 150. Grand Monadnock. See Monadnock Mountain. Grand Mound, a post-village of Clinton co., Iowa, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 25 miles W. of Clin- ton. It stands on high ground, has 2 hotels and 2 churches, and ships much live-stock. Pop. 250. Grand Ocean Pacifique. See Pacific Ocean. Grandola, grin-do'l^, a town of Portugal, in Estre- madura, on the Davino, 49 miles S.E. of Lisbon. P. 2329. Grand Pabos, pi^boce', a post-village in Gaspe co., Quebec, on the sea-coast, 30 miles S.W. of Perce. Pop. 150. Grand Pass, a township of Saline co.. Mo. Pop. 1956. It contains Malta Bend. Grand Plain, a station on the New Orleans it MoMle Railroad, 40 miles E.N.E. of New Orleans, and near the line between Louisiana and Mississipjii. Grand Port'age, an Indian reservation and post-vil- lage of Cook CO., Minn., at the N.E. extremit3'of the state, 150 miles N.E. of Duluth. It hns a church and a custom- house. The first settlement was effected here 200 years ago, and it was one of the chief headquarters of the western fur-trade for 150 years. Grand Prairie, pra'ree, a post-hamlet of Brown co., Kansas, about 54 miles N. of Topeka. Grand Prairie, a post-office of Plaquemine parish, La., on the Mississippi, 58 miles below New Orleans. Grand Prairie, a post-township of Nobles co., Minn. Pop. 122. Grand Prairie, a township of Marion co., 0. P. 370. Grand Prairie, a post-hamlet of Dallas co., Tex., on the Texas & Pacific Railroad, 6 miles W. of Eagle Ford, Tex. Grand Prairie, a post-village of Green Lake co.. Wis., 1 mile S. of Green Lake, and about 32 miles W. of Fond du Lac. It has 2 churches. Grand Pre, gr6N« pri, a town of France, in Ardennes, on the Aire, 36 miles S.S.E. of Mexieres. Pop. 14S2. Grand Pre, grON^ pri, or Lower Hor'ton, a post- village in Kings co., Nova Scotia, on Minas Basin, and on the Windsor & Annapolis Railway, 15 miles N.W. of Wind- sor. It contains several stores. Pop. about 600. The land hereabouts is very rich, mostly reclaimed by dikes. This is the scene of Longfellow's "Evangeline." Grand Ranch, a post-hamlet of Palo Pinto co., Tex., 60 miles W. of Fort Worth. It has a church. Grand Rap'ids, a township of La Salle co., 111. Pop. 1148. Grand Rapids, a city of Michigan, capital of Kent CO., at the head of steamboat navigation on Grand River, at the junction of 6 railroads, — the Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore, the Grand Rapids & Indiana, the Detroit & Milwau- kee, the Grand Rapids, Newaygo &. Lake Shore, the Michi- gan Central (Grand Rapids division), and a branch of the Michigan Southern. It is 60 miles W.N.W. of Lansing. The site is one of much natural beauty. The river here falls IS feet in a mile; and on either side of the river is a canal, by means of which numerous mills receive their motive-power. The sawing and planing of pine and hard- wood lumber, and the manufacture of furniture, cooperage, and wooden-ware, are leading industries. Farm-implements, iron goods, wire, leather, flour, machinery, beer, chemicals, white bricks, cement, stucco-plaster, and land-plaster are also extensively manufactured, there being near the town important gypsum-quarries. The town is generally well built, and has numerous fine public and private edifices, including 31 churches, many of them handsomely con- structed of the excellent white bricks here made. There are lines of street railway, a disciplined fire department, a good water-supply , 6 banks (2 national, 1 savings, and 3 private), a costly United States court-house and post-office, offices issuing 4 daily and 9 weekly newspapers, a public library, and several substantial public sehool-buildings. Grand Rapids is the seat of an extensive trade. Pop. in 1860, 8025; in 1870, 16,507: in 1S74, 25,989. Grand Rapids, a post-office of Itasca co., Minn. Grand Rapids, a post-village of Wood co., 0., in Weston township, on the Maumee River, about 25 miles S.W, of Toledo. It has 2 churches, a bank, a union school, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, a carriage-shop, a foundry, and a bridge over the river, which here affords great water-power. Pop. about 300. Grand Rapids, apost-town, capital of Wood co., Wis., on the Wisconsin River, in Grand Rapids township, and on the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad, 96 miles W. of the city of Green Bay, and about 66 miles N. by W. of Portage City. Itcontains a court-house, anational bank, 3 churches, and a high school, and has manufactures of lumber, fire- bricks, staves, pails, &c. Two weekly newspapers are pub- lished here. Pop. 1418; of the township, additional, 677. Here are huge granite boulders and remarkable rapids in the river, which falls 30 feet in the course of a mile. Grand Rid§:e, a post-village of La Salle co., 111., on the Fox River Branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 8 miles S. of Ottawa. It has a church, an acad- emy, and 3 grain-elevators. Pop. about 150. Grandrieu, grdN°Mre-Tjh', a village of France, in Lo- zere, 30 miles N.N.E. of Mende. Pop, 1586. Grand River, a branch of the Colorado, rises in Grand Lake, Col., in the N.E. part of the Middle Park, which it traverses, flowing in a W.S.W. direction. In this park it runs in a carion, cutting " its way through an upheaved ridge of massive feldspathic granite for 3 miles between walls GRA 81 from 1000 to 1600 feet high." Crossing the W. boundary of Colorado, it flows southwestward and unites with the Green River in Utah, near lat. 38° 15' N. and Ion. 110° W. It ia about 350 miles long. Its chief tributaries are the Gunnison and the Dolores. Grand River, Dakota, rises in the W. part of the ter- ritory, runs eastward, and enters the Missouri River about lat. 45° 37' N. It is nearly 200 miles long. Grand River, Louisiana, communicates with the At- chafalaya Bayou, runs southeastward through Iberville parish, and enters a lake on or near the W. border of As- sumption parish. Grand River, Michigan, called Washtenong by the Indians, drains part of Jackson co., runs northward through the counties of Eaton and Ingham to the city of Lansing, thence northwestward to Ionia, below which its general direction is westward. It intersects Kent and Ottawa cos., and enters Lake Michigan at Grand Haven. Length, about 280 miles. Steamboats of large or middle size ascend it to Grand Rapids, about 40 miles from the lake. Grand River, an affluent of the Missouri, is formed by 2 or 3 branches which rise in the S. part of Iowa and unite near Albany, in Gentry CO., Mo. It runs southeast- ward through Daviess and Livingston cos., and forms the boundary between Carroll and Chariton cos. until it enters the Missouri River, about 1 mile above Brunswick. Total length, about 300 miles. It receives from the left a large affluent called Crooked Fork. Grand River, Missouri, rises near the "W. boundary of the state, runs southeastward through Cass and Henry COS., and enters the Osage River in Benton co., about 5 miles above Warsaw. Length, about 150 miles. Grand River, of Ohio, drains parts of Geauga and Trumbull cos., runs northward into Ashtabula co., and subsequently flows westward through Lake co. and enters Lake Erie about 4 miles below Painesville. In the lower ?art of its course it runs in a deep and picturesque valley, t is about 100 miles long. Grand River, of Ontario, rises in Grey co. and runs southward through Wellington and Waterloo cos. It finally runs southeastward, and enters Lake Erie about 15 miles S.E. of Cayuga, forming one of the best harbors on the N. shore of the lake. Length, about 150 miles. It is con- nected with Lake Ontario by the Welland Canal. Grand River, a river of Gaspe co., Quebec, flow- ing into the Bay of Chaleurs, affords excellent angling for salmon. Near its mouth is a large fishing village of the same name, 10 miles S.W. of Perc6. Grand River, Canada. See Ottawa. Grand River, a post-office of the Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory. Grand River,atownshipof Adairco., Iowa. Pop. 347. It is traversed by the Crooked Fork of Grand River. Grand River, a township of Decatur co., Iowa. P. 506. It has the Crooked Fork of Grand River at its N.E. angle. Grand River, a township of Madison co., Iowa. P. 765. Grand River, a township of Wayne co., Iowa, on the Missouri line. Pop. 611, exclusive of Lineville, Grand River, a township of Bates co., Mo. Pop. 1024. Grand River, a township of Carroll co., Mo. Pop. 3802. It contains De Witt. Grand River, a township of Cass co., Mo. Pop. 3978. It includes Harrisonville. Grand River, a township of Daviess co.. Mo. P. 1093. Grand River, a township of De Kalb co.. Mo. P. 959. Grand River, a post-hamlet of Gentry co.. Mo., on Grand River, at the junction of its 3 branches, 16 miles N.W. of Pattonsburg. It has 2 churches, a grist- and a saw-mill. Grand River, a township of Henry co., Mo. Pop, 5450. It contains Clinton. Grand River, township, Livingston co., Mo. P. 1160. Grand Sa'ble River, Michigan, rises in Lake co., runs nearly westward through Mason co., and enters Lake Michigan about 6 miles N.W. of Ludington. Grand Sachem, Highlands, N.Y. See New Beacon. Grand Sa'line, a village of the Cherokee Nation, In- dian Territory, 8 miles from Choteau Railroad Station. It has a church and manufactures of salt. Grand Saline, a post-office of Van Zandt co., Tex., on the Texas Pacific Railroad, 65 miles E. of Dallas. Here are saline wells and a manufactory of salt. Grandson, or Graiison, gr6No^s6N'>' (Ger. Grantee, grdn'si), a decayed town of Switzerland, in Vaud, on the S.W. shore of the Lake of Noufohatel, 20 miles by rail N. of Lausanne. Pop. 1476. Grand Teton. See Mount Hayden. Grand Tow'er, a post-village in Grand Tower town- 5 GRA ship, Jackson co., 111., on the Mississippi River, 27 miles W.S.W. of Carbondalc, at the W. terminus of the Grand Tower & Carbondalc Railroad. The name is derived from a high rocky island standing in the river opposite this vil- lage. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, and 2 blast- furnaces for iron. Pop. of the township, 2181. Grand Tower Cross'ing, in Jackson co.. III., is on the Cairo & St. Louis Railroad, at the crossing of the Grand Tower & Carbondalc Railroad, 1 mile S. of Murphysborough. Grand Trav'erse, a county in the N.W. part of Michigan, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Grand Traverse Bay (of Lake Mich- igan), and is intersected by the river of the same name. The surface is diversified by numerous small lakes and exten- sive forests, in which the white pine and sugar-maple abound. The soil produces wheat, oats, grass, potatoes, Ac. Lumber is one of the chief articles of export. Capital, Traverse City.. It is intersected by the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,739,295. Pop. in 1870, 4443, of whom 3299 were Americans; in 1874, 6349. , Grand Traverse Bay, Michigan, is a part of Lake Michigan, from which it extends southward between the COS. of Antrim and Leelenaw. It is about 30 miles long and 12 miles wide. It forms part of the N. boundary of Grand Traverse co. Grand Traverse City, Mich. See Tbayehse City. Grand Traverse River, Michigan, rises in Kalkaska CO., runs westward, intersects Grand Traverse co,, and enters the bay of the same name at Traverse City, Grand Trunk Junction, or Milwaukee Junc- tion, a station in Wayne co,, Mich,, at the crossing of the Detroit & Milwaukee and Grand Trunk Railroads, 8 miles N. of Detroit. Grand Tun'nel, a post-ofiice of Luzerne co,. Pa., at Avondale Station on the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, 1 mile from Nanticoke Station. Grand Turk, the largest of the Turk's Islands group, British West Indies. It is 54 miles long and 1 mile wide, very dry and barren. It has a small town of the same name on the W. shore, near a large pond which affords much salt. Lat. of light-house, 20° 31' N. ; Ion. 71° 7' W. Grand Val'ley, a post-village of Hamilton co., 0., on the Little Miami Railroad, 16 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. It has a church. Grand Valley, a post-village of Warren co.. Pa,, in Eldred township, on the Dunkirk, Alleghany Valley and Pittsburg Railroad, 9 miles N,N.E. of Titusville. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of barrels, lumber, &c. Grand View, a post-office of Tulare co., Cal., is at Cross Creek Station, 16 miles N.W. of Tulare. Grand View, a post- village of Edgar co., 111., in Grand View township, about 18 miles E. of Charleston, and 10 miles S.W, of Paris, It has 3 churches. Pop, about 350 ; of the township, 1899, Grand View, a post-village of Spencer co., Ind,, in Hammond township, on the Ohio River, about 36 miles by land (55 miles by water) E. of Evansville. It has a news- paper office and 4 churches. Grand View, a post-village of Louisa co., Iowa, in Grand View township, about 14 miles S.S.W. of Muscatine. It contains the Eastern Iowa Normal School. Pop. 422. The township has 4 churches, and is bounded on the S.W, by the Iowa River, Pop, 1385, Grand View, a post-office of Morris co., Kansas. Grand View, a post-hamlet of Hardin co., Ky,, 6 miles from Rineyville Station. It has a church. Grand View, a post-ofiice of Lyon co., Minn., and a station on the Winona & St. Peter Railroad, 7 miles N.W. of Marshall. Pop. of Grand View township, 150. Grand View, a post-village of Washington co., 0., in Grand View township, and on the Ohio River, 30 miles above Marietta. It lias 2 churches and a barrel-factory. Pop. 193 ;, of the township, 2273. Grand View, a post-office of Johnson co., Tex. Grand View on Hudson, a post-hamlet of Rockland CO,, N.Y., on the Hudson River, and on the Northern lliiil- road of New Jersey, 2 or 3 miles S, of Nyack, and 26 miles N. of New York. Here are a number of fine suburban resi- dences, villas, churches, Jcc. Grandville, Jasper co„ HI, See Granville, Grand'ville, a post-village of Kent oo„ Jlich,, in Wyo- ming township, on Grand River, 6 miles S.W, of the city of Grand Rapids, It is on the Michigan Southern Railroad, and on a branch of the Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, It has several saw-mills, 3 churches, a union school, and manufactures of plaster and stucco. GRA 887 GRA Grandvilliers, or Granvilliers, gr6Nt>Vee>i', a village of France, in Oise, 17 miles N.N.W. of Beauvais. Grane, Gran, grin, or Quade, kwid (Arab. El Kuiet, Si kwdt), a seaport of Arabia, district of Lahsa, on a bay of the same name, near the N. extremity of the Per- sian Gulf, in lat. 29° 23' N., lou. 47° 67' E. Pop. 8000. Graueros, gri-ni'roce, a station in Pueblo co.. Col., on the Denver & Kio Grande Railroad, 26 miles S. of South Pueblo. Graugferde, grin-yin'dSh, a village of Sweden, Icen and 33 miles S.W. of Falun. It has extensive iron-works. Grauge, a village of Switzerland. See Grenchen. Grange, granj, a post-office of Woodbury co., Iowa. Grange, a post-office of Pottawatomie co., Kansas. Grange, a post-office of Transylvania co,, N.C. Grange City, a post-office of Fleming co., Ky. Grange Hill, a post-office of Upshur co., Tex. Grangemouth, granj'muth, a seaport town of Scot- land, CO. of Stirling, on the Carron, H miles S.S.E. of Stir- ling, on a railway, and on the Forth & Clyde Canal. It has a custom-house, a bank, extensive quays and ware- houses, a dry-dock, a good harbor, establishments for ship- building, and a large export and import trade. Pop. 266^. Granger,' gran'j^r, a post-office and station of St. Joseph CO., Ind., on the Chicago & Lake Huron Railroad. Granger, a post-village of Fillmore co., Minn., in Bristol township, near the Upper Iowa River, 10 miles N. of Cresco, Iowa, and about 48 miles S.W. of Winona. It has 2 or 3 churches, a planing-mili, and a machine-shop. Granger, a post-hamlet of Scotland CO., Mo., on the Mis- souri, Iowa &, Nebraska Railroad, 13 miles E, of Memphis. Granger, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co., N.Y., in Granger township, about fi miles S.W. of Nunda Station, and o2 miles S.S. W. of Rochester. The township is bounded on the W. by the Genesee River, and contains a village named Short Tract, Pop. lli>9. Granger, a post-hamlet of Medina co., 0., in Granger township, S miles E.N.E. of Medina, and about 24 miles S. of Cleveland. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Pop. of the township, 987, Granger, Tennessee. See Grainger. Granger, a post-office of Dunn co., Wis, Granger, a post-office of Uintah co., Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 31 miles W. of Green River City. Grangersville, gran'j^rz-vil, a post-office of Macon CO., Ga. Granges, grfixzh, a village of France, in Vosges, 12 miles S.AV. of Saint-Die. Pop. 1347. Granges, a village of Switzerland. See Grenchen. Grange Store, a post-office of Pike co., Ky. Grangetown, granj'town, a village of Wales, in Gla- morganshire, on the TatF, opposite Cardilf. Pop. 2189. Grangeville, granj'vil, a post-office of Izard co,. Ark. Graugeville, a post-ortice of Tulare co., Cal. Grangeville, a post-office of Idaho co., Idaho. Grangeville, a post-office of Marion co., W. Va. Granicus, the ancient name of Chalatdere. Granite, gran'it, a township of Sacramento co., Cal. Pop. 1679. Granite, a post-village, capital of Lake co.. Col., on the Arkansas River, about 100 miles S.W. of Denver, and 8 miles N.E. of Mount Harvard. Granite, a post-village of Baltimore co., Md., 2 miles from Woodstock Railroad Station. It has 2 churches and several granite-quarries. Pop. about 250. Granite, a post-office of Grant co., Oregon. Granite, Pennsylvania. See Granite Hill, Granite, a post-hamlet of Chesterfield co., Va., on the Richmond &, Danville Railroad, and on the James River, 4 miles above Richmond. It has a church, granite-quarries, and a tobacco-factory. Granite Bluff, a post-hamlet of Phillips co., Kansas, 65 miles S.S.W. of Kearney Junction, Neb. Here is a de- posit of pure sand for glass. Granite Bridge, a station on the Shawmut & Milton Branch of the Old Colony Railroad, 6 miles from the initial station in Boston, Mass. Granite Canon, kan'yon, Wyoming, is a station on the Union Pacific Railroad, 20 miles W. of Cheyenne, Ele- vation, 7298 feet. Good granite abounds here. Granite City, a hamlet of Salt Lake co., Utah, about 16 miles S.E. of Salt Lake City. It is in a canon of the Wahsatch Mountains, and is a terminus of the Wasatch & Jordan Valley Railroad, It has a granite-quarry and about 12 houses. Granite Falls, a post-village, capital of Yellow Medi- cine CO., Minn., on the Minnesota River, and on the Hastings A Dakota Railroad, 70 miles W. of Glencoe. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, 2 flouring-mills, and a saw- mill. Pop. about 400. Granite Hill, a post-hamlet of El Dorado co., Cal., in Coloma township. Granite Hill, a post-office of Iredell co., N.C, on the Atlantic, Tennessee & Ohio Railroad, at Shepherd's Station, 12 miles S, of Statesvillo. Granite Hill, a post-hamlet of Adams co., Pa., at Granite Station on the railroad between Gettysburg and Hanover, 4 miles E. of Gettysburg. Granite Springs, a post-office of Orange co., Va. Gran'iteville, a post-office of Nevada co., Cal., at Eureka South. Graniteville, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mass., in Westford township, on the Nashua, Acton & Boston Railroad where it crosses the Stony Brook Railroad, about 30 miles N.W. of Boston, and 12 miles S. of Nashua, N.H. It has a church, a granite-quarry, and manufactures of machinery and worsted yarn. Graniteville, a post- village of Iron co.. Mo., 3^- miles from Middle Brook Station. It has 2 churches. Here are large boulders of granite, which is used for building. Graniteville, a village in Johnston township. Provi- dence CO., R.I., on the Providence & Springfield Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of Providence. It has a church, and is ad- jacent to the larger village of Centredale. Pop. 210. Graniteville, a village of Burrillville township, Provi- dence CO., R,I., 5 miles N.E. of Pascoag. Pop. 349. Graniteville, a post-village of Aiken co., S.C, on the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, at its junc- tion with the South Carolina Railroad, 6 miles W. of Aiken, and 12 miles N.E. of Augusta, Ga. It has 5 churches, a large manufactory of cotton goods, and an academy. Granja, La, a town of Spain. See San Ildefonso. Granmicheli, a town of Sicily. See Ghamjiichele. Gran Nana, grin n^'noh\ a village of Hungary, 75 miles E.S.E. of Presburg, on a railway from Vienna. Grannonum, supposed ancient name of Granville, Granollers de Vails, grS,-nol-yaiRs' di vils, or Granollers del Valles, gri-nol-yains' d^l vil'ySs, a town of Spain, province and 16 miles N.N.E. of Barce- lona. Pop. 4632. Graiion, grin-yon', a town of Spain, province and about 30 miles from Logrono. Pop. 1102. Granozzo, gr3,-not'so, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 6 miles S.S.W. of Novara. Pop. 1512. Grans, grfiN^, a village of France, in Bouches-du- Rhoue, 20 miles N.N.W. of Aix. Pop. 1968. Gran Sasso d'ltalia. See Monte Corno. Gransee, grin'sd.\ a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 43 miles N.N.E. of Potsdam. Pop. 3470. Granson, a town of Switzerland. See Grandson. Grant, a county in the S. central part of Arkansas, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is intersected by Saline River and Hurricane Creek. The surface is hilly or undulating, and is extensively covered with forests; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, cotton, grass, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Sheridan. Valuation of real and personal estate, $483,926. This county was formed in 1869. Pop. in 1870, 3943, of whom 3937 were Americans. Grant, a county in the E. part of Dakota, borders on Minnesota, and is bounded on the N.E. by Big Stone Lake. The surface is nearly destitute of forests. Grant, a county in the N.E. central part of Indiana, has an area of about 430 square miles. It is intersected by the Mississinewa River. The surface is nearly level, and about one-third of it is covered with dense forests; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, grass, and pork are the staple products. It is intersected by the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad and the Cincinnati, Wa- bash & Michigan Railroad. Capital, Marion. Valuation of real and personal estate, $13,110,570. Pop. in 1870, 18,487, of whom 18,173 were Americans. Grant, an unorganized county in the S.W. part of Kan- sas, has an area of 576 square miles. It is drained by the Cimarron River and several of its tributaries. The sur- face is nearly all prairie. Grant, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, has an area of about 320 square miles. It is drained by Eagle Creek. The surface is undulating, and is extensively covered with forests; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, grass, and pork are the staple products. The rock which lies next to the surface is Silurian or Trenton limestone. It is inter- sected by the Cincinnati Southern Railroad. Capital, Wil- liamstown. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,400,000. Pop. in 1870, 9529, of whom 9356 were Americans. GRA GRA Grant) a parish in tlie central part of Louisiana, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on tiie E. by Saline Bayou, and on the S.W. by Red River and the Rigolet de Bon Dieu. The surface is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Capital, Colfax. Valuation of real and personal estate, $918,324. Pop. in 1870, 4617, of whom 4488 were Americans. Grant, a county in the W. part of Minnesota, has an area of 570 square miles. It is drained by the Pomme de Terre and Mustinka Rivers. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is diversified with prairies and small lakes ; the soil is fertile, and adapted to wheat. The county is intersected by the St. Paul &, Pacific Railroad. Capital, Elbow Lake. Pop. in 1870, 340; in 1875, 1191. Grant, the most southwestern county of New Mexico, borders on Arizona. It is bounded on the E. by the Rio Grande, and is drained by the Gila River and the Rio de los Mimbres. The surface is elevated and partly mountain- ous ; the Mesilla Valley and the valley of the Rio Grande have fertile soils. Wheat, Indian corn, and grass are the staple products. Timber and water are scarce on the table- lands of this county. Gold, silver, and copper are found in it. Capital, Pinos Altos. Pop. in 1870, 1143, of whom 592 were Americans. Grant, a large county in the B. part of Oregon, is partly drained by John Day's River. The surface in some parts is mountainous ; the soil of the valleys is adapted to pasturage. The Blue Mountains occupy the northern portion of the county. It contains several large lakes which have no outlet. Cattle, lumber, and wheat are its staple products. Capital, Canon City. Gold is found here. Pop. 1582. Grant, a county in the N.E. part of West Virginia, has an area of about 460 square miles. It is drained by the North and South Branches of the Potomac River. The surface is mountainous and is largely covered with forests. This county is traversed by several ridges of the Alleghany Mountains The soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, wheat, live-stock, and grass are the staples. Capital, Maysville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,436,000. Pop. in 1870, 44G7, of whom 4382 were Americans. Grant, the most southwestern county of Wisconsin, bor- dering on Illinois, has an area of about 1100 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Wisconsin River, and on the S.AV. by the Mississippi River, and is also drained by Grant and Platte Rivers. The surface is diversified by ridges, valleys, and extensive forests. The soil is very fer- tile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, pork, and butter are the staple products. In 1870 it produced 1,744,398 bushels of Indian corn, — more than any other county in the state. Magnesian limestone (Silurian) underlies this county, which has also mines of lead. It is intersected by the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Capital, Lancaster. Valuation of real and personal estate, $30,651,881. Pop. in 1870, 37,979, of whom 28,505 were Americans; in 1875, 39,086. Grant, a post-office of Madison co.. Ark. Grant, a post-hamlet of Park co., Colorado, in the South Park, 45 miles S.W. of Denver. It has silver-mines. Grant, Kankakee co.. III. See Gkant Pahk. Grant, a township of Lake co., 111., bordering on Pish- taka Lake. Pop. 572. Grant, a township of Vermilion co.. 111., about 25 miles N. of Danville, is intersected by the Chicago, Danville &, Vincennes Railroad. Pop. 1204. Grant, a township of Benton co., Ind., on the Illinois line. Pop. 835. Grant, a post-oflice of Fulton co., Ind. Grant, a township of Greene co., Ind. Pop. 632. Grant, a township of Newton co., Ind. Pop. 699. It contains Goodland. Grant, a township of Adams co., Iowa. Pop. 377. Grant, a township of Boone oo., Iowa. Pop. 411. Grant, a township of Buena Vista co., Iowa. Pop. 115. Grant, a township of Carroll co., Iowa. Pop. 160. Grant, a township of Cass co., Iowa. Pop. 526. Grant, a township of Cerro Gordo co., Iowa. Pop. 210. Grant, a township of Dallas co., Iowa. Pop. 529. Grant, a township of Franklin co., Iowa. Pop. 273. Grant, a township of Grundy oo., Iowa. Pop. 578. Grant, a township of Guthrie co., Iowa.. Pop. 222. Grant, a township of Hardin co., Iowa. Pop. 274. Grant, a township of Linn oo., Iowa. Pop. 820. Grant, a township of Lyon co., Iowa. Pop. 126. Grant, a township of Monona co., Iowa. Pop. 316. It IS traversed by the Little Sioux River. Grant, a township of Montgomery co., Iowa. Pop. 852. Grant Post-OIUco is at Milford. Grant, a township of O'Brien co., Jowa. Pop. 401. Grant, a township of Page co., Iowa. Pop. 640, ex- clusive of Shenandoah. Grant, a township of Plymouth co., Iowa. Pop. 276. Grant, a township of Pocahontas co., Iowa. Pop. 114. Grant, a township of Polk co., Iowa. Pop. 400. Grant, a township of Ringgold co., Iowa. Pop. 470. Grant, a township of Sioux co., Iowa. Pop. 226. Grant, a township of Story co., Iowa. Pop. 534. Grant, a township of Tama co., Iowa. Pop. 353. Grant, a township of Taylor co., Iowa. Pop. 371. Grant, a township of Union co., Iowa. Pop. 262. Grant, a township of Woodbury co., Iowa. Pop. 335. Grant, Wright co., Iowa. See Goldfibld. Grant, a township of Clay co., Kansas, on the Repub- liciin River. Pop. 402. Post-office, Gatesville. Grant, a township of Cloud co., Kansas. Pop. 331. Post-offices, Fannie and Alva. Grant, a township of Crawford co., Kansas. Pop. 877. Post-offices, Idell and Grecnbush. Grant, a township of Dickinson co., Kansas. Pop. 1S33. It confains Abilene. Grant, a township of Douglas co., Kansas. Pop. 519, exclusive of North Lawrence. Grant, a township of Jackson co., Kansas. Pop. 753. Post-offices, Buck Grove, Avoca, Banner, and James Cross- ing. Grant, a township of Jewell co., Kansas. Pop. 538. Post-office, Cerro Gordo. Grant, a township of Lincoln co., Kansas. Pop. 950. Post-offices, Pottersburg, Cedron, and Ingalls. Grant, a township of Marion co., Kansas. Pop. 347. Post-office, Youngtown. Grant, a township of Neosho co., Kansas. Pop. 918. Post-office, Flat Rook. Grant, a township of Reno CO., Kansas. Pop. 456. It contains Niekerson. Grant, a township of Republic co., Kansas. Pop. 514. It contains Seapo, and has a salt-marsh which affords a supply of good salt. Grant, a township of Riley co., Kansas, on the Big Blue River. It has a cheese-factory and a steam mill. Pop. 772. It contains Stockdale. Grant, a township of Sedgwick co., Kansas. Pop. 882. It contains Valley Centre. Grant, a post-office of Boone co., Ky. See Belleview. Grant, a township of Cheboygan co., Mich. Pop. 407. Grant, a township of Clare co., Mich. Pop. 583. Grant, a township of Grand Traverse oo., Mich. P. 311. Grant, a township of Huron co., Mich. Pop. 280. Grant, a township of Iosco co., Mich. Pop. 51. Grant, a post-office of Kent co., Mich. Grant, a township of Keweenaw oo., Mich. Pop. 223. Grant, a township of Mason co., Mich., on Lake Michi- gan. Pop. 209. Grant, a township of Mecosta co., Mich. Pop. 179. Grant, a township of New.aygo co., Mich. Pop. 110. Grant Station on the Grand Rapids, Newaygo & Lake Shore Railroad is 5 miles S. of Newaygo. Grant, a township of Oceana co., Mich. Pop. 302. Grant, a township of St. Clair co., Mich. Pop. 1304. Grant, a township of Washington co., Minn., traversed by the railroad from White Bear Lake to Stillwater. P. 388. Grant, a township of Caldwell oo.. Mo. Pop. 909. Grant, a village of Cass oo., Mo., 14 miles S.W. of Hol- den. It has a church and 4 stores. Grant, a township of Clarke co., Mo. Pop. 766. It contains Anson. Grant, a township of Dade co.. Mo. Pop. 279. Grant, a township of Dallas co., Mo. Pop. 1002. Grant, a township of Daviess co.. Mo. Pop. 784. Grant, a township of De Kalb oo.. Mo. Pop. 966. Grant, a township of Nodaway co.. Mo. Pop. 1105. Grant, a township of Putnam oo.. Mo. Pop. 638. Grant, a post-hamlet of Nemaha oo., Neb., about 20 miles S.W. of Nebraska City. Grant, Chautauqua oo., N.Y. See Broken Straw. Grant, a post-village of Herkimer co., N.Y., in Russia township, 5 miles N.E. of Trenton Falls. It has 1 or 2 churches, a tannery, a saw-mill, and a cheese-factory. Grant, a township of New Hanover Co., N.C. P. 1119. Grant, a township of Randolph co., N.C. Pop. 949. Grunt, a post-hamlet of Hardin co., 0., on the Cleve- land, Sandusky & Cincinnati Railroad, 5 miles N. of Ken- ton. It has a church and a saw-mill. Pop. 100. Grant, a station in Elk co.. Pa., on the Low Grade Railroad, 8 miles W. of Driftwood. GRA 8J Grant, a post-township of Indiana co., Pa. Pop. 999. Grant Post-Office is at the borough of Cherry Tree. Grant, a station on the Atlantic & Great Western Rail- road, 13 miles N.E. of Corry, Pa. Grant, a locality in Schuylkill co., Pa., on the East Mahanoy Kailroad, 2 miles E. of Mahanoy City. Here coal is mined. Grant, a township of Darlington co., S.C. Pop. 2172. Grant, a township of Edgefield co., S.C. Pop. 1116. Grant, a post-hamlet of Smith co., Tenn., 12 miles E. of Lebanon. It has a church. Grant, a post-hamlet of Grayson co,, Va., 24- miles S.S.E. of Marion. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a Eaw-mill. Grant, a township of Clark co,, Wis. Pop. 663. Post- offices, Maple Works and Pleasant Ridge. Grant, a township of Dunn co., Wis. Pop, 954. Grant, a township of Portage co., Wis. . Pop. 246. Grant, a township of Shawano co.. Wis. Pop. 470. Granta, an ancient name of Cambridgd, Granta, a river of England. See Cam. Grant Centre, a post-office of Monona co,, Iowa. Grant'chester, a village of England, co, and 2^ miles S.S.W. of Cambridge. It is supposed to be the ancient Camhoritum, the original seat of the University of Cam- bridge. Pop. of parish, 844. Grant City, a post-village of Sac co., Iowa, on the Raccoon River, about 44 miles S.W, of Fort Dodge. It has a graded school, a flour-mill, 2 brick-yards, &c. Grant City, a post-village, capital of Worth co., Mo., about 66 miles N.N.E. of St. Joseph, It has a bank, a high school, and 4 churches. Two weekly newspapers are pub- lished here. Grant City, a post-office of Lawrence co.. Pa. Grant Court-House, W. Va. See Maysville. Grant Fork, a post-village of Madison co., 111., 6 miles N. of Highland Station, which is 31 miles E.N.E. of St. Louis, Mo. It has 2 churches. Grantham, grant'am, a town of England, co. and 23 miles S.S.W. of Lincoln, at a railway junction. It has a church of the thirteenth century, a grammar-school, seve- ral chapels, the guild hall, a jail, a workhouse, and a the- atre. The principal trade is in malting and export of corn, and import of coal by a canal connecting the town with the Trent. It sends two members to the House of Commons. Pop. 502S; of the parliamentary borough, 13,250. Grant'ham, a post-township and hamlet of Sullivan CO., N.H., about 14 miles N.E. of Claremont. It has 7 lumber-mills. Pop. 608. Grantham, a township of AVayne co., N.C. Pop. 1823. Grant Isle, ile, a post-village and township of Aroos- took CO., Me., on the river St. John, 90 miles N.N.W. of Houlton. It has a church and 3 saw-mills. Pop. 688. GrantflLand, the extreme N. portion of Grinnell Land, comprises the northernmost land yet reached. Grant'Iey, a post-office of Cleburne co., Ala. Grant'ley, a post-village in Dundas co., Ontario, 17 miles N.N.E. of Morrisburg. Pop. 100. Grant'Iy Harbor, an inlet of Behring Strait, in Alaska, is the seat of a considerable trade. Gran'ton, a town of Scotland, co. and 3 miles by rail N.W. of Edinburgh, on the Firth of Forth, here crossed by a railway ferry. It has a pier, jetties, breakwaters, steam cranes, docks and slips for shipping, machine-shops, and chemical works. Pop. 1104. Gran'ton, a hamlet of Bergen co., N.J., on the Northern Railroad of New Jersey, 7 miles N. of Jersey City. Gran'ton, a post-village in Middlesex co., Ontario, on the Grand Trunk Railway, 108 miles W. of Toronto. It has carding- and grist-mills, several stores, and a large trade in grain. A weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. 350. Gran'toAvn, a village of Seothmd, co. of Inverness, on the Spey, 22 miles by rail S. of Forres. Pop. 1322. Grant Park, a post-village in Yellow Head township, Kankakee eo.. 111., on the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, 51 miles S. of Chicago. It has 2 churches, 2 ele- vators for grain, a furniture-factory, and several stores. Grant River, Wisconsin, rises in Grant co., runs south- westward and southeastward, and enters the Mississippi River about 12 miles above Dubuque. Grant's, a station in Sonoma co., Cal., on the San Francisco & North Pacific Railroad, 70 miles N. of San Francisco. Grant's, a station in St. Louis co., Mo., on the Caron- delet Branch of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 7 miles W. of Carondelet. Grantsborough, grants'bur-ruh, a post-hamlet of ) GRA Pamlico co., N.C, 12 miles N.E. of New-Berne. It has 3 churches. Grants'burg, a post-hamlet of Johnson co., 111., 7 miles E. of Vienna. It has a church. Grantsburg,a small post-village of Crawford co., Ind,, about 40 miles W. of New Albany. It has a church. Grantsburg, a post-village, capital of Burnett co., Wis., on Wood River, about 6 miles E. of the St. Croix River, and 60 miles N. of Hudson. It has a court-house, 2 churches, a newspaper otRce, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. of Grantsburg township, 827. Grant's Lick, a post-hamlet of Campbell co., Ky., 2i miles from the Kentucky Central Railroad. It has a church. Grant's Mills, a post-office of Delaware co., N.Y. Grant's Pass, the channel between Dauphin Island, Ala., and the mainland. Through it vessels may pass from Mobile Bay into Mississippi Sound, Grant's Pass, a post-office of Jackson co., Oregon. Grants'ville, a post-village of Garrett co., Md., 25 miles W. by N. of Cumberland. It has 3 churches, a wagon-shop, a flour-mill, and 3 stores. Pop. about 200. Grantsville, a post-village in Grantsville township, Linn co., Mo., 7 miles N.E. of Linneus. The township has 5 churches. Grantsville, a post-village of Tooele co., Utah, about 35 miles W.S.W. of Salt Lake City. It has a church. Grantsville, a post-village, capital of Calhoun co., AV. Va., on the Little Kanawha River, about 50 miles N.E. of Charleston. Grant'ville, a post-office of Cherokee co., Ala, Grautville, a post-hamlet of Litchfield co,. Conn., in Norfolk township, on the Connecticut Western Railroad, 6 miles W.N.W. of Winsted. It has a saw -mill. Grantville, a post-village of Coweta co., Ga., on the Atlanta & West Point Railroad, 52 miles S.S.W. of Atlanta. It has 3 churches, a flouring-mill, and 2 schools. The re- pair-shops of the railroad are located here. Gold is found 3 miles from this place. Pop. about 500. Grantville, a post-village in Kaw township, Jefferson CO., Kansas, on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 1 mile N. of the Kansas River, and 7 miles E. of Topeka. It has a church. Grantville, a post-village in Needham township, Nor- folk CO., Mass., on the Boston & Albany Railroad, and near Charles River, 13 miles W.S.W. of Boston. It has 3 churches. Grantville, a hamlet of Howard co., Neb., 9^ miles N.W. of Grand Island. Grantville, a post-office of Buncombe co,, N.C. Grantville, a post-village of Dauphin co.. Pa., in East Hanover township, 5 miles N.W. of Palmyra Station. It has a church and 3 or 4 stores. Grantville, a post-office of Montgomery co., Tenn. Granville, gr6N'^'veel' (anc. Granno'nnm?), a fortified seaport town of France, in Manche, at the mouth of the Bosq, at the foot of a rocky promontory projecting into the English Channel, 30 miles S.AV. of Saint-Lo. Lat. of the light-house, 48° 50' 1" N.; Ion. 1° 35' 57" W. It has a strong citadel, a custom-house, a fine granite mole enclosing a small harbor, a Gothic church, a hospital, and public baths. It is the seat of a commercial tribunal and a school of navigation, and the residence of a commissary of marine. Its inhabitants are partly engaged in cod- and oyster-fish- eries. It has manufactures of brandy and chemicals, and some trade with the colonies and the Channel Islands, and exports eggs, &c., to England. It is a railway terminus. Granville was burned by the British in 1095, Pop. 12,372. GranVille, a county in the N. part of North Carolina, bordering on Virginia, has an area of about 730 square miles. It is drained by the Tar River, which rises in it, and by small affluents of the Roanoke and Neuse Rivers. The surface is undulating or hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, to- bacco, oats, wheat, and pork are the staple products. This county has extensive beds of sandstone. It is intersected by the Raleigh & Gaston Railroad, Capital, Oxford. Val- uation of real and personal esta,te, $0,838,154. Pop. in 1870, 24,831, of whom 24,824 were Americans. Granville, or Graudville, a township of Jasper co., 111. Pop. 1260. It contains Yale, or Grandville. Granville, a post-village of Putnam co,, 111., in Gran- ville township, 8 miles S.W. of Peru, and 6 or 7 miles E. of Hennepin. It has 3 churches and a graded school. Pop. of the township, 1668. Granville, a post-hamlet of Delaware co., Ind., in Niles township, on the Mississinewa River, about 62 miles N.E of Indianapolis. It has 2 or 3 churches. GRA 890 GRA Gran vi 1 1 e , a post-village of Mahaska co., Iowa, in Rich- land township, about 48 miles E. by S. of Des Moines. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Granville, a township of Hampden co.. Mass. Pop. 1240. It contains Granville Corners, East Granville, and West Granville. Granville, a post-village of Monroe co.. Mo., about H miles W.S.W. of Hannibal. It has 2 churches. Pop. 71. Granville, a hamlet of Monmouth co., N..I., on Rari- tan Bay, i miles from Keyport. It has a church, a light- house, and a fishery. Granville, a post-village of Washington co., N.Y., in Granville township, on the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad, and on the Pawlet River, B6 miles N.N.E. of Albany, and 13 miles S.S.E. of Whitehall. It contains several churches, a newspaper office, a bank, and a graded school. Pop. about 900. The township, which has quarries of good roofing- slate, contains also the villages of Middle Granville and North Granville. It has 9 churches, 2 banks, a military academy, and manufactures of cotton batting, knitted shirts, and drawers. Total pop. 4098. Granville, a post-village of Licking co., 0., in Gran- ville township, on Raccoon Creek, 6 miles W. of Newark, and about 28 miles E.N.E. of Columbus. It contains 6 churches, a national bank, 2 grist-mills, a union school, the Granville FemaleCoUege, and the Denison University (Baptist), which was organized in 1832 and has a library of 11^000 volumes. It is 2 or 3 miles N. of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, on ■which is Granville Station, 4 miles S.W. of Newark. Pop. 1109 ; of the township, 2127. Granville, a township of Mercer CO., 0. Pop.1234. It contains St. Henry's. Granville, a township of Bradford co., Pa. Pop. 1375. It contains Granville Centre and Granville Summit. Granville, a post-village in Granville township, Mifflin CO., Pa., on the Juniata River, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 65 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg. It has a church, a foundry, .and a machine-shop. Pop. of township, 1297. Granville, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Tenn., on the Cumberland River, 60 miles E. of Nashville. It hag 2 churches. Granville, a post-township of Addison co., Vt., about 28 miles N. of Rutland. It has a mountainous surface. Pop. 726. It contains a hamlet named Granville. Granville, a post-village of Monong.alia co., W. Va., on the Monongahela River, 2 miles below Morgantown. It has a church. Pop. about 150. Granville, a post-hamlet in Granville township, Mil- waukee CO., Wis., on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, and on the Chicago &. Northwestern Railroad, 15 miles N.N.W. of Milwaukee. Pop. of the township, 2401. Gran'ville, a post-village in Queens co., Prince Edward Island, 24 miles from Charlottetown. Pop. 330. Granville Centre, a post-hamlet of Bradford co.. Pa., in Gr.inville township, about 30 miles S. of Elmira, N.Y. It has a church, a tannery, and a hotel. Granville Centre, a post-office of Milwaukee oo., Wis. Granville Cor'ners, a post-village of Hampden co., Mass., in Granville township, about 18 miles W. by S. of Springfield. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of drums and toys. Granville Fer'ry, a post-village in Annapolis CO., Nova Scotia, on the W. side of Annapolis Bay, opposite the town of Annapolis. It contains several stores, churches, hotels, and ship-yards. Pop. 300. Granville Sum'mit, a post-hamlet of Bradford co.. Pa., in Granville township, on the Northern Central Kail- road, 47 miles N. by E. of Williamsport. It has 2 churches. The station is called West Granville, or Granville, and the post-office Granville Summit. Granvilliers, Fr.ance. See Grandvillieks. Grao de Valencia, gri'o dA v4-l§n'the-i, or Villa- nueva del Grao, vecPyi-nwi'vi dil gri'o, a seaport town of Spain, at the raouth of the (Tuadalaviar, 4 miles E. of Valencia, of which it is the port. Pop. 3278. Grape Creek, a post-offiee of Cherokee eo., N.C. Grape Grove, a township of Ray oo.. Mo. Pop. 2660. Grape Grove, a post-hamlet of Greene co., 0., in Ross township, 5 miles S. of Selma Station. It has 2 churches. Grape Island, a post-office of Pleasants eo., W. Va., is near an island in the Ohio River. Grape'land, a post-office of Blue Earth co., Minn., about 24 miles S. of Mankato. Grapeland, a post-hamlot of Houston co., Te.\., on the International & Great Northern Railroad, 25 miles S. of Palestine. It has a ohurob. Grape Lawn, a post-office of Nelson co., Va. Grape'ville, a post-hamlet of Greene co., N.Y., 25 miles S.S.W. of Albany. Grapevine, a post-village of Westmoreland co.. Pa., in Henipfield township, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 25 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. It has a church. Grape Vine, a post-office of Grant co., Ark. Grape Vine, a post-office of Perry co., Ky. Grape Vine, a post-village of Tarrant co., Tex., 16 miles N. of .Johnson's Station. It has 2 churches, a masonic institute, .and a flour-mill. Grappe's (griips) Bluif, a post-office of Natchitoches parish, La., on Red River. Grarib, a mountain of Egypt. See AcnEEB. Grash'olm, or Gresh'olm, an island of Wales, in St. George's Channel, co. of Pembroke. Graslitz,gri5'lits, Greklis, grSk'lis, orGradlicze, grid-leet'si, a town of Bohemia, 19 miles N.N.E. of Eger. It has manufactures of musical instruments, looking-glasses, cotton yarn, paper, «te. Pop. 6335. Gras'mere, avillageof England, co. of Westmoreland, 2i miles N.W. of Ambleside. It stands at the head of Grasmere Lake, and is noted as having been the home of several eminent men of letters. Pop. of township, •805. Grasmere Hill (or Fell), a mountain of England, co. of Cumberland, E. of Crumraock- Water. Graso, grA'so\ an island of Sweden, at the entrance of the Gulf of Bothnia, opposite the town of Oregrund. Lat. 60° 25' N. Length, about 18 miles. Grass, a post-hamlet of Spencer co., Ind., in Grass township, 30 miles E. of Evansville. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1871. Grassano, grfc-si'no, or Grazzano, grit-si'no, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, province of Alessandria, about 8 miles from Casale. Pop. 1642. Grassano, gris-si'no, a town of Italy, province and 25 miles E. of Potenza. Pop. 5262. Grasse, griss, a town of France, in Alpes-Maritiraes, 25 miles \V. of Nice. It has a large Gothic church, a com- munal college, 3 hospitals, a town hall, an exchange, a theatre, an old tower, some Roman antiquities, a public library, and a gallery of paintings. Large quantities of perfumery are made at Grasse. It has many mills for oil and flour; also manufactures of coarse woollen stuft's, silk organzine, leather, liqueurs, and brandy, and an active trade in fruits and oil. Pop. 9673. Grasse, or La Grasse, li gr^ss, a town of France, in Aude, 15 miles S.E. of Carcassonne. Pop. 1135. Grass'liopper, a township of Atchison co., Kansas. Pop. 1306. It contains Museotah. Grasshopper Creek, Kansas. See Delawabe River. Grasshopper Falls, Kansas. See Valley Fai.ls. Gras'sington, a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, 8i miles N.N.E. of Skipton. Pop. of township, 830. Grass Lake, a post-village of Jackson co., Mich., in Grass Lake township, on the Michigan Central Railroad, 10 miles E. of Jackson, and 66 miles W. of Detroit. It has 3 churches, a bank, a money-order post-office, a flouring-mill, and a union school. Here is a small lake (2 miles long) of the same name. Pop. about 700 ; of the township, 1757. Wheat, wool, apples, and live-stock are its staple products. Grass Lake, a post-office of Kanabec co., Minn. Grass Land, a post-office of Boyd co., Ky. Grass Land, a post-hamlet of Harrison co., W. Va., 7 miles S.E. of Clarksburg. It has 2 churches. Grass Lick, a post-office of Jackson co., W. Va. Grass Pond, or Saint Etienne de Boulton, siNt 4tV-en' d^h boolHAN"', a po.st-village in Brome co., Quebec, 11 miles S.E. of Waterloo. Pop. 125. Grass (or De Grasse) River, New York, rises in the S.E. part of St. Lawrence co., and runs first nearly north- westward, then gradually deflects to the right, and flows northward to Canton, thence pursuing a northeastward course, and entering the St. Lawrence River at the N.W. extremity of Franklin co., about 3 miles below the mouth of Racket River. Its length is estimated at 150 miles. Grass llun, a post-office of Harrison co., W. Va. Grass VaI'ley, a post-town of Nevada eo., Cal., in Grass Valley township, about 48 miles N.N.E. of Sacra- mento, and 4 miles S.W. of Nevada. It is the most popu- lous place in the county, and derives its prosperity eliiefly from its gold-mines, which arc among the richest in the state. It contains 6 churches, a high school, a bank, several quartz-mills, and 2 iron-foundries. Grass Valley is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop, and has a oonvont and 2 orphanages. A daily newspaper is published here. Pop., including precinct, 7063. Gras'sy Brunch, a post-office of Cleveland co., N.C. GRA 891 GRA Grassy Cove, a post-ofBoe of Cumberland co., Tenn. Grassy Creek rises in Granville oo., N.C., runs north- eastward into Virginia, and enter3 the Roanoke River in Mecklenburg go. Grassy Creek, a post-office of Morgan co., Ky. Grassy Creek, a post-township of Mitchell co., N.C. Pop. 514. Grassy Flat, a post-office of Pulaski co., Ark. Grassy Fork, a township of Jackson co., Ind. Pop. IISS. It contains Tampico. Grassy Knob, a post-office of Rutherford co., N.C. Grassy Meadows, a post-office of Summers co.,AV.Va. Grassy Mountain, a township of Greenville co., S.C. Pop. 1335. Grassy Point, a post-village of Rockland co., N.Y., in Stony Point township, on the Hudson River, 1 mile from Stony Point Railroad Station. It has a machine- shop and a brick-yard, and is a terminus of the Hacken- sack & New York Extension Railroad. Grassy Pond, a post-office of Spartanburg oo., S.C. Gras'syville, a post-offloe of Lee co., Tex. Gratallops, gr4-til-yops', a town of Spain, in Cata- lonia, 24 miles from Tarr.agona. Pop. 114B. Gratchevska,Graclievska,gia,-ch5v'ski, or Gra- tscliewskaia, gr4-chSv-ski'ya, a village of Russia, gov- ernment and 125 miles N.W. of Astrakhan, on the Volga. Gra'ter's Ford, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co.. Pa., on Perkiomcn Creek, and on the Perkiomen Railroad, 8 miles S. of Perkiomenville, and 34 miles N.W. of Phila- delphia. It has a church, a saw-mill, and a sash-factory. Grate's Cove, a village at the entrance to Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, 6 miles N. of Bay de Verds. Pop. 550. Gratianopolis, an ancient name of Grenoble. Gratiot, gra'she-ot, a -county in the central part of Michigan, has an area of 576 square miles. It is inter- sected by Pine River, and also drained by Maple River and Beaverdam Creek, The surface is undulating, and exten- sively covered with forests, in which the white pine and sugar-maple abound. The soil is fertile. Lumber, wheat, Indian corn, hay, and oats are the staple products of this county. It is traversed by the Saginaw Valley &, St. Louis Railroad. Capital, Ithaca. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, §4,029,711. Pop. in 1870, 11,810, of whom 10,613 were Americans ; in 1874, 13,886. Gratiot, a post-village of Licking co., 0., on the National Road, in Hopewell township (partly in Hopewell township, Muskingum co.), 12 miles W. of Zanesville, and about 14 miles S.E. of Newark. It has 3 churches and a manufactory of drain-tiles. Pop. 228. Gratiot, a post-village of Lafayette oo., Wis., in Gra- tiot township, on the Pecatonioa River, about 48 miles S.W. of Madison. It is on the Mineral Point Railroad, 25 miles S. by E. of Mineral Point. It has a church and a grist- mill. Pop. about 200; of the township, 1721. Gra'tis, a post-township of Preble co., 0., about 22 miles S.W. of Dayton, Pop. 2023. It contains the village of AVinchester, in which is Gratis Post-Office. Gratsanitza, grat-si-nit's4, a town of Bosnia, 14 miles W.S.W. of Zvornik. Gratsanitza, a town of Bosnia, 37 miles W.S.W. of Zvornik. Grat'tan, a post-hamlet of Kent co., Mich., in Grattan township, 12 miles N. of Lowell, and about 18 miles E.N.E. of Grand Rapids. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Pop. about 150; of the township, 1250. Griitz,orGraetz, grUs (Slavonian, Nimetzki-Gradetz, ne-m^ts'ke-gri-d^ts'), the capital city of Styria, in Austria, situated at a railway junction, on both sides of the Mur, in lat. 47° 4' 13" N., Ion. 15° 26' E. With its suburbs, it is about 7 miles in circumference, and pretty well built, having many good private and some fine public edifices. The city proper, small and irregularly laid out, is encircled by fine walks and public gardens on the site of the old for- tifications. The cathedral has some fine monuments. Near it is a chapel with the tomb of Ferdinand II. ; and here are about 20 other churches. The Convict, the largest public building in Gratz, now serves for a school of the university. The other principal. buildings are the ancient palace of the Styrian dukes, now the governor's residence, the citadel, the observatory, the council-house, the theatre, and the Land- hanSj with a Large collection of ancient armor. The Jo- hanneum, '' the pride of Gratz and of Styria," was founded by the Archduke John in 1812 for the encouragement of the arts and manufactures of Styria : it has rich museums of zoology, botany, mineralogy, antiquities, and coins, a chemical laboratory, a botanic garden, a library consisting of the best European works and open to the public, gra- tuitous courses of lectures, and a reading-room supplied with the chief European journals. The university has a library of 55,000 printed volumes and 7500 MSS. Griitz has a gymnasium, an episcopal academy, military and nu- merous other schools, 6 hospitals and many other charitable establishments, military magazines, a jail, a workhouse, and a lunatic asylum. Gratz is the residence of the mili- tary commandant for Styria and of the Prince-Bishop of Leckau, and is the seat of various courts. It has manufac- tures of cotton, silk, and woollen fabrics, leather, iron and steel wares, rosoglio, &c., and a large trade in timber, iron, and seeds. Pop. 81,119. Griitz, grto, Grodzisko, grod-zis'ko, or Gredz- lack, grSts'lik, a town of Prussia, province and 22 miles S.W. of Posen. Pop. 3584. Gratz, grats, a. post-village of Owen co., Ky., on the Kentucky River, 9 miles W.S.W. of Owenton, and about 44 miles E.N.E. of Louisville. It has a church and a steam flour-mill. Pop. 72. Gratz, a post-borough of Dauphin co.. Pa., in Lykens township, about 28 miles N.N.E. of Harrisburg. It has 2 churches. Here are mines of anthracite coal. Pop. 386. Graubiinden, a canton of Switzerland. See GnisoNS. Graudenz, grow'd^nts, a fortified town of Western Prussia, 18 miles S.S.W. of Marienwerder, on the Vistula, here crossed by a bridge of boats 2700 feet in length. Pop. 16,615, including military. It is enclosed by walls, and has a strong fortress, a gymnasium, a high school, and a Lutheran and a Roman Catholic church. Graulhet, groMi', a town of France, department of Tarn, on the Dadou, 11 miles N.E. of Lavaur. Pop. 4435. Graun, grown, a village of Austria, in Tyrol, 30 miles S.S.W. of imst, near a lake of the same name, and more than 4500 feet above the sea. Pop. 721. Graupen, grow'pen, or Kraupen, krow'pen, a mining town of Bohemia, on a railway, about 6 miles N.E. of Tep- litz. It has mines of tin. Pop. 2320. Graus, growce, a town of Spain, province and 37 miles E. of Huesca, on the Sera. Pop. 2803. Gravalos, a town of Spain. See Grabalos, Grave, gra'v^h, or Graaf, gri\f, a town of the Nether- lands, in North Brabant, on the Meuse, 20 miles E.N.E. of Bois-Ie-Duc. Pop. 2810. Grave Creek, West Virginia. See Modndsville. Gravedona, grJ-vA-do'ni, a town of Italy, in Lom- bardy, 27 miles N.N.E. of Como. Pop. 1527. Grav'el Ford, a post-hamlet of Coos co., Oregon, on the Coquille River, 15 miles from the sea, and 50 miles W. of Roseburg. It has a church. Gravel Hill, a post-hamlet of Cape Girardeau co.. Mo., 10 miles from Marble Hill. It has 2 or 3 churches. Lead is found here. Gravel Hill, a post-office of Bladen co., N.C. Gravel Hill, a post-office of Buckingham co., Va. Gravelines, grivMeen' (Flem. (xravelinrjen, grd'veh- ling^^n), a strongly fortified seaport town of France, in Nord, on the Aa, near its mouth in the English Channel, 12 miles by rail E.N.E. of Calais. It stands in a marshy plain, protected from the sea by dunes or sand-hills, and which may be laid wholly under water. It has an arsenal, military magazines, and a military hospital. Its port is small but convenient, and is frequented by fishing-vessels. Pop. 4182, Gravel'la, a post-village of Conecuh co., Ala., on the Mobile A Montgomery Railroad, 102 miles N.E. of Mobile. It has 2 churches and 3 stores. Gravellona, gri-vSl-lo'n4, a village of Italy, 11 miles S.E. of Novara. Pop. 2448. Grav'elly Hill, a post-office of Yell co., Ark. Gravelly Hill, a station on the Junction & Break- water Railroad, 11 miles W, by S. of Lewes, Del. Gravelly Landing, New Jersey. See Port Repoblic. Gravelly Spring, a post-hamlet of Lauderdale co., Ala., 9 miles N. of Cherokee Railroad Station. It has 2 churches and 3 stores. Gravelly Valley, a post-office of Lake co., Cal. Gravelotte, griv'lijt', a village of Lorraine, 7 miles W. of Metz, gives name to the sanguinary battle and French defeat of August 18, 1870. Pop. 669. Gravelotte, grav'e-lot, a station in Hamilton co., 0., on the Little Miami Railroad, 12 miles from Cincinnati, Grav'el Point, a post-office of Harrison co., Ind. Gravel Point, a post-office of Texas co.. Mo. Gravel Ridge, a post-office of Bradley co.. Ark. Gravel Spring, a post-office of Frederick co., Va. Gravel Switch, a post-office of Marion co., Ky., on the Knoxville Branch of the Louisville & Nashville Rail- road, 12 miles S.E. of Lebanon. GRA GRA Grav'elton, a post-office of Kosciasko cc, Ind., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 4 miles W. of Milford Junction, and 101, miles E. by S. of Chicago. Gravendeel , gr^V^n-d4r, a village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 3 miles S. of Dort. Pop. 2437. Gravenhaag, 'S, Netherlands. See Hague. Gra'venhurst, a post-village in Victoria co., Ontario, on Lake Muskoka, 25 miles N, of Orillia. It has 4 stores, 2 hotels, saw-, sash-, door-, and planing-mills, and an ex- tensive lumber-trade. Steamers plying on the lake and river Muskoka start from here. Pop. 400. Graveustein, gri'v?n-stine\ or Graasteen, gr4'- stin, a village of Germany, in Sleswick, with a castle, 11 miles N.E. of Flensburg. Pop. 654. Gra'ver's, a station on the Germantown & Chestnut Hill Railroad, ^ mile from Chestnut Hill, Pa. Grave Run Mills, a post-village of Baltimore co., Md., about 30 miles N. by W. of Baltimore. It has a woollen-factory, a paper-mill, and a grist-mill. Graves, gravz, a county in the W. part of Kentucky, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is drained by Clark's River and Maylield Creek. The surface is nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests ; the soil is fertile. Tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Paducah & Memphis Railroad. Capital, Mayfield, Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,359,720. Pop. in 1870, 19,398, of whom 19,297 were natives and 101 were foreigners. Graves, a station in Terrell co., Ga., on the Southwestern Railroad, 4 miles W. of Dawson. Graveseud, gravz'end', a town of England, co. of Kent, on the right bank of the Thames, 20 miles by rail E.S.E. of London. The older part of the town, near the river, has narrow streets; the upper town is more open, and has many tasteful rows of houses and detached villas. The summit of the hill on which it is built is crowned by pros- pect towers commanding views of the Thames, and is a favorite place of holiday resort. Gravesend has a free school, some almshouses, a battery, town hall, workhouse, custom-house, bank, numerous good baths, libraries, ter- races, several public gardens, and two piers on the river, forming agreeable promenades. Formerly its trade con- sisted in supplying ships with stores, vessels from London being obliged to clear out here. Its more recent prosperity dates from the establishment of steamboats, which run to London in two hours, and during summer, especially on Sundays, bring immense crowds of visitors. Many also of the wealthier class of trades-people reside here. There is a ferry across the Thames to Tilbury Fort. Pop. 21,265. Graveseud, gravz'^nd, a post-township of Kings co., N.y., about 6 miles S. of Brooklyn, is bounded on the S. by the Atlantic Ocean. It has 4 churches. Pop. 21S2. It comprises Coney Island. Graves (gravz) Mill, a post-office of Madison co., Va. Graveston, gravz't9n, a post-office of Knox co., Tenn. Gravesville, gravz'vil, a post-hamlet of Herkimer co., N.Y., in Russia township, near West Canada Creek, 3 miles from Trenton Falls, and about 14 miles N.N.E. of Utica. It has 2 churches, a wagon-factory, &c. Pop. 67. Gravesville, a post-hamlet of Calumet co.. Wis., in Charlestown township, on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 77 miles N. of Milwaukee, and ^ mile from Chilton. It has a church, a cheese-factory, a saw-mill, tfec. Gravezande, gri-v?h-zS,n'd?h, or 'S Gravezande (L. Are'na Gom.'itis '/), a village of the Netherlands, S miles S.W. of the Hague, on the sand-downs near the sea-coast. Pop. 3782. Graville, gr^WeeV, Graville-Sainte-Honorine, griVeel'-sS-Nt-o'no^reen', or GravUle-l'Heure, gri^- veel'-luR, a village of France, in Seine-Inferieure, 3 miles E.N.E. of Havre. It has a curious old church. Pop. 2700, Gravina, gri-vee'na., a city of Italy, province and 35 miles S.W. of Bari, on the left bank of the Gravina River. Pop. 14,443. It is a bishop's see, and has a cathedral, S other churches, several convents, and a college. Gravina, gr^-vee'n4, a port of Alaska. Lat. 60° 44' N.; Ion. 145° 46' W. Grav'ity, a post-office of Taylor co., Iowa. Gravois (gra'vi) Mills, a ])ost-hamlet of Morgan co.. Mo., 28 miles S. of Tipton. It has a flour-mill, a woollen- mill, and a furnace for smelting lead, which is mined here. Gray, gri, a town of France, in Haute-SaOne, on the Saone, here bordered by a fine quay, 36 miles by rail S.W. of Vesoul. It has a communal college, a public library, an old palace of the dukes of Burgundy, oavalry barracks, large flour-mills, tiinneriea, steam saw-mills, oil-mills, many other factories, and an active trade. Pop. 7345. Gray, a county of the Panhandle of Texas, traversed by the North Fork of Red River. Area, 900 square miles. Gray, a post-office of Jones co., Ga. Gray, a post-village of Cumberland co., Me,, in Gray township, about IS miles N. of Portland, and 3 miles W. of the Maine Central Railroad. It has an academy, 3 churches, a woollen-mill, and manufactures of lumber and steel shuttles. Pop. of the township, 173S. Gray Station is 19 miles N. of Portland. Gray, Herkimer co., N.Y. See Graysville, Gray, a post-office of Washington co., 0. Gray, a township of Edgefield co., S.C. Pop. 2533. Gray'bill, a station in York co.. Pa., on the Hanover & York Railroad, 5 miles S.W. of York. Gray Eagle, ee'g"I, a township of Todd co., Minn. Pop. 124. Gray Eagle, a post-hamlet of Buncombe co., N.C. Gray Hawk, a post-office of Jackson co., Ky. Gray'land, a station in Cook co., HI., on the Chicago & Milwaukee Railroad, 8 miles N. of Chicago. Grayling, a post-hamlet of Crawford co., Mich., in Grayling township, on the Au Sable River, and on the Macki- naw division of the Michigan Central Railroad, 93 miles N. by W. of Bay City. It has 1 or 2 lumber-mills. The ex- cellent grayling fish is found near this place. Graylock, Massachusetts. See Greylock. Gray Peak, a mountain of the Adirondack group, in Essex CO., N.Y., has an altitude of 4902 feet. Gray Rock, a post-hamlet of Titus co., Tex., about 70 miles N.W. of Marshall. Gray's, a station in Lycoming co.. Pa., on the North- ern Centi"al Railroad, about 16 miles N. of Williamsport. Grays'burg, a post-village of Greene co., Tenn., about 20 miles N. of Greenville, It has 3 churches, a seminary, and a manufactory of baryta. Gray's Chapel, a post-office of Jackson co., Ala. Gray's Chapel, a post-office of Randolph co., N.C. Gray's Cor'iiers, a hamlet of Saratoga co., N.Y., in Half Moon township, 3 miles from Crescent Station. It has a church. Gray's Creek, a post-office of Cumberland co., N.C. Gray's Ed'dy, a station on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 56 miles N.E. of Pittsburg, Pa., and 8 miles S.E. of Red Bank Furnace, Pa. Gray's Fer'ry, a station within the limits of Phila- delphia, Pa., on the Schuylkill River, and on the Philadel- phia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, 2 miles from the initial station. The Philadelphia & Chester Railroad also passes this point. Gray's Flat, a post-office of Marion co., W. Va. Gray's Har'bor, an inlet of the Pacific 'Ocean, in Chehalis co., Washington. The Chehalis River enters the eastern end of this inlet, which extends from the ocean inland nearly 15 miles. Vessels drawing 18 or 20 feet of water can enter this harbor, which is safe and commodious and has an area of about 150 square miles. Gray's Hill, a post-office of Roane co., Tenn. Gray's Land'iug, a post-hamlet of Greene co., Pa., on the Monongahela River, 12 miles W.S.W. of Uniontown. It has a distillery. Gray's Mill, a post-hamlet of Holmes co., Miss., 8 miles S.W. of Durant. Grayson, gra'sgn, a county in the W. central part of Kentucky, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Rough Creek, and is also drained by Caney and NoUn Creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level ; the soil is moderately fertile. More than one- third of it is covered with forests. Indian corn, pork, tobacco, and grass are the staple products. Limestone underlies part of this county, which is intersected by the Louisville, Paducah «fc Southwestern Railroad. Capital, Leitchfieki. Valuationof real and personal estate, $2,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 11,580, of whom 11,232 were Americims. Grayson, a county in the N. part of Texas, has an area of about 950 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Red River, and is partly drained by the East Fork of Trinity River. The surface is undulating and extensively covered with forests of the ash, hickory, oak, osago orange, and walnutj the soil is very fertile. Indian rorn. cotton, cattle, oats, and pork are the staple prodiK-ts. Tins (.-ouiUy is in- tersected by the Houston it Texas Central Railroad, whiuh connects at Red River with the JMitsouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, A branch of the Texas & Paeitio Railroiid ter- minates in this county. Capital, Sherman. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,962,168, Pop. in 1870, 14,387, of whom 14,310 were Americans. Grayson, a county in the S.W. part of Virginia, bor- GRA 893 GRE dering on North Carolina, has an area' of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by the New or Kanawha River. The surface is mountainous, and nearly half of it is cov- ered with forests. A long ridge, called Iron Mountain, extends along the N. border of this county. The valleys produce Indian corn, oats, and grass. Iron ore is found here. Capital, Independence. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, SI, 643,331. Pop. in 1870, 9587, of whom 9562 were Americans. Grayson, a post-oflice of Crittenden co., Ark. Grayson, California. See Gkaysonville. Grayson, a post-village, capital of Carter co., Ky., is on Little Sandy River, and on the Eastern Kentucky Rail- road, 23 miles S. by W. of Riverton, and 24, miles S.W. of Ironton, 0. It has 2 churches and a bank. Pop. 152. Grayson Old Court-House, Va. See Old Town. Grayson Springs, a post-village and summer resort of Grayson CO., Ky., 4.V miles E.S.E. of Leitchlield, and 3 miles S. of the Paducah & Elizabethtown Railroad. It has a large hotel and mineral springs. Grayson Springs Station, a post-village of Gray- son CO., Ky., on the Paducah & Elizabethtown Railroad, 66 miles S. by W. of Louisville, and 3 miles N. of Grayson Springs. It has a church, 3 stores, a saw-mill, &c. Gray'sonville, or Gray'son, a post-village of Stan- islaus CO., Cal., on the San Joaquin River, 30 miles S. of Stockton. Graysonville, a post-village of Clinton co.. Mo., in Hardin township, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 30 miles N.E. of Leavenworth, Kansas. It has 3 churches. Gray's Peak, Colorado, a peak of the Rocky Moun- tains, on or near the E. border of the Middle Park, about 50 miles W. of Denver, in lat. 39° 38' N., Ion. 105° 48' 46" W. It rises 14,341 feet above the level of the sea. Its sides are covered with forests of large evergreen trees, among which are the Douglas spruce [Abiea Douc/lagii) and the yellow pine {Finns pottderosa). Grays'port, a post-village of Grenada co.. Miss., on the Yalabusha River, 12 miles E. of Grenada, and about 44 miles S. of Oxford. It has a church and several stores. Gray's River, a small stream of Pacific co., Washing- ton, enters the Columbia River 15 miles N.E. of Astoria. Small vessels can ascend it 10 miles. Gray's River, a post-of&ce of Pacific co., AYashington, on Gray's River. Gray's Suin'rait, a post-village of Eranklin co.. Mo., on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 41 miles W. by S. of St. Louis. It has a drug-store, 2 general stores, and 2 churches. Gray's Thur'rock, a town of England, co. of Essex, on the N. bank of the Thames, and on a railway, 3 miles N.W. of Gravesend. The town has a pier and large brick- works. Pop. of p.arish, 2806. Gray'stone, a village in North Providence township, Providence co., R.I., on the Woonasquetucket River, and on the Providence & Springfield Railroad, 7 miles N.W. of Providence. It has a manila-paper mill. Pop. 82. Grays'ville, a post-village of Catoosa co., Ga., on the Western & Atliintio Railroad, 18 miles E.S.E. of Chatta- nooga. It has 2 churches and a lime-kiln. Graysville, a post-village of Sullivan co., Ind., in Turman township, about 28 miles S. by W. of Terre Haute. It has 2 churches. Graysville, a post-office of Putnam co.. Mo. Graysville, or Gray, a post-village of Herkimer co., N.Y., in Ohio township, about 20 miles N.E. of Utica. It has a church, a tannery, 4 stores, and about 30 houses. The name of its post-office is Gray. Graysville, a post-village of Monroe co., 0., in Wash- ington township, about 25 miles N.E. of Marietta. Pop. 199. Graysville, a hamlet of Greene CO., Pa., in Rich Hill township, 13 miles W. of Waynesburg. Graysville, a post-village of Huntingdon co.. Pa., about 25 miles N.E. of Altoona. It has a church. Graysville, a post-office of Rhea co., Tenn. Graysville, a post-hamlet of Floyd co., Va., about 70 miles W.S.W. of Lynchburg. Gray'town, a post-village on the Lake Shore Rail- road, in Ottawa co., 0., 18 miles E. of Toledo. It has a church, 3 saw-mills, a stave-factory, Ac. Graytown, a post-village of Bexar co., Tex., on the' San Antonio River, 20 miles S.E. of San Antonio. It has a church. Po]i. about 300. Graytown, a borough of Victoria, Australia, 75 miles N. of Melbourne. It has gold-mines. Pop. 1422. Gray'ville, a post-village in Grayville township, White • 00., 111., on the Wabash River, and on the Cairo & Vin- cennes Railroad, 16 miles N.E. of Carmi, and 40 miles S.W. of Vincennes. It contains 6 churches, a newspaper oflice, a bank, 2 flour-mills, 2 saw-mills, 2 stave-factories, and 2 planing-mills. Pop. of the township, 1925. Gray Wil'loiv, a post-hamlet of Kane co., 111., 7 miles N.W. of St. Charles. It has a cheese-factory. Grazalema, gr3,-thi-li'mi, a town of Spain, province and 48 miles E.N.E. of Cadiz. Pop. 6349. It stands on a steep rock in the sierra of the same name. Grazierville, gra'zh^r-vll, a station in Blair co.. Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 2 miles S.W. of Tyrone. Grazzano, a village of Italy. See Grassano. Grea'son, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co., Pa., on the Cumberland Valley Railroad, 5 miles W.S.W. of Car- lisle. Greasy (grce'ze) Creek, a post-ofiice of Floyd co., Va. Greasy Ridge, a post-office of Lawrence co., 0. Greasy Valley, a post-office of Van Buren co., Ark. Greata, a river of England. See Gueta. Great Abaco, West Indies See Abaco. Great Augh'wick Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters the Juniata River in Huntingdon co.. Pa. Great Barrier Island, Pacific Ocean. See Otea. Great Harrington, bear'ing-ton, a post-village of Berkshire co., Mass., in Great Barrington township, on the Housatonie River, and on the Housatonic Railroad, 25 miles S. by W. of Pittsfield, 40 miles S.S.E. of Albany, and 28 miles E. of Hudson, N.Y. It is surrounded by pic- turesque scenery. It has 4 churches, a savings-bank, a national bank, a newspaper office, a high school, a paper- mill, a blast-furnace, manufactures of cotton and "woollen goods, and 2 superior hotels. Quarries of good marble have been opened in this township. Pop. of the township, 4385. ' Great Ba'sin, a plateau, bounded on the E. by the Wahsatch Mountains, and on the W. by the Sierra Ne- vada Range. It comprises the western part of Utah, and nearly all the state of Nevada, extending E. and W. about 450 miles, with a width nearly equal to its length. The surface is diversified by numerous mountain-ridges, rising from a table-land the lowest part of which is nearly 4500 feet above the level of the sea. Fresh water is scarce in this vast basin, the rivers of which send no tribute to the ocean, but either sink in the desert sand, evaporate, or flow into some saline lake. Among the remarkable features of this basin is Great Salt Lake. Rocks of the tertiary forma- tion underlie a large part of this region. The mountain- ridges are composed of granite or other primary (azoic) rocks, the highest rising about 8000 feet above the sea- level. *' Although a basin in fact so far as its water-drain- age is concerned, yet its surface does not sweep down from the surrounding rim to a central depression, but, on the contrary, its areas of greatest depression are to be found near the borders, while its central portion reaches a much greater elevation and is broken into a series of detached ridges." (Report of the Geological Survey for 1871.) The quantity of rain that falls here is small, and irrigation is required to render the soil productive. This basin is nearly destitute of good timber. Great Basses, Ceylon. See Basses. Great Bear Lake, in British North America, is in- tersected by the Arctic Circle. Its shape is irregular, and it has an area of about 14,000 square miles. Length, from N. to S., nearly 150 miles; breadth, from E. to W., about the same. Its surplus water is discharged through Bear River into the Mackenzie River. Great Bed'win, a town of England, co. of Wilts, on the Kennet & Avon Canal, 4 miles by rail S.W. of Hunger- ford. Pop. of parish, 2068. Great Belt. See Belts, Great and Little. Great Belt, a post-village of Butler co.. Pa., and a station on the Western Pennsylvania Railroad, 16 miles S.E. of Butler. It has a church, a machine-shop, and a carriage-shop. Great Bend, a post-village, capital of Barton co., Kan- sas, on the Arkansas River, and on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa F6 Railroad, 84 miles W. by N. of Newton, and S3 miles N.E. of Dodge City. The river, which above this place runs northeastward, here changes its course to the S.E. Great Bend has a savings-bank, 2 churches, a graded school, a fine court-house, a flour-mill, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. about 1000; of the township, 914. Great Bend, a township of Cottonwood co., Minn. Pop. 165. Great Bend, a post-village of Jefferson co., N.Y., on Black River, and on the Utica & Black River Railroad, 11 miles by rail above Watertown. It has 2 churches, a paper- mill, and a fiour-mill. Pop. about 200. GRE 894 GRE Great Bend, a post-office of Meigs co,, 0., on the Ohio River. Great Bend, a post-borough of Susquehanna co., Pa., in Great Bend township, on the Susquehanna River, on the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, and on the Erie Railroad, 200 miles from New York, 47 miles N. of Scranton, and 14 miles S.S.E. of Binghamton. The sur- rounding country is finely diversified by hills and valleys. It has 2 banks, 3 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, and manufactures of steam-engines and leather. Pop. 8o5; of the township, 1431. Great Bend Village, a post-village of Susquehanna CO., Pa., on the Susquehanna River, opposite the borough of Great Bend. It is on the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad and the Erie Railroad, 14 miles from Binghamton. It has 2 churches and a carriage-shop. Great Berkham'stead, a town of England, co. of Herts, on the Grand Junction Canal, 28 miles by rail N.W. of London. It has a spacious church, which contains 12 small chapels, a grammar-school, a blue-coat school, numer- ous smaller charities, a jail with house of correction, and the remains of a strong castle famous in English history. Cowper the poet was born here in 1781. Pop. 40SS. Great Bradford, England. See Bradford. Great Bridge, a post-hamlet of Norfolk co., Va,, on the Albemarle &, Chesapeake Canal, at the head of Eliza- beth River, 10 miles S.S.E. of Norfolk. It has 2 churches. Great Britain, or Britain, brit't'n (Fr. Grande Uretagiie, grdxd br^h-tan' ; It. Gran Brettaf/na, grJtn brSt- tin'yi; Sp. Gran BretaHay grdn bri-tan'ya; Ger. Gross Britannien, groce bre-t3,n'ne-§n ; anc. Al/bion, afterwards Britan'nia or Brkan'nia Mnjory — major, i.e., " greater," being added in order to distinguish it from Brittany, which was also sometimes called Britan7tia or Britannia Minor, i.e., " Lesser Britain"), the largest island of Europe, con- taining the countries of England, Wales, and Scotland. Lizard Point, its southern extremity, is in lat. 49° 57' 30" N., Dunnet Head, in Caithness, the most N. point, in lat. 58° 40' 24" N. The most E. point is Lowestoft, on the coast of Norfolk, 1° 46' E. Ion. The most W., Airdnamurehan Point, in the N. part of Argyleshire, Scotland, is in 6° 13' W, Ion. The distance from Lizard Point to Dunnet Head is about 608 miles. The greatest breadth of the island, from Land's End to the easternmost part of Kent, is about 311 miles. The general form of Great Britain is wedge-shaped, being broadest at its S. extremity and narrowest at its northern. Its eastern coast forms a waving and continuous though not unbroken line, but the western coast is extremely irregular, and deeply indented with many bays and arms of the sea, interspersed with numerous islands. The S.E. part of Britain is a level alluvial surface, the centre un- dulating and hill}', the AV. and N.W. mountainous and ir- regular. In the N. and W. azoic rocks prevail ; in the middle districts coal, lime, salt, and ironstone are abundant, and these are succeeded in England, in its E. and S.E. coun- ties, by oolite, chalk, and the newer geological formations. A mountain -range, more or less elevated, extends from S. to N. of the island. Beginning at Land's End, in Cornwall, and traversing Devonshire, Somersetshire, and Wales, it varies in elevation from 1500 to 3500 feet. The highest summitin this branch, as also in South Britain, isSnowdon, in Wales, 3570 feet. Another branch extends from the Cots- wold Ilills, Gloucestershire, and runs through Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Yorkshire, Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Northumberland, with elevations from 2000 to 3000 feet; highest summit, Scawfell, in Cumberland, 3208 feet. Suc- ceeding these are the Cheviots, between England and Scot- land; highest summit, Cheviot Peak, in Northumberland, 2676 feet. B\irther N. is the Grampian range, which inter- sects Scotland, and contains Ben Nevis in the W., rising to the height of 4406 feet, the highest elevation in the British Isles. The most considerable rivers are the Severn, Dee, Mersey, and Clyde, on the W. ; and the Thames, Trent, Ouse, number, Tyne, Forth, Tay, and Spcy, on the E. The prin- cipal lakes are those of Cumberland and Westmoreland in England, and Lochs Lomond, Tay, Ness, and Marce, in Scot- land. Loch Lomond, the largest lake in Great Britain, has an area of 34 square miles. The principal b.iys and estu- aries are the Bristol Channel, Cardigan Bay, Lancaster Bay, Solway Firth, Firth of Clyde, Firth of Lorn, and the Minch, on the W. ; the estuary of the Tliamcs, the Wash, the Humber, and the Firths of Forth, Tay, Moray, and Cromarty, on the E. ; while on the S. there are Falmouth, Plymouth, and Portsmouth harbors, and Spithead. The British Isles, or " United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland," form an archipelago of about 5500 islands and rocks, at a short distance from the W. shores of Central Europe, from which 'it is separated by the North Sea, the Strait of Dover, and the English Channel. Including the Norman or Channel Isles, which do not strictly belong to the archipelago, the latitude extends from 49° 13' to 60° 49' N., and the longitude from 1° 45' E. to 10° 26' W. The principal islands and groups are Britain, Ireland, the Isle of AVight, Anglesea, Man, the Scilly Islands, Bute, Arran, and the Hebrides, Orkney, and Shetland Islands. Area of the entire archipelago, 121,607 square miles; pop. (by the census of 1871), 31,629,299. Being surrounded by the ocean, and having a branch of the Gulf Stream flowing along the W. coasts, the mean annual temperature of the British Isles is equal to that of countries in much lower latitudes on the continent of Europe, while the winter tem- perature is much higher. The mean annual temperature of the central parts of the archipelago is about 49° Fahr., that of Unst, in Shetland, being 44.5°, and of Cornwall, in the extreme S., 51.5°. The average rainfall is 33.79 inches. The prevailing winds for nine months of the year are S.W., W., and N.W. From March to May, E., N.E., and N. winds prevail. Though variable, the climate of Britain is found, from tables of longevity, to be one of the most salubrious in the world ; while the very general cultivation and drain- age of the soil have removed those maladies that originate in marsh effluvia. Within the last century the average longevity of the population has been much increased. In 1800 the average mortality was 1 in 32; in 1871, 1 in 44. The indigenous vegetation partakes of the character of that of the contiguous parts of Europe, and contains few or no species peculiar to the archipelago. All the grains and grasses, and the common European fruits, grow in almost all situations not too elevated, and both agriculture and horticulture have been brought to great perfection. The breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, and other useful animals are of the best description. Of wild animals the fox, badger, wild cat, stoat, martin, otter, hare, and rabbit are the prin- cipal. The stag and fallow deer are still preserved, but birds of prey are becoming rare. The eastern half of the island is generally an agricultural, while the western is a grazing country. Estimating the entire surface at 78,000,000 acres, it is calculated that 24,000,000 are under crop, 22,500,000 under pasture, 16,000,000 waste, but capable of cultivation, and 15,500,000 hopelessly waste. The revenue of the United Kingdom for 1875 amounted to £74,921,873, the expenditure to £74,928,040, and the national debt to £775,348.386. The value of real property in 1872 was for England, £125,896,143; Scotland, £15,042,161; Ire- land, £12,879^224. Exports of British produce (1874), £239,558, 1 21 ; of foreign and colonial produce, £58.002,343 ; total, £297,650,464. Total imports, £370,082,701. The imports are chiefly food and raw material for manufactures. The principal articles of raw material imported are cotton, £50,696,496; wool, £21,116,184; and silk, £5,581,459, be- sides £11,979,459 silk manufactured goods; while the ex- ports consist chiefly of cotton, woollen, and linen goods, metallic goods, machinery, coals, and apparel. The number of vessels that arrived in 1874 at British ports from abroad was 63,851, carrying 22,368,510 tons ; cleared from do., 64,394, carrying 23,060,447 tons. The total mercantile fleet of sailing- and steam-vessels belonging to Britain at the close of 1874 was 24,828, of 5,912,314 tons, manned by 203,306 men. The royal navy numbers 529 ships; of these 59 are armor-plated ; the number in commission was 244; the fleet is manned by 79,035 seamen, including marines, and 4300 coast-guard. In 1875 the military force amounted to 225,931 officers and men (of whom 63,197 were serving in India), besides 133,952 militia and 15,378 yeomanry. The total enrolled strength of the volunteer force was 161,150. Including native Indian troops, British volun- teers, and reserves (but excluding nearly 600,000 colonial militia and the contingents furnished by Asiatic tributary states), there are more than 450,000 men enrolled for the British military service. The army and navy cost the coun- try annually about £26,000,000. In the 'year 1874 the coinage was £2,417,801. The number of miles of railway constructed from 1825 to 1852 amounted to 6890; but in 1874 the length in actual operation had increased to 16,449 miles, conveying, that year, 478,316,701 passengers, and drawing £56,901,280 of receipts; the net traffic- receipts were £26,901,284. The country is intersected throughout by electric telegraph wires, under the control of govern- ment: and England is connected by submarine telegraph with Ireland, the continent, India, and America. The min- eral produce in the United Kingdom for 1874 was — coal, 125,043,257 tons; iron extracted from the ore, 4,985,084 tons; tin, 9560 tons; copper, 5703 tons; load, 60.420 tons; •zinc, 5191 tons J and 628,920 ounces of silver. Total value ORE 895 GRE of minerals and metals, £67,834,313. The government is a limited monarchy. The legislative authority is vested in the sovereign and the Parliament (Lords and Commons), the concurrence of all which estates is necessary to the enact- ment of new laws, or to the repeal of those already in force. The members of the House of Lords comprise peers of the blood royal, archbishops, dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, bishops, barons, Scotch representative peers, and Irish rep- resentative peers, numbering in all over 500. The House of Commons consists of 652 members, 489 of whom are chosen by the electors of England and Wales, 103 by those of Irehmd, and fiO by those of Scotland. Nothing is known historicall3' of Britain before the in- vasion of Caesar (b.c. 55, 54), except by a few obscure al- lusions. It is conjectured to have been originally peopled from the adjoining continent, first by the Celts from Gaul, and afterwards by Teutonic tribes from Germany and Scan- dinavia. After the invasion of Ceesar, the Romans did not return to Britain for about a century ; under Agricola, An- toninus Pius, Severus, and Caraealla, it was subdued (except the extreme N.) and occupied till about a.d. 420, when it was abandoned by the Romans. Agricola built a wall be- tween the Firths of Forth and Clyde, in order to bound the empire and defend it from the Caledonians. Adrian erected a wall from the Solway Firth to the Tyne ; and Severus built a stone wall in the same direction, portions of which still remain. After the termination of the Roman power the greater part of Britain was conquered by the Saxons, Jutes, and Angles, the latter giving their name to England : this conquest commenced in 449, and occupied about 130 years. In 1066 the Normans made a descent on England, and possessed themselves of the country. Magna Charta was obtained by the barons in 1215. In 1203 Wales was united to England. In 1604 the accession of James I. united the crown of Scotland to that of England. A civil war in Britain terminated in the execution of Charles I. in 1649, followed by a Commonwealth that lasted eleven years. 1 Charles II. ascended III. was called to the The legislative union 1 1707. The American .nd terminated in 1784. . 1793 In 1660 monarchy was restored, the throne of his father. William throne after the revolution of 16SS. of Scotland and England took place i war of independence began in 1776 : The French revolution and war with France beg; and terminated by the battle of Waterloo in 1815. The legislative union of Ireland with Britain took place in 1800, and was followed next year by the first regular census of the British isles. In 1829 the Catholic Emancipation Act was passed, and a reform of the British parliamentary repre- sentation was effected by the Act of 1832. In 1842 the tariff reform was begun, which has resulted in free trade; and in 1854, in alliance with France, Turkey, and Sardinia, war was declared against Russia, in consequence of its en- croachments on Turkey. In 1855 Sebastopol was taken by the allied armies, and peace was established in 1856. In the year following a formidable insurrection broke out in India, which indueei the British government to take the imme- diate superintendence of their vast possessions in that coun- try into their own hands. The cabinet council for carrying on the business of the state is composed of the president of the privy council, the lord high chancellor, first lord of the treasury, lord privy seal, chancellor of the exchequer, five secretaries of state, — viz., home, colonial, foreign affairs, war department, and India, — first lord of the admiralty, presi- dent of local government board, vice-president of education committee, chief secretary for Ireland, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. The courts of law and local gov- ernment vary in different divisions of the empire ; but each county throughout the kingdom is governed by a lieutenant, sheriff, and other officers, appointed by the crown. The Episcopalian form of church government, of which the sovereign is the head, is the state-established religion in England, and the Presbyterian form that of Scotland. There is, however, the most complete toleration of all religious sects throughout the empire. The most perfect degree of personal freedom is guaranteed by the Habeas Corpus Act (which secures to the suspected prisoner a trial or liberation within a limited time), trial by jury, liberty of the press, liberty of conscience, and the total abolition of slavery. Each city and municipal borough has the election of its own separate corporate officers. The colonies have each a gov- ernor or lieutenant-governor appointed by the crown, and in most cases the governor is assisted by a council and a legis- lative assembly. The British Empire is the largest in the world, extending into every zone .and climate, comprising more than a sixth part of the land of the globe, and embracing under its rule nearly a sixth part of the population of the world. The area and population of its chief divisions are given in the following table : Area in sq. miles. Population. 121,112 21 2 98 (1871) 31,486,290 (1S71) 1,013 (1871) 26,432 (1871) 146,609 121,233 British India (including British 1 903,794 1,445 24,702 32 46 lb 2,288 (1870) 190,204,097 (1871) 308,097 (1871) 2,406,095 (1S70) 124,194 (1871) 4,898 (1871) 29,730 jf 932,322 Cape Colony, including the Tiuns- vaa,l, British Kafifraria, Griqua- land West, Griqualand East, and Basuto Land, but exclusive of territories annexed in 187S Natal 1 ■ 329,495 17,800 16,626 1,(J00 468 21 47 34 45 708 43 106 1 106 (1877) 1,142,782 (1871) 307,241 (1871) 408,070 (1871) 62,021 (1871) 38,936 (1871) 14,190 (1871) 6,241 (1871 400 (1871) 53 (1871) 317,009 (1871) 1,108 (1871) 11,082 (1871) 1,201 Amirante, Cliagos, and other St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands (1861) 1,569 360,527 3,«G,54:2 490,000 41 13,813 9,000 86,422 5,000 1,570 (1871) 3,696,342 (1874) 146,530 (1871) 12,121 (1671) 1,071,016 (1S71) 24,710 (1871) 193,491 (1871) 1,153 Newfoundland aud Labrador Balize, or British Houdunis 4,011,388 6,146,369 2,984,827 26,215 100,269 620 20 300 "s } ^ (1871) 1,810,724 (1S74) 299,614 (1871) 130 (1871) 481 Norfolk Island (1869) 37 Maiden and Starbuck Island (o° S., 155° W.) -.... 79 3,118,154 8,034 120,000 BBITISH EMPIRE 8,667,653 234,668,888 (See the countries named in the above table.) Great Bucharia, a state of Asia. See Bokhara. Great Butte des Morts (bute di mon), a lake in Winnebago Co., Wis., an expansion of the Neenah River, about 3i miles long, and from 1 to 2 miles wide. The name is derived from mounds in the vicinity, called htutea des marts, or " hills of the dead," on account of their contain- ing, it is said, the bones of Indians slain in battle. Great Cac'apon (often pronounced ka'pon), a post- office of Morgan co., W. Va., and a station on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 32 miles N.W. of Martinsburg. It is on the Potomac, at the mouth of the Great Cacapon River. Great Cacapon River, West Virginia. See Cacapon. Great Captain's Islands, 3 in number, ore in Long Island Sound, S. of Greenwich, Conn. On the western- most is a fi.\ed light. Great Car'inions', an island of the Malay Archipel- ago, in the Strait of Malacca, 30 miles S.W. of Singapore. Lat, 1° 5' N. ; Ion. 103° 30' E. GRE 896 GRE Gi'eat Catawba, N.C. See Catawba River. Great Cat'wick, an island of the China Sea, off the coast of Cochin China. Lat. 10° 6' N. ; Ion. 108° 52' E. Great Coco Island. See Coco Islands. Great Comoro Island. See Asgaziya. Great Cross'ings, a post-hamlet of Scott co., Ky., on the North Elkhorn Kiver, 2i miles from Georgetown. It has a church and a flour-mill. Great Cumania, Hungary. See Cumania. Great Cy'press, township, Barnwell co., S.C. P. 1620. Great Desert. See Sahara. Great Doom, a river of George district, Cape Colony, Africa, an affluent of Olifant's River. To the east of it is the Little Boorn. Great Eegholm, island, Denmark. See Ekgholm. Great Egg Har'bor, New Jersey, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, between Cape May and Atlantic counties. Great Egg Harbor River, New Jersey, rises in Camden co., runs southeastward through Atlantic co., and enters Great Egg Harbor Bay. It is about 60 miles long. Sloops can ascend it to May's Landing. Great E'quinunU^ Creek, of Wayne co., Pennsyl- vania, flows into the Delaware River. Great Falls, a post-village of Montgomery co., Md., on the Potomac River, 9 miles S.W. of Rockville. It has a church. The river here falls 80 feet within H miles. Great Falls, a post-viUage in Somersworth township, Strafford co., N.H., and in Berwick township, York co., Me., on the Salmon River, on the Portsmouth, Great Falls & Conway Railroad, and on a branch of the Boston & Maine Railroad, 5 miles N. of Dover, and 48 miles S.W. of Port- land, Me. It has abundant water-power, and contains large manufactories of cotton and woollen goods, 6 churches, 2 national banks, a savings-bank, a town hall, a high school, and 2 newspaper offices. It is partly built on an eminence, called Prospect Hill. Pop. about 4000. Great Falls, a post-village of Fairfax co., Va., on or near the Potomac River, 7 miles N.E. of Herndon Station. Great Faringdon, England. See Farringdon. Great Fish Bay, Southwestern Africa, is an inlet of the Atlantic. Lat. 16° 30' 2" S. ; Ion. 11° 47' E. Great Fish River, a river of Cape Colony, rises in the Sneeuwbergen (Snowy Mountains), flows tortuously S.S.E. through the districts of Somerset, Albany, &c., and enters the Indian Ocean near lat. 33° 25' S., Ion. 27° E., after a S.E. course estimated at 230 miles. Its affluents are the Graak, Tarka, and Little Fish Rivers. Great Fish River, or Thew-ee-Choh, a river of British North America, rises in Sussex Lake, on the N.E. siile of Great Slave Lake, and, after a tortuous N.E. course, enters an inlet of the Arctic Ocean in lat. 67° 7' 31" N., Ion. 94° 39' 45" W. Great Green Island, in Knox co., Me., lies in the Atlantic, N.W. of Matinicus Island. Pop. 14. Great Grims'by, a town of England. See Grimsby. Great'hain, a township of England, co. of Durham, 6\ miles by rail N.N.E. of Stockton-on-Tees. The hospital of " God in Greatham," founded in 1272, now supports a master, chaplain, and 13 brethren. It has very handsome buildings and grounds beautifully laid out. Great Homorod River, See Homorod. Great Island, the largest of the Furneaux Islands, in Bass's Strait, between Australia and Tasmania, Length, 40 miles; breadth, 12 miles. Great Island, the largest island in Cork harbor, Ire- land. Length, 4^ miles. It has a fertile soil and many handsome villas. Great Island, an islet of Ireland, co. and 3 miles N.E. of Wexford, on the N, side of Wexford harbor. Great Island, at the entrance of Portsmouth harbor, New Hampshire, near the S.W, side. On its E. point is a fixed light, lat. 43° 3' 30" N., Ion. 70° 43' W. Great Island, a station on the Newark & Elizabeth Branch of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, 3 miles N. of Elizabeth, and 6 miles S. of Newark, N.J. Great Kanawha, ka-naw'wa, a. river which rises in the Blue Ridgo of North Carolina and runs northeastward into Virginia. The part of it which is in North Carolina and Virginia is called the New River. After it has trav- ersed several counties of Virginia, it changes its course to the N.W., and passes into the state of West Virginia. It runs nearly northward through Fayette eo. to the month of the Gaulcy River, below which its general direction is northwestward. It intersects the counties of Kanawha, Put- nam, and Mason, and enters the Ohio River at Point Pleasant, W. Va. The name New River is sometimes given to all tlio part which is above the mouth of the Oauley, at which place the river is about 500 yards wide. Its entire length is estimated at 450 miles. Coal is abundant on the banks of this river in West Virginia. It falls 22 feet about 30 miles above Charleston, and is navigable by steamboats from its mouth to the falls, a distance of more than 100 miles. The Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad follows the course of the Kanawha for about 80 miles. Great Xiake, Tasmania. See CLAnENCE Lake, Great Lion, a river of South Africa. See Gamka, Great Mar'loAV, a town of England, co. of Bucks, on the Thames, here crossed by an iron suspension-bridge, 5 miles N.N.W. of Maidenhead. It has many good houses, a handsome town hall, and a church, with some manufac- tories of silk, lace, and paper. It sends two members to the House of Commons. Pop. 4701. Great Mills, a post-office of St. Mary's co., Md. Great Neck, a post-village of Queens co., N.Y., in North Hempstead township, 16 miles E.N.E. of Brooklyn. It is 1 mile from Great Neck Station, the terminus of the Great Neck Branch Railroad. It has 2 churches. Great Nemaha (nem'a-haw) A'gency, an Indian agency, the reservation for the Iowa, Sac, and Fox Indians, in Richardson co., Neb., on the Kansas line. AVhite pop. 33. Great Notch, a station on the Montelair & Greenwood Lake Railroad, 17 miles N.W. of Jersey City, N.J. Great Oak, township, Palo Alto co., Iowa. Pop, 271. Great Ogeechee River, Georgia. See Ogeechee. Great Ohoopee River, Georgia. See Ohoopee. Great Par'adise, a fishing hamlet on the W. side of Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, 25 miles from Placentia. Great Paredon Kay, Bahamas. See Paredon. Great Pedee, South Carolina. See Pedee River. Great {or San'dy) Point, the N. extremity of Nan- tucket Island, Mass. It has a fixed light 70 feet above sea- level. Lat. 41° 23' 20" N. ; Ion. 70° 3' W. Great Pond, a post-office of Hancock co.. Me., on the S. shore of Great Pond, 28 miles E. of Milford. Great Popo, Guinea. See Popo. Great Saint Iiaw'rence,aportof entry in the district of Burin, Newfoundland, on the W. side of Placentia Bay, 16 miles S.W. of Burin. It has a fine harbor, and exten- sive trade and fishery. Pop. 270. Great Salt Lake, Utah, is in the N.E. part of the Great Basin, and at the W, base of the Wahsateh Moun- tains. It is about 90 miles long, with a breadth varying from 20 to 35 miles. The surface is about 4200 feet above the level of the sea. This lake has no outlet. Its principal tributaries are the Bear, Jordan, and Weber Rivers, all of which enter at the N.E. side. It encloses several islands, one of which, called Antelope Island, is about 18 miles Jong. The water is a saturated solution of common salt {chloride of sodium), and has a specific gravity of 1.170. In 100 parts of this water there are 22.282 parts of saline and non-volatile matter, composed as follows : chloride of sodium, 20.196 ; sulphate of sodium, 1.834 ,* chloride of mag- nesium, 0.252. Its greatest depth is about 60 feet. Several species of insects and a brine-shrimp have been found in it. Great Schiitt Island, Hungary. See Schutt. Great Shemogue,5hem^o-gwee', or Bris'tol, a post- village in Westmoreland co., New Brunswick, 19 miles from Shediac. Pop. 300. Great Slave Lake, a large lake of British North America, lies between lat. 60° 40' and 63° N. and Ion. 109° and 117° W. It is about 300 miles long, and 50 miles wide at the broadest part. Its form is very irregular. It is partly supplied with water by Great Slave River and other streams. Its surplus water is discharged through the Mac- kenzie River, which issues from its W. end. Great Slave River, of British North America, is formed by the Peace River after it is joined by Stony River from Lake Athabasca. It enters Great Slave Lake on its S, side, by two mouths, near Fort Resolution. Total course, 300 miles. Great South Bay, New York, is on the S. side of Long Island, about midway between its E. and W. extrem- ities, and is partly separated from the ocean by a long and narrow strip of land called Great South Beacli. Great South Sea, See Pacific Ocean. Great Val'ley, or Kill'buck, a post-village of Cat- taraugus CO., N.Y., in Great Valley township, on the Alle- ghany River, the Erie Railroad, and the Rochester A State Line Railroad, 49 miles E.S.E. of Dunkirk, and 16 miles W.N.W. of Glean. It has a church, manufactures of cheese, lumber, sash, Ac, 5 stores, 4 hotels, and a plnning-mill. Here is Killbuok Post-Office. Pop. of the township, 1624. Great Valley, a post-office of Cattaraugus oo., N.Y., 5 miles N.N.E. of Great Valley Railroad Station. GRE 897 GRE Great Valley Centre, a hamlet of Cattaraugus co., N.Y., 4 or 5 miles N.E, of Great Valley Station. It has a shingle-mill and a handle-factory. Great Vil'Iage, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Colchester, near the head of Cobequid Bay, 3 miles from Londonderry, and IS miles W. of Truro. It has 10 stores, a hotel, tannery, &c., with a good shipping trade. Pop. 600. Great Works, a post- village of Penobscot co., Me., in Milford township, on the Penobscot River, and on the Euro- pean & North American Railroad, 11 miles above Bangor. It has a church and lumber-mills. Grebe, gri'b^h, or Grift, grift, a small river of the Netherlands, falling into the Rhine 2 miles E. of Rhenen. Grebenstein, gri'b§n-stine\ a town of Germany, in Hesse-Nassau, on the railway from Eisenach to Karlshafen, 11 miles N.N.W. of Cassel. Pop. 2441. Grebl e, grSb'l, a post-hamlet of Lebanon co., Pa., about 25 miles W. by N. of Reading. Grecian Archipelago. See ^gean Sea. Gredzlack, a town of Prussian Poland. See Gratz, Greece, gr^s (Gr. 'EWa^, Bellas; L. Gne'cia; Fr. Gr^ce, gr^s or grSs; Sp. Greciay gri'the-ij It. Greda, grA,- che-5.; Ger. (?riecAe"^«»(^, gree'K?n-l5,nt^j Arab, and Turk. Room), a kingdom of Southern Europe, situated between lat. 36° 10' and 39° 50' N. and Ion. 19° 30' and 26° 30' E. (in- cluding the islands), bounded N. by European Turkey from the Gulf of Volo to the Gulf of Arta, \V. by the Ionian Sea, S. by the Mediterranean, and E. by the ^gean Sea. It is composed of a continental portion, Hellas, on the N. (the former Turkish province of Livadia), the S. part of which consists of the peninsula of the Morea (anc. Peloponnema) (formerly the Turkish province Tripolitza), almost entirely separated by the Gulfs of Patras and Lepanto on the W. and the Gulf of iEgina on the E. ; the islands in the ^gean Sea; and the Ionian Islands, The territory of Greece is nearly all mountainous; the culminating point of the whole is Mount Guiona, in Doris, lat. 3S° 38' N., Ion. 22° 15' E., 8240 feet above the sea. The principal chain, that of Pindus, enters the country on the N., and Mount Othrys, one of its branches, forms the greater part of the N. boundary of Greece. S. of this, the princi- pal chain turns S.E., and forms two branches, (Eta on the N., and Parnassus on the S. Another chain extends from the channel of Euripus to the Morea, which it enters by the Isthmus of Corinth. The centre of the Morea forms an elevated table-land, enclosed by three mountain-chains, the most extensive of which crosses the peninsula on the N. The coasts are elevated, irregular, and deeply indented ; the principal gulfs are those of Arta, Volo, Patras, Lepanto or Corinth, iEgina or the Saronic Gulf, Nauplia, Kolokythia, Koron or Messenia, and Arcadia. Chief capes, Marathon, Colonna or Sunium, and Skropha, in Attica, Skillo, Malia, Matapan, Gallo, and Klarentza, in the Morea. Off the W. coast are the Ionian Islands, The large island of Euboea lies along the N.E. side of the continent, from which it is separated by a narrow channel, called Euripus; the other islands are partly scattered over the ^gean Sea (Sporades), and partly collected into the group of the Cyclades. Greece has numerous streams, but they are mostly rapid and unfit for navigation. The principal are, in the N,, the Aspro- potamo (anc, Acheloua), rising in Turkey, an affluent of the Ionian Sea ; the Phidaris, which flows S. to the Gulf of Patras ; the Hellada, an afBuent of the Gulf of Lamia ; and the Cephissus, which flows S. to the Gulf of iEgina. The chief rivers in the Morea are the Gastouni and Rhouphiaon the W., and the Pamisus and Iris or Eurotas on the S. The only extensive lake is Topolias (anc. Copuia), in Boeotia. The climate is temperate and generally healthy, except on some parts of the coasts; and in the vicinity of the lakes violent storms occur in spring and autumn. Earth- quakes are rare. Winter is marked by rain in the plains and snow in the mountains. Caverns and mineral and gaseous springs are numerous. Minerals are rich and varied, but little worked; the very finest marble and other building- materials are abundant; salt, extracted chiefly from the lagoons of Missolonghi, is the most important product. Ar- gentiferous lead is still procured from Laurium, as of old. Vegetable products vary according to the elevation of the soil. The olive, vine, fig, currant-grape, melons, rice, cot- ton, the Qrange, citron, and pomegranate, thrive on the coasts, and in districts situated at an elevation of 1600 feet, where also the myrtle, mastic, and plane-tree flourish. But agriculture is neglected, only one-seventh of the area being under cultivation. Above 6000 feet in elevation the moun- tains are in great part covered with pine forests. The principal domestic animals are sheep and goats; bees are still reared ; wild animals are numerous, and game is abun- 67 dant, Greece has few manufactures, properly so called ; but silks, cottons, woollens, chemicals, ironware, pottery, leather, and beet sugar are produced for domestic use, and to some extent for export. Railways connect Athens with the Piroaus, and Ergasteria with the Laurium mines. The principal resource of the inhabitants has always been in maritime commerce. The principal ports are Athens (the Piraeus), Patras, Hydra, Corfu, Nauplia, Syra, Kalamata, and Navarino. The exports are currants, valonea, cotton, wine, cotton yarn, oil, tobacco, figs, sponge, emery, metals, ores, Ac; the imports are cottons, hides, woollens, iron, 003*06, coals, gunpowder, copper, sugar, Jcc, to the value of $2,500,000. The public debt exceeds $50,000,000, the larger part of which was contracted by the revolutionists of 1824- 25 and has not been recognized as a national debt by the Greek government. The estimated revenue for 1875 was £1,415,857, and the expenditures £1,421,125. The people belong to the ancient Greek race in the W. of the conti- nental portion and E. of Parnassus ; in the Morea the same race prevails, but is more mixed. The population of the islands is a mixture of Albanians and Greeks. The kingdom has an area of 19,352 English square miles. It is divided into 13 nomes or nomarchies, and subdivided into 59 eparchies. By the census of 1870, the population of each of the 13 nomes was as follows : Nomea. Chief Towns. Pop. 1870. Northern Greece : 136,804 Ii:unia(Zeitoun) Peloponnesus: 12T,820 149,561 105,851 Islands : Hermopolis (Syra)... 123,299 Ceohalonia 77,382 1,437,026 1,467,894 Greece was erected into a kingdom under Otho, second son of the King of Bavaria, in 1835. He abdicated, in consequence of a revolution, October 24, 1862, and Prince George of Denmark was proclaimed King of the Hellenes, October 30, 1863, The constitution of the kingdom was introduced after the revolution of October, 1862, elaborated by a Constituent Assembly, and adopted October 29, 1864. The executive is divided into seven departments, — namely, the ministries of the interior, finance, justice, public wor- ship, war, foreign affairs, and marine. There is universal toleration for all creeds, but the Greek church is the estab- lished religion, to which nine-tenths of the people belong, and which acknowledges the king as its temporal head. The chief educational establishments are the university at Athens, with about 1250 students; five gymnasia, at Athens, Syra, Nauplia, Patras, and Hydra; and normal, polytechnic, military, and naval schools. There is an effective and well- sustained system of public instruction. The early history of Greece is too important to be briefly summarized. From the remotest historic times it was the scene of events of the greatest significance and interest,^ events which made it the cradle of European civilization. But after the Roman conquest the nobler elements of the Greek character were less conspicuous, and were gradually lost. The Byzantine civilization was essentially Greek, though nominally Roman ; but with the fall of Byzantine power the Greek nationality entered upon a long period of lethargy, and the people were afterwards handed over from master to master without even the semblance of a struggle. The crowning disaster commenced a.d. 1438, when the Turks first obtained a footing. A long series of extermi- nating wars ensued, during which the Venetians and Turks contended for the mastery. The latter ultimately prevailed. A period of the grossest misrule and oppression followed; but in 1821, when degradation seemed to have reached its lowest possible limit, a strong reaction commenced, a new spirit began to appear, and the Greeks, as if throwing off their lethargy, declared their determination to be free. A protracted struggle took place, but the issue was still doubt- ful, when foreign powers interfered, and compelled the GRE Turks, in 1829, to acknowledge Greece as an independent state, England, France, and Russia are the protecting powers of Greece, and jointly guarantee her independ- ence. The Greek race is the dominant one in Crete, Samos, and the other Turkish islands, and Greeks are found in large numbers in almost every part of the Levant. Adj. and inhab. Gueek and Grecian, gree'shan (Fr. Ghec, or Grecque, gr^kj It. Greco, grA'ko ; Sp. Griego, gre-i'go; Ger. Grieohe, gree'Keh). GreeCBj a post-hamlet of Monroe co,, N.Y., in Greece township, 5 or 6 miles N.W. of Rochester. The township is bounded on the N. by Lake Ontario, and on the E. by the Genesee Iliver. Total pop. 4860. It contains a larger village, named Charlotte. Greece Station on the Ontario Lake Shore Railroad is 7 miles W. of Charlotte. Greece City, a post-village of Butler co., Pa., near the railroad between Cutler and Karns City, about 8 miles N. by E. of Butler. It has a bank and many oil-wells, Greeding, gri'ding, a town of Bavaria, 31 miles S.S.E. of Nuremberg. Pop. 1070, Greejee, a town of Dahomey. See Gregapojee. Gree'ley, a county in the E. part of Dakota, has an area of about 750 square miles. It contains several lakes, which have no outlet. The greater part of it is prairie; the soil is fertile. Greeley, a county in the W. part of Kansas, bordering on Colorado, has an area of about 700 square miles. The surface is nearly level, and almost destitute of timber. Greeley, a county in the central part of Nebraska, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the North Loup River. The surface is undulating prairie; the soil is fertile. Capital, Lamartine. Pop. in 1876, 194. Greeley, a post-town of Weld co., Col,, on the Cache la Poudre River, and on the Denver Pacific Railroad, 52 miles N. by E. of Denver, and 54 miles S.S.E. of Cheyenne. It is situated in a fertile valley, and has a delightful cli- mate. It has 5 churches, 2 banks, graded schools, and manufactures of flour and lumber. Two weekly newspapers are published here. It has a school building which cost $35,000, also an irrigating canal 36 miles long. Pop. 2000. Greeley, a township of Audubon co., Iowa. Pop. 145, Greeley, a post-village of Delaware co., Iowa, in Elk township, on the Davenport & St. Paul Railroad, 31 miles S.E. of Fayette, and about 40 miles W. by N. of Dubuque. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and 2 drug-stores. Pop, about 500. Greeley, a township of Shelby co., Iowa. Pop. 77. Greeley, a post-village of Anderson co., Kansas, in Walker township, 8 miles N.E. of Garnett, and about 44 miles S. by E. of Lawrence, It has 2 churches, a broom- factory, and a flouring-mill. Pop. 145. Greeley, a township of Sedgwick co., Kansas. Pop. 318. Post-offices, Mount Hope and Fayette. Gree'leyville, a hamlet of Williamsburg co., S.C., on Pritchett & Co.'s Railroad, 14 miles from Kingstree. It has a turpentine-distillery and 2 stores. Green, a county in the S. central part of Kentucky, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by Green River, and is partly drained by Russell's Creek. The surface is undulating or hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is mostly calcareous and fertile. Tobacco, Indian corn, grass, and pork are the staple products. Cavernous limestone of good quality un- derlies this county. Capital, Greensburg, Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,725,460. Pop. in 1870, 9379, of whom 9369 were Americans. Green, a county in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering on Illinois, has an area of 576 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Pecatoniea and Sugar Rivers. The surface is diversified with prairies, woodlands, and hills of moderate height, which are fertile, and cultivated even on their sum- mits. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, butter, and pork are the staple products. Silurian limestone underlies a part of the county. It is partly traversed by a branch of the Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railroad. Capital, Monroe. Valuation of real and personal estate, $18,849,005. Pop. in 1S70, 23,011, of whom 18,532 were Americans; in 1875, 22,027. Green, a township of Mercer co., Ill, Pop. 1326. It contains Viola. Green, a township of Woodford co., 111. Pop. 933, Green, a township of Grant co., Ind. Pop. 1115, Post-offices, Point Isabel and Slash. Green, a township of Hancock co,, Ind. Pop. 1117. It contains Eden. Green, Jay co., Ind. See Grkene. Green, a township of Madison co., Ind. Pop. 954. It contains Alfonte. B GRE Green, a township of Marshall co., Ind. Pop. 1097. Green, a township of Morgan eo., Ind. Pop. 1345. Green, a township of Noble co., Ind. Pop. 1106. It contains Green Centre and Merriam. Green, a township of St. Joseph's co., Ind., bounded N.W. by the Kankakee River. Pop. 964. Green, a township of "Wayne co., Ind. Pop. 1293. It contains Williamsburg. Green, a township of Iowa co., Iowa. Pop. 920. Green, a township of AVapello co., Iowa. Pop. 1215. Green, a township of Mecosta CO., Mich. Pop. S86. It contains Paris. Green, a township of Hickory co., Mo. Pop. 1217. Green, a township of Lawrence co., &Io. Pop. 1434. Green, a township of Livingston co.. Mo. Pop, 903. It contains Utica. Green, a township of Nodaway co.. Mo. Pop. 1613. Green, a township of Polk co.. Mo. Pop. 1074. Green, a township of Worth co., Mo. Pop. 703. It contains Oxford. Green, a township of Guilford co., N.C. Pop. 1119. Green, a township of Adams co., 0., on the Ohio River. Pop. 1833. It contains Rockville and Rome. Green, a township of Ashland co., 0. Pop. 1818. It contains Perrysville. Green, a township of Brown co., 0. Pop. 1490. It contains Benton, Greenbush, and Mount Orab. Green, a township of Clinton CO., 0. Pop. 2492. It contains New Antiooh and New Vienna. Green, a township of Hamilton CO., 0. Pop. 4356. It contains Cheviot, Bridgetown, and some of the northwest- ern suburbs of Cincinnati. Green, a post-hamlet of Licking co., 0., about 22 miles N.E. of Columbus. Green, or Green'ford, a village of Mahoning co., 0., in Green township, on a branch of the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 6 miles S. of Canfield. It has several churches. The name of its post-office is Greenford. Pop. 146 ; of the township, 1733. Green, a township of Monroe co., 0. Pop. 1282. It contains New Castle. Green, a township of Ross co., 0. Pop. 1898. It con- tains Kingston, Green, a township of Scioto co., 0., on the Ohio River. Pop. 1882. It contains Franklin Furnace, Haverhill, and several seats of the iron-manufacture. Green, a township of Shelby co., 0. Pop. 1254. It contains Palestine and Plattsville. Green, a township of Summit co., 0. Pop. 1740. It contains Greensburg, or Inland, and has beds of coal. Green, a township of Wayne co., 0. Pop. 2715. It contains a part of Orrville. Green, a township of Erie co., Pa. Pop. 1395. Green, a township of Forest CO., Pa. Pop. 226. Green, a township of Greene CO., Pa. Pop. 739. It affords coal and some petroleum. Green, a township of Indiana co.. Pa. Pop. 2160. It contains Taylorsville. Green, a township of Mercer co., Pa., on the Ohio line. Pop. 832, exclusive of the borough of Jamestown. Green, a township of Pike co., Pa. It has a church and extensive lumber-works. Pop. 919. Green'back, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ark. Greenback, a station on the Mahanoy & Sharaokin Railroad, in Northumberland co., Pa., 2 miles E. of Sha- mokin. Much coal is here mined. Green'backville, a post-village of Accomack co., Va., on Chincoteague Bay, 4 mile from Franklin Railroad Sta- tion, and about 15 miles S. of Snow Hill, Md. It has a church, a sail-factory, Ac. Oysters abound here. Green'bank, a station in New Castle eo., Del., on the Wilmington & Western Railroad, 7 miles W. of Wilmington. Green Bank, a post-village of Burlington co., N.J., on Mullica or Little Egg Harbor River, 7 miles from Egg Harbor City. It has a church. Green Bank, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co., Pa., about -iO miles W. of Philadelphia. It has a church. Green Bank, a post-hamlet of Pocahontas co., W. Va., about 105 miles E. of Charleston. Green'bank, a post-village in Ontario co., Ontario, 6 miles S. of Wick. Pop. 100. Green Bay, a part of Lake Michigan, communicates with the northern end of that lake, and extends southwest- ward into Wisconsin. It is about 90 or 100 miles long, and from 10 to 20 miles wide, having a mean depth of 500 feet. The Fox River enters this bay at the S.AV. extremity. The surface is 578 feet higher than the sea. GRE 899 GRE Green Bay, a post-hamlet of Clarke oo., Iowa, in Green Bay township, about 52 miles S. by W. of Des Moines. Pop. of the township, 630. Green Bay, a township of Lee co., Iowa, on the Mis- sissippi River. Pop. 631. It contains AVever. Green Bay, a post-village of Prince Edward eo., Va., on the Richmond & Danville Railroad, 61 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. It has 3 stores. Green Bay, a city, capital of Brown Co., Wis., is situ- ated at the head or S.W. extremity of Green Bay, and on the right bank of Fox River, at its mouth, 65 miles N.N.E. of Fond du Lao, and 113 miles N. of Milwaukee. It is on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad and the Wisconsin Central Railroad, and is the E. terminus of the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad, which extends to Winona, 215 miles distant. It has a good harbor and great facilities for trade and navigation. A bridge across Fox River connects this city with the large village of Fort Howard. Green Bay contains 13 churches, a court-house, a high school, 3 national banks, a Catholic academy, a convent, and many elegant residences. A daily and 3 or 4 weekly newspapers are pub- lished here. It is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop. Large quantities of lumber are procured in Brown co. and exported from this city, which has iron-works and several saw-mills and factories. Pop. in 1S60, 2275 ; in 1870, 4666 ; in 1875, 8037, exclusive of Green Bay township (pop. 1123). Green Bay Junction, Wisconsin. See Merrillan. Green Bot'tom, a post-office of Cabell co., W. Va., on the Ohio River, 20 miles above Huntington. Green'brier, a county in the S.E. part of West Vir- ginia, has an area of about 875 square miles. It is inter- sected by Greenbrier River, and is partly drained by Meadow River. The Alleghany Mountains extend along the S.E, border of this county, the surface of which is diversified with picturesque scenery of mountains and fertile valleys. It has e.xtensive forests, in which the sugar-maple abounds. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and hay are the stjiple products. The White Sulphur Springs, a fashionable watering-place, are situated in this county, which is intersected by the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. Capital, Lewisburg. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, S5, 741, 404. Pop. in 1870, 11,417, of whom 11,178 were Americans. Greenbrier, a post-hamlet of Limestone co., Ala., on the Memphis & Charleston Railroad, 9 miles E. by N. of Decatur. It has a church and an academy. Greenbrier, a post-village of Faulkner co.. Ark., 12 miles N. of Conway. It has a church, a steam flour-mill, 3 stores, and a masonic hall. Greenbrier, a post-office of Orange co., Ind. Greenbrier, a township of Greene eo., Iowa. Pop. 208. Green Bri'er, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., 0., in Perry township, 28 miles S. of Barnesvilie. It has a church. Green'brier, a post-hamlet of Northumberland co.. Pa., about 12 miles S.S.B. of Sunbury. Greenbrier, a post-village of Robertson oo., Tenn., on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 21 miles N. of Nash- ville. It has a church and a large distillery, Greenbrier Bridge, a post-hamlet of Greenbrier CO., W. Va., on Greenbrier River, and on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, at Caldwell Station, 5i miles W. of White Sulphur Springs. Greenbrier Mountain, a long ridge, about 2000 feet high, extending through Pocahontas co., W. Va., about 5 miles W. of the Greenbrier River. Its direction is nearly N.E. and S.W. Greenbrier River, West Virginia, rises in the Alle- ghany Mountains, near the N.E. extremity of Pocahontas CO. It intersects that county, runs southwestward through Greenbrier CO., and enters the Great Kanawha River in Summers co., near Hinton. It is nearly 175 miles long. Green Brook, a post-office of Columbia co., N.Y., on the Harlem E.xtension Railroad, at Rider's Mill Station, 9 miles S. of Lebanon Springs. Green'burg, formerly Dobbs Ferry, a village in Greenburg township, Westciiestcr co., N.Y., on the Hudson River, and on the Hudson River Railroad, at Dobhs Ferry Station, 20 miles N. of New York. It has 4 churches, a union school, and a hrewery. Pop. about 1500. Here is Dobbs Ferry Post-Office. The township contains villages named Irvinglon and Tarrytown, and a pop. of 10,997. Green'bush, a post-hamlet of Walker co., 6a., about 18 miles S.W. of Dalton. It has a seminary. Greenbush, a post-village of Warren co., HI., in Greenbush township, 8 miles N.AV. of Avon Station, and about 50 miles W. of Peoria. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1270. Greenbush, a village of Warren co., Iowa, on the North River, 14 miles, S. by W. of Dos Moines. Pop. 129. Greenbush, a post-office of Crawford co., Kansas. Greenbush, a post-township of Penobscot co., Me., is bonnded on the W. by the Penobscot River. It contains Greenbush Station on the European & North American Railroad, 23 miles N. by E. of Bangor. Pop. 621. Greenbush, a post-hamlet of Plymouth co., Mass., near the sea-shore, and on the South Shore Railroad, 2 miles N. of East Marshfield. Greenbush, a post-hamlet in Greenbush township, Alcona co., Mich., 5 miles S. of Harrisville. Pop. of town- ship, 97. Greenbush, a township of Clinton oo., Mich. P. 1473. Greenbush, a township of Mille Lacsco., Minn. P. 375. Greenbush, also called East Albany, a village of Rensselaer co., N.Y",, in Greenbush township, on the E. bank of the Hudson River, opposite Albany, with which it is connected by a railroad bridge. It is the W. terminus of the Boston & Albany Railroad and the S. terminus of the Troy & Greenbush Railroad, and contains the depot, machine-shops, and freight-houses of the first-named road. It has also 7 churches, a convent, a newspaper office, a bank, 2 saw-mills, a tannery, and a cigar-factory. Pop. of the township, 7072. Greenbush, a hamlet of Brown co., 0., in Green town- ship, 34 miles N. of Mount Orab. Pop. 42. Greenbush, a post-hamlet of Preble eo., 0., in Gratis township, 20 miles S.W. of Dayton. It has a church. P. 53. Greenbush, a post-village of Sheboygan co.. Wis., in Greenbush township, about 22 miles E. of Fond du Lac, and 1 mile S. of the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad. It has 2 churches, a cheese-factory, a grist-mill, and a saw- mill. The township contains a village named Glenbeulah, and a pop. of 1973. Green Camp, a post-village of Marion co., 0., in Green Camp township, on the Atlantic &■ Great Western Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Marion, and about 45 miles N.N.W. of Columbi's. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. The township is intersected by the Scioto River. Pop. of the township, 999. Green-Castle, green-kas'sel, a fort, harbor, and fish- ing station of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal, on the W. entrance of Lough Foyle, 4 miles N.E. of Morille. Green-Castle, a village of Ireland, co. of Down, on the N. side of C'arlingford Bay, near Cranfleld Point. Green'castle, a village of Madison co., 111., 24 miles E. of Alton, 8 miles S.E. of Worden, and 1 mile from Al- hambra. It has 2 churches. Pop. 120. Greencastle, a post-town, capital of Putnam co., Ind., in Greencastle township, near the Eel River, and on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad where it crosses the Indianapolis & St. Louis and Terre Haute & India- napolis Railroads, 33 miles AV. by S. of Indianapolis, and 34 miles E.N.E. of Terre Haute. It is the seat of Indiana Asbury University (Methodist Episcopal), which was or- ganized in 1835 and has about 400 students, and of the In- diana Female College. Greencastle has 6 or 7 churches, a national bank, and manufactures of iron, nails, pumps, ma- chinery, wool, Ac. Three weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 3227 ; of township, exclusive of the town, 1716. Greencastle, a post-village of Jasper co., Iowa, in Poweshiek township, 5 miles N. of Colfax Railroad Station, and about 22 miles N.E. of Des Moines. It has 2 churches and a steam flour-mill. Pop. about 300. Greencastle, a township of Marshall co., Iowa, trav- ersed by the Central Railroad of Iowa. Pop. 1153. Greencastle, a post-village of Warren co., Ky., on Big Barren River, 8 miles below Bowling Green. It has 2 churches, a fiour-mill, and a tobacco-factory. Greencastle, a post-village of Sullivan co.. Mo., 22 miles W. of Kirksville, and about 46 miles N.N.E. of Chil- licothe. It has a church. Greencastle, a post-hamlet of Fairfield co., 0., in Bloom township, 34 miles AV. of Carroll, and 20 miles S.E. of Columbus. It has a church and a carriage-shop. P. 59. Greencast!e,apost-boroughof Franklin CO., Pa., on the East Branch of the Conococheague Creek, and on the Cum- berland Valley Railroad, 11 miles S.S.AV. of Chambersburg, and 11 miles N. of Hagerstown, Md. It contains 5 churches, a national bank, a newspaper office, a high school, and manufactures of grain-drills and church-organs. Pop. 1650. Greencastle Junction (Limedale Post-Office), a vil- lage of Putnam co., Ind., on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, at the junction of the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad, 2 miles AA^. of Greencastle. It has large limestone-quarries, lime-kilns, and a graded school. GRE Green Centre, Noble co., Ind. See Greene Centre. Green City, Colorado. See Corona. Green Cove, a post-office of Washington co., Va. Green Cove Spring, a post-village and watering- place of Clay CO., Fla., on the St. John's River, 30 miles S. of .Jacksonville. It has 3 churches and 2 hotels. Green Creek, Ohio, rises in Seneca co., runs north- ward through Sandusky co., and enters the Sandusky River about 3 miles from its mouth. Green Creek, a post-hamlet of Cape May co., N.J., in Middle township, 2 miles from Eio Grande Station. It has a church. Green Creek, a township of Sandusky co., 0. Pop. 3666. It contains Clyde. Green'dale, a post-hamlet of Marion co.. 111., on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, about li miles E. of Salem. It has a basket-factory. Greendale, a post-hamlet of Armstrong co.. Pa., 8 miles E. of Kittanning. Green Dale, a post-hamlet of 'Washington co., Va., 5 miles N. of Abingdon. It has a church and flouring-mills. Greene, a county in the W. part of Alabama, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Black Warrior River, and on the S. and S.W. by the Tombigbee. The former river enters the latter at the S.E. extremity of the county. The surface is moderately un- even, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad. Capital, Eutaw. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $4,708,610. Pop. in 1870, 18,399, of whom 18,327 were Americans. Greene, a northeastern county of Arkansas, bordering on Missouri, has an area of about 550 square miles. It is bounded on the E. and S.E. by the St. Francis River, and on the W. by the Cache River. The surface is low and nearly level, and partly covered with forests of oak, hickory, pine, &e. Indian corn and cotton are the staple products. The Cairo & Fulton Railroad passes through the W. part of this county. Capital, Gainesville. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, 81,894,746. Pop. in 1870, 7573, of whom 7570 were Americans. Greene, a county in the N.E. central part of Georgia, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is intersected by the Oconee River, which also forms the S.W. boundary, and is bounded on the W. by the Appalachee River. The sur- face is hilly. The soil is partly fertile. Cotton and Indian coru are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Georgia Railroad. Capital, Greensborough. Valuation of real and personal estate, .$2,200,000. Pop. in 1870, 12,454, of whom 12,424 were Americans. Greene, a county in the W. part of Illinois, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Illinois River, and intersected by Apple and Ma- coupin Creeks. The surface is partly undulating and partly hilly. The soil is very fertile. Here are forests of hickory, oak, ash, elm, maple, linden, and black walnut. Indian corn, wheat, hay, and pork are the staple products. This county has valuable beds of bituminous coal. Burlington lime- stone, an excellent material for building, crops out on the blufTs of the Illinois River. Greene co. is intersected by the Chicago &, Alton Railroad and the St. Louis, Rock Island & Chicago Railroad. Capital, Carrollton. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, $15,724,516. Pop. in 1870, 20,277, of whom 18,630 were Americans. Greene, a county in the S.W. part of Indiana, has an area of 540 square miles. It is intersected by the West Fork of White River, and also drained by Beech Creek. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is exten- sively covered with dense forests of the oak, hickory, maple, beech, Ac. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. Beds of bituminous coal have been opened in this county. It is traversed by the Indianapolis & Vincennes Railroad and the Bedford, Spring- ville, Owensburg &, Bloorofield Railroad. Capital, Bloom- fleld. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 19,514, of whom 19,218 were Americans. Greene, a county in the W. central part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Rao- coon (or Coon) River. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and groves. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and hay are the stjiple products. It is intersected by the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad and the Des Moines & Fort Dodge Railroad. Capital, Jef- ferson. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,600,000. Pop. in 1870, 4627, of whom 4231 were Americans; in 1875, 7028. 900 GRE Greene, a county in the S.E. part of Mississippi, bor- dering on Alabama, has an area of about 825 square miles. It is drained by the Chickasawha and Leaf Rivers, which unite in the S.W. part of the county and form the Pas- cagoula River. The surface is extensively covered with forests of small trees. The soil is sandy and poor. Indian corn and pork are the staple products. Capital, Leakes- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $158,392. Pop. in 1870, 2038, of whom 2032 were Americans. Greene, a county in the S.AV. part of Missouri, has an area of about 660 square miles. It is intersected by the James River, and also drained by the Sac River, which rises in it, and by the Pomme do Terre and Little Sac Rivers. The surface is partly undulating and partly hilly, and is ex- tensively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, pork, and grass are the staple products. The rock which lies next to the surface is Silurian lime- stone. This county is intersected by the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad. Capital, Springfield. Valuation of real and personal estate, $9,500,000. Pop. in 1870, 21,549, of whom 20,731 were Americans. Greene, a county in the S.E. part of New York, has an area of about 680 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Hudson River, is intersected by Catskill Creek, and is also drained by Schoharie Creek, which rises in this county. The surface is rugged and diversified with grand and picturesque scenery of the Catskill Mountains, which present broad and rocky summits, deep ravines, steep de- clivities, and precipices of great height. A large part of the surface is covered with forests of the oak, chestnut, elm, sugar-maple, &c. The soil of the valleys and lowlands is adapted to pasturage. Hay, butter, oats, and Indiiin corn are the staple products. Several varieties of Silurian and Devonian rocks crop out in this county ; among them is the old red sandstone. It is partly traversed by a branch of the New York Central Railroad. Capital, Catskill. Valuation of real and personal estate, $25,173,279. Pop. in 1870, 31,832, of whom 29,346 were Americans; in 1875, 32,544. Greene, a county in the E. central part of North Caro- lina, has an area of' about 300 square miles. It is inter- sected by Contentnea Creek, and also drained by Nahunta Creek. The surface is nearly level. The soil is partly fer- tile. About half of it is covered with forests. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Snow Hill. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,419,746. Pop. in 1870, 8687, of whom 8686 were Americans. Greene, a county in the S.W. part of Ohio, has an area of about 430 square 'miles. It is intersected by the Little Miami River, and also drained by Mad River, which touches the N.W. extremity of the county, and by Cesar's Creek. The surface is undulating or hilly, and extensively covered with forests of the ash, elm, hickory, oak, sugar-maple, &o. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, and two branches of that road terminate at Xenia, the capital. Valuation of real and personal estate, $31,498,478. Pop. in 1870, 28,038, of whom 26,450 were Americans. Greene, the most southwestern county of Pennsyl- vania, bordering on West Virginia, has an area of about 620 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Monon- gahela River, and also drained by Wheeling and Ten Mile Creeks. The surface is diversified by hills and deep ravines. A large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is mostly fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, wool, hay, butter, and pork are the staple products. This county has valuable beds of bituminous coal, limestone, and sandstone. Capi- tal, AVaynesburg. Valuation of real and personal estate, $16,955,650. Pop. in 1870, 25,887, of whom 25,735 were Americans. Greene, a county of East Tennessee, bordering on North Carolina, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is in- tersected by the Nolachucky River, and also drained by Lick Creek, both of which enter the French Broad River on the W. border. The surface is partly mountainous and covered with extensive forests. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, grass, and pork are the staple products. This county has mines of iron, which have been profitably worked, also bods of Silurian limestone. It is intersected by the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad. Capital, Greenevillo. Valuation of roiil and per- sonal estate, $8,442,414. Pop. in 1870, 21,668, of whom 21,607 were Americans. Greene, a county in the N. central part of Virginia, has an area of about 220 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Bapidan, and on tho N.W. by the Blue Ridge. The aBi; 901 GEE surface presents high ridges and fertile valleys. Indian corn, wheat, and oats are the staples. Capital, Stanards- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,100,777. Pop. in 1870, 4634, of whom 4609 were Americans. Greene, a post-hamlet in Green township, Jay co., Ind., 7 miles AV. of Portland. Pop. of the township, 1115. Greene, a township of Parke co., Ind. Pop. 1122. It contains Parkville. Greene, a township of Randolph co., Ind. Pop. 1034. It contains Fairview and Emmettsville. Greene, a post-village of Butler co., Iowa, on Shell Bock River, and on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & North- ern Railroad, 33 miles N.W. of Cedar Falls. It has 2 churches, a bank, a graded school, a newspaper, a flour- mill, and 4 grain-warehouses. Pop. 800. Greene, a township of Pottawatomie co., Kan. P. 300. Greene, a post-township of Androscoggin co.. Me., about 20 miles S.W. of Augusta, is bounded on the W. by the Androscoggin River. It has a church and a grist-mill. Pop. 1094. It contains a hamlet named Greene, on the Maine Central Railroad, 7 miles N.E, of Lewiston. Greene, a post-office and station of Saginaw co., Mich., on the Saginaw Valley & St. Louis R;iilroad, 20 miles W. of Saginaw City. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Greene, a township of Platte co.. Mo. Pop. 2245. It contains Camden Point and New Market. Greene, a post-village in Greene township, Chenango CO., N.Y., on the Chenango River, and on the Utica, Che- nango & Susquehanna Valley Railroad, 19 miles N.N.E. of Binghamton, and 22 miles S.W. of Norwich. It has a bank, 4 churches, a newspaper of&ce, a union school, a furnace, and a foundry. Pop. 1025 ; of the township, 3565. Greene, a township of Sussex co., N.J. Pop. 868. It contains Huntsville, Tranquillity, Greenville, &c. Greene, a township of Clark co., 0. Pop. 1464. Greene, a township of Fayette co., 0. Pop. 879. Greene, a township of Gallia co., 0. Pop. 1577. Post- office, Northup. Greene, a township of Harrison co., 0. Pop. 1547. It contains Hopedale. Greene, a township of Hocking co., 0. Pop. 1513. It contains Haydenville, and has beds of coal. Greene, a township of Trumbull co., 0. Pop. 915. It contains Greensburg. Greene, a township of Beaver co., Pa,, on the Ohio line. Pop. 1836. It contains Georgetown and Hooks- town. It aflfords coal, and has i./oduced some petroleum. Greene, a township of Clinton co.. Pa. Pop. 1102. Greene, a township of Franklin co., Pa. Pop. 3357. It contains Green Village, Scotland, Ac. Greene, a township of Greene co., Pa. See Green. Greene, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pa., 20 miles S. of Lancaster. It has a tannery, a saw-mill, and 2 stores. Greene, a post-hamlet of Kent co., R.I., on the Hart- ford, Providence & Fishkill Railroad, 24 miles W.S.W. of Providence. It has a church, a steam saw-mill, and a grist-mill. Pop. 115. Greene Centre, a post-hamlet of Noble co., Ind., in Greene township, about 22 miles N.N.W. of Fort Wayne. It has a carriage-factory. Greene Corner, a post-hamlet of Androscoggin co.. Me., 2 miles from Greene Station. It has a church. Green £lni, a post-office of Crawford co., Kansas. Greene's Xiand'ing, a post-office of Bradford co., Pa. Greene Springs, a post-office of Hale co., Ala., 15 miles N.E. of Greensborough. Here is a boarding-school. Greeneville,or Greenville, green'vil, a post-village, capital of Greene co., Tenn., on the East Tennessee, Vir- ginia & Georgia Railroad, 74 miles E, by N. of Knoxville, and 56 miles S.W. of Bristol. It is the seat of the Greene- ville and Tusculum College (organized in 1868), and has 5 churches and an academy. Three weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 1039. Green'field, a post-office of Clay co., Dakota, 12 miles N.E. of Vermilion. Greenfield, a post-office of Colquitt co., Ga. Greenfield, a post-village of Greene co., IlL, on the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad, o6 miles N. of St. Louis, Mo., and about 30 miles S. of Jacksonville. It has 3 churches, a bank, an academy, a newspaper office, a flour-mill, and a plough-factory. Pop. about 1200. Greenfield, a township of Grundy co., 111. Pop. 1645. It contains Gardner, and has mines of bituminous coal. Greenfield, a post-village, capital of Hancock co., Ind., on the National Road and the Columbus, Chicago & In- diana Central Railroad, 21 miles E. of Indianapolis, and about 20 miles N. of Shelbyville. It contains a court- house, 2 banks, 5 churches, a newspaper office, a machine- shop, a graded school, 2 flour-mills, 3 planing-mills, 2 saw- mills, a chair-factory, a furniture-factory, Ac. Pop. 1203. Greenfield, a township of La Grange co., Ind., on the Michigan line. Pop. 1078. Greenfield, a township of Orange co., Ind. Pop. 1439. It contains Green Brier and Young's Creek. Greenfield,apost-villageof Adair CO., Iowa, in Green- field township, about 20 miles N. of Creston. It has 3 churches, a bank, a graded school, a furniture-factory, and a newspaper office. Pop. of the township, 480. Greenfield, a township of Calhoun co., Iowa. Pop. 236. Greenfield, a township of Jones co., Iowa. Pop. 1091, Greenfield, a township of Warren co,, Iowa. Pop. 1399. It contains Greenbush. Greenfield, a post-township of Elk co., Kansas, about 33 miles E.N.E. of Winfield, and 14 miles W. of Elk Falls. It has a church. Pop. 686. Greenfield, a post-township of Penobscot co.. Me., about 22 miles N.E. of Bangor. Pop. 317. Greenfield, a beautiful post-village, capital of Frank- lin CO., Mass., in Greenfield township, near the W. bank of the Connecticut River, and 2 miles above the mouth of the Deerfield River, 106 miles W. by N. of Boston, and 36 miles N. of Springfield. It is on the Connecticut River Railroad where it crosses the Vermont & Massachusetts Railroad, 30 miles E. of the Hoosac Tunnel. It contains a court-house, 7 churches, 2 or 3 national banks, 2 savings- banks, a town hall, a high school, a public library, and 2 newspaper offices. It is a favorite summer resort. The township, which is intersected by Green River, has manu- factures of cutlery, edge-tools, cassimere, &c. About 550 men are employed near the village in the manufacture of fine table-cutlery. A part of the village is in Deerfield township. Pop. of Greenfield township, 3540. Greenfiela, a post-township of Wayne co., Mich,, 7 miles N.W. of Detroit, is intersected by the Detroit, Lansing *fc Lake Michigan Railroad. It has 3 churches. Pop. 1958. Greenfield, a township of Wabasha co., Minn., on the Mississippi River. Pop. 671. It contains Kellogg. Greenfield, a post-village, capital of Dade co,, Mo., in Centre township, on the Sac River or its West Fork, about 38 miles W.N.W. of Springfield. It has 3 churches, a pri- vate bank, a seminary, and a plough-factory. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 364. Greenfield, a village of Esmeralda co., Nev., in Mason Valley, near Walker River, about 50 miles S.E. of Carson City. Here is Mason Valley Post-Office. Greenfield, a post- village and township of Hillsborough CO., N.H., about 25 miles S.W. of Concord. It is the present terminus of the Boston, Lowell & Nashua Railroad, and is 26 miles N.W. of Nashua. Pop. 527. Greenfield, or Greenfield Centre, a post-village of Saratoga co., N.Y., in Greenfield township, 1 mile from Greenfield Station on the Adirondack Railroad, and 6 miles N.W. of Saratoga Springs. It has 2 churches. The name of its post-office is Greenfield Centre. The township has 6 churches, 2 paper-mills, and a pop. of 2692. Greenfield, a post-village of Ulster co., N.Y., in Wa- warsing township, about 33 miles W.S.W. of Rondout. It has 2 churches. Greenfield, a township of Fairfield CO., 0. P. 1944. It contains Carroll, Havensport, Gesellsville, and Dumontville. Greenfield, a township of Gallia co., 0. Pop. 1386, It contains Gallia Furnace. Greenfield, a post-village in Madison township. High- land CO., 0., on Sugar Creek, on the Springfield, Jackson & Pomeroy Railroad and the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 74 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati, and 24 miles W. of Chilli- cothe. It has 7 churches, a national bank, a union school, a town hall, a newspaper office, 2 carriage-factories, 2 flour- ing-mills, and a planing-mill. Pop. 1712. Greenfield, a hamlet of Logan co., 0., in Perry town- ship, about 44 miles N.W. of Columbus. It has a church. Greenfield, a township of Huron CO., 0. Pop, 954. It contains Steuben. Greenfield, a township of Blair co., Pa. Pop, 1233. Greenfield, a post-hamlet in Greenfield township, Erie CO., Pa., 14 miles E. of Erie. It has a church, a cheese- factory, and a saw-mill. Pop. of township, 1039. Greenfield, a township of Lackawanna co., Pa. P. 823. Greenfield, a hamlet of Mercer co., Pa., 5 miles N.E. of West Middlesex. It has 2 churches. Here is Worth Post-Office. Greenfield, a borough of Washington co.. Pa., on the W. bank of the Monongahela River, 9 miles above Monon- GRE 902 GRE gahela City, and about 30 miles S. of Pittsburg. It has 2 churches. Coal-mining is the principal business of this place. Pop- 3S6. The name of its post-office is Pike Run. Greenfield, a post-village of Weakley co., Tenn., on the Mississippi Central Railroad, 40 miles N. of Jackson. It has 3 churches, an academy, a steam saw-mill, and a grist-mill. Greenfield, a post-hamlet of Nelson co., Va., about 22 miles S.S.E. of Staunton. It has a tannery and a store. Greenfield, a township of La Crosse co.. Wis. Pop. 806. Greenfield, a post-township of Milwaukee co.. Wis., 4 miles S.W. of Milwaukee. It has 6 churches. Pop. 2646. Greenfield, a township of Monroe co., Wis. Pop. 715. It contains Tunnel City. Greenfield Station on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad ( La Crosse line) is 4 miles W. of Tomah, and 39 miles E.N.E. of La Crosse. Greenfield, a township of Sauk co.. Wis., on the Bara- boo River. Pop. 766. Greenfield Centre, New York. See Greenfield. Greenfield Hill, a post- village of Fairfield co., Conn., in Fairfield township, about 6 miles W. of Bridgeport. It has a church. Greenfield Mills, a post-ofiice of La Grange co., Ind. Greenfield Mills, a post-hamlet of Frederick co., Md., 4 miles S. of Adamstown Railroad Station. It has a flour-mill on Monocacy River. Greenford, Mahoning co., 0. See Green. Green For'est, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., Ark., 75 miles S. of Springfield, Mo. Green Forest, a post-office of Rockbridge co., Va. Green Gar'den, a post-office of Will co., 111., in Green Garden township, about 36 miles S.S.W. of Chicago. Pop. of the township, 1202. Green Garden, a post-office of Beaver co., Pa. Green Grove, a post-hamlet of Madison co., Alai, on the Tennessee River, 15 miles S. of Huntsville. Green Grove, a post-office of Cumberland co., Ky. Green Grove, a post-village of Lackawanna co.. Pa., 10 miles N. of Scranton. It has a church and a hotel. Green Grove, a post-hamlet of Clark co.. Wis., 6 miles from Colby. It has a saw-mill. Green Hall, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Ky., 30 miles N.E. of Livingston. It has a church. Green Har'bor, a large fishing hamlet of Newfound- land, on the S. side of Trinity Bay, 23 miles S.S.W. of Heart's Content. Ship-building is here engaged in. P. 210. Green Ha'ven, a post-hamlet of Dutchess co., N.Y., in Beekman township, about 65 miles N. by E. of New York. Green'head, a village of England, co. of Northumber- land, 3i miles W.N.W. of Haltwhistle. Green Hill, a post-hamlet of Lauderdale CO., Ala., 17 miles N.N.E. of Florence. It has a church. Green Hill, a post-office of Stewart co., Ga. Green Hill, a post-village of Warren co., Ind., in Medina township, about 12 miles W. of Lafayette. It contains the Green Hill Seminary and 2 churches. Green Hill, a post-hamlet of Warren co., Ky., 10 miles E. of Bowling Green. It has a church. Green Hill, a post-hamlet of Wicomico co., Md., on the Wicomico River, about 10 miles S.W. of Salisbury. It has 2 churches. Green Hill, a post-township of Rutherford co., N.C., about 28 miles S.E. of Asheville. It has 3 churches and a tobacco-factory. Pop. 1186. Green Hill, a post-hamlet of Columbiana co., 0., in West township, near the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad, 2 miles from East Rochester. It has a church and a coal-mine. Green Hill, a post-hamlet of Wilson co., Tenn., on the Tennessee & Pacific Railroad, about 20 miles N.E. of Nashville. It has a church, an academy, and a grist-mill. Green Hill, a post-hamlet of Titus co., Te.x., about 55 miles N.AV. of Jefferson. It has 2 churches. Green Hill, a post-hamlet of Campbell co., Va., on the Staunton River, 20 miles N.W. of Staunton River Railroad Station. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Green Hill, a post-village in Pictou oo.. Nova Scotia, on the E. side of West River, 7 miles from Pictou. P. 200. Green'hithe, a hamlet of England, co. of Kent, on the Thames, 3 miles by rail E.N.E. of Dartford. Pop. 1452. Greenholm, green'hOm, one of the Shetland Isles, 10 miles N.N.W. of Lerwick. Greenholm, two islets of the Orkneys, li miles S.W. of Edoy, They are uninhabited. Green Horn, a post-village of Pueblo co.. Col., on the Greenhorn River, 28 miles S.S.W. of Pueblo, and 5 miles from the Greenhorn Mountain. It has 2 churches. Green'horn River, Colorado, rises near the E. base of the Rocky Mountains, runs northeastward, and enters the Arkansas River in Pueblo co., about 8 miles below the town of Pueblo. Greenhorn Station, in Pueblo co.. Col., is on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, 13 miles S. of South Pueblo. Green-Island, in Alaska, is at the entrance of Prince William Sound. Green-Island, an island and a village in Jamaica, on its W. coast, on Green-Island Harbor, 8 miles S.W. of Lucea. Pop. 616. Green Island, one of the Philippines. Lat. 12° 3' N. ; Ion. 119° 49' E. Green Island, a small island in the China Sea, lat. 43° N., Ion. 107° 30' E., about 35 miles S.S.W. of the Tam- belan Islands. Green Island, an island of Australia, on the N.E. coast of Trinity Bay. Lat. 16° 46' S.; Ion. 145° 56' B. Green Island, Quebec. See Isle Vebte. Green Island, in Hudson Strait, British North Amer- ica, 100 miles N.W. of Cape Chudleigh. Green Island, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Iowa, on the Maquoketa River, and on the Chicago, Clinton & Dubuque Railroad, 28 miles N. by W. of Clinton. It has a church. Green Island, Cedar co., Neb. See Strahmeubg. Green Island, a post-village of Albany co., N.Y., is on an island in the Hudson River, opposite Troy, and 6 miles above Albany. It contains 5 churches, 2 stove- factories, a car-factory, 2 iron-foundries, machine-shops, and a manufactory of sash and blinds, and has an extensive trade in lumber and marble. Here are some iron-works and shops of the Delaware & Hudson Canal Company. Pop. 5000. Green Island Station on the Rensselaer & Saratoga Rail- road is 1 mile from Troy. Green Islands, two small islands in the China Sea, on the S. coast of China, called by the Chinese Tsang-Chow. Lat. 22° 22' N. ; Ion. 114° 40' E. Green Isle, a post-township of Sibley co., Minn., 10 miles S.E. of Glenooe. Pop. 705. Green Kay, one of the Bahamas. See Cayo Verde. Green Lake, a county in the central part of Wiscon- sin, has an area of about 370 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Fox or Neenah River, and is also drained by Grand and White Rivers. Among its remarkable features are Pacawa and Green Lakes, each of which is S or 9 miles long. The surface is undulating, and extensively covered with forests. The soil is very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and butter are the staple products. A branch of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad terminates in this county. It is partly intersected by the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad. Capital, Dartford. A''aluation of real and personal estate, .$9,340,000. Pop. in 1870, 13,195, of whom 9098 were Americans ; in 1875, 15,274. Green Lake, Wisconsin, is in Green Lake co., and is 8 miles long by 2 miles wide. Dartford, the county seat, is on this lake, the water of which is deep and pure. Green Lake, of British Columbia, situated between Alexandria and 'Thompson's River, is about 30 miles in length. This lake is strongly salt, its color being a fine sea-green. It has no outlet. Green Lake, a post-hamlet of Kandiyohi co., Minn., in New London township, on the W. side of Green Lake. It has a grist- and saw-mill, stores, Ac, and is 9 miles N. of Kandiyohi Station. Pop. of Green Lake township, 351. Green Lake, a post-township of Green Lake co.. Wis., about 24 miles W. of Fond du Lao. It is bounded on the N.W. by a lake of the same name. Pop. 1500. Green Lake, a village and place of summer resort on the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad, 1 mile from the village of' Dartford, Wis. Green Lake Settlement, Ontario. See Rankin. Green'land (Dan. Grocnland, or Gronland, gron'- lind), an extensive region or island on the N.E. of North America, belonging to Denmark, and stretching from Capo Farewell, its S. extremity, in lat. 59° 49' N., northward to about 80° 15' N., and extending between Ion. 20° and 75° W., having W. Baffin's Bay and Davis' Strait, N. Peabody Bay and the Arctic Ocean, and E. and S. the Atlantio. The surface is generally high, rooky, and barren ; the ele- vated portions are covered with eternal snow and glaciers, extending, in many parts, to the sea-shoros. Small quan- tities of corn, potatoes, and kitchen-herbs are raised in the S. ; and some edible berries, with scattered birch, alder, and willow trees, grasses, and lichens, grow wild. July is the only month in which there is no snow. Extreme summer temperature, 69° Fahr., winter, 40° below zero, and GRE 903 GRE in tho N. the mercury falls from 60° to 73*? below zero ; mean annual temperature of North Greenland, o° 2' Fahr., the lowest ever recorded. The native Esquimaux are of short, squat stature and dark -skin, and are employed chiefly in fishing and seal-hunting. Many of them have been converted to Christianity by the labors of missionaries. The region was first discovered by a Norwegian in 9S1, and soon after was colonized from Iceland. Davis rediscovered Greenland in 15S7, but the old Norse colonists had all per- ished, and only a few traces of their towns remain. In 1854 the United States expedition under Dr. Kane traced the W, coast of Greenland to its northern face, which they followed towards the Atlantic till their progress was arrested by an immense glacier, issuing in 60° W. Ion. and offering an impassable barrier to future explorations. This stupendous glacier rises 300 feet in perpendicular face, and is supposed to be the only obstacle to the insularity of Greenland. The country is divided into N. and S. inspectorates, separated by the Longfiord, about lat. 70° N. Greenland has a num- ber of European settlements and missionary stations, mostly on the W. coast. Principal villages, Frederickshaab, Julians- haab, Upernavik, and Godthaab. Tho chief trade is with Denmark. Principal exports, oil of seals and whales, fox-, seal-, and reindeer-skins, eider-down, feathers, and cryolite. Good lignite occurs, also lead and cupper. Pop. 10,800. Greenland, a post-village of Douglas co.. Col., on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, 47 miles S. of Denver. It has 2 churches, a bank, and a cheese-factory. Greenland, a hamlet of Fayette co., 111., in London township, about 22 miles N.E. of Vandalia, and 2 miles W. of Beecher City. Greenland, a post-village of Ontonagon co., Mich., in Greenland township, 35 miles W. of L'Anse. It has 2 churches. Copper is mined here. Pop. of the township, 589. Greenland, a post-village in Greenland township, Rockingham co., N.H,, on the Concord & Portsmouth Rail- road, 4 miles SAY. of Portsmouth. (See Greenland Depot.) The township has 2 churches and a pop, of 695. Greenland, a post-hamlet of Ross co., 0,, 12 miles N.W. of Chillicothe. Greenland, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co., Pa., 5 or 6 miles E.S.E. of Lancaster, Greenland, a post-hamlet of Aiken co,, S.C, 10 miles N. of EUenton Station. It has 2 churches. Greenland, a post-village of Grant co., W. Va., 20 miles S.S.W. of Keyser. It has a church, a flour-mill, a saw-mill, and 2 stores. Greenland Depot, a post-office of Rockingham co., N.H., on the Eastern Railroad, 5 miles S.S.W. of Ports- mouth. Green Lane, a station on the North Pennsylvania Railroad, 5 miles N. of the terminus in Philadelphia. Green Lane, a post-hamlet in Marlborough township, Montgomery co., Pa., on the Perkiomen Railroad, 43 miles N.N.W. of Philadelphia. It has a national bank. Green'law, a town of Scotland, capital of the county of Berwick, 18 miles W.S.W. of Berwick-on-Tweod. It has a shire hall and a prison. Pop. 883, Green Lawn, a post-hamlet of Suffolk co., N.Y., in Huntington township, on the Long Island Railroad, about 38 miles E. of New York City. It has a church. Green'laAV's Wharf, post-office. King George co., Va. Green'leaf, a post-village of Washington co., Kansas, on the Central Branch of the Union Pacific Railroad, 7 miles S. of Washington, and 13 miles W. of Waterville. Greenleaf, a post-ofiice of Floyd co., Ky. Greenleaf, a township of Sanilac co., Mich. Pop. 376. Greenleaf, a post-hamlet of Meeker co., Minn,, in Greenleaf township, about 65 miles W. of Minneapolis, and 11 miles S. of Litchfield. Pop. 54; of township, 408. Greenleaf, a post-office of De Kalb co., Mo. Greenleaf, a post-village of Brown co., Wis., in Wrightstown township, on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 14 miles S.S.W, of Green Bay. It has a church, and manufactures of lumber, staves, and lime. Green'leafton, a post-hamlet of Fillmore co., Minn., in York township. It has 2 churches, Greenlee's, a post-office of McDowell co., N.C, Green Lev'el, a post-office of Wake co., N.C. Greenlick Junction, Pa. See West Overton. Green Monnt, a post-hamlet of Lincoln co., Ark., about 36 miles S.S.E. of Pine Bluff. It has 2 churches. Green Monnt, a post-office of Laurel co., Ky. Green 3Iount, a post-hamlet of Adams co.. Pa., about 7 miles S.W. of Gettysburg. Green Mount, a post-hamlet, Rockingham co., Va., 4 miles N, of Harrisonburg. It has a church and a flour-mill. Green Moun'tain, Pennsylvania, is situated near the N. extremity of Schuylkill co. Green Mountain, a post-office of Marshall co., Iowa, Green Mountain, a post-office of Yancey co., N.C. Green Mountains, a range of mountains extending through Vermont from Canada to Massachusetts. They are composed of metamorphic slate, gneiss, limestone, and other palaeozoic rocks. Mount Mansfield, the highest peak of this range, has an altitude of 4430 feet above the level of the sea. Among the other summits are Killington Peak {4221 feet high) and the Camel's Hump (4088 feet high). The Green Mountains are mostly covered with forests of fir, pine, hemlock, sugar-maple, beech, birch, oak, and other trees. Their slopes are generally gentle or not very steep. Tourists can ride in a carriage to the summit of Equinox Mountain, which is 3872 feet high. ■ The names Hoosac Mountain and Taghkanic, or Taconic, are applied to parts of the southern extension of this range, which traverses the western part of Massachusetts, entering Con- necticut and the state of New York. In Massachusetts the name Green Mountains is, however, applied to the whole, and especially to the eastern, range, the name Taconic belonging to the western parallel range. Green Oak, a post-hamlet of Fulton co., Ind., in Rochester township, 5 miles S. of Rochester. It has a church. Pop. 40. Green Oak, a post-township of Livingston co., Mich., 15 miles N. of Ann Arbor. It has 2 churches. Pop. 938, Green Oak Station, a post-hamlet of Livingston co., Mich., on the Detroit, Lansing & Lake Michigan Railroad, 37 miles W.N.W. of Detroit. Green'ock, a seaport town of Scotland, co. of Ren- frew, on the S.side of the Firth of Clyde, 22i miles W.N.W. of Glasgow by railway, Lat. 55° 56' 54" N. j Ion. 4° 45' 15" W. It stands chiefly on a level strip of land, but partly on an abrupt height commanding noble views. The town is abundantly furnished with water by aqueducts. On the W. are many new streets and handsome residences, Tho principal structures are a fine custom-house, the town hall, jail, exchange, tontine, assembly-hall, theatre, infirmary, and several handsome churches. Greenock has a flourish- ing mechanics' institute, a public library with upwards of 12,000 volumes and with a statue of Watt by Chantrey, nu- merous banks, a grammar-school, a hospital, a chamber of commerce, an academy, a seaman's asylum, cotton-mills, machine-shops, yards for building iron ships, sail-cloth-, paper-, and rope-factories, large sugar-refineries and chem- ical works, and a great foreign and coastwise trade. It has old and new harbors, constructed at great expense, with extensive docks and quays, Greenock has wholly risen into importance since the beginning of the eighteenth century. Pop. 57,821. It sends one member to the House of Commons. Green'ock, a plantation of Crittenden co.. Ark., on the Mississippi River, 17 miles above Memphis, Tcnn. Here is Oldham Post-Office. Greenock, Alleghany co.. Pa. See Alpsville. Green'ore, a headland of Ireland, co. of Louth, 2 miles S.E. of Carlingford. It has a light-house. Greenore, a headland of Ireland, co. of AVexford, 7J miles S.S.E. of the entrance into Wexford harbor. Green Park, a post-hamlet of Perry co.. Pa., about 30 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg. Green Plain, a post-hamlet of Southampton co., Va., 5 miles S.E. of Belfield Station. It hns a church. Green Point, a former village of Kings co., N.Y., on the East River, opposite New York, about 2 miles N.E. of Brooklyn proper. It is now the 17th ward of Brooklyn. It is bounded on the N. by Newtown Creek, which separates it from Hunter's Point. It has a daily and a weekly news- paper, and is the seat of ship-building and active manufac- tures. Pop. of the ward in 1875, 24,001. The post-office. Green Point Station, is a branch of the Brooklyn post- office. Green Pond, a post-village of Bibb co,, Ala., on tho Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad, 28 miles S.W. of Bir- mingham. It has 2 churches, a cotton- and woollen-fac- tory, and manufactures of flour and furniture. Green Pond, a post-office and station of Colleton co., S.C, on the Savannah &, Charleston Railroad, 39 miles W. of Charleston. Green Pond Junction, N.J. See Charlotteburg. Green'port, or Greens'port, a post-hamlet of St. Clair CO., Ala., on the Coosa River, at the head of the shoals, about 56 miles E.N.E. of Birmingham. It has a grist-mill. Greenport, a fertile township of Columbia co., N.Y., GRE 904 GRE on tile E. bank of the Hudson. Pop. 1354, exclusive of the city of Hudson. Greenport, a post-village, port of entry, and summer resort of Suffolk co., N.Y., is on Long IsUtnd Sound, at the E. terminus of the Long Island Railroad, 95 miles B, by N. of Brooklyn. It contains a union school, 8 churches, a national bank, printing-offices which issue 3 weekly news- papers, 5 hotels, and many boarding-houses. It is partly supported by commerce and the fisheries. It has a good harbor, which is completely landlocked and is deep enough for the largest ships. Pop. 1819. Here are manufactures of flower-pots, wire goods, &c. Steamboats ply to Shelter Island, Sag Harbor, Orient, Saybrook, and New London. Green Prairie, pri'ree, a post-township of Morrison CO., Minn., 9 miles N. of Little Falls, is bounded on the E. by the Mississippi River. Pop. 82. Green Ridge, a post-hamlet of Seott co., Ark., 7 miles B. of Waldron. It has a church, a flour-mill, a steam saw- mill, and 12 families. Green Ridge, a post-hamlet of Pawnee co., Kansas, 16 miles from Larned. It has a broom-factory. Green Ridge, a post-village of Pettis co.. Mo., on the Missouri, Kansas &, Te.\as Railroad, 12 miles S.W. of Sedalia. It has a church. Green Ridge, a post-hamlet of Richmond oo., N.Y., on or near Staten Island Sound, 33 miles S.W. of New York. Green Ridge, a station in Lackawanna co., Pa., 2 miles N. of Seranton, is the N. terminus of the Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroad, and the W. terminus of the Delaware & Hudson Railro.id. Green Ridge, a station in Northumberland co., Pa., on branches of the Lehigh Valley and Reading Railroads, 2 miles W. by S. of Mt. Uarmel. Here are coal-mines. Green Ridge, a station in York co.. Pa., on the Bach- man's Valley Railroad, 4 miles S. of Valley .Junction. Green River, a branch of the Colorado, rises in the Wind River Mountains, in the W. part of Wyoming, and first runs nearly southward. After it has effected a passage through the Uintah Mountains, it flows southeastward into Colorado, and irrigates part of Grand co. Crossing the ■western boundary of Colorado, it enters Utah, runs south- westward through Wasatch co. and southward through San Pete and Sevier cos., and unites with the Grand River near lat. 38° 16' N. and Ion. 110" W. Its entire length is esti- mated at 750 miles, of which nearly half is in Utah. It traverses a mountainous country. Coal and gold are found in the upper part of its valley in Wyoming. This river is not of much importance for navigation. Green River, Illinois, rises in Lee co., drains part of Bureau co., runs westward through Henry co., and enters Rock River about 10 miles E. by S. from Rock Island. It is nearly 120 miles long. Green River, Kentucky, rises near the middle of the state, and at first runs generally westward. It intersects Adair, Green, Hart, Edmondson. and Butler cos., and passes near the Mammoth Cave. From the mouth of the Big Barren River the Green River runs northwestward with a very tortuous course, forms the boundary between Muhlen- burg and Ohio cos., and enters the Ohio River in Henderson CO., about 9 miles above Evansville, Ind. Its length is es- timated at 350 miles. Small steamboats can ascend it to Brownsville, about 150 miles from its mouth. It traverses the western coal-field of Kentucky. Green River rises in Windham co., Vt., runs south- ward into Franklin CO., Mass., .and enters the Deerfield Biver nearly 2 miles from its mouth. Green River, Henry co., 111. See Oaklev. Green River, a station on the Louisville, Paducah & Southwestern Railroad, at the crossing of the Green River, 15 miles N.E. of Greenville, Ky. Green River, a post-hamlet of Columbia co., N.Y., 7 miles S.E. of Chatham, and about 34 miles S.S.E. of Al- bany. It has a church. Green River, a post-township of Henderson co., N.C., about 100 miles W. of Charlotte. It is drained by Green River, a small stream. Pop. 709. Green River, Windham co., Vt. See Cdtting Hollow. Green River, a post-village in Victoria co., New Brunswick, on the river St. John, 24 miles by rail N.W. of Grand Falls. It contains a grist-mill, 2 stores, 3 tanneries, and 5 taverns. Pop. 700. Green River City, a post-village, capital of Sweet- water CO., Wyoming, on Green River, and on the Union Pacific Railroad, 272 miles W. of Laramie, and 184 miles E.N.E. of Ogden. It has ii church, a round-house and machine-shops of the railroad, and a briok-yaid. Eleva- tion, 6140 feet. Green Rock, a post-ofiice of Caldwell co., N.C. Greens'borough, a post-village, capital of Hale co., Ala., on the Selma, Marion A Memphis Railroad, 50 miles W.N.W. of Selma, and about 38 miles S. of Tuscaloosa. It is the seat of the Southern University (Methodist Episcopal), which was founded in 1859 and has a library of 10,000 vol- umes, a female college, 5 churches, a newspaper ofiice, a normal school, and 3 carriage-factories. Pop. 1760. Greensborongh, apost-village of Craighead co., Ark., 60 miles E.N.E. of Batesville. It has a church and 4 stores. Greensborongh, a post-village, capital of Greene co., Ga., on the Georgia Railroad, 87 miles E. by S. of Atlanta, and 84 miles W. of Augusta. It contains a court-house, a bank, 4 churches, and 2 academies. Two weekly news- papers are published here. Pop. 913. Greensborougli, a post-village of Henry co., Ind., in Greensborongh township, 6 or 7 miles S.W. of Newcastle, and about 32 miles W. by N. of Richmond. It has a flour- mill, a drug-store, and 2 or 3 churches. Pop. about 250 ; of the township, 1488. Greensborongh, a post-office of Lincoln parish. La. Greensborongh, a post-village of Caroline co., Md., on the Choptank River, and on the Maryland & Delaware Railroad, 20 miles N.E. of Easton, and about 50 miles E.S.E. of Baltimore. It has a money-order post-office, 2 churches, a seminary, 7 stores, and 2 fruit-canning factories. P. 561. Greensborongh, a post-village of Sumner co.. Miss., 32 miles S.E. of Grenada. It has 2 churches. Pop. 100. Greensborongh, a post-town, capital of Guilford co., N.C, on the North Carolina Railroad, at its junction with the Richmond & Danville and Northwestern Railroads, 81 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh, and 48 miles S.S.W. of Dan- ville. It contains a court-house, 10 churches, 4 newspaper offices, a national bank, 1 other bank, 2 fine hotels, a j\Ieth- odist female college, a graded school, a public hall, 2 foun- dries, 3 tobacco-factories, a saw-mill, and manufactures of spokes, handles, and sash and blinds. Pop. about 4000. Greensborongh, a post-villagc of Greene co.. Pa., on the Monongahela River, at the head of navigation, about 50 miles by land or 94 by water S. of Pittsburg. It has 4 churches and a manufactory of stoneware and roofing-tiles Pop. about 500. Greensborongh, a post-village of Greensborough township, Orleans co., Vt., on a smali lake, 2 miles from the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad, and about 28 miles N.E. of Montpelier. It has 2 churches, a carriage-shop, and a flour-mill. Pop. of the township, 1027. Greensborough Bend, a post-hamlet of Orleans co., Vt., on the Portland A Ogdensburg Kailroad, 28 miles N.W. of St. Johnsbury. It has manufactures of boxes and chair- stock, a steam lumber-mill, and 3 stores. Greens'bnrg, a post-village, capital of Decatur co., Ind., in Washington township, on the Indianapolis, Cin- cinnati A Lafayette Railroad, 47 miles S.E. of Indi.anapolis, and 68 miles W.N.W. of Cincinnati. It contains a court- house, a high school, 7 churches, a national bank, 1 other bank, a foundry, manufactures of flour and furniture, and printing-offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers. Greensburg, a post-village, capital of Green co., Ky., on Green River, about 75 miles S.S.W. of Lexington, and 75 miles S. by E. of Louisville. It contains a court-house and 5 churches. Pop. 351. Greensburg, a post-village, capital of St. Helena parish. La., on the, Tickfaw River, about 75 miles N.N.E. of New Orleans. It has a court-house, 2 churches, a news- paper office, and a masonic academy. Pop. 160. Greensburg, a post-hamlet of Knox co., Mo., in Greensburg township, about 44 miles W. by S. of Keokuk, Iowa. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 994. Greensburg, a post-village of Mercer co., N.J., in Ewin"- township, on the Belvidero Delaware Railroad, and on the Delaware River, 6 miles above Trenton. It has a stone-quarry. Greensburg, a township of Putnam co., 0. Pop. 779. Greensburg, a hamlet of Sandusky co., 0., in Scott township, 2 miles from Millersville. It has a church. Greensburg, or In'land, a post-village of Summit CO., 0., in Green township, 10 miles N.N.W. of Canton, and 11 miles S. by E. of Akron. It has 4 churches, a normal school, a brick-yard, and about 70 dwellings. The name of its post-office is Inland. Greensburg, a post-village of Trumbull oo., 0., in Greene township, on Musquito Creek, about 54 miles E. of Cleveland. It has 3 churches, 3 oheese-faotorics, a tan- nery, Ac. Greensburg, a post-borough, capital of Westmore- land CO., Pa., in Uompficld township, on the Pennsylvania GKE 905 GRE Railroad, 31 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg, and 86 miles W. by S. of Altoona. It contains a court-house, 10 churcbes, a graded school, a female seminary, 3 banks, and printing- offices which issue 4 weekly newspapers. Pop. 1642. Green's Cor'ners, a hamlet of Alleghany co., N.Y., in Independence township, 5 miles S. of Andover. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Post-office, Independence. Green's Corners, a station in Oneida co., N.Y., on the New York Central Railroad, 5 miles S.W. of Rome. Green's Corners, a station in Franklin co., Vt., on the Eastern division of the Central Vermont Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of St. Albans. Green's Cut, a post-office of Burke co., Ga., on the Central Railroad of Georgia, 26 miles S. of Augusta. Green Sea, a post-hamlet and township of Horry co., S.C, 15 miles S. of Fair Bluflf, N.C. It has a church and a turpentine-distillery. Pop. 1043. Green's Farms, a post-viliage of Fairfield co., Conn., on the New York & New Haven Railroad, 8 miles S.W, of Bridgeport. It has a church, a paper-mill, and several fine residences. Green's Fork, a township of Randolph co., Ind., on the Ohio line. Pop. 2043. It contains Spartanburg. Green's Fork, Wayne co., Ind. See Washington. Green's Grant, an unincorporated tract of forest-land in Coos CO., N.H. Pop. 71. Green's Grove, a post-office of Rutherford co., N.C. Green Shoal, a post-hamlet of Lincoln co., W. Va., on the Guyandotte River, about 32 wiles S.W. of Charleston. Green's Ijand'iug, a post-hamlet of Hancock co., Me., is on the ocean, on the S, coast of Deer Isle, 25 miles E. of Rockland. Green's Mill, a station on the Southwestern Railroad, 5 miles N. of AndersonviUe, Ga. Green's Pond, a post-town, port of entry, and island on the N. side of Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland, 100 miles N.W. of St. John's by water, 183 by land. It is a barren island, but has a good though small harbor, and is an excel- lent fishing-station. Pop. 1073. Greensport, Alabama. See Greenport. Green Spring, a post-office of New Castle co., Del., and a station {formerly called Sassafras) on the Delaware Railroad, 12 miles N. of Dover. Green Spring, a station in Baltimore co., Md., on the Green Spring Branch of the Northern Central Railroad, 15 miles by rail N.W. of Baltimore. Green Spring, a post-village in Adams township, Seneca co., 0., on the Cincinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland Railroad, 12 miles N.N.E. of Tiffin, and about 9 miles S.S.E. of Fremont. It has a national bank, 4 churches, a newspaper office, a sulphur spring, and manufactures of hubs, spokes, and sash and blinds. Pop. about 1000. Green Spring, a post-village of Cumberland co.. Pa., in Newton township, 4 miles S.W, of Newville. It has a church and a woollen-factory. Green Spring Depot, a post-hamlet of Louisa co., Va., on the Chesapeake *k Ohio Railroad, 70 miles N.W. of Richmond. Green Spring Fnrnace, a post-hamlet of Washing- ton CO., Md., about 14 miles AV. of Hagerstown. Green Sjiring Junction, in Baltimore co., Md., on the Northern Central Railroad, 7 miles N. of Baltimore, at the junction of the Green Spring Branch Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Green Spring. Green Spring. Junction, on the Western Maryland Railroad, in Baltimore co., is 13 miles N-W. of Baltimore, and 2 miles W. of Green Spring. It is the W. terminus of the Green Spring Branch Railroad, Green Spring Run, a post-office and station of Hampshire co., W. Va., on the Baltimore &, Ohio Railroad, 15 miles S.E. of Cumberland. Green Springs, a post-office of Hale co., Ala. Green Street, a post-office of Manitowoc co., Wis., 9 miles N. of Branch Railroad Station. Green Sulphur Springs, a post-office of Summers CO., W. Va., 6 miles E. of New Richmond. Here is a sul- phur spring. Greensville, Ontario. See Bullock's Corners. Green'ton, a post-village of Lafayette co., Mo., in Clay township, about 36 miles E. of Kansas City. Green Top, a post-village of Schuyler co.. Mo., on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 45 miles N. of Maeon City. It has a grist-, a saw-, and a woollen-mill, Green'tOAvn, a post-viliage of Howard co., Ind., in Liberty township, near the Wildcat River, 8 miles E. of Kokomo, and about 22 miles S. of Peru. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Greentown, a post-village of Stark co., 0., 9 miles N. of Canton. It has a church, a union school, a plough- factory, and a coal-mine. Green Tree, a post-office of Alleghany co.. Pa. Green Tree, a station in Chester co.. Pa., on the Penn- sylvania Railroad, 20 miles W. of Philadelphia. Green Tree, a post-office of White co., Tenn. Green Tree Tavern, a post-office of Scott co., Iowa, 5 miles N.W. of Davenport. Green'up, the most northeastern county of Kentucky, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Ohio River, and is intersected by the Little Sandy River and Tygert's Creek. The surface is hilly or uneven, and a large part of it is covered with forests. In- dian corn, wheat, oats, and grass are the staple products. This county has beds of bituminous coal and iron ore. It is intersected by the Eastern Kentucky Railroad. Capital, Greenup. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,949,187. Pop. in 1870, 11,463, of whom 10,961 were Americans. Greenup, a post-village of Cumberland co., 111., in Greenup township, on the Embarras River, and on the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad where it crosses the Grayville &, Mattoon Railroad, 43 miles W.S.W. of Terre Haute, and 23 miles S.S.E. of Mattoon. It has a bank, a high school, 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a woolIen-mill. Pop. 535 ; of the township, 2128. Greenup, or Green^upsburg,a post-village, capital of Greenup co., Ky., on the Ohio River, 8 miles below Ironton, and about 20 miles above Portsmouth, 0. The Eastern Kentucky Railroad connects it with Grayson, &c. It has a court-house, a bank, a newspaper office, and 4 churches. Coal is mined near this place. Pop. 507. Green Vale, a post-office of Jo Daviess co., 111. Green Vale, a post-office of Dallas co., Iowa. Green'vale, a post-office of Russell co., Kansas. Green Vale, a post-office of Franklin co., Me. Greenvate, a township of Dakota co., Minn. Pop. 758. Green Vale, a hamlet of Queens co., N.Y., in Oyster Bay township, 1 mile from Glen Head Station. Greenvale, a post-hamlet of Wilson co., Tenn., 17 miles S.S.E. of Lebanon. It has 6 families. Green'vale, a post-village in Queens co.. Prince Ed- ward Island, 13 miles from Charlottetown, Pop. 130. Green VaI'ley, a post-hamlet of El Dorado co., Cal., about 33 miles E.N.E. of Sacramento. Green Valley, a station in Sonoma co., Cal., on the Fulton & Guerneville Railroad, 6 miles from Guerneville, and 10 miles from Fulton. Pop. of Green Valley town- ship, 592. Green Valley, a post-hamlet of Tazewell co.. 111., on the Pekin Branch of the Wabash Railroad, 21 miles S. of Peoria. It has 2 churches. Green Valley, a post-hamlet of Ellsworth co., Kansas, 15 miles from Ellinwood Station. It has a church. Green Valley, a post-hamlet of Denton co., Tex., 35 miles from Sherman. It has a saw-mill. Green Valley, a post-office of Bath co., Va. Green Valley, a township of Shawano co., Wis. P. 291. Greenview, greenVu', a post-village of Menard co., III., on the Jacksonville division of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 36 miles N.E. of Jacksonville, and 22 miles N. of Springfield. It has 3 churches, a bank, and 2 wagon- factories. . Pop. 373. Green Vil'lage, a post-hamlet of Morris co., N.J., 2^ miles from Madison, and about 15 miles W. of Newark. It has a church and a flour-mill. Green Village, a post-village of Franklin co.. Pa., in Greene township, about 42 miles W.S.W. of Harrisburg, and 2 miles from Scotland Station. It has 2 churches. Green'ville, a county in the N.W. part of South Caro- lina, bordering on North Carolina, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on tbe S.W. by the Saluda River, and is drained by the Ennoree, Reedy, and Tiger Rivers, which rise within its limits. The surface presents beautiful scenery of mountains, valleys, and hills. A large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is mostly fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Atlanta & Richmond Air-Line Railroad, and is connected with Columbia by the Greenville 6 Columbia Railroad. Capital, Greenville Court-House. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,362,353. Pop. in 1870, 22,262, of whom 22,144 were Americans. Greenville, a southeastern county of Virginia, border- ing on North Carolina, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is intersected by the Meherrin River, and bounded on the N. by the Nottoway River. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests; the soil produces Indian GKE 906 GRE corn, oats, &c. This county is intersected by the Peters- burg & Weldon Railroad. Capital, Hicksford. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,339,725. Pop. in 1870, 6362, of whom 6359 were Americans. Greenville, a post-town or city, capital of Butler co., Ala., on the Mobile & Montgomery Railroad, 44 miles S.S.W. of Montgomery, and 134 miles N.E. of Mobile. It contains a court-house, 5 or 6 churches, a bank, a collegiate institute, several mills, and printing-offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers. Pop. 4986. Greenville, a post-village of Plumas co., Cal., in In- dian Valley, about 90 miles N.N.B. of Marysville, and 16 miles N. of Quincy. It has a church, a foundry, and sev- eral quartz-mills. Gold is found here. Greenville, a post-village of New London co.. Conn., in Norwich township, on the Quinebaug River, and on the Norwich & Worcester Railroad, 2 miles N.E. of Norwich. It contains 3 churches, several cotton-milis, 2 paper-mills, and manufactures of axles, springs, and wood types. Pop. about 1000. Greenville, a post-office of New Castle co., Del., on the Wilmington & Reading Railroad, 6 miles from Wil- mington. Greenville, a post-hamlet of Madison co., Fla., on the Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroad, 41 miles E. of Tallahassee. It has 2 churches and a steam saw-mill. Greenville, a post-village, capital of Meriwether co., Ga., about 60 miles S.S.W. of Atlanta, and 50 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. It has 4 churches, a high school, and a news- paper office. Pop. about 500. Greenville, a post-village, capital of Bond co., III., on the East Eork of Big Shoal Creek, in Greenville town- ship, and on the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Rail- road, 50 miles E.N.E. of St. Louis, Mo., 20 miles W. of Vandalia, and about 44 miles E. of Alton. It has a court- house, 4 churches, a national bank, 2 private banks, a news- paper office, and the Almira College for ladies, with a large edifice. Pop. about 2000; of the township, 1989. Greenville, a township of Bureau co.. 111. Pop. 901. It contains New Bedford. Greenville, a post-village of Floyd co., Ind., in Green- ville township, about 12 miles N.W. of New Albany. It has 4 churches, a bank, a seminary, and a ilour-mill. Pop. of the township, 1S14. Greenville, a post-office of Clay co., Iowa. Greenville, a post-village, capital of Muhlenburg co., Ky., on the Paducah & Eliaabethtown Railroad, 92 miles E. of Paducah, and about 44 miles S. of Owensborough. It has 5 or 6 churches, a female college, a newspaper office, and 3 tobacco-factories. Pop. 557. Greenville, a post-hamlet of Piscataquis co., Me., in Greenville township, at the S. end of Moosebead Lake, about 30 miles N.W. of Dover, Pop. of the township, 369. Greenville, a village of Worcester co., Mass., in Lei- cester township, 1 mile from Rochdale Station. It has a church, a woollen-mill, a saw-mill, and a manufactory of paper-machinery. Greenville, a post-village of Montcalm co., Mich., on Flat River, and on the Detroit, Lansing & Lake Michigan Railroad, 59 miles N.W. of Lansing, and about 24 miles N.E. of Grand Rapids. It is lighted with gas, and has 5 churches, a national bank, 2 other banks, a union school, 2 newspaper offices, 2 flouring-mills, 4 saw-mills, a tannery, a woollen-factory, 2 machine-shops, 2 planing-mills, and 4 shingle-mills. Pop. 3140. Greenville, a post-village, capital of Washington co., Miss., on the Mississippi River, about 100 miles N.N.W. of Jackson. It has a court-house, several churches, an oil-mill, 3 saw-mills, a money-order post-office, and a newspaper office, and is the W. terminus of the Greenville, Columbus & Birmingham Railroad. A large quantity of cotton is shipped here. Pop. 890. Greenville, a post-village, capital of Wayne oo., Mo., on the St. Francis River, about 120 miles S. of St. Louis. It has a church. Greenville, a post-village of Hillsborough co., N.H., and a station on the Peterborough & Shirley Railroad, 24 miles N.W. of Ayor, Mass. It has 2 churches, a savings- bank, and 3 cotton-mills. Greenville, a hamlet of Camden co., N.J., in Stockton township, 4 miles from Camden. Greenville, a post-village of Hudson co., N.J., in Greenville township, on the Central Railroad of New Jersey, 5 miles S.W. of Now York. It has 6 churches, a pistol-fac- tory, and a brewery. The township is part of a peninsula, and extends from Newark Bay to New York Bay. Pop. of the township, 2789. It has been annexed to Jersey City, Greenville, ahamlet of Morris co., N.J., in Rockaway township, 3 or 4 miles S. of Newfoundland. Greenville, a hamlet of Sussex co., N.J., in Greene township, 5 miles W. of Andover. It has a church. Pop. 50. Here is Lincoln Post-Office. Greenville, a post-village of Greene co., N.Y., in Green- ville township, about 24 miles S.S.W. of Albany. It has 3 churches, the Greenville Academy, and about 35 houses. Here is a beautiful view of the Catskill Mountains. The township contains 8 churches and a pop. of 2034. Greenville, or Min'isink, a post-village of Orange CO., N.Y., in Greenville township, 5 miles E. of Port Jervis. It has 2 or 3 churches and 2 wagon-shops. Here is Mini- sink Post-Office. Pop. of the township, 1065. Greenville, a hamlet of Westchester co., N.Y.,li miles from Scarsdale Station. It has a church. Greenville, a post-village, capital of Pitt co., N.C., in Greenville township, on the Tar River, 25 miles 'above Washington, and about 75 miles E. by S. of Raleigh. It has a court-house, a newspaper office, 5 churches, and a carriage-factory. Pop. 601; of the township, 3838. Greenville, a post-village, capital of Darko co., 0., in Greenville township, on a creek of the same name, and on the Dayton & Union Railroad, at its junction with the Co- lumbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroad, 35 miles N.W. of Dayton, 21 miles W. of Piqua, and 94 miles W. of Co- lumbus. It contains 9 churches, a national bank, 2 other banks, 3 newspaper offices, a union school, 2 planing-mills, and a furniture-factory. Pop. 2520 ; of the township, 5688. Greenville, a post-office of Washington co., Oregon. Greenville, a village of Indiana co.. Pa., 8 miles E. of Indiana, and about 36 miles W.N.W. of Altoona. It has 3 churches, a flour-mill, &g. Here is Penn Run Post-Office. Greenville, formerly West Greenville, a post- borough of Mercer co.. Pa., on the Shenango River, on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, and on the Erie & Pitts- burg Railroad, 27 miles S.S.W. of Meadville, and 35 miles N. of New Castle. It contains a national bank, 1 other bank, 8 churches, and 2 newspaper offices. It is the seat of Thiel College (Lutheran), and a terminus of the Shenango & Alleghany Railroad. Here are several iron-foundries, planing-mills, and manufactories of flour and of woollen goods. Pop. about 4500. Greenville, a township of Somerset co., Pa., on the Maryland line. Pop. 494. The name of its post-office is Pocahontas. See also East Gheenville. Greenville, a post-village of Providence co., R.I., 8 or 9 miles AV.N.W. of Providence. It has a national bank, 3 churches, 2 cotton-mills, and a woollen-mill. Pop. 120. Greenville, or Greenville Court-House, a post- town, capital of Greenville co., S.C., in Greenville town- ship, and on Reedy River, 141 miles N.W. of Columbia, and 158 miles E.N.E, of Atlanta, Ga. It is on the Atlanta & Richmond Air-Line Railroad, and is a terminus of the Greenville «fc Columbia Railroad. It is pleasantly situated near the Saluda Mountain. It contains a court-house, 7 churches, a female college, a bank, the Furman University (Baptist), which was organized in 1851, and the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. Three daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published here. It has a cotton-factory, a foundry, a coach-factory, and planing-mills. Pop. 5549. Greenville, Greene co., Tenn. See Greeneville. Greenville, a post-village, capital of Hunt co., Tex., is on a head-stream of the Sabine River, about 48 miles N.E. of Dallas, and 56 miles S.S.E. of Denison. It has 2 churches. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Greenville, a post-hamlet of Beaver co., Utah, about 6 miles W. of Beaver, It has a church. Greenville, a post-village of Augusta oo., Va., 12 or 13 miles S. of Staunton. It has a church, 2 stores, and a flour-mill. Greenville, a hamlet in Jackson oo,, W. Va., 16 miles from Ravenswood. Near here is Le Roy Post-Oflice. Greenville, a post-township of Outagamie co., Wis. The township has 4 churches. Pop. 1388. Greenville Sta- tion is on the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad, 8 miles W, of Appleton. Greenville Centre, a hamlet of Greene co., N.Y., in Greenville township, 12 miles W.N.W. of Coxsackio, It has a church and a basket-factory, Greenville Court-House, S.C. See GnEEXviLLE. Greenville Court-House, or Greenville Junc- tion, Virginia. See Hicksfoud. Greenville Creek, Ohio, runs oiistwani through the middle of Darke oo., and unites with Stillwater Creek at Covington, in Miami oo. The stream formed by this con- ttuonoe is the Southwest Branch of the Miami River. GRE 907 GRE Green'way, a post-olfioe of Nelson oo., Va. Greenwich, grin'idj, a borough of England, co. of Kent, on the right bank of the Thames, 3J miles E.S.E. of London Bridge, on a railway, chiefly on low, marshy ground, a portion of which is below the level of the Thames. Lat. of the Observatory, 51° 23' 3S" N.; Ion. 0° 0' 0". Mean annual temperature, 48.9°; winter, 37.7°; summer, 60.3° Fahr. The streets are in general narrow and irregular, and many of the houses mean in appearance, though re- cently numerous handsome new houses have been built. The town is well lighted with gas and amply supplied with water. The educational institutions, public, private, and charitable, are numerous, as are also the benevolent and charitable institutions ; among the latter may be named Norfolk College, supporting 20 decayed tradesmen. But the object of by far the greatest interest in Greenwich is its magnificent Naval Hospital, for the maintenance of veteran, ■wounded, or unfortunate seamen, — the noblest establish- ment of the kind in Europe. Its building was originally a palace of Charles II. Commenced at the Kestoration by "Webb, son-in-law of Inigo Jones, it was carried on under the superintendence of Sir Christopher Wren, and finished after Ijis designs by his successor. Sir John Vanbrugh. It stands on the bank of the river, on an elevated terrace, is 865 feet in length, and covers, with the schools, civil offices, lawns, and burial-ground attached, a space of 40 acres. A portion of the building is occupied by the Royal Naval Col- lege. Here are royal schools for the children of officers, seamen, and marines. Greenwich Park, between the hospital and Blackheath, first enclosed by Duke Humphrey of Glou- cester in the reign of Henry VI., contains about 200 acres of undulating and wooded land, has numerous herds of deer, and is a good deal resorted to by the Londoners. On one of its eminences, 160 feet above the river, and once occupied by Greenwich Castle, is the Royal Observatory, founded by Charles II. in 1674, the residence of the astronomer royal, and the place from which longitudes are reckoned. Green- wich sends two members to the House of Commons. Pop. 40,412 ; of parliamentary borough, 169,361. Green'wich, a post-office of Kern co., Cal. Greenwich, a post-village in Greenwich township, Fairfield. CO., Conn., is beautifully situated on Long Island Sound, and on the New York, New Haven & Hartford Rail- road, 30 miles N.E. of New York, and 27 miles W.S.W. of Bridgeport. It contains the Greenwich Academy and numerous elegant residences. Many persons who do busi- ness in New York City reside here. The township forms the S.W. extremity of Connecticut, and has a pop. of 7644. Greenwich, a post-hamlet of Sedgwick co., Kansas, 11 miles N.E. of Wichita. Greenwich, a post-village of Hampshire co., Mass., in Greenwich township, on Swift River, and on the Springfield, Athol & Northeastern Railroad, 30 miles N.E. of Spring- field. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 606. Greenwich, a post-village in Greenwich township, Cumberland co., N.J., on Cohansey Creek, and on the South Jersey or Vineland Railroad, 6 miles W.S.W. of Bridgeton. It has 3 churches, a machine-shop, and a canning-factory. Greenwich township is bounded on the S.W. by Delaware Bay. It contains many cranberry-marshes. Pop. of the village, about 600; of the township, 1262. Greenwich, a township of Gloucester co., N.J., bounded on the N. by the Delaware River. It contains Clarks- borough and Paulsborough. Pop. 2342. Greenwich, a township of Warren co., N.J., bounded W. by the Delaware River. Pop. 2587. Greenwich Sta- tion on the Central Railroad of New Jersey is 2 miles E. of Phillipsburg. Greenwich, a post- village of Washington co., N.Y., in Greenwich township, on the Battenkill River, and on the Greenwich & Johnsonville Railroad, 38 miles N.N.E. of Albany, and about 16 miles E. of Saratoga Springs. It contains a national bank, a union free school, a newspaper office, 5 ohurehes, a foundry, a machine-shop, a paper-mill, and a woollen-mill. The township is bounded on the W, by the Hudson River. It contains hamlets named North Greenwich, East Greenwich, Fort Miller, and Battenville. Pop. 3979. Greenwich, a township of Huron co., 0. Pop. 881. See Greenwich Station. Greenwich, a township of Berks oo.. Pa. Pop. 2151. It contains Grimville, Klinesville, New Orleans Railroad, at its junction with the Mississippi & Tennessee Railroad, 112 miles N. by E. of Jackson, and 100 miles S. of Memphis, Tenn. It has 6 churches, 2 banks, a high school, and 3 newspaper offices. Pop. 1887. Grenade, the French name of Granada. Grenade, gr^h-nAd', a village of France, in Garonne, 15 miles N.N.W. of Toulouse. Pop. 2674. Grenade, a village of France, in Landes, 10 miles S.S.E. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 1658. Grenadines, gr5n-a-deenz', or Grenadillcs, gr5n- i-deel', a group of islands in the West Indies, belonging to Great Britain, extending from lat. 12° 30' to 13° N., be- tween Grenada and St. Vincent, and consisting of Bequia, Carriacou, and Union, besides several smaller islands. Ai^a, 86 square miles. They form a dependency of Grenada. Chief exports, fish oil, wood, sugar, corn, and cotton; Pop. 6400. Gren^ard', a township of Iroquois co.. 111. Pop. 541. Grenchen,gr^n'Ken (Fr. Grange, grdNzh), a village of Switzerland, canton and 7 miles by rail W.S.W. of Soleure. It has mineral springs. Pop. 2541. Grendelbruch, gr^n'd^l-brooK^ (Fr. pron. grAN^Mftr- bruk'), a village of Alsace, 16 miles N.N.W. of Schlcttstadt. Grenelle^ gr?h-nfiir, a village of France, within the fortifications of Paris, celebrated for its artesian well, 1794 feet deep, which supplies a part of Paris with water. Gren^fell', a town of New South Wales, 233 miles W. of Sydney, with quartz gold-mines. Pop. 1657. Grenna, grfin'nd, a town of Sweden, Ian and 20 miles by rail N.E. of Jonkoping, on the E. shore of Lake Wetter, Grenne,or Grennah,a town of Africa. See Cyrene. Grenn'viUe, a station in Carbon co., Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 8 miles W. of Fort Fred. Steele. Elevation, 6560 feet. Grenoble, gr?n-ob'l' or greh-no'b'l (anc. Cnl'aro or Graiianop' oUa), a fortified city of France, capital of the department of Isere, picturesquely situated on both sides of the Isere River, here crossed by 2 bridges and bordered by handsome quays, 75 miles by rail S.E. of Lyons. Lat. 45° 12' N. ; Ion. 5° 44' E. The city proper, on the S. bank of the river, is enclosed by bastioned ramparts, and has a citadel; the faubourg Saint-Laurent, the original quarter, founded by the Emperor Gratian, on the opposite bank, is protected by the fort of La Bastile, on an adjacent height. Principal edifices, the cathedral, the court-house, the na- tional college, with a museum and picture-gallery, the epis- copal palace, theatre, public library of 100,000 volumes, sev- eral convents, hospitals, &c. There is a good public garden, and in a principal square is a colossal bronze statue of the Chevalier Bayard. Grenoble is the seat of a national court, an academic univeraitaire, a tribunal of commerce, a cham- ber of manufactures, and a board of customs, and has a nor- mal school and numerous other schools. More than 10,000 hands in and about the city are engaged in the manufac- ture of kid gloves; besides which it has tanneries, manu- factures of liqueurs, buttons, and cement, and a trade in hemp, iron, and marble. In the time of the Romans this town was known by the name of Cularo, which was in the fourth century changed, in honor of the Emperor Gratian, to Gratianopolis. During the wars of Napoleon it was twice occupied by the allies. Pop. 43,054. Gren'ville, a county of Ontario, bordering on the St. Lawrence, has an area of 464 square miles. It is traversed by the St. Lawrence k Ottawa and Grand Trunk Railways. Capital, Prescott. Pop. 22,616. GrenviUe, a post-village in Argenteuil co., Quebec, on the river Ottawa, and on the Carillon & Grenville Rail- way, 67 miles W. of Montreal, It has 10 stores, 2 hotels, several mills, mica-mines, and burrstone-quarries. It is at the head of the Carillon Canal. Pop. 600. Grenville Island, Pacific Ocean. See Rotuma. Greoulx, or Greoux, gri^oo', a village of France, in Basses-Alpes, 30 miles S.W. of Digne. It has mineral baths. Gresh'amville, a post-village of Greene co., Ga., 5 miles from Buck Head Station. It has 2 churches and an academy. Greshoim, an island of Wales. See Grasholm. Gresh'ville, a post-office of Berks co., Pa. Gresik, or Gressic, a town of Java. See Grisseh. Gresivaudau, grA^zee^'oM^No', one of the most pic- turesque and productive valleys of France, in Isere, trav- ersed by the Isere to its confluence with tbe Drac. Gressenich, gr5s's§h-niK, a village of Prussia, in Aix- la-Chapelle. It has mines of zinc and iron, and manufac- tories of flannels. Pop.. of commune, 4215. Gresy, gri^zee' (L. Gresaiacum), a town of France, on the Isere, 23 miles E. of Chambery. Pop. 1174. Gresy-sur-Aix, gr^^zee'-sUu-ix, a village of France, in Savoy, 11 miles N. of Chambery, Pop. 1345. Gre'ta, or Grea'ta, a river of England, co. of Cum- berland, an affluent of the Derweut. Gre'ta, a small river of England, co.. of York, North Riding, flows E. and N, into the Tees. Greta Bridge, a hamlet on the above river, E. of Barnard Castle. Gret'na, a post-village, capital of Jefferson parish, La., on Morgan's Louisiana &, Texas Railroad, 3 miles W. of New Orleans, and within the limits of that city. Gret'na, a post-village in Lennox co., Ontario, 4 milea S.W. of Napanee. Pop. 100. GRE 910 GRI Gret'na Green, a village of Scotland, co. of Dum- fries, on the Sark, 9 miles by rail N.N.W. of Carlisle, on the boundary-line between Scotland and England. It was long celebrated as the resort of parties bent on clandestine mar- riages to avoid the English marriage law. Greussen, grois's^n, a town of Germany, in Schwarz- burg-Sondershausen, on a railway, 10 miles S.S.E. of Son- dershausen. Pop. 2978. Greve, gri'vi, a river of Tuscany, joins the Arno 3 miles below Florence. Length, about 24 miles. Grave, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, H miles S.S.E. of Florence, on the Greve. Pop. .3195. Greven, gri'v^n, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 22 miles E. of Munster, on the Ems. Pop. 1790. Grevenbicht, gri'v^n-biKt\ a village of the Nether- lands, in Limburg, 12 miles N. by E. of Jlaestricht. Grevenbroich, gri'v?n-broiK\ a town of Rhenish Prussia, 13 miles by rail S.W. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 1323. Grevenmacher, gri'v^n-mS,K'^r, or Grevenma- chern, gri'v?n-mdK^?rn, a town of the Netherlands, prov- ince and 15 miles E.N.E, of Luxemburg, on the Moselle, Pop. 2498. Grevismiihlen, gri'vis-mUM^n, a town of Germany, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, between two lakes, 11 miles W.S.W. of Wismar. Pop. 4189. Grevno, gr^v'no, a town of European Turkey, in Mace- donia, 60 miles S.S.W. of Monastir. Grey, gra, a county of Ontario, bordering on Georgian Bay, comprises an area of 1799 square miles. It is drained by several streams, and the land is excellent for agricultural purposes. The Toronto, Grey & Bruee Railway traverses this county. Capital, Owen Sound. Pop. 69,396. Grey, Ontario. See Cranbrook. Greybeard, gra'beerd, a mountain of North Carolina, in Buncombe co., has an altitude of 6448 feet. Grey Bull River, Wyoming, runs northeastward, and enters the Big Horn River in Sweetwater co. It is about 100 miles long. Grey'court, a hamlet in Orange co., N.Y., on the Erie Railroad, at the junction of the Newburg Branch and of the Warwick Valley Railroad, 63 miles N.W. of New York. Near here is Chester Post-Office. Grey £agle, ee'g'l, a post-township of Todd co., Minn., 10 miles from Melrose. Pop. 124. It contains Birch Lake. Greyers, a town of Switzerland. See GRur:feRE. Grey'lock, or Gray'lock, Massachusetts, called also Saddle Mountain or Saddle Ball, a mountain-peak in Adams township, Berkshire co. It rises 3500 feet above the level of the sea, and is the highest point of the state. Grey'mouth, a town of New Zealand, province of AVest- land, on the W. coast, at the mouth of the river Grey, has a hospital, saw-mills, brick-yards, foundry, ropewalk, and 2 daily and 2 weekly newspapers. It ships coal and timber, and is the terminus of a short railway. Pop. 2181, Grey'stone, a post-hamlet of Wilson co., Kansas, 18 miles W, of Chanute. Grey'stones, a village on the E. coast of Ireland, eo. of Wickiow, 3 miles by rail S.E. of Bray. Pop. 238. Grey Town, San Juan de Nicaragua, san ju'an (or sS-n Hoo-4n') dk ne-k5,-ri'gwfL, or San Juan del Norte, d^l nor'ti, a seaport town of Nicaragua, on the E. coast, at the mouth of the navigable river San Juan. It is the principal seaport of Nicaragua. Lat. 10° 55' N. : Ion, 83*^43' W, It has considerable trade in the export of hides, india-rubber, skins, cocoanuts, rosewood, tortoise-shell, and specie. The harbor, once the finest on the coast of Central America, is badly silted up. The communication with the Pacific Ocean is through a healthy and eminently pictu- resque country, and, by the aid of steamers on the rivers and on Lake Nicaragua, the transit has been accomplished in 3G hours. Pop. 1200. Grez, gri, or Grez-Doiceau, gri-dwi^so', a village of Belgium, in South Brabant, on the right bank of the Dyle, 18 miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 2600. Grezana, grM-zi'na, or Grezzana, grSt-z5-'ni. a village of North Italy, 6 miles N.E. of Verona. Pop. 4073. Grez - en - Bouere, griz-6No-boo^aiR', a town of France, in Mayenne, 9 miles E.N.E. of Chateau-Gonthier. Griazovetz, Griasowetz, or Grjasowez, gre-&- 20-vC'ts', a town of Russia, government and 30 miles S.S.E. of Vologda. Pop. 2174. Gri'der, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co., Ky., 35 miles S.E. of Glasgow. It has a church. Grid'ley, a post-village of Butte co., Cal., on the Oregon division of the Central Pacific Railroad, 18 miles N. by W. of Marysville. It has a church, 2 hotels, a flouring- mill, and 4 stores. Grldley, a post-village of McLean co.. 111., in Gridley township, on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, 48 miles E. of Peoria, and about 22 miles N.N.E. of Blooming- ton. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, and a money- order post-office. Pop. of the township, 1709. Griechenland, the German name of Greece. Griefswald, a town of Prussia. See Greifswald, Grieges, gre-aizh', a village of France, in Ain, 16 miles W. of Bourg-en-Bresse. Pop. 1277. Grier's (greerz) Point, a post-hamlet of Perry co., Pa., about 15 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg. Gries (gree or grees), Mount, an Alpine summit, be- tween Piedmont and the Swiss canton of Valais. Lat. 46° 27' 30" N.; Ion. 8^^ 23' E. It is crossed by a pass between the Hasli Valley and Domo d'Ossola, at an elevation of 7821 feet. On its S. side the Toee forms a remarkable cataract. Gries, gree or grees, a village of Alsace, 13 miles N. of Strasburg. Pop. 1746. Gries, grees, a village of Austria, in Tyrol. Pop. 2301. Griesbach, grees'bJlK, a town of Bavaria, 15 miles S.W. of Passau. Pop. 1182. Griesbach, a village of Bavaria, 9 miles E. of Passau, near the Austrian frontier. Griesdorf, a village of Bohemia. See Krtesdorp. Gries'emersville, a post-office of Berks co., Pa. Griesheim, grees'hime, a village of Hesse, 6 miles by rail W. of Darmstadt. Pop. 3659. Grieskirchen, grees'keeRK^^n, a town of Austria, 22 miles E.S.E. of Lintz. Pop. 1428. Grieth, greet, a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the Rhine, 5 miles E. of Cleves. Pop. 1200. Griethausen, greet'how^z^n, a townof Rhenisb Prus- sia, on the Rhine, 3 miles N.N.E. of Cleves. Pop. 870. Griffin, a hamlet of Clay co., Ark., 13 miles E. of Com- ing. It has a church and a flour-mill. Gritfin, a city, the capital of Spalding co., Ga., on the Central Railroad of Georgia, at its junction with the Sa- vannah, Griffin & North Alabama Railroad, 43 miles S. of j^tlanta, and 60 miles W.N.W. of Macon. It contains a court-house, a national bank, 1 other bank, the Griffin Fe- male College, an institute for boys, 8 churches (5 white and 3 colored), and printing-offices which issue a daily and 2 weekly newspapers. Large quantities of cotton are shipped here. Pop. about 4000. Griffin, a post-office of Cuming co., Neb. GriAin, a post-office of Cherokee co., Tex. Griffin, a post-hamlct of Burnett co., Wis., 20 miles E. of Pine City, Minn. Here are cranberry-marshes. Griffin's, a station in Rush co., Ind., on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Indianapolis Railroad, 6 miles E. of Rushville. Griffin's Corners, a post-village and summer resort of Delaware co., N.Y., in a valley of the Catskill Mountains, on the Ulster & Delaware Railroad, 44 miles W.N.W. of Rondout. It has a church. Griffin's Corners, a hamlet of Putnam co., N.Y., 2^ miles from Cold Spring. Griffin's Cove,orAnse aux Griffons, 6nss o gree*- f6No', a post-village in Gasp6 co., Quebec, on the coast, S miles S.E. of Fox River. A good trade is done here in the fisheries. Pop. 679. Griffin's Mills, a post-village of Erie co., N.Y,, in Aurora township, 4 miles S.W. of Aurora. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Grif'finsville, a post-hamlet of Appanoose co., Iowa, on Chariton River, 11 miles S. of Melrose Station. It has a flour-mill iand a saw-mill. Griffith Mountain, Colorado, is in Clear Creek co., near Georgetown, Height, 11,273 feet. Silver is found here. Griffith's, a station in New Castle co., Del., on the Pennsylvania & Delaware Railroad where it crosses the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, 1 mile S.E. of Newark, and 13 miles S.W. of AVilmington. Griffith's, a station on the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, 14 miles W. of Terre Haute. Griffith's Mills, a hamlet of Ont^irio co., N.Y., 3i miles from East Bloomfield. Grif'fithsville, a post-hamlet of Lincoln co., W. Va., about 22 miles S.W. of Charleston. It has a church. Grift, a river of the Netherhinds. See Grebe. Grigan, gro-gdn'. one of the Ladrone or Marianne Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean. Lat. 1S° 4S' N. ; Ion. 145° 40' E. It is about 8 miles wide, and 2300 feet high. Grigg's Corners, a post-office of Ashtabula co., 0. Grigrgs'town, a post-village of Somerset co., N.J., in Franklin township, on Millstone River, and on the Dela- ware &, Ravitan Canal, about 18 miles N.N.E. of Trenton. It has a church and a Hour-mill, GRI 9 Griggs'ville, a post-village of Pike co., 111., in Griggs- ville township, on the Wabash Railroad, 32 miles W. of Jacksonville, 37 miles E. of Hannibal, Mo., and 4 miles W. of the Illinois River. It has i churches, a bank, a news- paper office, and a manufactory of wagons. Pop. 1456 j of the township, 2645. Griggsville Land'ing, a hamlet of Pike oo.. III., on the Illinois River, at Phillips Ferry, on the Wabash Rail- road, 28 miles W. of Jacksonville. It has a church. Griguan, greon'ydN»', a town of France, in Dr8me, 44 miles S. of Valence. Pop. 1932. Grigiiano, green-yi'no, a village of Italy, province and 3 miles S.W. of Rovigo. Pop. 2491. Grignasco, green-yis'ko, a town of Italy, province and 21 miles N.W. of Novara. Pop. 1694. Grigno, or Grinjo, green'yo, a village of Austria, in Tyrol, 4 miles E.S.E. of Trent. Pop. 2010. Grignols, green'yol', a village of France, in Dordogne, 10 miles S.W. of Perigueuif. Pop. 1150. Grignols, a village of France, in Gironde, 40 miles S.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1S92. Grignon, green^yiN^', a village of France, in Cote- d'Or, 9 miles from Montbard. Pop. 505. Grigny, greon'yee', a village of France, in EhSne, on the river Rhone, 22 miles by rail S. of Lyons. Pop. 1898. Grigoriopol, gre-go-re-o'pol, a town of Russia, govern- ment of Kherson, on the Dniester, 90 miles from its mouth. Pop. 6791. It has manufactures of silks and cottons. Grigs'by's, a station in Spencer co., Ind.,on the Rock- port & Cincinnati Railroad, 15 miles N. of Rockport, Grigsby's Bluff, a post-office of Jefferson co., Tex. Grjjo, gre'zho, a town of Portugal, province of Douro, 14 miles S.S.E. of Oporto. Poji. 3032. Gryota, or Grixota, gre-Ho'ti, a town of Spain, province and 4 miles N.W. of Palencia. Pop. 1600. Gryota, a river of Mexico. See Tabasco. Grijpskerk, or Grypskerk, grips'kSnk, a village of the Netherlands, 9 miles W.N.W. of Groningen. Pop. 739. Grimaldi, gre-m^l'dee, a village of Ita,ly, province and 11 miles S.S.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 3357. Grimaud, gree^mo', a village of France, in Var, near the Mediterranean, 19 miles S.S.E. of Draguignan. P. 1253. Grimaud, Gulf of. See Gulp of Grimaud. Grimberghen, grim'b5n-gh?n, a village of Belgium, in South Brabant, 6 miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 3500. Grimes, grimz, a county in the E. central part of Texas, has an area of about 850 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Brazos and Navasota Rivers. The sur- face is undulating or nearly level, and is mostly covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, and pork are the staple products. The Houston & Texas Central Railroad passes through the S.W. part of this county. Capital, Anderson. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, S2,076,264. Pop. in 1870, 13,218, of whom 13,005 were Americans. Grimes Land'ing, a hamlet of Colusa co., Cal., on the Sacramento River, 12 miles from Arbuckle. It has a church and 2 warehouses. Grimesville, grimz'vil, a station in Erie co., N.Y., on the New York Central Rjiilroad, 10 miles E. of Buffalo. Grimliiighausen, grim'ling-how^zen, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 4 miles S. of Dusseldorf.' Pop. 1000. Grimm, a post-office of Wabaunsee co., Kansas. Grimma, grim'mi, a town of Saxony, 17 miles S.E. of Leipsic, on the Mulde. Pop. 6536. It has a normal school, and manufactures of woollen stuffs, starch, and mathematical instruments. Grimme, grim'meh, or Grimmen, grim'm^ n, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 15 miles S. of Stralsund, on the Trebel. Pop. 3129. Grimm's, a post-office of Manitowoc co.. Wis., on the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad, 14 miles W. by N. of Manitowoc. Grimm's Land'ing, a post-office of Mason co., W. Va. Grimsby, grimz'be, or Great Grimsby, a seaport town of England, co. of Lincoln, on the S. side of the estuary of the Humber, at a railway junction, 15 miles S.E. of Hull. It has several good streets, a fine cruciform church, a grammar-school founded in 1547, a harbor with extensive docks, large warehouses, establishments for ship-building and bone-crushing, and manufactures of ropes. The im- ports of timber, fish, and wool are important. It sends one member to the House of Commons. Pop. 26,244. Grimsby, grimz'be, a post-village in Lincoln co., On- tario, on Lake Ontario, and on the Great Western Railway, 17 miles E.S.E. of Hamilton. It has a flouring-mill, 4 saw-mills, an iron-foundry, several stores, hotels, churches, I GRI and cheese-factories, and a large trade in fruit and country- produce. Pop. 800. Grimsel, grim's^l, a mountain of Switzerland, in the Bernese Alps, at the S. extremity of the Hasli Valley. It is crossed by a pass 7126 feet above the sea. A corps of Austrians was here dislodged and destroyed by the French, A thousand feet below is a hospice, and a tarn which never freezes. Grim's Store, Upshur co., W. Va. See Queens. Grimstad, grim'stid, or Gromstail, grom'stid, a seaport of Norway, on the Skager-Rack, 28 miles N.E. of Christiansand. It has a savings-bank. Large vessels are built here. The town is engaged in foreign trade. Pop. 320. Grim'ville, a post-village of Berks co.. Pa., in Green- wich township, about 20 miles N.N.E. of Reading. It has a tannery, several hotels and stores, and a churph. Grinaae, a town of Denmark. See Grenaae. Grinager, gre-ni'gh^r, a village of Norway, 33 miles N.N.W. of Christiania. Pop. 3000. Grindelwald, grin'del-*ilt\ a village of Switzerland, canton and 35 miles S.E. of Bern, at the foot of the Sohreck- horn, 3524 feet above the sea. Near it are the glaciers of Upper and Lower Grindelwald. Pop. 3135. Grin'dle Creek, of Pitt co., N.C., flows into the Tar River, near its mouth. Grindstone (grind'ston) City, a post-village of Hu- ron CO., Mich., in Port Austin township, 94 miles N. of Port Huron. It has a church and manufactures of lumber and grindstones. It is on Lake Huron. Grindstone Island, in Clayton township, Jefferson CO., N.Y., is one of the Thousand Islands (so called), and lies in the St. Lawrence River. Pop. 330. Grindstone Island, an island near the head of the Bay of Fundy, Albert co.. New Brunswick. On it is a light-house. Grindstones are manufactured here. Grindstone Island, one of the most important of the Magdalen group, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, has an area of 13,700 acres. At its W. limit is the village of Etang du Nord. Pop. 1052. Grinjo, a village of Austria. See Grigno. Griu^nell', a post-village of Poweshiek co., Iowa, in Grinnell township, on the Central Iowa Railroad where it crosses the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, at the N.E. terminus of the Montezuma Branch Railroad, 55 miles E. by N. of Des Moines, and 26 miles S.S.E. of Marshall- town. It is the seat of Iowa College (Congregational), which was organized in 1848 and has about 330 students of both sexes and a library of 4600 volumes. Grinnell has a national bank, 3 churches, a newspaper office, and a manufactory of reaping-machines. Pop. 1480 ; of the town- ship, additional, 883, Grinnell, a station in Gove eo., Kansas, on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 141 miles W. of Ellsworth. Grinnell, a post-office of Grundy co., Mo. Grinnell, a stiition in Queens co., N.Y., on the Flushing A North Shore Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Long Island City. Grinnell Junction, or Montezu'ma Junction, on the Central Railroad of Iowa, is 3 miles S. of Grinnell, at the junction of the ^Montezuma Branch. Grinnell Land, in the Arctic Ocean, discovered Sep- tember 22, 1850, by the United States Grinnell Expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, while in lat. 75° 24' 21" N. A large mass of land was visible, extending from N.W. to N.E., with mountains in the distance rising above the clouds. This land was visited in 1854 by the United States Expedition under Dr. Kane, and its shores to the W. and N. charted as high as 82° 30' N., Ion. 76° W., being the nearest land to the pole yet discovered. It was then washed by an open polar sea presenting a surface of 3000 square miles, entirely free from ice, and abounding in animal life. A belt of solid ice, 125 miles wide, separates this sea from the nearest southern land. GrinnelPs Island, one of the Thousand Islands in the St. Lawrence, in Clayton township, Jefferson co., N.Y. Grion, gree'ftu"', a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, 2800 feet above the sea, 27 miles E.S.E. of Lau- sanne. In the vicinity is a rock bearing a resemblance to the human form, and known by the name of " La Pierre du Sauvage." Gripeswold, the former name of Greipswald. Griqualand (gree'kwa-land) East, or New Gri- qualand, a district in Cape Colony, South Africa, in a formerly depopulated district called Nomansland, S. of Natal. Area, 3380 square miles. It is peopled mainly by the Griquas, or Bastaards, a people of mixed Dutch and Hottentot descent. Pop. 31,901. Griqualand West, a ISritish lieutenant-governorship GRI 912 GRO attached to Cape Colony, South Africa, traversed by the Vaal, and separated from Griqualand East by the Orange Free State and Basuto Land. Its S. limit is the Orange River, and on its N.W. side is the Kalahari desert. Here are some of the most productive diamond-niinea in the world. Area, 16,630 square miles. Capital, Griqua Town. Pop. about 50,000. Griqua Town, or Klaarwater, a town of South Africa, capital of Griqualand West, about 175 miles W. by N. of Bloerafontein^ Grisignana, gre-seen-y3.'ni, a town of Austria, in latria, 24 miles S. of Triest. Pop. 1.S88. Grisleham, Grislehamn, gris'l^h-him, or Griss- elham, griss-?l-him, a seaport town of Sweden, lien and 60 miles N. of Stockholm, on the Baltic. Grisolia, gre-so'le-i, a village of Italy, province of Cosenza, 28 miles N.N.W. of Paola. Pop. 2748. GrisoUera, gre-sol-li'ri, a town of Italy, in Venice, near San Dona. Pop. 2026. Grisolles, gree'zoll', a town of France, in Tarn-et-Ga- ronne, 16 miles S.S.E. of Castel-Sarrasin. Pop. 1914. Grisoiis, gree^z^N^' (Ger. (rraubilndteu, grow'biint-ten ; ItaLff/'/f/iorii, gree-jo'nee; Komansch,tf/n'«Awn, gree-shoon'), the easternmost and in area the largest canton of Switzer- land. Area, 2975 square miles. It comprises the Engadine, or upper valley of the Inn, with the sources of the Rhine and tributaries of the Po and Adda, being little more than a mass of mountains and narrow valleys. The scenery is magnificent ; in the canton there are 240 glaciers. Cattle form the principal wealth of the inhabitants.. The chief mineral riches are iron, lead, and zinc, but few mines are wrought. This canton formerly comprised 26 petty repub- lics, united into 3 high jurisdictions, but in 1848 they were consolidated. Capital, Chur. Pop. in 1876, 92,906, of whom over three-fifths are Protestants. One-third of the people speak German, and the rest mostly employ Romansch dialects. Grisseh, gris's^h, Grisse,gris'si, Gressic, grSs'sik, Gresik, grfe'ik, Grissee, gris'see, or Gressie, grSs'- see (native, Gdreik), a town on the island of Java, province of Soerabaya, on the Strait of Madura. It is populous, in- habited chiefly by Javanese and Chinese, and has ship- building yards, salt-works, and valuable fish-ponds. Gris- seh is one of the oldest towns in Java : here Mohammedan- ism first took root in the island, and in its vicinity are nu- merous graves much revered by the Islamites. Grisselham, Sweden. See Grisleham. Gris'som, a post-office of Granville co., N.C. Gris'som's Land'ing, a post-village of Daviess co., Ky., on the Ohio River, 30 miles above Evansville, Ind. It has 2 churches and a distillery. Grist's Station, a post-office of Columbus co., N.C, on the Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 54 miles W. of Wilmington. Griswold, griz'wold, a post-township of New London CO., Conn., is bounded on the W. by the Quinebaug River. Pop. 2575. It contains villages named Griswold, Jewett City, and Hopeville, and has manufactures of cotton and paper. GrisAVold, or Fachaug, patch-og', a hamlet of New London co., Conn., in Griswold township, 3 miles S.E. of Jewett City. It has a church and a steam saw-mill. The name of the post-office is Griswold. Griswold, a hamlet of Hamilton co.. 111., about 40 miles E. of Duquoin. It has 3 churches, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Griswold, a station on the Evansville & Terre Haute Railroad, 17 miles N. by E. of Vincennes, Ind. Griswold, a post-office of Kent co., Mich. Griswold, a station on the Bufl'alo division of the Erie Railroad, 28 miles E. of Buffalo. Griswold's Mills, a post-hamlet of Washington co., N.T., 6 miles W. of Fort Ann. Pop. about 300. Griswold's Upper Mill, or VVil'lis Place, a vil- lage of Colerain township, Franklin co., Mass., on the North River. It has a cotton-mill and a saw-mill, and is 1 mile N. of Griswoldville. Griswoldville, griz'w(jld-vil, a post-village of Jones oo.,Ga., on the Central Railroad, 10 miles E. by N. of Macon. It has a grist-mill. Here a sharp action occurred between the Confederate and Union foroes, November 22, 1864. Griswoldville, a post-village of Franklin co., Mass., in Colerain township, on the North River, 4 miles N. of Shelburne Falls. It has a ohurch and a cotton-mill. See Griswold's Upper Mill. Grivegnee, grce'v5n"yi', a village of Belgium, a suburb of Liege, on the Ourthe, with iron-works. Pop. C234. Grixota, a town of Spain. See Gkijota. Grizon, gre-zon' (Fr. pron. gree'z6N»'), one of the Grenadines, West Indies, 8 miles N.E. of Grenada, Lat. 12° 20' N. ; Ion. 61° 37' W. Grizz'iy Flat, a post-village of El Dorado co., Cal., about 60 miles E. of Sacramento. It has gold-mines and a lumber-mill. Grizzly Peak, Colorado, a mountain of the Sawatch Range, is about 7 miles W. of La Plata Mountain. Its altitude is computed to be 13,962 feet above sea-level. Grjasowez, Russia. See Griazovetz. Groaix or Groais, island, France. See Geoix. Groat's Island, an island on the N. side of Bona- vista Bay, Newfoundland, near Green's Pond. Gro'by, or Groo'by, a village of England, co. and 4 miles W.N.W. of Leicester. Pop. 515. Grjibzig, grob'zia, a town of Germany, duchy of An- halt, 19 miles S.W. of Dessau. Pop. 2447. Grochow, gro-Kov', a village of Russian Poland, 3 miles E. by S. of AVarsaw. It was the scene of a combat between the Poles and Russians, February 19 and 21,1831. Grode, grb'd^h, an islet of Prussia, off the W. coast of Sleswiok, 10 miles W. of Bredstedt. Grodek, gro'dSk, or Grndek, groo'djk, a town of Austrian Galicia, 16 miles W.S.W. of Lemberg. Pop. 812. Grodek, a town of Russia. See Gecbek. Grodcn, gro'd^n, or Gardena, gan-di'ni, a remark- able valley of the Tyrol, about 18 miles S.E. of Brixen. Grodno, grod'no, a town of Russia, capital of a govern- ment of the same name, 90 miles by rail S.S.W. of Vilna. Pop. 31,060. It has a fine castle, 9 Roman Catholic and 2 Greek churches, a synagogue, gymnasium, school of medi- cine, public library, several scientific collections, botanic garden, and manufactures of woollens. Grodno, a government of Russia, mostly between lat. 52° and 54° N. and Ion. 24° and 26° E. Area, 14,961 square miles. Surface generally level. The principal rivers are the Niemen, Bug, Narew, and Pripets. Much rye, flax, hops, and hemp are grown, and the forests are extensive. Mineral products comprise iron, chalk, nitre, and building- stone. The agricultural produce is sent to the Baltic ports, both by land and by the Niemen Canal. Grodno is subdi- vided into 8 circles. Principal towns, Gjodno, the capital, Brest-Litovsk, Slonim, and Volkovisk. The people of the N. are mostly Lithuanians, and elsewhere Ruthenians. The country was once a part of Poland. Pop. 1,008,521. Grodzisco, a town of Prussia. See Gratz. Groede, groo'deh, a village of the Netherlands, 10 miles S.S.W. of Middelburg. Pop. 2559. Groenendijk, groon'§n-dik\ a village of the Nether- lands, in Zealand, 15 miles S.E. of Goes. Groenland, the Danish name of Greenland. Groenlo, groonHo', sometimes written Grol, grol, or GroUe, grol'l^h (L. Gro'lia), a town of the Netherlands, in Gelderland. 19 miles E.S.E. of Zutphen. Pop. 2469. Groesbeck, gross'bSk, a post-hamlet of Hamilton co., 0., in Colerain township, about 10 miles N. of Cincinnati. It has a church. Groesbeck, a post-village, capital of Limestone co., Tex., on the Houston &. Texas Central Railroad, 95 miles S. of Dallas, and 71 miles N. of Bryan. It has a ohurch, a new brick court-house, 2 newspaper offices, and a money- order post-office. Pop. estimated at 600. Groesbeek, groos'bik', a village of the Netherlands, in Gelderland, 9 miles by rail S.E. of Nymwegen. Pop. of commune, 3657. GrofT's Store, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co.. Pa., 2 miles from Bird in Hand. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Grohnde, gron'd^h, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, on the Weser, 7 miles S.S.E. of Hameln. It contains a castle, and has a custom-house and a building-dock. Pop. 890. Groisy, grwi^zee', a village of France, in Haute-Savoio, 7 miles from Annecy. Pop. 1533. Groitzsch, groitoh, a town of Saxony, 1 mile S.E. of Pegau, with large manufactures of shoes. Pop. 36S1. Groix, grwi, Groaix, gro-ix', or Groais, gro-i', a small island off the W. coast of Franco, department of Morbihan, 6 miles S.W. of Port Louis. Pop. 4462. Grol, or Grolle, Netherlands. See Groenlo. Grole, a fishing settlement, Newfoundland, on the E. side of Hermitage Bay, 16 miles from Harbor Briton. P. 120. Gromitz, gro'mits, a town of Prussia, in Holstein, on the Gulf of Lubeck, 38 miles S.E. of Kiel. Pop. 1070. Gromo, gro'mo, a village of Northern Italy, province and 20 miles N.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 779. Gromstad, a town of Norway. See Grimstad. GRO 913 GRO Gronau, gro'now, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 9 miles S.W. of Hildesheim, on the Leine. Pop. 1927. Gronau, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 30 miles N.W. of Munster, on the Dinkel. Pop. 1233. Grondines, gr&nMeen' (Fr. pron. gr6N<'Vleen'),a post- village in Portneuf co., Quebec, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 48 miles above Quebec. It has 2 light-houses, and contains 6 stores and a grist-mill. A steamboat from Quebec calls twice a week. Pop. 400. Grondsveld, Netherlands. See Gronsveld. Grone, gron, a river of France, joins the Sa5ne 27 miles N. of Macon, after a N.E. course of about 42 miles. Grone, gro'n^h, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, on a small stream of the same name, at its confluence with the Leine, near Gbttingen. Pop. 1301. Gronenbach) gron'en-biK\ a town of Bavaria, in Swabia, 4fi miles S.W. of "Augsburg. Pop. 1712. Gron'gar Hill, of Wales, on the Towy, co. and about 11 miles E.N.E, of Carmarthen. Groningen, gron'ing-en (Dutch pron. Hro'ning-nen ; Fr. Gromngue, gro^naso'; L. Gromu'ga), a fortified town of the Netherlands, capital of a province of the same name, at a railway junction, 92 miles N.E. of Amsterdam. Theprin- cipal buildings are the town house and the church of St. Martin. It has a university, founded in 1614, extensive warehouses, a museum of natural history, a public library and botanic garden, a gymnasium, school for deaf, dumb, and blind, an academy of the fine arts, and several learned societies. Its port is accessible for large vessels by canal; it has ship-building yards, paper-mills, and an extensive trade in cattle, butter, rape-seed, and grain. It communi- cates by canals with Leeuwarden, Winschoten, and Delfzyl, and is a place of great wealth. Pop. 34,758. Groningen, the northernmost province of the Neth- erlands, is flat, low, and partly exposed to the inundations of the sea. It is rich in pasturage, but marshy in the S.E. The climate is humid and unhealthy. Area, 908 square miles. It is divided into the districts of Appingedam, Gron- ingen, and AVinschoten. Capital, Groningen. Pop. in 1876, 238,662. Groningen, gron'ing-en, a town of Prussian Saxony, 23 miles S.W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 695. Groningen, or Marktgroningeii, mankt-gron'ing- §n, a town of Wilrtemberg, 9 miles S.S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2480. Groningen, gron'ing-^n, a hamlet of Ottawa co., Mich., 11 miles from Zeeland Railroad Station, It has a saw-mill and a brick-yard. Gronland, the Danish name of Greenland. Gronsund, gron'soond, a channel of Denmark, about 6 miles in length, separating the islands of Falster and Moen, and giving a communication between the Baltic and the Great Belt. Gronsveld, grons'ffiIt\ or Grondsveld, gronds'fgU\ a village of the Netherlands, in Limburg, 3 miles S.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 1778. Grooby, a village of England. See GnoBY. Groom's Corners, a post-hamlet of Saratoga co., N.Y., in Clifton Park township, 16 miles N.N.W. of Albany. Grooms'port, a fishing village of Ireland, co. of Down, 3 miles N.W. of Donaghadee. Grooms'ville, a post-office of Tipton co., Ind. Grootebroeck, gro't§h-brook\ a village of the Neth- erlands, North Holland, 3 miles W. of Enkhuysen. P. 1927. Groote Eyiandt, gro'teh i'Unt {i.e., " great island"), the largest island in the Gulf of Carpentaria, in North Aus- tralia, otf its W. coast. Lat. 14° S. ; Ion. 136° 40' E. Greatest length and breadth, about 40 miles each. Grootegast, gro't§h-gS,st\ a village of the Nether- lands, province and 12 miles W. of Groningen. Pop. 700. Groote (gro'teh) River, several rivers of Cape Colony, in South Africa, one of which joins the Great Doom, after a W.N.W. course of 84 miles. Grootzundert, grot'zun'dSRt, a village of the Neth- erlands, in North Brabant, on the Murk, 9 miles S.W. of Breda. Pop. of commune, 4071. Groo'verville, a post-hamlet of Brooks co., Ga., on the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, at Dixie's Station, 19 miles E. of Thomasville. It has a church and manufactiires of lum- ber and turpentine. Gropello, gro-pSl'lo, a village of Italy, province of Pavia. Pop. 2633. Grosio, gro'se-o, a village of Northern Italy, province and 20 miles E.N.E. of Sondrio, on the Adda. Pop. 2477. Gros'mont, a town of England, co. and 10 miles N.W. of Monmouth. Pop. 742. Grosotto, a village of Italy; See Grossotto. 68 Gross , groce, a German word signifying " great," prefixed to many names, as Gross Glogau, &c. Grossalm erode, groce-arm^h-ro'd^h, a town of Prussia, Hesse-Nassau, 12 miles E.S.E. of Cassel. P. 2462. Gross Andra, a village of Hungary. See Endred. Gross Aspern, a village of Austria. See Aspern. Gross Aupa, groce ow'p^, a mining town of Bohemia, circle of Koniggratz. Pop. 2600. Gross Bartlof, groce baRt'lof, a village of Prussia, 10 miles S.E. of Heiligenstadt. Pop. 1108. Gross Becskerek, Hungary. See Nagy Becskerek. Gross Beeren, groce bA.'ren, a village of Prussia, 11 miles E.S.E. of Potsdam, the scene of a victory gained by the Prussians over the French on the 22d and 23d of August, 1813. Pop. 615. Gross Bieberan, groce bee'beh-r3,n^, a town of Hesse, province of Starkenburg. Pop. 1565. Gross Bitesch, groce be-tesh', a fortified town of Mo- ravia, 31 miles N. of Znaym. Pop. 2200. Gross Blittersdorf, groce blit'ters-donf^ (Fr. Gros- Bliederstroff, gro-blceMSRsHroff'), a village of Germany, in Lorraine. Pop. 1S65. Gross Breitenbach, Germany. See Breitenbach. Grossbottwar, groce-bott'\VaR, a town of Wiirtem- berg, 5 miles from Marbach, Pop. 2235. Gross Britannien. See Great Britain. Gross Dietweil, Switzerland. See Ditwyl. Gross Eislingen, Wilrtemberg. See Eislingen. Grosse Isle, gross eel, a post-office of Wayne co., Mich., on an island of the same name in the Detroit Biver, and on the Canada Southern Railroad, 18 miles S. by W. of Detroit. The island contains 3 churches, a summer hotel, a union school, vineyards, a custom-house, &c. Pop. 700. Grosse Isle, gross eel, an island in the St. Lawrence, 29 miles below Quebec, and opposite the village of St. Thomas. It is used as a quarantine station. Grosselfingen, gris'sel-fing^'en, a town of Germany, 3 miles W. of Hechingen. Pop. 800. Grossenhain, gr6s'sen-hine\ a town of Saxony, at a railway junction, 19 miles N. N.W. of Dresden, on theRoder. It has dye-works, print-works, cloth-factories, cotton-mills, &c. Pop. 10,438. Grossenlinden, gr6s'sen-linM^n, a town of Hesse, 4 miles S. of Giessen. Pop. 1269. Grossenliider, grAs'sen-lli'der, a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, 5 miles N.W. of Fulda, on the Liider. Grossenstein, gr6s's?n-stine\ a village of Saxe-Al- tenburg, 2i miles N. of Ronneburg. Pop. 940. Gross £nzersdorf, Austria. See Exzersdorf. Grosse (groce) Point, a post-township of Wayne co., Mich., about 6 miles N.E. of Detroit, is bounded on the E. by Lake St. Clair. It contains a scattered village of the same name. Pop. 2193. Grosser Ocean, a German name for the Pacific. Gros&etete Bayou, groceHit' bi'oo, of Louisiana, commences in Point Coupee parish, and flows S.E. to Plaquemine Bayou. Grosseto, gros-si'to, or Grosset'to, a fortified town of Italy, capital of the province of Grosseto, at a railway junction, 40 miles S.S.W. of Siena. It is a bishop's see, and has a fine cathedral and large salt-works. Pop. 4151. Grosseto, a province of Italy, in Tuscany, bounded westward by the Mediterranean. Area, 1686 square miles. It includes a large part of the Maremma, and is in part very barren and unhealthy. Capital, Grosseto, Pop. 107,457. Gross Gerau, groce gi'row, a town of Germany, in Hesse, 9 miles N.W. 'of Darmstadt. Pop. 263S. Gross Glockner, groce glok'n^r, a pyramidal-shaped mountain in the Norie Alps, on the borders of Salzburg, the Tyrol, and Carinthia, has 2 peaks, the highest of which is 13,100 feet in elevation. Its summit, affords one of the grandest views in Central Europe. Gross Glogau, a town of Prussia. See Gr.OGAU. Gross Kreutz, groce kroits, a village of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 10 miles W. of Potsdam, on a railway. Gross'inan's Land^ing, a post-office of AVest Baton Rouge parish, La. Gross Marosch, Hungary. See Na^jy Maros. Gross Meseritsch, groce mi'z^r-itch, a town of Mo- ravia, 19 miles E. of Iglau, on the Orlava. Pop. 4961. Gross 3Iichel, the German for Nagy Mihaly. Grossotto, gros-sot'to, or Grosotto, gro-sot'to, a village of Italy, on the Adda, IS miles E.N.E. of Sondrio. Pop. 1998. Grossrohrsdorf, groce-roRs'doRf, a town of Saxony, 4 miles S. of Pulsnitz. Pop. 4452. It has manufactures of linen cloths and. tape. GRO 914 GRO Gross Saize, groce s5,lt'si, a town of Prussia, at a rail- way junction, 10 miles S.E. of Magdeburg, and adjacent to Schonebeok. Pop. 2932. Gross Schutzen, Hungary. See Nagy Levard. Gross Steffelsdorf, Hungary. See Rima Szombath. Grosswardein, groce-waR'dine (Hun. Nagy Yarad, nodj vi'rod), a city of Hungary, capital of the county of Biliar, on ti)e Koros, 137 miles B.S.E. of Buda. It con- sists of a fortress and 8 suburbs. Cliief edifices, 3 catlie- drals and a bishop's palace. It has a royal academy, a gymnasium, a national and a Greek school. In its vicinity arc several hot mineral springs. It is the see of 2 Catholic bishops, — one of the Latin and one of the Roumanian rite, — also of a Greek bishop. Pop. 28,698. Grosvenor, gro've-nor, a post-office and station of Lenawee co., Mich., in Palmyra township, on the Canada Southern Railroad, 59 miles W.S.W. of Detroit, and also on the Michigan Southern Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Adrian. It is sometimes called Blissfleld Junction. Grosvenor Dale, a post-village of Windham co.. Conn., in Thompson township, on the French River, and on the Norwich & Worcester Railroad, 39 miles N. of Nor- wich. It has a chapel and 2 cotton-mills. Gros Ventre (gro rent'r) Creek rises near Fremont Peak, in the W. part of Wyoming, runs nearly westward, and enters the Snake River about 13 miles S. of Mount Hayden. It is about 100 miles long. Groton, graw'ton, a post-township of New London co., Conn., is bounded on the S. by Long Island Sound, and on the W. by the river Thames, which separates it from the city of New London. It contains villages named Groton and Noank, and has manufactures of various articles. Hero is Fort Griswold, on the site of an old fort of the same name, the garrison of which was massacred by the tory troops in the war of the Revolution. Groton is on the Stonington & Providence Railroad. Pop. 5121. Groton, a post-office of Wallace co., Kansas, on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 15 miles N.E. of Wallace. Groton, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mass., in Gro- ton township, on the Worcester k Nashua Railroad, 31 miles N.N.E. of Worcester. It contains 3 churches, a public library, and the Lawrence Academy, which has an endow- ment of SSO,000. The township is intersected by the Nashua River. Total pop. 1908. Groton, a )iost-township of Grafton co., N.H., about 45 miles N.N.W. of Concord. It contains North Groton, and has 2 churches and several saw-mills. Pop. 583. Groton, a post-village of Tompkins co., N.Y., in Gro- ton township, on the Southern Central Railroad, 27 miles S. by E. of Auburn, and about 13 miles N.E. of Ithaca. It has 4 churches, an academy, a newspaper office, a na- tional bank, and several mills. Pop. 863; of the town- ship, 3428. The township contains a village named McLean, and has manufactures of carriages and farm-implements. Groton, a township of Erie co., 0. Pop. 910. It con- tains Groton Centre. Groton, a post-village of Caledonia co., Vt., in Groton township, on Wells River, and on the Wells River Rail- road, 28 miles by rail E. by S. of Montpelior. It has 2 churches, the Groton Institute, and manufactures of lumber, bobbins, &a. Pop. of the township, 811. Groton Centre, a post-hamlet in Groton township, Erie co., 0., about 20 miles E. of Fremont. Groton City, a post-hanilct of Tompkins co, N.Y., 5 miles N.E. of Groton Station. It has a church. Groton Pond, apost-office of Caledonia co., Vt., on the Montpelier & Wells River Railroad, 5 miles N.W. of Groton. Grottaglie, grot-til'yi, a town of Italy, province of Lecce, 13 miles E.N.E. of Taranto. Pop. 8747. Grottamare, grot-ti-mi'ri, a town of Italy, in the Marches, 14 miles S.S.B. of Fermo, on the Adriatic. Pop. 3797. It has manufactures of sugar and liquorico-e.Ktract. Grottaminarda, grot'ti-mee-naR'di, a town of Italy, province of Avellino, 6 miles S.S.W. of Ariano. Pop. 4769. Grottau, grot'tow, a town of Bohemia, circle of Bunz- lau. Pop. 2202. It has manufactures of cottons and linens. Grotte, grot'ti, a village of Sicily, 11 miles N.E. of Girgenti, on the side of a rooky hill. Pop. 7306. Grotte di Castro, grot'ti dee kis'tro, a town of Italy, province of Rome, circle of Viterbo. Pop. 3375. Grotteria, grot-ti-rce'S,, a village of Italy, province of Catanzaro, 8 miles N.N.E. of Geraoe. Pop. 5223. Grottkau, grott'kow, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the railway fiom Noisse to Brieg, 25 miles W. of Oppoln. Pop. 4329. It has manufactures of linen, tobacco, Ac. Grottole, grot'to-li, a village of Italy, on the Basiento, 31 miles E.S.E. of Potcnza. Pop. 2555. Grotzingen, grot'sing-?n, a town of Germany, in Baden, 4 miles E. of Carlsruhe, on the Pfinz. Pop. 2356. It has a metal-button-faotory. Grotzingen, a town of Wiirtemberg, 10 miles S. of Stuttgart. Pop. 933. Grotzka, a town of Servia. See KnoTZKA. Grouse, growss, a post-office of Kane co.. 111. Grouse Creek, a post-office of Box Elder co., Utah. Grout, a post-township of Gladwin co., Mich. P. 119. Grout's Corner, Mass. See Miller's Falls. Grouiv, growv, a village of the Netherlands, in Fries- land, on the Grouw, 8 miles N.E. of Sneek. Pop. 2031. Grove, a post-hamlet of Elbert co., Ga., 30 miles E.N.E. of Athens. It has a church. Grove, a township of Jasper co., 111. Pop. 1094. Grove, a township of Adair co., Iowa. Pop. 273. Grove, a post-hamlet of Audubon co., Iowa, about 12 miles N.E. of Atlantic. Grove, a township of Davis co., Iowa, on the Missouri line. Pop. 1101. Grove, a township of Humboldt co., Iowa. Pop. 327. Grove, a township of Pottawattamie co., Iowa. P. 507. Grove, a township of Shelby co., Iowa. Pop. 653. Grove, a township of Stearns co., Minn. Pop. 591. It contains Meier's Grove. Grove, a township of Alleghany co., N.Y. Pop. 1414. It contains Swain. Grove, a post-office of Chatham co., N.C. Grove, a township of Harnett co., N.C. Pop. 1093. Grove, a post-hamlet of Geauga co., 0., in Troy town- ship, 5 miles N. of Garrettsville. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Grove, a township of Cameron co.. Pa. Pop. 440. Grove Station on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad is 6 miles S.E. of Driftwood. Grove, a township of Greenville co., S.C. Pop. 1089. Grove Centre, a hamlet of Alleghany co., N.Y., 4 miles S. of Nunda Station. Grove City, a post-village of Christian co.. 111., in Mount Auburn townshijj, about 20 miles E. by S. of Spring- field. It has a church. Grove City, a post-office of Jefferson co., Kansas. Grove City, a post-village of Franklin co., 0., 6 or 8 miles S.W. of Columbus. It has 3 churches. Pop. 143. Grove Cottage, a post-office of Perry co., Ala. Grove Creek, a post-hamlet of Delaware co., Iowa, about 40 miles W.S.W. of Dubuque. Grove Dale, a post-hamlet of Maries co.. Mo., 16 miles N. of St. James Station. Grove Hill, a post-village, capital of Clarke co., Ala., 84 miles N. by E. of Mobile, and IS miles N.E. of Jackson. It has 2 churches and a newspaper office. Pop. 200. Grove Hill, a post-office of Union co., Dakota. Grove Hill, a post-hamlet of Bremer co., Iowa, about 20 miles E. of W.averly. Grove Hill, a post-hamlet of Page co., Va., about 38 miles N. of Charlottesville. It has a church. Grove I-ake, a post-township of Pope co., Minn. Pop. 336. It contains a lake of the same name. Grove'land, a post-village of Tuolumne co., Cal., 60 miles E.N.E. of Modesto. It has 2 churches, a quartz- mill, and a gold-mine. Pop. about 500. Groveland, a township of La Salle co., 111. Pop. 1561. It contains New Rutland. Groveland, a post-village of Tazewell co.. 111., in Groveland township, on the Chicago, Pekin &. Southwestern Railroad, 7 or 8 miles S.S.E. of Peoria, and 8 miles E. of Pekin. It has 2 churches. Pop. 150; of the township, 1323. The Illinois River touches the N.W. part of the township. Groveland, a post-hamlet of Putnam co., Ind., about 30 miles W. of Indianapolis. It has 2 churches. Pop. 67. Groveland, a post-office of Adair co., Iowa. _ Groveland, a post-office of McPherson co., Kansas. Groveland, township, McPherson co., Kansas. P. 321. Groveland, a post-village of Essex co., Mass., on the S. bank of the Merrimnc River, in Groveland township, and on the Boston & Maine Railroad (Newburyport di- vision), 34 miles N. of Boston, and 3 miles E. of Haver- hill. It has an academy, a savings-bank, 5 churches, and manufactures of woollen goods and shoes. Pop. of tho township, 2084. Groveland, a post-township of Oakland co., Mich., about 18 miles N.AV. of Pontiac. Pop. 1095. Groveland, a post-township of Livingston co., N.Y., about 32 miles S. by W. of Rochester. Concsus Lake touches its northeastern part. Tho township contains n hamlet named Hunt's Corners. Pop. 1373. GRO 9 Groveland Park, a station in St. Clair co., III., on tlie Illinois & St. Louis Railroad, 9 miles S.E. of St. Louis. Grove Level, a post-ofiice of Banks co., 6a. Gro'venor's Corners, a post-liamlet of Schoharie CO., N.Y., in Carlisle township, 3 miles N.W. of Central Bridge. It has a church and a wagon-factory. Grove Oak, a post-office of De Kalb co., Ala. Groveport, grov'port, a post-village of Franklin co., 0., on the Ohio Canal, and on the Hocking Valley Railroad, 12 miles S.E. of Columbus. It has 4 churches, a graded school, and a manufactorj^ of bricks and tiles. Pop. 627. Gro'ver, a post-office of Ottawa co., Kansas. Grover, a hamlet of Johnson co., Mo., 9 miles from Knobnoster. It has several churches near it, and a grist- mill. Pop. of Grover township, 12.33. Grover, a post-village of Bradford co., Pa., in Canton township, on the Northern Central Railroad, 35 miles N. by E. of Williamsport, It has a church, a large tannery, and a lumber-mill. Pop. about 150. Grover Bank, a station in Crawford co., Mo., on the St. Louis, Salem & Little Rock Railroad, 5 miles S. of Steeiville. Grover's, a station in Douglas co., Kansas, on the St. Louis, Lawrence & AVestern Railroad, 3 miles S.W. of Lawrence. Gro'vertown, a post-hamlet of Starke eo., Ind., on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 11 miles W.N.W. of Plymouth. It has a church. Pop. 71. Grove Run, Maryland. See Grave Run Mills. Groves, grovz, or Pair'view, a post-hamlet of Fa- yette CO., Ind., in Fairview township, 25 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. It has an academy, a cn-rriage-shop, &c. Grove Spring, a post-office of Wright co.. Mo. Grove Spring, a steamboat-landing in Yates co., N.Y., on the E. bank of Keuka Lake, 16 miles S. of Penn Yan, and 6 miles N. of Hammondsport. Grove Station, a post-hamlet of Greenville co., S.C, on the Greenville & Columbia Railroad, Sh miles S. of Greenville. It has a church and a college. Grove'ton, a post-village of Coos co., N.H., on the Ammonoosuc River, and on the Grand Trunk Railroad, at the junction of the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad, 145 miles N.N.W. of Concord. It has a church, a tannery, 2 saw-mills, and a graded school. Grovcton Station on the Grand Trunk Railroad is 1 mile E. of Groveton Junction. Groveton, a hamlet of Prince William co., Va., 34 miles E. of Gainesville. Grove'towu, a post-office of Columbia co., Ga., on the Georgia Railroad. Grove'ville, a village of Mercer eo., N.J., in Hamilton township, f of a mile from Y^ardville Railroad Station. It has a church and a cotton-factory. Pop. about 300. Grove'wood, a post-office of Richland co., S.C, on the Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 14 miles E.S.E. of Columbia. Grow, a township of Anoka co., Minn. Pop. 376. Growe, a village of the Netherlands. See Geouw. Groyne, an old English name for Cordnna. Grub, groob, a village of Switzerland, canton and 10 miles N.E. of Appenzell. Pop. 937. Grub, a village of Switzerland, canton of St, Gall, nearly adjoining the above. Pop. 1635. Grubb, a post-office of Boone co., Ky. Grubbenvorst, grub'b§n-voRst\ a village of Dutch Limburg, on the Mouse, 4 miles N. of Venloo. Pop. 145S. Grubb'town, a post-office of Grundy co.. Mo. Grubb'ville, a post-office of Franklin co.. Mo. Grube, groo'beh, a village of Prussia, in Holstein, near the Baltic Sea, 37 miles E. of Kiel. Pop. 620. Grubenhagen, groo'b^n-hi^ghen, an old principality of Germany, now comprised in the landdrostei of Hildes- hcim, forming the S.E. portion of Hanover, in Prussia. Grubeschow, or Grubieschow, groo'bees-Kof written also Hrubeschow, or Hrubieszow, hroo'-' hees-koff, a town of Russian Poland, government and 60 miles S.E. of Lublin. Pop. 7563. Grudek, a town of Austria. See Grodek. Grudek, groo'd^k, or Grodek, a town of Russia, in Podolia, 34 miles N.N.W. of Karaieniec. Pop. 2800. Grudziadz, a town of Prussia. See Graudexz. Gruetii, gru'et-le, a post-hamlet of Grundy CO., Tenn., 6 miles S.E. of Altamont. Here is a Swiss colony. Gru'gan, a township of Clinton co.. Pa., traversed by the West Branch of the Susquehanna. Pop. 295. It con- tains Glen Union, Whetham, &e. Grugliasco, grool-yis'ko, a town of Italy, 5 miles W. of Turin. Pop. 2950. 5 GRU Gruissan, grii^ees^sftN**', a seaport village of France, in Aude, 7 miles S.S.E. of Narbonne. Pop. 2382. Grnlich, groo'IiK, the most eastern town of Bohemia, 42 miles E.S.E. of Koniggriitz. Pop. 2853. Grumberg, groom'bSnG, a village of Moravia, 37 miles N.W. of Olmutz. Grumello, groo-mel'lo, or Grumello del Monte, groo-m^l'lo dil mon'ti, a town of North Italy, 9 miles N.W. of Cremona. Pop. 2663. Grumello, a village of North Italy, 11 miles S.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 1676. Grumo, groo'mo, atown of Italy, province and 13 miles S.W. of Bari. Pop. S132. Grumo, a town of Italy, province and 6 miles N. of Naples. Pop. 4612. Griina, grii'n^, a town of Germany, kingdom of Saxony, 2 miles N. of Liissnitz. It has important manufactures of cotton and silk hosiery, flour, &c. Pop. 3208. Grunau, groo'nOw, a village of Prussian Silesia, 25 miles S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1960. Grunbach, gro6n'ba,K, a village of Wiirtemberg, 5 miles N.W. of Schorndorf. Pop. 1139. Griinberg, griin'b^RG, a town of Hesse, in Ober-Hessen, 14 miles E. of Giessen. Pop. 2185. Griinberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, 20 miles E.S.E. of Crossen. Pop. 12,200. It is enclosed by walls, and has a Protestant and Catholic churches, manufactures of woollen cloth and yarn, printed cottons, leather, wine, flour, and straw hats, and extensive cultivation of vines. Grund, groont, a mining town of Prussia, in Hanover, 5 miles N.W. of Clausthal, in the Harz. Pop. 1560. Grun'dy, a county in the N.E. part of Illinois, has an area of 432 square miles. It is intersected by the Illinois River, to form which the Des Plaines and Kankakee Rivers unite in the N.E. part. The surface is nearly level ; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, oats, cattle, and hay are the staple products. It is traversed by the Chicago & Alton Rail- road and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Capital, Morris. Valuation of real and personal estate, S10,62S,165. Pop. in 1870, 14,938, of whom 10,944 were Americans. Grundy, a county in the N.E. central part of Iowa, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is drained by Black Hawk Creek and other small affluents of Cedar River. The surface is undulating ; the soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and hay are the staple products. A large por- tion of this county is prairie. It has mines of bituminous coal. Capital, Grundy Centre. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $3,660,342. Pop. in 1870, 6399, of whom 4550 were Americans; in 1875, 8134. It is partly intersected by the Farmers' Union Railroad. Grundy, a county in the N. part of Missouri, has an area of 462 square miles. It is intersected by the Crooked Fork of Grand River, and also drained by Weldon River and Indian and Medicine Creoles. The surface is diversified with prairies and forests ; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, oats, wheat, and pork are the staples. It is traversed by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Capital, Trenton. Valuation of real and personal estate, .S4,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 10,567, of whom 10,276 were Americans. Grundy, a county of Middle Tennessee, has an area of about 340 square miles. It is drained by Elk and Rock Rivers. The surface is elevated, and is part of the western slope of the Cumberland Mountain. The soil produces some Indian corn, oats, and grass. Mines of coal have been opened in it. Capital, Altamont. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 3250, of whom 3041 were Americans. Grundy, a post-office of Pulaski eo., Ky. Grundy, a post-village, capital of Buchanan co., Va., on the Louisa Fork of Sandy River, about 45 miles N. by W. of Abingdon. It has a church. Grundy Centre, a post-village, capital of Grundy co., Iowa, in Palermo township, on Black Hawk Creek, and on the Burlington, Cedar R.apids & Northern Railroad, about 22 miles S.AV. of Cedar Falls, and 17 miles E. of Eldora. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a newspaper office. Griinhaiu, griin'hine, a town of Saxony, 8 miles AV. of Annaberg. Pop. 1656. Griinhainichen, griin^hi'niK-?n, a village of Saxony, on the Floha. Pop. 1799. Griiningen, griin'ing-en, a village of Germany, in Hesse, 6 miles S. of Giessen. Pop. 709. Griiningen, a village of Switzerland, canton and 12 miles S.E. of Zurich. Pop. 1463. Griinsfeld, grlins'felt, a village of Baden, 15 miles S.S.E. of Wertheim. Pop. 1300. GRU 916 GDA Griinstadt, griin'statt, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, 25 miles N.N.E. of Landau. Pop. 3531. Griinwald, griin'wild, a village of Bohemia, circle of Eunzlau. It has glass-works and cotton-mills. Pop. 2536. Grusbach, grS5s'b3,K, or Hrusowany, h'roo'so-vS,'- neo, a town of Austria, in Moravia, 16 miles E.S.B. of Znaim. Pop. 1250. . Grusia, a territory of Russia. See GEOitGiA. Griitli, griit'lee, a patch of meadow-land in Switzer- land, canton of Uri, on the W. snore of the Lake of Lu- cerne, 7 miles N.N.AT. of Altorf, traditionally believed to be the place where Stauffacher, Arnold of Melchthal, and Walter FUrst met in 1307 and planned the insurrection against Austria which resulted in Swiss independence. Griitli> Tennessee. See Gkoetli. Gruyere, or Gruyeres, grii'yaiR' (Ger. Greyers, gri'- ers), a town of Switzerland, canton and 15 miles S.S.W. of Freyburg. Pop. 1097. It has a remarkable castle, said to have bee'n founded in the fifth century. In its vicinity the famous Gruyere cheese is made. GrybOAV, gree'bov, a town of Austria, in Galicia, 12 miles E.N.B. of Alt-Sandec. Pop. 1140. Grypskerk, Netherlands. See GnupsKEBK. Grzegorzew, gzhi-goR'z5v, a town of Poland, govern- ment of Warsaw, 4 miles B. of Kolo. Pop. 500. Grzymalow, gzhe-mi'lov, a town of Austrian Galicia, 22 miles W.S.W. oi' Tarnopol. Pop. 3887. Gshatsk, a town of Russia. See GzH.iTSK. Gsteig, g'stig, a village of Switzerland, canton of Bern, bailiwick of Interlachen. Pop. 815. Guabiare, United States of Colombia. See Guaviake. , Guacalera, gwi-ka-li'ri, a small town of the Argen- tine Republic, province and 95 miles N.N.W. of Salta, near the right bank of the Jujuy. Guacara, gw4-kj'r4, a town of Venezuela, state of Cara- bobo, 6 miles E.N.E. of Valencia. Pop. 9365. Guachinango, gwi-che-nin'go, a town of Mexico, state of Puebla, 103 miles N.E. of Mexico. In its vicinity excellent vanilla is raised. Guachipe, gwi-chee'pi, or Giiachipas, gwi-chee'- pis, a considerable river of the Argentine Republic, prov- ince of Salta, formed by several rivers rising in the Andes. It flows E.N.E. for 190 miles, and about 33 miles S. of Salta takes the name Salado. Guacuba, gwi-koo'bi, or Leon, U-on', a river of the United States of Colombia, after a N.W. course of about 150 miles, falls into Choco Bay in the Gulf of Darien. Guad (from the Arab. Wadij, a " river"), a prefix of the names of many Spanish rivers and towns, as Guadiana, GUADALETE, &C. Guadalajara, or Guadalaxara, gw4-di-13,-Ha,'ra, (anc, Arriacat), a city of Spain, capital of a province, on the left bank of the Henares, 34 miles E.N.E. of Madrid. Pop. 7902. It is enclosed by old walls, and has a magnifi- cent palace of the Mondoza family, a Franciscan church, and some Moorish edifices. Guadalajara, a province of Spain, in the N.E. part of New Castile, traversed by the Tagus. Area, 4869 square miles. Capital, Guadalajara. Pop. 208,638. Guadalajara, a state of Mexico. See Jalisco. Guadalajara, or Guadalaxara, gwi-di-li-Hi'rS,, a city of Mexico, capital of the state of Jalisco, on the left bank of the Rio de Santiago, 275 miles W.N.W. of Mexico, and about 140 miles from the Pacific. Lat. 21° 9' N. ; Ion. 103° 2' 15" W. It is a large and handsome city, the streets spacious, and the houses excellent. There are 14 squares, 12 fountains, and a number of convents and churches. In the Plaza Mayor is the cathedral, a magnificent structure, although its appearance was much impaired by the great earthquake of 1818. It is finished externally in blue and gold. On the right side of the same square is the govern- ment house, in a noble and severe style and with a fine fajade : the arcades which line the two sides of the square are very handsome, and are filled with elegant and well- stocked shops. The town has a bull-ring, an opera-house, a hospital, a foundling house, a home for the poor, and a college for girls. The Alameda, or public walk, is beautifully laid out with trees and flowers, with a fountain in the cen- tre, and a stream of water all round. Various trades are carried on here with success, particularly those of black- smithing, carpentering, and silversmithing; groat skill is displayed in leather-working. There are also manufactures of shawls, sweetmeats, calico, paper, and a particular de- scription of earthenware, a mint, and some cotton- and woollen-mills. Guadalajara was founded in 1651, and is an archbishop's see. Pop. 70,947. Guadalaviar, gwi-Di-li-ve-aR', or Blanco, blin'ko (anc. Tu'ria), a river of Spain, rises in the Sierra Albar- racin, and, after a S.E. course of 130 miles, enters the Mediterranean 3 miles E. of Valencia. Guadalcanal, gw^-cil-ki-nil', a town of Spain, province and 48 miles N.N.W. of Seville. It has celebrated silver-mines. Pop. 4996. Guadalcazar, gw3,-d41-k&-saR', a town of Mexico, state of San Luis Potosi. and 55 miles N.E. of the town of San Luis Potosi. It has quicksilver-mines. Pop. 7600. Guadalete, gwa-Di-li'ti, a river of Spain, in An- dalusia, after a S.W. course of 75 miles, enters the Bay of Cadiz by two branches. Guadalhorce, gw3,-D^l-0R'thi, a river of Spain, in Andalusia, rises in the frontiers of Granada, and falls into the Mediterranean 6 miles S. by W. of Malaga. Guadalimar, gwi-nSi-le-maB', a river of Spain, rises near Villa Verde, and joins the Guadalquivir 14 miles N. of Jaen, after a S.W. course of 70 miles. Guadalmez, gwa-n^l-mSth', a river of Spain, joins the Zuja at Ciudad Real. Length, 50 miles. Guadaloupe, gwa-d^-loo'pi, a post-village of Santa Barbara co., Cal., 3 miles from the Pacific Ocean, and about 20 miles S. of San Luis Obispo. It has a church, a news- paper oflice, and a brewery. Pop. about 400. Guadalquivir, gawMal-kwiv'er (Sp. pron. gwi-nil- ke-veeB'; Ar.ab. Wad-al-Kebir, wid-JI-ke-beeR', "the great river;" anc. Bm'tit), an important river of Spain, rises in the Sierra Cazorla, flows generally W.S.W ., and enters the Atlantic 18 miles N. of Cadiz. Length, 280 miles. Twelve miles below Seville it separates into three branches, form- ing the islands of Isla Mayor and Isla Menor. Chief afliuents on the right, the Guadalimar and the Jandula; on the left, the Guadiana Menor, Guadajoz, and Genii. It is navigable for large vessels to Cordova. Guadalupe, gwi-ni-loo'pi, a mountain-range of Spain, New Castile, commences with the termination of the Sierra de Montanche, and stretches in an easterly direction to the source of the Guadarranque, where it is succeeded by the mountains of Toledo. Its culminating point has a height of 5254 feet. Guadalupe, written also Guadalope, a river of Spain, in Aragon. joins the Ebro 14 miles S.W. of Mequi- nenza, after a N.E. course of 70 miles. Guadalupe, a town of Spain, in New Castile, province and 95 miles S.W. of Toledo, on the S. slope of Mount Al- tamira. It has a fine church belonging to the famous monastery of San Geronimo. Guadalupe, a town of Spain, province and 56 miles E. of Caceres, near the Sierra Guadalupe. Pop. 2600. It is a wretched place, grouped around a famous monastery, for- merly the " Loretto of Central Spain," which, although despoiled by the French, still contains rich works of art. Guadalupe (commonly pronounced gaw-da-loop' : Sp. pron. gwa-ni-loo'pi), a county in the S. central part of Texas, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Guadalupe River, and is bounded on the N.E. by the San Marcos River, and on the S.W. by the Cibolo. The surface is extensively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cattle, cotton, Indian corn, grass, and pork are the staple products. It is intersected by the Galveston, Harris- burg & San Antonio Railroad. Capital, Seguin. Valuation of real and personal estate, §1,736,444. Pop. in 1S70, 7282, of whom 6343 were Americans. Guadalupe, a village of Conejos oo., Col., 30 miles from Alamosa Station. It has a church. Guadalupe, a post-settlement of Kendall oo., Tex., on the Guadalupe River, 70 miles S.W. of Austin. Guadalupe, a station in Victoria oo., Tex., on the Gulf, Western Texas & Pacific Railroad, 33 miles N.W. of Indianola. Guadalupe, gwl-di-loo'pi, an island of the Pacific Ocean, off' the coast of Lower California. Lat. 29° N. ; Ion. 118° 22' W. Length, 15 miles. Guadalupe, a small river of California, falling into the S. extremity of San Francisco Bay. Guadalupe, or Guadalupe Hidalgo, gwi-dii- loo'pi hc-dai'go, often called gaw-da-loop' he-dil'go, a small town, 3i miles N. of the city of Mexico. It contains a col- legiate "church, much resorted to in pilgrimage. Hero a treaty of peace ivas concluded, Fob. 2, 1848, between Mex- ico and the United States. By it the territories of Upper California and New Mexico were ceded to the United States. Guadalupe Mine, a mining village of Santa Clara CO., Cal., in Almaden township, i) miles from San Jusij. It has a mine of quicksilver (cinnabar) which yields nearly 1000 flasks of motiU per month. Pop. about 500. Guadalupe Mountains, a group or range of high- 917 GUA lands in New Mexico and Texas, between the river Pecos and the Kio Grande. They are continuous northward, under various local names, with the eastern chains of the Rocky Mountains. Guadalupe River, Texas, drains part of Kerr co., and runs southeastward through the cos. of Comal, Guada- lupe, Gonzales, tfec. It enters the San Antonio R,iver about 9 miles from its mouth. It is nearly 300 miles long. Guadalupe y Calvo, gwi-da-loo'pi e k^-l'vo. a town of Mexico, state and 173 miles S.S.W. of Chihuahua, in a mountainous district. It derives its importance from the silver-mines in its vicinity. Pop. 6000. Guadarrama, gwi-DaR-R^'ma, a river of Spain, joins the Tagus 12 miles below Toledo. Length, 70 miles. Guadarrauque, gw^-Dan-Rin'ki, a river of Spain, joins the Guadiana after a course of about 45 miles. Guadasuar, gwi-Di-swaR', a town of Spain, province and IS miles S.S.W. of Valencia. Pop. 1340. Guadeloupe, gawMa-loop' or gaMeh-loop' (Sp. Gua- dalupey gwi-ci-loo'pA), an island of the West Indies, Lee- ward group, one of the principal French colonies in the Atlantic, lies between lat. 15° 47' and 16° 30' N., Ion. 61° 16' and 61° 45' W. It is composed of two distinct islands, sep- arated by an arm of the sea called Riviere Salee (salt river). The W. and larger portion is Guadeloupe proper, divided into Basse-Terre and La Capesterre, and is 27 miles long by about 15 miles broad. The E. portion, called Grande- Terre, is nearly 30 miles long by 10 to 12 miles broad. Gua- deloupe proper is of volcanic formation, and is traversed N. to S. by a ridge of hills; the culminating points are La SouflFriere, an active volcano, 510S feet high. La Grosse Montague, Les Deux Mamelles, and Le Pitan-de-Bouillante, extinct volcanoes. Grande-Terre, on the other hand, is gen- erally flat, composed of madrepores and marine detritus, Guadeloupe is watered by small streams becoming dry in summer. The principal are the Goyaves, Lamentin, and Lezarde. The climate is hot and unhealthy. Hurricanes are frequent and destructive. The soil is fertile and well cultivated, covered with fine forests in the mountainous, untilled parts, and with mangroves and manchineel trees on the marshy coast of Basse-Terre, The chief articles of ex- port, sent almost all to France, are sugar, coffee, dye- and cabinet-woods, rum, tafia, cotton, wool, annatto, hides, sweetmeats and preserves, copper, tobacco, &c. Imports, cotton manufactures, hides, wheat-meal, salted butter, cod- fish, olive oil, wax candles, pottery, glass-wares, salted meat, medicines, &c. The principal anchorages of Guade- loupe are the Bay of Mahault and the roads of Basse- Terre. Grande-Terre possesses two anchorages, Moule and Pointe-a-Pltre: the latter, at the S. entrance to the Riviere Salee, is esteemed one of the best in the Antilles, and on it is situated the important town of Pointe-a-Pitre. Area, 616 square miles- Capital, Basse-Terre. Pop. in 1876, 122,533. Guadeloupe was first discovered by Columbus in 1493, and wab thus named by him in honor of Sainte Marie de la Guadeloupe. It was taken possession of by the French in 1635, who kept it till 1759, when it was taken by the English. It was subsequently captured and recaptured several times by these nations, and was finally ceded to the French at the general peace in 1814. Guadeloupe, a colony of the French West Indies, in- cludes the islands of Guadeloupe, Grande-Terre, St. Bar- tholomew, Marie Galante, Les Saintes, Desirade, and a part of St. Martin. Area, 716 square miles. Capital, Basse- Terre. Pop. in 1876, 175,523. Guadiana, Mexico. See Durango. Guadiaua, gwi-de-4'ni or gwi-De-i'nS, (anc. A'lias)^ an important river of Spain and Portugal, flowing between the Tagus and Guadalquivir. It rises in La Mancha, 15 miles N.E. of Villahermosa, flows at first W, (and for some distance under ground) through North Castile and Spanish Estremadura, then S. through the Portuguese province Alemtejo and between Algarve and Andalusia, and enters the Mediterranean 13 miles B. of Tavira, after a course of 380 miles. Chief affluents on the right, the Giguela and Gua- darranque; on the left, the Jabalon, Sujar, Ardilla, and Chanza, Guadiana is derived from the Arabic Wadi/ and Ana, a corruption of Anas, the ancient name of this river. Guadiana Meuor, gwi-oe-jL'nS, mA-noR', a river of Spain, in Andalusia, joins the Guadalquivir 4 miles E.S.E. of Ubeda, after a tortuous course of 30 miles. Guadiaro, gw3,-De-d'ro, a river of Spain, enters the Mediterranean 11 miles N.E. of Gibraltar, after a generally S. course of 40 miles. Guadiato, gwi-De-i'to, a river of Spain, joins the Gua- dalquivir 17 miles W.S.W. of Cord:Ova, after a very tortuous course of about 70 miles. Guadiela,gwi-De-i'la,, a^iverof Spain, joins the Tagus 45 miles E. of Madrid. Total course, 65 miles, Guadix, gwi-Deea' (Arab, Wadi-AsJt, wa'dee-3,sh, ** river of life"), a city of Spain, province and 42 miles E.N.E. of Granada, on the Guadix. It is enclosed by old walls and mulberry-plantations. It contains a cathedral and a Moorish castle, and is a bishop's see. Pop. 10,154. Guaduas, gw4'DwS,s, a town of the United States of Colombia, in Cundinamarca, near the Magdalena, 45 miles N.W. of Bogota, and 8700 feet above the sea. Pop. 4000. Guafo, gwi'fo, or Huafo, Hw^'fo, an island in the Pacific, off the coast of Chili, 20 miles S.W. of Chiloe. Guahall, gwa'hall, one of the Scilly Islands, off Corn- wall, England. Guahan, gwi-hin', San Juan, sin Hoo-in', or Guam, gwim, the southernmost and largest of the La-- drone Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, Lat. 13° 27' N. ; Ion. 145° E. It is about 100 miles in circuit, and is surrounded by coral reefs. Capital, Agana. It belongs to Spain. Guaianeco, gwi-4-ni'ko, an island group on the W. coast of Patagonia, lat. 47° 41' S„ Ion. 74° 55' AV., com- posed of two principal islands — the westernmost called Byron Island, and the easternmost AA''ager Island, separated from each other by Bundle's Passage — and of many smaller islets, Guaicuhi, a river of BraziL See Velhas. Guainia, gwi'ne-a, a river of South America, in Vene- zuela, joins the Cassiquiare to form the Rio Negro. Guaiteca, a gulf of Patagonia. See Guaytecas. Guajaba, or Guaxaba, gwi-na'bi, a small island off the N. coast of Cuba. Lat. 21° 50' N.; Ion. 77° 28' W, Gualala, gwi-la'li, a post-village of Mendocino co,, Cal., is near the Pacific Ocean, 40 miles W, of Cloverdale. It has a lumber-mill. Pop, 236. Gualan, gwi-lan', a town of Central America, republic and 80 miles E.N.E. of Guatemala, near the Montagua. Pop. 2000. Gualateiri, gw5--li-ti-e-ree', a mountain-peak of the Andes, near the boundary-line of Peru and Bolivia. Lat. 20° 13' S. ; Ion.' 69° 17' W. Height, 21,960 feet. Gualchos, gwM'choce, a town of Spain, province of Granada, 12 miles E. of Motril. Pop. 2528. Gualdo, gwil'do, a small town of Italy, province and 23 miles N.E. of Perugia. Pop. 3159. Gualdo Tadiuo, gw3,rdo ta-dee'no, a town of Italy, province of Perugia, 22 miles by rail N. of Foligno. P. 7799, Gualeguachu, gwS,Mi-gwd,-choo', a town of the Ar- gentine Republic, on the navigable Rio Gualeguachti, 9 miles from its mouth in the Uruguay, and 50 miles E. by N. of Gualeguay. It has a large trade. Pop, 9776, Gualeguay, or Gualeyguay, gwi-U-gwi', a town of the Argentine Republic, in Entre Rios, 9 miles by rail W. of Porto Ruiz, a hamlet on the navigable Rio Gualeguay, It has an active trade. Pop. 7235. Gualillas, gwi-leel'yas, a mountain-pass in the Peru- vian Andes, South America, 25 miles N.E. from Tacna, in lat. 17° 50' S. Height, 14,750 feet. Gualior, a state of India. See Gwalior. Gualtieri, gwal-te-i'ree, a village of Italy, in Reggio nell' Emilia, 16 miles N. of Reggio, on the Po. Pop. 5684. Guam, an island in the Pacific Ocean. See Guahan. Guaina, gwi'mS,, a river of Brazil, rises in the S.E, part of the province of Par^, and falls into the Bay of Gua- jara near the town of Belem or Par^. Guamachuco, a town of Peru. See Huamachdco. Guamanga, a town of Peru, See Ayacucho. Guarno, gwi'mo, a town of the United States of Colom- bia, state of Tolima. Pop. 9193. Guamoco, gwS,-mo'ko, a decayed town of South Amer- ica, United States of Colombia, 70 miles N.E. of Antioquia. Guamote, gwd.-mo'ti, a village of Ecuador, near Gua- yaquil, on an island formed by two rivers, and surrounded by lofty mountains. Guana, gwi'n^, several islands of the West Indies, the principal being off the N. coast of Abaeo, Bahamas. It is 17 miles in length by 2^ miles in breadth. Guanabacoa, gwa-ni-ba-ko'i,, a town and sea-bathing place of Cuba, 5 miles by rail E, of Havana. Pop, 16,402. Guanacache, gwa-nS,-ka'chd, a lagoon of the Argen- tine Republic, lat.' 31° 40' S., Ion. 68° 30' W., between the provinces of Mendoza and San Juan. It forms a series of lakes and marshes, studded with many islands, and receiving the Desaguadero and other rivers. Guanacas, or Paramo de Guanacas, pS-'r^L-mo di gw3L-ni'k5,s, a mountain-knot of the United States of Colombia, in the Andes, where they separate into three lateral cordilleras, at the sources of the Magdalena and Cauca Rivers, Lat. 2° N. j Ion. 76° W. GUA 918 GUA Guanahani, one of the Bahamas. See Cat Island. Guanahau, a river of Brazil. See Anava. Guanaja^ an island in the Caribbean Sea. See Bonacca. Guanajay, gwa,-nS.-Hi', a town of Cuba, 45 miles by rail W.S.W. of Havana. Pop. 39S9. Guanajuato, or Guanaxuato, gwa.-n3.-Hwa.'to, a state of Mexico, between lat. 20° 30' and 21° 44' N., Ion. 99° 59' and 101° 47' W., bounded N. by the states of San Luis Potosi and Zacatecas, "W. by Jalisco, S. by Michoaean, and E. by Queretaro. Area, li,410 square miles. It is mountainous, and traversed from S.E. to N.W. by the Cor- dillera of Anahuac, whose culminating point is 9711 feet high. The only important river is the Rio Grrande. The mines of this state are the richest in the world, yielding gold, silver, lead, tin, iron, antimony, sulphur, cobalt, ochre, salts, crystals, marble, lanaar, mi-niu', an inlet of the Indian Ocean, between Ceylon and the S. extremity of India, 120 miles in width at its entrance, and separated northward from Palk's Strait by the islands of Ramisseram and Ma- naar and a reef termed Adam's Bridge. Gulf of Manfredo'nia (ane. V'rias Si'nus), a.n inlet of the Adriatic Sea, in South Italy, provinces of Foggia and Bari, about 15 miles in length, and 30 miles wide at its entrance, S. of the Garganian Promontory. Gulf of aiaracaybo, mar-i-ki'bo (Sp. Golfo de Ma- racat/bo, gol'fo di ma,-ri-ki'bo), an inlet of the Caribbean Sea, bounded eastward by the peninsula of Paraguana, im- mediately S. of which is that part of it called El Golfote. It extends N. and S. about 75 miles ; extreme breadth, about 150 miles. It contains several small islands. Gulf of Marathonisi. See Gulf op Kolokythia. Gulf of MarHabau', an inlet of the Bay of Bengal, between lat. 14° and 17° N. and Ion. 94° and 93° E., having N. British Burmah and E. the British Tenasserim provinces. It receives the Irrawaddy, Setang, and Salwin Rivers, and on its E. coast is the town of Amherst. Gulf of Mev'ico, a large indentation on the E. coast of North America, washing the shores of Mexico and the United States, measuring about 1000 miles from E. to W. and 800 miles from N. to S. ; estimated area, 800,000 square miles. It is partly formed by the peninsulas of Florida and Yucatan, nearly in a line between which lies the island of Cuba, leaving a communication on its N. with the At- lantic through the Florida Channel, and on its S. with the Caribbean Sea through the Channel of Yucatan. It re- ceives a number of important rivers, the principal of which are the Mississippi and the Rio Grande. The gulf is free from banks, and contains only a few small rooky islands on the coasts of Yucatan, with the Florida Reef near its E. extremity. The shores are low, and generally lined with flat sandy islands, not far from the land, and numerous lagoons. There are few harbors, and the rivers which fall into it aro obstructed by bars at their mouth, which render them all, except the Mississippi, nearly inaccessible for vessels of large draught. A current of water entering the gulf from the Caribbean Sea is soon divided into two portions, the one running E. along the const of Cuba, the other \V., in a curved line through the middle of the gulf, round towards the Florida Channel, where it meets the other current, and the two united form the Gulf Stream. The temperature of the Gulf of Mexico is 80° in summer, or 6° higher than that of the ocean in the same parallel. At high tide the Pacific rises several feet above the level of the gulf, and at low water it falls as far below it. Gulf of Milazzo, me-13-t'so, Sicily, extends 16 miles E. of the town of Milazzo, and has been the theatre of many engagements in ancient and modern times. Gulf of Nauplia, naw'ple-a, or Napoli, ni'po-le (anc. Argol'icus Si'nus), an inlet of the .^gean Sea, Greece, between the two E. arms of the Morea. Length, 30 miles ; breadth, 20 miles at its entrance. It contains several small islands, the chief being Spezzia, at its mouth. It receives the Xeria River, on which Argos is situated. Gulf of Obi, o'bee or ob'e, the wide estuary of the Obi River, in Siberia, forming an inlet of the Arctic Ocean, between lat. 67° 30' and 72° 30' N. and Ion. 72° and 77° E. It receives the Obi at its S.E. extremity, and on its E. it has an arm called Tazovsk Bay. Gulf of Onega, o-nA'gi, the southernmost portion of the White Sea, mostly between lat. 63° 50' and 65° N., Ion. 34° 30' and 38° E. Length, about 90 miles. At its mouth is the island of Solovetskoi. Gulf of Oristano, o-ris-ti'no, in the island of Sar- dinia, between Capes Frasca and San Marco. It is 10 miles in length by 5 miles in breadth, and receives the river Oristano, which enters it after a S.W. course of 80 miles. Gulf of Or'mus, a term sometimes applied to the S.E. portion of the Persian Gulf. Gulf of Orphano, or'fi-no, called also Gulf of Contes'sa (anc. Stnjmon'icus Si'nus), a gulf of the ^gean Sea, N.W. of Mount Athos. Length, about 20 miles. Gulf of Palae'ocas'tro, an inlet on the E. coast of Crete. Gulf of Pal'mas,agulf on the S.W. coast of the island of Sardinia., between this island and Antioco. Gulf of Panama, pin-a-mi', an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, in the United States of Colombia., on the S. side of the Isthmus of Panama, between lat. 7° and 9° N. and Ion. 78° and 80° 25' W. Length and breadth at the entrance, about 120 miles each. Its W. part is called the Gulf of Parita; on its E. side is the Gulf of San Miguel. The Gulf of Panama contains the Pearl Islands. Gulf of Paria, pi're-i, in Venezuela, is an inlet of the Caribbean Sea, between the island of Trinidad and the mainland, lat. 10°-10° 40' N., Ion. 62° W. Length, 100 miles. It receives several arms of the Orinoco. Gulf of Patras, pa-tr^ss', an inlet of the Ionian Sea, having the Morea on the S. and Acarnania and vEtolia on the N. Length, 22 miles ; greatest breadth, 13 miles. It leads into the Corinthian Gulf by the Strait of Lepanto. Gulf of Patti, pSt'tee, a semicircular bay of Sicily, 20 miles across, between the promontory of Milazzo and Cape Calava. On a headland on its S. side are considerable remains of the ancient Tt/u'daris. Gulf of Pe-Chee-Lee (Chee-Lee, or Chili), an inlet of the Yellow Sea, between lat. 37° 10' and 39° 20' N. and Ion. 118° and 121° E., communicating N. with the Gulf of Leao-Tong, and E. with the Yellow Sea, bounded on other sides by the Chinese provinces of Pe-Chcc-Lee and Shan-Toong. Length and breadth, about 150 miles each. It receives the Pei-Ho River on the W., the Hoang-Ho on the S.W., and the Chan-Tou on the N. Gulf of Pefias, p^n'yis, on the W. coast of Patago- nia. Lat. 47° 30' S. ; Ion. 75° W. In it are the Guaianeco Islands. Gulf of Penjinsk, pSn-jinsk', a gulf of Siberia, on the N.E. side of the Sea of Okhotsk, formed on the W. by a peninsula which separates it from the Gulf of Jijiginsk, It is about 150 miles long, by 30 miles broad. Gulf of Perekop, p^R^e-kop', an inlet of the Sea of Azof, on the N.W. side of the Crimea. Length, 70 miles. The Isthmus of Perekop separates it from the Sivash. Gulf of Quaruero, kwaR-ni'ro, in the Adriatic Sea, between Istria and the Hungarian coast, is 15 miles in length and in breadth. It is nearly enclosed seaward by the islands of Cherso and Veglia, and communicates with the Adriatic by 3 channels. Gulf of Riga, ree'gi, or Livonia, le-vo'ne-i, an inlet of the Baltic Sea, in Russia, between Livonia and Cour- land. It extends from lat. 57° to 58° 30' N., and from Ion. 22 to 24° 20' E. Length, from N. to S., 100 miles ; breadth, 80 miles. The island of Oesol covei-s almost all its entrance. It receives the Diina, Aa, and Fennorn Rivers. Gulf of Saint George, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, on the E. coast of Patagonia, between lat. 45° and 47° S. and Ion. 05° and 67° W. Gulf of Saint Law'renee, a largo inlet of the At- lantic Ocean, in North America, surrounded by tlio British colonial provinces Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, GUL 925 GUL and Newfoundland. It communicates on the E. with the ocean by 3 passages, the northernmost being the Strait of Belle Isle and the southernmost the Gut of Canso. Average length and breadth, 2S0 miles each. On its AV. side are the Bays of Chaleurs and Miramiehi and the estuary of the St. Lawrence River. It contains Anticosti, Prince Edward, the Magdalen and many other islands. Its fisheries are highly important. Gulf of Salerno, sA-I^r'no (anc. Pmata'nus Si'nns), an inlet of the Mediterranean, in Italy, separated from the Bay of Naples by Cape Campanella. Breadth, 36 miles. It receives the river Sale, and on its shores are Salerno, Amalfi, and the remains of Pmsttim. Gulf of Salonica, sa-lo-nee'ki (anc. Therma'icua or Thermse'ua Si'nua), an arm of the ^gean Sea, between the coast of Thessaly and the peninsulas of Chalcidice and Cassandra. Length, 70 miles; breadth at its entrance, 30 miles. It receives the Salembria (anc, Pene'ua), Indje- Kara-Soo, and Vardar (anc. Ax'ins) Rivers. GuLf of Saros, si'ros, an inlet of the ^gean Sea, in European Turkey, separated from the Hellespont by the peninsula of Gallipoli. Length, 4U miles ; breadth, 20 miles. Near its head are the islets of Saros. Gulf of Sassari, sds's^-re, on the N. coast of Sar- dinia, receives the rivers Turritano and Selema. Gulf of Scala Nova, skS,'li no'v^, in Asia Minor, is 45 miles in length from E. to W., with an average breadth of 20 miles. The island of Samos forms the greater part of its S. coast. Gulf of Si^am', between lat. 7° and 14° N. and Ion. 99° and 105° E., is vpholly surrounded by Siani, except on the S., where it opens into the China Sea. Length, 500 miles J breadth at entrance, 300 miles. It receives the Menam and several other rivers. Gulf of Sid'ra (anc. Syr'tia Ma'jor), the principal inlet of the Mediterranean on its African side, between lat. 30° and 33° N. and Ion. 15° and 21° B. Gulf of Smyrna, smir'na (anc. Smyrmr'na Si'nua), an inlet of the -^gean Sea, extends inland for 45 miles ; the breadth of its entrance is 22 miles. It has in most parts good anchorage, and ships of large burden can anchor close to the quays of Smyrna, near its E. extremity. It contains several islands, the principal of which. Long or English Island, is 5 miles in length. Gulf of Spezia, Italy. See Bay of Spezia. Gulf of Squillace, skwil-li'chd (anc. Si'nua Sqnila'- ciiia), an inlet of the Ionian Sea, near the S. extremity of Italy, 35 miles wide. Gulf of Suez, soo~ez', the W. arm of the Red Sea after its bifurcation in lat. 28° N., whence it extends N.W. to lat. 30° N. Length, 200 miles ; average breadth, 30 miles. Its shores are desert, and alternately present arid plains and rocky headlands. Gulf of Symi, see'mee (anc. Si'nns Dor'idia)yO,n inlet of the Mediterranean, on the S.W. coast of Asia Minor, bounded by 2 long promontories, the N.AV. of which ( Trio pium Promontorium) separates it from the Gulf of Cos Depth inland, and breadth at entrance, about 27 miles each, On its E. side are 3 subordinate bays (anc. Thi/mniaa, Sckcenua, and Biihaaaius). The shores are very picturesque, and on them are various cyclopean and other remains. At its entrance is the island of Symi. • Gulf of Talancla, ta.-ian'da, an inlet on the S,"\V. side of the Euripus, in Greece, 11 miles in breadth at its entrance. It contains the island of Talanda. Gulf of Taranto, ti'r^n-to, a large inlet of the Medi- terranean Sea, bounded, except on the S.E., by the Italian provinces of Calabria, Basilicata, and Lecce. Length, 70 miles; breadth of entrance between Capes Nau and Santa Maria di Leuca, 70 miles; average breadth, CO miles. It receives all the rivers of Basilicata, and the Crati and Neto from Calabria. Gulf of Tartary, Asia. See Tarrakai. Gulf of Tcheskaya. See Cheskava, Gulf of Tehuantepec,tiV-win-ti-p^k', a bay of the Pacific Ocean, bounded by the Mexican states of Oajaca and Chiapas. Lat. 16° N., Ion. from 94° to 95° W. It receives the river Tehuantepec 10 miles S. of the town. See Te- HUASTEPEC. Gulf of TIenicen, tlSm-s5n', an inlet of the Medi- terranean, in Algeria, 20 miles N.N.W. of Tlemcen, oppo- site Cape Gata, in Andalusia. Gulf of Tonquin, tonMceen', an inlet of the China Sea, surrounded by Tonquin, the Chinese province of Quang-Tong, and the island of Hainan. Length, 300 miles; average breadth, 150 miles. It receives the Sang-Koi and many other rivers, and contains numerous islands. Gulf of Triest, tre-5st' (anc. Tergeati'nus Si'nua), the head of the Adriatic Sea, E. of Cape Salvatore (Istria), and the mouth of the river TagUamento, 20 miles in length and in breadth at its entrance. It receives the Isonzo and the Stella, and contains the island of Grado. Gulf of Triste, tris'ti, a bay of the Caribbean Sea, in South America, on the N. coast of Venezuela, lat. 10° 30' N., and between Ion. 67° 30' and 68° 30' AV. Gulf of Tunis, tu'niss, an inlet of the Mediterranean, extends inland for 30 miles, between Capes Bon and Farina. Breadth at entrance, 45 miles. It everywhere affords good anchorage in from 4 to 10 fathoms of water, receives the river Mejerda, and has on its S.W. side the Goletta, or en- trance to the lagoon of Tunis, and the ruins of Carthage. Gulf of Venice. See Adriatic. Gulf of VolO, vo'lo {a.nc. Si'mia Pelaa'gicua), an inlet of the ^gean Sea, forming a part of the boundary between Turkey and Greece, bounded E. by the peninsula of Za- gora, and opening southward into the Channel of Trikeri. Length and breadth, about 18 miles each. In it is the island of Trikeri. Gulf of Xeros, Turkey. See Gulp of Sards. Gulf of Yed'do, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, on the S.E. coast of the island of Hondo, Japan. Length, from S. to N., 70 miles ; breadth at entrance, 40 miles. At its N. extremity are the city of Tokio (formerly Yeddo) and the mouths of several rivei's. Gulf of Zeitoun, Greece. See Gulf of Lamia. Gulf Stream, an oceanic current of extraordinary climatic importance. It flows out of the Gulf of Mexico, passes through the Strait of Florida, and pursues a N.E. course nearly parallel to the coast of the United States. It is about 50 miles wide at the narrowest part, and runs at the rate of 5 miles an hour near Florida, lat. 32° N. In proportion as its volume expands, its velocity diminishes, so that the average rate of motion is about 35 miles a day, or 1^ miles an hour. On issuing from the Strait of Florida the color of the water is a dark indigo blue, and the tem- perature is about 87° Fahr., which is gradually reduced as it proceeds ; but the temperature of the Gulf Stream is everywhere higher than that of the adjacent part of the ocean. After it has arrived at the Bank of Newfoundland, it turns eastward, crosses the Atlantic, and divides into two portions, one of which washes the shores and tempers the climate of the British Islands, on which tropical fruits have been sometimes drifted by this current. There is reason to believe that the permanent influence of the Gulf Stream has produced the mild and genial climate of Western Europe as compared with the climate of corresponding latitudes on the AA''. side of the Atlantic. In consequence of this current, Ireland is a scene of perpetual verdure, and the harbors on the western coast of Norway remain open when the more southern ports of the Baltic are closed with ice. Its average width is over 300 miles. Gulf Sum'mit, a post-hamlet of Broome co., N.Y., on the Erie Kailroad, 8 miles W. of Deposit, and 32 miles E. by S. of Binghamton. It has a church, 2 steam saw-mills, and 2 stores. It is about 1400 feet above tide-water. Gulgrad Booroon, in Turkey. See Cape Kalakria. Gnlgula, Afghanistan. See Bamian. Gu'lich, a township of Clearfield co.. Pa. Pop. 601. Gu'licksville, a hamlet of Steuben eo., N.Y., in Pult- ney township, on Keuka Lake. Gul'ledge's, a township of Anson co., N.C. Pop. 1519. Gulleghem, gul'leh-gh^m\ a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 2 miles W. of Courtrai. Pop. 3400. Gul'ley's Mill, a post-oflSce of Wake co., N.C. Gull Island, a fishing settlement in the district of Bay de Verds, Newfoundland, on the N. shore of Conception Bay, 22 miles from Carbonear. Pop. 160. Gull Island, in the Race, at the E. entrance to Long Island Sound. It contains a fixed light, 50 feet above the sea, lat. 41° 12' IS" N., Ion. 72° 6' 45" W. Gul'liver Cove, a village in Digby co.. Nova Scotia, on Digby Neck, 15 miles from Bigby. Pop. 100. Gull Lake, Minnesota, is in the S. part of Cass co., about 10 miles N. of Crow Wing. It is nearly 9 miles long. A short outlet issues from it, and enters the Crow Wing River about 2 miles from its mouth. Gull Lake, a post-hamlet of Barry co., Mich., on Gull Lake, 26 miles S. by E. of Grand Rapids. It has a church and a grist-mill. The lake is 6 miles long. Gui'ly Branch, a post-of&ce of Coflee co., Ga. Gulniar, a village of Asia Minor. See Chelindreh. Gulnii, gool'mee, a town of Nepaul, 138 miles W.N.W. of Khatmandoo. Pop. 2500. Gulpen, giifpen (Fr. Galoppe, gi'lopp'), a village of GUM 926 GUN the Netherlands, in Limburg, 9 miles E.S.E, of Maestricht. Pop. 2i<>r. Gum, a post-office of Lancaster co., S.C. Guina, a town of China. See Goo-MA. Gumbinnen, goom-bin'nen, a town of East Prussia, 66 miles by rail E.S.E. of Kbnigsberg. It has a gymna- sium, 2 hospitals, a public library, schools of architecture, manufactures of woollen cloths, and distilleries. Pop. 9114-. Gumbinnen, a government of East Prussia, bounded E. by Russia. It is a part of the old province of Lithu- ania. Area, 6103 square miles. Pop. 7»i,774. Gumborou^h, giim'bur-riih, a post-hamlet of Sussex CO., Del., 14 miles E.S.E. of Laurel, and about 16 miles S.E. of Seaford. It has 2 churches. Gum Branch, a post-hamlet of Onslow co., N.C., 36 miles S. of Kinston. Gumbut, gum'but', a town of Sinde, 10 miles E. of the Indus. Lat. 27° 24' N. : Ion. 68° 23' E. Pop. 3000. Gum City, Cass co.. Mo. See Gun City. Gum Creek, a post-office of Dooly co., Ga. Gum Grove, a post-office of Union co., Ky. Gum Grove I^anding, a post-office of Holmes oo.. Miss., on the Yazoo River, about 22 miles N. of Yazoo City. Gumha, giim'h^L, a small town of India, on the S, slope of the Himalayas, in lat. 31° 56' N., Ion. 76° 38' E. Gumiel de Izan, goo-me-Jl' di e-thin', a town of Spain, province and 40 miles S. of Burgos. Pop. 1393. Gumiel de Mercado, goo-me-jl di mfiii-k^'Do, a town of Spain, province of Burgos, 6 miles N.W. of Gumiel de Izan. Pop. 1583. Gumish-Khaneh, Turkey. See Goomish-Khaneh. Gum Island, a station on the Houston & Texas Cen- tral Railroad, 13 miles N.W. of Houston, Tex. Gum Log, a post-office of Pope co.. Ark., 7 miles N.E. of Russellville. Gummersbach, goom'm?rs-biK\ a town of Rhenish Prussia, 24 miles E. of Cologne. Pop. 2060. Gum Neck, a post-township of Tyrrel co., N.C., is bounded on the E. by Alligator River. It has some manu- factures of lumber. Pop. 106S. Gumoorjeena, Gumurjina, or Ghumourdjina, gum-ooR-jee'ni, written also Ghumurdjina, Komuld- sina, or Kemouldjina, a town of European Turkey, in Roumelia, near the ^gean Sea, 80 miles S.W. of Adriano- ple. Pop. 8000 (?). Gumpoldskirchen, goom'polts-keeRK*?n, a town of Austria, 10 miles by rail S.S.W. of Vienna. Pop. 2103. Gum Pond, a post-office of Lawrence co., Ala. Gumri, a town of Russia. See Alexandkopol. Gum Ridge, a post-office of Jefferson co., Miss. Gum Spring, a post-hamlet of Blount co., Ala., 5 miles W. of Blountsville. Glim Spring, Loudoun co., Va. Sec Arcola. Gum Spring, a post-office of Louisa co., Va. Gum Springs, a post-office of Dorsey co.. Ark. Gum Stump, a station on the Bellefonte & Snow Shoe Railroad, 14 miles S.E. of Snow Shoe City, Pa. Gum Sul'phur, a post-hamlet of Rock Castle co., Ky., on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of Crab Orchard. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Here is a mineral spring. Gumsur, a town of India. See Goomsur. Gum Swamp, a post-office of Marion co., S.C. Gumti, a river of India. See Goomty. Gumtown, Lee co., Mississippi. See Guntows. Gum Tree, a post-village of Chester co.. Pa., in High- land township, 37 miles W. of Philadelphia, and a station on the Pennsylvania & Delaware Railroad. It has a church. Gumurjina, a town of Turkey. See Gumoorjeena. Gunabad, a town of Persia. See Goonabad. Gun City, or Gum City, a post-hamlot of Cass co.. Mo., on the Missouri, Kansas &, Texas Railroad, 54 miles W. of Sedalia. Gundam uck, giinMi-muk', a walled village of Afghan- istan, 28 miles W. of Jelalabad. Gundava, gtin-di'vi, a town of Belooehistan, capital of Cutch Gundava, 115 miles S.E. of Kelat. Gnndava Pass, in Belooehistan. See Moola Pass. Gundcllingen, goon'd§l-flng\n, a town of Bavaria, in Swabia, on the Brenz, 27 miles N.W. of Augsburg. P. 2003. Gundcrnhausen, goon'dijrn-how^z^n, a village of Germany, in Hesse, province of Starkenburg. Pop. 868. Gnnilhara, a town of India. See Candhau. Gundischweil, Switzerland. See Gostknsweil. Gun'drum,apost-officc and station of Pulaski oo., Ind., on the railroad between Chicago and Logansport, 83 miles S.E. of the former city. Here is a church. Gun'duck', or Gandak, giin'duk', a river of India, rises in the Himalaya, traverses Nepaul and Bengal, and reaches the Ganges at Patna, after a S.S.E. course of 400 miles. Its upper course is swift and turbulent, but its lower portion is very serviceable for irrigation and boat- traffic ; but it mainly flows in a flat country, and, although extensively diked, it loses much of its volume in the innu- merable spill-channels which issue from it. The Little Gundcck flows parallel to the above, but eastward of it, and joins the Ganges opposite Monghir. It is very important as a channel of commerce. Gundwana, or Gondwana, gund-w4'na, a former country of India, in the Deecan, now mostly in the Centr.al Provinces. It was named from the Gonds (Gands or Goands), its dominant race, a rude and simple people, Dravidians in blood and language. Their religious belief is mostly of the simplest kind, but some are of the Hindoo faith. The old monarchs of Gundwana ruled with much magnificence, and constructed many splendid public works, but the bulk of the people seem to have been always de- graded. The Gonds are often incorrectly confounded with the Khonds. Their number is placed at 1,374,578. Gunga, the Hindoo name of the Ganges. Gunga Bal, gQn'ga hi\, a small lake of Cashmere, on the Haramuck Mountain. Lat. 34° 25' N. ; Ion. 74° 39' B. Gun'goh, a town of India, in the Meerut division, dis- trict and 25 miles N.E. of Seharunpoor. Pop. 10,899. Gunieh, a town of Turkey. See Goonieh. Gun Key, a narrow ridge of coral on the western edge of the Great Bahama Bank. On its southern point is a light, which revolves once a minute. Lat. 25° 34' 30" N. ; Ion. 79° 18' 24" W. Gun Marsh, a post-office of Allegan co., Mich. Qun'nell, a post-office of Saline co., Mo. Gun'ning Cove, a post-village in Shelburne co.. Nova Scotia, on the sea-coast, 9 miles from Shelburne. Pop. 160. Gun'nison, a county in the W. part of Colorado, is drained by the Grand, Gunnison, Dolores, and Uncom- pahgre Rivers. The surface is mountainous. This county comprises many peaks of the Elk Mountains, culminating in Castle Peak, 14,115 feet high. Gr.anite abounds here. Capital, Gunnison. Gunnison, a post-village, capital of Gunnison co., Col., on a river of the same name. Gunnison, a post-village of San Pete co., Utah, about 20 miles S. by W. of Manti. Gunnison River, Colorado, rises on the W. slope of the Sawatch Piange, very near Italian Peak. It runs west- ward and northwestward in Lake co., and unites with the Grand River in lat. 39° 4' N., Ion. 108° 33' W. Its length is estimated at 200 miles. It flows in several canons, one of which is about 50 miles long and 2500 feet deep. The walls of this canon are granitic. Gunnum, giin'niim, an island at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, about 4 miles long and 1 mile broad. Gunong-Api, an island. See Goonong-Aper. Gunong-Benko, goo^nong'-bSn'ko, and Gunong- Dempo, goo^nong'-dSm'po, the names of two mountains of Sumatra. Gunong-Tella, Celebes. See Goonong-Tella. Gun'plain', a township of Allegan co., Mich. Pop. 2466. It contains Plainwell. Gun'powder Creek, of Caldwell co., N.C., flows into the Catawba River. Gun'ijowder River, Maryland, rises near the northern boundary of the state. It runs southward and southeast- ward through Baltimore co., and enters Chesapeake Bay about 15 miles N.E. of Baltimore. The Little Gunpowder River forms the boundary between Baltimore and Harford COS., and enters the Gunpowder River about 5 miles from its mouth. Giins, gUns (Hun. Koazcgh, kiis'sSg'), a town of Hun- gary, CO. of Eisenburg, on the Giins River, 19 miles S.S.W. of Lake Neusiedl. It is enclosed by walls, and has an an- cient castle and a gymnasium. Pop. 6915. Gun's Island lies off the E. coast of Ireland, in Ulster, CO. of Down, 2i miles N.E. of Ardglass. Giinstiidt, giin'st^tt, a village of Prussia, province of Saxony, H niil,-s \\ . by S. of Erfurt. Pop. 1302. Gnns'lon, n |iost-offico of Fairfax co., Va. Guutersbliiiu, goon't^rs-bloom^ a town of Germany, in Hesse, 12 miles N. of Worms. Pop. 1951. Guntersdort', goon't?rs-doRf\ a town of Austria, 24 miles N. by W. of Korneuburg. Pop. 1344. Guntershanscn, goon't?rs-h5w^z(;n, a village of Prus- sia, in Hesse-Nassau, at a railway junction, 10 miles S. by W. of Cassel. Pop. 261. GUN 927 GUT Guu'tersville, a post-village, capital of Marshall co., Ala., on the S. bank of the Tennessee River, about 33 miles S.E. of Huntsville. Steamboats navigate the river above and below this place. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, and a high school. Pop. 244:. Gunthersfeld, g66n't§rs-f^lt^, a village of Germany, in Schwarzburg-Sondorshausen, 2-i miles S.E. of Gotha. GuiiUoor', or Gaiitur, gun-toor', a town of India, capital of Guntoor district. Lat. 16° 21' N. ; Ion. 80° 31' E. Guntoor, or Gautur, a district of India, Madras presidency, bordering on the Bay of Bengal, and having on the N. the river Kistnah. Area, 4960 square miles. It is low and sandy, except in the W., but has a productive soil. Capital, Guntoor. Pop. 570,089. Gun'town, a post-village of Lee co., Miss., on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 37 miles S. of Corinth. It has a church, a drug-store, and S general stores. Pop. 240. Guntramsdorf) goon'trims-doRf, a town of Austria, on the Schwiichat, IS miles by rail S. of Vienna. Pop. 2441. Giinzburgj gUnts'booRG, a town of Bavaria, 30 miles by rail W.N.W. of Augsburg, on the Danube, here crossed by a bridge and joined by the Giinz. It is walled, and hns a fine castle, a grammar-school, and a seminary. Pop. 3803. Giinzburg, or O'ber-Giinzburg, a village of Bava- ria, 42 miles S.S.W, of Augsburg. Pop. 1327. Gunzenhausen, go6nts'en-how^zen,a town of Bava- ria, on the Altmiihl, at a railway junction, 37 miles S.S.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 3424. Gura, goo'rd., a town of Africa, colony of the Gold Coast, on the Gura River, 75 miles W.N.W. of Cape Coast Castle. Gurage, or Gurague, goo-ri'gi, written also Gu- ragie, a country of Northeast Africa, in Abyssinia, S. of Shoa, to which it is tributary, in lat. about 8° N., Ion. 39° E. It contains the large lake Zooai. Gurdau Dewar, giir-din' dA-wan', a village of Af- ghanistan, near the source of the Helmund, in lat. 33° 32' N., Ion. 69° 12' E. Elevation, 10,076 feet. Gurdaspur, a province of India. See Goordaspoor. GurdaUf gooa'dow, or Kurdau, kooR'dow, a village of Moravia, circle of Briinn. Pop. 960. Gurdoii, or Garudun, Thibet. See Garoo. Gur'don^ a post-hamlet of Clark co.. Ark., on the rail- road from Little Rock to Texarkana, 15 miles S.W. of Ark- adelphia. Gurdschistan, or Gurjistau, Asia. See Georgia. Gurdschy, goord'shee'' or giird'shee, a village of Asia, khanat and 65 miles N.N.E. of Khiva. Gurein, goo'rine (Moravian, Kiirzin, koor'zeen), a town of Moravia, 9 miles N. of Brunn. Pop. 1250. Gurgaii, Persia. See Goorgaun. Gurguea, a river of Brazil. See GoROGTrEA. Gurha, or Garha^gur'hi, written also Gurrah, gur^- ri, a town of India, district and 5 miles by rail W. of Jub- bulpoor. Pop. 5580. Gurhwal, Gurwal, Garhwal, giiRHvil', or Tehri, tehVee', a native state of India, in the Himalaya, traversed by the head-streams of the Ganges, which river bounds it on the S.E., the district of Dehra Doon bounding it on the S. Area, 4180 square miles. Snow abounds in winter, and the climate is so varied that both tropical products and the crops of temperate regions are produced. It is subject to a rajah who is under British direction. Pop. about 150,000. Gurhwal, Gurwhal, or British Gurhwa], a dis- trict of the Kumaon division, North-West Provinces, India, adjoining the state of Gurhwal on the S.E. Area, 5500 square miles. Capital, Serinagur. Pop. 310,282. Guria, or Guriel, Asia. See Gooriel. Guriev, or Gurjew, Russia. See Gooriev. Gurk, goonk, the name of t^vo rivers of Austria, one joining the Drave 10 miles E. of Kla,genfurth, after a course of 65 miles, and the other joining the Save 22 miles N.E. of Neustadtl, after a course of 50 miles. Gurkj a village of Carinthia, on a river of the same name, 49 miles N. of Laybach. Pop. 577. It gives name to a Catholic bishop's see. Gurkfeld, goonk'f^lt, or Kersko, k^H'sko (ane. No- modunum?), a town of Carniola, on the Save, 18 miles N.E. of Neustadtl. Pop. 700. Gurlaii, gurMin' or goor-lin', a town of Asia, khanat and 36 miles N.N.E. of Khiva. Gur'leysviUe, a post-hamlet of Madison co., Ala., on the Memphis & Charleston Railroad, 17 miles E. of Hunts- ville. It has a church. Gur'Ieyville, a post-village of Tolland co.. Conn., in Mansfield township, 7i miles N. of WilUmanticj It has a church and 2 silk-mills. Gurmuktesar^ India. See Ghurmooktesur. Gur^iiee', a post-hamlet of Lakeco., 111., on the Chicago, Milwaukee en, hS-d'm^rs-li^'b^n, a town of Prussian Saxony, 18 miles by rail S.AV. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1032. Hadol, ha^dol', a village of France, in Vosges, 6 miles S. of Epinal. Pop. 2457. Hadramaut, or Hadramaout, hi-dr5,-m6wt' (pro- nounced by the Arabs h^-drd.-m^-oot'), a country of Arabia, extending along its S.E. coast from Oman to Yemen, with which it constituted the ancient Arabia Felix. The coast is lined by mountains 5000 feet high. The inhabitants (Hadargmi, hi-di-r^m'ee) still retain many traces of their ancient civilization. Hadramaut exports to India frankin- cense, myrrh, aloes, and dragons'-blood; to Yemen, carpets, silk shawls, linen, and girdle-knives. The people are of several tribes, governed by chiefs. Hadres, hi'drSs, a village of Lower Austria, on the Pulkan, on the frontiers of Moravia. Pop. 1758. Hadria, an ancient name of Adria, and of Atri, Hadriaiiopolis, the ancient name of Adrianople. Hadrianopolis, the ancient name of Boli. Hadriaticum Mare, See Adriatic. Hadschin, hdd'sheen\, a town of Asiatic Turkey, vila- yet and 80 miles N.E. of Adana. Haeght, hi\Kt, a village of Belgium, in North Brabant, on the Mechlin-Louvain Railwa}^ 16 miles N.E. of Brus- sels. Pop. 2300. Haelen, h§,'len, a village of Belgium, in Limbourg, H miles W. of Hasselt. Pop. 2400, Haeltert, harteRt,a village of Belgium, in East Flan- ders, 19 miles E. of Audenarde. Pop. 3300. Haemstede, Netherlands. See Haahstede. Hsemus, the ancient name of the Balkans. Haeren, a village of the Netherlands. See Haaren. Haeringhe, ha'ring-gheh, a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 12 miles N.W*. of Ypres. Pop. 2100. Haerlebeke, or Haarlebeke, h5,R'l?h-bi^keh, a town of Belgium, in West Flanders, on the Lys, 3 miles by rail N.E. of Courtrai. Pop. 4700. It was formerly an im- portant fortress, and suffered many vicissitudes in the ninth and tenth centuries. Haerlem, a city of the Netherlands. See Haarlem. Haerlemmer Meer. See Haarlem Lake. Haesdonck, h^s'donk, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 25 miles E.N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2400. IliE 9, Haetera, the supposed ancient name of Zujar. Hatifar, hif ^faR', an ancient canal in Persiaj connecting the Karoon River with the Shat-el-Arab. On both sides of it stands the town of Mohammerah. Haffeer, or Haffir, haf^feer', a village of Nubia, on the left bank of the Nile, 4G miles N. of New Dongola. It has a factory for indigo. Haff-Stettin, Germany. See Stettiner-Haff. Hafnarftord, haf nan-fe-ond' (Dan. Havnfjord, howo'fe-ORd^), a village of Iceland, on a fiord of the same name, in the S. of the island, S.S.E. of Reikiavik. Its harbor is one of the best in Iceland. Hafnerzell, ha.f'ner-tsSir, or Obernzell, o'bern- ts^ir, a village of Bavaria, on the Danube, 8 miles E. of Passau. Pop. 1473. Hafiiia, the Latin name of Copenhagen. Hafsloe, h3-fs'lo^^h, a village of Norway, S8 miles N.E. of Bergen. Pop. 2200. Ha'gaman's (or Ha'geman's) Mills, a post- village o'f Montgomery co., N.Y., on the Mohawk River, 4 milos from Amsterdam. It has 2 churches and a manufactory of knit goods. Pop. 250. Ha'gan, a post-office of Chippewa co., Minn. Ha'gansport, a post-office of Franklin co., Tex. Ha'gar, a post-office of Berrien co., Mich., in Hagir township, on the Chicago &, Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, 4 miles N. of Benton Harbor. The township is bounded on the "W. by Lake Michigan, Pop. 823. HagarstoAVn, Illinois. See Hagerstown. Hage, Netherlands. Sec Hague, The. Hage, hi'gheh, a village of Prussia, in Hanover, 13 miles N.W. of Aurieh. Pop. 868. Hagedorn's (hag'e-dornz) Mills, a post-hamlet of Saratoga co., N.Y., about 16 miles "W. of Saratoga Springs. It has a church, and grist-, saw-, and woollen-mills. Hagelberg, h^'ghel-beRG\ a village of Prussia, prov- ince of Brandenburg, 22 miles S.W. of Potsdam. Here the allies defeated the Erench, August 27, 1813. Hageinan, ha'ghe-man, a post-office of Porter co., Ind. Hagen, hft'ghen, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, on a railway, 26 miles W. of Arnsberg, on the Volme. Pop. 24,335, who manufacture iron-ware, woollen cloth, paper, and leather. Near it is the spa of Eppenhausen. Hageuau, a town of Germany. See Haguexau. Magenburg, hS,'ghen-bo6RG\ a town in Schauraburg- Lippe, near the S. shore of Lake Steinhude. Pop. 1175. JHagenmeister (hd,'ghen-mi'ster) Island, off the coast of Alaska, near lat. 59° N., Ion.' 160° 23' W. Hagenow, hS,'gheh-nov\ a town of Germany, in Meck- lenburg-Schwerin, on the Hamburg & Berlin Railway, 17 miles S.W. of Schwerin. Pop. 3748. Ha'ger's Grove, a post-hamlet of Shelby co., Mo., on the North Fork of Salt River, 7 miles N. of Clarence. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Pop. 50. Ha'gerstoAVn, or Ha'garstown, a post-hamlet of Fayette co., 111., on the St. Louis, Vandalia k Terre Haute Railroad, 4 miles W. of Vandalia. It has a church. Hagerstown, a post-village of Wayne co., Ind., in Jefferson township, on a branch of the Whitewater River, and on the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroad, at the N. terminus of the Cincinnati &. AYhitewater Valley Railroad, 7 miles N. of Cambridge City, and 16 miles W.N. W. of Richmond. It has a town hall, 3 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, an academy, 2 flour-mills, 2 carriage-fac- tories, and 2 grain-elevators. Pop. 830. HagerstOAvn, a city, the capital of Washington co., Md., on the W. bank of Antietam Creek, and on the Cum- berland Valley Railroad, 22 miles S. of Charabersburg, Pa., 22 miles N.W. of Frederick, and 84 miles AV.N.W. of Balti- more, with which it is connected by the Western Maryland Railroad. It is also the N. terminus of the Washington County Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. It has a court-house, a national bank, 1 other bank, 12 churches, an academy, a seminary for ladies, several machine-shops, flour-mills, carriage-shops, and manufactures of brioks, pottery, leather, &o. One daily and 3 weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 5779. Hagerstown, a hamlet of Salem co., N.J., 3 miles S. of Salem. Hagerstown, Ohio. See New Hagerstown. Hagersville, ha'gh§rz-vil, a post-village of Bucks co., Pa., 2\ miles from Perkasie Station, and about 34 miles N. of Philadelphia. It has 2 general stores and a church. Hagersville, ha'gh§rz-vil, a post-village in Haldi- mand co., Ontario, at the junction of the Canada Southern and Hamilton A Lake Erie Rnihvays, 10 miles W. of Cayuga. It has an iron-foundry, a grist-mill, and 7 or 8 stores. I HAG Hagetmau, ha.^zhi^mo', a town of France, in Landes, 7 miles S. of Saint-Sever. Pop. 1797. Hag'gerstone, a high rocky island on the N.E. coast of Australia. Lat. 12° 1' 40" S.j Ion. 143° 12' E. Near it is Sir Everard Home's group. Hag'gett's, a station in Andover township, Essex co,, Mass., on the Lowell &, Lawrence Railroad, 5 miles S.W. of Lawrence. Here is Haggett's Pond, a picnic resort. Hag'ginsville, a post-office of Sacramento co., Cal. Hagglingen, hig'gling-§n, a village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, about 5 miles from Bremgarten. The war called the Kapellerkrieg was terminated by a peace made here in 1531. Pop. 1546. Haggs, a village of Scotland, co. and 8 miles S. of Stirling. Pop. 534. Hagia, hd.'ghe-5, (?.e., in Gi'eek, "Saint"), the name of several small villages of Greece. Hagia, hi'ghe-a,, a town of European Turkey, in Thes- saly, 13 miles E. of Larissa. Pop. 4800. Hagia Deka, hi'ghe-^ di'k^, a town of Crete, near the ruins of ancient Gortynia, 20 miles S.S.W. of Candia. Hag'insville, a post-office of Bullock eo., Ga. Hagion Oros, a mountain of Greece. See Athos. Hagiostrati, hd'ghe-os-tr3,Uee, or Stratia, stv^'- tee-S, (anc. Ne'sc), an Island in the Grecian Archipelago, belonging to Turkey, 20 miles SAY. of Lemnos, with a village of the same name on its W. coast. Hag'lerville, a post-office of Henry co., Tenn. Hagley, Illinois. See Newmansville. Hague, haig. The (Dutch, 'S Gravenliaag, s'gri'ven- hi\G\ or 'S Gravenhage, s'griL'ven-hfL^cheh, Den Eaag, dSn hfiGj Ger. Haag, h%G; Fr. La Haye.M. hi; It. Aja, S-'yi), a town of the Netherlands, capital of the province of South Holland, and the usual residence of the court and of the states-general, on a branch of the Leyden & Rotterdam Canal, 4 miles from the North Sea, 14 miles N.W. of Rot- terdam, and 33 miles S.W. of Amsterdam, with which cities it also communicates by railways. Lat. 52° 4' 20" N. ; Ion. 4° IS' 40" B. Pop. in 1863, 84,615; in 1876,104,095. Mean temperature of the year, 52° Fahr. ; winter, 38.2°; summer, 05.5°. It is enclosed by a moat crossed by draw- bridges, and many of its streets are intersected by canals, bordered with rows of trees. All the principal edifices are in the Vyverberg, or great square of its N. or fashionable quarter. The national museum comprises collections of Chinese and Japanese curiosities and of Dutch national relics, with a rich gallery of Dutch paintings. The palace of the Prince of Orange has also a good collection of Dutch paintings. The king's palace is a plain edifice of Grecian architecture. The Binnenhof, appropriated to the states assembly and the chief government offices, comprises a por- tion of the residence of the ancient counts of Holland. The town has an orphan asylum, prisons, numerous schools, and a theatre. The royal library contains 100,000 volumes, and here are many learned associations and private gal- leries of art. Some printing and manufactures are carried on. A fine road, called the Voorhout, leads N. to the Bosch, a wooded park with a suburban royal seat; and \\ miles S.E. of the Hague stood the castle of Ryswick, memorable for the treaty signed there in 1697. A bronze statue of William, Prince of Orange, was erected in 1848. 'S Gravcnhaag signifies literally "the count's hedge, grove, or wood," and appears to have owed its origin to a hunting-seat of the counts of Holland, situated in a wood. This, however, became a palace as early as 1250, and around it many other houses were soon erected. But it has risen into importance chiefly since the beginning of the present century, and mainly through being made the residence of the court and the foreign ministers and the scat of the states-general and the government. Hague, haig, a post-township of Warren co., N.Y., bounded on the W. by Lake George. It presents beautiful scenery, and has iron-mines. Pop. 681. Hague, a post-hamlet of McLennan co., Tex., 7 miles from Waco. It has 2 churches. Hague, a post-hamlet of Westmoreland co., Va., about 65 miles N.E. of Richmond. Haguenau, highio' or ig^no', written also Hagonau, h.\'gh?h-nowS a fortified town of Germany, in Alssu-c (for- merly belonging to France), on the Moder. 16 miles N. of Strasburg. It was originally fortified by tho Emperor Fred- erick Barbarossa in the twelfth century, ami h:\s a I'hurch of that period, a synagogue, oivil and military hospitnls. a female penitentiary, hemp- and cotton-yarn-, madder-, and oil-mills, manufactories of woollen and cotton fabrics, earth- enware, and soap, breweries, and metal-foundries. Pop. 11,386. IIAH 933 HxVJ Ha Ha Bay^ Quebec. See Grand Bay. Hahi'ra, a post-office of Lowndes co., Ga. Hahnamau, h^n'a-man, a township of Whitesides co., 111. Pop. 624. It contains Deer Grove, and includes a part of the Winnebago Swamp. Hahn's (hinz) Peak, a post-office and mining-camp of lioutt CO., Col., 18 miles from Steamboat Springs. Gold is mined here. Hahuville, hin'vil, a village of St. Charles parish, La., 1 mile from Hahnville Railroad Station, and 2 miles "W. of St. Charles. It has 2 churches and a newspaper office. Haiatpoor, hi^at-poor', a town of Bengal, district and 25 miles N.W. of Maldah, on the Ganges, at the junction of the Kalindri. It is the seat of a large trade. Haibak, an Afghan town. See Heibuk. Haid, hid, a village of Bohemia, circle and 22 miles S. of Eudweis. Pop. 750. Haid, Hayd, hid, or Hayde, hi'd^h, a town of Bo- hemia, 25 miles W. of Pilsen. Pop. 16S0. Haida, Heida, hi'd^, or Haide, hi'd^h, a town of Bohemia, 24 miles N.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 2069. It has manufactures of glass and crystals. Haidee, hi'dee, a post-office of Wayne co., Pa. Haidhausen, hid'how^zen, a village of Upper Bava- ria, on the Isar, immediately opposite Munich, of which it forms a suburb. Pop. 3700. Haiduck (hi'dook) (H^duk, or Heyduke) Dis- trict, called also Haiducken, Hayduckeu, or Haj- ducken (hi'dook-en) District, a district or county of E. Central Hungary, comprising the so-called Haiduck towns of Bbszormeny, Debreczin, Dorogh, Hadhaz, Nanas, Szoboszio, and Vamos-Percs. The people (Haiducks) long had peculiar privileges. Area, 1289 square miles. Pop. 163,742. Hai-Dzuoug, hi-dzoo^ong', a fortified town of Anam, in Tonquin, capital of a province. Pop. 30,000. Haifa, hi'fa, written also Kaifia, or Caitfa, kif'fa, a town of Palestine, on the Bay of Acre. Lat. 32° 49' 12" N. ; Ion. 35°' 1' E. It has a Koman Catholic and a Greek church, a mosque, and several small synagogues. Pop. 4000. One mile W. of Haifa, and at the foot of Mt. Carmel, stands a German-American mission colony, with a good school, 60 stone dwellings, a grist-mill, and manufac- tories of soap and olive-wood wares. Pop. of colony, 330. Hai-Fon^, or Hai-Phong, hrfong', a town and open port of Anam, in Tonquin, near the mouth of an arm of the Tonquin Biver. Lat. 20° 53' N. ; Ion. 106° 45' E. It has a French garrison and a large trade by sea. Ships drawing 20 feet can reach it. Hai-Foong, or Hai-Fung, hiToong', a town of China, province of Shan-Toong, near the confines of Pe- Chee-Lee. Lat. 37° 50' N.; Ion. 117° 44' E. Hai-Foong, or Hai-Fung, a town of China, prov- ince of Quang-Tong, 82 miles E. of Canton. Lat. 23° 7' N.; Ion. 115° 20' E. Haiger, hl'gh^r, a village of Prussia, 34 miles N.E. of Nassau, on the Dille. Pop. 1417. Haigerloch, hi'gher-loK\ a village of Prussia, in HohenzoUern, 8 miles W. of Hechingen. Pop. 1155. Hai-Keoo-So, or Hai-Kheon-So, hrke-oo^so', a maritime town of the island of Hainan, in the China Sea, on the N. coast of the island, and the chief mart of its trade, on a peninsula, 3 miles N. of its capital city, Kiong-Choo. Hai-Lam, an island of China. See Hainan. Hailesborough, balz'bur-ruh, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., N.Y., in Fowler township, on the Oswegat- chie River, 2^ miles S.E. of Gouverneur. It has water- power, a flour-mill, a woollen-mill, a tannery, a graded school, and a church. Pop. 177. Hailsham, hilz'ham, a town of England, co. of Sus- sex, on a railway, 11 miles E.S.E. of Lewes. Pop. of parish, 2429. HaiI'ville, a post-office of Houston co., Tex. Haimburg, a town of Austria. See Hainburg. Hain, a town of Saxony. See Grossenhain. Haiua, hi'ni, or Jaina, ni'nS,, a river and bay of Hayti : the river, after a southward course of 38 miles, enters the bay 12 miles S.W. of Santo Domingo, and on the E. side of the bay is a village of the same name. Haina, hi'ni, a village of Hesse-Nassau, with a lunatic asylum in the rich abbey of Cistercians. Hainan, hi^nin' (Chinese, Hai-Lam, hiM&m', "south of the sea"), a large island belonging to China, province of Quang-Tong, between lat. 18° 10' and 20° N. and Ion. 108° 25' and 111° E., and separating the Gulf of Tonquin from the China Sea. Estimated area, 12,000 square miles. Pop. probably comprises 1,000,000 Chinese, exclusive of wild tribes in the interior. Some of the mountains in its centre rise above the snow-line. It has some pretty large rivers. The coasts are generally rocky, but the W. is low, and the S. has several good harbors. Soil not very fertile ; timber is a principal product, and is sent to Anam, Siam, and Singapore ; other exports are rice, sugar, wax, pearls, coral, salt, and a little gold and silver. It is subdivided into 13 districts. Kiong-Choo, the capital, is a populous city on its N. coast ; other principal towns are Hush-Eon, Hai-Keoo-So, and Lok-Hoi. Hainan, a town of Prussia. See Haynatj. Hainauit, hd^no', a former forest of England, co. of Essex, lying to the E. of Epping Forest, and N.W. of Bom ford. Hainant, or Hainauit, hi^no' (Dutch, Nennegowen, hfin'neh-go''wen J Ger. Heimegau, hen'neh-gow^), a frontier province of Belgium, bounded W. and S. by France. Area, 1437 square miles. Pop. 956,354. Surface generally level j hilly in the S.E. It is traversed by the Sambre, Scheldt, Lender, and Haine Rivers, and by several canals. Princi- pal towns, Mons, Tournay, and Charleroi. Hainant, or Hainauit, hi^nO', an ancient province, now forming part of the N.E. of France and S.W, of Bel- gium. In the time of Cfesar it was inhabited by the Nei-viij and not until the seventh century did it take the name of Hainaut. A part was ceded to the French in 1659 and 1678, and is now included in the department of Nord. Hainburg, hm'booRC, or Haimburg, hlm'booRG, a town of Lower Austria, on the Danube, 27 miles by rail E.S.E. of Vienna. Pop. 4178. It has an important to- bacco-factory, the largest in Austria. Haindorf, hin'doRf, a village of Bohemia, 8 miles from Friedland, at the foot of the Isergebirge. Pop. 1358. Haine, bin, a river of Belgium, after a W. course of 40 miles joins the Scheldt in France, opposite Conde. Haines, hanz, a station on the Columbia &, Port De- posit Railroad, 11 miles N.W. of Port Deposit, Md. Haines, a township of Centre co.. Pa. Pop. 1354. It contains Aaronsburg. Haine-Saint-Pierre, hin-E3,N°-pe-aiR', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 12 miles W. of Charleroi. Pop. 2000. Hainesburg, hanz'biirg, a post-village of Warren co., N.J., in Knowlton township, on the Paulins Kiver, and on the Blairstown Railroad, 10 miles N. of Belvidere. It has a church, a cot ton- factory, and a carriage-shop. Haines (hanz) Creek, Burlington co., N.J., enters the S. branch of Rancocas Creek, above Lumberton. Hainesport, hanz'port, a post-village of Burlington CO., N.J., on Rancocas Creek, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1 mile W. of Mount Holly. It has a church, and a manufactory of cast-iron sinks and pipes. P. about 200. Hainesville, hanz'vil, a post-village of Lake co., lU., in Avon township, 12 miles W. of Waukegan. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 200. See also Prettvman. Hainesville, a post-village of Clinton co.. Mo., about 36 miles N.N.E. of Kansas City, and 12 miles S.E. of Platts- burg. It was formerly more populous than at present. Pop. 248. Hainesville, a post-village of Sussex co., N.J., 9 miles S.S.W. of Port Jervis, N.Y. It has a church. Hainesville, a hamlet of Berkeley co., W. Va., ^ mile W. of Bedington. Hainesville, a post-office of Hampshire co., W. Va. Hainewalde, hi'neh-Mrdeh, a village of Saxony, near Zittau. Pop. 2677, mostly weavers. Hainichcn, hi'niK-en, a town of Saxony, 40 miles by rail S.E. of LeijDsic. It has manufactures of cotton goods, linens, flannel, &c., also coal-mines. Pop. 8331. Hainspach, hin'spiK, a town of Bohemia, 37 miles N. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 2660. Hain-zur-Dreieich, bine-tsooR-dri'iK, or Drei- eiclienhain, dri-iK'en-hine\ a walled town of Hesse, province of Starkenburg, near Offenbach. Pop. 1007. Hai-Phong, a town of Anam. See Hai-Fong. Hair's Val'ley, a post-office of Huntingdon co., Pa. Hairumbo, a country of India. See Caoiiar. Hair'y Bear, a peak of the Black Mountains, in West- ern North Carolina, 6610 feet high. Hai-Tan, hrtS-n', an island of the Strait of Formosa, in the China Sea. Lat. 25° 35' N. ; Ion. 120° E. Haiterbach, hi'ter-baK\ a town of Wiirtemberg, Black Forest, 30 miles S.AV. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1854. Haiti, an island of the West Indies. See Hayti. Hajar, a district of Arabia. See Lahsa. Hajduckeu District, Hungary. See Haiduck. Hajee-Abbassee, or Hadji-Abbassi, hid'jee- ib-bis'see, a village of Asia Minor, on the Bartan, 50 miles W.S.AV. of Kastamoonee. HAJ 934 HAL Hajee-Hamzah,orHadji-Hamza,h3,d'jee-hlm'- z^, a neat country town of Asia Minor, 26 miles E. of Tosia, near the Kizil-Irmak. Hajee-Ogloo-Bazarjeek, or Hadji-Oglou- Bazardjik, hid'jee-og'loo-b^-zar-jeek', also called 13a- zarjeek, Basarjik, or Basardschyk, a town of Bul- garia, 22 miles N. of Varna. Pop. 5000. Heoeepoor, a town of India. See Hadjypoor. Hajiabad, hS,-j3,-ba.d', a small town of Persia, in Ker- man, 40 miles W. of Gombroon, near the centre of the Per- sian Gulf. Pop. from 600 to 700. Hajiabad, a village of Persia, in Irak-Ajemee, near Teheran. Hajilar, orHadjilar, hJ-je-lan', a village of Asia Minor, 40 miles S.W. of Konieh, near the ruins of Isaura. Hajssin, a town of Russia. See Gajssin. Hakary, Hakkari, ha,k-kS,'ree\ or Hakiaria, hi- ke-i-ree'3., a mountain-district of Turkish Koordistan, of which Joolamerk is the capital. Estimated pop. 50,000 families, Nestorian Christians. Hak'ersay', one of the smallest of the Hebrides, Scot- land, between Barra and South Uist. Hakim-Khan, ha'kim-Kan, written also Hakin- Khan, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalio and 65 miles S.E. of Seevas. Pop. about 2000. Hakodadi, hi-ko-di'de, or Hakodate, hj-ko-di'ti, an open seaport town of Japan, at the S.W. extremity of the island of Yesso. Lat. 41° 47' N. ; Ion. 140° 45' E. It has but little foreign commerce, but its climate is very cool and pleasant, and its harbor deep and spacious. P. 14,633. Hal, hil, or Halle, hil'leh, a town of Belgium, in South Brabant, on the Sonne, and on the Charleroi Canal, at a railway junction, 9 miles S.S.W. of Brussels. P. 7716. Hala, a town of India. See Halla. Halabli, a village of Turkey. See Alablee. Halai, ha-li', a village of Abyssinia, state of Tigr^, 120 miles N. of Antalo, on the route to Arkeeko, and 8625 feet above the sea. Pop. 400. Hala (ha'13,) Mountains, an extensive and lofty range in Beloochistan, stretching from N. to S., and termi- nating, in the latter direction, at Cape Monze, in the Ara- bian Sea, lat. 24° 48' N., Ion. 66° 60' E. Two main passes intersect these mountains, — the Bolan and Moola Passes, each aifording a tedious but not very diiSoult access from the plains on the E. to the western highlands. Halas, hoh^losh', a town of Hungary, in Little Cuma- nia, 75 miles S.S.E. of Pesth, on Lake Halasto. It has a gymnasium and manufactures of wine. Pop. 13,127. Halazestat, a town of Austria. See Hallstadt. Halbau, hal'bow, a town of Prussian Silesia, 45 miles N.W. of Liegnitz, and on the railway from Berlin to Bres- lau. Pop. 1090. Halberstadt, hil'ber-statt', a town of Prussian Sax- ony, government and 29 miles S.W. of Magdeburg, at a railway junction. Pop. 27,757. It is built in an antique style, and has a cathedral of the fifteenth century, 12 other churches (10 Protestant and 2 Koman Catholic), a syna- gogue, a handsome mansion-house, formerly a royal palace, a theatre, gymnasium, normal school, 2 large public libra- ries, various private museums and picture-galleries, and manufactures of woollen stuffs, leather, carpets, linen fabrics, gloves, straw hats, starch, tobacco, soap, &c., with large oil- refineries, many breweries, and an active trade. Hal'bert, a township of Martin oo., Ind., bounded N.W. by the East Fork of White River. Pop. 1336. Halbthuru, hilb'tooiin\ a village of Hungary, 24 miles N.E. of Oedenburg. Pop. 2093. Hal'cott, a township of Greene CO., N.Y., with exten- sive mountain-forests. P. 426. It contains Halcott Centre. Halcott Centre, a post-hamlet of Greene co., Jf.Y., in Halcott township, 3 miles N.E. of Griffin's Corners Sta- tion. It has 2 churches and 2 saw-mills. Hal'cottsville, a post-village in Middletown township, Delaware CO., N.Y., on the Ulster & Delaware Railroad, 49 miles W.N.AV. of Kingston. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a woollen-factory. Halcyon (hal'si-ijn) Dale, a post-ofSce of Scriven CO., Ga., on the Central Georgia Railroad, 50 miles N.W. of Savannah. Hald, hdld, a village of Denmark, in Jutland, 5 miles S.S.W. of Viborg, on a small lake of the same name. It has the extensive ruins of a strong castle. HaI'dane, a post-village of Ogle co.. 111., in Lincoln township, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 17 miles S. of Ereeport. It has a church. Haldensleben, hdl'dens-li'b^n, New and Old, two adjacent towns of Prussian Saxony, about 15 miles N.W. of Magdeburg, on the Ohre. Pop. of New Haldensleben, 5847 ; of Old Haldensleben, 2092. Hal'dimand, a county of Ontario, situated near the E. end of Lake Ontario. Area, 357 square miles. It is drained by the Grand River, and traversed by the Grand Trunk, Great AVestern (Air-Line), Canada Southern, and Hamilton & Lake Erie Railways. Capital, Cayuga. i?op. 19,042. Haldimand, villages of Ontario. See Byng and Grafton. HalMon, a village of England, co. of Devon, 4^ miles S.S.W. of Exeter. Haldubary, or Haldabari, h^'da-bi^ree, a town of Bengal, 55 miles N.E. of Purneah. Hale, a county in the W. part of Alabama, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Black Warrior River. The surface is undulating, and ex- tensively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, grass, and pork are the staple products. The Alabama Central Railroad passes along the S. border of this county, which is also intersected by the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad. Capital, Greensborough. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, S5, 71 7,318. Pop. in 1870, 21,792, of whom 21,687 were Americans. Hale, a county of Northwestern Texas, on the Staked Plain. Area, 900 square miles. Hale, a township of Warren co.. 111. Pop. 1212. Hale, a township of Jones co., Iowa. Pop. 988. It is traversed by the river Wapsipinicon. See Hale Village. Hale, a post-olfice of Kossuth co., Iowa. Hale, a post-township of McLeod co., Minn. Pop. 854. Hale, a township of Hardin co., 0. Pop. 1254. It con- tains Ridgeway and Mount Victory, Hale, a post-township of Trempealeau CO., Wis., about 25 miles S.S.E. of Eau Claire. Pop. 1020. Haleb,orHaleb es Shabba, the Arabic for Aleppo. Haleborough, hal'bur-rah, a post-hamlet of Hale CO., Ala., 10 miles N. of Greensborough. It has a mineral spring. Hal'edon, a village of Passaic co., N.J., in Manchester township, 2 miles from Paterson. It has a church, a silk- factory, and 2 stone-quarries. Hale'na, a post-village of Sandusky co., 0., in Jackson and Washington townships, on the Toledo, Tiflin & Eastern Railroad, 25 miles S.E. of Toledo. It has 2 churches. Hale's Bay, a hamlet and landing in Delta co., Mich., on Big Bay de Noquet, Lake Michigan, 30 miles N.E. of Escanaba. Here is Garden Post-Office. Halesborough, halz'bfir-rtih, a post-hamlet of Red River co., Tex., about 20 miles S.E. of Paris. It has a church and a high school. Hale's Corner, a post- village of Milwaukee eo., Wis., in Greenfield township, 10 miles S.W. of Milwaukee. It has a church and a large lime-kiln. Hale's Creek, a post-office of Scioto co., 0., is at Pioneer Station on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 22 miles N.E. of Portsmouth. Hale's Ed'dy, a post-village and station of Delaware CO., N.Y., on the West Branch of the Delaware, here crossed by a bridge, and on the Erie Railroad, 43 miles E.S.E. of Binghamton. It has a saw-mill and a church. Pop. 150. Hale's Ford, a post-office of Franklin co., Va. Hale's JjOca'tion,a tract of land in Carroll co., N.H., in the White Mountain region. Pop. 4. Halesowen, hilz'o'en, a town of England, oo. of Worcester, 7 miles W.S.W. of Birmingham. Pop. 2984. It has a handsome main street, a Norman church, a chapel partly built in the Saxon era, some remains of a large abbey founded in the reign of John, and a grammar-school. Hale's Point, a post-office of Lauderdale co., Tenn., on the Mississippi River, 35 miles W. by S. of Dyersburg. Here is a steamboat-landing. Hale's Sul'phur Spring, a watering-place of Haw- kins CO., Tenn., 5 miles N. of Rogersville. Halesworth, hilz'worth, a market-town and parish of England, co. of Suflblk, on the Blyth, 7 miles S. of Ipswich. It has manufactures of hempen fabrics. Pop. of parish, 2437. Hale Village, a post-hamlet of Jones co., Iowa, in Hale township, on the Sabula, Aekley &, Dakota Railroad, about 50 miles N.N.W. of Davenport. It has a church. Hale'wood, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, 4 miles S. of Presoot. Pop. 1790. Hale Wood, a post-office of Madison oo., N.C. Haley's, ha'liz, a post-office of Marion co., Ala. Haley's, a station in Perry co.. Pa., on the Pennsyl- vania Railroad, main lino, 7 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. Ha'leysburg, a post-offieo of Lunenburg oo., Va. HAL 935 HAL Ha'ley's Mill, a post-office of Christian cc, Ky. Haley's Station, a post-office of Bedford co., Tenn., on the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, 5S miles S. of Nashville. Halfay, Halfai, hilfi', Halfaia, or Halfayeh, hil-fi'§h, a town of Nubia, on the E. bank of the Nile, 15 miles N. of Khartoom. Half breed Creek, of Lee co,, Iowa, flows into the Des Moines River, about 7 miles from its mouth. Half Day, a post-village of Lake co., 111., in Vernon township, on the Des Plaines River, 25 miles N.N.AV. of Chicago. It has a church, 4 stores, and 3 wagon-shops. Half Dome, California, a granite mountain which stands near the E. end of the Yosemite Valley and is sep- arated from the North Dome by the canon of the Tenaya Fork. It is the grandest and loftiest mass of the Yosemite Valley, above which it rises 4737 feet. Its altitude is about SSOO feet above the level of the sea. The face fronting the Tenaya is absolutely vertical for 2000 feet down from the summit, which is said to be inaccessible, '* It is a unique thing in mountain-scenery," says Professor Whitney. " It strikes even the most casual observer as a new revelation in mountain-forms." It appears like the half of a dome- shaped mountain which had been bisected vertically and one half removed. Half Moon, a post-township of Saratoga co., N.Y., about 15 miles N. of Albany, is bounded on the E. by the Hudson River, and on the S. by the Mohawk. It borders on the Erie Canal. It contains a part of Mechanics ville, also villages named Crescent and Middletown. It has 9 churches. Pop. 3188. Half- Moon Post-Office is at Middle- town. Half Moon, a hamlet of Centre co., Pa., in Half Moon township, 3 miles E. of Port Matilda Station. It has a church. Here is Stormstown Post-Office. The township has 3 other churches. Pop. 698. Halfmoon Bay, a post-office of San Mateo co., Cal., on the Pacific Ocean, about 27 miles S. of San Francisco. Half Moon Island, a post-office of Roane co., Tenn. Half Moon Islands, a group in the Malay Archi- pelago. Lat. 9° N. ; Ion. 115° 10' E. Half Moon Keys, some reefs and islands immediately E. of Portland Point, the S. extremity of Jamaica. Half Mouud, a station in Atchison co., Kansas, on the Kansas Central Railroad, 15 miles E. of Holton. Half Bock, a post-hamlet of Mercer co., Mo,, in Med- icine township, 10 miles E. of Mill Grove. It has a church. Half Way, a post-office of Cloud co., Kansas. Half Way, a post-office of Allen co., Ky. Half Way, a post-village of Polk co., Mo., 27 miles N.W. of Marshfield. It has a church. Half Way, a post-office of Onondaga co., N.Y., on the New York Central Railroad, 14 miles AY. of Syracuse. Half Way, a post-hamlet of Fauquier co., Va., 4 miles from The Phiins Station. It has a church and a flour-mill. Half Way Creek, a post-office of La Crosse co., Wis. Halfway Station, Chesterfield co., Va., is on the Richmond &, Petersburg Railroad, 11 miles S. of Richmond. Here is Proctor's Creek Post-Office. Halfweg, hilf'w^G, a small village of the Netherlands, on the railway between Amstei-dam and Haarlem. Hainan, Pacific Ocean. See Onea Halgan. Haliacmon, the ancient name of Indje-Kara-Soo. Haliavola, the Latin name of Gagliavola. Hal'iburton, a post-village in Peterborough co., On- tario, at the head of Lake Kashagawigamog, 19 miles N.E. of Minden. It contains 9 stores. Steamers ply between here and Peterborough. Pop. 150. Halibut (hol'e-but) or Sannagh (sin-nan' or s3,n- nag'), called also Sanak and Sannak, Island, in the North Pacific, near the S.W. extremity of the peninsula of Aliaska. Lat. 51° 27' N. ; Ion. 162° 50' W. Halicarnassus, the ancient name of Boodroom. Halics, the Hungarian name of Gamcia. Haticz, hS.'Utch, or Galitch, gi'liteh, a town of Aus- trian Galicia, on the Dniester, 63 miles S.S.E. of Lemberg. Pop^ 3142. Halifax, hal'§-fax, a parliamentary borough, large man- ufacturing town, and township of England, co. of York, West Riding, on the navigable Calder, and on two railways, 14 miles W.S.W. of Leeds. It is picturesquely situated on a declivity, surrounded by lofty heights, and, with the ex- ception of a few ancient streets, is mostly built of stone. It is well paved and lighted. Chief buildings, the Piece Hall, a vast and handsome stone-built quadrangle, containing warehouses in which the manufacturers keep their cloths for sale ; and the parish church, a fine structure of the fifteenth century, and to which about IS other churches and chapels are subordinate. All Souls' church is one of the handsomest in England. Here are also numerous meeting-houses and schools, several of which are well endowed, a blue-coat hos- pital, founded in 1642, a handsome modern infirmary, a jail, a fine town hall, a large orphanage, almshouses, a peo- ple's park, a theatre, assembly-rooms, public baths, library, literary society's hall, with library and museum, mechanics* institute, and several banks. The woollen-manufacture was introduced here early in the fifteenth century, the abun- dance of water-power being probably the great attraction. Since the use of steam, this manufacture has immensely increased, coal being plentiful in the parish, and the river Calder forming a means of communication with Hull on the one side and Liverpool on the other. The principal staples are carpets, shalloons, camlets, figured vestlngs, moreens, bombaxines, crapes, russets, serges, baizes, coatings, broad and narrow cloths, kerseys, cottons, and silks. Most of the goods are sold in an unfinished state. Halifax sends two members to the House of Commons. The manor was re- markable in the Middle Ages for its strict laws against thieves, and exercised the power of jurisdiction in capital eases so late as the middle of the seventeenth century. Pop. 65,510. Halifax, hal'e-fax, a county in the N. part of North Carolina, has an area of about 740 square miles. It is bounded on the N. and N.E. by the Roanoke River, and on the S. by Fishing River. A large part of the surface is covered with forests. The soil is generally fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, grass, and pork are the staple products. Granite abounds in the western part of this county, and tertiary rocks underlie the eastern part. It is intersected by the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad and the Raleigh & Gaston Railroad. Capital, Halifax. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $5,426,350. Pop. in 1870, 20,408, of whom 20,395 were Americans. Halifax, a county in the S. part of Virginia, bordering on North Carolina, has an area of about SOO square miles. It is bounded on the N. and E. by the Staunton River, in- tersected by the Dan River, and also drained by the Banister and Hycootee Rivers. The surface is extensively covered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. Tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Richmond & Danville Railroad. Capital, Halifax Court-House, sometimes called Banister. Valuation of real and personal estate, §6,785,610. Pop, in 1870, 27,828, of whom 27,810 were Americans. Halifax, a post-hamlet of Plymouth co., Mass., in Halifax township, on the Old Colony Railroad, 9 miles N.W. of Plymouth. Pop. of the township, 568. Halifax, a post-office of Greeley co., Neb. Halifax, a post- village, capital of Halifax co., N.C., on the right bank of the Roanoke River, and on the Wilming- ton & Weldon Railroad, S miles S. of Weldon, and 154 miles N. of Wilmington. It contains a court-house, several churches, and a money-order post-office. Steamboats can ascend the river to this place. Pop. 429. Halifax, a post-borough of Dauphin co., Pa., in Halifax township, on the Susquehanna River, and on the Northern Central Railroad, 20 miles N. by W. of Harrisburg. It haa a bank, a newspaper office, and 3 churches. Pop. 568; of the township, 1905. Halifax, a post-village of Windham co., Vt., in Hali- fax townshi]), 12 miles S.W. of Brattleborough. The town- ship is on the Massachusetts line. It has 3 churches, a tannery, and lumber-mills. Pop. 1029. Halifax, a city and seaport, capital of Nova Scotia, on the S. coast of that peninsula, nearly equidistant from its N.E. and S.W. extremities, in lat. 45° N., Ion. 63° 35' W. It is situated on the W. side of Chebucto Bay, now called Halifax Harbor. The streets are spacious and cross one another at right angles. Many of the houses are of wood, plastered and stuccoed, but many also are built of stone. The city has 24 churches (including a Church of England cathedral and a Roman Catholic cathedral), a large number of school-houses, some of which are elegantly built struc- tures, 6 banks, 2 branch banks and a savings-bank, a city and a county court-house, a jail, a penitentiary, markets, 2 or 3 public halls, 2 large and handsome provincial build- ings, 3 club-houses, 3 colleges, 2 barracks, 3 hospitals (city, military, and naval), a poor's asylum, an asylum for the blind, about 20 hotels, a large number of stores, and manu- factories of iron castings, machinery of every description, agricultural implements, nails, pails, fuse, gunpowder, cord- age, boots and shoes, soap and candles, leather, tobacco, paper, cotton and woollen goods, wooden-ware, Station, a post-village of Lincoln co., Ky., on the KnoxviUe Branch of the Louisville &, Great Southern Railroad, 109 miles S.E. of Louisville. Hall's Har'bor, a post-village in Kings co.. Nova Scotia, on the Bay of Fundy, 12 miles N.N.W. of Kentville. It contains 2 stores. Pop. 150. Hall's Island, one of the Gilbert group, in the Pa- cific, lat. 0° 53' N., Ion. 173° E., 9 miles long from N.E. to S.W., and 6 miles broad. See Hall Island. Hall's Islands, Canada, are at the W. entrance of Frobisher's Strait, in lat. 63° N., Ion. 65° W. Hall's Mill, a post-hamlet of Bartow oo., Ga., on the Western & Atlantic Railroad, 65 miles N. by W. of Atlanta. It has a church. Hall's Mills, a post-office of Marion co., Ala. Hall's Mills, a post-office of Sullivan co., N.Y. Hall's Mills, a post-office of Wilkes co., N.C. Hall's Mills, a post-office of Wetzel co., W. Va. Hallsport, hallz'port, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co., N.Y., in Willing township, 7 miles S.E. of Wellsville (Gen- esee Station). It has 2 saw-mills and a cheese-factory. Hall's Store, a post-office of Powell co., Ky. Hall's Stream forms a part of the boundary between New Hampshire and Canada, and falls into the Connecticut. Hall's Sum'mit, a post-hamlet of Cofley co., Kansas, on the Kansas City, IJurlington & Santa Fe Railroad, 14 miles N.E. of Burlington. Hallstadt, Hallstatt, hS,n'3tto, or Halazestat, ha'14t-si-stitt\ a town of Upper Austria, on the W. shore of the Lake of Hallstadt, 16 miles N.E. of Radstadt, with salt-mines. Pop. 1671. Hallstadt, or Hallstfltt, hiU'stStt, a lake of Upper Austria, is about 6 miles long, and is remarkable for the wild and gloomy character of its scenery. Hallstadt, a village of Bavaria, on the Main, 3 miles N.W. of Bamberg. Pop. 1929. Hall's VaI'ley, a post-office of Morgan co., 0., 4 miles W. of McConnellville. Here is a well of inflammable gas. Hallsville, hallz'vil, a post-hamlet of De Witt co.. 111., on the railroad between Clinton and Lincoln, 6 or 7 miles W. of Clinton. Hallsville, a post-office of Perry co., Ky. Hallsville, a post-hamlet of Boone co.. Mo., near the Columbia Branch of the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 9 miles S.S.W. of Centralia. Its station, J of a mile distant, is called Hickman. Pop. 25. Hallsville, a post-hamlet of Montgomery CO., N.Y., 4 miles W. of Fort Plain. Hallsville, a post-hamlet of Duplin co., N.C, on Go- shen Creek, about 50 miles N. by E. of Wilmington. It has 2 churches. Pop. of Hallsville township, 381. Hallsville, a post-village of Ross co., 0., in Colerain township, about 12 miles N.E. of Chillicothe. It has a church and 2 general stores. Hallsville, a township of Chester co., S.C. Pop. 1416. Hallsville, a post-village of Harrison co., Tex.,on the Texas & Pacific Railroad, 14 miles W. of Marshall, and 9 miles E. of Longview. It has 3 churches, a masonic in- stitute, a carriage-factory, a grist-mill, and a brick-yard. Hall Town, a post-office of Saline co.. 111. Hall'tovvn, a post-village of Jefferson co., W. Va., on the Shenandoah River, and on the Valley Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Harper's Ferry. It has a church and a paper-mill. Hallue, hiriii', or Qu6rieux,kiVee-uh', a small river of France, in Somme, a tributary of the river Somme, which it joins from the N. below Corbie. It gives name to -the battle of Dec. 23, 1870, between the French and Germans. Halluin, h^riii^^N^', a town of France, in Nord, on the right bank of the Lys, 10 miles N.N.E. of Lille. It has cotton-factories and flour-mills. Pop. 8584. Hallum, hil'lum, or Hallun, hil'lfin, a village of the Netherlands, province of Friesland, 7 miles N. of Leeu- warden. Pop. 2511. Hall VaI'ley, a post-office and mining-camp of Park CO., Col., 34 miles N.E. of Fair Play. It has reduction-works for silver. HalI'ville, a station in Sweetwater co., Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, and on Bitter Creek, 40 miles E. of Green River City. Here good coal is found. Eleva- tion, 6590 feet. Hallwyl, h£lll'*il, or Hallweil, hill'wile, a lake of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, is an expansion of the river Aa, 5 miles in length by 1 mile in breadth. The castle and village of Hallwyl are near its N. extremity. Halmahera, an island. See Gilolo. Halmi, hil'moe, a town of Hungary, co. of and near Beregb. Pop. 800. Halmstad, hllm'stid, or Halland, hil'llnd, a lajn of Sweden, h.aving W. the Cattegat. Area, 1893 square miles. Pop. 133,988. Halmstad, a seaport town of Sweden, capital of a la3n, on Laholm Bay, an arm of the Cattegat, 76 miles S.S.E. of Gothenburg. Pop. 7136. Hal one, the ancient name of Alonia. Hals, hils, a town of Denmark, in Jutland, 15 miles E. of Aalborg, at the entrance of the Lym-Fiord. Pop. 600. Halsbriicke, hils'briik-keh, a village of Germany, in Saxony, 18 miles W.S.W. of Dresden. Pop. 1568. Halsdorf, hals'donf, a village of Prussia, in Hesse- Nassau, 37 miles S.W. of Cassel. Pop. 481. Hal'sellville, a post-office of Chester co., S.C. Halsey, h^l'se, a post-village of Linn co., Oregon, on the Oregon & California Railroad, 16 or 17 miles S. of Al- bany. It is in the fertile Willamette Valley. It has 2 churches, 5 warehouses for grain, 4 general stores, 2 drug- stores, and a manufactory of sash and doors, Halsey Valley, a post-hamlet of Tioga co., N.Y., IIAE 938 HAM about 22 miles E. of Elmira. It has 2 churches and a lumber-mill. Pop. 103. Halseyville, hil'se-vil, a hamlet of Tompkins co., N.Y., 1^ miles from Trumansburg. It has a flour-mill. Halstead, hil'st^d, a town of England, in Essex, on the Colne, 25 miles by rail N.N.E. of Chelmsford. It has a church containing several ancient monuments, a handsome grammar-school, a house of correction, and manufactures of satins, crape, iron-ware, and straw plait. Pop. o7S3. Halstead, hil'st^d, a post-office of Pulaski co.. Ark. Halstead, a post-village on the S. boundary of Hal- stead township, Harvey co., Kansas, on Litile Arkansas River, and on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 9 miles W.S.W. of Newton. It has a flour-mill, a newspaper office, and a money -order post-office. P. of township, US. Halsteren, hdls'ti-r^n, a village of the Netherlands, North Brabant, 2 miles N.W. of Bergen-op-Zoom. P. 2746. Halte, hil'teh. a village of Prussia, in Hanover, on the left bank of the Ems, 10 miles S.S.W. of Leer. It has a custom-house. Pop. 160. Hal tern, hil't^rn, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 25 miles S.W. of MUnster, on the Lippe. Pop. 2694. Haltiligen, hS,l'ting-?n, a village of Baden, on the confines of Switzerland, 96 miles by rail S. of Baden. Haltoin's, hil't9ms, a village of Montgomery co., Tex., on the International & trreat Northern Railroad, 28 miles N. of Houston. It has 3 churches and 3 saw-mills. Pop. about 150, Halton, hil't^n, a town of England, co. of Chester, on a railroad, 3 miles N.N.E. of Frodsham. Pop. 1620. Halton, hil'ton, a post-office of Ellis co., Kansas. Halton, hirt9n,a county of Ontario, on Lake Ontario. Area, 372 square miles. It is traversed by the Grand Trunk and Great Western Railways. Capital, Milton. P. 22,606. Haltonville, hil'ton-vll, a village in Halton co., On- tario, 8 miles S.E. of Rockwood. Pop. 100. Halt'whistle, a town of England, co. of Northumber- land, with a station on the Newcastle & Carlisle Railway, 34 miles W. of Newcastle. In the vicinity is Featherstone- haugh Castle. Pop. of parish, 5268. Halycise, the ancient name of SALEiri. Halys, the ancient name of the Kizil-Irmak. Hani, hON", a village of France, in Somme, near the river Somme, 14 miles S.S.E. of Peronne. Here is a famous fortress, used as a state prison. Pop. 3122. Ham, hJlm, a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 7 miles S.S.W. of Charleroi. Pop. 1883. Ham, or South'ham, a post-village in Wolfe eo., Quebec, 24 miles E. of Danville. Pop. 293. Hamadan, hi-mi-din' (anc. Ecbat'ana), a city of Per- sia, in Irak-Ajemee, capital of the province of Hamadan, and of the 9 districts forming the central province of Per- sia, 165 miles S.AV. of Teheran. Lat. 34° 50' N. ; Ion. 48° 32' E. Pop. estimated at 30,000. It is interspersed with gardens, but is meanly built and partly in ruins. Near the great mosque is an edifice containing the tomb of Avicenna, resorted to by numerous pilgrims, besides several other mosques, bazaars, baths, caravansaries, an Armenian church, and a synagogue. Some carpet- and silk-weaving and tan- ning are here carried on, and the city has a large trade in leather, and is an entrepSt for the commerce between Bag- dad and the modern capitals of Persia. Hamah, hi'mi, orHammah, him'mi (anc. iJ^ijjSa- ni'a, and the Hamath of Scripture), a walled city of Syria, 110 miles N.E. of Damascus, on the Orontes. Pop. 44,000. The principal structures are the governor's palace, mosques, baths, bazaars, and some curious hydraulic works. It has manufactures of silk, cotton, and woollen fabrics, and of gold and silver thread, in which it has an active trade with Aleppo. Much attention has been given to a series of ancient inscriptions on stone found here in 1870, but the inscriptions have not yet been read. Hamamatsoo, or Hamamatsu,hi-m3,-mit-soo', a town of Japan, island of Hondo, on the coast, about 140 miles S.W. of Tokio. Pop. 50,000. Hamamet, a town of Africa. See H.i.mmamet. Hamanlu, hi-min-loo', a village of Asia Minor, near the S. shore of Lake Aboolonia, 25 miles AV.S.W. of Mu- halitch. Hamiir, hi-man', a town and bishop's see of Norway, capital of the stift of Hamar, 59 miles by rail N. of Chris- tiania. Pop. 1868. Hamar, a stift of Norway, consisting of the amts of Hedemarkcn and Christians-Amt. Area, 19,706 square miles. Capital, Hamar. Pop. 236,216. Hambuch, him'b^K, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, 2 miles S.W. of Neustadt. Pop. 2107. Hambach, a village of Bavaria, in Upper Palatinate, on the Vils, 7 miles N. of Amberg. Hambach, a village of Oldenburg, in Birkenfeld, with some mineral springs. Pop. 217- Hambantotte, him-bin-tot'ti, a bay and seaport on the S. coast of Ceylon, in lat. 6° 8' N., Ion. 81° 10' E. Hambato, South America. See Abibato. Hambers, hdM^bain', a village of France, department and 9 miles S. of Mayenne. Pop. 1728. Hambie, or Hambye, hfiM^bee', a town of France, department of Manche, 11 miles S.E. of Coutanees. Pop. 307 ; of commune, 2610. Ham'blen, a county of East Tennessee, has an area of about 160 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Holston River, and on the S. by the French Broad River. The surface is hilly or undulating ; the soil is partly fertile. This county was formed in 1870 of parts of Grainger, Haw- kins, and Jeiferson cos. It is intersected by the Cincinnati, Cumberland Gap & Charleston Railroad and the East Ten- nessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad. Capital, Morristown. Hambleton, ham'b'1-ton, a post-hamlet of Talbot co., Md., 6 miles S. of Easton, It has a church, a steam saw- mill, and a grist-mill. Pop. 41. Ham'blin, a township of Brown co., Ind. Pop. 2011. Hamblin, a post-office of Washington co., Utah. Ham'brook, a hamlet of England, co. of Gloucester, 5 miles N.N.E. of Bristol. Hamburg, ham'biirg (Ger. pron. him'booRG; Fr. Hambourg, hiM'boon' ; L. Hambur'gum), a city of Ger- many, on the right bank of the Elbe, about 70 miles from its mouth. Lat. 53° 33' 7" N. ; Ion. 9° 58' 23" E. It consists of an old and a new town, 4 miles in circumference, enclosed by planted walks on the site of its former fortifications, and intersected by canals and by branches of the Alster River. Principal edifices, thechurches of the five parishes, especially those of St. Peter and St. Michael, the exchange, town hall, gallery of art, general infirmary, orphan asylum, senate- house, bank, Eimbeck-house, workhouse, prison, arsenal, and 2 theatres. It has also a Johanneum and college, a public library, numerous other libraries, museums, academies, an observatory, a botanic garden, learned societies, &c. In 1842 a great conflagration destroyed St. Nicholas church and many of the other public and private buildings, and left houseless 20,000 of the population. Since that time the town has been in part rebuilt according to a regular plan. Its manufactories comprise sugar-refineries, tar-, tobacco-, and sailcloth-factories, ship-yards, breweries, distilleries, tan- neries, cotton-printing and dyeing-works, anchor- and iron- forges, and many others of less magnitude. There is a large business done in cigar-making and in the production of fac- titious sherry. Hamburg is the greatest commercial city of the European continent, its trade (which is almost en- tirely a transit trade) embracing every description of goods bought or sold in Germany. The trade is chiefly with Great Britain and America. Many first-class steamers run be- tween Hamburg and New York, the West Indies, South America, and the Mediterranean. The imports are colo- nial produce, grain, hides, leather, meat, butter, wool, cotton yarns, metals, stones, dyes, manufactured goods, bullion, &c. The city communicates with Lubeck by a canal, and with Berlin, Brunswick, Hanover, Harburg, Kiel, and Rendsburg by railways. The navigable channel of the Elbe has been improved so as to allow vessels di-awing IS feet of water to reach the city at high tide. Tramways run along the leading thoroughfares. Hamburg is said to have been founded by Charlemagne j early in the thirteenth century it joined Lubeck in the formation of the Hanse League. Under the French, from 1810 to 1814, it was the capital of the department of Bouohes-de-l'Elbe. The state of Hamburg has an area of 157 square miles, and is composed of the city and the district immediately around it, the towns of Bergedorf, Cuxhaven, and Ritzebuttel, the districts of Vierliinden, the isle of Neuwerk, some islands in the Elbe, and some detached portions of territory, enclosed by Prus- sian provinces. The Elbe, also, between Hamburg and the sea, is entirely under the jurisdiction of the state. The sur- face is level, and is watered by the Elbe, Alster, and Bille : the Vierlanden and marsh-lands in the river are very pro- ductive, being in great part appropriated to fruit- and market-gardens. The government is vested in a senate of 18 members and a lower house consisting of 106 citizens. The city and suburbs, with Cuxhaven and other parts of the territory, are not included in the German ZoUverein. The state, though its immediate government is republican, forms an integral portion of the German Empire. The population of the city proper in 1876 was 264,675 ; of the suburbs, 83,772; of the whole state, 388,618. HAM 939 HAM Ham'burg^, a post-office and station of Perry co., Ala,, on the Selma, Marion & Memphis Railroad, 7 miles S. of Marion. Here is a store. Hamburg, a post-viilage, capital of Ashley co., Ark., about 124 miles S. by E. of Little Rock. It has 3 churches, an academy, a newspaper office, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Hamburg, a post-village of New London co., Conn., in Lyme township, about 20 miles S.W. of Norwich. Hamburg, a post-village of Calhoun co., 111., in Ham- burg township, and on the Mississippi Rivor, about 42 miles by land N.W. of Alton. It has a church and 2 stores. Pop. about 200 ; of the township, 707. Hamburg, a hamlet of Clark co., Ind., in Silver Creek township, 1 mile from Sellersburg Station. Hamburg, a post-offiee of Franklin co., Ind. Hamburg, a post-village of Fremont co., Iowa, on the Nishnabatona River, about 1 mile from the Missouri River, and on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, at its junction with the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Blutfs Railroad, 12 miles E.S.E. of Nebraska City, and 39 miles S.S.W. of Red Oak. It has 2 banks, a high school, 6 churches, a convent, 2 newspaper offices, 2 flour-mills, a brewery, a pottery, a foundry, a machine-shop, a broom-factory, and terra-cotta-works. Pop. 2U5S. Hamburg, a post-hamlet of Livingston co., Mich., in Hamburg township, on or near a small lake, about 15 miles N. of Ann Arbor, and U miles W.N.W. of Detroit. It has 2 churches. Pop. 81 ; of the township, 887. Hamburg, a post- village of St. Charles co., Mo., on the Missouri River, about 30 miles W. of St. Louis. It has a church, a female college, and a flour-mill. Hamburg, a post-village of Sussex co., N.J., on the Wallkill River, and on the New Jersey Midland Railroad, 42 miles by rail N.W. of Paterson. It has 4 churches, and manufactures of cement, lime, bricks, and paper. At Ham- burg Junction, 3 miles to the S., the Midland Railroad con- nects with the South Vernon Branch of the Sussex Railroad. Hamburg, a post-village of Erie co., N.Y., in Ham- burg township, on the Butf"alo & Jamestown Railroad, with a station also on the Lake Shore Railroad, 10 miles S. of Buffalo, and nearly 1 mile from Lake Erie. It contains the Hamburg Union School and Academy, o churches, a newspaper office, a tannery, and a flour-mill. Pop. about 800 ; of the township, 3096. Hamburg, a post-village of Fairfield co., 0., in Hock- ing township, 5 miles S.W. of Lancaster. It has 2 churches and a tannery. Hamburg, a post-borough of Berks co., Pa., on the Schuylkill River, and on the Philadelphia & Reading Rail- road, 17 miles N. of Reading, and 18 miles S.E, of Potts- ville. It has 5 churches, a savings-bank, 2 foundries, several tanneries, and manufactures of carriages, bricks, and cigars. One or 2 weekly German newspapers are pub- lished here. Pop. 1590. Hamburg, a village of Clinton co,. Pa., on Fishing Creek, 7 miles S. of Lock Haven. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Here is Lamar Mills Post- Office. Hamburg, a station in Mercer co., Pa., on the She- nango & Alleghany Railroad, 7 miles S.E. of Greenville. Hamburg, a post-village of Aiken co., S.C., on the Savannah River, opposite Augusta, Ga., at the W. ter- minus of the South Carolina Railroad. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1120. Hamburg, a post-village of Hardin co., Tenn., on the W. bank of the Tennessee River, 20 miles N.E. of Corinth, Miss. It has a church. Hamburg, a post-office of Van Zandt co., Tex, Hamburg, a post-hamlet of Shenandoah co,, Va., 4i miles from Edenburg Railroad Station, which is 5 miles S.W. of Woodstock. It has a church. Hamburg, a township of Vernon co.. Wis. Pop. 1219. It contains Chaseburg. Hamburg Bar, a post-office of Siskiyou co., Cal. Ham'by, a station on the Louisville Jb Paducah Rail- road, about 8 miles W. of NortonviUe, Ky. Hambye, a town of France, See Hambie. Ham'den, a post-township of New Haven co., Conn., on the New Haven & Northampton Railroad, 7 miles N. of New Haven, contains villages named Centreville, Mount Carmel, and Whitneyville. It has 5 churches, and manufac- tures of augers, bells, axles, needles, and guns. Pop. 3028. Hamdeu, a township of Becker co., Minn. Pop. 143. Hamilen, a post-office of Chariton co., Mo. Hamden, a post-village of Delaware co., N.Y., in Hamden township, on the main branch of the Delaware River, and on the Delhi Branch of the Midland Railroad, 5 or 6 miles S.W. of Delhi. It has 2 churches and several mills. Pop. 133; of the township, 164S. Hamden (Hamden Junction Post-Office), a village of Vinton co., 0., in Clinton township, on the Marietta &, Cin- cinnati Railroad, at the junction of the Portsmouth Branch of the same, 72 miles W.S.W.of Marietta, and 29 miles E.S.E. of Chillicothe, It has 2 churches, an iron-foundry, and a newspaper ofliee. A large quantity of pig-iron is shipped here. Pop. 364. Ha'mel, a post-hamlet of Madison co.. 111., 4 miles S.E. of Worden Station, and about 20 miles E. of Alton. Hamein, hiL'meln, also called Hameliii, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, at a railway junction, 25 miles S.W. of Hanover, on the Weser. Pop. 9520, employed in navi- gation and the salmon-fishery, and in the numerous manu- factories of the. town. Hamein, a village of Hanover, 8 miles N.E. of Hildes- heim. Pop. 1050. Ha'mer, a township of Highland co., 0. Pop. 959. It contains Danville. Hamer, a post-hamlet of Paulding co., 0., on the Mi- ami & Erie Canal, 10 miles N. of Delphos. It has a church. Hamersville, ham'erz-vil, a post-village of Brown CO., 0., in Clark township, 35 miles E.S.E. of Cincinnati. It has a church. Pop. 15. Ham'ett, a post-hamlet of Erie co., Pa., in Green town- ship, 3 miles from Belle Valley Railroad Station. It has a church and a brewery. Hami, a city of Toorkistan. See Khamil. Hani'ilton, a town of Scotla,nd, co. of Lanark, on the Clyde, here crossed by a fine bridge of 5 arches, lOj^ miles by railway S.E. of Glasgow. It is well built, has a grammar- school and academy, a poor's hospital, mechanics' institution, trades* hall, 6 branch banks, town and county halls, jail, and large barracks. But its chief object of attraction is the mag- nificent ducal palace of the house of Hamilton : this has a noble Grecian front, 264 feet in length, and a superb inte- rior, containing the largest and choicest collection of paint- ings and marbles in Scotland. The pai'k is also considered one of the finest in North Britain. Within it are the castle of Chatelherault and the picturesque ruins of Cadzow Castle, The latter stands on a lofty rock, washed by the Avon, and surrounded by the remnants of the ancient Caledonian oak forest, in which feeds a herd of the famous aboriginal breed of wild cattle. Hamilton is the principal seat of imitation- cambric weaving. Manufactures of lace, black silk veils, muslins, and thread are also flourishing. The burgh unites with Airdrie, Falkirk, Lanark, and Linlithgow in sending one member to the House of Commons. It gives the title of duke to the premier peer of Scotland. Pop. 11,496. Ham'ilton, a northern county of Florida, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the E. and S. by the Suwanee River, and is intersected by the AUapaha River. The surface is partly covered with forests ; the soil is mostly sandy. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad. Capital, Jasper. Valuation of real and personal estate, $718,763. Pop, in 1870, 5749, of whom 5741 were Americans, Hamilton, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an area of 432 square miles. It is drained by the North Fork of Saline Creek and other small streams. The surface is undulating or nearly level; the soil is fertile. Indian corn, oats, wheat, grass, and pork are the staple products. This county is liberally supplied with timber. It is intersected by the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, Capital, McLeansborough. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,821,792. Pop, in 1870, 13,014, of whom 12,824 were Americans. Hamilton, a county in the central part of Indiana, has an area of 400 square miles. It is intersected by the West Fork of White River, and also drained by Cicero and Eagle Creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests; the soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, grass, and pork are the staple products. It is traversed by the Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago and An- derson, Lebanon & St. Louis Railroads. Capital, Nobles- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, 318,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 20,882, of whom 20,491 were Americans. Hamilton, a county in the N. central part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is traversed by the Boone River, and also drained by the Skunk River, which rises in it. The surface is undulating, and diversified with prairies and groves; the soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and hay are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Iowa division of the Illinois Central Railroad. Capital, AYebster City. Valuation of real and HAM 940 HAM personal estate, $3,623,420. Pop. in 1870, 6055, of whom 4931 were Americans; in 1875, 7701. Hamilton, a county in the W. part of Kansas, border- ing on Colorado. Area, 975 square miles. It is intersected by the Arkansas Uiver and by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. The surface is undulating, and nearly desti- tute of timber. Magnesian limestone crops out along the ravines. Capital, Syracuse. Hamilton, a county in the S.E. central part of Ne- braska, has an area of about 560 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Piatte River, and is also drained by the North, Middle, and West Forks of Big Blue River. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and grass are the staple products. Timber is scarce in this county. Capital, Aurora. Valuation of real and personal estate, $533,164. Pop. in 1870, 130 ; in 1876, 6253. Hamilton, a county in the N.B. part of New York, has an area of about 1700 square miles. It is drained by the Hudson, Racket, Black, and Sacondaga Rivers, which rise in it. The surface is mountainous, and is diversified with numerous lakes and extensive forests. A large part of the soil is sterile, or too rocky and mountainous for agriculture. It has abundance of granite and iron ore. Capital, Sageville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,494,320. Pop. in 1870, 2960, of whom 2654 were Amer- icans ; in 1875, 3482. Hamilton, the most S.W. county of Ohio, bordering on Indiana, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Ohio River, is intersected by the Miami and Little Miami Rivers, and also drained by the Whitewater and Mill Creek. The surface is finely diver- sified by valleys and hills, or rather highlands and low- lands, which are isolated remnants of a former table-land. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, oats, hay, wheat, potatoes, butter, pork, and wine are the staple products. This is the most populous and wealthy county of the state, and is traversed by numerous railroads centring in Cincin- nati, which is the capital. Lower Silurian limestone (called blue limestone), an excellent material for building, underlies all parts of this county, and has been extensively quarried at Cincinnati. Its color is mostly a bluish gray, and it is crowded with fossils. The hills or highlands of this county are areas in which the stratified rocks remain to an eleva- tion of about 400 feet above the Ohio River, and the valleys are areas from which the rocks have been removed by denu- dation. Valuation of real and personal estate, $341,250,000. Pop. in 1870, 260,370, of whom 171,871 were Americans. Hamilton, a county in the S. part of East Tennessee, bordering on Georgia, has an area of about 575 square miles. It is intersected by the Tennessee River, which also forms a great part of the E. boundary. The surface is mountainous, and mostly covered with forests. The Cum- berland Mountains occupy the N.W. part. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, grass, and pork are the staple products. This county has mines of bituminous coal and iron. It is intersected by the Nashville & Chat- tanooga Railroad. Other railroads meet at Chattanooga, the capital of the county. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,343,794. Pop. in 1870, 17,241, of whom 16,659 were Americans. Hamilton, a county in the N. central part of Texas, has an area of about 860 square miles. It is intersected by the Leon River, and also drained by Cowhouse and Lampasas Creeks, The surface is partly hilly. The soil produces pasture for cattle, which are the chief articles of export. Capital, Hamilton. Pop. in 1870, 733, all of whom were natives of the United States. Hamilton, a post-hamlet of Lonoke cc. Ark., 7 miles from Carlisle Station. Hamilton, a village of Butte co., Cal., on Feather River, about 70 miles N. of Sacramento. Pop. of Hamil- ton township, 1130. Hamilton, a post-village of Park co.. Col., in the N. part of the South Park, about 66 miles S.W. of Denver, and 12 miles N. of Fair Play. Elevation, 9693 feet. It has 2 hotels. Gold is found near this place. Hamilton, a post-village, capital of Harris co., Ga., on the North & South Railroad, 24 miles N.N.E. of Co- lumbus, and about 85 miles S. by "W. of Atlanta. It con- tains a court-house, 3 churches, a newspaper office, a high school, and a female college. Pop. 359, Hamilton, a station on the Rockford, Rock Island »fe St. Louis Railroad, 7 miles S. of Beardstown, 111. Hamilton, a post-village of Hancock co., III., on the Mississippi River, opposite Keokuk, and 3 or 4 miles above Warsaw. It is at the foot of the lower rapids (which afford great motive-power), on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Rail- road and the Keokuk Branch of the AVabash Railroad. An iron railroad bridge over the river connects it with Keokuk, It has 4 churches, a graded school, and manufactures of baskets, ploughs, and stoves. Pop. 1500. Hamilton, a. township of Lee co.. 111. Pop. 186. It includes part of the Winnebago Swamp. Hamilton, a hamlet of Clinton co., Ind., about 18 miles E.S.E. of Lafayette. Hamilton, a station in Clinton co., Ind., on the La- fayette & Muncie Railroad, 5 miles N.W. of Frankfort. Hamilton, a township of Delaware co., Ind. P. 1129. Hamilton, a township of Jackson co., Ind. Pop. 1505. It is bounded on the S.E, by the East Fork of White River, Hamilton, a post-village of Steuben co., Ind., about 36 miles N.N.E. of Fort Wayne. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Hamilton, a township of Sullivan co., Ind. Pop. 3759, including that of the village of Sullivan. Hamilton, a township of Decatur co., Iowa, on the Missouri line. Pop. 783. Hamilton, a township of Franklin co., Iowa. P. 183. Hamilton, a township of Hamilton co., Iowa. P. 730. Hamilton, a post-village of Marion co., Iowa, in Lib- erty township, about 16 miles S.W. of Oskaloosa. It is on a branch railroad between Albia and Knoxville, 12 miles N.N.W. of Albia. It has a church, and manufactures of brooms, carriages, &,c. Pop. 133, Hamilton, a post-office of Greenwood co., Kansas. Hamilton, a post-hamlet of Boone co., Ky., on the Ohio River, about 22 miles S.W. of Covington. It has a tobacco -factory. Hamilton, a station on the Louisville & Paducah Rail- road, 16 miles N.W. of Owensborough Junction, Ky. Hamilton, a hamlet of Bossier parish, La., on Eodcau Bayou, 38 miles N.E. of Shreveport. It has a church and a steam grist-mill. Hamilton, a post-village of Essex co., Mass., in Ham- ilton township, on the Eastern Railroad (Essex Branch), S miles N, of Salem. It has a church and a woollen-mill, A Methodist camp-ground is located in this township, at As- bury Grove. Pop. of the township, 797. Hamilton, a post-village of Allegan co., Mich., in Heath township, on Rabbit River, and on the Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, 14 miles N.W. of Allegan. It has a grist-mill, a lumber-mill, and a church. Pop. about 300. Hamilton, a township of Gratiot co., Mich. Pop. 310. Hamilton, a township of Van Buren co., Mich. P. 1074, Hamilton, a post-village in Sumner township, Fill- more CO., Minn., on a small affluent of Root River, about 20 miles S. of Rochester. It has 2 churches. Hamilton, Houston co., Minn. See Money Creek. Hamilton, a post-hamlet of Scott co., Minn., on the Minnesota River, and on the St. Paul & Sioux City Rail- road, 18 miles S.W. of St. Paul. It has a fiour-mill. The name of the post-oflfice is Hamilton Station. Hamilton, a post-hamlet of Monroe co.. Miss., 10 miles S.E. of Aberdeen. Hamilton, a post-village of Caldwell co., Mo., in Ham- ilton township, and on the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, 50 miles E. of St. Joseph, and 26 miles W. by S, of Chillicothe. It has a bank, 5 churches, a fiouring-mill, a newspaper ofiice, and a high school. Pop. 975 ; of the township, 1658. Hamilton, a post-village of Gallatin co., Montana, on Gallatin River, about 60 miles N.E. of Virginia City, and 20 miles N.W. of Bozeman. It has a church and a female seminary. Hamilton, a hamlet of Hamilton co., Neb., 20 miles N. of Harvard. Hamilton, a mining town, capital of White Pino co., Nevada, is about 100 miles (direct) S. of Elko, and 90 miles E. by S. of Austin. It is situated at the base of Treasure Hill, and is surrounded by a sterile region, in which timber and water are scarce. Here are rich silver- mines, which were discovered in 1865, since which the population has rapidly increased. A newspaper is published here. Pop. of precinct, 3913. Hamilton, a township of Atlantic co., N.J. Pop. 1271. It contains May's Landing and other villages. Hamilton, a township of Mercer co.. N.J., bounded W. by the river Delaware. Pop. 5417. It is to somo ox- tent contiguous to Trenton, the state capital. Hamilton, formerly Shark River, a post-village of Monmouth co., N.J., in Ocean township, 2^ miles S.E. of Shark River Station, which is 11 miles S.W. of Long Branch. It has 2 churches, a bank, a flour-mill, and a Maw-mill. HAM 941 HAM Hamilton, a station in Somerset co., N.J., on the Delaware &, Bound Brook Railroad, 5 miles S.W. of Bound Brook Junction. Hamilton, the station name of South Lima, N.Y. Hamilton, a post-village of Madison, co., N.Y., in Hamilton township, on the Chenango Canal, and on the XJtica, Clinton & Binghamton Railroad, 29 miles S.S.W. of Utica, and 37 miles S.E. of Syracuse. It contains 5 churches, a national bank, 2 newspaper offices, and the Colgate Academy. Here is the Madison University (Bap- tist), which was organized in 1S32, and has 12 professors, about 160 students, and a library of 10,000 volumes. This place contains also the Hamilton Theological Seminary (Baptist) and the Hamilton Female Seminary. Pop. 1529; of the township, 3725. Hamilton, a post-village of Martin co., N.C., in Ham- ilton township^ and on the Roanoke River, about 90 miles E. by N. of Raleigh. It is at the head of navigation for large vessels. Pop. 200; of the township, 3957. Hamilton, a city, the capital of Butler co., 0., on the Miami River and the Miami Canal, 20 miles (direct) N. of Cirtcinnati. By railroad it is 25 miles from Cincinnati, 35 miles S.W. of Dayton, and 45 miles S.S.B. of Richmond, Ind. It is connected with these cities by the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad, the branches of which meet here. It contains a court-house, 15 churches, a public library, 2 national banks, 1 other bank, a high school, 4 paper-mills, several iron-foundries, 4 breweries, a woollen- iactory, 5 flouring-raills, and several manufactories of farm- ing-implements. Four weekly newspapers (1 of which is German) are published here. Pop. 11,081. Hamilton, a township of Franklin co., 0. Pop. 1827. It contains Lockbourne and Shadeville. Hamilton, a township of Jackson co., 0., in the iron- region of Southern Ohio. Pop. IIOS. Hamilton, a township of Lawrence co., 0., on the Ohio River. Pop. 1108. It contains Hanging Rock. Hamilton, a township of Warren co., 0., bounded N. and W. by the Little Miami River. Pop. 2466. It includes Mainevilie and Murdock. Hamilton, a township of Adams co.. Pa. Pop. 1118. Hamilton, a township of Franklin co., Pa. Pop. 1630. Hamilton, Jefferson co., Pa. See Perrysville. Hamilton, a township of McKean co., Pa. Pop. 120. Hamilton, a township of Monroe co.. Pa. Pop. 1S92. Hamilton, a township of Tioga co., Pa. It contains the coal-mining villages of Morris Run and Blossburg. Hamilton, a post-village of Washington co., R.I., in North Kingston township, 1^ miles from Wickford Junc- tion. It has 2 churches, an academy, and manufactures of cotton and Kentucky jeans. Pop. 207. Hamilton, township, Darlington co., S.C. Pop. 1814. Hamilton, a post-office of Hamilton co., Tenn. Hamilton, a post-village, capital of Hamilton co., Tex,, 65 miles W. of Waco. It has a church and a news- paper office. Hamilton, a village of Shelby co., Tex., on the Sabine River, about 65 miles S. of Shreveport, La. Hamilton, a post-village of Loudoun co., Va., on the Washington & Ohio Railroad, 40 miles N.W. of Washington, D.C. It has 2 churches, a coach-factory, a saw-mill, 3 stores, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 600. Hamilton, township, La Crosse co., Wis. Pop. 1703. Hamilton, a hamlet of Ozaukee eo., Wis., near the W. bank of the Milwaukee River, about 18 miles N, of Milwaukee. Hamilton, a city of Ontario, capital of the co. of AYentworth, is situated on Burlington Bay, at the western extremity of Lake Ontario, 372 miles W.S.W. of Montreal, 186 miles E.N.E. of Detroit, and 70 miles N.W. of Buffalo. It was laid out and settled in 1813 on a plateau of slightly elevated ground, winding around the foot of a hilly range, which here receives the name of "the Mountain." The streets are wide, and for the most part cross one another at right angles. King street, the principal thoroughfare, runs E. and W. throughout the entire breadth of the town. Near the centre of the street is a large open space, and a little north is Market Square, on which stands a spacious building, occupied in the lower part as a market, while its upper stories are appropriated to the use of the city govern- ment. Court-House Square, an area containing the county buildings, lies between King street and the Mountain. The city contains 23 churches, principally of the Episco- pal, Presbyterian, Baptist, Wesleyan Methodist, and Meth- odist Episcopal denominations, and has also the head office of the Bank of Hamilton, 5 branch banks, a mechanics' institute, a reading-room, a Wesleyan female college, sev- eral academies and schools, several saw- and grist-mills, and manufactories of iron castings, machinery of every description, agricultural implements, sewing-machines, musical instruments, glass-ware, wooden-ware, woollen and cotton goods, soap and candles, boots and shoes, leather, brooms, brushes, &c. Two daily and 3 weekly newspapers are published here. The city is the seat of the Great Western Railway Company, chartered in 1834, and of the AVellington, Grey & Bruce Railway Company. The latter connects Hamilton with Lake Huron, and the former with all parts of the Dominion and United States. The head offices of the Hamilton «t Lake Erie Railway are also here. It is also the seat of the Anglican bishop of Western Toronto, and of the Roman Catholic bishop of Hamilton. It possesses superior commercial advantages, being at the head of navigation on the lake and in the centre of a populous region. The Desjardins Canal connects it with Dundas. Hamilton sends two members to the House of Commons and two to the provincial legislature. It is a port of entry. Pop. in 1836,2846; in 1846,6822; in 1850, 10,248; in 1861, 19,096; in 1871, 26,716. Hamilton, an island in the Ottawa River, off the township of Lochaber, co. of Ottawa, Quebec. Hamilton, the chief town and the seat of government of the Bermuda Isles, is situated near the middle of the group, on the coast of the largest island. Its harbor is landlocked, and will admit vessels drawing 15 feet of water; it is entered through a long and intricate passage, the navigation of which requires a skilful pilot. The town has 5 churches. Three weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. about 2000. Ham^iltonl>au% a township of Adams co.. Pa. Pop. 1418. It contains Fairfield. Hamilton Centre, a small village in the township of Hamilton, Madison co., N.Y. It has a church and 12 or 15 dwellings. Hamilton College, See Clinton, N.Y. Hamilton Harbor, a port on the coast of Alaska. Lat. 56° 52' N. ; Ion. 133° 34' W. Here good coal exists. Hamilton Pass, Colorado, a mountain-pass in the main range, at an elevation of 12,370 feet. Lat. 39° 24' 35" N. ; Ion. 105° 58' W. Hamilton River, Labrador. See Ashwanipi. Hamilton's, township, Catawba co., N.C. Pop. 1562. Hamilton's Mill, a post-hamlet of Waushara co.. Wis., 10 miles N.N.AV. of Berlin. It has a lumber-mill on Willow Creek. Hamilton Square, a post-village of Mercer co., N. J., 5 miles E. of Trenton, and 2 miles N.W. of the Camden k Amboy Railroad. It has 3 churches, the Mercer Rubber Works, 2 carriage-shops, and 2 stores. Pop. about 300. Hamilton Station, Scott co., Minn. See Hamilton. Hamiltonville, New York. See Guilderland. Hamina, a town of Finland. See Frederikshamn. Hamirpur, British India. See Humeerpoor. Ham Lake,atownshipof Anoka CO., Minn, Pop. 192. Ham'ler, a post-village of Henry co., 0., in Marion township, on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (Chicago di- vision), 45 miles W. of Tiffin. Ham'let, a post-hamlet of Marin co., Cal., on the North Pacific Coast Railroad, 51 miles N.W. of San Fran- cisco. Hamlet, a post-hamlet of Mercer co.. III., 9 miles N. of Aledo, and about 18 miles S.S.W. of Davenport, Iowa. Hamlet, a post-hamlet of Starke co., Ind., on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 69 miles E.S.E. of Chicago. It has a church. Pop. 47. Hamlet, formerly O'mar, a post-village of Chautau- qua CO., N.Y., in Villanova township, about 40 miles S.S.W. of Buffalo. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and a cheese- factory. Pop. 155. Hamlet, a post-hamlet of Richmond co., N.C, on the Carolina Central Railroad, 5 miles E. of Rockingham, and at the junction of the Raleigh & Augusta Air-Line Rail- road, 97 miles S.W. of Raleigh. It has a church, a gris.t- mill, and a saw-mill. Hamlet, a village of Providence co., R.I., adjacent to the much larger village of Woonsocket. It has 2 cotton- mills. Pop. 335. Ham'Iin,a county in the E. part of Dakota, is traversed by the Big Sioux River, and contains several lakes. This county is nearly destitute of forests. Hamlin, a post-hamlet and township of Audubon co., Iowa, about 70 miles W. by S. of Des Moines. Pop. 259. Hamlin, a post-village of Brown co., Kansas, in Ham- lin township, on the St. Joseph & Denver City Railroad, S HAM 942 HAM miles N.W. of Hiawatha. It has a church and a wagon- shop. Pop. of the township, 841. Mainliiif a post-hamlet of Aroostook co., Me., 3 miles from (Irand Falls, New Brunswick. Pop. of Hamlin plan- tation, 558. Hamlin, a township of Eaton co., Mich. Pop. 1650. Hamlin, a township of Mason co., Mich., bounded W. by Lake Michigan. Pop. 141. Hamlin, Monroe co., Mich. See Kaisikville. Hamlin, a township of Monroe co., N.Y., bounded on the N. by Lake Ontario. Pop. 2322. It contains hamlets named Hamlin and East Hamlin. Hamlin, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., N.Y., in Hamlin township, on the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, 16 miles W. of Charlotte. It has 2 churches. Hamlin, a post-hamlet of Lebanon co.. Pa., in Bethel township, 7 miles N.N.AV. of Myerstown. It has a church. Hamlin, a township of McKean co., Pa. Pop. 121. Hamlin Station is on the McKean & Buffalo Railroad, 7 miles from Smethport. Hamlin, a post-village, capital of Lincoln co., W. Va., about 28 miles W.S.W. of Charleston. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Hamlin, a post-hamlet of Trempealeau co., Wis., on Buffalo River, 20 miles S. of Eau Claire. HamMinton, a post-village of Wayne co.. Pa., in Salem township, about 15 miles E. of Scranton. It has 3 churches and a tannery. Hamm, hiinm, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, at the junction of several railways, 22 miles N.N.W. of Arnsberg, on the Lippe, here joined by the Ahse. Pop. 18,887. It has a gymnasium, manufactures of linen fabrics and leather, bleaching-works, and an active trade. Hamm, a village of Germany, territory and 2 miles E. of Hamburg. Pop. 3743. Hammah, a city of Syria. See Hamah. Hammah de Cabes. See El Hammah de Cabes. Hammam, bim-mam' (a "bath"), the name of nu- merous places in Africa and Asia. Hammam-Aida, him-m^m'-i'dS-, a village of Ana- tolia, 4 miles W. of Yerma. Hammamat, h4m-m^-mit', a station of Egypt, on the route between Kosseir and Keneh, with well-buildings. Hammam - el - Berdaah, hS-m-m&m'-^l-bfirMd' {" packsaddle-bath ;" anc. Aqitm Tihllitanse?), a village of Algeria, province and 45 miles E.N.E. of Constantino, on the route from Bona. Hammam-el-Faraoun, h3,m-mim'-5l-fS,-rS,-oon' (" Pharaoh's baths"), a seaport town of Arabia, on the Gulf of Suez, 80 miles S.S.E. of Suez. Hammamet, him^mS-mSt', or Hamamet, a sea- port town of Africa, dominion and 42 miles S.E. of Tunis, on the Gulf of Hammamet, a bay of the Great Syrtis. It has a trade with the city of Tunis. Hammam-Lef, him-mim'-lSf (anc Aqnm Calidts), a town and baths of the dominion and 20 miles S.E. of Tunis. Hammam-Meskutia, h^m-mim'-m^s-koo'te-S,, or lUeskhoutin, m^s^kooUd.N"' ("the enchanted baths"), in Algeria, province and 38 miles E. of Constantine, near the Sebus River, the hot mineral springs here having formed some curious petrifactions. Here are baths and a military hospital. Traces of Roman edifices are discoverable. Ham'mansburg^, a post-village of Wood co., 0., in Henry to^vnship, 3 miles N. of New Baltimore Station, which is 26 miles W.by N. of Tiffin. It has 2 churches, a planing-mill, and a saw-mill. Hamme, him'm^h, a town of Belgium, in East Flan- ders, on an affluent of the Scheldt, 19 miles E.N.E. of Ghent. It is the seat of navigation, rope-making, and trading in hemp. Pop. of commune, 10,778. Hammelburg, h3,m'mel-b6oRG\a town of Bavaria, on tho Pnalf, %\ miles N. of Wurzburg. Pop. 2762. IIiLininrr, h-Wm^r, a village of Denmark, in Jutland, 9 miles N.N.i:. of Aalborg. Maiuiner, hdin'ra^r, a village of Norway, 7 miles N.E. of Bergen, with 2780 inhabitants. Hammer, him'm^r, a village of Prussian Silesia, 12 miles by rail N. of Ratibor. Pop. 850. Hammerfcst, him'm§r-f5st\ the northernmost town of Europe, in Norway, capital of the province of Finraark, on the Qual-oe ("whale island"), of which it is the chief port, 60 miles S.W. of tho North Cape. Lat. 70° 40' 7" N. ; Ion. 23° 35' 43" E. Tho houses are of wood and painted externally; communication between its quarters is kept up by boats; its harbor is defended by a fort. In summer the heat is sometimes oppressive, and throughout the winter the temperature is mild enough for the fishery to bo carried on. The exports comprise stockfish, whale, seal, and fish oil, skins, walrus hides and teeth, copper, and feathers. Its trade is mostly with Russia and Great Britain. P. 1547. Hammeroe, him'm§r-6^§h, a peninsula of Norway, amt of Nordland, on the West-Fiord. Lat. 68° 10' N. Ham'mersley's Fork, a post-hamlet of Clinton co., Pa., on Kettle Creek, about 33 miles N.AV". of Lock Haven. It has a church and a saw-mill, Ham'mersmith, a town of England, and a suburb of London, co. of Middlesex, on the Thames, here crossed by a bridge, 4 miles W. of St. Paul's Cathedral. It has many handsome houses, a church built in 1631, a school endowed by Bishop Latimer, and a royal cathedral chapel, with ladies' school. Pop. of parish, 42,691. Hammerstein, hdm'mer-stine\ a town of West Prus- sia, 18 miles AV. of Schlochaii. Pop. 2790. Ham'mertOAvn, a hamlet of Dutchess co., N.Y., in Pine Plains township. Ham'mon, a station in Schuylkill co., Pa., on the Schuylkill & Susquehanna Branch of the Reading Railroad, 7 miles S.AV. of Auburn. Here is Summit Station Post-Office. Ham^monas'set River, Connecticut, runs south- ward, forms part of the boundary between Middlesex and New Haven cos., and enters Long Island Sound. Ham'mond, a post-village of Piatt co.. 111., on the Chicago & Paducah Railroad where it crosses the Indianap- olis, Decatur & Springfield Railroad, 20 miles E. of Decatur, and 8 miles S. of Bement. Hammond, a post-hamlet of Lake co., Ind., at State Line Station on the Michigan Central Railroad, 20 miles S.S.E. of Chicago. Here is a large slaughter-house. Hammond, a township of Spencer co., Ind., on the Ohio River. Pop. 2626. It contains Grand View. Hammond, a post-office and station of Bourbon co., Kansas, on the Missouri River, Fort Scott &. Gulf Railroad, 7 miles N. of Fort Scott. Hammond, a post-village of Tangipahoa parish. La., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 52 miles N.N.W. of New Orleans. It has 2 churches, a hotel, and a lumber-mill. Hammond, a post-hamlet of Kent co., Mich., in Gaines township, on the Grand River Valley Railroad, 10 miles S.E. of Grand Rapids. ■ Hammond, or Hammond Corners, a post-vil- lage of St. Lawrence co., N.Y., in Hammond township, on the Black River & Morristown Railroad, 11 miles S. of Morristown, and about 22 miles S.S.W. of Ogdensburg. It has 3 churches, 2 carriage-shops, and 4 stores. The town- ship is bounded on the W. by the St. Lawrence River, and includes a jiart of the Thousand Islands. Here are quarries of Potsdam sandstone. Pop. of the township, 1815. Hammond, a post-office and station of Tioga co.. Pa., on the Corning, Cowanesque &, Antrim Railroad, 13 miles N.N.E. of Wellsborough. Hammond, a post-office of Aiken co., S.C. Pop. of Hammond township, 2560. Hammond, a post-office of Robertson co., Tex., and a station on the Houston & Texas Central Railroad, 6 miles S. of Bremond. Hammond, a post-village of St. Croix co., Wis., in Hammond township, on the West Wisconsin Railroad. 17 miles E. of Hudson. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, and manufactures of carriages, ploughs, and other farming-implements. Pop. of the township, 1220. Hammond, a post-village in Perth co., Ontario, 6t miles E. of Newry, Pop. 100, Hammond Corners, New York. See Hammond. Hammond Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, Solomon group, are in lat. 8° 40''S., Ion. 157° 20' E. Ham'mond's, a station in Cook co., 111., on the Chicago & Pacific Railroad, 2^ miles S. of Elgin. Ham'mondsburg, apost-hamlet of Warren co., Iowa, in Otter township, about 7 miles S.E. of Indianola. P. 59. Hammond's Corners, a hamlet of Chemung co., N.Y., 7 miles E. of Elmira. It has a church and a wagon- shop. The name of its post-office is North Chemung. Seo also Crown Point and Hammond. Ham'mondsford, a post-office of Wabasha co., Minn. Ham'mondsport, a post-village of Steuben co., N.Y., is pleasantly situated ot the head or S. end of Keuka or Crooked Lake, in LTrbana township, on tho Bath it llam- mondsport Railroad, 6 miles N.E. of Bath, and about 32 miles N.W. of Elmira. It has a newspaper office, 3 churches, several large vineyards, and a union school. Steamboats ply daily between this place and Penn Yan. Tho Oiitawba grape ripens well on the adjacent hills, and here are manu- factures of wines and brandies. Pop. 602. HAM 943 Ham'mondsville, a post-village of Essex eo., N.Y., in Crown Point townsliip, 12 miles from Lake Champlain, on a branch railroad connecting with the New York & Canada Railroad at Crown Point. Iron is mined here. It has about 50 houses. Haramondsville, a post-village in Saline township, Jefferson co., 0., on the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad, 95 miles S.S.E. of Cleveland, and 20 miles N. by W. of Steu- benville. It has a church, a coal-mine, and a manufactory of coke, and is surrounded by hills tilled with coal, lime- stone, and iron. Pop. 504. Ham'mond Vale, or Upham (iip'am) Vale, apost- village in Kings co., New Brunswick, 13 miles from Susse.'t. Pop. 200. Hammons Mill, a post-ofiice of Floyd co., Ga. Ham'monton, a post-village of Atlantic co., N.J., on the Camden & Atlantic Railroad, 31 miles S.E. of Philadel- phia, and 30 miles N.W. of Atlantic City. It contains 2 newspaper offices and 4 churches. It is partly supported by the cultivation and sale of fruit, and has manufactures of boots and shoes. Pop. 1404. Ham'monville, a post-village of Hart oo., Ky., S miles S.E. of Uptonville. It has 2 churches and a semi- nary. Pop. about 300. Hamoon, bi^raoon' (anc. A'ria Pa'liis), a large morass or lake, chiefly in Persia, but situated on the borders of Belooohistan and Afghanistan, between lat. 30° 50' and 31° 54' N. and Ion. 61° 8' and 62° 10' E. Length, from N.E. to S.AV., about 70 miles ; breadth, from 15 to 20 miles. It receives the Hclmund, Furrah-Rood, and other rivers ; and while the Caspian, Aral, and other inland seas of Asia are decreasing in e.\tent, this lake is said to be on the increase. Its E. part is shallow and covered with reeds. Here is an island on which is the Fort Rustum, or Koh-i-Kwajeh. The water is salt, and the banks are fringed by forests of tama- risks. Lake Zurrah, to the S.E., is now nearly dry. Ham'orton, a post-village of Chester co., Pa., in Ken- nett township, 1 mile from Fairville Station, and about 12 miles N.N.W. of Wilmington, Del. It has 2 churches. Hamp Branch, a post-office of Scriven co., Ga. Hamp'den, a county in the S.W. part of Massachu- setts, bordering on Connecticut, has an area of about 620 square miles. It is intersected by the Connecticut River, which divides it into nearly equal parts, and is also drained by the Chicopee, AVestfield, and Seantic Rivers, which afford extensive motive-power. The surface is hilly, and exten- sively covered with forests of the ash, elm, oak, beech, sugar-maple, &a. The soil is partly fertile. Hay, butter, tobacco, Indian corn, oats, and potatoes are the staple prod- ucts. Among its minerals are granite and now red sand- stone. The prosperity of the county is partly derived from important manufactures of cotton goods, writing-paper, woollen goods, &q. It is intersected by the Boston &, Albany, Connecticut River, New Haven & Northampton, and New London Northern Railroads. Capital, Springfield. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, §73,611,070. Pop. in 1870, 78,409; in 1875, 94,304. Mampden, a post-hamlet of Marengo eo., Ala., about 50 miles S.W. of Selma. It has an academy, 1 or 2 churches, and a tannery. Hampden, a township of CoS'ey co., Kansas, bounded S.W. by the river Neosho. Pop. 495. Hampden, a post-village of Penobscot co.. Me., in Hampden township, on the W. bank of the Penobscot River, 5 or 6 miles below Bangor. It has an academy, 1 or 2 paper-mills, and a barrel-factory. The township contains another village, named Hampden Corner, and has 6 churches and 3 steam lumber-mills. Total pop. 3068. Hampden, Baltimore co., Md. See Woodbeery. Hampden, formerly South Wil'brahara, a post- village of Hampden co., MasSj, in a township of the same name, 10 or 11 miles E.S.E. of Springfield. It has 3 churches and 3 woollen-factories. Hampden, or Hampton, a hamlet of Hunterdon co., N.J., in Lebanon township, 1 mile from Junction Station, which is 16 miles E. of Easton, Pa. Hampden, a post-office of Geauga co., 0., in Hampden township, 3 miles from Chardon, and about 32 miles E.N.E. of Cleveland. The township has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 767. Hampden, township, Cumberland co.. Pa. Pop. 1199. Hampden, a post-township of Columbia oo., Wis.. 10 miles W. of Columbus Station, and about 22 miles N.N.E. of Madison. Pop. 1012. Hampden Centre, a post-ofiice of Penobscot co.. Me. Hampden Corner, a post-village of Penobscot co., Mc, in Hampden township, on the W. bank of the Penob- HAM scot Kiver, 3 miles from Hermon Railroad Station, and about 6 miles below Bangor. It has 3 churches and an academy. Pop. about 400. Hampden Sidney College, a post-hamlet of Prince Edward co., Va., 7 miles from Farmville, and about 70 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. It has a church. Here is Hampden Sidney College (Presbyterian), which was organ- ized in 1775 and has a library of 7000 volumes. It is also the seat of the Union Theological Seminary (Presbyterian). Hampshire, a county of England. 'See Hants. Hampshire, hamp'shir, a county in the W. central part of Massachusetts, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is intersected by the Connecticut River, and is also drained by the Westfield, Chicopee, and Swift Rivers. The surface is finely diversified by hills, valleys, and moun- tains, among which is Mount Holyoke. This county is copiously supplied with timber and water-power. The soil is generally fertile. Tobacco, butter, hay, Indian corn, and grass are the staple products. Hampshire has manufactures of cotton and woollen goods, paper, &c. It is intersected by the Connecticut River Railroad, the New Haven p. 200. Hamp'tonburg, township. Orange co., N.Y. P. 1152. Hampton Coal-Fields, in Alleghany co.. Pa., is the terminus of the Edgewood Railroad, which extends 1 mile to Edgewood Junction. Hampton Court-House, a post-village, capital of Hampton co., S.C, on the Port Royal & Augusta Railroad, 67 miles S.E. of Augusta. It has 3 churches. Hampton Falls, a post-hamlet of Rockingham co., N.H., on an inlet of the sea, and on the Eastern Railroad, 7 miles N. of Newburyport, Mass. It has a steam saw- mill. Pop. of Hampton Falls township, 679. Hampton Roads, Virginia, a channel between Ches- apeake Bay and the estuary of James River, separating Fort Monroe from Sewall's Point, was the scene of a naval action between the Confederate iron-clad " Merrimac" and the "Monitor," March 9, 1862. About a mile S. of Fort Monroe is a small fortified island, called the Rip Raps. Hampton's, a station of the Utah Northern Railroad, 7 miles W. of Mendon, Utah. Hampton's Cross Roads,apost-hamlet of Grayson CO., Va., 30 miles S. of Wytheville. It has a church. Hampton Station, a post-office of Montgomery eo., Tenn., on the Memphis Branch of the Louisville & Great Southern Railroad, 9 miles N.E. of Clarksville. Hampton Valley, a post-office of Marion co.. Ark. Hamp'tonville, a hamlet of Harrison co., Mo., 20 miles N. of Pattonsburg. Hamptonville, a post-village of Yadkin co., N.C, 26 miles N. of Statesville. It has 2 churches. Hampton Wick, a hamlet of England, co. of Middle- sex, on the Thames, i mile N. of Kingston-upon-Thames. Ham'rick's Station, apost-offloeof Putnam co., Ind., on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad, 29 miles E.N.E. of Terre Haute. Ham's Fork, a small river of Uint.ah co., Wyoming, runs southeastward, and unites with the Black Fork of Green River about 2 miles S. of Granger Station, on the Pacific Railroad. Ham's Prairie, pra'ree, post-office, Callaway co., Mo. Ham'tranck, a township of Wayne co., Mich. Pop. 3751. It contains Norris. Hamva, hS,m'voh\ or Hanowa, hi'no'voh', a vil- lage of Hungary, co. of Gbmor, on the Sajo. Pop. 900. Ham, West, England. See West Ham. Ham-with-Watch, a hamlet of England, co. of Sur- rey, on the Thames, 11 miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's, London. Here is Ham House, erected in 1610 for Henry, Prince of Wales, and many other elegant seats. Han, hin, a town of Dalmatia, circle of Spalatro, on the left bank of the Cettina, N.E. of Sign. Hanau, hd'now, a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, on the Kinzig, near its junction with the Main, at a rail- way junction, 86 miles S.S.W. of Casscl. Pop. 22,409. It consists of an old and a new town, the latter well built, and having a good market-place, a castle, the seat of the Wet- terjivian Society of Natural History, a large hospital, hand- some theatre, council-house, college, academy of arts, ifcc, manufactures of silk stuffs, ribbons, cotton fabrics, camlets, carpets, leather, gloves, hosiery, gold and silver articles, porcelain, carriages, &c., and a considerable trade in timber, barrels, and wine. Near it are mineral springs. At Hanau the French, in their retreat from Leipsic, totally defeated the Bavarians, October 30, 1813. Hanau, hi'now, a village of Switzerland, canton and about 18 miles from St. Gall, on the Thur. Hanazo, a river of Abyssinia. See Anazo. Hanceville, hanss'vil, a post-village of Blount co., Ala., on the South & North Alabama Railroad, 44 miles S. of Decatur. It has 3 churches. Han'cock, a county in the N.E. central part of Georgia, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Ogeechee River, and on the W. by the Oconee River. The surface is hilly or uneven, and is partly covered with forests of pine and other trees. The soil in some parts is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and grass are the staple products. Among the minerals of this county are granite, agate, opjil, kaolin, and zircon. It is inter- sected by the Macon A Augusta Railroad. Capital, Sparta. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,465,053. Pop. in 1870, 11,317, of whom 11,279 were Americans. Hancock, a western county of Illinois, borders on Iowa and Missouri. Area, about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the W. and N.W. by the Mississippi River, and is also drained by the La Moin or Crooked Creek. The surface is undulating, and diversified with prairies and woodlands. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, pork, and butter are the staple products. Among HAN 945 HAN the forest trees are white oak, hickory, elm, ash, linden, and honey-locust. Subcarboniferous limestone coyered with a thick deposit of drift underlies this county. It is a good material for building, and is quarried for that purpose. Coal is found here. This county is intersected by 3 rail- roads, — the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw, the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy, and the "Wabash. Capital, Carthage. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $23,936,003. Pop. in 1870, 35,935, of whom 31,777 were Americans. Hancock, a county in the E. central part of Indiana, has an area of about 300 square miles. It iS intersected by Sugar Creek, and is also drained by Big Blue River and Swamp Creek. The surface is nearly level, and more than one-third of it is covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, grass, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Pittsburg, Cincinnati *fe St. Louis Railroad and the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad. Capital, Greenfield. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $10,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 15,123, of whom li,5S0 were Americans. Hancock, a"county in the N. part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Iowa River, and is also drained by the Boone River, which rises in it. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and grass are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Milwaukee «fc St. Paul Railroad {Iowa & Dakota division). Capital, Concord. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 999; in 1875, U82. Hancock, a county of Kentucky, bordering on Indiana, has an area of about 200 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Ohio River. The surface is diversified with undulating uplands and wide river-bottoms, which are level and very fertile. Tobacco and Indian corn are the staple products. Capital, Hawesville. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $2,373,488. Pop. in 1870, 6591, of whom 6373 were Americans, Hancock, a county in the S.E. part of Maine, has an area of about 1700 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Atl.antic Ocean, and is drained by the Union and Penobscot Rivers, the latter of which forms a part of the W. boundary. This county comprises numerous islands, the most remarkable of which is Mount Desert Island. The sea-coast is indented with many bays or inlets, which afford good harbors. The surface is diversified with many small lakes and extensive forests. Lumber, butter, grass, and potatoes are the staple products. Capital, Ellsworth. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $12,058,753. Pop. in 1870, 36,495, of whom 35,547 were Americans. Hancock, the most southern county of Mississippi, has an area estimated at 500 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by Mississippi Sound, a part of the Gulf of Mex- ico, and on the W. by Pearl River. The surface is nearly level. The soil is sandy and poor. Capital, Bay St. Louis. Valuation of real and personal estate, S784,146. Pop. in 1870, 4239, of whom 4025 were Americans. It is traversed by the New Orleans A Mobile Railroad. Hancock, a county in the N.W. part of Ohio, has an area of about 525 square miles. It is intersected by the Blanchard Fork of the Auglaize River. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests, in which the beech, elm, white ash, hickory, white oak, and sugar-maple abound. The soil is a fertile calcareous loam. Wheat, Indian corn, hay, oats, pork, and butter are the staple products. Good Silurian limestone underlies a large part of this county. It is intersected by the Lake Erie & Louisville Railroad. The Findlay Branch of the Cincin- nati, Sandusky &, Cleveland Railroad terminates at Find- lay, the capital of this county. Valuation of real and personal estate, $18,064,333. Pop, in 1870, 23,847, of whom 22,546 were Americans. Hancock, a county in the N. part of East Tennessee, borders on Virginia. Area, about 300 square miles. It is intersected by Clinch River. The surface is partly moun- tainous, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Sneedsville. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, $1,267,268. Pop. in 1870, 7148, of whom 7146 were Americans. Hancock, the most northern county of West Virginia, has an area of about 90 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. and W. by the Ohio River, which separates it from the state of Ohio. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wool, wheat, and oats are the staple products. Bituminous coal is found in it. Capital, Fairview. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,060,127. Pop. in 1870, 4363, of whom 4132 were Americans. 60 Hancock, a township of Hancock eo.. 111. Pop. 926. Hancock, a post-hamlet of Harrison eo., Ind., in Blue River township, 23 miles W. by N. of New Albany. It has a church and a saw-mill. Hancock, a post-township of Hancock co.. Me., is on Frenchman's Bay, a deep inlet of the sea, about 34 miles S.E. of Bangor. It has 4 churches. Pop. 974. Hancock, a post-village of Washington co., Md., on the Potomac River, the Chesapeake A Ohio Canal, and the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (its station being on the West Virginia side of the river), 122 miles W.N.W. of Baltimore, and 56 miles E. of Cumberland. It has 4 churches, a steam flouring-mill, and a manufactory of cement. Pop. 860. Hancock, a post-village of Berkshire co., Mass., in Hancock township, on Kinderhook Creek, 8 miles N.N.W. of Pittsfield. The township has 2 churches, a tannery, and 3 woollen-factories. It is bounded W. by the New York line, and contains a Shaker village. Here the laconic Mountains afford fine views of the Berkshire and Hudson valleys. Pop. of the township, 730. Hancock, a post-village in Hancock township, Hough- ton CO., Mich., about 2 miles N. of Houghton, from which it is separated by a navigable water called Portage Lake, crossed by a ferry and a bridge. It is connected with Lake Superior by a ship-canal, and is a terminus of the Mineral Range Railroad. Its prosperity is derived from rich mines of pure native copper. It has a national bank, 4 churches, a high school, and a newspaper office, several smelting-fur- naces and stamping-mills, extensive manufactories, a foun- dry, and 2 steam saw-mills. Pop. about 1500 ; of the town- ship, 2068. Hancock, a township of Carver eo., Minn. Pop. 729. Hancock, a post-village of Stevens co., Minn., on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 150 miles W. by N. of St. Paul. It has a church. Hancock, Pulaski co.. Mo. See InoN Summit. Hancock, a post-village of Hillsborough co., N.H., in Hancock township, about 28 miles AV". of Manchester. It has a church and a high school. Pop. of the township, 692. Hancock, a post-village of Delaware co., N.Y., in Hancock township, in a hilly picturesque country, on the Delaw.are River, at the junction of its branches, and on the Erie Railroad, 164 miles N.W. of New York, and 32 miles direct, or 50 by rail, E.S.E. of Binghamton. It has 4 churches, a graded school, manufactures of leather and lumber, and a newspaper office. Pop. of the township, 3176. There is also a Hancock Station in this township, on the Midland Railroad, 20 miles S. of Walton Junction. Hancock, a post-hamlet of Perry cO., 0., in Jackson township, 5 miles from Junction City. It has 2 churches. Hancock, a post-hamlet in Hancock township, Addi- son CO., Vt., about 22 miles N. of Rutland. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Pop. 430. Hancock, a post-hamlet of Waushara co., Wis., in Hancock township, on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, Southern division, 44 miles N. of Portage City. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 479. Hancock's Bridge, a post-village of Salem co., N.J., on Alloways Creek, 4J miles S. of Salem. It has a church, a carriage-shop, a grain-elevator, and 3 stores. Hancock Station, West Virginia. See Haxcock, Md. Hand, a county in the S. central part of Dakota. Area, about 1000 square miles. Han'da, an island of Scotland, co. of Sutherland, sep- arated from the mainland by a narrow sound. Handah, hin'di, or Handak, hinVUk', a town of Nubia, on the left bank of the Nile, 40 miles S.E. of New Dongola. Hand'forth, a hamlet of England, co. of Chester, 5 miles by rail S.W. of Stockport. Handie's (han'diz) Peak, Colorado, a mountain in lat. 37° 54' 50" N., Ion. 107° 30' W. Its altitude is 13,977 feet above the sea-level. It is about 12 miles N.E. of Sil- verton. Hand'ley, a post-office of Randolph co., Ala. Handley, a post-village of Tarrant co., Tex., on the Texas A Pacific Railroad, 8 miles E. of Fort Worth, It has a church, a grist-mill, *tc. Hands'borongh, a post-village of Harrison co.. Miss., is on the New Orleans &, Mobile Railroad, 1 mile N. of Mississippi City, which is about 10 miles W. of Biloxi, and 2 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. It has a newspaper office, 5 churches, and several lumber-mills. Pop. 459. Handschuhsheim , h^nt'shoos-hime\ a village of Ba- den, on the Main, 10 miles S. of Mannheim. Pop. 2540. Hand's oms Depot, a post-office and station of South- I ampton co., Va., on the Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad. HAN Han'dy, a post-office of Fayette co., Ala. Ifandy, a townsbip of Livingston ec, Mich. Pop. 2144. Handy, a post-office of Kock co., Minn. Handzaame, or Handzaeme, hind'z3,'m§h, a vil- lage of Belgium, in West Flanders^ 15^ miles by rail S-TV. of Bruges. Pop, 2640. Hanerau, hi'n§h-row\ a village of Prussia, in the N.W. part of Holstein, on the Eider. Ha'nerville, a post-office of Dane co,, Wis., on the Chicago, Milwaukee &, St. Paul Railroad, about 20 miles S.E. of Madison. Hanesville, hanz'vil, a post-villago of Kent co., Md., about 27 miles E. of Baltimore. It has 2 churches. Hanesville, a post-office of Meigs co., 0. Ha'ney, a township of Crawford co., Wis., traversed by the Kickapoo River. Pop. 571. Haney's, a station in Mills co., Iowa, on the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad, 19 miles S. of Council Bluffs. Haney's Corner, a post-village in Shelby township, Ripley co., Ind., about 15 miles N, of Madison. Ha'neyville, a post-hamlet of Lycoming co.. Pa., 6 miles N. of Look Haven. It has a lumber-mill. Han'ford, a post-office and station of Tulare co., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad. It has a flour-mill. Han'ford's Xjanding, a hamlet of Monroe co., N.Y., is on the Genesee River, 2 or 3 miles N. of Rochester. Hang-Chow-Foo, Hang-Tchow-Foo, h^ng^- chow*-foo', or Hang-Tcheou-Foo, hdng^-che-oo^-foo', an important city of China, capital of the province of Che- Kiang, on the Tsien-tang-Kiang, 20 miles from its mouth in Hang-Chow-Foo Bay, at the S. terminus of the ftrand Canal. It is populous, well built, and clean, and has ex- tensive manufactures of silk, and a very active general trade. It suffered much in the civil war of 1S61-64. P. 600,000. Hangendenlissen, Austria. See FUnfhaus. Hangest, hON^^zhi', a village of France, in Somme, on a railway, 7 miles N. of Montdidier. Pop. 1360. Haug'ing Grove, township, Jasper co., Ind. P. 393. Hanging Rock, a post-village of Lawrence co., 0., on the Ohio River, 2 or 3 miles below. Ironton, and about 60 miles S. by E. of Chillicothe. It is the terminus of a rail- road which extends to the New Castle coal-mines. It has 2 churches and 2 stove-foundries. Hanging Rock, a station in Summit co., Utah, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 27 miles S.W. of Evanston. Hanging Ruck, a station in Utah co.. Utah, on the American Fork Railroad^ 12 miles N.E. of American Fork. Hanging Rock, a post-hamlet of Hampshire co., W. Va., about 14 miles S.E. of Romney. It has a flour-mill and a store. Hanging Rock Mills, post-office, Hardy co., W. Va. Hangman's Creek, a post-office of Stevens co., Wash- ington. Hangoo, or Hangu, hin-goo', a small town of Afghan- istan, 15 miles W. of Kohat. Pop. about 1500. Hang-o-Udde, Hango Udde, hS,ng'go ood'deh, or Hangoud, hS,ng-go-ood', a free port of Finland, on the N. coast of Finland, with a good harbor. It is connected by railway with the interior. Hang-Tchow-Foo, China. See Hang-Chqw-Foo. Hangwelly, ha,ng'wSriee, a village of Ceylon, 10 miles E. of Colombo. Hanifah, a town of Arabia. See Anizeh. Han-Keoo, Han-Keou, han^-U^-oo', or Han- KoAV ("mouth of commerce"), a treaty port and city of China, on the Yang-tse-Kiang, at the mouth of one of its tributaries, 700 miles from the sea. This city forms, with Han-Yang and Woo-Chang (Ou-Tchang or Oo-Tchang), the capital of Iloo-Pe, all in sight of one another, and separated only by the river, one of the greatest commercial centres in the world. Hue estimates their united pop. at 8,000,000 j but they sufi'ered much in the Tae-Ping wars, Lat. about 30° 30' N.; Ion. near 114° E. Han-Kiang, h4n^-ke-ing', a river of China, provinces of Shen-See and Hoo-Pe, after a tortuous E. course, esti- mated at 600 miles, joins the Yang-tse-Kiang at Han-Yang. Han-Kiaug, a river of Corea, enters the sea on its S. coast, after a S. course of about 200 miles. Hankin, h^n^kin', a maritime town of Corea, on its E. coast. Lat. 39° 35' N.; Ion. 127° 35' E. Hank'in's, a post-village of Sullivan co., N.Y., on the Delaware River, and on the Erie Railroad, 143 uiiles N.W. of New York, It h.as a tannery and 3 general stores. Hanlar, hin-lau', a town of European Turkey', in Roumelia, sanjak of Gallipoli. 5 m^jes S.E. of Ipsala. HanMey, a town of England, cq.,of Stafford, on a rail- 3 HAN way, 2 miles E.N.E. of Newcastle, and forming part of the borough of Stoke-upon-Trent. It has iine public buildings and extensive potteries. Pop. 39,076. Hau'ley, a post-hamlet of Ottawa co., Mich., 4 miles S. of Jenisonville Railroad Station. It has manufactures of wagons and horseshoes. Han'lin Station, a post-hamlet of Washington co.. Pa., on the Pan-Handle Railroad, 32 miles W. of Pittsburg. It has about 12 houses. Han'ly, a post-office of Jessamine co., Ky. Han^iia^ a township of Henry co., 111., bounded N. by the Rock River. Pop. 964. Hanna, a township of La Porte co., Ind. (see Hanna Statiox), is bounded S.E. by English Lake and the river Kankakee. Pop, 4S6. Han'uah, or Han'nahFur'nace, a station in Cen- tre CO., Pa., on the Bald Eagle Valley Railroad, 11 miles N. of Tyrone. Han^nahatch'ee, a post-ofSce of Stewart co., Ga., about 30 miles S.S.E. of Columbus. Han'nah's Creek, of North Carolina, flows into the Neuse River near the S. border of Johnston co. Han'na's Creek, of Indiana, flows into the White- water River in Union co. Hauna Station, a post-villago of La Porte co., Ind., on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 59 miles S.E. of Chicago. Han'naville, a post-oflice of Brown co., Tex. Han'naway Falls, formerly Ells'worth, a post- village of St. Lawrence co., N.Y., in Pierpont township, on the Racket River, 4 miles S. of Potsdam. It has a church, a saw-mill, &c. Pop. 179. Han'nersviUc, a post-office of Davidson co., N.C, Hanniah, a town of Asia. See Laschang. Han'nibal , a city of Marion co., Mo., is situated on the Mississippi River, 18 miles below Quincy, and about 148 miles above St. Louis, which is 100 miles distant by land. By railroad it is 206 miles E. of St. Joseph, and 102 miles W, of Springfield, 111, It is an important railroad centre, being the E. terminus of the Hannibal & St. Joseph Rail- road, and the N.E. terminus of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad. It is connected with St. Louis by the St. Louis, Keokuk A Northwestern Railroad, and with Eastern cities by the Wabash Railroad. Hannibal is the seat of Hannibal College (Methodist Episcopal South), which was founded in 1868, and it contains 12 churches, a high school, St. Joseph's Academy, a national bank, 1 other bank, gas- works, and printing-offices which issue 2 daily and 3 weekly newspapers. It has an extensive trade in lumber, several flouring-mills, iron-foundries, tobacco-factories, lime-kilns, a manufactory of railroad-cars, 2 grain-elevators, and exten- sive manufactures of sash, doors, and blinds. The river is here crossed by a new iron railroad bridge, which is nearly 1600 feet long between the abutments. Pop. in lS60,-6»05 ; in 1870, 10,125; present pop. about 15,000. Hannibal, a post-village of Oswego co., N.Y., in Han- nibal township, on the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, 10 miles S.S.W. of Oswego, and about 2S miles N. of Auburn. It has 3 churches, a newspaper oflice, and manufactures of barrels and staves. Pop. 454 ; of tho township, 3254, Hannibal, a post-village of Monroe co., 0., in Ohio township, on the Ohio River, about 20 miles below Mounds- ville, W. Va. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a flour- mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 400. Han'nibal, three isl.ands off the N.E. coast of Aus- tralia. Lat. 11° 35' S. ; Ion, 142° 51' 20" E, Han'nibal Centre, a post-hamlet of Oswego co,, N.Y., 3 miles S.E, of Hannibal Station. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a foundry. Ha-Noi, the capital of Tonquin. See Ketcho. Hanover, han'o-vijr (dor. Hannover, h.l,n-no'v5r; Fr. Hannm-c, hihiov'r' ; L. Hano'vcra), a city of Prussia, cap- ital of the province of Hanover, on the Leine, an affluent of the Wcser, 83 miles S.W. of Hamburg. Lat. 52° 22' 16" N. ; Ion. 9° 44' 40" E. Railways conueot it with the prin- cipal North German towns. It is built in a sandy plain, enclosed by phmted walks, and divided by the river (hero crossed by several bridges) into an old and a new town, the latter regularly biiJ out, lighted with gas, and comprising a fine cs|ilaniule, on which stand the monumental rotunda of Leibnitz, anil a column 156 feet in height, orcetod to the Hanoverians who fell at Waterloo. The principal edifices arc the palaces, opera-house, arsenal, a sjilcndid theatre, museum, polytcehnio school, barracks, royal stables, city hall and record-oliice, a rich library of printed works and valuable manuscripts, and the Sohloss-Kiroho, Its institu- HAN 947 HAN tions comprise the Greorgianum, founded in 1776, a gymna- sium, a normal school, and various asylums and hospitals. It has manufactures of oil-cloth, gold and silver articles, carpets, lacquered wares, chiccory, Ac. The transit trade with Bremen, &c., is considerable; and here is an exchange for mining produce. About half a mile from the city is Mount Brilliant, a royal country residence, with a fine pic- ture-gallery, and 1 mile distant is the old palace of Herrn- hausen. The city has many public monuments. Hanover has increased rapidly in population since the annexation to Prussia, and the newly-built quarters are for the most part architecturally very fine. Pop. in 1875, including the suburb of Linden, 127,576. Hanover, or Hannover, a province of Prussia, is bounded N. by the German Ocean, Holstein, and Lauenburg, from which it is separated by the Elbe, N.E. by Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, E. by Prussian Saxony and Brunswick, S. by Prussian Saxony, Hesse-Nassau, and Rhenish Prussia, and W. by the Netherlands. It is of very irregular shape, and is divided into three distinct portions, the first, and by far the largest, forming Hanover proper, situated on the E., and tolerably compact; the second on the W., and separated from the former by Oldenburg and Rhenish Prussia, ex- cept where the continuity is maintained by a narrow tract not more than 6 miles wide; and the third in the S., com- pletely isolated from the other two. Besides these three principal there are three minor portions, all in the S., and a range of sandy islands lining the coast. Within the terri- tory are included part of Brunswick and the free town of Bremen. Area, 14,856 square miles. The surface in the S. is covered by the Harz Mountains, some of whose summits here attain a height of more than 3000 feet ; but all the rest of the country belongs to the W. part of the great plain which stretches E. across Prussia and Russia. In Hanover, this plain, after it becomes free of the N. slopes of the Harz, subsides into an extensive and monotonous flat, with a gentle slope towards the North Sea. The only exception to the general flatness is caused by branches of the Harz, one of which stretches in a N.N.W. direction and forms the watershed between the Eras and the Weser. In addition to these two rivers, the only other river of consequence is the Elbe, which skirts the N.E. and bounds a considerable portion of the N. The Harz Moun- tains are rich in minerals, which have long been worked to a great extent, and still form one of the chief sources both of wealth and employment. They produce a little gold, a considerable amount of silver, some zinc, from 100 to 150 tons of copper, and about 4000 tons of iron annually, A branch of the Harz, between the Leine and the Weser, yields both coal and lignite, and in several quarters rock salt is found. The climate is remarkably mild, except in the higher districts of the S. The prevailing wind is the W. ; the air, on the whole, is healthy, but its sudden changes of tempera- ture, particularly near the coast, are trying to weak consti- tutions ; and in the low flats, when the rivers become slug- gish and numerous stagnant pools are formed, dysentery, ague, and intermittent fevers often prevail. In the low alluvial flats the soil is remarkably rich, but usually so charged with moisture that it cannot be safely brought under the plough, and is formed into meadows, which yield heavy crops of hay or feed large numbers of cattle. "When the ground attains a higher elevation the soil usually consists either of a thin vegetable mould on a substratum of sand so poor as often to be left in a state of nature with its covering of heath, or of deep beds of peat. But there are extensive tracts of arable land, amounting to one-fourth of the whole surface, so industriously culti- vated as to produce more corn than is required for home consumption. Flax is extensively cultivated, and forms an important article of export. The domestic animals are horses, horned cattle, sheej^, goats, and swine. Poultry also, particularly geese, are reared in vast numbers in the marshes, and the rearing of bees is practised among the moors. Mining operations, next to agriculture, form the most important branches of industry. Other manufactures are of comparatively limited extent. The most important are tissues of flax and hemp. The only other articles deserving of notice are hosiery, ribbons, leather, chiccory, tobacco, oil, chemical products, beer, and brandy. The trade has the advantage of three navigable rivers and a considerable extent of sea-coast, and railways communicate with the great continental trunks. As a whole, Hanover is very thinly peopled, and, in proportion to its extent of surface, has fewer towns of im- portance than any other region in Germany. The inhab- itants are generally of Saxon origin, except in the W., where they have a common origin with the Dutch, or are of Frisian extraction. The educated classes use the ordi- nary written language of the country, but the lower orders generally speak Low German. The principal seat of learn- ing is the University of Gottingen. The great majority of the inhabitants are Protestants. The countries of which the province of Hanover is now composed were, in early times, the theatre of protracted contests between the Saxons and the Romans. After the Romans lost their footing in the country and the Longo- bardi were expelled from it, the Saxons became sole pos- sessors. Charlemagne subdued the Saxons, introduced Christianity, and founded several bishoprics. "Wittekind, the Saxon leader, by becoming a Christian lost much of his influence with the great body of his countrymen, who still continued pagans, but was allowed to possess his hered- itary states. In 961 the chief power was in the hands of Herrmann Billung, from whom the fourth in succession was Magnus. He succeeded in 1106. On the death of his son, Henry the Lion, in 1195, the possessions left to him were shared by his three sons. Through the heirs of one of these (William, the youngest), the lines of Brunswick- Wolfenbiittel and of Brunswick-Liineburg were ultimately formed. Ernest Augustus, one of the princes of the latter branch, after making several important additions to his territories, was raised to the dignity of Elector of Hanover in 1692, and married the daughter of the Elector Palatine, grand-daughter of James I. of England. He was suc- ceeded, in 1698, by his son, George Lewis, who, in accord- ance with the revolutionary settlement of 16SS, became sovereign of England, under the name of George L, on the demise of Queen Anne, in 1714. The connection thus' formed with the crown of England continued during four succeeding reigns. In 1814 the Congress of Vienna raised Hanover to the rank of a kingdom ; but on the accession of Queen Victoria to the crown of England the Salic law placed the Hanoverian crown on the head of the nearest male heir, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. He died in November, 1S51, and was succeeded by his son, George V. In 1866 the Hanoverians took the Austrian side in the war with Prussia, in consequence of which the Prussians dethroned the King of Hanover and annexed the country to Prussia. Capital, Hanover, Pop. in 1875, 2,017,393. Adj. and inhab. Hanoverian, han-o-vee're-an. Han'over, a county in the E. central part of Virginia, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the North Anna and Pamunkey Rivers, and on the S-W. by the Chickahominy River. It is intersected by the South Anna River. The surface is hilly, and extensively covered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and tobacco are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Richmond, Fredericks- burg & Potomac Railroad and the Chesapeake & Ohio Rail- road. Capital, Hanover Court-House. A'aluation of real and personal estate, 33,062,098. Pop. in 1870, 16,455, of whom 16,393 were Americans. Hanover, a post-office of Coosa oo.. Ala. Hanover, a village of New Haven co., Conn., on the Quinepiac River, and on the Hartford & New Haven Rail- road, 15 miles N. by E. of New Haven. It has manufac- tures of cutlery. Hanover, a post-village of New London oo.. Conn., in Sprague township, 2 miles from Baltic Railroad Station, and about 9 miles N. of Norwich. It has a church and a manufactory of flannels and tweeds. Hanover, or Ger'mantoAvn, a village of Clinton co., 111., on Big Shoal Creek, 4 miles S. of Breese Station, and about 26 miles E. of Belleville. It has a church, a flour- mill, and 2 wagon-shops. Pop. 391. Here is Gerraantown Post-Office. Hanover, a township of Cook co.. 111. Pop. 1093. It contains Bartlett, Spaulding, Hammond, &c. Hanover, a post-village in Hanover township, Jo Daviess co., 111., on Apple River, about 14 miles S.S.E. of Galena. It has a graded school, a flouring-mill, a woollen- factory, and 3 churches. The township is bounded on the S.W. by th^ Mississippi River. Pop. of the village, about 450 ; of the township, 1191. Hanover, a post-village in Hanover township, .Jeffer- son CO., Ind,, about 6 miles W.S.W. of Madison, near the Ohio River, which forms the S.E. boundary of the township. Here is Hanover College (Presbyterian), which was founded in 1833. Hanover has a mone^'-order post-office, 4 churches, a tannery, Ac. Pop. '564; of the township, 1399. Hanover, a township of Lake co.. Ind. Pop. 973. It contains Brunswick and Hanover Centre. HAN 948 HAN Hanover, a township of fSlielby eo., Ind. Pop. 1572. It contains Morristown. Hauover, a post-township of Allamakee cc, Iowa, about 12 miles N.E. of Decorah, is traversed by the Upper Iowa Rirer. Pop. 531. Hanover, a township of Crawford co., Iowa, Pop. .36. Hanover, a post-village of Washington co., Kansas, in Hanover township, on the Little Blue River, and on the St. Joseph & Denver City Railroad, 127 miles W. of St. Joseph, Mo., and 25 miles S.E. of Fairbury, Neb. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, a money-order post-office, and a pottery. Pop. about 600; of the township, H02. Hanover, a post-township and hamlet of O.xford Co., Me., on the Androscoggin River, about 10 miles N.W. of Lewiston. It has a flour-mill, a saw-mill, Ac. Pop. 1S8. Hanover, a village or station of Howard Co., Md., on the Washington Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, / 12 miles S.W. of Baltimore. Hanover, a post-village of Plymouth co., Mass., in Hanover township, on the Hanover Br.anch Railroad, 25 miles S.S.E. of Boston. It contains the Hanover Academy, and has manufactures of shoes, nails, and tacks. The town- shii5 has 4 churches, and a pop. of ISOO. Hanover, a post- village in Hanover township, Jackson CO., Mich., on the Fort Wayne, Jackson & Saginaw Rail- road, 14 miles S.S.W. of Jaekson. It is surrounded by lakes, has 2 churches, a high school, a steam grist-mill, 10 stores, and manufactures of carriages, sash, and blinds. Pop. of the village, about 350; of the township, 1397. Hanover, a township of Wexford co., Mich, Pop. 242. Hanover, a trading-post of Mille Lacs co., Minn., about 40 miles N. of Princeton. Hanover, a post-office of Wright co., Minn. Hanover, a post-village of Jefferson co.. Mo., in Joa- chim township, on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad (at Bailey Station), 32 miles S. of St. Louis. It has a church. Hanover, a post-village in Hanover township, Grafton CO., N.H., is finely situated i mile E. of the Connecticut River, on a plain about ISO feet higher than the w.ater, 55 miles N.W. of Concord, and nearly 1 mile E. of Norwich Station on the Passumpsic Railroad. It has 2 or 3 churches, a national bank, and a savings-bank, and is the seat of Dartmouth College (Congregational), which was organized in 1770 and has about 15 resident professors, 250 students, and a library of 46,000 volumes. This college is richly endowed, occupies 8 buildings, and comprises, besides its literary department, a medical school, and the New Hamp- shire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Pop. of the township, 2085. Hanover, a station in Burlington co., N.J., on the New Jersey Southern Railroad, 9 miles E. of Pemberton. Hanover, a post-village in Hanover township, Morris CO., N.J., on the Passaic River, 4 miles N.E. of Madison, and 6 or 7 miles E. of JMorristown. It has a church, 2 stores, and a wagon-shop. Pop. of the township, 3623. The town- ship is intersected by the Morris & Essex Railroad, is bounded on the N.E. by Rocltaway River, and contains villages named Parcippany and Whippany. Hanover, a township of Chautauqua co., N.Y., on Lake Erie. Pop. 4155. It contains Silver Creek, Forestville, Irving, and Smith's Mills. Hanover, Oneida co., N.Y. See Marshall. Hanover, a township of Ashland CO., 0. Pop. 1832, It contains Loudonville. Hanover, a township of Butler eo., 0. Pop. 1460. It contains McSonigle's Station. Hanover, a station in Butler co., 0., on the Cincin- nati, Hamilton A Indianapolis Railroad, 5 miles N.W. of Hamilton. Hanover, or Han'overton, a post-vill.age of Colum- biana CO., 0., in Hanover township, on the Cleveland &, Pittsburg Railroad, 75 miles S.S.E. of Cleveland, and about 25 miles B. by S. of Canton. It has 3 churches, a union school, and a carriage-shop. The name of its post-offieo is Hanoverton, but that of the railroad station is Hanover. Pop. 481; of the township, 2310. Hanover, a post-village of Licking co., 0., in Hanover township, on the Licking River, near the Ohio Canal, and on the Pittsburg & Columbus Railroad, 41 miles E. by N. of Columbus,, and 9 miles E. of Newark, It has 2 churches and a graded school. Pop. 322; of the township, 1165. Hanover, a township of Beaver co., Pa., bounded W. by the Ohio line. Pop. 1500. It contains Frankfort Springs and Harshaville, and has beds of good coal. Hanover, a township of Lehigh co., Pa. Pop. 2804. Hanover, a township of Luzerne co., Pa., contains Nanticoke, Ashley, and other coal-mining villages. Pop. 2035, exclusive of Sugar Notch. Hanover Station is on the Nanticoke Railroad, 3 miles S.E. of Nanticoke. Hanover, a station in Montgomery eo., Pa., on the Perkiomen Railroad, 2 miles S. of Pennsburg. Hanover, a township of Northampton co.. Pa., on the Lehigh River. Pop. 499. Post-office, Hanoverville. Hanover, a township of Washington eo., Pa. Pop. 1898. It contains Florence, Murdocksville, Ac, and is on the line of West Virginia. It has beds of coal. Hanover, a post-borough of York eo., Pa., in Heidel- berg township, on the Hanover, Hanover Junction & Get- tysburg Railroad, at the junction of the Hanover A Y^ork and Littlestown Railroads, 17 miles E.S.E. of Gettysburg, 24 miles S.W. of York, and 50 miles by i-ailroad S. of Harrisburg. It contains 6 churches, a national bank, a savings-bank, an academy, and 2 foundries with machine- shops. Four weekly newspapers are published here. It has manufactures of carriages and cigars, Ac. Pop. 1839. Hanover, a post-village of Rock co.. Wis., in Plymouth township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railro.ad, 34 miles S.S.E. of Madison, and 7 miles S.W. of Janesville. It is also on the Southern Wisconsin Railroad, which connects Janesville with Monroe. It has a church, 2 hotels, and manufactures of cigars, flour, and wagons. Han'over, a thriving post-village in Grey co., Ontario, on the Saugeen River, 6 miles from Walkerton. It has ex- cellent water-power, and contains saw- and grist-mills, a woollen-factory, a carding-mill, an iron-foundry, 4 stores, and a tannery. Pop. 700. Hanover Centre, a post-hamlet of Lake co., Ind., in Hanover township, 7 miles S.W. of CroAvn Point. It has a church. Hanover Centre, apost-hamlet in Hanover township, Grafton co., N.H., 5 miles N. of Lebanon. It has a church. Hanover Court-House, a post-village, capital of Hanover co., Va., on the Chesapeake A Ohio Railroad, IS miles N. of Richmond, and 1 mile W. of the Pamunkey River. It has a brick court-house, built in 1735, a news- paper oflice, a church, and an academy. Henry Clay was born 1 mile from this place, in April, 1777. Han'over Island, W. of Patagonia, in lat. 51° S., Ion. 74° 30' W., is separated from the mainland and Chatham Island by the East Channel. Hanover Junction, a post-hamlet of York co.. Pa., on the Northern Central Railroad, at its junction with the Hanover A Gettysburg Railroad, 11 miles S. of Y'ork. It has 2 or 3 churches near it. Iron ore is found here. Hanover Junction, Virginia. See Junctiox. Hanoverton, Columbiana co., 0. See Hanovee. Han'overville, a post-hamlet of Northampton co., Pa., in Hanover township, about 5 miles N. of Bethlehem. Hanovre, the French name of Hanover. HanoAva, a village of Hungary. See Hamva. Hansbeke, hilns'bi-keh, a village of Belgium, in Hai- naut, on the railway between Ostend and Ghent, 8 milea W.N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 2400. Hansdorf (lans'doRf), Lower and Upper, two con- tiguous villages of Prussian Silesia, 47 miles by rail S.S.W. of Breslau. United pop. 3074. Hansdorf, a town of Hungary. See Hanusfalta. Hanse (hinss) Towns, called also the Hansa (han'- si) .and Hanseat'ic League, a celebrated commercial confederacy, which derives its name from the ancient Ger- man word ffanae (hiln'seh), signifying an " association for mutual support." In the Middle Ages, Hamburg, Lubeck, and afterwards Brunswick, Dantzic, Cologne, Bremen, and a great number of other towns, entered into an alliance in order to defend their commerce against the numerous ban- ditti and pirates who then infested Germany and the neigh- boring seas. This alliance was termed the Hanseatic League. The confederated or Hanse Towns were each bound to con- tribute towards maintaining ships and soldiers for their mutual protection, not only against pirates and robbers, but also against the enoroachments, oppression, or rapacity of the neighboring nobles and kings. The number of towns composing the league fluctuated; at one time it is said to have amounted to 85, among which were Bergen, in Nor- way, Berlin, Kiinigsberg, and Cracow. This powerful con- federacy formed the first systematic plan of commerce known in the Middle Ages. The cities enjoyed in Eng- land the privilege of exporting goods duty free, and in Denmark of importing them duty free. Their alliance was coveted and their hostility feared by the greatest powers. Several kings were defeated, and one (Magnus of Sweden) was deposed, by them. Lubeck was the place of assemblage, and was regarded as the capital of the league, and issued HAN 949 HAR the summons for the regular assemblies pf the deputies from all the cities, which were held once in three years, and also lor the extraordinary assemblies, generally hold once in ten yearf. The epoch of the dissolution of the confederacy may be stated at 1630. However, Hamburg, Lubeok, and Bre- men still constitute an association of a similar character, and are called free Hanseatic cities. Adj. Hanse and Hanseat'ic, and Hansard. Hausee, or Hansi, hin'see, a town of the Hissar dis- trict, India, 89 miles N.W. of Delhi. Pop. 13,563. Han'sell's, a station in Dearborn co., Ind., on the Indianapolis, Cincinnati & Lafayette Railroad, 9 miles N.AV. of Lawrenceburg. Han'sen, a hamlet of Oceana oo,, Mich., 10 miles S.E. of Hart. Hans'ford, a county of the Panhandle of Texas, bounded N. by Indian Territory, and traversed by the North i'ork of Canadian River. Area, 900 square miles. Han'son^ a prairie county in the S.E. part of Dakota, has an area of 432 square miles. It is intersected by the Dakota River. The soil is fertile. Capital, Rockport. Hanson, a post-hamlet of Hopkins co., Ky., on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 32 miles S. of Hender- son. It has 2 stores. Hanson, a post-village in Hanson township, Plymouth CO., Mass., on the Old Colony Railroad (Plymouth Branch), 25 miles S. by E. of Boston. It has 2 churches. The township contains a village named South Hanson, and has manufactures of shoes, shoe-nails, and boxes. Pop. 1265. Hanson, a post-office of Olmsted co., Minn. Han'sonville, a, post-village of Yuba co., Cal., about 66 miles N. by E. of Sacramento. It has a church and a manufactory of wine. Hansonville, a post-hamlet of Frederick CO., Md., about 6 miles N. of Frederick. It has a tannery. Hansonville, a post-hamlet of Russell co., Va., 14 miles N. of Abingdon. It has a church. Han^soot', a town of British India, district and 12 miles W.S.W. of Baroach. Pop. about 4000. Han-Tching, a city of Corea. See King-Ki-Tao. Han-Tchong, han-ch5ng', an inland city of China, province of Shen-See, capital of the department, on the Han-Kiang River. Lat. 32° 56' N. ; Ion. 107° 11' E. Hants, Hamp'shire, Southamp'ton, or South- amp'ton shire, a county of England, having S. the English Channel, with its inlets of Spithead, the Solent, 85. Har'bolt's, a station on the Harrisburg &, Potomac Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Harrisburg, Pa. HarboiinifereSj haR*bon*ne-ain', a town of France, in Somme, 17 miles N.N.E. of Montdidier. Pop. 1997. Har'bor, a post-village of Ashtabula co., 0., on the Ashtabula, Youngstown & Pittsburg Railroad, and on Lake Erie, 3 miles N. of Ashtabula. It has a good harbor, with 14 feet of water, and is an important shipjiing-point for coal and iron ore. Harbor au Bouche, o boosh, a post-village in An- tigonish co., Nova Scotia, on St. George's Bay, 30 miles N. of Antigonish. Pop., chiefly engaged in the fisheries, about 700. Harbor Brids^e, a station in Lawrence eo., Pa., on the Erie & Pittsburg Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of New Castle. Har'bor Brit'on, a post-town and port of entry, cap- ital of Fortune Bay, Newfoundland, 240 miles W. of St, John's. Pop. 360. Harbor Buffet, a fishing village of Newfoundland, on Long Island, in Placentia Bay, 16 miles from Little Placentia. Pop. 333. Harbor Creek, a post-village of Erie co., Pa., in Harbor Creek township, on the Lake Shore Railroad, 8 miles E.N.E. of Erie, and 2 miles from Lake Erie. It has a cheese-factory, a woollen-mill, and several churches. The township has 6 churches and a pop. of 1974. Harbor Grace (Fr. pron. haR^bon' griss), a port of entry, and, after St. John's, the most important town of Newfoundland, the capital of the district of Harbor Grace, is situated on the W. side of Conception Bay, 20 miles W. by N. of Portugal Cove. It has a pretty appearance from the sea, and contains a Roman Catholic cathedral, the dome of which forms a prominent object in entering the port, a prison, a convent, and a court-house. The harbor is about 5 miles in extent, but much exposed to the sea. The wharves are sheltered by a beach, on which is a light-house exhibit- ing a powerful revolving light. Harbor Grace is a town of considerable trade, nearly one-fourth of the business of the whole island being done here. It contains a number of stores, several hotels, and a printing-office issuing a weekly newspaper. It is the see of a Catholic bishop. Pop. 6770. Harbor Island, one of the Bahama Islands, just N.E. of Eleuthera, with the port of Dunmore Town. Pop. 2500. Harbor le Cow, a hamlet in the district of Burgeo and La Poile, Newfoundland, 1^ miles from Rose Blanche. Harbor Ulaiu, a village, the capital of the district of Harbor Main, Newfoundland, is situated at the head of Conception Bay. It is a fishing settlement, and has a con- vent. Pop. 670. Harborou^h Market. See Market-Harborougii. Harbor VieAV, a station on the Boston, Revere Beach & Lynn Railroad, IJ miles from East Boston, Mass. Har'borville, a post- village in Kings CO., Nova Scotia, on the Bay of Fundy, 10 miles N. of Berwick. It exports cordwood and potatoes, and contains 4 stores nnd several ship-yards. Pop. 250. Har'bourtou, a post-hamlct of Mercer co., N.J., in Hopewell township, 4 miles N.E. of Titusville Station, which is 11 miles N.W. of Trenton. It has a church. Harburig, haR'bQoRC, a town of Bavaria, on the Wer- nitz, 30 miles N.N.AV. of Augsburg. Pop. 1270. Harburg, or Haarbur^, ha,R'b6oRG, a town of Ger- many, in Hanover, 23 miles N.W. of LUneburg, on the S. branch of the Elbe, at a railway junction, 6 miles S. of Hamburg. Pop. 17,131, It has a citadel, gunpowder- and bone-mills, sugar-refineries, tanneries, manufactures of woollens, linens, hosiery, and sail-cloth, extensive wharves, and an active trade b}' sea. Harbutowitz, han'boo-to^^its, a village of Austrian Silesia, circle of Teschen, on the Vistula. Pop. 365. Harchies, han^sheo' or haRk'y^s, a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 12 miles N.W. of Mons. Harcourt, hau^kooR', a town of France, department of Eure, 10 miles N.E. of Bernay. Pop. 1068. Harcourt-Thury, han^kooR'-tU^ree', a town of France, in Calvados, 15 miles N.W. of Falaise. Pop. 1310. Harda, a town of India. See Hurdah. Hardanger-Fiord, haR'ding^er-fe-ond', an inlet on the W. coast of Norway, 33 miles S.E. of Bergen. It is approached through channels between numerous islands, extends from S.W. to N.E. about 37 miles, and then from N. to S. about 34 miles. Hardanger-Fjeld, haR'd^ng^er-fe-fild, a mountain- ridge of Norway, about lat. 60° 10' N., uniting N. with the Lang-Field, and S. with the Dovrefield. Hard'aAvay, a hamlet of Dougherty co., Ga., on the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, 8 miles S. of Albany. It has a saw-mill. Har'deeville, a post-village of Beaufort co., S.C, on the Savannah & Charleston Railroad, 20 miles N. by E. of Savannah. It has 5 churches and 4 turpentine-distilleries. Hardegsen, han'dfig-sen, a town of Prussia, in Han- over, 10 miles N.N.W. of Gottingen. Pop. 1056. It has manufactures of linens and leather. HarMeman, a county of West Tennessee, bordering on Mississippi, hae an area of about 760 square miles. It is intersected by the Big Hatchee River. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and mostly covered with forests. According to the census, it had, in 1870, 335,859 acres of woodland, and more than any other county in the state. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, pork, and lumber are the staple products. Sandstone is found here. This county is intersected by the Memphis & Charleston Ptail- road and the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad. Capital, Bolivar. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,302,227. Pop. in 1870, 18,074, of whom 17,921 were Americans. Hardeman, a county in the N. part of Texas, is in- tersected by the Pease River. Area, about 1250 square miles. Hardeman, a post-office of Matagorda co., Tex. Harden, a town of Wales. See Hawarden. Hardenberg, haR'd§n-b§RG^ a town of the Nether- lands, Overyssel, on the Vecht, 23 miles E.N.E. of Zwolle. Har'denburg, a village of Jennings co., Ind., on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 79 miles W. of Cincinnati. It has a church, and manufactures of carriages, cigars, and furniture. The post-office is called Six Mile. Hardenburg, a township of Ulster co., N.Y. P. 671. Har'den's, a post-hamlet of Charles City co., Va., on the James River, 20 miles below Richmond. Har'dentown, a station in Dearborn co., Ind., on the Cincinnati, Indianapolis & Lafayette Railroad, 2 miles N.E. of Lawrenceburg. HarderAvick, haR'd§r-TVik\ Harderwyk, or Har- derwijk, haR'd?r--ftik\ a seaport town of the Nether- lands, in Gelderland, on the Zuyder Zee, 31 miles E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 6445. It has a gymnasium, an exten- sive establishment for curing herrings, and a depot for recruits. It was formerly a Hanseatie town. Hardheim, haRt'hime, a town of Germany, in Baden, 44 miles E.N.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 2280. Hardi, har'dee, a town of India, Boglipoor district. Pop. 4039. Har'din, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an area of about 175 square miles. It is bounded on the E. and S. by the Ohio River. The surface is broken with ridges and deep gorges or ravines. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and oats are the staple products. Among the minerals of this county are coal, iron, lead, and carboniferous limestone of the Keokuk group. Capital, Eliza- bethtown. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,688,572. Pop. in 1870, 5113, of whom 4929 were Americans. Hardin, a county in the N. central part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Iowa River, and is also drained by Tipton Creek. The surface is undulating, and diversified with prairies and groves. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Central Iowa Railroad and the Dubuque it Sioux City or the Illinois Central Railroad. Capital, Eldora. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $5,398,088. Pop. in 1870, 13,684, of whom 11,903 were Americans; in 1875, 15,029. Hardin, a county of Kentucky, bordering on Ohio, has an area of about 550 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Ohio River, on the N.E. by Salt River, and is partly drained by Nolin Creek, The surface is hilly or un- dulating, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Louisville A HAR 951 HAR Great Southern Railroad and the Paduoah & Elizabethtown Railroad. Capital, Elizabethtown. Valuation of real and personal estate, $11,287,860. Pop. in 1870, 15,705, of whom 15,347 were Americans. Hardin, a county in the N.W. central part of Ohio, has an area of about 480 square miles. It is intersected by the Scioto River, and is partly drained by the Blanchard Fork of the Auglaize River. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and' a large part of it is covered with forests ; the soil is fertile. AVheat, Indian corn, hay, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Cincin- nati, Sandusky & Cleveland Railroad and the Pittsburg, Port Wayne A Chicago Railroad. Capital, Kenton. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $26,741,619. Pop. in 1870, 18,714, of whom 17,115 were Americans. Hardin, a county in the S. part of Tennessee, borders on Alabama. Area, about 600 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Tennessee River, which forms part of the northern boundary and is here navigable by steamboats. The surface presents no great inequalities, and is extensively covered with forests. This county has abundance of lime- stone and sandstone or freestone. The soil is fertile. Cot- ton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Savannah. Valuation of real and personal estate, $.1,034,690. Pop. in 1870, 11,768, of whom 11,735 were Americans. Hardin, a county in the S.E. part of Te.xas, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Neehes River, and is also drained by Pine Island Creek. The surface is partly covered with forests. Cotton, Indian corn, and cattle are the staple products. Capital, Hardin. Valuation of real and personal estate, $95,954. Pop. in 1870, 1460, of whom 1445 were Americans. Hardin, a post-village, capital of Calhoun co.. 111., is on the W. bank of the Illinois River, in Hardin township, about 30 miles N.W. of Alton. It has 2 churches and a newspaper offloe. Pop. of the township, 650. Hardin, a township of Pike co., 111. Pop. 1468. Post- office, Time. Hardin, a post-village of Clayton co., Iowa, 3 miles from Luana Railroad Station, and about 64 miles N.W. of Dubuque. It has 2 churches. Hardin, a township of Glreone co., Iowa. Pop. 293. Hardin, a township of Hardin co., Iowa. Pop. 919, exclusive of Iowa Falls. Hardin, a township of Johnson co., Iowa. Pop. 764. Hardin, a township of Pottawattamie co., Iowa. P. 250. Hardin, a township of Webster co., Iowa. Pop. 396. Hardin, a township of Clinton CO., Mo. Pop. 1925. It contains Graysonville. Hardin, a post-village of Ray co.. Mo., on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 47 miles E. by N. of Kansas City, and 1 mile N. of the Missouri River. It has 3 churches, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, Ac. Pop. about 300. Hardin, a post-hamlet of Shelby oo., 0., 1 mile from Hardin Station on the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railroad, and 5 miles W. of Sidney. It has 2 churches. Pop. 87. Hardin, a post-village, capital of Hardin co., Tex., about 80 miles N.N.E. of Galveston. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Hardin City, a post-hamlet of Hardin co., Iowa, on the Iowa River, about 32 miles N.N.W. of Marshalltown. It has a flour-mill and a store. Har'ding, a station in Gloucester co., N.J., on a branch of the West Jersey Railroad, 4 miles S. of Glassborough. Harding, a post-office of Luzerne oo., Pa., 2^ miles from West Pittston. Hardin gh em, hanMiw^gdNo', a village of France, in Pas-de-Calais, 13 miles N.E. of Boulogne. Pop. 1239. Har'ding's, a station on the railroad from Nashville, Tenn., to Hickman, Ky., 6 miles W. by S. of Nashville. Har'dingville, a hamlet of Gloucester co., N.J., in Clayton township, li miles from Harding. It has a church. Har'dinsburg, a post-village of Washington co., Ind., in Posey township, about 30 miles W.N.W. of New Albany. It has 2 churches. Pop. 199. Hardinsburg, a post-village, capital of Breckenridgc CO., Ky., is about 56 miles S.W. of Louisville, and 10 miles B. of Cloverport, which is on the Ohio River. It has a court-house, 3 churches, and an academy. Pop. 455. Har'din Spi^ings, a post-village of Hardin co., Ky., 8 miles W. of Big Clifty Railroad Station. It has a church, a mineral spring, a hotel, and a flour-mill. Har'dinsville, a post-hamlet of Crawford co.. 111., about 25 miles N.W. of Vincennes, Ind. It has a church. Hardinsville, a hamlet of Shelby co., Ky., 9 miles S.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 88. Hardinxveld, han'dinx-vSlt', a village of the Nether- lands, in South Holland, on the Mouse (Maas), 4 miles W. of Gorkum. Pop. 4141. Har'dison's Mills, a post-hamlet of Maury co., Tenn., on Duck River, 12 miles E. of Columbia. It has a grist-mill and a saw-raill. Hard Labor Creek, of South Carolina, is an affluent or branch of Stevens Creek, in Edgefield oo. Hard'man's, a station on the main line of the Balti- more & Ohio Railroad, 10 miles E. of Grafton, W. Va. Hardt, haut, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government of Dusseldorf, circle of Gladbach. Pop. 2408. Hard Times Landing, a post-office of Tensas par- ish. La. Hardui, a town of India. See Hurdoee. Hard'ware, a post-hamlet of Albemarle co., Va., on the South Branch of Hardware River, 3 miles S. of North Garden Station. Hardware River, Virginia, rises in Albemarle co., runs S.E., and enters the James River in Fluvanna co. Hard'wick, a post-village in Hardwick township, Worcester co., Mass., 2* miles from the Ware River Rail- road, about 30 miles N.E. of Springfield. It has 3 churches. The township is bounded on the S.E. by the Ware River, contains a village named Gilbertville, and has manufactures of flannel, blankets, paper, Ac. Pop. of the township, 1992. Hardwick, a post-township of Warren co., N.J., about 15 miles N.E. of Belvidere. Pop. 638. Hardwick, a post-village in Hardwick township, Cal- edonia CO., Vt., on the Lamoille River, and on the Portland & Ogdensbnrg Railroad, 17 miles E.S.E. of Hyde Park, and about 22 miles N.N.E. of Montpelier. It has 2 churches, an academy, and manufactures of lumber, woollen goods, and marble. The township contains also East Hardwick, and has quarries of granite. Pop. of the township, 1519. Hardwicke (hard'wik) Bay, South Australia, is an inlet of Spencer Gulf. Hardwicke Island, British Columbia, is in Queen Charlotte Sound. HardAVicke (or Nundawas,nrin-daw'was) Moun- tains, East Australia, are in lat. 30° S. and Ion. 150° E. They are of granitic formation. Hard'wicksville, a post-office of Nelson co., Ga. Har'dy, a county in the N.E. part of West Virginia, borders on Virginia. Area, about 570 square miles. It is intersected by the South Branch of the Potomac River, and also drained by the Cacapon River, which rises in it. The surface is mountainous, and extensively covered with forests. A ridge called the Great North Mountain extends along the E. border of the county. The soil of the valleys is fertile, and produces Indian corn, wheat, and grass. Iron ore is found in it. Capital, Moorefleld. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,057,547. Pop. in 1870, 5518, of whom 5477 were Americans. Hardy, a township of Holmes co., 0. Pop. 2857. It contains Millersburg. Har'dy Islands, British India, off the coast of Ara- can, E. of Cheduba, in lat. 18° 35' N., Ion. 94° E. Har'dy's Ford, a post-office of Franklin co., Va. Har'dy's Islands, a group of small islets off the N.E. coast of Australia, between Temple Bay and Shel- burne Bay, in lat. 11° 54' 42" S., Ion. 143° 30' 45" E. Hardy's Islands, a group in the South Pacific Ocean, S.S.E. of New Ireland, in lat. 4° 30' S., Ion. 154° 15' E. Hardy Station, a post-hamlet of Grenada co.. Miss., on the Mississippi & Tennessee Railroad, 8 miles N. of Grena,da. Har'dyston, a township of Sussex co., N.J. Pop. 1668. It contains Hamburg, Franklin Furnace, Stock- holm, Ac. Hardystonville,har'diz-ton-v;i,or Up'perHam'- bnrg, a village of Sussex co., N.J., in Hardyston town- ship, on the New Jersey Midland Railroad, 1 mile S. of Hamburg. It has a flour-mill and a lime-kiln. Har'dyville, a post-village of Mohave co., Arizona, on the Colorado River, at the he.ad of ordinary steam navi- gation, 180 miles W.N.W. of Prescott. It has a number of stores and a ferry, and is chiefly supported by trade with the miners. Pop. 20. Hardyville, a post-hamlet of Hart co., Ky., 9 miles E. of Rowletts Depot. Pop. 68. Hareid, ha,'rid, or Hareidland, hi'rid-lint\ an island of Norway, stift of Trondhiem, in the Atlantic. Lat. 62° 22' N. Length, 11 miles; breadth, 8 miles. Hare Island, Bay of Fundy. See Haute-Ii.e. Hare Island, an island of Quebec, in the St. Law- rence, 96 miles N.E. of Quebec. Length, 8 miles. IIAR 952 IIAR Harelbeke, Belgium. See Haeelebeke. Haren, hd'r§n, a parish and village of the Netherlands, province and 3^ miles S. of Groningen. Pop. .3547. Hare's Corner, a post-office of New Castle cp., Del. Hare's Store, a post-office of Johnston co.. N.C. Hare'wood, a village of England, co. of York, West Hiding, on the Wharfe. 7 miles N.N.E. of Leeds. Harfleur, hau>fluR' {h. Harfle'vium or Harflor' icum), a seaport town of France, in Seine-Inferieure, on the Le- zarde, 1 mile from its mouth in the Seine, '6 miles by rail E.N.E. of Havre, and 105 miles N.W. of Paris. Pop. 1908. Har'ford, a county in the N.E. part of Maryland, bor- dering on Pennsylvania, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Susquehanna River, and on the S.E. by Chesapeake Bay. It is partly drained by Deer Creek. The surface is moderately uneven. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. This county has plenty of timber, and quarries of granite and limestone. It is in- tersected by the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad. Capital, Belair. Valuation of real and personal estate, $12,917,526. Pop. in 1870, 22,605, of whom 21,399 were Americans. Harford, a post-village of Cortland co., N.Yi, in Har- ford township, and on the Southern Central Railroad, 25 miles N. of Owego, and about 18 miles E. of Ithaca. It has an academy, 2 churches, and 2 grist-mills. Pop. of the township, 1038. Harlbrd, a post-village of Susquehanna co., Pa., in Harford township, 6 miles E.S.E. of Montrose Depot, and about 30 miles N. of Scr.anton. It has 2 churches, a tan- nery, a carriage-shop, and a soldiers' orphan school. Pop. of the township, 1595. Harford Furnace, a post-village of Harford co., Md., 27 miles N.E. of Baltimore. It has an iron-furnace. Harford Mills, a post-hamlet of Cortland co., N.Y., in Harford township, on the Southern Central Railroad, 2 miles S. of Harford. It has a ohurch and a saw-mill. Harg, haRg, a village of Sweden, 60 miles N.N.E. of Stockholm, on a lake of the same name, near the W. side of the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia. Hargrave, Quebec. See Bryson. Harihar, a town of India. See Hureyhur. Hari lieygen, a village of Hungary. See Rigyicza. Har'ing, a post-hamlet of Wexford co., Mich., on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, at Linden Station, 3 miles. N. of Cadillac. It has a largo lumber-mill. Haringhata, a river of Bengal. See Baleswar. Haringhe, hi'ring-Heh or hi.'^rkm', or Haeringhe, hi'ring-H?h, a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, on the Yser, 34 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 2100. Haringvliet, hi'ring-flect\ a mouth of the Rhine and of the Meuse, in South Holland, continuous with Hollands- Diep. Breadth, 2k miles. Har'ipoor', a small town of Punjab, near the Rem- bcara, in lat. 33° 37' N., Ion. 74° 37' E. Haripoor, a fort and small town of Punjab, among the Lower Himalayas, in l.at. 31° 54' N., Ion. 75° 53' E. Haripoor, a town of Punjab, on the Dor, about 10 miles from its junction with the Indus, in lat. 34° 4' N., Ion. 72° 53' E. Haripur, a town of India. See Hcrreepoor. Hari-Rild, a river of Asia. See Herri-Rood. Har'ker's Corners, a post-office of Peoria co.. 111. Hark'ness, a station in Clinton co., N.Y., on the Au Sable Branch of the New York & Canada Railroad, 14 miles S.W. of Plattsburg. Har'lan, a southeastern county of Kentucky, borders on Viro^inia. Area, about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Cumberland Mountains, and is drained by the Cumberland River, , vrhich rises in this county, and by the Clover Fork of that river. The surface is diversified with hills, valleys, and forests. Indian corn, grass, and pork are the staple products. Coal and iron ore are found here. Capital, Harlan. .Valuation of real and personal estate, .$475,000. . Pop. in 1870, 4415, all Americans. Harlan, a county in the S. part of Nebraska, border- ing on Kansas, has an area of 576 square miles. It is in- tersected by the Republican River. The surface is un- dulating, and nearly destitute of forests. The soil is fertile. Capital, Alma. Pop. in 1876, 2110. Harlan, a post-office of Clay co., Ala. Harlan, or Mays'ville, a post-village of Allen co., Ind., 14 or 15 miles N.E. of Fort Wayne. It has a drug- store, a saw-mill, and 3 stores. Here is Harlan PostnOfficc. Harlan, a township of Fayette Co., Iowa. Pop. 560. Harlan, a township of Page co., Iowa. Pop. 936. Harlan, a post-village, capital of Shelby Co., Iowa, in Harlan township, on the West Nishnabatona River, and on the Harlan Branch Railroad, 15 miles N. of Avoca. It has a money-order post-office, 4 churches, a newspaper office, a high school, and a bank. Pop. 128 ; of the township, 927. Harlan, a post-hamlet of Smith co., Kansas, in Houston township, on the Central Branch Union Pacific Railroad, 36 miles W.N.W. of Beloit. It has a church. Harlan, a post-village,. capital of Harlan co., Ky., on the Cumberland River, 100 miles in a direct line S.E. of Lexington. Harlan, a post-office of Clinton co., 0. Harlan, a township of Warren co., 0. Pop. 2396. It contains Butlerville and Pleasant Plain. Har'lansburg, a post-village of Lawrence co.. Pa., in Scott township, on Slippery Rock Creek, 9 miles E. of New Castle. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a chair-factory, and manufactures of wagons and furniture. Har'law, a locality in Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, memorable for a great battle fought between the High- landers under the Lord of the Isles, and the forces under the Earl of Mar, in 1411. Harlebeke, a town of Belgium. Sec Haerlebeke. Harlech, haR'l^K, a decayed town of Wales, co. of Merioneth, on the Irish Sea, 6 miles by rail S. of Tre- madoc. Har'leeville, a township of Marion co., S.C. P. 1314. Harlem, a city of the Netherlands. See Haarlem. Har'lem, a post-village of Columbia co., Ga., on the Georgia Railroad, 24 miles W. of Augusta. It has 2 churches, a planing-mill, a saw-mill, a sash-factory, and a high school. Harlem, a township of Stephenson co.. 111. Pop. 1243. Harlem, a post-village of Winnebago co.. 111., in Har- lem township, on the Kenosha division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Rockford. It has a church and a grain-elevator. The township is bounded W. by the Rock River. Pop. of the township, 781. Harlem, a post-village of Clay co.. Mo., on the Mis- souri River, nearly opposite Kansas City, from which it is H miles distant. It is on the Hannibal k St. Joseph Rail- road and the Kansas City, St. Joseph n)ducts. This county is intersected by the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad and the Sioux City & Pacific Railroad. Capital, Logan. Valuation of real and personal estate, SS,652,242. Pop. in 1S70, S931, of whom 8010 were Americans; in 1875, 11,818. Harrison, a northeastern county of Kentucky, has an area of about 370 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Licking River, and is intersected by the South Fork of that river. The surface is partly hilly and partly un- dulating. The soil is fertile. Indian coi-n, wheat, oats, pork, and grass are the staple products. Silurian limestone, a good material for building, underlies this county, which is HAR intersected by the Kentucky Central Railroad. Capital, Cynthiana. Valuation of real and personal estate, $7,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 12,993, of whom 12,570 were Americans. Harrison, a county in the S. part of Mississippi, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and is drained by Biloxi and Wolf Rivers and Red Greek. The surface is nearly level, and partly covered with pine forests. The soil is mostly sandy and sterile. The New Orleans, Mobile & Texas Railroad passes along the southern border. Capital, Mississippi City. Valuation of real and personal estate. Si, 567,450. Pop. in 1870, 5795, of whom 5196 were Americans. Harrison, a northern county of Missouri, borders on Iowa. Area, about 760 square miles. It is intersected by the Crooked Fork of Grand River, and also drained by Big Creek and other creeks. The surface is diversified with prairies and tracts of timber, with which this county is lib- erally supplied. The soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, oats, wheat, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Bethany. Valuation of real and personal estate, $7,500,000. Pop. iu 1870, 14,635, of whom 14,346 were Americans, Harrison, a county in the E, part of Ohio, has an area of about. 400 square miles. It is drained by Stillwater and Conotten Creeks. The surface is diversified with valleys and hills of moderate height, which are arable even on their summits. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wool, hay, wheat, oats, and butter are the staple products. Limestone underlies part of this county, which has also mines of bitu- minous coal. It is intersected by the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad. Capital, Cadiz. Valuation of real and personal estate, $13,619,073. Pop. in 1870, 18,632, of whom 18,218 were Americans. Harrison, acounty in the N.E. part of Texas, bordering on Louisiana, has an area of about 970 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Caddo Lake and Big Cypress Bayou, and on the S. by Sabine River. The surface is moderately uneven, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is very fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, grass, and pork are the staples. This county is intersected by the Texas & Pacific Railroad, two divisions of which meet at Marshall, the cap- ital. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,912,043. Pop. in 1870, 13,241, of whom 13,110 were Americans. Harrison, a county in the N. part of West Virginia, has an area of about 445 square miles. It is intersected by the West Fork of Monongahela River, and also drained by Elk River. The surface is diversified with high hills and fertile valleys. Nearly half of it is covered with forests. Indian corn, wheat, hay, oats, lumber, and pork are the staples. This county is traversed by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. It has productive mines of coal. Capital, Clarks- burg. Valuation of real and personal estate, $8,500,000, Pop. in 1870, 16,714, of whom 16,292 were Americans. Harrison, a post-village, capital of Boone co., Ark., about 125 miles N.N.W. of Little Rock. It has 2 churches, a seminary, a carriage-shop, and a newspaper office. Harrison, a post-village of Winnebago co., III., in Harrison township, on the Pecatonica River, about 14 miles N.N.W. of Rockford. Pop. of the township, 725. Harrison, a township of Bartholomew co., Ind, Pop. 122S. It contains Bethany. Harrison, a township of Blackford co., Ind. Pop. 1680. It contains Montpelier. Harrison, a township of Boone co., Ind. Pop. 1209. It contains New Brunswick. Harrison, a township of Cass co., Ind. Pop. 1171. Harrison, a township of Clay co., Ind., bounded N.W., W., and S.W. by Eel River. Pop. 2241. It contains Martz. Harrison, a township of Daviess co., Ind. Pop. 1084. It contains Glen Dale. Harrison, a township of Dearborn co., Ind., on the Ohio line. Pop. 1086. Harrison, a post-township of Delaware co., Ind., 9 or 10 miles N.W. of Munoie. Pop. 1400. Harrison, a township of Elkhart oo., Ind. Pop. 1655. Harrison, a township of Fayette co., Ind. Pop. 867. It contains Harrisburg. Harrison, a township of Harrison co., Ind. Pop. 3462. It contains Corydon, Harrison, a township of Henry co., Ind. Pop. 1SS8. It contains Cadiz. Harrison, a township of Howard co., Ind. Pop. 807. Harrison, a township of Knox co., Ind., bounded S. and E. by the White River. Pop. 2812. Harrison, a township of Kosciusko co., Ind. Pop. 1745. It contains Palestine. Harrison, a township of Miami co., Ind. Pop. 1202. It contains Amboy. 6 HAR Harrison, a township of Morgan co., Ind., bounded N.W. by the White River. Pop. 378. Harrison, a township of Owen co., Ind. Pop. 451. Harrison, a township of Pulaski co., Ind., bounded W. by the Tippecanoe River. Pop. 753. Harrison, a township of Spencer co., Ind. Pop. 1977. It contains Fulda and St. Meinrad. Harrison, a township of Union co., Ind., on the Ohio line. Pop. 759. Post-offices, Beechy Mire and Clifton. Harrison, a township of Vigo co., Ind., on the Wabash. Pop. 870, exclusive of Terre Haute. Harfison, a township of Wayne co., Ind. Pop. 580. Harrison, a township of Wells co., Ind. Pop. 2961. It contains BlufFton, the county seat. Harrison, a township of Adair co., Iowa. Pop. 590. Harrison, a township of Benton co,, Iowa, bounded W. by the Cedar River. Pop. 540. Harrison, a township of Boone co., Iowa. Pop. 441. Harrison, a township of Harrison co., Iowa., traversed by Beyer River. Pop. 375, exclusive of Dunlap. Harrison, a township of Lee co., Iowa. Pop, in 1875, 1017. It contains Primrose. Harrison, a township of Mahaska co., Iowa. Pop. 1249. It contains a part of Muchachinock. Harrison, a township of Franklin co., Kansas. P. 621. Harrison, a post-hamlet of Jewell co., Kansas, 40 miles from Edgar, Neb. It has a church. Harrison, a township of Jewell co., Kansas. P. 472. Harrison, a township of Nemaha co., Kansas. P. 343. Harrison, a post-village of Cumberland co., Me., in Harrison township, at the N. end of Long Pond, about 25 miles W. of Lewiston. Pop. of the township, 1219. Harrison, a post-hamlet of Dorchester co., Md., on a branch of the Nanticoke River, 2 miles from Williamsburg Railroad Station. It has a church, and manufactures of lumber and fruit-crates. Harrison, a township of Macomb co., Mich., on Lake St. Clair. Pop. 625. Harrison, a post-hamlet of Kandiyohi co., Minn., in Harrison township, on Diamond Lake, 5 miles N.W. of Atwater. Pop. of the township, 516, Harrison, a township of Daviess co., Mo. Pop. 831. Harrison, a township of Mercer co., Mo, Pop. 914. It contains Goshen. Harrison, a township of Moniteau co., Mo. P. 1585, Harrison, a township of Scotland co., Mo. Pop. 1491, Harrison, a township of Vernon co., Mo. Pop. 415. Harrison, a post-hamlet of Madison co., Montana, about 25 miles above the Three Forks of the Missouri River, It has a church. Harrison, a township of Gloucester co., N.J. Pop. 3038. It contains Harrisonville, Mickleton, Jefferson, Mul- lica Hill, (fcc. Harrison, or East New'ark, a town of Hudson CO., N.J., on the Passaic River, and on the Pennsylvania and Morris & Essex Railroads, at the junction of the New- ark & Paterson Railroad, opposite Newark, with which it is connected by a bridge. It has 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a Catholic institute, and manufactures of oil-cloth, trunks, enamelled cloth, wire, thread, &c. Pop. 4129. Harrison, a post-hamlet in Harrison township, West- chester CO., N.Y., on the New York, New Haven & Hart- ford Railroad, 24 miles N.E. of New York. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1435. Harrison, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., N.C. Harrison, a township of Carroll co., 0. Pop. 1024. It contains New Harrisburg. Harrison, a township of Champaign co., 0. Pop. 944. It contains Spring Hill. Harrison, a township of Darke co., 0. Pop. 2007. It contains Hollansburg and New Madison. Harrison, a township of Gallia co., 0. Pop. 1329. Harrison, a post-village in Crosby township, Ham- ilton CO., 0., on the Wliitowater River, at the boundary between Ohio and Indiana, and on the Cincinnati & White- water Valley Railroad, 23 miles W.N.W. of Cincinnati. It has a high school, a newspaper office, 6 churches, and manu- factures of brushes, bricks, furniture, woollen goods, sash, blinds, Ac. Pop. 1417. Harrison, a township of Hamilton oo., 0., bounded W, by the township of Harrison, Dearborn co., Ind. Pop, 758. Harrison, a township of Henry oo., 0., traversed by the Maumee River, Pop. 1295. Harrison, a township of Knox oo., 0. Pop. 687. Harrison, a township of Licking co., 0. Pop. 1242. It contains Kii'kersville. Harrison, a township of Logan co., 0. Pop. 994. HAR 957 HAR Harrison, a township of Montgomery co., 0. Pop. 2116, exclusive of Dayton. Harrison, a township of Muskingum Co., 0. Pop. 1197. It contains Taylorsville. Harrison, a township of Paulding co., 0., on the In- diana line. Pop. 304. Harrison, a township of Porry co., 0. Pop. 1202. It contains McGluney. Harrison, a township of Pickaway co., 0. Pop. 1271. It contains South Bloomfield. Harrison, a township of Prehle co., 0. Pop. 2201. It contains Euphemia and Lewisburg. Harrison, a township of Ross CO., 0. Pop. lloO. It contains Mooresville. Harrison, a township of Scioto oo., 0. Pop. 1032. It contains Harrisonville. Harrison, a township of Van Wert oo., 0., on the In- diana line. Pop. 1319. Harrison, a township of Vinton co., 0. Pop. 782. Harrison, a township of Alleghany co., Pa. Pop. 1S70. Harrison, a township of Bedford co., Pa. Pop. 783. It contains Mann's Choice. Harrison, a township of Potter oo.. Pa. Pop. 1052. It contains Harrison Valley and White's Corners. Harrison, a decayed post-village of James co., Tenn., on the left or E. bank of the Tennessee River, about 16 miles N.E. of Chattanooga. It has several churches. Coal is found near this place. Pop. 421. Harrison, a station on the Waco Branch of the Hous- ton k Texas Central Railroad, 8 miles S.S.E. of Waco, Tex. Harrison, a township of Calumet co.. Wis., bounded S. by Winnebago Lake. Pop. 1884. Harrison, a township of Grant co.. Wis., traversed by the Platte River. Pop. 1049. Harrison Bay, in Alaska, in the Arctic Ocean, is between lat. 70'= 20' and 70° 40' N. and Ion. 150° and 152° 30' W., bounded E. and W. by Point Berens and Cape Halkett. Har'risonburg, a post-village, capital of Catahoula parish, La., on the W. bank of the Ouachita River, 28 miles N.W. of Natchez, Miss., and about 50 miles N.E. of Alexandria. It h.as a court-house, a newspaper office, 2 churches, and a high scliool. Pop. 217, Harrisonburg, a post-village, capital of Rockingham CO., Va., is situated in the fertile Shenandoah Valley, 25 miles N.N.E. of Staunton, and 68 miles S.S.W. of Win- chester. It is connected with these towns by a branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. It has 8 churches, a national bank, 1 other bank, a graded school, and manu- factures of carriages, cigars, farming-implements, leather, sash, (&c. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. about 3600. Harrison City, a post-village of Westmoreland co.. Pa., in Penn township. l.V miles from Manor Railroad Sta- tion, and about 20 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. It has 2 churches, and extensive coal- and gas-works. P. about 300. Harrison's Iianding, a point on the loft bank of the James River, in Charles City co., Va., 6 miles below City Point. It was a place of strategic importance during the war of 1861-65. Harrison's Mills, a post-office of Crawford co., Mo. Harrison's Mills, a post-office of Scioto co., 0. Harrison Square, a former post-village of Suffolk CO., Mass., on the Old Colony Railroad, at the junction of the Shawmut &, Milton Branch, 3^ miles S. of the initial station in Boston. It has 15 churches, 2 banks, and a high school. Its post-office is a branch of the Boston post-office, and it forms the 24th ward of Boston. Harrison Station, a post-village of Tallahatchee co., Miss., on the Mississippi & 'Tennessee Railroad, 27 miles N. of Grenada. It has 2 churches. Harrison Valley, a post-hamlet of Potter co.. Pa., 20 miles W. of Elkland Railroad Station. It has a churcb. Har'risonville (Asbury Post-Office), a hamlet of Troup eo., Ga., 5 miles W. of Hoganville. It has 4 churches. Harrisonville, a post-hamlet of Monroe co.. III., on the Mississippi River, about 30 miles below St. Louis. Harrisonville, a village of Martin co., Ind. See Trinitv Springs. Harrisonville, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Kansas, 12 miles S.W. of Independence. It has a church. Harrisonville, a post-hamlet of Shelby co., Ky., 14 miles S. of Bagdad. It has a church. Harrisonville, a post-office of Baltimore oo., Md. Harrisonville, a post- village, capital of Cass oo.. Mo., on the Osage division of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, 65 miles W. of Sodalia, and about 38 miles S.S.E. of Kansas City. It has a court-house, a high school, 2 newspaper offices, a bank, 7 churches (2 colored), and a woollen-factory. Pop. 1200. Harrisonville, a post-village of Gloucester co., N.J., in Harrison township, 20 miles S.S.W. of Camden. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 400. Harrisonville, a post-village of Meigs co., 0., in Scipio township, about 10 miles N.W. of Pomeroy. It has 2 churches and 3 stores. Pop. 160. Harrisonville, a hamlet of Scioto co., 0., in Harrison township, about 12 miles N.E. of Portsmouth. It has a church and 2 stores. Here is Scioto Post-Office. Harrisonville, a post-village of Pulton co.. Pa., on Licking Creek, 23 miles W. of Chambersburg. It has a flour-mill, a store, a cabinet-shop, Ac. Harris's Corner, New Brunswick. See BoirNDinv Creek. Harris Station, a post-office on the Nashville & De- catur Railroad, 3 miles N. of Decatur, Ala. Harris Station, a post-hamlet of Obion co., Tenn., on the Paducah i Memphis Railro.ad, 56 miles S.S.W. of Paducah. It has 2 churches. Har'riston, a post-office of Desha co.. Ark., on the Little Rock, Mississippi River & Texas Railroad, 10 miles S. of Watson. Harriston, a post-oflice of Cooper oo.. Mo., at Harris Station on the Missouri, Kansas A Texas Railroad, 14 miles S.W. of Boonville. Har'riston, a post-village in Wellington co., Ontario, on a branch of the Maitland River, and on the Wellington, Grey & Bruce and Toronto, Grey A Bruce Railways, 35 mile.^ N.W. of Elora. It contains a newspaper office, 3 churches, 4 hotels, 20 stores, 2 saw-mills, 2 shingle-mills, 2 planing-mills, 2 woollen-mills, 2 cabinet-factories, 2 foun- dries, agricultural works, a flour-mill, «&c. Pop. 1000. Har'ristown, a village of Ireland, co. of Kildare, 4 miles S. of Naas. Pop. of parish, 535. Har'ristown, a post-village of Macon co.. 111., in Har- ristown township, on the Wabash Railroad, 7 miles W. of Decatur. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 984. Harristown, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Ind., on the Louisville, New Albany &> Chicago Railroad, 4 miles E. of Salem. Har'risville, a village of Woodstock township, Wind- ham CO., Conn., 3 miles from Putnam Station, and 1 mile from the post-village of South Woodstock. It has manu- factures of warp and twine. In the vicinity is the beautiful Roscland Park. Harrisville, a post-village of Randolph oo., Ind., on the Cleveland, Columbus &■ Indianapolis Railroad, 7 miles E. of Winchester, and about 25 miles N. of Richmond. It has a church and a flouring-mill. Harrisville, a post-village, capital of Alcona eo., Mich., in Harrisville township, and on Lake Huron, about 80 miles N.N.E. of Bay City. It has a court-house, 2 churches, a newspaper office, a fine public school-house, and a large manufactory of pine lumber. Pop. about 400 ; of the township, 713. Harrisville, a post-office of Simpson co.. Miss. Harrisville, a post-village of Cheshire co., N.H., in Harrisville township, 40 miles W.S.W. of Concord. It h.as a church, and is the seat of active manufactures. Harrisville, a village of Burlington co., N.J., on Wading River, about 30 miles S.S.E. of Mount Holly. It has a paper-mill. Harrisville, a post-village of Lewis oo., N.Y., in Diana township, on the West Branch of the Oswegatchic Paver, about 33 miles E.N.E. of AYatertown. It has 2 churches, 2 tanneries, and manufactures of lumber and flour. It is on the border of a wilderness of great extent. Harrisville, a post-office of Montgomery eo., N.C. Harrisville, a post-village of Harrison co., 0., 13 miles N.W. of Wheeling, W. Va. It has 4 churclies and a private bank. Pop. 258. Harrisville, a township of Medina co., 0. Pop. 1182. It contains Lodi. Harrisville, a post-borough in Mercer township, But- ler CO., Pa., on the Shenango k Alleghany Railroad, about 45 miles N. of Pittsburg, and 26 miles S.W. of Oil City. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of chairs, ploughs, stoves, &c., and is the terminus of 3 pipe-lines for oil. Pop. 352. Harrisville, or Harris Mills, a village in Coventry township, Kent co.. R.I.. on the Pawtuxet Valley Railroad, about 12 miles S.W. of Providence. It has a church, and manufactures of cotton goods, woollen yarns, and machinery. Pop. 574. HAR 958 HAR Harrisville, a village in Burrillville township, Provi- dence CO., R.I., on the Providence & Springfield Railroad, 2U miles N.W. of Providence. It has manufactures of woollen goods. Here and in the vicinity are 4 churches. Pop. 605. Harrisville, a post-hamlet of Bell co., Tex., about 45 miles S. by W. of Waco. It has a store. Harris ville, a post-village of Weber co., Utah, 5 miles N.W. of Ogden, and 3 miles from the Wahsatoh Mountains. It has a church. Harrisville (post-office, Ritch-e Court-House), a post- village, capital of Ritchie co., W. Va., on the North Fork of Hughes River, and on the Pennsborough & Harrisville Railroad, about 25 miles (direct) E. of Parkersburg, and 1 or 2 miles S. of the Baltimore &, Ohio Railroad. It has S churches and a newspaper office. Asphaltum and petroleum have been exported extensively from this county. Pop. 140. Harrisville, a post-village of Martjuette co., Wis., on the Montello River (which affords much water-power), about 25 miles N. of Portage City. It has a church, a flour-mill, a woollen-mill, and a saw-mill. Harr'maii's (or Har'rnan's) Station, a post-office of Dearborn co., Ind., on the Indianapolis, Cincinnati & Lafayette Railroad, 40 miles W. of Cincinnati. Har'rodsburg, a post- village in Clear Creek township, Monroe co., Ind., on Clear Creek, near Harrodsburg Station of the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 12 miles S. of Bloomington. It has 3 churches, a tannery, a flour- mill, and a woollen-mill. Harrodsburg, a post-village, capital of Mercer co., Ky., is situated near Salt River, on a branch of the Cincin- nati Southern Railroad, about 32 miles S. of Frankfort, and 30 miles S.W. of Lexington. It has mineral springs and is a summer resort, and contains a court-house, a nation.al bank, a newspaper office, an institution called Daughters' College, several chui'ches, and manufactories of flour, carriages, jean, whisky, Ac. This place was first settled in 1774, and is said to be the oldest town in the state. Pop. 2205. Har'rod's Creek, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ky., on the Ohio River, and on the Louisville, Harrod's Creek & Westport Railroad, S miles from Louisville. It has a church. Har'rogate, a town and one of the principal ^vater- ing-plaees of England, co. and 27 miles W. of York, at a railway junction. It consists of two villages. High and Low Harrogate. Here are numerous hotels and boarding- houses, several churches, a hospital, a branch bank, theatres, libraries, promen.ade- and assembly-rooms, a race-course, and springs of chalybeate, sulphur, and s.aline waters. The sulphur well has been used since the end of the seven- teenth century, chiefly in cases of scrofula and cutaneous eruptions. Pop. 6843. Har'rold, a town of England, co. and 8 miles N.W. of Bedford. Pop. of parish, 1042. Harrold's Cross, Ireland. See Hakold's Cross. Har'rolton, a post-office of Camden eo.. Mo. Har'row, or Muiig'ers, a post-village in Essex co., Ontario, 13 miles S.E. of Amherstburg. Pop. 150. Har'row-on-the-Hill, a town of England, co. of Middlesex, finely situated on the summit of a high hill, 10 miles by rail N.W. of London. It contains many good houses, ancient and modern, and has a picturesque old church, and a grammar-school, one of the most famous in England, which was founded by John Lyon, a wealthy yeoman, in 1571. Pop. 4997. Har'rowsmith, or Pike's Corners, a post-village in Frontenac co., Ontario, on the Kingston & Pembroke Railway, 18 miles N.W. of Kingston. Pop. 300. Harsany, hon'shon', a village of Hungary, co. of Bihar, 9 miles from Grosswardcin. Pop. 1200. Harsany, Kis, kish, and Nagy, nodj, two nearly con- tiguous villages of Hungary, co. of Baranya, 3 miles from Siklos. Pop. of Kis-Harsany, 470; of Nagy-Harsany, 1330. Harseen, or Harsin, han-seen', a village of Persia, in Irak-Ajemee, 25 miles S.E. of Kermanshah. Pop. 1800. Harsefeld, han's^h-f^lt^ a town of Prussia, in Hanover, n miles S.E. of Stade, on the Aue. Pop. 1230. Harsewiukel, han'seh-ftin'k^l, a village of Prussia, in \\''cstphalia, 26 miles E. of Miinster. Pop. 1100. Har'shasville, a post-hamlet of Adams co., 0., in Oliver township, 20 miles S. by E. of Hillsborough. Harsha'ville, a post-village of Beaver co.. Pa., in Hanover township, about 30 miles W. of Pittsburg. It has a church. Harsh'barger, a post-office of Lincoln co., Kansas. Harsh'mansville, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., 0.. on Mad River, and on the railroad between Dayton and Springfield, 6 miles N.E. of Dayton. It has a flour-mill. Har'simus, a station of the united railroads of New Jersey, within the limits of Jersey City, Here are extensive stock-yards. Harsleben, hans'li^h^n, a village of Prussia, province of Saxony, S.E. of Halberstadt. Pop. 1828. Har'son Island, Ontario, is at the entrance of St. Clair River into Lake St. Clair. Length, 10 miles. Har'stad, a post-office of Lincoln co., Minn., on the Winona i St. Peter Railroad, 10 miles N.W. of Norland. Hart, a county in the N.E. part of Georgia, bordering on South Carolina, has an area of about 380 square miles. It is bounded on the N. and E. by the Savannah River. The surface is hilly or uneven, and is extensively covered with forests. The staple products are cotton, grass, and Indian corn. Capital, Hartwell. Valuation of real and personal estate, §656,061. Pop. in 1870, 6783, of whom 6781 were Americans. Hart, a county in the W. central part of Kentucky, has an area of about 420 square miles. It is intersected by Green River, and also drained by Nolin Creek. The surface is diversified with rounded or conical hills of moderate height, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is mostly fertile. Tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. Cavernous limestone, a good mate- rial for building, is abundant in this county, and several caves are found in it. It is traversed by the Louisville & Great Southern Railroad. Capital, Munfordville. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, §2,535,940. Pop. in 1870, 13,687, of whom 13,606 were Americans. Hart, a township of Warrick co., Ind. Pop. 1892. It contains Lynnville. Hart, a post-village, capital of Oceana co., Mich., in Hart township, on the South Branch of the Pentwater River, about 34 miles N. by W. of Muskegon, and 4 miles E. of Mears Station. It has a newspaper office, a bank, 3 churches, a graded school, 2 saw-mills, a flouring-mill, a sash'-factor}', and a money-order post-office. Pine lumber abounds here. Pop. 600 ; of the township, 1082. Hart, a post-township of Winona co., Minn., about 12 miles S.W. of Winona. Pop. 945. Harta, or Kis Harta, kish han'toh, a village of Hun- gary, CO. and 56 miles S. of Pesth, on the Danube. Pop. 2921. Harta, or Hartha, haB'ti, a town of Saxony, 31 miles S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 2754. HartbCrg, haRt'bSKG, a town of Styria, 30 miles N.E. of GrJitz. Pop. 412. Hartenstein, han't^n-stine^, a town of Saxony, near the Mulde. Pop. 2606. Har'ter, a township of Clay CO., 111. Pop. 2785. It contains Flora. Hart^fell', a mountain in the S. of Scotland, cos. of Peebles and Dumfries. Elevation, 3300 feet. Hart'field, a post-village of Chautauqua co., N.T., about 16 miles S.S.W. of Dunkirk. It has a church, a tannery, and a shingle-mill. Hart'ford, a county in the N. part of Connecticut, bordering on Massachusetts, has an area of about 770 sqiuire miles. It is intersected by the Connecticut River, and also drained by the Farmington, Scantic, and Hocka- nuni Rivers. The surface is hilly: the soil is mostly fer- tile. The valley of the Connecticut is remarkable for the beauty of its scenery and the fertility of its soil. Tobacco, butter, hay, Indian corn, and oats are the staple products. This county has important manufactures of hardware, paper, woollen goods, silk goods, fire-arms, sewing-maehines, Ac. It is intersected by the Connecticut Central, Connecticut Valley, Connecticut Western, New York & New England, New York, New Haven & Hartford, and New Haven & Northampton Railroads. Capital, Hartford. Valuation of real and personal estate, $203,756,068. This is the most populous county of the state, except that of Now Haven. Pop. in 1870, 109,007, of whom 82,716 were Americans. Hartford, a post-hamlet of Sebastian co., Ark., 30 miles S. of Fort Smith. Hartford, a city, seat of justice of Hartford co., and capital of Connecticut, is situated on the right bank of the Connecticut River, at the head of navigation, 50 miles from Long Island Sound, 36 miles by railroad N.N.E. of New Haven, 123 miles W.S.W. of Boston, and 112 miles N.E. of New York. Lat. 41° 45' 59" N. ; Ion. 72" 40' 45" W. It is connected with East Hartford, on the opposite side of the river, by a covered bridge 1000 feet long. The chartered limits of the city extend along the W. bank of the river some five miles and about two miles back, including an area of about 6500 acres. The site is considerably elevated, and the surface somewhat broken. There are upwards of 270 streets and alleys, some of which run parallel with the HAR 9 river and are intersected at right angles by those passing from E. to W., while others are very irregular. Main street extends from the N. to the S. extremity of the city. On this street, which is broad and several miles in length, are many of the public buildings and churches, and also a large number of the retail stores. State street ex- tends from Main street to the river ; on it is done much of the wholesale business ; near its junction with Main street it divides into two parts, enclosing the public square, in which are the new post-office and the old state-house. Asylum street passes westward to the principal railroad station, and is the seat of important wholesale and retail business. The city is for the most part compactly built, of brick, iron, granite, and freestone, and exhibits much taste and elegance. Among the public buildings is the new oapitol or state-house, which is built of white marble in the modern Gothic style and occupies a commanding site in Bushnell Park. It cost about $2,500,000, is 300 feet long, and has a dome 250 feet high. Other noteworthy .edifices are the new Trinity Colleges, and the buildings of the Con- necticut Mutual and Charter Oak Life Insurance com- panies, and of the Hartford, Phoenix, and Jitna fire com- panies, the Cheney Building, and those of the Phoenix, Hartford, and Exchange banks, the state arsenal, the high school, and the new post-office and United States court. Hartford contains 43 churches and chapels (7 Baptist, 3 Catholic, 12 Congregational, S Episcopal, i Methodist, and others), 16 banks, 4 savings-banks. Trinity College (Epis- copal), founded in 1323, the Hartford Theological Institute, the Hartford Library of 25,000 volumes, the Wadsworth Athenseum, the Watkinson Library of 27,000 volumes, a state library, a large hospital, an orphan asylum, the Amer- ican Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, founded in 1S16, and a retreat for the insane, which is situated on an eminence in the environs of the city. Tlie Wadsworth AtheiiiBum con- tains the first two libraries above mentioned. Hartford is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, and has 2 nunneries. Three daily and 9 weekly newspapers are published here. This city has more capital employed in the insurance busi- ness than any other city of equal size in the United States. It h.as 9 fire-insurance companies, with assets of about S1S,500,000, and many life-insurance companies. It has extensive manufactures of fire-arms (Colt's pistols. Gat- ling guns, Ac), steam-engines, boilers, sewing-machines, hardware, silver-plated ware, carriages, machinists' tools, sash, blinds, stoneware, pumps, water-wheels, Ac. A large amount of the capital of Hartford is invested in manufac- tories at CoUinsville, Willimantic, South Manchester, and Thompsonville. Hartford has a paid fire department, an electric fire- alarm telegraph, and a water-supply from West Hartford Trout Brook, with an auxiliary supply from the Connecticut Kiver, obtained by powerful pumping-engines. These water- works cost about $1,500,000. This city is a central market for tobacco, which is the staple product of the fertile Con- necticut valley. It is the head of steamboat navigation, and communicates with New York City by a daily line of steamboats. It is on the New York, New Haven & Hart- ford Railroad, and is the eastern terminus of the Connec- ticut Western Railroad, which connects here with the Con- necticut Valley and New York & New England Railroads. Hartford was permanently settled in 1635 by an English colony from Massachusetts, and was incorporated as a city in 1784. In 1S73 a constitutional amendment was adopted making this city the sole capital of the state. Pop. in 1830, 7U76; in 1850, 13,555; in 1860, 29,152; in 1870, 37,180. Hartford, a township of Adams co., Ind. Pop. 935. Hartford, Blackford co., Ind. See Hartford Citv. Hartford, a village of Crawford co., Ind., in Sterling township, about 38 miles W. of New Albany. It has a church, a graded school, a flouring-mill. a saw-mill, and a barrel-factory. P. about 300. Here is English Post-Oflice. Hartford, a post-hamlet of Ohio co., Ind., on Laughery Creek, 7 miles S.Vf. of Aurora. It has a church, a grist- mill, and a saw-mill. Hartford, a station and hamlet in Vigo co., Ind., on the Evansville & Terre Haute Railroad, 12 miles S. of Terre Haute. It has 2 churches. Hartford, a township of Iowa co., Iowa. Pop. 825, exclusive of Victor. Hartford, a post-village of Warren co., Iowa, in Rich- land township, about 16 miles S.E. of Des Moines, and 1 or 2 miles S. of the Des Moines River. It has 3 or 4 churches, a pottery, a flour-mill, Ac. Coal is found here. Pop. 295. Hartford, a post-village of Lyon co., Kansas, on the Neosho River, and on the Neosho division of the Missouri, ) II AR Kansas & Texas Railroad, 14 miles S.E. of Emporia, It contains the Hartford Collegiate Institute (Methodist) and a church. Pop. about 300. Hartford, a post-village, capital of Ohio co., Ky., on Rough Creek, 4 miles N. of Beaver Dam Railroad Station, and about 95 miles S.W. of Louisville. It has a church, a newspaper office, a steam saw-mill, a steam grist-mill, a woollen-factory, &g. Pop. 511. Hartford, a post-hamlet of Oxford co.. Me., in Hart- ford township, on the Portland & Oxford Central Railroad, 56 miles N. of Portland. It has a tannery. Pop. of the township, 996. Hartford, a post-village of Van Buren co., Micli., in Hartford township, on the Paw Paw River, and on the Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, 17 miles N.E. of Benton Harbor, and 15 miles W. of Paw Paw. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, a planing- mill, a saw-mill, and manufactures of carriages and staves. Pop. about 700 ; of the township, 2057. Hartford, a post-hamlet of Todd oo., Minn., in Hart- ford township, 20 miles S. of Motley. Pop. of township, 750. Hartford, a township of Pike co.. Mo. Pop. 1583. Hartford, a post-office of Putnam co.. Mo. Hartford, a post-hamlet of Burlington co., N.J., on the railroad between Camden and Mount Holly, 5 miles W. of the latter. Hartford, or North Hartford, a post-village of Washington co., N.Y., in Hartford township, about 14 miles 5. of Whitehall, and 54 miles N. by E. of Albany. It has 2 churches and a woollen-mill. Pop. about 300. The town- ship contains South Hartford village, and a pop. of 1816. Hartford (Buffalo Post-Office), a hamlet of Guernsey CO., 0., in Valley township, 1 mile from the Marietta, Pittsburg 6, Cleveland Railroad, and about 10 miles S. by E. of Cam- bridge. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, &c, Hartford, or Cro'ton, a post-village of Licking oo,, 0., in Hartford township, about 28 miles N.N.E. of Colum- bus. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a carriage- shop. Here is Croton Post-Office. Pop. 229 ; of the town- shiji, 1017. Hartford, a post-village of Trumbull co., 0., in Hart- ford township, about 15 miles N.N.E. of Y'oungstown. It is 3 miles S. of Burghill Station on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad. It has 3 churches, and an academic in- stitute. It is often called Hartford Centre. Pop. of the township, 1314. Hartford, a post-village in Hartford township, Wind- sor CO., Vt., on White River, about 1 mile W. of the Con- necticut River, and on the Central Vermont Railroad and the Woodstock Railroad, 60 miles S. of Montpelier. It has several churches, a chair-factory, and manufactures of boxes, carriages, and farming-implements. The town- ship contains two other villages, — White River Junction and Quechee. Total pop. 2480. Hartford, or Hartford City, a post-village of Ma- son CO., Vf. Va., on the Ohio River, about 3 miles above Pomeroy, 0. It has 4 churches, and manufactures of salt and bromine. Coal is mined here. Pop. 918. Hartford, a post-village of Washington co.. Wis., in Hartford township, on the Rubicon River, and on the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 37 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. It has 4 churches, 2 saw-mills, a newspaper office, a high school, a chair-factory, a flour-mill, and a plough-factory. Pop. about 1000; of the township, 2727. Hartford, a village in Yarmouth co.. Nova Scotia, on the sea-coast, 6 miles from Yarmouth. Pop. 150. Hartford, a, post-village in Norfolk co., Ontario, 9 miles N.E. of Wiiterford. Pop. 100. Hartford City, a post-village, capital of Blackford CO., Ind., is on the Fort Wayne, Muncie & Cincinnati Rail- road where it crosses the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Centriil Railroad, 47 miles S. by W. of Fort Wayne, and 58 miles E.S.E. of Logansport. It has 3 churches, 2 banks, a graded school, a newspaper office, and manufactures of hubsj spokes, staves, and heading. Pop. 878. Hartha, a town of Saxony. See Harta. Harthau, haR'tow, a village of Saxony, on a railway, 4 miles S. of Chemnitz. Pop. 1629. Harthau, Gross, groce, and Klein, kline, two adjacent villages of Saxony, circle of Bautzen, about 17 miles N.E. of Dresden. United pop. 797. Har'thegig, a post-office of Mercer co., Pa. Hart'land, a town of England, co. of Devon, 13 milea W.S.W. of Bideford. It has a large church, and a quay about 2 miles distant, on the Bristol Channel. Near it is Ilartland Abbey, now a modern mansion ; and about .2 miles to the N.W. is Hartland Point (anc. Her'culis Pro- 960 SAR monto'rium), a lofty promontory, forming the S. entrance of the Bristol Channel, in lat. 51° 1' N. and Ion. i" 31' W. Hart'land, a township of Hartford co.. Conn., on the Massachusetts line, 21 miles N.W. of Hartford. Pop. 7S9. It contains Hartland Centre, and East and West Hartland. Hartland, a post-oiSce and station of McHenry co., 111., in Hartland township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 1037. Hartland, a hamlet of Worth co,, Iowa, in Hartland township, 28 miles N.N.W. of Mason City. Pop. of the township, 631. Hartland, a post-village of Somerset co.. Me., in Hart- land township, on the Sebasticook River, at the outlet of Moose Pond, about 40 miles W. of Bangor. It contains an academy, a church, a savings-bank, a woollen-mill, 2 tan- neries, a saw-mill, &c. Pop. of the township, 1120. Hartland, a post-village of Livingston co., Mich., in Hartland township, about 44 miles N.W. of Detroit. It has 2 churches, a union school, a flour-mill, and a money-order post-office. Pop. about 300 ; of the township, 1105. Hartland, a post-office and station of Freeborn co., Minn., in Hartland township, on the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 12^ miles N. by W. of Albert Lea. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 600. Hartland, a post-village of Niagara co., N.Y., in Hart- land township, about 30 miles N.E. of Buffalo, and 8 miles N.E. of Locltport. It has 3 churches. The township con- tains a village named Johnson's Creek. Pop. of the town- ship, 3235. Hartland, a post-township and hamlet of Huron co., 0., about 20 miles S.W. of Obcrlin. It has a church and a s.aw-mill. Pop. 953. Hartland, a post-villago of Windsor co., Vt., in Hart- land township, on the Connecticut River, and on the Cen- tral Vermont Railroad, 30 miles N. of Bellows Falls. It has a money-order post-office, 2 churches, 2 grist-mills, and 2 manufactories of sash and blinds. Pop. of township, 1710, Hartland, a township of Pierce co,. Wis, Pop, 1170, It contains Esdaile, Hartland, a township of Shawano co,. Wis, Pop, 918. Hartland, a post-viIl.age in Delafield township, Wau- kesha CO., Wis., on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 23 miles W. by N. of Milwaukee. It is near several small lakes. It has 3 churches and a flour-mill, Hart'land, or Becaguimec, bSk'l'gho^mek', a post- village in Carleton co,, ^ew Brunswick, on the St. John River, and on the New Brunswick Railway, 61 miles above Fredericton, and 12 miles N. of Woodstock. It contains 2 stores, a hotel, and a tannery. Pop, 400, Hartland Centre, a post-hamlet of Hartford co.. Conn., in Hartland township, 8 miles N. of New Hartford Railroad Station. It has a town hall. Hartland Fonr Corners, a post-hamlet of Windsor CO., Vt., in Hartland township, 2 miles from Hartland Sta- tion. It has a church. Hartlepool, har'tel-poor, a town of England, co. and 19 miles E.S.E. of Durham, with which city and with Stockton it is connected by railways. The parish consists of an almost insulated promontory on the North Sea, curved so HAW Pembroke, on the Cleddy, opposite Prendergasi, 8 miles by rail N.N.E. of Milford. It has 3 parish churches, a grammar-school, a guild hall, county jail, custom-house, hospital, lunatic asylum, Avorkhouse, the remains of a castle built by Gilbert de Clare, first Earl of Pembroke, and a dock-yard, with quays admitting vessels of 100 tons at spring-tides. Cattle, butter, oats, and hard coal are ex- ported. Imports, timber, coal, and groceries. The borough unites with Fishguard and Narberth in sending one mem- ber to the House of Commons. Pop. 0622. Haverhill, hav'er-il, a town of England, cos. of Essex and Suffolk, at a railway junction, 6^ miles W. of Clare. Pop. 2451. Haverhill, ha'v9r-il, a city of Essex co., Mass., is situated on the left or N. bank of the Merrimac River, about IS miles below Lowell. It is 33 miles N. of Boston by the Boston & Maine Railroad, which here crosses the river, and 6 miles N.E. of Lawrence. A bridge over the river connects this city with Bradford. Haverhill contains about 17 churches, 4 national banks, a high school, a city hall, a public library, gas-works, and printing-ofiices which issue a daily, a tri-weekly, a semi-weekly, and 2 weekly newspapers. Here are extensive manufactures of boots and shoes, hats, caps, bricks, and fl,annel. The manufacture of boots and shoes is the principal business of the place, and employs about 6000 men. The river is navigable to this town, which is nearly 18 miles from the ocean. Pop. in 1860, 9995; in 1S70, 13,092. Haverhill, a township of Olmsted co., Minn. Pop. 749. Haverhill, a post- village, one of the capitals of Graf- ton CO., N.H., is on the Connecticut River, in Haverhill township, and on the Boston, Concord & Montreal Rail- road, 84 miles N.N.W, of Concord. It contains a court- house, an academy, 2 churches, a newspaper ofiRce, and a paper-mill. The township contains also North Haverhill and Woodsville. Pop. of the township, 2271. Haverhill, a post-village of Scioto co., 0., in Green township, on the Ohio River, about 20 miles above Ports- mouth. It has a church. Hav'erstraAV, formerly Warren, a post-village of Rockland co., N.Y., in Haverstraw township, on the W. bank of the Hudson River (here called Haverstraw, or Tap- pan Bay), 35 miles N. of New York, and 6 miles below Peekskill. It contains a bank, 5 churches, an academy, a newspaper office, a paper-mill, an iron-foundry, &e. It has extensive manufactures of bricks, brick-machines, and baskets. Two steamboats ply between this place and New York City. Pop. 3469. The township is partly occupied by steep and rocky peaks of the Ramapo Mountains, and contains villages named Garnerville and Samsondale. Havilah, hav'i-la, a post-village of Kern co., Cal., is near the Kern River, about 100 miles (direct) N. of Los Angeles. Gold is found here. Hav'iland Hollow, a post-office and valley of Put- nam CO., N.Y. Hav^ilaiidsville, a post-hamlet of Harrison co., Ky., 10 miles S. of Falmouth. Pop. 30. Hav'irdsville, a post-office of Edgefield co., S.C. Haviza, a town of Persia. See Haweeza. Havr6, hi'vri', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 5 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 2000. Havre, or I^e Havre, l§h hiv*r. formerly Le Havre de Grace (Fr. pron. hsi'v'r d^h gr^ss or a'v'r d?h gr3,ss; L. Por'tue Gra'tim, " haven of grace"), a city and seaport of France, in Seine-Inferieure, on the N. side of the es- tuary of the Seine, at its entrance into the English Chan- nel, 143 miles W.N.W. of Paris, with which it is connected by railway. Lat. 49^^ 29' 16" N. ; Ion. 0° 6' 9" E. It is surrounded by ramparts and lofty walls crowned by a par- apet and adorned by a finely-planted alley. The fortifica- tions are very extensive and complete, rendering it a fortress of the first class. The harbor has five vast basins, not including the outer port. The most remarkable build- ings are the church of Notre Dame, the hall of exchange, the arsenal, custom-house, the h6tel-de-ville (city hall), a magnificent edifice, 2 theatres, barracks, and 2 light-houses on Cap de la Heve. Elegant villas cover the slopes of In- gouville, which may be considered as a suburb of the town. The principal institutions are a school of navigation, a school of geometry as applied to the arts, a public library, a museum, and a lyceum. The manufactures consist of steam-engines, glass-ware, cotton goods, flour, linen, earthen- and stoneware, paper, lace, oil, refined sugar, cables, and cordage. There are also breweries, and numerous brick- and tile-works. A government tobacco-f«ctory employs 500 workmen ; and from the building-yards a great number of sailing-vessels and steamers are fitted out. The harbor of Havre, one of the most accessible in France, is entered by a narrow channel, formed by two long jetties stretching from E. to W., from which the current in a great measure serves to remove obstructions. This channel leads to the outer harbor [avant-port), an irregular expanse. This is occupied by great numbers of coasters and other small vessels. Within the avani-portj lined with fine quays and extensive warehouses, are seven spacious basins or docks, capable of accommodating 600 large vessels. Havre is the port of Paris, and its commerce is connected with all parts of the world, but especially with America and the north of Europe. It imports vast quantities of colonial and other produce, among which cotton holds a most important place. Its exports consist of numerous ar- ticles of French manufacture, including silks, cottons, ironware, plate, mirroi'S, furniture, stained paper, bricks and tiles, provisions, tools, philosophical instruments, and agricultural implements; also wine, liqueurs, flour, &c. In the extent of its foreign commerce Havre ranks next to Marseilles; and its coastwise trade is exceeded only by that of Marseilles and Bordeaux. The quantity of cotton an- nually received here is about 700,000 bales. It is the seat of a court of primary resort and of commerce, is the resi- dence of foreign consuls, and has a chamber of commerce. Regular lines of steamers communicate with Caen, Cher- bourg, Dunkirk, London, Rotterdam, Hamburg, Liverpool, and St. Petersburg. Ocean steamers also ply between Havre and New York, Havana, Brazil, Calcutta, and China. Havre was founded by Louis XII. in 1509. It was held by the English in 1562, and bombarded by them in 1678 and 1759. Pop. in 1861, 74,336; in 1876, 92,068. Havre de Grace, hav'^r de grass, a post-village of Harford co., Md., is at the N. end of Chesapeake Bay, and on the W. bank of the Susquehanna River, at its mouth, 36 miles E.N.E. of Baltimore, and 34 miles AV.S.W. of Wilmington, Del. It is connected with these cities by the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, which here crosses the river on a noble wooden bridge, which cost nearly §2,000,000 and is about 3500 feet long between the shores. This place is the S. terminus of the Tidewater Canal. It contains 5 churches, a newspaper office, a high school, a flour-mill, 2 canneries for fruit, a lumber-mill, and a sash-factory. Pop. about 3000. HaAVaii, h3,-wi'ee, a kingdom of Polynesia, consisting of a group called also Sandwich Islands, or the Ha- waiian Archipelago, in the North Pacific Ocean, mostly between lat. 19° and 22° 20' N,, Ion. 155° and 160° W. There are 15 islands, only 8 of which are inhabited. The principal are Hawaii or Owyhee, Maui or Mowee, Oahu or Woahoo, Kauai, Molokai, Ranai, Nihau, and Ka- hoolawe. Area, 7629 square miles; pop. in 1872, 56,897. The singularly rapid decrease of the native population, estimated by Cook at 400,000, commenced with the visit of that discoverer to these islands. Palmyra Island, lat. 6° N., about 800 miles S. of this group, belongs also to the Hawaiian kingdom; it has an area of 60 square miles, but is scantily peopled. In general, the surface rises to a great elevation, and in Hawaii are several active volcanoes, of which Mauna Loa is one of the highest active volcanoes in the world. The climate is salubrious, with sea-breezes and moderate rains ; mean temperature, 75° ; range of ther- mometer, 60° to 88° Fahr. The soil in the uplands is better adapted for grazing than for agriculture; fine wheat is, however, grown there, and the valleys produce coffee, sugar, cotton, tobacco, cacao, arrowroot, the mulberry, yams, sweet potatoes, and taro. Sugar is the staple article of export. Sandal-wood was formerly an important product, but the forests have been too rapidly thinned, and little is now produced. Live-stock of all the ordinary' species thrives well. Honolulu, the capital, on the island of Oahu, is an im- portant entrepot for trade with all commercial nations. On Cook's discovery of the group each island had a separate ruler; but afterwards the whole of the islands were con- solidated under one government, and idolatry was abol- ished. Missionary stations wore established in 1820, and the natives are now converted to Christianity, and have printing-presses and newspapers. The islands are fre- quented by whaling-vessels, and are in the great lino of commerce between California, China, and Australasia. With the United States there is a reciprocity treaty, which has greatly stimulated commerce and sugar-culture. Hawaii, or Owyhee, the largest \\\v\ southernmost island of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Litt. uf 8. ]iHiut. 19° N. ; Ion. 155^40' AV. Chief town, Hilo. Poj). (ISTL') Itl.OOO. Area, 4S75 square miles. The island is a muss of lava, and contains several volcanic mountains. Slauna Loa, an active volcano, has an elevation of 13,760 foct. The soil is very HAW 967 RAW fertile : the products comprise the bread-fruit, sugar-cane, sandal-wood, arum, and numerous tropical fruits, Hawar'den, or Har'den, a town of Wales, co. of Flint, 6 miles W.N.W. of Chester. It has a grammar- school, and ruins of a fine castle, with large manufactures of earthenware, and iron-foundries. Pop. of parish, 86S3. Hawasa, a town of Africa. See AussA. Hawash, hd,'wS,sh\ a river of South Abyssinia, is sup- posed to rise by numerous heads near lat. 9° N., Ion. 38° E. It flows E., and afterwards N.E., bounding the do- minions of Shoa on the S. and E., and enters Lake Aussa near lat. 11° 30' N., Ion. 41° 20' E., after a total course of from 460 to 500 miles. Hawaz, a town of Persia. See Ahwaz. HaAV Branch, a post-office of Onslow co., N.C. Haw Creek, a township of Knox co., 111. Pop. 1056. It contains Gilson. Haw Creek, a township of Bartholomew co., Ind. Pop. 2634. It contains Hartsville and Hope. Haw Creek, a township of Morgan co., Mo. Pop. 1731. It contains Florence. Haw Creek, a post-office of Fayette co., Tex. Haw'don, a lake of South Australia, is near the S. coast, in lat. 37° 10' S., Ion. 140° E. Haweeza,or Hawiza,ha-wee'zi, written also Ha- wisa, Haveeza, and Havlza, hi-vee'z^,, a town of Persia, in Khoozistan, on the Kerah (or Haweeza) Kiver, 70 miles S.W. of Shooster. Pop. 12,000. Hawes, hawz, a town of England, co. of York, North Riding, 20 miles W. of Middleham. It has a grammar- school, 2 branch banks, and a library. Pop. 1843. HaAVes (hawz) Cross Roads, a post-office of Wash- ington CO., Tenn. HaAVesville, hawz'vil, a post-village, capital of Han- cock CO., Ky., on the Ohio River, opposite Cannelton, and about 65 miles above Evansville, Ind. By land it is 20 or 25 miles N.E. of Owensborough. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, a steam flour-mill, a saw-mill, 4 tobacco- factories or stemmeiies, and a furniture-factory. Coal is found here. , Pop. 855. Hawes-Water, a lake of England, co. of Westmore- land, 5 miles N. of Kendal. Length, 3 miles. Hawick, h5,'ik or hS,'wik, a town of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, at the confluence of the Teviot and the Slitrig, 53 miles by rail S.S.E. of Edinburgh. It contains some very curious ancient houses, among which is the principal inn, formerly a strong border fortress. There are two bridges across the Teviot, and two over the Sliti'ig, one of which is supposed to be a Roman structure, a pariah church, a grammar-school, public library, branch banks, exchange, and school of arts. It has important manufactures of tweeds, woollen stockings, flannels, plaids, shawls, blankets, carpets, druggets, and leather. Its vicinity comprises much of the beautiful scenery celebrated in the "Lay of the Last Minstrel." Pop. 11,356. HaAviza, or Hawisa, Persia. See Haweeza. Hawk Creek, township, Renville co., Minn. Pop. 993. Hawke Bay, Labrador, is on the E. coast, in lat. 53° N., Ion. 55° 35' W. Hawke Cape, East Australia, in New South Wales, CO. of Gloucester, 43 miles N.E, of Port Stephens. Hawke's (hawks) Bay, New Zealand, is on the E. coast of North Island, between lat. 39° and 40° S. and Ion. 177° and 178° E. Hawke's Bay, a county on the E. coast of the North Island of New Zealand. Area, 2426 square miles. Hawkesbury, hawks'b^r-re, a village in Prescott co., Ontario, on the river Ottawa, 2 miles from Grenville, with which it has communication by ferry. It contains exten- sive saw-mills, woollen-, grist-, and planing-mills, 6 stores, and 2 hotels, and has a large lumber-trade. Pop. 1671. Hawkesbury Island, British Columbia, is formed by an inlet of the PacificOeean, in lat. 53° 30' N,, Ion. 129° W. Hawkesbury River, Australia, in New South.Wales, is formed by the union of the Nepean and Grose Rivers, and enters the Pacific at Broken Bay, 20 miles N.N.E. of Sydney, after a course of 50 miles. Another river of this name, in the county of Bligh, is of less importance. Hawkeshead, hawks'hfid, a town of England, co. of Lancaster, 11 miles N.W. of Kirby-Kendal. It has a very ancient church and a grammar-school. Hawkesville, hawks'vil, a post-village in Waterloo CO., Ontario, on the Conestogo River, 12 miles N.N.W. of Berlin. It contains 4 stores, 3 hotels, 2 woollen-factories, a grist-mill, and about 500 inhabitants. Hawk Eye, a post-office of Fayette co., Iowa, about 6 miles W. of West Union. Hawk Eye, a post-hamlot of Dixon co., Neb., about 22 miles W.S.W. of Sioux City, Iowa. It has a church. Haw'kins, a county of East Tennessee, bordering on Virginia, has an area of about 440 square miles. It is intersected by the Holston River, navigable by steamers, and is bounded on the N.W. by a long ridge called Clinch Mountain. The surface is diversified with high hills, fer- tile valleys, and extensive forests. Indian corn, wheat, oats, grass, and pork are the staple products. Among the minerals of this county are limestone and marble. The East Tennessee A Virginia Railroad passes along its south- ern border. Capital, Ilogersville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,721,997. Pop. in 1870, 15,837, of whom 15,808 were Americans. Hawkins, Jay co., Ind. See Antioch. Hawkins, a station in Alleghany co.. Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 9 miles S.E. of Pitcsburg. Hawkins, a post-village of Wood co., Tex., on the Texas & Pacific Railroad, 28 miles W. of Longview. It has 8 business houses and a church. Hawkins' Mills, a post-hamlet of Russell co., Va., 16 miles N.W. of Abingdon. Hawkins' Prairie, a post-village of Pannin co., Tex., 10 miles from Bonham. It has 3 churches. Hawk'instown, a post-village of Shenandoah co., Va., 54 miles N.N.E. of Staunton. It is on the Vp-Uey Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Haw'kinsville, a post-hamlet of Barbour co., Ala,, 4^ miles N. of Batesville Station. It has a church. Hawkinsville, a post-office of Orange co., Fla., on the St. John's River, 174 miles S. of Jacksonville. Here is a steamboat-landi ng. Hawkinsville, a post-village, capital of Pulaski co., Ga., at the head of navigation on the Ocraulgee River, and on a branch of the Macon & Brunswick Railroad, 48 miles S. of Macon. It has 5 or 6 churches (2 colored), a news- paper office, 2 banks, an academy, a high school, and a cotton-factory. Pop. about 1600. Hawkinsville, a post-village of Oneida co., N.Y., on Black River, 3 miles from Boonville Station, and about 30 miles N. of tFtica. It has a grist-mill, a tannery, 3 churches, and a cheese-factory. Pop. 150. Hawkinsville, a post-hamlet of Matagorda co., Tex., on Caney River, about 65 miles S.W. of Galveston. It has a church. Sugar is made here. Hawkinsville, a post-office of Sussex co,, Va. Hawk Mine, a post-office of Mitchell co., N.C. Hawk Point, a post-office of Lincoln co., Mo. HaAVks,a station in Schuylkill co.. Pa., on the Nesque- honing Valley Railroad, 1 mile from Tamanend. Hawk's Nest, a post-hamlet of Fayette co., W. Va., on the Great Kanawha River, and on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 45 miles S.E. of Charleston. A short narrow- gauge railroad connects it with the coal-mines nearAnsted. Hawlbow'line, an island of Ireland, in Cork harbor, three-fourths of a mile south of Queenstown, and formerly the place of an important naval depot. Hawlbowline, a rock of Ireland, co. of Down, ofT the entrance of Carlingford harbor. Haw'lejek, a post-office of Bon Homme co., Dakota. Haw'ley, a mountainous township of Franklin co., Mass., 16 miles W. of Greenfield. It contains the post- hamlets of Hawley and West Hawlej', and has a mineral spring. There are 2 churches. Pop. 5SS. Hawley, a post-hamlet and township of Clay co., Minn., on the North Pacific Railroad, 22 miles E. of Moorhead. It has a church and a flour-mill. Pop. of township, 161. Hawley, a post-village of Wayne co.. Pa., in Palmyra township, on the Laekawaxen River, the Delaware & Hud- son Canal, the Pennsylvania Coal Company's Railroad, and the Honesdale Branch of the Erie Railroad, 9 miles S.S.E. of Honesdale. It has 5 churches, a money-order post-office, a newspaper office, a brewery, a tannery, and manufactures of lumber, hubs, spokes, glove- and shoe-fasteners, ^c. It has a large business in the transfer and forwarding of coal. Hawley's, haw'liz, a station on the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad, 7 miles S. of Pekin, III. Hawley's, a station on the Delhi Branch of the Mid- land Railroad, 9 miles S.W. of Delhi, N.Y. Hawley's Store, a post-office of Sampson co., N.C. Hawleysville, haw'liz-vil, a post-village of Page co., Iowa, on the E. branch of the Nodaway River, 7 miles N.E. of Clarinda. It has a church and a flour-mill. Pop. 200. Hawleyton, haw'le-ton, a post-hamlet of Broome co., N.Y., 6 miles S. of Binghamton. It has a church. Hawleyville, haw'le-vil, a post-village of Fairfield CO., Conn., in Newtown township, on the Housatonic Rail- HAW HAY road, at its junction with tlie Sliepaug Railroad and with the Hawleyvillo Bi-unch of the Danbury & Norwall^ Rail- road, 23 miles N.N.W. of Bridgeport. It has manufactures of combs, hats, and condensed milk. Hawil, a post-office of Fulton co., III. Haworth, hJL'worth, a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, .S miles by rail S.W. of Keighley. Pop. 2884. Haw Patch, a post-hamlet of La Grange co., Ind., 6 miles E.S.E. of Goshen. It has a church and a saw-mill. Haw Ridge, a post-hamlet of Dale oo., Ala., 30 miles S.S.E. of Troy. It has 2 churches. Haw River, North Carolina, a branch of the Cape Fear, is formed by two forks which rise in the counties of Guilford and Rockingham and unite in Alamance co. It runs in a S.S.E. direction through Alamance and Chatham cos., and unites with the Deep River at Haywood to form the Cape Fear River. The Haw River, including one branch, is nearlj' 130 miles long. HaAV River, a post-village of Alamance co., N.C., on the Haw River, about I mile E. of Graham. It is on the North Carolina Railroad, which connects Raleigh with Greensborough, 56 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh. It has a church, a cotton-factory, and a flour-mill. Haw'thorii, a post-office of White co., 111., and a station on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of Carmi. Hawthorn, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Iowa, on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, 5i miles W. of Red Oak. It has 2 grain-elevators and a store. Haw'thorne , a station in Cook eo.. 111., on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 8 miles W. of Chicago. HaAVthorne, a post-hamlet of Passaic co., N.J., on the New Jersey Midland Railroad, and on the Erie Railroad. It is a suburb of Paterson, from which it is distant 1^ miles. It has 2 grist-mills. Hawthorne, a post-village of Bedford co., Tenn., 8 miles S.W. of Shelbyville. It has 2 churches. Haw'thornden, a glen in Scotland, co. and 8 miles S.E. of Edinburgh, on the North Esk, celebrated for having been the residence of the poet Drummond. Be- neath the ancient mansion, which stands on a cliff, are caves hollowed out of the sandstone rock, reported to have been used as hiding-places during the border wars. Haw Tree, a township of Warren co., N.C. Pop. 1540. Haw'trey, a post- village in Oxford Co., Ontario, on the Canada Southern Railway, 36 miles W. of Cayuga. Hay, a town of Wales, co. of Brecon, on the Wye, 15 miles by rail W. of Hereford. Pop. 1777. Hay, or Fran'ceston, a post-village in Huron oo., Ontario, 20 miles S. of Clinton. Pop. 125. Hayaiige, h3,'y6»(zh' or hi^ftszh' (Ger. Hayingeii, hl'- ing-?n), a village of Germany, in Lorraine, 5 miles W.S.AV", of Diedenhofen. Pop. 4690, employed in extensive iron- works. Hay'cock, a township of Bucks CO., Pa. Pop. 1250. It contains Applebachsville. Hay'cock Island, off the W. side of Busvagon, one of the Philippines. Lat. 12° 9' N. ; Ion. 119° 51' 15" E. Haycock Island, between the islands of Celebes and Mindanao. Lat. 4° IS' N. ; Ion. 125° 23' E. Haycock Island, in the China Sea, 40 miles S.S.AV. of Great Natunas. Lat. 3° 19' N. ; Ion. 107° 34' E. Haycock Island, in the China Sea, S.S.W. of South Natunas. Lat. 2° 13' N. ; Ion. 108° 57' E. Haycock Island, a rocky islet in the Mergui Archi- pelago. Lat. 9° 40' N. ; Ion. 97° 50' E. Haycock Island, in the Flores Se.a, in Pantar Strait, rises in the form of a haycock. Lat. 8° 18' S. ; Ion. 124° E. Haycock Run, a post-office of Bucks co.. Pa. Hay Creek, a post-township of Goodhue co., Minn., 5 miles S. of Red Wing. Pop. 1026. Hayd, or Hayde, Bohemia. See Haid and HAin.v. Hayd, Obeu, o'bijr, and Unter, Qon'ter, two contiguous villages of Germany, 22 miles by rail S. of Budweis. Hayden, ha'don, a post-hamlet of Grand co., Col., on Yampah River, 110 miles S. of Rawlins, Wyoming. Hayden, a post-office of Gallatin co., Montana. Hayden Hitl , a post-office and mining-camp of Lassen CO., Cat., 120 miles E.N.E. of Redding. Hayden Mount. See Modnt Hayden. Hayden Peak, Utah, a peak of the Uintuh Mountains, near Ion. 111° W. Its altitude is about 13,000 feet. Hayden Row, a post-office and station of Middlesex CO., Mass., in Hopkinton township, on the Ilopkinton Rail- road, 30 miles W.S.W. of Boston. Hayden's, a station on the Montgomery pi River, at Gregory Station. Hazelton, a post-office of Grant co.. Wis. Hazel Valley, a post-office of Washington co.. Ark. Ha'zelwood, a post-office of Ford co., Kansas. Hazelwood, a station on the Boston & Providence Railroad, 6A miles S.W. of Boston, Mass. Hazelwood, a post-office of Rice co., Minn. Ha'zen, a post-office and station of Prairie co.. Ark., on the Memphis & Little Rock Railroad, 41 miles N.E. of Little Rock. It has 2 stores and a grist-mill. Hazerswoude, h^'zers-wowMeh, a village of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, 13 miles E. of the Hague. Pop. 3053. Hazle (ha'z'l) Creek Brid§:e, a station in Carbon CO., Pa., I mile N.W. of Weatherly, at the junction of the Beaver Meadow and Hazleton Branches of the Lehigh Valley Railroad. Hazledean, ha'z'1-deen, a post-village in Carleton co., Ontario, 3 miles N.E. of Stittsville. Pop. 100. Hazle (ha'z'l) Dell, a post-haralet of Comanche co., Tex., 95 miles W.N.W. of Waco. It has a churoh. Hazle Green, a post-office of Delaware oo., Iowa, in Hazle Green township, about 32 miles N.N.E. of Cedar Rapids. Pop. of the township, 738. Hazle Green, a post-village of Wolfe co., Ky., about 66 miles E. by S. of Lexington. It has 2 churches and a seminary. Pop. 77. Hazle Green, a post-office of Laclede co.. Mo., 5 miles S. of Stoutland Station. Hazle Hill, a township of Johnson co.. Mo. P. 1904. Hazlehurst, ha'z'l-hurst, a post-village of Appling co., Ga., on the Macon & Brunswick Railroad, 20 miles W. by N. of Baxley. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 125. Hazlehurst, a station on the Brunswick & Albany Railroad, 13 miles W. of Brunswick, Ga. Hazlehurst,apost-viIlage, capital of Copiah 00,, Miss., on the Now Orleans, St. Louis &. Chicago Railroad, 149 miles N. of New Orleans, and 34 miles S.S.W. of Jackson. It has 2 newspaper offices and 4 ehurohes. Pop. 662. Hazle Patch, a post-office of Laurel eo., Ky., 6 miles S.E. of Livingston Station. Hazlerigg, ha'z'l-rlg, a post-hamlet of Boone co., Ind., on the Indiana])olis, Cincinnati & Lafayette Railroad, 5 miles N.W. of Lebanon, and 30 miles S.E. of Lafayotte. It has a steam saw-mill and a grist-mill, Haz'lct, a post-office of Monmouth co., N.J. Hazleton, Iowa and Missouri. See Hazelton. Hazleton, ha'z'1-ton, a post-borough of Luzcrno oo., Pa., on a branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 22 miles S, of Wilkesbarro, and 40 miles E. of Danville, with which it is connected by the Danville, Hazleton <& AVilkesbarrc Rail- road, It contains 9 churches, 2 banks, a town hall, a Catholic academy, and a convent. The streets are lighted with gas. One daily and 2 weekly newspapers are pub- lished here. The prosperity of this town is derived chiefly from operations in ooal (anthracite). About 1,000,000 tons of excellent coal are mined annually in the Hazleton mines. Pop. about 7500. Haz'lettville, a post-hamlet of Kent co., Del., 5i miles W. of Wyoming Station. HAZ 971 HEB Ha'z lewood, a township of Alexander co., 111. P. 674. HazleAVood, a post-hamlet of Ballard co., Ky., 10 miles N.E. of Cairo, III. It has a chair-factory, a plough- factory, and a store. Hazlewoodf a post-office of Rice co., Minn. Hazleivood, a post-village of Webster co.. Mo., 16 miles S.E. of Marshfield. It has a church, a seminary, and a plough-factory. Pop. 200. Hazlewood, a post-township of Webster co.. Mo., 10 miles S.E. of Marshfield. It has 4 churches. Pop. 1267. Hazlewood, a station on the Pittsburg A Conncllsville Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of Pittsburg, Pa. Hazlewood, a township of Chester co., S.C. Pop. 1556. Head'ford, a town of Ireland, co. of Galway, 9 miles S.W. of Tuam. Pop. 860. Head Honey Island, a post-office and shipping- point of Holmes co., Miss., on the Yazoo River, 40 miles W. of Durant. Head'ingiy-with-Bur'ley, a village of England, CO. of York, West Riding, 2 miles N.W. of Leeds. In its vicinity are the Leeds Zoological and Botanical Gardens and numerous elegant mansions. Pop 13,942. Head'land, a post-hamlet of Henry co., Ala., 27 miles S.W. of Fort Gaines, Ga. Head'lee, a post-office of White co., Ind. Head of Bar'ren, a post-office of Claiborne co., Tenn. Head of Grade, a station in Schuylkill co.. Pa., on the Mill Creek Br.anch of the Reading Railroad, 1 mile S.E. of Frackville. Head of Island, a post-office of Livingston parish, La. Head of Laurel, a post-office of Johnson co., Tenn. Head of Saint Mar'garet's Bay, a post-village in Halifax co., Nova Scotia, at the head of a large bay on the Atlantic coast, 21 miles W. of Halifax. Pop. 500. Head of Saint Mary's Bay, or Bright'on, a post- village in Bigby co.. Nova Scotia, 7 miles S.W. of Digby. Pop. 350. Head Quar'ters, a post-hamlet of Nicholas co., Ky., 6 miles N.W. of Carlisle. It has a church and a carriage- sho)). Headsville, hedz'vil, a post-hamlet of Robertson co., Tex., 8 miles S.E. of Kosse Station. It has a church. Headsville, a post-office of Mineral co., W. Va. Headville. See Saint Germ.ii.n- de Grantham. Head Waters, a post-hamlet of Highland co., Va., 19 miles N.W. of Buffalo Gap Station. Healdsburg, heeldz'burg, a post-town of Sonoma co., Cal., on the Russian River, and on the San Francisco & North Pacific Railroad, 72 miles N. by W. of San Francisco, 20 miles from the ocean, and about 84 miles W. of Sacra- mento. It contains a bank, 7 churches, a newspaper office, an academy, a graded school, 2 tanneries, a glove-factory, a flour-mill, a planing-mill, a brewery, a wine-factory, &c., and is surrounded by beautiful mountain-scenery. It was incorporated as a city in 1874. Pop. about 1500. Healdvillc, heeld'vil, a post-office and station of Rut- land CO., Vt., on the Central Vermont Railroad, 19 miles S.S.E. of Rutland, near the top of the Green Mountain. It has 1 or 2 lumber-mills. Heal'ing Springes, a post-township of Davidson co., N.C., 18 miles S.S.E. of Lexington. It has 3 churches. Pop. 675. Healing Springs, a post-hamlet of Bath co., Va., about 50 miles W.S.W. of Staunton. It has a church. Here are several valuable thermal springs of repute in the treatment of chronic diseases. Hean, hi'ftn', a large town of Tonquin, on the Sang-Koi River, at the head of its delta, 31 miles S.E. of Ketcho. Heard, herd, a county in the W. part of Georgia, bor- dering on Alabama, has an area of about 375 square miles. It is intersected by the Chattahoochee River. The surface is hilly, and mostly covered with forests ; the soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, and grass are the staple prod- ucts. Gold and lead are said to be found here. Capital, Franklin. Valuation of real and personal estate, .SI, 232,544. Pop. in 1870, 7866, of whom 7861 were Americans. Heardmont, h^rd'mont, a post-hamlet of Elbert co., Ga., on the Savannah River, 22 miles S.W. of Abbeville, S.C. It has a church. Heard's Island, an island in the South Indian Ocean, 280 miles S.E. of Kerguelon Land. It is 30 miles long and 10 miles wide, and rises about 6000 feet. Hearne, hern, a post-village of Robertson co., Tex., 4 miles E. of the Brazos River, on the Houston & Texas Central Railroad where it crosses the International & Great Northern Railroad, 120 miles N.N.W, of Houston, 91 miles S.W. of Palestine, and 145 miles S. of Dallas. It has 6 churches, a bank, and a newspaper office. The car-shopa of the Houston & Texas Central Railroad are located here. Pop. about 1200. Heart Prairie, a post-office of Walworth co., Wis. Heart River, Dakota, rises in the W. part of the ter- ritory, runs northeastward and eastward, and enters the Missouri about lat. 46° 48' N. It is nearly 200 miles long. Heart's Content, a seaport of Newfoundland, on the S.E. side of Trinity Bay. Lat. 47° 50' N. ; Ion. 53° 20' W. Two Atlantic cables land here, and there are overland wires to St. John's and Cape Ray. There is a good harbor here, and the surrounding scenery is very beautiful. Pop. 880. Hearts Creek, a post-hamlet of Lincoln co., W. Va., 40 miles from Barboursville. It has a church. Heart's Delight, a fishing hamlet of Newfoundland, 9 miles S.S.W. of Heart's Content. Pop. 320. Heart's Desire, a fishing hamlet of Newfoundland, 6 miles S.S.W. of Heart's Content. Pop. 100. Heart's Ease, a hamlet of Newfoundland, at the entrance to Random Sound, 15 miles N.W. of Heart's Con- tent. Pop. 160. Heart'wellville, a post-hamlet of Bennington co., Vt., 10 miles N.E. of North Adams, Mass. It has a church, a lumber-mill, and a chair-faCtory. Heath, heeth, a post-village and township of Franklin CO.. Mass., about 15 miles E. of North Adams. Pop. 545. Heath, a township of Allegan co., Mich. Pop. 680. Heath, a township of .Jefferson co.. Pa., bounded N. by the Clarion River. Pop. 247. Heath's Creek, a township of Pettis co., Mo. P. 2523. Heaths'ville, a post-office of Crawford co.,,Ill. Heathsville, a post-hamlet of Halifax co., N.C., 9 miles N.W. of Enfield. Heathsville, a post-village, capital of Northumber- land CO., Va., about 56 miles (direct) E.N.E. of Richmond. It is on a peninsula called the Northern Neck, and near a navigable inlet of Chesapeake Bay. It has 3 churches. Heath Town, a town of England, co. of Stafford, 3 miles N.E. of Wolverhampton. Pop. 5268. Heath'ville, a h.amlet of Jefferson co., Pa., on Red Bank Creek, and on the Low Grade division of the Alle- ghany Valley Railroad, 9 miles W. of Brookville. It has a luniber-miil. Pop. about 40. Heaton, he'ton, or Stew'ard, a post-h-amlet of Lee CO., III., in Alto township, on the Chicago & Iowa Railroad, 40 miles W. of Aurora. It has a church. Heaton, a post-hamlet of Lawrence co.. Mo., about 32 miles W. of Springfield. Heaton, a station in Montgomery co.. Pa., on the Northeast Pennsylvania Railroad, 15 miles N. of Phila- delphia. Heaton Creek, a post-office of Carter co., Tenn. Hea'ton-Nor'ris, a township of England, co. of Lan- caster, on the Mersey, which separates it fi-om Stockport. The Manchester & Birmingham Railway is here carried across the Mersey on a viaduct, and has a station at Heaton- Norris. Pop. 16,481. Heb'bardsville, a post-village of Henderson co., Ky., 10 miles N.E. of Robard's Station. It has 2 churches and a plough-factory. Pop. about 150. Hebbardsville, a post-hamlet of Athens co., 0., 6 miles S.S.AV. of Athens, and about 18 miles N. by W. of Pomeroy. It has 2 churches. Heb'bertsburg, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co., Tenn., about 60 miles W. of Knoxville. It has a church. Heb'den Bridge, a town of England, co. of Y'ork, West Riding, on the Leeds & Manchester Railway, 3 miles W. of Halifax. Pop. 3894. He'ber, a post-village, capital of Wasatch co., Utah, on Prove River, at or near the base of the Wahsatch Moun- tain, about 46 miles S.E. of Salt Lake City. Pop. 658. Hebertville, Chicoutimi co., Quebec. See Labarre. Hebrides, h4b'rid-iz, or Western Islands (anc. Ebu'des)y a series of islands off the W. coast of Scotland, be- tween lat. 55° 35' and 58° 34' N. and Ion. 5° and 8° W., and consisting of two principal groups : the Outer Hebrides, — ■ Lewis, North and South Uist, Benbeeula, Barra, and numer- ous smaller islands, in the counties of Ross and Inver- ness: and the Inner Hebrides, — Skye, Rum, Eig, Canna, Coll, Tiree, Mull, lona, Colonsa, Jura, Arran, Bute, &c., partly separ.ated from the former by the channel termed the Little Minch, and lying more immediately off the shores of Inverness and Argyle, in which counties, and in Bute- shire, they are included. Total number, not including the smaller islets, 160, 70 of which are permanently inhabited. Total area, about 3000 square miles. Pop. about 115,000. The climate is moist and chill in the Outer Hebrides ; much HE® 972' HEO rain in winter, but little snow. The herring- fishery, formerly an important resource of the people, has greatly declined, the rearing of cattle and sheep being the most profitable branch of industry. Live-stock (including ponies), kelp, wool, cod, ling, herrings, limestone, and slate are the chief exports; imports are iron, groceries, salt, oatmeal, and, in some of the islands, peat fuel. In the Outer Hebrides many of the Inhabitants are Roman Catholics. The principal villages are Stornoway, in Lewis; Portree, in Skye; and Torosay, in Mull. The language is Gaelic. The Hebrides in remote times were subject to the Kings of Norway, but in 1264 were annexed to the crown of Scotland. Thoy were then held by various native chieftains in vassalage to the Scottish monarch, but subsequently all fell into the hands of one powerful chief, who thereupon, in 1346, assumed the title of " Lord of the Isles" and began to affect an entire independence of his sovereign. The abolition of hereditary jurisdictions, in 1748, secured to these islands, for the first time, the peace and safety afforded by a just and powerful government. Adj. and inhab. Hebrid'ean. He'bron (anc. Kirjath-Arha; Arab. El Klialeel, gl kI- leel'), a town of Palestine, 16 miles S.S.W. of Jerusalem. Lat. 31° 32' 30" N. ; Ion. 35° 8' 20" E. Pop. from 5000 to 10,000. It stands partly on the slopes of two hills, and in the deep, narrow valley of Mamre. Around it are exten- sive vineyards, and on its N. side is a suburb, separated from it by open fields. It is unwalled, but has several gates, some reservoirs of high antiquity, a large mosque, reputed to cover the tombs of Abraham and other patri- archs, a citadel, well-supplied bazaars, manufactures of glass-wares, leather, and other goods, which it exports to Egypt, and a considerable retail trade with the adjacent country, Hebron is one of the most ancient of existing cities. It was the early residence of Abraham and the patriarchs, as also of David. He'bron, a pf>st-village in Hebron township, Tolland CO., Conn., about 20 miles S.E. of Hartford. It is 2^ miles from Turnerville Station on the Boston &, New York Air- Line Railroad. The township has 3 churches, and manu- factures of cotton and silk. Pop. 1279. Hebron^ a post-office and station in Hebron township, McHenry co., 111., about 12 miles N. of Woodstock. It is on the Kenosha division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 38^ miles E.N.E. of Rockford. It has 2 churches and 5 cheese-factories. Pop. of the township, 930. Hebron, a post-village of Porter eo., Ind., in Boone township, on the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroad, 51 miles S.S.E. of Chicago. It has 4 churches, a graded school, and manufactures of carriages and furniture. Pop. about 600. Hebron, a post-hamlet of Adair co., Iowa, near Grand River, about 48 miles S.W. of Des Moines. It has a church, Hebron, a post-office of Clay co., Kansas. Hebron, a post-office of Boone co., Ky. Hebron, a post-hamlet of Oxford eo.. Me., in Hebron township, about 14 miles N.W. of Lewiston. It has a church and an academy. The township is traversed by the Portland &, Oxford Central Railroad. Pop. 744. Hebron, a post-hamlet of Nicollet co., Minn., on the N. bank of the Minnesota River, 10 or 12 miles above Man- kato. It has manufactures of flonr, lumber, &,c. Hebron, a post- village of Lawrence co.. Miss., 28 miles E. of Beauregard. It has a church and an academy. Hebron, a post-village, capital of Thayer co., Neb., on the Little Blue River, 7 miles S. of Belvidere Station, and about 74 miles S.W. of Lincoln. It has a money-order post- office, a large flour-mill, and a fine public school-house. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Hebron, a post-township of Grafton co., N.II., on New- found Lake, about 8 miles S.W. of Plymouth. Pop. 382. Hebron, a post-township of Washington co,, N.Y., about 50 miies N.N.E. of Albany. It has valuable quarries of slate, and extensive cheese-factories. Pop. 2442. It contains the village of West Hebron, and a haoilet named Hebron, which is 6 miles N. of Salem, and has a church. Hebron, a post-office and railroad station of Meaklen- burg CO., N.C. Here is a church. Hebron, a post-village in Union township, Licking co., 0., on the Ohio Canal and the Ohio Central Railroad, and near the South Fork of the Licking River, 27 miles E. of Columbus. It has 3 churches, a union school, a carriage- shop, and a tile-factory. Pop. 478. Hebron, a post-township of Potter co., Pa., about 28 miles N.N.E. of Emporium. It has 2 churches, and manu- factures of pine lumber. The soil is fertile. Pop. 754. Hebron, township, Marlborough co., S.C. Pop, 15S1. Hebron, a township of Orangeburg co., S.C. Pop. 311. Hebron, a post-hamlet of Spartanburg co., S.C, 20 miles S. of Spartanburg. Hebron, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Utah, about 45 miles N.W. of Toquerville. It has a church and a cheese- factory. Pop. about 125. Hebron, a post-village of Dinwiddle co., Va., on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 24 miles W. of Petersburg. It has 2 churches, Hebron, a post-hamlet of Pleasants co., W. Va., 7 miles N.W. of Pennsborough. Hebron, a post-village in Hebron township, Jefferson CO., Wis., on the Bark River, 8 miles N. of Whitewater, and 25 miles N.E. of Janesville. It has a church, and manu- factures of cheese and furniture. Pop. of township, 1273. He'bron, a port and Moravian mission-station, on Saeglek Bay, in the N. part of Labrador. Pop. 214, Hebron, a post-village in Yarmouth co., Nova Scotia, on the sea-coast, 4 miles from Yarmouth. Pop. 500. He'bronville, a post-village of Bristol co., Mass., in Attleborough township, on the Boston & Providence Rail- road, at the junction of the India Point Branch, 9 miles N.E. of Providence. It has 3 churches and a manufactory of cotton sheetings. Hebrus, the ancient name of the MAnixzA. Hechin^^en, h^K'ing-en, a town of Prussia, in Ho- henzollern, on the Starzel, and on a railway, 31 miles S.S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 3469. It has a palace with fine grounds, a collegiate church, a high school, a bath -establishment, and some manufactures of woollen cloths. Hecho, i'cho, a market-town of Spain, province of Huesca, in a valley of the Pyrenees. Pop. 1676. In its vicinity are mines of iron, copper, and argentiferous lead. Hechosoa, i-cho-so'5,, a village of Mexico, state of Cinaloa, on the Yaqui, 25 miles from its mouth in the Gulf of California. Heck'atoo, a post-office of Lincoln co., Ark,, on the Arkansas River. Hecker, Monroe co., 111. See Freedom. Heck'land, a post-office of Vigo co., Ind., on the Terre Haute tfe Indianapolis Railroad, S miles N. of Terre Haute. Heck'mondwike, a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, 7i miles by rail W.N.W. of Wakefield. It has a branch bank, and manufactures of blankets and car- pets. Pop. 8300. Heck'scherville, a post-village of Schuylkill co., Pa., on a branch of the Mine Hill Railroad, 6 miles W. of Potts- ville. Coal iS mined here. Heck's Corners, Ontario. See Roebuck. Hecks'ton, a post-village in Grenville co., Ontario, on a branch of the South Nation River, 8 miles S. of Kempt- vilie. Pop. 100. Heck'town, a post-village of Northampton co., Pa., in Lower Nazareth township, at Steuben Station on the Lehigh & Lackawanna Railroad, 8 miles N. of Bethlehem. It has a church, a broom-factory, and an academy. Hec'la, or HekMa, a famous volcano of Iceland, near its S.W. coast. Lat. 63° 59' N. ; Ion. 19° 42' W. Height above the sea, 5110 feet, it being surrounded by many much higher mountains. It has three peaks, little elevated above its body, and along its sides are numerous craters, the seats of former eruptions ; the crater of its principal peak does not much exceed 100 feet in depth. It is com- posed chiefly of basalt and lava, but slag-sand and loose ashes cover a great part of its surface, and obsidian is among its most remarkable products. Since a.d. 900, 43 of its eruptions are on record, of which 5 have been simul- taneous, or nearly so, with those of Vesuvius, 4 with those of Etna, and 1 with those of both, Hec'la, a post-hamlet of Etna township, Whitley co., Ind., 30 miles W.N.W. of Fort AVayne. It has a church. Hecla, or Hecla Works, a post-hamlet of Oneida CO.. N.Y., about 11 miles W. of Utica. Here is a manu- factory of iron castings. Pop. 125, Hecla, a post-hamlet in Schuylkill co.. Pa., on the Little Schuylkill Railroad, 9 miles S. of Tamaqua. It has manufactures of brushes, baskets, and lumber, and consists of about 20 houses. Hecla (hfik'Ii) Cove, an inlet of Spitzbergen, on the N. coast of the largo island, in lat. 79° 55' N., Ion. 16° 49' E. ; so named from the Hecla, under Sir John Franklin, having been stutioned here ft'om June to August, 1S27. Hec'tor, a post-villago of Jay co., Ind., in Noble township. 6 miles E. of Portland, It has 2 ohurohes. Hector, a post-office of Johnson oo., Kansas. Hector, a post-township of Ronville oo., Minn.. 23 niilos W. of Glonooe. Pop. 55. Hector, a post-township of Schuyler co., N.Y., about IIEC 973 HEI 15 miles W. of Ithaca, is bounded on the W. by Seneca Lake. Pop. 4970. It contains villages named Burdette, North Hector, Mecklenburg, and Peach Orchard. Hector Post-Office is at Peach Orchard. Hector, a post-township of Potter co., Pa. Pop. 651. Heddernheim, hSd'dern-hime\ a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, on the right bank of the Nidda, 6 miles N.E. of Hochst. Pop. 2720. Heddesdorf, hM'd^s-donr, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 8 miles N.W. of Coblentz, with tanneries, dyeing-, bleaching-, and iron-works. Pop. 2996. Hede, hAMi', a town of France, in Ille-et-Vilaine, 13 miles N.N.W. of Rennes. Pop. 951. Hedel, hi'del, a village of the Netherlands, in Gelder- land, on the Meiise, 12 miles S.W. of Thiol. Pop. 16.'!.3. Hedelflngeu, hA'd?l-fing"?n, a village of Wurtemberg, circle of Neckar. Pop. 1553. Hedemarken, hi'deh-maR'k^n, a district of Norway, stift of Hamar, of which' it forms the E. part, having E. Sweden and N. the Dovrefleld Mountains. It is traversed by the Glommen and other considerable rivers, and is one of the most fertile portions of Norway. Area, 9670 square miles. Pop. 120,651. Hedemora, hi-di-mo'ri, a town of Sweden, lien and 23 miles S.E. of Falun, on the Westor-Dal. Pop. 1129. Hedemiinden, hi'd?h-miinM?n, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 12 miles S.W. of Gottingen, on the Werra. He'den, or Hey'don, a town of England, eo. of York, East Riding, 6 miles by rail E. of Hull. Pop. 996. Hedenfors, hi'den-fons", a village of Sweden, Isen of Norrbotten, on the Luleil. Hederslebeii, hi'd^rs-li'ben, a village of Prussian Saxony, 9 miles S.E. of Halberstadt. Pop. 2147. Hederslebeii, a village of Prussian Saxony, B. of Eisleben. Pop. 854. Hedervar, hi'd^B'van', a town of Hungary, co. and IS miles N.W. of Raab, in the Kleine Schiitt Island, formed by the Danube. Pop. 910. It has a castle. Hedge, a post-office of Iowa co., Iowa. Hedge City, a post-office of Knox co., Mo. Hedg'es, a post-office and station of Clark co., Ky., on the railroad between Lexington and Mount Sterling, 26 miles E. of Lexington. Hedg'esville, a post-hamlet of Steuben co., N.Y., in WoodhuU township, about 32 miles W. of Elmira. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Hedgesville, a post-village of Berkeley eo., W. Va., on North Mountain, 7 miles N.W. of Martinsburg. It has i churches. Pop. about 400. Hedg'maii's River, in the N.E. part of Virginia, unites with Thornton's River to form the North River, or Rappahannock. Hedic, or Hcedic, hiVleek', a small island of Prance, in Morbihan, off the coast of Brittany, 14 miles S.E. of the peninsula of Quiberon. Hedjaz, or Hedsjaz, Arabia. See El Hejaz. Hedon, a town of England. See Heden. Hed'wig's Hill, a post-village of Mason co., Tex., loo miles W. by N. of Austin. It has 2 churches. Hedyphoii, supposed ancient name of the Jeuahai. Heea, or Hia, hee'i, a town of China, in Shan-See, 67 miles S. by W. of Ping-Yang. Heea-Kiang, or Hia-Kiang, hee'3,-ke-ing', a town of China, province of Kiang-See, on the Kan-Kiang, 78 miles S.S.W. of Nan-Chang. Heea-Jjooee, or Hia-Loui, hee'i-loo-ee', a town of China, in Quang-See, on an affluent of the Hong-Kiang, 50 miles W. of Tai-Ping. Heeg, haiG, a village of the Netherlands, in Fnesland, on a lake of the same name, 5 miles S.S.W. of Sneek. Heeg Lake, a lake of the Netherlands, united with the Fljuessen, extends from N.E. to S.W. about 9 miles, with a breadth of 1* miles. It communicates with several other lakes and with the North Sea. Hee-Ho, or Hi-Ho, hee-ho', a river of Corea, falls into the Yellow Sea in lat. 38° 45' N. Length, 75 miles. Hee'ley, a village of England, on the Midland Railway, near Sheffield. Pop! 3860. Heemstede, haim'sti-d^h, a village of the Nether- lands, province of North Holland, 3 miles S. of Haarlem. It has an old castle, many country residences, and an active trade in flowers, roots, and seeds. Pop. 3020. Heenvliet, hain'fleet, a town of the Netherlands, prov- ince of South Holland, on the estuary of the Meuse, 4 miles E.S.E. of Briel. Pop. 1233. Heeow-Ee, or Hiao- Y, he-i'o-ee', a town of China, in Shan-See, on the Fuen-Ho, 8 miles S.E. of Fuen-Choo. Heepen, hi'p^n, a village of Prussia, in Westphalia, 23 miles S.W. of Minden. Pop. 2231. Heer, hain, a village of the Netherlands, in Limburg, li miles E. of Maestrioht. Pop. 1404. Heer Arendskerke, hain i'r?nds-k§R'keh, a village of the Netherlands, in Zealand, 9 miles by rail E. of Mid- delburg. Pop. 2886. Heerde, hain'd^h, a village of the Netherlands, in Gelderland, 30 miles N.E. of Arnhem. Pop. 5293. It has a manufactory of paper. Heerenberg, ha'r?n-b8no\ a town of the Netherl.ands, province of Geld'erland, 16 miles E.S.E. of Arnhem, on the Prussian frontier. Pop. 1380. Heerenveen, hi'ren-vain", a town of the Netherlands, in Friesland, on the Heeren-slot, at a railway junction, 18 miles S.E. of Leeuwardcn. Pop. 1200. HeerhngoAvaard, hain-hoo'go-vand\ a village of the Netherlands, in North Holland, near Alkmaar. Pop. 2758. Heerlen, hain'len, a town of the Netherlands, in Lim- burg, 13 miles E.N.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 5261, employed in needle-making, linen-bleaching, and trading in cattle. Heesch, haish, a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, 11 miles E.N.E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 2196. Heestert, hais'tent, a town of Belgium, in West Flan- ders, 5 miles E. of Courtrai. Pop. 2300. Heeze, h4'z?h, a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, 6 miles S.E. of Eindhoven. Pop. 1874. Hef'freii, a post-office of Washington co., Ind. Heg'arty's Cross Roads, a post-office of Clearfield CO., Pa. Hegenheim, hi'gh?n-hime" (Fr. pron. hi'zhSn'^m'), a villao-e of Germany, in Lorraine, near the Rhine, 14 miles E. of Altkirch. Pop. 2190. Hegg, a post-office of Trempealeau co.. Wis. He'gins, a post-township of Schuylkill co.. Pa., 7 miles N.W. of Tremont. Pop. 1154. It contains hamlets named Heginsville and Valley View. Hegyaija, or Hegyallya, hM'yol'y6h\ a chain of hills in North Hungary, forming the extremity of an off- shoot of the Carpathians, which extend S. between the Bodrog and Hornad Rivers and between lat. 48'= and 49° N. This is the Cote-d'Or of Hungary, and produces the wines called Tokay. The wine-growing district has an area of about 90 square miles. See Tokay. Hegyes, hM'yfeh', or Igyusch, id^oosh', a village of Hungary, eo. and 30 miles N.E. of Bics. Pop. 4203. Heian, or Heianjo, a city of Japan. See Kioto. Heibuk, or Haibak, hi'biik', a thriving village of Afghan Toorkistan, in the Khooloom dominion, on the route from Afghanistan to Balkh, 80 miles N.W. of the Hindoo- Koosh, in a fertile tract, and having houses of earth with domed roofs, and a castle of sun-dried brick. ■ Heide, or Heyde, hi'd^h, a town of Prussia, in Hol- stein, near the North Sea, 31 miles N.N.W. of Gluckstadt. Pop. 6772. Heideck, hi'dSk, a town of Bavaria, in Upper Fran- conia, 23 miles S. of Nuremberg. Pop. 960. Heideck, a rillage of Switzerland, canton and 13 miles N.N.W. of Lucerne, on the E. side of the Lake of Baldegg. Heidekrug, hi'deh-kro6G\ the name of several vil- lages of Prussia, ka. Heidelberg, hi'del-b«RG\ a city, of Germany, grand duchy of Baden, on the left bank of the Neckar, at a rail- way junction, 32 miles N.N.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 23,918, mostly Protestants. It is picturesquely situated, surrounded by wooded hills and vineyards, and consists of a long main street, into which open many narrow and gloomy thorough- fares. Among its buildings are several churches, a syna- gogue, the university buildings, a massive prison, the KarUtlwr, and the vast castle, on a height, now a ruin, in the cellar of which is the great Heidelberg tun, which holds 800 hogsheads. The university, founded in 1386, is the oldest in Germany, has a library of 200,000 vol- umes and many rare manuscripts, and is one of the most celebrated schools in Europe. Here are also a college for junior students, elementary schools, botanic gardens, and other appliances of learning, with a museum, Spi-uch-colle- ffium, and dining-hall. In 1622 the ferocious Tilly, after bombarding Heidelberg for a month, took it by storm and gave it up to three days' pillage. In 1688 a French gene- ral, Melac, on the orders of Louis XIV., took the town and burned it, outrivalling even Tilly in cruelty and brutality. Heidelberg has manufactures of beer and of machinery. Heidelberg, hi'd^l-burg, a post-office of Le Sueur co., Minn. Heidelberg, a township of Berks co.. Pa. Pop. 1193, exclusive of the borough of Womelsdorf. HEI 974 HEL Heidelberg, a township of Lebanon co., Pa. Pop. 2256. It contains Schaefferstown. Heidelberg, a township of Lehigh oo., Pa. Pop. 1441. It contains Saegersville, Pleasant Corner, and Germansville. Heidclburg, hl'd^l-burg, a township of York eo., Pa. Pop. 2206. Heidelburg, a post-village in Waterloo co., Ontario, 9 miles N.W. of Berlin. Pop. 160. Heidelsheim, hi'dels-hime\ a town of Baden, 13 miles E.N.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 2238. Heidenfeld, hi'd?n-f61t\ or Marktheidenfeld, a village of Bavaria, on the Main, IS miles N.E. of WLirz- burg. Pop. 1900. Heidenheim, hi'd?n-hime\ a town of WUrtemberg, on the Brenz, E. of the Rauhe Alp, 35 miles by rail N.N.E. of Ulm. Pop. 5677. It has manufactures of cotton, flan- nel, paper, (fee. Near it is the fortress of Hellenstein. Heidenheim, a town of Bavaria, in Middle Franconia, 21 miles S.S.E. of Anspaoh. Pop. 1481. Heidersdorf, hi'd?rs-doRf', a village of Prussia, gov- ernment of Breslau, circle of Nimptseh. Pop. 1591. Heidersdorf, a village of Prussia, government of Liegnitz, circle of Lauban. Pop. 2210. Heidesheiin, hi'd?s-hime', a village of Hesse, in Rhein-Hessen, on the Rhine, 5 miles W. of Mentz. Heidingsfeld, hi'dings-f^lt', a town of Bavaria, on the Main, 2 miles S. of WUrzbarg. Pop. 3720. Heidlersburg, he'dlerz-burg, a post-village of Adams CO., Pa., about 27 miles S.S.W. of Harrisburg. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 150. Heikeiizand, Netherlands. See Heinkenzand. Heilbroiin, hil-bronn', a town of AVUrtemberg, circle of Neckar, 26 miles N. of Stuttgart, at a railway junction, on the Neekar. Pop. 21,208. It is irregularly laid out. Principal edifices, the fine church of St. Kilian, town hall, ■with many ancient records, house of the Teutonic knights, now a barrack, a royal residence, formerly an orphan asy- lum, several churches, a richly-endowed hospital, a house of correction, and a remarkable square tower, memorable in German history. It has a gymnasium, and manufactures of woollen cloths, silver articles, carpets, tobacco, white lead and other chemical products, paper, (fee. The name, signi- fying " fountain of health," is derived from the spring which supplies the town with water. Heiligenbeil, hi'le-gh?n-blle\ a town of Prussia, 29 miles by rail S.W. of Konigsberg, near the Frische-Haff. Pop. 3354. Heiligenberg, hI'le-gh?n-b5Ko\ or Swienta Sier- ka, sfte-dn'ti se-^R'ki (ano. Arm Flaviss?), a town of Ba- den, 13 miles N.N.E. of Constance. Pop. 593. Heiligenblut, hi'Ie-gh?n-bloot\ a village of Austria, in Carinthia, on the S. declivity of the Gross Glookner, 4672 feet above the sea. Pop. 945. Heiligenhafen, hi'lo-gh^n-hi'fen, a seaport town of Prussia, in Holstein, on the Baltic, 33 miles E. of Kiel. Its harbor is merely an open roadstead. Pop. 2279. Heiligen-Kreuz, hi'le-ghen-kroits (Hun. SzeiU-Ke- reszt, 85nt-kih-§sst'), a town of Hungary, co. and 28 miles N.N.E. of Barsch, on the Grau. Pop. 1060. Heiligenstadt, hi'le-gh^n-stitt^, a town of Prussian Saxony, at a railway junction, 48 miles N.W. of Erfurt, on the Leine. Pop. 5193. It is walled, and has a castle, sev- eral churches, a gymnasium, a prison, and manufactures of clocks, yarn, and woollen cloth. Heiligenstadt, a town of Lower Austria, forming a suburb, on the N., of Vienna. Pop. 4599. Heiligkreuz, hi'lic-kroits', a village and bath-estab- lishment of Austria, in tlie Tyrol, circle of Schwatz. Heilig's (hi'ligz) Mill, a post-office of Rowan co., N.C., 10 miles S. of Salisbury. Heilmaiidale, hil'man-dale, a post-office of Lebanon CO., Pa., and a station on the railroad from Lebanon to Tre- mont, 4 miles, N.W. of Lebanon. Heilsberg, hils'bSuo, a town of East Prussia, 41 miles S.E. of Konigsberg, on the Alio. It has manufactures of woollens, linens, and yarn. Pop. 5762. Heilsburg, hilz'burg, a post-office of Fayette co.. III. Heilsbronii, hila'bronn', a town of Bavaria, Middle Franconia, on the Schwabach, 10 miles E.N.E. of Anspaeh. Heilts-le-niaiiriipt, h^lts-l^h-mo'riipt', a town of France, in Marne, 28 miles E.S.E. of Chalons. Pop. 808. Heiinbach, hiui'biK, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 18 miles E.S.E. of Ai.\-la-Chapolle, with manufactures of cot- ton yarn and wooden-wares. Pop. 910. Heimbach, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 26 miles S.S.E. of Coblentz, on the Rhino. Pop. 1250. Heiinersdorf, hi'm^rs-donf*, the name of villages in Prussian Silesia, government of Oppeln, and in Saxe- Meiningen. Heimersheim, hi'mers-hime\ a town of Rhenish Prussia, 13 miles S. of Cologne. Pop. 750. Heimis wyl , hi'miB-*ir, a village of Switzerland, can- ton and 13 miles N.E. of Bern. Pop. of parish, 2319. Heirasheim, hims'hlme, a town of WUrtemberg, 14 miles AV. of Stuttgart. It was burned in the Thirty Years' War. and by the French in 1692 and 1693. Pop. 1242. Heiliau, a town of Prussian Silesia. See Haynau. Heinenoord, hi'n^h-nond^ a village of the Nether- lands, in South Holland, 11 miles W. of Dort. Heinersdorf, hi'n^rs-doRf \ a village of Germany, in Saxe-Meiningen, 4 miles E. of Sonnenberg. Pop. 1216. Heiningen, hx'ning-§n, a town of WUrtemberg, 3 miles S. of Goppingen. Pop. 1184. Heinkeiizand,hin'ken-z4nt\ or Heikenzand,hi'- k^n-zint^ a village of the Netherlands, in Zealand, island of South Beveland, 4 miles S.W. of Goes. Pop. 1343. Heino, hi'no, a village of the Netherlands, in Overyssel, 8 miles S.W. of ZwoUe. Pop. 1741. Heilirichs, hin'riKS, a town of Prussian Saxony, 7 miles N.W. of Sehleusingen. Pop. 1329. Heinrichsbad, Switzerland. See Hekisau. Heinrichsgrun, hin'riKs-grun\ or Heynesgryn, hi'nes-grin\ a town of Bohemia, near Elbogen. Pop. 1811. Heinrichswalde, hin'riKs-*iPd?h, a town of Prus- sia, in Silesia, 50 miles S.S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 1628. Heinrichswalde, a village of East Prussia, 39 miles N.W. of Guuibinnen. Pop. 1071. Heinrichtown, htn'rik-town, a post-village of St. Clair CO., 111., on the railroad between Belleville and Du- quoin, 4 miles S.E. of Belleville. Coal is mined here. Heinsberg, hins'beuG, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 20 miles W. of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the Worm. Pop. 1924. Heiskell's Station, Tennessee. See Bull Run. Heis'ker Island, Hebrides, in Scotland, 7 miles W. of North Uist. Length, from E. to W., 2 miles. Pop. 114. Heislerville, his'ler-vil, a post-hamlet of Cumberland CO., N.J., about 14 miles S. of Millville, and 1 mile from Delaware Bay. It has a church. Heistand, hi'stand, a station in York eo.. Pa., on the York Branch of the Pennsylvania Railro.ad, 4 miles E.N.E. of York. Near by there is an iron-mine. Heistersbnrg, his't^rz-burg, a post-hamlet of Fayette CO., Pa., about 40 miles S. of Pittsburg. Heitersheim, hi'ters-hime\ a town of Baden, 12 miles S.W. of Freiburg. ' Pop. 1305. Hejaz, a region of Arabia. See El Hejaz. Hekla, Iceland. See Hecla. Hcia, hi'14, a town of West Prussia, on the Baltic, 19 miles N.E. of Dantzie. Pop. 425. Helchin, hSl'Kin, a village of Belgium, in West Flan- ders, on the Scheldt, 30 miles S. of Bruges. Heldburg, h^lt'booRC, a town of Germany, in Saxe- Meiningen, 10 miles S. of Hildburghausen. Pop. 1124. Heliier, h^l'd^r (Dutch, Den HeUer, iin hei'der). a fortified maritime town of the Netherlands, in North Hol- land, at the N. extremity of that province, 41 miles N.W. of Amsterdam, and separated by the Mars-Diep, 2 miles across, from the island of Texel. Pop. 22,030. It has some tr.ade with Amsterdam, with which it communicates by the Hol- der Canal, 50 miles long and 21 feet deep, and also by rail- way. Near it Admiral Van Tromp was killed in an action in 1693. The British took possession of Holder in 1799, but were compelled to re-embark a few weeks later. Helder, or Helden, a village of the Netherlands, in Limburg, 9 miles N. of Roermond. It has distilleries and breweries. Pop. 3468. Hel'derbergs, New York, a range of hills in Albany and Schoharie cos., rise nearly 1000 feet above the level of the sea. They give name to a formation of Silurian lime- stone and to a period of geological history. Heldevad, hai'd?h-v.W, or Helligvad, hSl'lig-vid^ a village of Prussia, in Sleswick, 9 miles W.N.W. of Apen- rade. Heldrungen, h51d'roong-en, a town of Prussian Sax- ony, 34 miles W.S.W. of Merse'burg. Pop. 2112. Hel'en, a post-office of Sedgwick co., Kansas. Helen, a township of McLeod co., Minn. Pop. 685. Helena, an ancient name of Else. Helena, the ancient name of the island of JIacronisi. Helena, hel-e'na or hel'^-na, a post-village of Shelby CO., Ala., on the Cahawba River, and on the South i North Alabama Railroad, 18 miles S. of Birmingham. It has 2 churches, and a rolling-mill which makes bar-iron. Coal is mined near this place. Pop. about 300. HEL 975 IIEL Helena, a post-town, capital of Phillips oo., Ark., on the Mississippi River, about 75 miles below Memphis, and 100 miles E. by S. of Little Rock. It is the E. terminus of the Arkansas Central Railroad, and contains a court- house, 9 churches, 2 oil-mills, 3 banks, and printing-otBces which issue 1 d.xily and 2 weekly newspapers. It was in 1870 the second town of the state in population. About 40,000 bales of cotton are annually shipped here. Pop. about 5000. Helena, a post-office of Lake co.. Col., on the Arkan- sas, about 100 miles S.W. of Denver. Gold is found here. Helena, a post-hamlet of Tama co., Iowa, in Rich- land township, on the Iowa River, about 25 miles W.N.W. of Marengo. It has a church and a flouring-mill. Helena, a post-hamlet of Mason co., Ky., on the Maysville & Lexington Railroad, 13 miles S. of Maysville. It has a church, a wagon-shop, Ac. The post-office name is Helena Station. Helena, a township of Antrim co., Mich. Pop. 539. Helena, a post-village of Scott co., Minn., in Helena township, 36 miles S.W. of St. Paul, and 14 miles S. of Sha- kopee. The township has 2 churches and a pop. of 1208. Helena, a city, the capital of Montana, and of Lewis and Clarke co., is situated in Prickly Pear Valley, near the Rocky Mountains, about 14 miles W. of the Missouri River, and 115 miles N. of Virginia City. Lat. 46° 35' 36" N. ; Ion. 111° 5.2' 45" W. It has rich gold-mines, which were discovered in September, 1864, after which the population increased rapidly. This is the most populous town in Mon- tana. Two daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published here. Helena contains a court-house, 2 national banks, a United States land-office, a graded school, several quartz- mills, flour-mills, lumber-mills, and the offices of various public functionaries ; also 5 or 6 churches, a Catholic acad- emy and convent, and a hospital and insane asylum under Catholic managem*ent. Pop. about 10,000. Helena, a post-hamlet of Johnson co.. Neb., on the South Fork of Little Nemaha River, 50 miles S.E. of Lincoln. Helena, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., N.Y., on the St. Regis River, at the mouth of the Deer River, about 45 miles E.N.E. of Ogdensburg. It has a church and a flouring-mill. Pop. 150. Helena, a post-office of Westmoreland co.. Pa., and a station on the Western Pennsylvania Railroad, 17 miles N.AV. of Blairsvillc. Helena, a post-village of Newberry co., S.C, on the Greenville & Columbia Railroad, 48 miles W.N.W. of Co- lumbia, and 1 mile W. of Newberry, at the junction of the Laurens Railroad. It has 2 cburclies, and several machine- shops of the railroad. Helena, a post-village, capital of Karnes co., Te.x., on the San Antonio River, about 55 miles S.E. of San Antonio, and 100 miles S. of Austin. It has a churcli and an Helena, or South Hinch'inbrook, a post-village in Huntingdon CO., Quebec, on Trout River, 10 miles W.S.W. of Huntingdon. It contains saw- and grist-mills, several stores and hotels, and a pop. of 400. Helena Station, Mason co., Ky. See Helena. Helena Station, a post-village of Iowa co., Wis., on the S. bank of the Wisconsin River, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 34 miles W. by N. of Mad- ison. A lead-mine has been opened near this place. Hel'en Fur'nace, a post-village of Clarion co.. Pa., in Highland townsliip, 8 miles N. of Clarion Court-House. It has 2 churches, a planing-mill, and several saw-mills. Pop. about 3U0. Helensburgh, hSl'^nz-biir'ruh, a burgh and watei-ing- place of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton, on the Firth of Clyde, at the entrance of the Garelooh, 7 miles by rail N.W. of Dumbarton. It is beautifully situated, and has commodious baths, a bank, and a good library. Numerous steamers ply hence to Greenock and Glasgow. Pop. 6231. Hel'envilie, a post-village of Jefferson co., Wis., 6 miles E. of Jefferson, and about 42 miles W. of Milwaukee. It has 2 churches, an academy, and a carriage-shop. Helette, h?h-14tt', a village of France, in Basses-Py- renees, 17 miles W.N.W. of Mauleon. Pop. 1159. Helfenstein, hel'f?n-stin\ a post-village of Schuyl- kill CO., Pa., in Eldred township, IV miles from Locust Gap. It has a church and a coal-mine, and is connected by a branch railroad with Locust Dale. Hel'ford, a port of England, co. of Cornwall, near the mouth of the IIol, 5 miles S.S.W. of Falmouth. Helge-&, hSl'ghc-o, or Helge-&n, h^l'ghe-on, a river in the S. of Sweden, enters the Baltic at Ahus, 12 miles S.S.E. of Christianstad, after a S. course of 80 miles. Helgoland, hSl'go-End, or Heligoland, hSl'e-go- lilnd (" holy land;" anc. Her'thte Sa'cra In'sida), an island in the North Sea, belonging, with the neighboring Sandy Island, to Great Britain. It is 46 miles N.W. of the mouths of the Elbe and the Weser. Lat. 54° 10' 46" N. ; Ion. 7° 53' 7" E. It consists of a rock rising to about 200 feet in height, on which are a village and a light-house. It is said to' be decreasing by encroachments of the sea. The in- habitants, mainly of Frisian descent, are mostly occupied as pilots, or in haddock- and lobster-fisheries. It was held in high veneration in ancient times, is of some importance as a post in war-time, and hjis been retained by the English since 1807. It is a noted watering-place. Pop. 1913. Helicon, hel'e-kon, or Zagora, zJ.-gA'ri, a famous mountain of Greece, in Boeotia, 6 miles S. of Livadia. Height, 4963 feet. In modern times it has been called alternately Pal.eovouni and Zagora, but it has latterly resumed its ancient name. Hel'icon, a post-village of Crenshaw co., Ala., about 18 miles N.W. of Troy. It has 2 or 3 churches and an academy. Heligoland, North Sea. See Helgoland. Heliopolis, the ancient name of Matakeeyeh. Heliopolis, the Greek for Baalbec. Hellada, hSl-U'di' (anc. Sper'chins), a river of Greece, flows E., and enters the Gulf of Lamia, N. of Thermopylae, after a course of 50 miles. Hellah, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Hillah. Hel'lam, a post-village of York co., Pa., in Hellam township, on the York Branch of the Pennsylvania Rail- road, 6 miles W.S.W. of Columbia. This township is bounded on the N. and E. by the Susquehanna River. Pop. 1639. Hellaneeyah, or Hellaniyah. See Curia Muria. Hellas, a country of Europe. See Gheeoe. Hellebek, hjl'l?h-b8k\ a village of Denmark, on the island of Seeland, at the N. entrance of the Sound, 4 miles N.W. of Elsinore. Hellefors, hSl'leh-foKs\ a village of Sweden, lajn and 45 miles N.N.W. of Orebro, on the Svartelf, which here forms several falls. It has extensive iron-works. Hel'len, a village of Elk co., Pa., in Horton township, 12 miles S. by E. of Ridgway. It has 4 lumber-mills. Hellendoorn, bSl'len-doRn\ a village and parish of the Netherlands, in Ov'eryssel, 17 miles S.E. of Zwolle. Pop. 5071. Hel'ler's, a township of Newberry co., S.C. Pop. 2061. Heller's Corners, a post-office of Allen co., Ind. Hel'lertown, a post-borough of Northampton co.. Pa., on the North Pennsylvania R.ailroad, 50 miles N. of Phila- delphia, and 4 miles S. of Bethlehem. It has 2 churches, a savings-bank, 2 iron-furnaces, a foundry, 2 carriage-fac- tories, a brick-yard, &c. Pop. about 1000. Hellespont (Hellespontus). See Dardanelles. Hellevoetsluis, Netherlands. See Helvoetsluis. Hell Gate, New Y^ork, a narrow, rocky part of the East River, is about 1 mile E. of the Central Park, and 7 miles from the Battery, or lower end of the city of New York. The navigation of this strait was formerly danger- ous and difficult, but the rocks which obstructed it have been removed. Hell Gate River, Montana, is formed by Deer Lodge Creek and the Little Blaekfoot River, which rise in the Rocky Mountains and unite in Deer Lodge co. It runs nearly northwestward through a rich gold-region, and unites with the Bitter Root River in Missoula co. near the town of Missoula. Below this junction the stream is called Bitter Root or Clarke's River. Helligvad, a town of Prussia. See Heldevad. Hellin, 41-yeen' or hSl-yeen' (anc. Idi'iiiim ?), a town of Spain, province and 35 miles S.S.E. of Albacete. Pop. 7632. It has various manufactures, and the remains of a Roman fortress. Near it are the mineral baths of Azaraque. Hellovo, hSl-lo'vo (anc. O'ihrya), a mountain-range, forming a part of the N. frontier of Greece. Lat. 39° N. ; Ion. from 21° 4' to 22° E. It is connected on the W. with the chain of Pindus, of which it is a spur. Eastward its continuation is called Mount Varibovo. Its principal peak, Geraco Vouni, rises to 5570 feet in height ; other summits vary from 3000 to 44110 feet in elevation. The river Hel- lada rises on its S., and the Emicassos and Phanari, tribu- taries of the Salembria (anc. Pene'ns), on its N. side. Hell's Sker'ries, a cluster of the Hebridean Isles, about 10 miles W. of Rum. The current which runs be- tween them is extremely rapid. Helium, hSriiim, a village of the Netherlands, 9 milea E.N.E. of Grouingen. • ' HEL 976 HEM Helmarshausen, hSl'mans-how^zen, a town of Prus- sia, in Hesse-Nassau, on the Diemel, 22 miles N, of Cassel. Helmbrechts, h^lm'brfiKts, a village of Bavaria, cir- cle of Upper Franconia, N.W. of Miinchberg. Pop. 2425. Heline^ h^l'm^h, a river of Prussian Saxony, joins the Unstrut 3 miles S.E. of Artern. Length, 45 miles. Helmend, a river of Asia. See Helmund. Helmershausen, h^l'm^rs-hovr^zen, a town of Saxe- Weimar, 9 miles W. of Meiningen. Pop. 965. Hel'met Peak, Colorado, a mountain in the S.W. part of the state, near lat. 37° 25' N. and Ion. 10S° S' W. It has an altitude of 12,042 feet above the sea-level. Hermick, a post-hamlet of Coshocton co., 0., in Clark township, about 32 miles N. of Zanesville. It has a grist- mill, a saw-mill, and a planing-mill. Helin'ke's Mill, a station in Mendocino co., Cal., on the Mendocino Eailroad, 3 miles from Cuifey's Cove. It has lumber-works, Helinond, h^l'mftnt (Fr. pron. hgrmixf' or 5rm6No')j a town of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, on the Aa, 25 miles by rail S.S.E, of Bois-le-Buc. It has manufac- tures of ribbons, cotton goods, and linens. Pop. 7066. Helms'dale, a village of Scotland, co. of Sutherland, on the E. coast, 18 miles by rail N.E. of Govan, at the mouth of the river of the same name. It is a great herring- fishing station. Pop. 794. Helms'Iey, a town of England, co. of York, North Riding, on the Rye, and on a railway, 12 miles E. by N. of Thirsk. It has 2 branch banks, an elegant church, and the ruins of a castle. Helms 3Iill, a post-hamlet of Russell co., Ky., 43 miles from Somerset. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Helm's Store, a post-office of Franklin co., Va. Helmstadt, helm'stitt, a town of Bavaria, in Lower Franconia, 10 miles W. of Wurzburg. Pop. 1100. Helmstadt, a village of Baden, 9 miles S.E. of Wertheim. Pop. 1198. Helinstedt, or Helmstadt, hSIm'stStt, a town of Germany, duchy of Brunswick, at a railway junction, 21 miles E. of Brunswick. Pop. 7783. It is an old-fashioned town, but its fortifications have been turned into planted walks. The principal buildings are the Lutheran church, town hall, court-house, several hospitals, a gymnasium, and a normal school. It has manufactures of soap and tobacco- pipes, and ahim- and vitriol-works. In its vicinity are coal-mines and mineral baths. Helmund, hSl'mund, written also Helmend (anc. Etyman'drns or Etyman'der), a river of Afghanistan, rises 35 miles W. of Cabool, flows W.S.W. through the Afghanis- tan Desert, and near lat. 31° 30' N. and Ion. 62° E. enters Lake Hamoon by several mouths, after a total course esti- mated at 650 miles. Its banks are very fertile, and abound almost everywhere with traces of former cultivation and wealth ; but at a little distance the country on either side is a mere arid waste. Helm'ville, a post-oflice of Deer Lodge co., Montana. Helo'tes, a post-hamlet of Bexar co., Tex., on Helotes Creek, 15 miles N.W. of San Antonio. Two miles from this place is an extensive cave in a hill, Help'er Switch, a station in Muskingum co., 0., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (Bellaire & Zanesville di- vision), 11 miles E. of Zanesville. Helsa, hSl'si, a village of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, 9 miles S.E. of Cassel. Pop. 1060. Helsiiigborg, hM'sing-boRg\ a fortified seaport town of Sweden, laen of Malmohus, 33 miles N.N.W. of Malmo, on the Sound, opposite Elsinore. Pop. 7134. It has a good harbor, a fine council-house, and manufactures of earthen- wares and iron goods, and is the terminus of two railways. Helsiligfors, hSl'sing-fons\ a seaport town of Russia, capital of Finland, on the Gulf of FinUvnd, 100 miles E.S.E. of Abo. Lat. 60° 11' N. ; Ion. 24° 57' E. Pop. 33,602. It has a fine town hall, and is the seat of a university, re- moved from Abo in 1827, various museums, and a poly- technic school. It is the see of a Lutheran archbishop, and has an active trade. Its harbor is defended by the strong citadel of Sveaborg. Helsingland, h5rsing~lint\ a former division of Sweden, now part of the hien of Gefle. Helsingor, a town of Denmark. See ELSTNonK. llel'stone, or Hel'stoii, a borough of England, co. of Cornwall, on the Looe, ID miles by rail W.S.W. of Fal- mouth. It is neatly built, and is watered by streams running through its streets. It has a grammar-school, a banking company, and an export trade in tin, copper, and shoes, from Port Leven and Looe Pool. Iron, coal, and timber are extensively imported. Pop. 3797. Helt, a township of Vermilion co., Ind., bounded E. by the Wabash River, and W. by the Illinois line. Pop. 2794. It contains Hillsdale. Heltau, h^rtow, or Nagy Diznod, nodj diz^nod', a village of Austria, in Transylvania, 6 miles S. of Her- mannstadt. Pop. 3255. Hel'ton, a post-township of Ashe co., N.C. Pop. 1004. Hel'ton Station, a post-oflice and station of Marion CO., Mo., on the St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern Rail- road, 5 miles N.W, of Hannibal. It has a church and a mine of iron ore. Hel'tonville, a post-village of Lawrence co., Ind., 10 miles N.E. of Bedford. It has 2 or 3 churches, a carriage- shop, and a plough-factory. Helvel'lyn, one of the highest mountains of England, CO. of Cumberland, forming part of the mountain-chain between Keswick and Ambleside. Height, 3055 feet. Helvetia, See Switzerland. Helvetia, hel-ve'she-a, a post-oflice of Carver co., Minn. Helvetia, a post-oflice and Swiss settlement of Ran- dolph, co., W. Va., 5S miles S. of Clarksburg. It has a church, and 60 families, mostly supported by agriculture, Helvetia, a township of Waupaca co., Wis., 5 miles N. of Ogdensburg Railroad Station. Pop. 223. Helvetic Confederation. See SwiTZEnLAND. Helvoetsluis, or Helvoetsloys, hgrv66t-slois', written also Hellevoetsluis, h^ri§h-vo6t-slois', a for- tified seaport town of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, on the Haringvliet, the largest mouth of the Rhine. 17 miles S.W. of Rotterdam. Pop. 4651. It has a fine harbor, an arsenal, a dock-yard, and a naval school. Helvoirt, hdrvoiRt', a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, 5 miles S.W. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1432. Hem'atite, a post-village of Jeff"erson co.. Mo., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 35 miles S. by W. of St. Louis. It has 3 churches Jlnd a flour-mill. Hemau, hi'mow, a town of Bavaria, 15 miles W.N.W. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1605. Hem'el-Hemp'stead, a town of England, co. of Herts, 1^ miles from Broxmore station of the London & Birmingham Railway, and 23 miles N.W. of London. It is pleasantly situated, and has a richly ornamented Norman church, a union workhouse, the West Herts Infirmary, and manufactures of straw plait and paper. Pop. 5996. Hemixheim,hi'mix-hime\ or Hemixem,hi'raeex^- ^m', a village of Belgium, 5 miles S. of Antwerp, near the right bank of the Scheldt. Pop. 3400. It contains a church, and the castles of Calbeek and Emsdael, and near it, at the confluence of the Schelle-Vliet with the Scheldt, stands the old Abbey of St. Bernard. Hem'lock, a post-village of Perry co., 0., in Salt Lick township, 3 miles from Shawnee Railroad Station. It has 2 churches and a woollen-factory. Hemlock, a post-village of Cambria co.. Pa., in Wash- ington township, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 19 or 20 miles S.W. of Altoona, Coal is mined near it. Hemlock, a township of Columbia co., Pa. Pop. 1170. Hemlock, a station in Elk co., Pa,, on the Philadel- phia &. Erie Railroad. 7 miles N.E. of St. Mary's. Hemlock City, a post-hamlet of Saginaw co., Mich., on the Saginaw Valley & St, Louis Railroad, 14 miles W. of East Saginaw, It has a saw-mill, a ahingle-mill, and 2 stores. Hemlock Grove, a post-oflice of Meigs co., 0. Hemlock Gutter, a station in Westport township, Bristol CO., Mass,, on the New Bedford &, Fall River Rail- road, 3 miles from Fall River, Hemlock HolloAV, a post-office of Wayne co,, Pa. Hemlock Lake, New York, between Ontario and Livingston cos., is 7 miles long and nearly 1 mile wide. The outlet joins Honeoye Creek. Hemlock Lake, a post-village of Livingston co., N.Y., on the outlet of Hemlock Lake, about 25 miles S. of Roches- ter. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a foundry. P. 257. Hem^mingford, a post-village in Huntingdon co., Quebec, on the Grnnd Trunk Railway (Lnohine &, Prov- ince line division), 36 miles S. of Montreal. It is a port of entry, and contains 2 hotels, S stores, and saw-, grist-, and carding-mills. Pop. 600. Hemp'field, a post-village of Lnncaster co., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 3 miles W. of Lancaster. Hempfleld, a township of Mercer co., Pa. Pop. 1110, exclusive of the borough of Greenville. Hemptield, a township of Westmoreland co., Pa. Pop. 5S19, inclusive of Adamsburg and Grapeville, but not of (ireensburg. Hemp'hill, a county of the Panhnndlo of Texas, HEM 977 HEN bounded E. by the Indian Territory. Area, 900 square miles. Hemphill, a station on the West Chester A Philadelphia Railroad, 2 miles E. by S. of AVest Chester, Pa. Hemphill, a post-village, capital of Sabine eo., Tex., 100 miles E. of Trinity Railroad Station. It has a church. Hemp'stcad, a county in the S.W. part of Arkansas, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by Little Missouri River, and on the S.W. by Red River, which is here navig.able. The surface is hilly or uneven, and partly covered with forests of pine and other trees. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Among its minerals are iron ore and marly limestone (cretaceous). The Osage orange is in- digenous here. This county is intersected by the Cairo & Fulton Railroad. Capital, Washington. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,9.32,868. Pop. in 1870, 13,768, of whom 13,733 were Americans. Hempstead, a post-village of Queens co., N.T., in Hempstead township, on the Long Island Railroad and on the Flushing & North Side Railroad, 20 miles E. of Brooklyn. The Hempstead Branch of the South Side Rail- road connects it with Valley Stream Station of the main line. It has 5 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a seminary, and many fine residences. Pop. 2316. The township is bounded on the S. by the Atlantic Ocean, and comprises Rockaway, a fashionable bathing-place. Its surface is level. Pop. 14,802. Hempstead, a post-village, capital of AValler co., Tex., on or near the E. bank of the Brazos River, and on the Houston & Texas Central Railroad, at the E. terminus of the Austin Branch of the same, 50 miles N.W. of Hous- ton, and 113 miles E. by S. of Austin. It has 6 churches, a bank, an oil-mill, and two newspaper offices. Hempstead Bay, of Queens co., N.Y., situated on the S. side of Long Island, is 6 miles long by 2 miles broad. Hems, a town of Syria. See Homs. Hemsbach, hams'biK, a town of Baden, on the Berg- strasse, and on the Main-Neckar Railway, 3 miles N. of Weinheim. Pop. 1621. Hcmsoeii, hSm'so'en, a Swedish island in the Sulf of Bothnia, 5 miles N.N.E. of Hernosand. Length, from N. to S., 5 miles; breadth, 4 miles. Hen'agar', a post-office of De Kalb co., Ala. Hen and Chick'ens, a group of islands at the W. extremity of Lake Erie, about 9 miles W. of Point Pelee Island. The Hen is about a acres in superficies; the Chickens are mere rocks. Hen and Chick'ens, a group of islands in the Malay Archipelago, in the Strait of Macassar, in lat. 5° 28' S., Ion. 117° 54' E. Henares, d,-n.1,'rSs, a river of Sp.ain, in New Castile, joins the Jar.ama, an affluent of the Tagus, 10 miles E.S.E. of Madrid, after a S.W. course of 75 miles. Hendaye, a town of France. Sec Andave. Hen'derson, a county of Illinois, bordering on Iowa, has an area of about 366 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Mississippi River, and is intersected by Hen- derson River. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and forests. The soil is fertile. Maize, wheat, oats, pork, and hay are the staples. Limestone underlies a large part of this county. It is intersected by the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Capital, Oquawka. Valuation of real and personal estate, $9,247,374. Pop. in 1870, 12,582, of whom 10,946 were Americans. Henderson, a western county of Kentucky, adjacent to Evansville, Ind., has an area of about 550 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Ohio River, and on the S.E. by Green River, which enters the Ohio in the N. part of this county. The surface is uneven or hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soilis very fertile. Tobacco, Indian corn, pork, and grass are the staple prod- ucts. In 1870 it produced 6,600,506 pounds of tobacco, and more than any other county in the United States. This county has beds of coal. It is intersected by the St. Louis art of the peninsula, and is bounded on the W. by the Gulf of Mexico and Tampa Bay. The latter extends inward to the middle of the county, and is about 35 miles long. The surface is low and nearly level : the soil produces cotton, sugar-cane, and Indian corn. Capital, Tampa. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $700,000. Pop. in 1870, 3216, of whom 3137 were Americans. Hillsborough, a county in the S. part of New Hamp- shire, bordering on Massachusetts, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is intersected by the Merrimac River, and also drained by the Contooeook, Souhegan, and Pisciit- aquog Rivers, which afford abundant motive-power. The surface is billy or uneven, and is extensively covered with forests of beech, elm, ash, oak, sugar-maple, &c. ; the soil is partly fertile. Hay, butter, Indian corn, and potatoes are the staple products. This county has quarries of fine granite, and important manufactures of cotton goods and many other articles. It is traversed by the Concord Rail- road and the Manchester & North Weare Railroad. Another railroad connects Manchester, the chief city of this county, ■with Lawrence. Capitals, Manchester, Nashua, and Amherst. Valuation of real and personal estate, $59,050,708. Pop. in 1870, 64,238, of whom 52,766 were Americans. Hillsborough, a post-village of Lawrence co., Ala., on the Memphis & Charleston Railroad, 12 miles W. of De- catur. It has 1 or 2 churches^ Hillsborough, a post-village of Union co., Ark., about 44 miles S.S.E. of Camden. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Hillsborough, a post-office of Weld co., Colorado, 14 miles W. of Greeley. Hillsborough, a post-village of Jasper co., Ga., 9 miles S.W. of Monticello, and about 26 miles N. of Macon. It has 2 churches, a steam grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Hillsborough, a post-village, capital of Montgomery CO., 111., in Hillsborough township, on the Indianapolis A St. Louis Railroad, 67 miles N.E. of St. Louis, Mo., and 11 miles E. of Litchfield. It has 5 churches, 2 banks, an academy, 2 flour-mills, a woollen-mill, nnd a manufactory of furniture. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. about 1500; of the township, 3417. Hillsborough, a village of Clinton co., Ind., in Sagar Creek township, about 36 miles N.of Indianapolis. It has 2 churches, a broom-factory, and a churn-factory. Here is Pickard'3 Mill Post-Oftice. Hillsborough, a post-village of Fountain co., Ind., in Cain township, on the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Wei?tern Railroad, 27 miles E, of Danville, HI. It has 1 or 2 bank- ing-houses, 4 churches, 2 grist-mills, &o. Pop. about 300. Hillsborough, a hamlet of Henry co., Ind., in Prairie township. Pop. 95. Hillsborough, a post-village of Henry co., Iowa, in Salem township, about 35 miles W. of Burlington. It has 3 churches and a flour-mill. Pop. about 300. Hillsborough, a hamlet of Louisa co., Iowa. Pop. 46. Hillsborough, a post-village of Fleming co., Ky., 50 miles (direct) E.N.E. of Lexington, and about 24 miles S. by E. of Maysville. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 300. Hillsborough, a post-village of Caroline co., Md., on Tuckahoe Creek, nnd on the Maryland & Delaware Railroad, 12 miles N.E. of Easton. It has 3 churches, a graded school, 6 stores, and 3 warehouses for grain. Pop. 250. Hillsborough, a post-village of Scott co.. Miss., 8 miles N. of Forest, and about 42 miles E.N.E. of Jackson. It has 2 churches. Hillsborough, a post-village, capital of Jeff"erson co., Mo., in Central township, 4 miles N.N.W. of Victoria Sta- tion, about 38 miles S.S.W. of St. Louis, and 10 miles W. of the Mississippi River. It contains a court-house, 2 churches, a newspaper office, and a money-order post-office. Hillsborough, a post-village of Hillsborough co., N.H., in a township of the same name, 2^ miles from Hills- borough Bridge Station, and about 25 miles S. by W. of Concord. It has several churches. The township contains a larger village, named Hillsborough Bridge, and has a national bank, and manufactures of hosiery, Tvoollen goods, &G. Pop. of the township, 1595. Hillsborough, a post-township of Somerset co., N.J., is bounded on the N. by the Raritan River, and intersected by the Delaware & Bound Brook Railroad. Pop. 3443. It contains villages named Millstone and Neshanic. Hills- borough Station is on the Mercer & Somerset Railroad, 3 miles W. of Millstone. Hillsborough, a post-village, capital of Orange co., N.C., in Hillsborough township, on the Eno River, and on the Richmond & Danville Railroad, 40 miles N.W. of Raleigh. It contains a court-house, the Hillsborough Military Acad- emy, a newspaper oflSce, and 6 churches. Pop. 809; of township, 3624. Hillsborough, a post-town, capital of Highland co., 0., in Liberty township, about 40 miles W.S.W. of Chilli- cothe. It is the E. terminus of a branch of the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 62 miles E. by N. of Cincinnati. It contains a court-house, 7 churches, a union school, 2 national banks, 3 private banks, the Highland Institute, and Hills- borough Female College. Two or 3 weekly newspapers are published here. It has manufactures of furniture, woollen goods, farm-bells, clothing, sash, blinds, &c. Pop. about 3500. A narrow-gauge railroad extends from this place southward to Sardinia, 17 miles. Hillsborough, a post-village, capital of Washington CO., Oregon, on the Tualatin River, and on the Oregon Cen- tral Railroad, 21 miles W. by S. of Portland, and 40 miles N. of Salem. It has 2 churches and a newspaper office. Hillsborough (Shade Furnace Post-Office), a hamlet of Somerset co.. Pa,, 14 miles S. of Johnstown. It has a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a wagon-shop. Hillsborough, a village of Washington co., Pa., in West Bethlehem township, about 30 miles S. of Pittsburg. The name of its post-office is Scenery Hill. Hillsborough,a township of Marion CO., S.C. P. lolS. Hillsborough, a post-hamlet of Coffee co., Tcnn., 8 miles S.E. of Manchester. ■ It has a church. Hillsborough, a village of Williamson co., Tenn., 22^ miles S. of Nashville. It has 1 or 2 churches, a plough- factory, 2 stores, and a sulphur spring. Hillsborough, apost-village, capital of Hill co., Tex., about 60 miles S.S.W. of Dallas, and 135 miles N.N.E. of Austin. It has a newspaper office. Pop. 313, Hillsborough, a hamlet of Albemarle co., Va,, 4^ miles from Mechum's River Station. It has a church. Hillsborough, a post-village of Loudoun co., Va.. near the base of the Blue Ridgo, about 46 miles N.W, of Wttr=h- ington, D.C. It has 1 or 2 flour-mills, a woollen-factory, a church, and a high school. Pop. 246. Hillsborough (Academy Post-Oflico), a hnnilet of Pocahontas co., W. Va., 33 mlics N.N.E. of Ronceverte. It has 2 ehurches^ and about 15 houses. Hillsborough, a post-village in Hillsborough town- ship, Vernon co.. Wis., about 68 miles N.W, of Madison. It has a church, a gmded school, a flour-mill, and a saw- mill. Pop. about 300 ; of the township, 1108. Hillsborough, Nova Scotia. See Six-Mile Roat>. Hills'borough, a seaport town of New Brunswick, co. of Albert, on the Petitcodiac River, and on the Albert Rail- way, 22 miles S.E, of Salisbury. It contains a hotel, sev- HIL 993 IIIL eral stores, churches, and schools, and a plaster-mill. Val- uable coal-mines and gypsum-quarries are worked in the vicinity. It is a port of entry. Pop. 900. Hillsborough, the principal town of the island of Carriacou, West Indies. Hillsborongh Bridge, a post-village in Hillsborough township, Hillsborough co., N.H.,on the Contoocook River, and on the Concord & Claremont Railroad, 27 miles W. by S. of Concord. It has a newspaper office, a bank, a money- order post-office, 2 churches, an academy, a flour-mill, and manufactures of stockings, shirts, drawers, bedsteads, knit- ting-machines, an. Holum, ho'loom), a village of Iceland, on its N. coast, having a cathedral, a printing establishment, and a school. It became a bishop's see in 1106. Hol'beach, a town of England, co. of Lincoln, 7^ miles by rail E. of Spalding. It is very ancient, and has a fine Gothic church, a free school founded about 1351, a workhouse, and branch banks. Pop. of parish, 5332. Hol'beck, a southwestern suburb of Leeds, England, with large woollen- mills. Pop. 17,165. Holbek, or Holbeck, hol'b^k, a seaport town of Den- mark, island of Seeland, on an arm of the Ise-Fiord, 35 miles W. of Copenhagen. Pop. 2931. Holbrook, hol'brook, a post-hamlet of Grant co., Ky., 5 miles W. of Mason Railroad Station. Holbrook, formerly East Ran'dolph, a post-vil- lage and township of Norfolk co., Mass., on the Old Colony Railroad, 15 miles S. of Boston. The village has a town hall, a high school, a church, a free public library, and ex- tensive manufactures of boots and shoes. Pop. 1726. Holbrook, a post-village of Suffolk co., N.Y., on the Long Island Railroad, 50 miles E. of Hunter's Point. It has a church and a large cigar-factory. Holbrook, a post-office of Greene co.. Pa. Holbrook, a post-office of Ritchie co., W. Va. Hol'brook, a post-village in Oxford CO., Ontario, 10 miles S.S.E. of Woodstock. Pop. 150. Holcomb, hoTkum, a post-hamlet of Ogle co.. 111., on the Chicago & Iowa Railroad {Rockford Branch), 13 milea S. of Rockford. It has a church. Holcomb, a township of Dunklin co., Mo. Pop. 60S. Holcoinbe, hol'kfim, a post-hamlet of Burke co., Ga. Holcomb's Rock, a post-office of Bedford co., Va. Holcomb Valley, a mining-camp of San Bernardino CO., Cal., about 40 miles E.N.E. of San Bernardino. Hold'brook's, township, Cabarrus co., N.C, P. 1115. Holden, hol'den, a station on the Stockton & Copper- opolis Railroad, 11 miles E. of Stockton, Cal. Holden, a post-hamlet of Butler co., Kansas, about 16 miles E.S.E. of Newton. It has 2 churches. Holden, a post-township of Penobscot co., Me., about 6 miles S.E. of Bangor. It has a church; Pop. 758. Holden, a post-village in Holden township, Worcester CO., Mass., on the Boston, Barre & Gardner RaiU'oad, 52 miles W. of Boston, and 8 miles N.N.AV. of Worcester. It has 3 churches, a cotton-mill, a graded school, A-c. The township contains Jeffersonville, and has a pop. of 2180. Holden, a post-hamlet in Holden township, Goodhue CO., Minn., 13 miles S.E. of Northfield. and 52 milo? S. of St. Paul. It has a church. Pop. of the tounshin. 1^03. Holden, a flourishingpost-villago in Ma Pacific Railroad, 54 miles W.N.AV. of Quincy, 111. It has a church, and manufactures of wagons and washing-machines. Hur'dle's Mills, a post-office of Person co., N.C. Hurdoee, hiir'do-ee, or Hai'dui, hur'doo-ee, a town of India, capital of Hurdoee district, 60 miles by rail N.W. of Lucknow. Pop. 6415. Hurdoee, or Hardui, a district of the Seetapoor division, North-West Provinces, India, between the Ganges and the Goomtee. Area, 2286 square miles. Capital, Hur- doee. Pop. 931,377. Hurdooa^uuge, hurVloo-a-gunj', or Hardeoganj, hiirVle-o-gunj', a town of India, district of Alighur, 6 miles E. of Coel. Pop. 5202. Hurd's Corners, Michigan. See East Dayton. Hurd'town, a hamlet of Morris co., N.J., in Jefferson township, S miles N. of Dover, and on the Ogden Mine Railroad, 3 miles N.E. of Lake Hopatcong. It has a church and a mine of iron ore. Pop. about 100. Hurd war, hurd'war' (originally HaH-dioar, "gate of Vishnu," or GaH(/i-dwar, ''gate of the Ganges"), a town and place of pilgrimage of India, district and 36 miles E. of Seharunpoor, on the Ganges, where it issues from the mountains. The town is small, but at the spring equinox the largest fair in India is held here, attended annually b}'^ from 200,000 to 300,000 persons, and every twelfth year by from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 pilgrims and dealers. Large numbers of horses, cattle, and camels, with Persian dried fruits, drugs, and shawls, are brought hither from Nepaul, the Punjab, Afghanistan, and Bokhara. Hureekee, hoo-ree'kee\ a village of the Punjab, on the Sutlej, just below the influx of the Beas, 33 miles S. oT Amritsir. Though small, it has an active trade, being on the route between the Punjab and the rest of India. Hurif'ville, a post-hamlet of Gloucester co., N.J., about 13 miles S. of Camden. It has a church, a carriage- factory, (tc. Hurin, hoo-reen' (?), a town of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, 30 miles N.W. of Zohab. Here are massive remains of stone buildings of high antiquity, and near it some rock sculptures. Hurl'burt, a township of Logan eo., III. Pop. 476. Hurl 'but' s Cor'ners, a pof-t-officeof Crawford CO., Wis. Hur'Iey, a post-village of Ulster co., N.Y., in Hurley township, on Esopus Creek, 4 miles W. of Kingston, and about 54 miles S. by W^. of Albany. It has a church, and quarries of stone which is used for flagging. Pop. about 200; of the township, 3018. Hur'leyvilie, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., N.Y., on the New York & Oswego Midland Railroad, 33 miles N.W. of Middietown. Hurlford, hurrford', a town of Scotland, co. of Ayr, 2 miles S. of Kilmarnock. It has coal-mines. Pop. 348S. Hurl Gate, New York. See Hell Gate. Hur'lock, a post-office of Dorchester co., Md., and a station on the Dorchester & Delaware Railroad, 17 miles by rail E. of Cambridge. Hu'ron, Lake, formerly pronounced hu-ron', the third in size of the five great lakes of North America communi- cating with the St. Lawrence River, lies between 43° and 46° 15' N. lat. and between S0° and 84° 40' W. Ion., being bounded on the S.S.W. by the state of Michigan, and in other directions by the Canadian province of Ontario. It receives its main supplies from Lakes Michigan and Supe- rior, by the Straits of Mackinaw and St. Mary's River, and its outlet is called St. Clair River. It is divided into two unequal portions by a long peninsula named Cabot's Head, and the Manitoulin chain of islands. The parts to the N. and E. are called Manitou (i.e., the Great Spirit) Bay, or the North Channel, and Georgian Bay. With the exception of HUR 1028 HUR these bodies of water and Saginaw Bay, the oxitline of Lake Huron approaches in form very nearly to a crescent. Its position, lengthwise, is about S.S.E. and N.N.W., and the distance from one extremity to the other, following the curve, does not vary much from 280 miles. The greatest breadth, exclusive of Georgian Bay, is 105 miles ; average breadth, 70 miles; area, 21,000 square miles. The surface of the water is elevated 19 feet above Lake Erie, 352 feet above Lake Ontario, and 578 feet above the level of the sea. The depth of Lake Huron is greater than thpt of any other in the chain, averaging, probably, not less than 1000 feet. Off Saginaw Bay, it is said that leads have been sunk 1800 feet, or 1200 feet below the level of the Atlantic, without reaching bottom. The waters are remarkably clear, espe- cially towards the Straits of Mackinaw, and very pure and sweet. This lake is said to contain upwards of 3000 con- siderable islands. It is the reservoir of numerous streams, and its coast affords some fine harbors. Like most of the other lakes in the chain, it is subject to fearful storms; but its navigation is not generally considered dangerous. Huron, a county in the E. part of Michigan, has an area of about 800 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. and E. by Lake Huron, and on the N.W. by Saginaw Bay. It is drained by Pigeon River and other small streams. The surface is nearly level, and mostly covered with forests, iu which the pine abounds. Lumber is the chief article of export. The staple products of the soil are wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes. Capital, Bad Axe. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,571,986. Pop. in 1870, 9049, of whom 4263 were Americans ; in 1874, 11,964. Huron, a county in the N. part of Ohio, has an area of about 475 square miles. It is intersected by Huron and Vermilion Rivers. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests, in which the sugar-maple abounds. The soil is very fertile. AVheat, In- dian corn, oats, hay, butter, and wool are the staple prod- ucts. This county is intersected by railroads named the Sandusky, Mansfield & Newark, the Lake Shore & Michi- gan Southern, and the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis. Capital, Norw.alk. Valuation of real and personal estate, $26,831,575. Pop. in 1870, 28,532, of whom 24,552 were Americans. Huron, a post-office of Tulare co., Cal. Huron, a post-village of Lawrence co., Ind.. in Spice Valley township, on the Ohio &, Mississippi Railro.ad, 53 miles E. of Vincennes, and 139 miles W. by S. of Cincin- nati. It has a church and valuable mines of kaolin. Huron, a post-oflice of Des Moines eo., Iowa, in Huron township, on the Mississippi River, abont 20 niiles above Burlington. Here is a church. Pop. of the township, 861. Huron, a township of Houghton co., Mich. Pop. 437. Huron, a village of Houghton co., Mich., 1 mile S. of Houghton. It has copper-mines. Huron, a township of Huron co., Mich., bounded N.B. by Lake Huron. Pop. 372. It contains Huron City. "Huron, a township of Wayne oo., Mich., traversed by the Huron River. Pop. 1738. Huron, a post-township of Wayne co., N.Y., on Lake Ontario, about 28 miles W.S.W. of Oswego. It is deeply indented by Sodus Bay, across which a long carriage-bridge has been built. Here are cliffs, called Chimney Bluffs, which are nearly 200 feet high. It contains a hamlet named North Huron. Pop. of township, 1861. Huron, a post-vill.age in Huron township, Erie co., 0., on Lake Erie, and on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 9 miles E.S.E. of Sandusky, and about 41 miles by water W. of Cleveland. It is the N. terminus of the Wheeling A Lake Erie Railroad. It is at the mouth of Huron River (which serves as a harbor), and is con- nected with Milan by a navigable canal. It has a high school, 5 churches, a money-order post-office, a planing- mill, a barrel-factory, a newspaper othce, and a town hall. Large quantities of fish are shipped here. Pop. 697 ; of the township. 1483. . Hu'ron, a county in the W. part of Ontario, bordering on Lake Huron. Area, 12S8 square miles. This county is watered by the Maitlaud and its tributaries, and traversed by the Grand Trunk Railway. It is a good farming-coun- try, and has also many facilities for lumbering, fishing, and ship-building. Extensive salt-wells are worked near its chief town, Goderich. Pop. 65,165. Huron Bay, a h.amlet of Baraga co., Mich., on Lake Superior, 12 miles N.E. of L'Anso. It has quarries of good roofing-slate. Huron City, a post-village of Huron co., Mich., in Huron township, on Lake Huron, about 66 miles B.N.E. of Bay City. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Huron River, of Michigan, rises among the small lakes of Oakland and Livingston cos., flows southwesterly to Portage Lake, and. turning thence towards the S.E., enters Lake Erie 20 miles S. of Detroit. It is 90 miles long. In the upper course it is called Woodruffs Creek. Huron River, of Ohio, rises in the N. part of the state, and, flowing through Huron and Erie cos., enters Lake Erie at the village of Huron. Huron Station, Wayne co., Mich. See Rockwood. Hurreepoor, or Haripur, hiirVee-poor', a town of India, capital of tbe Huzara district, Punjab, 80 miles E. of Peshawer. Pop. 4646. Hnrrial, hur-re-il', a town of British India, presidency of Bengal, 78 miles N.W. of Dacca. Hurriana, hur-re-an'4, a region of Northwestern In- dia, now chierty included in the Hissar division. Hurriana, a town of the JuUinder division, India. Pop. 7745. Hur'ricane, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., Ala. Hurricane, a post-office of Saline co.. Ark. Hurricane, a township of Fayette co.. 111. Pop. 1333. Hurricane, a post-township of Montgomery co.. 111. Pop. 724. It contains the village of Van Burensburg, where is Hurricane Post-Offioe. Hurricane, a post-hamlet of Crittenden co., Ky., on the Ohio River, 2* miles above Elizabethtown, 111. Much produce is shipped here. Hurricane, a post-office of Warren co., Miss., on or near the Mississippi River, 25 miles below Vicksburg. Hurricane, a township of Carroll co.. Mo. Pop. 2285. Hurricane, a township of Lincoln co.. Mo. Pop. 3712. It contains New Hope. Hurricane, a station in Maury co.,Tenn., on the Nash- ville A Decatur Railroad, 51 miles S. of Nashville. Hurricane Bayou, hl'oo, a post-office and station of Baldwin co., Ala., on the Tensas River, and on the Mobile & Montgomery Railroad, 16 miles N.E. of Mobile. Hurricane Branch, a post-office of Union co., Tenn. Hurricane Bridge, a post- village of Putnam co., W. Va., on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 26 miles W. of Charleston. It has 2 churches. Hurricane Creek, Arkansas, rises in Saline co.,_runs southward through Grant co., and enters the Saline River. Hurricane Creek, of Georgia, enters the Satilla River in AVare co. It is also called Telfair Creek. Little Hurri- cane Creek enters it in the N. part of the same county. Hurricane Creek, in the W. central part of Tennes- see, rises in Dickson co., and, flowing S.W., enters Duck River in Humphreys co. Hurricane Creek, apost-officeofLauderdaleoo., Miss. Hurricane Grove, a post-hamlet of Grant co.. Wis., about 16 miles W.N.W. of Plattevillc. Hurricane Hill, a post-hamlet of Lafayette co., Ark., 22 miles S. of Hope. It h.as a church. ■ Hurricane Island, a post-office of Knox co., Me., on Hurricane Island, in the entrance of Penobscot Bay, 4 miles S W of Carver's Harbor. Here are granite-quarries. 'Hurricane Mills, a post-hamlet of Humphreys co., Tenn., 10 miles S. of Waverly. It has a church, a woollen- mill, and a grist-mill. Hurricane Mountain, New York, a peak ot the Adirondack?, has an altitude of 3763 feet. Hurricane' Shoals, post-office, Spartanburg co., S.O. Hurrican e Switch , a post-hamlet of Maury co., Tenn., on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, about 7 miles S. of Columbia. It has 2 churches. Hur'ripaul' (originally Haripala), a town, or large collection of hamlets, of Bengal, district and 23 miles b.W. Hurrur, or Hourour,hooVooR', written also Harar, a walled town of East Africa, capital of the district of the same name, in lat. 9° 37' N., Ion. 41° 35' E., 175 miles S S W of Zeyla, in a verdant valley. It carries on an ex- tensive trade in slaves, coffee, ivory, ghee, ostrioh feathei-s, gums, Ac. The people are rigid Mohammedans ; their lan- guage is peculiar, having an affinity to the Amhario, and they use the Arabic character. Pop. 35,000. Hurrur, Harrar, or Harar, a district of East Africa, lying between Abyssinia and the Somaulee country, but since 1875 belonging by conquest to the Khedive ot Egypt. It produces fine coffee." Capital, Hurrur. Pop. 1,900,000 Hur'ryhnr', or Harihar, hurV§-hur', a town ot India, in Mysore, on the Toombuddra, 45 miles N.W . of Chitteldroog. Pop. 6401. Hurst, a post-office of Coryell co., Tex. Hurst Crossing, a post-office of Sumner co., Kansas, on the Chikaskia Creek, 55 miles S. of Wichita. HUE 1029 HUZ Hurt's Store, a post-ofBce of Pittsylvania co., Va., at Staunton River Station on the Virginia Midland Railroad. Hurt'ville, a post-hamlet of Russell CO., Ala., on the Mobile &, Girard Railroad, 36 miles S.W. of Columbus, Ga. It has 2 churches. Hury River, Afghanistan. See Herri-Rood. Husavik, hoo'si-vik, a village of Iceland, on the E. side of Skjalfandi Bay, on the N. coast, here lined by bold clitTs. It has manufactures of sulphur. Hush, Husch, hoosh, or Husi, a town of Rouniania, 47 miles S.E. of Yassy. It is a Greek bishop's see. P. 18,500. Hushak, a town of Turkey. See Ushak. Husli-Eon, hush-i-on', a town of China, in Quang- Tong, on the S. side of the island of Hainan, about 3 miles from Howi-Howe. It is surrounded with walls 40 feet high by 30 feet thick, with a parapet. Pop. of the town and suburbs, about 200,000. Husiatyn, hoos-yi-teen', a town of Austria, in Galicia, 20 miles E. of Czortkow, adjacent to a small Russian town of the same name. Pop. 4427. Husowa, a town of Moravia. See Deutsch-Hause. Husseinpoor, hus-sin-poor', a town of India, district of Moradabad, 62 miles E. of Delhi. Pop. 7423. Hussinetz, hoos'se-n^ts, or Gussnitz, goos'nits, a town of Bohemia, 75 miles S.S.W. of Prague. Pop. 1610. Hussinetz, a village of Prussian Silesia, IS miles N.E. of Reichenbach. Pop. 1281. Hussiiigabad, British India. See Hoshungabad. Hu'sted, a post-office and station in El Paso co., Col., on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, 13 miles N. of Col- orado Springs. Husted, a station in Cumberland co., N.J., on the Bridgeton Branch of the West Jersey Railroad, 7 miles N. of Bridgeton. Husted's, a post-office of Dutchess co., N.Y., on the Dutchess & Columbia Railroad, 52 miles N.N.E. of Newburg. Hustisford, hus'tis-ford, a post-village of Dodge co.. Wis., on Rock River, in Hustisford township, about 8 miles S.E. of Juneau, and 44 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. It is miles S.W. of Woodland Station. It has a church, 2 flour- mills, Ac. Pop. about 500 ; of the township, 1748. Hus'ton, a township of Blair co.. Pa. Pop. 1335. Huston, a township of Centre co., Pa. Pop. 863. Huston, a township of Clearfield co., Pa. Pop. 587. Hus'ton, a post-village in Wellington co., Ontario, on the Conestogo River, U miles from Moorefield. Pop. 120. Hustonia, Missouri. See Houstonia. Hus'tontown, a post-hamlet of Fulton co., Pa., about 25 miles W.N.W. of Chambersburg. It has a church. Hus'tonville, a post- village of Lincoln co., Ky., about 46 miles S. by W. of Lexington. It has 2 churches, an academy, Ac. Pop. 320. Husuin, hoo'soom, a seaport town of Prussia, 22 miles by rail W. by S. of Sleswick. It contains a fine modern Gothic church, an ancient castle, a normal school, and a hospital, and has manufactures of tobacco, cotton prints, and woollen stuffs. It is the seat of considerable trade. Pop. 5755. Husum, a village of the Netherlands.. See Huizu.\r. Huswa, a town of India. See Hisooah. Huszth, boost, or Khuszt, Koost, a village of Hun- gary, at the junction of the Theiss with the Nagy Ag, 28 miles W.N.W. of Szigeth. Pop. 6413. Hutch'ins, a post-village of Dallas co., Tex., on the Houston & Texas Central Railroad, 11 miles S. of Dallas. It hiis a church. Hutch'inson, a county in the S.E. part of Dakota, has an area of 432 square miles. It is intersected by the Dakota River, or Riviere a Jacques, also called James River. The surface is an undulating plain, in which timber is scarce. The soil is fertile, but is mostly uncultivated. Cap- tal, Olivet. Pop. 37. Hutchinson, a county of the Panhandle of Texas, traversed by the Canadian River. Area, 900 square miles. Hutchinson, a post-village of Jefferson co., Col., about 30 miles S.W. of Denver. Hutchinson, a post-village, capital of Reno co., Kan- sas, on the Arkansas River, and on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 33 miles W. of Newton, and about 45 miles N.W. of Wichita. It has 4 churches, a bank, a graded school, 2 newspaper offices, and 2 brick-factories. P. 1040. Hutchinson, or Hutch'ison, a post-office and sta- tion of Bourbon co., Ky., on the Kentucky Central Rail- road, 12 miles N.E. of Lexington. It has 2 churches. Hutchinson, a post-village in Hutchinson township, MoLcod CO., Minn., on the South Fork of Crow River, about 66 miles W. of St. Paul, .and 15 miles N.W. of Glencoe. It has a newspaper office, a graded school, 3 churches, and manufactures of flour and lumber. Pop. of the village, about 1000; of the township, 1581. Hutchinson's, a station in Warren co., N.J., on the Belvidere Delaware Railroad, 4 miles S. of Belvidere. Hutchinson's, a station in Marshall co., W. Va., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (main line), 38 miles S.S.E. of Wheeling. Hutchinson's Store, a post-office of Wake co., N.C., 10 miles N. of Raleigh. Huth, a post-office of Franldiu co., Ind. Huthera, an island of Africa. See Pemba. Hutnee, a town of India. See Hdttany. Hut'sonville, a post-village in Hutsonville township, Crawford co.. III., on tlie Wabash River, 30 miles below Terre Haute, and on the Paris & Danville Railroad, 8 miles N.N.E. of Robinson, and 36 miles S. of Paris. It has 4 churches, 2 grist-mills, a bank, and a lumber-mill. Pop. about 700; of the township. 1851. Huttah, or Hata, hut'ta, a town of India, district and 35 miles N.N.E. of Dumoh. Pop. 7106. _Huttany,hiit'ta-nee\or Hut'nee, called also Atha- ni, d,t'a-nee, and Athni, 4t'nee, a town of India, district of Belgaum, 44 miles W. by S. of Bejapoor, in lat. 16° 45' N., Ion. 75° 7' E. It carries on an extensive trade in grain with Bombay, Sur.at, and other emporiums. Pop. 11,588. Hutteldorf, hiit'tel-doRf, or Uteldorf, oo'tel-doBf, a village of Lower Austria, on the Wien, 5 miles by rail W. of Vienna. Pop. 1818. Huttenherg, h>it'ten-b6RG\ a town of Austria, in Carinthia, 25 miles N.N.E. of Klagenfurth. Huttenheim, hilt'ten-hlme' (Fr. pron. hiitH^n'^m'), or Hettenem, a village in Alsace. Pop. 2324. Hiittenrode, hiit't?n-roMeh, a village of Brunswick, S.W. of Blankenburg. Pop. 1018. Hut'to, a post-office and station of Williamson co., Tex., on the International & Great Northern Railroad (ISrazos division), 27 miles N.E. of Austin. Hut'ton, a post-hamlet of Coles co., III., in Hutton town- ship, 8 miles S.S.E. of Charleston. Pop. of township, 2196. Hutton, a post-office of Rush co., Kansas. Hutton's, a station on the main line of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 14 miles W. of Altamont, Md. Hutton's Switch, a post-office of Garrett co., Md. Hut'tonsville, a post-village of Randolph co., W. Va., on Tygart's Valley River, about 100 miles E.N.E. of Charles- ton. It has several churches and a flour-mill. Hutton Valley, a post-hamlet of Howell co.. Mo., 50 miles S. by W. of Salem. It has a church and 20 houses. Huttweil, Hutweil, hoot'wile, or Huttwyl, hoot'- ftil, a town of Switzerland, canton and 22 miles N.E. of Bern. Hux'ley, a post-office of Laurel co., Ky. Huy, hoi, a fortified town of Belgium, province and 17 miles S.W. of Liege by railway, and on the Mouse, here crossed by a stone bridge. Pop. 11,744. It is enclosed by heights, and has a citadel, iron-works, and breweries, with tile-, paper-, leather-, glue-, and other factories, and an active trade in corn. Huysse, hois'seh, a village of Belgium, in East Flan- ders, 11 miles S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 3500. Huyton, hi'tvn, a parish of England, co. of Lancaster, on the Manchester & Liverpool Railway, 5J miles E. of Liverpool. Huzara, huz'4-ra, Huzrah, hflz'ra, or Huzroo, hiiz'roo, a commercial town of the Huzara district, 28 miles E. of Attock. Lat. 33° 50' N. ; Ion. 72° 45' E. Huzara, or Hazara, huz'a-ri, a district of the Pun- jab, Peshawer division. Area, 2835 square miles. Capital, Hurreepoor. Pop. 367,218. Huzareh (huz'a-rch) and £imauk (i'mawk', also written Eimak, i'mak') Country, a mountainous re- gion of Afghanistan, mostly between lat. 31° 30' and 37° N. and Ion. 62° and 68° E., and estimated to comprise 80,000 square miles, with a pop. of 350,000. The surface is wholly mountainous, and in some parts 14,000 feet in ele- vation. The Moorghaub, Helmund, Urghundaub, and other streams rise in this region. The inhabitants are of Mongol descent, very poor, and subject to their more powerful neighbors. They receive turbans, cotton cloths, tobacco, dyes, and carpets from the rest of Afghanistan, and rice, cot- ton, and salt from Toorkistan, in exchange for sUi ves, cattle, sheep, butter, strong woollens, felt, sacks, grain, lead, and sulphur. Silver and copper ores are met with, but no mines are wrought. Principal villages, Ghore, Siri Pool, and Andkhoo. The Huzareh, who dwell east of the Eimauks, are Sheeites ; the Eimauks are orthodox Moslems. nvA 1030 Hvaloe, hvS,'lo*eh, or Hvaloen, hva.'lo^en, called also Qualoe, or Kvaloe, an island of Norway, Nord- land, in the Arctic Ocean. Lat. 09° 35' N. j Ion. 18° 30' E. Length, from N. to S., 27 miles; breadth, 14 miles. Upon it is Hammerfest, the northernmost town of Europe. Hvalber, or Hvaloerne, hval'o-iii^nfih, an island group in the Skager-Rack, at the entrance of the Chris- tianiii-Fiord. Hveil, or Hveen, hvain, a Danish island, in the Sound, 8 miles S. of Elsinore, and long the residence of Tycho Brahe, remains of whose observatory exist here. Hvidding, hvid'ding, or Hvityiig, hvee'tUng, a vil- lage of Denmark, 6 miles S.S.AV. of Ribe. Pop. 572. Hviddingsoe, hvid'dings-o'eh, a small island of Nor- way, in the Bukke-Fiord, 13 miles N.W. of Stavanger. A light-house has been erected on its S. extremity. Hvityiig, a village of Denmark. See Hvidding. HAvang-Yuen, China. See Hoang-Yan. Hwlfordd, South Wales. See Havebford-West. Hyabarry, a river of South America. See Jabarv. Hyan'nis, a post-village and seaport of Barnstable co., Mass., in Barnstable township, on the Atlantic Ocean, and on a branch of the Cajie Cod (Old Colony) Railroad, 79 miles S.S.E. of Boston. It has a high school, a national bank, an iron-foundry, a shoe-factory, and 5 churches. Pop. about 3300. Hyan'nisLig'ht,on Point Grammon.atthe entrance of Hyannis Harbor, S. side of Cape Cod, Mass. It is a fixed light, with an elevation of 70 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 38' 20" N. ; Ion. 70° 15' W. Hyannis Port, a post-village and summer resort of Barnstable co., Mass., in Barnstable township, on the ocean, 2 miles from Hyannis Railroad Station, and about SO miles S.S.E. of Boston. It contains a hotel, an exchange build- ing, and about 25 houses. Hyapura, a river of South America. See Japura. Hy'att's, a station in Delaware co., 0,, on the Colum- bus & Toledo Railroad, 5 miles S. of Delaware. Post-ofiB,ce, Hyattville. Hy'attstOAVn, a post-village of Montgomery co., Md., about 40 miles W. of Baltimore. It has 3 churches. Hy'attsville, a post-hamlet of Garrard co., Ky., on the Richmond Branch Railroad, 3 miles E. of Lancaster. It has a church and a tobacco-factory. Hyattsville, a post-village of Prince George's co,, Md., on the Washington Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Washington. It is adjacent to Bladensburg. It has 2 churches and about 40 residences. Hyattville, a post-office of Delaware co., 0. See Hyatt's. Hybla Major, the ancient name of Paterno. Hyby, a town of Hungary. See Geib. Hycatu, a town of Brazil. See Icatu. Hy'co, a post-hamlet of Halifax co., Va., on the Hyco River, 115 miles S.W. of Richmond. It has a flour-mill. Hycoo'tee River rises in Caswell co„ N.C., runs northeastward into A'irginia, and enters the Dan River in Halifax co., about 10 miles from the junction of the Staun- ton River with the Dan. Hydaspes, the ancient name of the Jhvlum. Hyde, hide, a town of England, co. of Chester, at a railway junction, 4 miles E. of Stockport. It has coal- mines and cotton-mills. Pop. 14,223. Hyde, hide, an unorganized county in the S. central part of Dakota, is bounded on the S.AY. by the Missouri Pi.iver. Here is an Indian reservation. Hyde, a county in the E. part of North Carolina, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the E. and S. by Pamlico Sound, and contains several lakes. The surface is nearly level, and is diversified with forests and swamps; the soil is mostly sandy. Indian corn, rice, and pork are the staples. Capital, Swan Quarter. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $1,153,552. Pop. in 1870, 6445, of whom 6441 were Americans, Hyde Park, a post- village of Cook co., 111., in Hyde Park township, on Lake Michigan, and on the Michigan Central and Illinois Central Railroads, 7 miles S. of the court-house of Chicago. It has a large hotel, 4 churches, a high school, and a newspaper office. Here are many fine residences, with parks and gardens, and numerous business men of Chicago reside here. Pop. of the township, 3644. The township contains a village named Grand Crossing. Hyde Park, a post-village of Norfolk co., Mass., in Hyde Piirk township, on the Neponset River, and on the Boston, Hartford & Erie and Boston A Providence Rail- roads, 7 or 8 miles S. by AV. of Boston. It htis several churches, a high school, a savings-bank, a newspaper office, and manufactures of cotton, curled hair, machinery, paper, and woollen goods. Pop. of township. 6316. Hyde Park, a post-otSce of M''abasha co., Minn., on the Zumbro River, in Hyde Park township, 14 miles S.S.W. of Lake City, and about 22 miles S. by E. of Red Wing. Pop. of the township, 398. Hyde Park, a post-village of Dutchess co., N.Y., in Hyde Park township, on the Hudson River, and on the Hudson River Railroad, 6 miles N. of Poughkeepsie, and 79 miles N. of New York. It is finely situated on an emi- nence, and has 5 churches, many villas or country-seats, and a steamboat-landing. Pop. 600 ; of the township, 2771. Hyde Park, a village in Queens co., N.T., on a branch of the Long Island Railroad, 17 miles E. of Long Island City, and 6 miles N. of Jamaica. Pop. 100. Hyde Park, a former borough of Lackawanna co., Pa., on the Lackawanna River. In 1860 it was annexed to the city of Scranton, of which it constitutes the 4th, 5th, 6th, 14th, and loth wards. Hyde Park, a post-village of Cache co., Utah, 1 mile from the Utah Northern Railroad, 4 miles N. of Logan, and about 100 miles N. of Salt Lake City. It has a church. Hyde Park, a post-village, capital of Lamoille co., Vt., in Hyde Park township, on the Lamoille River, and on the Vermont division of the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad, 52 miles W.N.W. of St. Johnsbury, and about 26 miles N. of Montpelier. It has a court-house, a national bank, 3 churches, a newspaper ofiice, the Lamoille Central Academy, and manufactures of carriages, lumber, butter- tubs, starch, &c. It is surrounded by beautiful scenery. Pop. of the township, 1624. Hyderabad, hiMer-a-b^d', written also Hydrabad, a fortified city of India, capital of the state of Hyderabad, on the Musah, or Mussey, a tributary of the Kistnah, here crossed by a large stone bridge. Lat. 17° 20' N. ; Ion. 78° 33' E. It is the terminus of a line of railway. Pop., in- cluding suburbs, estimated at 200,000, comprising Rohillas, Arabs, Afghans, and Patans, mostly Moslems, this having long been the stronghold of Mohammedanism in the Dec- can. The city, about 4 miles in length by 3 miles in breadth, is enclosed by a stone wall, and irregularly laid out. The streets are narrow, crooked, and ill paved. The houses are mostly of wood, and of only one story, but there are some rich, noble residences, containing collections of pictures, natural curiosities, and European porcelain, and one handsomely fitted up in the European fashion. The principal public buildings are the Nizam's palace, the " Four Minarets," and numerous other mosques. Outside of the city, on the road to the British station of Secundex'abad, 3 miles N., is the royal cannon -foundry, also a magnificent residence, formerly that of the British representative, and some other fine country-seats. Among the curiosities of Hyderabad is the Nizam's regiment of women, who per- form all military duties the same as men. Hyderabad, or the Nizam's Dominions, a native state of India, in the Deccan, bounded S.E. by the Madras presidency, W. by the Bombay presidency, N. chiefly by Berar, and N.E. by the Central Provinces. Area, 93,000 square miles. The country is a fertile though ill-culti- vated table-land, traversed by the Godavery in the N. and the Kistnah in the S. There are extensive pestilential marshes and jungles in some parts, but elsewhere tho coun- try is as healthful as any in India. The waste lands abound in wild elephants, deer, tigers, bears, buffaloes, and hogs. Diamonds and other precious stones occur, and coal and iron exist, but are scarcely wrought. The bulk of the people are of Hindoo faith, but the reigning family is Mohammedan and descends from a viceroy of the former Mogul ruler. Chief products, cottons, teak, wool, silk, hides, dye-stuff's, indigo, oil, and rice. Tho lands are generally held by the military tenure. The ruler is called the Nizam. Capital, Hyderabad. Pop. about 9,000,000. Hyderabad, a town of India, capital of tho Hyderabad district and of Sinde, near the E. bank of tho Indus, oppo- site Kotree, whence a railway extends to Kurraohee, which is 105 miles to the S.W. Hyderabad is well fortified, and has an arsenal, a lunatic asylum, and manufactures of silks, cottons, silver and gold ornaments, lacquered wares, and earthen pots. Pop. about 35,000. Hyderabad, or Haiderabad, a district of India, in Sinde. Area, S914 square miles. Capital, Hyderabad. Pop. 566.865. Hyde's (hidz) Ulills, or Hydesville, hidz'vil, a post-liamlot of Iowa co.. Wis., on Mill Creek, about 30 miles W. of Madison. It has a ohuroh and a grist-mill. Hydesville, a post-village of Humboldt co., Cal., on Eel River, 24 miles b. of Eureka. It has 1 or 2 cburcUos. HYD 1031 IBA Hydetown, Crawford co., Pa. See Oil Cheek. Hydeville, hid'vil, a post-village of Rutland co., Vt., in Castleton township, on the Castleton River, and on the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad, 11 miles E.N.E. of White- hall, N.Y., and 14 miles S.W. of Rutland. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of marble and slate. Hydra, hee'dri, or Idra, ee'dri, an island of Greece, otr the E. coast of the Morea. Area, 38 square miles. Pop. about 20,000. It is a mere barren rock, but on its N. side is the city of Hydra. Hydra, a city of Greece, on the island of Hydra, on a height, near the N.W. shore, with an indifferent harbor. It has some manufactures, and its people are reckoned the best sailors in the Levant. It has a school of navigation and a gymnasium. Pop. 7428. Inhab. Hvd'hiote. Hydrabad, India. See Hyderabad. Hydraotes, the ancient name of the Ravee. Hydron, hoe'dron, an island between Hydra and the mainland, 4 miles in length by 2 miles across. Hydruntum, the ancient name of Otranto. HyereSjOrHieres, ee-aiu' (anc. Arcici' and Hieroa?), a town of South France, Var, 12 miles E. of Toulon. It is beautifully situated on a declivity facing the Mediterranean, and has many good houses and hotels. The town hall has a column with a bust of Massillon, a native of Hyeres. It has manufactures of silk twist, brandy, essences, and oil, an active trade in fruits and salt, and the ruins of an old castle, and is a noted winter resort for invalids. Pop. 6797. Hyeres Islands (Fr. Les lies d'Hyh-ea, li zeel dee- aiR'), a group of islands of France, in the Mediterranean, off Hyeres. The names of the chief isles arc Porquerolles, Port-Cros, Le Levant, Bagneau, and L'Esquillade, the last two mere rocks, and the others rough, barren, and scantily peopled. Hy'er's Corners, a post-hamlet of Dane co., Wis., about 14 miles N.W. of Madison, Hyetusa, the Latin name of Gaidaronisi. Hykulzie, or HyUulzye, hl-kul-zee', a large walled town of Afghanistan, 35 miles N. of Shawl, on the route to Candahar. Here, on April 28, 1842, the troops under Gen- oral England routed the Afghans and forced a passage to Candahar. Hy'mer, a post-office of Chase co., Kansas. Hymera, hi-me'ri, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., Ind., on Busseron Creek, about 21 miles S. by E. of Terre Haute. It has a church. Mymet'tus, a mountain-range of Greece, in Attica, lying S.W. of the Athenian plain. This range anciently was, and still is, celebrated for its honey. Hyndman, Bedford co.. Pa. See Bridgeport. Hyndsdale, hlnds'dale, a post-hamlet of Morgan co., Ind., on White River, and on the Indianapolis & Viucennea Railroad, 33 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis. Hyndsville, hinds'vll, a post-village of Schoharie oo., N.Y., in Seward township, on West Kill Creek, and on the Albany A Susquehanna Railroad, 50 miles W. of Albany. It has a church, a grist-mill, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 176. Hy'ner, a post-village of Clinton co.. Pa., in Chapman township, on the West Branch of the Susquehanna, and on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, 2] miles N.N.W. of Lock Haven. It has a church, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and about 30 houses. Hyon, hee'As"' or hi'9n, a village of Belgium, in Hai- naut, 2 miles S.E. of Mens. Pop. 1163. Hypaiiis, the ancient name of the Bug. Hypanis, the supposed ancient name of the Kooban. Hyphasls, a river of India. See Beas. Hypsa, the ancient name of the Naro. Hypsas, or Hypsa, a river of Sicily. See Belici. Hyrcaiiia, hir-ki'ne-a, an ancient country or province of Central Asia, lying S.E. of the Caspian Sea, now the Persian province of Astrabad. Here the Parthian kings often resided in summer. Adj. Hyrcanian, hir-ki'ne-an. Hyremansville,h!r'manz-vll, a post-hamlet of Lehigh CO., Pa., about 14 miles W. of Allentown. Hyria, an ancient name of Oria. Hy'rum, a post-hamlet of Cache co., Utah, 8 miles S.of Logan. It has a church and a saw-mill. Hy'ter's Gap, a post-office of Washington co., Va. Hythe, hiTH, a borough of England, and one of its Cinque Ports, co. of Kent, near the English Channel, and near the Southeastern Railway, 11 miles W.S.W. of Dover, near the E. end of Romney Marsh. It has many curious ancient houses, an elegant cruciform church, a hospital, a county hall, a jail, a theatre, a library, and a branch bank. On the beach, which is higher than the town, is a line of strong martello towers. Hythe was anciently a port of great importance, but its harbor has been entirely destroyed by the shingle here thrown up, and it has now only one open beach, whence, however, vessels often sail to Boulogne. It is also a fashionable resort for sea-bathing. The borough sends one member to the House of Commons. Pop. 3383. Hyuruha, a river of Brazil. See Jurua. Hyutahy, a river of Brazil. See Jutav. I. ^^* Names in Eastern Europe and in Asia beginning with I followed immediately by a vowel will generally be found under Y: thus, for Iakoutsk, see Yakootsk; Ial- POUKH, see Yalpookh; Iampol, see Yampol, »fce. lablonev, a town of Russia. See Yablonev. lablonoi, mountains in Asia. See Yablonoi. lacova, or Jacova, a town of Turkey. See Yacova. ladera, or lader, Dalmatia. See Zara. ladrin, a town of Russia. See Yadrin. lagath, a town of Morocco. See Tetooan. lakliva, a river of Siberia. See Yakhva. Iakoutsk) a province of Siberia. See YxVkootsk. Ialoutrovosk,orlaloutorovsk. See Yalootrovosk. lalpoukh) a river and lake of Russia. See Yalpookh. laJta, a town of Russia. See Yalta. lama, a river of Siberia. See Yama. lambourg, a town of Russia. See Yamboorg. lamsk, a town of Siberia. See Yamsk, lana, a river of Siberia. See Yana. laniS^-Ifiiig, a mountain of China. See Yang-Ling. laiiiua, a city of Turkey, See Yanina. lanopol, a town of Poland. See Yanopol. lanouchpol, a town of Russia. See Yanooshpol. lanov, a town of Russia. See Yanov. lapygium Promontorium. See Cape Leuca. Iareiis:a, a river of Russia. See Yarenga. lareiisk, a town of Russia. See Yaransk. laroslav, a government of Russia. See Yaroslav. laselda^ a river of Rusbia. See Yaselda, lasAva, or lazva, a river of Russia. See Yazva. latan, i'a-tan, a post-village of Platte co., Mo., on the Missouri River, 30 miles below St. Joseph, and on the Kansas City, St. Joseph &, Council Bluffs Railroad, 14 miles N. of Leavenworth, Kansas. It has a church and a plough- factory. Pop. 129. latinum, an ancient name of Meaux. Iba, ee'bA^, a village of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, circle of Rottenburg. Pop. 830. Iba, or Yba, ee'bS,, a town of the Philippine Islands, in Luzon, capital of the province of Zambales, SO miles N.W. of Manila. Pop. 4130. I'ba, a hamlet of De Kalb co., Ind,, about 26 miles N. of Fort Wayne. Ibaba, e-bd.'bi, a town of Abyssinia, in Amhara, 70 miles S. by W. of Gondar, on the S. shore of Lake Dembea. Ibadan, ee-bil'dan, a city of Africa, in Yarriba, 70 miles N.N.E. of Lagos, with wide, straight streets and a reputed population of 150,000. Ibague, e-ba'gi, or Ibaque, e-b&'kA, a town of South America, in the United States of Colombia, state of Cundi- namarca, 70 miles W. of Bogota. Pop. 5000. Ibaizabal, a river of Spain. See Nerva. Ibar, ee'bar', or Hibar, hee'bar', a river of Servia, falls into the Morava in lat. 43° 25' N., Ion. 20° 45' E. Ibarra, e-baR'RS,, a town of Ecuador, capital of the province of Imbabura, 50 miles N.N.E. of Quito, at the N. foot of the volcano of Imbabura. It is a bishop's see. It is in a fertile region, well built, and is estimated to have IB A 1032 ICE 10,000 inhabitants. It was overthrown by the great earth- quake of 186S. Ibarra, a village of Mexico, in Jalisco, 45 miles N. of Aguas-Calientes, I'baton, a post-office of Jewell co., Kansas. Ibbenbiiren, ib'b§n-bii'r§n, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 14 miles by rail W. of Osnaburg. It has active manufactures of glass, leather, linen, &c. Pop. 3707. Ibeit, a town of Africa. See Oqeid. Ibera, or Ybera, e-bi'ri, a marshy lake, or rather series of lakes, in the Argentine Republic, province of Cor- rientes, between the rivers Parani and Uruguay, extend- ing from near lat. 29° 30' to near 30° S., and from Ion. 56° 30' to near 59° W. Iberg, a village of Switzerland. See Yberg. Iberia, a country of Asia. See Georgia. Iberia, i-bee're-a. the ancient name of Spain. Adj. and inhab. Ibeuian', i-bee're-an. Ibe'ria, a parish in the S. part of Louisiana, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of about 550 sc[uare miles. It is intersected by Bayou Teche, and bounded on the N.E. by Chetimaches Lake, and on the S.W. by Ver- milion Bay. The surface is partly covered with forests of cypress and live-oak; the soil is fertile. Sugar-cane, cot- ton, and Indian corn are the staple products. Beds of rock salt occur, and a mine of salt has been wrought here. Capital, New Iberia. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,063,793. Pop. in 1870, 9042, of whom 86S5 were Americans. Iberia, a post-village of Brown co., Minn., in Stark township, on the Big Cottonwood Kiver, 5 miles S.E. of Sleepy Bye Station, and about 50 miles W. of Mankato. It has a church, a newspaper office, and a flouring-mill. Iberia, a post-village of Miller co., Mo., about 38 miles S. of Jefferson City. It has 2 churches. Iberia, a post-village of Morrow co., 0., 1 mile from the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Rail- road, and 53 miles N. of Columbus. It has 3 churches. Here is the Ohio Central College (United Presbyterian). Pop. 238. Ibe'rian Mountains, an appellation sometimes given to the mountains in the central and E. parts of Spain. Iberian Peninsula, the S.W. portion of Europe, comprising Spain and Portugal. Iberus, the ancient name of the Ebuo. Iberville, i'ber-vil, a parish in the S. part of Louisiana, has an area of about 550 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Mississippi River, and on the AV. by Atcha- falaya Bayou. The surface is level and low, subject to in- undation, and extensively covered with forests and cypress swamps. The levees, or banks of the river, are the highest parts of the parish. The soil is fertile. Molasses, sugar, maize, and cotton are the staple products. Capital, Plaque- mine. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,266,624. Pop. in 1S70, 12,347, of whom 12,000 were Americans. I'berville, a county in the S. part of Quebec, bounded on the W. by the Richelieu River, comprises an area of 188 square miles. It is traversed by the Vermont Central and Stanstead, Shefford & Chambly Railways. Capital, St. Athanase. Pop. 15,413. Iberville, a town of Quebec. See Saint Athanase. Ibi, ee-Bee', a town of Spain, province and 23 miles N.W. of Alicante. Pop. 2393. Ibiapaba, e-be-a.-pS,'b^, Hibbiappaba, Hibiap- paba, hib-e-ap-pi'b^, or Biapina, be-A-pee'n^, a moun- tain-chain of Brazil, stretching from E. to W., in the prov- ince of CearA. It is divided into the mountains of Biapina, Boavista, Boritana, Boeos, &c. Ibicui, e-be-kwee', a river of South America, rises in the S.W. of the province of Rio Grande do Sul. in Brazil, enters Uruguay, and joins the Uruguay River at Yapeyu, in lat. 29° 20' S., after a course of about 400 miles. Ibi Gamin, ee'be ga'min, or Kamet, KS-'met, a mountain of the Himalayas. Lat. 30° 35' N. ; Ion. 79° 38' E. Height, 25,373 feet. Ibisa, or Ibiza, Balearic Isles. See Ivi^a. Ibituruna, a village of Brazil. See Bom-Successo. Ibo, a town of Africa. See Aboh. Ibo, ee'bo, one of the Querimba Islands, in Mozambique Channel. Lat. (N.W. part) 12° 20' S.; Ion. 40° 3S' E. Ibo, or Oi'bo, a town of the above island. It is de- fended by a large and two smaller forts, and has a harbor. Ibos, ee^bos', a market-town of France, in Hautes- Py- renees, 4 miles W. of Tarbes. Pop. 1945. Ibrah, ee'bri or ib'ri, a town of Arabia, dominions and 60 miles S.S.W. of Muscat. It has many good houses, which are fortified and highly adorned. Ibraheem, or Ibrahim, ibVi-heem' (anc. Ado'nia), a rivulet of Syria, enters the Mediterranean about midway between Tripoli and Beyroot. It is connected in mythology with the death of Adonis, or Thammuz. Ibraheem, or Ibrahim, a river of Persia, province of Kerman, enters the Persian Gulf 20 miles E, of Ormus, after a N. course of 75 miles. Ibrail, Ibraila, or Ibrahil. See Bhahilov, Ibrig, a village of Switzerland. See Yberg. Ibrim, ib^reera' (anc. Premnis f), a town of Nubia, upon a rocky height on the Nile, 12 miles S.W. of Derr. Ibros, or Ibros del Rey, ee'broce d&\ ri, a town of Spain, province and 19 miles N.N.E. of Jaen. Pop. 4013. Iburg, ee'booRG, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 8 miles S. of Osnaburg. Pop. 969. lea, a tributary of the Amazon. See Pittiiwayo. I^a, Iza, or San Geronimo de lea, sin ni-ron'e- mo di ee'si, a town of Peru, capital of the province of I^a, department and 168 miles S.S.E. of Lima, and 45 miles by rail S.E. of Pisco, its port. Ica, a small maritime department of Peru. Chief towns, Xgn and Pisco. Area, 6295 square miles. Pop. 60,111. Icabaquam, a river of Brazil. See Camacuan. Icanna, supposed ancient name of the Yonne. Ic'ard, a township of Burke co., N.C. Pop. 929. Icard Station, Burke co., N.C. See Happy Hosie. Icaria, Icarus, ancient names of Nicaria. Icatu, or Hycatu, e-ki-too', atown of Brazil, province and 52 miles S.E. of Maranhao, on the Monim. loco, a town of Brazil. See Ico. Ice Creek, a post-office of Lawrence co., 0. Iceland, iss'land (called Island, ees'Jand, by the na- tives; Ger. Island, Is'l^nt; Dutch, Ijsland or Ysland,is'- lS,nt; Sp. Islanda, ees-Un'da; Fr. Islande, eesMONd' ; L. lelan'dia), an island subject to the crown of Denmark, and situated between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean, 130 miles from the S.E. coast of Greenland, and 850 miles W. of Norway, extending between lat. 63° 24' and 66° 33' N. and Ion. 13° 31' and 24° 17' W. Greatest length, from E. to W., 300 miles ; central breadth, about 200 miles ; area, 39,543 square miles. The coast-line for a considerable ex- tent on the S.E. is almost unbroken, but in all other direc- tions it presents a continued succession of deep bays, fiords, and jutting promontories. One of the most remarkable of the latter is a large peninsula in the N.W., which stretches out between two bays 80 miles into the ocean. The water along the coast is generally deep, and the bays furnish a great number of harbors, with good anchorage and complete shelter; but the navigation is rendered dangerous by vast numbers of rocky islets which line the shores. The interior of the island has for the most part a very wild and desolate appearance, being covered by lofty mountain-masses of vol- canic origin, many of them crowned with perpetual snow and ice, which, stretching down their sides into the inter- vening valleys, form immense glaciers. These icy moun- tains, which take the common name of Jokull or Jokul, have their culminating point in Oerafa Jokull, near the S.E. coast, lat. 64° 0' 48" N., Ion. 16° 45' 31" W. ; height, 6409 feet. The Snafell, near the W. coast, is 5965 feet in height ; and Eyjafjalla Jokull, in the S., 5579 feet. Hecla, the noted volcano, is 5110 feet in elevation. The Skaptar Jokull occupies an immense tract in the S.E. part of the island. The glaciers cover a surface of upwards of 4000 square miles; they exist in all the mountains above 4000 feet in elevation, and extend down to the sea. The greatest mass of ice isin theS.E. of the island; and this region has for centuries been the scene of the most violent volcanic eruptions. There are 30 known volcanoes in Iceland, several of which have been active within a century. Destructive volcanic eruptions are not uncommon. The island also contains numer- ous small mud-volcanoes and intermittent thermal springs, in the chief of which, the Great Geyser (ghi'zer), the water at a depth of 72 feet is 30° above the boiling-point. Jets of water and stones are thrown at intervals from this geyser to heights varying from 90 to 100 feet. The immense res- ervoirs of snow nnd ice furnish inexhaustible supplies to numerous lakes and rivers, but the latter, owing to the rug- ged nature of the surface, are more remarkable for their number than for their length. The most deserving of notice are the Hvit^i or White Ilivex', theThiorsd, the Jokuls^, and the Skilfjandafljot. The last two have each a course of about 100 miles. The HvitLt and the Thiorsri are each about 150 miles in length. The most valuable mineral product is sulphur; surturbrand, or lignite, is also found. The other miner.als deserving of notice are chalcedonies, rock crystals, and the well-known double refracting spar, for which the island has long been famous. On man3' parts of the coast, ICII 1033 IDA particularly the W., basaltic caves occur; that of Stappen is not unworthy to be compared with Fingal's Cave. The climate is very variable; storms of extreme violence are frequent ; the summer is moist ; in winter the sky is dark and gloomy, but lighted up at night by brilliant displays of the aurora borealis. The temperature is more elevated than that of any other country in the same latitude ; mean of year at Reikiavik, '10° Fahr. ; of the summer, 56°, and of the winter, 29°. 30. The S. coasts, washed by a prolongation of the Gulf Stream, are much milder than the N., and gen- erally free from ice. Forests formerly abounded, but the island is now destitute of trees. The want of fuel is severely felt, although the Gulf Stream and the polar currents occa- sionally float driftwood to its shores, and a fine white turf is used. Except a few oats, and a kind of wild grass whose seeds are carefully garnei'ed for food, no grain can be raised; but potatoes and garden-vegetables are cultivated. The flora of Iceland is nearly allied to that of Scandinavia, comprising mosses and a few shrubs. The most important domestic animal is the sheep, which, with the goat, cow, horse, ox, and dog. was introduced from Norway. Reindeer, introduced in 1770, now exist in large herds, but are not domesticated. The polar bear is sometimes cast on the shores from the northern ice-fields. Fishare very abundant on all the coasts, and form the chief support of the inhabit- ants. Birds are very numerous, the most valuable of which is the eider-duck. No reptiles of any kind exist in the island. There are few manufactures, and the only com- merce consists in the exchange of wool, butter, skins, fish, oil, sulphur, and Iceland moss. The trade has been re- stricted to Icelandic and Danish vessels, but the ports are open to commerce. The inhabitants belong to the Scandinavian race. Their language is peculiar to the island ; it is more nearly allied to the old Norse than any other now spoken. They are strongly attached to their country, and hospitable to stran- gers. Iceland College, with 8 professors and about SO stu- dents, is the only educational institution except a few schools ; but domestic education is universal, antl the intellectual capacity of the people is of a superior order. Many of the most valuable works of European literature have been trans- lated into tlie native tongue. Almost all the inhabitants are Lutherans, the whole island forming a single bishopric. In 1874 the 1000th anniversary of Iceland's history was celebrated at Reikiavik, the capital, on which occasion tlie island received its autonomy, but it still remains subject to the King of Denmark, who appoints its governor. It has its own legislature, and all its citizens are equal before the law. Since 1874 the island has suffered much from the effects of volcanic eruptions, and from consequent dearth and destruction of the sheep, on which the people largely depend for supplies of food; and some emigration to the Canadian district of Keewatin has resulted. Iceland was discovered by a Norwegian pirate in 860, and permanently settled in 874, but is believed to have been known to the Irish fishermen, and temporarily colonized by them, before this period. The Norse settlement continued to increase rapidly by the arrival of new settlers, and in the beginning of the tenth century the inhabitants formed them- selves into a republic, which existed for nearly 400 years. In the thirteenth century it became subject to Norway, and, through it, in 1380, to Denmark, with which it still remains. Pop. in 1703, 50,444; in 1843,57,180; in 1876, 71,300. Adj,,IcELAN'Dic; inhab. Ice'lander. Ichaboe, ik'a-bo, an island off the SAV. coast of Africa, lat. 26° 18' S., Ion. 14° 58' E. It has afforded guano. Ichak, a town of India. See EnciiAUK. Ichang, a town of China. See E-Ching. Ichapoor, or Ichapur, itch-S,-poor', a village of Ben- gal, on the Hoogly, 14 miles by rail N. of Calcutta. It has an English school and a large government powder-mill. Ich^awaynoch'away Creek, Georgia, drains part of Terrell co., runs southward through Calhoun and Baker COS., and enters Flint River about 15 miles below Newton. It is nearly 100 miles long. Ichawur, e-chaw'er, a town of India, dominion and 32 miles S-W. of Bhopaul, comprising about 1000 houses. Ichenhausen, iK'en-how^zen, a town of Bavaria, on the Giinz, 6 miles S.E. of Gunzburg. Pop. 2450. Ichenheim, iK'en-hime\ a village of Baden, Middle Rhine, near the Rhine. Pop. 1450. Ichterghem, iKter-ohSm, or Ichteghem, iK'te- GbSm, a vilhige of Belgium, in the province of West Flan- ders, 12 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 3800. Ichtershausen, iK'ters-how'z^n, a town of Germany, in Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 12 miles E.S.E. of GotUa, on the Gera. Pop. 1300. Ichtiman, IkH? -mS,n', a border town of Ea?-tern Rou- melia, 35 miles N.W. of Tatar Bazardjik, Ickesburg, iks'burg, a post-village of Perry co., Pa., in Saville township, 10 miles S.W. of Millerstown. It has several churches and stores. Pop. about 200. Ico, or Icco, ee'ko, a town of Brazil, province of Cearii, on the Salgado, near its junction with the Jaguaribe, 32 miles N.N'.E. of Crato. Pop., with district, 7000. Icod,ee-kod', orFeddelos Vinos, fed di loeeveen'- yoce, a town on the W. coast of Teneriffe. Pop. 4000, Icolinkill, in the Hebrides, Scotland. See Iona. Iconiuin, the ancient name of Konieu. Ico'iiium, a post-village of Appanoose co., Iowa, in Chariton township, about 32 miles W.S.W, of Ottumwa. It has 2 churches and several stores. Pop. about 200. Iconium, a post-hamlet of St. Clair co.. Mo,, 30 miles S.S.E. of Clinton. IcL'icok, a town of Guinea. See Ecricok. Iculisma, the ancient name of Angoul^me. I'cy Cape, Alaska, in the Arctic Ocean, midway be- tween Capes North and Lisbourne. Lat. 70° 20' N. ; Ion. 161° 46' W. I'cy Strait, Alaska, connects Chatham Strait with the Pacific Ocean. Ida, i'da (Turk. Kaz-T(t Cal., about 13 miles S.AV. of Shasta. It has a masonic hall, a hotel, a drug- store, and a general store. Igo, a post-ofiice of Rooks co., Kansas. I'go.u's Ferry, a post-oflice of Hamilton co., Tenn., on the Tennessee River, 18 miles above Chattanooga. Igrande, a town of France. See Ygrani>e, Igrapiuna, e-grS,-pe-oo'n^. a town of Brazil, province of Bahia, near Sao Jorge dos llheos. Pop. 1000. Igua^U, Igliazu, or Curitiba, koo-re-tee'bi, a river of Brazil, forms the boundary between the provinces of Sao Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, and joins the Parana in lat. 26° S., Ion. 54° 45' AV., after a W. course of 250 miles. See Curitiba. Iguat^U, or Iguazu, e-gwS,-soo', a town of Brazil, province and 21 miles N.W. of Rio Janeiro. Pop. 4000. It has a considerable trade by the river Iguapu to Rio Janeiro. Igualada, e-gAvA-l5'i>^, (anc. Aq^ix Latm?), a town of Spain, province and 33 miles by rail N.W. of Barcelona, on the Noya. Pop. 14,000. It stands on an eminence, and the new town has airy, well-planted walks, a parish church, a college, a hospital, and cavalry barracks. It has manu- factures of cotton goods, cotton thread, hats, and fire-arms, with distilleries, and in its neighborhood are paper-mills. Igiialapa, e-gwi-lA'pfl,, a town of Mexico, state and 180 miles S.S.W. of La Puebla. Pop. about 3000. Igualeja, e-gwi-li'H^, a town of Spain, province and 42 miles AV.S.W. of Malaga. Pop. 1593. Iguape^ e-gwS,'pi, a river of Brazil, enters the Atlantic about ?>b miles S.W. of Santos. Length, 150 miles. Iguape, a town of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, on the S. bank of the Iguape River, near its mouthi It has a good harbor, and exports rice and timber. Iguara<^u, e-gwi-r^-soo', or Iguarassu, e-gwi-ris- soo', a town of Brazil, and the earliest founded in the prov- ince of Pernambuco, from which city it is distant 20 miles N.N.W. It stands on a height, beside the Iguara9u, a tributary of the Upper Parnahiba. Pop. 5000. Iguazu, a town of Brazil. See Igua^u. Igumen, e-goo-mfin', a town of Russia, government and 38 miles E.S.E. of Minsk, on the Beresina. Pop. 2190. Iguvium, the ancient name of Gubbio. Igyusch, a town of Hungary. See Hegyes. Iha, ee'a, a village of the Malay Archipelago, island of Saparooa, or Honi-Moa. IHN 1036 ILI Ihua^ ee'nS,, a river of Prussia, in Pomerania, enters the Bamrasche-See, an arm of the Stettiner-Haff, 9 miles N. of Stettin. Length, yo miles. Ihringen, ee'ring-en, a village of Baden, circle of Upper Rhine, near Breisach. Pop. 2708. Ij, a river of the Netherlands. See Y. I'jamsville, a post-village of Wabash co., Ind., in Pleasant township, on Eel River, and on the Eel River Railroad, about 30 miles E.N.E. of Logansport. It has 2 churches and several mills. Ijainsville, a post-village of Frederick co., Md., on Bush Creek, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 62 miles "W. of Baltimore. It has a church and a flour-mill. Pop. 100. Ijighinsk, Siberia. See Jijiginsk. Ijlst, a town of the Netherlands. See Ylst. Ijma, a river of Russia. See Izuma, Ijo, ee'yo. a small river of Finland, flows into the Gulf of Bothnia, near its N. extremity. Ijsland, the Dutch name of Iceland. Ijssel, a river of the Netherlands. See YssEL. Ijsselmonde, Netherlands. See Ysselmomde. Ijsseimuiden, Netherlands. See Yssel.muiden. Ijsselstein, Netherlands. See Ysselstein. Ijzeiidik, Netherlands. See Yzendvke. Ik, ik, two rivers of Russia, government of Orenboorg, the principal of which joins the Kama 20 miles N.W. of Menselinsk, after a N.W. course of about 200 miles. Ikarma, e-kar'mi, one of the Ivooril Islands, Pacific Ocean. Ikazni, e-kiz'nee, a town of Russia, government of Minsk, U miles W.N.W. of Disna. Pop. 1200. Ike-Aral-Nor, ee'ki-i"ril'-nor', or Ike-Aral- Noor, a lake of the Chinese Empire, in Mongolia, Khalkas territory, near the E. frontier of Soongaria, between lat. 47° and 48° N., and intersected by the meridian of 90° E. Ion. Lengtii, 40 miles ; average breadth, 20 miles. It receives several rivers, but has no known outlet. Ikorets, or Ikoretz, c-ko-r^ts', ariver of Russia, joins the Don on the left, after a course of about 60 miles. Ikropa, e-kro'pa, or Ikiopa, e-ke-o'pi, a river of Madagascar, rises in the province of Ankova, and falls into Bembatooka Bay, N.W. coast of Madagascar, being known during the latter part of its course by the name of the Bembatooka. It is navigable to Maroa-be, about 25 miles from the sea. Entire length, about 270 miles. I'lam, a village of England, co. of Statford, 9 miles E.N.E. of Cheadle. Ilambazar, e-lam-ba-zar', a town of Bengal, in Beer- bhoom. Lat. 2;i° 37' 35"' N. ; Ion. 87° 34' 50'' E. It has a large trade, and manufactures of lac, lac ornaments, lac dyes, indigo, lacquered wares, and wild silk. I'lanmore^ an island of the Hebrides, in Scotland, CO. of Inverness, ^ mile N. of Coll. llanroau, iMan-run', a small island of the Hebrides, in Scotland, co. of Inverness, S. of Oransay. Ilanterach, i-lan'ter-as, a small island of the Hebri- des, in Scotland, co. of Inverness, E. of Oransay. Il-Bassan, a town of Turkey. See El-Eassan. llbouo, il-bo'no, a village of Sardinia, 30 miles N.N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 1341. Il'chester, or Iv'elchester (anc. hckalia), a town of England, co. of Somerset, on the ancient Foss-way and the Ivel, 4^ miles S.S.B. of Somerton. It was a Roman station, and a considerable town of the ancient Belg^e. Pop. of parish, 743. Il'chester Mills, a post-village of Howard co., Md., on the Pata,psco River, and on the Baltimore &> Ohio Rail- road, 13 miles W.S.W. of Baltimore. Here is Mount St. Clement's College (Roman Catholic), organized in 1868, also a convent, 2 chapels, a cotton-mill, and a flour-mill. Ilchi, a town of Toorkistan. See Ivhoten. Il'derton, a post-village in Middlesex co., Ontario, 10 miles N.W'. of London. Pop. 200. lie aux Moines, eel o mwan, a small island of France, in the iJulf of Morbihan, C6tes-du-Nord, 12 miles N. of Lannion. It is the largest of the group called Sept lies, or Seven Isles, and the only one which is inhabited. lie d'Aix, eel daix, a small island off" the W. coast of France, in Charente-Inferieure, 14 miles N.W. of Rochefort. It has a strong military fort. There are villages of this name in the departments of Nord, Correze, Cher, and Pas- de-Calais. lie de Fer, Canary Islands. See Febbo. He de France, in the Indian Ocean. See MAnniTius. He de France, eel d^h frAxss ("Isle of France"), an old province of France, of which the capital was Paris, now forming the departments of Seine-et-Oise, Seine-et-Marne, Aisne, Oise, and parts of Eure-et-Loir, Loiret, and Yonne. He de la Reunion, France. See Reunion. He des Faisans, eel di f4'zON»' (i.e., "isle of pheas- ants"), a small island, formed by the Bidassoa, on the bor- ders of France and Spain, near Irun. Here the treaty of the Pyrenees was concluded between France and Spain, September 7, 1659. He des Roches, eel di rosh (i.e., "isle of rocks"), one of the Seychelles Islands, in the Indian Ocean. He d'Yeii, or He Dieu. See Isle Dieu. Hek, e-Iek', a river of Siberia, rises in the government of Irkootsk, flows N.N.W., and, after a course of about 200 miles, joins the Angara. Ilekskoi-Gorodek, e-lSk-skoi'-go-ro-dek', or Ilet- ski, e-l^t'skee, written also Iletzoi-G-orodok, a town of Russia, government and 78 miles S.W. of Orenboorg, at the confluence of the Hek and Ural Rivers. Pop. 2SS6. He I'Etoile, eel li'twal', one of the Amirante Islands, in the Indian Ocean. Lat. 5° 55' S. ; Ion. 53° 4' E. Ilerda, the ancient name of Lebida. lies Acores, the French name of the Azobes. lies Antilles, the French for West Indies. Ilesborough, Maine. See Islebobough. lies Canaries, the French name for the Canaries. lies d'Institut, eel dS,N»"steeHii', a group of islands ofi" the N.W. coast of Australia, opposite the entrance of Admiralty Gulf, respectively named after the distinguished French authors Fenelon, Montesquieu, Pascal, Descartes, Corneille, and Condillac. lies loniennes, the French for Ionian Islands. lies (ilz) Junction, a post-village of Sangamon co., Ilk, 2i miles S.W. of Springfield, at the crossing of branches of the Chicago & Alton and Wabash Railroads. It has a coal-mine. lies Salomon, the French name of Solomon Islands. Ilfraconibe, il'fra-koom, a town of England, co. of Devon, on its N. coast, 9i miles by rail N.N.E. of Barn- staple. It has a fishery and coasting-trade, and is frequented as a bathing-place. Steam-packets run between it and Bris- tol, Swansea, and Milford. Pop. of parish, 4721. Ilgeldi, il-gh^l'dee, a village of Asia, 46 miles N.N.W. of Khiva. It is walled, and is inhabited by Oozbeks. Ilghun, or Ilgun, eePgoon', a large village of Asia Minor, 43 miles N.W. of Konieh, in lat. 38° 9' N., Ion. 32° E., with some Mohammedan edifices, classic remains, and two lakes in its vicinity. Ilha, eel'y^, a Portuguese word, signifying "island," forming a part of many names in Brazil, *fcc. Ilha das Pedras, Brazil. See Camamu. Ilha das Rolhas, eel'yS, das rol'yis, a small Portu- guese island in the Gulf of Guinea, just S. of the island of St. Thomas. Ilha do Governador, Brazil. See Govebnadob. Ilha do Principe. See Pbince's Island. Ilha dos Ovos, eel'yi doce o'voce, an island of Brazil, province of Maranhao, at the entrance of the Bay of Cuma. Lat. 2° 4' S. Ilha dos Porcos, eel'ya doce poR'koce, a group of islets of Brazil, off the coast" of Rio Janeiro, 16 miles N.B. of the island of Sao Sebastiao. Ilha Grande, eel'ya grin'di ("great island"), an island of Brazil, province and 6S miles W.S.W. of Rio Janeiro, in the Bay of Angra. Length, 15 miles ; breadth, 8 miles. It produces sugar .and cotiee, and has several good anchorages, resorted to by whale-ships. On its W. side is the village of Santa Anna. Pop. 2000. Ilha Grande, a town of Brazil. See Angba dos Reis. Illias do Almirante. Sue Amibante Islands. Ilhas Verdes,the Portuguese for Cape Vebd Islands. Hhavo, eel-ya'vo, a toAvn of Portugal, in Beira, 4 miles S. of Aveiro, near the Atlantic. Pop. 8210. Ilheos, eel-yA'oce, four small islands of Brazil, close to the coast of the province of Bahia, formerly called the Capitania of Jorge de Figueire do Correa, and now com- prising one of the comarcas of Bahia. Hi, a river of Asia. See Eelee. Hi, a town of Central Asia. See Kooldja. Iliainna, e-le-a.m'n^, a volcano of Alaska, on the pen- insula of Aliaska. Height, 12,066 feet. It is generally in a state of activity. Iliamna (or Shel'ikoff) I.ake, a lake of Alaska, about 85 miles long and 24 miles broad, discharges its waters by the river Kwichak into Bristol Bay, llici, an ancient name of Ei.ciiE. Ilijah, or Ilidjah, c-lid'j4, a village of Asiatic Tur- key (anc. ElcgVa), 8 miles W. of Erzroom. ILI 1037 ILL Il\jah, or Ilidjah, a village of Asiatic Turkey, 70 miles "W.N.W. of Diarbekir, on the Euphrates. Ilim^ e-lim' or e-leera', a river of Siberia, government of Irkootsk, tributary to the Angara. Total course, 180 miles. On it is Ilimsk, a fortified post, 300 miles N. of Irkootsk. Pop. 542. Ilini^a, Iliniza, e-le-nee'sJ, or Ilinissa, e-le-nis'sS, (improperly written Ilinca), a mountain-peak of the Andes, in Ecuador. Lat. 30° S. Height, 17,380 feet. irioii, a post-village of Herkimer co., N.Y., on the S. bank of the Mohawk River, on the Erie Ciinal and the New York Central Railroad, 2 miles ^Y. of Herkimer, and n^ miles E.S.E. of Utica. It has 5 churches, a national bank, an academy, a newspaper office, and a large armory, in which, at times, nearly 1000 men arc employed making Remington rifles, pistols, &c. ; also a manufactory of sewing- machines and one of farming-implements. A horse-railroad connects it with Mohawk. Pop. about 4200. Ilipa^ the supposed ancient name of Niebla. Ilipa, the supposed ancient name of Olvkra. Ilipa, the supposed ancient name of Zalamea. Iliseh, e-lis'eh, a town of Asiatic Turkey. 53 miles 'N.'E. of Diarbekir. It is named after the adjacent warm springs. Pop. 5000. IlissuSj e-lis'siis, a little rivulet of Greece, in Attica, rises near the village of Aleti, flows S.Vf., skirting Athens on the S., and enters the Phaleron, a port E. of the Piraeus, after a total course of 10 miles. It is said to have been once a much more considerable stream; but at present its waters seldom reach the sea. Ilitsi, a town of Toorkistan. See Khotev. Iliturge, the supposed ancient name of Utrera. Iliyats, a people of Persia. See Eeleeyats. IPkal', a town of the Bombay presidency, India. Pop. 10,136. Il'keston, a town of England, co. of Derby, on a railway, 8 miles E.N.E. of Derby. The town, situated on a lofty hill, is well built, plentifully supplied with water, and well lighted with gas. The church is a fine ancient edifice, with a lofty tower, and there fvre several Dissenting chapels, national schools, a mechanics' institution, and a librnry. It has manufactures of hosiery, silk edgings, lace, silk mit- tens, and a silk fabric which is made into gloves. A con- siderable number of the inhabitants are also employed in mining coal and ironstone. Two canals intersect the town. Pop. of parish, 9662. Ilk'ley (anb. Olicana ?), a town of England, co. of York, 6 miles by rail N.W, of Otley. Pop. of parish, 2S65. Ill, eel, a river of Alsace, rises near Altkirch, flows N. of Strasburg, and joins the Rhine on the left. Length, 100 miles. It is navigable for 62 miles. Ill, eel, a river of Austria, falls into the Rhine 14 miles S. of liake Constance, Total course, about 50 miles. Illabasco, San Salvador. See Cojutepeque. Illana, eel-yd'nA, a town of Spain, New Castile, prov- ince of Guadalajara, 40 miles E.S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 1640, Illancsa, ilMon'ch6h\ a village of Hungary, in the Banat, 42 miles S.AV. of Temesvar. Pop. 2848. Illanon, iUl4-n(5n', or Illana, il-U'n^, a bay of the Malay Archipelago, forming a wide inlet of the Celebes Sea, extending into the island of Mindanao, on its S-W. side. Length and breadth, 70 miles each. Illapel, eel-y4-p5l', a town of Chili, state of Coquimbo. on a stream of the same name, 110 miles E. by N, of Val- paraiso. Pop. 6403. Here gold has been mined. Illary, an island of Scotland. See Illeuay. Xllasi, il-li'see, a village of Italy, 9 miles E.N.E. of Verona. Pop. 2399. Illats, ee^yAts', a village of France, in Gironde, 19 miles B.S.E. of Dordeaux. Pop. 1766. Illail, il'low (Hun. Illava, irioh'vOh^), a town of Hun- gary. 10 miles N.E. of Trentschin, on the Vi^aag. Pop, 1100. Illavla, a river of Russia, See Iloyla. IllaAVara, Louisiana. See Alsatta. IIMawar'ra, a maritime district of New South Wales, CO. of Camden, 50 miles S.S.W. of Sydney. It contains a fine lake or salt lagoon of the same name. Chief town, TVoUongong, Ille, eel, a river of France, in lUe-et-Vilnine, rises in the itaug Boulet, flows S. IS -miles, and joins the Vilaine at Rennes. Ille, a town of France, in Pyr^n^es-Orientales, on the Tet, 10 miles E.N.E, of Prades. Pop. 3222. Ille-et-Vilaine, eel-i-veeMin', a department in the N.W. of France, on the English Channel, forming part of the old province of Normandy. Area, 2554 square miles. The surface is flat, and covered on the N. with forests. dunes, and marshes. The chief rivers are the Vilaine, Ille, Couesnon, and Ratice, A portion of the department is traversed by the canal of Ille and Ranee on the N. and that of Nantes and Brest on the S, Grain, tobacco, hemp, and flax are important crops, and cider is extensively made. The minerals comprise iron, lead, building-stones, and pot- ters' clay. Manufactures of hempen and linen thread and sail-cloth are extensively carried on ; the other branches of industry are iron-forging, glass-making, and tanning. Oysters are largely exported from Cancalo. The depart- ment is divided into the arrondissements of Rennes, tlie capital, Fougeres, Montfort, Redon, Saint-Malo, and Vitre. Pop. in 1876, 602,712. tiler, il'ler, a river of Germany, rises in the Tyrol, flows mostly northward through Bavaria and alung the frontier of Wurtemberg. and joins the Danube about 2 miles above Ulm ; course, 85 miles. On it are the towns of Immenstadt and Kempten. Its principal affluent is the Aurach. Il'leray% or Il'lary, one of the Hebrides, Scotland, co. of Inverness. Length, about 4 miles; breadth, 1^ miles, Illertissen, il'Ier-tis^sen, a town of Bavaria, in Swa- bia, on the Iller, 38 miles W,S.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 1339. Illescas, il-y^s'kils (anc, Illacnns f), a town of Spain, province of Toledo, 22 miles S.W. of Madrid. Pop. 1661. IPlian'a, a post-oifice and station of Edgar co.. 111., on the Indianapolis, Decatur & Springfield Railroad, 40 miles E, of Tuscola. Illiberis, the ancient name of Elne. Illibei'is, the ancient name of Granada. Illiers, ee^yi' or eePyA', a town of France, in Eure-et- Loir, on the Loir, 15 miles S."\V. of Chartres, Pop. 2216. Illiniani, eePye-m^'ne, one of the loftiest mountains of the Bolivian Andes, East Cordillera, about 25 miles E.S.E. of La Paz, from which its appearance is singularly imposing. It is a serrated ridge, with four principal peaks, the northernmost of which is in hit. 16° 37' 5U" S., Ion. 67° 49' 39" W, Three of the loftiest summits are of the following elevations, respectively : S. peak, 21,149 feetabove sea-level ; middle peak, 21,094 feet; N. peak, 21,060 feet. The snowy part of the East Cordillera begins with the gi- gantic mass of the Illimani, and proceeds in a continuous line of snow-clad peaks to the group of Vilcanota, where it unites with the Cordillera of the Coast. It derives its name from being perpetually covered with snow. On its N. side it has glaciers above the height of 16,350 feet. On it also is the Lake of Illimani, 15,950 feet above the sea, Iliiiicze, il-lint'si, a village of Hungary, in Slavonia, 39 miles W.S.W. of Peterwardein. Pop. 2473. Illiii^en, il'ling-en, a village of Germany, in Wiirtem- berg, 17 miles N.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1348. illi'lii, a township of Macon co.. Hi. Pop. 821. Illinois, iriin-oi' or iriin-ois', a north-central state of the American Union, lying in the valley of the Missis- sippi and the Great Lakes, and bounded N. by Wisconsin, E. by Lake Michigan, Indiana, and Kentucky, S.E. and S. by Kentucky, S. and S.W. by Missouri, and AY. by Mis- souri and Iowa. Lake Michigan washes its northeastern border; the Wabash separates it in part from Indiana; from Kentucky it is divided by the Ohio; and along its whole western limit flows the Mississippi, separating it from Iowa and Missouri. Area, 55,410 square miles, or 35,462,400 acres, of which, in 1870, 19,327,952 acres were returned as improved farm-lands, 5,061,578 as woodland, and 1,491,331 as unimproved fai"m-lands. Face of the CouMiy. — Illinois is mostly a level table- huid, elevated from 340 to 800 feet above sea-level, and gently inclined to the S. Along the principal rivers there are some bluifs ; in the N.W, there is a broken tract of un- even country ; and in the alluvial districts there are, in some places, deep valleys eroded by the action of streams. In the extreme S. there is a remarkable elevation which crosses the state from Shawneetown to Grand Tower, reach- ing a height of 850 feet above sea-level. This appears to be the highest land in the state. Another elevation runs from N,N.W.to S.S.E. across the state, crossing Rock River at Grand Detour and the Illinois at Split Rock. The prairies, or open plains, are in part very level, but more generally gently undulating. They were, not many years since, very commonly almost destitute of trees; but the area of woodland has extended, partly from the cessation of prairie-fires, and to some extent from the planting of forest-trees. As a rule, the natural forests include but few coniferous trees. Of the 55,410 square miles of Illinois, about 37,000 be- long to the productive coal-field, but nearly all the state is deeply overlaid by the drift. The extreme S. of the state is tertiary and post-tertiary; the southern hills reveal De- ILL 1038 ILL vonian strata, but are believed to have been upheaved after the triassic and before the cretaceous age. The N. portion of the state is mainly Silurian in its age; and rocks of every age from that of the Potsdam sandstone upward are known. The coals of Illinois are widely distributed, abundant, and easily accessible; but as a rule they are poor in quality as compared with Pennsylvania coals. All are bituminous. Their defects are the presence of too much moisture, the large admixture of iron sulphides, and the tendency to crumble; but they are good steam- coals, and are well suited to domestic uses. Nevertheless there are some coals of high grade, like the Howlet coal of Sangamon co., and especially the Big Muddy coal of Jack- son CO., which is a block coal of great excellence, well adapted for iron-smelting. In 1873 coal was reported to have been mined in the state to the extent of 3,500,000 tons. The iron ores of the state are hardly suitable for working, except when mixed with the better ores of Mich- igan and Missouri, but good bog-ores are reported to be found in the Kankakee country. In the N.W., zinc, and especially lead, are mixed in the galena limestone (Lower Silurian). The greatest annual lead-product of the galena district (1845) was 54, -4:94,856 pounds. Limestone and handsome freestones are quarried at many places. Copper ores, gypsum, and marble are found at various points. Sa- line, sulphur, and chalybeate springs occur, mainly south- ward. Lead also occurs in the S. The winter climate is quite various, for the state extends N. and S. through five and a half degrees of hititude, the northern limit having the latitude of Salem, Mass., and the southern extremity being farther S. than Petersburg, Va. The mean annual temperature is, therefore, about 11° Fahr. higher in the S. than in the N., while the variation is greater in the N. The average rainfall appears to be greatest in the N". central region. The prevailing diseases are of malarial origin ; but the effect of drainage and culti- vation has been to mitigate or banish such diseases to a considerable extent. In the S., especially on the Missis- sippi bottom-lands, dangerous paludal fevers prevail in summer and autumn. liioers and Lakes.—The Mississippi, Ohio, and "Wabash afford important means of steam-communication. The principal river of the state is the Illinois, formed by the union of the Des Plaines and the Kankakee ; and by means of the Illinois & Michigan Canal (from Chicago to Joliet) it receives a supply of water from Lake Michigan, and affords ready communication between the great lakes and the Mississippi. Its main tributaries have also been fitted, to some extent, for navigation. The rivers Sangamon, Ivas- kaskia, Fevre, Spoon, Rock, Embarras, and others have a limited extent of navigation, Peoria Lake is a beautiful expansion of the Illinois, In the N.E. are several shallow lakes in a marshy region considerably resorted to by sports- men and fowlers. Places of Interest to Tourists. — The most interesting points to be noted in Illinois are not so much the natural features of the country as its wonderful agricultural and manufacturing progress, the growth of its railroad inter- ests, and the rapid development of its cities and public institutions. Still there is attractive natural scenery along the shores of Lakes Michigan and Peoria, as well as upon some portions of its rivers. The Cave-in Rock, once a notorious hiding-place for outlaws, is a remarkable natural grotto in Hardin co., near the Ohio River. There are pic- turesque conglomerate bluffs on the Mississippi, especially in the S. The Grand Prairie, which extends N.N.E. from Jackson co. for more than 200 miles, and the Great Ameri- can Bottom, in the S.W., a tract embracing some 288,000 acres of unsurpassed fertility, are worthy the attention of the tourist. Among the relics of prehistoric times, none perhaps are more noteworthy than the great mound near Cahokia. The wet plains near the Kankakee abound in feathered game, and are a favorite resort of shooting-par- ties in the autumn. Agricultural llesoiirces. — No state in the Union exceeds Illinois in agricultural capabilities. Spring and winter wheat, corn, and other cereals, live-stock, hay, and dairy- products are the principal articles of export. Fruit-culture is carried on in nearly every part of the state; but the hilly belt of the extreme S. is regarded as the best section for this occupation. Here the production of apples, peaches, pears, and the small fruits is the lead- ing pursuit, and much capital is invested in it. In the southernmost counties cotton has been successfully grown. Manufnctures have already become extensive in Illinois, and by creating a home-market for food-products are re- acting favorably upon agricultural interests. Iron, steel, steel rails, machinery, castings, pig lead and zinc, flour, cement, lime, brick, drain-tile, boots, shoes, hardware, watches, cooperage, lumber, furniture, farming-implements, bridge-work of wood and iron, carriages and railroad -cars, leather, saddlery, tobacco, lard, lard oil, soap, whisky, malt, and malt liquors, woollens, hosiery, and the coarser and simpler kinds of manufactured goods, are largely pro- duced in nearly all parts of the state. Chicago, Aurora, Elgin, Joliet, Jacksonville, Dixon, Bloomington, and many other towns have large manufacturing interests. The Jisheries of the state centre chiefly at Chicago. Lake Michigan produces wall-eyed pike, three kinds of bass, two true pikes, salmon-trout, the excellent white-fish, three species of sucker, the carp, the Sanger, lake-herring (a white-fish), sturgeon, &c. The Mississippi and its tribu- taries yield wall-eyed pike, pike-perch, buffalo-fish, stur- geon, paddle-fish, and other species, many of them utilized as food-fishes. Railroada traverse nearly every county in the state. Trunk lines connect all the important towns with one an- other and with the principal cities in the adjacent states, extending in every direction, while of the minor or sub- sidiary roads and branches there are a very great number. In 1846 there were 22 miles of railroad in the state; in 1850, 111; in 1855, 8ST ; in 1860, 2790; in 1865, 3157; in 1870, 4823; in 1875, 7109. The first railroad in the state was the Sangamon &, Morgan, a part of which was opened in 1839. Next the. Galena & Chicago was undertaken in 1849, and in the following year ten miles were completed. At present the railroad service is so effective and so cheap that the transportation of freight upon the rivers Ohio and Mississippi, formerly very extensive, is now greatly reduced. The lake commerce, centring chiefly at Chicago, extends, via the Canadian canals and the river St. Law- rence, to the Atlantic ports and to Europe direct. Coi(H(/cs.— Illinois has (1879) 102 counties, as follows: Adams, Alexander, Bund, Boone, Brown, Bureau, Calhoun, Carroll, Cass, Champaign, Christian, Clark. Clay, Clinton, Coles, Cook, Crawford, Cumberland, De Kalb, De Witt. Douglas, Du Page, Edgar, Edwards, Effingham, Fayette, Ford, Franklin, Fulton, Gallatin, Greene, Grundy, Hamil- ton, Hancock, Hardin, Henderson, Henry, Iroquois, Jack- son, Jasper, Jefferson, Jersey, Jo Daviess, Johnson, Kane, Kankakee, Kendall, Knox, Lake, La Salle, Lawrence, Lee, Livingston, Logan, Macon, Macoupin, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Mason, Massac, McDonough, McHenry, McLean, Menard, Mercer, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Moultrie, Ogle, Peoria, Perry, Piatt, Pike, Pope, Pulaski, Putnam, Randolph, Richland, Rock Island, Saline, Sangamon, Schuyler, Scott, Shelby, Stark, St. Clair, Stephenson, Taze- well, Union, Vermilion, AVabash, "Warren, Washington, AVayne, White, Whitesides, AVill, Williamson, Winnebago, and Woodford. The principal cHles are Chicago, on Lake Michigan (pop. in 1870, 298,977; in 1874, 395,408); Springfield, the capital (pop. in 1870, 17,364); Peoria, on Illinois River (pop. 22,849); Quincy, on the Mississippi (24,052); Blooming- ton, a railroad and manufacturing centre (14,590) ; Aurora, the seat of active and varied industries (11,162) ; Galesburg, in Knox co., distinguished for its educational institutions (10,158) ; Galena, in the N.W., which has active trade and manufactures and is the emporium of the lead-region (7019) ; Rockford, a manufacturing centre (11,049) ; Jacksonville, famed for its educational and charitable institutions (9203) ; Joliet (7263); Alton, on the Mississippi (8665); Cairo, the emporium of the extreme S. of the state (6267); besides Freeport, Danville, Belleville, East St. Louis, Rock Island, Ottawa, Decatur, Elgin, Dixon, La Salle, Pekin, Centralia, Canton, Monmouth, and numerous other thriving cities. Education. — Illinois has a permanent school fund, the avails of which, augmented by state and local taxation, support free public schools in every part of the state. There are also chartered and private schools in every con- sideriible town. There are state, county, and city superin- tendents of public instruction; high and graded schools in the principal towns; libraries in many of the schools; and the schools are sustained by a generous and intelligent pub- lic spirit. State normal universities are maintained at Nor- mal and Carbondale, county normal schools in Cook and Peoria cos., a German-English normal school at Galena, and normal courses in at least six colleges. There are 2S colleges and universities (some of them educating students of both sexes), besides many colleges for ladies. The State Industrial University is situated at Urbana and Champaign, and the Illinois Agricultural College at Irvington. There are some 10 theological, 3 law, and 7 medical schools; a soldiers' college at Fulton ; institutions for the blind and for ILL 1039 ILM deaf-mutes at Jacksonville; insane hospitals at Jacksonville, Elgin, Chicago, and Anna; reform schools at Pontiac and Chicago; a state institution for feeble-minded youth at Lin- coln ; a state eye and ear infirmary at Chicago; and at Joliet the state penitentiary, where the convicts are instructed, and made to earn enough to pay the expenses of the institution. Oonstiuuion. — The first constitution was adopted in 1818, the next in 1847, and the present one in 1870. Among its unique provisions is one for minority representation, and all special and private legislation is forbidden. Judges are chosen by the people, and hold their office for limited terms. Most of the state executive officers, including the governor, are chosen for four years. The senate has 51 members, chosen for four years, in two classes, so that one-half vacate their positions at the end of every two years. Neither the state nor any county or town is allowed to appropriate any funds or do anything in aid of any sectarian or church in- stitution of any character. Nineteen representatives are sent to the Federal Congress. The name of the state is derived from that of the Illinois confederacy of Indian tribes, chiefly Algonquins, who once inhabited a large part of this state, although the Sacs, Foxes, lowas, Ac, lived in the north. In 1679 La Salle entered this region from Canada, and founded Fort Crevecceur at the mouth of the Illinois. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were founded in 1682 by the French, and the latter place was for many years the capital of the colony. The French lived at peace with the Indians, but the settlements did not increase greatly in population under their system. In 1763 oc- curred the conquest of Canada, and with it the Illinois country was held to have passed under English sway, and this whole region was made a county of Virginia. In 1787 the United States government organized the North- west Territory, and in 1800 the Indiana Territory, to each of which in succession Illinois belonged. In 1809 Illinois Territory was set off, and was made to include all the country east of the Mississippi River northward to British Amer- ica. In 1818 the state was admitted to the Union, with its present limits. Important events were the Indian wars of the territorial period and the Block Hawk war of 1832. Springfield became the capital in 1810. The Mormon troubles occurred 1810-14. The important land-grant of ISoO in aid of the Central Railroad was the means of greatly stimulating the development of the resources of the state. During the war no state furnished more men pro- portionately, or better men, to the Union armies than did Illinois, which also had the honor of being the principal granary and feeder of the United States armies. In 1872 occurred the great fire at Chicago, which, however, did not apparently check to any great extent the growth of the city or the state in wealth and population. A prominent fact in the recent history of the state has been the wonderful extension of her railroad system. The Illinois & Michigan Canal, from Chicago to La Salle (constructed 1836-48, at a cost exceeding 86,000,000), has since 1865 been so deep- ened, at a further cost of some 83,000,000, that water now flows through it from Lake Michigan to the Illinois River, which indeed, geologists inform us, was anciently one of the natural outlets of that lake. The population in 1800 was 2458; in 1810, 12,282; in 1S20, 55,162; in 1830, 157,445; in 1840, 476,183; in 1850, 851,470; in 1860, 1,711,951; in 1865, 2,141,510; in 1870, 2,539,891. llliiiois9 a township of Nemaha co., Kansas. Pop. 385. It contains Corning. Illinois^ a township of Sedgwick co., Kansas. Pop. 399. Illinois Bayou, bi'oo. Pope co.. Ark., runs south- westward, and enters the Arkansas River about 12 miles S.W. of Dover. It is nearly 75 miles long. Illinois Bend, a post-office of Montague co., Tex. Illinois City, a post-village of Rock Island co., 111., 8 or 9 miles E. by S. of Muscatine, Iowa, and 1 mile from the Mississippi River. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of stoneware. Illinois Grove, a post-hamlet of Marshall co., Iowa, about 18 miles N.W. of Marshalltown. Illinois River rises in Benton co., Ark., and runs nearly southwestward into the Indian Territory. It enters the Arkansas River about 22 miles below Tahlequah, which is on the Illinois. Illinois River is formed by the Des Plaines and Kan- kakee Rivers, which unite in Grundy co., III., about 10 miles above Morris. It runs westward through LaSalleco., and sub- sequently changes its course to the S.W. Having formed the boundary between the counties of Peoria, Fulton, Schuyler, and Brown on the right, and Woodford, Tazewell. Mason, and Cass on the left hand, it finally runs southward, and enters the Mississippi River about 18 miles above Alton. The length of the main stream is estimated at 350 miles. It is the largest river that traverses the state, and is navi- gable through its whole extent. It is stated that more than 50 steamboats navigate this river, which is connected by a canal with Lake Michigan. The chief towns on its banks are Peoria, Ottawa, La Salle, and Pekin. Its principal tributaries are the Fo.x and Sangamon Rivers. The Illi- nois traverses a rich, undulating country, in which bitumi- nous coal is abundant. Illinois River, a small river of Oregon, rises in Jo- sephine CO., runs N.W., and enters Rogue River in Curry co. Illiop'olis, a post-village of Sangamon co.. 111., in Illiopolis township, on the Wabash Railroad, 20 miles E. by N. of Springfield. It has a bank, 3 churches, and a graded school. Pop. 395 ; of the township, 1829. Illisera, il'le-se-ri (?), a small town of Asia Minor, 57 miles S.E. of Konieh. Illiturgis, the ancient name of Andujar. Illkirch-Grafenstaden, iirkeeRK-gr3,'fen-st3,'den, (Fr. lUkirch, eerkeensh', or Elkirch), a town of Germany, in Alsace, 3 miles S. of Strasburg. Pop. 4739. Illnau, ill'now, Unter, oon'ter, and Ober, o'ber, two nearly contiguous villages of Switzerland, canton and 9 miles E.N.E. of Zurich, on the Kempt. Pop. 2731. Illok, iPlok', or Ujlak, oo'ee-14k', a town of Slavonia, CO. of Syrmia, with a port on the Danube, 26 miles W. of Peterwardein. Pop. 3127. Illora, eel-yo'ril, a town of Spain, province and 22 miles W.N.W. of Granada, on the Charcon. Pop. 3850. Illorai, il-lo'rl, or Lorai, lo'ri, a village of Sardinia, 42 miles S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 1180. Illori, il-lo-ree', a city of Africa, in Yarriba, 60 miles S.S.W. of Ra.bba. It is the seat of a sultan, and a noted mart for trade. Hei-e caravans from Egypt and Barbary meet the traders of the Guinea coast. It is well and regu- larly built, and has numerous mosques. Pop. 60,000. Illookst, Illoukst, or Illuxt, il-Iookst', a town of Russia, in Courland, 103 miles E.S.E. of Mitau. Pop. 980. Ill ova, il-lo'vi, a river of Austria, joins the Save^'ifter a course of about 50 miles. Illueca, eel-yoo-i'ka, a town of Spain, province and 42 miles W.S.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 1742. Illyefalva,iryA'forvoh\orEliendorf, i'le-en-doRr, a town of Transylvania, on the Aloota, 14 miles N.E. of Kronstadt. Pop'. 1320. Illyria, il-llr'ia (anc. myr'icum, or Uhjria ; Ger. lUi/- ricn, il-Iee're-en ; Fr. Ulyrie, eeriee^ree'), a division and titular kingdom of Austria, bounded N. by Salzburg and Styria, E. by Styria and Croatia, S. by the Adriatic, and W. by Italy and the Tyrol. Area, 10,937 square miles. It is now divided into the crown-lands or provinces of Carniola, Carinthia, and Kiistenland (which see). It is very irregular in shape, and terminates sharply in the S. in a triangular peninsula. The surface is very mountainous. In the N. a branch of the Noric Alps, beginning at the Gross Glock- ner, stretches E., forming the boundary between Illyria on the S. and Salzburg and Styria on the N. Another branch, forming the Carnic or Julian Alps, stretches across the kingdom in a S.W. direction. The name is now of historical importance only ; but it has been applied to a region of exceedingly vague and varying outlines. The Illyrian language (so called) is the Serbo-Croatian ; and in a wide sense the term may include all the Southwestern Slavic dialects. Total pop. 1,430,780. Illyr'ia, a post-hamlet of Fayette co., Iowa, in Illyria township, about 60 miles W.N.W. of Dubuque. The town- ship is drained by the Volga River, and contains a village named AVadena. Pop. of the township, 1010. Ilin, ilm, a river of Germany, Bavaria, joins the Danube near Neustadt. The town of Pfaffenhofen is on its banks. Ilm, a river of Germany, in Saxony, rises in the Thu- ringian Forest, flows N.E. past Ilmenau, Ilm, Kraniehfeld, and Weimar, and joins the Saale 13 miles N. of Jena. Total course, 55 miles. Ilm, Ilmstadt,ilm'st3.tt, or Stadt-IIni, sta,tt-ilm, a town of Germany, duchy of Sohwarzburg-Rudolstadt, on the Ilm, 12 miles W.N.W. of Rudolstadt. Pop. 2821. Ilmen, il-niSn', a lake of Russia, government of Nov- gorod, 30 miles in length from E. to W., by 24 miles in greatest breadth. It receives the Lovat, Msta, and Schelon Rivers, and discharges its surplus waters by the Volkhov northward into Lake Ladoga. Ilmenau, irm^h-now\ a town of Saxe-Weimar, on the Ilm, 27 miles S.W. of Weimar. Pop. 3443. It has manu- factures of metal buttons, woollens, and porcelain, iron- and coal-mines, and a brisk trade in timber. ILM 1040 INC IlmenaUy a small river of Hanover, joins the Elbe from the S. 15 miles S.E. of Hamburg. Length, 60 miles. Il'minster, a town of England, co. of Somerset, on the He, lOi miles by rail S.E. of Taunton. It has a well- endowed grammar-school, a free school, a seminary for ladies, and a woollen-factory. Many of the inhabitants are em- ployed in glove-making. Pop. 2431. Ilo, or Ylo, ee'lo, a port of Peru, on the sea-coast, at the mouth of the rivulet called Ho, 63 miles by rail S.W. of Moquegua. IloilO, or Yloilo, eeHo-ee'lo, a town of the Philippine Islands, on the S.E. coast of Panay, opposite the isle of Guimaras. It has a large export trade in sugar, hemp, canes, sapan-wood, and tobacco, and imports coal. Its port is secure. Pop. 7500. It is the capital of a populous prov- ince of the same name. Iloncza, eHon'tsoh\ or Ilnitza,eernit'z6h\ a village of Hungary, co, of Beregh. Pop. 1000. Ilopango, or Illabasco. See Cojutepeque, Ilorci, a supposed ancient name of Lorca. Ilovla, e-lov'l4, or Ilavia, e-ld.v'14, a river of Russia, government of Saratov and the Hon-Cossack country, joins the Hon at Ilovlinskaia, after a: S.W. course of 150 miles. A canal unites it with the Volga at Kamishin. Ilovlinskaia, or Ilowliuskaja, e-lov-lin-skl'i, a town of Russia, in the Don-Cossack country, on the Ilovla, near its confluence with the Don, 50 miles by rail N.W. of Tsaritsin. Pop. 302fi. Ilpendam, ilp'en-dS,m\ a village of the Netherlands, on the North Holland Canal, 6 miles N. by E. of Amster- dam. Pop. 161S. II Rubicone, the Italian for the Rubtcox, Ilse!iberg,irsen-bSnG\ a town of Prussian Saxony, 16 miles W. of Halber'stadt. Pop. 3420. Ilsfeld, ils'fSlt, a village of Germany, in Wiirtemberg, 6 miles S, of Heilbronn. Pop. 1932. Iluro, the ancient name of Olouon. Ilva, an ancient name of Elba. II Vasto, a town of Italy. See Vasto. Ilvesheim, il'ves-hime^ a village of Baden, on the Neckar, 4 miles E. of Msinnheim. Pop. 1466. Ilwaco, il-w3,'ko, a post-hamlet and summer resort of Pacific CO., Washington, on the Pacific Ocean, at the mouth of the Columbia River, 15 miles N.W. of Astoria. It has a hotel and a steamboat-landing. IIZ9 or Iltz, ilts, a small river of Lower Bavaria, joins the Danube at Ilzstadt, a suburb of Passau. Ilza, il'zi, or Ilsha, a town of Poland, government of Radom, on the Ilza. 25 miles N.N.W. of Opatow. Pop. 2754. ImaUlit (e-mi'kleet), or Ratmanotf (r^t-man'off) Island, one of the Dioraede Islands, in Behring Strait. It belongs to Russia. Iinalaguan, e-ma,-li-gw^n', an island of the Philip- pines, in the Sooloo Sea. Lat. 10° 42' N. ; Ion. 121° E. Imam -Door, Imam -Dour, or Imam-Dur, e-mimMooR' (anc. Darn), a village of Asiatic Turkey, 70 miles N.W. of Bagdad, on the Tigris. Imandra, e-min'dri, a lake of Russia, government of Archangel, 35 miles S. of Kola. Length, 60 miles. Imareeyeh, or Imariyeh, Arabia. See Aared. Imataca, e-mi-tS,'kJl, a river of Venezuela, after a course of about 75 miles, joins the Orinoco on the right about 60 miles above its mouth. Imaus, Asia. See Himalaya Mountains, Im'bros, or Im'bro, an island of the Grecian Archi- pelago, belonging to Turkey, off the entrance of the Helles- pont; its highest summit in lat. 40° 10' N., Ion. 25° 51' E.. and 1959 feet above the sea. Length, from E. to W., 19 miles; breadth, 10 miles. It is densely wooded, and has a pop. of about 4000. Imerina, Madagascar. See Emerina. Imeritia, e-mer-ish'e-a, or Imerethi, im-§-ri'teo, a former country, now included in the Russian government of Kootais (which see), Transcaucasia, forming a part of the ancient Colchis, having N. the Caucasus Mountains, E. Georgia, W. Mingrelia and Gooriel, and S. the old pashalic of Akhalzikh. The surface is mountainous, well wooded, and wholly comprised in the basin of the Rion (anc. Phash). The climate is moist and unhealthy. The soil is very fertile. The products comprise wheat, barley, sorgho, maize, tobacco, hemp, madder, and a great variety of fruits common in Europe, which articles, with wine, cotton stuffs, taffetas, wool and woollen hosiery, honey, wax, and skins, constitute the chief exports. Im'lay, a post-hamlet of Lapeer co., Mich., in Imlay township, on or near the Belle River, 2^^ miles from Imlay City Station, and about 45 miles N, of Detroit. It has manufactures of brooms, sash, blinds, and lumber. The township contains a larger village, named Imlay City. Pop. of the township, 18S0. Imlay City, a post-village of Lapeer co., Mich., in Imlay township, on the Chicago & Lake Huron Railroad, 34 miles W. of Port Huron, and 12 miles B. of Lapeer. It has a newspaper ofBce, .3 churches, a foundry, 2 flour-mills, an elevator, and a planing-mill. Pop. about 700. Imlay's Mills, former name of Jacksonville, N.J. Im'laystoAVii, a post-village of Monmouth co., N.J., 1 mile from the railroad which connects Hightstown with Pemberton, and 5 miles S. of Hightstown. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 200. Im'lertown,a post-hamlet of Bedford co.. Pa., in Bed- ford township, 2^ miles from Yount's Station, which is 4 miles N. of Bedford. It has 2 churches. Immenhausen, im'men-how^z^n, a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, 9 miles N.N.W. of Cassel. Pop. 1311. Immeiistadt, im'men-std,tt\ a town of Bavaria, in Swabia, 13 miles S.W. of 'ivempten. Pop. 2397. Imola, ee'mo-lS, (anc. Fo'rum Corne'lii), a town of Central Italy, province and 22 miles by rail E.S.E. of Bo- logna, on the Santerno, It is enclosed by old walls, de- fended by a castle, and well built. It has a cathedral, sev- eral other churches and convents, a hospital, a theatre, a college, and a public library., It is a bishop's see, and has active manufactures. Pop. 9355. Imperador, Villa do, veel'U do eem-pi-rJL-doR', a town of Brazil, province of Parahiba, has some trade in provisions and cotton. Imperatriz, Villa da, veel'li di eem-pi-ri-trees', a town of Brazil, province of CearA, on the Serra Urubure- lama, W. of Fortalcza. Imperial, a river of Chili. See Cauten. Imperial, im-pe'rij-al, a station in Venango co., Pa., on the Pittsburg, Titusvi'lle & Buffalo Railroad, 1 mile E. of Oil City. Imperial Mills, a post-hamlet of Kent co., Mich., about 10 miles N.E. of Grand Rapids. It has 1 or 2 flour- ing-mills. Imphan Tooral, or Impan Tural, imp-hJn' (or im]>-in') too-ral', or Mutli'nee, the principal river of Munepoor, India, after a generally southward course of about 200 miles, joins the Khyen-Dwem River 130 miles N.W. of Ava. Munepoor is the chief town on its banks. Imphy, i^rTee', a village of France, in Nievre, on an affluent of the Loire, 7 miles S.E. of Nevers. Pop. 1437, occupied in iron- and copper-mills. Inist, imst, Imlist, im'list, or Umbieta, oom-be-i'ti, a town of the Tyrol, on the Inn, 31 miles W. of Innspruck. Pop. 2236. t'musdale, a post-office of Monterey co., Cal. Inaba, e-n^'ba (Chinese, Yn-Fan), a coast province of Japan, in the "W. part of the island of Hondo. It is moun- tainous, but fertile, and produces abundance of silk. Pop. 162,842. Inacces'sible Island, the westernmost of the Tris- tan d'Acunha group, in the Atlantic. Lat. 37° 6' S. Inada, e-na'di. or Aiiiada, i'ni'dil, a town of Euro- pean Turkey, in Koumelia, on the Black Sea, 75 miles E.N.E. of Ailrianople. Inagua, e-na'gwi, or Great Heneagiia, one of the Bahama Islands, the largest and most southerly of the group, 50 miles in length and 25 miles in greatest breadth. It affords salt and good pasturage. Lat. of N.E. point, 21° 18' ,N. ; Ion. 73° 40' W. Pop. 994. Little Inagua or Hbneagua, one of the Bahama Islands, 12 miles north- ward, is about S miles in length by 6 miles across. In'avale, a post-office and station of Webster co., Neb., on the Republican Valley Railroad, 8 miles W. of Red Cloud. Inca, ing'ki, a town of the island of Majorca, 17 miles by rail N.E. of Palnja. Pop. ,3400. Inch, intch, a Celtic word signifying "island," forms the name or a part of the name of numerous places and islands in Scotland and Ireland. Inch, an island in Lough Swilly, co. of Donegal, Ire- land. Area, 3S22 acres. Pop. 1016. Inch-Brayock, intch-briV'ok, or Ros'sie Island, a low, flat island in the channel of the South Esk, in Scot- land, CO. of Eorfar, between Montrose Basin and the Ger- man Ocean. Inch- Cailliach, intch-kiryaic ("island of old women"), an island of Scotkand, co. of Stirling. Inch Cape, Gorman Ocean. See Bell Rock. Inch'colin, an island of Scotland, co. of Fife, in the Firth of Forth, 2 miles S. of Aberdour. On it are the ruins of a monastery founded by Ale.\ander I. in 1123. INC 1041 IND Inch-Gar'vie, a rocky islet of Scotland, in tlie Firth -of Forth, opposite Queensferry. lu'chiquin, a barony and island of Ireland, in Mun- ster, CO. of Clare. The island is in Lough Corrib. Pop. of barony, 11,510. Inchkeith, intch-keeth', a small rocky island of Scot- land, in the Firth of Forth, 3 miles S. of Kinghorn, co. of Fife, opposite Leith, It has a light-house in its centre, with a revolving light. Lat. 56° 2' N. ; Ion. 3° S' W. Inch-Ken'neth, an island of the Hebrides, off the W. coast of Mull, is about 1 mile in length. Inch-Marnoch, intoh-mar'ngK, an islet of Scotland, in the Firth of Clyde, co. and 2 miles W. of Bute. Iiich-Mur'rin, an islet of Scotland, in the S.W. part of Loch Lomond, is about 2 miles in length. Inch-Tavanach, intch-tiv'a-nis (" monks' island"), in Loch Lomond, Scotland, is 1 mile long. Iiichy-Beaumont, a^•""shce'-bo"m6^•»', a village of France, in Nord, 11 miles E.S.E. of Cambrai. Pop. 17-14. Iiicino, in-chee'no, a village of Northern Italy, prov- ince of Como, 3 miles from Erba. Pop. 105(i. lucisa, in-chee'zit or in-chee'sd, a town of Italy, 14 miles S.W. of Alessandria, on the Belbo. Pop. 3054. Incoronatay an island of Dalmatia. See Coronata. In'crease, a post-office of Warren co., Tenn. Inculisma, the ancient name of Angoulebie, Indals-Elf, in'dills-SIf, or In'dal , a river of Sweden, Itens of Jemtland and Hernosand, formed a short distance below Ragunda, flows S.E., and enters the Gulf of Bothnia 10 miles N. of Sundsvall. Length, 6U miles. In'dapoor, a town of India, district and 84 miles E.S.E. of Poonah. Pop. 7007. Indeiit'ed Head, a peninsula of Australia, in Vic- toria, bounding the entrance to Port Phillip on its W. side. Area, about 100,000 acres. It is watered by the Barwurn River, and consists chiefly of grassy plains. In'depen'dence, a county in the N.E. part of Arkan- sas, has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is inter- sected by White River, and is bounded on the E. by Black River. The surface is undulating or hilly, and is exten- sively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton, In- dian corn, grass, and pork arc the staple products. Marble is found in this county. Capital, Batesville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,059,770, Pop. in 1870, 14,566, of whom 14,521 were Americans. Independence, a hamlet of Autauga eo., Ala., about 27 miles W.N.W. of Montgomery. Independence, a post-village, capital of Inyo co., Cal., on Owen's River, near the E. base of the Sierra Nevada, about 270 miles E.S.E. of San Francisco, and 12 miles N.N.E. of Mount Tyndall. It has a newspaper office. Independence, a township of Saline co., 111. Pop. 648. It contains Mitchellsville. Independence, a hamlet of Grant and Madison cos., Ind., 15 miles S.S.W. of Marion. It has 2 churches. Independence, a post-village of Warren co., Ind., on the Wabash River, the Wabash Railroad, and the Wabash & Erie Canal, 16 miles W.S.W. of Lafayette. It has 2 churches, a tannery, and a flour-mill. Pop. 183. Independence, a township of Appanoose co., Iowa. Pop. 900. Indejieudence, a city, the capital of Buchanan co., Iowa, on Wapsipinicon River, and on the Dubuque & Sioux City (or Illinois Central) Railroad where it crosses the Bur- lington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad, 40 miles N.N. W. of Cedar Rapids, 69 miles W. of Dubuque, and 24 miles E. of Waterloo. It has 9 churches, 2 national banks, 2 high schools, a convent, a Catholic seminary, 2 newspaper offices, ' and a free public library. Pop. 3424. An asylum for the insane has been built by the state near this town. Independence, a township of Jasper co.> Iowa. P. 989. Indeiiendence, Van Buren co., Iowa. See Hickory. ; Independence, a post-town, capital of Montgomery CO., Kansas, in Independence township, on the W. bank of the Verdigris River, and on a branch of the Southern Kansas Railroad, 38 miles S, by W. of Humboldt, and about 32 miles W.S.W. of Parsons. It is surrounded by a rich country, which is well watered and diversified by mounds, groves, and prairies. It contains a court-house, 2 banks, 8 churches, a United States land-office, a graded school, 3 steam grist-mills, 2 planing-mills, 3 brick-yards, a brewery, a steam-elevator, and manufactories of tobacco, candy, brooms, and wagons. One daily and 3 weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 3023 : of the township, 1466. Independence, a township of Osborne co., Kansas, Pop, 277. ■ ■ Independence, a post-village of Kenton co., Ky., on | 66 ■ the Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington Railroad, 12 miles S, of Cincinnati. It has a church and a court-house. P. 131. Independence, a post-office of Tangipahoa parish, La., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 62 miles N. of New Orleans. Independence, a plantation in Penobscot co., Me. Pop. 185. Independence, a township of Oakland co., Mich. Pop. 1274. Independence, a township of Hennepin co., Minn. Pop. 652. Independence, a post-village of Tate co., Miss., 9 miles E. of Coldwater, and 40 miles S.S.E. of Memphis, Tenn. It has 2 churches. Independence, a township of Dunklin co.. Mo. P. 747. Independence, a post-town, capital of Jackson co., Mo., on the Missouri Pacific and Wyandotte, Kansas City & Northwestern Railroads, 10 miles E. of Kansas Cit}', 4 miles S. of the Missouri River, and 272 miles W. of St. Louis. It contains 8 or 9 churches, a national bank, 2 other banks, seminaries for each sex, 2 flouring-mills, a woollen- mill, a broom-factory, and printing-offices which issue 1 daily and 2 weekly newspapers. It was formerly the place where many emigrants to California, Texas, Ac, procured their outfits. Pop. 3184, Independence, a township of Macon co.. Mo. P. 1120. Independence, a township ofNodaway CO., Mo. P. 670. Independence, township, Schuyler co.. Mo. P. 1115. Indei)endence, township, Warren co., N.J. P. 1766, Independence, a township of Alleghany co., N.Y, Pop. 1217. It contains the villages of Green's Corners and Whitesville. Independence, a post-village in Independence town- ship, Cuyahoga co., 0., near the W. bank of the Cuyahoga River, about 10 miles S.S.E. of Cleveland. It has a high school and several churches. The township is intersected by the Ohio Canal, has 5 churches, and quarries of grind- stone and flagging. Pop. of the township, 1761. Independence, Richland co., 0. See Butler. Independence, a township of Washington co., 0., on the Ohio River, Pop. 1395. Independence, a post-village of Polk co., Oregon, near the Willamette River, 12 miles S.W. of Salem, It has 2 churches and a newspaper office. Independence (Seventy-Si.v Post-Offioe), a village in Independence township, Beaver CO., Pa., 4 miles S.W. of Economy. 'The township contains 2 churches, several grist- and saw-mills, and a pop. of 728. Independence, a post-village in Independence town- ship, Washington-co., Pa., about 34 miles W.S.W. of Pitts- burg. It has 3 churches, a tannery, and a manufactory of farming-implements. Pop. 144; of the township, 977, Independence, a post-village of Washington co., Tex., 12 miles N.E. of Brenham. Here is Baylor Univer- sity (Baptist), which was organized in 1846, and has 6 pro- fessors, about 100 students, and a library of 2700 volumes. Independence contains also a female college and 4 churches. Independence, a post-village, capital of Grayson co., Va., on New River, about 56 miles E. by S. of Abingdon. It has a newspaper office. Independence, a post-office of Thurston co.. Wash. Independence, a station in Preston co., W. Va., on the Baltimore &, Ohio Railroad, 11 miles E.N.E. of Grafton. Post-office, Raccoon (which see). Independence, a post-village of Trempealeau co.. Wis., in Burnside township, on the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad, 30 miles N.NJE. of Winona, Minn. It has a church, 2 hotels, about 50 houses, and a grain-elevator. Independence Creek, New York, rises in Hamilton CO., runs westward, and enters Black River in Lewis co., about 3 miles, E. of Martinsburg. Independencia(een-di-pen-d5n'she-i) Bay, an inlet of Peru, on the Pacific coast, 40 miles S. of Pisco. It is resorted to for guano. Independent, Van Buren co., Iowa. See Hickory. Independ'ent Hill, a post-office of Rutherford co., Tenn. Independent Hill, a post-hamlet of Prince William CO.. Va., 8 miles S.E. of Bristoe Station. Independent Tartary, Asia. See Toorkistan. luderab, a town of Tartary. See Anderab. Inderabia, inVle-ri'be-J, or Anderabia, an'de-ri'- be-i, an island in the Persian Gulf, off the coast of Persia, 5 miles from the mainlnnd. Inderghur, or Indergurh, inMer-gar', a town of India, dominion and 85 miles S.S.E. of Jeypoor. Lat. 25° 45' N.; Ion. 76° IS' E, IND 1042 IND Inderkush, in-d^r-koosh', a village of Persia, province of Azerbaijan, S. of Lake Ooroomeeyali, 25 miles E. of Nakhodeh, In'dex, a post-office of Cass co., Mo., 6 miles S. of Gun City Station. Pop. of Inde.x township, 795. Index Peak, Wyoming, a volcanic peak near the source of Clarke's Fork, and 1 mile N. of Pilot Peak. It has an altitude of about 10,500 feet. Silver-mines have been opened very near this mountain. India, in'de-a (Fr. Ind, ixd; Ger. and Dutch, Indien, in'de-?n ; L. In'dia ; Gr. 'IvUa, a name probably derived from that of the river Indus), often called Ind by the poets, an extensive country or region of Southern Asia, comprising in its largest acceptation not only India proper and Indo-China, but also at least the northernmost islands of the Indian (Malay) Archipelago, thus nearly correspond- ing in application to the popular but vague appellation East Indies. In this extensive sense it was employed by the ancient Greek.s and Romans. It more correctly designates an extensive empire belonging to the British crown, con- sisting of the great central peninsula of Southern Asia and a narrow strip along the E. side of the Bay of Bengal, between lat. 8° V and 36° 15' N. and Ion. 66° 44' and 9'J° 30' E. A part of this empire thus belongs geographically to Indo- China. It is bounded N. by the Himalaya Mountains, di- viding it from Thibet and Toorkistan, W. by a range sepa- rating it from Afghanistan and Beloo(!histan, E. by parallel offshoots from the opposite extremity of the Himalayas, dividing it from Burmah and Siam, and on the other sides by the Indian Ocean. Its length, from N. to S., is nearly 2000 miles; extreme breadth, on the parallel of 28°, 1800 miles. It comprises several native states, besides the territory di- rectly subject to British rule. Over most of these the British have control, guaranteeing external protection and internal tranquillity, upon payment of an annual tribute. Some of them are required to provide a native force, placed at the disposal of the British, to resist the common enemy. Total area of India, about 1,563,420 square miles. For adminis- trative and political purposes, the possessions of tlie British Empire in India, with their dependent native states, are distributed as follows (areas and populations according to censuses taken in the years 1867-1876) : Governor-General of India Ajmeer Berar Mysore Coorg Governor of Madras Bombay Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal Noi-th-Wetit Provinces Punjab Chief Commissiouer of Central Provinces British Burmali Assam Total , Feudatory States under Governor-General of India Governor of Madras Governor of Bombay Lieuteaant-Goveinor of Bengal Lieutenant-Governor of North -West Provinces Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab Chief Commissioner of Central Prov- Total Total of British India 2,661 17,500 27,077 2,000 156,200 105,395 104,975 84,048 88,556 65,384 308,677 9,815 67,370 38,217 1,479,806 Pop. 310,032 2,231,565 6,055,412 168,312 62,231,470 42,001,436 17,611,498 8,201,519 2,747,148 4,13->,019 28,748,403 3,289,392 9,298,612 2,212,909 241,120,525 The whole peninsula has a very regular coast-line of about 3000 miles, the G^ulfs of Cambay and Cutch, on the W., being the only indentations of any extent, and is very deficient in harbors. In physical features India is ex- tremely diversified, consisting of three distinct parts, — a central table-land, a vast circuravallation of mountains, and a series of low plains. The table-land occupies gener- fllly the space between the Ghauts on the E., W., and S., and the Vindhya Mountains on the N. ; it has a mean height of 1400 to 3000 feet, and its surface is sprinkled over with isolated conical bills, rising to 2000 feet above the plain, or 4000 to 5000 feet above the sea. It has a general slope towards the E., as indicated by the drainage. This table-land is divided into two portions, — the Deccan in the N., between the Nerbudda and Kistnah Rivers, includ- ing the valley of Berar ; and the plateau of Mysore, between the Kistnah River and the Neilgherry Hills. Between this and the Himalayas lies the immense Gangetic plain in the E., comprehending the vast tract of level country drained by the Ganges and its affluents, the lower part of which is annually submerged for several months. This plain is exceedingly fertile, and the most thickly populated portion of India. In the W. the great sandy desert called the Thurr, intersected by the Indus, extends from the Punjab to the Runn of Cutch, a distance of about 500 miles, with a similar breadth, forming part of the generally arid region extending into Central Asia and Northern Africa. On the N.the mountains present a huge barrier between the basins of the Indus, the Upper Brahmapootra, and the Ganges. India has two distinct river systems, which draw their supplies from totally diflferent sources. The Indus, with its magnificent tributaries, which intersect the Punjab, and the Ganges and Brahmapootra, with their gigantic branches, derive their chief supplies from the melting of the snows on the Himalayas j and the more intense the heat, so much the more plentifully do these gelid storehouses give up their treasures. All the rivers of the Hindostan system, on the other hand, — the Sabermuttee, Mhye, Nerbudda, and Tap- tee, falling into the Gulf of Cambay in Western India, and the Godavery, Kistnah, and Cavery, discharging themselves into the Bay of Bengal, — originate in the western moun- tains, and are fed by the rains which fall over these, to the extent of 100 inches on an average, during June, July, and August. Both systems, whether fed by snow or by rain, are in flood at the same period of the year, that being just the season when moisture is most required. Both draw their supplies from mountains too rocky or barren to require moisture and too steep to retain it, and which send to the ocean, through tracts of the finest country in the world, supplies of water sufficient to transform them into one universal garden. Canals of irrigation are constructed in India en a gigantic scale. The climate of India is still more varied than the features of the country. The temperature varies extremely, accord- ing to latitude and elevation. On the plains, in the S., showers are frequent at all seasons; in Central India the rains are extremely light; in the N. there are both summer and winter rains ; in Sinde there is no rainy season, and showers fall only at intervals of years. Near the level of the sea the annual rainfall is at Madras 52, at Bombay 75, and at Calcutta 66 inches. On the highlands, again, the rainfall is immense: at Chirrapoonjee, in the Cossya Hills, it is 615 inches in a year. As the result of this, the productiveness of the different regions presents the most striking contrasts. In the upper and arid regions of Ben- gal famine recurs at regular intervals of eighteen or nine- teen years, and in the North-West Provinces at intervals of seven to ten years; while in the moist alluvial plains food- products are superabundant. The heat is so great in the plains that European labor is impossible, and no third generation of Englishmen can live and maintain vigor there; whereas in the hilly and mountainous regions, 3000 to 7000 feet above the sea, the climate is healthy, and there sanataria are established as a refuge from the lowlands. In the N. of the Indian Ocean, the S.W. monsoon blows from March to October; the N,E. monsoon succeeds, and continues from October to March. The S.W. monsoon brings foul weather ; and the wind blows with greater force during this than during the N.E. monsoon, when the sky is generally clear. Forests occupy a large extent of territory, containing a great variety of useful timber trees; and forests of bamboo are numerous. Extensive tracts of country are covered with dense jungles, and at the mouths of the rivers, es- pecially in the delta of the Ganges, immense marshes, with a thick rank vegetation, are the resort of formidable wild animals, elephants, and deer. The chief vegetable products of India are wheat and other cereals, cotton, sugar, indigo, opium, hemp, flax, tea, and timber, AVheat is grown in great abundance in the North-West Provinces and in the Punjab ; barley and millet are extensively consumed by the population throughout the peninsula; rice is the staple food of the inhabitants of Bengal and in the plains. Cotton is grown over a portion of Bengal proper, Aracan, and Pegu; but the most im- portant cotton-fields are in Nagpoor, the Southern Mah- ratta country, Berar, and Guzorat. The sugar-cane is culti- IND vated nearly all over the peninsula. Indigo is cultivated, on a large scale, only in Bengal proper, where it is the staple product, and whence it is exported to the amount of llj millions of pounds weight in a year. Opium is pro- duced in greatest abundance in the district S. of the Ganges, in Bengal, and in Malwah, whence it is exported through Bombay. Tea has been grown for years in Assam ; lately it has been cultivated over extensive tracts on the slopes of the Himalayas, where it grows at an elevation of 5000 feet. Tea is grown also in the Neilgherries, where coffee is ex- tensively cultivated; and the cinchona plant has been successfully introduced there, and at Darjeeling, &c. The most valuable timber is the teak; it grows wild in the mountainous parts of Malabar and the Coromandel coast, in the Punjab, the valley of the Nerbudda, the Tenasserim provinces, and Pegu. Iron and coal are extensively worked near Burdwan in Bengal and Jubbulpoor in the Central Provinces; iron and copper are distributed nearly all over India: coal is found also in the Tenasserim provinces, Cuttack, Bahar, Lower Assam, Sylhet, Aracan, Central Provinces, Gruzerat, Madras, and Upper Assam. Silver is found in small quantities in the jungles of Beerbhoom ; gold and precious stones in the rivers of Tenasserim, the Punjab, and on the coast of Mala- bar: diamonds in the districts of Sumbulpoor, Golconda, and Vizapoor. Salt {a government monopoly) is extracted from sea-water on a large scale, and from the mines of the salt mountains in the Punjab. The zoology of India comprises the elephant, tiger, leopard, panther, wolf, hyena, lion {which is rare), wild buffalo, bear, jackal, deer, and monkeys. Crocodiles, ser- pents, and other reptiles are numerous. Domestic animals are the horse, camel, buffalo, ox, sheep, goat, and swine. In consequence of large expenditure for public works, famine-relief, &c., the public debt of the empire is large, and taxation, though apparently light, bears heavily upon a people where the rate of wages is so low as in India. Kestrictions which hindered commerce and retarded the development of the resources of the country have been gradually removed within the last twenty years, and India now enjoys free trade, except in some few of the staples ; the dues on British and foreign shipping are the same. The inland duties and duties on goods carried coastwise are abolished. Exports include cotton, rice, seeds, indigo, hemp, jute, hides, saltpetre, wool, silk, coffee, sugar, gums, opium, oils, tea, skins, teak, safflower, ivory, coir rope, cutch, -r^'teo, a fine cataract of Brazil, 50 miles N.W. of Rio Janeiro. Itanhaen, ee-t3,n-yS,'^N°, formerly Conceicao, kon- si-sowN"', a maritime town of Brazil, province and 40 miles S. of Sao Paulo, on a bay of the Atlantic. Pop. 1200. Itapacoroya, ee-t^-p^-ko-ro'yiL, a bay and headland of Brazil, province of Santa Catharina. Lat. 26° 47' 18" S. j Ion. 48° 20' W, Itapagipe, a village of Brazil. See Tapagipe. Itaparica, ee-td-pi-ree'kS,, an island of Brazil, in the Bay of Bahia, immediately opposite Bahia, whose harbor it shelters. Length, 18 miles; greatest breadth, 6 miles. Itapemirim, ee-ti-pA-me-reeN"', a village of Brazil, province and 65 miles S.W. of Espirito Santo, on the river of its own name, near its mouth in the Atlantic. Pop. 2000. Itapeteniiiga, ee-t3,-pi-ti-neeng'g3-, a town of Brazil, province and 120 miles W. of Sao Paulo, in a fertile valley. Near it great numbers of cattle are reared, which are ex- ported to Rio Janeiro. Pop, of the district, 6000. Itapeva, ee t^-pi'v5,, a market-town of Brazil, prov- ince and 160 miles W. of Sao Paulo. Pop. 2200. Itapicu, ee-ti-pe-koo', a river of Brazil, after a course of 90 miles, falls into the sea N. of Point Itapacoroya. Itapicuru, ee-t&,-pe-koo-roo', a river of Brazil, prov- ince of Bahia, enters the Atlantic 90 miles N.E. of Bahia, after an E. course of 350 miles. Itapicuru de Cima, ee-ti-pe-koo-roo' di see'm^, a town of Brazil, province and 110 miles N.N.E. of Bahia, near the river Itapicuru, Itapicuru Grande, ee-ti-pe-koo-roo' grA,u'di, atown of Brazil, province of Bahia, on the Itapicuru, about 45 miles from its mouth, with a parish church. Itapicuru Grande, a river of Brazil, province of Maranhao, after a northward course of upwards of 410 miles, joins the river Sao Jose S. of Maranhao Island. Itapua, or Ytapua, ee-t3,-poo'a,, improperly written Itapura, a town of Paraguay, on the Parana, 175 miles E.N.E. of Corrientes. Itaqueira, ee-ti-ki'e-r^, a mountain-range of Brazil, in the S.E. part of the province of Matto-Grosso, stretches for a great distance along the right bank of the Parana. Itas'ca, a large county in the N. part of Minnesota, bounded on the N. by Rainy Lake and Rainy Lake River, and on the S.W. by the Mississippi River. It is partly drained by Big Fork River, and contains numerous lakes. The surface is covered with forests of pine and other trees. The rocks which lie next to the surface are primary (or eozoic). Pop. in 1870, 96, exclusive of Indians. Itasca, a post-hamlet of Du Page co., III., on the Chicago & Pacific Railroad, 20 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. Itasca, a post-hamlet of Anoka co., Minn., on the Mis- sissippi River, opposite Dayton, and on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad (Northern or River Branch), 34 miles N,N,W. of St. Paul. Itasca Lake, Minnesota, is the source of the Missis- sippi River, in lat, 47° 10' N. It is about 8 miles in ex- tent, and is a beautiful sheet of water, 1575 feet above the sea-level, environed by pine-covered hills. ITA 1070 IVA Itata, ee-tS,'t5,, or Chil Ian, cheel-yan', a river of Chili, province of Concepcion, enters the Pacific 60 miles N.N.E. of Concepcion, after a westward course estimated at 150 miles. The name Chillan is more properly applied to the N. and principal branch of the Itata. The small town of Itata is near the river, 20 miles S.E. of its mouth. Itati, or Itaty, ee-td.-tee', a town of the Argentine Re- public, 3o miles N.E. of Corrientes, on the Parana. Itawain'ba, a county in the N.E. part of Mississippi, has an area of about 550 square miles. It is intersected by the Tombigbee River. The surface is level, and exten- sively covered with forests. The soil is calcareous and fer- tile. Cotton, maize, and pork are the staples. Capital, Ful- ton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,178,900. Pop. in 1S70, 7812, of whom 7808 were Americans. Itch^apoor'9 a town of British India, presidency of Madras, 25 miles S.W. of Ganjam. Lat. 19° 4' N.; Ion. 84° 52' E. Itchen, itch'en, a river of England, co. of Hants, enters Southampton Water E. of Southampton. Itenez, a river of South America. See Guapore, Iteri- (Itteri-,or Itiri-) Cannedu, ee-ti'ree-k3,n- ni-doo', a town of Sardinia, 10 miles S, of Sassari. It is a large but ill-built place, and has several churches, and the extensive ruins of an old abbey. Pop, 4115. Iteri- Fustialbu, ee-ti'ree-foos-te-Al-boo', or Ite- reddu, ee-tA.-r6d-doo', a town of Sardinia, 5 miles S.W. of Ozieri. Ithaca, ith'a-ka, Theaki, or Thiaki, the-S.'kee, one of the Ionian Islands, in the Mediterranean, 2 miles E. of Cephalonia, between it and Albania. Length, 14 miles. Area, 44 square miles. It is nearly divided into two halves by a deep bay on its E. side. Surface wholly mountainous. Some olive oil, currants, superior wine, and honey, with corn, are raised; but the soil is poor, and the population live chiefly by maritime trade. Chief town, Vathi, on a bay in which are some good harbors. On this island are some cyclopean walls and other remains of an- tiquity. Pop. 9873. Adj. and inhab, Ith'acan. Ithaca, ith'a-ka, a post-village, capital of Gratiot co., Mich,, in Emerson, Arcada, Newark, and North Star town- ships, about 42 miles N. of Lansing, and 8 miles S. of St. Louis. It has a court-house, a graded school, a newspaper office, 2 hotels, and 4 churches. Pop. about 600. Ithaca, a post-hamlet of Saunders co., Neb., on Cotton- wood Creek, about 36 miles W.S.W. of Omaha. Ithaca, a handsome town, the capital of Tompkins co., N.Y., is nearly 1 mile from the head or S. end of Cayuga Lake, 37 miles S. of Auburn, 40 miles E.S.E. of Geneva, and about 35 miles N.N.E. of Elmira. Three streams, named Cayuga Inlet, Fall Creek, and Six Mile Creek, here enter the lake. Ithaca is built partly on an alluvial plain, and partly on the slopes of high hills which enclose that plain on all sides except the N. and are nearly 600 feet higher than the lake. Few towns in the state enjoy such beautiful and picturesque scenery. The long, deep, and narrow lake is a link in the chain of the inland navigation of the state, and communicates with the Erie Canal, Steam- boats ply daily between this place and the village of Ca- yuga. Ithaca is the S. terminus of the Cayuga Southern Railroad, and is on the Utica, Ithaca & Elmira Railroad, which connects here with the Geneva, Ithaca & Sayre Rail- road. Another railroad (a part of the Delaware, Lacka- wanna & Western Railroad) extends from this town to Owego. The town contains 14 churches, 2 or 3 national banks, the Ithaca Academy, a large free library, several good hotels, and printing-offices which issue 1 or 2 daily and 5 weekly newspapers. Here are extensive manufactui'es of flour, paper, carriages, farming-implements, iron castings, machinery, &c. Pop. 10,058. Ithaca is the seat of Cornell University (non-sectarian), which was organized in 1S6S and is endowed with funds amounting to about 82,500,000. It is open to both sexes, and occupies several fine stone edi- fices situated on an eminence. It has a faculty of about 35 instructors, an attendance of about 500 students, and a library of 37,000 volumes. Ithaca, a post-village of Darke co., 0., about 25 miles N.W. of Dayton, and 2 miles W. of the Dayton &, Union Railroad. It has 3 churches. Pop. 150. Ithaca, a post-hamlet and township of Richland co., Wis., 48 miles W.N.W. of Madison. Pop. of township, 1219. Ith'aca, a large village of British Guiana, on the left bank of the Berbice River. Ithan, a river of Scotland. See Ythan. Ithome, ce-tho'mee, a mountain of Greece, in Messenia, 25 miles N,W. of Kalamata, 3865 feet in elevation, at its S. slope, in a village of the same name. Ith'on, a river of South Wales, co. of Radnor, after a S. course, joins the Wye 2 miles N.N.W, of Builth. Itinivini, ee-te-ne-vee'nee, a branch of the Cassiquiare River, in Venezuela, separates from that river about 45 miles below the point where it leaves the Orinoco, and unites with the Rio Negro 40 miles N.AV. of the influx of the Cassiquiare. Itiri- (or Ittiri-) Canneda. See Iteri-Cannedu. Itium Fromontorium. See Cape Gris-Nez. Iton, or Yton, ee^t^No', a river of France, rises 5 miles N. of Mortagne, department of Orne, and joins the Eure after a N. course of 58 miles. Above Evreux it runs under ground for 3 miles. Itooroop, Itouroup, or Iturup, ee-too-roop', Ator- koo, or Atorkou, d-tor-koo', Gortpoo, gort-poo', or Stat'en Island, the largest of the Kooril Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean, belonging to Japan, separated northward by Vries Strait from the island of Ooroop, and southward by St. Anthony Strait from the Japanese island of Koonasheer. Lat. of N. peak, 45'^ 38' N. ; Ion. 149° 15' E. Length, 140 miles; average breadth, 20 miles. It is mountainous, and contains an active volcano. Principal products, fish and timber, with furs. Itrabo, ee-trA,'Bo, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, prov- ince and 30 miles from Granada. Itri, ee'tree, a town of Italy, province of Caserta, 7 miles N.W. of Gaeta. Pop. 6280. Itsatsou, eet^sit^soo', a village of France, in Basses- Pyrenees, 12 miles S. of Bayonne. Pop. 1470. Itskhiiii-Itskali, it-skee'nee-it-ska,'lee ("horse river"), a river of Asiatic Russia, in Transcaucasia, tribu- tary to the Rion, which it joins 30 miles E. of Poti. Ittling:eii, itt'Iing-en, a village of Baden, on the El- senz, 3 miles S. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1459. Itu, Hitu, or Ytu, ee-too', a town of Brazil, province and 70 miles W.N.W. of Sao Paulo, on the Tiete. It has numerous religious edifices, a hospital, prison, and schools. Pop. 10,000. Itucainhira, ee-too-kdm-bee'rS,, a river of Brazil, joins the Jequitinhonha, after a course of about 120 miles. Ituiiama, ee-too-na-mS.', or Tuiiama, too-n^-mS.', a river of Brazil, rises in Matto-Grosso, and joins the Guapore in lat. 12° 20' S. Its principal affluent is the Machapo. Itursea, i-too-re'3,, a district of ancient Syria, between Lake Tiberias and Damascus. Iturisa, the supposed ancient name of Tolosa. Iturup, Japan. See Itoohoop. Itza, a lake of Central America. See Peten. Itzehoe, it's^h-ho'eh, a town of Prussia, in Holstein, on the Stor, 40 miles by rail N.W. of Altona. Pop. 9776. It consists of an old and a new town, connected by a long bridge, and has several churches, manufactures of tobacco, ehiccory, sugar, beer, spirits, and playing-cards, and a flour- ishing general trade. luis^an- (or lugan-) Bolchoi. See Yoogan Bolshoi. luka, i-yu'ka, a post-hamlet of Baxter co.. Ark., 80 miles W.N.W. of " Walnut Ridge Station. It has a church. luka, a post-village of Marion co., 11!., on the Ohio *fc Mississippi Railroad, 78 miles E. of St. Louis, Mo., and 17 miles W. of Flora. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a private bank, and a flouring-mill. Pop. about 400. luka, a hamlet of Labette co., Kansas, on the Neosho River, about 8 miles E.N.E. of Parsons. luka, a post-village of Pratt co., Kansas, 42 miles S.S.E. of Larned. luka, a post-village, capital of Tishemingo co.. Miss., on the Memphis &, Charleston Railroad, 22 miles S.E. of Corinth, and 115 miles from Memphis. It contains the luka Female Institute, a newspaper office, and 5 churches. Here occurred an indecisive battle between General Rose- crans and General Price on the 19th of September, 1863. Ivahi, ee-vd.-hee', or VTbahi, oo-bi-hee', a river of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, flows W., and joins the Pa- rana in lat. 23° 20' S., Ion. 54° W. Length, 250 miles. Ivaki-Sima, ee-vS,'kee-see'mA, an island of Japan, in the Sea of Japan, 21 miles from the W. coast of Hondo. It is 15 miles long by 6 miles broad. Ivanda, ee-vln'dfl,. a village of Hun^jary, co. of To- rontal, about 10 miles from Temesvar. Pop. 1200. Ivan-Gorod, ee-vin'-go-rod', a town of Russia, gov- ernment and 52 miles S.E. of Chernigov, on the Ostcr. Pop. 1200. Ivau-Gorod, a town of Russia, government and 78 miles S.W. of St. Petersburg, on the Narova, opposite Narva. Pop. 1000. Ivanhoe, i'van-ho, a post-hamlet of Bullock 00., Ga., 2 miles W. of the O'geechee River. IVA 1071 IZI Ivanhoe (formerly Dean's Corners), a post-villago of Lake CO., 111., in Fremont township, about 3S miles N.N. W. of Chicago. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Ivanhoe^ a hamlet of Linn co,, Iowa, on the Cedar River, IS miles N. of Iowa City. Ivanhoe, a post-village of Richmond oo., Va., on or near the Rappahannock River, about 75 miles E.N.E. of Richmond. It has 2 churches. fvanhoe, a post-village in Hastings co., Ontario, 21 miles N. of Belleville. It contains 2 saw-mills. Pop. 200. Ivanich-Festun§^, ee'vi-niK-f^s'toong, a town of Croatia, in an island formed by the Lonya, IS miles E.S.E. of Agram. Pop. 7o0. Ivanovo, or lAvanowo, ee-vS,-no'vo, a town of Russia, government and 66 miles N.N.E. of Vladimeer. Ivau'pah, a post-office and mining-camp of San Ber- nardino CO., Cal. It has 2 quartz-mills for silver, which is mined here. Ivany, eeV5.ri', a town of Hungary, co. and 23 miles S.E. of Oedenburg. Pop. 1200. I'vel, a river of England, co. of Bedford, joins the Ouse at Tempsford, after a northeastward course of 20 miles, Ivel, or Yeo, yo, a river of England, co. of Somerset, has a N,W. course of 27 miles, and joins the Parret at Langport. Ivelchester, a town of England. See Ilchester. Iverna and Invernia, Latin names of Ireland. I'verson, a post-offiee of Red River parish. La. Ives, ivz, a station in Muscatine co., Iowa, on the Mus- catine division of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad, 8 miles W. of Muscatine. Ivesdale, ivz'dal, a post-village of Champaign co., 111., in Sadorus township, on the Wabash Railroad, 28 miles E. by N. of Decatur. It has 2 churches, a plough-factory, and several stores. Ives' Grove, a post-haralet of Racine co.. Wis., in Yorkville township, 3^ miles N. of Windsor. It has a church. Ivi9a, Iviza, ee-vce'sa, or Ibisa, ee-Bee'sd. (anc. Ebu- ««s), the smallest and westernmost of the three principal Bal- earic Islands, belonging to Spain, in the Mediterranean, 51: miles S.W. of Majorca. Length, 22 miles; average breadth, 12 miles. The coast is indented by numerous small bays, the principal being those of San Antonio and Ivi^a. The surface is hilly and well wooded. The valley is fertile, pro- ducing olives, corn, flax, hemp, figs, and almonds. Timber, and salt from large salt-works along the coasts, with stock- ings, charcoal, carobs, almonds, and lead ore, are the exports. Principal towns, Ivipa {the capital), San Antonio, and San Miguel. The two islands of Ivi^a and Formentera were anciently called Pityit'sre, from the number of pine trees growing on them; ttLtvs in Greek signifying a "pine." Adj. and inhab. Ivi^an or Ivizan, ee-vee'san. Ivi^a, or La Ciudad, IS, thee-oo-nio', a fortified town of Spain, capital of the island of Ivi^a, on its S.E. coast. It has a good and spacious harbor, and is a place of great antiquity. Pop. 5552. Ivie, eev'ya, or Ivije, ee've-yi^, a town of Russia, government and 55 miles S.E. of Vilna. Pop. 1140. Iv'in^hoe, a town and parish of England, co. of Bucks, 3 miles N.N.W. of Tring. Pop. 1722. I'vington, a post-office of Howard co.. Ark. Ivonis, the supposed ancient name of Yvetot. I'vor, a post-village and station of Southampton co., Va., on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 45 miles W. of Norfolk. It has 2 churches. I'vory Coast, aflat, monotonous coast-region of fpper Guinea, lying E. of the Grain Coast (Liberia) and W. of the Gold Coast. It has a few French trading-factories, but affords little ivory at present. Ivrea, ee-vri'a (anc. Epore'dia), a town of Italy, 29 miles direct and 38 by rail N.N.E. of Turin, on the left "bank of the Dora Baltea, a little below the opening of the Val d'Aosta. Pop. 9125. It is enclosed by old walls, com- manded by a citadel and a neighboring castle, now a prison, and has a cathedral, 5 other churches, many re- mains of the Roman period, a seminary, a hospital, and manufactures of silk goods. It is a bishop's see, Ivry- la- Bataille, eeVree'-ld-bi'til', a town of France, in Eure, 17 miles S.E. of Evreux. Pop. 1053. It is celebrated for the decisive victory gained by Henry IV. oyer Mayenne in 1590. Ivry-sur-Seine, eeVree'-siiR-sin, a village of France, in Seine, on a slope near the Seine, 4^ miles S.S.E. of Paris. Pop. 15,247. It has a pretty church, a fort, a fine mansion formerly belonging to the Dukes of Orleans, some villas, and manufactures of steam-machinery, glass, chemical products, and organs, with forges and stone-quarries. I'vy, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., 111., on the Mississippi River, about 32 miles S.S.W. of Belleville. Ivy, a post-office of Lyon co., Kansas, about 12 miles W. of Osage City. Ivy, a post-office of Madison co., N.C. Ivy, a post-village in Simcoe co., Ontario, 11 miles S.W. of Barrie. Pop. 100. Ivy City, a station in the District of Columbia, on the Washington Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 2 miles from Washington. Ivy Depot, a post-village of Albemarle co., Va,, on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 7 miles W, of Charlottesville. It has 3 churches. Ivy Gap, a post-offiee of Yancey co., N.C. Ivy Hill, a post-office of Haywood co., N.C. Ivy Hill, a station within the limits of Philadelphia, on the Germantown & Chestnut Hill Railroad, 8 miles N. of Philadelphia, Pa. Ivy Hill, a post-office of Campbell cc, Va. I'vyland, a station in Bucks co.. Pa., on the Northeast Pennsylvania Railroad, 19 miles N. of Philadelphia. I'vy Log, a post-office of Union co., Ga., 10 miles N. of Blairsville. Ivy Mills, a post-hamlet of Delaware co., Pa., in Aston township, about 7 miles W.N.W. of Chester. Ivy Mills, a post-office of Hickman co., Tenn. Iwana, ee-wi'nfi, a post-hamlet of Coosa co., Ala., 10 miles W. of Goodwater Station. It has 2 churches. Iwanowo, a town of Russia. See Ivanovo. lAVuy, eeVwee', a market-town of France, department of Nord, 6 miles N.E. of Cambrai. It has manufactures of cutlery, chairs, and sugar. Pop. 3890. Ixcaquixtia, eex-kd.-keex'tlS,, a town of Mexico, state and 50 miles S.E. of Puebla, with extensive remains of an- tiquity. Pop. 5000, chiefly Indians. Ivea, a town of Spain. See Igea. Ixelles, eex'^ir (Flemish, Ehene, fiPseh-neh), a village of Belgium, in South Brabant, 1 mile S. of Brussels. Pop. 18,500. It has distilleries, breweries, and dye-works. Ixiniquilpan, eex-mee-keel-pan', a town of Mexico, state of Hidalgo, 80 miles N. of Mexico, with silver-mines. Ixonia, ix-o'ne-a, or Ixonia Centre, a post-village in Ixonia township, Jeff'erson co.. Wis., on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 39 miles W. by N. of Mil- waukee. It has 2 churches. The township is intersected by Rock River. Pop. of the township, 1777. IxtaccihuatI, Mexico. See Iztaccihuatl. Ixtapalapa, eex-t^-pa-U'pS., a town of Mexico, 10 miles S.E. of the city of Mexico. It was formerly a place of much importance, but is now greatly declined. Ixtlahuaca, eex-tla-wd.'kA,a town of Mexico, 60 miles N.AV. of the city of Mexico. Near it are silver-lodes. Ixtlan, eex-tlan', a town of Mexico, state and 40 miles N.E. of Oajaca. Here arc silver-mines. Iza, ee'zoh, a village of Hungary, about 25 miles from Szigeth, on the Nagy Ag. Pop. 1260. Iza, a town of Peru. See I9A. Izabal, or Isabal, e-si-b^l', a port of Guatemala, de- partment of Izabal, pleasantly situated on the S. shore of Lake Izabal (30 miles long, 15 broad), 40 miles from the sea by the beautiful river Rio Dolce (or Izabal). Pop. 1000. Izaico, Isaico, or Ysaico, ee-sS,rko, a volcano of Central America, in San Salvador, 10 miles N. of Son- sonate. IzaIco, Isalco,or Ysaico, a town of the republic and 40 miles W. by S. of the city of San Salvador. Pop. 4000. Izamal, a city of Yucatan. See Isamal. Iz'ard, a county in the N. part of Arkansas, has an area of about 550 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by White River. The surface is mountainous or hilly; the soil is partly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Melbourne. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,726,745. Pop. in 1870, 6S06, of whom 6796 were natives and 10 were foreigners. Izeaux, eeV>o', a village of France, in Iserc, 18 miles N.N.E. of Saint-Marcellin. Pop. 1811. Izel, ee'zel, a village of Belgium, in Luxembourg, on the Semoy, 21 miles W. of Arlon. Pop. 1900. Izernore, ee^zSa^noR', a village of France, in Ain, 6 miles N.N.W. of Nantua. Pop. 1045. Izhma, or Ijina, eezh'mi, a river of Russia, govern- ments of Vologda and Archangel, joins the Petehora, after a northward course-of 190 miles through a desert region. Izieux, ee^ze-uh', a village of France, in Loire, on the Ban, 1 mile E.N.E. of Saint-Etienne. Pop. 4180. It has manufactures of ribbons, spoons, 975. Janeiro, Rio de, a city of Brazil. See Rio Janeiro. Jane Island, one of the Carolines, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 7° 33' N.; Ion. 155° 3' B. Janelew, jan^loo', a post-village of Lewis co., W. Va., 16 miles S. of Clarksburg. It has a church, a pottery, a tannery, and a flour-mill. Jane's (or Jayne's) Store, a post-hamlet of Ran- dolph CO., Ark., 30 miles N.W. of Walnut Ridge. It has a church and un academy. Janesville, janz'vil, a village of Lassen co., Cal., on Honey Lake, 12 miles S.S.E, of Susanville. It has a church, stores, and a masonic hall. Pop. of township, 441. Janesville, a hamlet of Shasta co., Cal., Ifi miles from Cottonwood Railroad Station. Here is Gas Point Post-Office. Janesville, or Jaynesville, a post-village of Bremer CO., Iowa, in Jackson township, on the Cedar River, and on the Cedar Falls & Minnesota Branch of the Illinois Central Railroad, 6 miles S. of Waverly. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and a large flour-mill. Janesville, a post-hamlet in Janesville township, Greenwood co., Kansas, on the South Fork of the Verdigris River, about 32 miles S. of Emporia. Pop. of the town- ship, 404. Janesville, a post-village of Waseca co., Minn., in Janesville township, at the S. end of Elysian Lake, and on the Winona & St. Peter Railroad, 13 miles E. by S. of Man- kato, and about 27 miles S.W. of Faribault. It has a graded school, 3 churches, and a newspaper oflSce. Pop, 678; of township, additional, 764. Janesville, a village of Clearfield co., Pa., about 20 miles N. of Altoona. It has 3 churches and a lumber-mill. The name of its post-office is Smith's Mills. Janesville, a city, the capital of Rock co., Wis., is finely situated on both sides of Rock River, and on the Chicago & Northwestern and Southern Wisconsin Rail- roads, 70 miles W.S.W. of Milwaukee, 13 miles N. of Be- loit, and 91 miles N.W. of Chicago. It is mostly built on a small plain or level space between the river and the bluffs, which are about 100 feet higher than the river, here crossed by 2 dams and affording some 2000 horse- power for the mills. It contains a court-house which cost §125,000, 13 churches, 2 national banks, a savings-bank, a high school, a state institution for the education of the blind, with about 100 pupils, a large cotton-factory with 400 looms, 2 woollen-factories, 7 flouring-mills, several ma- chine-shops, foundries, and manufactories of reapers and mowers, farming-implements, carriages, boots, shoes, &c. A daily, a semi-weekly, and 3 weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 10,115; of township, additional, 863. Jangipur, a town of Bengal. See Jungevpook. Janik, ji^neek' or ji^nik', a town of Asia Minor, prov- ince of Seevas, on the Yeshil-lrmak. Janikul, a town of Russia. See Yenikale. Janjan Bure, Africa. See MacCahthy Island. Janjero, jin-je-ro', a country of Northeast Africa, S. of Abyssinia. Principal town, Janjero. Janjowla, jin-j6w'li, or Ganjooly, g^-n-joo'lee, a town of India, 57 miles W. of Beeder. Jankovacz, yon^koVa,ts', a town of Hungary, oo. of Bacs, 40 miles N.N.E. of Zombor. Pop. 7890. Jan-Mayen, yJLn-mi'en, written also Jean-3Iayen, an island of the Arctic Ocean. Lat. 70° 29' N. ; Ion. 7° 31' W. On its N. extremity are the Beerenberg Mountain, and the Esk, a volcano. Jan'ney, a station in Bucks oo., Pa., on the North Pennsylvania Railroad (Delaware Branch), 19 miles N.E. of Philadelphia. Jannina, a town of European Turkey. See Yanina. Janopol, a town of Russia. See Yanopol. Janosda, yS,'noshM6h\ a village of Hungary, co. of Bihar, near Sarkad. Pop. 1330. Janoshaza, yi'nosh^hi'zoh^, a town of Hungary, co. of Eisenburg, 12 miles N.W; of Sumegh. Pop. 2240. Janov, or Janow, Russia. See Yanov. Janow, vi'nov, a town of Austrian Gaiicia, on a lake, 11 miles N.W. of Lemberg. Pop. 2018. Janow, a town of Austrian Galicia, 24 miles S.S.E. of Tarnopol, on an island in the Sered. Pop. 2052. Jansdorf, yS,ns'doRf, or Johnsdorf, yons'donf, a village of Bohemia, 8 miles from Leitomischl. Pop. 1420. Jan'sen's Creek, of Columbia co., N.Y., forms part of the boundary between Columbia and Dutchess cos., and falls into the Hudson River about 4 miles S. of Catskill. Jansi, a town of India. See Jhansee. Jansuth, or Jansut, jan'siit, a town of India, dis- trict of Mozuffernuggur, 23 miles N. by E. of Meerut. Pop. 6121. Jantra, or lantra, y3,n'tr^, a river of Bulgaria, after a N. course of 75 miles, joins the Danube 13 miles E. of Sistova. Jan-tse-Kiang, China. See Yan-g-tse-Kiang. Januaria, zhS,-noo-^'re-^, a town of Brazil, in Minas- Geraes, 150 miles N. of Minas-Novas. Pop. of district, 600. Januchpol, or Janutzpol. See Yanooshpol. Janville, zh6N°H^eel', a town of France, in Eure-et- Loir, 25 miles S.E. of Chartres. Pop. 1323. Janze, zhdN«^z^',a village of France, in Ille-et-Vilaine, 13 miles S.E. of Rennes. Pop. 1636. Japan, ji-p4n', called Niphon, nip^hon', Nippon', or Dai (di) Nippon, by the Japanese (L. Japo'nia; Fr. Japan, zhi^p^No' j Sp. Japon, H3,-p6n'; Dutch, Japan^ yi- pin'; Ger. Japan, yi'pin), an insular empire of Asia, composed of the large islands of Hondo, Kioo-Sioo, Shiko- ku, and Jesso, and a great number of smaller ones of various dimensions. With its dependencies, the Kooril, Loo-Choo, and Bbnin Islands, it is said to comprise, in all, 3850 islands, islets, or rocks, situated between lat. 31° and 46° N. and Ion. 129° and 149° E., having AV. the Strait of Corea and the Sea of Japan, and on other sides the Pacific Ocean, Area, 155,520 square miles. Pop. in 1872, 33,110,825. These islands, especially Hondo and Kioo-Sioo, are extremely irregular in shape, their coasts much indented, and surface very uneven. There are many mountains which have been or are actively volcanic; the chief of these, Fooseeyama, near Yokohama, the sacred mountain of Japan, is 12,440 feet high. The rivers are numerous, and generally wide at their mouths, but their courses are short, and they are not navi- gable for many miles inland. Of the lakes, the principal appears to be Oits Mitsoo, in the S. of Hondo, regarded by the Japanese with superstitious reverence. The interior of Japan remains to a large extent unexplored by Europeans, although latterly several journeys have been made in the neighborhood of Tokio and Kioto. In a country extending over 1 5° of latitude, the climate is so varied that almost every province has different products; it is in general mild and healthj% but hurricanes and earth- quakes are frequent. The soil is extremely fertile in Kioo- Sioo, Shikoku, and the southern parts of Hondo; elsewhere it is not so fertile, but it is very carefully cultivated. Japan is a cotton-producing country, and tbe soil is favorable to its growth. Other prodiicts are in great variety,* the chief are rice, potatoes, gourds, numerous fruits common in Southern Europe, silk, hemp, ginger, tobacco, tea in large quantity, oak, maple, ironwood, cypress, fir timber, varnish, camphor, and the bean from which soy is made. Cattle- rearing is unimportant; buffaloes and oxen are used only for draught, and sheep are few. Fish abound on the coasts ; pearls and ambergris are obtained. In some rural arts the Japanese are unequalled, such as the dwarfing of forest trees and raising bulbous roots of an enormous size. Rice and radishes are extensively used as food. In manufac- turing industry generally they equal the Chinese, and their sword-blades and other metallic goods, silk and cotton fabrics, porcelain, lacquered and japanned wares, and paper, are particularly excellent. Within the last few years Japan has made unparalleled progress in civilization and the adoption of Western manners and customs. The feudal system, under which the country was governed by numerous lords, was abolished in 1871, and the Mikado became absolutely the sovereign of the state. The Mikado is frequently addressed as the Tenno, or "Son of Heaven," and also as Kwotei, or Emperor. The empire, which was formerly excluded from intercourse with other countries, is now open to foreign commerce; consuls are appointed, and are allowed to visit the interior of the country under JAP loss JAR certain almost nominal restrictions. The new currency and coinage are made to harmonize more or less with those of Europe &nd the United States. The yen corresponds to a dollar, and is represented both in silver and in gold. The five-yen piece in gold is modified so as to equal the British sovereign. The hundredth part of the yen is called sen, and there are silver coins of the value of five, ten, twenty, and fifty sens, and gold coins of two, five, ten, and twenty yens. The gold is chiefly obtained from the gold-fields of Sado, which have been worked for centuries. A regular postal service has been established between the principal towns. Hundreds of miles of telegraph-wires have been established, and several lines of i*ai!way are in operation. Coal exists in many localities, and iron ores are also plenti- ful, as well as petroleum, copper, kaolin, gold, silver, lead, tin, sulphur, antimony, quicksilver, salt, &c. Numerous light-houses have been erected. There is an effective system of public instruction. There is a university at Tokio, as also a normal school for the training of teachers. The uni- versity is not strictly a university, but rather a collection of colleges. Several of these have been opened, — such as the college of medicine, the engineering college, and a naval college; and others will be started at an early period. The old Japanese calendar, the era of which commenced with the accession of the first of the Mikados, has been aban- doned in favor of the European calendar. On March 31, 1S54, a general convention of peace and amity was signed between Japan and the United States, by which the ports of Simoda and Hakodadi were opened to the ships of the latter for trade and protection. It was not till November, 1865, that the different treaties entered into with the trading nations of Europe and America were rati- fied by a decree of the Mikado, who had refused to fulfil the obligations which the Japanese government had under- taken. The number of ports now fully open to foreign trade is six, — -Kanagawa with Yokohama, Hiogo, Osaka, Nagasaki, Hakodadi, and Nee-e-gata. Tokio has also, since 1865, been thrown open, under certain restrictions, to foreigners. The imports consist chiefly of cotton and woollen manufactures, rice, sugar, cotton, &c., and arms and ammunition ; the exports are mainly raw silk, silk-worms' eggs, and tea. The government is despotic. Since the year 1869, the emperor or Mikado has chosen to act through an executive ministry, the members of which are to a great extent re- sponsible advisers of the crown. Previously the govern- ment had been for many years practically in the hands of a line of hereditary shoguns, or ministers ; and these had come to be regarded as a kind of temporal, as the Mikado was the spiritual sovereign. The government is conducted by the Sosai, a kind of premier, who is assisted by council- lors, who constitute an upper and a lower chamber and whose duty it is to deliberate upon the affairs of the nation. The upper chamber is called Gijio, and is a supreme council consisting of 10 members. The Sanjo, or lower chamber, is formed of 20 members. There is also a house of repre- sentatives, composed of 276 members. These members are elected for four years, one-half of whom retire every two years, but may be re-elected. The army is composed of about 35,000 oflicers and men. The navy comprises 17 vessels, including 2 iron-clads. Japan is divided into 72 governments, the governors of which are termed dai-mio ("high-named"), and hold their offices direct from the sov- ereign. The laws are very rigorous ; many popular rights and customs, however, exist, and the Japanese are less cor- ruptly governed and less shackled by ancient usages than the Chinese. The system of municipal government in the cities is apparently eflacient. The ancient religion is Sin- toism, the priests of which are said to be descended from the sun; it has always been the state religion. The major- ity of the population are adherents of Booddhism, introduced into Japan about the sixth century of the Christian era; though some profess the doctrines of Confucius, and others are Christians. The Japanese are of the Mongolian race, and are stout and well made. They are amiable, intellec- tual, and patriotic, and have some science and a taste for music. Their language is diff"erent from that of the Chi- nese. Japan is said to possess a Written history extending over twenty-five centuries, and its sovereigns are reported to have formed a continuous dynasty since 660 b.c. Adj. and inhab. Japanese, jap-a-neez' (Fr. Japonais, zh^^- po'ni'). Japan, or Djapan, ja,'p3,n, a town in the island of Java, about 25 miles W.S.AV. of Soerabaya. It is the resi- dence of the provincial governor of the interior, and has several mosques. Near it are the ruins of the old town of Medand Kamalan. Japan Sea is that portion of the Pacific Ocean situ- ated between lat. 35*^ and 52° N. and Ion. 128° and 142° E., bounded by the islands of Japan on the E., and by Russian Manehooria and the peninsula of Corea on the W. It com- municates with the Pacific, by the Straits of La Perouse and Sangar, on the E., and with the Sea of Okhotsk, by the Channel of Tartary, on the N. It forms the Gulf of Corea, and receives the river Amoor. Japara, or Djapara, jS-p5.'rd, a Dutch residency on the N. coast of the island of Java, between lat. 7° and 7° 35' N. and Ion. 110° 35' and 111° 10' E. The soil is fertile. Pop. 1,251,398. Capital, Japara, a fortified town on the W. coast, 30 miles N^N.E. of Samarang. Japha, the ancient name of Safed. Japhia, or Japho, a town of Palestine. See Jaffa. Japon, or Japonia, and Japonais. See Japan. Japura, ni-poo'ri, or Ynpura, yoo-poo'ri, written also Hyapura (sometimes called, in the upper part of its course, the Caqucta, k^-ki'tS,), a largo river of South America, has its sources in the Andes of the United States of Colombia, about 50 miles N.B. of Pasto, in lat. 1° 20' N., Ion. 76° 50' W., whence it flows E. by S., and then S.E., forming for some distance the boundary between Ecuador and Colombia. It traverses the forests of Ecuador and Brazil for many miles. Its lower course, with a few devia- tions, is nearly due E. to lat. 1° 50' S. and Ion. 65° 15' "VV., when it suddenly takes a S. direction, and falls into the Amazon at lat. 3° S. and Ion. 60'^ W., having been for more than 350 miles of its course wholly a Brazilian river. Its entire length is upwards of 1300 miles. The navigation of the Japura is interrupted by a great cataract, which occurs in hit. 1° 10' S. and Ion. 72° 20' W., below which it is navigated by steamers. Jaqtieniei, a town of Hayti. See Jacmel. Jarafuel, or Xaraftiel, Ha,-r^-fw&r, a town of Spain, province and 52 miles S.W. of Valencia. Pop. 2102. It has a trade in wine, olive oil, and timber. Jaragua, zhi-ra'gwi, a town of Brazil, province of Goyaz, situated on a small river of the same name, which formerly yielded rich gold-washings. Pop. 2500. Jaragua, one of the best-frequented seaports in the province of Alagoas, in Brazil, near Ma^ayo. Jaraicejo, or Xaraicejo, ni-ri-thi'Ho, a town of Spain, province and 40 miles E.N.E. of Caceres. Pop. 1101. Jarama, or Xarama, H^-rii'mi, a river of Spain, unites with the Henaros about 10 miles E.S.E. of Madrid, and afterwards falls into the Tagus a little below Aranjuez. Jarandilla, or Xarandilla, Hi-ran-deel'yi, a town of Spain, in Caceres, 14 miles E. of Plasencia. Pop. 1933. Jaransk, a town of Russia. See Yahansk. Jar'balo, a post-office of Leavenworth co., Kansas. Jarboesville^ jar'bDz-vil, a post-hamlet of St. Mary's CO., Md., 2^ miles S.W. of Millstone Landing, and about 50 miles S. of Annapolis. Jarcy> Jarsy, zhaR^see', or Jargy, zhaR^zhee', a vil- lage of Italy, 16 miles from Chambery. Pop. 1215. JardineSf Han-dee'n&s (the "gardens"), two groups of islets and rocks off" the N. and S, coasts of Cuba. Jarenga, a river of Russia. See Yarenga. Jarensk, a town of Russia. See Yarensk. Jargean, zhaR^zhS' {anc. Gnrgosilunn ?), a town of France, in Loiret, on the Loire, 10 miles E.S.E. of Orleans. Pop. 1558. Jarkovacz, yaii^koH'^ts', a village of Hungary, co. and 30 miles S.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 2402. Jarlsberg-IjaurAvig, yaRls'b^RG-lowR'^ig, an amt of Norway, S.W. of Christiania. Area, 861 square miles. Pop. 87,494. JarmeHOy zhaR-mSl'lo, a town of Portugal, in Beira, IS miles S. of Guarda. Pop. 1360. Jarmen,yaB'men, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 61 miles N.W. of Stettin. Pop. 1657. JarnaCf zhaR^nik', a town of France, in Charente, 7 miles by rail B. of Cognac, on the right bank of the Cha- rente. Pop. 4390. It is the great mart for the wine and brandy of the district, and is celebrated for the victory of the Duke of Anjou over the Prince of Conde, who perished in the battle, 1569. Jariiac-Champagne, zhaR^nS,k'-sh6M*pa,n', a village of France, in Charente-Inferieure, 6 miles N. of Jonzac. Pop. 1316. Jaroczyn, or Jarotschin, y^-rot-seen' or yi-rotch'- in, written also Jarocin, a town of Prussia, in Posen, 40 miles S.E. of the city of Posen. Pop. 2469. Jaro-Dsangbo, China. See YAROo-BzANG-Bd-Tsoo. Jaromeritz, y5.'ro-md'rits, or Jaromieritz, yS,*ro- mee'rits, a village of Moravia, about 17 miles N.W. of Znaim, Pop. 2277. JAK 1084 JAS Jaromirz, yd.'ro-meeRts\ or Jarojner, yi'ro-maiR^, a town of Bohemia, at the confluence of the Aupe with the Elbe, 68 miles by rail E.N.E. of Prague. Pop. 5442. Jaroslav, or Jaroslavl, Russia. See Yauoslav. Jaioslaw, yi'ro-slav'', a town of Austrian G-alicia, 17 miles by rail N.N. W. of Przemysl. Pop. 11,166, many of whom are Jews. It has a castle, a cathedral, a convent, a normal school, and manufactures of woollen cloths, linen, liquors, &c. i Jaroslowice, a village of Austria. See Joslowitz. Jar'rettown, a post-hamlet of Montgomery oo., Pa., about 14 miles N. of Philadelphia. It has 2 churches and a graded school, Jar'rett's, a post-village of Sussex co., Va., on the Petersburg Railroad, 30 miles S. of Petersburg. Jar'rettsville, a post-hamlet of Harford co., Md., 28 miles N.N.E. of Baltimore. It has 2 churches., Pop. 110. Jar'rold's Valley, a post-office of Raleigh co., W. Va. Jar'rott's% a station in St. Clair eo., III., on tlie St. Louis, Belleville & Southern Illinois Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of St. Louis. Jar'row, a town of England, co. of Durham, on the Tyne, and on a railway, 6-V miles E.N.E. of Gateshead. Pop. 18,179, mostly engaged in collieries and in ship-building. Jarsy, a village of Italy. .See Jarcv. Jaruii, ji^roon', or JaroiU, J£lVom', a walled town of Persia, province of Ears, 100 miles S.S.E. of Sheeraz. Pop. 4000. It has some trade in white and printed cottons, to- bacco, and iron from neighboring mines. Jar'vis, a post-office of Smith co., Tex. Jar'vis, a post-village in Haldimand co., Ontario, at. the junction of the Canada Air-Line and Hamilton & Lake Erie Railways, 31 miles S.W. of Hamilton, and 13 miles W. of Cayuga. Pop. 400. Jar'visburg, a post-office of Currituck co., N.C. Jarvis Island, in the Pacific (lat. 0° 23' S., Ion. 159° 54' W.), taken possession of by the United States in 1S57, affords guano, has no drinkable water, and is not inhabited save by laborers in the guano-beds. Area, 1000 acres. Jarvis' Store, a post-office of Knox co., Ivy. Jarvis View, a post-office of Rice co., Kansas. Jarze, zhaR^zi', a town of .France, in Maine-et-Loire, 6i miles W. of Bauge. Pop. 1860. Jasch, a town of Roumania. See Yassv. Jasena, y^-sA'n^, or Jassau, yis'sow, a scattered Tillage of Bohemia, circle of Kiiniggratz. Pop. 1180. Jasenovac, Croatia., See Jas»enovacz. Jashpur, a state of India. See Jushpoor. Jask, jisk, a town of Persia, province of Kerman, on the Arabian Sea, N. of Cape Jask, in lat. 25° 38' N., Ion. 57°48'E. Jasliska, yis-lis'kS,, a town of Austrian G-alicia, 20 miles S.W. of Sanok. Pop. 2000. Jaslo, yis'lo, a town of Austrian Galleia, 30 miles S.E. of Tarnow. Pop. 2000. Ja'sonville, a post-hamlet of G-reene eo„ Ind., about 26 miles S.S.E. of Terre Haute. It has a church., Jas'per, a county in the N. central part of Georgia, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Ocmulgee River, and is drained by Codar and Rocky Greeks. The surface, is hilly or undulating, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is partly fer- tile. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, and pork are the staple products. A little gold is said to have been found in this county. Among its minerals are granite and iron. Capital, Monticello. Valuation of real and personal estate, !?2,7S1,332. Pop. in 1870, 10,439, of whom 10,425 were Americans. Jasper, a southeastern county of Illinois, hag, .an area of about 484 square miles. It is intersected by the Embar- ras River, which runs southeastward. The surface is nearly level, and is diversified with prairies and forests., The soil is fertile. Indian corn, -wheat, oats, hay, and poj-k are the staple products. This county is a part of the coal-field of Illinois. Capital, Newton, Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,706,832. Pop. in 1870, 11,234, of whom 10,707 were Americans. Jasper, a county in the N.AV. part of Indiana, has an area of about 550 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Kankakee, River, and is also drained by the Iro- quois River. The surface is nearly level, and \s diversified with wet prairies, forests, and ** oak openings." The soil is mostly adapted to pasturage. .H'^y? cattle, Indian corn, and oats are the staple products. ,A bronoh of the Pitts- burg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad passes through the S. part of this county. Capital, Rensselaer. Val.uation of real and personal estate, $5,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 6354, of whom 6014 were Americans. Jasper, a county in the S. central part of Iowa, has an area of 720 square miles. It is intersected by Skunk River and the North Fork of that river. The surface is undu- lating or nearly level. The soil is yery fertile. A large portion of it is prairie. Indian corn, wheat, hay, pats, cat- tle, and pork are the staple products. JVIines of bituminous coal have been opened in this county. It is intersected by the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Capital, Newton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $13,451,747. Pop. in 1870, 22,116, of whom 20,421 were Americans; in 1875, 24,128. Jasper, a county in the S.E. central part of Mississippi, has an area of about 670 square miles. It is drained by several small affluents of Leaf River and by Tallahoma Creek. The surface is uneven or undulating, and is exten- sively covered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Paulding. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,090,229. Pop. in 1870, 10,884, of whom 10,824 were Americans. Jasper, a county in the S.W. part of Missouri, border- ing on Kansas, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is intersected by Spring River and Centre Creek. The sur- face is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and for- ests of the oak, ash, hickory, walnut, &c. 'the soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. Rich lead-mines have been opened in this county, which has also zinc-mines and abundance of good limestone and sandstone (Devonian), Capital, Carthage, Valuation of real and personal estate, $6,000,000, Pop. in 1870, 14,928, of whom 14,510 were Americans. It is inter- sected by the Missouri & Western Railroad. Jasper, a county in the E. part of Texas, has an area of about 950 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Neches River, and is partly drained by the Angelina River. The surface is undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. Cotton, cattle, In- dian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Jas- per. Pop. in 1870, 4218, of whom 4211 were Americans. Jasper, a post-village, capital of Walker co., Ala., 50 miles N.N.E. of Tuscaloosa. It has a court-house, a church, a newspaper office, and an academy. Jasper, a post-village, capital of Newton co.. Ark,, is 100 miles N.N.W. of Little Rock. It has 2 churches. Jasper, a post-village, capital of Hamilton co., Fla., on the Florida division of the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, 98 miles W. by N. of Jacksonville. It has a church, a saw- mill, a flour-mill, and a sulphur spring. Pop. 138. Jasper, a post-village, capital of Pickens eo., Ga., 50 miles N. of Atlanta, and at the southeastern base of the Blue Ridge. It has 2 churches. Jasper, a township of Wayne co.. 111. Pop. 1016. Jasper, a post-village, capital of Dubois co., Ind., on Patoka Creek, and on the line of the Cincinnati, Rock- port & Southwestern Railroad, 38 miles N. of Rockport. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a high school, 2 flouring-mills, a planing-mill, a carriage-shop, and a saw- mill. Pop. 914. Jasper, a township of Adams co., Iowa. Pop. 722. Jasper, a township of Carroll co., Iowa. Pop, 244, Jasper, a post-hamlet of Lenawee co., Mich., in Fair- field township, about 10 miles S. of Adrian. It has a church and a saw-mill. Jasper, a township of Midland co., Mich, Pop, 173. Jasper, a township of Camden co., Mo. Pop. 292. Jasper, a township of Dallas co., Mo. Pop, 933, Jasper, a post-township of Jasper co., Mo. Pop, 758. It contains the village of Midway. Jasper, a township of Ozark co.. Mo. Pop, 618. Jasper, a township of Ralls co., Mo. Pop. 1394. It contains Madisonville. Jasper, a, township of Shannon co., Mo. Pop. 93. Jasper, a township of Taney co., Mo. Pop. 615. Jasper (often called Jasper Four Corners), a post- village of Steuben co., N.Y., in Jasper township, about 37 miles W. of Elmira. It has 2 or 3 churches. Pop. 200; of the township, 1663. Jasper, a township of Payette op., 0. Pop. 1992. Jasper, a post-village of Pike co., 0., on the Scioto River, and on the Ohio Canal, about 20 miles S. of ChiUi- cothe. It has a lumber-mill and 3 stores. Pop, 181. Jasper, a post-village, capital of Marion co., Tcnn., on the Sequatchie River, about 3 miles fropi its entrance into the Tennessee, and 20 miles W. of Chattanooga. A branch of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad extends from this place to Bridgeport. Jasper has an academy, 4 churches, and a newspaper office. Coal is mined near this place. Pop. 375. JAS 1085 JAV Jasper, a post-village, capital of Jasper co., Tex., about 125 miles N.E. of Houston. It bas 2 churches, a news- paper office, and several lumber-mills. Jasper, Ontario. See Irish Crrek. Jasper City, Iowa. See Kellogg. Jas'per Mills, or SeI'den, a post-village of Payette CO., 0., in Jasper township, on Sugar Creek, and on the Cin- cinnati & Muskingum Valley Railroad, 72 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. It has a church. Here is Selden Post-Office. Jassau, a village of Bohemia. See Jase\a. Jassy, a town of Roumania. See Yassy. Jastrow, yds'trov, a town of West Prussia, 90 miles W.S.W. of Marienwerder. It has manufactures of woollen cloths and fire-arms. Pop. 4S90. JasAvantnagur. See JuswuNTNucGtin. Jasz-Apathi, y4ss'-oh^poh'tee\ a town of Hungary, in Jazygia, 11 miles E. of Jasz-Bereny. Pop. 8200, employed in agriculture and the cultivation of the vine. Jasz-Ber^ny, y3,ss^-b^-rain', a town of Hungary, in Jazygia, on both sides of the Zagyva., and on a railway, 33 miles E. of Pesth. Pop. 20,233. The principal edifices are a large and handsome Catholic church, several other churches, a Franciscan convent, a gymnasium, a high school, and the town hall, containing the archives of Jazygia and Cumania, on an island. In the centre of the river stands a marble obelisk erected in 1797 in honor of the Archduke Joseph. Its principal trade is in corn, horses, and cattle. Jaszenovacz, or Jasenovac, yS-s'si-no-vits', atown of Croatia, 9 miles N.N.E. of Dubicza, at the confluence of the Unna with the Save. Pop. 2358. Jasz-Fenszaru, y^ss-fSns^s6hVoo', a village of Hun^ gary, on the Zagyva, 18 miles N.W. of Jasz-Bereny. P. 3800. Jaszko, Jaszo^ yS,8'so\ or Josz, yoss, a town of Hungary, co. of Aba Uj Vdr, in a beautiful valley, on the Bodva, 30 miles S.E. of Leutschau. It contains a magnifi- cent old Premonstratensian abbey, the church of which is one of the ^nest in Hungary. There is also an excellent library. Pop. 1880, ' Jasz-Ladauy, yiss^-loh^dAn', a village of Hungary, 9 miles from Jasz-Bereny. Pop. 6135. Jaszlowiec, a town of Austria. See Jazlowioe. ■ Jatinum, an ancient name of Meaux. Jativa, a city .of Spain. See San Felipe db- Jativa. Jatohi,j3,-to'hee, a town of the Punjab, Mooltan division. Pop. 6S57. Jatt, a post-office of Gl-rant parish. La. Jauer, yow'^r, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the right bank of the Neisse, 10 miles by rail S.E. of Liegnitz. Pop. 10,392. It is enclosed by double walls and a fosse, and has a gymnasium, numerous churches, a free school, 2 hospitals^ houses of correction and industry, a lunatic asylum, manu- factures of linens, woollens, stockings, carpets, and leather, and an active trade. Jaueriiick, yow'§r-nik\ or Jaiiernig;, yow'er-nic*, a town of Austrian Silesia, 52 miles N.W. of Troppau. Pop. 2169. Jau^ja, How'ni, .or Atanjauja, k-tkn-n5\v'n^, a river of Peru, joins the Apurimac 145 miles N.E. of Huaneave- lica, after a very tortuous S.E. and E. course of at least 400 miles. In its lower part it is called the Mantaro. Jauja, or Atanjauja, a town of Peru, department of Junin, capital of a province of its own name, 125 miles E. of Lima, on the E. bank of the above river. It has con- siderable trade in rural produce and in cattle. Pop. 15,000. Silver-mines exist in the province. Jaiyac, zho^zhak', a town of France, in Ardeche, S miles N. of Argentiere. Pop. 1298. Jaulda, jawl'da. Jhalda, jil'da, or Jhalida, ji'lee- da, a town of Bengal, In Manbhoom, 56 miles S.E. of Haza- rybaugh. Pop. 3281. Jaulnah, jawl'na, a town of India, in Hyderabad, 34 miles E.S.E. of Aurungabad. It has a fort and a oanton- ment for troops. Jaulnay, zhorni', a town of France, in Vienne, arrour dissement of Poitiers. Pop. 2089. Jaumnier, jawm-neer', a town of India. Gwalior do- minions, on the Taptee, 40 miles N.E. of Boorhanpoor. Jaiinpur, a town of India. See Jounpoor. Jaunsar, India. See Jounsar. Jaura, a town of India. See Jowrah. Jauru, zhow-roo', a river of Brazil, rises in the serra of its own name, a branch of the cordillera of Parcels, in the province of Matto-Grosso, flows S.E., and joins the Paraguay after a course of about 220 miles. Its principal affluents are the Aguapehi and Bahia, Jauziers, zho''ze-i', a village of France, in Basses- Alpes, 5 miles N.E. of Barcelonnetto. Pop. 1717. Java, ji'va or jah'va (native, Jawa, "rice"; It. Giava, ji'vi; Dutch and Ger. Java, yi'v^; Fr. pron. zhiVi' ; Sp. pron. h3,'v£1), an island in the Malay Archipelago, the principal seat of the Dutch power in the East, and, after Sumatra and Borneo, the largest in the Sunda group, is bounded N. by the Java Sea and S. by the Indian Ocean, separated W. by the Strait of Sunda from Sumatra, and E. by that of Bali from Bali. Lat. 5° 52'-8° 51' S.; Ion. 105° 15'-114° 30' E. Its shape somewhat resembles a parallelogram, the greater axis lying E. and W., with a slight inclination N. at the W, end. The island is 630 miles long by 35 to 120 miles broad. Area, 49,730 square miles. The S. coast of Java/ presents a continuous front of crags and rocks, forming the outer edge of an extremely moun- tainous country ; the N. is flat and low, and covered in many places with mangrove swamps ; the former is generally un- safe for shipping, while the latter affords excellent anchorage at almost all times and places. The principal capes and bays along its coast are Java Head, at the entrance of the Strait of Sunda from the Indian Ocean j Cape St. Nicholas, where that strait opens into the Java Sea; Cape Panka at the W. and Cape Sendano at the E. entrance of the Strait of Madura; Capes East and South, at the S.E, extremity of Java; Wyncoop's, Welcome, and Pepper Bays, at the W. end of the island; and along the S. coast from W. to E., Penanjong, Pachitan, Pangol, Sambreng, Segara-Wedi, Darapar, and Gradjagan Bays. The chief harbors are those of Batavia' and Soerabaya, on the N., and that of Culi Pu- jang, formed by the small island of Kembangan on the S. The island is traversed throughout its whole length by two chains of mountains, which in some places unite and again separate, forming ramifications sloping gently down to the shore. Both chains are thickly set with volcanoes, active and extinct, varying from 6000 to 9000 feet in height ; some of thera, rising even to 12,000 feet, are Seen at sea from a great distance, and form landmarks to the navigator. The mountains are intersected by large and beautiful valleys, watered by rivers and torrents, and covered, for the most part, with thick forests. The formation of the island is essentially trachytic, while diorite, limestone, sand- stone, and other stones of mixed formation are limited to certain localities. Java has no metallic veins fit for being wrought; the Bantam coal-mines yield lignite; naphtha and asphalt abound in' various localities; and the salines of Koewoe, S.E. of Samarang, yield a large supply of salt. Warm medicihal waters are very plentiful. The volcanoes, when in an active state, are remarkable for the quantity of sulphur and sulphurous vapors they discharge. The crater of Taschem, at the E. end of the island, contains a lake about one-fourth of a mile long, strongly impregnated with sulphuric acid, from which there issues a stream of acid water so destructive to life that even fish cannot live in the sea near its mouth. An extinct volcano near Batar, called Guevo Upas, or the Vale of Poison, about half a mile round, is held in horror by the natives. Every living creature that enters it drops dead, and the soil is covered with the carcasses of deer, birds, and even the bones of men, killed by the carbonic acid gas which lies at the bottom of the valley. In another crater "the sulphurous exhala- tions have killed tigers, birds, and innumerable insects." A multitude of rivers flow from the N. and S. sides of the mountains, affording supplies to innumerable artificial water-courses used in irrigation. These streams are gener- ally rapid, shallow, and encumbered with sand-banks. The only rivers navigable for vessels to any distance inland are the Solo, Kediri, Tjimanok, and Tjitaroem ; the others are only suitable for canoes, or for floating timber. Java was formerly considered very unhealthy; but, with the exception of a few marshy districts on the N. coast and some parts on the S.. the climate is as salubrious as that of any other intertropical country, and the more elevated regions are even remarkably healthy. In the plains the temperature during the day is from 85° to 94° Fahrenheit, and during the night from 73° to 80°. At an elevation of 6000 feet the thermometer descends to 60°, while the tops of the lofty peaks are often covered with ice. Earthquakes and thunder-storms are common, but hurricanes are rare. Including domestic and marine animals, 100 kinds of mammalia inhabit Java. Thougli so close to Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, neither the elephant nor the tapir is found in tlie island; but in the W. part the one-horned rhinoceros is not uncommon, and in numerous districts the tiger, panther, and tiger-cat keep the inhabitants in alarm by their depredations. The babyroussa, and two kinds of wild hog, form the large game. Hi/lobatcs lends- citSf two species of Semnopitkeens, and the Cerco2iithecua cynomolgua are the only representatives of the ape kind, JAV .1086 JAX but they people the forests in countless numbers. Two kinds of lemurs inspire the inhabitants with superstitious fear by their mysterious nocturnal habits, and this island may be considered the native seat of the largest bats, some of which measure 5 feet across the wings ; they may be seen suspended from the branches in hundreds during the day, and at night they devastate the orchards and gardens. Civets are common, and supply a perfume of which the Javanese are passionately fond; the wild ox {Boa eondai- cus), a beautiful and graceful animal, which has been found untamable, abounds in the woods j and the buffalo, said to have been brought from continental Asia in the twelfth century by the same prince to whom tradition assigns the introduction of the rice-plant, is the only animal used in agricultural labor. Java possesses a soil of astonishing fertility and a vege- tation unrivalled in its luxuriance, ranging from the palms of the tropics to the mosses of the temperate zone. The coast is fringed with cocoanut-trees ; behind them the ground rises gently to the foot of the mountain-chain, and is completely cultivated. Javanese villages of bamboo houses, surrounded with hedges of fruit-trees and bamboo, contrast agreeably with the vast fields of rice, artificially watered, and yielding often three harvests annually. Higher up than the rice-fields the bases of the mountains are cov- ered with vast forests of different species of the fig-tree, remarkable for their great height and vigorous growth. About 5000 feet above the sea may be seen Podocarpua cupreasHs, with its lofty, straight stem, a tree allied to the j^yf, and furnishing the best timber in Javaj the Dammar pine, rhododendrons, and the Dipteris or two-leaved fern. Laurels of numerous species, chestnuts, oaks, melastomas, eugenias, magnolias, myrtles, numerous orchids, Ac, grow etili higher up the mountains. At an elevation of about 7000 feet the vegetation changes its aspects, and mosses appear, which, with heaths, are the principal plants found on the loftier heights. Some plants grow vigorously on the brink of craters emitting sulphurous vapors, and ferns cover the edges of gulfs filled with boiling mud, and form a border to sulphurous marshes, their roots growing in the acid waters. The famed poison-tree, the Upas {Antiaris toxi- caria), is a noted Javanese plant. Forestg of teak cover a very extensive surface in thirteen of the provinces. Kice forms the staple food of the natives, and is raised in astonishing quantities. Coffee raised from Mocha seed is extensively cultivated, and, with sugar, forms one of the staples of the island, its export greatly exceeding even that of rice. Cotton of two kinds is grown, and consider- able quantities are exported; and the cultivation of indigo, nutmegs, cloves, cinnamon, cochineal, pepper, pimento, tobacco, tea, and cocoanuts is carried on with success. The population is almost wholly agricultural; beyond a few large towns, it is distributed over the island in villages, each governed by a native chief of its own election. Each family has its own portion of land, varying from half an acre to six acres. About a third of the cultivated ground is supposed to be thus occupied. The great bulk of the foreign trade is carried on through the ports of Batavia, Samarang, and Soerabaya, and is chiefly in the hands of the Dutch and Chinese. Public improvements in Java have lately been much ex- tended. A good road traverses the island in its entire length ; many forts have been constructed in the interior, and commercial stations planted in the S. part of the island. Regular steam communication is kept up with the leading eastern ports. About 210 miles of railway are in opera- tion. Perfect religious toleration exists. Government and Revenue. — A governor-general or vice- roy is supreme ruler, with command of both the army and navy, in all the Dutch provinces in the Malay Archipelago. He is assisted by the council of the Indies, composed of a vice-president and four members named by the king, and is in correspondence with the governors of the different de- pendencies of Java, namely, Amboyna, Borneo, Celebes, and Sumatra, all of whom are under his orders. The island is divided into 22 residencies, in each of which are a European governor and secretary and various sub-residents. The provinces arc subdivided into arrondissements and com- munes, each having a justice. Superior tribunals and courts-martial are seated at Batavia, Samarang, and Soera- baya, the whole subordinate to a supreme court at Bata- via. Several native states exist in the interior, under Dutch protection, the principal capitals of which are Soera- karta and Djokjokarta. Java remained under Hindoo sover- eignty till 1478, when it was conquered by the Arabs, and its possession has since been chiefly Mohammedan. It con- tains the ruins of several considerable cities and temples. the principal being Mojopahit and Boro-Budor; and various large structures of substantial architecture are scattered over its surface. Jnhahiiante, Religion, &c, — The Javanese belong to the Malay family. They are small in size, of a yellow hue; superstitious, careless of the future, inclined to laziness, sober, cheerful, compassionate, patient, and easily led when convinced that the orders given are not contrary to the an- cient laws and customs of the country, which are held in religious reverence. They are respectful to parents, and venerate the tombs of their ancestors. They are, however, very susceptible of affronts, which they are not slow to avenge. The Javanese are good tanners, and have made some progress in metallurgy, in carpentry, and in cabinet- making. They weave and dye well, make paper from the mulberry, and many are engaged with poisoned arrows in obtaining fish, which, being salted and dried, constitute a great dainty. But the great mass of the people are de- voted to agriculture, , In religion, the Javanese are Mo- hammedan, a faith introduced in the fourteenth century by the Arabians, and which has since almost entirely dis- placed both Hindooism and Booddhism, of both of which numerous imposing relics are to be met with in various parts of the island. The mass of the Javanese take only one wife, who is treated with respect and consideration ; but people of quality and wealth practise polygamy. Three dialects of the Malay language are spoken by the Javanese, who have also an ancient sacred language, containing a number of Sanscrit words. They have a national litera- ture, and translations from the Arabic and Sanscrit. The Javanese are generally considered superior in civilization to other Malays, Besides the native race, Java has many people of Chinese and mixed descent, and some Arabs, Bughis, and Europeans. Pop. in 1876, 18,334,691. Ancient Javanese history is written in the magnificent remains of temples and other public buildings which are plentifully scattered over the island. The Portuguese formed a settlement on it in 1611, and the Dutch in 1575. The British held the island from 1811 to 1816. Adj. and inhab. Jav^anese'. Jav'a, a post-office of Neshoba co.. Miss. Java, a post-township of Wyoming co., N.Y., about 30 miles S.E, of Buffalo. It contains Java Village. P. 1953. Java, or Frauk'ford, a post-village of Lucas co., 0., in Spencer township, about 16 miles W. of Toledo, and 1 mile from the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Kailroad. It has 3 stores. Here is Java Post-Office. Javalquinto, Jabalquinto, or Xavalquinto, Hi- vil-keen'to, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 14 miles N. of Jaen, on the Guadalimar. Pop. 1808. Javaiia, jjt.-vS.'n^, a town on the N. coast of Java, resi- dency and 28 miles E.S.E. of Japara. Pop. 10,000. Javary, a river of South America. See Jabary. Java Sea is that part of the Pacific Ocean between lat. 3° and, 7° S. and Ion. 106° and 116° E., having E. the Strait of Macassar and the Sea of Flores, S. Java and Bali, N, Borneo, and W. Sumatra. It communicates southward with the Indian Ocean by the Straits of Sunda, Bali, and Lom- bok, and on the N.E. with the China Sea by the Carimata Passage and Strait of Gaspar, E. and W. of Billiton. Java Village, a post-village of Wyoming co.» N.Y., in Java township, on Buffalo Creek, about 28 miles S.E. of Buffalo. It has a tannery, a grist-mill, and a wagon-shop. Jawahir, or Djawahir, ji'wi-heer\ written also Jowahir, in India, one of the highest peaks of the Him- alaya Mountains, is situated in the province of Kumaon. Lat. 30° 20' N. ; Ion. 80° E. Elevation, 25,670 feet. Jawana, DJawana, j^-w^'n^, or Joaua, jo-i'nil, one of the largest rivers on the N. coast of Java, rises in an inland lake, whence it flows N.E. to the Java Sea. Jawar, a town of India. See Jowaur. Jaworiiitz, yi-^VoR'nits, a village of Bohemia, 4 miles from Reichenau. Pop. 1814. JaworoAV, yi-'^o'rov, a town of Austrian Galicia, 30 miles E.N.E, of Przemysl. Pop, 7209. Near it are the largest paper-miUS in Galicia. Jawud, ji-wud', a Large walled town of India, in Raj- pootana, 78 miles E. of Odej'poor. Jaxartes, jax-ar't^z, Sihon, see'hon', Sir-Daria, or Syr-Darya, sir- (or seer-) dar'y^, a large river of Asi- atic Russia, rises in Ferghana by numerous sources on the borders of the Pameer table-land, and in the Mooz-Tagh, on the frontiers of Chinese Toorkistan, flows through the governments of Ferghana and Syr- Darya very tortuously, and enters the Sea of Aral by two principal mouths, in Ion. 61° E., lat. 45° and 46° N. Total course estimated at 1450 miles. It is broad and deep, and its banks are usually JAX losr JED overflowed by it in summer. It affords extensive steam- boat-navigation. Jaxt, yixt, or Ja^st, a small river of Wiirtemberg, joins the Neckar near Wimpfen, after a course of about 80 miles. It gives name to a circle of Wiirtemberg, and to many villages, Jaxtberg, Jaxtfeld, ic, the principal being Jaxthausen, yixt'how'z^n, with 3 castles, on its right bank. 18 miles N.E. of Heilbronn. Jay, a county in the E. part of Indiana, bordering on Ohio, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is drained by the Salamonie Kiver, which rises in it, and by small affluents of the AVabash Kiver. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is fertile. More than one-third of it is covered with forests, in which the sugar-maple abounds. Wheat, Indian corn, hay, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Cincinnati, Richmond A Fort Wayne Railroad, and the railroad which connects Chicago with Columbus, 0. Capital, Portland. Valuation of real and personal estate, $S,00(),000. Pop. in 1870, 15,000, of whom 14,492 were Americans. Jay, a post-village of Franklin co.. Me., in Jay town- ship, on the Androscoggin River, and on the Maine Central Railroad, at Jay Bridge Station, 39 miles N. of Lewiston. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Pop. of township, 1490, Jay, Saginaw co., Mich. See Freeland. Jay^ a township of Martin co., Minn. Pop. 119. Jay, a post-village of Essex co., N.Y., in Jay town- ship, about 28 miles S.S.W. of Plattsburg. It has about 50 houses and several mills. The township is drained by the Au Sable River, and comprises se\'"eral high peaks of the Adirondack and Au Sable Mountains. It affords much iron ore. Pop. of the township, 2459. Jay, a township of Eik co., Pa. Pop. 534, Jay, a post-township of Orleans co,, Vt., borders on Canada. It has manufactures of lumber, wooden-ware, Ac, and 2 beds of iron ore. Pop. 553. The township comprises Jay Peak, about 4000 feet high. Jaya, a town of Afghanistan. See Jeja, Jayanca, Hl-in'ki, a town of Peru, province and 37 miles N. of Lanibayeque. Pop. 5000. Jay Eu, a post-office of Republic co., Kansas. Jayghur, or Jaighur, India. See Zyghur. Jayne's Store, Randolph co.. Ark. See Jane's Store. Jaynesville, Iowa, See Janrsville. Jaynesville, janz'vil, a post-village of Covington co., Miss., about 50 miles S.S.E. of Jackson. It has 2 churches. Jaypoor, India. See Jevpoor. Jaysulmeer, or Jaysulmir. See Jessulmeeb. Jaysville, jaz'vil, a post-office of Darke co., 0., on the Dayton & Union Railroad, 31 miles N.W. of Dayton. jayvilla, or Javilla, ja-vil'la, a post-office of Conecuh CO., Ala., 6 miles S.E. of Evergreen. Jazlowice, y^s-lo-*eet'si, Jaezlowiec, or Jas- lowlec, yiz-lo-ve-^ts', a town of Austria, in Galicia, on the Strypa, S6 miles S.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 2234. Jazygia, ja-zij'^-a (Hung. Jdazs&g, yas^sSg')* a district of Hungary, watered by the Kraszna, Zagyva, and Tarna. Area, 1389 square miles. Capital, Jasz-Bereny. It is named from its ancient inhabitants, the Jazyges, a people of prob- able Slavic race, though their descendants are now completely Magyarized. Jean, or Jean Babel, zhONo bi'b^l', a town of Hayti, near its N.W, extremity, with a harbor N.E. of Cape St. Nicholas. Jeaneretts, jeen^§r-ets', or Jeannerette, jeen^- n§r-et', a post-village of Iberia parish, La., on the navi- gable Bayou Teche, about 130 miles W. of New Orleans, and 80 miles above Morgan City. It has a church and a manufactory of sash and blinds. Jean-Mayen, an island. See Jan-Mayen. Jeanuettville, jeen-nfit'vil, a post-office of Renville CO., Minn., 7 miles S.E. of Granite Falls. Jeansville, jeenz'vil, a post-village of Luzerne co., Pa., in Hazel township, on the Beaver Meadow Branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 2 miles S. of Hazleton, It has 3 churches, a hotel, and a machine-shop. Pop. about 1200, This place is owned by the Spring Mountain Coal Company, and has rich coal-mines. Jeba, or Geba, ji'bi, a river of Senegambia, S. of the Gambia. At its mouth (lat. 11° 40' N., Ion. 15° 14' W.) it is 15 miles across. See Rio Grande. Jeba, jA'bi, or Geba (Script. Giheah), a village of Palestine, 6 miles N.N.E. of Jerusalem. Jebail, je-biV or je-bil', written also Gebail, or Ju- beil {anc. Byh'Uis), a maritime town of Asiatic Turkey, in Syria, 20 miles S.W. of Tripoli. Lat. 34° 12' N.; Ion. 35° 31' E. It is enclosed by a wall with square towers. Jebee, Jebi, or Djebi, jSb'ee, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, 55 miles S.W. of Sana. It is walled, and has a citadel. Jebel, j^b'el, written also Djebe], Dejebel, Jebel- Sho'mer, and JebeNSham'mar, a province of Arabia, in Nedjed, nearly in its centre, containing the lake of Ittra, which furnishes salt to many of the adjacent provinces. Ostrich feathers form its other principal article of traffic. Capital, Hayel. Pop. 162,000. Jebel, or Gebel, jeb'el, is the Arabic name of numer- ous mountains, Madison. Valuation of real and personal estate, §13,000,000, Pop. in 1870, 29,741, of whom 26,158 were Americans. Jefferson, a county in the S.E. part of Iowa, has an area of 432 square miles. Skunk River runs through the N.E. part of this county, which is intersected by Big Cedar Creek. The surface is undulating, and diversified with prairies and forests of oak, hickory, black walnut, &c. The soil is very fertile. In 1870 this county had 69,429 acres of woodland. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, pork, and wool are the staple produets. Mines of bituminous coal have been opened in it. The Burlington & Missouri River Raih'oad intersects the Chicago, Rock Island &■ Pacific Rail- road at Fairfield, which is the capital. Valuation of real and personal estate, $7,743,612. Pop. in ]870, 17,839, of whom 15,825 were Americans; in 1875, 17,127. Jefferson, a county in the N.E. part of Kansas^ has an area of about 550 square miles. It is bounded oh the S. by the Kansas River, and is intersected by the Delaware {or Grasshopper) River. The surface is undulating, and is di- versified with prairies and woodlands. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, oats, cattle, hay, and pork are the staple products. Limestone underlies part of this county, and bituminous coal is found in it. It is intersected by the Kansas Central Railroad and the Atchison, Topeka<£ Santa Fe Railroad. The Kansas Pacific Railroad passes along the S. border. Capital, Oskaloosa. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $6,929,856. Pop. in 1870, 12,526, of whom 11,800 were Americans; in 1875, 11,716; in 1878, 12,471. Jefferson, a county in the N, part of Kentucky, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the N.AV. and AV. by the Ohio River, and is intersected by Floyd's Creek. The surface is mostly undulating, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, h;iy, pork, and potatoes are the staple products. Devonian limestone underlies a large part of this county. It is intetsected by the Louisville, Cin- cinnati & Lexington Railroad and the Louisville <& Great Southern Railroad. Capital, Louisville. This is the most populous county of the state. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $116,616,325. Pop, in 1870, 118,953, of whom 91,143 were Americans. Jefferson, a parish in the S.E. part of Louisiana, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is a part of the delta of the Mississippi River, by which it is intersected. It is bounded on the N. by Lake Pontehartrain, and is con- tiguous to the city of New Orleans. The surface is level and low. The soil is alluvial and fertile. Sugar-cane, cotton, and rice are the staple products. This parish is in- tersected by Morgan's Louisiana & Texas Railroad. Capi- tal, Carrollton. Valuation of real and personal estate, §17,627,306. Pop. in 1870, 17,767, of A^hom 15,824 were Americans, Jefferson, a county in the S.W. part of Mississippi, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Mississippi River, which Separates it from Louisiana. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and JEF 1089 JEF a large portion of it is covered witli forests. The aoil is fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Capital, Fayette. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,356,114. Pop. in 1S70, 13,843, of whom 13^662 were Americans. Jetfersoiiy a county in the E. part of Missouri, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Mississippi River, and is intersected by Big River. The Mararaec River forms a part of the northern boundary of the county, which is also drained by Plattin Greek. The surface is partly level and partly hilly, and nearly half of it is covered with forests. The soil is mostly fertile, except that of the hills. Indian corn, wheat, oats, pork, and cattle are the staple products. Lead and limestone are found in this county. It is intersected by the St. Louis & Iron Mountain Railroad. Capital, Hillsborough. Valuation of real and personal estate, S8,10S,520. Pop. in. 1S70, 15,380, of whom 12,671 were Americans. JeJferson, a county in the S.W. part of Montana, has an area of 2720 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Missouri River, and on the S. by the Jefferson Fork of the Missouri. The surface is mountainous, and partly cov- ered with forests of pine or fir. This county comprises part of the Rocky Mountains. Its eastern side belongs to the Atlantic slope, and its western to the Pacific slope. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Among its minerals are gold, silver, granite, and Silurian limestone. Capital, Raders- burg. Valuation of real and personal estate, S500,000. Pop. in 1870, 1531, of whom 1057 were Americans. Jeflferson, a county in the S. part of Nebraska, bor- dering on Kansas, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by Little Blue River, and is also drained by Brush, Little Sandy, and Muddy Creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is fertile. Timber is scarce in this county, the greater part of which is prairie, Indian corn, wheat, oats, and grass are the staple products. Cretaceous strata underlie the surface. This county is in- tersected by the St. Jpseph & Denver City Railroad. Cap- ital, Fairbury. Valuation of real and personal estate, §964,237. Pop. in 1870, 2440, of whom 2085 were Amer- icans ; in 1874, 3375, Jefferson, a county in the N. part of New York, has an area of about 1500 square miles, excluding Lake On- tario. It is bounded on the N.W. by the St. Lawrence River, and on the W. by Lake Ontario, and is intersected by Blaek and Indian Rivers, which afford abundant water- power. The surface is diversified with gentle undulations, abrupt terraces, and deep ravines. A large portion of it is covered with forests, in which the oak, ash, beech, and sugar-maple abound. The soil is fertile, and adapted to pasturage and dairy-farming. Hay, oats, butter, cheese, barley, potatoes, and maple sugar are the staple products. Trenton limestone, Potsdam sandstone, granite, and gneiss underlie parts of this county, which has also abundant de- posits of iron ore. It is intersected by the Rome, Water- town & Ogdensburg Railroad and the Utica & Blaak River Railroad. Capital, Watertown. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $40,019,235. Pop. in 1870, 65,415, of whom 55,379 were Americans; in 1875, 65,362. Jefferson, a county in the E. part of Ohio, has an area of about 370 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Ohio River, which separates it from West Virginia, and is drained by Yellow and Cross Creeks. The surface is moder- ately billy, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, hay, wool, and oats are the staple products. This county has mines of bituminous coal. It is intersected by the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad and the Cleveland &> Pittsburg Railroad. Capital, Steubenville. Valuation of real and personal es- tate, $28,931,260. Pop. in 1870, 29,188, of whom 25,943 were Americans. Jefferson, a county in the W. central part of Pennsyl- vania, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by Clarion River, and is drained by Red Bank and Mahoning Creeks. The surface is hilly, and partly covered with extensive forests. The soil is generally fertile. Lumber, oats, Indian corn, hay, wheat, and rye are the staple products. Among its minerals are coal and iron ore. Capital, Brookville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,979,210. Pop. in 1870, 21,656, of whom 20,566 were Americans. It is intersected by the Low Grade division of the Alleghany Valley Railroad. Jefferson, a county of East Tennessee, has an area of about 250 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Hoiston River, and intersected by the French Broad River. The surface is diversified with high ridges and fertile val- leys, and presents beautiful scenery. Nearly half of it is 69 covered with forests of the hickory, oak, sugar-maple, pop- lar, and walnut. Indian corn, wheat, oats, grass, and pork are the staple products. Among the minerals of this county are iron ore and limestone. It is intersected by the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad. Capital, Dan- dridge. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,190,112. Pop. in 1870, 19,476, of whom 19,424 were Americans. Jefferson, a county in the S.E. part of Texas, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Neches River and Sabine Lake, and on the S. by the Gulf of Mexico. The surface is a nearly level open plain or prairie, which produces pasture for numerous herds of cattle. These are the chief articles of export. This county is intersected by the Texas & New Orleans Railroad. Cap- ital, Beaumont, Valuation of real and personal estato, S671,405. Pop. in 1870, 1906, of whom 1826 were Amer- icans. Jefferson, a county in the W. part of Washington, has an area of about 1550 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Admiralty Inlet and Hood's Canal, and on the AV. by the Pacific Ocean. The surface is partly mountainous, and is extensively covered with forests. The most promi- nent feature of this county is Mount Olympus, which stands near the N. border and has an altitude of 8138 feet. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Lumber, wheat, barley, grass, and potatoes are the staple products. Capital, Port Town- send. Valuation of real and personal estate, $709,870. Pop. in 1870, 1268, of whom 690 were Americans. Jefferson, the most eastern county of West Virginia, bordering on Maryland, has an area of about 280 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Potomac River, and on the N.W. by Opequan Creek, and is intersected by the Shenandoah River. It is bounded on the S.E. by ^^6 Blue Ridge, and is a continuation of the Great Valley of Vir- ginia. The surface presents picturesque scenery, especially at Harper's Ferry. The soil is fertile. AVheat. Indian corn, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. Fine limestone underlies the soil. This county is intersected by the Bal- timore & Ohio Railroad and one of its brsinches. Cap- ital, Charlestown. Valuation of real and personal estate, $12,206,135. Pop, in 1870, 13,219, of whom 12,958 wer? Americans. Jefferson, a county in the S.E. part of Wisconsin, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by Rock River, and is also drained by Crawfish and Bark Rivers. In the S.W, part of this county, Rock River expands into a lake, named Koshkonong, which is nearly 8 miles long. The surface is undulating, and the soil is very fertile, esr pecially in the valley of Rock River. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, cattle, butter, and wool are the staple products. This county is liberally supplied with hard timber. Silurian limestone underlies part of its soil. It is intersected by the Chicago »fc Northwestern Railroad and the Milwaukee <& St. Paul Railroad. Capital, Jefferson. Valuation of real and personal estate, S20,742,580. Pop. in 1870, 34^040, of whom 21,747 were Americans; in 1875, 34,908. Jefferson, a post-village of Marengo co., Ala., 11 miles S.W. of Demopolis. It has 1 or 2 churches, an academy, 2 steam grist-mills, and several general stores. Pop. 233. Jefferson, a village of Park co., Col., about 65 miles S.W. of Denver. Jefferson, a post-village of Union co., Dakota, on the Dakota Southern Railroad, 13 miles N.W. of Sioux City, Iowa. It is near the Big Sioux River, and about 1 mile from the Missouri River. It has a church. Jefferson, a post-village, capital of Jackson co,, Ga., 18 miles N.W. of Athens, and about 60 miles E.N.E. of At- lanta. It has a court-house, the Martin Institute, a news- paper office, and 3 churches. Jefferson, a post-village of Cook co.. 111., in Jefferson township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, at Plank Road Station, 7 or 8 miles N.W. of Chicago. It has 2 churches, a high school, and a newspaper office. The township contains Irving Park, Humboldt Park, Maple- wood, and Montrose. Pop. of the township, 1813. Jefferson, a township of Stephenson co., III. Pop. 546. Post-office, Loran. Jefferson, a township of Adams co,, Ind., on the Ohio line. Pop. 494. Jefferson, a township of Allen co., Ind. Pop. 1445. Jefferson, a township of Boone co., Ind. Pop. 1675. Jefferson, a township of Carroll co., Ind., bounded W. by the Tippecanoe River. Pop. 947. Jefferson, a township of Cass co., Ind., bordering on the Wabash. Pop. 1285. Jefferson, a post-village of Clinton co., Ind., in Wash- ington township, about 22 miles S.E. of Lafayette, and 4 JEF 1090 JEF miles W. of Frankfort. It lias a flour-mill and several -stores. Pop. 253. \ Jefferson, a township of Elkhart co., Ind. Pop. 982. Jefferson, a township of Grant co., Ind. Pop. 1398. Jefferson, a township of Greene co., Ind. Pop. 1348. Jefferson, a township of Henry co., Ind. Pop. 1234. It contains the village of Sulphur Springs. Jefferson, a township of Huntington co., Ind. Pop. 1227. It contains part of the village of Mount Etna. Jefferson, a township of Jay co., Ind. Pop. 1640. Jefferson, a township of Kosciusko co., Ind. Pop. 711. Jefferson, a township of Miami co., Ind. Pop. 1370. It contains Mexico. Jefferson, a township of Morgan co., Ind. Pop. lOSl. Jefferson, a township of Newton co., Ind. Pop. 1606. It contains Kentland. Jefferson, a township of Noble co., Ind. Pop. 1292. Jefferson, a township of Owen co., Ind. Pop. 201S. It contains Coal City. ■ Jefferson, a township of Pike co., Ind. Pop. 2188. Jefferson, a township of Pulaski co., Ind, Pop. 171. Jefferson, a township of Putnam co., Ind. Pop. 990. It contains Mount Meridian. Jefferson, a township of Sullivan co., Ind. Pop. 1251. Jefferson, a township of Switzerland co., Ind., on the Ohio River. Pop. 3268. It includes Vevay. Jefferson, a township of Tipton co., Ind. Pop. 1738. Jefferson, atownshipof Washington CO., Ind. P. 1532. Jefferson, a township of Wayne co.. Ind. Pop. 1785. Jefferson, a township of Wells co., Ind. Pop. 1773. Jefferson, a township of Whitley co., Ind. Pop. 1263. Jefferson, a township of Adair co., Iowa. Pop. 682. Jefferson, a township of Allamakee co., Iowa. P. 971. Jefferson, a township of Bremer co., Iowa. Pop. 862. Jefferson, atownshipof Buchanan co., Iowa. Pop. 994. Jefferson, a township of Butler co., Iowa. Pop. 677. Xt contains Butler Centre. ■ Jefferson, a township of Clayton co., Iowa, on the Mis- sissippi River. Pop. (exclusive of Guttenberg) 1206. • Jefferson, a township of Dubuque co., Iowa, on the Mississippi Kiver. Pop. 1578. Jefferson, a township of Fayette co., Iowa. Pop. 914. Jefferson, a post-village, capital of Greene co., Iowa, in Jefferson township, on the Raccoon River, and on the Chi- cago & Northwestern Railroad, 81 miles W. of Marshall- town, and about 55 miles N.W. of Des Moines. It contains a court-house, an academy, a newspaper office, 2 banking- houses, and 4 churches. Pop. 895; of the township, 802. It has manufactures of cigars, flour, and ploughs. The name of its railroad station is New Jefferson. Jefferson, a township of Harrison CO., Iowa. Pop. 1038. Jefferson, a township of Henry co., Iowa. Pop. 1267. Jefferson, a township of .Johnson co., Iowa. Pop. 862. Jefferson, a township of Lee co., Iowa, on the Missis- sippi River. Pop. 981. Jefferson, a township of Louisa co., Iowa, on the Mis- sissippi River. Pop. 712. It contains Toolsborough. Jefferson, a township of Madison co., Iowa. Pop. 828. Jefferson, a township of Mahaskaco., Iowa. Pop. 1033. Jefferson, a township of Marshall co., Iowa. Pop. 759. Jefferson, a township of Polk co., low.a. Pop. 903. Jefferson, a township of Poweshiek co., Iowa. P. 836. Jefferson, a township of Ringgold co., Iowa. P. 592. Jefferson, a township of Shelby co., Iowa. Pop. 114. Jefferson, a township of Taylor co., Iowa. Pop. 639. Jefferson, a township of Warren co., Iowa. Pop. 930. Jefferson, a township of Wayne co., Iowa. Pop. 745. Jefferson, a township of Chautauqua co., Kansas. Pop. 869. Post-offices, Cedarvale. Fulda, and Lisbon. Jefferson, a township of Dickinson co., Kansas. Pop, 564. It contains Carlton. Jefferson, a township of Jackson co., Kansas. Pop. 673. It contains Circleville. Jefferson, a township of Jefferson co., Kansas. Pop. 2084. Post-offices, Winchester, Boyle, and Nortonville. Jefferson, a post-township of Republic co., Kansas, 18 miles N.N.E. of Concordia. Pop. 457. Jefferson, a former town of Jefferson parish. La., on the Mississippi River, about 1 mile above New Orleans. In 1870 it was annexed to that city, of which it forms the 12th, 13th, and 14th wards. It is on the Louisiana & Texas Rail- road, and is the seat of a Catholic academy and college. Jefferson, a post-village of Lincoln co., Me., in Jef- ferson township, on the Daraariscotta River, 18 miles E.S.E. of Augusta. It has 1 or 2 churches, a cheese-factory, and a lumber-mill. Pop. of the township, 1821. It contains the village of East Jefferson. Jefferson, a post-village of Frederick co., Md., 7 milea S.W. of Frederick City. It has 4 churches. Pop. 257. Jefferson, a township of Cass co., Mich. Pop. 1063, Jefferson, a post-hamlet of Hillsdale co., Mich., in Jefferson township, 8 miles S.E. of Hillsdale. Pop. of the township, 1897. It contains the village of Osseo, and is traversed by the Michigan Southern Railroad. Jefferson, a township of Houston co., Minn. Pop. 480. It forms the southeasternmost angle of the state. Jefferson, a township of Andrew co.. Mo. Pop. 1605. Jefferson, a township of Cedar co., Mo. Pop. 1040. Jefferson, a township of Clarke co.. Mo. Pop. 843. Jefferson, a township of Cole co., Mo. Pop. 1839, ex- clusive of Jefferson City. Jefferson, a township of Daviess co.. Mo. Pop. 1059. Jefferson, a township of Grundy co., Mo. Pop. 874. Jefferson, a station in Jefferson co., Mo., on the St. Louis & Iron Mountain Railroad, and on the Mississippi at the mouth of the river Maramec, 19 miles S. of St. Louis. Jefferson, a township of Linn co.. Mo. Pop. 1810. Jefferson, a township of Maries co.. Mo. Pop. 1123. Jefferson, a township of Monroe co.. Mo. Pop. 2147. It contains Florida. Jefferson, a township of Osage co.. Mo. Pop. 1390. Post-office, Byron. Jefferson, a township of Polk co.. Mo. Pop. 480. Jefferson, a township of Saline co., Mo. Pop. 3002. Jefferson, a township of Scotland co.. Mo. Pop. 3297. It contains Memphis. Jefferson, a township of Shelby co.. Mo. Pop. 667. Jefferson, a township of Wayne co., Mo. Pop. 371. Jefferson, a post-office and mining camp of Nye co., Nevada, about 75 miles S. of Austin. Silver is found here. Jefferson, or Jefferson Hill, a post-hamlet of Cooa CO., N.H., in Jefferson township, 7 miles S. of Lancaster. It has 2 churches, and several starch-mills and saw-mills. Pop. of the township, 826. Jefferson, a post-hamlet of Gloucester co., N.J., in Harrison township, about 15 miles S. by W. of Camden. It has a church and a carriage-shop. Jefferson, a township of Morris co., N.J. Pop. 1430. It contains Hopatcong, Woodport, &c. Jefferson, a post-village of Schoharie co., N.T., in Jefferson township, about 48 miles W.S.W. of Albany, and 5 miles N. of Stamford. It has 2 churches, several stores, and a newspaper office. Pop. of the township, 1536. Jefferson, a post-village, capital of Ashe co., N.C., in Jefferson township, a few miles N.AV. of the Blue Ridge, and about 40 miles S.E. of Abingdon, Va. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 1228. Negro Mountain in this township is said to rise 4300 feet above the sea-level. Jefferson, a township of Guilford co., N.C. Pop. 1045. Jefferson, a township of Adams co., O. Pop. 2268. .Jefferson, a post-village, capital of Ashtabula co., 0., in Jefferson township, on the Franklin division of the Lake Shore Railroad, 11 miles S. of Ashtabula, and 60 miles E.N.E. of Cleveland. It contains 4 churches, 2 national banks, 1 other bank, a newspaper office, and the Jefferson Polytechnic School. Pop. 869; of the township, 1712. Jefferson, a township of Brown co., 0. Pop. 1267. It contains Russcllville. Jefferson, a township of Clinton co., 0. Pop. 1445. It contains M''estborough. Jefferson, a township of Coshocton co., 0. It has beds of cannel coal. Pop. 1059. Jefferson, a hamlet of Darke co., 0., about 35 miles N.W. of Dayton. Pop. 107. Jefferson, a hamlet of Fairfield co., 0.. on the Ohio Canal, about 18 miles S.E. of Columbus. Pop. 76. Jefferson, a township of Fayette co., 0. Pop. 2532. It contains Jeffersonvillc. Jefferson, a township of Franklin co., 0. Pop. 1405. Jefferson, a township of Greene co., 0. Pop. 1277. It contains Bowersville. Jefferson, a township of Guernsey co., 0. Pop. 904. Jefferson, a township of Jackson co.. 0. Pop. 3002. It is an important centre of the iron-industry. Jefferson, a township of Knox co., 0. Pop. 1308. It contains Greersville and Mt. Holly. Jefferson, a township of Logan co., 0. Pop. 1634. It contains Zanesfield. Jefferson, or West Jefferson, a post-village of Madison co., 0., in Jefferson township, on Darby Creek, and on the Little Miami Railroad, 15 miles "W. of Columbus. It has 3 churches, a union school, a money-order post-office, and a flour-mill. Pop. 577; of the township, 1888. The name of its post-office is West Jefferson, JEF 1091 JEF Jeflfersoilf a township of Mercer co., 0. Pop. 1557. It contains Cetina. Jefferson, a township of Montgomery ao.j 0. Pop. 3350. It contains the village of Liberty. Jefferson, a township of Noble co., 0. Pop. 1278. It contains Middleburg. Jefferson, a township of Preble co., 0., on the Indiana line. Pop. 1953. It contains New Paris. Jefferson, a township of Richland co., 0. Pop. 2251. It contains Belleville. Jefferson, a township of Ross co., 0. Pop. 1013. It contains Richmond. Jefferson, a township of Scioto co., 0. Pop. 559. Jefferson, a township of Tuscarawas co., 0. P. 105S. Jefferson (Plain Post-Office), a village of Wayne co., 0., in Plain township, 5 miles W. of Wooster. It has 2 churches. Jefferson, a township of Williams co., 0. Pop. 1564. Jefferson, a post-village of Marion co., Oregon, on the Santiain River, and on the Oregon A California Railroad, 19 miles S. of Salem, and 9 miles N.N.E. of Albany. It contains the Jefferson Institute, a church, a flour-mill, a saw-mill, a chair-factory, and a manufactory of hosiery. Jefferson, a township of Alleghany co., Pa. Pop. 2066, exclusive of the borough of West Elizabeth. It has important coal-mines. Jefferson, a township of Berks co.. Pa. Pop. 1133. Jefferson, a township of Butler co., Pa. Pop. 1234, exclusive of the borough of Saxenburg. Jefferson, a station in Clarion co., Pa., on the Emlen- ton ct Shippensville Railroad, 12 miles E. of Emienton. Jefferson^ a township of Dauphin co.. Pa. Pop. 843. Jefferson, a township of Fayette co., Pa., bounded W. by the Monongahela River, Pop. 13S1. Jefferson, a post-village in Jefferson township, Greene CO., Pa., on Ten-Mile Creek, about 40 miles S. of Pittsburg. It contains 4 churches and 2 hotels. Here is Monongahela College, with a fine brick edifice. Coal is mined in this township. Pop. about 600 ; of the township, 1322. Jefferson, a township of Luzerne co., Pa. Pop. 776. Jefferson, a township of Mercer co., Pa. Pop. 1292. Jefferson, a township of Somerset co., Pa. Pop. 706. Jefferson, a township of Washington co., Pa., bounded on the W. by AVest Virginia. Pop. 889. It contains -El- dersville, and has beds of excellent coal. Jefferson, a borough of York co., Pa., on the Hanover Branch Railroad, 14 miles S.S.W. of York, and 40 miles S. of Harrisburg. It has 2 churches, a tannery, and a cigar- factory. Pop. 327. Here is Codorus Post-Office, Jefferson, a post-olfice of Chesterfield co., S.C., in Jef- ferson township, about 65 miles N.N.E. of Columbia. Pop. of the township, 1101. Jefferson, a post-hamlct of Rutherford co., Tenn., about 20 miles S.E. of Nashville. It has 2 stores. Jefferson, a city, the capital of Marion co., Tex., on Big Cypress Bayou, 4 miles from its entrance into Caddo Lake, and on the Texas & Pacific Railroad, at the junction of the East Line & Red River Railroad, 16 miles N. of Marshall, and 162 miles E. of Dallas. It is 40 miles in a direct line, or 56 miles by railroad, W.N.W, of Shreveport, La. Steamboats ascend from Red River through the lake and bayou to this point, a.nd large quantities of cotton and many cattle are shipped here. Jefferson is the most populous town of Northeastern Texas. It has a Catholic female academy, a national bank, 1 other bank, 7 churches, 2 iron-foundries, and a tannery. Two daily and 3 weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 4190. Jefferson, a post-hamlet of Powhatan co., Va., on the S. bank of James River, 35 miles W. by N. of Richmond. Jefferson, a township of Green co., Wis., on the Illinois line. Pop. 1714. Jefferson, a post-town, capital of Jefferson co.. Wis., in a township of the same name, and on Rock River, at the mouth of the Crawfish River, about 50 miles W. of Mil- waukee, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 25 miles N.N.E. of Janesville, and 13 miles S. by W. of Water- town. It has 8 churches, a national bank, 1 other bank, the Jefferson Liberal Institute, a woollen-mill, a flouring- mill, 2 tanneries, a foundry, a chair- factory, and a news- paper office. Pop. 2176; of the township, 4041. Jefferson, a township of Monroe co,, Wis. Pop. 966. Jefferson, a township of Vernon co., Wis. Pop, 1194. It contains Springville. Jefferson Barracks, a post-village of St. Louis co., Mo., on the Mississippi River, and on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain «t Southern Railroad, 10 miles S, of the initial station at St. Louis, and 3 miles S. of the southern limit of that city. Here is a government reservation of about 1700 acres, with an arsenal, large powder-magazines, and a na- tional cemetery. Jefferson City, the capital of the state of Missouri and of Cole co., is situated on the S. bank of the Missouri River, about 150 miles from its mouth, Lat. 38° 36' N.; Ion. 92° 9' W. By railroad it is 125 miles W, of St. Louis, and 158 miles E.S.E. of Kansas City. It is connected with these cities by the Missouri Pacific Railroad. A branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad extends from this place northeastward to Mexico. It is built on elevated ground, which commands a fine view of the river, and contains a limestone state-house, a court-house, a state prison built of stone, the Lincoln Institute, a female seminar^s 2 national banks, 1 other bank, 9 churches, and manufactures of farm- ing-implements and wagons. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Coal and limestone are found in the vi- cinity. Pop. 4420. Jefferson City, a post-village of Jefferson co., Mon- tana, on the Prickly Pear River, about 15 miles S. of Hel- ena, and near the base of the Rocky Mountains. Gold and silver are found here. It has a church, and 2 mills for the reduction of silver ore. Pop. 104. Jefferson Hill, New Hampshire. See Jkfferson. Jefferson Island, a post-office of Madison co., Mon- tana. Jefferson Junction, a station in Susquehanna co., Pa., at the junction of the Jefferson Bnmch of the Erie Railroad with the Delaware & Hudson Railroad, 35 miles N. of Carbondale. Jefferson Lake, Minnesota, is in the S. part of Lo Sueur CO., about 8 miles S.E. of St. Peter. It is nearly 6 miles long. Jefferson Line, a post-hamlet of Clearfield co.. Pa., about 20 miles W. of Clearfield. Jefferson Medical College, See Philadelphia. Jefferson Mines, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ala., on the Warrior River, and on the South & North Alabama Railroad, at Jefferson Station. Coal is mined here. Jefferson, Mount, New Hampshire, a peak of the AVhite Mountains, in Coos co., about 5 miles N. of Mount AVashington, has an altitude of 5657 feet above the sea. Jefferson, Mount, Oregon, a peak of the Casca-de range, on the E. border of Linn co. Its top is covered with perpetual snow. It is near lat. 44° 36' N. and Ion. 121° 35' W. Its altitude is said to be 10,200 feet. Jefferson River, or Jefferson Fork of the Mis- souri, is formed by three branches, named Beaver Head River, Big Hole or Wisdom River, and Passamari Creek, which rise in the Rocky Mountains and unite on the N.W. border of Madison co., Montana. It runs northeiistward, and, after a course of about 140 miles, unites with the Mad- ison River and the Gallatin Fork at Gallatin, Montana, about 30 miles N.W. of Bozeman, The stream formed by this confluence is the Missouri River. The Jefferson River traverses a mountainous country in which gold is found. Its valley is partly fertile, Jefferson Station, a station in Jefferson parish, La., on the Mississippi River, 12 miles above New Orleans, also on Morgan's Louisiana & Texas Railroad, and on the New Orleans & Texas Railroad, at a place called White Church Bend (formerly Free Negro Bend), Here is a church. Jefferson Station, York co., Pa, See Jefferson. Jef'fersonton, a post-village of Culpeper co., Va., on the Rappahannock River, about 56 miles W.S.W. of Wash- ington, D.C, It has 2 churches. Pop. 400. Jef'fersontown, a post-village of Jefferson co,, Ky., about 10 miles E. by S. of Louisville. It has a drug-store, an academy, 4 churches, a plough-factory, &e. Jefferson Valley, a post-office of Westchester co., N.Y., about 20 miles S.S.E. of Newburg. Jef'fersonville, a post-village, capital of Twiggs co., Ga., about 22 miles S.E. of Macon. It has 3 churches and the Auburn Institute. Jeffersonville, a post-village of Wayne co., 111., on the Springfield division of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 125 miles S.S.E. of Springtield, and 5 miles N. of Fairfield. It has a drug-store and 2 churches. Pop. about 300. Jeffersonville, a hamlet of AVilliamson co., 111., 6 miles N. of Marion. It has a church and a tobacco-factory. Here is Lake Creek Post-Office. Jeffersonville, a township of Clarke co., Ind,, is ad- jacent to the city of the same name, and is bounded on the S. by the Ohio River. Pop. 3042. Jeffersonville, a city of Clarke co., Ind., on the Ohio River, opposite Louisville, Ky., 5 or 6 miles above New Al- bany, and 108 miles S. of Indianapolis. The river is here JEF nearly 1 mile wide, encloses several verdant islands, and falls 22 feet in 2 miles. Jeffersonville is the S.W. terminus of a branch of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, which con- nects with the main line at North Vernon, and is the S. terminus of the Jeffersonville, Madison k Indianapolis Railroad, which here crosses the river on an iron bridge, — perhaps the longest iron bridge in the United States. This bridge is the connecting link between the great railway systems of the North and South. The city is built on elevated ground, which commands a fine view of the river and of Louisville. It contains 14 churches, a large arsenal, 2 national banks, the Southern State Prison, a high school, several iron-foundries and machine-shops, and 2 manufac- tories of railroad-cars. It has also manufactures of steam- boats, farm-implements, Ac. A daily and a weekly news- ])aper are published here. Pop. in 1870, 7254. Jeffersonville? a post-village of Montgomery co., Ky., about 40 miles E. of Lexington. It has 2 churches, a grist- mill, and a planing-mill. Jeffersonville, a post-village of Worcester co., Mass., in Holden township, on the Boston, Barre & Gardner Rail- road, 10 miles N.N.W. of Worcester. It has a manufactory of satinet. Jeffersonville, a post-village of Sullivan co., N.Y., in Callicoon township, about 35 miles N.N.W. of Port Jervis. It has 4 churches and a newspaper office. Jeffersonville, a post-village of Fayette co., 0., in Jefferson township, 10 miles N.W. of Washington Court- House, and 40 miles S.W. of Columbus. It has 3 churches, a union school, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 212. Jeffersonville, a post-village of Montgomery co.. Pa., in Norriton township, near the Schuylkill River, about 3 miles N.W. of Norristown. It has a church and manufac- tures of cotton, carriages, and farm-implements. Jeffersonville, a post-village of Lamoille co., Vt., in Cambridge township, on the Lamoille River, and on the Burlington &, Lamoille and Portland & Ogdensburg Rail- roads, 24 miles E.N.E. of Burlington. It has a church, 2 saw-mills, and 2 carriage-shops. The name of its station is Cambridge Junction. Jeffersonville, or Tazewell Court-House, a post-village, capital of Tazewell co., Va., is in a mountainous region, 48 miles N.E. of Abingdon. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, and a high school. Copper, lead, and iron ore are said to be found here. Pop. about 500. The name of its post-office is Tazewell Court-House. Jerfress' Store, a post-office of Nottoway co., Va. Jeffreys, a township of Marion co., S.C. Pop. 2005. Jeffrey's Creek, of South Carolina, flows into Pedee River from the right, in Marion co. Jeffrey's Creek, a post-office of Marion co., S.C. Jeffries, jef'friz, a post-office of Clearfield co.. Pa., about 30 miles N. of Altoona. Jef'friesburg, a post-hamlet of Franklin co.. Mo., 12 miles S. by W. of Washington. It haa a church. Jefreinov, a town of Russia. See Yekremov. Jefterevskaia, or Jefterewskaja, Russia. See Ykftekevskaia. Jegorjevsk, a town of Russia. See Yegoryevsk. Jegorlyk, a river of Russia. See Yegohlvk. Jegun, zhiViijjo', a town of France, in Gers, 12 miles N.W, of Auch. Pop. 1984. Jehanabad, or Jahanabad, ja-hin-S,-bid', a town of Bengal, district of Burdwan, on the Dalkissore, 40 miles N.W. of Calcutta. Pop. 13,409. Its population has been much reduced from the prevalence of fever. Jehanabad, or Jahanabad, a town of Bengal, dis- trict and 31 miles N. of Gaya. It has a dispensary, a jail, a small trade, and some cotton-weaving. Pop. 21,022. Jeho, or Jehol, China. See Zhehol. Jehoon, a river of Asia. Sec Amoo-Darya. Jeia, a river of Russia. See Yeia. Jeisk, a town of Russia. See Yeisk. Jeitpoor, or Jeitpur, jit'poor', a town of India, Alia- habad division, 22 miles N. of Chatterpoor. Pop. 5880. Jeja, or Jaija, ji'ji, written also Jaya, a town of Afghanistan, 48 miles N.N.W. of Furrah. Jejur'ry, a town of British India, presidency of Bom- bay, 37 miles S.E. of Poonah, Jejuy, or Xexuy, ni-Hwee', a river of Paraguay, flows W. 120 miles, and joins the Paraguay N. of Assumption. Jekateriuenburg, Russia. See Yekaterinboorq. Jekaterinenstadt, or Jekatrinstadt. See Ye- katerinstadt. Jekaterininskoi, Russia. See Yekatbrininskoi. Jekaterinodar, Russia. See Yekaterinodar. Jekaterinograd, Russia. See Y'ekaterinoorad. 12 JEM Jekaterinopol, Russia. See Yekatebinopol. Jekaterinoslav, Russia. See Yekaterinoslat. Jekatcrinskaja, Russia. See Yekaterinskaia. Jekil-Irmak. See Yeshil-Irmak. Jelabuga, a town of Russia. See Yelabooga. Jelagui, a river of Siberia. See Yelagooi. Jelalabad, j^l-&-li,-b&d', a town of Afghanistan, in a fertile plain, near the Cabool River, 78 miles E.N.E. of Cabool, on the route to Peshawer. Its stationary popula- tion is probably 3000 j but the number is greatly aug- mented in winter. It is famous for the heroic and suc- cessful resistance made here by the British troops, under Sir Robert Sale, in 1841-2. Jelalabad (formerly Dooshak), a city and capital of Seistan, Southwest Afghanistan, near the river Helmund. Lat. 31° 20' N. ; Ion. 61° 40' E. Estimated pop. 10,000. It is neatly built of sun-dried bricks, and has around it extensive ruins. Jelalabad is also the name of several other towns of British India. Jelalabad, a town of India, district and 20 miles S.W. of Shahjehanpoor. Pop. 6394. Jelalapoor, or Jalalapur, j?-li-li-poor', a town of British India, on the Betwah, 20 miles S. of Kalpee. Jelalkaira, jel-il-kl'ri, a town of India, district and 45 miles W.N.W. of Nagpoor. Pop. 3396. Jelalpoor, a town of the Punjab. See Jijlalpoor. Jelania, yi-l3,'ne-a, or Jelanii Nos, yi-l4n'yee noce, a cape forming the N.E. extremity of Nova Zembla. Jelas'poor', or JelaPpoor', a town of the Fyzabad district, British India. Pop. 6275. Jelatma, or Jelatom, Russia. See Yelatom. Jeletz, or £letz, a city of Russia. See Yelets. Jelgava, or Jelgawa, Russia. See Mitau. Jelisabetgrad, Russia. See Yelisavetgbad. Jell, j^ll, a town of Beloochistan, 70 miles S.W. of Kelat. Pop. about 2000. Jelling, yfiriing, a village of Denmark, in North Jut- land, 5 miles N.W. of Veile. It was formerly, a royal resi- dence, and is remarkable for Runic inscriptions and for Danish royal tombs of the tenth century. Jel'linghy, or Jalanghi, ja-lin'ghee, a town of India, district and 30 miles E. by S. of Moorshedabad, .on the Jellinghy, a branch of the Ganges. Jelloway, Knox co., 0. See Brownsville. Jelmar, a lake of Swedfen. See Hjelmab. Jelnia, a town of Russia. See Y^elnia. Jelolo, Malay Archipelago. See Gilolo. Jelpigory, a town of India. See Jiilpigoree. Jelsi, y^l'see, a town of Italy, province and 10 miles E.S.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 2898. Jelum, a river of the Punjab. See Jhylum. Jem, a river of Asia. See Emba. Jem, or Jemni, a town of Tunis. See El-Jemm. Jem, a post-office of Clarke co.. Mo. Jemalabad, or Jamallabad, j?-mil-i-bM', a town of India, presidency of Madras, 110 miles N. by W. of Calicut, in lat. 13° 3' N., Ion. 76° 25' E., with an almost inaccessible fort, built by Tippoo, on an immense rock. Jemarroo, or Jemarru, j5m-ar-roo', a territory of Senegambia, S. of the Gambia River, between lat. 13° and 14° 30' N. Jemeppe, or Jemeppes, zhi-mSpp', a village of Bel- gium, in Liege, on the Meuse, opposite Seraing. Pop. 4500. Jemgum,y^m'go6m, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 15 miles S.S.W. of Aurich, on the Ems. Pop. 1223. Jemilah, or Djemilah, jSm"eo'la\an ancient city of Algeria, province and 50 miles W.of Constantine. It con- tains interesting monuments of antiquity. , Jemison, Alabama. See Jamison. Jemmapes, or Geniappe, zhi'inip', a town of Bel- gium, in Hainaut, on the Haino River, and on the canal from Mens to Conde, 3 miles W. of Mons. Pop. 11,405, engaged in brewing, tanning, and raising coal. Here the French defeated the Austrian forces in 1 792, an event which led to the annexation of Belgium to France, after which Jemmapes gave name to a department nearly co-extensive with the province of Hainaut. Jera'seg, a post-villnge in Queens co.. New Brunswick, on tlie .lemseg, a navigable affluent of the St. John River, 49 miles from St. John. St. John steamers call here. Pop. 150. Jemtland, ySmt'lint, or Ostersund, os't^r-soont", a \xn or province of Sweden, boumled W. by Norway. Area, 20,886 square miles. It abounds in lakes and swamps, and some parts are sterile ; but the metallic wealth is consider- able, Capital, Ostersund. Pop. 78,387. Jemtza, a river of Russia. See Yemtsa. JEN 1093 JER Jena^ j^n'a (Ger. pron. yi'ni), a town of Germany, duchy of Saxe-Weiiaar-Eisenaoh, on the Saiile, here crossed .by a handsome stone bridge, 12 miles K.S.E. of Weimar. .It stiLnds in a fine valley, 500 feet above the sea, and is enclosed by walls, beyond which are several good suburbs. It is regularly laid out and well built. The principal edi- fices are the ducal palace, 4 churches, hospitals, a lunatic asylum, and . the university buildings. The university, opened in 1558, has 75 professors, a library of 200,000 vol- umes, a botanic garden, and an observatory. Jena has numerous scientific associations, manufactures of linens, hats, tobacco, Ac, and 3 large annual fairs. It is the seat of the high court of appeal for the Sa.xon duchies and Reuss principalities. Here, on October 14, 1806, Napoleon totally defeated the Prussians. Pop. 8197. Jeua, jee'na, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., Ala. Jeiia^ a post-village of Catahoula parish. La., 60 miles W. of Natchez, Miss. It has 2 churches. Jenatz, yi-nits', a village of Switzerland, canton of Grisons, on the Lanquart, 12 miles S.E. of Mayenfeld. It has sulphur baths and 2 annual fairs. Pop. 812. . Jencksville, jSnks'vil, a village of Providence co., R.I., in Smithfield township, 1 mile from Woonsocket. It has a eotton-mill. Jendialeh, or Jindialeh, j5n-de-i'l?h, a town of the Punjab, 11 miles S.E. of Amritsir. Jeniioul, j^n-dool', a town of Afghanistan, near its N.E. frontier, 20 miles N.E. of Bajaur. Jendovichtska, Russia. See Yendovichtska. Jeneen, Jeuiii, or Jenniu, jen-neen' (anc. Giiise'a), a. town of Palestine, 17 miles N.N.B. of Nabloos. Pop. about 2000. Jenidge-Karasu, Turkey. See Yenidje KaraSoo. Jenidge-Kizilagadj. See Yenidje Kizilagadj. Jenidje, Lake of, Turkey. See Langaza. Jeiiidje-Vardar, a town of Turkey. See Yenidje. Jenikale, or Jenikal, Russia. See Yenikale. Jetiikau, y5n'ne-kow\ a town of Bohemia, 8 miles S.S.E. of Czaslau. Here the Swedes gained a victory over the Imperialists in 1643. Pop. 2708. Jenil, a river of Spain. See Genil. Jeniii, or Jenniii. See Jeneen. Jeiiisei, a river of Siberia. See Yenisei. Jeiiiseisk, Russia. See Yeniseisk. Jen'isonville, a post-hamlet of Ottawa co., Mich., and a station on the Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore Rail- road, 7 miles S. by E. of Grand Rapids. It is on Grand River, and has a flour-mill, a saw-mill, and a church. Jenk'ins, a post-office of Calhoun co., Ala. Jenkins, a township of Mitchell oo., Iowa. Pop. 672. Jenliins, a township of Luzerne co., Pa. Pop. 2505. It contains Port Blanohard, Sebastopol, and other coal- mining places. Jenkins' Ilridge, a post-office of Accomack co., Va. Jenkins Creek, a post-office of Jasper co.. Mo. Jenkins Ferry, a post-office of Grant co., Ark., on the Saline River, about 44 miles S.S.W. of Little Rock. Jenk'insville, a post-office of Pike co.,Ga. Jenk'intown, a post-village of Montgomery co.. Pa., in Abington township, ^ mile from Jenkintowu Station, which is on the North Pennsylvania Railroad, at the junc- tion of the New York & Philadelphia New Line, 9 miles N. of Philadelphia. It has 6 churches, a bank, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 600. Jenks, a township of Forest co.. Pa. Pop. 118. Jenksville, Massachusetts. See Lddlow. Jenks'ville, a post-hamlet of Tioga co., N.Y., in Newark township, 12 miles N. of Owego. It has a church, a cheese-factory, and a grist-mill. Jennatabail, the Mohammedan name of Gocn. Jen'ne, or Jenueh, jen'nSh\ written also Jin'ne, a walled town of Africa, in Soodan, on a large island, called Massina, in the Niger, 285 miles S. by W. of Timbuctoo. It is a place of great commercial activity, and is resorted to for trade by the people of the surrounding country. The inhabitants are all Mohammedans, and do not permit infi- dels to enter the town. Pop. 8000. Jen'ner, a township of Somerset oo.. Pa. Pop. 1703. Jenner's Cross Roads, Pa. See Jennerville. Jen'nerstown, a post-village of Somerset eo., Pa., in •Tenner township, about 15 miles S.S.W. of Johnstown. It has 2 churches. Pop. nearly 200. Jen'nersville, a post-village of Chester co.. Pa., in Penn township, about 18 miles S.W. of West Chester, and 1 mile from Penn Station on the Philadelphia & Baltimore Central Railroad. It has 3 churches. Jeu'nerville, a post-village of Somerset co., Pa., in Jenner township, 10 miles N. of Somerset, and about 44 miles S.W. of Altoona. It has a church. The name of its post-office is Jenner's Cross Roads. Jen'nie's Creek, a post-office of Wayne co., W. Va. Jen'nieton, a post-hamlet of Iowa co., Wis., 32 miles W. by S. of Madison. It has 2 churches near it. Jen'nings, a county in the S.E. part of Indiana, has an area of about 380 square miles. It is intersected by Gra- ham's Fork and the Vernon Fork of the Muscatatuck River and by Sand Creek. The surface is partly hilly, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is moderately fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad and the Jeifersonviile, Madison & Indianapolis Railroad. Capital, Vernon. Valuation of real and personal estate, $9,000,000. Pop. in 1S70, 16,213, of whom 14,644 were Americans. Jennings, a post-office of Hamilton co., Fla. Jennings, a township of Crawford co., Ind., on the Ohio River. Pop. 2081. It contains Magnolia and Leaven- worth. Jennings, a township of Fayette oo., Ind. Pop. 836. Jennings, a township of Owen co., Ind. Pop. 801. Jennings, a township of Scott co., Ind. Pop. 1278. It contains Austin. Jennings, a post-hamlet of St. Louis co.. Mo., is near the Mississippi River, and on the St. Louis, Kansas City A Northern Railroad, 7 miles N. by W. of St. Louis. It has a seminary for young ladies. Jennings, a township of Putnam co., 0. Pop. 1059. Jennings, a township of Van Wert co., 0. Pop. 914. Jennings Falls, a post-office of Yell co., Ark. Jennings' Mills, a post-office of Iredell co., N.C., 18 miles N. of Statesville. Jennings' Or'dinary, a post-hamlet of Nottoway co., Va., on the Richmond & Danville Railroad, 50 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. It has 2 churches. Jen'ningsville, a post-hamlet of Wyoming co., PIills, a post-hamlet of Lycoming co., Pa., on Pine Creek, about 18 miles N. of Lock Haven. It has 2 churches and a large saw-mill. Jersey Shore, a post-borough of Lycoming co.. Pa., in Porter township, on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, 2 miles N. of the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, 12 miles W.S.W. of Williamsport, and 13 miles below Lock Haven. It contains 6 churches, a newspaper office, the West Branch boarding and high school, a national bank, and a planing-mill. Pop. 1394. Jersey Shore Station is at Antes Fort. Jer'seytown, a post-village of Columbia co., Pa., in Madison township, 10 miles N. of Danville. It has a church, 2 hotels, and 2 stores. Jer'seyville, a post-village, capital of Jersey co., 111., on the Jacksonville division of the Chicago & Alton Rail-, road, 20 miles N.N.W. of Alton, and 47 miles S. of Jack- sonville, It has a court-house, 2 newspaper offices, 2 bank- ing-houses, 9 churches, and a manufactory of farming- implements. Pop. about 3500. Jerseyvil I e, a hamlet of Monmouth co., N.J., in Howell township, i mile from Howell Station. It has a church. Pop. about 100. Jerseyville, a post-village in Wentworth co., Ontario, 4 miles S. of Lynden. Pop. 150. Jersitz, y^n'sits, or Jerzyce, a town of Prussia, form- ing a suburb of Posen. Pop. 4683. Jerte, or Xerte, n^n'tk, a river of Spain, in Estrcma- dura, rises on the frontiers of Old Castile, flows S., and joins the Alagon, after a course of about 50 miles. Jerte, or Xerte,a town of Spain, province and 66 miles N.N.E. of Caceres. Pop. 1227. Jerumenha, zhi-roo-mSn'yi, a town of Brazil, prov-' ince of Piauhy, on the right bank of the Goroguea, a tribu-> tary of the Parnahiba, 95 miles W. of Oeiras. Pop. 3000. . Jerusalem, je-ru'sa-I^m {a\so Kad^ishah in Hebrew j Gr, KaSyTt?, KadtUie, and 'Iepoo-oAv;uo, Uierdsoluma; L. Cadu'tia and Hieroaol'yma ; Arab. El Kada, 51 kids, **the' Holy;" It. fferusa/emme, ji-roo-s4-Um'mi ; Fr. Jerusalem,. zhAViiViM^m'; Ger. Jerusalem, yk-roo'sk-l&m^), a city of Palestine, the seat of the most important events described in Holy Writ, is now comprised in the Turkish dominions, and near the centre of the mountain-region between th0! Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, 33 miles S.E. of its port,.; Jafia, and 2660 feet above the sea. Lat. 31° 46' 43" N.;. Ion. 35° 13' E. Mean annual temperature, 62.0° ; summer, 73.8°; winter, 49.6°. Stationary population about 20,000, but about Easter the number is annually augmented by a great crowd of Christian, Mohammedan, and Jewish pil-. grims. It is situated between the valley of the Kedron (valley of Jehoshaphat), on the N. and E., and that pf Gihon (valley of Hinnom), which joins the former immedi- ately on the S.E. The city occupies the four hills of ZioU: and Acra on the W. and Moriah and Bezetha on the E., and is about 2J miles in circumference, surrounded by stately walls of hewn stone, built in the sixteenth century and probably enclosing the same area that Jerusalem has had since the days of Hadrian ; but the city previous to its destruction by Titus is conjectured to have been nearly twice as extensive, and a part even of Mount Zion, the site of the citadel of David, is not within the modern walls. Jerusalem is entered by four gates, facing towards the cardinal points.' The public ways are narrow, ill paved, and dull, but the houses are in general better built, and the streets cleaner, than those of Alexandria, Smyrna, or even, Constantinople. The dwellings are of hewn stone, many of them large and furnished with small domes. On Mount Moriah is an oblong area, 510 yards in length, with a breadth varying from 318 to 350 yards, which anciently formed the site of the famous temple, and probably also of the fortress of Antonia. This area is still enclosed by walls, which on the E. side form a part of the outer wall of the city, and both here and at the S.W. corner are portions composed of stones of vast size, considered to have formed parts of the identical walls raised by Solomon or his suc- cessors. The tower of Hippicus, on the W. side of the city, is still to be identified, as are the pools of Hezekiah, Gihon, and Siloam, the vaults and cisterns of the temple, and some of the ancientgates now walled up ; but the localities pointed out as those of the actual Via Dolorosa, of the Holy Sep- ulchre, (fee, have at best but a questionable claim to their JER i096 Jet titles. Recent explorations have brought to light many important remains of extreme antiquity. Among the most conspicuous modern buildings are the mosque of Omar [Kuhhel-es-Sukkra, "dome of the rock"), an elegant octagonal edifice, erected between a.d. 686 and 693 in the centre of the temple area; the mosque of EI Aksa, at the S.W. extremity of the same area; the gorgeous church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Byzantine edifice, erected by Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, on Mount Acra, over the reputed site of the sepulchre of the Saviour ; the Greek, Coptic, and Latin convents, and the ruined palace of the Hospitallers, on the same mount; the Arme- nianand Syrian convents, and the church of St. James, on Mount Zion ; the church of St. Anna, and the reputed birth- place of the Virgin, on Mount Bezetha; and the modern citadel, close to the Jaffa gate. Outside of the walls are also the (so-called) House of Caiaphas, now an Armenian con- vent, the Moslem tomb and mosque of David, the Armenian, Greek, and Latin cemeteries, all on Mount Zion ; the Pools of Gihon, and the remains of an ancient aqueduct; on the N., the Mohammedan cemeteries, the edifices designated the tombs "of the kings and of the judges." On the E., in the valley of Jehoshaphat, are numerous other tombs, and the garden of Gethsemane, between which rises the Mount of Olives, having on its S. and S.W. the Mount of Offence and village of Siloain. On the S, the valley of Hinnom (Gihon) is bounded by the hill of Evil Counsel. Jerusalem has some manufactures of soap and oil, but its principal trade is in rosaries and similar products made in the city. In the Middle Ages vast quantities of earth were removed from holy localities within the walls, and shipped to form the campo aanto at Pisa. The city was originally taken from the Jebusites by the Hebrews under Joshua about B.C. 1400 ; was taken and destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, B.C. 593: re- built by command of Cyrus, B.C. 586; taken by Ptolemy Soter, B.C. 32 i; afterwards held by the Maccabees; taken by Poinpey, b.c. 63; and held as a Roman city under Herod (who rebuilt the temple) until its almost total destruction by the troops of Titus, a.d. 70. At this period, in the words of Pliny, it was the most famous city not only of Palestine but of the whole East. In a.d. 135 the Jews were finally dispersed, and the city was again rebuilt by Hadrian. It was captured by the Persians in 614, by the Saracens under Omai- in 637, in 1099 by the Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon, and held by the Christians for 88 years, when it was again captured by the forces of Saladin in 1187. It has remained under Turkish government ever since, except for a short interval during 1832, when it was taken by the Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha. It is the see of Greek and Latin patriarchs, of a Melchite bishop, and of a Prot- estant bishop. The inhabitants, consisting of Moham- medans, Jews, and Christians, are generally very poor. The language spoken is the Arabic. Jeru'salem, a post-hamlet of Pickens co., Ga.^ 27 miles N.N.E. of Cartersville. It has a church. ' Jerusalem, a plantation of Franklin co.. Me. Pop. 32. Jerusalem, a post-office of Albany co., N.Y. Jerusalem, a township of Yates co., N.Y.. on the W. side of Keuka Lake. Pop. 2507. It contains Branchport. Jerusalem, a post-hamlet of Davie co., N.C., in Jeru- salem township, 12 miles N. of Salisbury. It has a steam saw-mill, a tannery, &q. The township contains 5 churches. Jerusalem, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., 0., 12 miles S. of Barnesville, and about 40 miles N.N.E. of Marietta. It has a church and a cigar-factory. Pop. 91. Jerusalem, a post-village, capital of Southampton co., Va., on the Nottoway River, about 50 miles W.S.W. of Norfolk. It has a church and a coach-factory. Jerusalem Mills, a post-hamlet of Harford co., Md., 6 miles N.W. of Magnolia Railroad Station. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Jer'vis, a small island in Torres Strait. Lat. 9° 55' S. ; Ion. 142° 10' B. Jer'vis Bay, New South Wales, 85 miles S. S.W. of Sydney, is one of the safest and most commodious harbors in the world. It is 9 miles in length and breadth. On a headland, 810 feet above the sea, is a revolving light, seen from a distance of 18 miles. Jervis Cape, South Australia, bounds Spencer Gulf on the W. side of its entrance. Jervis Island, Pacific Ocean. See Jakvis Island. Jesalmir, India. See Jkssulmeer. Jeschil-Ermak, Asia Minor. See Yrshil-Irmak. Jesdiclinast, or Jesdikast. See Yezdikhast. Jesi, a town of Italy. See Iesi. Jes'mond, a northern suburb of Newcastle-on-Tyne, England. Pop. 3068, Jesrod, j^sVod', Jesrout, jSs^root', or Jusrouta, jus-roo'tS,, a town of the Punjab, 67 miles N. of Amritsir. Jes'samine, a county in the central part of Kentucky, has an area of about 200 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Kentucky Kiver, and is drained by Jessamine Creek. The surface is undulating. The soil is very fertile. Grain and live-stock are the staples. It is connected with Cincinnati by the Kentucky Central Railroad, and traversed by the Cincinnati Southern Railroad. Capital, Nicholas- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $6,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 8638, of whom 8561 were Americans. Jessamine, a post-office of Jessamine co., Ky. Jessamine Creek, of Jessamine co., Ky., flows S.W. into the Kentucky River. Jessava, ySs-si'vS,, a river of Servia, joins the Danube at Semendria. Length, 80 miles. Jesselmere, India. See Jessulmeeu. Jessen, y^s's^n, a town of Prussian Saxony, 50 miles N.E. of Merseburg, on the Black Elster. Pop. "2^17. Jess'enland, atownship of Sibley co., Minn. P. 863. Jesse's (jes'siz) mills, a post-office of Russell co., Va., about 20 miles N. of Abingdon. Here is a grist-mill. Jessnitz, y^ss'nits, a town of Germany, in Anhalt, on the Mulde, 10 miles S. of Dessau. Pop. 3616. Jesso, an island of Japan. See Yesso. Jessore, or Jessor, jes^son', a district of Bengal, in the Ganges delta. Lat. 22° 25' 50"-23° 47' N. ; Ion. 88° 57' 33"~90° 13" E. Area, 5783 square miles. It is a fertile plain, traversed by innumerable navigable channels, and including a part of the Sunderbunds, which are densely timbered and abound with tigers, buffaloes, crocodiles, rhi- noceroses, and serpents. Capital, Jessore. Pop. 2,075,021. Jessore, or Jessor {Sans. Yaahokara), called also Kasba, kus'ba, a town of Bengal, capital of the Jessore district, in a marshy region, 67 miles N.E. of Calcutta. It has a court-house, a jail, and a hospital. Pop. 8152. The name Jessore has been given to Moorley and other former capitals of the district. The original Jessore (whose ruins are now called Iswaripoor) stood in the Sunderbunds, 50 miles E.S.E. of Calcutta. Jessulmeer, Jesselmere, or Jesalmir, jSs^s^l- meer', written also Jaysulmeer, and Jaysulniir, j^- sul-meer', one of the. five principal Rajpoot states of India, comprising a large part of the Indian Desert, between lat. 26° and 28° N. and Ion. 69° and 72° E. Area, 12,252 square miles. Pop. 74,500. Jessulmeer, or Jesselmere, a town of India, capi- tal of the above state, 138 miles W.N.W. of Joodpoor. Lat. 26° 55' N. ; Ion. 71° 28' E. Pop. 35,000. It is about 2 miles in circumference, enclosed by a stone rampart, and has a strong fort on a scarped rock. The town is regularly laid out, well built, and the residence of many merchants. Jes'sup, or Jes'up, a post-village of Wayne co., Ga., on the Atlantic &, Gulf Railroad where it crosses the Macon & Brunswick Railroad, 27 miles S.W. of Savannah, and 40 miles N.N.AV. of Brunswick. It has 4 churches, an acad- emy, and a newspaper office. Jessup, a post-office of Antelope co., Neb. Jessup, a township of Susquehanna co.. Pa. Pop. 804. Jessup Lake, Florida. See Lake Jessup. Jessup's, Anne Arundel co., Md. See HoovEitsviLLE. Jessup's Landing, New York. See Couijjth. Jessup's River, New York, rises in Hamilton co., runs northeastward, passes through Indian Lake, and enters the Hudson River in Essex co. Length, 36 miles. Jessup's Station, a post-office of Parke co., Ind., on the Logansport, Crawfordsville &, Southwestern Railroad, 15 miles N.N.E. of Terre Haute. Jestico, Nova Scotia. See Port Hood. Jesuit's (jez'u-its) Bend, a post-offico of Plaquemine parish, La., on the Mississippi River. Jes'up, a post-village of Buchanan co., Iowa, in Perry township, on the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, 78 miles AV. of Dubuque, and 9 miles AV. of Independence. It has a newspaper office, 3 churches, and a money-order post- office. Pop. about 500. Jesus Island, Canada. See Isle Jesus. Je'sus Mari'a, an island of the South Pacific, E. of Aduiiralty Island. Jesus Maria, ni'soos mi-ree'i, a seaport of Mexico, state of Tamaulipas, on the Gulf of Mexico, about 85 miles S. of Mataraoras. Je'tersville, a post-village of Amelia co., Va., on the Richmond & Danville Railroad, 43 miles W.S.W. of Rich- mond. It has a church. Jethou, zhiHoo', one of the smaller Channel Islands, belonging to Great Britain, 2i miles E, of Guernsey. JKT 1097 JIIU Jett's Creek, a post-office of Breathitt co., Ky. Jetze, letze, yet'seh, or Jeetze, yit'seh, a small river of North Germany, falls into the Elbe near the N.E. extremity of Hanover. Jever, yi'v?r, a town of Germany, grand duchy and 33 miles by rail N.N.W. of Oldenburg, on the Sieltief Canal, near the sea. Pop. 4054. It has manufactures of leather, liquors, and tobacco. * Jevst, or Jewst, a river of Russia. See Yevst. Jewala-Muki, je-wi'14-moo'kee {" mouth of flame"). a town and place of Hindoo pilgrimage in the Punjab, 10 miles N.W. of Nadaun. Pop. about ilOOO. It has several temples, a large bazaar, and mineral springs. Jew'ell, a county in the N. part of Kansas, bordering on Nebraska, has an area of 900 square miles. It is drained by Limestone and Buffalo Creeks and other affluents of the Republican River, which touches the N.E. corner of this county. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is fertile. A large portion of it (97 per cent.) is prairie. Capital, Jewell Centre. Pop. 11,388. Jewell, a post-office of Lamar co., Ala. Jewell, a post-office of Howard co., Ind. Jewell, or Jewell City, a post-village in Buffalo township, Jewell co., Kansas, in a fertile valley, on Buffalo Creek, 93 miles N.W. of Junction City. It has a news- paper office, 2 churches, a seminary, and manufactures of furniture, Ac. Pop. about 300. Here is Jewell Post-Offiee. Jewell, a post-office of Anne Arundel co., Md. Jewell, a post-office of Madison co.. Mo. Jewell, a post-hamlet of Dawson co., Neb., 20 miles N. by E. of Plum Creek Riiilroad Station. Jewell, a post-office of Defiance co., 0., on the Wabash Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Defiance. JcAVell, a post-office of Clatsop co., Oregon, on the Ne- halem River, 30 miles S. of Astoria. Jewell, a post-office of Eastland co., Texas. Jewel'la, a station in Caddo parish, La., on the Texas & Pacific Railroad, 4 miles W. of Shreveport. Jew'ell Centre, a post-village, capital of Jewell co., Kansas, in Centre township, about 100 miles N.AV. of Junc- tion City. It has a newspaper office and a money-order post-office. Jewell's, a station in Marin co., Cal., on the North Pacific Coast Railroad, 32 miles N.N.AV. of San Francisco. Jewell's, Hancock co., Ga. See Jewell's Mills. Jewell's Hill, a post-office of Jasper co.. Miss. Jewell's Mills, a village of Hancock and Warren cos., Ga., on the Ogeechee River, 4i miles S.E. of Mayfield Rail- road Station, and about 60 miles W. by S. of Augusta. It has 2 churches, a cotton-factory, a woollen-mill, and a flour- mill. Here is Jewell's Post-Office. Jew'ellville, a post-office of Banks co., Ga. Jew'ett, a post-village of Cumberland co., 111., in Greenup township, on the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, 5 miles S. of Majority Point, and IS miles E,N.E. of Effingham. It has 3 stores, 2 saw-mills, and 2 or 3 churches. Pop. about 500. Jewett, a post-hamlet of Greene co., N.Y., in Jewett township, on the Catskill Mountains, 24 miles AV. of Cats- kill. It has 2 churches. Pop. of township, 1119. Jewett, or Fair'view, a post-village of Harrison co., 0., in Rumley township, on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, 29 miles W. of Steubenville. It has 3 churches. The name of its post-office is Jewett, and the station-name is Fairview. Jewett, a post-village of Leon co., Tex., on the Inter- national and Great Northern Railroad, 44 miles S.W. of Palestine. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a high school, and a mineral spring. Jewett Centre, a post-office of Greene co., N.Y., about 25 miles W, by S. of Catskill. Jewett City, a post-village of New London co.. Conn., in Griswold township, on the Quinebaug River, and on the Norwich *t Worcester Railroad, 10 miles N.E. of Norwich, and about 1 mile E. of Jewett City Station of the New York So New England Railroad. It has 4 churches, a savings- bank, and 2 cotton-factories. Jewett Mills, a post-village of St. Croix co., Wis., on the Willow River, about 22 miles N.E. of Hudson. It has a flour-mill and a lumber-mill. Jewsburg, Carroll co., Md. See Mount Vernon. ■ Jewur, Gewur, or Jewar, jee^var, a town of India, in the Boolundshahur district. Lat. 28° 7' N. ; Ion. 77° 39' E. Pop. 7399. Jeypoor, Jyepoor, or Jypoor, ji-poor', one of the five principal Rajpoot states of India, tributary to the British, contains some of the strongest fortresses in India, and numerous Jain temples. Area, 15,251 square miles. Capital, Jeypoor. Pop. 1,891,124. Jeypoor, Jyepoor, or Jypoor, a city of Indin, cap- ital of the above state, in a barren valley, 148 miles S.Wi of Delhi. Estimated pop. 60,000. It is handsome, regularly built, enclosed by a stone wall flanked by towers, commanded by a citadel and forts on adjacent heights, and has spacious market-places, squares of houses of many stories in height, numerous temples in the purest Hindoo style, and a mag- nificent palace. Jeypoor- Ghaut, ji-poor^-gawt', 4 miles W. of the above, is a dreary defile, in which various palaces, pavilions, and temples were built by a former rajah. Jezar-Erkeiie,orI>jesr-Erkene,j^z'?r-^r'kA-nfih, a town of European Turkey, in Roumelia, on the Maritza, where it receives the Erkene, IS miles S.E. of Adrianople. Jezd, a city of Persia. See Yezd. Jezeer, Jezir, j^z-eer', or Jezeeret (Jeziret), j^z-ee'r§t, an Arabian word, signifying "island," forming a part of various names. Jezeereh- (or Jezireh-) Ibii-Omar, j5z'ee^r$h- ib'n-o*mar', a town of Asiatic Turkey, 130 miles E.S.E. of Diarbekir, on an island in the Tigris, here crossed by a bridge, which, like the castle and the rest of the town, is now mostly in ruins. Jezeeret, or Jeziret. See Curia Muiiia. Jezeeret-el-Shaf, Egypt. See Elephantine. Jezeeret- (or Jeziret- )Faroon,jez-ee'ret-fiVoon', a small island of Arabia, on the W. side of the Gulf of Akabah, 10 miles S.W. of Akabah. Extensive remains of antiquity here have given rise to the supposition that this was the ancient Elath. Jezeeret- (Jeziret-) Hassan, j^z-ee'r^t-h^s'sin^, and Jezeeret-es-Saba (^s-sa'bd) (i.e., "the brothers"), are rocks in the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. Jezierna, yi*tse-5ii'n&, a town of Austria, in Galicia, on a railway, N.W. of Tarnopol. Pop. 3987. Jezreel, the ancient name of Zekeen. Jezreel, Plain of. See Esdraelon. JhaJ^har', a town of India, in the Boolundshahur dis- trict. Pop. 5632. Jhalakati, j^-la-k4'tee, Maharajgunge, or Ma- harajganj, mS,-ha-r4j-gunj', a town of Bengal, district of Backergunge, on a navigable river. 20 miles S.W. of Bur- risol. It has a great export trade in timber, fire-wood, rice, and paddy, and imports much salt. Pop. about 5000. Jhalawan, jS,-l^-win', a province of Beloochistan, be- tween lat. 26° and 29° N. and Ion. 65° and 67° 30' E. Area, 16,000 square miles. Pop. 40,000. It has only a few pro- ductive tracts. Jhalda, or Jhalida, Bengal. See Jaulda. Jhallawar, jal'la-war, or JhalloAva, jfLl'lo-wi, a native state of India, in Rajpootana, between lat. 23° 48' and 24° 48' N., Ion. 75° 24' and 77° E. Area, 2200 square miles. Pop. 220,000. Jhallawur, or Jhalawar, j&l'Ia-wii.r, a native state of India, in Kattywar. Area, 3793 square miles. It is level, and productive of cotton and wheat. Lat. 22° 18'-23° 8' N.; Ion. 70° 50'-72° 10' E. Pop. 381,389. Jhaloo, jilHoo', written also Jahalu, ja^ha-loo', a town of India, district of Bijnaur. Lat. 29° 20' N.j lat. 78° 17' E. Pop. 5979. Jhaug, a district of the Punjab. See Jung. Jhansee, Jhanste, or Jhansi, jSn'see, a town of India, capital of Jhansee district and division, 230 miles W. of Allahabad. It has manufactures of carpets and arms. Jhansee, a district of India, in the North-West Prov- inces, forming a part of Jhansee division, British Bundel- cund. Lat. 25° 15'-26° N. ; Ion. 78° 25'-79° 45' E. Area, 1567 square miles. Pop. 317,826. The division of Jhansee has an area of 6134 square miles. Pop. 934,934. Jhansoo-Jean§^, or Jhansu-Jeang, j^n-soo'-ji- Ang', a fortified rock in Thibet, 37 miles S.E. of Teshoo- Loomboo. Jheend, Jeend, or Jhind, jeend, a native state of India, in the Sirhind plain. Area, ^^b square miles. Cap- ital, Jheend, a town 75 miles N.W. of Delhi. Pop. 190,475. Jhelum, a town of the Punjab. See Jhylum. Jhinji, a town of British India. See Gingee. Jhoonjoona, joon-joo'ni, a town of India, in Rajpoo- tana, 24 miles S.E. of Chooroo, in an oasis of the desert, and handsomely built. Jhow, jow, a town of Beloochistan, province of Mekran, 40 miles N.W. of Bela. Around it many remains of an- tiquity have been discovered. Jhu\jhur', a town of India, 35 miles W. of Delhi, capi- tal of a native state of the same name. Pop. 10,545, JHU 109S JO© Jhui^harpoor, or Jhanjharpur* jun-jar-poor', a town of Bengal, district of Durbungah. Lat. 26° 16' X.; Ion. 86° 19' E. It is noted for its brass-ware. Pop. 3940. JhyluiTif JailuiHy Jylum, Jilum, ji'lum, written also Jhelum, Jelum, or Behut, be-hut' (anc. Bi/daa'- pes), the westernmost of the "five rivers" of the Punjab, rises in Cashmere, the whole of which valley It drains, and, after a S.AV. course estimated at 350 miles, joins the Che- Daub 80 miles N.N.E. of Mooltan, from which junction it is navigable upwards nearly to its emergence from the moun- tains. It is also navigable for 70 miles in Cashmere. Chief atfluents, the Kishengunga and Pir-Panjal. On ic are the towns of Islamabad, Shahabad, Serinagur, Jhylum, Julal- poor, and Pind-Badun-Khan. Jhylum, or Jhilam,ji'lum, called also Jhelum, a town of India, capital of Jhylum district, on the river Jhylum, 75 miles by rail S.E. of Rawil-Pinde, Pop. 5140. Jhylum, a district of the Rawil-Pinde division, Punjab, India. Area, 3910 square miles. Capital, Jhylum. Pop. 500,988. Jiahar, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Giabar. Jibara, a village of Cuba. See Gibara. Jiddah, Jidda, or Djiddah, jid'd^, a seaport town and one of the principal trading entrepots of Arabia, in El Hejaz, 65 miles W. of Mecca, of which it is the port. Lat. 21° 28' 3" N. ; Ion. 39° 13' E. Stationary population about 18,000. The town proper is built of madrepore and stone, and is cleaner than most places in the East; the suburbs are mean. The public buildings comprise numer- ous khans, several mosques, the governor's residence, cus- tom-house, a small castle, and the reputed tomb of Eve. The vicinity is a bare desert. Rain-water has to be carefully preserved in cisterns, and provisions to be brought from a long distance ; yet Jiddah has a large transit trade with all the surrounding countries. Imports from Abyssinia and Egypt consist of provisions, tobacco, clothing, musk, civet, and incense; muslins and other fabrics, teak, cocoanuts, spices, and shawls are received from India, spice from the Malay Archipelago, and slaves from Zanzibar; and Eng- lisb goods are received by steamer. Exports to Abyssinia consist of coral, Egyptian cotton goods, sword-blades, matchlocks, cutlery, hardware, mirrors, and leather; and Oriental goods of all kinds, with dates, coffee, and Mecca balm, are sent by sea to Suez, whence they are distributed over the whole Levant. Many thousand pilgrims arrive here annually on the route to Mecca. The shereef of that city has ruled in Jiddah from the time of Mohammed to the present century; but the town is now under Turkish government. Jiga-Gounggar, jee'gS,-goong^gar' (?), a town of Thibet, 45 miles S.W. of Lassa. Lat. 29° 5S' N.; Ion. 91° 28' E. Its population is said to comprise 20,000 families. Jigat, a town of India. See Dwaraca. Jihoon, a river of Asia. See Amoo-Barya, Jijeli, Gigelli, or Djigelli, je-j^l'lee, a fortified maritime town of Algeria, province and 54 miles N.W. of Constantine. It has defective harbor-works. Pop. 2122. Jijiginsk, Gijighiusk, or Gijiginsk, je-je-ghinsk', written also Ijighilisk, a fortified town of Siberia, on the Sea of Okhotsk, 70 miles W.S.AV. of Penjinsk. See Gtjlf OF JlJIGINSE. Jijon, a town of Spain, See Guon. Jijoua^ Xixoua, ne-Ho'n^, or Jigona, a town of Spain, province and 18 miles N.W. of Alicante. Pop. 3612. Chief industry, manufacture of linen and shoes. Jikadze, Jikadaze, Thibet. See Teshoo-Loomboo. Jila, a river of North America. See Gila River. Jiles (jilz) Creek, a post-office of Muhlenburgco.,Ky. Jillilrey, jirie-fri', a town of "West Africa, on the N. shore of the river Gambia. Jiloca, or Xiloca, ne-lo'kd, and Jilon, or Xilon, He-Ion', two rivers of Spain, in Aragon, unite at Calatayud to form a tributary of the Ebro, which it joins 12 miles N.W. of Saragossa, after a N.E. course of about 100 miles. JilolOy Malay Archipelago. See Gilolo. Jitum, a river of the Punjab. See JnYLUsr. Jimamailan, He-mi-mi-lin', a town of the Philip- pines, on the W. side of the island of Negros. Pop. 1685. Jimena, or Ximeiia, He-mk'n^, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 14 miles from Jaen. Pop. 2020. Jimena (or Ximciia) de la Frontera, ne-m^'n^ di, li fron-ti'rS., a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 46 miles E. of Cadiz, on the E. declivity of the Sierra de Gazules, crowned by an old Roman fort. Pop. 6577. Jimera (orXimera) de Livai'{or Libar), no-mi'- rS. di le-vaR', a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 45 miles W.S.W. of Malaga. Pop. 1031. Jimes, jimz, a post-office of Jackson co., 0. Jim Henry, a township of Miller co., Mo. Pop,. 542. Jim'my Camp, a post-office of El Paso co., Col. Jim Ned, a post-office of Brown co., Tex., 12 miles W, of Brownwood. Jim Town, a post-hamlet of Phillips co., Kansas, 70 miles S. of Kearney Junction, Neb. Jimtown, Kentucky. See Fountain Run. Jim Town, a post-hamlet of Dallas co., Tex., 5 miles from Dallas. It has a church. Jiudialeh, a town of the Punjab. See Jendialeh. JilXieera, or Jinjira,jin-jee'ra, called also Hubshee, hub'shee ("Abyssinian"), a native state of India, on the W. coast. Lat. 18°-18° 32' N. ; Ion. 72° 52'-73° 18' E. Area, 324 square miles. Capital, Jinjeera, a town with a deep and good harbor, 48 miles S. of Bombay. Pop. 71,996. Jinne, a town of Africa. See Jenne. Jirjeh, a town of Egypt. See Girgeh. Jiron, United States of Colombia. See Giron. Jitomir, a town of Poland. See Zhitomeer. Jizdra, or Jisdra, a town of Russia, See Ziiizdra. Jizeh, Egypt. See Gheezeh. Joa, jo'A, a mouth of the Indus during inundations, but in the dry season merely a salt-water creek. Lat. 25° 15' N.; Ion. 67° 19' E. Joa, a large town of the Punjab, on the Salt Range, 110 miles N.W. of Lahore. Joachim^ jo'a-kim, a township of Jefferson co.. Mo. Pop. 1865. Joachimsthal, yo'i-KimsHILI, a town of Bohemia, 14 miles N.N.E. of Elbogen. Pop." 5328. It has mines of silver, iron, and tin, paint-works, paper-mills, &c. Joachimsthal, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 35 mjles N.E. of Berlin. Pop. 2071. Joa?, jo-Sg', a walled town of Senegambia. Lat. 14° 30' N.flon. 10° 50' W. Pop. 2000. Joam, Sdio, a town of Portugal. See Sao Joao. Joana, Java. See Jawana. Joauko, jo-An'ko, a lake of Siberia, within the Arctic Circle, in lat. 175° E., in the territory of the Chookchees, It is 24 miles long by 12 miles broad, and discharges itself through the Anadeer, which issues from its W. extremity. Jo^an'na Furnace, a post-office and iron-furnace of Berks co., Pa., on the Wilmington & Reading Railroad, 19 miles S. by E. of Reading. Joannes, a large island of Brazil. See Marajo. Joannina, a town of Turkey. See Yanina. Joazeiras, zho-i-zi'r3,s, a small town of Brazil, prov- ince of Bahia, on the Sao Francisco, 65 miles N.N.W. of Jacobina. Job, or Johe, job, a post-hamlet of Oregon co., Mo., about 54 miles W.S.W. of Poplar Bluff. It has 2 churches and a plough-factory. Pop. of Job township, 848. Jobe, a post-hamlet of Monongalia co.,W. Va., 13 miles E. of Burton Railroad Station. It has a woollen-mill. Jobes, jobz, a post-office of Audubon co., Iowa. Jobie, jo'bee, an island in the Malay Archipelago, ad- jacent to Papua, on the N. side of its great bay. Lat. 1° 35' S.; Ion. between 135° 30' and 137° 30' E. Length, from W. to E., 100 miles; greatest breadth, 25 miles. The Strait of Jobie separates it on the N. from Schoutea Island. It is scantily peopled by a race of savages. Jobia, or Djobia, job'l^, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on a river, 103 miles S.S.W. of Sana. Job's (jubz) Cab'in, a township of Wilkes co., N.C. Pop. 606. Job's Cove, a fishing settlement in the district of Bay de Verds, Newfoundland, on the N. shore of Conception Bay, 25 miles from Carbonear. Pop. 290. Johstown, jobz'town, a post-village of Burlington co., N.J., on the Kinkora Branch Railroad, 8 miles S. of Borden- town. It has 3 churches and a carriage-shop, Jobtown, job'town, a village of Cass co., Ind. Pop. 349. It is now a part of the city of Logansport. Jocjocarta, Java, See Djokjokarta, Jockmock, yok'mok, a town of North Sweden, \xn and 95 miles N.W. of PiteA. Pop. 1450. Jodar, or Xodar, Ho-daR', a town of Spain, 26 miles E. of Jaen, near the Guadalquivir. Pop. 4798. Jo Daviess, da'viss, the most northwestern county of Illinois, borders on Wisconsin. Area, about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Mississippi River, and is intersected by Apple and Fevre Rivers. The surface is uneven or hilly, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, oats, wheat, hay, cattle, pork, and butter are the staple products. Silurian lime- stone underlies part of this county, Avhioh has also miuoa JOD IC of lead. It is intersected by the Illinois Central Railroad. Capital, Galena. Valuation of real and personal estate, $11,796,560. Pop. in 1870, 27,820, of whom 19,966 were natives and 785-i were foreigners. Jo Daviess, a township of Faribault co., Minn. P. 316. Jodhpur, India. See Joodpoor/ Jodoigne, zhoMwaii', a town of Belgium, in South Brabant, 6 miles S.S.W. of Tirlemont. It has oil-mills. Pop. 3400. Joe Batt's Arm, a fishing village in the district of Twillingate and Fogo, Newfoundland, 6 miles from Pogo. Pop. 480. Joe's Branch, a post-office of Dallas co., Tex. Joet'ta, a post-office of Hancock co., III. Jog'gins (or Joggin) Mines, a poat-village in Cum- berland CO., Nova Scotia, 4 miles from River Herbert. It has extensive beds of coal. Pop. 250. Johan'na, called also Anjouan,4n^zhoo-5,n', or An- zooan (Anzuan), ^n'zoo-in', and Hinzuan, binV.oo- in', the central and most frequented though not largest of the Comoro Islands, in Mozambique Channel. It is 26 miles in length by 18 miles in breadth, and has a central peak 3800 feet above thq sea, in lat. 12° 13' S., Ion. 44° 29' E. Pop. 12,000. It is well wooded, well watered, fertile, and picturesque. On the N. side is the walled town of Johanna, or Moosamondoo, the seat of the sultan of the island and of a good trade. Johannesberg, yo-hin'n§s-bSRG\ a village of Bo- hemia, on the Neisse, 9 miles from Roichenberg. P. 1162. Johaunesthal, yo-h^n'n?s-tiir, a town of Austria, in Silesia, 29 miles N.W. of Troppau. Pop. 1625. Johann-Georgenstadt, yo-b^nn'-gi-oit'gh^n-st:S,tt\ a town of Saxony, on the Schwarzwasser, 29 miles S.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 4083, mostly employed in iron-mines and in manufactures of tobacco, sulphur, and linen thread. Johannisberg, jo-han'nis-berg (Ger. pron. yo-hin'nis- b^RG^), a village of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, on a hill near the Rhine, 13 miles W. of Mentz, famous for its vineyard yielding the finest hock wine. Pop. 1049, Johannisburg, yo-hdn'nis-booae', a town of East Prussia, 70 miles S.S.W. of Gumbinnen. Pop. 2772. Johans'burg, or Johanesburg, a post-village of Washington co., III., about 35 miles E.S.B. of St. Louis, Mo. Pop. 101, John Day's Creek, a post-office of Idaho co., Idaho. John Day's River, Oregon, rises among the Blue Mountains, in the eastern part of the state. It runs west- ward, and passes into Wasco co., in which it flows nearly northward until it enters the Columbia River about 40 miles above Dalles City. Its length is estimated at 250 miles, John Gray's River rises in the AV. part of Wyoming, runs northwestward into Idaho, and enters the Snake River in Oneida co. It traverses a mountainous country in which gold is found. It is probably 120 miles long. John O'Groat's (o-grawts) House, Scotland, co. of Caithness, li miles W. of Duncansby Head, is the name of a site once occupied by a cottage, and is nearly the most N. point of Great Britain, John Quincy Adams, or J. Q. Adams, a town- ship of Warren co., Ind. Pop. 809. John River, a small stream of Coos co,, N.H., falls into the Connecticut in the N. part of the state. Johns, a township of Appanoose co., Iowa. Pop, 916. Johnsburg, jonz'burg, a post-hamlet of McHenry co., 111., about 24 miles N. of Elgin. It is 3 miles from McHenry Railroad Station. It has a church. Johnsburg, a post-village of Warren eo., N.Y., in Johnsburg township {which is bounded on the E. by the Hudson River), about 50 miles N. of Saratoga Springs. It has a church. The township contains the village of North Creek, on the Adirondack Railroad, and has a pop. of 2580. Johnsburg, a post-hamlet of Somerset co., Pa., about 20 miles N.N.W. of Cumberland, Md. It has a church. John's Creek, a post-office of Gordon co., Ga. Johnsdorf, a village of Bohemia. See Jansdorf. John's HaVen, a seaport village of Scotland, co, of Kincardine, on the North Sea, 3 miles by rail S.S.W. of Bervie, Pop. 1077. John's Island, one of the sea-island chain or group, in Charleston co., S.C. Pop. 2016. John's Island Station is on the Savannah , a village of France, in Seine, 6 miles E. of Paris. Pop. 2901. Jokjokerta, Java. See D.iok.iokarta. Joktheel, a Scriptural name of Petba. Joliba, a river of Africa. See Niger. Joliet, jo'Ie-et, a city, the capital of Will co.. 111., in Joliet township, on DeS Plaines River, and on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, 37 miles S.W. of Chioiigo, 44 miles E.N.E. of Ottawa, and about 22 miles S.S.E. of Aurora. It is on the Chicago & Alton Railroad where it crosses the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and is the W. ter- minus of a branch of the Michigan Central Railroad, and the N.E. terminus of a railroad to Coal City and Streator. It contains many handsome stone buildings, 12 churches, 3 chapels, a Catholic academy, 2 high schools, 2 national banks, 3 other banks, a convent, and a state prison. The last is a magnificent structure, built of fine gray lime- stone quarried in the vicinity. Two newspapers are pub- lished here. Joliet has extensive flour-mills, machine-shops, 3 breweries, lime-kilns, brick-yards, a foundry, manufac- tories of boots and shoes which employ 450 men, cigar- factories (135 men), Bessemer steel-works and rolling-mills (1200 men), carriage-shops, marble-works, and manufac- tures of builders' hardware (100 men), cooperage (180 men), farming-implements, stoves, sash, doors, and blinds. The river affords water-power at this place. Here are lai'ge quarries of excellent Silurian limestone, called Joliet lime- JOL 1102 JON «tone, of which several fine public buildings of Chicago have been constructed. About 1200 men are employed in these quarries. Pop. 7263; of the township, excluding the city, 2940. Joliety or Joliett, a village of Hamilton co., Ind., in "Washington township, about 22 miles N. of Indianapolis. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 200. Here is Joliettville Post-0 ffice, Joliet Crossing, a station in Lake co., Ind., on the Columbus, Chicago A. Indiana Central Railroad whore it crosses the Joliet Branch of the Michigan Central Railroad, 32 miles S.E. of Chicago, III. Joliett, a post-office of Schuylkill co,, Pa., about 20 .miles W.S.W". of Pottsville. Joliette, zhoMee-^tt', a county in the W. part of Que- bec, bordering on the St. Lawrence, has an area of 2670 square miles. It is drained by the river L'Assomption and several smaller streams. A railway of 12 miles connects its chief town, Joliette, with the St. Lawrence. Pop. 23,075. Joliette, or Industry Village, a town in Joliette CO., Quebec, on the river L'Assomption, 19 miles N. of L'Assomption, and on the St. Lawrence <& Industry Rail- way, 12 miles W.N.W. of Lanoraie. It contains large grist-, saw-, carding-, and fulling-mills, an extensive foundry, a tannery, a number of stores, a college, convent, hospital, -and mechanics' institute, and large quarries of limestone. It is the business centre of 30 parishes, and has a market every Saturday. An extensive trade is done in grain and country produce and in timber. A French weekly news- paper is published in Joliette. Pop. 3047. Joliettville, or Jolliettville, Ind. See Joliet. Jolly, Monroe co., 0. See Brownsville. Jol'lytown, a post-hamlet of Grreene co., Pa., about 60 miles S.S.W. of Pittsburg. It has a church. Jolon, Ho-Ion', a post-hamlet of Monterey co., Cal., 38 miles S. of Soledad. Jolsva,yolsh'v6h\ Alnovia,orno've-oh\or Eltsch, ^Itch, a town of Hungary, 46 miles W. of Kaschau. P. 3076. Jomalic, no-mi-leek', and Jomonjol, iio-mon-Hol', two islets of the Philippines, E. of Luzon. Jo'nas, an island in the Sea of Okhotsk, in lat. 56° 25' 30" N., Ion. 143° 16' E., about 2 miles in circumference, and 1200 feet high, A crowd of detached rocks lie off its W. side, on which the waves beat with great violence. Jo'nas Ridge, a post-office of Burke co., N.C. Jon'athan Creek, a township of Moultrie co., 111. Pop. 1001. Jonathau's Creek, Ohio, rises in Licking co., runs eastward, and enters the Muskingum River in Muskingum CO., about 3 miles below Zanesville. Jonathan's Creek, a post-office of Haywood co., N.C, about 32 miles W. of Asheville. Pop. of Jonathan's Creek township, 987. Jones, jonz, a county in the central part of G-eorgia, has an area of about 430 square miles. It is bounded on .the S.W. by the Ocmulgee River, and is drained by Cedar ,and Commissioner's Creeks. The surface is hilly, and ex- tensively covered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Among its minerals are granite and iron ore. The Central Railroad of Georgia traverses the S, part of this county. Capital, Clinton. Valuation of real and personal estate, ?1, 529,629. Pop, in 1870, 9436, of whom 9429 were Americans. Jones, a county in the E. part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Maquoketa and Wapsipinicon Rivers. The surface is undulating. The soil is very fertile. This county has a large portion of prairie, and is liberally supplied with timber. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, butter, and pork are the staple products. Silu- rian limestone underlies a large part of the soil. This county is intersected by 4 railroads, — the Dubuque & Southwestern, the Iowa Midland, the Davenport & St. Paul, and the Sabula, Ackley & Dakota. Capital, Anamosa. Valuation of real and personal estate, $9,487,096. Pop. in 1870, 19,731, of whom 16,766 were Americans ; in 1875, 19,166. Jones, a county in the S.E. part of Mississippi, has an areaof about 625 square miles. It is intersected by Leaf, Tal- lahoma, and Bogue Homo Rivers, The surface is uneven or undulating, and is extensively covered with forests of pine and other trees. The soil is sandy and rather poor. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Ellisville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $200,000. Pop. in 1870, 3313, of whom 3306 were Americans. Jones, a county in the S.E. part of North Carolina, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by the Trent River, The surface is nearly level, and is exten- sively occupied by marshes and forests- of pine and cypress. The soil is mostly sandy, and produces cotton and Indian corn. The Atlantic & North Carolina Railroad passes along the N. border of this county. Capital, Trenton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,375,080. Pop. in 1870, 5002, of whom 4996 were Americans. Jones, a county. in the N. part of Texas, has an area of 900 square miles. It is drained by the Clear Fork of Brazos River. It had in 1870 no settled population, Jones, a station in Dallas co,, Ala., on the Selma & Gulf Railroad, 8 miles S. of Selma. Jones, a township of Union co., Iowa. Pop. 880. Jones, a station on the Air-Line division of the Michi- gan Central Railroad, 11 miles E. of Cassopolis, Mich. Jones, a station in Alleghany co., Pa,, on the Pitts- burg, Virginia & Charleston Railroad, 23 miles S, of Pittsburg. Jones, a township of Elk co., Pa. Pop. 1091. Jones Blutf, Alabama. See Epes Station. Jonesborough, jonz'bur-ruh, a post-village of Jeff'er- son CO., Ala., on the Alabama *fc Chattanooga Railroad, 13 miles S.W. of Birmingham. It has several churches and stores, and 30 families. Coal nnd iron are shipped here. Jonesborou^h, a post-village, capital of Craighead CO,, Ark,, about 60 miles N,N.W, of Memphis, Tenn. It has 2 churches and an academy. Pop, 155. Jonesborough, a post-village, capital of Clayton co,, Ga., on the Central Railroad of Georgia, 20 miles S. of At- lanta. It has a court-house, 3 white churches, a newspaper office, the Clayton Institute, a steam lumber-mill, aplough- faetory, and a carriage -factory. Much cotton is shipped here. Pop. about 1000. Jonesborough, a post-village, capital of Union co., DI., in Jonesborough township, on the Cairo & St. Louis Railroad, 30 miles N. of Cairo, and 1 mile W. of the Illinois Central Railroad, Large quantities of fruit are exported from this place. It has 3 churches, a bank, and 2 newspaper offices. Near it there is a state asylum for the insane. Pop, 1108; of the township, 1577. Jonesborough, a post-village of Grant co., Ind., in Mill township, on Mississinewa River, and on the Cincin- nati, Wabash & Michigan and Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroads, 45 miles E.S.E. of Logansport, and 6 miles S. of Marion, It has a newspaper office, 4 churches, a seminary, a chair-factory, and a planing-mill. Pop. 581, Jonesborough, a post-township of Washington co,, Me., on the Atlantic Ocean, 8 miles W.S,W. of Machias. Pop. 522, Jonesborough, a post-office of Tippah co.. Miss. Jonesborough, a hamlet of Saline eo.. Mo,, 22 miles W.N.W. from Boonville, It has a church. Pop. about 50. Jonesborough, a post-village in Jonesborough town- ship, Moore co,, N,C., on the railroad between Raleigh and Sanford, about 40 miles S.W. of Raleigh. The township has 6 churches, and manufactures of carriages and tobacco. Jonesborough, a post-village, capital of Washington CO., Tenn., is situated in a beautiful and fertile valley on the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad, 98 miles E.N.E. of Knoxville. It contains 5 or 6 churches, 2 news- paper offices, a normal academy, a female institute, a foun- dry, a tannery, and a saw-mill. Jonesborough, a post-village of Coryell co,, Tex,, on Leon River, 50 miles W. of Waco. It ha-s a church, a flour- mill, a saw-mill, and a seminary. Pop. 300. Jonesborough, a post-office of Brunswick co., Va., on the Nottoway River, about 38 miles S.W. of Petersburg. Jonesburg, jOnz'burg, a post-office of Chautauqua co., Kansas, about 11 miles S.E. of Sedan. Jonesburg, a post- village of Montgomery co.. Mo., on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 68 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis. It has 4 churches, and manufactures of carriages, chairs, and ploughs. Pop. about 400, Jones' (jOnz'iz) Chap'el, a post-oflice of Cullman co,, Ala. Jones' Cor'ners, a post-office of Holmes co., 0., about 30 miles S.E. of Mansfield. Jones' Cove, a post-village of Sevier co., Tenn., 15 miles S.W. of Newport. It has an academy. Jones' Creek, of Walker co,, Ala,, ftows into Sipsey River. Jones' Creek, of Delaware, runs southeastward in Kent CO., and enters Delaware Bay. Dover, the capital of the state, is on this creek. Jones' Creek, of North Carolina, flows into Yadkin River at the E, border of Anson co. Jones' Creek, in the N.W. central part of Tennessee, flows into Harpeth River in Dickson co. JON 1103 JOP Jones* Creek, a post-office of Anson co., N.C. Jones* (jonz'iz) Cross Roads, a post-office of Talla- poosa CO,, Ala. Jones* Cross Roads, a hamlet of Washington co., Md., 1 mile from Breathedsville Railroad Station. It has a church and a coach -factory. Jones' Mills, a post-office of Meriwether co., Ga. Jones' Mills, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Pa., about 44 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. Jones Mills, a post-office of Be Knlb co., Tenn. Jone'so, a post-office of Tulare co., Cal. Jonesport, jonz'port, a post-village of Washington co., Me., in Jonesport township, on the Atlantic Ocean, 20 miles S.S.W. of Machias, and about 66 miles E.S.E. of Bangor. It has a church. It is partly supported by ship-building. Pop. of the township, 1305, Jones' Prairie, pra'ree, a post-hamlet of Milam co., Tex., 11 miles S.W. of Calvert. It has a church. Jones' Sprinsfs, a post-village of Berkeley co., W.Va., S miles S.W. of North Mountain Station. It has a church and a steam lumber-mill. Jones' Station, a post-office of Dearborn co., Ind., about 30 miles N.E. of Madison. Jones' Station, a post-office of Butler co., 0., on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad, 19 miles N. of Cincinnati. Jones* Station, a post-haralet of Haywood co., Tenn., on the Louisville & Memphis Railroad, 65 miles E.N.E. of Memphis, It has a church. Jones Switch, a post-office of Autauga co., Ala. Jonestown, jonz'town, a post-office of Allen co., Kansas. Jonestown, a post-village of Coahoma co., Miss., 15 miles S. by E. of Helena, Ark. It has 2 churches and several stores. Jones Town, a hamlet of Columbia co.. Pa., in Fish- ing Creek township, 8 miles N.E. of Bloomsburg. It has a flour-mill, a saw-mill, and 20 houses. Here is Fishing Creek Post-Office. Jonestown, a post-village of Lebanon co., Pa, in Swatara township, on or near Swatara Creek, and on the Lebanon & Tremont Railroad, 7 miles N. of Lebanon. It has 3 churches, a money-order post-office, a bank, and a school called Ileilman Hall. Pop. about 1500. Jonestown, a post-office of Cocke co., Tenn. Jones' Valley, a post-hamlet of Hickman co.. Tenn., 18 miles N.W. of Columbia. Jonesville, jonz'vil, a post-office of Alachua co., Fla. Jonesville, a village of Mcintosh co., Ga., on the South Newport River, 8 miles S.E. of Walthourville. It has a church. Pop. 99. Jonesville, a post-village of Bartholomew co., Ind., in Wayne township, on the Jefferson ville, Madison oor, or Jainalpur, jiim-J,l-poor', a town of Bengal, district and 5 miles S. of Monghir, at the junction of the Monghir Branch Railway with the East India Rail- way. Here are shops and iron-mills of the railway, covering 30 acres. It has a large European and native Christian population, and is a place of recent growth. Pop. 10,453. Jumalpoor, or Jamalpur, a town of Bengal, the largest town of the Mymunsingh district, on the Brahma- pootra, 32 miles N.W. of Mymunsingh. It consists of a group of adjacent villages. Pop. 14,312. Jum'boseer', written also Jambusar, Jambsar, and Dschambusar, a town of India, district and 22 miles S.N.W. of Bavoach. Pop. 14,924. Jumeaux, zhii^mo', a village of France, in Puy-de- Dome, 9 miles S.S.E. of Issoire. Pop. 1319. Jumelles, zhii^mell', a village of France, in Maine-et- Loire, 8 miles S. of BaugS. Pop. 1618. Jumet, or Jumetz, zhiiHnet', a town of Belgium, in Hainaut, 3 miles N. of Charleroi. It has glass-works, dis- tilleries, and extensive coal-mines. Pop. 15,262. Jumieges, zhii^me-izh', a village of France, in Seine- Inferieure, on the Seine, 16 miles W. of Rouen. Pop. 1618. It has remains of a Benedictine abbey. Jumiila, or Xumilla, Hoo-meel'yi, a town of Spain, province and 37 miles N.N.W. of Murcia. Pop. 9613. It is pretty well built, and has a public granary, and manufac- tures of fire-arms, tiles, earthenware, and refined salt. Jumillac, zhii'mee'yak', or Jumilliac-le-Grand, zhii^mee^y4k'-leh-gr6N"', a town of France, in Dordogne, on the left bank of the Isle River, 33 miles E.N.E. of Peri- gueux. Pop. 550. Juni'moo', Jainoo, or Jamu, jum-oo', written also Dschamu, a native state of India, in the Gholab Singh dominions, of which it forms a nucleus (see Cashmere) and to which it sometimes gives its name. It is traversed by the Himalayas, and has on the N. Cashmere proper, and on the S. Chamba and the Sutlej hill-states. Capital, Jummoo. Pop. 861,075. Jummoo, or Jamu, a fortified town, capital of the Jummoo state, 75 miles N. of Amritsir. It is in the southern range of the Himalayas, on an affluent of the Che- naub. It has a palace, harem, and park. Pop. 41,817. Jummoo and Cashmere. See Cashmere. Jummoo-Kandy, a town of Bengal. See Kandy. Jumna, or Jamna, jiim'na (anc. Yanmna, or Jamuna, yi-moo'ni; the Jom'anes of Pliny), a river of India, rises among the loftiest peaks of the Himalayas, about an eleva- tion of 11,000 feet, flows mostly S., and afterwards S.E., and joins the Ganges at Allahabad, after having enclosed with that river the territory called the Doab. Total course estimated at 680 miles. It is generally shallow, but its lower part h.as been rendered fit for navigation. Its afflu- ents are the Tons, Chumbul, Sind, Betwah, Cane, and Rinde, On it are the cities of Delhi and Agra. It feeds two great systems of irrigation-canals. Jumnootri, or Jumnoutri, jiim-noo'tree, written also Jumnotri, a peak of the Himalayas, in India. Lat. about 30° N. ; Ion. 78° 20' E. Height, 25,500 feet. Jumnootri, or Jumnoutri, jum-noo'tree (Hind. Yamunavatarij yi-moo-na-v^-tS,'ree), a famous place of Hindoo pilgrimage in North India, near the source of the Jumna, lat. 30° 52' N., Ion. 78° 20' E., and 10,849 feet above the sea. Juinoo, a town of the Punjab. See Jummoo. Jumooee, Jumoee, or Jamui, jiim-oo'ee, a town of Bengal, district and 32 miles S.S.W. of Monghir, near Jumooee Railway Station. It has good public buildings and a large trade. Pop. 5197. Jump'ing Branch, a post-hamlet of Summers co., W. Va., 6 miles S.W, of Hinton Station. It has a church. Jump River, AVisconsin, rises in the E. part of Chip- pewa CO., runs southwestward, and enters the Chippewa River about 27 miles N.N.E. of Chippewa Falls. It is nearly 100 miles long. Jumud, joo-mud', a town of Toorkistan, 70 miles N.N.W. of Khiva. Junaghur, or Junagarh. See Joonaghur. Junaluska, Jackson co., S.C. See Janahjska. Junction, Alabama. See Whiting. Junction, a station in Marin co., Cal., on the North P.acific Coast Railroad, at the junction of the San Rafael Branch, 17 miles N.W. of San Francisco. Junction, California. See Roseville. Junction, a post-ofiiee of Lemhi co., Idaho, 50 miles from Salmon City. Junction, or Main Line Junction, in Marion co., 111., is a station on the Illinois Centriil Railroad, 1 mile N. of Central City, 5 miles S. of Odin, and 4 miles S.W. of Sandoval, at the junction of the Chicago division with the main line. Junction, a post-office of Pulaski eo., 111., at Mounds, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 7 miles N. of Cairo. A short railroad extends from this place to Mound City. Junction, Illinois. See Turner. Junction, a station in Black Hawk co., Iowa, 4 miles W. of Waterloo, at the junction of the Cedar Falls & Min- nesota Railroad with the Dubuque &. Sioux City Railroad. Junction, a township of Greene co., Iowa. Pop., ex- clusive of Grand Junction (a village), 469. Junction, Atchison co., Kansas. See Parnell. Junction, a township of Osage co., Kansas, Pop. 1099. Post-office, Farmersville. Junction, a post-village of Carlton co., Minn., near the right bank of the St. Louis River, on the Northern Pacific Railroad, at its junction with the Lake Superior & Mississippi Railroad, 24 miles W. S.W. of Duluth. It has a church, and extensive manufactures of pine lumber. It is 1 mile from the Dalles of the St. Louis River, which here falls 430 feet in a course of 7 miles. Pop. about 200. Junction, Platte co., Mo. See Atchison Junction. Junction, or Junction City, a village and mining- camp of Madison Co., Montana, on Alder Creek, about 42 miles S.W. of Virginia City. It has rich placer- and quartz- mines, 3 stores, and a quartz-mill. Junction, a post-offlee of Nye co., Nevada. Junction, a post-village of Hunterdon co., N.J., in Bethlehem township, on the Central Railroad, at its junc- tion with the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, 5 miles S. of Washington, and 17 miles E. of Baston, Pa. It has 4 churches, and repair-shops of the railroad. Pop. about 1100. Junction, a hamlet of Rensselaer co., N.Y., on the Troy 6 Boston Railroad, 9 miles N. by E. of Troy. Junction, a station in Warren co., N.C., on the Raleigh & Gaston Railroad, at the junction of the former branch to Clarksville, Va., 43 miles W. of Weldon. Junction, a post-village of Paulding co., 0., on the Auglaize River, and on the Wabash & Erie Canal, at its junction with the Miami Canal, 10 miles S.W. of Defiance. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 300. Junction, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co.. Pa., on the Reading & Columbia Railroad, at the junction of the Lan- caster Branch, 33 miles AV.S.W. of Reading. Junction, a station in Calhoun co., Tex., on the Gulf, JUN 1108 JUN Western Texas & Pacific Railroad, at the junction of the Port Lavaca Branch, 16 miles N.W. of Indianola. Junction, or Hanover Junction, a post-ofiice and station of Hanover eo., Va., on the North Anna River, and on the Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Railroad, at its junction with the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 24 miles N. of Richmond. It has a church. Junction, or Junction City, a post-hamlet of Por- tage CO., Wis., on the Wisconsin Central Railroad where it crosses the Wisconsin Valley Railroad, 14 miles N. of Grand Rapids, and 10 miles N.W. of Stevens Point. It has 2 stores, 2 hotels, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. about 100. Junction City, a post-village of Trinity co., Cal., on Trinity River, about 36 miles N.W. of Shasta. Gold is found near this place. Pop. 440 ; of the township, 570. Junction City, the capital of Davis co., Kansas, is finely situated on the left bank of the Kansas or Smoky Hill River, about 1 mile from the Republican River. By railroad it is 71 miles AV. of Topeka, 61 miles N.W. of Emporia, and 47 miles E. by N. of Salina. It is on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, at its junction with the Junction City & Fort Kearney Railroad, and is the N.W. terminus of the Neosho division of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad. It contains a court-house, a United States land- ofBce, 6 churches, a national bank, a savings-bank, 2 news- paper offices, and 2 fiour-mills. Pop. 2128. Junction City, Montana. See Junction. Junction City, a post-village in Jackson township. Perry co., 0., on the Straitsville division of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad where it crosses the Cincinnati & Mus- kingum Valley Railroad, 34 miles S.W. of Zanesville. It has 2 churches, a foundry, a grist-mill, and a planing-mill. Coal abounds here. Junction City, a post-village of Lane co., Oregon, on or near the Willamette River, and on the Oregon & Cali- fornia Railroad, 15 miles N. of Eugene City. It has a church and a graded school. Pop. about 400. Junction City, formerly Den'man, a post-village, capital of Kimble co., Tex., is at the junction of two forks of the Llano River, 135 miles N.W. of San Antonio. Junction Palace, a post-office of Kanawha co.,W.Va. Jundiahi, zhoon-de-i'ee, a town of Brazil, 23 miles N.W. of Sao Paulo, on the Jundiahi. Pop. 6000. Juneau, joo'no', a county in the central part of AVis- oonsin, has an area of about S20 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Wisconsin River, and is also drained by the Lemonweir, Yellow, and Bar.aboo Rivers. The surface is undulating, and is extensively covered with forests of pine, sugar-maple, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Lumber, wheat, Indian corn, hay, hops, and butter are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Capital, Mauston. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,817,140. Pop. in 1870, 12,372; in 1875, 15,300, of whom 11,577 were Americans. Juneau, a post-village, capital of Dodge co., Wis., in Oak Grove township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- road, 15 miles N. of Watertown, and 32 miles S.S.W. of Fond du Lac. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a public hall, a newspaper office, a court-house, 2 hotels, &c, P. 310. June Bug, a station in Westmoreland eo.. Pa., on the Mt. Pleasant Branch Railroad, 3 miles S. of Mt. Pleasant, and near the junction of the Green Lick Railroad. Juueda, or Xuneda, Hoo-ni'DJt, a town of Spain, province and 16 miles S.E. of Lerida. Pop. 1744. Juner, a town of India. See Jooneer. Junesville, jrinz'vil, a hamlet of Clarendon co., S.C, 25 miles from Gourdin's Station. Jung, or Jhang, jung, a district of the Punj.ab, with a town of the same name, division and 90 miles N.N.E. of Mooltan. Area, 5702 square miles. Chief town, Maghiana. Pop. 348,027. Jung"BresIau, the German name of Inowrazlaiv. Jung-Buntzlau, yoong-boonts'low (i.e., "Young Buntzlau"), a town of Bohemia, on the Iser, and on a rail- way, 32 miles N.E. of Prague. Pop. S695. It has a gym- nasium, an old castle now used for barracks, and manufac- tures of cotton and woollen fabrics and leather. See Alt- BUNTZLAU. Jungeypoor, or Jangipur, jung*gh?-poor', written also Jungipore, a town of Bengal, district and 17 miles N.W. of Moorshedabad, on the Bhagirathi, near its origin in the Ganges. It is the seat of trade in rice and silk, and the most important toll-station on the river. Pop. 11,361. Juugfrau, yoong'frow (the " Maiden" or the " Virgin Mountain'"), a mountain of the Swiss Alps, on the bound- ary-line between the cantons of Bern and Valais, 7 miles W. of the Finster-Aarhorn. Height, 13,671 feet. It is surrounded on all sides by precipices, and capped with per- petu.al snow; but its summit was attained in 1811 by the brothers Meyer of Aarau, and by many since. Jung-Wozicz, y66ng-\Vot'sitch (?), a town of Bohe- mia, 12 miles from Tabor. Pop. 2056. Juniata, ju^ne-at'a, a beautiful river of Pennsylvania, is formed by the Frankstown Branch and the Little Ju- niata, which unite at Petersburg, about 6 miles N.W. of Huntingdon. It runs southeastward through Huntingdon CO., and northeastward through Mifflin co. Below Mifflin- town it flows southeastward, intersects Perry co., and enters the Susquehanna River 1 mile above Petersburg. The main stream is about 140 miles long. Some of the most grand and picturesque scenery of the state occurs on the banks of this river, which crosses or breaks through several mountain-ridges and irrigates several fertile valleys. The Pennsylvania Railroad follows the windings of this river from its origin to its mouth. The Little Juniata is a mere creek, which runs southeastward, and is 25 or 30 miles long. See Frankstown Branch and Raystown Branch. Juniata, a county in the S. central part of Pennsyl- vania, has an area of about 360 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Juniata River, and also drained by Tuscarora Creek. The surface is diversified with picturesque moun- tain-scenery, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil of the valleys is very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and hay are the staple products. Silurian limestone, slate, and sandstone are found near the surface of this county. It is intersected by the Pennsylvania Rail- road. Capital, Miiflintown. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $15,902,220. Pop. in 1870, 17,390, of whom 17,175 were Americans. Juniata, a post-office of Pueblo co.. Col., on the Huerfano River, about 24 miles S.E. of Pueblo. Juniata, a township of Tuscola co., Mich. Pop. 1041. Juniata, a post- village, capital of Adams co.. Neb., on the Burlington & Missouri River and St. Joseph & Denver City Railroads, 103 miles W. of Lincoln, and 24 miles E. of Fort Kearney. It is 1936 feet above the level of the sea. It has a newspaper office, a church, a bank, a high school, and a flouring-mill. Juniata, a township of Bedford co., Pa. Pop. 1437. It contains New Buena Vista. Juniata, a township of Blair co.. Pa., bounded W. by the main ridge of the AUeghanies. Pop. 621. Juniata, a townshi]) of Huntingdon co.. Pa. Here the Raystown Branch joins the main stream of the Juniata River. Pop. 393. Juniata, a post-office of Perry co.. Pa., in Juniata township, at a hamlet named Milford, about 28 miles N.W. of H.arrisburg. Pop. of the township, 983. Juniata Bridge, a station in Perry co.. Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 2 miles N. of Duneannon. Junin, or Xunin, Hoo^neen', a department in the cen- tral part of Peru, traversed by the Andes, and 'extending far E. into the forest region. It has great mineral wealth. Capital, Cerro de Pasco. Pop. 209,871. Junin, or Xunin, Hoo-neen', orReyes,r5,'y^s, a town of Peru, department of Junin, lOS miles E.N.E. of Lima, on the E. side of Lake Reyes. Near it is the Pampa of Junin, where, on August 24, 1824, the Spanish were beaten by Bolivar. Junior (jun'yijr) Land'ing, Scioto co., 0., is a ship- ping-point on the Ohio River, 17 miles above Portsmouth. Ju'niper, a station in Talbot co., Ga., on the South- western Railroad, 26 miles E. by N. of Columbus. Ju'niper Creek, of Chesterfield co., S.C, flows into Thompson's Creek a few miles from its mouth. Junius, jiin'yiis, a post-township of Seneca co., N.Y., about 5 miles N. of Waterloo. It has an undulating sur- face and a rich soil. Pop. 1313. It contains a hamlet named Dublin. Juniville, zhii^neeVeel', a village of France, depart- ment of Ardennes, 33 miles S.S.E. of Mezieres. Pop. 1405. Junk-Ceylon, Junkseylon, junk-see'lon or jiink*- se-lon', or Salang, si-ling', an island in the Indian Ocean, belonging to Siani, off the N.W. extremity of the Malay Peninsula. Lat. 7° 46' N. ; Ion. 98° 18' E. Length, 20 miles; average breadth, 10 miles. The surface is level and wooded. It contains tin-mines, the produce of which, with edible birds'-nests, ivory, and sapan-wood, is exported. Ju'no, a post-office of Dawson co., Ga., 7 miles N. of Dawsonville. Juno, a post-hamlet of Henderson co., Tenn., 20 miles E. of Jackson. Junonis Proinontorinm. See Cape Trafalgar. Juuquera, or La Juuquera (or Xunquera), li JUP 1109 JYT HOon-kS,'ri, a town of Spain, province and 2S miles N.N.E. of Gerona, in a gorge of tlie Pyrenees. Pop. liSo. Jupanowa-Sopka, yoo-pft-no'vi-sop'ki (?), a vol- canic mountain of Kamchatka, in lat. 53° oo' N., Ion. 156° 30' E. Jupille, zhii'peel' (anc. Jobii Villa), a village of Bel- gium, 3 miles E. of Liege, on the Meuse. Pop. 2909. Jura, joo'ra (called also Leberberg, 14'ber-b5RG\ in Gor- man; Fr. pron. zhUVi' ; It. (rmra, joo'ri; anc. Ju'ra), a chain of mountains which separate France from Switzer- land, extending in France from the department of Ain to Alsace, and in Switzerland along the cantons of Vaud, Neufchatel, and Bern. It is composed of a series of parallel ranges, extending for 180 miles in the form of a curve, from S. to N.E., with a mean breadth of 30 miles; these are separated by long valleys, which are traversed by streams flowing N. and S. The culminating points, situ- ated mostly in the S. part of the chain, are Mount Moles- son, 658S feet; Reculet-de-Toiry, 56i3 feet; Mont Tendre, 5538 feet; Dole, 5509 feet; Chasseron, 5280 feet; and Chasseral, 5280 feet. The chief geological feature is a mesozoic formation called Jura limestone. Here are found also cretaceous gypsums, alabaster, beds of asphalt and oolites, coral, marble, abundance of iron, and mineral springs. There are numerous cascades and stalactite grot- tos in the mountains, and their summits are covered with fine forests. Wolves and the brown bear are occasionally met with. The vine is cultivated in the valleys; cattle are extensively reared; and cheese called Gruyere is manu- factured. Jura, yoo'ri, a river of Russia, in Wilna, joins the Niemen above Tilsit. Length, about 75 miles. Ju'ra (anc. Diura ?), an island, one of the Inner Heb- rides, in Scotland, co. of Argyle, immediately N.E. of Islay. Length, 24 miles. Area, 84 square miles, mostly inarable. Near its S. extremity are 3 lofty peaks, termed the " Paps of Jura." On the E. is the harbor of Small Islands ; on the Vf. is the deep inlet Loch Tarbet. Prin- cipal village, Jura, on the E. coast. Pop. 761. Jura, joo'ra (Fr. pron. zhUH'4'), a department of France, part of the old' province of Franche-Comte, is bounded E. and S. by Switzerland. Area, 1894 square miles. Pop. in 1876, 288,823. It is situated almost entirely in the basin of the Rhone. The surface is mostly covered with ramifica- tions of the Jura Mountains. Principal rivers, the Oignon, Doubs, Seisse, and Ain. The soil is rich and fertile in the valleys. Sufficient grain (ohielly maize) is raised for home consumption ; potatoes are an important crop ; and butter and cheese are made in large quantities. The annual yield of wine is commonly upwards of 400,000 hectolitres, some of very good quality. The chief mineral products are iron, marble, and gypsum. The department is divided into the arrondissements of Lons-le-Saulnier, Dole, Poligny, and Saint-Claude, Juran^on, zhiiV5No's6x<'', a village of France, in Basses-Pyrenees, li miles W. of Pau. Pop. 1661. Jurbise, zhiiB^beez', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, at a railway junction, 30 miles S.W. of Brussels. Jurburg, a town of Russia. See Yoorboorg. Ju^rett', a post-ofiice of Wilson co., Kansas. Jurievetz-Povolskoi,or Jurjevetz-Powolskoi. See YOOEIEVETS-POVOLSKOI. Jurjev-Polskijjor Juriev-Polskoi. SeeTooRiEv- POLSKOI. Jurjura, jur'joo-r3, (anc. Ferra'tus Moiis), a mountain- chain of Algeria, forming a division of the Little Atlas, 50 miles S.E. of Algiers. Jurruk, jiirVuk', a town of Sinde, on a branch of the Indus, 24 miles S.S.W. of Hyderabad. Pop. 1500. Jurten, mountains of Switzerland. See Joeat. Jurua, Juruha, noo-roo'S, (Port. pron. zhoo-roo'^), or Hvuruha, a river of Brazil, rises in the mountains of Pei-u, flows N.N.E., and joins the Amazon on the S., between the confluence of the Telle and the Jutay. Juruena, zhoo-roo-i'ni, a large river of Brazil, prov- ince of Matto-Grosso, rises 60 miles N.E. of Matto-Grosso, and flows N. to the Tapajos. Jurumenha, zhoo-roo-men'yi, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, on a steep height, on the Guadiana, 31 miles E.N.E. of Evora. Pop. 530. Juruyo, a volcano of Mexico. See Jorullo. Jurzeu, yooR-zSn' (?), a river of Russia, joins the Oofa after a N.W. course of about 140 miles. Jushpoor, or Jashpur, jush-poor', a native state of India, in Chuta-Nagpoor. Lat. 22° 17' 5"-23° 15' 30" N. ; Ion. 83° 32' 50"-84° 26' 15" E. Area, 1947 square miles. It affords iron, gold, timber, silk, lac, and beeswax. Capi- tal, Jushpoor. Pop. 66,926. Jushpoor, Jashpur, Jugdespoor, Jagdespoor, jugMfs-poor', or Jashpurnagar, jush^poor-niig'ur, a village of India, capital of the above state, 75 miles N. by E. of Sumbhulpoor. Pop. about 1500. Jusrouta, a town of the Punjab. See Jesrod. Jussac, zhiis*sak', a village of France, in Cantal, 3 miles S. of Aurillac. Pop. 1530. Jussey, zhiis'si', a town of France, in Haute-SaSne, 22 miles by rail N.W. of Vesoul. Pop. 2787. Justedal, yoos'teh-dil\ a village of Norway, province of North Bergen, about 50 miles N.E. of Bergen. It is on the E. side of the largest glacier in Europe, called Juste- dals-Brae, a mass of ice 40 miles long and 8 miles wide. Jus'tice, a post-office of Dixon co., Neb. Justiuiana Secunda, Bulgaria. See Ghiustendil. Jus'tus, a post-hamiet of Stark co., 0., on the Cleve- land, Tuscarawas Valley & Wheeling Railroad, 8 miles S. by W. of Massillon. It has 2 churches. Juswuntnuggur, or Jaswantnagur, jiis-wiint- nug'iir, a town of India, Etawah district. Pop. 5310. Jutay, or Xutay, noo-ti' (Port. pron. zhoo-tl'), writ- ten .also Jutahi, or Hyutahy, a river of South America, has its sources in the N.E. of Peru, about lat. 11° 40' S., Ion. 68° 15' W., and falls into the Amazon at lat. 2° 40' S., Ion. 66° 40' W., after a course of nearly 700 miles. Jiiterbogk, yii'ter-bok\ a walled town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, 27 miles by rail S. of Potsdam. Pop. 6776, who manufacture shoes, linens, and cloth. Juthia, a town of Siam. See Ayuthia. Jutland, jut'land (Dan. Jylland, yiil'lind; Ger. /u(- Zaarf, yiit'lEint; Jj,Jntlan'dia; anc. Gheraone'ans Cim'brica), a low, flat peninsula of Denmark, comprised between the Nortii Sea, the Skager-Rack, the Cattegat, the Little Belt, and the Baltic. Lat. 52° 45'-57° 43' N.; Ion. 8° 5'-10° 57' E. On the S. it is attached to Germany; on the N.E. it terminates in Cape Skagen, or The Skaw. Its coasts are indented by numerous gulfs, the chief of which is the Lym-Fiord, which crosses it, insulating the N. part. Jutland has numerous lakes. The peninsula is divided into North Jutland, or Jutland proper, and South Jutland, or Sleswick, the latter now in Germany. Jutland proper is the only continental portion of Denmark. Area, 9738 square miles. Pop. 788,119. The E. coast has numerous fine harbors; on the W. the sea is shallow. The surface is quite level, except on theE., whereit is traversed by a range of low hills; highest point, the Himmelbjerg, 550 feet. The principal river is the Guden, which is navigable for 50 miles. The name of Jutland is derived from the Jutes, a nation who anciently inhabited this country. Adj. Jutlandish, jut'land-ish ; inhab. Jutlander, jilt'land-er. Jutroszyn, or Jutrosc'hin, yoot-ro-sheen', a town of Prussia, 54 miles S.S.E. of Posen. Pop. 1977. Juttah, the Scriptural name of Yutta. Jut'teel' Mountains, a mountain-range in Sinde, stretching about 70 miles, from lat. 25° 25' to 26° 20' N., and from Ion. 67° 45' to 67° 55' E. Juvavuin, or Juvavia, Austria. See Salzburg. Juvigny- sous - Andaine, zhiiVeen'yee'-sooz-flN=*- din', a town of France, in Orne, 7 miles E.S.E. of Domfront. Pop. 1595. Jyepoor, a town and state of India. See Jeypoor. Jyhoon, ji-hoon', or Jaihan, ji-hjn' (anc. Pyr'amus), a river of Asia Minor, rises in Mount Taurus, and, after a S. course of 160 miles, enters the Gulf of Iskanderoon on its W. side. Ain-Zarbe is the chief town on its banks. Jyhun, a river of Central Asia. See Ahoo-Darya. Jylland, a peninsula of Denmark. See Jutland. Jylum, one of the rivers of the Punjab. See Jhvlum. Jyntiah (or Jynteah) Hills. See Cossyah and Jyn- TEAH Hills. Jyntiahpoor, jin-te-a-poor', Jynteahpore, jin-te- 4-por', or Jayantiyapur, a town of India, district and 16 miles N.E. of Sylhet. It is built of mats and mud, and has several mosques, many of its population being Moham- Jynugger, India. See Joynugger. Jypoor, a town and state of India. See Jeypoor. Jytomir, a town of Russia. See Zhitomeer. KAA 1110 KAF K. Kaaden, kiVden, or Kadanie, k3,-cl3,n'yi\ a town of Bohemia, 13 miles N.W. of Saatz, on the Eger. Pop. 5052. It has a curious church and a coal-mine. Kaaiiordf ko'fe-OEd\ a village of Norway, in Finmark, at the mouth of the Alten River, and on the G-ulf of Alten, near lat. 70° N. It has a copper-mine. Kaagoe, ko'go^eh, an island of Norway, belonging to Finmark, in the Arctic Ocean. Lat. 70° N. Length, 11 miles ; breadth, 7 miles. Kaal, k|l, a village of Hungary, co. of Heves, on the Tarna, 12 miles from Erlau. Pop. 26S6. Kaarta, kir'td, a kingdom of West Africa, in the N.3S. of Senegambia. It is mountainous, and is said to be populous and well cultivated. Kaater's Kil. See Catjterskill Creek. Kaatsberg, New York. See Catskill Mountains. Kaba, or Nagy-Kaba, nodj-koh'boh\ a village of Hungary, G miles by rail S.W. of Szoboszlo, Pop. 5771. l-^abah, k4'bd^, a ruined city of Yucatan, 20 miles S.E. of Uxmal. Kaban-DIaaden, Turkey. See Keban-Maden. Kabardah, ka-baB'da, a district of Russia in Europe, government of Terek, Ciscaucasia. Kabenda, or Kabinda, Africa. See Cabenda. Kabes, a town of Tunis. See Cabes. lia'bletown, a post-office of Jefferson co., W. Va. Kabok, ki'bok', a Mandingo state of Senegambia, be- tween the Geba and the upper course of the Gambia. Its interior is almost unknown. Kaboo, Kabou, or Kabu, kl^boo', a country of Africa, in Upper Guinea, between the Gambia and Caeheo Rivers. Kaboo], or Kaboul, Afghanistan. See Caeool. Kabooloosoo,Kaboulousou,orKaboeloesoe, k4-boo~Ioo-soo', an uninhabited island of the Malay Archi- pelago, on the N.E. coast of the island of Sangir. Kabra, or Cabra, ka'bri, a town of Africa, 10 miles S.S.B. of Timbuctoo, on the left bank of the Niger. Kabrera, or Cabrei'a, ka-bri'r^, one of the Ionian Islands, in Greece, otf the S. extremity of the Movea, 7 miles ^Y. of Cape Gallo. Lat. 36° 40' iSf. ; Ion. 21° 47' E. Kabr Ibraheem (or Ibrahim). See Hebbon. Kabrooang, Kabrouang, or Kabruang, ki- broo-5,ng', an island between the Philippines and Gilolo, 20 miles in circumference. It is in the Salibabo group. Lat. S° 47' N.; Ion. 127° E. Kabrowa, a town of Bulgaria. See Gabhova. Kabsliary, kab^sha'ree, a town of Africa, in Bornoo, on the Yeoo, 90 miles AV.N.W. of Kooka. Lat. 13° N. ; Ion. 13° 10' E. Kabu, a country of Africa. See Kaboo. Kabul, a city of Afghanistan. See Cabool. Kachao, a city of Anam. See Ketcho. Kachar, a district of India. See Cachar. Kachee, k^^chee', a town of Sinde, on a large branch of the Indus, 30 miles N. of Hyderabad. Kacheinir, or Kachinir, India. See Cashmere. Kachgav, a city of Central Asia. See Kashgar. Kachira, a town of Russia. See Kashira. Kachnai - Serai, k3,ch'nl'-se-ri', or Kuchnai - Serai, kiitch^ni'-se-ri', a considerable town of India, do- minions and 130 miles S.S.W. of Gwalior. Kach-Roud, Afghanistan. See Khash-Rood. Kacunda, or Buddua, Africa. See Kakundy. Kadanie, a town of Bohemia. See Kaadex. Kadapha, ka'da'fa, a village of Asiatic Russia, on the Choruk River, S. of Batoom. Kaddivkamain, Ceylon. See Katragam. Kaddo, kid'do, one of the Dhalak Islands of the Red Sea. about 2 miles long, with a rocky islet off its W. end. kadero, kiVWh^ro', a village of Nubi.a, on the Blue Nile, 3 miles S. of Sennaar, with a mosque. Kadiak, kS,d-yak', incorrectly written Kodiak, a mountainous island in the Pacific Ocean, is a part of Alaska, and is about 40 miles S. of the mainland. It is nearly SO miles long, and is separated from the mainland by Alaska Strait. It belongs to a group called the Kadiak Archi- pelago, Ion. 151°-15S° W. It is peopled by the Kiiniag- muts, a tribe of Esquimaux. It has good harbors, with abundant timber and pasturage, and is reported to contain gold and amber. Kadiak, a port of Alaska, on the island of Kadiak. It has a Greek church. Here is an Indian settlement. Kadihat'ty, or Kadihati, klMee-h5,'tee, a town of Bengal, 10 miles N.E. of Calcutta. Pop. 5680. Kadi'na, a town of South Australia, about 10 miles by rail E. of Wallaroo, a port on Spencer Gulf. Pop. 1832. Kadirgunge, ka-dir-gunj', a town of British India, on the left bank of the Ganges, 36 miles N.W. of Furruckabad. Kadjang, kW-ja.ng', a small native state, island of Celebes, on the W. coast of the gulf of that name. Kadjang, a town of Celebes, capital of the above state, on the small river Kadjang, in about lat. 5° 20' S. Kadnikov, or Kadnikow, k4d-ne-kov', a town of Russia, government and 28 miles N.N.E. of Vologda. Lat. 59° 24' N.; Ion. 40° 50' E. Pop. 1683. Kadoe, Kadou, ki'doo', or Kedoe, ki-doo', a cen- tral province in the island of Java. Pop. 686,802. Kadom, ki-dom', a town of Russia, government and 128 miles N.N.E. of Tambov, on the Moksha, with a brisk trade. Pop. 7107. Ka'door', a district of India, in Mysore. Area, 2294 square miles. Pop. 333,925. Kadushah, the Heljrew name of Jerusalem. Ka'far', a town of Arabia, in Jebel, 15 miles S.W. of Hayel. Pop. 8500. Kafernihau, ki-f5r-ne-haw', or His'sar, a river of Toorkistan, rises about lat. 39° 30' N., Ion. 70° 20' E., flows S., and falls into the Amoo-Darya 60 miles N.E. of Balkh, after a course of about 210 miles. Kaferthal, kA'fer-ta.r, a village of Baden, 3 miles N.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 4036. Kaffa, Caffa, kafil, or Feodosia, fi-o-do'se-l (anc. Theodo'sia), a town of Russia, at the W. angle of a mag- nificent bay in the S.E. of the Crimea. Lat. 45° 8' N. ; Ion. 35° 20' E. It is walled and well fortified, and contains several churches, Greek, Roman Catholic, and Armenian, 2 mosques, a spacious quarantine, a college for gratuitous instruction, a botanical garden, a museum, and a normal school. It is a place of great antiquity, having been founded by a colony of Greeks from Ionia. In the Middle Ages it passed into the hands of the Genoese by purchase, and became the seat of an extensive commerce with the East by the way of the Caspian. At this time it is said to have had a population of 80,000 ; but, having been taken by the Turks in 1474, its prosperity rapidly declined. At present it has some trade, but is most noted as a place of seaside resort. Pop. 8482. Kaffa, Cafa, or Go'mara, a country of East Africa, S. of Abyssinia, between two heads of the Gojeb River, near lat. 7° N., Ion. 36° 30' E. It is an elevated plain, bear- ing palms, and characterized by the production, not of cereal grains, but of the enaete, a plant resembling the banana. The appellation of " grain-eater" is used by the inhabitants as a term of contempt, the ensete furnishing the principal article of food. Kaffa is the native country of the coffee-plant (the kakuah of the Arabs), and a very large proportion of the coffee exported from Mocha arrives in that market from the N. frontier of Kaffa and the S. part of Enarea. The people are of the Abyssinian type; their language belongs to the Hamitic group, and they call themselves Christians. The king — or tata, as he is called — rules by absolute authority, and has at his com- mand 10,000 horsemen. Capital, Bonga. Kaffraria, Caffra*ia, k&f-fta're-a,, or Kafirland, k3,'fir-lind, a populous and fertile region of Southeast Africa, bordering on Cape Colony and the Indian Ocean, now mostly comprised in the Cape Colony, Zululand, and Natal. The native inhabitants, called Kaffres or Caffres, in 1785 extended their dominion to Great Fish River, in lat. 33° 27' S., Ion. 27° E. Soon afterwards they came into collision with the Dutch Boex-s about 600 miles E. from Cape Town, and were repulsed, and driven, for the most part, beyond the Keiskamma ; but they never renounced their claim to or wholly withdrew their cattle from the country between the rivers, which bore the title of the Neutral Territory, till 1836, when the Keiskamma and Kat Rivers were fixed definitively as their W. boundary. From the Keiskamma to the Umzimkulu or Omzimkolo (lat. 30° 26' S.), the N.E. boundary of Kaffraria, is a dis- tance of 250 miles. The breadth of tlie territory from the mountains to the sea is from 80 to 90 miles. Within the limits thus described Kaffraria has an area of about 20,000 square miles. The mountains which run parallel to the sea-coast, bound- ing Kaffraria on the N.W., rarely exceed the height of 3000 KAF 11 feet. Valuable minerals are rare. The level plains ter- minate about 20 miles from the sea; then follows a land of hill and dale, extremely varied and picturesque. Numerous rivers cross this country to the sea. Between the Keis- kamma and the Great Kei, though the brooks are numerous in the hills, the lower tracts have a deficiency of water : but this defect disappears as we advance to the N.E. The chief rivers beyond the Key are the B^shee, Umtata, Um/.im- vfibu, Dmtavdma, and Umzimkiilu. These rivers all run in deep beds with steep banks, and in the rainy season they become immense torrents. Scarcely any of the rivers of KafFraria are accessible even by small vessels. The river- banks are shaded by large trees j in the small thickets, scattered over the elevated grounds, the aloe and euphorbia are conspicuous. The chief vegetable products are maize, millet, and watermelons. From May to August it seldom rains. In summer the rainy season sets in with terrific thunder-storms. In spring the temperature of the plains seldom exceeds 50° Fahr. ; in summer it is between 70° and 90°, and before storms it frequently rises to upwards of 100° Fahr. The inhabitants are composed of four principal nations, namely, the Amakosa, or Amaxosa ; the Amatembu, called Tambooger or Tambookiesj the Amaponda or Mambookies ; and the Amazulu or Zulus; but there are many subordinate and allied tribes, all belonging clearly to the great Bantu or South African race. The Kaffres are tall and beautifully formed, with fine eyes and an open countenance; their look and carria.ge and all their movements show vigor and animation. Their color is a dark iron-gray ; except thick lips, they have no negro feature; their heads are well formed; their hair is woolly and in little tufts. The men, the chiefs particularly, exceed the stature of Europeans ; the women, on the other hand, are small, but elegantly formed. Vivacity and good temper characterize both sexes. They are hospitable, intelligent, and brave, but dishonest and superstitious. They practise the rite of circumcision. The men take as many wives as they can buy. The wife provides for herself a cottage and cows. The former is a spherical hut, framed of briinehes of trees, plastered with mud, and covered with rushes or palm-leaves. Besides attending to household duties, the women do the work in the fields, and prepare the skins used for clothing. The men are occupied with war and their cattle. These last constitute the KaS're's wealth; they are the constant object of his thoughts and admira- tion ; he is always happy when looking on his cows. He trains the bullocks to race, and constantly rides them. Milk is the Kaffre's chief sustenance, and always in the curdled state. Venison, beef, marmalade of the water- melon, and various fruits season the Kaffre's repast, but in small quantity. He will not taste small game; and fish, with which the rivers abound, he holds in abhorrence. Both sexes are passionately fond of smoking. The Kafl're's dress is simple; the men are always bareheaded, and wear a cloak of skin, which they wrap close rOund them in winter with the hair inside, the exposed side being reddened with ochre. The Kaffres are divided into hordes and governed by hereditary chiefs, who exercise absolute rule; but latterly the greater part of them have submitted to the British and colonial authority, either voluntarily or on compulsion. British Kaffkaria was a British colony, united in 1864 to Cape Colony. Capital, King William's Town. Chief port. East London. It was the southernmost part of Kaf- fraria proper. Adj. and inhab. Kaffre or Caffre, kif- fer or kaf'fer. ' Kafiristan, ka'fe-ris-tin', Caf ^fristan', Caufi- ristan, or Kauiiristan, kaw'fe-ris-tin' ("land of the Kafirs"), a country of Central Asia, between lat. 35° and 36° N. and Ion. 69° 20' and 71° 20' E., enclosed by Afghanistan, Khoondooz, Budukhshan, and Chitral. Es- timated area, 7000 square miles. It comprises a p.art of the S. declivity of the Hindoo-Koosh, and is traversed by affluents of the Cabool Kiver. Its narrow but fertile val- leys produce an abundance of fruits, with some wheat and millet, and feed large herds of cattle, sheep, and goats. The inhabitants, called Siah Posh, or Kafirs (" infidels"), by their neighbors, are a remarkable race, resembling Euro- peans in their persons and many of their habits; they live in a very rude and primitive state, and exhibit perpetual enmity towards Mohammedans, by whom their country has been repeatedly invaded but never conquered. They are very skilful as workers in metals and wood, and are dis- tinguished from surrounding tribes by drinking wine, sitting on raised seats, exposing their dead without burial, and by using a language which resembles the Persian. They have fine features and complexion, and claim to be brothers of 1 KAI the Europeans, The principal village is Caundaish, with about 500 houses. Kagalnik, ki-gil-nik' or ki-gil-neek', a river of Rus- sia, in Bessarabia, enters the Black Sea a little N. of the Danube, after a S.E. course of 100 miles. On its banks German and other colonies have been established. Kaghuzwara, ki-gOz-wi'rS,, a village of India, in the Deccan, 10 miles N.W. of Aurungabad. Kagool, Kagoul, or Kagul, kl-gool', a lake of Russia, in the S.W. part of Bessarabia. Greatest length, 24 miles; breadth, about 9 miles. Kagool, Kagul, or Caliul, kl-«iool' or ki-HooI', called also Formosa, a town of Russia, in that part of Bessarabia retroceded in 1878 by Roumania, 32 miles N. of Galatz. Pop. 6096. Kagosheema, or Kagoshima. See Cangozima. Kahan, ka,-hin', a village of British Burmah, on the Tonasserim coast, near Mergui. Close to it are tin-mines. Kaheree, ki'ha-ree\ a town of India, district and 28 miles S. of Dora Ismaeel Khan. Lat. 31° 25' N. ; Ion. 70° 57' E. It has a ferry across the Indus, here 1000 yards wide. Kahireh, or El Kahireh, Egypt. See Cairo. Kahia, or Kable, Germany. See Cahla. Kalilenberg, ki'l^n-h^RG', a hill in Austria, on the Danube, a little N.W. of Vienna, with many handsome villas. On its side Sobieski arrived to the rescue of Vienna when besieged by the Turks in 1683.— The Kahlenge- BiRGE, ki'len^ga-been'Gheh, are the mountains occupied by the Wienerwald, -(^ee'ner-wilt', or Vienna Forest. Kahoolawe, ki-hoo-14'wce, called also Tahon- Rawe, Tahoorowa, and Tahuroa, one of the Sand- wich Islands, oft' the S.W. point of Maui, 11 miles long and 8 miles wide. Kaliun, kd^hoon', a fortified town of Afghanistan, near the NutFoosk Pass. Lat. 29° 20' N. : Ion. 69° 25' E. Kai, ki, a town of China, province of Se-Chuen, 125 miles E.N.E. of Shun-King. Kai-Choo, or Kai-Tchou, ki'-choo', a city of Chi- nese Manchooria, 8 miles from the Gulf of Leao-Tong. Lat. 40° 35' N. ; Ion. 121° 47' E. Kaicteur, ki-eh-toor', or Kaiteeur, ki-te-oon', a cataract of British Guiana. Lat. 5° 8" N. ; Ion. 59° 19' W. Here the river Potaro descends 822 feet, the first fall of 741 feet being perpendicular. The volume of water is large. Kaiffa, a town of Syria. See Haifa. Kai-Fong, Cai-Fong, ki^-fong', or Kai-Fung, ki'-fung', a city of China, capital of Ho-Nan, on the right bank of the Hoang-Ho. Lat. 39° 55' N. ; Ion. 114° 20' E. Kaikandros, the supposed ancient name of Isderabia. Kailas, or Cailas, kriis' ("paradise"), the Olympus of the Hindoos, a mountain-region of Thibet, about lat. 31° N., Ion. 80° E., and comprising the lakes of Manasarowar and Ravana-llrada. Kailoor, or Kailur, kl-loor', one of the Sntlej hill- states of India. Area, 448 square miles. Pop. 60,000. Kaimguujc, or Kaimganj, kimVunj', a town of India, 16 miles N.W. of Furruckabad. Pop. 8983. Kain, kin, a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, on the Scheldt, 28 miles W.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 2550. Kain, Kayn, or Khain, a town of Persia. See Ghayn. Kainoora-JiUooI, or Kaiiioura-Djikoul, ki- noo'ri-jee-kool', a village of West Africa, on the Faleme. Lat. 14° 22' N.; Ion. 12° 19' W. Kainsk, kinsk, a town of Asiatic Russia, government of Tomsk, on the Om, 260 miles W.S.W. of Tomsk. Lat. 55° 30' N. ; Ion. 78° 40' E. It has a trade in furs. P. 5212. Kaipara, ki-p4'ri, a fine harbor of New Zealand, in the North Island, on its W. coast, in lat. 36° 30' S., Ion. 174° 75' E. Average breadth, from 5 to 6 miles. It re- ceives several considerable rivers, including the Wairoa at the N. and the Kaipara at the S. extremity. Kaira, ki'r^, a walled town of India, capital of Kaira district, 265 miles N. of Bombay. Near it are British can- tonments. Pop. 11,836. Kaira, a district of India, in Guzerat. Lat. 22° 21'- 23° 33' N. ; Ion. 72° 30'-73° 27' E. Area, 11,561 square miles. It has a jjroductive soil. Capital, Kaira. P. 782,733. Kairwan, or Cairvvan, kirHvJ,n', also called Ka- ruan, a city of Africa, dominions and SO miles S.S.E. of Tunis. It is the religious capital of the regency, if not of all North Africa. Lat. 35° 37' N. ; Ion. 10° 15' E. Pop. estimated at 15,000. It stands on a sandy desert plain, and has a large citadel, magnificent mosques, numerous remains of antiquity, and manufactures of morocco-leather boots and slippers. In the eighth and ninth centuries it was the cap- ital of the Arab dominions in Africa. It has a large cara- van-trade. No Jew or Christian is allowed to live here. KAI 1112 KAL Kaisareeyeh, Kaisariyeh, or Kaiseriyeh, ki- zar-ee'§h (anc. Ctvaare'a, or Mazaca), one of the most im- portant cities of Asia Minor, in its E. portion, at the N. foot of Mount ArgiEus, 160 miles E.N.E. of Konieh. Lat. 38° 42' N. ; Ion. 35° 20' E. It is enclosed by a dilapidated wall, comprises about 5000 Turkish, 2500 Armenian, and 500 G-reek houses, has a castle, several mosques, churches, extensive and "well-supplied bazaars, and near it are re- mains of both the ancient and a subsequent Mohammedan city. Though its trade has been latterly declining, its in- habitants are still noted for commercial enterprise, and it is the entrepot for a large extent of country. It imports many articles of European manufacture, which it re-exports to the chief cities of Asiatic Turkey, with yellow-berries, wool, goats' hair, furs, skins, raw cotton, madder, gums, gall-nuts, leeches, nitre, fruit, and wine. Kaisareeyeh, Palestine. See C^sarea. Kaiser, ki'zer, a German word signifying "emperor," derived from the Latin Ciemr, and forming a part of a num- ber of names in Germany, Switzerland, &c., as Kaiserbeug, " emperor's bill (or hill-fortress)". Kaiserberg, ki'zijr-bSRG\ or Kaysersberg, ki'zers- b^RG^ (L. Cx'saris Mons), a town of Germany, in Alsace, on the Weiss, 8 miles W.N.W. of Colmar. Pop. 2588, mostly engaged in cotton-manufactures. Kaiser Eberstlorf. See Ebersdorp on the Danube. Kaiseriyah, a city of Asia. See Kaisareeyeh. Kaiserslauterii, ki'zers-low't^rn, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Lauter, at a railway junction, 25 miles N.W. of Landau. Pop. 22,108. It was formerly a strong military jiost, and has iron-forges and manufactures of cot- ton stuffs, a normal school, and a Latin school. Kaisersinarkt, a town of Hungary. See Kesmark. Kaiserstuhl, ki'z^r-stoor, a town of Switzerland, can- ton of Aargau, on the Rhine, 20 miles N.E. of Aarau. Kaiserswald, ki'zers-*41t\ a village of Bohemia, 35 miles N.N.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 1838. Kaiserwerth, ki'z?r-*5RtS or Kaiserswertli, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 6 miles N.N.W. of Dusseldojf, on the Rhine. Pop. 2135. It has manufactures of cotton and silk, and a noted school for deaconesses, attached to which are a normal school, an orphanage, an insane hospital, and a reform-school for women. Kaisten, kis'ten, Ober, o'ber, andUsTER, 66n't§r, two contiguous villages of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, about 10 miles N. of Aarau. Pop. 102i. Kaita, ki'ti, or Kee'tah, a town of British India, in Bundelcund, 50 miles W. of Banda. Kai-Tchou, a city of China. See Kai-Choo. Kaiteeur, British Guiana. See Kaieteur. Kaitlial, a town of India. See Kythul. Kaits, or Kayts, kits, a seaport and village at the N. end of Mandetivoe Island, near Ceylon. Its harbor affords safe anchorage and is much frequented. Kajaaga, a town of Africa. See Galam. Kakabik'ka, a remarkable cataract of Canada, in the course of the Kaministiquia, a river which, before enter- ing Lake Superior at its W. end, falls over a mica-slate rock 130 feet high. Kakava, ki-ki'vi. a small island off the S. coast of Asia Minor, 12 miles S.W. of Myra. Lat. 36° 9' N. ; Ion. 29° 5' E. It has a port and roadstead, and remains of the ancient Cydna. Kakissa, or Kakisia, Turkey. See Karkissa. Kakorie, k5,-ko'ree, a town of India, Lucknow division. Pop. 8343. Kakundy, ki-kun'dee, or Kacun'da, written also Buddua, a town of Senegambia, on the Nunez, 100 miles N.E. of its mouth. Kakundy, a river of Africa. See Nunez. Kalabagh, a town of India. See Caulabagh. Kalabryta, a town of Greece. See Kalavrita. Kalabsheh, or El Kalabshe, si k4-lib'shSh (ane. TaVmis), a villnge of Nubia, on the Nile, 40 miles S. of Asswan. L.at. 23° 30' N. ; Ion. 32° 65' E. Kaladgi, a district of India. See Kuladgee. Kalafat, k4'13.-fit', a town of Roumania, on the Dan- ube, nearly opposite Widin. It has a quarantine, a town hall, a custom-house, 3 churches, and cavalry barracks. Its redoubts are of great extent and very strong. This place has figured prominently in several wars. Pop. 2280. Kalah, ki'li (a " castle"), a prefix to the name of numer- ous villages, fortresses, 0 KAR Karaghinsky, ki-ri-ghin'skee, an island about 20, miles off the E. coast of Kamchatka. Lat. of the N. point, 59° 13' N.; Ion. 164° 35' E. It is 55 miles long. Karaghinsky, a bay on the S. side of the above island, penetrates 9 miles inland, with a breadth of from 4 to S miles. It receives the river Karaga, the mouth of which is in lat. 59° S' N., Ion. 126° 59' E. Karago'la, a town of Bengal, in Purneah, on the Ganges. Lat. 25° 24' 30" N.; Ion. 87° 27' E. It has a great fair, the most celebrated in Bengal. Kara-Hissar, kaVa'-his-sar' (i.e., "black castle"), a town of Asia Minor, 30 miles S.W. of Kaisareeyeh, on the slope of a hill crowned by a ruined castle, and supposed to be the site of the ancient Cybiatra. Kara-Hissar, a town of Asia Minor, vilayet of Adana, 25 miles W. of Tarsus. Karaja Tagh, k3,-ri'ji tig (anc. Mons Ma'sins), a mountain of Asiatic Turkey, separates the basins of the Euphrates and Tigris. Kara-Jiler, k3.V4'-jee'l?r, a large village of Asia Mi- nor, 50 miles S.E. of Angora, near the Kizil-Irmak, where it is crossed by a remarkable bridge. Karak, kVrik', Kharek, kiVSk', Charedj, Ka- red), kih-8j', or Kar'edsk', an island of the Persian Gulf, in lat. 29° 12' N., Ion. 50° 13' E. It is about 15 miles in circumference, of coral formation, and has on its N. side an old Dutch fort, with a village inhabited by about 1000 Arabs. Karakakooa, a bay of Hawaii. See Kealakeakua. Karalial, ki-ri-kal', a town of Roumania, 30 miles S.E. of Krajova. Pop. 5638. Karakalpak, ki-ra-kil'pik, a tribe of Mongol Turks, inhabiting a steppe near the Amoo-Darya. They are very poor, and number about 50,000. Karakash, ki-ri-kash', a considerable river of Eastern Toorkistan, an affluent of the river Yarkand. It rises on theN. slope of the Karakorum Mountains, flows in a general N.E. course for 200 miles, turns N.E., passes the main chain of the Kuenlun Mountains, enters the plains of Toorkistan, waters Khoten, and flows through Takla-Makan and Dusht- i-Tatar, where it joins the Yarkand. Length, 590 miles. It is frozen during the winter months. Throughout the province of Khoten its abundant waters are extensively employed in irrigation. Karakash, a city of Chinese Toorkistan, on the Kara River, an affluent of the Khoten, 240 miles E.S.E. of Yar- kand. Pop. 6000. Karakita Islands. See Passage Islands. Karakool, or KarakonI, ki-ri-kool', a town of Bokhara, on the Zcr-Afshan, 38 miles S.S.W. of Bokhara, in lat. 29° 30' N., Ion. 63° 45' B. Pop. 30,000. Karakornm, ki^rii-ko'rum, a mountain-pass of the Chinese Empire, separating Chinese Toorkistan from Little Thibet, near the valley of Shayook. Elevation, 18,600 feet. Karakorum, or Holin, ho-leen', a ruined city of Mongolia, which was the capital of Jenghis Khan. Its position is uncertain. Karakorum Mountains, also called Tsung-Ijing, and Mustag, the central range of the great plateau of Central Asia, separating the provinces of Cashmere from Eastern Toorkistan, and traversing Thibet. It commences at the knot of Poosht-Khar, in Ion. 74° 30' E., and extends to near Lassa, about 92° E., forming the watershed between the rivers flowing to the Indian Ocean and those in the basin of continental drainage. It contains some of the highest summits on the globe, — Dapsang peak, 28,278 feet, and others of little inferior altitude, — and is crossed by several passes of easy ascent and of slight elevation above the surrounding plains, generally 1 8,000 or 19,000 feet above the sea. The limit of perpetual snow occurs at 18,600 feet on its N. side, .and at 19,400 feet on its S. side. Gla- ciers extend almost continuously W. of 80° E., and form one of the most considerable icy regions of the Asiatic plateau. Karakoul, a town of Bokhara. See Karakool. Karamakotan', or Karamacotan, kil-ri-mi-ko- tin', one of the Kooril Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean, separated from the island of Onekotan by a channel 8 miles wide. Lat. 49° N. ; Ion. 154° 39' E. Karaman, ki-ri-min' (.nne. Laranda), a town of Asia Minor, near the N. foot of Mount Taurus, 63 miles S.S.E. of Konieh. It has several mosques, ruins of a castle, manufactures of coarse cotton and woollen stuffs, and trade with Smyrna, Ac. From about the year 1300 to 1486 it was the capital of a flourishing kingdom. Pop. 7000. _ Karamania, Caramania, ki-rd-mi'ne-a, or Ka- raman-Kharidj, ka-ri-mdn'-KiVij', a region of Asia Minor, comprising the E. portion of its central table-land, KAK 11 mostly in the vilayet of Kouieh, between lat. 37° and 40" N. and Ion. 31° and 37° E., having S. Mount Taurus. The principal rivers are the Kizil-Irraak {HalyB) and the Sy- hoon; in the W. part are numerous small lakes. The prin- cipal towns are Konieh, Kaisareeyeh, Akshehr, Beg-Shehr, Ni^deh, and Karaman. Karamasy, ki-rA-ma'see, a walled town of Central Asia, in Toorkistan, khanat and 20 miles E. of Khiva, near the Amoo-Darya. Karamych) ki-ri-mitch', a river of Russia, joins the left bank of the Medvieditza at the village of Karamych. Length, 70 miles. Karaneez, or Karaniz, kit-ri-neez', a village of Persia, province of Azerbaijan, near Tukhti Suleiman, on the Sanik River. Karan^-Assam, k3,-ring'-a,s-s^m', a native state of the Malay Archipelago, on the N.E. coast of the island of Bali. Pop, 250,000. Its capital, Karang-Assam (lat. S° 23' N., Ion. 115° 34' E.), is the most important town on the island, and has a good haven. Karang-Bolloiig, kd-ring'-bol-long', a district of Java, near its centre, on the S. coast. The population ex- port great numbers of edible birds'-nests to China. Karansebes, koh'ron^shi^bgsh', or Alt Karanse- bes, a town of Hungary, on the Temes, 50 miles S.E. of Temesvar. Pop. 3441. Kara Sea, a portion of the Arctic Ocean, between the Russian governments of Archangel and Tobolsk on the S. and the island of Nova Zembla on the N. On its S.W. side it is entered by the Strait of Kara. On the S.E. side is the Gulf of Kara, and on the S. the river Kara enters it. Kara Shebb Khaneh, kiVi' sh^b Ki'neh, a town of Asia Minor, 110 miles E.N.E. of Seevas. It stands on a high hill crowned by a ruined fortress, and comprises 2500 mud-built houses. Near it are alum-works. Karasicza, kohh-6h^sheet's6h\ a river of Hungary, joins the Danube on the right, at the S. extremity of the island of Margitta, after a course of about 50 miles. Karasicza, a river of Slavonia, joins the Drave on the right, 9 miles AV. of Eszek. Length, 55 miles. Kara-Soo, Kara-Sou, or Kara-Su, ki^ri'-soo ("black river"), called also Kureinas, or Tokmah, the W. branch of the Euphrates, rises near Erzroom, flows W. past Erzengan and S. past Egin, and unites with the Moorad-Chai near Keban-Maden. Kara-Soo, Kara-Sou, or Kara-Su, a river of Asia Minor, tributary to the Kizil-Irmak, near Kaisareeyeh. It is the Mela8 of Strabo. Kara-Soo, Kara-Sou, or Kara-Su, a river of Persia, joins the Aras S.E. of Mount Ararat. Kara-Soo, Kara-Sou, or Kara-Su, a river of Asiatic Turkey, in Aleppo, falls into the N. shore of Lake Dengis. Kara-Soo, Kara-Sou, or Kara-Su, a river of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Itch-Elee, sanjak of Tarsus, falls into the Mediterranean. Kara-Soo, Kara-Sou, or Kara-Su (anc. Nes'uts^, a river of European Turkey, between Roumelia and Mace- donia, enters the ^gean Sea opposite Thasos, after a S. course of 130 miles. Kara-Soo, Kara-Sou, Kara-Su, or Struma, stroo'ma (anc. Stri/'mo/i), a river of European Turkey, in Roumelia, fails into the Gulf of Orphano, in the Archi- pelago, near Orphano. Kara-Soo, Kara-Sou, or Kara-Su, a river of European Turkey, rises on the E. frontier of Albania, flows S.S.E., and joins an affluent of the Vardar. Kara-Soo-Bazar, or Kara-Soo-Basar, kS.va,'- soo-bA-zan', a Tartar town of South Russia, government of Taurida, in the Crimea, 24 miles E.N.E. of Simferopol. It is quite Oriental in appearance. It has 24 minarets, a Greek church,. 2 Roman Catholic churches, a synagogue, and a fortified khan near its centre. It is the great mart of the Crimea, and has a weekly market, a large annual fair, and manufactures of superior morocco leather, saddles, felt cloaks, candles, soap, pottery, and tiles. Pop. 11,669. Kara-Su, Turkey. See Kara-Soo. Karaszna, a town of Transylvania. See Kraszna. Kara Tagh, a mountain of Turkey. See Kara Dagh. Karatal, ki-r^-tal', a village of Toorkistan, 56 miles N.E. of Khiva, on the Amoo-Darya. Karatchev, or Karatschew, kfL-r^t-shSv', a town of Russia, government and 47 miles W.N.W. of Orel, in lat. 53° 8' N,, Ion. 34° 50' E. Pop. 11,267. Karategheen, Karateghiu, or Karategin, kd- ri-ti-gheen', a river of Central Asia, an affluent of the Upper Amoo-Darya, in the Pameer table-land. 71 11 KAR Karategheen, or Karategin, a country of Asia, a part of the Pameer plateau. Area, S500 square miles. It is subject to the authority of Bokhara. Pop. 100,000. Karategheen, or Karategiu, a town, capital of the above, on the banks of the Karategheen River, 90 miles N.E. of Hissar. Lat. 37° 40' N. ; Ion. 68° 55' E. Karatova, or .Caratova, ki-rS,-to'vi, a town of European Turkey, in Roumelia, on the Braunista, 22 miles S.S.W. of Ghiustendil. Pop. 4000. Karatschew, a town of Russia. See Karatchev. Karaula, a river of Australia. See Gwydir River. Kara-Varia, or Kara-Veria. See Veria. Karazoraue, k^-vi-zo-r^'ni, an island or peninsula of Asia Minor, on its S.W. coast, 12 miles S.W. of Makree. It is covered with ruins of the Middle Ages. Karbitz, kaR'bits, or Karwicze, kan-^eet'sA, a town of Bohemia, on a railway, 12 miles N.W. of Leitmeritz. It has active manufactures. Pop. 3296. Karchedon, the Greek for Carthage. Kardasch-Rzetschitz, kaR-d4sh'-zh5tch'its, a town of Bohemia, 18 miles S.S.E. of Tabor, on Lake Kardasch. Pop. 2509. Kardiotissa, Greece. See Cardiotissa. Kardzag, Kardszag, koRd'zog', or Kardzag-Uj- Szallas, koRd^z6g'-oo-ee-siriash', also called Karczag, a town of Hungarv, in Great Cumania, 35 miles by rail S.W. of Debreczin." Pop. 14,486. It covers a wide sur- face, and has Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinistic churches. KaredJ, an island of the Persian Gulf. See Karak. Karelia, Carelia, kar'i-lee'A, or Korelia, a dis- trict in the northwest of Russia, partly in Finland, and bordering N.E. on the White Sea. The Karelians speak a language regarded as of the Einnish stock. They are for the most part extremely poor, and are hardly above the savage state. Formerly pirates and thieves, they are now mostly beggars; but there are many Russianized Karelians to the southward, often prosperous citizens. Karens, ki'r6nz\ a race inhabiting the mountain-re- gions of the S. and E. portions of Burmah proper and British Burmah, and extending into the W. portions of Siam. Their number is estimated at 300,000. These are of various tribes and dialects, and are in part Christianized, Karge, or Kargova, Poland. See Unruhstadt. Karghalik, kar-g3,-leek', a large town of Eastern Toorkistan, 36 miles S.S.E. of Yarkand, at the junction of important routes from India to Yarkand and Kashgar. Here is a large bazaar, and its numerous caravansaries are frequented by traders from all parts of Asia. It is watered by a canal cut from the Tiznaf River. Altitude, 4570 feet. Kargopol, kaR-go'pol, a town of Russia, government and 185 miles E.N.E. of Olonets, on the Onega. Pop. 2048. Karine, an island of the Indian Ocean. See Ashtola. Karin'ja, or Karin'jah, a town of India, district and 40 miles S.S.W. of Amrawutti. It has a large trade. Pop. 11,750. Karissim, a country of Central Asia. See Kharasm. Karitena, a village of Greece. See Carytena. Karkelang, kar^keh-l4ng', an island in the Malay Archipelago. Lat. 4° N.; Ion. 127'=' E. Pop. 2970. Karkenah Islands, Mediterranean. See Kerktni. Karkissa, kar-kis's^, Kakis'sa, Kakis'ia, orKer- kis'yah (anc. Circe'sium), a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Euphrates, at the influx of the Khaboor, in lat. 35° 8' N., Ion. 40° 30' B. Under Diocletian it was a strongly fortified frontier town of the Roman dominions. Karlburg, kaRl'booRG, a town of Hungary, near the Danube, 10 miles S. of Presburg. Pop. 1884. Karleby, Old and New. See Gamla-Karlebv. Karlenbach, kaR'len-bS,K\ Gross, groce, and Klein, kllne, two nearly contiguous villages of the Bavarian Pa- latinate, canton of Griinstadt. Pop. 938 and 639. Karli, a village of India. See Carlee. Karlo, or Carlo, kaR'lo, an island in the Gulf of Both- nia. Lat. (W. point) 65° 2' N.; Ion. 24° 33' E. Length, 11 miles. Karlo'va, a town of Hungarv, co. of Torontal, 11 miles S.AV. of Nagy Kikinda. Pop. 4302. KarlOAVitz, a town of Austria. See CARLbwiTZ. Karlowitz, kaR'lo- wits\ a town of Austrian Moravia, 37 miles E.S.E. of Prerau. Pop. 2714. Karlsbad, a town of Bohemia. See Carlsbad. Karlsbrunn, kaRls'broon, a village and watering- place of Austrian Silesia, circle of Troppau. Karlsburg, or Carlsburg, kaRls'booRG (Hun. Ka- roly-Fejervar, koh^roI'-fi^ySR^vaR'), a town of Transylva- nia, capital of the county of Als6-Feher-Var, on a railway,, KAR 1122 KAS and on the Maros, 48 miles S. of Klausenbarg. It consists of a citadel on a height and a lower to\7n. The principal edifices are a fine cathedral, with the tomb of John Huni- ades, the Bathory church, the palace of the bishops of Tran- sylvania, a gymnasium, a mint, observiitory, and arsenal, barracks, hospitals, public libraries, Ac. Pop. 7955. Karlshafen, Carlshafen, or Karlshaven, kanls'- hJlTen, a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, on the Weser, 24 miles by rail N. of Cassel. Pop. 1648. Karlshamn, Sweden. See Carlshamn. Karlskrona, a town of Sweden. Sec Caelbcrona. Karlsruhe, a town of Germany. See Carlsruhe. Karlstad, a town of Sweden. See Carlstad. Karlstadt, or Carlstadt, k.^Rl'stto, a town of Cro- atia, CO. and 33 miles by rail S.W. of Agram, on the nav- igable river Kulpa. Pop. 5515. It consists of a fortress, outer town, and suburb. It is the see of a Greek bishop, and has an active transit trade. Karlstadt, kaRl'stitt, a town of Bavaria, on the Main, 14 miles by rail N.W. of Wurzburg. Pop. 2303. It has a trade in wine. Karlsthal, kaKls'tM, a village of Austrian Silesia, about 32 miles N.W. of Troppau. Pop. 1539. Karmel, kar'mSl', a village of the Punjab, 6 miles N.W. of Ramnuggur, in lat. 32° 26' N., Ion. 73° 34' E., on the Chenaub. Karmoe, Norway. See Caumoe. Karnak, or El Kariiak, el kar'njlk, a village of Egypt, on the E. bank of the Nile, near Luxor, and occu- pying a part of the site of ancient Thebes. It is noted for its n-nind remains of a collection of old temples. The mod- ern village has manufactures of gunpowder. Karnes, karnz, a county in the S. part of Texas, has an area of about 850 square miles. It is intersected by the San Antonio River, and partly drained by Rio Cibolo. The surface is uneven or nearly level. The soil is partly sandy, and produces pasture for great numbers of cattle, which form the chief article of export. Capital, Helena. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, $678,513. Pop. in 1870, 1705, of whom 1454 were Americans. Karnes, a station in Westmoreland co.. Pa., on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 24i miles N.E. of Pittsburg. KarnoAV, Austrian Silesia. See Jagerndorf. Karns (karnz) City, a post-village of Butler co.. Pa., in Fairview township, on the Parker & Karns City and Karns City k Butler Railroads, 10 miles S.W. of Parker. It has several oil-wells, a banking-office, and 2 churches. Karntlien, or Kitrnten. See Carinthia. Karoly, Nagt, Hungary. See Nagy Karoly. Ka^rond', a native state of India, Central Provinces. Area, 3745 smiare miles. Pop. 133,483. Karoon, liaroun, or Karun, ki-roon' (anc. Eulx'm, the Vlai of the Scriptures), a river of Persia, having its sources in the mountains of Ahwaz, in lat. 32° 15' N., Ion. 50° 40' E., falls, by two outlets, into the Persian Gulf. Karotcha, a town of Russia. See Korotcha. Karpathen, Austria. See Carpathian Mountains. Karpfeu, kaRp'fcn, a free town of Hungary, co. of Sohl, 60 miles N. of Pesth." Pop. 3480. Karpoot, or Kharput, kar-poot', called also Har'- poot' and Karputh, a town of Turkish Armenia, pasha- lic and 60 miles W.N.W. of Diarbekir, on an eminence in a fertile plain. It has a Catholic Armenian bishop and an American Protestant mission. Karquenas, California. See Carqcinez. Karroos, karVooz', extensive plains of South Africa, Cape Colony, occupying the greater part of the terraces between the mountain-ranges. They are annually covered with a rich vegetation and pastured by numerous herds; but when the dry season sets in they become arid deserts. Karrsville, karz'vll, a hamlet of Warren Co., N.J., in Mansfield township, 2 miles from Port Murray Station. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a carriage-shop. Kars, or Khars, kars (anc. Chor'ea), a city of Asiatic Russia, on the Arpa-Chai, 105 miles N.E. of Erzroom. Pop. 12,000. It is walled, and has a citadel, S mosques, mina- rets, and several small Armenian churches and convents, many in ruins. It was taken from the Turks by the Rus- sians in 1828, in 1855, and again in 1878, in which year it was made the capital of the newly-acquired territory or district of Kars, which has an area of 9910 square miles. Kars, karz, a post-office of Tama co., Iowa. Kars, or Wel'lington, a post-village in Carleton co., Ontario, on the Bideau River, 3 miles from Osgoode. P. 150. Karsoon, Karssuu, or Karsun, kaR-soon', a town of Russia, government a.nd 65 miles W.S.W. of Simbeersk. Pop. 3736. It has a cathedral and leather-factories. Kartal, kan-t^l', a village of Asiatic Turkey, on the Gulf of Ismeed, 14 miles S.E. of Constantinople. Kartalinia, kaR-ta-lin'e-a, or Karthli, kant'lee, a region comprising the N. part of Georgia, in Asiatic Rus- sia, watered by the Koor and its affluents. It contains the towns of Gori and Ananoor. Kartasana, kaR-ti-si'na,, a town of Java, province of Kediri, on the Kediri River, 40 miles W.S.W. of Soerabaya. Pop. 4000. Karthaus, kaRt'howss, a town of East Prussia, 16 miles W. of Dantzic. Pop. 1855. Karthaus, kart'howss, a post-village of Clearfield co.. Pa., in Covington township, on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, about 36 miles W. of Lock Haven. It has a church and a planing-mill. Coal is found here. Karthli, a town of Asiatic Russia. See Kartalixia. Kartoom, or Kartum, Nubia. See Khartooji. Karturpore, kar-tur-por', a town of India, in the Punjab, division of Jullinder. Pop. 16,953. Ka'ruk, a town, Boglipoor district, Bengal. Pop. 5330. Karun, a river of Persia. See Karoon. KarAVicze, a town of Bohemia. See K.areitz. Karyes, or Charles, ki're-Js or kar'yfe\ a town of European Turkey, in the centre of the peninsula of Mount Athos. It is the residence of a Turkish aga. Karysto, ki-ris'to, Karys'tos, or Castel-Rosso, kis't?l-ros'so, a seaport town of Greece, near the S. ex- tremity of the island of Euboea. Pop. 3000. Kasaab, a bay of Arabia. See Khasab. ■ Kasabah, or Kassaba, kis-si'bi, a town of Asia Minor, 54 miles S.E. of Konieh. Kasala, Nubia. See Cassala. Kasan, a city and government of Russia. See Kazan. Kasanlik, kiz'in-lik' or kiz-in-leek', or Kezanllk, k5z*4n-leek', a town of Europe, in Eastern Roumeli.n, 88 miles N.W. of Adrianople. It has an extensive manufacture of attar of roses. Pop. 21,000. Kasansk, ki-s^nsk', a town of Russia, Don Cossack country, Voronezh, on the Don, 20 miles E.S.E. of Bogoo- ch.ar. Pop. 1907. Kasatsch, the German for Casaccia. Kasawat, ki-si-wit', a town of Asia, khanat and 20 miles N. of Khiva. Kasba, towns of India. See Kusba and Jessore. Kas'bek, or Kaz'bek, one of the highest mountains in the Caucasus range, 90 miles E.S.E.of Elburz, and near the middle of the Caucasus. Height, 16,546 feet. Glaciers form in its hollows and passes, the chief one being that of Devdorak, from which huge avalanches sweep down, de- stroying the roads and causing much damage. Kasbin, or Casbin, kfa'bin orkis-been', written also Casbeen and Kazbin, a large fortified town of Persia, in Irak-Ajemee, 90 miles N.W. of Teheran. It is enclosed by brick walls, and has a royal palace, a fine mosque, schools, bazaars, and baths. It is a depot for the silks of Ghilan and Shirvan, destined for Bagdad and India, and rice from the Caspian provinces. It has been repeatedly destroyed by earthquakes, and is now much decayed. Kaschau, ka'show, or Kositze, ko-sit'si (Hun. Kassa, kosh'shoh'; L. Kosso'via), a city of Hungary, cap- ital of the county of Aba Uj Var, on the Hernad, 133 miles by rail N.E. of Pesth. In its great square an affluent of the river forms an island, which is decorated by a statue of St. John Nepomuk. It has a Gothic church of the fourteenth century, numerous other churches and convents, a fine episcopal palace, barracks, an arsenal, a theatre, a royal academy with a library and a fine collection of natural history, a seminary, a school for nobles, and a military asylum. It forms a kind of provincial capital, resorted to by the upper classes in winter. Pop. 21,742. Kaschemir, or Kaschmir, India. See Cashmere and Serinagur. Ka'sey's, a post-office of Bedford oo., Va. Ka'seyville, a post-office of Macon co., Mo., about 14 miles S.W. of Macon City. Kasgunge, or Kasgaiu. See Khasgusge. Kashan, or Cashan, ki'shin', atown of Persia, prov- ince of Irak-Ajemee, 92 miles N. of Ispahan, on the route to Teheran. Lat. 34° N.; Ion. 51° 30' E. It is one of the most flourishing towns in the kingdom. It has a royal paUace, numerous mosques, colleges, bazaars, and baths, and manufactures of copper goods, sliawls, brocade, silk stufls, cottons, and gold and silver articles, with an active trade in agricultural produce. Pop. 1 5,000. Kasheepoor, or Kashipur, kash>ce-poor',a town of India, district and 31 miles N. of Moradabad. It is a place of pilgrimage. Pop. 14,656. KAS 1 Kashemir, Asia. See Cashmere. Kash^ar, k^Lsh'gar', or Kizil-Darya, kiz'iUdar'yS-, a riven of Eastern Toorkistan, said to rise in a small lake situated in the angle formed by the intersection of the Thian-Shan range with the transverse chain of the Pamcer, It joins the Yarkand after an easterly flow of about 500 miles. Its principal tributaries are the Artoosh and Khanarik Rivers. Area of basin, about 58,000 square miles. Kashsrar, Cash^ar, or Kachgar, kJLshVar', written also Cashcar and Kashkar, a considerable city of Chi- nese Toorkistan, 140 miles N.W. of Yarkand. Lat. 39° 25' N, ; Ion. 73° 57' E. Pop. about 16,000, exclusive of a large Chinese garrison, who, with the governor, occupy the cita- del. It is enclosed by an earthen rampart, entered by four gates, and is divided into Mohammedan, or Turkish, and Chinese towns. It has manufactures of cotton goods and ar- ticles of gold and jasper, and exports brick tea, Chinese raw and manufactured silks, porcelain, and rhubarb to Bokhara, whence it receives Russian, Indian, and other produce. Its district comprises 14 othertowns. Kashgar was a commercial city of importance before the Christian era. It was for a time the capital of the dominions of the late Yakoob Bey, and after his death it was retaken by the Chinese. Kashiu, kA'shin, a town of Russia, government and 73 miles N.E. of Tver, on an affluent of the Volga. Lat. 57° 25' N,; Ion. 37° 25' E. Pop. 7516. Kashipur, a town of India. See Cassipur. Kashira, or Kachira, kd^-shee'r^, a town of Russia, government and 46 miles N.N.E. of Toola, on the Oka. Pop. 3873. Kashmir, a country of Asia. See Cashmere. Kasi, an ancient name of Benares. Kasimierz, a town of Poland. See KAzniiERz. Kasimov, Kasimow, ki-se-mov', orKasiiiov, ki- se-nov', also written KassiinOAV, a town of Russia, gov- ernment and 67 miles E.N.E. of Riazan, at the junction of the rivers Babinka and Oka. Pop. 14,102, chiefly employed in the fur-trade. It is mostly built of wood, and has many Tartar antiquities, and manufactures of pottery, cordage, and leather. Kaskas'kia, a river of Illinois, rises in Champaign CO., and runs southwestward through the cos. of Moultrie, Shelby, Fayette, Clinton, and St. Clair. It finally runs southward through Randolph co., and enters the Mississippi River at Chester. It is nearly 300 miles long, and affords valuable facilities for navigation. It flows through a fer- tile, undulating country, which is a part of the great coal- field of Illinois. Kaskaskia, a township of Fayette co., 111. Pop. 1220. It contains Shobonier. Kaskaskia, a post-village of Randolph co., 111., on the W. bank of the Kaskaskia River, about 1 mile E. of the Mississippi River, and 40 miles S. of Belleville. It was settled by the French about 1673, and was the first capital of Illinois Territory. It has a church and a graded school. Kasmark, a town of Hungary'. See Kesmark. Kasoag, kass-og', a post-hamlet of Oswego co., N.Y., on the Rome, Watertown 'er, a county in the E. part of Mississippi, bor- dering on Alabama, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is drained by the Sucarnoochee Creek. A large part of KEM 1 the surface is covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cot- ton, Indian corn, pork, and sweet potatoes are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Mobile & Ohio Railroad. Capital, De Kalb. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, §2,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 12,920, of whom 12,SS7 were Americans. Kemper, a post-office and station of Jersey co., 111., on the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad, about 24 miles N. of Alton. Kemper City, a post-ofBce of Victoria co., Tex. Kemp's Creek, a post-office of Cleburne co., Ala. Kemp's Milts, a post-office of Randolph co., N.C. Kemps'ville, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., Ala., 26 miles N.W. of Evergreen. It has a church. Kempsville, a post-village of Princess Anne co., Va., 8 miles from the Norfolk & Petersburg Railroad, and about H miles S.E. of Norfolk. It has 2 churches and an academy. Kempten, k^mp'ten (anc. Cambodunum f or Campodu- nnm ?), a town of Bavaria, in Swabia, on the Iller, where it becomes navigable, and on the railway from Augsburg to Lindau, 51 miles S.S.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 12,377. It consists of an old town, walled, and nearly encircled by the new town, and has a fine collegiate church, a public library, a gymnasium, a Latin school, and an ancient abbey, where the independent abbot formerly held his court. Kempt Head, a post-hamlet in Victoria ec, Nova Scotia, on the N. side of Boularderie Island, 30 miles N.W. of Sydney. Pop. 100. Kemp'ton, a post-office of Ford co., 111. Kemptoii, a post-office of Tipton co., Ind., on the La- fayette, Muncie k Bloomington Railroad, 10 miles W. of Tipton. Kempton, a station in Berks co„ Pa., on the Berks & Lehigh Railroad, 24 miles N, of Reading. Kemp'tOAVn, a post-hamlet of Frederick eo., Md., about 35 miles W. by N. of Baltimore. Kemp'town, a post-village in Colchester co., Nova Scotia, 5 miles from Riversdale. It contains a hotel and a saw-mill. Pop. 300. Kempt'ville, a village in Grenville co., Ontario, on a brnnch of the Rideau River, and on the St. Lawrence & Ottawa Railway, 22^ miles N. of Prescott, and 31^ miles S. of Ottawa. It has good water-power, 5 churches, about 20 stores, 3 grist-mills, 3 saw-mills, 3 carding- and fulling- mills, a brewery and distillery, a tannery, i^n ashery, 2 iron- foundries, (fee. Pop. 872. Ken, or Kent, a river of England, co. of Westmore- land, flows S. through the small lake of Kentmere, and past Kendal into Morecambe Bay. Ken, a river of Scotland, rises on the borders of the co. of Ayr, flows S., and joins the Dee, above its confluence with which it expands into the beautiful Looh Ken, having at its head Kenmore Castle. Ken, a river of India. See Cane. Ke'nansville, a post-village, capital of Duplin co., N.C, in Kenansville township, about 54 miles N. of Wil- mington. It has a court-house, 4 churches, a female semi- nary, and an academy for boys. Pop. of township, 2878. Kenclaia, ken-dl'a, a post-hamlet of Seneca co., N.Y., in Romulus township, about 22 miles S.AV. of Auburn. It has a church. Ken'dal, Kir'by Ken'dal, or Kirk'by Ken'dal, a borough of England, co. of Westmoreland, at a railway junction, 38 miles S.S.E. of Carlisle. It stands among lofty hills in the vale of the Ken. The houses are built of stone and interspersed with trees. Chief buildings, a large ancient and a handsome modern church, a fine Roman Catholic chapel, a grammar-school, a blue-coat school, and several smaller endowed schools, a town hall, a court-house, a house of correction, a union workhouse, a theatre, assembly- and news-rooms, libraries, a natural history society and excellent museum, trades'-halls, «fec. Kendal is one of the oldest manufacturing towns in the kingdom. The principal man- ufactures are waistcoatings, kerseys, linens, baizes, serges, carpets, knit worsted caps, jackets, stockings, and leather, with dye-, marble-, and paper-works. A canal provides it with water conveyance to all parts of the kingdom. The borough sends one member to Parliament. Pop. 13,446. Ken'dal, a post-village in Durham eo., Ontario, 9 miles N. of Newtonville. It contains 1 store, 2 hotels, and 2 saw- mills, and has a good trade in lumber, grain, and country produce. Pop. 250. Kenda'iia, a post-hamlet of Kanawha eo., W. Va,, about 20 miles E. of Charleston. Coal abounds here. Ken'dall, a county in the N.E. part of Illinois, has an area of 324 square miles. It is intersected by the Fox or Pishtaka River. The surface is undulating, and is diversi- KEN fied by prairies and woodlands, the former of which are the more extensive. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, oats, hay, butter, and pork are the staple products. Niagara limestone (Upper Silurian) underlies a part of the soil. This county is traversed by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and by the Fox River Branch of that rail- road. Capital, Yorkville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,S01,OSO. Pop. in 1870, 12,399, of whom 9715 were Americans. Kendall, a county in the S. central part of Texas, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is intersected by the Guadalupe River. The surface is hilly or undulating. The soil is partly fertile. Cattle, Indian corn, and grass are the staple products. Capital, Boerne. Valuation of real and personal estate, $360,245. Pop. in 1870, 1536, of whom 1061 were Americans. Kendall, a township of Kendall co., 111., about 14 miles S.S.W. of Aurora. It is bounded on the N. by Fox River, and contains Yorkville. Pop. 1445. Kendall, a post-village of Van Buren co., Mich., in Pine Grove township, on the South Haven division of the Michigan Central Railroad, 15 miles W. of Kalamazoo. It has a church, a graded school, and manufactures of bricks, chairs, lumber, and staves. Pop. nearly 300. Kendall, a post- village in Kendall township, Orleans CO., N.Y., on the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, 54 miles E. of Lewiston, and 24 miles W.N.W. of Rochester. It has several churches. The township is bounded N. by Lake Ontario, and contains 2 hamlets, named East Kendall and West Kendall. Pop. of township, 1750, Kendall, a post-hamlet of Anson cu., N.C, 12 miles N. of Polkton Station. It has a church and a tannery, Kendall, a post-hamlet of Beaver co.. Pa., about 30 miles W. by N. of Pittsburg. Pop. 50. Kendall, a post-hamlet of Grayson co., Tex., 11 miles W. of Sherman. It has a church. Kendall, a township of Lafayette co., Wis. Pop. 888. It is traversed by the Platteville Branch of the Mineral Point Railroad. Kendall, a post-village in Glendale township, Monroe CO., Wis., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, SO miles N.AV. of Madison, and 29 miles E.S.E. of Sparta. It has a church, 3 hotels, a foundry with a machine-shop, a graded school, and machine-shops of the railroad company. Kendall Creek, a post-office of McKean co., Pa. Kendall Mills, a post-hamlet of Orleans co., N.Y., on the line between Monroe and Orleans eo., about 22 miles W.N.AV. of Rochester. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill, Kendall's Mills, Maine. See Fairfield. Ken'dallville, a city of Noble co., Ind., on the Grand Rapids &, Indiana Railroad where it crosses the Air-Line division of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, and on an affluent of the St. Joseph River, near a beautiful little lake, 27 miles N. by W. of Fort Wayne, and 31 miles E.S.E. of Goshen. It contains a national bank, 8 churches, a newspaper office, a fine hotel, a school-building which cost §33,000, 2 flour-mills, a foundry, a machine-shop, and manufactures of sash, doors, blinds, carriages, furniture, cigars, Ac. Pop. 2800. Kendallville, a post-hamlet of Winneshiek co., Iowa, on the Upper Iowa River, 8 miles N.E. of Cresco. It has Kenderes, k^nVU'r^sh', a village of Hungary, 10 miles from Szent-Miklos-Torok. Pop. 356S. Kendota, Minnesota. See Kandota. Kendrapara, k^n-drJL-pi'rS,, a town of India, district and 48 miles (by canal) E. of Cuttack, Pop. 10,682. Ken'drick, a township of Greene co., Iowa. Pop. 608. Kendrick, a station in Clearfield co., Pa., on a branch of the Tyrone & Clearfield Railroad, 8 miles W.S.AV. of Osceola Mills. Kendrick's Creek, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., Tenn., 15 miles N. of Jonesborough, It has a church. Keudnskeas^, ken-dus'kecg, a small river of Penob- scot CO., Me., runs southeastward, and enters the Penob- scot River at Bangor. It affords durable water-power. Kenduskeag, a post-village of Penobscot co., Me., on the river of its own name, in Kenduskeag township, about 12 miles N.W. of Bangor. It has 2 churches, a cheese- factory, and manufactures of lumber, farming-implements, tfec. Pop. of the township, 770. Keneh, or Kene, k5n'^h\ written also Qene, Gheneh, or Ghenneh (anc. Csenap'oUs, or Neap' olia), a city of Upper Egypt, capital of the province of Keneh- Cosseir, near the right bank of the Nile, 150 miles above Sioot, and opposite Denderah, It is an important mart for agricultural produce and for the trade with Arabia and KEN 1130 KEN Central Africa. It h:is extensive manufactures of earthen- wares, a cotton-factory, and a superior government school. Pop. 13,200. Ken'esaw', or Keii'nesaw', a post-village of Cobb CO., Ga., on the Western & Atlantic Railroad, about 24 miles N.W. of Atlanta. It has 2 churches, and a steam grist-mill and saw-mill. Near it is Kenesaw Mountain (1809 feet high), which gives name to a battle between the Union forces and the Confederates, June 25, 1864. Kenesaw, a post-village of Adams co., Neb., on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, 25 miles B. of Kearney Junction. It has a graded school and a news- paper office. Keiii'a, a mountain of Africa, in lat. 1° 20' S., Ion. 37° 35' E., 18,000 feet above the sea. It is constantly snow-clad, whence it is also called Doenyo Ebor, or "white moun- tain." A river descending from it is supposed to flow to tlie Victoria Nyanza. Kenieba, ki-ne-i'bi, a leper-village of Bambook, in West Africa, not far from the gold-mines of Dambagnag- nev. Lat. 13° 56' N. ; Ion. 12° 6' W. if en'ilworth, a town of England, co. and 4i miles by rail N. of Warwick. It has manufactures of ribbons, gauzes, horn combs, leather, and chemical products. The town, beautifully situated, has an ancient church, a gram- mar-school, remains of an abbey founded about 1122, and the massive ' keep and some other portions of a castle, now a magnificent ivy-covered ruin, founded in the reign of Henry°I. Kenilworth is said to have been named after the Mercian king Konulph. Pop. 3335. Keiijua, Pennsylvania. See Kinzua. Keiikris, Kenkries, or Kenkres, kSn'krees (anc. Cen'chreBi), a village of Greece, 7 miles E.S.E, of Corinth, on the Isthmus and shore of the Gulf of iEgina. Kenmare, kenhnair', a town of Ireland, co. of Kerry, on the estuary of the Roughty, 13 miles S.S.W. of Killar- nev. Pop. 1206. kenmare River or Bay, Ireland, is a deep inlet of the Atlantic, between the cos. of Cork and Kerry, N.W. of Bantry Bay. Breadth of entrance, 5 miles. Kenmore, an island of Ireland. SeeVALENTiA. Kenmore, ken-mor', a village and parish of Scotland, CO. of Perth, at the head of Loch Tay, 6 miles W.S.W. of Aberfeldie. The village is one of the most picturesque in Scotland. In its vicinity is Taymouth Castle, the seat of the Marquis of Breadalbane; and the mountain of Ben Lawers is in this parish. Pop. 1615, Kenmore, k^n-mor', a post-ofSoe of Fairfax co., Va. Kenmore, k^n-mor', a post-village in Russell co., On- tario, 19 miles S.S.E. of Ottawa. It contains 4 stores, a tannery, and a grist-mill. Pop. 124. Kenn, kSnn, or Keish, kish, also called Guase, an island of Persia, in the Persian Gulf, province of Laristan, 85 miles W. of Kishm. It is low, surrounded by coral reefs, and has a village and harbor, Kenn, an island of Persia, in the Persian Gulf, 70 miles W. of Cape Kenn, province of Ears. Ken'namer Cove, a post-offico of Marshall co., Ala. Ken'nard', a post-ofBce of Washington co.. Neb., on the Sioux City 4 Pacific Railroad, 7 miles S.W. of Blair. Kennard, a post-hamlet of Champaign co., 0., on the Atlantic &, Great Western Railroad, 43 miles N.N.E. of Dayton. Pop. 70. Kennard, or Sugar tirove Station, a post-hamlet of Mercer co.. Pa., in Sugar Grove township, on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 21 miles S.W. of Meadville. It has 2 churches and 1 or 2 steam saw-mills. Here is Ken- nard Post-Office. Ken'nebacca'sis, a beautiful river of New Bruns- wick, takes its rise near the sources of the Potitcodiao, and, after a S.W. course of about 20 miles, enters the St. John through Kennebaocasis Bay, a magnificent sheet of water 18 miles long. The bay and river are navigable for steamers 25 Ken^nebec', a river of Maine, rises in Moosehead Lake, on the W. border of Piscataquis co. It runs south- ward through the cos. of Somerset, Kennebec, and Saga- dahoc, and enters the Atlantic Ocean about 14 miles S. of Bath. It is nearly 200 miles long. The chief towns on its banks are Bath, Augusta, Gardiner, AVaterville, and Hallo- well. In the season of navigation sea-going steamers can usually ascend to Augusta, and large ships to Bath. Small steamers ascend to Waterville. The navigation is closed by ice for 3i or 4 months in a year. Kennebec, a county in the S.W. central part of Maine, has an area of about 960 square miles. It is intersected by the Kennebec River, which divides it into nearly equal parts, and is partly drained by the Sebasticook River. The surface is undulating, and is diversified by numerous lakes and extensive forests, in which the pine and sugar-maple are found. The soil is fertile. Hay, lumber, butter, pota- toes, oats, Indian corn, and cattle are the staple products. 'This county is intersected by the Augusta division and the Lewiston division of the Maine Central Railroad. Capital, Auo-usta, which is also the capital of Maine. Valuation of real and personal estate, §31,078,916. Pop. in 1870, 53,203, of whom 50,914 were Americans. Kennebec,a township of Monona CO., Iowa. Pop. 445. Kennebec, a post-office of Russell co., Kansas. Kennebec Line, a post-village in Beauce co., Quebec, on the Levis & Kennebec Railway, 85 miles S.S.E. of Que- bec. It contains 2 saw-mills, 3 stores, and 4 hotels. Ken'nebunk', a small river of York co., Me., runs southeastward, and enters the Atlantic Ocean. Kennebunk, a post-village of York co.. Me., in Ken- nebunk township, and on a river of the same name, 3 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, and on the Boston &, Maine Railroad, 25 miles S.S.W. of Portland. It has 4 churches, anational bank, an iron-foundry, a newspaper ofiice, a machine-shop, and manufactures of boots, ploughs, twine, Ac. Several vessels are owned here, and it is partly supported by ship- building. Pop. of the township, 2603. Kennebunk Depot, a post-village of York co., Me., in Kennebunk township, on the Portsmouth, Saco & Port- land Railroad, 26 miles S.W. of Portland. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and 2 mills. Kennebunk Landing, a post-hamlet of York co.. Me., in Kennebunk township, IJ miles from the Boston & Maine Railroad. It has a church. Ken'nebunkport', a post-village and summer resort of York CO., Me., is on the Atlantic Ocean, at the mouth of the Kennebunk River, and in a township of its own name, about 10 miles S. of Biddeford. It has 4 churches, a graded school, and a harbor, and is partly supported by navigation and ship-building. Pop. of the township, 2372. Kennedale, Tuscaloosa co., Ala. See Cottondale. Ken'nedy, a post-village in Poland township, Chau- tauqua CO., N.Y., on the ConcAvango River, and on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, at its junction with the Buffalo & Jamestown Railroad, 9 miles E.N.E. of Jamestown. It has good water-power, and contains 3 churches, a flour-mill, and a union school. Pop. about 500. Ken'nedy's Store, a post-office of Itawamba co.. Miss. Ken'nedyville, a post-village of Kent co., Md., on the Kent County Railroad, about 36 miles E. of Baltimore. It has 2 churches, and a manufactory of baskets. Many peaches are exported from this place. Kennekeet, Bare co., N.C. See Kinnekeet. Ken'nekuk, a post-hamlet of Atchison co., Kansas, about 38 miles W.N.W. of Leavenworth. It has a church. Ken'ner, a post-village of Jefferson parish. La., on the Mississippi River, and on the New Orleans, St. Louis &, Chicago Railroad, 10 miles W. of New Orleans. It has 2 churches. Kenner, a post-hamlet of Matagorda co., Tex., on the Gulf of Mexico, about 60 miles S.W. of Galveston. Ken'nerdell', a post-hamlet of Venango co., Pa., in Clinton township, about 12 miles S. of Franklin. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a woollen-mill. Kenner's Prairie, pra'ree, a hamlet of Matagorda CO., Tex. Pop. 65. Kennesaw, Cobb co., Ga. See Kenesaw. Keu'net, a river of England, co. of Berks, rises near East Kennet, flows mostly E., and joins the Thames at Reading. , ^-t-, Ken'net, or Ken'nett, a post-village, capital of Dunk- lin CO., Mo., is near a lake formed by the expansion of Little River, about 190 miles S. of St. Louis, It has a church and a newspaper office. Ken'netcook, or Burlington, a post-village of Hants CO., Nova Scotia, 8 miles from Newport. Pop. 3o0. Kennet (or Kennett) Square, a post-borough of Chester co.. Pa., in Kennet township, on the Philadelphia & Baltimore Central Railroad, 36 miles W.S.W. of Philadel- phia, and 11 miles N.W. of Wilmington, Del. It contains a newspaper office, 2 academies, 5 churches, and a manufac- tory of farming-implements. Pop. 884 ; of township, 1308. Ken'ney, a post-village of Do Witt oo.. 111., on the Illinois Midland Railroad where it crosses the Oilman, Clinton &, Springfield Railroad, 36 miles E.N.E. of Spring- field, and 21 miles N.N.W. of Decatur. It has a church, a newspaper oflice, a graded school, and 2 elevators. Coal is found here. Pop. about 500. Ken'nington, an extensive southern suburb of Lon- KEN 1131 KEN don, CO. of Surrey, parish of Lambeth, IV miles S.S.W. of St. Paul's. Pop. 72,o0r. Ken'non, a post-hamlet of Belmont co., 0., 2S miles W. by N. of Bellaire. It has a church. Keii'nonsburg, a post-village of Noble co., 0., in Wayne township, about 36 miles E. of Zanesvillo. It has a church. Pop. 94. Kenock'ee, a hamlet of St. Clair co., Mich., in Kenockee township, on or near Mill Creek, about 54 miles N.N.E. of Detroit. Pop. of the township, 134S. Kenogami, ke-nog'a-me, or Long Lake, a lake on the left of the Chicoutimi'River, Quebec, 21 miles above its mouth. It is about 25 miles long by ^ to 2 miles wide. It is separated from another lake, called Kenogamishish, by a ridge about IV miles long by V mile wide. Kenogami, or Long Lake, of Northwestern On- tario, N. of Lake Superior, is 54V miles long by \\ miles broad. The country around the southern part of the lake is rugged and mountainous, with very little covering of any kind upon the hard gneiss rocks. Keno'sha, the most southeastern county of Wisconsin, borders on Illinois. Area, about 280 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Lake Michigan, and is intersected by the Fox and Des Plaines llivers. The surface is undu- lating or nearly level. The soil is calcareous and very fer- tile. AVheat, oats, Indian corn, hay, flax, wool, and butter are the staple products. Silurian limestone is found next to the surface. This county is intersected by the Chicago ost-office of Pawnee co., Kansas. Keysville, a hamlet of Carroll co., Md., 2 miles from Double Pipe Creek Station. It has a church. Keysville, a post-office of Crawford co., Mo., on the Salem & Little Rock Railroad, 9S miles S.AV. of St. Louis. Keysville, a post-village of Charlotte co., Va., on the Richmond & Danville Railroad, 73 miles W.S.W. of Rich- mond. It has 8 churches and a cigar-manufactory. Keytesville, keots'vil, a post-village, capital of Chari- ton CO., Mo., in Keytesville township, on the W. bank of the Chariton River and the E. bank of the Muscle River, and on the'St. Louis, Kansas City &, Northern Railroad, 11 miles E. of Brunswick, and 100 miles E. by N. of Kansas City. It has a bank, a graded school, 4 churches, a manufactory of farming-implements, and a newspaper office. Pop. 529 j of the township, 1663. Keyton, ke't9n, a post-office of Calhoun co., 6a. Key West, a post-town, port of entry, and capital of Monroe co., Fla., on Thompson's Island, or Bone Key (Sp. Cayo Hueso, ki'o wi'so, whence the name), a small island of coral formation in the Gulf of Mexico or Strait of Florida, about 55 miles S.W. of Cape Sable. Lat. 24° 32' N. ; Ion. 81° 48' W. It contains 9 churches, a marine hospital, a custom-house, and printing-offices which issue 3 weekly newspapers. It has a safe harbor, the entrance of which is defended by Fort Taylor, a large and costly work. The harbor admits vessels drawing 20 feet or more of water. The inhabitants derive a large portion of their income from the salvage of the vessels which are wrecked on the adjacent islands. The steamers which ply between New Orleans and Havana touch at this port. It has extensive manufactures of cigars, important sponge-fisheries, and some salt-works. Pop. of the island, 5016. Key West, a post-office of Dubuque co., Iowa, 4 miles from Dubuque. Here is a convent. Key West, a post-hamlet and township of Coffey co., Kansas, abont 12 miles N. of Burlington. Pop. 270. Key West, a post-office of Kenton co., Ky. Key West, a post-office of Montague co., Tex. Kezanlik, Eastern Roumelia. See Kasanlik. Ke'zar Falls, a post-village of York co., Me., on the Ossipee River, about 36 miles W.N.W. of Portland. It has a church, a saw-mill, and a stave-mill. Kezdi-Vasarhely, k§z'dee^-vA^sh|R^hSl', a town of Transylvania, 35 miles N.E. of Kronstadt. Pop. 4546. Kezd-Szaaz, kSzd-sa,z, a town of Trans^'lvania, 4 miles S.E. of Schassburg. " Pop. 4900. Khaboor, Khabour, Khabur, or Chabnr, k^'- boor' (anc. Chaho'ras, and Ahor'rhas), a river of Asiatic Turkey, flows S. through Mesopotamia, and joins the Euphrates at Kerkesiah. Length, about 190 miles. Khaboor, Khabour, or Khabur, a river of Asiatic Turkey, flows S., and joins the Tigris 65 miles N.W. of Mosul. Length, 50 miles, Khabs, a town of Tunis. See Cabes. Khafaloon,Khafaloun,kd-f4-loon', orKhapaln, k5,-p4-loo', a town of Central Asia, in Bulti, at the junction of the Shayook and Lch Rivers, 90 miles N.W. of Leh. Khagowl, or Khagaul, k3,Vowl', a town of Bengal, Patna district, 5 miles S. of Dinapoor. Here is Dinapoor Railway Station. Pop. 5257. Khaibar, kiMoan', a town of Arabia, in El HejaK, 100 miles N.N.E. ot Medina, and capital of a Jewish territory. - Khai-Fung, a city of China. See Kai-Fong. Khai-Hoa, or Cai-Hoa, kt-ho'i, a city of China, province of Yun-Nan, near the Tonquin frontier, in lat. 23° 24' 30" N., luu, 104° 21' E. Khain, Persia. Sec Ghayn. Khairabad, kiM-i-b3,d', a village of the Punjab, on the Indus, opposite Attock, 35 miles by rail E.S.E. of Pcshawer. Khairagarh, India. See Khyragurh. Khalana, the ancient name of Ci;lna, Khaletse, a village of Central Asia. See Kulutzi, Khalkas (or Kalkas, kirkis') Country, the N. part of Mongolia, Chinese Empire, extending from the Altai, in Ion. 90°, to 112° E., and between lat. 47° and 53° N., having N. Siberia and W. Chinese Toorkistan, The surface is in great part mountainous, elsewhere consisting of vast plains and steppes; in the S, it comprises a part of the great desert of Gobi, The Yenisei, Selenga, Orkhon, and other large rivers rise in this region, which also con- tains many large lakes, the principal being the Oobsa Nor. It is divided into khanats, governed by native chiefs, trib- utary to the Chinese since the eighteenth century. Capital city, Oorga. The inhabitants are Mongol Tartars and of the Booddhist faith. Khaiki, kil'kee, or Cop'per Island, one of the Princess Islands, in the Sea of Marmora, 12 miles S.E. of Constantinople. It has an ancient copper-mine. Khalsia, India. See Khulsia. Khamj^aon, kdm-gi-on', a town of India, district and 28 miles W. of Akola, on a branch railway. It has a large cotton-market, and is a growing place. Pop. 9435. Khamil, or Chainil, KS,^meer, written also Hami, hd'mee', a city of Chinese Tooi*kistan. Lat. 42° 30' N.; Ion. 93° 40' E. It is the centre of a large trade. Khamir, a town of Persia. See Kameer, Khana-i-Bad,k5,'na-ee-b&d', atown of Asia, 12 miles S.E. of Khnondooz. Lat. 36° 20' N. j Ion. 69° 38' E, Khandeish, a province of India. See Candeish. Khandiva, kin'de-vi, Khandwa, kind'wi, or Cundwa, kiind'wS., a town of India, Central Provinces, 40 miles N.N.E. of Boorhanpoor. Pop. 9708. Khandpara, India, See Khundpaka. Khandutcha, K^n-doo'ch^, or Kanduga (?), a river of Asiatic Russia, joins the Aldan after a S.W. course of above 100 miles'. Khangher, a town of Sinde. See Jacobabad. Khania, Ka-nee'a, or Cane'a (anc. Cijdo'nia, some- times Cydo'nis), a fortified seaport and the principal com- mercial town of Crete, on the N. coast of the island, 64 miles W.N.W. of Candia. Pop. 8000, of whom about 5000 ai'e Mohammedans and 1000 foreign Greeks. Its fortifica- tions, built by the Venetians, are inferior to those of Candia, but its port is the best in Crete, capable of holding many vessels of 300 tons, and is formed by a mole 1200 feet long, with a light-house at its extremity, opposite a fort defending the harbor. It has an arsenal, docks, Venetian galley- vaults, a small lazaretto, and soap-factories. It is the seat of a provincial council and governor, a Greek bishop's see, and the residence of several European consuls. Khanka, kan'k^, a town of Asia, in Toorkistan, 30 miles E.N.E. of Khiva, on the Amoo-Darya. It consists of about 350 houses, enclosed within a poor wall. Khanos, ka'nos\ or Khinis, kin'iss\ an ancient town of Turkey in Asia, 55 miles S.S.AV. of Erzroora. Khanpoor, K5,n^poor', or Khaun^poor% a town of India, dominion and 78- miles S.AV. of Bhawlpoor. Pop. 20,000. It was formerly of more importance, but it is still a flourishing commercial town, with a good bazaar and a navigable canal from the Indus. Khanzir, a village of Turkey. See Agharoon. Khap'pa, or Khapa, K^'pil, a town of India, dis- trict and 21 miles N.E. of Nagpoor. Pop. 7877. Kharamoukotan, an island. See Karahiakotan. Kharasm, kah-iizm', or Karis'sim, also called KhAVaresm and Kharesm (anc. Ckorabmia), a coun- try of Toorkistan. In the twelfth century it was the seat of a powerful empire ; but it is now greatly reduced. Its present. limits appear to be the same as those of Khiva. Kharbundee Shumsabad, kar-bun-dee' shoom-sa- bid', a town of India, division of Agra. Pop. S42S. Kharek, an island of the Persian Gulf. See Kauak. Kharcsin, Toorkistan. See Khiva. Khargeli, Egypt. See El Khaugeh. Kharib, a mountain of Egypt. See Agueeb. Kharljah, ka'ree\i3., a town of Arabia, W. of Makal- lah, and reputed to have 3000 inhabitants, Kharkov, Kharkou, Charkov, Charkow, KaR- kov', Ukraine, or Slobodisch Ukraine, slo'bo-dish oo'krin, a governnn.'nt in tlu- S. part of European Russia, lat. 48° 30' to 51° 12' N., Ion. 34° 20' to 38° 20' E., bounded E. by Voronezh, S. by Yekaterinoslav, W, by Poltava, and N. by Koorsk. Area, 27,475 square miles. It is watered by the Donets and the Oskol. Surface flat and little wooded. Soil fertile, entirely agricultural, producing grain of all sorts, and wine in great abundance. It has numerous dis- KHA 1 tilleries, tanneries, and tallow- and saltpetre-factories. Pop. 1,698,015, chiefly Russians and Cossacks. See Ukraine. Kharkov, or Charkow, written also Kharkow and Kharkofy a city of European Russia, capital of the gov- ernment of Kharkov, on the Kharkova, at a railway junc- tion. 4^20 miles S.W. of Moscow, It is the see of a bishop. It has a university, founded in 1803, a theological semi- nary, a gymnasium, and a female academy. Its manufac- tures comprise leather, felts, spirits, and fine carpets, and its trade is extensive. Its fairs for cattle and wool are among the most important in South Russia. Pop. 82,133. Kharput, a town of Turkish Armenia. See Karpoot. Khars, a city of Russia. See Kars. Khartoom, Khartoum, Kartoom, or Khartum, KarHoom', a town of Africa, capital of the Egyptian general government of Soodan, at thejunetionof thelilue and White Nile, Qb miles S.W. of Shend3^ Pop. 20,000, including gar- rison. It is regularly built, and very flourishing. It has considerable trade, and was formerly the great depot of slaves sent from Soodan and Abyssinia into Egypt. Khasab, or Kasaab, kd^sS,b', a bay of Arabia, prov- ince of Oman, at the entrance to the Persian Gruif. On it is a large fort. Lat. 26° 13' N. ; Ion. oQ° 20' E. Khas^^unge, or Kas§:ai^, k5,s-gunj', a town of Brit- ish India, Etah district, 60 miles N.E.of Agra. Pop. 15,764. Khash, kdrsh, or Khaush, kawsh, a town and fort of Afghanistan, on the Khash-Rood. Lat. 31° 36' N. ; Ion. 62° 45' E. Pop. about 2000. Khash-Rood, Khash«Rud, or Kach-Roud, kS,sh-rood', a river of Afghanistan, enters the Hamoon Lake, after a S.W. course of ISO miles. It partly separates the Candahar and Herat dominions. Khasia Hills, India. See Cossyah Hills. Khaspur, a town of India. See Cospoor. Khatanga, Ka-tang'ga, or Katanska, ki-tin'skd, a river of Asiatic Russia, issues from a lake in the govern- ment of Yeniseisk, near lat. 6S° N. and Ion. 96° E., flows N.N.E., and falls into the Gulf of Khantangskee or Ka- tangskii, in the Arctic Ocean, after a course of 700 miles. Its chief affluents are the Moniaga, Popigai, and Keta. Khatel, a town of Palestine. See Hebron. Khatmaiidoo, Catmandoo, kd^t^m^nMoo', or Kathmaro, k^t'h^mS,Vo', the capital town of Nepaul, in a mountainous region, about 145 miles N.N.W. of Patna. Lat. 27° 42' N. ; Ion. 85° 15' E. Pop. 20,000. It extends 1 mile along a river, is built mostly of brick, and has many Booddhist temples, with a palace of the Nepaul rajah. Khaunpoor, India. See Khanpoor. Khaush, a town of Afghanistan. See Khash. Khawak, ka-wd-k', the most E, pass across the Hindoo- Koosh, in Katiristan, 100 miles N.E. of Cabool. Lat. 35° 38' N. : Ion. 70° E. Elevation of summit, 13,200 feet. By it Timur entered India. E. by S. from the pass is the fort Khawak, 9300 feet above the sea. Lat. 35° 37' N. Khediwari, k^d-e-w^'ree, one of the navigable mouths of the Indus, at its delta, entering the sea in lat. 24° 9' N., Ion. 67° 29' E., where it is 650 yards across. Kheeva, a country of Asia. See Khiva. Kheiber, or Kheibers. See Khyber Pass. Khelat, a town of Beloochistan. See Kelat. Khelat, a town of Turkey. See Akhlat. Khelidonia, k^l-e-do-nee'a, a cape and group of islets {anc. Chclido'nise) of Asia Minor, on its S. coast, GO miles S. by W. of Adalia. Khelmos, k^l'mos, a mountain of Greece, in the Morea, 6 miles S.E. of Kalavrita. Elevation, 7654 feet. Khem, a Coptic name for Egypt. Kheraghur, k^r-a-gur', a town of India, North-West Provinces, division of Agra. Pop. 5416. KUerasoou, or Kherasouu. See Keresoon. Kheree, or Kheri, ke-vee', a town of India, capital of Kheree, 25 miles N. by E. of Seetapoor. Pop. 7001. Kheree, or Kheri, a district of the North-West Prov- inces, India, in the Seetapoor division. Area, 2963 square miles. Capital, Kheree. Pop. 739,283. Kherknah, a river of Persia. See Kerah. Kherson, or Cherson, KfiR-son', a government of Russia, mostly between lat. 46° and 49° N. and Ion. 29° and 34° E., having S. the Black Sea. Area, 27,475 square miles. Surface in the N. undulating, and covered with forests; elsewhere a wide steppe. Principal rivers, the Dnieper on the N. and S.E., the Dniester, forming the W. frontier, and the Bug, traversing its centre. Its W, half is very fertile; cattle- and sheep-breeding is the chief branch of industry. Products comprise oak bark, tobacco, mustard, saffron, wine, liquorice, corn, hemp, flax, nitre, salt, and sandstone. Manufactures of cloth, tallow, leather, butter, KIIO ropes, linen, tiles, spirits, cheese, and caviare are carried on, partly by Swedish, German, and other colonists, the popu- lation consisting of many races. Principal towns, Kherson, Nikolaiev, Yeliaavetgrad, and Odessa, Pop. 1,596,809. Kherson, or Cherson, a fortified town of South Russia, capital of the government of Kherson, on the right bank of theDnieper, 92 miles E.N.E. of Odessa. Pop. 46,320. It was founded by Potemkin in 1778, is well built, and is divided into four quarters, the citadel, in which are the arsenal, bar- racks, other government buildings, and the cathedral, in which Potemkin, its founder, is buried ; the admiralty quar- ter has excavated docks for the construction of ships of war, now disused. Kherson Is an archbishop's see, and has various schools, Kheyber and Kheybers, See Khyber Pass. Kheyr-Abad, a town of India. See Khvrabad. Khiewa, a country of Asia. See Khiva. Khilok, Ke-lok', a river of Asiatic Russia, rises in the government of Irkootsk, and, after a course of about 430 miles, joins the Selenga about 20 miles below Seleughiusk. Khimara, a town of Albania. See Chimara. IChimoli, an island of Greece. See ARGENTfERA. Khin-Gan, Kin^-gin', Khing- Gan- Oola, or Khing-Gan-Oiila, King^-g^n-oo'l4, are names applied to extensive mountain-chains or table-lands of East Asia, which separate Mongolia from Manchooria, extending from the Wall of China, in about 41° N. lat., to the great bed of the Amoor, in 53° N. lat., cut by the meridian of 120° E. Khing-Yang, king^-ying', Khin-Yang, or Kin- Yang, kin^-yang', a city of China, province of Kan-Soo, near lat, 36° N., Ion. 107° 30' E. Khing-Yuan, king^-yoo*an', Khin-Yuan, kin'- yoo'an', or Kin-Yuen, kin^-yoo-en', a city of China, province of Quang-See, 320 miles W.N.AV. of Canton. Khini, Kce'nee, a town of Asiatic Turkey, 43 miles N.E. of Diarbekir, with about 450 families. Khinis, a town of Turkey. See Khanos. Khio, or Khios, an island of Turkey. See Scro. Khiong-Tchou, a city of China. See Kiong-Choo. Khioo-Choo, or Khiu-Tchou,ke-oo*-choo', a city of China, in Che-Kiang, 100 miles S.W. of Hang-Chow-Foo. Khirpai, Bengal. See Keerpoy. Khitai, an ancient name of China. Khiva, Khiewa, Kheeva, Kee'v^, or Khare&m, ivi-r^sm' (anc. Ckoras'mia), a country of Toorkistan, mostly between lat. 36° and 44° N. and Ion. 52° and 64° E., having N, the Kirgheez Steppe and the Sea of Aral, E. the Rus- sian province of Amoo-Darya and Bokhara, S. Khorassan {in the Persian dominions), and W. the Caspian Sea. Estimated pop. 700,000. Surface almost wholly a sandy desert, with some scattered hill-ranges in the N. and W. ; the Amoo-Darya borders it on the N.E., and along its banks, and the canals connected with it, there are many fertile tracts. In these places wheat, millet, barley, fruits, cotton, flax, and some rice are grown. The vine also thrives. Sheep and goats and a good breed of horses are pretty nu- merous. Camels are the ordinary beasts of burden. Some cotton and silk stuffs and shawls are made and exported ; iigriculture is, however, the principal occupation of the set- tled inhabitants. The population is very mixed, the domi- nant race being Oozbeks. In 1873 the khanate became virtually subject to Russia, but it retains a nominal inde- pendence. — —Adj. and inhab. Ivhivan, Kee'van. Khiva, the capital of the above country, is in an irri- gated plain near the Amoo-Darya. Lat. 41° 40' N. ; Ion. 59° 13' E, Pup. 6000. Khmielnik, a town of Poland. See Chmielnik. Kho-Dahman, Afghanistan. See Koh-i-Damaun, Khodavendighar, Ko-dS,-vfin-de-gar', a vilayet of Turkey, in Asia Minor, bordering on the Sea of Marmora. It is mountainous, with much fertile soil, and produces grain, wool, cotton, silk, and fruit in abundance. Capital, brusa. Pop. 1,100,000. Khoi, Koy, a town of North Persia, province of Azer- baijan, 20 miles N. of Lake Ooroomeeyah. Pop. 30,000. Khojend, or Kodjend, Ko'j^nd', also called Chod- schent, a town of the province of Syr-Darya, Russian Toorkistan, 50 miles W. of Khokan, on the Jaxartes. Lat. 41° 23' N. ; Ion, 68° 42' E. It stands on rising ground, enclosed by decayed walls and wet ditches, and in- tersected by canals. It has manufactures of coarse cotton fabrics, and a large trade in Russian goods. Pop. 20,000. Khokan, or Khokaud. See Ferghana. Khokan, Ko^kan', a town of Asiatic Russia, capital of Ferghana, about 280 miles N.W. of Kashgar, and 220 miles N.N.E. of Samarcand. It has bazaars, mosques, public schools, and several caravansaries. Pop. 60,000. KHO 1140 KI Kholm, Kolm, a town of Kussia, government of Pskov, on the Lovat, 110 miles S.E, of Pskov. Pop. 4718. Khondistan, kon-dis-tin', a name applied vaguely to that part of India where the Khonds dwell. The term is thus a more comprehensive one than Khond-Mals, which is the name of their principal abode, Khoud-Mals, kond-milz', or Kandh-Mals, kund- milz', a district of Orissa, India, nominally belonging to Eoad, but really under British administration. The Khond- Mals are the principal abode of a very interesting people, called Khonds, who possess many admirable qualities, though they were once addicted to human sacrifices. The chief export is turmeric. Pop. 51,810. Khonos, a village of Turkey. See Chonos. Khonsar^ Kon^sar', a town of Persia, in Irak-Ajemee, 83 miles W.N.W. of Ispahan. Pop. 12.000, engaged in raising and drying fruits and weaving chintz. Khoodavendisrhiar. See Khodavendighar. Khoolooin, Khoulloum, Koo^loom', Khulm, Khoulra, Koolm, Gholain, go-lS,m', or Tashkurgan, t3.sh-koor'gS,n', a town of Afghan Toorkistan, capital of Khooloom district, on the river Khooloom, 40 miles W. of Balkh. Lat. 36° 40' N. ; Ion. 68° 5' E. It is surrounded by a wall, and by hills on three sides. The present town is 4 miles S. of the old site, and is properly a group of vil- lages. Pop. 15,000. Khoom, a city of Persia. See Koom. Khoon'awur' (orKoonaAvar, koo-ni-wur') Pass, one of the loftiest across the Himalayas. Lat. 31° 40' N. ; Ion. 18° 30' E. Elevation, 20,000 feet. Khoondooz, Koiindouz, or Kunduz, koon-dooz', a district of Afghan Toorkistan, lat, 35° to 38° N., Jon. 68° to 72° E., having S. Afghanistan, and E. Budukhshan. The greater part of the surface is mountainous, but there are many fertile tracts, which yield abundant crops of grain, principally wheat and barley; while the marshy grounds, which are very extensive, produce much rice. Khoondooz, or Kouudouz, a town, capital of the above district, near the Amoo-Darya. Lat. 36° 48' N. ; Ion. 69° 21' E. Pop. about 2600. Khoonds, a tribe of Indians. See Khond-Mals. Khoorja, or Khurja, koor'ji, a town of India, Boo- lundshahur district, 54 miles S. of Meerut. Pop. 26,858. Khoozistau, Khouzistan, or Khuzistan, koo- zis-tin', originally Khoristaii, KO^ris-tAn', the "country of estuaries" (or khora), (anc. Susia'na), a province of Per- sia, mostly between lat. 30° and 33° N, and Ion. 46 and 51° E., having N. the Bakhtiyari Mountains, separating it from Irak-Ajemee, E. Ears, W. the pashalic of Bagdad (in Asia- tic Turkey), and S. the Persian Gulf. The surface is mostly mountainous; but in the S, are some plains. The Tigris and Euphrates (Shat-el-Arab) form a part of its W. bound- ary. In that part which borders on the Persian Gulf there are numerous river-mouths, or estuaries, whence the province derives its name. The products are rice, maize, barley, cotton, sugar-cane, dates, indigo, and silk. The pasturages are extensive, and live-stock numerous. The trade is mostly with Bassorah and Bagdad. The principal towns are Shooster, Dezfool, and Mohammerah. Khoper, Ko'per, a river of Kussia, rises in the govern- ment of Penza, flows S.S.W,, and joins the Don after a course of 250 miles, for the last 100 of which it is navigable. Khor, or Khore, Kor (a "mouth" or "estuary"), is the prefixed name of various bays in the East, the principal being Khork-Abdallah (kor-ab-d^l'lS,), on the Persian Gulf, W. of the mouth of the Euphrates. See Khoozistan. Khorassan, or Khorasan,Ko'ras-sin' {i.e., "region of the sun"), a province of Persia, between lat. 34° and 38° N. and Ion. 53° and 61° E. ; its limits, however, have often varied considerably. It has N. Khiva, and E. Afghanistan. Its S. part is a sandy waste; the rest of its surface con- sists of mountain-ranges and fertile valleys. Wheat, rice, tobacco, cotton, hemp, and assafoetida are grown. Principal towns, Meshed and Nishapoor. Khoristan, a province of Persia. See Khoozistan. Khorol, Ko-rol', a river of Russia, rises in the govern- ment of Kharkov, and, after a southward course of about 140 miles, joins the Psiol. Khorramabad,K:or-rim-i-b^d',orKhorum-Abad, Ko-ru,m-A.-bad', a town of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, district of Looristan, on the Koon, 98 miles S. by AV. of Hamadan. It consists of about 1000 houses, and has many curious antiquities. The fort, which overlooks the town, occupies a steep rock about 1000 yards in circumference, and is surrounded by a double wall at the base. A magnificent reservoir has been formed within it. Khor$:ab'ad,KOR^sd-b^d', Korsabad (probably a cor- ruption of Khoaroo-Ahad, the "abode of Ivhosroes or Chos- roes," a famous Persian king), or Khortabad, kor^t^- bS.d', a village of Turkey in Asia, 13 miles in a direct line N.E. of Mosul. Here Botta, in 1843, discovered the ruins of a large building containing Assyrian sculptures and in- scriptions, the first discovery of the antiquities of Nineveh. Ithosroo- Shah, KosVoo'-sha', written also Khosrau- Shah, a village and valley of Persia, province of Azer- baijan, the former S.W. of Tabreez. Khoteti, KoHgn', Khotaii, KoH^n', £elchee, £el- chi, or Uchi, eel-chee', written also £lechec and Uitsi, a town of Chinese Toorkistan. Lat. 37° N.; Ion. 80° 30' E. It is the capital of a large district called Kbo- ten, a great plain, the S.AV. continuation of the Gobi Desert; but in some parts it is very fertile. Khoten is en- closed by earthen ramparts, and is the station of a Chinese garrison, but is mostly peopled by Oozbeks, who manufacture leather, silk fabrics, and paper, and have a brisk trade in these goods and in jasper and other produce. Pop. 30,000. Khoten River, Toorkistan. See Yurung-Kash. Khotin, or Khotine, Kussia. See Ghotyn. Khoton, China. See Kookoo-Kota. Khoulloum, or Khoulm, Asia. See Khooloou. Khoum, a town of Persia. See Koosf. Khouzistan, a province of Persia. See Khoozistan. Khozdar, kozMar', a decayed town of Beloochistan, capital of the province of Jhalawan, 80 miles S.S.W. of Kelat. Lat. 27° 50' N. ; Ion. 66° 23' E. ' Khujooa, koo-joo'S,, a town of India, North-West Provinces, division of Allahabad. Pop. 5150. Khulin, a town of Central Asia. See Khooloom. Khulsia, or Khalsia, kill'se-d, a state of India, on the Sirhind plain. Area, 168 square miles. Pop. 62,000. Khundpara, orKhandpara, kund-p^'r^, a state of India, in Orissa, Lat. 20° 25'-20° 11' 15" N.; Ion. 85° 1' -85° 24' 40" E, Area, 244 square miles. It is highly fer- tile and well cultivated. Chief town, Kantilo. Capital, Khundpara. Pop. 57,007. Khundpara, a town, capital of the above, and the abode of the native rajah. Lat. 20° 15' 50" N.; Ion. 85° 12' 51" E. Pop. about 3000. Khurda, koor'dd, a town of the Ahmednuggur district, India. Pop. 6889. Khureela, or Khurela, koo-ree'U, a town of India, district and 36 miles S.W. of Humeei-poor. Pop. 7879. Khurja, India. See Khoorja. Khuszt, a village of Hungary. See Huszth. Khuzistan, a province of Persia. See Khoozistan. Khvalynsk, orKhvalinsk, K'v3,-leensk', a town of Russia, government and 115 miles N.E. of Saratov, on the right bank of the Volga. Pop. 15,628. Khwaresm, Toorkistan, See Kharasm. Khyber or Kheyber (ki'ber) Pass, in Afghanistan, is the principal N. pass into that country from India, com- mencing 10 miles W. of Peshawer, and extending for 30 miles N.W. to the plain of Jelalabad. It lies through cliffs rising from 600 to 1000 feet. The Khtbers are a tribe of robbers occupying the adjacent territory. Khyen {ki-en') Country, a region of Indo-China, be- tween lat. 19° and 24° N. and Ion. 93° and 95° E., having AV. the British provinces of Aracan and Chittagong. Khyen-Dwem, or Kyen-DAveni,ki-Sn^-dw5m', or Ningthee, ning^thee', a river of Farther India, rises in lat. 27° N. and Ion. 96° 30' E,, flows mostly S. between the Muneepoor and Burmese dominions, and joins the Irra- waddy opposite Yandabo, in Burmah, after a course esti- mated at 400 miles. It is navigable for the largest boats to Kingnao, in lat. 23° 45' N, Khyerpoor, kr^r-poor', or Khyrpoor, kir^poor', a town of Sinde, 15 miles E. of the Indus. Lat. 27° 31' N.; Ion. 68° 45' E, It is a mere collection of mud hovels, with a fort, a mosque, and some bazaars. Khyrabad, or Kheyr*Abad, k!r-a,-bad', several towns of India, the principal being 100 miles W.N.W. of Oude. Lat. 27° 3' N. : Ion. 80° 40' E. Pop. 15,677. Khyragurh, or Khairagarh, kiVi-gur', a town of India, capital of the state of the same name, 125 miles E. by N. of Nagpoor, Area of state (now under British man- agement), 940 square miles. Pop. 122,264. Khyrgaon, kir-g^-on', a town of Sinde, on an arm of the Indus, in lat. 26° bb' N., Ion. 67° 50' E. Pop. between 2000 and 3000. Khyrpoor, a town of Sinde. See Khyerpoor. Khyrpoor-Dahr, kir^poor'-daR', a considerable town of Sinde, 50 miles N.E. of Koreo, in a tract well irrigated by canals from the Indus. Ki, islands of the Malay Archipelago. See Key. KIA 1141 KIE Kiakhta, or Kiachta, ke-lK'ti, a town of Siberia, government of Transbaikalia, ISO miles S.E. of Irkootsk, close to the Chinese frontier, and the great emporium of the trade between Russia and China. Lat. 60° 20' N. ; Ion. 106° 35' B. It consists of an upper fortified town, with a stoue church, some brick government offices, &c., and the lower town, inhabited by merchants, situated opposite the Chinese village of Maimaiehin, The Russians here ex- change lamb-skins, furs, broadcloths, coarse linens, cattle, woollens, cottons, and bullion, for tea, raw and manufac- tured silks, nankeens, porcelain, rhubarb, and other Chinese produce. Pop. 4286. Kiam'a, a town of Australia, New South Wales, on the coast, 90 miles S.S.W. of Sydney, with an artificial port designed as a harbor of refuge. Near it good coal abounds. Kiainensi, kra-men'se, a village in New Castle co., Del., on the AVilmington & Western Railroad, 6 miles W. of Wilmington, and adjacent to the village of Marshallton. It has woollen-mills and a public hall. Kian-Chaii^, China. See Kien-Chang-Foo. Kian^, ke-ing' or ke-ing', a Chinese word signifying "river," forming a part of numerous names, as Min-Kiang, the "Min River;" Ta-Kiang, the "Great River" (one of the names of the Yang-tse-Kiang), &c. Kiang'Chau-Fu, a city of China. See Kiong-Choo. Kiaiig-Hun§r9 ke-ang^-hoong', a town of Laos, on the Me-Kong River, about lat. 21° 5S' N., Ion. 100° 39' E. It is the capital of a large province. Pop. about 3000. Kian§:-Ku, a river of China. See Yang-tse-Kiang. Kiang-Ning, orKiang-Ning-Foo, See Nanking. Kiang-See, or Kiaiig-Si, ke-^ng^-see', a province of China, between lat. 24° and 30° N. and Ion. 113° 20' and 118° 30' E., enclosed by the provinces of Hoo-Nan, Hoo-Pe, Ngan-Hoei, Che-Kiang, Fo-Kien, and Quang- Tong. Pop. 23,04fi,999. The surface is mostly moun- tainous, but its centre is traversed by the Kan-Kiang. The products comprise gold, iron, tin, lead, hemp, grass-cloths, and the finest porcelain. Capital, Nan-Chang. Kiang-Soo, Kiang-Sou, or Kiang-Su, ke-ing^- soo', a province of China, between lat. 31° and 35° N. and Ion. 116° and 122° E., having E. the Yellow Sea, and land- ward the provinces of Shan-Toong, Ho-Nan, Ngan-Hoei, and Che-Kiang. Pop. 37,843,501. The surface is mostly level, except in the S., and this iS- one of the most fertile and valuable provinces of the empire, exporting more silk than any other part of China. The great river Yang-tse- Kiang here enters the sea. Principal city, Nanking. Kiang'Tung, ke-ang^-toong' or ke-ing^-tung', a walled town of Laos. Lat. 21° 47' N.; Ion. 99° 39' E. Kiankary, a town of Asia Minor. See Kankaree. Kian-Koo-Shan, or Kian-Kou-Chan, ke-S-n^- koo^-shA,n', a mountain of China, in Hoo-Pe, in lat. 31° 40' N., Ion. 110° 27' E. It is covered with perpetual snow. Kian-Ning, ke-an^-ning', a city of China, in Fo-Kien, 95 miles N.W. of Foo-Choo. Kian-Tchang, China. See Kien-Chang-Foo. Kiantoiie, ki'an-ton, a post-village of Chautauqua CO., N.Y., in Kiantone township, 6 miles S.S.E. of James- town. It has a church. Pop. 100 ; of township, 520. Kiatkhtaf a town of Siberia. See Kiakhta. Kibar, Kee^ban', a village of Buiti, 13,800 feet above the sea, in a narrow valley surrounded on all sides by lofty mountains. Lat. 32° 25' N.r Ion. 78° E. Kib'beviUe, a post-hamlet of Franklin co.. Miss., 20 miles S.E. of Natchez. Kib'bie, a post-office and station of Van Buren co., Mich., on the Kaliimazoo & South Haven Railroad, 3 miles E. of South Haven. It has a church. Ki^besil'lah (Span. pron. kee-bi-seel'yS,), a post-office of Mendocino co.. Cal. Kibris, the Turkish name for Cyprus. Kibt, a Turkish name of Egypt. Kichcnev, or Kichiiiev, Russia. See Kishenev. Kickapoo, kik'a-poo', a post-village of Peoria co.. 111., in Kiekapoo township, 3 miles N. of Edwards Station, and about 10 miles N.W. of Peoria. Pop. about 300. Kiekapoo Station on the Galesburg & Peoria Railroad is 8 miles W.N.W. of Peoria. Pop. of the township, 1440. It has 5 churches, also rich coal-mines. Kiekapoo, a township of Leavenworth co., Kansas, on the Missouri Kiver. Pop. 1415, It contains Kiekapoo City. Kiekapoo, a post-hamlet of Anderson co., Tex., about 20 miles N.N.E. of Palestine. Kiekapoo, a post-hamlet of Vernon co., Wis., on the Kiekapoo River, in a township of the same name, about 36 miles S.E. of La Crosse. Pop. of the township, 1115. Kiekapoo City, a post-village of Leavenworth co., Kansas, in Kiekapoo township, on the Missouri River, and on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, about 7 miles N.W. of Leavenworth. It has 2 churches, a high school, and manu- factures of brooms, carriages, and shoes. Pop. about 5U0. Kiekapoo Creek, Illinois, rises in McLean co., runs southwestward, and enters Salt Creek in Logan co., about miles S.W. of Lincoln. It is nearly 70 miles long. Kiekapoo Creek, Peoria co.. 111., runs southeastward, and enters the Illinois River about 4 miles below Peoria. Kiekapoo Creek, Texas, rises in Van Zandt co., runs ■ S.E., and enters the Neches River in Henderson co. Kiekapoo River, Wisconsin, rises in Monroe co., runs nearly southward, intersects Vernon and Crawford cos., and enters the Wisconsin River about 12 miles E. of Prairie da Chien. It is about 100 miles long, Kiekapoo Station, a post-oflBee of Indian Territory. Kickionerri, kik^ke-o-nSr'ree, written also Kiki- whirri and Kikiwhary,atown of Africa, in theAshan- tee country, in lat. 6° 2' N., Ion. 1° 29' W. Pop. 12,000. Kid'der, a county in N. central Dakota, intersected by the Northern Pacific Railroad. Area, 1728 square miles. Kidder, a post-office of Lincoln co., Dakota. Kidder, a post-village of Caldwell co., Mo., in Kidder township, on the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, 43 miles E. of St. Joseph. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, a foundry, and a machine-shop. Here is Thayer College (Congrega- tional). Pop. 195; of the township, 922. Kidder, a township of Carbon co.. Pa. Pop. 1417. Kidderminster, kid'der-min^ster, a borough of Eng- land, CO. of Worcester, on both sides of the Stour, near its confluence with the Severn, 15 miles by rail N. of Worcester. It is principally constructed of small dwellings, is paved, lighted with gas, and has an ample supply of water. It has a town hall and a prison, numerous places of worship, a free grammar- and other schools, bank, workhouse, and, adjoining the town, the remains of an ancient castle. Kid- derminster was noted for its woollen manufactures in the reign of Henry VIII. The fabrics now made are carpets and rugs, with bombazines, button-coverings, and waistcoat- pieces. The Stafford & Worcester Canal passes the town. The borough sends one member to Parliament. P. 19,473. Kid^derpoor', a large southern suburb of Calcutta, on the Hoogly, with a government and private dock-yards. Kid'der's Fer'ry, a post-office and summer resort of Seneca co., N.Y., on Cayuga Lake, 3 miles from Farmersville. Kid'dridge, a post-office of Osage co., Mo. Kidd's Mines, Belmont co., 0. See Quincy. Kidd'ville, a post-village of Clark co., Ky., about 32 miles E. by S. of Lexington. It has 7 stoves. Pop. 300. Kiddville, a post-hamlet of Ionia co., Mich., in Otisco township, on Flat River, and on the Detroit, Lansing & Lake Michigan Railroad, 53 miles W.N.W. of Lansing. Kiddville, a post-homlet of Sullivan co.. Mo., 46 miles N.E. of Chillicothe. It has a church and a plough -factory. Kidron, a stream of Palestine. See KEDnoN. Kidron, Coweta co., Ga. See Kedron. Kidros, kee'dros^ (anc. Pyd'na ?)y a village of European Turkey, 30 miles S.W. of Salonica, near the Gulf of Salo- nica. It is remarkably clean and neat. Kids'grove, a town of England, co. of Stafi'ord, at a railway junction, 5 miles N. of Newcastle-under-Lyme. Pop. 4162. Kid'well, a post-office of Tyler co., W. Va., 24 miles N. of Pennsborough Station. Kidwel'ly, or Cydweli, kid-w§l'ee, a borough and port of M'^ales, co. and 9 miles by rail S. of Carmarthen, on both sides of the Gwendraeth, near Carmarthen Bay. It has iron- and tin-smelting-works, the products of which, with coal, form the chief exports. Pop. of parish, 2072. Kiedrieh, kee'driK, a village of Prussia, in Hesse- Nassau, 3 miles W. of Elfeld. Pop. 1434. Kief, a government and city of Russia. See Kiev. Kieferstadtl, kee'fer-st^ttT, or Cosniczowiee, kos-neerso-^eet'sA, a town of Prussia, in Silesia, 36 miles S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 1015. Kieferville, kee'fer-vil, a post-office of Putnam co., 0. Kiel, keel, a seaport town of Holstein, Prussia, on a fine bay of the Baltic, 53 miles N.N.E. of Hamburg, at the ter- minus of two lines of railway. Pop., including its suburbs, 44,090. It is well built and thriving. The principal edifices are the church of St. Nicholas, the palace, and the publia baths. It has a university, attached to which is an obser- vatory ; also a botanic garden, a lying-in hospital, a public library with 140,000 volumes, a seminary for teachers, a naval academy, and a school for seamen. Kiel has manu' factures of iron goods and machines, tobacco, starch, and sugar, a good harbor, ship-building, a great navy-yard, KIE 1] arsenals, docks, and fortifications. The Holstein Canal joins tbe Baltic 2 miles N. of the town. Kiely keel, a post-village of Manitowoc co., Wis., on the Sheboygan River, and on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 68 miles N. of Milwaukee. It has 2 churches and a saw-mill. Kielce, or I^eletZ, kySl'Stz, a government of Russia, in Poland, bordering upon Austrian Galicia. Area, 3623 square miles. It has a diversified surface and fruitful soil, and is rich in metals. Capital, Kielce. Pop. 538,403. Kielce, or Kjeize, ke-Slt'si or kyelt'si, a city of Russia, capital of the government of Kielce, 64 miles N.N.E. of Cracow. Pop. 7838. It is a bishop's see, and has nu- merous religious edifices, with a gymnasium and diocesan school. There are copper- and lead-mines in its vicinity. Kieidrecht, keel'drSKt, a village of Belgium, in East Planders, IS miles N. of Dendermonde. Pop. 30uO. Kien-Chang-Foo, Kieii-Tchaiig-Fou, ke-en'- ching-foo', Kiau-Cliaug, or Kiau-Tchaiig, ke-in'- ch&,ng', a city of China, province of Kiang-See. Lat. 27° 35' N.; Ion. 116° 27' E. Kien-Chow, a city of China. See Kiong-Choo. Kiendai'9 a river of Australia. See Gwydir Riyer. Kien-Lung, ke-en^-lung', or Ghin-Ijuugy a town of Thibet, on the Upper Sutlej, 42 miles S. of Garoo. Kieustra's (keen'straz) Store, a post-office of Adams CO., Miss., on the Mississippi River. Kieoo-Kiang, orKieou-Kiang,kee^yoo'-ke-ing', a city of China, province of Kiang-See, with a fort on the Yang-tse-Kiang, in lat. 29° 54' N., Ion. 116° 8' E. Kieoo-Ting-Shan (or-Clian). See Min-Shan. Kiei'9 keer, a post-otiice of Buchanan co., Iowa. Kierteminde, keeii't^h-minVl^h, a seaport town of Denmark, island of Eunen, on its E. coast. Pop. 2148. Kiester, kees'ter, township, Faribault co., Minn. P. 89. Kiev, Kiew, ke-^v', or Kief, ke-Sf, a government in the S.W. of European Russia, bounded E. by the Dnieper, from lat. 48° 20' to 51° 30' N. and from Ion. 28° 25' to 33° E. Area, 19,682 square miles. The surface is fiat and un- dulating, watered by the Dnieper and the Teterev. The soil is very fertile, except a small portion in the N., which is covered with excellent timber. The chief crops are wheat, rye, oats, maize, lint, hemp, tobacco, hops, and vines. Cattle are extensively reared. Pop. 2,175,132. Kiev, Kiew, or Kief, a fortified city of European Russia, capital of the government of Kiev, on the right bank of the Dnieper {over which a bridge half a mile long has been erected), 670 miles S. of St. Petersburg, 490 miles S.W. of Moscow, and 290 miles by rail N. of Odessa. Lat. 50° 26' 53" N. ; Ion. 30° 33' 44" E. It is picturesquely situated, crowning several heights of undulating ground, and consists of four towns, each of which has its separate fortifications. The first is Petchersk, called the New Fort, crowning a rugged steep to the S. Besides the barracks, magazines, and residences connected with the garrison, it contains the church of St. Nicholas Thaumaturgus. In the same neighborhood stands the monastery of Petcherskoi, surrounded by a wall 1100 yards long, where a cavern, forming a kind of labyrinth, contains relics which make it a great resort of pilgrimage. The second town, Kiev proper, occupies a height towards the N., less elevated than that on which Petchersk stands, and less regularly fortified. It con- tains the venerable cathedral of St. Sophia, founded in 1037 by the Grand Duke Yaroslaf. Most of the houses in Kiev proper belong to this church and the convent of St. Michael. The third town, called Podol, occupies the lower ground, and is the commercial quarter. The fourth town is called Vladimir. Kiev has many churches, an archbishop's palace, a prison, and a town and military hospital. Its university, founded in 1334, is endowed; it has a library, cabinets of medals, mineralog}', zoology, and botany, and most of the collections transferred from the old University of Vilna. Connected with it is a theological seminary, with a large library, gymnasia, and other schools. Kiev is the residence of the governor-general of Little Russia. It has a bell- foundry, and some manufactures of leather, pottery, and confectionery. Its trade is extensive. The town possesses interest as the spot on which Christianity was first planted in Russia, and as having been long the capital of Russia. Pop. 127,251. Kifri, kee'free, a town or village of Asiatic Turkey, 108 miles N.E. of Bagdad, on the Koordistan frontier. Kii (ki?) Islands, a group of islands situated N. of Port Essington, in North Australia. Kij, or Kidge, a town of Persia. See Kedje. Kijari, a village of British India. See Kedgeree, Kiketl, ke-kew', a town of Anam, in Tonquin, on a river, SO miles E. of Ketcho. It is fortified in the Euro- KIL pean style, regularly built, intersected by canals, and has a palace and large rice-magazines. Kikiay, ke-ke-i', a group of small islands in the Pacific Ocean, S. of Japan, and N. of the Loo-Choo Islands. Kikinda, kee-keen'doh% called also Gross- (or Nagy) Kikinda, a town of Hungary, co. of Torontal, 35 miles W. by N. of Temesvar. Pop. 18,234. Kikineis, ke-ke-nice', a large Tartar village of Russia, government of Taurida, near the Black Sea. Kikiwhary, or Kikiwhirri. See KicKioNEitRi. Kil and Kill (Erse, a "church"), prefixes to the names of numerous parishes and towns of Ireland. Kila and Killa, kil'lA. the names of many forts and villages of Afghanistan. The principal was Killa Murgha, or NowA Murgha, a fort 100 miles S.S.W. of Ghuznee, and destroyed by the British in 1839. Kilauea, kee-16w-i'a, an active volcanic crater on the S. slope of Mauna Loa, Hawaii, Sandwich Islands, 3970 feet above the sea, and 30 miles S.W. of Hilo. Great erup- tions occurred in 1797, 1840, and 1866. Kilbaha, kirbi-hS,', a village of Ireland, co. of Clare, on a small bay of the same name. Kilbarchan, kil-bar'Kan, a town of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, 5i miles W.N.W. of Paisley. Pop. 2678. Kilbeg'gan, a town of Ireland, co. of Westmeath, on the Upper Brosna, 6^ miles N. of Tullamore. Pop. 1145. Kilbir'nie, or Kilbur'nie, a village of Scotland, co. of Ayr, 17 miles by rail AV.S.AV. of Glasgow. It has coal- mines and manufactures of cotton and linen. Pop. 3313. KiKbourn, a post-village of Mason co., 111., in Kil- bourn township, on the Springfield & Northwestern Rail- road, 36 miles N.N.W. of Springfield. It has 2 churches. Kilboutn, a post-village of Van Buren co., Iowa, on the Des Moines River, and on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, 48 miles N.W. of Keokuk. It has a tannery. Kilbourn, orKilbouru City, a post-village of Co- lumbia CO., Wis., on the E. bank of the AVisconsin River, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 17 miles W.N.W. of Portage City, and 10 miles N. of Baraboo. It has a newspaper office, a bank, S churches, a graded school, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a tannery. Here is a fine railway bridge across the river, which flows through a beautiful gorge, or canon, called the Dalles. Pop, 1114. Kilbourue, Dela^vare co., 0. See Eden. Kilbran'nan Sound, a strait of Scotland, between the N.W. part of the island of Arran and the coast of Kin- tyre. It is about 14 miles long by 4 miles broad. KiPbride% a post-village in Halton co., Ontario, 17 miles N. of Hamilton. Pup. 250. Kil'buck, a post-ofiice of Alleghany co., Pa. Kil'buru, a hamlet of England, in the metropolis, 5 miles N.W. of St, Paul's Cathedral. Pop. 19,544. Kilbuniie, a town of Scotland. See Kilbirnie. Kil 'by, a station in Hanover eo., Va., on the Richmond & Fredericksburg Railroad, 13 miles N. of Richmond. Kilchberg, kilK'b^RG, a village of Switzerland, canton and 11 miles N.N.E. of Bern, on the Emmen. Pop. 1279. Kilchberg, a village of Switzerland, canton and 3 miles S. of Zurich. Pop. 1293. Kilchis, Tillamook co., Oregon. See Ibaville. Kildare, kil-dair', a county of Ireland, having B. the counties of Dublin and AVicklow. Area, 654 square miles. The surface is mostly flat. The chief rivers are the Boyne, Barrow, and Liffey. The soil is mostly a deep and fertile loam; and the Curragh of Kildare, a tract in its centre, is scarcely to be matched for the excellence of its turf and rich verdure. The chief crops are wheat, oats, and barley. The best English breeds of cattle have been introduced. The principal trade is in corn and flour, the export of which is facilitated by the river Barrow and the Royal and Grand Canals and their branches, which connect the county with Dublin, Waterford, and the Shannon. The Great Southwest Railway intersects the county. The principal towns are Athy, Kildare, and Naas, the capital. It sends two members to the House of Commons. Pop. 83,614. Kildare, a town in the above county, on the Great Southwest Railway, 30 miles W.S.W. of Dublin. Pop. 1333. It stands on an elevated plain, and has a very ancient cathedral, a part of a chupel reputed to date from the fifth century, a round tower 132 feet in height, remains of an abbey and of a castle, a county infirmary, nunnery, friary, jockey-club, and numerous inns, frequented during the Curragh races. It is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop. Kildare, kil-dair', a post-hamlet of Phillips co., Kansas, in Kirwin township, 60 miles N. of Russell. Kildare, a post-otiice of Cass co., Tex., on the Texas & Pacific Railroad, 14 miles N. of Jefferson. KIL 1143 KIL Kildare^ a post-village of Juneau co., Wis., in Kildare township (which is bounded on the E. by the Wisconsin Kiver), and at Lyndon Station on the La Crosse division of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 10 miles S.E. of Mauston. It has a church. Pop. of the township, ooS. Kildare^ kil-dair', a post-village in Prince co., Prince Edward Island, 9 miles from Alberton. Pop. 150. Kildare, kil-dair', a post-village in JoUetteco., Quebec, 4 miles N.W. of Joliette. It has a tannery, a steam saw- mill, and a lumber-trade. Pop. 400. Kildrum'mie, a parish of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, on the Don, 15 miles S.S.W. of Huntley. It contains remains of a cnstle, famous for its siege by Edward I. in 1306. Kilemba, a town of Africa. See UiiUA. KiPfinane'j a village of Ireland, co. of Limerick, 5 miles S.E. of Kilmallock. Pop. 1299. Kil'gorey a post-village of Carroll co., 0., in Louden township, about 32 miles S.E. of Canton. It has 3 churches. Kilgore, a post-hamlet of Venango co., Pa., in Irwin township, 16 miles S.W. of Franklin. It has a church. Kilgore, a post-office of G-regg co., Tex., on the Inter- national & Great Northern Railroad, 71 miles N.N.E. of Palestine. Kill, kee'lee, or Kilia, kee'Ie-i, a fortress on the Black Sea, in Asia Minor, 34 miles N.E. of Constantinople. Kilia, kee'le-i, or kil'e-a, the name of the north arm of the Danube. Adj. Kilian, kil'e-an. Kilia, kee'le-d, or Kilianova, kee'le-a-noS*i, a for- tified town of Russia, in Ressarabia, on the Kilia, or north arm of the Danube, 12 miles from its mouth. Pop. 7000. It is ill built, but has some trade, and several churches. Kilianstedten, kee'le-A.n-st§tH?n, a village of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, province of and near Hanau. Pop. 1000. Kilima-Njaro, kire-mdn'jd-ro' {i.e., "mountain of greatness"), a snowy mountain of East Africa, discovered in 1847, in lat. 3° 40' S., Ion. 37° E. Elevation, 18,715 feet. Kiliseh-Koi, kil'Ie-s^h-koy, a village of Asia Minor, on a lake, 68 miles S. of Brusa, It has many remains, supposed to be those of the ancient Ancyra. Kilis-Hissar, a town of Asia. See Kiz-Hissar. KiPkee', a town of Ireland, co. of Clare, on the beau- tiful bay of the same name, 8 miles by rail W.N.W. of Kil- rush. Pop. 1605. It is a fashionable watering-place. Kirkeel', a town of Ireland, co. of Down, on the Kil- keel, 1 mile above its mouth in the Irish Sea, and 7^ miles E.S.E. of Rostrevor. Pop. 1338. Kilkeii'ny, a county of Ireland, having S. and S.W. Waterford, and W. Tipperary. Area, 796 square miles. The surface is slightly undulating; several summits, how- ever, rise -to upwards of 1000 feet in elevation. The chief rivers are the Nore, Barrow, and Suir. The soils are for the most part light, fertile loams, resting on limestone, gravel, &c., and presenting much less bog than most parts of Ireland. The usual corn crops form the chief object of the farmer, but dairy- and sheep-farms are also numerous. Anthracite coal abounds ; fine black marble is also found. The manufactures of woollens and linens, which long flour- ished here, have now materially declined. The principal export is grain. Two crossing lines of railway intersect this county, and navigable rivers and the Grand Canal furnish facilities for transport to all parts of Ireland. It sends three members to the House of Commons, — two for the county and one for its chief town. Pop. 109,379. Kilkenny, a city, capital of the above county, and a county of itself, on the Nore, here crossed by two hand- some bridges, at a railway junction, 62 miles S.E. of Dublin. Pop. 12,710. It is divided by the river into the Irish and English towns, and is, with the exception of the suburbs, well built of stone ; the streets are paved with black marble quarried in the vicinity. The chief buildings are the old cathedral of St. Canice or Kenny, the former bishop's palace, chapter-house, deanery, a fine round tower, several churches, one of which is the cathedral of a Roman Catholic bishop, fine ruins of a friary, court-house, county and city prisons, infirmary, hospital, workhouse, barracks, a castle built by Strongbow and now the residence of the Marquis of Ormond, Kilkenny College, a grammar-school, in which Swift, Congreve, Farquhar, Bishop Berkeley, and other dis- tinguished characters received the early part of their educa- tion, the college of St. Kyran, a Roman Catholic seminary, and numerous other public and private schools. The liter- ary and scientific institutions comprise an archteologieal society and a literary society. The city is the residence of many of the provincial gentry. It has distillerieE, tanneries, breweries, and flour-mills. Kilken'ny, a post-hamlet of Le Sueur co., Minn., in Kilkenny township, on the Cannon River, and on the Minne- apolis & St. Louis Railroad, 59 miles S. by W. of Minne- apolis, and about 18 miles W. of Faribault. The township contains several small lakes. Pop. of the township, 705. Kilkenny, an uninhabited township of Coos co., N.H., 98 miles N. of Concc«-d, traversed by the Pilot Mountains. Kilker'ran Bay, a large inlet of the Atlantic, on the W. coast of Ireland, co. of Galway, district of Connemara. Its coast-line, N.W. of Galway Bay, is intricately varied with small bays and headlands, and the bay is studded with islands, mostly inhabited by fishermen. Kilia, Afghanistan. See Kila. Killala, or Killalla, kiria-li', a seaport town and Catholic bishop's see of Ireland, co. of Mayo, on a large inlet of the Atlantic bearing the same name, 7i miles N.N.W. of Ballina. Pop. 654. ^ Killaloe, kiPla-loo', a town and episcopal see of Ireland, CO. of Clare, is beautifully situated on the Shannon, hero crossed by a bridge of 19 arches, 11 miles by rail N.N.E. of Limerick. Pop. 1207, including the suburb of Ballina. It has a plain, massive cathedral, in a very early style of architecture, 2 old stone-roofed churches, a barrack, slate- and marble-works, salmon-fisheries, quays, docks, and ware- houses. The episcopal palace of Killaloe is in the vicinity. Killaloe is also a Roman Catholic bishopric. Killaney, kil-li'ne, a small bay and village of Ireland, CO. of Galway, near the E. end of Arranmore. Killar'ney, a town of Ireland, co. of Kerry, 44 miles W.N.W. of Cork, on a railway. The parish includes only a part of the far-famed lake scenery. Killarney has 2 or 3 good streets, a parish church, a Roman Catholic cathedral for the diocese of Kerry, a nunnery, a female school, a court- house, an assembly-room, a workhouse, a hospital, and read- ing-rooms. There are sevex'al good hotels, and the town is mainly supported by tourists. Pop. 5195. See Lakes of KiLLAIlNJiY. Killar'ney, a post-village in the district of Algoma, Ontario, on Georgian Bay, at the entrance of the strait di- viding Manitoulin Island from the mainland. Pop. 200. Kil'lashce, a village of Ireland, co. of Longford, on the Royal Canal, 4^ miles S.S.E. of Tarmonbarry. Kill'aAVOg, a post-hamlet of Broome co., N.Y,, on tho Tioghnioga River, and on the Syracuse, Bingbamton & New York Railroad, 26 miles N. by W. of Bingbamton. It has 2 churches, a tannery, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Killbourne, Delaware co., 0. See Eden. Kill'buck, a township of Lake co., Mich, Pop. 120. Killbuck, Cattaraugus co., N.Y. See Great Valley. Killbuck, Holmes co., 0. See Oxford. Killbuck, a township of Alleghany co., Pa, Pop. 1919. Killbuck Creek, of Indiana, flows into the West Fork of White River, near Anderson. Killbuck Creek, Ohio, rises near the S. border of Medina co., runs southward through Wayne and Holmes COS., and enters the Mohican River, in Coshocton co., 6 miles N.W. of the village of Coshocton. It is 80 miles long. Kill Creek, a post-township of Osborne co., Kansas. Pop. 431. KiPlean', a post-village in Wellington co., Ontario, on Mill Creek, 7 miles N.E. of Gait. Pop. 200. Killian's, kil'Ie-anz, a hamlet of Richland co,, S.C., on the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 12 miles N. of Columbia. It has 2 churches. Killian's Mills, a post-office of Lincoln co., N.C. KiPliecran'kie, a famous pass though the Grampian Mountains, in Scotland, co. of Perth, 15 miles N.W. of Dunkeld. The river Garry here flows for about 2 miles through a narrow ravine of great depth. At the N.W. ex- tremity of the pass, the battle was fought, June, 1689, in which G-raham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee, fell. Kil'ligrcAVS, a fishing settlement in the district of Harbor Main, Newfoundland, on the S. side of Conception Bay, 18 miles from St. John's. Pop. 200. Killiney, kil-le-ni', a village of Ireland, co. of Dub- lin, on Killiney Bay, 2^^ miles by rail S.S.E. of Kingston. Kill'in§;er, a post-hamlet of Dauphin co.. Pa., about 24 miles N. of Harrisburg. KiU'ingly, a post-village of Windham co., Conn., in Killingly township, on tho Boston, Hartford & Erie Rail- road, 28 miles N. by E. of Norwich, and 5 miles S. of Put- nam. It has a church. The township is bounded on the W. by the Quinebaug River, and contains a larger village, named Danielsonville. Pop. of township, 5712. Kill'iugton Peak, Vermont, is a peak of the Green Mountains, in Rutland co., about 6 miles E. by S. of Rut- land. Its altitude is 4221 feet above the level of the sea. Kill'ingworth, a post-hamlet of Middlesex co., Conn., in Killingworth township, about 22 miles E. by N. of New 1144 Haven, and 6 miles N. of Clinton Railroad Station. It has 3 churches and a paper-mill. Pop. of the township, 856. Kill Mills, a, hamlet of Warren oo., N.J., near the Delaware River, about 10 miles N. of Beividere. It has a fiouring-mill and a manufactory of school-slates. Killmore, Clinton co., Ind. See Kilmore. Kil'lon, a township of Jackson co., 111. Pop. 939. Killough, kil'ljH, or St. Ann^s Port, a small sea- port town of Ireland, co. of Down, on a bay of the same name, 14 miles W.S.W. of Ardglass. Pop. 718. Killucan, kil-loo'kan, a village of Ireland, co. of West- meath, 84 miles E. of MuUingar. Kiriybegs', a seaport town of Ireland, co. of Donegal, on an excellent harbor, 14 miles W. of Donegal. Killyleagh, kiPIe-li', a seaport town of Ireland, co. of Down, on Lough Strangford, 16 miles S.S.E. of Belfast. Kilmalloch, or Killmalloch, kil-mal'lcjK, a town of Ireland, co. and 19 miles S. of Limerick. It has fine re- mains of antiquity. Pop. 1152. Kilmanagh, kil-man'a, a post-village of Huron co., Jlich,, in Fair Haven township, near Saginaw Bay, 35 miles E.N.E. of Bay City. It has 2 or 3 churches, a saw- mill, and manufactures of farming-implements. Kilmar'iiock, a burgh of Scotland, co. and 12 miles N.N.E. of Ayr, at a railway junction, on the Irvine, at the influx of the Kilmarnock- Water,. both here crossed by sev- eral bridges. The principal edifices are a collegiate and other churches, a town hall, the exchange, the Ayrshire Bank, an academy, a workhouse, numerous schools and literary associations, and an observatory. It has manufac- tures of carpets, shawls, boots, shoes, woollen yarn. Scotch bonnets, leather, linen and cotton goods, silks, hose, ma- chinery, saddlery, hats, and tobacco. Near it are great coal-mines. Kilmarnock, with other boroughs, sends a member to Parliament. Pop. 22,693. Kilmar'nock, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co., Va., near Chesapeake Bay, about 66 miles N. of Norfolk. It has a church. Kilmar'tin, a village of Scotland, co. of Argylc, be- tween its W. co.ist and Loch Awe. The village stands in one of the most picturesque of the Highland glens. Kilmar'tin, a post-village in Middlesex co., Ontario, 44 miles N.W. of Glencoe. Pop. 150. KiPmaurs', a burgh of Scotland, co. of Ayr, 2 miles N.N.W. of Kilmarnock. Pop. 1145. KiPmaurs', a post-village in Carleton co., Ontario, 17 miles E. of Arnprior. Pop. 100. Kilmichael, kil-mi'k?l, a post-office of Montgomery CO., Miss. Kilraore, Ireland. See Clonfert. Kil'raore, or Kill 'more, a post-village of Clinton CO., Ind., in Owen township, on the Logansport, Crawfords- ville & Southwestern Railroad, 5 miles N. of Frankfort. It has a church and nearly 50 houses. Kilmuii, kiPmun', a sea-bathing village of Scotland, CO. of Argyle, on Holy Loch, 8 miles N.W. of Greenock. Kilreii'iiy, a burgh of Scotland, co. of Fife, on the N.E. shore of the Firth of Forth, 84 miles S;S.E. of St. Andrew's. It has a small harbor, and unites with Cupar, St. Andrew's, Crail, Anstruther, and Pittenweem in send- ing one member to the House of Commons. Pop. 2539. KiPrush', a seaport town of Ireland, co. of Clare, on an inlet in the estuary of the Shannon, 27 miles S.W, of Ennis. A railway connects it with Kilkee. It is finely situated, and mostly well built. It has a mineral spring, quarries of flagging, and manufactures of flannel, frieze, linen, Ac. It exports turf, corn, and herring. Pop. 4424. Kilsyth, kiPslTti', a burgh of Scotland, co. of Stirling, 124 miles by rail N.E. of Glasgow. It has cotton-weaving, and coal- and iron-mines. The burgh, in a valley, on the Forth & Clyde Canal, is singularly built, and has a gloomy aspect. In the parish are several Pictish and Roman an- tiquities, and the ruins of Kilsyth Castle. Pop. 4895. Kilwah, or Keelvva, Africa. See Quiloa. Kilwin'ning, a burgh of Scotland, co. of Ayr, at a railway junction, 3 miles N.N.W. of Irvine. It has remains of an abbey founded in 1140, a masonic lodge, the oldest in Scotland, and coal-mines. Pop. 3598. Kim'ball, a township of St. Clair, Mich. Pop. 1313. Kimball, a township of Jackson co., Minn. Pop. 159. Kimball, a post-othce of Bosque co., Tex. Kim'bertou, a post-village of Chester co.. Pa., on the Pickering Valley Railroad, 4 miles S.W. of Phffinixville,and about 30 miles W.N.AV. of Philadelphia. It has a church, a flour-mill, a paper-mill, and a carriage-shop. Kim'berworth, a town of England, co. of York, form- ing a suburb of Rotherham. Pop. of township, 13,839. Kimble, kim'b^l, a county in the W. central part of Texas, has an area of about 1300 square miles. It is drained by the Llano River and its North and South Forks, which unite near the middle of the county. Capital, Junction City. Pop. in 1870, 72, all Americans. Kimble, a post-village of Pike co.. Pa., in Palmyra township, on the Honesdale Branch of the Erie Railroad, 4 miles E. of Hawley. It has a church and a saw-mill. Kim'bolton, a town of England, co. and 10 miles W.S.AV. of Huntingdon. Kimbolton Castle, the seat of the Duke of Manchester, is here. Pop. of parish, 1509. Kim'bolton, a post-otfice of Chatham co., N.C. Kimbolton, a post-village of Guernsey co., 0., in Liberty township, on the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleveland Railroad, 11 miles N. of Cambridge. It has 3 churches. Kimbolton, Quebec. See Bolton Cestke. Kimbrough's (kim'broz) Store, a post-hamlet of Mc- Minn co., Tenn., 12 .miles from Athens. It has 3 churches. Kim'eo, a post-oflice of Washington co., Kansas, in Lincoln township, 18 miles S.W. of Waterville. It has 2 churches, a machine-shop, and a carriage-shop. Pop. 200. Kimi, a river of Russia. See Kehijoki. Kimito, ke-mee'to, a village of Finland, ten and 26 miles S.S.E. of Abo, on an island 25 miles long. Kim'mel, a post-hamlet of Indiana co.. Pa., in Green township, about 28 miles W.N.W. of Altoona. Kimms'wick, a post-village of Jefferson co.. Mo., on the Mississippi, 1 raile below the mouth of the Maramec, and on the St. Louis & Iron Mountain Railroad, 21 miles S. of St. Louis. It contains 2 churches, an iron-forge, a flour-mill, and manufactures of cigars, boots, shoes, &c. Kimpina, a town of Roumania. See Campina. Kimpolung, kim'po-loong\ or Kimpelung, kim'- p§h-loong\ a town of Roumania, 80 miles N.W. of Bucha- rest. It covers a large surface, and has several churches and convents, and a considerable trade. Pop. 9090. Kiin'shew, a township of Butte co., Cal. Pop. 857, Kimulga, or Kymulga, ki'miil-ga, a post-oflice of Talladega co., Ala., on the Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad, about 16 miles S.W. of Talladega. Kin, a small island of Russia, in the Gulf of Livonia. Kin is also the name of several towns of China. Ki'nard's Turnout, a post-oflice of Newberry co., S.C, on the Laurens Railroad. Kinboorn, Kinbourn, or Kinburn, kin^boorn', a fortress of Russia, government of Taurida, at the mouth of the Dnieper. It is surrounded on three sides hy the waters of the Black Sea and the estuary of the Dnieper. Kin'burn, a post-village in Carleton eo., Ontario, 7 miles E.N.E. of Pakenham. It contains a store. Pop. 100. Kinburn, Ontario. See Constance. Kinburn, Nova Scotia. See Mahoxb Bat. Kincaid', a township of Jackson co.. 111. Pop. 1049. Kincardine, or Kincardineshire, king-kar'din- shir, or The Mearns, mairnz, a county of Scotland, having N. the county of Aberdeen, and E. the North Sea. Area, 388 square miles. A great part of the county is oc- cupied by the Grampian Mountains, of which Mount Bat- tock rises to nearly 3500 feet; but along their foot, in the S. and E., lies the rich, low, arable tract called the *' How of the Mearns," comprising about 50,000 acres. Principal rivers, the Dee, North Esk, and Bervie. Chief towns, Stone- haven (the capital) and Inverbervie. The county sends a member to Parliament. Pop. 34,630. Kincardine, king-kar'din, a burgh of Scotland, co. and 25 miles S.S.W. of Perth, on the Firth of Forth. It has a good pier, sail-works, yards for ship-building, exports of coal, and imports of Baltic produce. Pop. 1983. Kincardine, king-kar'din, or Penetangore, a vil- lage in Bruce oo., Ontario, on Lake Huron, on the Wel- lington, Grey A Bruce Railway, and at the northern tor- minus of the Toronto, Grey & Bruce Railway, 23 miles N.W. of 'Teeswater, and 35 miles N. of Goderich. It contains a branch b.ink, offices issuing 2 weekly newspapers, 7 hotels, about 30 stores, salt-works, iron-foundries, Ac. Pop. 1907. Kinchafoo'na Creek, Georgia, rises in Stewart eo., flows S.W., and enters the Flint at Albany. Length, 30 miles. Kinch'eloe, a post-ofiice of Harrison oo., W. Va. Kinchin-Jinga, Asia. See Kiinckain-Junga. Kiu-Choo, a city of China. See Kin«-Choo-Foo. Kin-Choo, Kin-Tchoo, or Kin-Tchou, kin- choo', a town of Manchooria, 8 miles from the N. shore of the Gulf of Leao-Tong. Lat. 40° 10' N. ; Ion. 121° 10' E. Kindberg, kint'b^RG, or Kimberg, kim'bSRC, a town of Styriii, 11 miles N.E. of Bruck. Pop. 1216. Kindelbriick, kin'd^l-briik', a town of Prussia, in Saxony, 20 miles N. of Erfurt, on the Wipper. Pop. 1S24. KIN 1145 KIN Kin'der, a station in Madison co.. III., on the Rockford, Kock Island & St. Louis and Chicago & Alton Railroads, 7 miles N.E. of East St. Louis. Kin^derhook% a post-office of Van Buren co., Ark., about 60 miles N. of Little Rock. Kinderhook, a post-village in Kinderhook township, Pike CO., 111., on the Hannibal & Naples Railroad, 12 miles E. of Hannibal, Mo. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the town- ship, 1454. There is a Kinderhook Station in this township, on the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis Railroad, 23 miles S.E. of Quincy. Kinderhook, a post-hamlet and township of Branch CO., Mich. The hamlet is 10 miles S, of Coldwoter. It has 2 churches and a saw-mill. Pop. of township, 650. Kinderhook, a post-village of Columbia co., N.Y., on Kinderhook Creek, in a township of the same name, 4 miles E. of the Hudson River, and 20 miles S. by E, of Albany. It has 4 cliurches, 2 national banks, an academy, a news- paper office, and several mills. The Boston & Albany Railroad (Kinderhook Station, or Niverville) traverses the N. part of the township, which contains a village named Valatie. Pop. of the township, 40G0. Kinderhook, a post-hamlet of Pickaway co., 0., at Yellow Bird Station on the Cincinnati & Muskingum Val- ley Railroad, 7 miles W. of Circleville. Kinderhook Creek, New York, rises in the Taconic Mountains, drains the S.E^ part of Rensselaer co., runs southwestward through Columbia cc^ and enters the Hud- son River 4 or 5 miles above the city of Hudson. Kin'derkamack, a station on the New Jersey & New York Railroad, 19 miles N. of Jersey City, N.J. Kinel, ke-nftl', a river of Russia, joins the Samara after a W. course of nearly 170 miles. Kineshma, Kinischma, or Kineschma, ke- n^sh'mS,, a town of Russia, government and do miles E.S.E. of Kostroma, on the Volga. Pop. 3957. Kineton, kin'e-ton, or Kingston, a town of England, CO. and 9 miles S.S.E." of Warwick. Pop. 1077. Kins;, a county in N.W. Texas. Area, 900 square miles. Kin^, a county in the W. central part of Washington Territory, has an area of about 1450 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Cascade Range of mountains, and on the W. by Admiralty Inlet and Puget Sound, which is navigable for large ships. It is drained by the Snoqualmie, Cedar, and Green Rivers. The surface is diversified with mountains, valleys and forests. The soil is mostly fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes are the staples. Capital, Seattle. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,113,765. Pop. in 1870, 2120, of whom 1605 were Americans. Kins', a township of Christian co.. III. Pop. 413. King, a post-office of Dubuque co., Iowa. King, or Spring^hill', a post-village In York co., On- tario, on the Northern Railway, 22 miles N. of Toronto. It contains a hotel and 7 or 8 stores. Pop. 300. King and Queen, a county in the E. part of Virginia, has an area of 300 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Mattapony and York Rivers. The surface is undu- lating. Indian corn and wheat are the staples. This county has deposits of marl. Capital, King and Queen Court-House. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,916,713. Pop. in 1870, 9709, of whom 9697 were Americans. King and Queen Court-House, a small post- village, capital of King and Queen co., Va., on the Mat- tapony River, 15 miles N.W. of West Point. Kingan-Foo, or Kingan-Fou, king'g^n^-foo', a considerable city of China, province of Kiang-See, on the left bank of the Kan-Kiang. Lat. 27° 7' N. ; Ion. 115° E. King-Chan-Foo, Manchoorifi. See Kin-Choo. King Charles' South Land, the largest island of Terra delFuego. It islnostly lowand level, but is mountain- ous in the S., where Mount Sarmiento rises to 6910 feet. King>-Choo^-Foo', or King^-Chow^-Foo', writ- ten also King-Tcheou-Fou (chg-oo^-foo') and Kin- Tchou-Fou, or Kin-Choo, a city of China, province of Hoo-Pe, on the left bank of the Yang-tse-Kiang. Lat, 30° 28' N. ; Ion. 111° 37' E. It is large and populous, and is considered one of the keys of the empire. King City, post-township, McPherson co., Kan. P. 218. King City, a post-village of Gentry co., Mo., about 35 miles N.E. of St. Joseph. It has a church and 3 stores. King Creek, a post-village in York co., Ontario, on the river Humber, 4 miles AY. of King. Pop. 100. King'field, a post-village of Franklin co., Me., in Kingtield township, about 54 miles N.N.W. of Augusta. The township contains 3 churches, and has manufactures of lumber and edge-tools. Pop. of the township, 560. King George, a county in the B. of Virginia, bounded on the N. and E. by the Potomac, and on the S.W. by the Rappahannock. The surface is uneven. Indian corn and wheat are the staples. Capital, King George Court-House. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,511,329. Pop. in 1870, 5742, of whom 5726 were Americans. King George Archipelago. See Alexander Islands. King George Court-House, a post-village, capital of King George co., Va., 50 miles N. by E. of Richmond. King George Islands, Paciiic Ocean, lat. 15° S., Ion. 144° 40' W., were discovered by Byron in 1765. King George River, East Africa. See Manice. King George Sound, of West Australia. Lat. of its entrance, 35° 6' S., Ion. 118° E. It contains Princess Royal and Oyster Harbors. King Grove, a post-office of Holt co., Mo. King^horn', a burgh of Scotland, co. of Fife, on the Firth of Forth, 3 miles by rail S.S.W. of Kirkcaldy. It has iron-ship building and manufactures of linen and glue. King Island, a lofty and rugged islet of Alaska, called also Ukigvok. Lat. 64° 58' 30" N. ; Ion. 167° 58' W. King Island, in the Mergui Archipelago, 18 miles off the Tenasserim coast. Lat. (S. end) 12*' 15' N.; Ion. 98° 26' E. It is 23 miles long by 10 miles broad. King-Ki-Tao, king-ke-ti'o, Han-Tching, hin^- ching', Han- Yang, hin'-ying', Se-Ul, or Se-Oul, si^-ooi', the capital city of Corea, about the middle of which, it is situated. Lat. 37° 40' N. ; Ion. 127° 20' E. King'man, a S. county of Kansas. Area, 864 square miles. It is drained by Chikaskia River and the South Fork of the jSinne Scab. Pop. 3500. Capital, Kingman. Kingman, a post-village, capital of Kingman co., Kan- sas, 32 miles S. of Hutchinson. It has a church. Kingman, a post-village of Penobscot co., Me., in Kingman township, on the Mattawamkeag River, and on the European &. North American Railroad, 66 miles N.N.E. of Bangor. It has a tannery, a saw-miil, and a shingle- mill. Pop. of the township, 185. King of Prussia, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Pa., on the Chester Valley Railroad, 3^ miles W. of Nor- ristown. It has about 12 houses. Kings, a county of Ireland, in Leinster, has N. the co. of Westmeath. Area, 772 square miles, a portion of which in the N. forms a part of the Bog of Allen. The principal rivers are the Shannon, Brosna, Barrow, and Boyne. The principal towns are Birr and TuUamore. It sends two mem- bers to Parliament. Pop. 75,900. Kings, a county of New York, is the W. part of Long Island. Area, about 70 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the East River, on the S. by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the W. by New York Bay and the Narrows, which separate it from Staten Island. Here are extensive market- gardens which supply vegetables to the markets of Brook- lyn and New York. This is the second county of the state in population. Capital, Brooklvn. Valuation of real and personal estate, $700,000,000. 'Pop. in 1870, 419,921, of whom 266,110 were Americans; in 1875, 509,216. King's, a post-hamlet of Barbour co., Ala., 11 miles S.W. of Eufaula. King's, a post-office of Ogle co., III., on a branch of the Chicago A Iowa Railroad, 13 miles S. of Rockford. King's,a station of New Y''ork. See North GrREfiSFiELD. Kings, a post-office of Athens co., 0., on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, about 50 miles W. of Marietta. Kings, a township of Williamsburg co., S.C. Pop. 1774, Kings, a county in the S. central part of New Bruns- wick, intersected by the river St. John. Area, 1565 square miles. It has hills of gentle elevation and level fertile val- leys. The Intercolonial Railway runs through the county. The railway from St. John to Bangor also passes through it. Capital, Hampton. Pop. 24,953. Kings, a county of Nova Scotia, bordering on the Bay of Pundy and on Minas Basin. Area, 812 square miles. It is traversed by the Windsor & Annapolis Railway. The agricultural capabilities of its soil are second to none in Canada. Some ship-building is carried on, but the chief occupation is farming. The county contains rich deposits of iron ore. Capital, Kentville. Pop. 21,510. Kings , the easternmost county of Prince Edward Island. Area, 644 square miles. Capital, Georgetown. Pop. 23,068. Kings'berg, a post-office of Stanton co., Neb. Kings'borough, a post-office of Harris co., Ga. Kingsborough, a post-village in Johnstown township, Fulton CO., N.Y., on the Fonda, Johnstown & Gloversville Railroad, about 45 miles N.W. of Albany, and 1 mile N. from Gloversville. It has a church and several manufactories of buckskin gloves and mittens. KIN 1 Kiiigs'bridge, a town of England, co. of Devon, on an inlet of the English Channel, 33 miles S.S.W. of Exeter, It has a grammar-school, a town hall, a museum, and some trade. Kings Bridge, a post-office, a branch of the post-office of New York City, on the Hudson River Railroad, and on Harlem River, which separates the locality from Manhattan Island, Here is a bridge across Spuyten Duyvil Creek. King's Bridge, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co., Pa., on the Peach Bottom Railroad, 22 miles S.E. of Lancaster. King's Bridge, a post-office of Manitowoc co., Wis. Kingsbridge, a post-village in Huron co., Ontario, 13 miles N. of Goderich. Pop. 100. Kings'burg, or Wheat' ville, a post-hamlet of Tulare CO., Cat., on King's River, and on the Central Pacific Rail- road, 24 miles N. by W. of Tulare. Kings'bury, a S.E. county of Dakota, has an area of fiO't square'miles. It is intersected by the Dakota River. Kingsbury, a post-office of Whitesides co.. 111., about 12 miles S.W. of Morrison. Kingsbury, a post-village of La Porte co., Ind., on the Chicago & Lake Huron Railroad, 26 miles S.W. of South Bend. Kingsbury, a post-hamlet of Piscataquis co., Me., in Kingsbury township, 50 miles W.N.W. of Bangor. It has 2 churches and a Inmher-mill. Pop. of township, 174. Kingsbury, a post-township of Washington co., N.Y,, 50 miles N. of Albany, contains the village of Sandy Hill and a hamlet named Kingsbury. The township is inter- sected by the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad. Pop. 454:5. Kingsbury, a post-office of Meigs co., 0. Kingsbury, a station on the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleveland Railroad, 20 miles N. of Marietta, 0. Kingsbury, a post-office and station of Guadalupe co., Tex., on the Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Rail- road, 82 miles AV. of Columbus. Kingsbury, a post-village in Richmond co., Quebec, on Salmon Creek, 6 miles S. of Melbourne. Pop. 100. Kings'clear, or Bris'tol, a post- village in York co.. New Brunswick, on the river St. John, 17 miles above Fredericton. Pop. 200. Kings'clere, a town of England, co. and 31 miles N.N.E. of Southampton. Pop. of parish, 2781. King's Corners, a hamlet of Chautauqua co., N.Y., 3. miles from North Clymer Station. King's Corners, Ohio. See New Londo.v. King's Corners, a post-village of Sauk co., Wis., in Sumpter township, 7 miles S. of Baraboo. It has 2 churches. King's Cove, a village and fishing-port in the district of Bonavista, Newfoundland, 13 miles N. of Trinity. P. 550. King's Creek, of Champaign co., 0., is an affluent of Mad River. King's Creek, York co., S.C., runs S.W. to Broad River. King's Creek, a post-office of Letcher co., Ky. King's Creek, a post-office of Caldwell co., N.G., in King's Creek township, 75 miles W.N.W. of Salisbury. The township has 2 churches. Pop. of township, 625. King's Creek, Champaign co., 0. See Kingston. King's Creek, a post-office of Roane co., Tenn. Kings'dale, a post-hamlet of Adams co., Pa., in Ger- many township, about 40 miles S.S.W. of Harrisburg. Iting^ses'sing, foi-merly a post-township of Philadel- phia CO., Pa., now included within the city limits of Phila- delphia, 5 miles S.W. of Independence Hall. King'sey Falls, a post-village in Richmond co., Que- bec on the Nicolet, 7 miles N. of Danville, Pop, 100. King's Ferry, a post-village of Nassau co., Fla., on St. Mary's River, 37 miles N.W. of Jacksonville. King's Ferry, a post-office of Cayuga co., N.Y., is at NoRTHViLLE (which see). King's Ferry Station is on the Cayuga Railroad and Lake, 7 miles S. by E. of Aurora, and 2 miles AV. of Northville. King's Island, an island of Bass's Strait, between Australia and Tasmania, in lat. 35° 50' S., Ion. 144° E., 60 miles S. of Cape Otway. Length, 35 miles. King's Island, one of the Maldive Islands, in lat. 4° 10' N., Ion. 73° 40' E. King's Island, a large island of British Columbia, near lat. 62° 10' N., Ion. 12S° AV. King's Island, in the Pacific Ocean, 20 miles N.E. of Raraka, in lat. 15° 4' 25" S., Ion. 144° 36' 45" AY. Kings'land, a post-village of Bergen co., N.J., near the Erie Railroad, and on the Boonton Branch of the Morris & Essex Railroad, 8 miles N.W. of New York, and 5 miles N. of Newark. Here are some maohine-shops of the railroad. King's Land'ing, a post-office of Dallas co., Ala., on the Alabama River, 6 miles AV. of King's Landing Station. t6 KIN King's Landing, a station in Dallas co., Ala., on the Selma & Gulf Railroad, 15 miles S. of Selma. Kings'ley, a post-hamlet of Clay co., Fla., 6 miles from Starke Station. Here is a fine lake. Kingsley, a village in Grand Traverse eo., Mich., on the Traverse City Railroad, 17 miles S.E. of Traverse City. Here is Paradise Post-Office. Kingsley, a post-office of AVasco co., Oregon. Kingsley, a township of Forest co., Pa. Pop. 575. King's Lynn, England. See Lynn Regis. King's Mill, a post-office of Henderson eo., Ky. Kingsinill Group. See Gilbert Islands. King's Mills, a post-office of Sharp co.. Ark. King's Mills, a post-hamlet of AVashington co., Va., 9 miles S. of Abingdon. It has 2 grist-mills and 2 saw-mills. King's Mountain, a mass of elevated land in Gaston and Cleveland cos., N.C., and partly in York co., S.C. It is 16 miles long from N. to S., and is 1650 feet high. On this mountain, in South Carolina, an important victory was gained over the British and tories, October 7, 1780. King's Mountain, a post-hamlet of Lincoln co., Ky., 11 miles S. of Stanford. It has a church. King's Mountain, a post-village of Cleveland eo., N.C., on the Charlotte & Atlanta Air-Line Railroad, 33 miles AV. of Charlotte, It has 2 churches, an academy, and 2 carriage-factories. Gold is mined near it. Pop. about 600. Pop, of King's Mountain township, 1248. King's Mountain, township, York co., S.C. P. 1818. King's Mountain Station, a post-village of Lincoln CO., Ky., on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, 23 miles S. of Danville. Here is a tunnel | of a mile long. King's Norton, or Norton King's, a village of England, co. of AVoreester, on the Birmingham & Gloucester Railway, 4^ miles S.S.AV. of Birmingham. King's Point, a post-hamlet of Dade co., Mo., 40 miles AV. of Springfield. It has 3 stores. Pop. about 60. Kings'port, a post-village of Sullivan co.. Tenn., at the junction of the North and South Forks of the Holston River, 24 miles AV. of Bristol. It has 3 churches, a woollen- mill, 3 flour-mills, and an academy. Pop. about 600. Kings Prairie, a township of Barry co.. Mo. P. 857. King Spring, a post-office of Burnet co., Tex. King's River, Arkansas, rises in Madison co., and runs northward through Carroll co. into the state of Mis- souri. It enters the AA''hite River in Barry co., about 2 miles N. of the S. boundary of Missouri. Length, 100 miles. King's River, California, is formed by two branches which rise in the Sierra Nevada, in the E. part of Fresno CO. One of them rises at the base of Mount Goddard. The river runs southwestward, and enters Tulare Lake at its N.AV. side, in Tulare co. It is nearly 200 miles long. King's River, a stream in the N.AV. of Nevada, or- dinarily disappears about 60 miles N.AA'^. of AA'^innemucca. King's River, a post-office of Presno co., Cal., on King's River, King's River, a township of Tulare co., Cal. Pop. 166. Kings Settlement, a hamlet of Chenango co,, N.Y., 6 miles N.E, of Norwich. It has a church. King's Station, a post-hatnlet of Gibson co., Ind., 24 miles by rail N. of Evansville. King's Swinford, England. See Swinford-Regis. Kings 'ton, a post-office or hamlet of Autauga co., Ala., on Autauga Creek, 25 miles N.AV. of Montgomery. Kingston, a post-hamlet of Madison co.. Ark. Pop. 65. Kingston, a post-village of Eresno co., Cal., on King's River, 25 miles S.E, of Eresno City. Kingston, a post-village of Bartow co., Ga., on the AVestern & Atlantic Railroad, at its junction with the Rome Railroad, 58 miles N.AV. of Atlanta, and 20 miles E. of Rome. It has 5 churches. Pop. 402. Kingston, a station within the limits of Chicago, 111., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 11 miles from the ter- minal station in Chicago, and 1 mile N. of South Chicago. Kingston, a post-village of De Kalb co., 111., in Kings- ton township, on Kishwaukee River, and on the Chicago & Pacific Railroad, about 22 miles S.E. of Rockford, and 62 miles AY.N.AV. of Chicago. It has a church, a hotel, 3 stores, a printing-office, &o. Pop. of the township, 975. Kingston, Peoria co., 111. See Kingston Mines. Kingston, a post-hamlot of Decatur co., Ind., in Fugit township, about 52 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. It has a church and a graded school. Kingston, a post-hamlet of Bes Moines eo., Iowa, in Benton township, about 14 miles N. by E. of Burlington. Kingston, a post-village of Labette oo., Kansas, in Elm Grove township, 15 miles AV. of Chetopa. It has a church, a steam flour-mill, and a drug-store. KIN 1147 KIN Kingston^ a post-village of Madison co., Ky., about 10 miles S. of Richmond, and 33 miles S.S.E. of Lexington, i It has a church and several stores. Pop. about 300. \ KingstoUy a hamlet of Trimble co,, Ky., on the Ohio Hiver, is a part of Milton. Pop. 59. Kingston^ a village of De Soto parish, La., 27 miles S. of Shreveport. It has a church and an academy. Kingston, a post-village of Somerset co.. Md., on the Eastern Shore Railroad, 10 miles N.E. of Crisfield. It has 2 churches, a carriage -factory, a sa\v-mi!l, &c. Kingston, a post-village of Plymouth co., Mass., on the Plymouth Branch of the Old Colony E-ailroad, at the junc- tion of the Duxbury it Gohassett Railroad, and on Jones' River, 33 miles S.S.E. of Boston. It has a high school and a town hall. Kingston township borders on the Atlantic Ocean, and has 3 churches, manufactures of anchors, augers, rivets, locks, tacks, Ac, and a pop. of 1569. Kingston, a post-township of Tuscola co., Mich., about 40 miles N.E. of Flint. Pop. 383. Kingston Post-Offico is at Newbury (which see). Kingston, a post-village of Meeker co., Minn., in Kingston township, on the North Branch of Crow River, about 11 miles E.N.E. of Litchfield, and fiO miles W.N.W, of Minneapolis. It has 2 churches, 2 flour-mills, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 56; of the township, 669. The township has several lakes and plenty of timber. Kingston, a post-office of Adams co., Miss. Kingston, a post-village, capital of Caldwell co., Mo., in Kingston township, on Shoal Creek, 8 miles S. of Hamil- ton. It has 2 or 3 churches, a high school, and a news- paper office. Pop. 414; of the township, 1277. Kingston, a township of W.ashington co.. Mo. P. 10S5. Kingston, a post-office of Adams co.. Neb. Kingston, a post-village of Rockingham co., N.H., in Kingston township, about 30 miles S.E. of Concord, and 6 miles S.W. of Exeter. It has 3 churches, a carriage-fac- tory, and an academy. Pop. of the township, 1054. Kingston, a post- village of Somerset CO., N.J., on the Millstone River, and on the Rocky Hill Railroad, 14 miles N.N.E. of Trenton. It has a church, 3 hotels, a flour-mill, and manufactures of carriages, lumber, sash, and blinds. Kingston, a city, capital of Ulster co., N.Y,, in Kings- ton township, 2 miles W. of the Hudson River, 54 miles S. of Albany, and Ih miles N.W. of Rondout. It is on or near Esopus Creek and the Rondout River, is on the Ulster & Delaware Railroad, and is also a terminus of the Wall- kill Valley Railroad. It contains a city hall, a court- house, 10 or more churches, a convent, an orphanage, a Catholic academy, 3 national banks, 3 savings-banks, the Kingston Academy, a high school, 3 first-class hotels, and printing-offices which issue 1 daily and 4 or 5 weekly news- papers. Kingston has 5 breweries, 2 tanneries, 3 iron-foun- dries, 4 brick yards, 3 steam flour-mills, and manufactures of cement, lime, steam-boilers, sash, blinds, soap, candles, *fcc. It was made a city in 1S72, the village of Rondout being a part of the new corporation. Pop. in 1875, 20,474. Kings- ton township is bounded on the E. by the Hudson River. Large quantities of building- and flagstones are exported from it. Pop. of tl*e township, 4507. Kingston, North Carolina. See Kinston. Kingston, a village of Champaign co., 0., on the At- lantic & Great Western Railroad, 19 miles N. of Springfield. It has 2 churches. Here is King's Creek Post-Office. Kingston, a township of Delaware co., 0. Pop. 587. Kingston, a post- village of Ross co., 0., on the Scioto Valley Railroad, in Green township, 10 miles N.N.E. of Chillicothe. It has 2 churches, an academy or graded school, and a carriage-factory. Pop. 345. Kingston, or Ncav Kingston, a village of Cumber- land CO., Pa., on the Cumberland Valley Railroad, 12 miles W. of Harrisburg. Here is New Kingston Post-Office. Kingston, a pQst-borough in Kingston township, Lu- zerne co., Pa., on the North Branch of the Susquehanna Ptiver, and on the Lackawanna & Bloomsburg Railroad, 1 mile from Wilkesbarre, with which it is connected by a bridge, and 17 miles S.W. of Scranton. It contains 3 churches, the Wyoming Seminary and Commercial College, and car- and machine-shops of the railroad company. Large collieries of anthracite have been opened here. Pop. 1143; of the township, 2825. Kingston has a monument in commemora- tion of the massacre of Wyoming, which occurred here. Kingston, a post-village, capital of Washington co., R.I., in South Kingston township, 1 or 2 miles E. of the Stonington & Providence Railroad (Kingston Station), and 27 miles S. by W. of Providence. It has a national bank, a church, a seminary, and an academy. Pop. 267. Kingston, a post-village, capital of Roane co., Tenn., is advantageously situated at the point where the Clinch and Holston Rivers unite to form the Tennessee River, about 33 miles W.S.W. of Knoxville, and 120 miles by water above Chattanooga, Steamboats can ascend the Tennessee to this place. The Clinch and Holston are also navigable. It has a court-house, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, an academy, 3 churches, an iron-foundry, the Kingston Steel-Works, and 1 or 2 machine-shops. Iron ore abounds here. Pop. 739. Kingston, a post-village of Pi Ute co., Utah, 110 miles S. of York. It has a church. Kingston, a post-village of Green Lake co., Wis., in Kingston township, on Grand River, 20 miles N.E. of Port- age City. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Pop. of township, 895. Kingston, a city of Ontario, situated at the outlet of Lake Ontario, 172 miles W. of Montreal. Lat. 44° 12' N, ; Ion. 76° 41' W. The city occupies the site of old Fort Fron- tcnac, on the N.E. shore of the river, opposite AVolfe Island, having the harbor and shipping in front. The harbor is formed at the mouth of Cataraqui River, which here enters the lake. The W. shore is bold, and shipping of any size may lie here in safety. Kingston has, after Quebec and Halifax, the strongest fortifications in Canada. A long bridge across Cataraqui Bay connects Kingston with Pitts- burg, besides which there are the suburbs of Barriefield, French Village, and Williamsville. The city is regularly laid out, with streets crossing one another at right angles. It is chiefly built of blue limestone. The streets are lighted with gas, and the houses are partly supplied with water from the bay. Several wells of mineral water have been found here. Among the public buildings are the city hall and market, court-house and jail, post-office, 17 churches, including a Roman Catholic cathedral, 2 colleges, mechanics' institute, H6tel-Di.eu, general hospital, and house of in- dustry. About a mile to the W. of the city lies the Pro- vincial Penitentiary, a massive stone building. Beyond the penitentiary is the Rockwood Lunatic Asylum. Kingston has 3 branch banks, 2 breweries, and manufactories of iron castings, machinery, steam-engines, locomotives, leather, soap, candles, boots, shoes, wooden-ware, brooms, pianos, &c. Ship- and boat-building is carried on to a great ex- tent, and vessels for both lake and ocean navigation are built and fitted out. The commercial affiurs of Kingston are regulated by a board of trade. The Grand Trunk Rail- way has an important station in rear of the town ; freight trains run to the harbor. The city is the S. terminus of the Kingston & Pembroke Railroad, and the Rideau Canal con- nects it with Ottawa. It is the see of a Catholic bishop, and is a port of entry. Pop. in 1844, 6840; in 1S72, 12,407. Kingston, a post-village in Kent co., New Brunswick, on the Richibucto River, 3 miles from its estuary, and 36 miles N.W. of Shediae. It contains 2 churches, 2 hotels, a saw-mill, and a number of stores. Pop. 600. Kingston, a post-village in Kings co., New Brunswick, on a navigable affluent of the river St. John, 19 miles W. of St. John. It has a church, 3 hotels, a steam saw-mill, and 2 flouring-mills. Pop. 500. King'ston, the capital and principal commercial city and seaport of Jamaica, co. of Surrey, on its S. coast, on the N. side of a fine harbor, 10 miles by rail W. of Spanish Town. Lat. 17° 58' N. ; Ion. 79° 47' 30" W. It stands on a gentle slope, and is regularly laid out, its houses being mostly of two stories and furnished with verandas. The principal buildings are the churches, chapels, synagogues, a hospital and other charitable institutions, a free school, the workhouse, penitentiary, a collegiate and a university school, a Baptist college, and a theatre ; here are also an athe- na3um, a society of arts, and banks. Kingston has 5 daily and several other newspapers. It is an Anglican bishop's see. Kingston hai'bor, a landlocked basin, available for the largest ships, is enclosed on the S. by a long tongue of land, at the extremity of which is Port Royal. The en- trance to the harbor, and the harbor itself, are defended by forts. The inclined plain on which Kingston stands is en- closed on the N. by the loftiest ridge of the Blue Mountain chain. Pop. 34,314. Kingston, or Kingstown, a town of the British West Indies, capital of the island of St. Vincent, on its S.W. coast. It is regularly built, and has substantial public edifices, an old government house, a new government house, a botanic garden, and a court-house. Pop. 5400. Kings'ton Centre, or Olive Green, a post-hamlet of Delaware co., 0., about 30 miles N. by E. of Columbus. It has 2 churches. Kingston Fur'nace, a post-hamlet of Washington CO., Mo., about 54 miles S.S.W. of St. Louis. It has a flour-mill, and a furnace for smelting lead, mined near here. KIN 1148 KIN Kings'ton Mills, a post-village in Frontenac co., On- tario, on Rideau Canal, 5 miles N. of Kingston. Pop. 150. Kingston Mines, minz, a post-village of Peoria co., 111., in Timber township, on the N.W. bank of the Illinois River, 16 miles below Peoria. It has a church, a graded school, coal-mines, and a flouring-mill. Kingston - on - Railway, New Kingston, or Sur'biton, a town of England, in Surrey, forming a southern suburb of Kingston-upon-Thames. Pop. 7642. Kingston Springs, a post-hamlet of Cheatham co., Tenn., on the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad, 25 miles W. of Nashville. It has a church. Kingston-npon-Hull, England. See Hull. Kingston-upon-Thames, a town of England, co. of Surrey, on the E. bank of the Thames, at the influx of the Ewell, and 10 miles W.S.W. of London. The town ex- tends about a mile along the river. It is irregularly built, and has a church, a handsome town hall, a market-house, a house of correction, a jail and workhouse, a grammar- school, several other endowed schools, and almshouses. It has some flax- and oil-mills, and a large corn-market. Most of the Saxon monarchs, from Edward the Elder to Ethelred the Unready, were crowned at Kingston. Pop. 15,263. Kings'ton Village, or Bloom'field, a post- village in Kings co.. Nova Scotia, on the Windsor & Annapolis Railway, 44 miles N.W. of Halifax. Pop. 120. Kings'town (formerly Dunleary), a town and water- ing-place of Ireland, co. and on the Bay of Dublin, 7 miles by rail S.E. of Dublin. Pop. 16,378. It has an excellent artificial harbor, at the head of which is a revolving light, in lat. 53° 18' N., Ion. 6° 8' W. It is the mail-packet sta- tion for communication with Liverpool and Holyhead. Kingstown, a town of the West Indies. See Kingston. Kings'tree, a post-village, capital of Williamsburg co., S.C., on the Northeastern Railroad, 64 miles N. of Charleston. It has 2 weekly newspapers and 3 or 4 churches. King's Valley, a post-office of Benton co., Oregon. Kings'ville, a post-hamlet of Shawnee co., Kansas, on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 13 miles W. by N. of Topeka. Kingsville, a post-village of Johnson co., Mo., in Kingsville township, on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 48 miles W. of Sedalia, and 5 miles N.W. of Holden. It has a church, a graded school, a flour-mill, and several stores. Pop._298; of the township, 1360. Kingsville, a post-village of Ashtabula co., 0., in Kingsville township, on Conneaut Creek, 1 mile from the Lake Shore Railroad, and 60 miles E.N.E. of Cleveland. It has 3 churches, a graded school, 3 flouring-mills, a woollen- mill, 2 saw-milis, and a morocco-factory. The township is bounded N. by Lake Brie. Pop. of township, 1758. Kingsville, a post-office of Clarion co., Pa. Kingsville, a post-hamlet of Richland co., S.C., on the South Carolina Railroad, at the junction of its Camden Branch and of the Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta Rail- road, 25 miles E.S.E. of Columbia. It has a church. Kingsville, a post-village of Bowie co., Tex., on the Texas & Pacific Railroad, near Kings Station, and 10 miles N.W. of Texarkana. It has 2 churches and a bank. Kingsville, a post-office of Randolph co., W. Va. Kingsville, a port of Ontario, co. of Essex, on Lake Erie, 29 miles S.E. of Windsor. It contains 2 hotels, about 10 stores, a saw-mill, and a grist-mill, and has manufac- tories of iron castings, machinery, cotton, wooden-ware, woollens, &c. Kingsville is a port of entry. Pop. 800. King-Tcheou, Kin-Choo, or King-Tcheou- Fou, a city of China. See King-Choo-Foo. King-te-Tchiang, king^-ti-che-S,ng', or King-te- Ching, king^-ti-ching', a town of China, province of Kiang-See, 95 miles N.E. of Nan-Chang. It is a noted principal seat of the manufacture of porcelain. Lat. 29° 15' N.; Ion. 116° 52' E. Pop. 500,000. Kington, England. See Kixeton. King'ton, a town of England, co. and 18 miles by rail N.W. of Hereford. Pop. 2126. King-Tong, king^-tong', a city of China, province and 125 miles S.W. of Yun-Nan, capital of a department, and near a source of the Tonquin River. King-Tong, an island of China. See Kintang. Kingussie, kin-goos'see, a town of Scotland, co. of Inverness, on a railway, 23 miles E.S.E. of Fort Augustus. King'ville, a post-office of Lamar co., Ala. King William, a county in the E. part of Virginia, has an area of about 250 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Mattapony River, and on the S.W. by the Pamunkey. The surface is undulating. Maize, wheat, oats, nnd grass are the staples. This county is intersected by the Richmond, York River her of commerce, custom-house, flax-mills, jute-works, &c. Bed-ticking, canvas, and other linen fabrics are the staple manufactures of the place. It has flour-mills, breweries, vitriol-works, a distillery, and a machine-factory. The trade of the port is extensive. The harbor is formed of stone piers, and has a light-house; it is completely dry at low water, but at full tide is capable of admitting vessels of considerable burden. The borough joins with Dysart, King- horn, and Burntisland in sending one member to the House of Commons. Pop. of burgh, 12,422. Kirkcudbright, kir-koo'bree, Kirkcudbright- shire, kir-koo'bre-shir, or the Stew'artry of Kirk- cudbright, a county in the S.W. of Scotland, forming the E, half of the district of Galloway. Solway Firth sepa- rates it from Cumberland. Area, 954 square miles. The surface is generally hilly, and in the N.W. mountainous. The chief mountains are Blacklarg, in the N., 2890 feet, and Cairnsmoor, on Wigton Bay, 2329 feet in elevation. The principal rivers are the Dee, Fleet, Ken, and Urr. Lakes are numerous. The soil is productive. Cattle of the polled Galloway breed are extensively reared and fat- tened for export. Southdown and Cheviot sheep are nu- merous in the mountains. Chief towns, Kirkcudbright, New Galloway, and Castle Douglas. It sends one member to the House of Commons. Pop. 41,859. Kirkcudbright, a burgh of Scotland, capital of the county of its own name, on the estuary of the Dee, 6 miles above its junction with the Solway Firth, and 28 miles S.W. of Dumfries. It is a railway terminus, and is finely situ- ated. It has a large parish church, county hall, jail, market- cross, academy, library, custom-house, and imposing ruins of a castle. The harbor is the best in the S. of Scotland; yet the town has but little business beyond the employment of a few cotton-looms, some ship-building, small export of agricultural produce and imports of coals, itc. It unites with Dumfries, Annan, Lochmaben, and Sanquhar in send- ing one member to the House of Commons, Pop, 2470, Kirk'dale, a northern suburb of Liverpool, England. Pop. 32,978. Kirkdalc, a parish of England, co. of Y'"ork, North Riding, 1^ miles W.S.W. of Kirkby-Moorside. It is noted for its cave discovered in 1820, containing an extraordinary assemblage of the bones of hyenas, tigers, elephants, Kilissia, a town of European Turkey, 32 miles E.N.E. of Adrianople. Pop. about 16,00U. Kirk'land, a post-office of Coffee co., 6a., on the Bruns- wick & Albany Railroad, 93 miles W. of Brunswick. Kirkland, a post-village of De Kalb co.. 111., in Frank- lin township, on the Chicago & Pacific Railroad, 31 miles W. of Elgin. Much live-stock is shipped here. Kirkland, a township of Adams co., Ind. Pop. 508. Kirkland, a post-township of Oneida co., N.i ., about fi miles S.\V. of Utica. It contains the village of Clinton, the seat of Hamilton College, and others named Franklin, Clark's Mills, and Manchester. Kirkland Post-Office and Station is at Manchester. Pop, of the township, 4760. Kirkland, a station in Chester co.. Pa., on the West Chester & Philadelphia Railroad, 8 miles N. of West Chester. Kirkland's, a station on the Indiana North & South Railroad, 4 miles N. of Veedersburg, Ind. Kirkland Valley, post-office, Yavapai co., Arizona. Kirk-Lees, a hamlet of England, co. of York, West Riding, i miles by rail W. of Dewsbury. Pop. 1779. Kirk'lin, a village of Clinton co., Ind., in Kirklin town- ship, about 35 miles S.E. of Lafayette. It has 2 churches, a Hour-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 141 ; of the township, 1260. The name of its post-office is Kirk's Cross Roads. Kiikliseh, European Turkey. See Kirk-Kilisseh. Kirk'mansville, a post-village of Todd co., Ky., la miles S. of (jlreenville. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Kirkook, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Kerkook. Kirk-Os'wald, atown of England, co. of Cumberland, 8 miles N.N.E. of Penrith. The town, in the Vale of the Eden, is mostly built of stone, and has an old church, the ruins of a castle, a.nd paper- and corn-mills. Pop. 707. Kirk's Cross Roads, Indiana. See Kirklin. Kirk'sey, a post-hamlet of Calloway co., Ky., 15 miles E. of Mayfield. It has a church. Kirk'sey's, a post-hamlet of Edgefield co., S.C, 10 miles S. of Ninety-Six Station. It has a steam saw-mill, a grist-mill, a pottery, &c. Kirk's Fer'ry, a post-office of Catahoula parish. La., on the Tensas River. Kirk's Grove, a post-office of Cherokee co., Ala. Kirk's Mills, a post-office of Stanley co., N.C. Kirk's Milts, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co.. Pa., about 32 miles W. of Wilmington. It has a flour-mill. Kirks'ville, a post-village of Madison co., Ky., 127 miles E.S.E. of Louisville. It has a church. Kirksville, a post-village, capital of Adair co., Mo., on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, at its junction with the Quincy, Missouri & Pacific Railroad, 34 miles N. of Macon, and 70 miles W.N.W. of Quincy, 111. It contains a state normal school, 2 newspaper offices, a court-house, a savings-bank, a banking-house, S churches, a flour-mill, a woollen-mill, Ac. Pop. 2800. Kirk'ton, a post-village in Huron co., Ontario, Hi miles W.N.W. of St. Marys. Pop. 200. Kirk'ville, a post-village of Wapello co., Iowa, in Rich- land township, on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, 9 miles N.N.W. of Ottumwa. Pop. 236. Kirkville, a post- village of Onondaga co., N.\'., on the Erie Canal and New York Central Railroad, 10 miles E. of Syracuse. It has 2 churches. Pop. 150. Kirkwall, kirk-wawl', a town of Scotland, ca.pital of the CO. of Orkney, on a bay on the N.E. side of Mainland, 26 miles N.N.E. of John o' Groat's. Lat. 58° 59' 2" N. ; Ion. 2° 57' 2" W. Its houses are antique and built of stone. The most conspicuous edifice is the cathedral of St. Magnus, a fine Gothic pile, founded in the twelfth century. On either side of it are the ruins of the castle of the Earls of Orkney, and of the bishop's palace, and opposite it are tlie remains of the king's castle. The principal modern buildings are the town hall, jail, and assembly-rooms ; and the town has a museum, grammar-school, libraries, and a custom-house. It has some manufactures of linen and straw plait, and a considerable export trade. It is the seat of the superior courts of law for Orkney. Pop. 3434. Kirk'wood, a post-village of New Castle co., Del., on the Delaware Railroad, 16 miles S.S.W, of Wilmington. Kirkwood (formerly Young America), a post-vil- lage of Warren co.. 111., in Tompkins township, on the Chicago, Burlington &, Quincy Railroad, 7 miles S.W. of Monmouth. It has 6 churches, 2 banks, a newspaper office, and a flour-mill. Pop. 1145. Kirkwood, a post-office of Appanoose co., Iowa, 5 miles E. of Centreville. Kirkwood, a post-office of Madison co.. Miss. Kirkwood, a post-village of St. Louis co., Mo., on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, at the junction of the Carondelet Branch, 12 miles W. by S. of St. Louis. It has 5 churches, a town hall, and a newspaper office. Many merchants of that city have fine residences here. Pop. aljout 1600. Kirkwood, a post-hamlet of Camden co., N.J., on the Camden & Atlantic Railroad, 11 miles S.E. of Camden. Kirkwood, a post-village of Broome co., N.Y., in Kirkwood township, on the Susquehanna River, and on the Eric Railroad, 9 miles S.E. of Binghamton. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 1379. Kirkwood, a township of Belmont co., 0. Pop. 1792. It contains Sewellsville. Kirkwood, a post-hamlet of Shelby co., 0., on the Miami River, and on the Dayton & Michigan Railroad, at Pontiac Station, 6 miles S. by W. of Sidney. Kirkwood, a post-hamlet in Colerain township, Lan- caster CO., Pa., about 20 miles S.E. of Lancaster City, and 2 miles from Kings Bridge Station. It has 3 churches. Kirkwood, a station in Sauk co.. Wis., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 3 miles W. of Baraboo. Kirkwood Centre, a post-hamlot of Broome co., N.Y., on the Eric Railroad, 5 miles E.S.E. of Binghamton. Kirk- Yetholm, a village of Scotland. See Yetholm. Kirman, a province and city of Persia. See Kerjian. Kirnianshah,orKirnianshaw. SeeKERMANSHAH. Kirn, keenn, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 40 miles S. of Coblentz, on the Nahe. Pop. 3514. Kirn, kSrn, a watering-place of Scotland, in Argyleshire, on the Firth of Clyde, 25 miles W. by N. of Glasgow. Ki'ron, a post-office of Crawford co., Iowa. Kirone, ki-ron', a town of Nepaul, on the route from Khatmandoo to the Brahmapootra. Pop. about 4000. Kirpelee, or Kirpili, keeR'pe-lee, written also Kir- pelei, a river of Russia, rises in the Caucasus, flows W.N.VV., and loses itself in a marshy hike on the borders of the Sea of Azof. Total course, about 120 miles. Kirrdorf, kecK'doBf, a village of Prussia, in Hesse- Nassau, near Homburg-vor-der-Hohe. Pop. 1711. Kirrea, Chinese Toorkistan. See Kiria. Kirriemuir, kir're-mur, or Killamuir, kil'Ia-mur, a burgh of Scotland, co. and 5 miles by rail N.W. of For- far. The town, finely situated between the Grampians and the Vale of Strathmore, has handsome churches, a trades' hall, numerous schools, a branch bank, and about 2000 looms employed in weaving linen, sheeting, and dowlas. In the vicinity is Inverquharity Castle. Pop. 4145. Kirrlach. keen'l&K, a village of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, bailiwick of Philipsburg. Pop. 1873. Kirrweiler, keeR'wi'l?r, a village of Bavaria, in the Palatinate, 12 miles W.S.W. of Speyer. Pop. 1507. Kirsanov, or Kirsanow, keen-si-nov', a town of Russia, 44 miles by rail E.N.E. of Tambov. Pop. 7203. Kirschatsch, a town of Russia. See Kirzhatch. Kirschnerville, kirsh'uer-vil, a post-hamlet of Lewis CO., N.Y., about 30 miles E. of Watertown. Kir-Shehr, keer-sh^h'r' (anc. Andraj^a), a town of Asia Minor, near its centre, on an affluent of the Kizil- Irmak, 60 miles N.W. of Kaisareeyeh. Pop. about 3500. Kirt'laud, a post-village of Lake co., 0., in Kirtland township, on an .affluent of Chagrin River, about 22 miles N.E. of Cleveland. It was formerly occupied by the Mor- mons, who built a temple here about 1836. It contains 3 churches, a high school, a flour-mill, Ac. Pop. about 300 ; of the township, 1029. Kir'wee', a town of India, North-West Provinces, di- vision Allahabad. Pop. 6854. Kir' win, a post-village of Phillips co., Kansas, in Kir- win township, on the North Fork of the Solomon River, about 60 miles W. of Jewell Centre. It contains a United States land-office, 2 hotels, a flour-mill, a newspaper office, and 2 drug-stores. Pop. of the township, 683. It is on the Central Branch Union Pacific Railroad, 8miles W.of Cedar- ville. Kirzhatch, Kirjatch, keea-zhitch', or Kir- schatsch, a town of Russia, government and 60 miles W. of Vladimeer, on the Kirzhatch. Pop. 2851. Kis, kish, a Hungarian word, signifying "little," joined to various names, as Kis-Kanisa, Kis-Jex6, &,c. KIS ]152 KIT Kisamos, kis'i-mos\ a bay on the N.W. coast of the island of Crete, lat. So" 38' N., Ion. 23° 38' E., having Cape Spada on the E. and Cape Buso on the W. Kisamos, a fortified maritime town of Crete, on its N. coast, on the Bay of Kisamos, 18 miles W. of Khania. E. of it are the ruins of ancient Oi/sajnns. Kisariah, a town of Palestine. See CvESARea. Kis-Becskerek, kish-baitch"ki-r^k', or Liittle Becskerek, a town of Hungary, oo. and 10 miles N.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 3063. Kis-Ber, kish-bain', a town of Hungary, co. and 22 miles S.E. of Komorn. Pop. 2120. Kischenew, a town of Russia. See Kishesey. Ki'ser, a station in Bourbon eo., Ky., on the Kentucky Central Railroad, 6 miles N. of Paris. Kis-Gyor, kish-dyon', a village of Hungary, co. of Borsod, i miles from Harsany. Pop. 1620. Kisli^acoquil'las, a post-office of Mifflin co., Pa., on a creek of its own name, 7 miles W.N.AV. of Lewistown. Kishacoquillas Valley is 20 miles long, and lies between Jack's Mountain and Stone Mountain. Kishacoquillas Ckeek flows into the Juniata River near Lewistown. Kis-Harta, a town of Hungary. See Harta. Kishenagur, a town of Bengal. See KnisiiNOGGun. Kishenev, Kichenev, Kischenew, kish'e-nJv', or Kichinef, a town of Russia, capital of Bessarabia, on the Bulk, 85 miles by rail N.W. of Odessa. It stands on three hills, and has 14 churches, a gymnasium, public schools, a government library, and extensive woollen-cloth- and other factories. It is a bishop's see. Pop. 102,427. Kishenghur, kish'^n-gtir', a town of India, in Bun- delcund, 100 miles S.E, of Jhansee. Kishenghur, a town of India, in Rajpoottma, capital of a dominion of about 724 square miles, 60 miles S.W. of Jeypoor, and enclosed by walls. Pop. of state, 80,000. Kishengunga, kish-^n-gun'ga, a river of Asia, rises near lat. 34° 20' N. and Ion. 76° e!, flows S.W., and joins the Jhylum after a course, of about 120 miles. Ki$hin,kisbm, orKish'ma(anc. Onrac'ffi), the largest island in the Persian Gulf, near its entrance, 15 miles S.W. of Ormus, and surrounded by many smaller islands. Length, 70 miles ; average breadth, 12 miles. Estimated pop. 5000, chiefly Arabs. The island belongs to the Imam of Muscat. Kishm, or Kishma, the capital of the above island, on its E. side, is rudely fortified, and the residence of a sheikh. Its markets are well supplied, and it has some ship-building, and a brisk coasting-trade. Kishnughur, a town of India. See KniSHSiTGGun. Kish'on, a river of Palestine, rises in Anti-Libanus, flows N.W. through the plain of Esdraelon, and enters the Mediterranean 6 miles S.S.W. of Acre. Kis-Hont, Hungary. See Gomor and Kis-Hont. Kishoregunge, kish^o-re-gunj', or Kisoriganj, kis'- o-re-giinj', a town of Bengal, Mymunsingh district. Lat. 24° 26' 20" N.; Ion. 90° 48' 40" E. Pop. 13,637. KishAvaukee, kish-wah'ke or kish-wah-kee'-, a station in Hartland township, McHenry co.. 111., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 56 miles N.W. of Chicago. Kishwaukee, a post-hamlet of Winnebago co.. III., on Rock River, near the Kishwaukee, 9 miles S.W. of Rockford. Kishwaukee River, Illinois, rises in McHenry co., runs W. through Boone co., and enters Rock River in Win- nebago CO., 8 miles below Rockford. It is 75 miles long. An aifluent called South Kishwaukee runs N.W. through De Kalb co., and enters the Kishwaukee in Winnebago co., 8 miles S.E. of Rockford. Kiska, kis'kS,, an island of the Aleutian Archipelago. Lat. 52° 22' N.; Ion. 177° 50' W. Length, 25 miles. Kis'katom, a post-hamlet of Greene co., N.Y., 10 miles AV. of Catskill, and near the E. base of the Catskill Mountains. It has a church. Kiskiminetas,or Kiskimiuitas, kis-ke-min'e-tas, a river of Pennsylvania, formed by tlie Conemaugh River and Loyalhanna Creek, which unite at Saltsburg, Indiana CO. It runs northwestward, and forms the boundary between the COS. of Armstx'ong and Westmoreland, until it enters the Alleghany River at Freeport. It traverses a fertile country, in which bituminous coal abounds. Kiskiminetas, a post-oflice of Armstrong co.. Pa., on Kiskiminetas River, in a township of the same name, oppo- site Northwest Station on the Western Pennsylvania Rail- road, 22 miles S. of Kittanning. Pop. of township, 1728. Kis-K6ros, kish-kb^rbsh', a town of Hungary, 25 miles W. by S. of Felegyhaza. It produces a good wine. Pop. 870S. Kis-Kunsag, a district of Hungary. See Cumania. Kis-Leta, kish-li'toh\ a village of Hungary, co. of Szabolcz, 6 miles from Bathor. Pop. 1350. Kisliar, a town of Asiatic Russia. See Kizliar. Kis-Lionka, kish-lon'koh, a village of Hungary, eo. of Marmaros, on the Theiss, 6 miles from Szigeth. Kislovodosk, Kislowodosk, kis-lo-vo-dosk', or Kislovodsk, kis-lo-vodsk', a Russian watering-place in the Caucasus, 30 miles S.S.W. of Georgievsk. Kis-Maria, kish-miVee'6h\ a village of Hungary, co. of Bihar, about 20 miles S.S.E. of Debreczin. Kis-Martony, a town of Hungary. See Eisenstadt. Kismayoo, kis"mi-yoo', an island of Bast Africa, lat. 0° 44' S., with a village on its N.N.W. side. Kis-Rebra, a village of Austria. See Rebrisora. Kis'see Mills, a hamlet of Taney co., Mo., about 50 miles from Springfield. It has a mill and a store. Kisser, or Kissa, M.alay Archipelago. See Gisser. Kis^simmee' (or Ifis'sinee') River, Florida, rises in a lake of the same name, in Brevard co., runs in a S.S.E. direction, and enters the N. end of Lake Okeechobee. Length, nearly 90 miles. The lake is about 12 miles long. Kissingen, kis'sing-en, a town and watering-place of Bavaria, on the Saale, 30 miles by rail N.N.E. of Wvirzburg. Pop. 3471. It has noted springs of saline-chalybeate water, of which 500,000 bottles are annually exported ; ad- jacent to these are a pump-room, baths, o.nd a colonnade. Salt is procured near it. Kis'singer's, a post-office of Cumberland co., Pa. Kissovo, a mountain of Thessaly. See OssA. Kist^nagher'ry, a town and fort of India, presidency of Madras, 60 miles N. of Salem. Kist'nah, Kist'na, or Krish'na, a river of India, in the Deeoan, rises in the W. Ghauts, near lat. 18° N., Ion. 74° E., flows E. through the territories of Sattarah, the Nizam, and the British presidencies of Bombay and Madras, and enters the ocean by several mouths, in lat. 15° 50' N., Ion. 81° E. Length, 600 miles. It receives some large tributaries, as the Beemah and Toombuddra; but, as it trav- erses a mountainous region, it is ill adapted to navigation. It has two annu.al inundations, and its waters are utilized by extensive irrigation-works. Kiszueza Ujhely, the Hungarian for Neustadtl. Kit Car'son, a post-village of Bent co.. Col., on Big , Sandy Creek, and on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, at its junction with the Arkansas Valley Branch Railroad, 152 miles E.S.E. of Denver. Pop. 473. Kit Carson's Peak, Colorado, a mountain of the Sangre de Cristo Range, in the S. part of the state. It has an altitude of 14,100 feet above the sea-level. Kitch'ing's Mills, a post-oflice of Aiken co., S.C. Kit'ley, a post-oflice of Summer co., Kansas. Kitley, Ontario. Sec Toledo. Kit'sap, a small county in the W, part of Washington Territory. It is apeninsula bounded on the E. by Admiralty Inlet, on the S. and S.E. by Puget Sound, and on the N.W. by Hood's Canal. These waters are navigable for large vessels, and afl"ord facilities for trade and the fisheries. The surface is mostly covered with forests. Lumber is the chief article of export. Capital, Port Madison. Valuation of real and personal estate, 81,050,000. Pop. in 1870, 866. Kittan'ning, township, Armstrong co.. Pa. P. 1504. Kittanning, a post-borough, capital of Armstrong co.. Pa., on the E, bank of the Alleghany River, and on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 44 miles N.E. of Pittsburg. The site is a plain or " bottom" near the base of high hills. Kittanning contains 8 churches, a court-house, a national bank, 1 otlier bank, 4 newspaper-offices, a brewery, a flour- mill, 2 foundries, Ac. Pop. 1889. Kittanning Point, a post-office of Blair co.. Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, at the Great Horse-Shoe Bend, 5 miles W. of Altoona. Kit'tatinny (or Blue) Mountain, a long mountain- ridge of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, is a portion of the Appalachian system. It exterids from Orange co., N.Y., southwestward through Sussex and Warren cos. of New Jersey. The part which is in Pennsylvania forms the boundary between the cos. of Monroe, Carbon, and Schuylkill on the N.W. side, anil Northampton, Lehigh, and Berks on the other side. The Delaware River passes through a very picturesque gorge in this ridge at the Delaware Water Gap. The Kittatinny Mountain is characterized by an almost level crest and an even outline without sharp peaks or very lofty summits. 'The highest points rise probably about 2400 feet above the tide. This ridge is composed of strati- fied rocks of the Silurian age, mostly of Medina sandstone and Oneida conglomerate. Parnell's Knob, in Franklin CO., Pa., is considered the S.W. termination of this ridgo. Kittery, kit'ter-?, a post-village of A'ork co.. Me., on the Piscataqua River, opposite Portsmouth, N.H., and on KIT 1153 KLE the Portsmouth, Saco & Portland Railroad, about 4 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. It is in Kittery township, which forms the S.W. extremity of Maine, and is 51 miles S.W. of Portland. It is mainly supported by ship-building, fish- eries, and the coasting-trade. Here is a United States navy- yard. The township ha-s 7 churches, and a pop. of 3333. Kittery Depot, a post-office of York co., Me., on the Piscataqua River, and on the Portsmouth, Saco *fc Portland Railroad, about 1 mile N. of Portsmouth. Kittery Point, a post-village of York co., Me., in Kittery township, on the Atlantic Ocean, at the mouth of the Piscataqua River, about 3 miles E. by N. of Portsmouth. Kit'titas, a post-office of Yakima co., Washington Territory, in Kittitas Valley, 120 miles E. of Seattle. Kittoc'tan Creek, Virginia, runs N.W. in Loudoun CO., and enters the Potomac near the Point of Rocks. Kit'trell, a post-village and watering-place of Gran- ville CO., N.C., on the Raleigh & Gaston Railroad, 36 miles N.N.E. of Raleigh, It has 3 churches, a female seminary, a superior hotel, 4 tobacco-factories, and a mineral spring. Pop. of Kittrell township, 1829. Kitt'son, the northwesternmost county of Minnesota, bordering on Manitoba, is bounded on the W. by the Red River of the North. The surface is nearly level. The soil is fertile. Capital, Saint Vincent. It is traversed by the Red River & Manitoba Railroad. Kitt's, St., West Indies. See Saint Christopher. Kitty Hawk, a post-office of Currituck co., N.C., and a signal-station on the Atlantic coast. Kitul, a town of India. See Kythul. Kitzbuliel, kits'bii^^l, or Kitzbihel, kits'bee^^l, a town of Austria, in the Tyrol, on the Grossach, 47 miles E.N.E. of Innspruck. Pop. 1775. Kitzingen, kit'sing^en, a town of Bavaria, on the Main, 11 miles by rail E.S.E. of Wlirzburg. It has manu- factures of vinegar, leather, and printers' ink. Pop, 6393. Kitzinil'lersviUe, a post-hamlet of Garrett co., Md., on the North Branch of the Potomac, 8 miles from Wilson's Station. It has a flour-mill, a woollen-mill, and a saw-mill. Kiu*Kiang, in China. See Kioo-Kiang. Kiung-Chu-Fu,atownof China. See Kiong-Choo. Kiu-Siu, an island of Japan. See Kioo-Sioo. Kiutaja, a town of Asia Minor, See Kdtaieh. Kivyza, a town of Turkey. See Geuseh. Ki-Yuen, ki-yoo-^n', or IChai-Juan, ki-yoo-3.n', a town of Chinese Manchooria, province and 75 miles N.N.E. of Mookden, Pop. 3o,0()0. Kiz-Hissar, kiz- (or keez-) his^sar', Kilis-Hissar, ke-lees'-his^sar', or Kilisa-Hissar, ke-lee'si-his^sar' (anc. Tij'ana), a village of Asia Minor, 38 miles N.E. of Ere^lee. It has the ruins of an aqueduct, and massive Roman foundations. Great quantities of nitre are manu- factured here, and 2 miles distant is a sulphurous lake, supposed to be the ancient AsmahceuSy sacred to Jupiter, Kizil-Irmak, kiz'il-ir'mak (Turk. pron. kiz'ir-eeR^- mik'; anc. Ha'lyn), or the "Red River," the principal river of Asia Minor, rises by many heads in the centre of that peninsula, flows N., and enters the Black Sea S.E. of Sinope. Length, 520 miles. In antiquity it separated the Lydian and Persian dominions. Principal affluent, the Kara-Soo or Kastamoonee River. Kiziljah Masa Tagh, the Turkish name of Tjiolus. Kizil-Koom, Kizil-Koum, orKizil-Kuin,kiz'- il-koom, an extensive sandy desert of Asia, E. of Lake Aral, in Russian Toorkistan, between lat. 41° and 44° N. and Ion. 61° and 67° E. Kizil-Oozen, Kizil-Ouzen, or Kizil-Uzen, kiz'il-oo'zfin (anc. Amar'dus, or Mar'dus), a river of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, joins the Zenjan near Mianna to form the Sefeed Rood. Kizliar, or Kizljar, kizMe-ar', written alsoKisliar, a fortified town of Russia, Caucasus, in the Terek district, on the Terek, 50 miles W. of its mouth in the Caspian. It has manufactures of silk and cotton fabrics, and an active trade in wine. Pop, 9176. Kjerteminde, ke-^nH^h-miu'd^h or kySnH^h-min'- d?h, a town of Denmark, on a small bay on the N.E. side of the island of Funen, 12 miles E.N.E. of Oden.se, P. 2274. Kjobenhavn, a city of Denmark. See Copenhagen. Kjoge, or Kioge, ke-b'gh^h, a town of Denmark, on the E. shore of the island of Seeland, 20 miles S.E. of Co- penhagen. It is the terminus of two railways. The bay has good anchorage. Pop, 3097. I^olen, a mountain of Scandinavia. See Kiolex. Klaarwater, a town of Africa. See Griqua Town. Klabat, kla-bit', a volcano, 4000 feet high, in Celebes, near Menado. Near it is a village of the same name. 73 Kladno, kl&d'noj a town of Bohemia, 15 miles by rail W.N.W. of Prague. Pop. 10,707. It has iron-works and mines of iron and coal. Kladrau, kli'drow, a town of Bohemia, 17 miles W.S.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 1250. Klagenfurth, or Cla^enftirth, kli'gh?n-fooitt*, sometimes called Zclanz, tsi'lAnts, a town of Austria, capital of Carinthia, on the Glan, at a railway junction, 41 miles N. of Laybach. Pop. 15,285. It is well built, and its fortifications have been replaced by a handsome prome- nade. Principal edifices, a fine residence of the Bishop of Gurk, with rich galleries of art, a cathedral and other churches, an old oastle, the hall of the Carinthian assembly, an edifice of the fourteenth centui-y, a market-place, and numerous charitable institutions. In one of its squares is a statue of Maria Theresa. It is the seat of the court of appeal for the government, and lias a gymnasium, a normal school, and a realschule, extensive woollen- and white-lead- factories, manufactures of silk fabrics, and a large trade. Klamath (kli'mator kld'mat'h) Agency, a post-office of Lake co., Oregon. Here is an Indian agency. Klamath Lake, Oregon, is at the E. base of the Cas- cade Range, and extends across the S. boundary of the state into Siskiyou co, of California. The S. part, called Lower Klamath Lake, is connected with the N. by a nar- row strait scarcely 2 miles wide. The lake is about 44 miles long, and 34 miles wide near the N. end. The sur- plus water is discharged by the Klamath River, -which issues from the Lower Lake. Klamath 3liU, a post-office of Siskiyou co., Cal. Klamath River rises in the S. part of Oregon, and flows into Klamath Lake. It issues from the Lower Kla- math Lake, and runs southwestward into Siskiyou co., Cal. It intersects Del Norte co., and runs southwestward to the mouth of Trinity River. Below this point it flows northwestward, and enters the Pacific Ocean in Del Norte CO. Length, 275 miles. It traverses a mountainous region, and runs in a deep and narrow canon. Gold is found near this river. A bar at its mouth obstructs the navigation. Klapa (or Klapp) Island, Java. See Cocoa-Nut. Klar, klait, a river of Norway, rises in the province of South Trondlijem, forms Lake Ftemund, .flows S.S.E. through Iledemark, under the name of Tyrsild, enters the province of Carlstad, where it takes the name of Klar, and falls by three mouths into the N. part of Lake Wener, after a course of about 200 miles. Klareutza, kld-rdnt'sd, Chiarentza, ke-a^-rSnt'sa,, or Chiarentza (anc. Cylle'ne), a seaport, village, and mountain-fortress of Greece, at the W. extremity of the Morea, near Cape Klarentza, 17 miles N.E. of Zante. Klasteretz, a village of Bohemia. See Klostehle. Klattau, klat'tow, a town of Bohemia, on an affluent of the Beraun, 6S miles S.W. of Prague. Pop. 8067. It has manufactures of woollen cloth and stockings, a gymna- sium, a fine church, a high school, and 2 hospitals. Kiausenbur^^, klow'zen-boSnc', or Kolosvar, ko^- loshV^it', a city, capital of the county of the same name, in Transylvania, on the Szamos, and on a railway, 72 miles N.N.W. of Ilerniannstadt. Pop. 26,382. It consists of old and new towns. It has a citadel and several suburbs, a cathedral, Roman Catholic, Calvinist, Unitarian, and Lutheran churches, the town hall, military and other hos- pitals, and some private palaces. It was the seat of the Transylvania Diets, and has a university founded in 1872, a museum of antiquities, Roman Catholic, Reformed, and Unitarian colleges, Piarist and other monasteries, and man- ufactures of woollen cloths, china-ware, and paper. The county of Ivlausenburg has an area of 1940 square miles. Pop. 202,263. Klausthal, a town of Prussia, See Clausthal. Kleck'nersville, a post-hamlet of Northampton co., Pa., 1 mile from Chapman, and 13 miles N. of Allentown. It has a slate-quarry and a manufactory of mantels. Kiecko, klek'ko, Kletsk, or Kiosk, a town of Prus- sia, 26 miles N.E. of Posen. Pop. 1S43. Kleczewo, kli-chi'vo, a town of Russian Poland, government of Kalisz, 38 miles N.W. of Kolo. Pop. 1490. Kleiu £iger, a mountain of Switzerland. See MoNCn, Klein £mmen, a river of Switzerland. See Emmen. Kleinenberg, kli'n^n-b^BG', a village of Rhenish Prifssia, 40 miles S. of Minden. Pop. 1150. Kleiufeitersville, klln'felt-erz-vil, a post-haralet of Lebanon co.. Pa., in Heidelberg township, about 22 miles AY. of Reading. It has 2 stores and a mill. Kleinitz, kli'nits, a village of Prussian Silesia, 56 miles N. by W, of Liegnitz. It has manufactures of oil and lime. Pop. 1892. KLE 1154 KNI Klein Ostheim, kline ost'hime, a village of Bavaria, on tile Main, 4 miles N.W. of Aschaffenburg. Pop. 1165. Klein's, klinz, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co.. Pa., on tlie Perkiomen Railroad, at or near Frederick Station, 7 miles N. of CoUegeville. Kleinschlatten, the German for Zalathna. Kleinzerbst, a toivn of Saxony. See Zobbig. Kleissoura, a town of Turkey. See Klissoka. Klentsch, or Klencz, klJntch, a town of Bohemia, 21 miles W. of Klatt.au. Pop. 1300. Klestchino-Ozero, Russia. See Plescheievo. Kleszel, klfch'^1, or Kleschtscheli, klesh-chel'f, a town of Russia, in Grodno, 42 miles S. of Bialystok. Kleve, a town of Rhenish Prussia. See Cleves. Kliasma, or Kliazma, kle-^z'md, a river of Russia, governments of Moscow and Vladimeer, rises near Klin, Bows E. 350 miles, and joins the Oka at Gorbatov. Klikitat, klik'?-tat, a small river of Washington Ter- ritory, rises in the Cascade Range, in Skamania co., runs southeastward and southward in Klikitat co., and enters the Columbia River about 13 miles below Dalles City. Klikitat, a county in the S. part of Washington, bor- ders on Oregon. Area, estimated at 2400 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Columbia River, and is partly drained by the Klikitat River. The surface is diversified with mountains, forests, and prairies. At the N.W. corner of the county stands Mount Adams, a peak of the Cascade Range. Thesoil is partly fertile. Wheat, barley, and grass are the staple products. Valuation of real and personal estate, $204,046. Pop. in 1S70, 329. Klikitat, a post-ofiice of Klikitat co., Washington. Klikitat Landing, a post-office of Klikitat co., Wash- ington. Klimovitchi, or Klimowitschi, Ide-mo-vitch'ee, a town of Russia, 70 miles E.S.E. of Muheelev. Pop. 2010. Klin, kleen, a town of Russia, 40 miles by rail N.N.W. of Moscow, on the Sestra, with a palace. Pop. 6643. Klineburg, klin'burg, a post-village in York oo., On- tario, on the Humbcr River, and on the Toronto, Grey & Bruce Railway, 21i miles N.W. of Toronto. It has a tan- nery, a grist-mill, 3 saw-mills, a stave-factory, 3 hotels, and 6 stores. Pop. 400. Kline's (klinz) Cross Roads, a post-hamlet of Pen- dleton CO., W. Va. Kline's Grove, a post-village of Northumberland co.. Pa., on the Danville, Ilazleton & Wilkesbarre Railroad, 8 miles S.W. of Danville. It has an academy, a church, a flour-mill, and 2 saw-mills. Klinesville, klinz'vil, ah.amlct of Hunterdon eo., N.J., in Raritan township, 3 miles from Flemington. Klinesville, a post-hamlet of Berks co.. Pa., about 20 miles N.N.E. of Reading. Klingenthal, kling'en-tM\ a village of Saxony, 13 miles E.S.E. of Plauen. Pop. 2563. Kling'erstown, a post-hamlet of Schuylkill co.. Pa., about 24 miles S. of Danville. Kliugnau, kling'now, a town of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, on the Aar, 16 miles N.E. of Aarau. Pop. 1216. Klintsy, or Klintzy, klint'see, a town of Russia, in Chernigov, 17 miles S.S.W. of Soorazh. Pop. 5576. Klissura, klis-soo'ri, or Kleissoura, a town of Al- bania, on the Vuyussa, 40 miles E. of Avlona. Pop. 1500. Kliuchi, a village of Russia. See Zlatoosk. Kliutch, or Kliuch, kle-ooch', a town of Bosnia, 30 miles S.W. of Banialooka. Population mostly Turks. It has a strong fortress, and a mart for horses. Klobauk, klo'bowk, a town of Moravia, 21 miles E.N.E. of Hradisoh. Pop. 2560. Klobucko, klo-book'ko, a town of Poland, province and 70 miles S.E. of Kalisz, with 2000 inhabitants. Klodava, or Klodawa, klo-di'vi, a town of Poland, province and 90 miles W. of Warsaw. Pop. 2060. Klodzko, a town of Prus.^ia. See Glatz. Kloetinge, kloo'ting-H?h, a village of the Netherlands, Zealand, in South Beveland, S.E. of Goes. Pop. 1026. Kloman, Michigan. See English. Klonthal, a lake of Switzerland. See Clonthal. Kloosterburen, klos'ter-biiV?n, a village of the Neth- erlands, in Groningen, 21 miles W.N.W. of Appingedam. Kloppenburg, klop'p5n-bo3BG\ a town of Germany, 19 miles S.S.W. of Oldenburg. Pop. 1671. Klosterle, klos'ter-leh, a town of Bohemia, 16 miles W.N.W. of S.aatz, on'the'Eger. Pop. 2902. Klosterneuburg, klos-t^r-noi'bSouG, a manufactur- ing town of Lower Austria, 6 miles from Vienna. P. 5330. Klosters, klos'ters, a village and parish of Switzerland, in Grisons, on the Landquart, 16 miles E.N.E. of Chur. Kloster-Seitz. a village of Austria. See Seitz. Kloten, klo'ten, a village of Switzerland, canton and 6 miles E.N.E. of Zurich. Pop. 1450. Klotze, a village of Sa.xony. See Clotze. Klundert, klun'dert, a town of the Netherlands, North Brabant, 12 miles N.W. of Breda. Pop. 3175. Klus, kloos (Inxeu, in'n^r, and Aeusser, ois'ser), a town of Switzerland, canton and 10 miles E. of Soleure, at the N, extremity of the celebrated defile of the same name. Klytsch-Nias-Bai, klitch^-ne~is~-bi', or Klytsch- Bai, klitch^-bi', a town of Asia, khanat and 50 miles N.N.W. of Khiva. It contains a castle and 3 mosques. Kmielnik, a town of Russia. See Chmielnik. Knap (nap) of Reeds, a post-hamlet of Granville eo., N.C., 30 miles N. by W. of Raleigh. It has 2 churches. Knapp, nap, a post-village of Dunn co., Wis., on the West Wisconsin Railroad, 37 miles E. of Hudson. It has a church and several mills or factories. Knappa, nap'pa, a post-hamlet of Clatsop co., Oregon, on Columbia River, about 66 miles W. of Kalama. Much lumber is shipped here. Knapp's, St. Lawrence co., N.Y. See NonTH Stockholm. Knapp's Creek, a post-office of Crawford co., Wis. Knapton, n.ap'tgn, a post-hamlet of Pacific co., Wash- ington, on the Columbia River, about 9 miles N. of Astoria. Knaresborough, n.airs'biir-rilh, a borough of Eng- land, CO. of York, West Riding, 3 miles by rail E. of Har- rogate, and 16 miles W.N.W. of York. It is picturesquely situated in the narrow valley of the Nidd. It has an ancient parish church, numerous other places of worship, a grammar- school, an endowed school, and massive remains of a castle erected soon after the Conquest. The town has also a court- house, a market-house, a public library, a banking company, and manufactures of linens, which have greatly declined. Not far from the town are the remains of a priory of the thirteenth century, and ancient chapels hewn out of solid rock. The borough sends two members to Parliament. Pop. 5205. Knauer's, naw'^rz, a post-office of Berks co.. Pa. Knauertown, naw'er-town, a hamlet of Chester co.. Pa., in Warwick township, 16 miles S.E. of Reading. It has a church. Here is St. Peter's Post-Office. Knawl's Creek, a post-office of Braxton co., W. Va. Kneass, ne'as, a station in Northumberland oo., Pa., on the Mahanoy & Shamokin Railroad, 4 miles E. of llerndon. Kneedler, need'ler, a station in Montgomery eo.. Pa., on the Stony Creek Railroad, 9 miles N. of Norristown. Kneisley's, niss'liz, a station in Greene co., 0., on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad and the Cleveland, Co- lumbus & Cincinnati Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Dayton. Kneist, nist, a township of Carroll co., Iowa. P. 643. Knesselaere, knes's^h-li'reh, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 15 miles N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 4000. Knetzgau, kn^ts'gow, a village of Bavaria, in Lower Franconia, on the Main. Pop. 1279. Kniaginin,orKniasliinin,kne-4-ghe-neen', atown of Russia, 50 miles S.E. of Nizhnee-Novgorod. Pop. 1608. Kniaz, kne-iz', sometimes written Zid, zid, a lake of Russia, government and 100 miles S.S.E. of Minsk. Knielingen, k'neel'ing-en or kneel'ing-^n, a village of Baden, on the Rhine, 3 miles W.N.W. of Carlsruhe. Kniesen, k'nee'z^n or knee'z^n (Hun. Gnezda, gaiz'- doh'), a town of Hungary, co. of Zips, 15 miles N.E. of Kesmark. Pop. 2200. Knitfen, nif'fen, a post-office of Wayne co., Iowa, on the Chicago, Rook Island & Pacific Railroad, S miles E. of Allerton. Knight, nite, a township of Vanderburg co., Ind., on the Ohio River. Pop. 1342. Knighton, niton, or Tref-y-CIawdd, trSv-e- klowTH (i.e., "town on the dike"), a borough of Wales, CO. of Radnor, on a railway, 10 miles N.N.E. of New Rad- nor. It unites with Radnor, Ac, in sending one member to the House of Commons. Pop. 1743. Knight's, California. See Graftos. Knightsbridge, nits'brij, a W. suburb of the English metropolis, oo. of Middlesex, 3* miles W. of St. Paul's, Lon- don. It has a beautiful church, and the Albert Gate at the entrance to Hyde Park. Pop. 7759. Knight's (nits) Crossing, a station in Essex co., Mass., on the Eastern Railroad, 3 miles S. of Newburyport. Knight's Ferry, a post-village of Stanislaus co., Cal., on the Stanislaus River, 38 miles E, by S. of Stockton. It has water-power and a flouring-mill. A bridge crosses the river here. Gold is found near this place. Knight's Island, an island of Alaska, in Prince Wil- liam's Sound, 30 miles long. Lat. 60° 13' N.; Ion. 148° E KNI 1 Knight's Island, one of the Snares Islands, S. of New Zealand. Lat. 62° N. ; Ion. 93° W. Knight's Island, an island in Lake St. Louis, W. of Lachine, Quebec. Knight's Island, in Canada, near the W. coast of Hudson's Bay. Knight's Landing, Yolo co., Cal. See Grafton, Knight's Mills, a village in Smithfield township, Providence co., R.L, adjacent to Greenville. It has man- ufactures of cotton cloth. Pop. 92. Knight's Prairie, a post-office of Hamilton co.. 111. Knight's Station, a post-office of Jasper co., Mo., on the Memphis, Carthage &, Northwestern Railroad, 5 miles S.E. of Carthage. Knights'tOAvn, a post-village of Henry co., Ind., in Wayne township, on the Blue River, and on the Panhandle Railroad, which connects Indianapolis with Richmond, 3J; miles E. of the former, and 3-4 miles W. of Richmond. It contains 6 churches, a national bank, 3 newspaper offices, and the Knightstown Academy, with a fine building. It has manufactures of bagging, brooms, burial-caskets, flour, car- riages, sash, &c. Pop. about 2200. Knights'viile, a post-village of Clay co., Ind., in Van Buren township, on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Rail- road, 3 miles E. of Brazil, and about IS miles E.N.E. of Terre Haute. It contains 3 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, a large rolling-mill, and 3 blast-furnaces which produce pig-iron. Here are rich mines of excellent block coal, and the works of the Indiana Coal and Iron Company. Pop. 1071. Knightsville, a post-office of Cumberland co., Me. Knightsville, a village of Providence co., R.I., on the Hartford- & Providence Railroad, adjacent to Cranston Print- Works. It has a church and 2 stores. Pop. 245. Kniphausen, knip'how^zijn, a castle of Germany, at the mouth of the Jahde, 30 miles N. of Oldenburg. It was once capital of the lordship of Kniphausen, the smallest state in Europe, now a part of Oldenburg. Knittelfeld, knit'tel-f^lt\ a town of Styria, on the left bank of the Mur, 32'miles N.W. of Gratz. Pop. 2018. Knittlingen, knitt'ling-^n, a town of Wiirtemberg, 26 miles N.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2543. Ki^azewatz, or Knjaschewatz, knyi'zhe-vits, a town of Servia, 25 miles E. of Alexinatz. Pop. 3554. Knob, nob. a post-office of Beaver co., Pa., about 22 miles N.W. of Pittsburg. Knob, a post-hamlet of Tazewell co., Va., near Clinch Mountain, 37 miles N.E. of Abingdon. It has 2 churches. Knob Creek, a post-township of Cleveland co., N.C. Pop. 638. Knob Creek, a post-office of Lawrence co., Tenn. Knobel, no'bel, a post-office of Clay co., Ark., on the Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 6 miles S. of Corning. Knob Lick, a post-hamlet of Metcalfe co.,Ky., 97 miles S. of Louisville. It has several churches and a grist-mill. Knob liiek, a post-village of St. Francois co., Mo., on the St. Louis & Iron Mountain Railroad, 95 miles S. of St. Louis. Granite monuments are made here. Knob Moun'tain, Pennsylvania, In the E.N.E. part of Columbia co., extends a short distance into Luzerne. Knobnoster, nob-nos'ter, a post-village of Johnson CO., Mo., on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 19 miles W. of Sedalia, and 76 miles E.S.E. of Kansas City. It has a national bank, 6 churches, a flour-mill, and a newspaper office. Coal Is mined near this place. Pop. 914. Knobs, nobz, a township of Yadkin co., N.C. Pop. 1451. Knobsville, nobz'vil, a post-village of Fulton co.. Pa., in Tod township, about IS miles W.N. AV. of Chambersburg. It has 2 churches. Knobview, nob-vu', a post-village of Crawford co., Mo., on the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad, 98 miles S.AV. of St. Louis. Pop. of Knobview township, 515. Knobville, nob'vil, a post-office of Greene co., Ark. Knock, nok, a mountain of Scotland, co. and 11 miles W.S.W. of Banff Height, 2500 feet above the sea. Knockannahiggen, Ireland. See Biy.moLA. KnockMade, a mountain of Ireland, co. of Antrim, 2f miles S. of Ballycastle. Height, 1695 feet. Knock^ma'hon, a village of Ireland, co. of Water- ford, near the Atlantic, U miles E.N;E. of Bunmahon, Knock^mel'edown Mountains, Ireland, in Mon- ster, are between the cos. of Wate'rford and Tipperary. KnockHo'pher, a town of Ireland, co. of Kilkenny, 2 miles E.N.E. of Newmarket. Pop. 1008. Knottingley, not'tlng-le, a village of England, co. of York, West Riding, on the Aire, 3| miles by rail E.N.E. of Pontefract. It has 2 established churches, various chapels, 55 KNO and extensive manufactures of lime. Many river- and coasting-vessels are built here, and the trade on the river and canal is considerable. Pop. of township, 4039. Knott's Island, a post-office of Currituck co., N.C, on an island of this name in Currituck Sound. Knott's Mill, a post-office of Orangeburg co., S.C. Knott's Store, a post-office of Anson co., N.C. Knottsville, nots'vil, a post-village of Daviess co., Ky., 12 miles E. of Owensborough. It has a church, an academy, a plough-factory, and a wagon-shop. Knottsville, a post-haralet of Taylor co., W. Va., 5 miles S.E. of Grafton. It has a church. Knowersville, no'^rs-vil, a post-village in Guilderland township, Albany co., N.Y., on the Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, 17 miles W. of Albany. It has a church, a high school, and manufactures of hives, carriages, furniture, ttc. Knowie, nowl, a village of England, co. and 10 miles N.W. of Warwick. Pop. 1372. KnoAVles, nOlz, a post-office of Montgomery co., Md., on the Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- road, 11 miles N. of Washington, D.C. KnoAVlesville, nolz'vil, a post-village of Orleans co., N.Y., in Ridgeway township, on the Erie Canal, and on the New York Central Railroad (Niagara Falls Branch), 36 miles W. of Rochester. It has 3 churches, and manufac- tures of barrels, carriages, staves, and heading. Pop. 500. KnoAVlton, nol'ton, a post-hamlet of Warren co., N.J., in Knowlton township, about S miles N. by E. of Belvl- dere. It has a church. The township is bounded on the W. by the Delaware River. Pop. of township, 1691. Knowlton, a village in Delaware co., Pa., on the Ches- ter Creek Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Lamokin. It has a manufactory of cotton and woollen goods. It is near Vil- lage Green. Knowlton, a post-village of Marathon co.. Wis., in Knowlton township, on the E. bank of the Wisconsin River, 1 mile from the Wisconsin Valley Railroad, and about 20 miles S. of Wausau. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Pop. of the township, 264. Knowlton Station on the above railroad is 18 miles S. of Wausau. Knowlton, nort9n, the chief town of the co. of Brome, Quebec, is near Brome Lake, lOi miles S. of Waterloo. It has several mills, 2 hotels, and 5 or 6 stores. Pop. 500. Knowlton Mills, Pennsylvania. See Knowlton. Knowlton's Landing, a post-hamlet of Desha co., Ark., on the Mississippi River, about 50 miles belbw Helena. Knox, nox, a county in the N.W. part of Illinois, has an area of 720 square miles. It is intersected by the Spoon River, and by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and woodlands. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, oats, wheat, hay, cattle, pork, and butter are the staple products. Many mines of bituminous coal have been opened In this county. Chief city, Galesburg. Capital, Knoxville. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, $26,094,620. Pop. in 1870, 39,522, of whom 31,843 were Americans. KnoK, a county in the S.W. part of Indiana, bordering on Illinois, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the West Fork of White River, on the S. by the White River, and on the W. by the Wabash River. The surface is undulating. The soil is fertile. Maize, wheat, oats, hay, and pork are the staples. Coal is found here. This county Is Intersected by the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railroad, the Indianapolis & Vincennes Railroad, and the Evansville & Terre Haute Railroad. Capital, Vin- cennes. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,500,000. Pop. in 1870, 21,562, of whom 19,448 were Americans. Knox, a county in the S.E. part of Kentucky, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is intersected by Cum- berland River, and also drained by Richland Creek. The surface is hilly and extensively covered with forests. The soil produces Indian corn, oats, and grass. Among its mineral resources are coal and limestone. Capital, Bar- boursville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,200,000. Pop. in 1870, 8294, of whom 8291 were Americans. Knox, a county in the S. part of Maine, has an area of about 280 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Penobscot Bay, and on the S, by the Atlantic Ocean. It is partly drained by the Medomac River, and comprises sev- eral islands. Hay, butter, and potatoes are the staple prod- ucts. This county has extensive quarries of limestone, and exports large quantities of lime. It has great facilities for commerce and the fisheries, in which a part of the popula- tion are employed. The Knox & Lincoln Railroad con- nects Bath with Rockland, the capital. Valuation of real and personal estate, $15,121,850. Pop. in 1870, 30,823, of whom 29,745 were Americans. KNO 1156 KNO Knox, a county in the N.E. part of Missoari, has an area of 504 square miles. It is intersected by thrtie rivers, called the North Fabius, Middle Fabius, and South Fabius, and is partly drained by the North Fork of Salt River. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and tracts of timber, which is here abundant. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, oats, hay, cattle, pork, and wheat are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Quincy, Missouri & Pacific Railroad. Capital, Edina. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $4,500,100. Pop. in 1870, 10,974, of whom 10,368 were Americans. Knox, a county in the N.E. part of Nebraska, is bounded on the N. by the Missouri River, which separates it from Dakota. Tlie surface is diversified. The soil is fertile. It ia partly drained by the Niobrara River. Capital, Niobrara. Pop. in 1876, 1248. Knox, a county in the centr.al part of Ohio, has an area of about 530 square miles. It is intersected by the Vernon and Mohican (or Walhonding) Rivers, and is also drained by the North Fork of the Licking River. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, wool, butter, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Lake Erie division of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and is connected with Cleveland by the Cleveland, Mount Vernon & Colum- bus Railroad. Capital, Mount Vernon. Valuation of real and personal estate, $23,702,975. Pop. in 1870, 26,33.3, of whom 25,088 were Americans. Knox, a county of East Tennessee, has an area of about 580 square miles. It is intersected by the Holston River, bounded on the W. by the Clinch River, and also drained by the French Broad River. The surface is finely diversified with high ridges, fertile valleys, and extensive forests. Indian corn, wheat, oats, grass, and pork are the staple products. Silurian limestone umlerlies a part of the county, which also has beds of marble and iron ore. It is inter- sected by the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad. The Knoxville & Charleston Railroad connects with the Knoxville & Ohio Railroad at Knoxville, the capital. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, $9,529,113. Pop. in 1870, 28,990, of whom 28,165 were Americans. Knox, a county in the N. of Texas, drained by Brazos and Big Wichita Rivers. Area, 1300 square miles. Knox, a township of Knox co.. 111. Pop. 2881, in- cluding Knoxville. Knox, a township of Jay co., Ind. Pop. 685. Knox, a post-village, capital of Starke co., Ind., in Centre township, on Yellow River, about 25 miles S. of La Porte, and 70 miles S.E. of Chicago. It has a normal school, a newspaper office, and 2 churches. Pop. 244. Knox, a township of Clarke co., Iowa. Pop. 851. Knox, township, Pottawattamie co., Iowa. Pop. 1340. Knox, a post-hamlet of Waldo co.. Me., in Knox town- ship, 17 miles W.N.W. of Belfast. It has 2 churches and a high school. The township includes Knox Station. Pop. of the township, 889. Knox, or Knoxville, a post-village of Albany co., N.Y., in Knox township, about 20 miles W. of Albany. It h.as a tannery. The name of its post-office is Knox. Pop. about 300; of the township, 1641. Knox, a township of Columbiana co., 0. Pop. 2151. It contains Homeworth and North Georgetown. Knox, a township of Guernsey co., 0. Pop. 810. It contains Indian Camp. Knox, a township of Holmes co., 0. Pop. 964. Here bituminous and cannel coal are mined. Knox, a township of Jefferson co., 0. Pop. 1301, It contains Knoxville, Shanghai, and Somerset. Knox, a township of Vinton co., 0. Pop. 559. Knox, a township of Clarion co., Pa. Pop. 656. It contains Lucinda Furnace. See also Edeneurg. Knox, a township of Clearfield co., Pa. Pop. 587. Knox, a township of Jefferson co.. Pa. Pop. 863. It contains Knoxville. Knoxborough, nox'bur-rilh, or Knox Corners, a post-village of Oneida co., N.Y., in Augusta township, about 18 miles S.W. of Utica. It has 2 churches. P. 208. Knox City, a post-village of Knox co.. Mo., on the Quincy, Missouri & Pacific Railroad, 38 miles W.N.W. of Quincy, 111. It has a church. Pop. about 150. Knox College. See GALEsnunc, 111. Knoxdale, Jefferson co.. Pa. See KnoxvilTjE. Knox Hill, a post-village of Walton co., Fla., about 110 miles W. by N. of Tallahassee. Knox Point, a post-hamlet of Bossier parish. La., on Red River, 30 miles by land S. by E. of Shreveport. Knox Station, a post-office of AValdo co., Me., on the Maine Central Railroad, about 18 miles N.AV. of Belfast. Knoxville, nox'vil, a post-hamlet of Greene co., Ala., 12 miles N.E. of Eutaw. It has an academy and 2 stores. Knoxville, a mining and post-village of Lake co., Cal., about 60 miles W.N.W. of Sacramento. Pop. 164. Knoxville, a post-village, capital of Crawford co., Ga., about 28 miles W.S.W. of Macon. It has a court-house, 2 churches, and a seminary. Knoxville, a post-town, capital of Knox co., 111., i« in Knox township, on the Galesburg & Peoria Railroad, 5 miles S.E. of Galesburg, and 48 miles W.N.W. of Peoria. It has 7 churches, a national bank, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, manufactures of ploughs, wagons, and woollen goods, and a Swedish college. Pop. about 3000. Knoxville, a hamlet of Dubois co., Ind., about 53 miles N.E. of Evansville. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Knoxville, a post-village, capital of Marion co., Iowa, in Knoxville township, on the Albia, Knoxville & Des Moines Railroad, at the junction of the Oskaloosa division of the Chicago, Rock Island &, Pacific Railroad, 36 miles S.E. of Des Moines, and 20 miles W. of Oskaloosa. It is surrounded by fertile prairies, containing beds of coal. It contains 7 churches, 2 national banks, 2 newspaper offices, the Knoxville Academy, a high school, a foundry, 3 steam flour-mills, and a woollen-mill. Pop. 1699; of the town- ship, additional, 2483. Knoxville, a post-hamlet of Pendleton co., Ky., about 24 miles S. of Covington. It has 2 churches. Knoxville, a post-village of Frederick co., Md., on the Potomac River (which here flows through fine scenery) and the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 75 miles W. of Baltimore. It has 3 churches and a large iron-furnace. Pop. 320. Knoxville, a post-office of Franklin co., Miss., 24 miles S.E. of Natchez. Knoxville, a post-village of Ray co.. Mo., in Knoxville township, about 44 miles N.E. of Kansas City. It has a drug-store and 2 general stores. Pop. of the township, 2469. Knoxville, or Stock'bridge, a village of Madison CO., N.Y., on Oneida Creek, and on the Midland Railroad, 9 miles S. of Oneida. It has 3 churches and a grist-mill. Pop. 241. Post-office, Stoekbridge. Knoxville, a village of Steuben co., N.Y., 1 mile from Corning. It has a church. Pop. 785. Knoxville, a post-village of Jefferson co., 0., in Knox township, about 10 miles N.N.W. of Steubenville, and 3 miles W. of the Ohio River. It has 2 churches. Pop. 165. Knoxville, a village of Jefferson co., Pa., 6 miles S.S.E. of Brookville. It has 3 churches, a steam saw-mill, and a planing-mill. Here is Knoxdale Post-Office. Knoxville, a post-borough of Tioga co.. Pa., in Deer- field township, on the Cowanesque Creek, about 60 miles N. of Lock Haven, and 27 miles S.W. of Corning, N.Y. It has a graded school, a bank, 3 churches, a tannery, a grist- mill, a saw-mill, and a sash- and blind-factory. Pop. 400. Knoxville, a city, the capital of Knox co., Tenn., is beautifully situated on the right or N.W. bank of the Holston River, about 180 miles E. of Nashville, and 200 miles by water above Chattanooga. By railroad it is 112 miles N.E. of Chattanooga. It is on the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad, and is a terminus of the Knoxville & Charleston Railroad, which connects here with the Knoxville & Ohio Railroad. It is built on a hilly or uneven site, and is surrounded by picturesque scenery. It is the seat of the East Tennessee University, which was organized in 1869 and has 17 instructors and about 100 students. Connected with the university is the Tennessee Agricultural College. Here is an institution for the deaf and dumb, founded by the state, also a new public building erected by the United States for a custom- house and post-office. This is built of a beautiful gray marble quarried in the vicinity, and cost about S400,000. A bridge crosses the river here. Knoxville contains 1 or 2 national banks, 4 other banks, a convent, a rolling-mill, 2 iron-foundries, a machine-shop, a nail-factory, 3 flouring- mills, and manufactures of car-wheels, furniture, and sash and blinds. Two daily and 2 weekly newspapers and a re- ligious paper are published here. This city is very advan- tageously situated for trade and manufactures. Steamboats can ascend the river in high water. Knoxville was the capital of the state from 1794 to 1817. Pop. 8682. Knoxville, a hamlet of Cherokee co., Tex., about 40 miles N.E. of Palestine. Knoxville, a post-office of Marshall co., W. Va. Knoxville Mines, California. See Knoxville. Knoydart, noi'dart, a post-settlement in Pictou co.. Nova Scotia, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 20 miles from New Glasgow. Pop. 250. KNU 1157 KOK Knutsford, ntits'ford ( Cunt's Ford, " Canute's Ford"), a town of England, co. and 2i miles by rail E.N.E. of Chester. The town has a handsome church, free school, and manufac- tures of cotton velvets, yarn, worsted, and leather. Pop. 3S03. Knutweilj knoot'^til, a village of Switzerland, canton and y miles N.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 1196. Kuyschlli, or Kuyszyn, noi'shin, a town of Kussia, in Grodno, about 5U miles S.W. of Grodno. Pop. 2924. Koahoma, a county of Mississippi. See Coahoma. Koang-Sia, or Kouang-Sin-Fou, China. See QuASG-Six-Foo. Kobbe, or Cobbe, kob'bee, sometimes written Kob- bi, a town of Africa, in Darfoor, about lat. 14° 11' N., Ion. 2S° 8' E. Pop. 6000. Kobdo, a city and territory of Mongolia. See Cobdo. Kobe, ko'bi, a town of Japan, on the bay and near the city of Hiogo. A railway extends hence 22 miles to Osaka. Kobe was founded in 1S6S. It is the seat of a large tea-trade, and is regularly and neatly built. Pop. 8554. Kobeljak, or Kobijjaki, Russia. See Kobvliaki. Kobeu, kii'bjn, a town of Prussian Silesia, 38 miles N.W. of Breslau, on the left bank of the Oder. Pop. 1128. Koblenz, a city of Rhenish Prussia. See Coblentz. Kobriu, or Kobryn, ko'brin, a town of Russia, 100 miles S.E. of Grodno. Pop. 7785. Kobt, a city of Egypt. See KuFT. Koburg, a town of Germany. See CoBURG. Kobylauka, ko-bc-14n'ki, a village of Austrian Gali- cia, on the Rappa. It has a castle, and in its vicinity a chapel annually visited by 50,000 pilgrims. Pop. 1087. Kobyliaki, Kobiljaki, ko-beel-yi'kee, or Kobul- jaki, ko-biil-ya'kee, a town of Russia, government and 37 miles S.W. of Poltava. Pop. 12,989. Kobyliii, ko-be-leen', a town of Prussian Poland, 50 miles S.S.E. of Posen, on the Orla. Pop. 2404. Kochem, a town of Prussia. See Cochem. Kocher, ko'Ker, a river of 'NViirtemberg, joins the Neckar 6 miles N. of Heilbronn. Length, 70 miles. Kocli-Missar, koK-his'sar\ a town of Asia Minor, on the E. bank of a large salt lake, the ancient Tattsea Palus, in lat. 38° 50' N., Ion. 33° 29' E. Koch's, koks, a post-hamlet of Wayne co., 0., in Salt Creek township, about 12 miles S.E. of Wooster. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a steam saw-mill. Kochstedt, koK'stett, a town of Prussia, in Saxony, 21 miles S.W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 2061. Kochville, a township of Saginaw CO., Mich. Pop. 1382. Kock, kok, a town of Russian Poland, about 40 miles S. of Siedlec, on the Wieprz. Pop. 1788. Koda, ko'da, a town of Sinde, 23 miles S.W. of Khyer- poor, in lat. 27° 55' N., Ion. 68° 52' E. Pop. 2200. Koden, ko'd^n, a town of Poland, province of Siedlec, on the Bug, 23 miles E.S.E. of Biala. Pop. 2500. Kodiak, Alaska. See Kadiak. Kodjend, a town of Asia. See Khojend. Kodj-Hissar, Asi.atic Turkey. See Koch-Hissar. Kodus, a river of Asia Minor. See Sarabat. Koedang, kooMang', a prefix to several rivers of Java. They are KoEDANG Galos, Koedang Jewah, Koedang Rowo, Koedang Segero-Aloen, and Koedang Segero- Soerang, all flowing into the Indian Ocean. Koei-Choo, Quei-Choo, Kouei-Tchou, kwi'- choo', or Kwi-Choo, kwi^-choo', a province in the S.W, of China. Lat. 24° 30' to 29° N.; Ion. 104° to 110° E. Pop. 5,288,219. Surface mountainous. It has mines of gold, silver, mercury, and iron. Chief city, Koei-Yang. Koei-Liug, a city of Cliina. See Kwei-Lin. Koei-Te, a city of China. See Kwei-Te. Koei-Yang, Kwei- Yang, or Kouei- Yang, kwi*- ying', a town of China, capital of the province of Koei- Choo. Lat. about 22° N.; Ion. 107° E. Koel, a river of India. See Coel. Koelen, a mountain of Scandinavia. See Kiolen. Koeltztown, kelts'town, a post-oflice of Osage co., Mo., about 20 miles S. of Jefferson City. Koenigsberg, Prussia. See Konigsberg. Koepang, a town of Timor. See Coepang. Koermoend, a town of Hungary. See KiiRMiiND. Koesfeld, a town of Prussia. See Kosfeld. Koeslin, a town of Prussia. See Coslin. Koethen, a town of Germany. See Kothen. Koeti, a state of Borneo, See Koti, Koevorde, or Koevorden. See Coevorden, Koewacht, koo'wlKt, a village of the Netherlands, in Zealand, 6 miles S, of Axel. Pop. 1904. Koewala-Day, koo-wi'li-di, a town of the Malay Archipelago, on the S. coast of the island of Lingen, about 6 miles from the mouth of a considerable river. It is tho capital of the island, and the residence of a sultan. Koft, a city of Egypt. See Kuft. Kogenheim, ko'gnen-hime^ (Fr, pron, ko^gh^n'Sm'), a village of Germany, in Alsace, on the Strasburg & Basel Railway, 7 miles N,N,E. of Sohlettstadt. Pop, 1276, Kohalom, a town of Austria. See Reps, Kohat, ko-hat', a town of India, on the confines of Afghanistan, capital of the Kohat district, 25 miles S, of Peshawer, Pop. 11,274. Kohat, a district of the Peshawer division of the Pun- jab, including an extensive valley, with beds of sulphur and sources rich in petroleum. Area, 2839 square miles. Capital, Kohat. Pop. 145,419. Koh-Chang, ko^-ch^ng', an island in the Gulf of Siam, about 2 miles S. of Koh-Kud, 6 miles long. Kohdud, the native name of Phookok. Koh-Hissar, Koh-Hisar, ko'-his'sar', or Koh- Rasar, ko'-ra"sar' (the "hill castle"), a ruined city of Asiatic Turkey, 12 miles S.W. of Mardeen. Koh-i-Baba, ko^-e-bi'bi, a mountain-range of Af- ghanistan, off the S.W. extremity of the Hindoo-Koosh. Lat. 34° 30' N.; Ion. 67° 30' to 68° 30' E. Height, 17,640 feet. Kohi-Chihulton, Beloochistan. See Chehl-Tan. Koh-i-Damaun, ko^-e-di-mawn', orKoh-i-Dah- man, ko^-e-d4-m^n' (the "mountain-skirt"), a district of Afghanistan, N, of Cabool, comprising a portion of the S, declivity of the Hindoo-Koosh. Kohistan, ko^his-tin' (the "land of mountains"), is a name applied to the N. part of Afghanistan, and to several portions of Beloochistan and Persia. Koh-Kai-Tai, ko*-ki^-ti'. a group of small islets in the Gulf of Siam, in lat. 11° 57' N., Ion. 99° 38' E. K!oh-Karinj, ko^-ka^-inj', a lofty summit of the Ilin- doo-Koosh, in Afghanistan, about 20 miles N.N.W. of Jel- alabad, about lat. 34° 45' N., Ion. 99° 38' E. Koh-Kohg, ko'-kog', an island in the Gulf of Siam, 30 miles S.E. of Koh-Kud. Koh-Kong, ko^-kong', an island in the Gulf of Siam, in l.at. 9° 30' N., Ion. 104° 30' E. Koh-Krah, ko^-kri', or Cara, ki-ri', an island in the Gulf of Siam, in lat. 8° 30' N., Ion. 101° E. Koh-Kram, ko'-kr4m', an island in the Gulf of Siam, 16 miles S.E. of Koh-Nok. Length, 5 miles. Koh-Kud, ko'-kiid', an island in the Gulf of Siam, in lat. 11° 35' N., Ion. 102° 37' E. Kohleu-JanoAVitz, ko'l^n-yi'no-wits', a town of Bohemia, 33 miles S.E. of Prague. Pop. 2430. Kohlsville, kOlz'vil, a post-hamlet of Washington co.. Wis., about 25 miles S. by E. of Fond du Lac. Koh-Nok, ko^-nok', .an island in the Gulf of Siam, 15 miles S.W. of Koh-See-Chang. Koh-Phai, ko^-fl', a cluster of small islands in the Gulf of Siam, grouped around Cape Liant, the largest of which are Koh-San, Koh-Sam-me-San, and Koh-Kah. Koh-Fhang, ko^-fing', or Sancori, s5,n'ko-ree\ an island in the Gulf of Siam, 30 miles N.E. of Koh-Sama. Koh-Rasar, a city of Turkey. See Koh-Hissae. Kohren, ko'r^n, a town of Saxony, 24 miles S.S.E. of Leipsic, on the Sprottau. Pop. 1146. Koh-Sama, ko'-si'mi, or Carnam, kar^nim', an island in the Gulf of Siam, in lat. 9° 55' N., Ion. 100° E. Koh- Samet, ko*-s4'met', an island in the Gulf of Siam, in lat. 12° 30' N., Ion. 101° 37' E. Koh-See-Chang, or Koh-Si-Chang, ko^-see'- ch^ng', a larger and lesser island, near the head of the Gulf of Siam. Lat. of the larger, 13° 10' N. ; Ion. 100° 59' E. Koh-See-Chang, a harbor in the Gulf of Siam, formed by an island of the same name. Koiner's (koi'nerz) Store, a post-village of Augusta CO., Va., 7i miles from Waynesborough. It has 2 churches. Koisoo, or Koisou, koi-soo', a river of Russia, rises, by four principal heads, on tho N. slope of the Caucasus, and forms two branches, which fall into the Caspian. Kojetein, ko'yi-tine', a town of Austria, in Moravia, . 10 miles S.W. of Prerau. Pop. 3552. Kojuk (ko'jilk') Pass, Afghanistan, traverses the mountains between the valley of Pisbeen and Candahar. Koka, ko'koh\ a village of Hungary, co. and 23 miles E.N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 2258. Kokaboni, ko^i-bo'nee, or Kukabonee, kuk^i- bo'nee, a town of Borneo, on fhe right bank of the Yeoo, in lat. 12° 52' N., Ion. 13° E. Pop. 5000. Kokan, or Kokand, Central Asia. See Khokan. Kokchaga, kok-ch5,'ga, Bolchaia, bol-chi'a, and Ma- laia, mi-li'a, two rivers of Russia, rise in Viatka, flow S., and join the left bank of the Volga. Length, 100 miles. KOK 1158 KON Kokel, ko'kSr or ko'kel, Great and Little, two rivers of Transylvania, which, after a W. course of upwards of 100 miles each, unite at Balasfalva, and the united stream joins the Maros 10 miles N, of Karlsburg. Kokelay, ko-keh-li', a town of Ceylon, on its E. coast, 35 miles N.N.W. of Trincomalee. Ko-King9 ko^-king', a city of China, province of Yun- Nan, on the Yang-tse-Kiang. Ko'komo, a city, capital of Howard eo., Ind., on the Wild Cat River, and on the Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago Railroad where it crosses the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, 54 miles N. of Indianapolis, and 22 miles S.S.E. of Logansport. It is the N.E. terminus of the Frankfort & Kokomo Railroad. It has a court-house, a state normal school, a high school, a national bank, 2 other banks, 5 churches, a foundry, a woollen-mill, several planing- mills, and a stave-factory. Two or 3 weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. in 1870, 2177 ; in 1875, 5720. Koko-Nor, ko'ko-nor', Koko-Noor, koMto-noor', Koke-Xor, ko'keh-nor' (i.e., "blue sea"), or Tsing- Hai, tsing'-hi', a lake of the Chinese Empire, having W. the Desert of Gobi. Length, about 70 miles ; breadth, 40 miles. Area, 2040 square miles. It is salt, and has no outlet. Kokoora, Kokoura, or Kokura, ko-koo'ri, a mari- time town of Japan, in the island of Kioo-Sioo, capital of the province of Fizen, about 100 miles N.N.E. of Nagasaki, on the Strait of Van der Capellen. Lat. 33° 63' 30" N. ; Ion. 130° 50' E. Pop. 16,000. Koksoak, Labrador. See Caniapuscaw. Kokundi, a town of Africa. "See Kaku-vdy. Kola, ko'lA, a town of Russian Lapland, 335 miles N.W. of Archangel, near the mouth of the Kola River in the Arctic Ocean. Lat. 68° 52' N. ; Ion. 33° E. Pop. 749. It is fortified, and has a good port. Kola, a large peninsula of Europe, forming the E. ex- tension of Russian Lapland, and having N.E. the Arctic Ocean and S. the White Sea. Kol'abah, a district of India, Bombay presidency, on the W. coast, just S. of the city of Bombay. Area, 1482 square miles. Pop. 350,405. Kolachi, India. See Kalaichi. Koladyue. See Auacan River. Kolapoor, or Kolhapur, koMa-poor', a native state of India, Bombay presidency. Lat.' 15° 58'-17° 17' N.; Ion. 73° 47'-74° 46' E. Area, 2778 square miles. It is a mountainous region, nominally governed by a rajah, but subject to British authority. Its capital, Kolapoor, is 185 miles S.S.E. of Bombay. Total pop. 802,691. Kolapoor, or KolapuT, a town of the Amrawutti district, India. Pop. 6169. Kolberg, Prussia. See Colbekg. Koldiug, or Colding, kol'ding, a town of Denmark, in Jutland, 10 miles by rail W.S.W. of Fredericia, on an inlet of the Little Belt, enclosed by walls. Pop. 5400. Koldsstein, Moravia. See Goldenstein. Koleah, ko'le-i, a town of Algeria, 18 miles W.S.TV. of Algiers. Pop. 2364. KoMeen', a post-hamlet of Greene co., Ind., on the Bedford, Springville & Owensburg Railroad. Kolemokee Creek, Georgia. See Colamoka Creek. Kolguev, an isl.and of Russia. See Kalguev. Koliazin, Koliasiu, ko-le-^-zeen', or Kalasin, k3i- la-zeen', a town of Russia, SO miles E.N.E. of Tver, on the Volga. Pop. 7167. Kolikod, India. See Calicut. Kolima, a river of Asia. See Kolyma. Kolin, or Neu Kolin, noi ko-leen', a town of Bo- hemia, circle of Kaurzim, on the Elbe, at a railway junc- tion, 35 miles E. of Prague. Pop. 9473. It has manu- factures of cotton, liquor, *.fec. Marshal Daun here defeated Frederick the Great, June 18, 1757. Kdlleda, a town of Prussia. See Colleda. Kollum, kol'lum, a village of the Netherlands, Fries- land, 8 miles S.E. of Dokkum. Pop. 2380. Kolmar, Germany. See Colmar. Koln, a town of Prussia. See Cologne. Kolo, ko'lo, a town of Russia, province and 40 miles N.E. of Kalisz, on an island in the Warta. Pop. 8112. Ko'lo, Koluo, kol'no, or Kojjno, ko'l?-no, a town of Russia, in Poland, government and 16 miles N.N.W. of Lomza. Pop. 4672. Kolo'ko, a post-office of Washington co., Kansas. Kolokythia. See Gulf of Kolokythia. Kolomea, ko-lo-mi'fl, sometimes written Kolomyia, a town of Austrian Galicia, on the Pruth, 112 miles S.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 14,839. It has many potteries. Kolomna, ko-lom'na, a town of Russia, government and 63 miles by rail S.S.E. of Moscow, on the Moskva, near its confluence with the Oka. Pop. 18,808. It has manu- factures of silks and woollens. Kolos, koHosh', or Salzgrtib, silts'groob (Walla- chian, Koshakca, ko-sha-ki'a ?), a town of Transylvania, 12 miles B. of Klausenburg. Pop. 3140. Kolosvar, a city of Transylvania. See Klausenburg. Kolouri, an island of Greece. See Salamis. Kolva, or Kolwa, kol'va, a river of Russia, rises in Perm, and joins the Vishera. Length, 170 miles. Kolyma, or Kolima, ko-le-ml' or ko-lee'mi, a large river of Siberia, rises by several heads near lat. 61° 30' N., and, after a N. course of 700 miles, enters the Arctic Ocean by a wide estuary, near lat. 69° 30' N. and Ion. 161° 30' E. Kolyvan, ko-le-vin', or Tasheka, t3,'shi-k3,\ a small town of Asiatic Russia, government and 110 miles S.AV. of Tomsk, on the Obi, with lead- and gold-mines. Pop. 3418. Kolyvan, a town of Russia. See Revel. Kolyvan Mountains, a spur of the Lesser Altai. Komarno, ko-maR'no, a town of Austria, in Galicia, 25 miles E.N.E. of Sambor. Pop. 3689. Komarom, a town of Hungary. See Comorn. Komhar'sen, or Koraar'sen, a hill-state of India, near the Sutlej, with a capital of the same name, in lat. 31° 19° N., Ion. 77° 30' E. Total area, about 60 square miles. The summers are very warm, and the winters severe. Komlos, komMosh', a town of Hungary, co. of Torontal, 30 miles W.N.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 5491. Kommotau, or Komotau, kom'mo-tow', a town of Bohemia, at the junction of several railways, 10 miles N.N.W. of S.aaz. Pop. 7422. It has manufactures of cot- tons, woollens, chemicals, spirits, &c. Komorn, a town of Hungary. See Comorn. Komo'ka, a post-village in Middlesex co., Ontario, on the Great Western Railway, 10 miles W. of London. It contains 3 stores and 2 hotels, and has a good trade in grain and country produce. Pop. 500. Komstad, kom'stad, a post-office of Clay co., Dakota. Komuldsina, a town of Turkey. See Guhoorjeena. Kon'bo, a lake of Russia, government of Archangel, in Lapland, discharges itself into the Gulf of Kandalaska by two outlets, one at its S.E. and one at its N.W. extremity. It is about 25 miles long by 7 miles broad. Kon'da, a native state of India, Central Provinces. Area, 174 square miles. Pop. 29,590. Kon'evvock', a post-offloe of Yakima co., ATashington, on the Yakima River, 84 miles N.W. of Wallula. Kong, a town of Africa, 500 miles S. of Timbuctoo. Konganoli, kSn-ga-no'le, a town of India, Belgaum district. Pop. 5143. Kong-Chang, kong'-ehdng', a city of China, province of Kan-Soo. Lat. 35° N. ; Ion. 104° s'O' E. Kongen, kong'^n, a town of WUrtemberg, ontheNeckar, 5 miles S.E. of Bsslingen. Pop. 2056. Kong-Ko-To, the Chinese for Zaisan. Kong Mountains, a mountain-range of Africa, com- mencing 200 miles S.E. of Sierra Leone, lat. 9° N., Ion. 9° 20' W., and stretching E. through the Mandingo country, along the N. frontier of Ashantee, and across Dahomey. Height, probably not above 2500 feet. They contain gran- ite and ironstone; but little is known regarding them. Kongsberg, kongs'b^RG (" king's mountain"), a town of Norway, 45 miles by rail W.S.W. of Christiania, on the Lauwen. It has a school of mines, a royal manufac- tory of arms and powder, smeiting-Avorks for silver and cobalt, and manufactures of cloth, iron, toys, cotton goods, &>c. 'The silver-mine of Kongsberg, discovered in 1623, is the most important in the kingdom. Pop. 4800. Kongs'berg, a post-office of Rock co., Minn. Kongsvinger, kongs'ving-§r, a mountain-fortress of Norway, stift of Aggershuus, amt of Hedemarken, beside the Glommen, 45 miles by rail E.N.E. of Christiania. Konicz, a village of Bohemia. See Kaunitz. Konieli, ko'ne-eh, Konia, Koniah, or Konlyeh, ko'ne-a or ko'ne-y9h (anc. Ico'nium), a city of Asia Minor, capital of the vilayet of Konieh. Lat. 37° 51' N. ; Ion. 32° 40' E. Pop. 40,000. Its walls, which are from 2 to 3 miles in circumference, were built with materials of ancient edi- fices, by the Seljook sultans, whose capital it was in the twelfth century. The most remarkable building is the In- jemi Minareh Djami, with exquisite tracery, fret-work, and mouldings. It has numerous other mosques, some colleges, Armenian churches, public baths, khans, extensive suburbs, a fortified palace, with some massive Arabic architecture, and some manufactures of carpets and colored leather. It is noted for its great numbers of dervishes. KON 1159 KOO Konig, a German word, signifying " king," forms iv part of numerous names in Central Europe, as Ko.viGSBEftG, " King's Mountain," Konigsbach, " King's Brooli," tfec. Koiiiggratz, ko'nic-grfits*, a fortified town of Austria, in Bohemia, 64 miles by rail E.N.E. of Prague, on the Elbe. Pop. 5493. Chief edifices, a cathedral, Jesuits' church, and episcopal palace. It is the see of a bishop-suffragan of Prague, and has a seminary, a gymnasium, and manufac- tures of organs, gloves, and candles.' Konigheim, ko'nio-hime*, a town of Baden, 3 miles W.S.W. of Bischofsheim. Pop. 1S3S. Konighiitte, ko'nia-hilt^tfh, a village of Prussia, in Hanover, 15 miles S.S.E. of Clausthal. It has important iron-works, which employ 500 persons, Kiiuiginhof, ko'nio-in-hor, a town of Bohemia, 16 miles by rail N. of Koniggriitz, on the Elbe. Pop. 6222. It has manufactures of cottons, linen fabrics, and leather, Konigsaal, ko'niG-s3,r, a village of Bohemia, on the Moldau, 7 miles S. of Prague. Pop. 1618. Konigsbach, ko'nies-biK', a town of Baden, 10 miles S.E. of Carlsruho, with a castle. Pop. 2033. Konigsberg, ko'niGs-b^Ke^, a town of Bohemia, 10 miles W.S.W. of Elbogen, on the Eger. Pop. 4093. Konigsberg, ko'nios-b^RG^ or Uj-Banya, oo'ee- b3,n'yoh\ a town of Hungary, co. of Baos, on the Gran, 24 miles E.N.E. of Neutr.a. Pop. 4490. Konigsberg, or Koenigsberg, ken'igz-bSrg (Ger. pron. ko'niGS-beiiG* ; L. Mone Re'glus ; Polish, Krolewiicz, kro-li've-Stoh^), a fortified city of East Prussi.a, and capi- tal of the government of the same name, at the junction of numerous railways, 338 miles N.E. of Berlin, and on the Pregel, 5 miles from its mouth in the Frische-HafT. Lat. 54° 42' 8" N.; Ion. 20° 30' 2" E. Pop. 122,636. It was once the capital of Prussia, and the residence of the Elec- tors of Brandenburg, and ranks as the third city in the Prussian dominions. It is one of the most strongly forti- fied towns in the world. It consists of the town proper and of four suburbs. The former is divided into three parts, — the Altstadt, or Old Town, situated on the W., Ldbenicht on the E., and Kneiphof, situated on an island formed by the Pre- gel, which, before entering the town from the E., divides into two arms. The communication between the island and the opposite banks is kept up by bridges. The principal edifices are the royal castle, built in 1257 ; the former fort- ress of Friedrichsburg, now used as a store j the exchange, built in 1624; the town house; the cathedral, built in 1332, with tombs of the grand masters of the Teutonic order and of the Dukes of Prussia ; citadel, exchange, and theatre. The university, founded in 1554 by the Margrave Albert, and hence called the Albertine, has a library of more than 250,000 volumes, a zoological museum, and other valuable collections, an observatory which the labors of Bessel have rendered famous, and a botanic garden. There are, besides, 2 theological seminaries, 3 gymnasia, schools of art and architecture, and deaf, dumb, and blind asylums. The manufactures comprise woollens, cottons, linens, silks, soap, tobacco, leather, starch, sealing-wax, and refined sugar. The Pregel lias a bar across its mouth, with not more than from 5 to 6 feet of water ; large vessels bound for Konigs- berg land at Pilau, which is its port. The trade, notwith- standing a considerable decline, is still important. The chief exports are wheat, rye, barley, pulse, flax, hemp, rape- seed, oil-cake, bones, timber, wool, mats, and feathers. The principal imports are colonial produce, iron in pigs and bars, coal, cotton-wool, cotton twist, wine, spirits, and un- refined sugar. Konigsberg was founded in 1265, in 1365 became a member of the Hanseatio League, in 1626 was surrounded with walls, and in 1657 received a strong ad- ditional defence in the citadel of Friedrichsburg. Konigsberg, a government of East Prussia, bounded N. by the Baltic. Area, 8145 square miles. P. 1,101,647. Konigsberg, a town of Prussia, province of Branden- burg, 41 miles N. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. It is walled, and has several courts and public oflices, 2 churches, a court- house, a gymnasium, and a hospital. Pop. 6350. Konigsbriick, ko'niGs-briik\ or Kunsberg, a town of Saxony, 17 miles N.N.E. of Dresden. Pop. 2020. Konigsee, kb'niG-si^ a town of Germany, in Schwarz- burg-Rudolstadt, on the Rhine, 17 miles AV.S.W. of Rudol- stadt. Pop. 2486. Konigsee, or Bartholomaussee,baR-toro-mi'oos- si, a lake in the S.E. of Bavaria. Length, 5 miles. Konigsegg, ko'ni6-s§gg\ Kiinigseck, ko'niG-sek^, or Kunizak, koom'zik, a town of Bohemia, with a fine ohureh and school, 31 miles S.E. of Tabor. Pop. 2489. Konigsfeld, kii'niGs-fSlt', or Neudorf, noi'doKf, a village of Moravia, 2 miles N. of Briinn. Pop. 1407. Kouigshain, kS'niGs-hJn", a village of Prussian Sile- sia, 61 miles W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1280. Konigshofen, ko'niGs-ho'f^n, a town of Baden, 17 miles S.E. of Wertheim. Pop. 1306. Konigshofen, a village of Ilhenish Prussia, 20 miles W.N.W. of Cologne. Pop. 2764. Konigshofen-im-Grabfelde, ko'niGs-ho'f^n-im- griLb'f^l-d§h, a town of Bavaria, on the Saale, 44 miles K.E, of Wurzburg. Pop. 2029. Konigshiitte, ko'niGs-hiitHeh, a town of Prussia, in Silesia, on a railway, 64 miles E.S.E. of Oppeln. It has large iron- and zinc-works, coal-mines, and renowned min- eral baths. Pop. 26,040. Konigslutter, ko'nios-loot't^r, a town of Germany, duchy of Brunswick, 9 miles W.lST.W. of Helmstedt, on the Lutter. Pop. 2554. It has an ancient Benedictine church, with monuments to the Emperor Lothaire II., to his em- press, and to Henry of Bavaria, &c. KonigstUdtl, kb'niG-stSttT, or Wiestetz-Kra- lowy, we-4s'tMs-kr4-lo've, a town of Bohemia, 40 miles E.N.E. of Prague. Pop. 2207. Konigstein, kb'nic-stine^ (^'-c., "king's rock"), a town of Saxony, 17 miles S.E. of Dresden, on the left bank of the Elbe. Pop. 3261. It has a fortress situated on a rock, 450 feet high, and one of the few in Europe never yet taken. The royal treasures are usually deposited here during war. Konigstein, a town of Germany, in Nassau, 12 miles N.E. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 1361. Konigswald, ko'niGs-^V3.1t\ a village of Bohemia, on' the Erlau, 10 miles from Tetschen. Pop. 1510. Konigswalde, ko'nios-wardjh, a town of Prussia, government of Frankfort, near Sternberg. Pop, 1564. Konigsvvalde, a village of Saxony, 4 miles N.W. of Zwickau. Pop. 2549. Kijnigswarth, ko'niGs-want\ a town of Bohemia, 15 miles S.S.W. of Elbogen, with mineral springs. Pop. 1767. Its noble castle, the property of Prince Metternich, contains a splendid collection of works of art. Konigswinter, ko'niGs-ftinHer, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 21 miles S.S.E. of Cologne, on the Rhine. P. 2565. Konin, ko'nin, a town of Russian Poland, province and 33 miles N.N.E. of Kalisz, on the Warta. Pop. 8144. Koningshoyckt, ko'nings-hoikt^, a village of Bel- gium, 13 miles S.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 2103. Konis'lca, a post-ofiice or hamlet of McLcod oo., Minn., on the South Fork of Crow River, 60 miles W. of St. Paul. Konitz, ko'nits, a town of Austria, in Moravia, 18 miles W.S.W. of Olmutz. Pop. 2022. Konitz, or Choynica, Koy-neet'si, a town of Prussia, 58 miles W.S.W. of Marienwerder. It has a gymnasium and manufactures of cloth and linen. Pup. 8046. Koniyeh, Asiatic Turkey. See Konieh. Koniz, ko'nits, a vill.age a,nd parish of Switzerland, canton of Bern, 2 miles S.W. of Bern. Pop. 6386. Konkair, a town of India. See Conkaik. Konnern, kbn'n^rn, a town of Prussia. Sec CoNNERy. Konniaga, one of the Aleutian Islands. See Kanaga. Konnon Kondore, kon'non' kon-dor', an isl.and in the China Sea, off the S.E. coast of Anam. Lat. 8° 40' N. ; Ion. 106° 66' E. Konotop, ko-no-top', a town of Russia, government and 96 miles E. of Chernigov, on a railway. Pop. 9946. Kouovits, or Konowits, ko'no-vits\ an island of Russia, in Finland, near the W. shore of Lake Ladoga. Konradsreutii,or Conradsreuth, kon'rads-roit", a village of Bavaria, 27 miles N.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1786. Konskaia, kon-ski'i, a river of Russia, flows W., and enters the Dniester at Nikopol, after a W. course of 130 miles. Konskie, konsk'yi, Konski, kon'skee, or Konsk, a town of Poland, government and 35 miles S.W. of Radom. It has iron-forges, and manufactures of cutlery, r-LuN, Kouloi, a river of llussia. See KooLOi. Koum, a river of Russia. See Koom. Kouma, a village of Russia. See KooMA. Koum-Shah, a town of Persia. See Koome-Shah. Kounashir, Kooril Islands. See Kooxasheer. Koundouz, a town of Asia. See Khoondooz. Koungour, .a town of Russia. See Koongoor, Kounia, a river of Russia. See Koonia. Koupiansk, a town of Russia. See Koopiansk. Kour, a river of West Asia. See KooR. Kouramas, a river of Asia Minor. See Kara-Soo. Kourdistau, a country of West Asia. See Koordistan, Kourile Islands. See Kooril Islands. Kour-Kara-Onsson. See Sooi-Ching-Bao. Koursk, a government of Russia. See Koorsk. Kous, a town of Upper Egypt. See Ghoos. Koushan, a pass of the Hindoo-Koosh. See KoosHArr. Kouskoguim, a river of Alaska. See Kuskoqitim. Koussie,kow'see,Kow'sie River, or Sand River, in Cape Colony, South Africa, enters the Atlantic in lat. 29° 40' S., Ion. 17° E. Kouta, a river of Asiatic Russia. See Koota. Koutaieh, a town of Asia Minor. See Kutaieh. Koutais, a town of Asiatic Russia. See Kootais. Kouts' (kowts'iz) Station, a post-hamlet of Porter CO., Ind., on the railroad which connects Chicago with Logansport, 61 miles S.E. of Chicago. Kouznets, or Kouznetz, Russia. See Kooznets. Kovaja, a town of Turkey. See Kavaya. Kovdo, Kowdo, kov'do, or Kovdozero, kov-do- zi'ro, a lake of Russia, in the W. part of the government of Archangel, about 30 miles long by 24 miles broad, con- tains numerous islands, and discharges itself by the river Kovda into the Gulf of Kandalaska. Kovel, or KoAvel, ko-v^l', a town of Russia, in Vol- hynia, 97 miles N.W. of Ostrog. Pop. 4919. Kovesd, Mezo, Hungary. See Mezo Kotezsd. Kovno, or Kowno, kov'no (Ger. Kauen, kow'en ; L. Couna), a town of Russia, capital of the government of Kovno, 58 miles by rail AV.N.AV. of Vilna, on the right bank of the Niemen, at the influx of the Svieta-Niemen. Pop. 33,050. It has many religious establishments. Lai'ge KOV 1164 KRE quantities of mead are brewed here, and tlie town has an active trade in corn, &c. Koviio, formerly Samogitia, a government of Rus- sia, bordering on Germany, and nearly reaching the Baltic. Area, 15,686 square miles. It is generally level and well watered, and has extensive forests. Few of its people are Russians, the old stock being Samogitians, a people speak- ing a language closely allied to the Lithuanian. Capital, Kovno. Pop. 1,156,041. Kovrov, or Kowrow, kov'rov, a town of Russia, gov- ernment and 75 miles by rail N.E. of Vladimeer. P. 4893. Kowal, or Koval, ko'vil, a town of Poland, govern- ment, province, and 80 miles W.N.W. of Warsaw. Lat. 52° 32' N. ; Ion. 21° 30' B. Pop. 3126. Kowaliga, kow'.a-li-gah, post-office, Elmore co., Ala. Kowarra (or Quorra) River. See Niger. Kowno, a town of Russia. See Kovno. Kowrah, kSw'ri, a town of India, in Cutoh, in an oasis of the Runn, 36 miles N. of Bhooj. Kowreenagur, kow-ree-ni-gur', a town of India, in the Guzerat peninsula, 10 miles N.N.W. of Din Head. Koivsie River, South Africa. See Koussie. Koyl'ton, a township of Tuscola co., Mich. Pop. 580. Kozelsk, or Koselsk, ko-z^lsk', a town of Russia, 35 miles S.S.W. of Kalooga, on the Zhizdra. Pop. 7368. Kozieglow, ko-ze-i'glov', a town of Russian Poland, 50 miles N.W. of Cracow. Pop. 1700. Kozieuice, koz-y4-neet'si, a town of Poland, 65 miles N.W. of Sandomier, on the Vistula. Pop. 3059. Kozlov. See Koslov and Eupatouia. Kozlowitz, kots'lo-wits\ or Kozlowice, kots'lo- veet'si, a village of Moravia, 10 miles from Freyburg. Kozmin, koz-meen', or Koschiniu, kosh-meen', a town of Prussia, 47 miles S.S.E. of Posen. Pop. 3863. K.ra, island and isthmus. See Kraw. Krabbenduke, or Krabbeiidyke, krab'b?n-dike', a village of the Netherlands, in the island of South Bevc- land, 11 miles S.E. of Goes. Pop. 1011. Kragero, krag'?r-o, a post-township of Chippewa co., Minn. Pop. 215. Krageroe, kr3.'gher-o"eh, a town of Norway, on an inlet of the Skager-Ra'ck, 70 miles N.E. of Christiansand. Pop. 4250. Kraguyevatz, or Kragiyewatz, kri-goo'ye-vitz, a town of Servia, 15 miles W. of Jagodin. It has a gym- nasium, a normal school, an armory, a powder-mill, and an arsenal. Pop. 6663. Kraienke, a town of Prussia. See Krojanke. Krailsheim, or Crailsheim, krils'hime, a town of WUrtemberg, 13 miles N. of EUwangen. Pop. 4482. Krain, a province of Austria. See Carniola. Krain, a township of Stearns co., Minn. Pop. 144. Krainburg, krin'booRO, or Kraiu, krin, a town of Carniola, 15 miles N.W. of Laybach, on the Save. P. 2000. Krajova, or Kraiova, kra-yo'vi, a town of Rou- mania, former capital of Little Wallachia, near the left bank of the Schyl, 120 miles (160 miles by rail) W. of Bucharest. It has numerous churches, and an active trade in salt from neighboring mines. Pop. 22,764. Krakatoa, kra-k4-to'i, or Crockatoa, kro-k5,-to'4, an island of the Strait of Sunda, lat. 6° 9' S., Ion. 106° 29' E., about 6 or 7 miles long and 4 or 5 miles broad. Krakau, or Krakow, Poland. See Cracow. KrakoAV, kr^'kov, a town of Germany, in Mecklenburg- Schworin, 33 miles S. of Schwerin. It has manufactures of straw hats, cotton fabrics, and tiles. Pop. 2022. Kraliugen, kri'Ung-§n, a parish and vill.age of the Netherlands, on the Leek, 3 miles N.E. of Rotterdam. It has salmon-fisheries. Pop. 7530. Kralowitz, kr4'lo-*its\ or Cynadrowy, tsin-4-dro'- vee, a town of Bohemia, 19 miles N.N.E. of Pilsen. Kramm's Station, a post-ofBce of Peoria co.. 111. Kranach, a town of Bavaria. See Kronach. Krauholin, krin'holm, a small island of Russia, in Esthonia, in the Narova, near Narva. Kranicliberg, kri'niK-bSRs', or Kranaberg, krJl'- na-b6[iG\ a village of Lower Austria, on a railway, near Glocknitz. Pop. 1343. Kranichfeld, kri'niK-f51t\ or Keran'ichfeld, a town of Saxe-Meiningen and Saxe- Weimar, on the Ilm, 11 miles S.W. of AVeimar. Pop. 1672. Kranidi, kri'nee'dee, or Kranidion, a town of Greece, 23 miles S.E. of Nauplia. Its inhabitants are expert divers and sponge-fishei'S, Pop. 7185. Kranowitz, kri'no-*its\ or Kranowice, kr4-no- veet's^, a town of Prussia, in Silesia, 50 miles S.S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 2602. Krapivna, or Krapiwna, kri-piv'ni, a town of Rus- sia, 25 miles S.W. of Toola, on the Oopa. Pop. 2446. Krappitz, krip'pits, a town of Prussia, in Silesia, on the Oder, 15 miles S. of Oppeln. Pop. 2553. Krasnik, kr5,s'nik, a town of Poland, government and 28 miles S.W. of Lublin. Pop. 4165. Krasnistaw, krl,s-nis'tiv, or Krassnostaw, a town of Poland, 34 miles S.E. of Lublin, on the Wieprz and a small lake. Pop. 4870. Krasnoe-Szelo (or -Selo), kris'no-i-si'Io, a village of Russia, 18 miles S.S.E. of St. Petersburg. It has manu- factories, a normal school, a hospital, and a royal palace. Krasnoi, krAs-noi', or Krassiiyj, a town of Russia, government and 18 miles W.S.W. of Smolensk, on the Svinaia. Pop. 3493. Here, on the 5th and 6th of No- vember, 1812, the French were defeated by the Russians. Krasnoi-Kholm, kris-noi'-Kolm, a town of Russia, government and 95 miles N.E. of Tver. Pop. 1932. Krasnoi- Yar, kris-noi'-yan, or Krassnyj-Jar, a town of Russia, government and 35 miles E.N.E. of Astra- khan, on an island in the Volga. Pop. 4:761. Krasnokootsk, Krasnokoutsk, or Krasuo- kutsk, krds-no-kootsk', a town of Russia, government and 41 miles W. of Kharkov, on the Merlo. Pop. 5678. Krasno-Oofimsk, Krasno-Oufimsk, or Kras- no-Ufimsk, kris'no-oo-feemsk', a town of Russia, gov- ernment and 110 miles from Perm, on the Oofa. Pop. 3682. Krasnoslobodsk, kris-no-slo-bodsk', a town of Rus- sia, government and 105 miles N.N.W. of Penza, on the Moksha. It has an active trade in corn. Pop. 4236. Kras^novodsk', a cape and Russian fortress on the E. shore of the Caspian Sea, in lat. 39° 59' 35" N. It is the most noted military post in the Trans-Caspian region. Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoiarsk, or Krasnojarsk, kris-no-yarsk', a town of Siberia, capital of the govern- ment of Yeniseisk, in a fertile plain, on the Yenisei. Lat. 6° N.; Ion. 92° 57' 10" E. It is the emporium of a wide region, and has several churches, government ofiices, and manufactures of leather. Pop. 14,159. Krasuystav, or Krasuystaw. See Krasnistaw. Krasso, krosh^sho', a county of Hungary, bounded N. by the river Maros, and E., in part, by Transylvania. Area, 2024 square miles. It is a mountain-region, with forests and rich mines; and most of its people are Roumanians. The valleys are fertile and the climate is pleasant. Capital, Lugos. Pop. 273,827. Krasso, or Krassova, krosh'sho'voh', a town of Hun- gary, CO. of Krass6, 33 miles S. of Lugos. Pop. 3789. Kraszna, krAss'noh\ or Karasz'na, a river of Transylvania,, flows N. 80 miles, and joins the Theiss. Kraszna, a town of Hungary, co. of Szilagy, 40 miles E. of Grosswardein. Pop. 3128. Kratz, krats, a station in Montgomery co.. Pa., on the Perkiomen Railroad, 27 miles S. of AUentown. Kratzau, krit'zow, or Krasa, kr4's4, a town of Bo- hemia, 29 miles N. of Runtzlau. Pop. 3959. Kratz'erville, a post-hamlet of Snyder co.. Pa., 5 miles N.W. of Selin's Grove. It has 2 churches. Krauchthal, krowK't5,l, a village of Switzerland, can- ton and 9 miles N.E. of Bern. Pop. 2506. Krauna, krow'ni, a town of Bohemia, 29 miles from Chrudim. Pop. 1410. Kraupen, a town of Bohemia. See Grahpen. Krautheim, krowt'hime, a town of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, not far from the Jaxt. Pop. 1821. Kraw,Kra, Krah, kr^., or Poolo Kra, poo'lo kri,, two islands, called the North and South Kra, between the W. side of Malacca and the island of Poolo Penang. Kraw, Isthmus of. See Isthmus of Kraw. Krawang, kr&-wing', a Dutch residency of Java, on the N. coast. Pop. 270,868. Capital, Poerwakarta. KraAvarn, Deutsch, doitsh kr^'^arn, a village of Prus- sian Silesia., 36 miles S.S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 2867. Kreamer, kree'm^r, Kre'nier, or Smith Grove, a post-hamlet of Snyder co., Pa., on Middle Creek, and on the Lewistown division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 13 miles S.W. of Sunbury. It has 2 churches, a hotel, and about 30 houses. The name of its post-office is Kreamer. Krefeld, a town of Prussia. See Crefeld. Kreibitz, a town of Bohemia. See Kreybitz. Kreidersville, kri'd?rz-vil, a post-village of North- ampton CO., Pa., in Allen township, 9 miles N. of AUen- town. It has a foundry and a grist-mill. Krcischa, kri'shi, a town of Saxony, 10 miles from Dresden. Pop. 1410. Kreinenets, kri-m^h-nSts', a town of Russia, in Vol- hynia, 36 miles W.S.W. of Ostrog. Pop. 11,819. KRE 1 Krementchoo^:, Krementchoug, Krement- chag, or Krementschug, kr^in-5nt-shoog', a town of Russia, government and 64 miles by rail S.W. of Poltava, on the Dnieper, here crossed by a bridge. Pop. 30,472. It is enclosed by an earthen rampart, and has manufactures of hats, sugar, nitre, silver-ware, and soap. Kremlin, a city of Russia. See Moscow. Krem'Uii Milts, a post-office of Butler co., Mo. Kreinmen, kr^m'm^n, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, 25 miles N. of Potsdam. Pop. 2S41. Kremnitz, or Cremnitz, kr^m'nits (Hun. ICdnnocz Bani/a, koii^mots' b3.n'y6h^), a town of Hungary, in Bars, on a railway, S miles' W. of Neusohl. Pop. 8442. It stands in a deep valley, surrounded by hills, and has several sub- urbs, a gymnasium, a mint, and a miners' infirmary. Its mines have yielded much silver and some gold. Attached to the mines are smelting- and washing-works. Kremnitz has manufactures of earthenware, chemicals, and paper; and it is supplied with water by an aqueduct 50 miles in length. A tunnel 9 miles long drains the mines. Kreinpe, krfim'peh, a town of Prussia, in Holstein, 4 miles N.N.E, of Gliickstadt, Pop. 1199. XCreins, krSms, a town of Austria, on the left bank of the Danube, at the influx of the Krems, at a railway junction, 88 miles N.W. of Vienna. Pop. 6114. It is enclosed by old walls, and has a Piarist college, military and high schools, large barracks, and alum-, nitre-, button-, soda-, mustard-, and vinegar-factories. The town is adjacent to Stein. Krems, a village of Austria, in Styria, circle of Gratz, with a castle and manufactures of block-tin. Kremsir, Kremsier, krSm'seer, or Kremiekitz, kr5m'yi-kits\ a town of Moravia, 12 miles S.W. of Prerau, on the March. Pop. 9110. It has a Piarist college, a gymnasium, a high school, and a fine summer residence of the Archbishop of Olmutz. Kremsmiinster, krflms'miin^ster, a village of Upper Austria, on the Krems, 13 miles W. of Steyer. It has 1713 inhabitants and several superior schools. On a height above the town is a celebrated Benedictine abbey, founded a.d. 772, and having a library, an observatory, and various museums of art and science, with about 300 students. Krenitzin (kri-nit-seen') Islands, Aleutian Archi- pelago, so called from Krenitzin, the navigator who first saw them. They are five in number. Kres'geville, a post-hamlet of Monroe co.. Pa., about 24 miles N.W. of Easton. Krestovskoi, kres-tov'skoi, a group of islands of Asi- atic Russia, in the Arctic Ocean, in the Kolyma estuary. Krestzy, krSst'zee, a town of Russia, government and 50 miles E.S.E. of Novgorod. Pop. 3173. Kreuth, kroit, a bathing-place and village of Upper Bavaria, on the Tegern-See, 34 miles S.E, of Munich. Krentz, or Kreuz, kroits, a German word signifying " cross," forming a prefix to many names in Central Europe. Kreutz, kroits, a town of Croatia, 24 miles S.S.E. of Warasdin, Pop. 2229. It is a bishop's see. Kreutznach, Kreuznack, or Kreuznach, kroits'- nS,K, a town and watering-place of Rhenish Prussia, on the Nahe, 8 miles by rail S. of Bingen. Pop. 13,772. It stands in a fertile and picturesque tract at the foot of a castle- crowned hill, and is separated by the river into two parts, connected by a stone bridge. It has Roman Catholic, Lu- theran, and Calvinist churches, a synagogue, a gymnasium, and manufactures of leather, snuff, and woollens, mineral springs, and important salt-works. Kreuzberg, kroits'b^RC, or Kreuzburck, kroits'- b5oRk, a town of Bohemia, 26 miles S.E. of Czaslau. P. 1479. Kreuzbnr^, a town of Prussia. See Creuzburg. Kreuzburg, kroits'booRC, a town of East Prussia, 15 miles S.W. of Konigsberg, with a castle. Pop. 2004. Kreuzburg, a town of Germany, in Sa.xe-Weimar, on the AVerra, 16 miles N.W, of Eisenach. Pop. 1956. Kreuzburg, or Krentzburg, a fortified town of Russia, government of Vitebsk, on the Duna, 52 miles W. of Rezhitsa. Pop. 1228. It has a palace. Kreybitz, or Kreibitz, kri'bits, a town of Bohemia, 28 miles N.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 2569. Kribb's Farm, a post-office of Clarion co., Pa. Krick's Mill, a post-office of Berks co., Pa., about 14 miles W.N.W. of Reading. Kriegshaber, kreeGs'h3,-ber, a village of Bavaria, circle of Swabia, near Augsburg. Pop. 1739. Krienz, or Kriens, kre-4nts', a village of Switzer- land, canton and 2 miles S.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 3324. Kriesdorf, krees'doRf, or Griesdorf, grees'doRf, a village of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau, Pop. 2000. Krilov, Krylov, or Krilow, kre-lov', a town of Rus- >5 KRO sia, government and 170 miles N.N.E. of Kherson, on the Dnieper. Pop. 2600. Krim, Russia. See Crimea and TAtrninA. Ki'immitschau, Saxony. See Crimmitzschatt. Krimpen-aan-de-Lek, krim'p§n-4n-di-l^k, a vil- lage of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 6^ miles E. by S. of Rotterdam, on the Lek, where it falls into the Meuse. Krimpen-op-den-Yssel, krim'pen-op-dfin-Ts's^l, a village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 5 miles E, of Rotterdam. Pop. 1636. Kripple (krip'p'l) Bush, a post-hamlet of Ulster co., N.Y., about 14 miles S.W. of Rondout. It has a church. Krishna, a river of South India. See Kistnah. Krishnagiinge, or Krishnaganj, krish*na-gunj', a town of the Purneah district, Bengal. Lat. 26° 7' 26" N.; Ion. 87° 58' E. Pop. 8490. Krishnug^ur, or Krishnas^ar, krish-nug'gGr, written also Kishnughur and Krishanagar, also called Goari, go-S-'ree, a town of Bengal, capital of the Nuddea district, 104 miles N. of Calcutta. It has noted manufac- tures of artistic clay figures, a normal school, and a govern- ment college, and is on the navigable Jullungee or Jalangi River. Pop, 26,750, Krisso, kris'so, or Chryso (anc. Cn'eeaf), a small town of Greece, in Phocis, 5 miles S.E. of Salona. Kristinestad, Finland. See Chrtstinestabt. Kritschew, krit'sh^v, or Kriczew, krit's^v, a mar- ket-town of Russia, government and 57 miles E.S.E. of Moheelev, Pop, 3398. Kritskoi (krit'skoi) Island, Behring's Strait; lat. of the E. point, 56° 0' 7" N., Ion. 160° 41' W. Krivan, kre-vin', a mountain of the Carpathians, on the frontiers of Galicia. Height, 8000 feet. Krivitz, or Crivitz,kree'vits, a town of Mecklenburg- Schwerin, ]0 miles E.S.E. of Schwerin. Pop. 3099. Kroben, kro'ben, a town of Prussian Poland, govern- ment of Posen, S.E. of Kosten. Pop. 1680. Kroghville, or Krogville, krog'vil, a post-office of Jefferson co.. Wis. Krohne, kron, a post-office of Burleson co., Tex. Krojanke, kro-yjln'ki, written also Kraienke, a town of Prussia, 86 miles W.S.W. of Marienwerder. P. 3303. Krolevets, KroleAvetz, kro-ld-v^ts', or Korole- vetz, ko-ro-li-vSts', a town of Russia, government and 100 miles E.S.E. of Chernigov. Pop. 8145. It was for- merly the residence of the governor of Little Russia. Krolevviecz, the Polish name of Konigsberg. Krommeny, or Krommenie, krom'mi-ni^, a village of the Netherlands, province of North Holland, 12 miles N.E. of Haarlem. Pop. 2828, Kromy, kro'mee, a town of Russia, government and 20 miles S.W. of Orel, on the Kroma. Pop. 2992. Kronach, kro'n5,K, sometimes written Kranach, a town of Bavaria, in Upper Franeonia, at the foot of a mountain croAvned by the castle of Rosenberg, on a rail- way, and on the Kronach, 22 miles N.W. of Baireuth. Pop. 3685. The painter Kranach was born here in 1472. Krone, kro'neh, or Koronowo, ko-ro-no'wo, a town of Prussia, 13 miles N.N.W. of Bromberg. Pop. 3726. Krone, Deutsch, Prussia. See Deutsch-Krone. Kroneiiberg, kro'nen-b^RGV, a town of Rhenish Prus- sia, government and 15 miles E. of Busseldorf. It has manufactures of iron and steel. Pop. 8167. Kronenberg, a town of Nassau. See Cronberg, Kronprinzenkog, kron'print-sen-kog\ a village of Prussia, in Holstein, in South I)itmarsh. Pop. 1120, Kronstadt, kron'sta,tt, or Krtinen, krii'nen (Hun. Bra98o,hrosh^sho' ; anc. Braaeovi urn), a town of Hungary, in Transylvania, capital of the county of Kronstadt, roman- tically situated in a narrow valley formed by a triangular opening in the mountains which separate Transylvania from Roumania, 70 miles E.S.E. of Hermannstadt, and 2000 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 46° 36' 30" N.; Ion. 25° 33' 53" E. The environs are occupied partly by old, frown- ing castles seated on rugged heights, partly by villas sur- rounded by gardens; and immediately in front of the prin- cipal entrance is a large esplanade ornamented with avenues of trees and a Turkish kiosk, forming the principal place of public resort. The town is well and regularly built. It consists of the inner town, surrounded by walls and inhabited by Saxons; the suburb of Altstadt, inhabited by Szeklers; and that of Bulgar, by Roumanians. The chief edifices are a Lutheran church, 2 other Protestant, 2 Roman Catholic, and 2 Greek churches, town hall, and barracks. It has a Protestant gymnasium and a Roman Catholic school. It was formerly the first commercial place in Transylvania, but its trade has declined. Its manufactures comprise coarse KRO 1166 KUL woollens, linens, leather, metallic wares, paper, tfec. Al- though in nearly the same latitude as Venice and Lyons, its climate is very cold. Pop. 27,766. The county of Kron- stadt has an area of 690 square miles and a pop. of 83,090. Kronstadt, a town of Russia. See Cronstadt. Kropelin, kro'p^h-leen', a town of Germany, in Meck- lenburg-Sohwerin, 15 miles W. of Rostock. Pop. 2.360. Kroppenstett, a town of Saxony. See Croppenstadt. Krossen, a town of Pruss'a. See Crossen. Krossno, or Kroisno, kross'no, a town of Austria, in Galicia, 13 miles E.S.E. of Jaslo, on the Wisloka. Pop. 2450, It has a castio and some convents, and is an entrepot for Hungarian wines. Krotoszyn, orKrotoschin, kro-to-sheen', a town of Prussia, 54 miles S.S.E. of Posen. Pop. 803-t. It has manu- factures of woollen and linen fabrics, tobacco, leather, and chiccory, and a large trade in wool. Krotzingeii, krot'sing-en, a village of Baden, 9 miles by rail S.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 1274. Krotzka, krots'ki, Grotzka, gvots'kj, or Stolnatz, stol'nS,ts, a town of Servia, 10 miles W. of Semendria, on the Danube. Kroya, or Croya, kroy'a (Turk. Ak-Hisear, ik-his"- sar'), a town of Albania, sanjak and 45 miles S.S.E. of Scutari. It has manufactures of arms. Pop. 12,000. Krozet Islands. See Crozet Islands. Kruegerville, kru'ghfr-vil, post-office, Warren co.. Mo. Kruft^ krooft, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government of Coblentz, near llayen. Pop. 1380. Kruiningeii, kroi'ning-eu, a village of the Nether- lands, in South Beveland, 8 miles S.E. of Goes. Pop. 2210. Kriyevacz, a town of Servia. See Alaja-Hissah. Kriini, a town of Russia. See Stab KRi)jf. Krumau, kroo'mCw, a town of Bohemia, 14 miles S.S.W. of Budweis, on an island in the Moldau. Pop. 6712. It has manufactures of cottons, woollens, and paper, and a fine palace of Prince Schwarzenberg. Krumbach, kroom'b^K, a town of Bavaria, on a river of its own n.ame, 27 miles W.S.W. of Augsburg. P. 1200. Krumhermersdorf, kroom-hdn'mers-doRf\a village of Saxony, 7 miles S.E. of Chemnitz. Pop. 2361. Krummenau, krum'meh-now\ a village of Switzer- land, in St. Gall, 12 miles S.W. of Appenzell. Pop. 1406. Krummenols, krum'men-ols\ or Wasserols, wis'- ser-bls\ a village of Prussia, in Silesia, government of Liegnitz. Pop. 1308. Kriinen, Transylvania. See Kronstadt. Krusenstern, kroo'zen-stern* (or Ailu, I'loo) Is- lands, a group in the Pacific Ocean, Marshall's Archipel- ago. Lat. of the northernmost, 10° 27' N. ; Ion. 170° E. The group is 15 miles long and 5 miles broad. See also Ingaliuk Island. Krushovatz, Servia, See Ala.ia-Hissae. Kryci Islands, Alaska. See Rat Islands. Krylov, a town of Russia. See Krilov. Krzepice, k'zhpeet'si, Nowe, no'vi, and Stara, st^'- ri, two places of Russian Poland, on opposite sides of the Liswarta, 60 miles S.S.E. of Kalisz. Pop. 1315. Krzizanowitz, kzheez-i-no'wits, a village of Prussia, in Silesia, 50 miles S.S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. liOO. Kshetra, the ancient name of Chattra. Ksynia, a town of Prussia. See ExiN. Kuba, a town of Russia. See Kooba. Kuban, a river of Russia. See Kooban. Kiibbes, kub'bes, or Khubbus, kfib'biis, written also Khebis and Kebis, a town of Persia, province of Kho- rassan, 135 miles E.S.E. of Yezd. Kubin, koo'been', a village of Hungary, in Banat, 65 miles S.S.W. of Temesvar. Pop. 4130. Kubina, a river of Russia. See Koobina. Kubin, Also, a village of Hungary. See Als^-Kubis. Kubinskoe, a lake of Russia. See Koobinskoe. Kuch Behar, India. See Cooch Bahar. Kuchin, a former name of Sarawak. Kuchnai-Serai, India. See Kachnai-Serai. Kuck'ville, a post-hamlet of Orleans CO., N.Y., in Carlton township, 36 miles W.N.W. of Rochester. It has a church. Kuczura, koot"soo'roh\ a village of Hungary, co. of Bacs. Pop. about 4000. Kuei-Chu, a province of China. See Koei-Choo. Kuei-ting, a city of China. See Kwei-Lin. Kueit, El, a town of Arabia. See Grane. Kuen-Lun,Kouen-liun,Kwen-Lun,kw8nMoon' or kwSnMttn', called also KoolMiOon' (Koulkoun), a mountain-range of Central Asia, forming the N. boundary of Thibet, separating it from Yarkand and Khoten, and stretching eastward into regions which are almost unknown j but it is understood about Ion. 92° E. to divide into two ranges, one of which, under the name of Banyan-Kara, diverges S.E., the other trends N., near the source of the Hoang-Ho, and, under various names, passes through the Chinese provinces of Kan-Soo and Sben-See. Its W. part is parallel to the Karakorum. It rises far above the limits of perpetual snow, attaining a height of 21,000 or 22,000 feet, and sends off numerous elevated ramifications towards the Indus, forming valleys down which descend immense glaciers. W. of Shaook River the glaciers appear to be on a still more gigantic scale than those of the Himalayas. The glaciers of Sassar terminate at about 15,000 feet, but the level diminishes rapidly in proceeding AV. One over- hanging the valley of Nubra terminates at 14,700 feet: that of Nubra itself, at 13,000 feet; and still farther W. they descend at least to 10,000 feet. Kufa, a city of Asiatic Turkey. See Koofa. Kufstein, or Kuffstein, koof'stine, a town and fort- ress of the Tyrol, on the Inn, and on the Bavarian frontier, 43 miles N.E. of Innspruck. Pop. 1761. Kuft, koft, Kobt, kobt, or Koft, koft (anc. Coptos), an ancient city of Upper Egypt, in lat. 26° N., on the Nile, 15 miles N.N.E. of 'Thebes. It was destroyed by Diocletian for having taken part in a rebellion against him. Parts of its ancient walls remain. Kuilenbnrg, koi'l^n-buRo, Kulemborgh, koo'l^m- boRG, or Culenborg,koo'Ien-boRG, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in Gelderland, on the navigable Leek, and on a railway, 10 miles N.W. of Thiel. It has manufactures of arms, silk fabrics, and twist. Pop. 6241. Kuka, a town of Africa. See Kooka. Kukabonee, a town of Borneo. See Kokaeoni. Kukan, koo'k^n, a village of Bohemia, 9 miles from Liebenau, Pop. 1257. Kukel, or Hiikullii. See Kokel. Kukewari, or Kookewaree, koo-ke-w4'ree, the mouth of the Indus through which the main river discharges itself into the sea. Greatest breadth, IJ miles, Kuklena, kook-lA'na,, a village of Boh»mia, one of the suburbs of Koniggratz. Pop. 1457. Kuki-ala,kak-r4'la, atown of India, North-West Prov- inces, division of Rohilcund. Pop. 5392. Kula, koo'16h\ a village of Hungary, co. of Bics, 26 miles N.W. of Neusatz. Pop. 7272. Kuladgee,orKaladgi,kiil'3Ld-jeo', also called Kul- udghee, a district of India, lying E. of Belgaum. Area, 4942 square miles. Pop. 740,590. Capital, Kuladgee, a town 71 miles E.N.E. of Belgauvn. Pop. 6592. Kuladyne River, India. See Aracan River. Kulah, koo'Ia, a village of Asiatic Russia, district and 40 miles N.W. of Kars. Kulaki, a town of India. See Kalaichi. Kul All, koor i'lee (?), an island in the Caspian Sea, 120 miles S.E. of Astrakhan. Lat. 45° N.; Ion. 50° E. Kulanaur, kiira-nowr', or Kulanoor, kuPa-noor', a town of India, 40 mi'les N.E. of Amritsir. Pop. 6121. Kulburga, a town of India. See Calburga. Kuldscha, or Kuija, a district of Asia. See Kooldja. Kulei-Hissar, koo-lA'-his-sar', a town of Asiatic Tur- key, 75 miles N.E. of Seevas, on the Kelki. Kulemborgh, Netherlands. See Kuilenburg. Kulfo, a town of AVest Africa. See KooLFO. Kulluspelin Lake. See Pend Oreille. Kulm, koolm, a walled town of West Prussia, 34 miles S.W. of Marienwerder, near the Vistula. Pop. 9628. It has manufactures of woollen cloth, and a military school. Kulm, or Chulm, koolm, a village of Bohemia, 16 miles N.N.W. of Leitmeritz, at the foot of the Erz-Gebirge Jlountains. Pop. 650. Here, on the 29th and 30th of August, 1813, the French, under A^andamine, were totally defeated by the armies of Russia, Austria, and Prussia. Kulmbach, or Culmbach, koolm'biK, a town of Bavari.a, in Upper Franconia, on a railway, 48 miles N.E. of Nuremberg. -Principal edifice, the ancient fortress, now a house of correction. Pop. 5216. Kulm See, koolm si, a town of West Prussia, 15 miles S.E. of Kulm. Pop. 3153. Kulna, a village of British India. See Culna. Kuloi, a river of Russia. See KooLOi. Kulpa, kool'pS, (anc. Oolajiis)^ a river of Austrian Croa- tia, rises 25 miles N.N.E. of Fiume, flows E., and, after a course of 120 miles, joins the Save a little beyond Petrinia. Kulp's, a station on the Mahanoy fASHEEn. Kunawat, koo-ni-wit', a town of Syria, in the Haoo- ran, 100 miles S. of Damascus. It is the chief town of the Eastern Druses. Kuuawur, koo^n3.-wiir', or Kunawer, koo"n3,-wer', a district of India, in Bussahir, forming a part of the upper valley of the Sutlej, on the borders of Little Thibet. Pop. 2500. Kuncliain-Junga, koon-chin'-jung'gS,, Kunchin- Giiiga, koon-chin'-jing'gi, or Kinchin-Jinga, kin- chin' -jing'ga, one of the loftiest of the Himalaya Mountains, lat. 27° 43' N., Ion. SS° 12' E. It has two peaks, the W. of which is 2S,156 feet, the other, or E., 27,826 feet high. K!unckle, kiink'^I, a post-hamlet of Luzerne co., Pa., 11 miles N.N.W. of Wilkesbarre. It has a tannery and 2 steam saw-mills. Kunda, koon'di, a town of Russia, in Esthonia, on the Gulf of Finland, 10 miles N.E. of Wesenberg. Kuiidah, a town of India. See Cbndah. Kundapoor, a seaport of India. See Coondapoor. Ituii'dowlee', Khundowli, kiinMow-lee', orKun- dowlee Sein'rah, a town of India, on a railway, 13 miles N. of Agra. Pop. 6365. Kuuduz, a country of Tartary. See Khoosdooz. Kunersdorf, a village of Bohemia. See K0nneksdorf. Kung, koong, a small town of Persia, in Laristan, op- posite the island of Kishm, in the Persian Gulf. Kungrad, kun^rad', Kungrat, kun'grat', or Coii'- rad, a town of Toorkistan, 90 miles N. of Khiva, on the Amoo. Kuiigur, a town of Russia. See Kooxgook. Kun-Hegyes, koon^-h^d'y^sh', a town of Hungary, on the Theiss, 72 miles E. of Pesth. Pop. 7272. Kuiiia, a river of Russia. See KooxiA. Kuiiie, an island of the Pacific. See Isle of Pines. Kuukletown, kunk'^l-town, a post-hamlet of Monroe CO., Pa., about 20 miles N.W. of Easton. It has a church. Kunkul, kun-kill', a town and place of pilgrimage in India, on the Upper Ganges, 4 miles S.W. of Hurdwar. Kunnaruc, a village of India. See Kaxauak. liunnersdorf, Kunersdorf, koo'n^rs-donf, or Cu- Itersdorf, a village of Bohemia, 12 miles N.N.W. of Buntzlau, on the Zwittebach. Pop. 2164. Kunnoge, or Kunnaj. See Kanoje. Kunsag, the Hungarian for Cumania. Kunsbei'g, a town of Sa.\ony. See KoNiGSBRlioK. Kun-Szent-Martony, koon-sSnt-ma,R~ton', a town of Hungary, in Cumania, on the Koros, 70 miles S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 9434. It has a wine-trade. Kuii-Szent-Miklos, koon-sSnt-mee^klosh', a town of Hungary, in Cumania, 32 miles S.E, of Pesth, on an arm of the Danube. Pop. 5593. Kuntschitz, koont'shits. Gross, groce, and Klein, kline, contiguous villages in Austrian Silesia. Pop. 2975. Kuntschitz, a village of Bohemia, near Koniggratz, about 2 miles from Geiersberg. Pop. 1000. Kuuwald, koon'ftilt" (OsEa, o'b^r, and U.\ter, oon'- ter), a village of Bohemia, about 17 miles from Koniggratz. Pop. 230S. Kunzelsau, kiin'z^l-sow^ a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Kooher, 24 miles N.E. of Heilbronn. Pop. 2319. Kunzendorf, koSnt's^n-donr, a village of Prussia, in Silesia, 27 miles S.S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 1410. Kunzendorf, Lasdeckisch, lin'd^k-ish, or Gross, groce, a village of Prussia, government of Breslau, circle of Habelschwerdt. Pop. 1410. Kunzendorf (Obeii, o'b^r, and Nieder, nee'd?r), a village of Prussia, government of Oppeln, circle of Kreuz- berg. Pop. 1330. Kunzendorf, Wachtel, ftiK'tel koont's^n-doRf, a village of Prussia, government of Oppeln, circle of Neu- stadt. Pop. 1160. Kuopio, koo-o'pe-o, a town of Finland, capital of a Isen, on a peninsula in Lake Kalavesi, ISO miles E. of Vasa. It has a gymnasium and a trade in timber. Pop. 6062. Kuopio, a province or ten of Finl.and, forming part of Karelia, and bounded E. by Russia proper. Area, 16,498 square miles. It is a great plain, with many lakes. Pop. 238,280. Kupferzell, koop'f?r-tsdr, a village of Wiirtemberg, on the Kupfer, 27 miles N.W. of EUwangen. Pop. 1312. Kupiansk, a town of Russia. See Koopiansk. Kupinova, koo-pee-no'v4, avillage of Slavonia, about 16 miles from GoUumbineze. Pop. 1300. Kiipper, kUp'per (Oder, o'ber, and Nieder, nee'der), a village of Prussian Silesia, government of Liegnitz. Pop. 1100. Kupperwunje, or Kupperwunge, kiip-p?r-wiinj', a town of British India, presidency of Bombay, in lat. 23° 3' N., Ion. 73° 9' E., 25 miles E. of Ahmedabad. Kuppurtulla, a town of India. See Kapoorthella. Kiips, kiips, a town of Bavaria, in Upper Franconia, 26 miles N.E. of Bamberg. Pop. 1030. Kur, a river of West Asia. See Koor. Kura, a river of Russia. See Tuskar. Kuramas, a river of Asia Minor. See Kara-Soo. Kurdau, a village of Moravia. See Gurdau. Kurdistan, a country of West Asia. See Koordistan. Kuremas, a branch of the Euphrates. See Kara-Soo. Kuren, a town of Mongolia. See Oorga. Kurene, the Greek for Cyrene, Kurgaon, kur-ga-on', a town of India, 62 miles S.W. of Indoor, still large, and once flourishing. Kurgau, Siberia. See Koorgau. Kur'hul', a town of India, district and 17 miles S. of Minpooree. Pop. 6061. Kuria Muria Isles. See Curia Muria Isles. Kurile Islands, Pacific. See Kooril Islands. Kurische-Haff. See Curische-Haff. Kurjut, or Karjat, kiir'jiit', a town of the Ahmed- nuggur district, India. Pop. 5535. Kurland, a province of Russia. See Courland. Kurnaul, or Karnal, kiir-nawr, a district of India, Delhi division, Punjab. Area, 2352 square miles. Capi- tal, Kurnaul. Pop. 610,927. Kurnaul , a town of India, capital of Kurnaul, 78 miles by canal N. by W. of Delhi. Pop. 29,000. Kurnik, kooR'nik, a town of Prussia, 13 miles S.S.E. of Posen. Pop. 2658. Kurnool, or Curnoul, kiSr-nool', written also Car- noul, a town of India, capital of the Kurnool district, on the Toombuddra, 110 miles S.W. of Hyderabad. Kurnool, or Karnul, kiir-nool', a district of the Mad- ras presidency, British India. Lat. 14° 55'-16° 15' N. ; Ion. 77° 47'-79° 15' E. Area, 7151 square miles. Capital, Kur- nool. Pop. 914,432. Kurpouhully, a town of India. See Harponelly. Kurpoy, a town of British India. See Keerpot. Kurracliee, kurVa-ohee', orKarachee, kiir^a-chee', the principal seaport town of Sinde, on an inlet of the In- di.an Ocean, 18 miles from the West Branch of the Indus. Lat. 24° 47' 3" N. ; Ion. 66° 56' E. A railway extends hence to Hyderabad. It stands on a low, sandy shore, and a few years ago consisted mostly of straggling huts ; but it has been rebuilt and greatly improved, and is one of the chief seaports of India. The harbor is the only port along this coast for vessels drawing more than 10 feet of water, and is sheltered by Cape Munorah and the Munorah break- water. The town w.is taken by the British in 1839, and was retained as a military post. Pop. 53,526. Kurrachee, a district of India, forming the S.W. angle of Sinde, having Beloochistan on the W. and the sea on the S.W. It includes part of the delta of the Indus. Area, 14,091 square miles. Capital, Kurrachee. Pop. 423,495. Kurrah, a town of India. See Currah. Kurrea, kur're-a, or Kiria, kee're-a, a town of Chinese Toorkistan, 180 miles S.E. of Khote'n. P. 20,000. Kurre-Saar, the Esthonian for Oesel. Kur'reville, a post-office of Cape Girardeau co.. Mo. Kurrichane, kur-re-ki'nA, a town of Africa, in the Beohuana territory, near lat. 25° 40' S., Ion. 27° 10' E. Kurshee, kur'shee or koor'shee, also called Karshi, a town of the Bokhara dominions, 100 miles S.E. of Bok- hara, in a fertile oasis. Pop. 10,000. KUR 116S KTT Kursk, a government and city of Russia. See Koorsk, KurziAVody, Bohemia. See HUhnerwasser. ICurzolari (koor-zo-Id'ree) Islands (a.nc. Schinades), a group of the Ionian Islands, lat. 38° 20' N., Ion. 21° E., comprising Oxia, Makri, and Vroman. Kusba, or Kasba, kua'bfl, a town of Bengal, district and 9 miles N.E. of Purneah. Pop. 623S. Kusel, koo'2^1, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Glan, 17 miles N.W. of Kaiserslautern. Pop. 2778. Kushab, kiish'ab', or Kosh^aub% a town of India, Punjab, on the Indus, nearly opposite Shahpoor. Pop. 8509. Kushan, a pass of the Hindoo-Kuosh. See Kooshan. Kusbvinsk, koosh-vinsk', a town of Russia, govern- ment and 70 miles E.N.E. of Perm. Kuskoquim (kus'ko-kwim) River, the second largest stream of Alaska, falls into Kuskoquim Bay, in lat. 60° N., Ion. 162° W. It is about 550 miles in length, but its course is not well known. It is serviceable for navigation. Kuskovime, a river of Alaska. See Kuskoquim. Kusnetz, or Kusnetsk. See Kooznets. Kiissnacht, kiiss'n^Kt, a village of Switzerland, canton and 11 miles W.N.AV. of Schwytz, at the N. extremity of the Lake of Lucerne. It is associated with the myth of William Tell. Pop. of parish, 2853. Kiissnacht, a village of Switzerland, canton and 4 miles S.E. of Zurich, on the Lake of Zurich. Pop. 2633. Kus^soor', or Ka^soor', a Mussulman town of India, in the Punjab, 27 miles S.S.E. of Lahore. Pop. 15,209. Kusteiidji, kus-t^nd'jee, written also Kisteudjeh (anc. Constantia'na), a fortified seaport town of Koumania, in the Dobrudja, on the Black Sea, 40 miles E. of Rassova, at the termination of Trajan's Wall, of which some traces exist. It has some trade in corn, but its harbor is exposed and ill adapted for large ships. A railway connects it with Chernavoda, on the Danube, and its port has improvements constructed and owned by an English mercantile company. Kiistenlandjkiis't^n-lint^ orIjittorale,Ut-to-ri'U, a crown-land of Austria (Cisleithania), called ofiicially " Go- ritz, Gradiska, Istria, and Triest/' and consisting of Istria, with some islands in the Adriatic, and of the mainland, having Italy on the W, and Carniola on the N. Area, 3074 square miles. Capital, Triest. Pop. 582,079. Kustrin, kUs-treen', a fortified town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 17 miles N.E. of Frankfort, at the junction of several railways, and at the confluence of the Wartha with the Oder. It has a gymnasium, varied manufactures and trade, and extensive grain-magazines. Pop. 11,227. Kuta, a river of Asiatic Russia. See Koota. Kutaieh, Kutaya, or Kutaiah, koo-ti'yeh, written also Koutaieh {anc. Coty&'um), a town of Asia Minor, in lat. 39° 24' N. and Ion. 30° 19' E. It has numerous mosques, public baths, and khans, some Greek and Armenian churches, a mountain-fortress, and many handsome private buildings, with gardens. Its trade is chiefly in corn, cotton, fruits, gall-nuts, goats' hair, carpets, and wool. About 17 miles E.S.E. of Kutaieh are the interesting Phrygian remains, with inscriptions, and the troglodyte habitations of Doganlu, supposed to be the ancient Nicole'ia. Kutais, a town of Asiatic Russia. See Kootais, Kutch) a province of India. See Cutch. Kutno, koot'no, a town of Poland, government and 70 miles AV. of Warsaw. Pop. 8228. Ku-Tsing, a city of China, See Kio-Tsing. Kutsutee, ktit'soo-lee^, a considerable walled town of British India, 25 miles N. of Meerut. Kutt'awa^ a post-village of Lyon co., Ky., on Cum- berland River, and on the Louisville, Paducah & South- western Railroad, 31 miles B. of Paducah, It has a fiouring- mill and a hub- and spoke-factory. Iron ore abounds here. Kuttenberg, kut'ten-bfiRG\ or Kutiiahora, kiit^- na-hA'r^, a town of Bohemia, 6 miles by rail N.W. of Czas- lau. Pop. 12,747, mostly employed in mines of lead, and in sugar-works, cotton-mills, &c. It has an oberrealschule, and a noble old Gothic church, never completed. Kut'tra, a town of India, North-West Provinces, Rohil- cund division. Pop. 5678. Kuttungee, Katangi, kutHun-ghec', or Kuttin- ghee, a town of India. Central Provinces, 22 miles N.W. of Jubbulpoor. Pop. 3353, Kuttup, a town of Africa. See Cuttup. Kuty, koo'tee, a town of Austria, in Galicia, 20 miles S.E, of Kolomea. Pop. 5758. Kutztown, koots'town, a post-borough of Berks co., Pa., in Maxatawny township, on a branch of the Reading Railroad, 16 miles N.N.E. of Reading, and 20 miles S.W. of AUentown, It contains 3 churches, a national bank, a savings-bank, a state normal school, and 2 or 3 newspaper oflices, also an iron-furnace, a foundry, and a carriage- factory. Limestone and iron ore abound here. Pop, 945. Kuzistan, a province of Persia. See Khoozistan, Kvaloe, Norway. See Hvaloe. KAVallisch, a village of Bohemia. See Qualischt. KAVang-Ping, a city of China. See Quang-Ping. Kwang-Si, a province of China. See Quang-See. KAVaiig-Sin-Foo, China, See Quang-Sin-Foo. KAVang-Tung, China. See Quang-Tong. Kwei-Chu, a province of China. See Koei-Choo. Kwei-Iiin, or Quei-Ling, kwi^-ling' or kwi^-ling', China, capital of Quang-See, 235 miles N.W. of Canton. Kvvei-Te, orKouei-Te,kwi^-ti' or kwr-ti', written also Kwi-Te, a city of China, province of Ho-Nan, 70 miles S.E. of Kai-Fung. Kwei-Yang, a town of China. See Koei-Yang. Kwen-Lun, Central Asia. See Kuen-Lun. Kwi-Choo, or Kwei-Chu, China. See Koei-Choo. Kwikhpak, kwik-p3.k', a river of Alaska, one of the outlets or delta-arras of the great river Yukon. It is wide and shallow, and its length is about 52 miles. The Rus- sians often give this name to the river Yukon. Ky^aiigheen', a town of British Burmah, Pegu di- vision. Pop. 8211. Kyangle (ki'5,ng-gh?l) Islands, a group in the North Pacific. Lat. 8° 8' N.: Ion. 134° 50' E. Kyen-l)wera, a river of Burmah. See Khyen-Bwem. Ky'ger, a post-hamlet of Gallia co., 0., about 9 miles S.W. of Pomeroy. It has a church and a flour-mill. KygOW, the Moravian name of Gaya. Kyholm^ kii'holm, a small island of Denmark, near the island of Samsoe. Ky'lerton, a post-village of Clearfield co.. Pa., in Mor- ris township, about 15 miles E, of Clearfield. It has a church and 2 wagon-shops. Pop. about 300. Kyle's, kilz, a station on the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad, 28 miles N. of Cincinnati, 0. Kyle's Ford, a post-hamlet of Hancock co., Tenn., on the Clinch River, 20 miies N. of Rogersville. Kyle's Landing, a post-office of Cumberland co., N.C., on the Cape Fear River, 15 miles N.E. of Fayetteville. Kyles of Bute, a narrow arm of the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, between the N.W. part of the Isle of Bute and the mainland of the county of Argyle. Kyini, Greece. See Kumi. Kyniulga, Alabama. See Kimulga. Kyouk Phyoo, ki-6wk' fi-oo', a town of India, in Aracan, capital of the Ramree district, at the N. end of Ramree Island, with an excellent harbor. Lat. 19° 24' N.; Ion. 93° 34' E, It is the only port of Aracan accessible during the S.W. monsoon. Pop. 2667. Kyparissia, ke-p^-ris-see'i (also called Cyparissia, sip^a-ris-see'i, and Avka'dia), a town of Greece, in the Morea, on the Gulf of Arkadia, 24 miles N. of Navarino. Anciently it was a commercial port of much importance, and in the Middle Ages was one of the twelve Frankish strongholds in the Morea. It is a place of great antiquity. Its roadstead is very good, and the town has some ancient remains. Pop. 2959. See Arcadia. Kyraghur, ki-ri-giir', a town of India, in Berar, 113 miles E.N.E. of Nagpoor. Kyrauuh, ki-r^u'uh, a town of India, district and 30 miles AV. of Mozuffernuggur. Pop. 16,953. Kyree, ki^ree', Der'a and Gur'ree, two villages of Sinde, respectively 12 and 37 miles N. of Larkhana. Kyreeghur, ki-ree-gur', a town of India, 136 miles N.W. of Oude, on the Kali. Kyritz, kee'rits, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- denburg, 53 miles N.AV. of Berlin. It has manufactures of woollen cloth, beer, and liquors. Pop. 4666. Kyserike, ki'z?r-ik, a post-office of Ulster co., N.Y., 6 miles S.W. of Rosendale. Kysorville, kl'zor-vil, a hamlet of Livingston co., N.Y., on a canal, 8 miles N. of Dansville. Kyssperk, Bohemia. See Geiersberg. Kyte River, Illinois. See Plagg Centre. Kythul, or Kaithal, krthiil', a town of India, dis- trict and 35 miles W. of ICurnaul, It has a fine palace and large sal-ammoniac-works. Pop. 14,940. LAA LAB L. Iiaa, li, or Laha, li'i, a town of Lower Austria, on the Thaya, 36"milcs N. of Vienna. Pop. 24S9. Iiaal>,or Lab, lip, a village of Hungary, Hither Dan- ube, 12 miles from Presburg. Pop. 1301). Ijaach, liK, a small lake of Prussia, 17 miles W.N.W. of Coblentz. It occupies the crater of an extinct volcano. Laadendorf, a village of Austria. See Ladendoiip. Laalaiid, li'lind, or Lollaiid, lol'lind (i.e., "Low- land"), an island of Denmark, in the Baltic, between lat. 6-1° 3S' and 54° 5S' N. and Ion. 11° and 11° o2' E. Area, 462 s(^uare miles. Pop. 62,953. Surface low and level. It is one of the most fertile of the Danish islands, producing line crops of corn, hemp, hops, apples, and timber. Iia Albuera, a town of Spain. See Albuera. La Antigua, a town of the Canaries. See Antigua. Laarat, a Malay island. See Lahat. Laas, 13^, a village of Tyrol, circle of Botzen, near Sohlanders." Pop. 1238. Laasplie, lis'f^h, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 36 miles S.S.E, of Arnsberg, on the Lahn. Pop. 2115, engaged in wooUen-cloth-factories and iron-works. Laba, li'bd, a river of Russia, in Circassia, rises on the N. side of the Caucasus, and, after a course of about 170 miles, joins the Kooban. La Baca. See Lavaca. Labaddie, or Labadie, lab'a-dee, a post-village of Franklin co., Mo., on the Missouri River and the Missouri Pacilic Railroad, 44 miles W. of St. Louis. It has 2 churches. Labadievitle, ll'bl-dc-vil, a post-hamlet of Assump- tion parish. La., on Bayou La Fourche, 67 miles W. of New Orleans. It has a church and a convent. La Bale, or La Baie du Febvre, or Saint An- toine de la Baie du Febvre, siNt 5si>"twin' d^h li bi dii f5vn, a post-village in Yamaska co., Quebec, on the S. shore of Lake St. Peter, 82 miles N.E. of Montreal. It contains several stores. Pop. 800. La'ban, a post-oflice of Mitchell co., Kansas, 6 miles S. of Boloit. La Baiieza, a town of Spain. See BaSeza. La Barra, a town of Italy. See Barra. Labarre, li'ban', or He'bertville, a post-village in Chicoutimi Co., Quebec, near the S. shore of the Saguenay River, 45 miles W. of Chicoutimi. It contains several stores and saw- and grist-mills. Pop. 300. La Barthe-de-Neste, \i baut-deh-nJst, a village of France, in Hautes-Pyrenees, 12 miles E. of Ragnerea-de- Bigorre. Pop. 812. Lab^ashee'da, a village of Ireland, co. of Clare, 10 miles E. by S. of Kilrush, on a bay of the same name in the Shannon. La Bassee, li bis'si', a town of France, in Nord, on the Canal of La Bassee, at a railway junction, 13 miles S.E. of Lille. Pop. 3053. La Basse Maziere, 13. hiss mi^ze-aiR', a village of France, in Correze, 14 miles S.W. of Ussel. Pop. 1370. Labastida, li-b^s-tee'Di, a town of Spain, in Biscay, province of Alava, 30 miles from Vittoria. Pop. 2095. La Bathie, li bi'tee' (L. Bastita), a village of France, in Savoy, 10 miles N.W. of Moutiers. Pop. 1265. Labatlan, loh^botHin', a village of Hungary, 2 miles from Neudorf. Pop. 1412. La Battaglia, a town of Italy. See Battaglia. La Bauine, or La Beaume, 14 home, a village of France, in Ardeehe, 6^ miles from Aubenas. It is pictu- resquely situated under a mass of basalt occupying the angle of a valley nearly opposite the junction of the Fontaulier with the Ardeehe. Crowning a lofty point between these streams stand the ruins of a castle Avhieh belonged to the dukes of Ventadour. Pop. 1190. Several villages of France have the name of La Baume. La Baussaine, 14 bo'sAn', a village of France, in Ille-et-Vilaine, near Saint-Malo. Pop. of commune, 1095. Labayet, a town of Africa. See Obeid. L'Abbaye, lib'bi', a town of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, on the Joux. Pop. 1220. Labe, a river of Germany. See Elbe. La Beauce, li boss, or Sainte Marie de la Beauce, sixt ma^ree' d?h 14 boss, a post-village in Beauce CO., Quebec, on the S. shore of the river Chaudiero, 30J miles by rail S. of Qaebec. It has mills and stores, a col- lege, 4 hotels, an iron-foundry, tanneries, and copper- and manganese-mines. Pop. 1000. Labee, Labe, or Laby, 14'bee', a town of Africa, in 74 Foota-Jallon, 230 miles N.E. of Sierra Leone. Lat. 11° 10' N.; Ion. 8° 30' W. Pop. about 5000. La Belgique, the French name of Belgium. La Belle, 14 hk\, a post-village of Lewis co., Mo., in La Belle township, on the Quincy, Missouri k Pacific Rail- road, 32 miles N.W. of Quincy, III. It has 2 churches, a savings-bank, and 5 stores. Labelle, la-b^ll', a post-hamlet of Lawrence co., 0., 6 miles from Huntington, W. Va. It has a church. La Belle-Alliance, 14 b^ll-41He-5Nss', a farm-house of Belgium, in the field of Waterloo, on the right side of the high-road to Brussels, and about 2 miles S. of Mont Saint- Jean. Here Napoleon marshalled his guards for their last efibrt at Waterloo, and here Wellington and Bliicher met after the battle was gained. La Belle Riviere, Ohio. Sec Ohio River. Labelluin, the supposed ancient n,ame of Latello. Labem, a town of Austria. See Aussegg. Laber, 14'b?r, the name of several small rivers of Ba- varia, tributaries to the Danube. A village on one of these, 10 miles N.W. of Ratisbon, has 1526 inhabitants, 2 churches, a castle, and iron-manufactures. Labes, 14'b5s, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 42 miles by rail E.N.E. of Stettin. Pop. 5010. It has manufac- tures of woollen cloth and serge. Labette, la-bet', a county in the S.E. part of Kansas, bordering on the Indian Territory, has an area of 649 square miles. The Neosho River flows southward through the eastern part of the county, which is also drained by the Labette and by small afliuents of the Verdigris River. The surface is undulating. The soil is fertile. A large portion of it (about 90 per cent.) is prairie. Indian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and hay are the staple products. Coal and limestone are found here. This county is intersected by the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad. The Neosho Val- ley division of that road terminates in it. Capital, Oswego. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,110,510. Pop. in 1870,9973; in 1875, 14,571; in 1878, 17.196. Labette, a township of Labette co., Kansas. Pop. 530. Labette, a post-hamlet of Labette co., Kansas, in Lib- erty township, on the Missouri, Kansas &, Texas Railroad, 9 miles S. by E. of Parsons. Pop. 282. Labette River, a stream of Kansas, rises in Neosho CO., flows S. by E. through Labette co., and joins the Neosho near Chetopa. Labiau, I4'be-ow', a town of East Prussia, 25 miles N.E. of Kiinigsberg, on the Deine. Pop. 4487. It has manufactures of linen and leather. Labinius, the ancient name of the Latino. LaBiolle, 14 be-oll' (L. Belullel,im}, a village of France, in Savoy, on the Daisse, at the foot of Montfalcon, 12 miles N. of Chambery. Pop. 1429. La Bisbal, 14 bees-bil', a town of Spain, 10 miles E. of Gerona, with a bridge on the Adaro. Pop. 4237, Labiszin, or Labischin, 14"be-sheen', a town of Prus- sia, 13 miles S.S.W. of Bromberg. Pop. 2370. Labober, 14-bo'bSR, a small island in the Malay Archi- pelago, 18 miles off the N.AV. coast of Timor Laut. La Bo'ca, a station in Utah co., Utah, on the Ameri- can Fork Railroad, 6 miles N.E. of American Fork. La Bohalle, 14 bo'h411', a village of France, in Maine- et-Loire, near Angers. Pop. of commune, 1075. La Bonte, a post-oflice of Laramie co., Wyoming. Labooan, an island near Borneo. See Labuan. Laboon, Laboun, or Labun, 14'boon, a town of Russia, in Volhynia, on the Khorim, 50 miles W.S.W. of Zhitomeer. Pop. 3250. Labor (or Hard Labor) Creek, Georgia, runs east- ward through jNIorgan co. to the Appalachee River. La Boucane (14 boo'kan') Bend, a hamlet of Ascen- sion parish, La., on the Mississippi River, 1 mile from Don- aldsonville. It has several stores. La Bouille, 14 bool or 14 boo'yeh, a town of France, in Seine-Inferieure, 10 miles S.AV. of Rouen, on the left bank of the Seine. In its vicinity is a quarry with stal- actitic grottos. Pop. 652. La Bourboille, 14 boon'bool', a hamlet of France, in Puy-de-D6me, 22 miles S.W. of Clermont-Ferrand, on the Dordogne, with mineral springs and baths. Labrador, lab"ra-dor', a peninsula on the E. coast of British North America, lat. from 50° to 65° N. and Ion. 56° to 78° W., bounded on the S.E. and E. by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic, on the N. and W. by Hudson LAB 1170 LAC Strait and Hudson's Bay, nnd on the S.AV". by Rupert's River, Lake Mistassini, and Betsiamites River. Extreme length, HOO miles; breadth, 470 miles. Area, 450,000 square miles, or about equal to the British Islands, France, and Prussia combined. Blanc Sablon, near the mouth of the North- West River, is the E.boundary of thepart of the peninsula included in Quebec, which includes the whole area draining into the river and (iulf of St. Lawrence. The portion be- longing to Newfoundland is that which is drained by rivers flowing into the Atlantic. The remaining area, draining into Hudson's Bay, is called East Main, and is included in the North- West Territories of Canada. The interior of Labrador is imperfectly known. It is sterile, and, where the country is not burned, cariboo moss covers the rocks. The whole of the table-land is strewed with boulders, which are perched on the summit of every mountain and hill, often on the edges of cliffs. The principal watershed is formed by the Wotchish Moun- tains. The principal rivers are the East Main, or Stude, which flows \V". into the S.E. extremity of James's Bay; the G-reat and Little Whale Rivers, which flow in the same direction and fall into Hudson's Bay ; the Kenoganissee and Caniapuscaw, which, flowing respectively N.E. and N.W., unite and fall into Ungava Bay; and the Meshicke- man or North-West River, which flows B. into the Strait of Belle Isle. The lakes are very numerous. The prevailing rocks on the coast are granite, gneiss, and mica-slate. Above these, in some parts, is a bed of old red sandstone, about 200 feet thick, followed by sec- ondary limestone. Towards the interior the secondary for- mations disappear and the primary become predominant. The surface, when seen at a distance from the sea, has a green and alluvial appearance, but is found, on examina- tion, to be covered with moss and stunted shrubs. In the valleys, where the soil is sandy and the temperature con- siderably above the average, juniper, birch, and pophir trees are found growing, and form a covert during the summer for deer, bears, wolves, foxes, martens, otters, &e., till the approach of winter drives them to the coast. The climate is too severe to ripen any of the ordinary cereals. Barley, sown and cut green, makes excellent fod- der; potatoes and several species of culinary vegetables do well. The whole of this vast wilderness is uninhabited by civilized man, with the exception of a few settlements on the St. Lawrence and Atlantic coasts, and some widely- separated posts of the Hudson Bay Company. Wandering tribes of Esquimaux occupy the N. coast of Labrador, while Naskapee, Mistassini, and Montagnais Indians are thinly scattered over the interior. The exports, which are chiefly through Newfoundland, are codfish, salmon, seal and whale oil, and furs. Once the country was rich in fur- bearing animals and cariboo or reindeer, but these are now greatly reduced in numbers. On the E. side hardly any- thing is known beyond the coast. The Indians who inhabit the interior of Labrador are all of the Algonquin race. Nearly all of them profess the Roman Catholic faith. They bring down furs to the coast, and exchange them for ammunition and clothing. The Esquimaux of Labrador live almost entirely by Ashing. They are partially Christianized and civilized, through the exertions of Moravian missionaries. They exchange furs, oil, and whalebone for ammunition, guns, and clothing at the settlements. They are mild, hospitable, and honest. During the brief Labrador summer the whole coast, for 500 miles N. of the Strait of Belle Isle, swarms with flsher- men from Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and the United States, engaged in the capture and cure of seal, cod, salmon, saluion-trout, and herring. Labrador was discovered by Cabot in 1496, and re- discovered by Hudson in 1610. The European settlements, all on the E. coast, consist of Forteau and Bradore Bays, Anse Le Blanc, and the Moravian stations Nain, Okkak, Hopedale, Hebron, Zoar, and Ramah. The Hudson Bay Company have several settlements in Labrador, and receive valuable furs from it. The total population is supposed to be about 7000. Labrador, the N.E. portion of the province of Quebec, bounded on the S. by the river and Grulf of St. Lawrence, on the N. by the North-West Territories, on the E. by that part of Labrador belonging to Newfoundland, and on the VV. by the counties of Chicoutimi and Saguenay. Area, 56.000 square miles. Pop. .3699. Labran, Fremont co.. Col. See Florence. Labrede, 1^'braid', a village of France, in Gironde, H miles S. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1499. La Breiine, Id brSnn, an old district of France, in the provinces of Tourainc and Berry. The name is still pre- served in the marshy district between Chateauroux and Le Blanc, department of Indre. La Bresse, la brSss, a village of France, in Vosges, arrondissement of Remiremont. Pop. 1560. La Brevine, U briVeen', a village of Switzerland, canton and 15 miles W. of Neufchatel. Pop. 1559, en- gaged in watch- and lace-making and working in metals. Labrit, la^bree', a village of Franc?, in Landes, 16 miles N. of Mont-de-Marsan. It was formerly a town called Albret, capital of the old duchy of Albret, and has ruins of a castle of Henry IV. Pop. 1143. La Broque, Id brok, a village of France, in Vosges, arrondissement of Saint-Die. ' Pop, of commune, 2723. La Briica, la broo'kS,, a town of Sicily, at the mouth of the Porcari in the Gulf of Catania, 3 miles N. of Agosta. The vicinity is strewed with ruins supposed to mark the site of the ancient ForUts Pantaaius. Labruguiere, Id'brU^ghe-ain', a village of France, in Tarn, 4 miles S.S.E. of Castres. Pop. 1050. Labuan, la-boo-^n', an island and British colony, 6 miles from the N.W, coast of Borneo, in lat. 5° 20' N., Ion. 115° 12' E, Area, 45 square miles. It has a fine harbor, a thick bed of coal (which is mined), and a short railway. Labuan is an Anglican bishop's see, and is an important commercial depot for camphor, sago, wax, india-rubber, rattans, hides, trepang, and British goods designed for the Borneo trade. Capital, Victoria. Pop. 4898, Labuda, Illinois. See Keokuk Junction. Labu-Kadji, lS,'boo-h5,'jee, a seaport town of the Malay Archipelago, on the E. coast of the island of Lombok. Labun, a town of Russia. See Laboon. Laby, a town of Western Africa. See Labee. L'Acadie, 1^-ki-dee', a post-village in St. John's eo., Quebec, on Little Montreal River, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 20i miles S.E. of Montreal. Pop. 500. La Calle, la kil or IsL k^l'li, the most eastern seaport town of Algeria, on a peninsula in the Mediterranean, 300 miles E. of Algiers. Pop. 4500. It has a coral-fishery. La Camargue, la ki^mang', a populous island of France, department of Bouches-du-Rhone, formed by the two arras of the river Rhone at its mouth. Length, 26 miles; mean breadth, 11 miles. More than half the sur- face is covered with marshes, but the remainder is extremely fertile. On the borders of the marshes salt is formed nat- urally, and is an object of great importance to the island. La Campana, Spain. See Cahipana. La Canada, \k kan-yi'd^, a village of Rio Arriba co.. New Mexico, near the Rio Grande, 25 miles N,W. of Santa Fe. It has a church. La Canardiere, IS, kS,'nan^de-aiit', a scattered village in Quebec co., Quebec, on the N. shore of the river St. Charles, opposite the city of Quebec. It contains the Beau- jjdrt Lunatic Asylum. Pop. 500. La Canourgue, 15, ki^nooug', a town of France, in Lozere, 9 miles S.W. of Marvejols, on the Urugue, near its confluence with the Lot. It is a centre of the manufac- tures of serges and other woollen goods. Pop. 1830, Lacantuu, li-kdn-toon', a river of Central America. It rises in Guatemala, lat. 15° 25' N. and about Ion. 92° W., and flows first E. for about 60 miles, when it is joined by a branch coming from the vicinity of Salama. It now turns N. for about 24 miles, then W.N.W. for 60 miles, receives La Passion, and about 75 miles below joins the Usumasinta. The united stream, after a course of 210 miles, falls into the Gulf of Mexico at Lago de Terminos. The whole course is thus about 430 miles; but its upper part is little known. La Cai>eHe,ia. ki-p^l', a town of France, in Aisne, 10 miles N. of Vervins, formerly fortified. Pop. 1675. La Capelle-Marival, la, kfl-^pgU'-m^'reeVir, a vil- lage of France, in Lot, 10 miles N.W. of Figeac. Pop. 1525. La Capesterre, li ki^pfis'tain', or Le Marigot, l^h maVeo^go', a town of the West Indies, island of Guade- loupe, 9 miles E.N.E. of Basse-Terre, at the S.E. angle of the island, and at the mouth of the Riviere-aux-Peres. Pop. 6100. See also Capesterre. La Carlota, a town of Spain. See Carlota. La Came, li karn, a post-hamlet of Ottawa co., 0., in Erie township, near Lake Erie, on the Lake Shore &, Mich- igan Southern Railroad, 29 miles E. by S. of Toledo. It has 2 churches and about 20 families. La Carueille, li kau^nAl', a village of France, in Orne, 34 miles N.W. of Alen^on. Pop. 1500. La Carolina, IS, ki-ro-lce'ni, a town of Spain, 36 miles N.N.E. of Jaen. Pop. 1305. La Carolina, a town of the United States of Colombia, state of Cundinamaroa, province of Antioquia. Pop. 1500, LAC 1171 LAC Lacasine, or Lakassine, lak^as-seen', a post-hain- let of Calcasieu parish, La., 150 miles W.N.W. of Morgan City. It has a saw-mill and a rice-mill. Lacauiie, liM;on', a village of France, in Tarn, 28 miles E.N.E. of Castres. Pop. 1406. Lacaze, Id^kiz', a town of France, in Tarn, 16 miles N.E. of Castres. Pop. 3S7. Lacborg, a town of Prussia. See Lautenburg. Laccadive (lik'ka-div^) Isles (called by the natives Lakaradeevh, the " hundred thousand islands"), a group of low coral islands in the Indian Ocean, extending between lat. 10° and 12° N. and Ion. 72° and 74° E., about 150 miles W. of the Malabar coast. They consist of 17 princi- pal and many smaller isles. Anderot, or Underoot, the largest, is 3 miles long. They have an aggregate population of fiSOO Mohammedans, called Moplays. Most of the Islands are uninhabited. The principal products are coir, jaggery, cocoa- and betel-nuts, with some rice, sweet potatoes, and small cattle. The islands were discovered by Vasco da Gama in 14-99. Lacchiarella, Idk-ke-i-rfil'l^L (L. Lactarel'la), a vil- lage of Italy, 2 miles E.S.E. of Binasco, on the Olona, with the remains of an old castle of some celebrity. Pop. 3S09. Lacco, lik'ko, a village of Italy, in the N.W. part of the island of Ischia, Pop. 1593. Lac de Come, Italy, See Lago di Cosro, Lac de Geneve, Europe. See Lake op Geneva. Lac de la Pluie. See Rainv Lake. Lac de I'Esclave. See Great Slave Lake. Lac de I'Isle a la Crosse, lik deh leel k li kross, a lake of the North-AVest Territories, Canada, in lat. bb° 25' N., Ion. 107° 54' 30" W. It is 60 miles long, collects the various sources of Churchill River, and yields good fish both in winter and in summer. Here is an important post of the Hudson Bay Company. Lac de Perouse, Italy. See Lake of Perugia. Lac des Bois. See Lake of the Woods. Lac des Milles Lacs, lak dd meel lik, a lake of the l^y^, portion of Ontario, Canada. Its waters flow to Rainy Lake through the river La Seine. Lac des Moiitagnes, Canada. See Athabasca. Lac dii Buflle, Canada. See Buffalo Lake. Lac du Grand Ours. See Great Bear Lake. Laceda?mon, las-e-dee'mon (Gr. AanceSaiVwy, Lakedai- mon), an ancient Grecian state, of which Sparta was the capital. See Laconia. — —Adj. and inhab. LACEDyEito'NiAtf. Lacedogna, l^-chi-d6n'yi, a town of Italy, province of Avellino, 19 miles E.S.E. of Ariano. Pop. 6132. It is a bishop's see. Lacclle, ld,-sell', a post-hamlet of Clarke go., Iowa, in Knox township, 10 miles S.S.W. of Osceola. It has 2 churches. La Cen'ter, a post-office of Clarke co., Washington. Lacepede (lAs'se-peed^) Bay, South Australia, is that part of Encounter Bay immediately N. of Cape Bernoulli. Lacepede Islands, a group of low sandy islands, N.W. of Australia, off Daiupier. La'cey, a post-hamlet of Drew co.. Ark., 18 miles S.W. of Collins Railroad Station. It has a church. Lacey, a hamlet of De Kalb co.. 111., about 20 miles S.E. of Rockford. It has a cheese-factory. Lacey, a post-office and station in Mahaska co., Iowa, on the Centi'al Railroad of Iowa, 7 miles N. of Oskaloosa. Lacey Spring, a post-office of Morgan co., Ala. Lacey Spring, a post-hamlet of Rockingham co., Va., 9 miles N.E. of Harrisonburg, La'ceyville, a post-office of Harrison co., 0. Laceyville, a post-village of Wyoming co.. Pa., in Braintree township^ on the Susquehanna, and on the Penn- sylvania & New York Railroad, 55 miles N.N.W. of Wilkes- barre. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a planing-mill. La Chaise-Dieu, la shiz-dc-uh' (i.e., "house of God"), a town of France, Haute-Loire, 26 miles N.N.W. of Le Puy. Pop. 1755. It has the remains of a famous abbey {Casa Dei) founded in the eleventh century. La Chapelle aux Bois, Id- shi'p^li' o bwi, a town of France, Vosges, 10 miles S.S.W. of Epinal. P. 1117. La Chapelle aux Pots, la shi'p4il' 5 po, a town of France, Oise, arrondissement of Beauvais, with extensive manufactures of pottery-ware. La Chapelle d'Aligne, U shi^p^U' diMeen', a town of France, Sarthe, arrondissement of La Fleche. P. 1758. La Chapelle en Vecors, la shi^p^U' 6n° v§h-koR', a town of France, Drome, 25 miles E, of Valence. Pop. 1320. La Chapelle Janson, la shi'pSU' zhONo^siN^', a town of France, 5 miles E. of Fougeros. Pop. 18S2. La Chapelle Saint-Denis, Id sh4^pSir sis°-dch- nee', a town of France, Seine, 3 miles S. of Saint-Denis, near Paris, of which it is a suburb. Pop. 31,993. La Chapelle Saint-Mesmin, \l shi^pigll' E4N°-ragz'- mjlNo', a town of France, Loiret, arrondissement of Orleans, on the railway from Paris to Tours. Pop. 1S48. La Chapelle Saint-Sauveur, U shd'p^ll' saK^-so^- vuii', a town of France, 33 miles N.W. of Macon. Pop. 1144. La Chapelle Volant, U sha,'peir vo-IAn^', a town of France, 12 miles N.W. of Lons-le-Saulnier. Pop. 1622. La Charite, la sha'reo'ti', a town of France, in Nievre, on the Loire, here crossed by a handsome bridge. 14 miles by rail W.N.W. of Nevers. Pop. 4776. It has blast- furnaces, and manufactures of steel, files, &c. La Chartre, Id shanfr, a town of France, in Sarthe, on the Loire, 25 miles S.E. of Le Mans. Pop. 1503. La Chatre, 14 shat'r, a town of France, in Indre, 22 miles S.E. of Chateauroux, on the Indre. Pop. 4364. It has the remnant of a castle, a fine church, extensive leather- and woollen-factories, and an active trade in wool, goat-skins, and chestnuts. Lachen, Id'K^n, a town of Switzerland, canton and 13 miles N.N.E. of Schwytz, on the S. shore of the Lake of Zurich. Pop. 1565. Lachenaie, U'shen^i', or Saint Charles du Lac, s4no shaul dii lak, a post-village in L'Assomption co., Que- bec, on the N, side of Jesus River, 4i miles E. of Terre- bonne. It has a steam grist- and saw-mill. Pop, 300. La Cheylard, \k shA'laR' (or Chaylard), a town of France, department of Ardeche, 28 miles S.W. of Tournon, on the Dome. Pop. 2374. It has salt-mines, tanneries, and trade in cattle. La Chine, the French name of China. Lachine, li^sheen', a town in Jacques Cartier co.. Quebec, on Lake St. Louis, opposite Caughnawaga, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 8 miles S.AV. of Montreal. It is the summer residence of many city people, and a favorite resort of pleasure-parties during the winter. It contains a large tannery, a convent, several stores, a brewery, hotels, churches, schools, Ac. There is a canal from this point to Montreal (9 miles) to avoid the Lachine Rapids. All the commerce between Montreal and thei West (by wiiter) passes through this canal. Lachine is the starting-place for the Ottawa line of steamers, and the steamers for Kingston, Toronto, and Hamilton. Pop. 1696. Lachine Rapids, on the river St. Lawrence, are situ- ated between Lachine and Montreal. They present a scene of great attraction. Steamers often descend or "shoot" the rapids, an exciting and thrilling feat. Lachlan, ld,k'lan, a river of East Australia, rises by several heads in the cos. of King and Bathurst, New South Wales, flows W., and joins the Murrumbidgee to form the Murray River, near lat. 34° 30' S., Ion. 144° 10' E. In the last part of its course it expands into e.vtensive marshes. Length, 700 miles. La Chroma, IS, kro'mS., an islet of the Adriatic, on the coast of Dalmatia, 1 mile S. of Ragusa. Lachsa, a town of Arabia. See Lahsa. Lachute, lS,^shUt', the chief town of Argenteuil co., Quebec, is situated on the North River, 45 miles N. of Mon- treal. It has a grist-mill, a tannery, 4 stores, 2 churches, and 3 hotels. Pop. 500. Lacinium Proinontorium. See Cape Nau. La Cinla, a post-office of San Miguel eo.. New Mexico. La Ciotat, France. See Ciotat. Lacipea, the supposed ancient name of Talarrubias. La Ciudad, Spain. See Ivi^a. Lack, a township of Juniata co., Pa., bounded S.E. by the Tuscarora Mountain. Pop. 1290. Lack'awack, a post-hamlet of Ulster eo., N.Y., in Wawarsing township, 8 miles N. by W. of EUenville. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of leather, lumber, and blue flagstone. Lack^awan'na, a county in the N.E. part of Pennsyl- vania, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Lackawanna River, is partly bounded on the W. by the Susquehanna, and on the S.E. by the Lehigh River. The surface is hilly. The soil is fertile. Anthracite coal is the chief article of export. The rocks which under- lie this county are Devonian and carboniferous. It is inter- sected by the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, and by other railroads, noticed under Scranton, which is the capital. It was organized in 1878, before which it was part of Luzerne co. Lackawanna, a post-village in Lackawanna township, Lackawanna co., Pa., on the Lackawanna River, and on the Lackawanna &, Bloomsburg Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Scranton. It has 6 churches. Coal is mined here, and LAC ]172 LAC the village has several coal -breakers. The township con- tains a village named Minooka. Pop, of township, 6133. IjackaAVanna River, Pennsylvania, rises in Susque- hanna CO., and runs southward to Carbondale, below which it runs southwestward in Lackawanna co. and enters the Susquehanna River at Pittston. E,ich mines of anthracite occur in the valley of this river. The chief towns on its banks are Scranton and Carbondale. The S.W. part of the Lackawanna Valley opens into that of Wyoming, so that they form one continuous long, narrow valley. This valley nearly coincides with the Wyoming and Lackawanna coal- basin, which is about 55 miles long and extends through Lackawanna co. in a N.E, and S.W. direction. It is bounded on two sides by high ridges, which unite at each end of the valley. The valley, or coal-basin, is about 5 miles wide in the middle, and tapers to each end. This unique and in- teresting coal-field produces nearly half of all the anthra- cite that is mined in the United States. Lack^awan'nock Mountain, Pennsylvania, ex- tends from the Susquehanna northeastward along the N.W. side of Lackawanna River for 25 or 30 miles. The average height is about 800 feet. This mountain, together with the Nanticoke and Shawnee Mountains, of which it may be I'e- garded as the continuation, constitutes the N.W. boundary of the Lackawanna or AVyoming coal-valley, the Wyoming and Moosic Mountains forming the S.E. boundary. This valley is near 70 miles long, and from 5 to 6 miles wide. liack^awaic'en, a. post-village in Lackawaxen town- ship, Pike CO., Pa., on the Delaware River, at the mouth of the Lackawaxen River, and on the Erie Railroad, at its junction with the Honesdale Branch, 25 miles E.S.E. of Honesdale. It has 2 churches. Pop. of township, 1757. Lackawaxen Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in Wayne CO., and runs S.E. to Pike co., through which it flows E. until it enters the Delaware at Lackawaxen. La Clair, a post-office of De Kalb co., 111., about 13 miles N.E. of Mendota. La Clayette, la kli^^tt', a town of France, in Saone- et-Loire, 10 miles S. of Charolles. Pop. 1671. Laclede, la-kleed', a county in the S.W. central part of Missouri, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is intersected by the Gasconade River, and also drained by the Osage Fork of the Gasconade, and by the Grand Auglaize River, which rises in it. The surface is uneven or hilly, and is extensively covered with forests of hard timber. In- dian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. Limestone underlies part of the soil. This county is inter- sected by the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad. Capital, Lebanon. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 9380, of whom 9036 were Americans. Laclede, a post-village in Laclede township, Fayette CO., 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad, 19 miles S.S.W. of Effingham. It has a church and a grist-mill. Pop. 159 ; of the township, 12-12. Laclede, a post-hamlet of Pottawatomie co., Kansas, 12 miles N.E. of Waraego. It has a church and flour-mill. Laclede, a post-village of Linn co.. Mo., on the Han- nibal & St. Joseph Railroad, and on the Burlington & South- western Railroad, 109 miles W. of Hannibal, and 21 miles E. of Chillioothe. It has a newspaper office, a high school, 3 churches, a carriage -factory, a flouring-mill, a pottery, and a broom-factory. Pop. about 1000. Laclede, a station in St. Louis co.. Mo., on the Mis- souri Pacific Railroad, 8 miles W. of St. Louis. Lac Maskinonge, Idk mas^kee^nfi^o^zhi', a post-vil- lage in Berthier co., Quebec, on a lake of the same name, 66 miles N. of Montreal. See Saint Gabriel de Brandon. Lac Masson, or Sainte Marguerite du Lac lUasson, sS,st mar^greet' dii Uk mas^siN^', a post-village in Terrebonne co., Quebec, on the W. of Lac Masson, 57 miles N. of Montreal. It has saw- and grist-mills. Pop. 650. Lacobriga, the ancient name of Lagos. Lacolle, lAMtoU', a post-village in St. Johns co., Quebec, on the Richelieu River, and on the Grand Trunk Railway (Champlain division), 14 miles S.E. of Montreal. It has an iron-foundry, several mills and factories, 3 churches, 6 ho- tels, and about a dozen stores. Lacolle is a port of entry. In 1S12 a battle was fought here between the British and American troops, in which the latter were defeated. P. 750. La'con, a post-town, capital of Marshall co.. III., on the E. bank of the Illinois River, in Lacon township, about 30 miles above Peoria, and 12S miles W.S.W. of Chicago. It is on a branch of the Chicago «.t Alton Railroad, It has 6 or 7 churches, a national bank, 1 or 2 newspaper ofliccs, a graded school, a grain-elevator, and manufactures of car- riages, woollen goods, Guerneville Railroad, 4 miles AY. of Fulton. Laguiia de Aullagas, Bolivia. See Aullagas. Laguna del Itladre, li-goo'ni d^l mAo'ri, a large lagoon or shallow bayou in the S. part of Texas, between the mainland of Cameron and Nueces cos. and the island of Padre. It extends from Corpus Christi Bay nearly to the mouth of the Rio Grande. Length, above 110 miles; greatest breadth, 14 miles. Laguna-de-IVegrillos, ]d-goo'n3.-di-ni-greeryoce, a town of Spain, 25 miles from Leon. Pop. 1420. Lagtina de Terminos, Id-goo'ni di, t^R'me-noce, a seaport town of Mexico, state of Campeachy. Lat. 18° 38' 24'"^. _; Ion. 91° 50' 42" W. Almost the only article ex- ported is logwood. Pop. 2000. Laguua de Terminos, an inlet of the Gulf of Cam- peachy, dividing the Mexican state of Tabasco from Cam- peachy, and between lat. 18° and 19° N., Ion. 91° and 92° W. Length, 70 miles; breadth, 40 miles. It is bounded on the side of the sea by several islands, that of Carmen being the largest. It receives an arm of the Usumasinta. Lagunita, li-goo-nee'ti, a post-office of Inyo co., Cal. Laguiiitas, li-goo-nee'tS,s, a station in Marin co., Cal., on the North Pacific Coast Railroad, 28 miles N. by W. of San Francisco. Lah, lA, a military post in Sinde. Lat. 23° 58' N. j Ion. 68° 40' E. Laha, a town of Austria, See Laa. La Haba, I^ hi'Bi, a town of Spain, province and 51 miles E. of Madrid. Pop. 2710. La Ilaba, a town of Spain. See Haba. La Ilabana, a city of Cuba. See Havana. La Hacha, South America. See Rio Hacha. Lahad^K or Laliaj, Id-hij', a town of Arabia, Yemen, 13 miles N.W. of Aden, It stands in a wide and cultivated plain, enclosed by gardens, and has a bazaar and a sultan's residence. Pop, 5000. Lahai, la-hi', a post-office of Bates co.. Mo. Lahaina, 1^-hi'n^, a seaport village of Hawaii, at the N.W. end of the island of Maui. Lat. 20° 52' N.; Ion. 156° 34' W, It has a good roadstead, a government house, a breakwater, a court-house, and 2 churches, and was once the capital of the kingdom, but has greatly declined. Two miles E. is Lahainaluna College. Lahajan, lS.-hil-j5,n', a town of Persia, province of Ghilan, near the Caspian, 30 miles E. of Reshd. It has a college, several caravansaries, and bazaars. Pop. 15,000. Lahar, a town of British India, 53 miles E.S.E. of Agra. La Harpe, la harp, a post-village of Hancock co., 111., in La Harpe township, on the Toledo, Peoria & AVarsaw Rail- road, at the junction of the Keokuk Branch, 70 miles W. by S. of Peoria, and 20 miles S.S.E. of Burlington, Iowa. It has a bank, a newspaper office, a high school. 3 churches, and a pump-factory. Pop. of the township, 1741. La^harpore', a town of India, in Oude, division of Seetapore. Pop. 10,989. Lahas'ka, a post-village of Bucks co., Pa., in Buck- ingham township, about 30 miles N. by E. of Philadelphia, and 5 miles E.N.B. of Doylestown. It has 3 churches. Lahat, Id-hit', a village of Sumatra, 33 miles S.W. of Palembang. Lat. 3° 45' S. ; Ion. 103° 40' E. La Havana, or La Havane, Cuba. See Havana. La Have, la hiv, a river of Nova Scotia, has its source in a chain of lakes that also feed the Gaspereaux River, and, after a course of 60 miles, discharges itself into the sea, forming an inner and an outer harbor, navigable for vessels of 500 or 1000 tons, and sheltered by several islands. There are large quantities of salmon taken in the La Have in the months of June and July, and it is frequented by herring, trout, shad, and other fish. Ship-building is ex- tensively carried on at different points on the river. Bridge- water is at the head of navigation. On the river there are many saw-mills, shingle-mills, and grist-mills. La Haye, Netherlands. See Hague, The. La Haye-Descartes, 1^ hA.-di'kaRt', a town of France, in Indre-et-Loire, on the Creuse, 29 miles S. of Tours. Pop. 1620. Lahestre, liHiSst'r', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 9 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 1890. Lahijan, l4-hee-j5,n', a plain of Persia, in Azerbaijan, S.W. of Lake Ooroomeeyah. Lahijan, a town of Persia. See Lahajan. Lahissa, Arabia. See Lahsa. Lah'mansville, a post-hamlet of Grant co., W. "Va., 30 miles from Keyser. It has a church. Lahn, hln, a river of Central Germany, after a W, course of 100 miles through Prussia, joins the Rhine 4 miles S.E. of Coblentz. Lahn, a town of Prussian Silesia, 23 miles S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 939. Lahiistein, lan'stine, Upper (Ger. Ohcr Lahnstein, o'b^r 13,n'stine), a town of Prussia, S miles W, of Nassau, on the Rhine. It has an old castle, and 4857 inhabitants, mostly employed in cultivating wine and fruit. Lahnstein, Lower (Ger. Unter Lahnstein, oon't^r lan'- stine), a town of Germany, on the Lahn, joins the above. It has smelting-works and mineral springs. Pop. 2462. La Hogue, France. See Cape La Hague. La Hogue, la hog, a post-office and station of Iroquois CO., 111., on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, IS miles W. of Watseka. Laholm, U'hfilra, a town of Sweden, Iren and 15 miles S.S.E. of Halmstad, on the Laga-dn, near its mouth in La- holm Bay, an inlet of the Cattegat. Pop. 1325. La Honda, IS. hon'dS,, a post-office of San Mateo co., Cal. Lahool, Lahoul, Lahul, li'hool', or Lawur, li'- wur', a territory in the N.E. part of the Punjab. Lahore, U-hor', the capital city of the Punjab, and of the Lahore division and district, British India, on an afflu- ent of the Ravee, in lat. 31° 36' N,, Ion. 74° 18' E. It is enclosed by a double line of defences, the outer being about 7 miles in circuit. The streets are narrow, filthy, and ex- cessively crowded; the houses are of brick, and lofty. It is at the junction of several important railways. It has many large and handsome mosques, and around it for many miles are extensive Mohammedan ruins, with the fine tomb of the Emperor Jehangire, and the garden of Shah Jehan. Here are also many Hindoo temples, well-supplied markets, and a citadel containing the palace of the Sikh sovereigns. It is the seat of an English bishop, has a vernacular col- lege, and manufactures of silks, fine embroidered shawls, lacquered ware, &o. Under the Mogul emperors the city was of much greater extent. In 174S it fell into the hands LAII 1179 LAK of Ahmed Shah ; in 179S Runjeet Singh was made governor and rajah. After the final defeat of the Sikhs, in 1849, Lahore was talien possession of by the British. P. 98,924. Xjahore^ a division or commissionership of India, in the Punjab, comprising the districts of Lahore, Ferozepoor, and G-ujuru- Walla. Area, 8961 square miles. Pop. 1,389,495. The district of Lahore has an area of 3659 square miles. Capital, Lahore. Pop. 789,666. lialioul, India. See Lahool. La Hoya, 13, ho'yi, a village of Mexico, at the mouth of a pass of the same name, about 100 miles N.W. of Vera Cruz. A skirmish took place here between the Mex- icans and the United States troops, June 19, 1847. !Lahr, lln, a town of Baden, on the Schutter, 53 miles by rail S.S'.W. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 8491. It has manu- factures of linens, woollens, cottons, leather, vinegar, &o, Lahsa, 1S,h's4\ or £I-Ahsa, el-iH'si\ written also Lachsa, liK'si, Lahissa, )iH'is-si\ Lassa, and Ha- sa, a fertile district of Eastern Arabia, about 90 miles S.W. of Katif or El Katif, about lat. 25° 25' N., Ion. 49° 45' E. In former times it was also called Hajar. The date-gardens of Lahsa are very extensive and productive, being well watered from wells and lakes. The lands adjoining the date-gardens produce wheat, barley, millet, and rice. The tamarisk here attains a large size and serves for roofing-timber. The do- mestic industry of Lahsa consists wholly in weaving camlets and making abua or overcoats ; but the inhabitants derive large sums annually from the sale of camels and of dates, and all the trade between the coast of the Persian Gulf and the Bedouins of Nejd passes through this oasis. The Turks, at the conclusion of their war with the WahAbee (1819), occupied Lahsa, but soon after restored it to its original possessors, the Beni-Khalid, who pay a small tribute to the Porte. Capital, Hofhoof. Pop. estimated at 160,000. Lahsa, or Lachsa, a town in the above district, on a bay of the Persian Gulf, opposite the island of Bahrein. Lahul, India. See Lahool. Laiatea, an island of the Pacific. See Raiatea. Laibach) a town of Austria. See Lavbaoh, Laichanpoor, li-chin-poor', a port of India, on the Bay of Bengal, about 20 miles S. of Balasore. Vessels here take cargoes of rice by lighterage, being unable to come near the shore. liaichev, a town of Russia. See Laishev. liaichingen, li'King-en, a town of WUrtemberg, 16 miles N.W. of Ulm. Pop. 2584. Lai-Choo, or Lai-Chow-Foo, li^-chow*-foo', or Lai-Tcheou-Fou, li*-ohS-oo"-foo', called also simply Lai-Chow, or Lai-Tchoo, a seaport town of China., province of Shan-Toong, on the S. shore of the Gulf of Pe-Chee-Leo, lat. 37° 13' N., Ion. 119° 50' E., 280 miles S.E. of Peking. Laighpoor, lig^pooR', a town of Sinde, 60 miles S.S.W. of Hyderabad. Lat. 24° 34' N. ; Ion. 68° 22' E. Laigle, or L'Aigle, lig'l (L. A'qniln), a town of France, department of Orne, on the Rille, 18 miles N.E. of Mortagne. Pop. 4495. It is walled, and was formerly a military post. It is now the chief manufacturing town of its department, having manufactures of needles, pins, steel goods, glass, leather, gloves, hardware, Ac. Laigle (Cape), France, between Marseilles and Toulon. Laigle, lig'l, an island of Canada, formed by the con- fluence of the Prairie and St. Lawrence Rivers, 12 miles below Montreal. Laignes, lin, a town of France, in Cote-d'Or, 10 miles W. of Chatillon-sur-Seine. Pop. 1.391. Laigueglia, ll-gwil'yi (L. Lingula), a town of Italy, 6 miles S.S.W. of Albenga, on the Mediterranean. Lailly , lih^yee', a village of France, in Loiret, 15 miles S.W. of Orleans. Pop. 1727. Lainate, ll-ni'ti, a town of Italy, in Lombardy, 11 miles N.W. of Milan, noted far the magnificent palace of the house of Litta. Pop. 4322. Laing's, langs, a post-hamlet of Monroo co., 0., in Green township, IS miles S.S.E. of Barnesville. It has 2 churches. Laingsburg, langs'burg, a post-village of Shiawassee CO., Mich., in Scioto township, on the Jackson, Lansing A Saginaw Railroad, 16 miles N.E. of Lansing, and 12 miles S.W. of Owosso. It is near the Looking-Glass River. It has a union school, 3 churches, a bank, a foundry, a flouring- mill, and manufactures of furniture. Pop. about 800. Lainio-Elf, li'ne-oo-41f', a river of Sweden, which issues from Lake Rosto in Turne-i Lappmark, flows S.E., and joins the Tornea at Torneafors. Length, 140 miles. Laino, IJ'no, or Lao,li'o (anc. ia'us), a river of Italy, falls into the Mediterranean in 39° 42' N. lat. Laino, or Lajno, li'no, a town of Italy, province of Cosenza, 23 miles N.W. of Cassano. Pop. of commune, 3124. Lairdsborough, laerdz'bur-riih, a post-village of Car- roll CO., 6a., 10 miles from Carrollton. It has 2 churches, a tannery, and a gold-mine. Lairdsville, laerdz'vil, a post-hamlet of Oneida oo., N.Y., about 11 miles W. of Utica. Lairdsville, a post-village of Lycoming co.. Pa., in Franklin township, on Little Muncy Creek, about 22 miles N. of Danville. It has 2 churches, 3 saw-mills, and a grist-mill. Lair's (laerz) Station, a post-hamlet of Harrison co,, Ky., on the Central Railroad, 29 miles N.N.E. of Lexington. Lairsville, laerz'vil, a hamlet of Russell co., Ky., on the N. bank of the Cumberland River, opposite Rowena. Produce is shipped here. Laishev, li-shfiv', a town of Russia, government and 30 miles S.E. of Kazan. Pop. 4654, chiefly engaged in the transit trade of iron and salt by the river. Laissac, lis^sik', a town of France, in Aveyron, 28 miles N.W. of Millau. Pop. 1400. It has manufactures of pottery and paper. Lai-Tchoo, or Lai-Tcheou-Fou. See Lai-Choo. Laitre, a village of France. See Val-d'Ajol. Lai-Yang, li-y^ng', a large town of China, province of Shan-Toong, 50 miles S.S.W. of Che-Foo, in lat. 37° N., Ion, 12U° 55' E. Pop. 50,000, including the suburbs, in which are situated shops and factories in which the pongee silk is manufactured. Gold abounds in the district, and is ob- tained by washing. Laja, a river of Chili. See Laxa. La Jana, or La Xana, li nd'n^, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 40 miles from Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 1650. Lajara, li-na'ri, a post-office of Conejos co., Col., 20 miles from Alamosa Station. Lajas, a river of Central America. See Laxas. Lajatico, li-yi-tee'ko, a village of Italy, province and circle of Pisa. Pop. 2246. Lajbics, a town of Hungary. See Leibitz. Lajella, li-yel'U, a village of Italy, province of Sa- lerno, on the sea. Lajno, a town of Italy. See Laino. La Jumelliere,l^ zhil^meric-ain', a village of France, Maine-et-Loire, 13 miles E. N.E. of Beauprgau. Pop. 1755. La Junqnera, Spain. See Junquera. La Junta (Sp. pron. li Hoon'ti), a post-village of Bent CO., Col., on the Arkansas River, and on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and Pueblo & Arkansas Valley Railroads, 74 miles E. by S. of Pueblo, and 22 miles W. of Las Animas. It has a church and 2 stores. La Junta, li Hoon'ti (post-ofiice, Wntrous), a village of Mora co., New Mexico, 30 miles S.E. of Mora. P. 1 25. Lak^ahur'rah, a village of the Punjab, 60 miles N.E. of Mooltan. Lakaradeevh, native name of the Laccadive Islands. Lakassine, Louisiana. See Laqassine. Lake, a county in the N.W. part of California, has an area estimated at 700 square miles. The surface is moun- tainous, and consists chiefly of an extensive 'and fertile valley, bounded on the Vf, by the Coast Range of moun- tains, which are covered with forests of fir, pine, and red- wood. The most remarkable and beautiful feature of its surface is Clear Lake, which is about 22 miles long, and is nearly 1500 feet higher than the level of the sea. Wheat, barley, wool, and grass are the staple products of the soil. 'Ibis county has large quantities of borax, sulphur, and marble. Cinnabar and gold are also found in it. Capital, Lakeport. Valuation of real and personal estate, 151,266,290. Pop. in 1870, 2969, of whom 2483 were Americans. Lake, a county in the W. central part of Colorado, is drained by the Arkansas River, which rises in it. It com- prises many high peaks of the Saguache Mountains, among which are Massive Mountain (14,368 feet). Mount Harvard (14,383 feet). Mount Elbert (14,326 feet), and La Plata Peak (14,302 feet). Silver, gold, and lead are found in this county, and are the chief articles of export. Capital, Granite. Valuation of real and personal estate, $185,190, Pop. in 1870, 522, of whom 413 were Americans. Lake, a county in the S.E. part of Dakota, has an area of 576 square miles. It is partly drained by the Vermilion River, and contains numerous lakes. The surface is diver- sified. Capital, Madison. Lake, the most northeastern county of Illinois, borders on Wisconsin. Area, about 460 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Lake Michigan, and is intersected by the Dea Plaines River. In the N.W. part of the county is Pishtaka Lake, an expansion of Fox River, which drains the western LAK 1180 LAK part. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is di- versified with numerous deep but small lakes. The soil is fertile and durable. Oats, hay, Indian corn, wheat, butter, and cattle are the staple products. Limestone underlies part of this county. It is intersected by two branches of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Capital, Waukegan. Valuation of real and personal estate, $18,930,128. Pop. in 1870, 21,014, of whom 15,296 were Americans. Ijake, the most northwestern county of Indiana, borders on Illinois. Area, about 480 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Lake Michigan, and on the S. by the Kan- kakee River, and is intersected by the Calumet River. The surface is nearly level, and large marshes occur in the southern part. This county contains extensive prairies, the soil of which is fertile. Oats, Indian corn, hay, and cattle are the staple products. It is intersected by three railroads, — the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne see', in Savoy, France, 22 miles S. of Geneva, is 9 miles in length from N.W. to S.B., from 1 to 2 miles in breadth, and 1426 feet above the sea. At its N.W. extremity it discharges its surplus waters into the Fieran, an affluent of the Rhone. Lake of Averiio, Italy. See Averno. Lake of Bienne, Switzerland, See Bienne Lake, Lake of Castiglione, Italy, See Castiglione. Lake of Chiiisi, Italy. See Chidsi, Lake of. Lake of Cojutepeque. See Co.iutepeque. Lake of Con'stance (ano. Briganti'nus La'ciis ; Ger. Boden-See, boM^n-si> ; Fr. Lac de Constance, lik deh k6N«'- stONss'), a lake of Central Europe, forming a common cen- tre in which Switzerland and the territories of Baden, WUrtemberg, Bavaria, and Austria meet. It lies between lat. 47° 28' and 47° 50' N. and Ion. 9° and 9° 42' E. ; length, from N.W. to S.E., 40 miles; greatest breadth, about 9 miles ; area, 200 square miles ; greatest depth, which is between Friedrichshafen and Rorschach, 964 feet; 1283 feet above sea-level. At its N.W. extremity the lake is divided into two branches or arms, each about 14 miles in length : the N. arm is called the Ueberlingen Lake, after the town of Ueberlingen, on its N. bank ; the S. branch the Unter-See, in which is situated the fertile island of Reichenau, belonging to Baden, about 3 miles long and li broad. The Rhine enters the lake at Rheineck, at its S.E. extremity, and leaves it at Stein, at its N.W. termina- tion. Various other smaller rivers empty themselves into it. The lake, the waters of which are of a dark-green hue and very clear, is subject to sudden risings, the causes of which are unknown. It freezes in severe winters only. Steamers ply on the lake between Constance and various points on its shores. The banks are either flat or gently undulating, and are not remarkable for picturesque beauty ; but they are extremely fertile, and are covei*ed with corn- fields, orchards, and gardens, interspersed with ruined castles .and with numerous towns and villages, producing a very pleasing and striking effect. Lake of Damascus, Syria, See Bahr-el-Merj, Lake of Dainm, Germany, See DASisrscHE-SEE, Lake of Geneva, or Lake Le'man (Ger, Geiifer- See, ghSn'fjr-si" ; Fr, Lac de Geiiive, lik d?h zh?h-naiv' ; anc, Lema'nu^ La'cits), a lake of Europe, between Switzer- land and France. It is crescent-shaped. Length, 45 miles ; breadth, from 1 to 9i miles ; area, 82 square miles ; height above the sea, 1230 feet ; greatest depth, near its E. ex- tremity, 984 feet. It is traversed by the Rhone from E, to W,, and receives the Dranse, Venoge, and other small rivers. Its waters have a peculiar deep-blue color, are very transparent, and contain a great variety of fish. It is never wholly frozen over, and it is subject to eeickcs, or LAK 11S3 LAK remarkable risings of from 1 to 4 or 5 feet, which last only about 25 minutes. Lake of Geniiesareth, See Lake op Tabareeyeh. Lake of Goukeka. See Goktsche-Denghis. Lake of Isneek, Iznik, or Isnik, iz^neek' (anc. Asca'itiua Lacua), a beautiful lake of Asia Minor, 17 miles E. of the Gulf of Moodania, into which it discharges itself by a small river. Length, 14 miles; breadth, 4 miles. Lake of Lesina, li-see'nS. (anc. PantanHs), called also Salso, sil'so, or Saipe, sil'pi, in Italy, forms a kind of lagoon along the Adriatic, into which it discharges itself. Length, from E. to \V., 13 miles; breadth, 3 miles. Lake of Locarno. See Lago Maggiore. Lake of Lucerne, lu-s^rn' (Ger. WaldstUdter-See, or Vierwaldatddter-See, feer-walt'stSt-t9r-si\ or the " Lake of the Four Forest Cantons"), a lake of Switzerland, near its centre, enclosed by the cantons of Schwytz, Uri, Unter- walden, and Lucerne. Length, 24 miles; breadth, from ^ a mile to 2 miles ; height of surface above the sea, 1380 feet ; the depth varies from 300, near Lucerne, to 900 feet near its E. extremity. Shape, cruciform, with a prolonga- tion eastward, called the Lake of Uri, where its banks rise into rugged sublimity ; its scenery is everywhere picturesque. The Reuss enters it at its S.E. and leaves it at its N.W. end. The city of Lucerne and towns of Kiissnacht, Brunnen, and Fliiclen are on this lake, on which a steamer plies from end to end twice a day in summer. Lake of Miletopolis, Asia Minor. See Manbeyas. Lake of Moral, mo^rit' (Ger. Miwiener-See, or Murt- ner-Sce, mooRt'ner-si^), a small lake of Switzerland, cantons of Freyburg and* Vaud, 2 miles S.E. of the Lake of Neuf- chatel, and connected with it by the river Broye, which traverses the Lake of Morat. Length, 7 miles ; breadth, 2 miles. Banks low, fertile, and agreeable. On its E. and S. sides are the towns of Morat and Avenches. Lake of Neufchatel, nash^i^tSr, one of the larger lakes of Switzerland, in the AV. part, IS miles N. of the Lake of Geneva, enclosed by the cantons of Neufchatel, Vaud, Freyburg, and Bern. Length, 24 miles; average breadth, 4 miles. Estimated area, 90 square miles; height above the sea, 143 feet; depth, 426 feet. It receives several rivers; the Broye brings to it the surplus waters of Lake Morat, and it discharges its own northward by the Thiele through the Lake of Bienne into the Aar. Its scenery is less sublime than that of the other Swiss lakes, but its banks are pleasant, and on them are the towns of Neufchatel and Yverdun, between which a steamer pUes daily. Lake of Xeusiedl, noi'seed'l (Hun. Fert'd Tava, f^u'- to^ toh'voh^), a lake of Hungary, near its western frontier, between the counties of Oedenburg and Wieselburg, 19 miles S.S.W. of Presburg. Length, 23 miles; average breadth, 7 miles ; depth, from 9 to 13 feet. It receives the Vulka River, and the town of Rusth is on its W. side, where its banks are well wooded; on the E, the country is low and marshy, and here its waters, during its sudden and irregular inundations, are carried to the Rabnitz by a canal cut by a prince of the Esterhazy famil}', who i-esides in its vicinity. Lake of Ochrida or Okhrida, os're-d^ {ancZych- ni'tia Liieua), the principal lake of Albania, European Tur- key, in kit. 41° N,, Ion. 20° 45' E. Length, from N. to S., 18 miles; extreme breadth, 8 miles. It is surrounded by lofty mountains, and is highly picturesque. Lake. of Ooroomeeyah, oo-roo-mee'ya, or Uru- mia, or Shahee, shi'hee\ a shallow lake of Persia, 30 miles S.W. of Tabreez, is So miles long and 30 miles broad. It receives several rivers, contains numerous small islands, and has waters so salt as to be able to support but few kinds of animal life. Its elevation is 4200 feet. Lake of Or'ta (anc. ia'c»s Cu'siuaf), of Italy, is 7 miles W. of Lago Maggiore, into which it discharges its surplus waters. Length, 8 miles; breadth, 1=^ miles. It is highly picturesque. Lake of Perugia, pi-roo'jS,, or Lake Thras'- ymene (It. Lago di Perugia, lA'go dee pi-roo'ja, and Trasimeno, tri-se-mi'no ; anc. Thrasyme'ima or Trasime'- nna La' cue / Fr. Lac de Peronsey Idk deh piVooz'), a lake of Italy, 10 miles W. of Perugia, is situated in a basin en- closed on every side by the Apennines. It is a fine sheet of water, about 30 miles in circumference, surrounded by gentle eminences covered with oak, pine, and olive plan- tations, and it contains three islands. Near this lake Han- nibal defeated the Romans under Flaminius, 217 B.C. Lake of Ploen, plon, Germany, the largest in Hol- stein, is about 7 miles in length and 4 miles in breadth. The Little Ploen Lake is the N. portion, separated by the narrow isthmus on which Ploen is situated. Lake of Poschiavo, pos-ke-a'vo, Switzerland, im- mediately S.E. of the town of Poschiavo, is 3 miles long and 1.V miles broad. Lake of Sarnen, saR'n^n, in Switzerland, S. of Sar- ncn, 3 miles in length by 1 mile in breadth, and traversed by the Aa from the Lake of Lungern. Lake of Schwerin, shwA-reen', in Mecklenburg- Schwerin, Germany, is 14 miles in length by 3 miles in average breadth. It receives the Elde on the S., and from its N. extremity flows the Stor, which enters the Baltic at Wismar. On its W. shore is the town of Schwerin. Lake of Socorro, so-kor'ro, a lake of South America, in the United States of Colombia, at the head of the brook of Revcntado, which supplies water to the city of Cartago. Lake (or Sea) of Tabareeyeh, tib-a-rec'ya, written also Tabariyeh or Tabaria, tab-a-reo'ya, and Gen- iiesareth, jen-nes'a-reth, or Geiiesaret, jen-es'a-ret (called in Scripture the Sea of Galilee, or Sea of Tiheruia), a famous lake of Palestine, forming part of its E. boundary, between lat. 32° 45' and 32° o6' N., and in Ion. 35° 35' E. Shape, somewhat oval. Length, 14 miles ; greatest breadth, S miles; depression below the Mediterranean, 755 feet. It is traversed throughout from N. to S. by the river Jordan. Shores steep, but not precipitous. This lake has neither the imposing scenery which characterizes the Dead Sea, nor any remarkable picturesque beauty, but its surface and environs derive considerable interest from being the scenes of numerous miracles recorded in the life of the Founder of Christianity; and around it were anciently the cities of Tiberias, Magdala, Capernaum, Chorazin, and Bethsaida, all of which, except Tiberias, have wholly disappeared. Its vicinity presents numerous traces of volcanic action ; and Its waters are liable to be affected by sudden tempests, one of which is recorded in Holy Writ. Lake of Tamiagua, ti-me-i'gwi, Mexico, state of Vera Cruz, 60 miles in length, and 25 miles in greatest breadth, is separated at Its N. extremity by a narrow isth- mus from the Lake of Tampico. Lake of Tampico, tim-pee'ko, a shallow lagoon of Mexico, at the N. extremity of the state of Vera Cruz, 20 miles in length by 10 miles across. It communicates north- ward with the united mouths of the Tula and Tampico Rivers, and eastward with the Lake of Tamiagua. Large quantities of prawns, caught in it, are salted for export. Lake of Terminos. See Laguna de Teuminos. Lake of the Horn, Egypt. Sec Birket-el-Karn. Lake of the Thousand Islands, or Lac des Mille Isles, lak dk mill eel, an expansion in the upper part of St. Lawrence River, near Lake Ontario, containing the group called Thousand Islands (which see). Lake of the Woods (Fr. Lao dea Boia, lik di bwd), a large lake of North America, near lat. 49° N. It is partly in Minnesota and partly in Keewatin, Canada. It has an irregular form, nearly 100 miles long, and 250 miles or more in circuit. It is supplied by Rainy Lake River, and the surplus water is discharged by the Winnipeg River, which issues from the N. end of the lake. It encloses numerous wooded islands. Elevation, 977 feet. Lake of Thun,toon (Ger. 7'A»»er->S'ee, toon'er-si^), in Switzerland, 10 miles in length ; average breadth, 2 miles. Height above the sea, 1896 feet. It is traversed by the river Aar from Brienzer-See, and at its W. end it receives the Simmen. The shores near Thun are covered with villas and gardens; farther E. they are precipitous and strikingly picturesque. Two steamboats ply on it daily. On its S.W. side are the mountains of Stockhorn and Niesen. Lake of Two 3Iountains, a beautiful lake of Que- bec, being an expansion of the river Ottawa near its mouth. It is of very irregular form, about 24 miles long, and vary- ing from 1 to 6 miles in breadth. Lake of Two Mountains, Quebec. See Oka. Lake of Uri, yu'ree, of Switzerland, is the S.E. ex- tremity of the Lake of Lucerne. Its shores are precipitous and pathless; it receives the river Reuss. See Lake of Lucerne, Lake of Valencia, vd-l4n'she-a, or Tacarigua, tk- ki-ree'gw^, Venezuela, is near the Caribbean Sea, 2 miles E. of Valencia. Length, 22 miles: average breadth, 6 miles. Mean depth, from 12 to 15 fathoms. Shores desert on the S., but on the N. well cultivated. It contains many islands, and receives the river Aragua. Lake of Varese, v5,-rA'si, Northern Italy, in the prov- ince of Como, 4 miles E. of Lago Maggiore, into which it pours its waters. Length, 5 miles; greatest breadth, 2 miles. Lake of Vico, vee'ko, a lake of Central Italy, 8 miles S. of Viterbo, is 2i miles in length, and discharges its sur- plus waters into the Tiber. It is surrounded by woods, and is apparently the crater of an extinct volcano. LAK 1184 LAK Lake of Zell, tsSU, between the Swiss canton of Thur- g!VU and the S. part of the grand duehy of Baden, is 12 miles in length and 4 miles in breadth. It is traversed by the Rhine, which enters it from the Lake of Constance, 2 miles eastward. Its shores are undulating and fertile. Lake of Zug, Switzerland. See Zugersee. Lake of Zurich, zu'rik (Ger. ZUricher-See, tsu'riK-?r- sJ,'), a lake of Switzerland, celebrated for its picturesque beauty, is mostly situated within the canton of Zurich, but is enclosed at its E. end by the cantons of Schwytz and St. Gall. Length, 23 miles ; breadth, from 4 mile to 24 miles ; height of surface above the sea, 1S42 feet. From the S.E. it receives the waters of Lake Wallenstadt through the Linth Canal. It is divided into the upper lake, extending from Sohmerikau to llapperschwyl, and the lower lake, about 3 times the extent of the upper, from Rapperschwyl to Zurich. At its narrowest point it is crossed by a wooden bridge, nearly half a mile long. The upper lake is frozen over almost every winter, but this is seldom the ease with the lower lake. In summer its water is sometimes raised by the melting of the snow to 18 feet above its ordinary level. The lake is traversed by steamboats. Lake One, a station on the Vicksburg, Shreveport & Texas Railrcad, 21 miles W. of Delta, La. Lake One'ga, a lake of Russia, the next in size to that of Ladoga, from which it is distant 85 miles N.E., in the centre of the government of Olonets, mostly betvveen lat. 60° 62' and 62° 53' N. and Ion. 34° 15' and 36° 12' E. Length, 140 miles; breadth, from 30 to 45 miles. Area, estimated at 3400 square miles. It is of a very irregular shape, particularly towards the N., where it is much in- dented and forms numerous creeks and bays. Its shores are generally rocky, and its waters beautifully clear, and well supplied with fish. Navigation is much impeded by shoals and sandbanks. In it are numerous islands near its N. ex- tremity. It receives 10 streams, the principal of which are the Migra, the Shooya (Shuia), the Vodla, and the Vytegra. Its only outlet is the vSveer, by which it discharges its waters into Lake Ladoga; but the Murinskoi Canal, by connecting its affluent the Vytegra with the Kayla, an affluent of Bielo- Ozero, has brought it into communication with the basin of the Volga. Lake Onig'amis, in Canada, is one of the chain of lakes forming the head-waters of the river St. Maurice. Lake Oscawana, os-ka-wah'na, a summer resort of Putnam CO., N.Y., 8 miles from Garrison's Station, -which is on the Hudson River. Here is a lake 2 miles long. Lake Oskelanaio, os-ke-li-ni'o, a lake of Quebec, near the head-waters of the river St. Maurice. It is 27 miles long from N.E. to S.E., and 4 miles wide. Lake Panache, pa.-nish', a lake of very irregular shape on the Whiteiish River, Ontario, lat. 46° 15' N., Ion. 81°20'W. It contains a large number of islands. Length, about 18 miles; average breadth, 2 miles. Lake Papineau, pi-pee-no', a large lake in Ottawa CO., Quebec, gives rise to the main branch of the North Pe- tite Nation River. Lake Park, a small post-village of Becker co., Minn., on the Northern Pacific Railroad, 33 miles E. of Moorhead. Lake Peipus or Peipous, p4'e-pooce (Russ. Tchood- skoe, ohood'sko-i, or Ti;houds!:oe-Ozero, chood'sko-i-o-zi'- ro), a large lake of Russia, between lat. 57° 52' and 59° N. and Ion. 26° 55' and 27° 55' E., is surrounded by the gov- ernments of Esthonia, Livonia, St. Petersburg, and Pskov. Length, 80 miles; greatest breadth, 32 miles. Shores marshy, sandy, or covered with forests. It receives the Embach, Kosa, and other rivers, and on the N. discharges its surplus waters into the Gulf of Finland by the Narova. It is deep, and easy of navigation. In winter its fisheries supply the markets of St. Petersburg. Its S. extremity is termed the Lake of Pskov, to which city it nearly reaches. Lake Pepin, pip'in, an expansion of the Mississippi River, W. of Wisconsin. Length, nearly 25 miles ; greatest breadth, about 3 miles. Lake Pleasant, plez' ant, a township of Hamilton eo., N.Y. Pop. 332. It contains Sageville, the county seat, and is in the Great Northern Wilderness. Here is a fine lake of the same name, 46 miles N. of Gloversville. Elevation, 1615 feet; length, 4 miles. It is a favorite summer resort. Lake Pleasant, a post-hamlet of Erie co.. Pa., 15 miles S.E. of the city of Erie. It has 3 lumber-mills, and near it is a small lake. Lake Point, a post-office of Tooele co., Utah, on Gi-eat Salt Lake. Lakeport, lak'port, a post-office of Chicot co.. Ark. Lakeport, a post-village, capital of Lake co., Cal., on the W. shore of Clear Lake, about 100 miles N. by W. of San Francisco. It has 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a savings-bank, and 1 other bank, and is surrounded by pic- turesque scenery, which attracts many tourists. Two large steamboats ply between this place and Lower Lake. P. 248. Lakeport, a post-office of Yankton co., Dakota. Lakeport, a township of Woodbury co., Iowa. P. 293. Lakeport, called also Old Lake, a station in Orleans parish. La., on Lake Pontchartrain, is the N. terminus of the Pontchartrain Railroad, which extends hence to New Orleans. This is one of the oldest railroads in the United States. Lakeport, a post-village of St. Clair co., Mich., in Burchville township, on Lake Huron, about 12 miles N.N.W. of Port Huron. It has a church, a flour-mill, and manufactures of furniture, wagons, Ac. Whitefish abound here. Pop. about 250. Lakeport, a post-village of Madison co., N.Y., on Oneida Lake, about 16 miles E.N.E. of Syracuse. P. 134. Lake Prairie, prii'ree, a township of Marion co., Iowa. Pop., exclusive of Pella, 2673, Lake Prairie, a township of Nicollet co., Minn. Pop. 1178. Lake Prov'idence, a post-village, capital of East Carroll parish. La., on the W. bank of the Mississippi River, near a beautiful lake of its own name, and about 40 miles by land N.N.W. of Vicksburg. It has 4 churches and a newspaper office. Pop. 320. Lake Ridge, a post-hamlet of Lenawee eo., Mich., S miles N.E. of Tecumseh. It contains a saw-mill and a broom and brush factory. Pop. 200. Lake Ridge, a post-hamlet of Tompkins eo., N.Y., on the Cayuga Railroad, 12 miles N.N.W. of Ithaca, and 14 miles E. of Cayuga Lake. Lake Road, a post-office of Niagara co., N.Y., nearly 1 mile from Lake Ontario. Lake Ro'land, a post-office and lake of Baltimore co., Md., at Lake Station on the Northern Central Railroad, 8 miles N. of Baltimore. This lake is one of the sources from which Baltimore derives a supply of water, and is a place of summer resort. Lake Rossignol, ros^seen'yol', the largest lake in the province of Nova Scotia, on the Liverpool River, 16 miles from the head of tide. Into it flow the streams from a number of lakes. The coast-line is irregular, indented with a number of bays. The lake contains a large number of islands, and produces trout and salmon. Lake Run, a post-office of Sullivan co.. Pa. Lake Safaddu, Wales. See Breckinioc Mere. Lake Saint Charles, a village and settlement in Que- bec CO., Quebec, 10 miles N. of Quebec. Pop. 500. There is a remarkable echo at the lake, which tarries some few seconds before repeating the sound uttered ; and this in its turn is re-echoed from another quarter. Lake Saint Clair, between the province of Ontario and the state of Michigan, is about 30 miles in length, and 24 miles in its greatest breadth, having a mean breadth of about 12 miles. Area, 360 square miles. Depth, 20 feet. Height above the sea, 571 feet, or 6 feet higher than Lake Erie. It contains many islands, receives the Thames, Clinton, Great Bear Creek, and other rivers, and communicates on the S.W. by Detroit River with Lake Erie. On the N. it is entered by St. Clair River, which brings to it the surplus waters of the great lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron. The shoals or flats in its N. part are traversed by a deep canal bordered with dikes, an improvement constructed by the United States government. Lake Saint Francis, a beautiful lake in Beauce co., Quebec, 40 miles N.E. of Sherbrooke. Length, about 14 miles; breadth, 1 to 2 miles. It is surrounded in every direction by lofty wood-covered mountains. Lake Saint John, Concordia parish. La., is 3 miles W. of the Mississippi River, and 18 miles N. of Natchez, Miss. It is nearly 14 miles long, and 1 mile wide. Lake Saint John, a post-office of Concordia parish. La. Lake Saint Louis, a lake of Quebec, formed by the expansion of the river St. Lawrence, 9 miles S.W. of Mon- treal. Length, 20 miles; greatest breadth, 7 miles. The river Ottawa enters it by two channels on its W. side. Lake Saint Peter, a lake of Quebec, being an ex- pansion of the river St. Lawrence, between lat. 46° and 46° 8' N. and about Ion. 73° W. Length, 35 miles : greatest breadth, 10 miles. It receives many rivers, the largest of which is the St. Francis, from the S.E. In its S. part are many islands. It is navigable for ocean steamers. Lake Sa'rah,a township of Murray co., Minn. P. 110. Lake. Shasawataisi, sh&^si'wi'ti^seo', a lake of a long and irregular shape in Champlain co., Quebec, collects the waters of the Matawan and other lakes, and discharges ( LAK 11S5 them by a connecting stream into the St. Maurice^ near the mouth of Ribbon River. Lake Sher'brooke, a beautiful lake in Lunenburg CO., Nova Scotia, 6 or 7 miles long and 1 to 2 miles wide. It forms part of a branch of the La Have River. liake Shetek, she-tek', a post-village of Lyon co., Minn., in Monroe township, on the Winona &, St. Peter Railroad, about 95 miles W. of Mankato. It has 2 churches, 2 warehouses for grain, and 4 stores. It is near several lakes. The name of its post-office is Shetek. Lake Shore, a post-office of Antrim co., Mich. Lake Sliore Junction, a station, 3 miles N. of Mil- waukee, Wis., where the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad joins the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad, is on the Milwaukee River, opposite Humboldt. Lake Sib'Iey, a hamlet of Cloud eo., Kansas, in Lake Sibley township, near the Republican River, about 71) miles N.W. of Junction City. Lake Side, a village of Cook co.. III., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, and on Lake Michigan, 18 miles N. of Chicago. Lakeside, lak'sld, a post-office of Emmett co., Iowa. Lake Side, a post-village of Berrien co., Mich., on Lake Michigan, and on the Chicago & West Michigan Railroad, 20 miles W. of Niles. The station is called Wilkinson. Lakeside, a township of Muskegon co., Mich., on Lakes Michigan and Muskegon. It contains Cluffton and Port Sherman. Lakeside, a township of Cottonwood co., Minn. Pop. 207. It contains 37 small lakes, and includes the village of Bingham Lake. Lakeside, a post-office of Renville co., Minn. Lake Side, a post-hamlet of Wayne co., N.Y., in On- tario township, on Lake Ontario, about 20 miles E.N.E. of Rochester. It has a church and manufactures of car- riages and barrels. Lakeside, a settlement in Bigby eo.. Nova Scotia, on Digby Neck, 17 miles from Digby. Pop. 100. Lakeside, a post-village in O.xford co., Ontario, 10 miles S.E. of St. Marys. Pop. 100. Lakes of Killar'ney, three connected lakes in the S.W. of Ireland, co. of Kerry, the lowest or southernmost of which approaches within li miles W. of Killarney. It is 16i miles in length by 2 miles in breadth. On the W., S., and S.E. sides of these lakes rise the loftiest mountains (still haunted by red deer), the wildest ravines, the finest woods, and some of the boldest cascades in Ireland. Lake Spring, a post-office of Dent co.. Mo., about 14 miles S. by E. of RoUa. Lake Squouatouk, skoohvi'took, or Squat'teck, in Temiscouata co., Quebec, is one of the sources of the river Tuladi. It is 60 miles in superficial extent. Lake Station, a post-village of Lake co., Ind., in Hobart township, on the Calumet River, and on the Michigan Central Railroad, at the junction of the Joliet division, 35 miles S.E. of Chicago. Pop. about 200. Lake Station, Texas. See Lake. Lake Station, in Box Elder co., Utah, is on the Cen- tral Pacific Railroad, 45 miles W. of Corinne. Lakesville, laks'vil, a post-hamlet of Dorchester co., Md., 22 miles S. of Cambridge. It has a church. Lake Tchad, Central Africa. See Chad. Lake Thrasymene, Italy. See Lake of Perugia. Lake Tok'ua, a post-office of Big Stone co., Minn. Laketon, lak'tipn, a post-village of Wabash co., Ind., on Eel River, and on the Eel River Railroad, 33 miles E.N.E. of Logansport. It has a church and a saw-mill. Laketon, Berrien co., Mich. See Bridgman. Laketon, a township of Muskegon co., Mich., bounded W. by Lake Michigan, and S. by Lake Muskegon. Pop. 1332. It is the seat of an active lumber-business. Laketown, lak'town, a township of Allegan co., Mich., bounded W. by Lake Michigan. Pop. 689. Laketown, a post-office of Carver eo., Minn., in Lake- town township, near several sm.aU lakes, about 32 miles W.S.W. of St. Paul. Pop. of the township, 1070. Laketown, a post-office of Rich co., Utah. Laketown, a township of Polk co.. Wis. Pop. 317. Lake Trav'erse, near the head-waters of the St. Maurice, in Portneuf CO., Quebec, is about 18 miles long. Its banks are covered with spruce, balsam fir, tamarack, and white birch. The St. Maurice enters this lake 1^ miles below the N.E. end, 196 miles N. of Montreal. Lakevale, Nova Scotia. See Morristown. Lake Val'ley, a post-office of El Dorado co., Cal., on Lake Tahoe. Pop. of Lake Valley township, 246. Lake Valley, a post-office of Morgan co., Ind. 75 Lake Van, vin (ano. Arsia'sa? or Tho'nia?), a salt lake of Asiatic Turkey, intersected by the parallel 38"^ 30' N. lat. and the 43d meridian of E. Ion. Greatest length, nearly 70 miles ; greatest breadth, about 50 miles. Area, about 2000 square miles. It receives the waters of a few small streams, but has no outlet. The town of Van is on its E. shore. Lake VieAV, a post-office of Covington co., Ala. Lake VieAV, a post-otfice and steamboat-landing of Volusia CO., Fla., at the S. end of Lake George, where the St. John's River enters that lake, 130 miles S. of Jackson- ville. Here is an orange-grove. The lake is 18 miles long. Lake View, a post-township of Cook co.. 111., on Lake Michigan, about 5 miles N. of Chicago. It contains many handsome residences and gardens. Pop. 1841. Lake View, Illinois. See Havelock. Lake View, a post-office of Palo Alto co., Iowa. Lake'view, a station in Douglas co., Kansas, on the Kansas Midland Railroad, 6 miles W. by N. of Lawrence, and on a lake. Lakeview, a post-office of McPherson eo., Kansas, about 22 miles N.W. of Newton. Lakeview, a post-village of Montcalm co., Mich., in Cato township, 12 miles E. of Howard City. It has a grist- mill, a planing-mill, 2 saw-mills, 2 churches, a newspaper office, a foundry, and a sash- and door-factory. Pop. about 600. It is on the Chicago, Saginaw & Canada Railroad. Lake View, a township of Becker eo., Minn. Pop. 99. Lake View, a station near Carson Lake, on the Vir- ginia A Truckee Railroad, 5 miles N. of Carson City, Nev. Lake View, a post-office of Passaic eo., N.J., on the Erie Railroad at the crossing of the Newark & Paterson Railroad, 1 mile S. of Paterson. Lake View, a station in Chautauqua co., N.Y., near Chautauqua Lake, and on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 5 miles W. of Jamestown. LakevieAV, a post-office and station of Erie eo., N.Y., on the Lake Shore &, Michigan Southern Railroad, near Lake Erie, and 14 miles S. of Buffalo. Lake View, a post- village of Cuyahoga co., 0., in East Cleveland township, 1 mile from the eastern border of Cleveland. It is near Lake Erie, and fronts on Euclid Avenue., Here are extensive gardens. Lakeview, a post-village, capital of Lake co., Oregon. Lake View, a post-office of Pierce co., Washington, on the Northern Pacific Railroad, 9 miles S. of Tacoma. Lake View, a post-hamlet of Dane co.. Wis., in Fitch- burg township, about 10 miles S. by W. of Madison. It has a church. Lake View, Ontario. See Johnson's Mills. Lake Vill'age, a post-village, capital of Chicot co., Ark., near the Mississippi River, about 80 miles S.S.E. of Pine Bluff. It has 3 churches. It is on or near Old River Lake, and is 6 miles from the nearest steamboat-landing. Lake Village, a post-office of Brookings co., Dakota. Lake Village, a post-office of Newton co., Ind. Lake Village, a post-office of Natchitoches parish. La. Lake Village, a post-village of Belknap co., N.H., is at the outlet or S.W. extremity of Winnepesankee Lake, partly in Laoonia and partly in Gilford township, and on the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad, 29 miles N. by E. of Concord, and 2 miles N. of Laoonia. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, and several mills in which w,ater-power is employed; also a foundry, a savings-bank, and a good hotel. Hosiery, woollen goods, machinery, and needles are made here. Lake'ville, a post-village of Sonoma eo., Cal., on Peta- luma Creek, 35 miles N. by W. of San Francisco. It is on the San Francisco & North Pacific Railroad, 1 mile from Donahue. Lakeville,a post- village in Salisbury township, Litch- field CO., Conn., on the Connecticut Western Railroad, about 50 miles (64 by rail) W.N.W. of Hartford, and 30 miles S.E. of Hudson, N.Y. It has a hotel, a select school, a savings-bank, a manufactory of cutlery, 2 churches, and a school for imbeciles. Here is Lake Wononscopomuc. Lakeville, a post-village of St. Joseph co., Ind., in Union township, about 13 miles S. of South Bend. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of ilour and lumber. Lakeville, post-township, Dickinson co., Iowa. P. 102. Lakeville, a plantation of Penobscot co., Me. P. 108. Lakeville, a post-village in Lakeville township, Ply- mouth CO., Mass., on a small lake, about 37 miles-S. by E. of Boston. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of tacks and box-boards. Lakeville Station is on the Old Colony Railroad, 2 miles S. by W. of Middleborough. The town- ship contains several lakes, and a pop. of 1061. LAK 1 Lakeville, a post-hamlct of Oakland eo., Mich., in Ad- dison townsliip, about 40 miles N. of Detroit. It has a flour-mill, a foundry, and a saw-mill. Lake vine, a post-village of Dakota CO., Minn., in Lake- ville township, on or near the Hastings & Dakota Railroad, about 24 miles S. of Minneapolis. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 1022. Lakeville, a post-village of Stoddard co.. Mo., about ii miles W. by N. of Cairo, 111. It has a church and a flour-mill. Lakeville, a post-village of Livingston eo., N.Y., in Livonia township, at the N. end and outlet of Conesus Lake, about 28 miles S. of Rochester. It has 2 or 3 churches, a hotel, and a manufactory of farming-imple- ments. The lake is navigated by a steamboat. ' Pop. 130. Lakeville, a hamlet of Orange co., N.Y., in Monroe township, on the Sterling Mountain Branch of the Erie Railroad, 3 miles from Greenwood Lake. It has 2 churches, a blast-furnace, and an iron-mine. Lakeville, a hamlet in Holmes CO., 0., on the Pitts- burg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 28 miles E. by S. of Crestline. Here is Plimpton Post-Office. Lakeville, a station in Crawford co., Pa., on the Union & Titusville Railroad, 8 miles S. of Union City, at the out- let of Oil Creek Lake, a pleasure-resort. Lakeville, a post-office of Chippewa co., Wis. Lakeville, a post-village in Kings co., Nova Scotha, 9 miles from Kentville. It contains a tannery and 3 stores. Lakeville, Nova Scotia. See East Jeddore. Lake Ware, a post-office of Marion co., Fla. Lake Wash'ingtoii, a post-office of Le Sueur CO., Minn. Lake Washington, a post-office and steamboat-land- ing in Washington co., Miss., on the Mississippi River. Lake Washington, a lake in Kings co., Washington, about 2 miles E. of Seattle. It is nearly 16 miles long, and 4 miles wide. A short outlet issues from its southern end and enters the Dwamish River. Lake'wood, a post-hamlet of Shelby co., III., on the Springfield division of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 8 miles S.W. of Shelbyville, and 54 miles S.E. of Spring- field. It has 2 churches. Lake Zapatosa (or Zapatoza), za-pa-to'sS, or si- pi-to'si (Sp. pron. th3,-pi-to'tha). South America, United States of Colombia, 35 miles S.E. of Mompox, is an enlarge- ment of the river Sesar before it joins the Magdalena. Length, about 25 miles; breadth, 22 miles. Lake Zurich, zu'rik, a post-hamlet and summer resort, on a fine lake, in Lake eo.. 111., 4 miles N. by E. of Bar- rington Station, and 36 miles N.W. of Chicago. Lakhpat, a town of India. See Luckput. La'kin, a station in Hamilton co., Iowa, on the Des Moines & Minneapolis Railroad, 22 miles N. of Ames. Lakin, a township of Barton eo., Kansas. Pop. 1212. It contains Ellinwood. Lakin, a township of H.arvey co., Kansas. Pop. 315. Lakin, a post-otliee of Kearney co., Kansas, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 72 miles W. of Dodge City. Lakki, 13.kMtee', or Lakee, li'kee', a town of the Punjab, on the Khur.am, an affluent of the Indus, 98 miles S.S.W. of Attock. Lat. 32° 55' N. ; Ion. 71° 10' E. Lak-Nagy, loK-nod'yeh or nodj, a town of Hungary, CO. of Csanad, on the Maros, 35 miles N. of Temesvar. It has 2 Greek churches, numerous mills, and a trade in cattle, sheep, and swine. Pop. 9661. Lakoo'ra, a village of Beloochistan, province of Jhal- awan, 60 miles S.W. of Kelat. Lakor, liMcon', a small island in the Malay Archipelago, E. of Timor. Lat. 8° 12' S. ; Ion. 127° 10' B. It is about 12 miles long by 4 miles broad. Lakshmanavati, the Sanscrit name of GouR. Laksmanavate, the Hindoo name of Liicknow. Laland, an island of Denmark. See Laaland. Lai Bagh, a city of India. Sec Mooushedabad. Lalbenqiie, lirbosk', a town of France, in Lot, 8 miles S.S.E. of Cahors. Pop. 624. La Liendre, \k le-Sn'dr.'i, a post-hamlet of San Miguel CO., New Me.Kico, 17 miles from Las Vegas. La-Lin, a town of the M.anehoorian province of Kirin, 120 miles N. of the town of Kirin. Its walls enclose a large space, but the buildings occupy less than one-half the area. Pop. 15,000 to 20,000. Lalita-Patan, IiMec't3,-p4-tin', a town of India, Ne- paul, 2 miles S. of Khatmandoo. It was formerly the cap- ital of a small independent state. It has a neat appearance, and some handsome public edifices, and manufactures of cotton, copper, and brass. 56 LAM Lality, I6hMeet'y?h (almost lohMeetch'), a village of Hungary, co. of Eiics, IS miles S.E. of Zombor. P. 2699. LalUee', a town of the Puniab, between the Chenaub and Jhylum Rivers, 95 miles W.N.W. of Lahore. Lall^gunge', or Lalganj, largiinj', a town of India, Mozufferpoor district, near the Gunduek, 12 miles N.W. of Hadjypoor. It has manufactures of saltpetre, indigo, and spirits, and a great trade in oil-seeds, hides, saltpetre, salts, and provisions. Pop. 12,338. La Loggia, li lod'ji, a village of Italy, province of Turin, 2 miles from Carignano. Pop. 1456. La Lomagne, la logman' (anc. Zeomaiitajia), a small district of France, in the former province of Gascony, now included in the departments of Haute-Garonne and Gers. La Londe, 14 loNd, a village of France, in Seine-In- ferieure, 12 miles S.W. of Rouen. Pop. 1781. La Louppe, 14 loop, a town of France, in Eure-et- Loir, 21 miles W. of Chartres. Pop. 1357. Lal'poor', a town of Afghanistan, plain of Jelalabad, on the Cabool River, 36 miles W.N.W. of Peshawer. Lal'soont', a town of Indi.a, in Rajpootana, 38 miles S.E. of Jeypoor. Lama, 14'ma, a river of Russia, government of Moscow, joins the Volga 25 miles N. of Klin. Lama, la'mi, a village of Italy, province of Chieti, 20 miles S. of Chieti. Pop. 3016. Lama, a village of Italy, 6 miles E.N.E. of Ascoli. Pop. 1690. L'Amable, I4-m4'b'l, a post-village in Hastings co., Ontario, 70 miles N. of Belleville. Pop. 100. La Machine, la md^sheen', atown of France, in Nievre, 18 miles E.S.E. of Nevers. Co.al is mined here. P. 3091. La Maddalena, 14 m4d-d4-14'n4, an island off the N. coast of Sardinia, 10 miles W. of Longo-Sardo. Pop. 1914. La Madeleine, Fr.ance. See Madeleine. La Magistere, 14 m4^zhisHaiR', a town of France, in Tarn-et-Garonne, 13 miles W.N.W. of Moissac. Pop. 1576. Lamaline, 14^maMeen', a post-town and port of entry in the district of Burin, Newfoundland, 40 miles from Bu- rin. It has a considerable trade. Pop. 310. La Manclia, 14 m4n'ch4, an old province of Spain, in the S. part of New Ca.stile, now comprised in the province of Ciudad Real. It derives its fame from the novel of Cer- vantes. Adj. and inhab. Manche'gan (Sp. Manchego, m4n-ch4'go). La Manche. See English Channel and Manche. La Manche, 14 m4nsh, a mining village in the district of Placentia, Newfoundland, on the Avalon Isthmus, 12 miles N. of Little Placentia. A lead-mine has been worked here. Pop. 328. La Manta, 14 min't4, a village of Italy, 2 miles S. of Satuzzo. Pop. 1578. La^mar', formerly San'ford, a northwestern county of Alabama, bordering on Mississippi, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is intersected by the Buttahatchee River and Lu.\,apatilla (or Loosapatilla) Creek. The sur- face is undulating or hilly, and is mostly covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Vernon. Valuation of real and personal estate, Sl,O0O,000. Pop. in 1870, 8893, of whom 8882 were Atnericans. Lamar, a county in the N.E. part of Texas, has an area of about 1050 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Red River, and is intersected by the North Branch of the Sulphur Fork of Red Rivor. The surface is diversified with prairies and forests of good timber, which is here abundant. The soil is fertile. Cotton, cattle, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Among the forest trees are the ash, hickory, oak, walnut, and osage-orango. It is intersected by the Texas & Pacific Railroad. Capital, Paris. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,206,391. Pop. in 1870, 15,790, of whom 15,707 were Americans. Lamar, a post-office of Randolph co., Ala. Lamar, a post-office of Sumter co., Ga. Lamar, a post-office of Ottawa co., Kansas. Lamar, a post-village of Marshall co.. Miss., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 13 miles N.E. of Holly Springs. It has a church. Lamrar, a post-village, capital of Barton eo.. Mo., in Lamar township, near the North Fork of Spring River, 25 miles N. of Carthage, and about 38 miles S.E. of Fort Scott, Kansas. It has 4 churches, 2 banks, an academy, 2 news- paper offices, and manufactures of flour and farming-imple- ments. Pop. about 1500. Lamar, a township of Clinton co.. Pa., about 3 miles S. of Lock Haven. Pop. 1391. It contains the village of Salona. LAM 1187 LAM Lamar, a post-office of Clinton co.. Pa., at a hamlet named Belle Spring, 11 miles S.S.W. of Lock Haven. Lamar, a post-hamlet of Aransas eo., Tex., on a bay which opens into the Gulf of Mexico, about 40 miles N.E. of Corpus Christi. La Mar, a town of Bolivia. See Cobija. Lamarche, Uhnaush', a village of France, department of Vosges, 20 miles S. of Neufehateau. Pop. 1719. La Mard, a township of Wayne co., 111. Pop. 1349. It contains JetfersonviUe. La Mareinma, Italy. See Maremma. Lamar Mills, Clinton eo.. Pa. See Hamburg. La Marmora, li man'mo-ri, a village of Italy, 22 miles from Coni. Pop. 873. La Maronne, li miVonn', a river of France, joins the Dordogne, after a W. course of about 44 miles. L'Amarouv, li'mi^roo', a post-village in York co., Ontario, 6 miles N.W. of Scarborough. Pop. 250. Lamars Mill, a post-office of Upson co., Ga. Lamar Station, a post-village of Nodaway co.. Mo., 20 miles N.W. of Maryville, and about 60 miles N. by Vf. of St. Joseph. It has a church. Lamartine, lam'ar-teen or lam-ar-teen', a post-village of Columbia co., Ark., about 32 miles S.W. of Camden. LamartiBie, a post-vill.age. capital of Greeley co.. Neb., about 70 miles AV. of Columbus, and 56 miles N. by E. of Kearney. Lamartine, a post-village of Carroll co., 0., in Perry township, about 30 miles S.S.E. of Canton. It h.as 2 churches. Lamartine, Clarion eo., Pa. See Salem. Lamartine, a post-village of Fond du Lac co.. Wis., on the Sheboygan & Fond du Lao Railroad, on the border of Lamartine township, 4 miles W.S.W. of Fond du Lac. It has 2 churches and a cheese-factory. Pop. about 100 ; of the township, 1513. Lamas'co, a post-village of Lyon eo., Ky., 10 miles S.W. of Princeton. It has 2 churches, the Lamasco Insti- tute, and 4 stores. Pop. about 200. La Mastre, 13, mist'r, a town of Friince, in ArdSche, 14 miles S.W. of Tournon, on the Doux. Pop. 1911. La Mata, li ma'tS,, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 20 miles W.N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 1195. La Matanza, li ma-t3,n's4, a town of the Canaries, on the N. part of the island of Teneriffe. Lamato, H-ma'to (anc. Zametusf), a river of Italy, in Calabria, falls into the Gulf of Santa Euphemia. Lamato, a town of Italy, province and 8 miles N.W. of Catanzaro. Pop. 1306. La Mayenne, a river of France. See Mayense. Lamb, lam, a county of the Panhandle of Te.xas, on the Staked Plain. Area, 900 square miles. Lambach, lim'biK (L. Lambacum), a town of Austria, on the Traun, IS miles by rail S.W. of Lintz. Pop., in- cluding Ebensee, on the opposite bank of the river, 1699, employed in salt-works. It has a Benedictine abbey. Lamballe, l&M'blll' (anc. Ambiliales?), a town of France, C6tes-du-Nord, on the Gouessan, 12 miles E.S.E. of Saint-Brieuc. Pop. 4248. It stands on the slope of a hill, crowned by a fine Gothic church. Lambare, lim-ba-ri', a village of Paraguay, 6 miles from Asuncion, on the left bank of the Paraguay. Lam'bay, a small island of Ireland, co. of Dublin, 3 miles S.E. of Rush. Lambayeque, lim-bi-4'ki, a town of Peru, depart- ment of Lambayeque, and capital of the province of the same name, 6 miles from the sea. It is connected by railways with Eten, Ferriilafe, and Pimentel, and has a newspaper, a col- lege, a hospital, a fine cathedral, a rice-mill, and manufac- tures of soap, quinine, 4c. Pop. 6000. Lambayeque, a maritime department in the N.W. of Peru. Capital, Chiclayo. Pop. 85,984. Lambermont, lim'ber-mAnt* or 16M*b6R'm6N»', a vil- lage of Belgium, province and 16 miles E. of Liege. Lam'bert, a post-office of Fayette co., Tenn. Lam'berta, a post-hamlet of Baldwin co., Ala., 23 miles S.E. of Mobile. It has a church. Lam'bert Lake, a post-hamlet of Wsisbington co., Me., on the European it North American Railroad, 5 miles W. of Vanceborough. Pop. about 100. Lam'berton, a post-office and station of Redwood co., Minn., on the Winona & St. Peter Railroad, 43 miles W. by S. of New Ulm. Pop. of Lamberton township, 181. Lamberton, a post-office of Racine co.. Wis. Lam'bertville, a post-hamlet of Monroe eo., Mich., in Bedford township, 7 miles N.E. of Sylvania, 0. It has 2 churches. Lambertville, a post-town of Hunterdon co., N.J., on the Delaware River, and on the Belvidere Delaware Railroad, at the S. terminus of a branch railroad which connects it with Flemington, 16 miles above Trenton, and 12 miles S. by W. of Flemington. It contains 5 churches, 2 national banks, 1 or 2 public halls, 2 newspaper offices, 2 paper-mills, a cotton-factory, several flour-mills, a saw-mill, manufac- tures of ropes and twine, and rubber-works. A bridge across the river connects it with New Hope. Pop. 3842. Lambesc, 16sr^bilsk', a town of France, in Bouches-du- Rhone, 12 miles W.N.W. of Aix. Pop. 2087. Lam'beth, a borough of England, co. of Surrey, com- prising the greater part of the S.W. quarter of the metropolis S. of the Thames, here crossed by Waterloo, Hungerford, Westminster, and Vauxhall bridges, and having B. the borough of Southwark. Pop. 208,342. Lambeth Palace, beside the river, opposite the ferry to Westminster, is an ancient castellated structure of various dates, which has been the residence of the Archbishops of Canterbury since the twelfth century. Lam'beth, a post-village in Middlesex cc, Ontario, 6 miles S.W. of London. It contains a hotel and 4 stores. Pop. 250. Lambezellec, 16M*beh-zSrifik', a town of Prance, in Finistere, 3 miles N. of Brest. Pop. 2243. Lambie's Mills, Quebec. See Kinnear's Mills. Lam'bourn, or Chip'ping Lam'bourn, a town of England, co. of Berks, fii miles N.N.W. of Hungerford. The town, old, but ne.at, has a cruciform church in the early English style, and an antique pillar in the market-place. In the vicinity is the celebrated figure of a white horse, said to have been cut in the chalk down in memory of Alfred's great victory over the Danes in 871. Pop. 1180. Lambrate, lim-bra'ti, a village of Italy, 3 miles E.N.E. of Milan, on the Lambro. Pop. 1905. Lambro, lim'bro (anc. iam'6ni«),ariver of Northern Italy, rises between the two arras of the Lago di Como, flows S.S.E., and joins the Po 15 miles S. of Lodi. Total course, about 70 miles. Lamb's, lamz, a post-hamlet of Venango co., Pa., 3 miles S.E. of Titusville. Petroleum is found here. Lambsburg, lamz'burg, a post-office of Carroll co., Va. Lamb's Corners, a post-hamlet of Broome co., N.Y., in Nanticoke township, about 15 miles N.W. of Bingham- ton. It has 2 churches, 2 saw-mills, and a planing-mill. Lamb's Creek, a post-hamlet of Tioga co., Pa., on the Tioga Railroad, 13 miles N. of Blossburg. It has 2 large steam saw-mills. Lambsheim, l^mz'bime, a town of Rhenish Bavaria, 5 miles W.S.W. of Frankenthal. Pop. 2145. Lambtou, lam'ton, a county of Ontario, bordering upon the S. portion of Lake Hui-on. The St. Clair River forms its western boundary. Area, 725 square miles. This county contains petroleum-wells, and is traversed by the Grand Trunk and Great Western Railways. Capital, Sar- nia. Pop. 31,994. Lambton,or Port Lambton,a village in Lambton CO., Ontario, on the river St. Clair, 5 miles N.E. of Algonac, Mich. It contains 4 hotels, 5 stores, and several mills and factories. Pop. 150. Lambton, or Saint Vital de Lambton, saN^vee*- ih\' d^h lim'ton, a post-village in Beauce CO., Quebec, 36 miles S.S.W. of St. Francois de la Beauce. It has 3 saw- mills, 2 grist-mills, a tannery, and 4 stores. Pop. 400. Lamego, li-mi'go (anc. Lame'ca, or La'ma), a city of Portugal, in Beira, near the Douro, 46 miles E. of Oporto. Pop. 7702. It has many interesting Moorish and some Roman remains. Principal edifices, a cathedral, a castle, hospitals, a priests' seminary, and bishop's palace. La Mesilla, in New Mexico. See Mesilla Valley. Lames'ley, a village of England, co. of Durham, on a railway, 4 miles S. of Newcastle, with coal -mines and quarries of grindstones. Pop. 2495. Lametus, the supposed ancient name of Lamato. Lamghan, a district of Afghanistan. See Lughman. Lamia, li-mee'S,, Lately Zeitoun, or Zeitun, zi'- toon' (Gr. Zeiroui'), a town of Greece, capital of Phtbiotis and Phocis, near the Turkish frontier, and at the head of the Gulf of Volo. It has an acropolis, a citadel, and an arsenal. Pop. 4873. See Gulf of Lamia. La Mine, a post-village of Cooper co.. Mo., on the La Mine River, 12 miles W. of Boonville. It has a church. Pop. of La Mine township, 1088. La Mine River, Missouri, drains a large part of Pettis CO., and runs nearly northward in Cooper co. After a very tortuous course, it enters the Missouri River about 7 miles above Boonville. Its length is estimated at 130 miles. LAM i: liatn^ing'ton, a post-hamlet of Somerset co., N.J., in Bedminster township, about 18 miles S.W. of Morristown. It has a church. Lamingtoil River, New Jersey, rises in Morris co., runs southward, and enters the North Branch of the Kari- tan on the AV. boundary of Somerset co. Lamira, Belmont co., 0. See Lewis Mills. Laiii'lash, a small village and harbor of Scotland, on the S.E. side of the Isle of Arran, 15 miles S.S.E. of Ayr. liamlum, or Lainloom. See LESiLooii. liammermoor, Ontario. See Nobleton. liam^mermoor' (or Lammerinuir) Hills, Scot- land, a range of mountains extending from the S.E, ex- tremity of the county of Edinburgh, through the counties of Haddington and Berwick, to the North Sea, in the parish of Coldingham. The principal summits have an elevation of from 1500 to 1600 feet. liammon^au, a volcano of Java. See Lemmongan. Xianio, a bay of Africa. See Lamoo. Laiuoille, la-moil', a river in the N. part of Vermont, rises in Orleans co., and, after flowing southwesterly into Caledonia co., turns and flows in a W.N.W. direction through Lamoille and Pranklin cos., and falls into Lake Champlain in Chittenden co., in the N.W. part of the state. Lamoille, a county in the N. part of Vermont, has an area of about 445 square miles. It is intersected by the Lamoille River, and also drained by the AYaterbury River. The surface is mountainous and presents beautiful scenery. In the W. part of this county stands Mount Mansfield (the highest peak of the Green Mountains), which has an alti- tude of 4430 feet above the level of the sea. A large por- tion of the county is covered with forests, in which the sugar-maple abounds. The soil is mostly fertile and adapted to pasturage. Hay, butter, oats, potatoes, and maple sugar are the staple products. It is intersected by the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad. Capital, Hyde Park. Valuation of real and personal estate, $6,015,609. Pop. in 1870, 12,448, of whom 11,544 were Americans. Xjamoilie, a post-village of Bureau co., 111., in La- moille township, on Bureau Creek, and on the Mendota & Clinton Railroad, 9 miles W. of Mendota, and 93 miles W.S.W. of Chicago. It has a graded school, 3 churches, 4 general stores, a flour-mill, and a money-order post-oflice. Pop. about 700; of the township, 1408. jLamoille, a post-village of Marshall co., Iowa, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 7 miles W. of Marshall- town. It has 2 churches and a drug-store. liamoille, a post-hamlet of Winona co., Minn., on the Mississippi River, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee *fe St. Paul Railroad, 10 miles below Winona. Here are some high bluffs of limestone, and beautiful scenery. La Moin, a township of McDonough CO., 111. Pop. 1167. It contains Colmar. Lanioine, la-moin', a post-township of Hancock co.. Me,, on a bay or inlet of the Atlantic Ocean. Pop, 612. La ittoin River, Illinois, drains parts of Hancock and McDonough cos., runs S.E. through Schuyler co., and enters the Illinois River about 10 miles S. of Rushville. It is nearly 100 miles long. It is sometimes called Crooked Creek. Lamo'kin, a station in Delaware co., Pa., on the Phil- adelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, at the junc- tion of the Chester Creek Railroad, 1 mile S. of Chester, and on the Delaware River. It has a steamboat-landing and steel-works. Lanione, U-mo'ni, a river of Italy, rises in Tuscany, and enters the Adriatic 10 miles N. of Ro,venna, after a N.N.E. course of 50 miles. La^mong', a post-hamlet of Hamilton co., Ind., in Washington township, 12 miles W.N.AV. of Noblesville. La^mont', a post-office of Sedgwick co., Kansas. Lamont, a post- village of Ottawa co., Mich., in Tall- luadge township, on G-rand River, 5 miles S. of Coopersville Station, and about 13 miles W. of Grand Rapids. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a planing-mill, and manufac- tures of lumber and leather. Pop. about 450. La Monte, la-mont', a post-village of Pettis co., Mo., on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 12 miles W.N.W. of Se- dalia. It has 3 churches. Pop. 1S4. La Mont's Hill, a post-otlico of Osage co., Kansas. Lanioo, U^moo', a seaport town of East Africa, on Lamoo Bay in the Indian Ocean, near lat. 2° 14' S., Ion. 41° E. Pop. 5000, Lam^orseck', called also Swede (swecd) Island, Laraotrek,and Namourek, one of the Caroline Islands, about 7° 29' N. lat., 146° 28' E. Ion. Pop. 200. La 31otte, li mott', a town of France, in C6tes-du- Nord, 5 miles N. of Loud^ac. Pop. 273. 58 LAN La Motte, Lake Champlain, See Isle la Motte, La 3Iotte, la mott, a post-village of Jackson co,, Iowa, is partly in Richland township, 16 miles S, of Dubuque. It has a church, and manufactures of brooms and cheese. La 3Iotte, a post-township in the W. part of Sanilac CO., Mich., about 44 miles E. of Saginaw City, Pop. 158. La Motte Place, a post-village of St. Charles co,, Mo., on the Mississippi River, 2 miles below Alton, 111. It is a shipping-point for grain, cattle, and hogs. La 3Iotte Saint- Jean, la mott siNo-zhoso', a town of France, in Saone-et-Loire, at the junction of the Loire and the Arroux, 15 miles W.N.W. of Charolles, Pop. 1672. Lainoure, la-moor', a county in the E. central part of Dakota, is intersected by the Dakota or James River. Laniourie (li-moo'ree) Bridge, a post-village of Rapides parish. La,, 2 miles W. of Bertrand. It has a church. Lamov, lS,-mov', or Lomov, lo-mov', two towns of Russia, in Penza, on the Lamov River. Nizhnee or Nltni Lamov, nizh^nee' lS,-mov' ("New," or Lower), is 65 miles W.N.W. of Penza. Pop. 4526. Veuknee or Verknii La- mov, v^nk^nee' l^i-mov' ("Old," or Upper), is 6S miles W.N.W. of Penza. Pop. 8414. Lampa, l&,m'p3,, a town of Peru, capital of a province of its own name, in the department of Puno, on a tributary of Lake Titicaca, 155 miles S. of Cuzco, Lampasas, lam-pah'sas, a county in the central part of Texas, has an area of about SCO square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Colorado River, and is also drained by Lampasas Creek. The surface is hilly or un- dulating. It is said to have abundance of good timber. The soil is fertile, and produces pasture for numerous cattle, which are the chief articles of export. Capital, Lampasas. Valuation of real and personal estate, §288,120. Pop. in 1870, 1344, of whom 1332 were Americans. Lampasas, a post-village, capital of Lampasas co., Tex., about 64 miles N. by W. of Austin. It has a church, a seminary or college, a newspaper office, 2 grist-mills, a saw-mill, and mineral springs, which attract many visitors. Lampasas Creek, Texas, rises in Hamilton co., and runs southeastward through Lampasas co, and eastwax'd in Bell co. It unites with the Leon River about 7 miles below Belton, after a course of nearly 125 miles, Lampedusa, Um-p^-doo's^, Lopedu'sa, or Lam- padosa, an island of Italy, in the Mediterranean, about midway between Malta and the Tunis coast. It is one of the Isole Pelagie. Circuit, 13 miles. Lampertheim, l^m'pent-hime\ a town of Hesse, on the Rhine, 21 miles S,S,W. of Darmstadt. Pop. 5128. Lam'peter, or Lampeter-Pont-Stephen (Welsh, Llcftihedi; Lan'bed^r), a borough of Wales, co. and 25 miles E.N.E. of Cardigan, on the Teify, and on a railway. ' It is the seat of St. David's College, which has power to confer bachelor's degrees in letters and divinity. Pop. 1255, Lam'peter, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co,, Pa., in AVest Lampeter township, 5 miles S.E. of Lancaster. It has a church, and manufactures of wagons, sash, doors, «tc. Lampion, lam-pe-6n', a small island in the Mediter- ranean, one of the Isole Pelagie, forming a dependency of Sicily, 8 miles W. by N. of Lampedusa. Lampong, Iam'p6ng\ a district and bay at the S. ex- tremity of Sumatra, with a town and Dutch settlement. The native race are called Lampongs. Tliey have their own language and alphabet. Exports, pepper, rattans, and dammar. Pop. of district, 137,485. Laniporecchio, lS,m-po-r^k'ke-o, a town of Italy, province of Florence, 8 miles S. of Pistoja. Pop. 8293. Lamprey (lam'pre) River, New Hampshire, rises in the N. part of Rockingham co., runs nearly eastward through the S. part of Strafford co., and enters Grand Bay about 8 miles W. of Portsmouth, Lamps'ville, a hamlet of Belmont co., 0., 5 miles S. of Belmont. It has a flour-mill. Lamsaki, lim'sS^Hiee (anc. Lamp'sacm), a village of Asia Minor, on the Hellespont, nearly opposite Gallipoli, and embosomed in gardens. Lam'son's, a post-hamlet of Onondaga co., N.Y., on the Oswego A Syracuse Railroad, 17 miles N.AV. of Syra- cuse. Lamsprin^e, iS^m'spring'^^h, a village of Prussia, in Hanover, 14 miles S. of Hildesheim. Pop. 1608. Lana, li'ni, a village of Austria, Tyrol, circle of Botzen. Pop. 2716. Lanai, one of the Sandwich Islands, See Ranai. Lanaken, li-ni'k^n, or Lanaeken, li-ni'k§n, a vil- lage of Belgium, in Limbourg, on the Meuse, 13 miles E. of Ilasselt. Pop. 2100. LAN 1189 LAN Lau'ark, Lanarkshire, lan'ark-shir, or Clydes'- dale, an inland county of Scotland, having N. the cos. of Dumbarton and Stirlinj;, E. Linlithgow, Edinburghshire, and Peebles, S. Dumfries, and W. Ayr and Renfrew. Area, S89 square miles, more than one-third of which is arable. Pop. 765,339. It consists of the whole upper basin of the Clyde and its affluents, along which, and in the level or N, parts, are some fine agricultural tracts. The S. part is mountainous and sterile. The chief crops are oats, barley, wheat, turnips, and potatoes. The coal-, iron-, and lead- mines of this county have rendered it one of the most wealthy in Britain. In Old Monkland especially there are extensive iron-works, and all kinds of manufactures are carried on in and around Glasgow, besides which city the county comprises the towns of Lanark, Hamilton, Airdrie, Kilbride, Carluke, Douglas, and Biggar. It sends one mem- ber to the House of Commons, besides two for Glasgow and one for other boroughs. Lanark, a borough of Scotland, capital of the above county, on the Edinburgh & Carlisle Railway, and near the Clyde, 30 miles S.AV". of Edinburgh, and 23 miles S.E. of Glasgow, Chief buildings, the church, in a niche of whieh is a colossal statue of the patriot Wallace, the grammar- school, library, elegant county buildings, jail, and a branch bank. The borough unites with Falkirk, Linlithgow, Air- drie, and Hamilton in sending one member to the House of Commons. Near it are the Falls of the Clyde, several Roman and feudal remains and ancient mansions, and at Bonning- ton various relics of Wallace. Pop. 78-^1. lianark, Bradley co.. Ark. See Mount Vernox. Lau'ark, a post-village of Carroll co., 111., in Rock Creek township, on the Western Union Railroad, 21 miles S.W. of Freeport, and 7 miles E. of Mount Carroll. It has 7 churches, a national bank, a high school, a newspaper office, several factories, and 5 grain-elevators. Pop. 972. Lanark, a post-village of Pawnee co., Kansas, 33 miles W.N.W. of Larned. It has 2 churches and a coal-mine. Lanark, a post-hamlet of Lehigh co., Pa., 3^ miles S. of AUentown. It is in the beautiful Saucon Valley, which has a valuable mine of zinc. Lanark, a station in Cass co., Tex., on the Texas & Pacific Railroad, 32 miles N. by E. of Jeiferson. Lanark, a township of Portage co., Wis. Pop. 604. Lanark, a county in the E. part of Ontario, com- prising an area of 1194 square miles, is drained by numer- ous small rivers, among which are the Clyde, the Missis- sippi, and the Rideau, and traversed by the Brockville & Ottawa Railway. Capital, Perth. Pop. 32,920. Lanark, a post-village in the above county, on the river Clyde, 12 miles N.W. of Perth. It has 2 hotels, 11 stores, several mills, a woollen-factory, and an iron-foundry, and has a large trade in lumber. Pop. 740. Lanarkshire, a county of Scotland. See Lanark. Lanc'aster, or Lancashire, lank'a-shir, a county palatine and duchy of England, having N. Cumberland and Westmoreland, E. Yorkshire, S. Cheshire, and W. the Irish Sea. Area, 1905 square miles. The surface is rugged and mountainous in the N., where Coniston Fell rises to 2577 feet above the sea, and on the E, border, where the long ridge popularly called "The Backbone of England" sepa- rates the county from Yorkj elsewhere it is generally level. Principal rivers, the Duddon, Lune, Wyre, Ribble, Mersey, and Irwell. Besides Coniston Lake, Windermere is partly in this county. Carboniferous sandstone and new red sand- stone, with limestone, form the strata of the county. Soil, among the hills moorish or peaty, in the lower districts mostly a fertile sandy loam. Potatoes, oats, hay, garden- products, butter, &c,, are largely produced. The most im- portant mineral is coal, to the abundance of which the county mainly owes its manufacturing eminence. Copper is also raised in the N. of the county. Lancaster owes its celebrity and wealth to its manufactories and commerce, and not to agriculture. It is the great seat of the British cotton- manufacture, which has increased since 1770 with a rapidity unparalleled in the history of mechanical industry. Woollen, worsted, linens, silk, hats, paper, soap, chemicals, &c., are also manufactured on a large scale. Manchester is the principal seat of the cotton-manufacture in the county, and Liverpool of the shipping-trade. The former, however, is carried on to a great extent in numerous other towns in the county, including Preston, Bolton, Oldham, Ashton, Blackburn, Bury, Chorley, Wigan, &c. A complete net- work of railways and several important canals afford means of rapid conveyance between Lancashire and all parts of the kingdom. It sends twenty-six members to the House of Commons, — four for the county and twenty-two for its cities and towns. Pop. 2,319,495. The duch^ of Lancaster is nearly identical with the county. Its government vests in the sovereign, not as king, but as Duke of Lancaster ; and it has its own chancellor, a minister of the British government. Lancaster (L, Lancas'tria), a borough of England, capital of the above county, on the Lune, 20 miles by rail N.N.W. of Preston. It is picturesquely situated on an eminence crowned by the church and castle. The houses are built of stone, and handsome, but many of the streets are narrow. Chief structures, a bridge of five arches, and a superb aqueduct, carrying the Lancaster Canal across the river; the castle, a noble pile, founded at the Conquest, on the site of a Roman station, and now embracing within its vast area the county court-house, jail, and penitentiary ; an ancient parish church, a grammar-school, national and other schools, almshouses, a lunatic asylum, town hall, theatre, assembly-rooms, baths, custom-house, and market- house. It has also a mechanics' institute, an establishment for promoting the fine arts, and thriving manufactures of furniture, cotton, silk, linen, and sail-cloth. The coasting- trade is important, but the foreign trade has been chiefly transferred to Liverpool. Lancaster sends two members to the House of Commons. Pop. 17,245. Adj. Lancastrian, lang-kas'tre-an. Lancaster, lank'as-ter, a county in the S.E. part of Nebraska, has an area of 864 square miles. It is inter- sected by Saline or Salt Creek, and is also drained by its affluents, one of which is called Middle Creek. The sur- face is undulating or nearly level. The soil is deep and very fertile. The greater part of it is prairie, which pro- duces good natural pasture. Timber is very scarce. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and butter are the staple products. Carboniferous limestone, which is a good building-stone, underlies a part of this county, which also has several salt springs and strata of cretaceous sandstone. It is in- tersected by the Midland Pacific Railroad, the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, and the Atchison & Nebraska Railroad. Capital, Lincoln, which is also the capital of the state. Valuation of real and personal estate, §1,505,790. Pop. in 1870, 7074, of whom 5337 were Americans; in 1876, 15,407. Lancaster, a county in the S.E. part of Pennsylvania, borders on Maryland. Area, about 1050 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Susquehanna River, and is drained by the Conestoga, Pequea, and Octorara Creeks. The surface is mostly undulating and agreeably diversified with wide valleys and hills of moderate height. The soil is calcareous and very fertile, and is well cultivated. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, tobacco, butter, hay, horses, cattle, and pork are the staple products. In 1870 this county pro- duced 2,077,413 bushels of wheat, 2,820,825 of Indian corn, and 1,943,577 of oats. The quantity of each commodity was greater than was raised in any other county of the state. Among its mineral resources are iron, nickel, slate, good Silurian limestone, and Potsdam sandstone. Forests of oak, hickory, chestnut, ash, and other trees cover a con- siderable part of its area. It is intersected by the Pennsyl- vania Railroad, the Columbia Branch of the same, the Peach Bottom Railroad, and the Reading & Columbia Railroad, Capital, Lancaster. Valuation of real and personal estate, $170,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 121,340, of whom 113,796 were Americans. Lancaster, a county in the N. part of South Carolina, borders on North Carolina. Area, estimated at 530 square miles. It is bounded on the W, by the Catawba River, which in the lower part of its course is called the Wateree River, and it is partly drained by Lynch's Creek. The surface is hilly or undulating, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and grass are the staple products. Gold is found here. Capital, Lancaster Court-House. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $2,012,810. Pop. in 1870, 12,087, of whom 12,058 were Americans. Lancaster, a county in the E. part of Virginia, borders on Chesapeake Bay. Area, about 112 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Rappahannock River, which enters the Chesapeake at the S.E. extremity of the county. About half of the surface is covered with forests. The soil is sandy, and produces a little Indian corn, grass, and oats. Capital, Lancaster Court-House. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $1,867,538. Pop. in 1870, 5355, of whom 5340 were Americans. Lancaster, a station in Los Angeles co,, Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 75 miles N. of Los Angeles. Lancaster, a post-township of Cass co., 111. Pop. 1239. It contains Ashland and Philadelphia. Lancaster, a station in Lake co., 111., on the Chicago Milwaukee it St. Paul Railroad, 28 miles N. of Chicago. LAN 11 Lancaster, a township of Stephenson oo., 111. Pop. 986, exclusive of Freeport. Lancaster, a township of Wabash oo., III. Pop. 956. It contains the village of Mieu {which see). Lancaster, a township of Huntington co., Ind. Pop. 1492. It contains pai-t of the village of Mt. Etna. Lancaster, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ind., in Lan- caster township, 3 miles from Dupont Station, and about 10 miles N.W. of iVIadison. The township is traversed by the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis Railroad, and has i churches, and a pop. of 1412. Lancaster, a hamlet of Orange co., Ind., on the Louis- ville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 4i miles E. of Orleans. It has a church and a flour-mill. Pop. about 150. Here is Leipsic Post-Oflice. Lancaster, a village of Owen co., Ind., in Marion township, 12 miles W. by N. of Spencer. It has 4 churches, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, a carriage-shop, and mines of coal. Pop. about 350. Here is Patrioksburg Post-Office. Lancaster, a township of Wells co., Ind. Pop. 1381. Lancaster, a post-village of Keokuk co., Iowa, in Lancaster township, about 24 miles N.N.E. of Ottumwa, and 4 miles S.B. of Sigourney. It has 2 churches. Pop. 135. The township is bounded on the S. by the South Skunk River, and has a pop. of 1454. Lancaster, a post-hamlet of Atchison co., Kansas, in Lancaster township, about 10 miles W. of Atchison. Pop. of the township, 958. Lancaster, a post-village, capital of Garrard co., Ky., on the Richmond Branch Railroad, 113 miles S.E. of Louis- ville, and about 33 miles S. of Lexington. It has a court- house, 3 churches, the Franklin Institute, a male academy, a female institute, and a national bank. Pop. 741. Lancaster, a post-village and summer resort of Wor- cester CO., Mass., is finely situated in Lancaster township, on the Nashua River, near the junction of its branches, and on the Worcester & Nashua Railroad, 18 miles N.N.E. of Worcester, and 2 miles N. of Clinton. It contains a national bank, 2 churches, an industrial school for girls, founded by the state, a public library of 6600 volumes, a large hotel, and manufactures of cotton sheeting, &e. Pop. of the township, 1957. Lancaster, a post-village, capital of Schuyler co.. Mo., on the Missouri, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad, 21 miles W. by N. of Memphis, and about 60 miles N. of Macon City. It has a national bank, 14 stores, a newspaper office, an academy, 2 churches, and a flouring-niill. Coal abounds here. Pop. about 900. Lancaster, a post-village, summer resort, and capital of Coos CO., N.H., in Lancaster township, on the Connecti- cut River, at the mouth of Israel River, and on the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad, 135 miles N. of Concord. It contains 6 churches, a savings-bank, a court-house, an academy, 10 hotels, printing-offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers, a paper-mill, 3 starch-mills, and several saw- mills. Pop. of the township, 2248. Lancaster, a post-village of Erie co., N.Y., in Lan- caster township, on Cayuga Creek, and on the New York Centriil and Erie Railroads, 10 miles E. of Buffalo. It contains several churches, a bank, a graded school, a manu- factory of glass, a tannery, and several mills. Pop. 1697; of the township, 4227. Lancaster, a city, the'capital of Fairfield co., 0., is situated on the Hocking River and the Hocking Canal, 32 miles S.E. of Columbus, 116 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati, and 52 miles W.S.W. of Zanesville. It is on the Columbus & Hocking Valley Railroad where it crosses the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley Railroad. It is situated in a beauti- ful and fertile valley, and has wide streets, some of which are lined with elegant buildings. It contains a court-house, 9 churches, a high school, 2 national banks, and printing- offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers. Here are the works of the Eagle Machine Company and some shops of the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley Railroad. Pop. 4725. Lancaster, a township of Butler co., Pa. Pop. 1053. It contains Middle Lancaster. Lancaster, a city, the capital of Lancaster co.. Pa., is situated near the W. bank of Conestoga Creek, on the Penn- sylvania Railroad, 69 miles W. of Philadelphia, 36 miles B.S.E. of Harrisburg, and 42 miles S.W. of Reading. It is connected with Reading by a branch of the Reading & Colum- bia Railroad, and a narrow-gauge railroad connects it with Quarryville. The houses are mostly built of brick, and the streets are generally straight, and cross one another at right angles. Two main streets, named King and Queen, intersect each other in the central part of the city. This city is lighted with gas, and is supplied with water conveyed from Cones- LAN toga Creek. It is the seat of Franklin and Marshall Col- lege (German Reformed), which was organized in 1853 and has a library of 13,000 volumes. The other most remark- able buildings are the court-house, in the Grecian style, the county prison, Fulton Hall, in which public assemblies are held, St. Joseph's Hospital (Catholic), and the high school. Lancaster contains 26 churches (viz., 1 Baptist, 3 Catholic, 2 Episcopal, 3 German Reformed, 5 Lutheran, 4 Meth- odist, 1 Mennonite, 1 Moravian, 1 Jewish, and 1 Presby- terian), several public libraries, 3 national banks, 4 other banking-houses, a theological seminary of the German Reformed church, 2 Catholic academies, and printing- offices which issue 3 daily and 7 weekly newspapers, also 3 monthly p-apers devoted to religion, agriculture, &c. The city has 6 hirge cotton-mills, several tanneries, breweries, and potteries, a rolling-mill, a stereotype-foundry, and man- ufactures of carriages, farming-implements, iron castings, copper kettles, engines and boilers, furniture, cabinet or- gans, combs, leather, hats, watches, paper, edge-tools, files, bricks, rifles, soap, screws, chains, locks, &c. Lancaster is surrounded hy a rich and beautiful country which sui'passes all other parts of the state in the production of wheat. It has a large trade in tobacco, for the accommodation of which extensive warehouses have been recently erected. This place was first settled in 1728 or 1730, and was incorporated as a city in 1818. It was the capital of the state from 1799 to 1812. Pop. in 1840, 8417; in 1860, 17,603; in 1870, 20,233. Lancaster, a post-hamlet of Smith oo., Tenn., on the Caney Fork River, 30 miles E.S.E. of Lebanon. It has a church. Lancaster, a post-village of Dallas co., Tex., 4 mile: S.W. of Hutchins Station, and .about 15 miles S. of Dallas. It has 3 churches, a masonic institute, a flour-mill, a plough- factory, Ac. Lancaster, a post-village, capital of Grant co.. Wis., in Lancaster township, about 82 miles W. by S. of Madison, and 25 miles N. of Dubuque, Iowa. It has a court-house, a bank, 5 churches, 3 or 4 newspaper offices, a high school, a woollen-mill, 3 carriage-shops, and 3 hotels. Lead-mines have been opened near this place. Pop. about 1500 ; of the township, 2742. Lancaster, lank'a-ster, or South Bay, a village in St. John CO., i^ew Brunswick, on the European & North American Railway, 6 miles from St. John. Pop. 200. Lancaster, a post-village in Glengarry co., Ontario, on the river St. Lawrence, 16 miles E. of Cornwall, .and 1 mile from its station on the Grand Trunk Railway, 54 miles W. of Montreal. Attached to it is another village, called Riviere Raisin or New Lancaster. Lancaster is a landing-place of the Cornwall and Montreal steamers, and contains several stores. Pop. 250. Lancaster Bay, England. See Mokecambe Bay. Lancaster Court-House, a post-village, capital of Lancaster CO., S.C, about 60 miles N. by E. of Columbia, and 45 miles S. by E. of Charlotte, N.C. It has a court- house, an academy, a newspaper office, and 4 churches. Pop. 591. Lancaster Court-House, a small post-village, cap- ital of Lancaster CO., Va., about 50 miles in a direct line E.N.E. of Richmond. Lancaster Junction, Pennsylvania. See Junctios. Lancaster Sound, a portion of water which connects Barrow Strait with the N.W. part of Baffin's Bay, about lat. 74° N. It extends from Ion. 79° to 87° W., and is nearly 65 miles wide. Lancaster Switch, a station in Northumberland co., Pa., on the Mahanoy division of the Lehigh Valley Rail- roiid, 2 miles E. by S. of Shamokin, at the junction of a branch railroad leading to coal-mines. Lancastria, the Latin name of L.-v.ncaster. Lancava, lin-ki'vi, or Langkavi, ling-ki'vee, an island off the W. coast of the Malay Peninsula. Lat. 6° 15' N.; Ion. 99° 50' E. L'Ance, Michigan. See L'AssE. Lance-au-Loup,I5xss-o-Ioo', afishing hamlet of Lab- rador, in Loup Bay, on the Strait of Belle Isle. Lancerota, C;inary Islands. See Lanzarote. Lanchang, Lantshang, or Lantchang, lin'- ch.\ng', called also Hanniah, h.\n-nee'i, a town ofthe Laos country, in the S.E. part of Asia, on the Mc-Kong River. L.at. 15° 40' N. ; Ion. 104° 30' E. Lancha Plana, lin'ohi pli'ni, a post-village of Amador CO., Cal., on tlie Mokolumne River, 32 miles N.E. of Stockton. It has a church and a distillery. Brandy and wine are made here. Coal and copper are to bo found near this place. LAN 1] Laii-Choo, lin'-choo', or Laii-Tcheou-Foo, lin'- ch4-oo"-foo', a city of China, capital of the province of Kan-Soo, and of a department of its own name, on the Hoang-Ho or Yellow River. Lat. 36° 5' N. ; Ion. 103° 40' E. Ijanciano, Iin-che-4'no or Iin-ch3,'no (ane. Auxa- tium), a town of Italy, province of Chieti, 6 miles from the Adriatic, and 13 miles S.E. of Chieti. It stands on three hills, and has a very fine and unique cathedral, an arch- bishop's palace, several diocesan and other schools, and man- ufactures of woollens, silks, chemicals, i, a town of Spain, province and 24 miles N.W. of Albacete. Pop. 5610. It is celebrated for its defence against the Carlists in 1840. Laroles, 13,-ro'l^s, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, about 50 miles from Granada. Pop. 1463. Larone, la-ron', a post-office of Somerset co., Me., about 6 miles S. of Skowhegan. La Roque, li rok, a headland of France, in Seine-In- ferieure, on the Seine estuary, 7 miles N.N.W. of Pont- Audemer. La Roquebrou, Id, rok^broo', a town of France, in Cantal, on the Cere, 12 miles W. of Aurillac. Pop. 1472. La Roquebrussane, li rok^briis^sfLn', a town of France, in Var, 15 miles N. of Toulon. Pop. 1320. La Rose, a post-village of Marshall co., 111., in Belle Plain township, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 33 miles N.E. of Peoria. It has 2 or 3 churches, a flour-mill, and a newspaper office. Lar'rabee, a post-office of Manitowoc co., Wis., about 14 miles N. of Manitowoc, Larrabee, a township of Waupaca co.. Wis. Pop. 764. Lar'rabee's Point, a post-hamlet of Addison co., Vt.. on LakeChamplain, nearly opposite Ticonderoga, about 16 miles S.W. of Middlebury, and on the Addison Railroad, which here crosses the lake by a bridge. Larrack, island, Persian Gulf. See Larek. Larraga, lan-RS^'gS,, a town of Spain, in Navarre, 20 miles S.S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 1712. Lar'ry's Creek, a post-hamlet of Lycoming co., Pa., in Piatt township, 2 miles from Jersey Shore. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a woollen-mill. Much lumber is shipped here. La Rue, la-ru', a county near the middle of Kentucky, has an area of about 240 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Rolling Fork of Salt River, and also drained by Nolin Creek. The surface is undulating, and half of it is covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, and pork are the staple products. The Louisville & Nashville Railroad passes along the W. border of this county. Capital, Hodgensville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,542,417. Pop, in 1870, 8235, of whom 8182 were Americans. Larue, a post-village of Marion co., 0., in Montgomery township, on the Scioto River, and on the railroad which connects Bellefontaine with Galion, 14 miles W. of Marion. It has 4 churches, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a carriage- shop. Pop. about 600. Laruns, liVuNo', a town of France, in Basses-Pyr€nees, 22 miles S. of Pau. Pop. 1640. Larvego, laR-vi'go, a village of Italy, province of Genoa. Pop. of commune, 3999. Larvigen^ a town of Norway. See Laurvig. Lar'will, a post-village of Whitley co., Ind., on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 27 miles W. by N. of Fort AVayne. It has a church, a graded school, and manufactures of furniture and lumber. La Sal, a post-office of Pi Ute co., Utah. Lasalle, WskV, a village of France, in Gard. It has manufactures of bonnets and flowers. Pop. 1934. La Salle, a village of France. See Dkcazeville. La Salle, la s5,ll, a county in the N. central part of Illinois, has an area of 1152 square miles. It is intersected by the Illinois River, and is also drained by the Fox and Vermilion Rivers, which enter the Illinois in this county. The surface is undulating; the soil is very fertile. The greater part of this county is prairie, and the deficiency of timber is compensated by an abundance of bituminous coal. Indian corn, oats, hay, wheat, horses, cattle, butter, and pork are the staple products. Sandstone and Trenton lime- stone covered with a thick deposit of drift underlie a large part of the soil. This county contains the cities of Ottawa, La Salle, Mendota, and Peru. It is intersected by 4 rail- roads, — the Illinois Central, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and a branch of the Chicago & Alton. Capital, Ottawa. Valuation oi real and personal estate, $42,972,474. Pop. in 1870, 60,792, of whom 44,530 were Americans. LAS 1200 LAS La Salle^ a county in the S. part of Texas, has an area of about 1400 square miles. It is intersected by the Rib Frio and Rio Nueces, which run nearly southeastward. The soil is uncultivated, but produces pasture for numerous cat- tle. Pop. in 1870, tj9, of whom 'do were Americans. I^a Salle, a city of La Salle co., III., in a small township of the same name, on the N. bank of the Illinois River, and on the Illinois Central Railroad where it crosses the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 99 miles W.S.W. of Chicago, 60 miles N. of Bloomington, and 15 miles W. of Ottawa. Steamboats can ascend the river to this place, which is the W. terminus of the Illinois Canal. It contains a national bank, a manufactory of glass, 2 high schools, 2 Catholic academies, 3 newspaper offices, 7 or S churches, 2 zine-roll- ing-mills, and 3 zinc-smelting-furnaces. Coal is mined here. Pop. 5200 ; or, including the township, 5'152. lia Salle, a post-village in La Salle township, Monroe CO., Mich., on the Detroit, Monroe & Toledo and Canada Southern Railroads, 5 niiies S. of Monroe. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, which borders on Lake Erie, 1378. JufL Salle, a post-village of Niagara co., N.Y., on the Niagara River, 5 miles above the cataract, on the Buffalo & Lewiston Branch of the Central Railroad, and on a branch of the Erie Railroad, 17 miles N. of Buffalo. It has 3 churches, a planing-mill, and a sash- and blind-factory. La Salvetat, U sArv§h-t3.', a town of France, Avey- ron, IS miles S.W. of Rodez. Pop. of commune, 3436. I.a Salvetat, a town of France, in Herault, S miles N. of Saint-Pons. Pop. of commune, 3656. Ijas Animas, l^s d,n'e-mis, a county in the S.E. part of Colorado, borders on New Mexico. It is intersected by Purgatory River, and drained by the Apishapa River, which rises in it. The surface is partly mountainous, the county being a part of the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. It also contains large plains adapted to pastoral pursuits. The Denver & Rio Grande Railroad traverses this county. Wheat, wool, and Indian corn are the staple products, and the hills contain a vast quantity of coal and iron ore. Coal is found in the Raton Mountains. Capital, Trinidad. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $700,000. Pop. in 1870, 4276, of whom 4151 were Americans. Las Animas, a post-village, capital of Bent co., Col., is on the Arkansas River, near Fort Lyon, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, and on the Arkansas Valley Branch of the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 87 miles E. by S. of Pueblo. One weekly newspaper is published here. Las Animas is a large market for cattle. lias'ater Station, a post-office of Marion co., Tex. Xta Sauvagere, li so'vi'zhain', a village of France, department of Orne, arrondissement of Domfront. P. 2040, La Scie, li see, a fishing station on the French shore, Newfoundland, IS miles N. by W. of Tilt Cove. It has a good harbor. Las Colo'nias, a post-office of San Miguel co.,N.Mex. Las Crnces, Us kroo'sds, a post-office of Santa Barbara CO., Cal. Las Crnces, Us kroo'sSs, a post-village of Donna Ana CO., New Mexico, on the E. bank of the Rio Grande, nearly opposite Mesilla. It has a Catholic academy, a church, and a newspaper office. Wine is made here. Pop. 1304. Las Desertas, PortugaL See Desertas. La Seca, la si'kS-, a town of Spain, province and 19 miles S.S.\V. of Valladolid. Pop. 3509. La Selle, lii sSI, a village of France, in Mayenne, 4 miles W. of Craon. Pop. 1460. Lasellsville, Fulton co., N.Y. See Lassellsyille. La Serena, a town of Chili, See Coquimbo. La Serradilla, li s^n-n^-Deel'ya, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, province and N. of Caceres. Pop. 1650. Las^gird', a fortified village, of Persia, province of Khorassan, 15 miles S.AY. of Simnan. Lasheen, la-sheen', a post-office of Scott co., Minn. Lashley's Cross Roads, N.C. See New Hill. La Sieur, a township of New Madrid co.. Mo. P. 2004. Lask, or Lask'o, a town of Poland, province and 48 miles E.S.E. of Kalisz, on the Grabowka. Pop. 4062. Laskafalu, liish'koh^fohMoo', or Laskafeld, Us'ki- fSlt\ a village of Hungary, 5 miles S.W. of Darda. Las'kay, a post-village in York co., Ontario, on the East Branch of the Humber River, 2A miles from King. Lasko, Ush'ko, a village of Hungary, 9 miles N.E. of Eszek. Pop. 1276. Las Minas de Rio Tinto, Us mee'n3,3 di reo'o teen'to {i.e., "the mines of the Rio Tinto"), a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province and 36 miles N.E. of Iluelva. Pop. 16S7. Near it are mines of iron, lead, and copper, which have been worked from a very early period. Las Nuevitas, Us nwi-vee't^s, or Nuevitas del Principe, nwA-vee'tas d^l prin'se-pi (or preen'se-pi), a town on the N.E. coast of Cuba, 52 miles by rail E. by N. of Puerto Principe, of which it is the port. The harbor is about 15 miles in length by half as much in breadth j its entrance is three-fourths of a mile across. Pop. 224S. Liisoe, li'so^eh, or Lessoe, les'so-eh, an island of Denmark, in the Cattegat. off the N.E. coast of Jutland. Lat. 57° 18' N.; Ion. 11° E. Length, 13 miles. Las Palmas, Us pS,l'm^s, a city on the N.E. coast of the island of Gran Canaria, formerly capital of the Canary Islands. It is overlooked by two lofty hills, and traversed from E. to W. by the small river Guiniguada. Las Palmas is the largest, most beautiful, and most populous town in the Canaries. The houses are large, with terraced roofs and balconies; and the streets are remarkably neat and beautifully paved. There is a fine alameda in the centre of the city, and three outside the walls. The town has a theatre, the andiencia in the buildings formerly occupied by the Inquisition, a cathedral, a gigantic mole, 3 churches and a chapel, 6 convents, 10 hermitages, a general hospital, a hospital for elephantiasis, an orphan asylum, a foundling hospital, a magdalen asylum, an academy of design, an aqueduct, an institute for the higher branches of education, with a rector and 20 professors and masters, a semhtai-io, where the classics, theology, and other sciences are taught, and which is resorted to from all the islands, a literary and musical society, boards of commerce and agriculture, and 2 libraries. It has manufactures of hats, delft, wool- lens, glass, leather, linens, flour, and sailing-tackle; but the principal branches of industry are ship-building, fishing, and navigation, and some trade with the neighboring islands, the West Indies, and Europe. It is also called Puerto de la Luz. Pop. 12,512. Las Pedroileras, Us pi-Dron-yi'r3,s, a town of Spain, province and 53 miles S.S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 3417. La Spezia, U sp^d'ze-i, sometimes written Specia, a maritime town of Italy, in Liguria, at the head of the Bay of Spezia, an inlet of the Gulf of Genoa, 8^ miles W- of Sarzana, and about 50 miles by rail E.S.E. of Genoa. Pop. 24,127. It is finely situated. The principal edifices are a citadel, an ancient castle of the Visconti, and a great naval arsenal. It has one of the largest and best harbors in Europe, and is an important naval station. Among the chief exports are olive oil, paving-stones, and wine. Las Pilas, Us pee'Us, a volcano of Nicaragua, N.AV. of Leon Lake. Height, 39S5 feet. Lassa, or H'Lassa, h'Us's^ {i.e., " land of the divine intelligence"), the capital city of Thibet, and residence of the Grand Lama, on an affluent of the San-Poo. Lat. 29° 30' N.; Ion. 91° 40' E. Pop. 25,000. It has handsome streets, numerous towers, bazaars, and temples. The great temple of Booddha, also the residence of the Grand Lama, the pontifical sovereign of Thibet and East Asia, is a vast square edifice, covering, with its precincts, many acres, its centre being surmounted by a gilded dome; contiguous to it, on its four sides, are four celebrated monasteries, greatly resorted to by the Chinese and Mongols as schools of the Booddhic religion and philosophy. The interior of the tem- ple is said to be full of idols, treasure, and works of art. The offerings are enormous; and the Lama is said to be the most opulent individual in existence. Lassa is a place of large trade in silk, wool, goats' hair, woollen, cashmere, and linen fabrics, velvets, assafo^tida, bezoar, fruits, bul- lion, and precious stones; its commerce extends to India, China, and many parts of Central Asia, and its lapidaries, workers in metals, and engravers equal the Chinese. Lassa, Arabia. See Lahsa. Lassan, Us'sin, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 40 miles S.E. of Stralsund. on the Peene. Pop. 2417. Lassay, Us^si', a town of France, 10 miles N.N.E. of Mayenne. Pop. 1576. Las'sellsville, or Las'ellsville, a post-village of Fulton CO., N.Y., in Ephratah township, 36 miles E. of Utica. It has 2 churches, a nursery, 3 stores, manufactures of carriages and mittens, and 40 dwellings. Las'sen, a large county in the N.E. part of California, borders on Nevada. It is drained by the Pitt and Susan Rivers. The surface is mountainous, and is diversified by arid plains overgrown with sage, or or/e;»(*si'a, and several lakes, among which is Honey Lake. The S. and S.W. part of the county is occupied by mountains of the Sierra Ne- vada, which are covered with forests of fir and pine. The soil of the valleys is partly fertile, but it comprises ex- ten?ijve plains of barren sand. Barley, oats, hay, and butter are the staple products. Silver is found in this county. Capital, Susanville. Valuation of real and per- LAS 1201 LAT sonal estate, $936,065. Pop. in 1870, 1327, of whom 1178 were Americans. Lassen, a township of Tehama co., Col. Pop. 240. Lassen's Peak, California, a peak of the Sierra Nevada, on the boundary between Plumas and Shasta coa. It is sometimes called Mount Lassen. Its latitude is 40° 28' N., and its altitude 10,577 feet above the level of the sea. It is of volcanic origin, and is partly composed of lava and trachyte. Ijasseube,lds"sub', a market-town of France, in Basses- Pyrenees, 6 miles E.N.E. of Oloron. Pop. 2541. Las'siter's Mills, a post-ofBce of Randolph co., N.C. li'Assomption, lis'56N"^se-6s»', a river of Quebec, takes its rise in rear of Joliette co., and, following a ser- pentine course of over 100 miles through a mountainous country, discharges itself into the St. Lawrence above the village of Repentigny. It is navigable, and much timber is sent down it. It abounds with fish. L'Assomption, a county in the W. part of Quebec, bordering on the river St. Lawrence. Area, 158,761 acres. It is watered by the Mascouohe, Aehigan, and L'Assomption Rivers. Capital, L'Assomption. Pop. 15,473. L'Assomption, the chief town of L'Assomption co., Quebec, on a peninsula formed by the L'Assomption River, 24 miles N. of Montreal. It contains about 20 stores, a college, and a church. Steamers run daily, in summer, be- tween Montreal and L'Assomption. Pop. 1210. Las^soor', a town of British India, presidency of Bom- bay, district of Candeish, 7 miles N.W. of Choprah. Lass'wade, a village of Scotland, co. and 6 miles S.E. of Edinburgh, with coal- and iron-mines, carpet-works and other factories, and fine villas. Pop. 1258 ; of parish, 7098. Last Chance, a post-hamlet of Lucas co., Iowa, in Union township, 6 miles S.E. of Woodburn. It has a church. Lastobon, a supposed ancient name of Lagosta. Lastocz, lish'tots", a village of Hungary, co. of Zem- plin. Pop. 1148. Lastomer, lis'to'maiR', or Lasztomir, lisHo'meen', a village of Hungary, on the Laborcz, 3 miles from Nagy- Mihaly. Pop. 1342. Lastra, lis'trS,, or Gangalandi, gin-gi-lin'dee, a village of Tuscany, 5 miles W, of Florence, on the Arno. Pop., including Signa, 10,276. It has important manufac- tures of straw hats. Lastres, 13,s'tr5s, a seaport town of Spain, in Asturias, 32 miles E.N.E. of Oviedo, on the Bay of Biscay. Las Vegas, Us vi'gis, a post-village, capital of San Miguel CO., New Mexico, on a branch of the Rio Pecos, and on the New Mexico & Southern Railroad, about 48 miles E.S.E. of Santa Fe. It is surrounded by a fertile country, in which limestone and gypsum are found. Two weekly newspapers are published herein English and Spanish. Las Vegas has a bank, 3 churches, and 3 mills. About 3,000,000 pounds of wool are annually exported from this place. LasHvar'ee, a village of India, province of Delhi, on a stream of the same name, 66 miles N.W. of Agra, mem- orable for a battle fought in its vicinity in 1803, when the British defeated the troops of Dowlet Row Scindia. Lasztomir, a town of Hungary. See Lastomer. Laszyn, a town of Germany. See Lessen. Lata, I3,'ti\ a town of Turkish Armenia, pashalic and 45 miles N.W. of Van. Latacunga, a town of Ecuador. See Tacunga. Latakcea, or Latakieh, li'ta-kee'a, written also Ladikiaand Ladikiyeh, li'de-kee'yeh (anc. La odice' a ad Ma' re), a seaport town of Syria, 70 miles N. of Tripoli, on the Mediterranean, in lat. 35° 30' N., Ion. 35° 48' E. Pop. about 10,000. It consists of an upper and a lower town, separated by gardens. The lower town, which is the principal resort of the seafaring population, borders on a well-sheltered but shallow harbor, having on its N. side a ruined castle. Here are the custom-house and several large warehouses. The upper town, dilapidated by re- peated earthquakes, has narrow and irregular streets, flat- roofed stone houses, several Greek churches and mosques, a Roman triumphal arch, and many remains of the ancient city. Principal exports, tobacco of the finest quality, cot- ton, wax, scammony, and sponge. Imports, sugar, coffee, spices, cotton twist, printed goods, and woollens. Latakoo, a town of Africa. See Lattakoo. Latcha, or Latscha, 13,'chi, a lake of Russia, in the S.E. part of the government of Olonets, oval-shaped, 22 miles long from N. to S., and 12 miles broad. Latch'a, or Latch 'ie, a post-hamlet of Wood co., 0., in Lake township, on the Mansfield, Coldwater & Lake Michigan Railroad, 9 miles S.E. of Toledo. It has a saw- mill and a manufactory of staves and heading. 76 La Teche, li tash, a post-village of St. Mary's parish, La., on the navigable Bayou Teche, 3 miles N. of Franklin. It has a church, an orphans' home, and a sugar-mill. Latera, li-tA'ri, a town of Italy, 14 miles S. of Acqua- pendente. Pop. 1213. Laterina, li-ti-ree'ni, a village of Italy, province of Arezzo, on the Arno, with mineral springs. Pop. 1230. Laterriere, UH^r^r?-air', or Grand Brule, gr6N» brii^ii', a post-village in Chicoutimi co., Quebec, 12 miles S. of Chicoutimi. Pop. 225. Laterza, li-tSnd'zS., a village of Italy, province of Lecce, 25 miles N.W. of Taranto. Pop. 5318. Late's Mines, a station in Harrison co., W. Va., on the Baltimore A Ohio Railroad, 5 miles E. of Clarksburg. La Teste-de-Buch, 13, t^st-d?h-bUsh, a town of France, Gironde, in the heaths, on the S. side of the Bas- sin d'Arcachon, and 30 miles S.W. of Bordeaux by railway. It is a sea-bathing place, and has considerable trade, and manufactures of resin, oil of turpentine, ka. Pop. 4596. La'tham, a post-village of Logan co.. 111., on the Pekin Branch of the Wabash Railroad, 14 miles N.W. of Decatur. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Latham, a post-office of Webster co., Iowa. Latham, or Stephentown Centre, a village of Rensselaer co., N.Y., in Stephentown township, 2 miles from Stephentown Station. It has a church, a brush-fac- tory, 4 turning-shops which make brush-handles, a flour- mill, and 35 houses. Latham, a post-hamlet of Pike co., 0., in Mifllin town- ship, about 24 miles S.W. of Chillicothe. It has a church. Latham, a post-office of Lane co., Oregon, on the Ore- gon A California Railroad, 21 miles S. of Eugene City. Latham, a station in Sweetwater co., Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 101 miles E. of Green River City. La'tham Island,neartheE. coast of Africa, lat. 6° 54' S., Ion. 40° E., is 1000 feet in length. It has afforded guano. Lat'ham's, a post-ofiice of Beaufort co., N.C. Latham Store, a post-hamlet of Moniteau co., Mo., 8 miles S. of Clarksburg Station. La'throp, a post-ofBce of San Joaquin co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, at its junction with the Visalia division, and on the San Joaquin River, 9 miles S. by W. of Stockton, and 58 miles S. of Sacramento. Lathrop, Delta eo., Mich. See Centkeville. Lathrop, a post-village of Clinton eo.. Mo., in Lathrop township, on the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad where it crosses the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern Railroad, 36 miles E.S.E. of St. Joseph, and 38 miles N.N.E. of Kan- sas City. It has a bank, a newspaper ofiice, a graded school, and 4 churches. Pop. 523 ; of the township, 1782. Lathrop, a post-township of Susquehanna co.. Pa., 24 miles N. by W. of Scranton. Pop. of township, 983. Lathrop, a station on the Corning, Cowanesque k An- trim Railroad, 4 miles S. of Lawrenceville, Pa. Latiano, li-te-i'no, a town of Italy, province of Lecce, 14 miles S. of Brindisi. Pop. 5953. Latill6, li^tee'yi', a town of France, department of Vienne, 12 miles W.N.W. of Poitiers. Pop. 1346. Lat'imer, a station in Trumbull co., 0., on the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad where it crosses the Youngs- town & Andover Branch of the Lake Shore Railroad, 14 miles E. of Warren, and 20 miles N. of Youngstown. Lat'imore, a post-township of Adams co., Pa., about 20 miles S.S.W. of Harrisburg. Pop. 1230. Latimore Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters the Cone- wago in Adams co. Latisana, U-te-si'nJ, a town of Italy, 23 miles S.S.W. of Udine. Pop. 4913. Latium, Italy. See Campagna di Roma. Lato'na, a post-otfice of Jasper co.. 111. Latopolis, the ancient name of Esnbh. Latorcza, loh'tont'soh', a river of Hungary, joins the Bodrogh a little above Zemplin. Total course, 90 miles. La Tortue, 13, toRHU', a post-village in Laprairie co., Quebec, 9 miles S.W. of Laprairie. Pop. 100. La Tour d'Aigues, li toon daig, a town of France, in Vaucluse, 3 miles N.E. of Pertuis. Pop. 1666. La Tour d'Auvergne, 14 toon do'vainfi', a market- town of France, in Puy-de-Dome, 25 miles S.W. of Clermont- Ferrand. Pop. 758. La Tour de Cordouan, M. toon deh KOK'doo-5K»', a light-house at the mouth of the Gironde, on a rock, the remnant of the island of Antros, 60 miles N.N.W. of Bor- deaux. The light-house is 207 feet in elevation. La Tour de France, 13 toon deh frSsss, a village of France, in Pyrenees-Orientales, 13 miles W.N.W. of Per- pignan. Pop. 1259. LAT 1202 LAU La Tour de Peil, 1&, tooR deh pil, a town of Switzer- land, canton of Vaud, on the N, bank of the Lake of Ge- neva, 1 mile S.E. of Vevay. Pop. 1212, La Tour du Pin, U tooR dii piN", a village of France, in Isere, 31 miles E.S.E. of Lyons. Pop. 2731. It has coal- mines and manufactures of silk and leather. La Trappe, 13, trapp, a famous Benedictine convent of France, department of Orne, near Soligny, 6 miles N. of Mortagne. It was founded in 1140, suppressed at the revo- lution of 1789, but restored to the order in 1815. La Trinite, the French name of Trinidad. Latrobe, la-trob', a post-hamlet of El Dorado co., Cal., on the Sacramento Valley & Placerville Railroad, 38 miles E. of Sacramento. Latrobe, a post-village of Johnson co., Neb., on the Atchison & Nebraska Railroad, about 30 miles S.S.E. of Lincoln. It has 2 churches. Latrobe, a post-office of Athens co., 0. Latrobe, a post-borough of Westmoreland co., Pa., on Loyalhanna Creek, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad,, at the junction of the Ligonier Valley Railroad, 41 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. It contains 7 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, a paper-mill, a convent, St. Vincent's College, car- works, 2 flour-mills, a machine-shop, &o. Pop. 1127. Latrobe River, the largest stream in Gipps' Land, Victoria, Australia, rises in the S. ranges of the Baw-BaW Mountains, near lat. 37° 50' S. It flows first S. through a mountainous country, then E. through a level region, and falls into Lake Wellington. Length, 90 miles. Latronico, 1^-tron'e-ko, a town of Italy, province and 40 miles S.E. of Potenza. Pop. 3177. Latscha, a lake of Russia. See Latcha. Lattai, lat'ti, Latte, Idt'tee, or Lette, iSt'tee, one of the Feejee Islands. Lat. 18° 49' S. j Ion. 174° 35' W. LatHakoo', or Lat^akoo', written also Litakoii, a populous town of South Africa, Bechuana country. Lat. 27° 10' S. ; Ion. 24° 30' E, Old Lattakoo is 33 miles northeastward. See Mashow. Lat'ta-Lat'ta Isles, a group in the Malay Archipel- ago, off the W, coast of Gilolo. Lat. 0° 15' S. ; Ion. 178° 33' W. The largest is 25 miles in circumference. Latta^s, a post-office of Ross co., 0. See Lattaville. Lat'tasburg, a post-village of Chester township, Wayne CO., 0., about 10 miles N.W, of Wooster. It has 3 churches, 2 hotels, and 2 stores. Latta's Mills, Ontario, See Plainfield. Lat'taville, a hamlet of Ross co., 0., about 14 miles W. of ChilUcothe. Post-office, Latta's. Lat'tington, a hamlet of Ulster co., N.Y., 4 miles from New Hamburg. It has a church. Latt'ner's, a post-hamlet of Dubuque co., Iowa, in Centre township, 3 miles N. of Peosta Station, and 14 miles W. of Dubuque. It has a church and a woollen-mill. Lat'ty, a post-office of Des Moines co., Iowa, on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad, 9 miles N. of Burlington. Latty, a township of Paulding co., 0. Pop. 294. Latzfous, lats'fons, a village of Austria, Tyrol, circle of Botzen. Pop. 1227. Latzhaza, or Laczhasa, ia,ts'hoh^s6h\ a village of Hungary, 22 miles S.S.AV. of Pesth. Pop. 3632. Latzuuas, l3,t'zoon''nosh^, a village of Hungary, co. of Temes, 18 miles from Versecz. Pop. 1265. Laubach, low'biK, a town of Germany, in Hesse, 15 miles E.S.E. of Giessen. Pop. 1724. Laubach, law'bak, a hamlet in Northampton co.. Pa., on the Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroad, 2 miles N.W. of Catasauqua. It has a union church, also a flour-mill and cement-Avorks. Lauban, low'b^n, or Liiben, lU'b?n, a town of Prussian Silesia, at a railway junction, 40 miles W.S.AV. of Liegnitz, on the Queiss. Pop. 10,070, employed in manu- factures of woollens, cloth, cotton, bells, linen, and tobacco. Laubendorf, low'ben-donf, or Limber$^, lim'b^iiG, a village of Bohemia, 8 miles from Bistrau. Pop. 1420. Latich, losh, a river of Germany, in Alsace, joins the 111 after a course of about 33 miles. Laucha, low'Kil, a town of Prussian Saxony, 17 miles S.W. of Merseburg, on the Unstrut. Pop. 2236, Lauchheim, lowK'hime, a town of Wiirtemberg, circle of Jaxt. on the Jaxt River. Pop. 1226. LauchstUdt, lowiv'stStt, a town of Prussian Saxony, 8 miles S.S.W. of Halle. Pop. 1897. Laud, lawd, a post-office of Whitley co., Ind., about 20 miles W, by S. of Fort Wayne. Lauda, low'di, a walled town of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, on the Tauber. Pop. 1338. Laudeck, Allen co., 0. See Landeck. Laudenbach, i6w'den-biK\ a village of Germany, in Baden, circle of Lower Rhine. Pop. 1404. Laudenbach, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of Jaxt, bailiwick of Mergentheim. Pop. 1070. Lauder, law'd^r, or Leader, lee'd^r, a river of Scot- land, Berwickshire, falls into the Tweed near Melrose. Lauder, a burgh of Scotland, co. of Berwick, on the Lauder, 23 miles S.E. of Edinburgh. It has a town house, several libraries, and a branch bank. It unites with Had- dington, &c,, in sending one member to the House of Com- mons. Pop. 1046. Lauderdale (i.e., the "dale or valley of the Lauder"), anciently the western district of Berwickshire, gives the title of Earl to the Maitland family, whose spacious and stately castle of Thirlestane adjoins the borough of Lauder. Lauderdale, law'd^r-dale, the most northwestern county of Alabama, borders on Tennessee. Area, about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the navigable Tennessee River, and is drained by Cypress and Shoal Creeks. The surface is hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Limestone underlies part of the soil. This county is connected with market by the Mem- phis & Charleston Railroad. Capital, Plorence. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,442,526. Pop. in 1870, 15,091, of whom 15,002 were Americans. Lauderdale, a county in the E. part of Mississippi, bordering on Alabama, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is intersected by the Chickasawha River, and is also drained by several affluents of the same. The surface is extensively covered with pine forests. The soil is partly fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. It is traversed by the Mobile & Ohio Railroad. The Ala- bama & Chattanooga Railroad connects with the Vicksburg & Meridian Railroad at Meridian, the capital of this county. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,804,944. Pop. in 1870, 13,462, of whom 13,264 were Americans. Lauderdale, a county of West Tennessee, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Hatchie River, and on the W. by the Mississippi River, and is also drained by the Forked Deer Creek. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is extensively coverea with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Ripley. Valuation of real and personal estate, S2,942,56S. Pop. in 1870, 10,838, of whom 10,789 were Americans. It is intersected by the Padueah & Memphis Railroad. Lauderdale Station, a post-village of Lauderdale CO., Miss., on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 18 miles N.E. of Meridian. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Pop. about 400. Laudun, IoMiiN°', a town of France, in Gard, 13 miles N.E. of Uzes, on the Tave. Pop. 1710. Lauenburg, low'en-b6oRG\ a district of Prussia, for- merly a duchy under the King of Denmark, but annexed to Germany at the same time with Sleswick and Holstein. In 1876 it was merged in Sleswick. It is situated between lat. 52° 21' and 63° 48' N. and Ion. 10° 13' and 11° 3' E., bounded N. by Lubeck, E. by Meeklenburg-Schwerin, S. by the Elbe, and W. by Holstein. Area, 453 square miles. Pop. in 1871, 49,546. Lauenburg, the capital of the above, on the right bank of the Elbe, at the mouth of the Delvenau, and on a rail- way, 27 miles S.E. of Hamburg. Pop., with suburbs, 4625. It has ruins of a castle, a custom-house, and an extensive transit trade. Lauenburg, low'^n-boonG^ a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 68 miles E.N.E. of Coslin, on the right bank of the Leba. Pop. 7165. It has manufactures of woollen cloth, linens, leather, liquors, hats, &c. Lauf, lowf, a town of Bavaria, 10 miles by rail E.N.E. of Nuremberg, on the Pegnitz. Pop. 3298, with manufac- tures of wire, brass, needles, and plate-glass, Laufach, low'fd-K, a village of Bavaria, 8 miles E.N.E. of Ascbaflenburg. Pop. 1031. Laufen, low'fen, a town of Bavaria, on the Salzach, 10 miles N.N.W. of Salzburg. Pop. 2149. Lauffen, or Laufeu, a town of AViirtemberg, on the Neckar, 6 miles S.S.W. of Heilbronn. Pop. 341S. It has 3 churches, a convent, and a palace. Lauffeu, lowf'f^n (Fr. Lauffon, loffAw^'). a walled town of Switzerland, canton and 33 miles N.N.W. of Bern, on the Birs. Pop. 1226. LaufTen am Neckar, Wiirtemberg. See Lauffen. Lauffenburg, 16wf'f§n-bo6RG\ or Klein Laufen- burg, kline low'f§n-booiiG\ a village in the S.E. part of LAU 1203 LAU Baden, on the Rhine, opposite the village of Laufenburg in Switzerland, canton of Aargau, to which it is connected by a wooden bridge just above the cataract of Laufcn. Laugharne, law'harn, a seaport town of Wales, co. and 9 miles S.S.W, of Carmarthen, on the estuary of the Taff and Towy. The town, which is remarkably well built, has the ruins of a castle, and is much resorted to in summer by visitors. Pop. of parish, 1742. liaughery, I6h'her-e, a township of Ripley co., Ind. Pop. 1874. Laughery Creek, Indiana, runs nearly southward through Ripley co., then northeastward, and forms the boundary between Dearborn and Ohio cos., until it enters the Ohio River 2 or 3 miles below Aurora. It is nearly 75 miles long. Laiighlan (IdH'lan) Islands, a group of nine low islets in the South Pacific, E. point in Jat. 9° 19' 3" S., Ion. 153° 48' 40" E. Laughlin, lAs'lin. a station on the Pittsburgh Connells- ville Railroad, 3 miles S.E. of Pittsburg, Pa. LaughlintoAvn, I6H'lin-t6wn, a pust-vlllage of West- moreland CO., Pa., about 50 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. It is at the base of Laurel Hill, which contains coal and iron. Lauheim, a town of AViirtemberg. See Laupheim. Xjauingen, low'ing-en, a town of Bavaria, in Swabia, on the Danube, 26 miles N.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 3784. It has a castle, a church with remarkable sculptures, and manufactures of woollen and cotton fabrics. Laiyar, Lauxar, low-naR', or L miles W. by S. of Albany. It has 3 churches, a union school, a flour-mill, a cotton-factory, tannery, &q. The town- ship contains 6 churches, and has a pop. of 1874. Laurens, a township of Laurens co,, S.C. It contains Laurens Court-House. Pop. 4289. Laurens Court-HousCi, or Laurensville, a post- village, capital of Laurens co., S.C, about 75 miles W.N.W. of Columbia. It has 4 churches, a newspaper ofiice, and a female college. Pop. about 500. Laurens Hill, a post-office of Laurens co., Ga., about 40 miles S.E. of Macon. Laurentian (law-rcn'she-an) Mountains, or Lau'- r^ntides, a range of mountains of Canada, extending from Labrador to the Arctic Ocean, a distance of about 3500 miles. It forms the watershed separating the tributaries of the St. Lawrence from those of Hudson's Bay, but beyond the basin of the St. Lawrence it is traversed by two afflu- ents of Hudson's Bay, the Saskatchewan and the Churchill, while still farther on it becomes the limit of the Hudson's Bay rivers, dividing their sources and those of the Back and other streams for 800 miles from the tributaries of the Mackenzie. The general elevation of the Laurentian range is from 1500 to 1600 feet; some peaks about the Saguenay attain a height of 4000 feet. They are in general thickly clothed with wood, the prevailing trees on the summits being evergreens, while hardwood sometimes abounds on the lower elevations and in the valleys. The valleys are in general not very wide, and many of them hold ponds and lakes. The number of these sheets of water, great and small, ia one of the most remarkable features of the region. The rocks are of extremely remote geologic era. Laurenzana, low-rSn-z^'ni, a town of Italy, province and 15 miles S.S.E. of Potenza, It has a good trade, though scarcely accessible except by mule-trains. Pop. 6965. Lauria, low're-3,, a town of Italy, in Basilicata, 7 miles S.S.E. of Lagonegro. Pop. 10,696. It consists of an upper and a lower town, and has manufactures of coarse linen. Lauriacuni, the ancient name of Lortiis and Enns. Lauricocha, lowVe-ko'chil, a lake of Peru, on the E. slope of the Andes. Lat. 10° 15' S.; Ion. 76° 10' W. Length, from N.N.E. to S.S.W., about 12 miles; breadth, not more than 3 miles. It is the source of the Maranon. Lauriere, lo're-aiR', a town of France, in Haute- Vienne, 23 miles N.N.E. of Limoges. Pop. 1441. Laurin, law'rin, a post-hamlet of Madison co., Mon- tana, on the Ruby River, 12 miles from Virginia City. It has a church and a store. Laurinburg, law'rin-burg, a post-village of Richmond CO., N.C, on the Carolina Central Railroad, 95 miles W.N.W. of Wilmington, It has 2 churches, and some machine- shops of the railroad. Pop. about 600, Laurino, low-ree'no, a town of Italy, in Salerno, on the Galore, 11 miles AV.S.W. of Diano. Pop. 2460. Laurisheiin, a town of Grermany. See Lorsch. Lau'riston, or Law'erston, a village of Scotland, CO. of Stirling, U miles E. of Falkirk, Pop. 1310. Laurito, 16w-ree'to, a town of Italy, province of Salerno, 9 miles S.E. of Vallo. Pop. 1461. Laurium,law're-iimorlaw-ri'um(Gr. AavpLov, Aavpeiov, modern Gr. pron. l4v're-on), a promontory and hill-range forming the S.E. portion of Attica, in Greece. The ancient silver- and lead-mines of Laurium were very important, and their scoriai and refuse ores are still smelted. The mines are connected with the port of Ergasteria by a rail- way 7 miles long. Pop. of commune, 3700. Lauro, low'ro, a village of Italy, province of Avellino, 6 miles S.E. of Nola. Pop. 2527. Laurona, a supposed ancient name of Liria. Lau^rot', or Little Poolo Laut Islands, a group of islands in the Malay Archipelago, off" the S.E. coast of Borneo, Lat. (N. point) 4° 42' S.; Ion. 115° 55' E. Laurvig, lowR'vig\ or Larvigen, laR'vig-§n, a sea- port town of Norway, on the Skager-Rack, Q5 miles by rail S.S.W. of Christiania. Pop. 6317. It has a capnon-foundry, hardware-shops, snufF-factories, and distilleries. Laury's (law'r^z) Station, a post-village of Lehigh CO., Pa., on the Lehigh River, and on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 9 miles N. by W. of Allentown. It has 2 stores. Laus, a river of Italy. See Laino. Lausanne, lo'^zAnn' (It, Losanna, lo-sin'ni ; L. Lau- sa'nium. Lmiso'nium, Lauso'niu8, or Lausan'iia), a city of Switzerland, capital of the canton of Vaud, half a mile from Ouchy (its port, on the N. .shore of the Lake of Geneva), on the S. slope of the Jura Mountains, at a railway junc- tion, 450 feet above the lake, and 32 miles N.E. of Geneva. Pop, 26,520. It stands on elevated ground, and has narrow and ill-paved streets, but some good edifices, including the finest cathedral in Switzerland, a massive castle, a hospital, lunatic asylum, penitentiary, barracks, and theatre. Its educational institutions comprise an academy, a school for the blind, a normal school, a divinity school, military, draw- ing, and other schools, numerous literary societies, and col- lections of art and sciences. Manufactures of woollen cloths, paper, leather, and jewelry are carried on. It has good inns, several public baths, libraries, an English chapel, tfec, and is distinguished for its good society, Voltaire, Haller, Tissot, and Byron resided here; and hero Gibbon wrote the latter half of his " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," It is a Catholio bishop's see. LAU 1205 LAV Lausanne, a township of Carbon co., Pa. Pop. 1416. Lausigk, low'zik, a town of Saxony, IS miles S.S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 357S. It has manufactures of woollens and linens, mineral baths, and lignite-mines. Lausitz, Germany. See Lhsatia. !Lans Pompeia, the ancient name of Loni Vecchio. Laussonne, los\>!onn', a village of Fr.inee, in Haute- Loire, 10 miles S.E. of Le Puy. Pop. 1652. Laut, an island of the East Indies. See Poolo Laut. This word is also appended to the names of various Malay islands, as in Ceram Laut, Timor Laut, &c. In such e.\- aoiples it signifies '* seaward." Lautenbach, low'ten-biK\ a village of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, bailiwick of Oberkiroh. Pop. 1328. liautenburg, low't?n-booRG\ Liidzborg, lits'boRG, or Liacborg, 14k'boRG, a town of West Prussia, 50 miles S.E. of Marienwerder. Pop. 3734. Lautenthal, low'ten-tar, a town of Prussia, in Han- over, 5 miles N.N.W. of Clausthal, in the Harz. Pop. 2636. Lauter, low'ter, a river of Rhenish Bavaria, forming in part of its course the boundary between Bavaria and Alsace, joins the Rhine below Lauterburg. Length, 44 miles. Lauter, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, 4 miles N.W. of Schwarzenberg. Pop". 2601. Lauterbach, 16w't?r-baK\ a town of Germany, in Hesse, 14 miles W.N.W. of Fulda, with factories and paper- mills. Pop. 3181. Lauterbach, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, 5 miles N.W. of Zoblitz. Pop. 1436. Lauterbach, or Iiyderbach, lee'der-biK\ a village of Bohemia, on the Lauczka, 6 miles from Leitomischl. Lauterbach, a free mining town of Bohemia, 6 miles S. of Elbogen. Pop. 2400. Lauterberg, low't^R-b^RG^ a town of Prussia, in Han- over, 14 miles S.E. of Clausthal, with mines of iron and coal. Pop. 3906. Lauterbruunen, low'ter-broon^n^n, or Lauter- brunn, low't?r-broon\ a village of Switzerland, canton and 33 miles S.E. of Bern. Pop. 1867. See SxAunEiCH. Lauterburg, low't^r-booRG' (anc. Leu'trce Castrum? Fr. LatUerbourff, loH^R^booR'), a town of Germany, in Al- sace, on the Lauter, near its confluence with the Rhine, 34 miles N.B. of Strasburg. Pop. 1932. It has iron-works and potash-factories. Lauterecken, low'ter-fik^ken, a town of Rhenish Ba- varia, at the junction of the Lauter with the Glan, 17 miles N.W. of Kaiserslautern. Pop. 1215. Lauven, lOw'v^n, a river of Norway, which rises in Mount Harteigen, passing the town of Kongsberg (1 mile above which it forms a magnificent fall), turns almost due S., and falls into the fiord at Laurvig after an indirect course of at least 200 miles. Its mouth forms one of the finest harbors of Norway. In its course it expands into numerous lakes, but none of its affluents are large. Lauwe, a village of Belgium. See Lawe. Lauwer Zee, 16w'\Ver zi, a gulf of the North Sea, in the Netherlands, between Friesland and Groningen, stretch- ing inland N. to S. about 8 miles, and about 6 miles broad. Lauxar, a town of Spain. See Laujar. Lauzerte, loV.aiRt', a town of France, in Tarn-et-Ga- ronne, 10 miles N.N.E. of Moissac. Pop. 1386. Lauzet, or Le Lauzet, l?h lo^zi', a village of France, in Basses-Alpes, 25 miles N.N.E. of Digne. Pop. 904. Lauzon, 1o'z6n»', or St. Joseph de Levis, s3,no ■ zho'zef deh liVee', a post-village in Levis co., Quebec, on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, 2 miles from Levis. It has 20 stores, a brewery, a ship-yard, and a large trade in lumber and wood. A steam ferry runs between here and Quebec. Pop. 1847. Lauzun, Io^zun^', a town of France, in Lot-et-Ga- ronne, 16 miles N.B. of Marmande. Pop. 1269. Lavaca, li-vi'ka, or Lavacca, a county in the S. part of Texas, has an area of about 970 square miles. It is intersected by the Lavaca and Navidad Rivers. The sur- face is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and tracts of timber. The soil is mostly fertile. Cattle, cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capita], Halletts- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, 81,519,510. Pop. in 1870, 9168, of whom 8761 were Americans. See Port Lavaca. Lavaca Bay, of Texas, is principally included in Calhoun co. It is an arm of Matagorda Bay. Lavaca River, Te.xas, drains a large part of Lavaca CO., runs southward through Jackson co., and enters La- vaca Bay. This river is about 110 miles long. Lavadores, li-vi-Do'res, a village of Spain, about 14 miles from Pontevedra, on the Cambeses. Pop. 2716. Lavagna, li-vin'yl, a town of Italy, 1^ miles by rail S.E. of Chiavari, on the Gulf of Genoa; Pop. 6888. It has great slate-quarries. Lavagno, ]^-vS,n'yo, a village of Italy, 6 miles E. of Verona. Pop. 2800. Laval, WvW (L. Laval'lum, Val'lta Guido'nia ?), a town of France, capital of the department of Maj-enne, on the Mayenne, 46 miles E. of Rennes, and 186 miles by railroad W.S.W. of Paris. Pop. 25,110. It is on a steep declivity, enclosed by old walls, and comprises an old quarter, with narrow tortuous streets and overhanging wooden houses, and a new quarter, with wide, regular, well-built streets. Principal buildings, a vast castle, now a prison, a curious Gothic cathedral, 2 hospitals, prefecture, town hall, fine linen-hall, theatre, communal college, and public library. It has important manufactures of linen fabrics, cotton handkerchiefs, calico, paper, oil, floiir, bleach- and dye- works, tanneries, marble-works, and a brisk trade in linen and cotton fabrics. It was taken by the English in 1466, but retaken by the French in the following year. It suf- fered greatly in the Vendean war. It is a bishop's see. Laval, a county of Quebec. See Isle Jesus. Laval, or Sainte Brigitte de Laval, s3,Nt br^"- zheet' deh MC-viX', a post-village and parish in Montmorency CO., Quebec, 19 miles from Quebec. Pop. 763. La Valetta, a city of Malta. See Valetta. Lavalle, la-val', a post-village of Sauk co., Wis., in Lavalle township, on the Baraboo River, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 60 miles N.W. of Madison. It has a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a steam etave-factory. Pop. of the township, 1163. La Vallette, IS, \-i>\kti,', a village of France, in Var, 4 miles N.E. of Toulon. Pop. 1696. Lavaltrie, 14'virtree', a post-village in Berthier co., Quebec, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 36 miles N.E. of Montreal. Pop. 260. Lavaltrie, an island in the St. Lawrence, opposite the above village. On it are two light-houses. Lavamund, Ii'va-moont\ a market-town of Austria, in Carinthia, on the Drave, 31 miles E. of Klagenfurth. La Vandola, 14 van-do'la, the most E. of the Admiralty Islands. Lat. 2° 14' S.; Ion. 148° 10' E. Lavansari, li-vSn-s^'ree\ an island of Russia, Gulf of Finland, 70 miles W. of Cronstadt. Length, 4 miles. Lavans^ville, a post-village of Somerset co.. Pa., 4 miles W. of Somerset, and about 54 miles S.E. of Pittsburg. It has 2 churches. Lavant, l^-vant', a river of Austria, in Carinthia, joins the Drave at Lavamund, after a S. course of 40 miles. Lav'ant, a river of England, co. of Sussex, enters Chichester harbor after a S.W. course of 10 miles. Lavant', a post-village in Lanark co., Ontario, 32 miles N.W. of Perth. Near here copper ore is found. Pop. 100. Lavardac, liVanM^k', a town of France, in Lot-et- Garonne, on the Raise, 16 miles W. of Agen. Pop. 1607. Lavardens, lAVaRMdN'^', a town of France, in Gers, 8 miles N.N.W. of Auch. Pop. 1060. Lavaur, laVoR' (anc. Ya'rium), a town of France, in Tarn, on the Agout, 23 miles S.W. of Albi. It has a com- munal college, manufactures of silk, and nurseries of silk- worms, and is an entrepot for silk goods. In the thirteenth century it was the stronghold of the Albigenses, from whom it was taken in 1211 by Simon de Montfort. Pop. 4937. La Ve'ga, a post-oifice of Des Moines co., Iowa. La Vela, 15, vi'li, or La Vela de Coro, & vA'la d4 ko'ro, a seaport town of Venezuela, on the Gulf of Coro, a few miles N.E. of the town of Coro. Lat. 11° 25' N.; Ion. 69° 40' W. It has a fine custom-house. Lavelanet, lavMi^ni', a town of France, in Ariege, 12 miles E. of Foix. Pop. 2792, mostly employed in the manu- facture of fine woollens. Lavello, 15,-vSl'lo (anc. Label' htm?), a town of Italy, in Basilicata, 8 miles N.E. of Melfi. Pop. 5769. La Vendee, a river of France. See Vendee. Lav'ender, or Mas'tin's Corners, a post-village in Simcoe co., Ontario, 12i miles W. of Angus. Pop. 120. Lav'ender Hill, a post-office of Baltimore co., Md. Lav'enham, or Lan'ham, a town of England, co. of Suffolk, 16 miles W.N.W. of Ipswich, on a railway. Pop. of parish, 1886. Lavenir, liV5,^neer', a post-village in Drummond co., Quebec, 11 miles N.W. of Melbourne. Pop. 250. Laveno, la-vA'no, a town of Italy, in Lombardy, on Lago Maggiore, 23 miles W.N.W. of C'omo. Pop. 1452. Laventie, liV6N°Hee', a town of France, in Pas-de- Calais, 12 miles N.B. of Bethune. Pop. 1200. La Ventosa, 15, v4n-to's4, a town of Mexico, state of LAV 1206 LAW Oaxaca, on the Pacific (Bay of La Ventosa), at the mouth of the river Tehuantepee, 11 miles S.E. of the town of Te- huantepec. Lat. 16° 11' 45" N. ; Ion. 95° 15' 40" W. Lavenza, a town of Italy. See Avenza. Lavergiie, la-vern', a post-village of Rutherford co., Tenn., on the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, 15 miles S.E. of Nashville. It has a church. Laver'iiia, a small post-village of Wilson co., Tex., IS miles S.W. of Seguin. It is in the valley of Cibolo River. La Veta, \k vi'ta, a post-office and station of Huerfano CO., Col., at the Veta Pass, on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, 191 miles S. of Denver. It is at an elevation of about 9500 feet, and is the highest railroad station in North America. La Vil'la, Duval co., Pla., is a suburb of Jacksonville, i mile from Jacksonville Station. It contains the Stanton Normal Institute (colored), 2 brick-yards, a pottery, and some railroad-shops. Lavin'ia, a post-office of Holt co., Neb. Lavino, ia.-vee'no (anc. Labiii'ius), a river of Italy, joins the Samoggia. Length, 30 miles. !Lavis, a river of the Tyrol. See Avisio. Lavis, 1^'vis, a town of Austria, in the Tyrol, 5 miles by rail N. of Trent. Pop. 2361. Ijavit, lS.Vee', a town of France, in Tarn-et-Garonne, 11 miles S.W. of Castel-Sarrasin. Pop. 1547. Lavoro, Terra di, Italy. See Casebta. Lavos, l4'voce, a town of Portugal, in Beira, near the Atlantic Ocean and near the mouth of the Mondego River, 24 miles S.W. of Coimbra. Pop. 5824. Lavras-de-Fuiiil, U'vras-di-foo-neel', a town of Brazil, in Minas-Geraes, 105 miles W.S.W. of Ouro Preto. Lavriauo, I3,v-re-S,'no, a village of Italy, 4 miles from Casal Borgone, on the Po. Pop. 1066. La Wantzenau, a town of Alsace. See Wanzenau. LaAVCjla'veh, or iau\ve,a village of Belgium, in West Elanders, on the Lys, 27 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 2307. Ijawerstoii, a village of Scotland. See Lauriston. Law'ler, a post-village of Chickasaw co., Iowa, in Sta- pleton township, on the Iowa & Dakota Railroad, which connects Fort Atkinson with Charles City, 29 miles E. of the latter. It has a newspaper office, 2 churches, and 2 banking-houses. Pop. about 550. Lawn« a fishing settlement in the district of Burin, Newfoundland, 25 miles S.W. of Burin. Pop. 170. Lavvn'dale, a suburban village in Cook co., 111., on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 6 miles from Chicago, and within the city limits. It has 3 churches. Lawndale, a post-village of Logan co.. 111., on the Kiokapoo River, and on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 35 miles N.E. of Springfield. It has a church and 2 elevators for grain. Pop. 150. Lawndale^ a post-office and station of Jackson co., Kansas, in Soldier township, on the Kansas Central Rail- road, 12 miles W. of Holton. LaAVn Ridge, a post-village of Marshall co., 111., in La Prairie township, about 22 miles N. of Peoria. It has 2 churches and a graded school. LaAvn Ridge, a post-hamlet of Scotland co., Mo., 7 miles N.E. of Memphis. It has a church. Lawn Ridge, a post-office of Cedar co.. Neb. Law'reiice, a northern county of Alabama, has an area of about 850 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Tennessee River, here obstructed by the Muscle Shoals, and is partly drained by Sipsey and Town Creeks. The surface is diversified with high ridges and fertile val- leys. Cotton, Indian corn, grass, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Memphis about 20 miles N.W. of Dayton. Lebanon, a village of Monroe co., 0., about 18 miles N.N.E. of Marietta. Pop. 124. Here is Masterton Post- Office. Lebanon, a post-village, capital of "VVarren co., 0., in Turtle Creek township, about 32 miles N.N.E. of Cincin- nati, and 22 miles S. of Dayton. It contains 9 churches, a graded school, a normal school, a national bank, a town hall, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 2749. Lebanon, a post-village of Linn co., Oregon, on the South Fork of the Santiam River, 14 miles S.E. of Albany. It has 2 churches, an academy, a flour-mill, and a sash- factory. Pop. about 300. Lebanon, a post-borough, capital of Lebanon co.. Pa., is pleasantly situated in a fertile limestone valley, 2S miles W. of Reading, 26 miles E. by N. of Harrisburg, and 86 miles W.N.W. of Philadelphia. It is on the Union Canal and the Lebanon Valley Railroad, at its junction with the Lebanon & Pine Grove Railroad, and is the N. terminus of the Cornwall Railroad. It contains 13 churches, a court- house, 2 or 3 national banks, 2 savings-banks, a Catholic academy, and printing-offices which issue 2 daily and 4 weekly newspapers, 1 of which is in German. Lebanon has also 2 rolling-mills, 4 anthracite (iron) furnaces, 2 flouring-mills, 3 planing-mills, and manufactures of rail- road-cars, iron castings, engines, boilers, carriages, farming- implements, machinery, Ac. Pop. 6727. Lebanon, a township of Wayne co.. Pa. Pop. 628. Lebanon, a village in Pawtucket township, Provi- dence CO., K.I., 1 mile N.E. of Pawtucket. It has a grist- mill, and manufactures of cotton yarn and of brooms. Pop. lOS. Lebanon, a post-office of Abbeville co., S.C., about 54 miles N.W. of Augusta, Ga. Lebanon, a post-village, capital of Wilson co., Tenn., 30 miles E. by N. of Nashville, with which it is connected by the Tennessee & Pacific Railroad. It is the seat of Cum- berland University (Cumberland Presbyterian), which was organized in 1842 and has 22 instructors and about 60 students. Here is a law school connected with the univer- sity, which has also a theological department. Lebanon contains 2 national banks, 5 churches, a female seminary, a newspaper office, 1 or 2 steam flouring-mills, 2 saw-mills, and manufactures of woollen goods and brooms. Pop. 2073. Lebanon, a post-office of Collin co., Tex., 10 miles N.W. of Piano Station. Here are 2 stores. Lebanon, a post-village, capital of Russell co., Va., is about 4 miles S. of the Clinch River, and 20 miles N. by W. of Abingdon, near the base of Clinch Mountain. It has 2 churches. Pop. 209. Lebanon, a post-township of Dodge co.. Wis., inter- sected by Rock River. Pop. 1637, Lebanon Post-Ofiice is 7 miles E.N.E. of Watertown. Lebanon, a township of Waupaca co., Wis. Pop. 771. Lebanon Church, a post-office of Alleghany co.. Pa. Lebanon Church, a post-hamlet of Shenandoah co., Va., 3A miles W. of Capon Road Depot. It has a church. Lebanon Junction, a post-village of Bullitt co., Ky., is on the Louisville, Nashville &> Great Southern Railroad, 30 miles S. of Louisville. It has 2 churches and 2 stores. The Knoxville Branch connects here with the main line. Lebanon Lake, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., N.Y., about 15 miles N. by W. of Port Jervis. It has a church, a tannery, and a lumber-mill on Mongaup River. Lebanon Springs, a post-village and summer resort of Columbia co., N.Y., in New Lebanon township, on the Harlem Extension Railroad, about 25 miles S.E. of Albany. It has a warm mineral spring, several hotels (one capable of accommodating 400 guests), and 2 churches. See also New Lebanon and Mount Lebanon. Lebbeke, l&b-bi'keh, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 18 miles E. by S. of Ghent. Pop. 4500. Le Beausset, l^h bo^si', a town of France, in Var, 8 miles N.W. of Toulon. Pop. 1909. Le'beck, a post-hamlet of Cedar co.. Mo., 16 miles S.E. of Schell City. Lebedian, l^b-i-de-in', a town of Russia, government and 110 miles W.N.W. of Tambov. Pop. 6010. Lebedin, or Lebedine, l^b-i-deen', a town of Russia, government and 77 miles W.N.W. of Kharkov. P. 11,897. Lebeny, li^bain', or Leiden, li'den, a village of Hungary, co. of Wieselburg, near Lake Neusiedl. P. 2597. Leberau, a village of Germany. See Liepvre, Leberberg, the German name of Juha. Lebida, l^b'e-di, or Leb'da (anc. Lep'tia Mag'na)^ a ruined town of Africa, 64 miles E. of Tripoli, on the Med- iterranean, Septimius Severus was born in its vicinity A.D. 146. Le Biot, leh be-o', a town of France, in Savoy, on the Dranse, about 9 miles from Thonon. Pop. 1703. Lebita, or Lebinthos, Greece. See Levita. Le Blanc, leh bl6N°, a village of France, in Indre, on the Creuse, 32 miles W.S.W. of Chateauroux. It was for- merly fortified, and has wool-spinning works, tanneries, and manufactures of edge-tools and pottery. Pop. 4724. Le'bo Creek, a post-office of Coffey co., Kansas, about 27 miles E.S.E. of Emporia. Leboeuf, leh-bSf, a post-township of Erie co., Pa., about 20 miles S. by E. of Erie. It is traversed by French Creek and the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad. It con- tains a borough named Mill Village, and Leboiuf Station on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, 23 miles S. by E. of Erie. Pop. 1748. Le Bois, l§h bwi, a village of France, Charente-Infe- rieure, 14 miles W. of La Rochelle, in the He de Re. Pop. of commune, 2062. Le Bourg, a village of Switzerland. See Burg. Le Bourg les Valence, leh boon li vfLH6NSs',a town of France, in Drome, i mile N. of Valence, of which it forms a suburb, on the Rhone. Pop, 2574. Le Breton (leh bre-toN"') Flats, a suburb of the city of Ottawa, situated on Chaudiere and Victoria Islands, two small islands in the Ottawa River. It possesses un- rivalled water-power, and contains an extensive foundry, a carding- and fulling-mill, several flour-mills, and eight large saw- and planing-mills. Lebrija, or Lebrixa, U-bree'Hi (anc. Nehris'sa), a town of Spain, province and 29 miles S.S.W. of Seville, near the left bank of the Guadalquivir. Pop. 10,338. It is in a marshy tract; the streets are narrow and the houses mean. Chief public buildings, a church formerly a mosque, a college, and a ruined castle. It has manufactures of cloth, pottery, and soap, and is famous for its oil. Lebriua,or Lebrixa, li-bree'Hi, a river of the United States of Colombia, joins the Magdaiena 120 miles N.W. of Pamplona. Lebu, U-boo', a town of Chili, state of Arauco, near the sea, at the mouth of the river Lebu. It has coal-mines. Pop. 6783. Le Buet, leh bii^i', one of the Alps of Savoy, between Chamouni and Sixt, N. of Mont Blanc. Height above the sea, 10,128 feet. Le Bu^ue, leh biig, a town of France, in Dordogne, 14 miles W. of Sarlat, on the Vezere. Pop. 16S6. Lebus, li'boos, a town of Prussia, province of Branden- burg, 5 miles N. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Pop. 2767. Le Cap, a town of Hayti. See Cape Haytien. Le Carbet, a town of Martinique. See Carbet. Lecce, let'chd, formerly Terra di Otranto, t^R'ni de o-tran'to, a province of Italy, in Apulia, forming the extremity of the S.E. fork of the Italian peninsula. Area, 3293 square miles. Capital, Lecce. Pop. 493,594. Lecce, l^t'chi (anc. Lupia? or Aletium ^), & city of Italy, capital of the above province, 29 miles by rail N.W. of Otranto. Pop. 23,247. It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle, a large cathedral and 30 other churches, several convents, a royal college, a foundling hospital, and a thea- tre, with a noble government house and town hall. It has manufactures of woollen, cottons, snuff, oil, silk goods, lace, and linen thread. It is a bishop's see. Lecco, l^k'ko (anc. Fo'rum Licin'ii ?), a town of Italy, in Lombardy, 16 miles E.N.E. of Como, at the mouth of the Adda in the Lake of Lecco. Pop. 7040. It has manu- factures of silks, cotton and woollen stuffs, and iron-ware. A railway extends hence to Milan, Lecco, a village of Italy. See Lequio. Lecelles, l?h-s^ir, a village of France, in Nord, 8 miles N.N.W. of Valenciennes. Pop. 1932. Lecera, li-th4'ri, a town of Spain, in Aragon, 36 miles S.S.E. of Saragossa, near the Aguas. Pop. 20oO. Lech, Uk, a river of Southern Germany, Tyrol and LEO 1212 LEE Bavaria, rises in the Vorarlberg, and, after a N. course of 140 miles, joins the Danube 26 miles N. of Augsburg. Le Chapus, leh shi'pilce', a hamlet of France, in Charente-Inferieure, 3 miles N.W. of Marennes, opposite the island of Oleron. It is a fortification of the second class, and its small port is defended by a fort. Le Chateau, l?h shaHo', or Chateau d'Ol^ron, ehiLHo' do^lA^r6No', a seaport town of France, in Charente- Inferieure, 6 miles N.W. of Marennes, on the S.E. point of the island of Oleron. Pop. 1578. Lechay, an Indian name of the Lehigh, Pennsylvania. Lechenich, ISK'en-iK, or Lechnich, l^K'niK, a for- tified town of Rhenish Prussia, 13 miles S.W. of Cologne. Pop. about 1800. liB Chenit, l«h shi'nee', a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, on the Orbe, at its entrance into the S. extremity of Lake Joux, 19 miles W.N.W. of Lausanne. Pop. 3608. Lechhausen,14K^how'z?n, a village of Bavaria, on the Lech, 14 miles N.N.E. of Augsburg. Pop. 6724. It has manufactures of linen, silk stuffs, and oil-cloth. Lechlade, IStch'lM, a town of England, co. of Glouces- ter, on the Isis, and on the Thames k Severn Canal, 15 miles by rail W. of Oxford. liechnich, a town of Prussia. See Lechenich. Lechnitz, a town of Transylvania. See Lekentze. Leek, l^k, a river of the Netherlands, forming an arm of the Old Rhine, at its delta, N. of the Waal. It forms the boundary first between the provinces of Utrecht and Gelder- land, and then between Utrecht and South Holland, and joins the Meuse 7 miles E. of Rotterdam. Leek Kill, a post-hamlet of Northumberland co.. Pa., in Upper Mahanoy township, about 20 miles S. of Danville. It has a church. Leclaire, l§-klair', a post-village of Scott co., Iowa, in Leclaire township, on the Mississippi River, 17 miles above Davenport, and \ mile from Port Byron, 111. It is at the head of the Upper Rapids. It has 6 churches, a quarry of limestone, a graded school, 3 lime-kilns, a boat-yard, and manufactures of lumber. Pop. 1121 ; of the township, ad- ditional, 764. lieclercville, l?-klerk'vll, or Sainte Einilie, s5,Nt emVMee', a post-village in Lotbiniere co., Quebec, on the river St. Lawrence, 51 miles above Quebec. It has saw- and grist-mills, a carding-mill, and 3 stores. Pop. 200. L'Ecluse, li'klliz', a fort of France, in Ain, above the Rhone, 14 miles S.W. of Geneva. It commands the rail- way from Switzerland into France between Seyssel and St. Genix. L'Ecluse, a village of France, in Nord, 6 miles S. of Douai. Pop. 1713. L'Ecluse, the French name of Sluis. Lecompte, le-komt, post-office, Rapides parish. La. Lecomp'ton, a post-village in Leoompton township, Douglas CO., Kansas, on the S. bank of the Kansas River, and on the Kans.as Midland Railroad, 16 miles E. of Topeka. It was once the capital of Kansas Territory. It has 3 churches, and is the seat of Lane University, which was organized in 1865 and had 105 students in 1877. Pop. about 250 ; of the township, 935. Lecomptoil, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., 0., about 8 miles W. of Woodsfield. Lecoute's (l?-konts') Mills, a post-hamlet of Clear- field CO., Pa., on the West IJranch of the Susquehanna River, about 40 miles N. by E. of Altoona, It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Le Coq, l?h kok, a town of Senegambia, in Foota-Toro, at the W. extremity of the island Morfil, formed by a branch of the Senegal. Lat. 16° 38' N. ; Ion. 15° 5' W. Le Couserans, leh koo^zeh-row', an ancient district of France, among the Pyrenees, near the frontiers of Spain. Its capital was Saint-Lizier. Le Coux, lijh koo, a village of France, in Dordogne, 13 miles W.S.W. of Sarlat. Pop. 1746. Le Creuzot, leh kroh'zo', a village of France, in Saone- et-Loirc, 18 miles 'by rail S.S.E. of Autun. Pop. 15,599, employed in raising iron and coal, and in blast-furnaces, steel-mills, foundries, locomotive-shops, copper-works, and steam-engine-faetories. It is one of the most active indus- trial centres in France. Le Croisic, l?h krwS,*zeek', a seaport town of France, in Loire-Inferieure, on a point of land between the mouth of the Loire and Vilaine, 44 miles W. of Nantes. Pop. 1981. It has an exchange, a school of navigation, tribunal of commerce, and a port of great extent and depth, with active fisheries, and refineries of salt and soda procured from neighboring salt-marshes. About 6 miles seaward ia Le Four, an extensive reef of rocks, marked by a light-house. Le Crotoy, l?h kroUwS,', a town of France, in Somme, 10 miles N.W. of Abbeville, with a small port on the Somme, near its mouth. Pop. 1509. Lectoure, IfikHoou' (anc. Lacto'ra, or Civ'itas Lactora'' tium), a town of France, in Gers, capital of an arrondisse- ment, 20 miles N. of Auch. Pop. 2963. It stands on a steep rock, enclosed by ruined walls, and has an old epis- copal pala.ce, now the prefecture, a fine Gothic church, com- munal college, town hall, and hospital. Its manufactures consist of serge and coarse woollen cloths, and it has a brisk trade in cattle, wines, brandy, and grain. Lectum, the ancient name of Baba. Leczna, IStch'ni. a town of Poland, province and 15 miles E.N.E. of Lublin, on the Wieprz. Pop. ISOO. Leda, li'da, a river of Germany, formed by the union of the Ohe and Marka, on the frontiers of Oldenburg and Hanover, joins the Ems after a course of 24 miles. Led'better, a post-vilhage of Fayette CO., Tex., on the Austin Branch of the Houston & Texas Central Railroad, 68 miles E. of Austin. It has several stores. Led'bury, a town of England, co. and 13 miles by rail E. of Hereford, on the Hereford & Gloucester Canal. The town, on a declivity at the S. extremity of the Malvern Hills, has many ancient houses, a church, partly of Norman architecture, with a detached tower and fine altar-piece, a grammar-school, a hospital, several other charities, a union workhouse, market-house, and some manufactures of rope and sacking. In its vicinity are cider-orchards, hop-grounds, and marble-quarries. Pop. 2967. Lede, lA'd^h, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, on a railway, 6i miles S.W. of Dendermonde. Pop. 4000. Ledeberg, li'deh-b^RG\ a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, at the junction of the railways from Ghent to Termonde and Ghent to Courtrai, 2 miles S.E. of Ghent, with cotton-mills. Pop. 4100. Ledeghem, li'deh-ch^m^ a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 6 miles W.N.W. of Courtrai. Pop. 3200. Lederachsville, led'er-aks-vil, a post-hamlet of Mont- gomery CO., Pa., about 12 miles N. of Norristown. Ledesma, li-dss'ma (ano. Bletie'ama), a town of Spain, province and 20 miles N.W. of Salamanca, on the Tormes. Pop. 2896. It has warm mineral baths, much frequented. Ledesma, li-d5s'mJl, a town of the Argentine Republic, province of Jujuy. Pop. 3149. Ledetsch, li'dStch (L. Zedecium), a town of Bohemia, 17 miles S.S.W. of Czaslau, on the Sasawa. Pop. 2093. Ledge, lej, or The Ledge, a post-village in Charlotte CO., New Brunswick, on the St. Croix River, 4 miles from St. Stephen. Pop. 300. Ledge (lej) Dale, a post-hamlet of Wayne co.. Pa., on Wallenpaupao Creek, about 22 miles E. of Soranton. It has a tannery and 2 saw-mills. Ledger, lej'^r, a post-hamlet of Mitchell co., N.C., 30 miles N. of Marion. It has a church and a mica-mine. Ledgeville, lej-vll, a post-office of Brown co.. Wis., on the Milwaukee & Northern Railroad, 11 miles S. of Green Bay. Le Dorat, leh do^ri' (anc. OratoriuviJ), a town of France, in Haute-Vienne, 7 miles N. of Bellac. Pop. 2322. Ledoux, l?-doo', a post-office of Morrison co., Minn., 8 miles S.W. of Little Falls. Leduc, l?-ddok', a post-office of Gasconade co.. Mo. Ledum Salorium, France. See Lons-le-Saulsier. Ledyard, led'yard, a post-village of New London eo.. Conn., in Ledyard township, 8 miles S.S.E. of Norwich, and 4 miles E. of AUyn's Point Railroad Stixtion. It has 2 or 3 churches and a woollen-factory. The township is bounded on the W. by the Thames River. Pop. 1392. Ledyard, a post-township of Cayuga co., N.Y., is bounded on the W. by Cayuga Lake, and contains the vil- lage of Aurora, which is about 16 miles S.S.W. of Auburn. It is intersected by the Cayuga Southern Raih-oad. P. 2257. Lee, a river of Ireland, eo. of Cork, rises in Lake Gou- gane-Barra, flows E., and enters Cork harbor. Lee, a small river of Ireland, co. of Kerry, flows into Tralee Bay. Lee, a village of England, in Kent, on the S. edge of Blackheath, 6 miles by rail E.S.E. of London. It has many handsome residences, a beautiful church, and an endowed school. Pop. of parish, 10,493. Lee, a county in the S.E. of Alabama, separated from Georgia on the E. by the Chattahoochee River. Area, about 610 square miles. It is traversed by the Western and other railroads, and has a diversified surface and a fertile soil. Valuation of real and personal estate, §2,922,373. Capital, Opelika. Pop. 21,750, of whom 21,692 were Americans. LEE 1 Lee, a county in the E. part of Arkansas, has an area of about 630 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Mississippi River, is intersected by the St. Francis, and is also drained by the L'Anguille River. The surface is nearly level, and is partly covered with forests of the ash, beech, elm, hickory, and oak. The soil is fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are its staple products. Capital, Marianna. Ijee, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, has an area of about 350 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Flint River, and is intersected by the Kinchafoonee and Muckalee Creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forest. The soil is fertile. Cotton and maize are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Southwestern Railroad. Capital, Starkville. Valuation of real and personal estate, SI, 880,252. Poj). in 1870, 9567, of whom 9555 were Americans. Lee, a county in the N. part of -Illinois, has an area of about 720 square miles. It is intersected by Green and Rock Rivers. The surface is nearly level. The soil is very fertile. The greater part of it is prairie. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, pork, and butter are the staple products. Silurian limestone underlies a large part of this county. It is intersected by three railroads, — the Illinois Central, the Chicago & Northwestern, and the Chicago & Rock River. Capital, Di.xon. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, 812,398,156. Pop. in 1S70, 27,171, of whom 21,067 were Americans. Lee, the most southeastern county of Iowa, has an area of about 480 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Skunk River, on the E. by the Mississippi, and on the S.W. by the Des Moines River, which enters the Mississippi at the S. extremity of this county. The surface is undu- lating, and is diversified with prairies and forests of good timber, which is here abundant. The soil is uniformly very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Good limestone underlies the soil. This county is intersected by the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, the Burlington & Southwestern Railroad, and a branch of the Chicago, Burlington .i Quiney Railroad. It contains the city of Keokuk, Capital, Fort Madison. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, 320,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 37,210, of whom 28,409 were Americans; in 1876, 33,914. Lee, a county in the B. central part of Kentucky, has an area of about 250 square miles. It is intersected by the Kentucky River, and is also drained by the South Fork of the same. The surface is hilly, and mostly covered with forests. Indian corn is the staple product. Bituminous coal is found here. Capital, Beattyville. Valuation of real and person.al estate, §425,000. Pop. in 1870, 3055, of whom 3049 were Americans. Lee, a county in the N.E. part of Mississippi, has an area of about 520 square miles. It is drained by the Tom- bigbee River and several creeks which enter that river. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests of the hickory, elm, magnolia, oak, tulip-tree, &c. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, grass, and pork are the staple products. Cretaceous strata underlie the sur- face of this county. It is intersected by the Mobile & Ohio Railroad. Capital, Tupelo. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, 82,972,413. Pop. in 1870, 15,955, of whom 15,883 were Americans. Lee, a county in the central part of Texas, is partly drained by the Yegua Creek. The Colorado River almost touches the S. extremity of this county. The surface is un- dulating. The soil is fertile. It is intersected by the West- ern division of the Houston & Texas Central Railroad. It has forests of cedar, oak, pine, Ac. Capital, Giddings. Lee, a county forming the S.W. extremity of Virginia, borders on Kentucky and Tennessee. Area, about 450 square miles. It is intersected by Powell's River, and bounded on the N.W. by Cumberland Mountain. The surface is partly diversified by Powell's Mountain, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, grass, and pork are the staple products. Iron ore and limestone are abundant here. Capital, Jonesville. Valuation of real and personal estate, §2,500,000. Pop. in 1870, 13,268, of whom 13,261 were Americans. Lee, a post-office of Lee CO., Ark. Lee, a township of Sacramento co., Cal. Pop. 376. Lee, a township of Brown co.. 111. Pop. 1560. Lee, a township of Fulton co.. 111. Pop. 1296. Lee, a thriving post-village of Lee co., HI., on the Chi- cago A Iowa Railroad, 35 miles W. of Aurora. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a flouring-mill, and a manufac- tory of farming-implements. Lee, a township of Buena Vista co., Iowa. Pop. 275. It contains Sioux Rapids. 13 LEE Lee, a township of Franklin co., Iowa. Pop. 206. Lee, a township of Madison co., Iowa. Pop. 426. Lee, a post-ofiice of Union co., Iowa. Lee, a post-otfice of Phillips co., Kansas. Lee, a post-village of Penobscot co.. Me., in Lee town- ship, about 48 miles N.N.E. of Bangor. It has 2 churches, an academy, a flour-mill, and several saw-mills. Pop. of the township, 960. Lee, a post-village of Lee township, Berkshire co., Mass., on the Housatonic River, and on the Housatonic Railroad, 11 miles S. of Pittstield, and about 38 miles S.E. of Albany, N.Y. It contains 5 churches, a high school, a national bank, and a newspaper office. Here are several woollen-factories and large paper-mills. The township has quarries of fine white marble, which is exported to distant cities. Pop. of township, 3900. It contains villages named East Lee and South Lee. Lee, a post-township of Allegan co., Mich. Pop. 294. Lee, a township of Calhoun co., Mich. Pop. 1115. Lee, a post-hamlet of Carter co., Mo., 20 miles W. of Mill Spring Station. It has 2 churches. Lee, a township of Platte co., Mo. Pop. 2290. Lee, or Lee Hill, a post-hamlet in Lee township, Strafibrd co., N.H., on the Nashua & Rochester Railroad, about 9 miles S.W. of Dover, and 15 miles S. by W. of Rochester. It has 2 churches. The township contains a village named Wadley's Falls, on Lamprey River. Pop. of township, 776. Lee, a small post-village of Lee township, Oneida co., N.Y., 8 or 9 miles N.W. of Rome. It has 2 churches and a cheese-factory. The township contains a larger village, named Lee Centre, and a hamlet named Delta. It has sev- eral tanneries. Pop. of the township, 2425. Lee, a post-offlce of Madison co., N.C. Lee, a post-township of Athens co., 0., about 44 miles W.S.W. of Marietta. Pop. 1146. It contains the village of Albany, at which is Lee Post-Office. Lee, a township of Carroll co., 0. Pop. 901. Lee, a township of Monroe co., 0. Pop. 1114. It con- tains Sardis, on the Ohio River. Lee, a township of Williamsburg co., S.C. Pop. 1181. Lee Centre, a post-village of Lee co.. 111., in Lee Centre township, near Green River, 3i miles N.E. of Am- boy, and 14 miles S.E. of Dixon. It has 3 churches and a graded school. Pop. of -the township, 1028. Lee Centre, a post-village of Oneida co., N.Y., in Lee township, 8 miles N. of Rome, and 22 miles N.W. of Utica. It has a church, a grist-mill, a graded school, and a tannery. Pop. 355. Leech, a township of Wayne co.. 111. Pop. 1253. Leech'burg, a post-borough of Armstrong co.. Pa., in Alleghany township, on Kiskiminetas River, and on the Western Pennsylvania Railroad, 35 miles by rail N.E. of Pittsburg. It has an academy, a newspaper otfice, 5 churches, a rolling-mill, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 368. Leech Lake, in the N. part of Minnesota, is about 7 miles S. of Lake Cass. It is nearly 20 miles long and 15 miles wide. Its surplus water is discharged by a short out- let into the Mississippi River. Elevation, 1330 feet. Leech Lake, a post-office of Cass co., Minn., on a lake of the same name. Leech's Corners, or Salem, a post-village of Mer- cer CO., Pa., on the Franklin Branch of the Lake Shore Railroad, at Salem Station, 7 miles S.E. of Jamestown, and about 18 miles S.W. of Meadville. It has a church, a cheese-factory, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Leech'ville,a post-hamlet of Beaufort co., N.C, on an inlet of Pamlico Sound, about 55 miles N.E. of New-Berne. It has 3 churches. Leechville, Huron co., Ontario. See Gorrie. Leeds, a borough, the principal woollen-manufacturing town of England, co. of York, West Riding, situated on the N. side of the Aire, across which it communicates with its suburbs Holbeck and Hunslet by five bridges, 21 miles S.W. of York, at the junction of numerous railways. Pop. (1871) 259,212. The town lies chiefly in a crescent-shaped valley. It has several good and spacious thoroughfares. The district on the W. is new, and inhabited by the wealthier classes. The population on this side of the town is increas- ing very rapidly, and new streets and roads have been laid out. Manufactures comprise woollens, iron-works, worsteds, silks, potteries, glass-wares, dye-works, flax-spinning, and leather. Principal edifices are the town hall, a rectangu- lar pile of 250 by 200 feet, standing on an elevated plat- form, and presenting four handsome facades enriched with Corinthian columns ; the roof of the Victoria hall, in the centre, is 95 feet high, and the S. entrance is surmounted LEE 1214 LEE by a square tower and dome 225 feet high ; the commer- cial buildings, with news- and concert-rooms, the central market, the free and south markets, royal exchange, court- house (converted into a post-ofi5ce), cavalry barracks, with a parade-ground, occupying 11 or 12 acres, rifle corps pa- rade-grounds and orderly-rooms, the hall of the literary and philosophical society, comprising a spacious lecture- theatre and museum-rooms well stocked, three theatres, a music hall, assembly-rooms, and public baths. The new infirmary was opened in 1868. The building cost over £100,000. Close to it is the Leeds School of Medicine. The Bank of England has a very handsome erection for its branch in Leeds. A few of the banks, warehouses, hotels, club-houses, and stations are remarkable for their large di- mensions. There is a borough jail here in the castellated style, and second to none of its class in the kingdom. A cattle-market, about o acres in extent, was formed in 1855. There are now 36 churches in the parish, and numerous dissenting places of worship; a Roman Catholic church, and also a magnificent cathedral, which is available for use, though for want of funds the details have not been all car- ried out. In 1874 a college of science was started. The grammar-school has a revenue of £1675 a year ; it is situ- ated on the edge of Woodhouse Moor, an open piece of ground of above 60 acres in extent, belonging to the cor- poration. There are several almshouses in the town, of which the Harrison almshouses, as well as St. John's church, which is a very rich foundation, were established and endowed by the liberality of Mr. John Harrison. There are also many schools, public and subscription libra- ries, the school of arts, and mechanics' institute. The infirmary has an annual income of nearly £5000. Other medical charities are the fever hospital, the hospital for women and children (both possessing elegant and imposing buildings), the eye and ear infirmary, and public dispensary. The Leeds workhouse is a magnificent and extensive build- ing. Among the buildings in the town may be mentioned the white and colored cloth halls, in which the sales from the manufacturers to the merchants are effected; although extensive buildings, they do not present an imposing ap- pearance externally. The sale-room is a very large one, and has 1250 stalls. In connection with the Leeds water- works is the store reservoir at Eccup (about 6 miles N. of Leeds), covering 50 acres and containing 257 millions of gallons; there are also service reservoirs at AVeetwood and Woodhouse Moor of 10 and 6 acres and holding respect- ively 28 and 5 millions of gallons. About 3 miles from the town is a fine park, 300 acres in extent, formed from the Roundhay Park estate. The position of Leeds, on the edge of an extensive coal-field, and having communication with the sea by the river Aire, and with the Mersey at Liverpool and the Humber at Goole by means of canals, and to all parts of the country by railways, has led to its eminence in woollen-manufacture. Its principal fabrics consist of the finest broadcloths, kerseymeres, swandown, and beavers ; in addition, carpets, blankets, camlets, and shalloons are woven, and large quantities of unfinished stuffs are brought from Bradford and Halifax to be finisheil. Linen yarn, canvas, sacking, and linen cloth are the chief flaxen goods produced. The factories for machinery, chemi- cal works, glass-houses, potteries, tanneries, tobacco-fac- tories, oil- and seed-crushing-milis, steam flour-, saw-, and paper-mills, and soap-works, are extensive. But in the last few years the working of iron has taken such a stride as almost to vie in importance with the woollen-manufac- ture; and this circumstance, combined with the fact that so many and such varied works are in full and vigorous oper- ation, has secured for Leeds a healthy and prosperous progress among the recent vicissitudes and depression of some of her trades. The assizes for the West Riding have been held in the Leeds town hall since 1864. Leeds returns three members to Parliament. Leeds^ a village of England, co. of Kent, 4A miles E.S.E. of Maidstone. Leeds Castle is a fine old quad- rangular pile, surrounded by a moat. Pop. of parish, 711. Leeds, a post-township of Androscoggin eo., Me., about 20 miles W. of Augusta, is bounded on the W. by the An- droscoggin River. Pop. 1288. Leeds Centre Station is on the Androscoggin Railroad, 7 miles N. of Leeds Junction. Leeds, a post-village of Hampshire co., Mass., in North- ampton township, on Mill River, and on the New Haven *fe Northampton Railroad, 5 miles N.AV. of Northampton, and 2 miles S. of Haydenville. It has a money-order post-oftice, a silk-mill (100 hands), a manufactory of buttons (250 hands), and the works of the emery-wheel company. Leedsy a township of Murray co., Minn. Pop. 70. Leeds, a post-village of Greene co., N.Y., in Catskill township, on Catskill Creek, 4 miles N.W. of the village of Catskill. It contains 2 churches and 2 woollen-factories. Pop-. 847. Leeds, a post-office of Washington co., Utah. Leeds, a post-hamlet of Columbia co., AVis., in Leeds township, about 16 miles N. of Madison. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1103. Leeds, a county in the E. part of Ontario, near the commencement of the St. Lawrence River, which forms its S. boundary. Within its limits are several small lakes, which form the sources of the Cataraqui and Rideau Rivers. This county is traversed by the Grand Trunk Railway ; the Brockville A Ottawa Railway crosses its N.E. extremity. Area, 900 square miles. Capital, Brockville. Pop. 35,302. Leeds, a post-village in Megantic co., Quebec, 18 miles E. of Becancour Station. It contains iron- and copper- mines, saw- and grist-mills, and 5 stores. Pop. 500. Leeds Centre, a post-hamlet of Columbia co., AVis., in Leeds township, about 16 miles S.S.E. of Portage City. There are several churches near it. Leeds Junction, a post-hamlet of Androscoggin co.. Me., on the Maine Central Railroad where it crosses the Androscoggin Railroad, 11 miles N.E. of Lewiston. Leeds Point, a post-hamlet of Atlantic co., N.J., is near the sea, 9 miles N. of Atlantic City. Leeds'ton, a post-hamlet of Stearns co., Minn., about 30 miles W. of St. Cloud. It has a church. Leeds'tOAvn, a post-office of Westaioreland co., Va. Leeds ViHage, the chief town of the county of Me- gantic, Quebec, 2 miles S. of Leeds. It contains tlie county buildings. Leeds'ville, a hamlet of Atlantic co., N.J., on the sea- shore, in Egg Harbor township, 3 miles from Pleasantville Station. It has a church. Leedsville, a hamlet of Monmouth co., N.J., 3^ miles AV.S.W. of Red Bank, and about 8 miles AV.N.W. of Long Branch. It has a chapel. Leedsville, a post-hamlet of Dutchess co., N.Y., in Amenia township, about 60 miles S. by E. of Albany. Leedsville, West Virginia. See Leadsville. Leefdaal, or Leefdael, lairdal', a village of Bel- gium, in Brabant, 13 miles E. of Brussels. Pop. 1880. LeefojS^a, Pacific Ocean. See Lefooga. Lee^etan, Malay Archipelago. See Ligitan. Lee Hill, New Hampshire. See Lee. Leek, a town of England, co. of Stafford, on the Chiir- net, 12 miles by rail S.S.E. of Macclesfield. The town, in a vale in the hilly district called the Moorlands, has a church, a pyramidal cross, supposed to be Danish, a town hall, workhouse, and extensive manufactures of silks and ribbons. A canal connecting it with the Trent and Mer- sey, and an abundance of coal in the vicinity, facilitate its trade. Pop. 11,331. Leek, or De Leek, di laik, a village of the Nether- lands, province and 9 miles AV.S.W. of Groningen. Pop, of commune, 4740. Leelenaw, or Leelenau, lee'le-naw, a northwestern county of Michigan, has an area of about 340 square miles. It is a peninsula, bounded on the E. by Grand Traverse Bay, and on the N.AV. and AV. by Lake Michigan. The surface is extensively covered with forests, in which the sugar-maple, beech, and hemlock abound. The soil is partly fertile. AAHieat, lumber, potatoes, and grass are the staple products. Capital, Northport. A'^aluation of real and per- sonal estate, 5^687,340. Pop. in 1870, 4576, of whom 3044 were Americans; in 1874, 5031. Leelenaw, a township of Leelenaw co., Mich., bounded AV. by Lake Michigan. Pop. 855. It contains Northport. Lee'nion, a post-hamlet of Cape Girardeau co., Mo., is 6 miles from Neely's Landing, which is on the Mississippi River. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Lee^mont', a post-village of Accomack CO., A'^a., 25 miles S. of Pocomoke City. It has two churches. Leende, lain'd^h, a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, 7 miles S.E. of Eindhoven. Pop. 1375. Leen'throp, a township of Chippewa CO., Minn. P. 327. Lee'pertown, a township of Bureau eo., 111., on the Illinois River. Pop. 387. Leer, lain, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 17 miles S. of Aurich, on the Leda, near its junction with the Ems. It has manufactures of linens, hosiery, soap, vinegar, and to- bacco; also distilleries, steam mills, a fine church, good docks, and a trade by sea. Pop. 9335. Leerdam, laiuMim', a town of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 19 miles E.N.E. of Dort. Pop. 2995. Leersiiin, laiR'sum, a village of the Netherlands, prov- ince and 15 miles S.E. of Utrecht. Pop. 1174. LEE 1215 LEE Lee's, a hamlet in Sumter co., Ala., on the Alabama Central Railroad, 11 miles E. of York Station. Lee's, a township of Columbus co., N.C. Pop. 631. Lee's, a station in Chester co., Pa., on the Chester Val- ley Railroad, 10 miles W.S.W. of Bridgeport. Lee's, a post-hamlet of Barnwell co., S.C., on the rail- road, 4 miles E. of Blackville. It has 2 stores. Lees'burg, a post-office of Cherokee co., Ala. Leesburg, a post-village, capital of Sumter co., Fla., near Lakes Harris and Griffin, about 65 miles S. by W. of Palatka. It contains 3 churches. Oranges, lemons, bananas, guavas, &c., flourish here. Leesburg", a post-village, capital of Lee co., Ga., on the Southwestern Railroad, 11 miles N. of Albany. It has 4 churches. Leesburg, a village of Lemhi co., Idaho, about 12 miles N.E. of Salmon City. Leesburg, a post-village of Kosciusko co., Ind., in Plain township, on the Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan Railroad, 20 miles S. of Goshen. It has 2 churches, 1 grist- mill, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 320. Leesburg, a post-office of Pratt co., Kansas. Leesburg, a post-village of Harrison co., Ky., about 20 miles N.N.E. of Lexington. It has 2 churches and a high school. Pop. about 150. Leesburg, a post-office of St. Joseph co., Mich. Leesburg, Missouri. See Duncan's Bridge. Leesburg, a post-village of Cumberland co., N.J., on Maurice River, 10 miles S. of MiUviile. It has 3 stores. Leesburg, a station in Pender co., N.C, on the Wil- mington & Weldon Railroad, 33 miles N. of Wilmington. Leesburg, or Lees'ville, a village of Carroll co., 0., on Conotten Creek, and on the Ohio &■ Toledo Railroad, about 28 miles S.S.E. of Canton. It has 2 or 3 churches, a foundry, a carriage- factory, ifec. The name of its post-office is Leesville. Leesburg, a post-village of Highland co., 0., in Fair- field township, on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 64 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati, and 34 miles W. of Chillicothe. It has a union school, 2 churches, and a woollen-factory. Pop. 508. Leesburg, a township of Union co., 0. Pop. 1410. Leesburg, a post-hamlet of Mercer co., Pa., on Ne- shannock Creek, and on the New Castle & Franklin Rail- road, 15 miles N.N.E. of New Castle. It has 2 churches. Leesburg, a post-village of Washington co., Tenn., about 26 miles S.W. of Bristol. It has a church. Leesburg, a post-hamlet of Gamp co., Tex., about 42 miles N.W. of Long view. It has a church, a tannery, and a steam grist-mill. Leesburg, a post-village, capital of Loudoun co., Va., is situated 3 miles from the Potomac River, and on the Washington & Ohio Railroad, 38 miles N.W. of Alexandria, and about 36 miles W.N.AV. of Washington, D.C. It con- tains a court-house, 6 churches, a national bank, an academy, 3 newspaper offices, and the Leesburg Female Institute. Pop. about 1600. Lee's Corner, a post-hamlet of Midland co., Mich., in Ingersoli township, about 22 miles W, by S. of Bay City. It has 2 churches. Lee's Creek, Arkansas, runs southwestward and south- eastward in Crawford co., and enters the Arkansas River 2 or 3 miles above Van Buren. Lee's Creek, a post-hamlet of Crawford Co., Ark., in Lee's Creek township, 20 miles N. of Van Buren. It has a church and a flour-mill. Pop. of the township, 654. Lee's Creek, Clinton co., 0. See Centreville. Lee's Cross Roads, a post-village of Cumberland CO., Pa., about 17 miles S.W. of Carlisle. Lee's Lick, a hamlet of Harrison co., Ky., 10 miles from Cynthiana. It has 5 houses. Lee's Mills, a po*;t-village of Washington co., N.C, about 60 miles E. of Tarborough. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of flour, lumber, and cotton. Pop. of Lee's Mills township, 1522. Lees'port, a post-village of Berks co.. Pa., on the Schuylkill River, and on the Philadelphia & Reading Rail- road, 8 miles N. of Reading. It has 3 churches, and manu- factures of flour, leather, lime, &g. Lee's Siding, a station in Perry co., 0., on the New- ark, Somerset & Straitsville Railroad, 9 miles N. of Junc- tion City. Lee's Store, a post-office of Halifax co., N.C. Lee's Store, a post-hamlet of Fauquier co., Va., 7 miles from Bealeton Station. It has a mill and a store. Lee's Sum'mit, a post-village of Jackson co., Mo., on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 22 miles S.E. of Kansas City, and 12 miles S. of Independence. It has a banking- office, 5 churches, and a graded school. Pop. about 900. Lees'ville, a post-hamlet of Colusa co., Cal., about 75 miles N.W. of Sacramento. Leesville, a post-hamlet of Middlesex co., Conn., on Salmon River, about 22 miles S.S.E. of Hartford. It has a cotton -factory. Leesville, a post-village of Lawrence co., Ind., 5 miles N. of Fort Ritner Station, and 10 miles S.E. of Bedford. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and a iiour-mill. Leesville, a post-village, capital of Vernon parish. La., 90 miles W.N.W. of Opelousas. It has a court-house. Leesville, a post-village of Wayne co., Mich., 4 miles N. of Detroit. It has a brick-yard. Leesville, a post-village of Henry co.. Mo., on Tebo Creek, about 32 miles S.S.W. of Sedalia. It has a church. Leesville, a hamlet of Ocean co., N.J., in Jackson township, 7 miles from Imlaystown. Leesville, a hamlet of Schoharie CO., N.Y., about 17 miles N.E. of Cooperstown. It has 2 churches. Leesville, a post-hamlet of Robeson co., N.C, 10 miles S. of Lumberton. It has a church, Leesville, Carroll co., 0. See Leesburg. Leesville, a village of Crawford co., 0., on the Pitts- burg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 3 or 4 miles W. of Crestline. It has 2 churches. The name of its post-office is Leesville Cross Roads. Leesville, a post-village of Lexington co., S.C, on the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 31 miles AV.S.W. of Columbia. It has a church and a carriage-shop, Leesville, a station in Williamsburg co., S.C., on the Northeiistern Railroad, 20 miles S. of Florence. Leesville, a post-village of Gonzales co., Tex., 20 miles S. of Kingsbury. It has 2 churches, the Leesville Institute, and a manufactory of harness. Pop. about 300. Leesville, a post-village of Campbell co., Va., on the Staunton River, 6 miles W. of Lynch's Station, and 30 miles S.S.W. of Lynchburg. It has 2 churches and a tannery. Leesville Cross Roads, Ohio. See Lkesville. Leet, a township of Alleghany co., Pa. Pop. 629. It contains Leetsdale, Leetes (leets) Island, a post-hamlet of New Haven CO., Conn., on Long Island Sound, and on the Shore Line Railroad, 13 miles E. of New Haven. Here are granite- quarries. Leetouia, le-to'n^-a, a post-village of Columbiana co., 0., in Salem township, on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 20 miles E.of Alliance. It is also on the Niles & New Lisbon Branch Railroad, 11 miles N. of New Lisbon. It has a bank, a union school, a rolling-mill, 2 potteries, a foundry, a newspaper office, 4 blast-furnaces for pig-iron, an edge-tool-factory, boiler-works, and 6 churches. Pop. 1200. Lee'tOAvn, a post-village of Jefferson co., W. Va., about 13 miles W. of Harper's Ferry. Leets'dale, a post-office of Alleghany co., Pa., in Leet township, on the Ohio River, and on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 15 miles N.W. of Pittsburg. Leets'ville, a post-office of Kalkaska co., Mich., on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, 141 miles N. of Grand Rapids. LeeuAV, a village of Belgium. See Leatt. Leeuwarden, lo'wanMen or U'u-wanM^n (Frisian, Lieuwert, lyo'^^firt; L. Leovar'dia), a town of the Nether- lands, in Friesland, 70 miles N.E. of Amsterdam, at a rail- way junction, on the Ee, 10 miles from the sea, though once it lay on the shores of a deep bay. The town is well built, adorned with numerous elegant edifices, both public and private, and is intersected by numerous canals. The prin- cipal buildings are the former Court of the Stadtholders, now a royal palace, the government house, the old Land- huis, now used for the courts, the house of correction, the civil and military prison, a large, handsome town house, the weigh-house, corn exchange, barracks, and the churches. The benevolent institutions include hospitals, poor-houses, and schools for the poor. Of other schools there are 3 Latin, a town's commercial, and numerous elementary and inter- mediate, and there are likewise several learned societies, as the Society of Frisian History, Antiquities, and Languages, a natural history society, Ac, and a museum of antiquity. Leeuwarden carries on a considerable trade in the produce of the province. It has breweries, distilleries, potteries, tan-yards, boat-building-yards, rope-walks, manufactures of ehiccory, tobacco, soap, and linen, and saw-, oil-, cement-, and corn-mills. Pop. 25,894. Leeuwen, lo'w^n or l§'u-\ven, a village of the Nether- lands, in Gelderland, 14 miles W. of Nymwegen. Pop. 1520, LEE 1216 LEG Ijeeuwin (I4'u-win or lew'in) Land comprises most of the colony of West Australia S. of lat. 30° S. !Lee Val'ley, a post-office of Hawltins co., Tenn., in a fertile valley of the same name, 13 miles W. of Rogersville. teeville, Madison co., N.Y. See West Eaton. Lee'ville, a post-village of Wilson co., Tenn., on the Tennessee & Pacific Kailroad, 24 miles B. of Nashville. It has 2 churches and a high school. Lee'ward Islands (so called in distinction from the Windward Islands, with reference to the trade-winds), a name used by geographers in various senses. (1.) A part of the West India Islands, including Porto Rico and all those islands which lie to the W (or leeward) of it. (2.) A chain of islands in the Caribbean Sea, extending westward from Trinidad and Tobago (not including them) along the N. coast of South America. Margarita, Buen Ayre, and Curafoa are the largest of this chain. They are usually regarded as part of the West Indian Archipelago. (3.) A federal colony of Great Britain, comprising the AVest Indian islands of Antigua, St. Christopher, Nevis, Dominica, Mont- serrat, and the Virgin Islands, with several minor isles. The principal islands have each a separate local legislature, with powers subordinate to the general legislative council and to a governor appointed by the crown. Area, 710 square miles. Capital, St. John's, in Antigua. P. 120,501. Le Faou, l^h fi'oo', a town of France, in Finistere, 8 miles N.N.W. of Chateaulin. Pop. 1160. lie Faouet, leh {ICoo-i', a village of France, in Mor- bihan, on the Bile,' 2i miles W. of Pontivy. Pop. 1296. Le rayl-Billot,l?h fail (orf^l) bee*yo',orLe Fays- Billot, l§h fi bee^yo', a town of France, in Haute-Marne, 15 miles S.E. of Langres. Pop. 2179. Lefever, or Lefevre, l§-fe'v'r, a hamlet of Bartholo- mew CO., Ind., 6 miles W. of Columbus. It has a church. Le Fe'ver Falls, a post-office of Ulster co., N.Y., near Eosendale Station on the Wallkill Valley Railroad. Leffe, I^f'fi, a village of Italy, province and 12 miles E.N.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 1687. Leff'ler's, a station in Des Moines co., Iowa, on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, 3 miles W. of Bur- lington. Le Fidelaire, l§h fee'deh-lin', a village of France, in Euro, 16 miles W.S.W. of Evreux. Pop. 1343. Lef ke, IM'kSh, a village of Asia Minor, 45 miles B.N.E. of Brusa., neatly built of sun-baked brick. Lef ke, IJf'kee, a village of Ithaca, Ionian Islands, li miles N.W. of Vathi. Lefkosia, lif-ko-zee'i, more commonly Nicosia, ne-ko-zee'i, the capital city of the island of Cyprus, near its centre. Pop. 18,000, about two-thirds Turks. It is a Venetian converted into a Turkish city, having bastioned walls, mosques which have all been churches, one a fine Gothic edifice, several Greek and Roman Catholic churches and convents, a large caravansary, and some baths. The houses are furnished with balconies and enclosed by gar- dens, Ac, but its streets are narrow and dirty, and it is mostly in decay. It has manufactures of carpets, printed cottons, and red leather, and some trade in cotton and wine. It has a Greek archbishop and an Armenian bishop. Leflore, or Le Flore, 1? flor, a county in the N.W. part of Mississippi, has an area of about 560 square miles. The Tallahatchee and Yalabusha Rivers unite in this county and form the Yazoo River, which traverses the southern part. The soil is fertile, and cotton is the staple product. This county was formed since 1870, of parts of Carroll and Sunflower cos. It has large forests. Capital, Greenwood. Le Foeil, leh foi, a village of France, in C6tes-du- Nord, 9 miles S.W. of Saint-Brieuc. Pop. 1832. Lefooga, Lefouga, Lefuga, le-foo'gi. written also Lefouka, le-foo'k^, and Leefo'ga, one of the Tonga Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. 10° 48' 12" S.; Ion. 174° 20' W. It is about 7 miles long and 3 miles broad. Le'froy', a post-village in Simooe co., Ontario, on the Northern Railway, 52 miles N. of Toronto. It contains several stores. Pop. 300. Left Hand, a post-hamlet of Boulder co.. Col., 11 miles N.W. of Boulder City. It has a hotel and 2 stores. Gold, silver, and tellurium are found here. Left Hand, a post-office of Roane co., W. Va. Leftro, Greece. See Leuctra. Lefuga Island, Pacific Ocean. See Lefooga. Leganes, li-gd'nJs, a town of Spain, province and 7 miles S.W. of Madrid. Pop. 2938. Leganiel, lA-gi-ne-M', a village of Spain, New Castile, 38 miles from Cuenca. Pop. 1137. Legau, li'gow, a town of Bavaria, in Swabia, 13 miles N.W. of Kempten. Pop. 1767. Legazpia, li-gis'pe-^ or li-g;ith'pe-3,, a town of Spain, in Biscay, on the Urola, 27 miles S.W. of St. Sebastian. Legelshurst, li'ghcls-hooRst\ a village of Baden, cir- cle of Middle Rhine. Pop. 1450. Le Genest, a village of France. See Genest. Le^gett', a township of Marion co., S.C. Pop. 1365. Leghorn, leg'horn or iSg-horn' (It. Livorno, le-vor'no; Fr. Lt'vourite, leeVooRn' : Sp. Liorna, le-oR'nS,; anc. Li- hiir'num, Libnr'ni Por'tus, and Her'mdis Lihro'niB Pov'Uis), a seaport town of Italy, capital of the province of Leghorn, on a tongue of land e-xtending into the Mediterranean, lat. 43° 32' 42" N., Ion. 10° 27' 45" E., 50 miles W.S.W. of Florence, with which, and with Pisa, Genoa, and Rome, it is connected by railway, and a navigable canal extends to the Arno. It is well built, with spacious, regular, and well-paved streets. It is of comparatively recent origin, and hence possesses few objects of interest in architecture and art. The most remarkable buildings and establishments are the Duomo; a new cathedral, the church of the Madonna, with good pictures by Roselli and Volterrano; two Greek churches ; a synagogue, one of the finest in the world ; a mosque; a ducal palace; a marble statue of Ferdinand I. by Pietra 'lacca; the lazarettos, well-managed institutions and remarkable structures, that of San Leopoldo being one of the most magnificent works of the kind in Europe ; the Torre de Marzocco, built of red marble ; a theatre, a public library, and an aqueduct. The manufactures consist chiefly of articles in coral, of which there is a valuable fishery, woollen and silk goods, straw bonnets, glass, paper, soap, cordage, starch, leather, »fec. Leghorn has an extensive trade, both general and transit, furnishing the chief source of its prosperity. The harbor is of large extent, and has been of late much enlarged and improved, but is somewhat difficult of entrance. The outer harbor is protected by a fine mole. The depth of water at its extremity, however, is not more than 18 feet. The roadstead, lying W.N. W. of the harbor, is protected by a long sandbank, which breaks the violence of the waves, and, though ex- posed at times to a heavy swell, has good anchorage. The principal exports are silk, raw and manufactured, straw, raw and plaited, straw bonnets, borax and boracic acid, fruit, wine, oil, coral, marble, paper, timber, corn, hemp, anchovies, &c. ; the principal imports, colonial produce, raw cotton, cotton twist, cotton and woollen goods, dye-stuffs, metals, hardware, petroleum, earthenware, salted fish, Ac. Leghorn is the see of a bishop, the residence of a civil and a military governor, has a chamber of commerce, for- eign consulates, sanitary directory, several important public oflices, and literary, scientific, artistic, and benevolent in- stitutions. Though originally a Roman port, it has not a vestige of antiquity, and had dwindled down into a fishing village, when its great capabilities for commerce were discerned by the Medici family, who surrounded it with fortifications, constructed its harbor, and bestowed upon it valuable privileges, of which not the least important was full toleration to all nations and creeds. Pop. 97,096. Leghorn (It. Livorno), a province of Italy, in Tuscany, comprising the city of Leghorn and the island of Elba. Area, 109 square miles. Pop. 118,851. Leg'horn, a post-office of Pottawatomie co., Kansas. Legiep, li-Gheep', or Count Heiden (hi'den) Is- lands , a group in the Pacific Ocean, Marshall Archipelago. Lat. 9° 51' N. ; Ion. 169° 13' E. Legio, supposed Latin name of Lejoon. Legio Septima Gemina, the ancient name of Leon. Legnago, len-yi'go, a town of Italy, 22 miles S.E. of Verona, on the Olona and Adige. Pop. 13,355. It has a royal gymnasium, a theatre, a hospital, large fortifications, manufactures of leather and hats, and extensive corn- markets. Legnaja, Borgo di, boK'go dee 15n-yi'i, a village of Italy, forming a suburb of Florence on the W. Pop. 11,250. Legnauo, ISn-yil'no, a town of Italy, province and 16 miles by rail N.W. of Milan, on the Olona, here crossed by two stone bridges connecting the two portions of the town. Pop. 6685. Legni, lin'yee, or Leyni, lA'nee', a village of Italy, province and 9 miles N.E. of Turin. Pop. 3868. Le Gosier,orLe Gozier, l?h go^zeer' orl^hgo'ze-i', a maritime village of the island of Guadeloupe, 5 miles S.E. of La Pointe-a-PStre. Pop. 3670. Legrad, li-grid', a town of Hungary, co. of Szalad, on the Drave, 10 miles N. of Kopreinitz. Pop. 2753. Le Grand, a post-village of Marshall co., Iowa, in Le Grand township, on the Iowa River, and on the Chicago A Northwestern Railroad, 8 miles E.S.E. of Marshalltown. It has an academy, a Christian institute, a quarry of LEG 1217 LEI marble, 3 churches, a flour-mill, and a steam saw-mill for sawing stone. Pop. of the township, 1597. Le Grand, a post-office of Saline co., Neb. Le Grand-Serre,l^h grftNo-sain', a vilhige of France, in DrSine, 25 miles N.E. of Valence. Pop. 1549. Le Guildo, l^h gheelMo', a port of France, on the English Channel, 10 miles W. of Saint-Malo. Leh or L6, li, or Lei» li'eo, a city of Asia, capital of Ladakh, in the valley of the Indus, N. of the Himalayas. Lat. 34° 10' N. ; Ion. 77° 45' E. It is enclosed by a wall and towers, and has several Booddhic temples and the rajah's palace, an active trade in shawl-wool, and a mint. Pop. variously estimated at from 4000 to 12,000. Le Have, Nova Scotia. See Have and La Hate. JjC-Havre-de-Grace, or Le Havre. See Havre. Lehe, li'hi, a village of Prussia, in Hanover, on the Weser and Geeste, near Bremerhaven. Pop. 7807. Lehesten, li'^s-ten, a town of Germany, in Saxe- Meiningen, 7 miles S.E. of Grafenthal. Pop. 1706. Le'hi City, a post-village of Utah co.. Utah, on the N. shore of Utah Lake, and on the Utah Southern Railroad, at the junction of the American Fork Railroad, 31 miles S. of Salt Lake City. It has a church. Pop. about 800. Lehigh, lee'hi, a river of Pennsylvania, rises near theS. extremity of Wayne co., and runs southwestward to White- haven, forming the boundary between the cos. of Lacka- wanna and Luzerne on the right and Monroe and Carbon on the left. It flows nearly southeastward from Mauch Chunk to Allentown, and thence northeastward to Easton, where it enters the Delaware. Length, about 120 miles. About 10 miles below Mauch Chunk it passes through a gorge, or gap, in the Kittatinny Mountain. Rich mines of anthracite are worked near this river, which traverses a hilly and picturesque region. Railroads run along its banks from Easton to Whitehaven (71 miles), and introduce the tourist to a long succession of beautiful prospects. Lehigh, an eastern county of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Lehigh River, and is also drained by the Jordan and Saucon Creeks. The surface is partly hilly and undu- lating, and is remarkable for picturesque scenery. The Kittatinny or Blue Mountain extends along the N.W. border of this county, which comprises a part of the beautiful and fertile Kittatinny Valley. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, butter, and pork are the staple products of the soil, and iron is the chief article of export. It has extensive iron- works, which produced in 1870 pig-iron valued at $6,194,970, and more than any other county in the United States. Si- lurian limestone and slate are abundant in this county. It is intersected by the Lehigh Valley Railroad, the Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroad, and the East Pennsylvania Rail- road. The North Pennsylvania Railroad connects it with Philadelphia. Capital, Allentown. Valuation of real and personal estate, $44,681,022. Pop. in 1870, 56,796, of whom 50,610 were Americans. Lehigh, a post-village of Webster co., Iowa, in Sumner township, on the Des Moines River, about 16 miles S.S.E. of Fort Dodge. It has a flour-mill, a lumber-mill, a news- paper office, and a coal-mine. Lehigh, a station in Lackawanna co., Pa., on the Dela- ware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, 34 miles N.W. of Stroudsburg. Lehigh, a township of Northampton co., Pa. Pop. 3496. It contains Lockport, WainUt Port, &c. Lehigh Gap, a post-village of Carbon co., Pa., on the Lehigh River where it passes through the Kittatinny Mountain, and on the Lehigh Valley and Lehigh & Sus- quehanna Raili-oads, 11 miles S.E. of Mauch Chunk. The scenery of this place is picturesque. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of bricks, flour, leather, and paint. Lehigh Tan'nery, a post-office of Carbon co., Pa., on the Lehigh River, and on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, at Tannery Station, about 22 miles N. of Mauch Chunk. Lehighton, lee'hi-ton, a post-borough of Carbon co.. Pa., on the W. bank of the Lehigh River, and on the Lehigh Valley and Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroads, 4 miles S.E. of Mauch Chunk, and 25 miles above Allentown. It is pai*tly supported by operations in coal. It has a bank, a newspaper office, 6 churches, and a foundry. Pop. 1485. Lehman, lee'man, a post-township of Luzerne co., Pa. It contains 2 churches, and a hamlet named Lehman, which is 10 or 11 miles N.W. of Wilkesbarre. Pop. 799. Lehman, a township of Pike co., Pa. Pop. 832. Lehmaster's, lee-mas't^rz, a post-village of Franklin CO., Pa., in Peters township, on the Southern Pennsylvania Railroad, 4 miles N.E. of Mercersburg. It has 2 stores and a large warehouse. 77 Lehmen, a village of Hungary. See Lemhent. Lehnin, 14-neen', a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, government and 14 miles W.S.W, of Potsdam. Pop. 2130. Lehota, Id^ho'toh^ the name of several small villages of Hungary, viz., Also Lehota, dPsho' liMio'toV (i.e., " Lower Lehota"), co. of Sohl, 10 miles from Neusohl. Po]). 840. Fekete Lehota, fi^ki'ti^ Id'ho'toh^, 22 miles from Rosenau. Pop. 940. Jano Lehota, yi'no^ li^ho'toh', 30 miles from Schemnitz. Pop. 960. Kiraly Lehota, kehd.!' li^ho'toh\ CO. of Liptau, near the Waag. Pop. 990. Le Houlme, l^h hoolm, a village of France, in Seine- Inferieure, 5 miles N.N.AV. of Rouen. Pop. 2053. Lehrberg, lain'bfiitG, or Lerchenberg, ISr'k^h- b§RG\ a town of Bavaria, Middle Franconia, ou the Rezat, 2.') miles W.S.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 1155. Lehree, or Lehri, li'ree, the chief town of Cutch Gundava, Beloochistan, 35 miles N.E. of B'hag. Pop. esti- mated at 6000. It is enclosed by walls, and has a well- supplied bazaar. Lehua, li-hoo'4, or Oreehina (o-ree-hee'na,) Island, one of the smaller Sandwich Islands, off the N. end of Nihau, Lei, a city of Central Asia. See Leh. Leia, li'yS, or ld.'e-yi, a town of India, district and 57 miles S. of Dera Ismaeel Khan. It is the seat of a large trade. Pop. 17,033. Iieibitz, li'bits (Hun. Lajbicz, li'bits^- Slav. Libic- zium, le-bit'se-oom), a town of Hungary, co. of Zips, on a small river, near Kesmark. Pop. 2507. It has sulphur baths, and manufactures of woollen cloths. Leibnitz, lib'nits, or Lindenstadt, lin'den-stS,tt*, a town of Styria, 20 miles S. by E. of Gratz. Pop. 2040. Leicester, l^s'ter, or Leicestershire, l^s't?r-shir, a county of England, nearly in its centre, having N. the COS. of Derby and Notts, B. Lincoln and Ptutland, S. Northampton and Warwick, and W. Warwick and Derby. Area, 803 square miles, nearly all arable. Surface undu- lating. Chief rivers, the Trent (on the N. border) and Soar. The breed of long-woolled sheep is much celebrated. Coal and some iron and lead are wrought. The county is the principal seat of the woollen hosiery manufacture. Leices- tershire is connected by railways and canals with all parts of the kingdom. Chief towns, Leicester, Loughborough, Hinckley, Melton-Mowbrayj and Ashby-de-Ia-Zouch. It sends six members to the House of Commons, four being for the county. Pop. 269,311. Leicester, a borough of England, capital of a county, on the Soar, at a railway junction, 20 miles E.N.E. of Rugby, and 26^ miles S.S.E. of Derby. It is pleasantly situated near the centre of the county, and is generally well built and clean. It has many churches, a news-room, con- cert-hall, mechanics* institute, museum, assembly-rooms, theatre, exchange, infirmary, lunatic asylum, jail, guild hall, several hospitals and other charities, bridewell, some remains of a castle, the great hall of which is the county court-house, union workhouse, and a handsome railway station. Some traces of the ancient walls exist, and sev- eral fine Roman pavements have been discovered. Leices- ter is the principal seat in England for manufactures of woollen and other hosiery. Lace, cords, elastic webs, boots, shoes, machinery, farm-implements, leather, beer, malt, castings, and bricks are extensively manufactured. The trade is greatly facilitated by a canal communicating with various lines of navigation. Leicester is a place of consid- erable antiquity, and was known to the Romans under the name of Ita'tse. Under the Heptarchy it formed part of the kingdom of Mereia, and in 874 was seized by the Danes, who made it one of their five chief cities. It was afterwards surrounded by walls and defended by a strong castle, both of which were demolished in the reign of Henry II. It suff'ered severely during the wars of Lancas- ter and York, and also during the Parliamentary war, having, in the latter, been first taken by storm by the Royalists and then retaken by the Republicans. In the vicinity are remains of an abbey founded in 1143. Pop. 95,220. Leicester, les't^r, a post-village of Worcester co., Mass., in Leicester township, 6 miles W.S.W. of Worcester. It contains 2 or 3 churches, the Leicester Academy, a pub- lic library, a town hall, a national bank, and a savings- bank. The Boston & Albany Railroad touches the S. part of the township, which is drained by the sources of the Quinebaug River, and has manufactures of cards, ma- chinery, and woollen goods. It contains villages named Cherry Valley and Rochdale. Pop. of township, 2770. Leicester, a township of Livingston co., N.Y. Pop, 1662. It contains Moscow. LEI 1218 LEI liCicester, post-township, Buncombe cc, N.C. P, 2180. Leicester, a post -town ship of Addison cc, Vi., is bounded on the W. bj Otter Creek. It contains 2 churches and a vina.ge named Leicester Junction. Pop. 6.10. Leices- ter Post-Office is about 12 miles S. of Middlebury. liCicester Junction, a post-village of Addison co., Vt., in Leicester township, on the Onion River, and on the Central Vermont Railroad, at the junction of the Addison Kailroad, 22 miles N.N.W. of Rutland. Leicestershire, England. See Leicester. Leichlingen, liK'ling-§n, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 13 miles S.B. of Dusseldorf, on the Wippcr. Pop. 5337. It has manufactures of broadcloth, cassimere, cotton, and linen goods. , Leiden, a village of Hungary. See Lrbeny. Leiden, a city of the Netherlands. See Leyden. Leidig's, li'digSj a station in Cumberland co.. Pa., on the Harrisburg &, Potomac Railroad, 16 miles W.S.W. of Harrisburg. Leidy, li'd§, a post-hamlet of Clinton co.. Pa., in Leidy township, on Kettle Creek, about 32 miles N.W. of Look Haven. Pop. of the township, 515. Leigh, lee, a town of England, co. of Lancaster, at a railway junction, 7 miles S.W. of Bolton. It has a gram- mar-school and other charities, with extensive manufactures of cambrics, muslins, and fustians. CoJil is abundant, and a canal communicates with the Leeds & Liverpool Canal. Pop. of parish, 33,592. Lei^h, lee, a post-office of Colfax co., Neb. Leighiin, or Old Leis;hlin, lee'lin, a decayed vil- lage and episcopal see of Ireland, Leinster, co. of Carlow, 2i miles AV. of Leighlin Bridge. It has a venerable ca- thedral, built about 11S5. The diocese, founded in 632, is now united to Ossory. Leighlin Bridge, a town of Ireland, co. and 7i miles S.V/. of Carlow, on the Barrow, here crossed by a bridge of 10 arches. Pop. 1066. Leighton, lee'ton, a post-hamlet of Colbert co., Ala., on the Memphis & Charleston Railroad, 56 miles W. of Huntsville. It has a church. Leighton, a post-village of Mahaska co., Iowa, in Black Oak township, on the Keokuk A Des Moines Rail- road, 7 miles W.N.W. of Oskaloosa. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a drug-store. Leighton, a township of Allegan co., Mich. Pop. 1233. Leighton-Buz'zard, a town of Kngland, in Bedford- shire, near the Ouse, on the Grand Junction Canal and the London & Birmingham Railway, 38 miles N.W. of London. It has a venerable church, a beautiful pentagonal cross, said to have been erected early in the fourteenth century, almshouses, a workhouse, and market-house. Pop. 4696. Leighton Corners, a post-office of Carroll co., N.H. Leilan or Lelan, li'lAn', a village of Persia, in Azer- baijan, 25 miles S.E. of Lake Ooroomeeyah, with exten- sive ruins. Leimbach, lim'biK, a town of Prussian Saxony, 29 miles N.W. of Merseburg, on the Wipper. Pop. 1412. Leimen, li'm^n, a town of Baden, 4 miles S. of Heidel- berg. Pop. 1697. lieiinersheim, li'mers-hime^ a town of Rhenish Ba- varia, on the Rhine, 7 miles S. of Germersheim. Pop. 1333. Leinach, li'naiv, Oder, o'b^r, and Unter, oon'ter, two nearly contiguous villages of Bavarin., in Lower Fran- eonia, 12 miles N.W. of WUrzburg. United pop. 2038. Leinbach's, lin'bass, a post-haralet of Berks co., Pa., 7 miles N.W. of Reading. Leine, U'neh, a river of Northwest Germany, rises in the llarz, and, after a N. course of 130 miles through Prussia, Brunswick, and Hanover, joins the AUer. Leiniugen, li'ning-en, a principality of Germany, which was situated between the Lower Palatinate and the bishoprics of Speyer and Worms. Area, 140 square miles. It is now shared between Baden and Rhenish Bavaria, Leiningen, li'ning-§n, Alt, alt, and Neu, noi, two nearly contiguous villages of Bavaria, Palatinate, district of Griinstadt. Pop. of Alt Leiningen, 877; of Neu Lei- ningen, 684. Leinster, lin'ster or leen'st^r, one of the four provinces of Ireland, on its E. side, comprising the counties of Dublin, Kildare, Carlow, Kilkenny, King's, Queen's, Longford, Louth, Meath, AVestmeath, Wicklow, and Wexford. Area, 7611 square miles. Pop. 1,339,451. The S. part only of this province formed the ancient Irish kingdom of the same name, and the N. part formed the kingdom of Mcath. Leinster, Mount, a mountain of Ireland, between the counties of Carlow and Wexford, 5i miles S.W. of New- tonbarry. Elevation, 2610 feet. Leipa, Leippa, or Bohmisch Leipa, bo'miah li'p^, a town of Bohemia, at a railway junction, 41 miles N. by E. of Prague. It has a gymnasium and manufactures of cloth, linens, cottons, steel goods, and vinegar. Pop. 9244. Leiper's (lee'perz) Fork, a post-hamlet of William- son CO., Tenn,, 8 miles S.E. of Franklin. It has a church. Leiperville,lee'per-vil, a village of Delaware co.. Pa., on Ridley Creek, 12 miles by rail S.W. of Philadelphia, and 2 miles N.E. of Chester. It has a flour-mill and a stone- quarry. Leipheim, lip'hime, a town of Bavaria, on the Danube, a miles E. of Ulm. Pop. 1676. Leipnik, lip'nik, or Lipnik, lip'nik, a town of Mo- ravia, 52 miles by rail N.E. of Brunn. Pop. 3894. It has a Piarist college and cloth-factories. Leippa, a town of Bohemia. See Leipa. Leipsic, lip'sik {L. and It. Lip'sia ; Ger. Leipzig, iTp'- tsiG; Fr. Leipeick, l^p^seek'), a city of Saxony, and one of the chief seats of commerce in Germany, at the junction of numerous railways, 64 miles E.N.E. of Dresden. Lat. 51° 20' 19" N.; ion. 12° 22' 15" E. It is situated in an ex- tensive plain on the Elster, here joined by the Pleiese and Parde, and consists of an old central town, formerly sur- rounded by fortifications, which have been converted into beautiful walks and shrubberies, called the Promenade, and e.Ytensive and rapidly increasing suburbs. In the central town the houses are mostly lofty, some of them quaint- looking; the streets are narrow, but generally straight and clean and well lighted; the principal ones open into the market-place or square, the town hall (Rathbaus), built in 1556, being on the one side, and the others being partly occupied by buildings in the Renaissance style. The other principal buildings within the old boundaries are , the churches of St. Nicholas, St. Thomas, St. Paul, and St. Peter; the Augusteum, an elegant modern edifice, contain- ing the university, founded in 1409, with a library of 350,000 volumes, 158 professors, besides private teachers and language-masters, and attended by above 3000 stu- dents; the booksellers' exchange, used, during the fairs, for the arrangement of accounts between the country houses and their agents and correspondents in Leipsic, and at other times for exhibitions of paintings; the elotb hall; the town school, with a collection of antiquities; the thea- tres, and the Pleissenburg or castle, now partly used as barracks, and containing the observatory; it formed part of the old fortifications. Not far from the Pleissenburg, opposite the Petersthor, the only remaining one of the old gates, and in the centre of the Kbnigsplatz, is a colossal statue of King Frederick August, who died in 1827. The suburbs are composed of lofty, elegant buildings, laid oflF in regular streets, interspersed with gardens, possessing, like the central town, an air of substantiality and comfort. They contain the elegant post-office buildings, the church of St. John, and the Roman Catholic church in modern Gothic, in some respects the finest building in the city ; the Rosenthal, a favorite evening resort, composed of pleasant wooded walks; and numerous gardens and such-like places of recreation. Besides the university library, Leipsic pos- sesses a town library of 100,000 volumes, contnining some valuable MS8. Schools of various kinds are numerous and good, including gymnasia, an academy of designing, paint- ing, architecture, .fee, a music school and a commercial school, a realschule, charity schools, &q. There are 8 learned societies, a botanic garden, several hospitals, in- cluding one for deaf-mutes, and numerous baths. Leipsic possesses considerable manufactures of cotton stockings, leather, hats, silken and half-silken goods, soap, sealing- wax, type, tobacco, and numerous minor articles; it has likewise an extensive wool-spinning establishment; but its greatest manufacture is that of books. Though impor- tant for its manufactures, Leipsic is still more important for its commerce, carried on especially through its noted fairs. To these fairs are congregated people from all quar- ters of Europe, from Asia, and from America, in number often equalling that of the entire population of the town. Every house and yard is converted into a place of business ; and the central market-place, the main streets, and a large portion of the promenade, are covered with booths of dealers in porcelain, Bohemian glass, laoe, linens, domestic and heavy cloths of all kinds, tobacco, pipes, leather, shoes, jewelry, hardware, furs, and other articles ; but the more important portion of the business is transacted in the prem- ises of the many agents of manufacturing houses, both Ger- man and foreign, who, either permanently or temporarily, are located here. Leipsic is the capital of one of the four circles of Saxony, and the seat of several courts of justicQ. It is of AVendish origin; was destroyed by the Bohemian LEI 1219 LBL duke Wratislav in 10S2: and, after being: walled, it was again destroyed by Otto IV. in 1212; and 400 houses were burned in 1420. In 1680-81 the plague carried off 3000 people. After this its commerce increased, its fairs became more important, and the seat of the book-trade was trans- ferred to it from Frankfort-on-the-Main. It suffered much from the Seven Years' War, but soon recovered. October 16-19, 1813, the great battle was fought around and in Leipsic by which Germany was freed from the French yoke, and Napoleon received his first decisive defeat at the hands of the Allies. Pop. in 1834, 44,802 j in 1843, 54,519 j in 1849, 62,374; in 1861, 78,495; in 1875, 127,387. Leipsic, or Leipzig*, a circle, forming the N.W. part of the kingdom of Saxony, being one of the four great di- visions of the country. It is bounded on the N. by Prus- sia, W. by Prussia and Saxe-Altenburg, S. by the circle of Zwickau, and E. by the circle of Dresden. Area, 1378 square miles. It belongs to the basin of the Elbe, and lies lower and is likewise more level and fertile than any other part of Saxony. Pop. 639,975. Leipsic, llp'sik, a post-village of Kent eo., Bel., 7 miles N. of Dover, and about 38 miles S. of Wilmington. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 500. Leipsic, Orange co., Ind. See Lancaster. Leipsic, a post-village of Putnam co., 0., on the Day- ton & Michigan Railroad, 27 miles N, of Lima, at Roanoke Station. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, a stave -factory, &c. Pop. 200. Leiria, or Leyria, li-ree'd., a city of Portugal, in Estremadura, on the Liz, 75 miles N.E. of Lisbon. It is a bishop's see, and has a cathedral, 2 colleges, and a hospital. Pop. 2627. Leisnig, lis'nic, a town of Saxony, 25 miles S.E. of Leipsic, on the Mulde. Pop. 6751. It is enclosed by walls, and has a fine castle on the opposite side of the river, a gymnasium, and manufactures of woollen cloths, linen, and tobacco-pipes. Leissnits,lis'nits, a village of Prussia, in Silesia, near Leobschiitz, on the Stroduna. Pop. 1880. Leistville, leest'vil, a post-office of Pickaway co., 0. Leitchfield, litch'feeld, or Litch'lield, a post-vil- lage, capital of G-rayson co., Ky., on the Louisville, Paducah A Southwestern Railroad, 71 miles S.S.W. of Louisville, and about 38 miles N. of Bowling Green. It has 4 churches and a newspaper office. Pop, 314. Leitchfield, Icetch'feeld, a hamlet in Annapolis co., Nova Scotia, on the Bay of Fundy, 5 miles from Annapolis. Pop. 150. Leitchville, leetch'vil, a post-hamlet of Whitman co., Washington, 80 miles N.E. of Walla Walla, and 3 miles N. of Snake River. It has a church. Leitensdorf, a town of Bohemia. See Leutensdorf. Leitersburg, li'terz-burg, a post-village of Washing- ton CO., Md., on Antietam Creek, about 6 miles N.E. of Hagerstown. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 300. Leiters- burg Station is on the Western Maryland Railroad, 85 miles W. by N. of Baltimore. Leiter's (ll't^rz) Ford, a post-office of Fulton co., Ind. Leith, leeth, a seaport town and burgh of Scotland, 2 miles N.N.E. of the cross of Edinburgh, of which city it is the port and a suburb, on the S. shore of the Firth of Forth, and on both sides of the Water of Leith, near its confluence with the sea. Lat. 55° 58' 54" N. ; Ion. 3° 10' 30" W. It is the terminus of several branch railways. The site of the town is nearly a perfect level. Communication across the Water of Leith is effected by means of 3 bridges. The streets and lanes in the more ancient parts are narrow and tortuous, and the houses old and dilapidated; but the more modern quarters are spacious, airy, and well built. Here, also, handsome houses line two sides of what is called the "links" or downs, a fine large open space on the S.E. side of the town. The principal public buildings are the custom-house, a Grecian structure, with pediment and col- umns, exchange buildings, court-house, Leith Bank, and the Trinity House. An elegant bathing establishment at Seafield, within about half a mile of the centre of the town, may also be included. The parish churches of North and South Leith are also both respectable edifices, the former modern, with a spire 158 feet high, the latter an old Gothic structure, with a turret and spire. The town has numerous churches, schools, and charitable institutions. The chief manufactures are ropes, cordage, sail-cloth, bottles, soap, candles, paints, chemicals, flour, glassware, fertilizers, ma- chinery, castings, and colors. There are 1 or 2 breweries, a distillery, several ship-building yards, a sugar-refinery, a large establishment for preserving meat, extensive saw- mills, cooperages, and iron-foundries. The foreign trade of the port is chiefly with tho N. countries of Europe, par- ticularly those on the Baltic : there is also some colo- nial and an important coasting-trado and fishery. The principal imports are grain, wine, tobacco, timber, hemp, hides, and tallow. The harbor has been greatly improved. A west pier or breakwater advances towards the east pier, making the entrance but 250 feet in width. By this break- water the harbor is sheltered from N. winds, and, in conse- quence of the improvements, it has gained considerably in depth. There are wet-docks, graving-docks with a basin, dry-docks, barracks, and a battery. Pop. 44,280. Leith, leeth, a post-village and lake port in Grey co., Ontario, on Georgian Bay, 7j miles N.E. of Owen Sound. Pop. 100. Leitha, or Leyta, Austria. See Leytha. Leitli Corners, Grey co., Ontario. See Speedte. Leith (leeth) Hill, an elevated tract of England, co, of Surrey, 4 miles S.W. of Dorking. On it is a tower 993 feet above the sea. Leitineritz, lite'mer-its\ or Leutmeritz, loit'mer- its\ a town of Bohemia, on the Elbe, 34 miles N.N.AV. of Prague. Pop. 10,023. It has a cathedral, several convents, a divinity school, a gymnasium, and an active trade in corn, fish, and wine. It is a bishop's see. Glassware, hats, and leather are here manufactured. Leitomischi, H'to-mish'P, or Leutomischl, loi'- to-mish'P, a town of Bohemia, 24 miles S.E. of Chrudim. Pop. 7021. It has several churches, a palace, a college, a gymnasium, an academy, and manufactures of spirits. Leitrim, lee'trim, a county of Ireland, in Connnught, having N. Donegal Bay and county. Area, 613 square miles. Surface mostly wild and rugged, with much hog and mountain-land. Chief rivers, the Shannon, Bonnet, find Blackwater. Principal lakes, Allen, Melvin, and Gill. Assize town, Carrick-on-Shannon. It sends two members to the House of Commons. Pop. 95,562. Leitrim, a village of Ireland, co. of Leitrim, on the Shannon, 3 miles N.E. of Carrick. Leitskau, lit'skow, a town of Prussia, in Saxony, 9 miles S.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 1182. Leixlip, lice'lip, a town of Ireland, co. of Kildare, at the confluence of the Liffey and the Rye, 10 miles by rail W.N.W. of Dublin. Pop. 817. Leiza, li'e-thi, a town of Spain, in Navarre, 17 miles N.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 1722. Lejoon, or Lejjun, iM^joon', a village of Palestine, 22 miles S.E. of Acre. Lek, a river of the Netherlands. See Leck. Lekeiitze, ld.-k§nt's?h, or Lechuitz, UK'nits, a vil- lage of Transylvania, 20 miles from Bistritz. Pop. 16S0. Lekkerk, l^k'k^Rk, a village of the Netherlands, South Holland, oh the Leck, 9 miles E. of Rotterdam. P. 2SU. Leksha, Lekcha, l^k'shS,, or Lekta, lek'ti, a long and narrow lake of Russia, in the N.W. of Olonets. Length, 24 miles; breadth, 3 miles. Leksmond, l^ks^mftnt', a village of the Netherlands, South Holland, on the Leck, 10 miles N.N.E. of Gorkum. Leian, a town of Persia. See Leilan. Le'land, a post-village of La Salle co., 111., in Adams township, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 67 miles W.S.W. of Chicago, and about 20 miles N. by E. of Ottawa. It has 5 churches, a graded school, and a manu- factory of windmills. Pop. about 800. Lelaud, a post-office of Morris co., Kansas, about 18 miles S. by E. of Junction City. Leiand, a post-village in Leland township, LeeJenaw CO., Mich., on Lake Michigan, about 28 miles N. by W. of Traverse City. It has a graded school, 3 churches, and manufactures of lumber and pig-iron. Pop. 434. Lelaud, a post-office of Josephine co., Oregon, in the valley of Rogue River, 55 miles S. of Roseburg. Gold is found near it. Leiand's Corners, a post-office of Cuyahoga co., 0. Le Lauzet, a village of France. See Lauzet. Le'led Lane, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co., Ala. Leiesz, liMSs', a town of Hungary, co. and 11 miles E.N.E. of Zemplin. Pop. 2169. It has a castle. Leiiaetta, le'^le-a-et'ta, a station in the Creek Nation, Indian Territory, on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Rail- road, 10 miles N. of Gibson. Le Lieu, a village of Switzerland. See Lieu. Le Lion d' Angers, l§h le-6N°' dflN^Vdid', a market- town of France, in Maine-et-Loire, on the Oudon, 13 miles N.N.W. of Angers. Pop. 1500. Le Locle, a town of Switzerland. See Locle. Le Loup, Franklin co., Kansas. See Fkuguson. Le Luc, a market-town of France. See Luc. LEL 1220 LEM Leiunda, li-loon'd^, a river of Africa, in Congo, rises in a mountainous district E. of San Salvador, flows W., and, after a course of above 200 miles, falls into the South At- lantic about 40 miles S.S.E. of the mouth of the Congo. Ijelusium, a Latin name of Weissenburg, JjC Lyonnois or liyonnais, France. SeeLvoNNOis. Le Maconiiois or Maconnais. See MAconnois. Le 31aire, leh miu, a strait of South America, the channel which separates Staten Island from Terra del Fuego, about 20 miles wide. It was discovered in 1G16 by a Dutch navigator named Le Maire. liCnia (U'mS,) Islands, Chinese Sea, the outermost group of the great archipelago that fronts the entrance to Canton River, consists of one small and three large islands. The largest, called Great Lema by Europeans, but Tani- Quoon-Tow bv the Chinese, is 6 miles long. Lat. of N.E. end, 22° 4' 45" N.j Ion. 114° 18' 30" E. lieman Lake, or Lemanus Lacus. See Lakk of Geneva. Le Mans, leh mhi

21 Hiiles S.S.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 1439. Lescure, Ifis^kixB', a village of France, in Tarn, 2 miles N.E. of Alby. Pop. 2019. Lescure, a village of France, in Ariege, 5 miles E.N.E. of Saint-Girons. Pop. 1422. Les Cygrnes, Kansas. See La Cygve. Les Eaiix-Boniies, France. See Eacx-Bonnes. Les £au\-Chaudes. See Eaux-Chaudes. Les Ebouleiiiens,Iizi^boorm6N"', apost-villagoand river-port in Charlevoix co., Quebec, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 69 miles below Quebec* It is at the foot of Mount Ebouleuiens, 2547 feet high. Les Echelles, Uz i'shSll' (i.e., "the stairs")? a vil- lage of France, in Savoy, 12 miles S.W. of Chambery, on the Guiers. It is named from the stairs which formerly existed here, and which have been replaced by a road cut in the mountain. Les £cureuils,Uz A^kii^rul', a post- village and rjver- port in Portneuf co., Quebec, on the N. shore of the St. Law- rence, 25 miles above Quebec. Pop. 200. Lesegno, lA-sAn'yo, or Leze^no, iM-zAn'yo, a vil- lage of Italy, 8 miles from Mondovi. Pop. 1589. Les Escoiimains, lAz ds^koo'miK^', a post-village in Saguenay co,, Quebec, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 27 miles below Tadousac. Les Essarts, liz Ss'san', a town of France, in Vendee, 10 miles N.E. of La Roche-sur-Yon. Pop. 765. Les Gets, \k zhi (L, Jac'tus), a village of France, in Savoy, 6 miles N.E. of Taninge. Pop, 1262. Les^hians, les'ghe-anz, a people of the Eastern Cau- casus, formerly distinguished for their hostility to Russia, to which country they are now subject. They speak several very different languages, and are mostly believers in a kind of Mohammedanism. Les Glenans, France. See Glenans. Les Gonaives, Hayti. See Gonaives. Les Grandes Ventes, li grosd vftNt, a village of France, Seine- Inferieure, 12 miles S.E. of Dieppe. P. 1844, Les Herbiers, a town of France. See Uerbiers. Lesia, the Latin name of Lesa. Lesignano di Bagni, 1^-seen-yVno dee bS.n'yee, a village of Northern Italy, 14 miles S.W. of Parma, It is celebrated for its mineral springs. Pop. 3006, Lesignano dl Falmia, lA-seen-y4'no dee pAl'me-^, a village of Italy, on the Baganza, 18 miles S.S.W. of Parma. Pop. 3156. Lesina, 16s'e-ni (anc. Pha'ros or Pha'i-us In'snla), an island of Dalmatia, 23 miles S.E. of Spalato, in the Adri- atic, between the islands of Brazza and Curzola. Length, 40 miles; breadth, from 2 to 6 miles. Pop. 13,000. Prin- cipal products, figs, wine, marble, anchovies, and rosemary oil. Chief towns, Citta Vecchia and Lesina, a bishop's see, on the S.W. coast. Pop. 2820. Lesina, li-see'ni, a town of South Italy, province and 29 miles N.W. of Foggia, on the S. shore of the Lake of Lesina. Pop. 1323. See Lake of Lesina. Les Isles Bouchards, liz eel boo^shaR', several islands on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, between Ver- clieres and Contrecoeur, Quebec. Les^kard', a post-village in Durham co., Ontario, on Spring Creek, 10 miles N. of Newcastle. It has good water- power, with mills and factories. Pop. 200. Leskau, ISs'kow, a town of Bohemia, circle and W.N.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 1000. Leskeard, a borough of England. See Ltskeard. Leslie, iSz'lee, a burgh of Scotland, co. of Fife, 12 miles by rail S.W, of Cupar-Fife. It has cotton-mills and linen- works. Pop. 3763. Leslie, les'l^, a post-office of Reno co., Kansas, about 10 miles N.E. of Hutchinson. Leslie, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co., Ky., 35 miles from Glasgow. It has a church, a grist-mill, Ac. Leslie, a post-village in Leslie township, Ingham co., Mich., on the Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw Railroad, 15 miles N. of Jackson, and 22 miles S. by E. of Lansing. It has a bank, a newspaper office, a graded school, 4 churches, a foundry, a tannery, 2 planing-mills, a flour-mill, a saw- mill, 2 stave- and heading-mills, and S flowing mineral wells. Pop. about 1500; of the township, 2615. Leslie, a post-office of Van Wert co., 0. Leslie Run, a station in Carbon co., Pa., on the Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroad, 19 miles N. of Mauch Chunk. Leslieville, les'lee-vil, a post-village in York co., On- tario, 2^ miles from Toronto. It contains nurseries covering 150 acres, several brick-fields, and 8 stores. Pop. 400. Les Loges, a village of France. See Loges. Lesniaha§fOAV, l^s-ma-hi'go, or Abbey Green, a village of Scotland, co. and 6 miles W.S.W. of Lanark, on the Clyde. The parish has mines of excellent gas-coal. Les Ularquises, the French for Marquesas Islands. Les Martigues, a town of France. See Martigites. Les Wees, Itl mi, a town of France, in Basses-Alpea, 14 miles W.S.W. of Digne. Pop. 1601. Lesmo, les'mo, a village of Northern Italy, 15 miles N.N.E. of Milan, near the Lambro. Pop. 1937. Les Moulins, li mooM^N^', a village of France, in Nord, a suburb of Lille. Lesneven, li*n§h-v6N«' (anc. Evenop'olis ?), a town of France, department of Finistere, 16 miles N.N.E. of Brest. Pop. 2437. It has a large naval hospital. Lesno, l^s'no, a town of Lombardy, 11 miles S. of Brescia. Pop. 3400, Lesparre, iSsYa-R', a town of France, department of Gironde, 37 miles N.W. of Bordeaux. Pop. 2442. Les Pyramides, the French for the Pyramids. L'Esquillade, l^s-keery&d', a small island in the Mediterranean, Hyeres group, near the coast of France. Lat. 43° 3' N.; Ion. 6° 36' E. Les Rieeys, \k ree^si', three contiguous villages of France, forming together a town, in Aube, on the Laignes, 7i miles S, of Bar-sur-Seine. Pop, 2755. Les Rousses, lA rooss, a village of France, in Jura, 20 miles N. of Geneva. It has a custom-house and manu- factures of watches. Pop. 425. LES 1227 LET Ijessa, Us'si, a seaport village of Portugal, province of Minho, 4 miles N. of Oporto. Les Sables, or Les Sables-d^Olonne, li s^b'l- doMonn', a town and seaport of France, on the Bay of Bis- cay, in Vendue, 21 miles by rail S.W. of La Roche-sur-Yon. Pop. 9188. It stands partly on a sandy peninsula and partly on an elevated rook, and has a port for vessels of about 500 tons. It has sea-baths, ship-yards, and important fisheries of sardines, &o. Wine, grain, salt, wood, and fish are exported hence. lies Saintes, 1^ s^Nt, some small islands of the French West Indies, off the S. extremity of Guadeloupe, of which they are dependencies. Aggregate area, 9 square miles. Pop. 1532. The products comprise manioc, sweot potatoes, cotton, tobacco, poultry, fish, provisions, pottery, and some coffee. Among them is one of the best roadsteads in the West Indies, strongly fortified. They were discovered by Columbus, November 4, 1495. The principal islets are Terre-de-Haut, Terre-de-Bas, L'TIot-d-Cabri, and G-rand lie. liCS Saintes-3Iaries, li siNt-md'ree', a town of France, in Bouches-du-Rhone, near the mouth of the Little Rhone, 18 miles S.S.W. of Aries. Ijessay, l^s^si', a town of France, in Manche, 13 miles N.W. of Coutances. Pop. 1541. Lesse, ISss or iSs's^h, a river of Belgium, joins the Meuse a little above Dinant. AVhole course under 50 miles. liCSse, Us'sgh, a village of Brunswick, 12 miles W.S.W. of Brunswick. Pop. 117(5. Lessen, Ifis'sen, or JLaszyii, li'shin, a town of West Prussia, 17 miles S.S.E. of Marienwerder. Pop. 2342. Les'ser Slave Lake, a lake of Canada, Nortb-West Territories, about 100 miles long, and above 30 miles broad at its broadest part. It is in the middle of a trading district known as that of Lesser Slave Lake, in extent about 400 miles from E. to W., and 200 from N. to S. Lessines, l^s'seen', a town of Belgium, in Hainaut, on the Dender, 19 miles by rail N.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 5658. It has distilleries, and chiccory- and salt-factories. Ijessnoi-Karamush, l5ss-noi'-ka-rS,-moosh', a village of Russia, government and 50 miles S.S.AV. of Saratov. Lessoe, an island of Denmark. See Lasoe, Lessolo, les'so-Io, or Lezzolo, Ut'so-lo, a town of Italy, on the Dora Baltea, Pop. 1916. Lessona, l§s-so'nd, a village of Italy, province of No- vara, 5 miles from Bieila. Pop. 1350. Les'son Islands, the most E. of the Schouten Islands, N. coast of Papua. Lat. 3° 35' S. ; Ion. 144° 43' E. Lester, Marion co.. III. See Fosterburg. Les'ter, a small post-hamlet of Black Hawk co., Iowa, in Lester township, on the Wapsipinicon River, about 13 miles N.E. of Waterloo. Pop. of the township, 947. Lester, a post-village of Rice co., Minn., in Forest township, on a lake (which is 3 miles long), about 12 miles N. by W. of Faribault. It has 2 churches, and manufac- tures of brooms, ploughs, and wagons. Lester, a post-office of Merrick co., Neb. Lester Manor, formerly Fish Haul, a post-hamlet of King William co., Va., on the Pamunkey River, and on the Richmond, York River & Chesapeake Railroad, 26 miles B. of Richmond, It has a cannery for tomatoes, &c. Lesterps, l^sHainp', a village of France, in Charente, 5 miles E.N.E. of Confolens. Pop. 142fi. Les'ter's, a post-hamlet of Giles co., Tenn., on the Louis- ville & Great Southern Railroad, 42 miles S. of Columbia, It has a church, Les'terville, a post-office of Yankton co., Dakota. Lesterville, a post-village of Reynolds co.. Mo., 15 miles S.W. of Ironton. It has a church and a flour-mill. Le Sueur, 1? soo'^r, a county in the S. part of Minne- sota, has an area of about 475 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Minnesota River, and also drained by the Cannon River, The surface is undulating, and a largo part of it is covered with forests, in which the oak, sugar-maple, elm, and ash abound. Among the features of this county are numerous small lakes. The soil is calcareous and fer- tile. Wheat, Indian corn, hay, and oats are the staples. It is intersected by the St. Paul A Sioux City Railroad. Capital, Le Sueur Centre. Valuation of real and personal estate, S3,683,750. Pop. in 1870, 11,607, of whom 7710 were Americans ; in 1875, 13,237. Le Sueur, a post-village of Le Sueur co., Minn., on the right or E. bank of the Minnesota River, in a small township of its own name, 12 miles below St. Peter, and 63 miles S.W. of St. Paul by the St. Paul & Sioux City Rail- road. It has 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a graded school, 2 banks, and manufactures of flour, woollen goods, and wagons. Pop. of the township, 1120. Le Sueur Centre, a post-village, capital of Le Sueur CO., Minn. Le Sueur River, Minnesota, rises in Waseca co., runs northwestward in Blue Earth co., and enters the Blue Earth River about 5 miles S.W. of Mankato. Lesve, l^s'v^h or laiv? a village of Belgium, province and 7 miles S.S.W. of Namur. Pop. 1640. Leswithiel, a town of England. See Lostwitiiiel. Lesza, U'soh\ or Lisza, lee's5h\ a village of Tran- sylvania, 37 miles S.E. of Hermannstadt. Pop. 1270. Leszno, a town of Prussia. See Lissa. Leta, Kis, kish li'toh^, a village of Hungary, co. of Szabolcz, near Nyir Batbor. Pop. 1350. Leta, Nagv, nSdj li'toh', a village of Hungary, co. of Bihar, on the road to Klausenburg, Pop. 5414. Le^tart', a township of Meigs co., 0., is a peninsula formed by the Ohio River, and contains Antiquity and Letart Palls. Pop. 1319. Letart, a post-village of Mason co., W. Va., on the Ohio River, about 54 miles N.N.W. of Charleston. It has a church and a saw-milll Letart Falls, a post-village of Meigs co., 0., on the Ohio River, about 16 miles above Pomeroy. It has a church and a steam grist-mill. Pop. about 150. Letch'er, a county in the S.E. part of Kentucky, bor- ders on Virginia. Area, about 360 square miles. It is drained by the Kentucky River, which rises in it. The sur- face is mountainous, and mostly covei'ed with forests. The S.E. boundary of this county extends along the summit of the Cumberland Mountain. Indian corn, grass, and pork are the staple products. Coal is found here. Capital, Whitesburg. Valuation of real and personal estate, $500,000. Pop. in 1870, 4608, of whom 4607 were Americans. Letcher, a post-office of Bath co., Va. Le Teil, l^h till, a village of France, in lUe-et-Vilaine, 17 miles S.W. of Vitre. Pop. 2477. . . Le'the, a post-office of Richmond co., N.C. ; r.i'-' Le'them, a village of Scotland, co. and 5 miles. E,lof Forfar. Pop. 953. Lett, li'toe, a marshy island of Roumania, formed by the Danube at its delta between the Kilia and Soolina mouths. Length, 42 miles; breadth, 20 miles. Leti, or Lettee, Malay Archipelago. See Letti. Letitshev, li-te-chSv' (Polish, Leti/czew, lA-titoh'^v, or Lati/czew, ld.-titch'^v), a town of Russia, in Podolia, on the Deraznia, a tributary of the Bug, 69 miles N.N.E. of Ea- mieniec. Pop. 4772. Letmathe, l^t'mdHeh, a town of Prussia, in. Westpha- lia, 22 miles W. of Arnsberg, on a railway, near Iserlohti. It has cotton-print-works and manufactures of ornamental hardware. Pop. of commune, 3714. Le-To, an island belonging to China, in the Yellow Sea, off the peninsula Shan-Toong. It has a good harbor and a small town. LeHohatch'ee, a post-village of Lowndes co., Ala., on the Mobile & Montgomery Railroad, 21 miles S.S.AV. of Montgomery. It has a church. Pop. about 250. Letohatchee Creek, Alabama, runs nearly north- westward, and enters the Alabama River in Lowndes co. Le Treport, l§h trA^OR', a seaport town of France, at the N. extremity of the department of Seine-Inferieure, 16 miles E.N.E. of Dieppe, at the mouth of the Brele in the English Channel. Pop. 3591. It is a railway terminus, and has a good artificial port and a large fishery. LetshaiV, let'shaw, a station in Northumberland CO., Pa., on the Mahanoy A Shamokin Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Herndon. Let'sin;2;er, a post-office of Knox co., Tenn. Lette, llt't^h, a village of Rhenish Prussia, circle of Kosfeld. Pop. 1553. Lette, an island of the Pacific. See Lattai.. Lettere, l&t-td'rd, a town of Italy, province of Naples, 3i miles E. of Castel-a-Mare. Pop. 5640. Let'ter Gap, a post-office of Gilmer co., W. Va. Letterhauten, Ifit't^r-how^ten, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, about 10 miles E. of Grhent. Pop. 1085. Let^terken'ny, a town of Ireland, co. of Donegal, on the Swilly, 6^ miles N.W. of Raphoe. It has a harbor at the head of Lough Swilly, admitting vessels of 160 tons, and a salmon -fishery. Pop. 2116. Letterkeny, township, Franklin co.. Pa. Pop, 2178. Lettermore, an island near Ireland. See Littebmorh. Letti, Lettee, or Leti, l^t'tee, nn island in the Malay Archipehigo, Serawatty group. , Lat. 8° 20' S. j Ion. 127° 50' E. Lettowitz, l^t'to-'ftits^ a town of Moravia, 27 miles N. of Briinn, oia the Zwittau. Pop. 21:00i LET 1228 LET Letts, or Onon^wa, a post-village of Louisa co., Iowa, in Grandview township, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 13 miles S.W. of Muscatine, It has a church and a graded school. The name of its post-office is Letts. Letts Corner, a post-hamlet of Decatur co., Ind., 10 miles S.S.W. of Greensburg. It has a church, a saw-mill, and a carriage-shop. IiCtts'ville, a post-office of Daviess co., Ind. Letur, li-tooR', a town of Spain, province of Albacete, 30 miles N. of Caravaca. Pop. 1303. Letyczew, a town of Russia. See Letitshev. Letzlingen, ISts'ling^en, a village of Prussian Sax- ony, government of Magdeburg. Pop. 1199. Leubsdorf, loibs'donf, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau. Pop. 18i3. Leubus, loi'boos, a village of Prussian Silesia, 28 miles W.N.W. of Breslau. Pop. 1934. Leuca, Capo di. See Cape Leuca. Leucadia. See Santa Maura, and Cape DncATO. Leiicate, luh'kit', a village of France, in Aude, near the Mediterranean, 18 miles S. of Narbonne. Pop. 1612. The Lake of Leucate, partly in Aude, is a lagoon, 10 miles in length. Leuce, an island. See Isle of Serpents. Leuchars, lu'Karz, a village of Scotland, co. of Fife, on a railway, 4 miles N.W. of St. Andrews. Pop. 623. Leuchtenberg, loiK'ten-b^RG^, a town of Bavaria, 21 miles N.B. of Amberg, with a castle. Pop. 54f>. Leucophibia, the ancient name for Whithorn. lieuctra, luk'tra, a village of Greece, Morea, in La- conia, on the Gulf of Koron, Hi miles N.W. of Tzimova, and now called Leftro. Leuctra, the supposed ancient name of Leondari. Leugast, loi'gist, or Markt Leugast, maukt loi'- gist, a town of Bavaria, in Upper Franconia, district of Stadtsteinach. Pop. 1175. Leuk, or Leuck, loik (Fr. Loveche, loo-5sh'; L. Leucia), a village and bathing-place of Switzerland, canton of Va- lais, on the Rhone, at its confluence with the Dala, 15 miles E.N.B. of Sion, and 5000 feet above the sea. Pop. 1223. Leuka, loi'ki, or Iiokenhaus, lo'k?n-hows\ a town of Hungary, on the Gyongybs, 5 miles from Giins. Leukerbad, loi'k^r-b3,t (Fr. Louecke In Baim, loo'- 8sh' li baN»), a village of Switzerland, 4 miles N. of Leuk. Leukersdorf, Ioi'k?rs-doRr, a village of Saxony, cir- cle of Zwickau, near Chemnitz. Pop. 1739. Ijeum, loim, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 38 miles E.N.E. of Coblentz, on the Lahn. Pop. 1206. Leupeghem, loi'p^h-Gh^m, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 15 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Leurbost, a village of Scotland. See Luirbost. L'£urope. See Europe. Leutenberg, loi'ten-b^RC^ a town of Germany, in Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, 12 miles S.S.E. of Rudolstadt. Leutensdorf, loi'tens-doRr, Ober (o'ber) Leutens- dorf, or teitensdorf, li't^ns-doRf, a town of Bohemia, 24 miles W.N.W. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 4572. Leutershauseii, loi'ters-how^zen, a town of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine. Pop. 1411. Leutershausen, loi'ters-how'zen, a town of Bavaria, on the Altmuhl, 7 miles W.N.W. of Anspach. Pop. 1482. Leuthen, loi't^n, several villages of Germany, one in Prussian Silesia, 10 miles W. of Breslau, where, December 5, 1757, Frederick the Great defeated the Austrians. P. 1082. Leutkirch, loit'kiRK, a town of Wiirtemberg, 40 miles S. of Ulm. Pop. 2797. Leutnieritz, Bohemia. See Leitmeritz. LeutomischI, Bohemia. See Leito.mischl. LeutraB Castrum. See Lauterburg. Leiitschau, loit'show (Hun. Locee, lo'chi"), a town of Hungary, on a hill, 123 miles N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 6887. It was once a place of great strength, but its fortifications are now dilapidated. It has 2 gymnasiums, a seminary for females, and an asylum for the children of soldiers. Leuven, a town of Belgium. See Louvain. Leuze, luz, a town of Belgium, in Hainaut, at a rail- way junction, on the Dender, 17 miles N.W. of Mons. Pop. 6000, engaged in dyeing, bleaching, brewing, Ac. The town has a large silk-mill. Leva, li'voh\ or Lewenz, li'ftSnts, a town of Hun- gary, on the Perecz, a tributary of the Gran, 54 miles N.N.W. of Pesth. Pop. 5914. Levadia, Greece. See Livadia, Le Val, l?h v41, a village of France, in Var, 3 miles N. of Brignolles. Pop. 1564. Le Val-d'Ajol, France. See Val-d'Ajol. Levallois-Ferret, l^h-vilW-pSR-Ki', a northern suburb of Paris, France, outside the city. Pop. 22,733. Leval-Trahegnies, l?h-v&r-tri"hen'yee', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 13 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 2800. Levan', a township of Jackson co., 111. Pop. 1321. Levan, a post-office of Juab co., Utah. Levanger, id-v4ng'gher, a town of Norway, 35 miles N.E. of Trondhjem, on the' N.E. shore of the Trondhjem- Fiord. The harbor is well sheltered, and forms a kind of commercial outpost for Trondhjem. Pop. 817. Levan'na, a post-hamlet of Cayuga co., N.Y., on the E. shore of Cayuga Lake, and on the Cayuga Southern Railroad, about 14 miles S.W. of Auburn, Here is a steam- boat-landing. Levanna, a post-village of Brown co., 0., on the Ohio River, 9 miles below Maysville, Ky. It has a planing-mill, and manufactures of lumber, doors, and sash. Pop. 104. Levanso, an island near Sicily. See Levanzo. Levant, le-vint' (from the French verb lever, to " rise," and signifying literally the "rising," but, like the Latin Orienft, denoting the " East"), a name of French derivation, usually applied to the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean, extending from the western part of Greece round to the western border of Egypt. Adj. and inhab. Levantine^ Uv*an-tcen' (It. Levanting, li-v3,n-tee'no). Levant, le-vint', a post-village of Penobscot co.. Me., in Levant township, on the South Branch of the Kenduskeag River, 9 miles W.N.W. of Bangor. It has several saw- mills and a church. Pop. about 200; of township, 1159. Levant, a hamlet of Chautauqua co., N.Y., in Ellicott township, 1 mile from Falconer Station. It has a church and a cheese- factory, Levante, li-van'ti, a circle in the E. part of the prov- ince of Genoa, Italy, bordering the Mediterranean for about 45 miles. Area, 450 square miles. Principal towns. La Spezia (the capital), Lerici, Levanto, and Sarzana. Levantine, li-v^n-teen', or Val Levantine (It. Le- vantina, li-vin-tee'nS.), a narrow valley of Switzerland, can- ton of Ticino, extends from St. Gothard to the confluence of the Ticino with the Blegno. Length, 16 miles. Levanto, li-v^n'to, a town of Italy, province of Genoa, on a small bay of the Mediterranean, IS miles N.N.W. of La Spezia. Pop. 4730. Levanzo, lA-v4n'zo, or Levanso (anc. Buceina ? or Phorbantia ?) one of the iEgades Islands, off the W. coast of Sicily, 9 miles W. of Trapani. Length, 4 miles. P. 5500. Levard, Nagy Levard, nodj li'vaud', or Gross- Schiitzen, groce-shiit'sen, a town of Hungary, 26 miles N.N.W. of Presburg. Pop. 2684. Leva'sy, a post-office of Jackson co.. Mo. Le Vauclin, leh vo'kI4N»', a town of the French West India island of Martinique, on its E. coast. Pop. of com- mune, 5532. Lev'ee, a post-village of Montgomery co., Ky., about 30 miles E.N.E. of Lexington. It has a church, a college or seminary, and manufactures of leather and lumber. Level, li'v.el', or Kaltenstein, kil't?n-stine\ a vil- lage of Hungary, 4 miles from Wieselburg, Pop. 1173. Lev'el, a post-office and station of Warren co., 0., on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 37 miles N.E. of Cin- cinnati. It has a church. Lev'el Cross, a post-office of Randolph co., N.C. Level Green, a post-hamlet of Rock Castle co., Ky., about 34 miles S.E. of Danville. Level Land, a post-office of Abbeville co., S.C. Level Plains, a post-hamlet of Randolph co., N.C, 10 miles S. of High Point. Level Road, a post-office of Randolph co., Ala. Level's Cross Koads, a post-office of Hampshire co., W. Va. Le'ven, a small river of England, in Cumberland, flows S.W. for 15 miles, and joins the Esk 3 miles S. of Longtown. Leven, a small river of England, co. of Lancaster, forms the channel by which Windermere communicates with Morecambe Bay. Leven, a sm.all stream of Scotland, in Argyleshire, flow- ing into Loch Leven. See Loch Leven. Leven, a small river of Scotland, co. of Dumbarton, rises at the S. extremity of Loch Lomond, and flows S. into the Clyde at Dumbarton Castle. Length, 7 miles. Leven, a small river of Scotland, co. of Fife, issues from the S.E. extremity of Loch Leven, flows E. 14 miles, and enters the Firth of Forth at Leven. Leven, a seaport and bathing-place of Scotland, oo. of Fife, at the mouth of the Leven, 9 miles by rail N.N.E. of Kirkcaldy. Pop. 2501, employed in linen-manufactures and in tile- and iron-works. LEV 1229 LEW liCven, a township of Pope co., Minn. Pop. 170. Ijc'venshulme, a town of England, co. of Lancaster, 3 miles by rail S.B. of Manchester. Pop. 2742. liCveuto, li-vSn'to, or Levenzo, li-vSn'zo, a village ef France, 11 miles N. of Nice, with 1796 inhabitants. Jjevenworth, Kansas. See Leavenworth. IjeveranOy li-vi-ri'no, a town of Italy, province and 10 miles W.S.W. of Lecce. Pop. 2S58. Lev'erett, a post-village of Franklin co., Mass., in Leverett township, on the Now London Northern Railroad, 25 miles N. of Palmer. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 831. The township has manufactures of satinets, fruit-boxes, and water-pails. Lev'eringjor Waterford, a post- village of Knox co., 0., in Middlebury township, 13 miles N.W. of Mount Ver- non. It has several churches and a grist-mill. Here is Levering Post-Offiee. Levern, li'v^rn, a village of Rhenish Prussia, govern- ment of Minden, circle of Liibbecice. Pop. 1267. LiC'vey, a township of Sac co., Iowa. Pop. 297. Levice, li-vee'cha, a village of Italy, 10 miles from Alba, on the East Bormida. Pop. 1092. Lev'ick's Dlill, a post-office of Randolph co., Mo. lievico, l§v'e-ko, a town of the Tyrol, 10 miles S.E. of Trent, near a small lake. Pop. 4342. Levier, I^h-ve-i', a town of France, in Boubs, 11 miles W.N.W. of Pontarlier. Pop. 1297. IjC Vigan, leh vee^g6N°', a town of France, in Gard, on the Arre, an affluent of the Herault, 50 miles W.N.W. of Nimes. Pop. 4340. It has a communal college, manu- factures of silk and cotton hosiery, cotton yarn, leather, and paper, and a marble-quarry. Le Vigean, l^h vee^zhftN^', a village of Franco, in Vienne, 18 miles S.W. of Montmorillon. Pop. 1300. IjevignaCf leh-veen^y^k', a village of France, in Lot- et-Garonne, 9 miles N. of Marmande. Pop. 1470. liev'ingoody a post-hamlet of Pendleton co., Ky., on the Kentucky Central Railroad, 43 miles S. of Covington. Jjev'is, a township of Clark co., Wis. Pop. 264. Ijevis, liVee' or lev'is, a county of Quebec, bounded N.W. by the river St. Lawrence. Chief town, Levis. Pop. 24,831. Levis, Levis Town, or Point Le'vi, the chief town of the co. of Levis, Quebec, situated on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, opposite Quebec, and 172 miles N.E. of Montreal. It is the terminus of the Levis &, Kennebec Railway and of a branch of the Grand Trunk Railway, and the landing-place of the passengers arriving from Europe by the ocean steamships. It contains a commodious hotel, a number of stores, extensive fortifications, a convent, and several saw-mills and factories, and has a very extensive shipping-trade. Pop. 6691. Lev'iston, a station on a branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 2 miles N.E. of Audenried, Pa. Levita, or Lebita, ISv'e-tS, or li-vee'ti (anc. Lehin'- thoa), an island in the Grecian Archipelago, 20 miles B.N.E. of Amorgos. Lat. 37° N. ; Ion. 26° 32' E. It is 4 miles long by 4 miles broad. Levizzano, li-vit-si'no, a town of Italy, 17 miles S.W. of Modena. Pop. 2200. Levone, li-vo'ni, a village of Italy, district and about 4 miles S. of Turin. Pop. 1120. Levorano, a town of Italy. See Leveeano. Levroux, leh-vroo' (anc. Gabattim f or Leproaum ?), a town of France, in Indre, 13 miles N. of Chateauroux. Pop. 3243. It has manufactories of line woollen cloths and leather, and a brisk trade in corn, wine, and wool. Le'vy, a county of Florida, is bounded on the S.W. by the'Gulf of Mexico, and on the W. by the Suwanee River. Area, about 1000 square miles. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with pine forests. The soil is sandy. Indian corn, sugar-cane, and cotton are the staple products. It is intersected by the Atlantic, Gulf & West India Transit Railroad. Capital, Bronson. Valuation of real and personal estate, 8450,000. Pop. in 1870, 2018, of whom 1984 were natives and 34 were foreigners. Leweii.'?, a town of Hungary. See Leva. Lewes, loo'is, a borough of England, in Sussex, on the navigable Ouse, at the junction of several railways, 44 miles S.E. of London, and 8i miles N.E. of Brighton. It is finely situated on a declivity of the South Downs, and has a gram- mar-school, almshouses, a county hall, a jail, a house of cor- rection, barracks, and theatre. A considerable trade is car- ried on with London by the port of Newhaven. The town is lighted with gas and' amply supplied with water. Lewes is said to have been the Romiin station Mntuantonia. Simon de Montfort and the barons, in 1264, defeated Henry III. here and imprisoned him in the castle. Pop. 6010. LeAves, lew'ez, a post-village of Sussex co., Del., on Delaware Bay, about 4 miles W.S.W. of Cape Heniopen, and 104 miles S. by E. of Wilmington. It is adjacent to the Delaware Breakwater, and is on the Junction & Breakwater Railroad. It has a graded school, 3 churches, several large hotels, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 1400. Lewes and Reho'both, a hundred of Sussex oo., Del. Pop. 2128. It contains Lewes, Rehoboth, Cape Hen- iopen, Ac. Lewey's Island, Maine. See Princeton. Lewin, I4-\Veen', a town of Prussian Silesia, 14 miles W. of Glatz. Pop. 1616. Lew'insville, a post-hamlet of Fairfax co., Va., 3 miles from Falls Church Station. It has a chureh. Lew'is, the northernmost and largest island of the Outer Hebrides, off the W. coast of Scotland, between lat. 57° 40' and 58° 32' N. and Ion. 6° and 7° W., separated from the mainland by the Minch Channel, 30 miles across. Length, from N. to S., 60 miles; greatest breadth, 30 miles. Its southern peninsular portion is called Harris. On the E. side are Loch Erisort and Broad Bay, .and on the W. Loch Roag. Its N. headland, the Butt op Lewis, lat. 58° 31' N., Ion. 6° 14' AV., rises to 80 feet above the sea. A great part of the island is rugged, but it is not generally so lofty and bare as Harris, and it has many low swampy tracts. Gneiss is the prevailing rock, and much of the sur- face is covered with peat and with remains of ancient for- ests. The island abounds with Druidic edifices and ruined fortresses. The people are of Celtic descent ; but in the N. is a race of Scandinavian origin, although speaking the Gaelic language. Stornoway, the chief town, is on the E. coast. LeAV'is, a county in the N.E. part of Kentucky, borders on the state of Ohio. Area, about 430 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Ohio River. The surface is mostly hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, grass, and pork are the staples. Limestone crops out in this county. Capital, Vanceburg. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,879,237. Pop. in 1870, 9115, of whom 8973 were Americans. LeAVis, a northeastern county of Missouri, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Mississippi River, and is intersected by the Wyaconda, North Fabius, and Middle Fabius Rivers. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with upland prairies and forests growing near the streams. The soil is deep and very fertile. Indian corn, oats, wheat, cattle, hay, and pork are the staple products. Limestone is abundant in this county. It is traversed by the Quincy, Missouri & Pacific and St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern Railroads. Capital, Monti- cello. Valuation of real and personal estate, $13,206,000. Pop. in 1870, 15,114, of whom 14,146 were Americans. LeAvis, a county in the N. central part of New York, has an area of about 1280 square miles. It is intersected by Black River, and is also drained by the Beaver, Moose, and Oswegatchie Rivers. The surface is mostly hilly, and is extensively covered with forests of sugar-maple, pine, and other trees. The soil is adapted to pasturage and dairy-farming. Hay, oats, butter, cheese, potatoes, and lumber are the staple products. Silurian limestone under- lies part of this county. It is traversed by the Utica & Black River Railroad. Capital, Lowville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $11,129,312. Pop. in 1870, 28,699, of whom 23,467 were Americans. LeAVis, a county of Middle Tennessee, has an area of about 350 square miles. The Buffalo Rivor drains the southern part of this county, and Duck River runs very near its northeastern extremity. The surface is uneven and hilly, and mostly covered with forests. Indian corn, grass, peanuts, and pork are the staple products. Capital, New- burg. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,554,153. Pop. in 1870, 1986, of whom 1985 were Americans. LeAVis, a county in the S.W. part of Washington, has an area of about 1700 square miles. It is drained by the Chehalis and Cowlitz Rivers, which rise in it. The eastern part of this county is diversified with high moun- tains of the Cascade Range. A large part of its area is covered with forests. The soil of the valleys is fertile, and produces oats, wheat, grass, potatoes, &c. Capital, Claquato. Valuation of real and personal estate, $626,126. Pop. in 1870, 888, of whom 779 were Americans. LeAVis, a county in the N. central part of West Virginia, has an area of about 475 square miles. It is intersected by the West Fork of the Monongahela River. The surface is diversified with high hills, extensive forests, and fer- tile valleys. Indian corn, wheat, hay, and cattle are the staple products. This county has beds of bituminous coal. Capital, Weston, Valuation of rei^l and personal estate. LEW 1230 EEW $3„337,800. Pop. in 1870, 10,175, of whom 9653 were Americaas. Lewis, a post-office of Shelby co., Ala., 6 miles N. of Wilsonville. Lewis, a township of Clay co., Ind., on Eel River, Pop. 1220. Lewis, Vigo co., Ind. See Centretillb. LeAVis, a post-village of Cass co., Iowa, on the Bast Nishnabatona River, S miles S. by W. of Atlantic, and 44 miles E. of Council Bluffs. It has a high school, 3 churches, and a flour-mill. Pop. 400. Lewis, a hamlet in Daviess co., Ky., on the Owens- borough & Nashville Railroad, 12 miles S. of Owensborough. It has a grist-mill. Pop. 125. Lewis, a township of Holt CO., Mo. Pop. 4081. It contains Porest City and Oregon. Lewis, a post-office of Madison co., Montana. Lewis, a post-office and mining-camp of Lander co., Nov., 15 miles from Battle Mountain Station. It has silver- mines and 2 quartz-mills. Lewis, a post-hamlet of Essex co., N.Y., in Lewis town- ship, about 32 miles S. of Plattsburg, and 15 mUes N.E. of Mount Marcy. Pop. of the township, 1744. Lewis, a township of Lewis oo.^ N.Y. Pop. 1207. It is in a foreat-region, and contains West Leyden. Lewis, a station in Ontario co., N.Y., on the Northern Central Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Canandaigua. Lewis, a township of Brown co., 0., on the Ohio River. Pop. 2817. It contains Higginsport. Lewis, a township of Lycoming co.. Pa. Pop. 963. Lewis, a township of Northumberland co., Pa. Pop. 1228, e.Kolusive of the borough of Turbotville. Lewis, a township of Union co.. Pa. Pop. 1007. It contains Hartleton. Lewis, a station on the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 7 miles N. of Chester Court-House, S.C. Lewis and Clarke, a county in the W. central part of Montana, is bounded on the E. by the Missouri River, and on the N. by the Sun or Medicine River. The surface is mountainous, and this county comprises part of the Rocky Mountains, with some fertile valleys. These mountains produce forests of fir and pine. Wheat, grass, and potatoes are the staple products. It contains many gold-mines. The census of 1870 reports thsit the product of these mines in that year amounted to $725,767. Capital, Helen.a. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, $5,242,430. This county was in 1870 the most populous in Montana, and had then 5040 inhabitants. Of these, 2966 were Americans. LeAV'is Bay, a post-settlement in Cape Breton co.. Nova Scotia, 30 miles from Sydney. Pop. 150. Lew'isberry, a post-borough of York co.. Pa., in Newberry township, about 11 miles S. of Harrisburg. It has a church, a tannery, a grist-mill, a machine-shop, and a town hall. Pop. 268. Lew'isborough, a post-township in the N.E. part of Westchester co., N.Y., about 42 miles N.E. of New York. It is partly drained by the Croton River, and intersected by the New York & Harlem Railroad. Pop. 1600. It con- tains hamlets named Cross River and Golden's Bridge. Lew'isburg, a post-village, capital of Conway co.. Ark., on the N. bank of the Arkansas River, 1 mile from the Little Rook LeAvisburg, a post-borough, capital of Union oo,, Fa. is delightfully situated on the W. bank of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, at the mouth of Buffalo Creek, and on the Lewisburg Centre & Spruce Creek Railroad, which connects at Montandon with the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, 63 miles N. of Harrisburg, and about 14 miles W. of Danville. A bridge crosses the river here. This place is the seat of the Lewisburg University (Baptist), which was organized in 1847. Lewisburg contains 7 churches, 2 national banks, a town hall, 2 newspaper offices, and a school styled University Female Institute. It has 2 foundries, a woollen-factory, and manufactures of flour, lumber, farming-implements, &c. Pop, 3121. Lewisburg, a post-village, capital of Marshall co., Tenn., on the Duck River Valley Railroad, 20 miles S.E. of Columbia, and about 50 miles S. of Nashville. It has a newspaper office, 4 churches, and a flouring-mill. Pop. 322, LcAVisburg, a post-village, capital of Greenbrier co,-, W, Va., near the E. base of the Greenbrier Mountain, and near the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 4 miles from Ronce- verte Station, 9 miles W. of the White Sulphur Springs, and 133 miles E.S.E. of Charleston. It contains a court- house, 5 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a bank, and a female seminary. Pop, 875, LeAVis Centre, a post-viUage of Delaware co., 0., in Orange township, on the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad, 16 miles N. of Columbus. It has 2 churches. LeAVis Creek, Vermont, rises in Addison co., drains the S. part of Chittenden co., runs westward, and enters Lake Champlain. LeAvis Creek, a post-office of Shelby co., Ind., on the railroad which connects Columbus with Shelby ville, 8 miles S. by W. of the latter. LeAvis Creek, a post-ofiice of Letcher co., Ky. LeAVis Ferry, a post-office of Jasper co., Tex., on the Angelina River. LeAvis Fork, a post-township of Wilkes oo., N.C., 40 miles N.W. of Statesville. It has 3 churches. Pop. 1062. LeAVisham, loo'ish-am, a village of England, in Kent, on the Ravensbourne, on several railways, 5 miles S.E. of London. Pop. of parish, 36,625. LeAvis Head, a post-hamlet in Shelburne co.. Nova Scotia, on the sea-coast, 27 miles from Shelburne. Pop. 120. LeAVis Hill, a hamlet of Morgan co., 0., about 33 miles W. of Marietta. Lew'is Island, Dampier Archipelago, off the N.W. coast of Australia, is in lat. 20° 35' S., Ion. 115° 33' E. LeAVis Mill, a station on the Keokuk & Kansas City Railroad, 2 miles N. of Glasgow, Mo. LeAVis Mills (Lamira Post-Offiee), a hamlet in Belmont CO., 0., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 15 miles W. of Bellaire. It has 2 stores, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. LcAVis Mills, a station in Chester co., Pa., on the Waynesburg Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 6 miles E. by N. of Honeybrook. Lewis Mines, a station in Jackson co., 111., on the Cairo ,4. St. Louis Railroad, 3 miles N. of Murphysborough, Here coal is mined. LCAV'isport, a post-village of Hancock co., Ky., on the Ohio River, about 16 miles above Owensborough, and 10 miles by land W. of Hawesville. It has 3 churches, and a newspaper office. Much tobacco is prepared and shipped here. Pop. 308. LeAvis River, Idaho. See Snake River. Lewis Kiver, a village of Clarke co., AVashington, on the Cathlapootle River, 16 miles S.E. of Kalama. It has a church. Lewis Run, a post-hamlet of MeKean co., Pa., on a branch of the Erie Railroad, about 5 miles S. of Bradford. It has a church and several oil-wells. LeAVis Station, a post-hamlet of Escambia co., Ala., on the Mobile & Montgomery Railroad. LeAVis Station, a post-office of Henry co.. Mo., on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, 33 miles S.W. of Se- dalia. Coal is found here. LeAAas' Store, a post-office of Spottsylvania co., Va. LeAV'iston, a post-village of Trinity co., Cal., on the Trinity River, about 170 miles (direct) N.N.W. of Sacra- mento. It is surrounded by high mountains. Gold is found here. Pop. 338. LeAViston, a post-village, capital of Nez Perees co., Idaho, on the E. bank of the Snake River, just above the mouth of the Clearwater, near lat. 46° 25' N. and Ion. 1 17° W. It is supported mainly by trade and the navigation of Snake River. One weekly newspaper is published here. LeAViston, the most populous city of Androscoggin co,, - Me., is situated on the E, (left) bank of the .\ndroscoggin I River, opposite Auburn, 35 miles N. of Portland, and about LEW 1231 LEX 30 miles S.W, of Augusta. It is at the junction of several branches of the Maine Central Kailroad with the Auburn &, Lewiston Railroad, which connects with the Grand Trunk Railroad. The river here falls about 60 feet, affords abun- dant water-power, and presents picturesque scenery. Two iron railroad bridges and 2 other bridges cross the river at this place. Lewiston is the third city of Maine in popula- tion, and derives its prosperity chiefly from manufactures and trade. It is the seat of Bates College (Free-Will Bap- tist), which was organized in 1S63 and has 11 professors. It has 12 churches, a public library, 2 national banks, 3 savings-banks, and a high school. A dam, or system of dams, costing about $1,000,000, has been constructed here across the river, the water of which is conveyed to the mills by a oanal. The Franklin Company own the water- power. The capital here invested in manufactures is stated to be S9,000,000, which is distributed among 18 corporations, employing about 8500 persons, and producing goods valued at 811,000,000 in a year, or, including Auburn, $13,000,000. About 40,000,000 3'ards of cotton and woollen goods are man- ufactured here annually. The number of spindles in the factories of Lewiston is 285,000. The woollen-mills pro- duce fancy cassimeres, beaver cloths, meltons, repellants, Ac, Among the other articles made in Lewiston are brushes, files, looms, trunks, brooms, machinery for cotton-mills, ticking, seersucker, duck, bui-laps, checks, jute bags, and grain-bags. One daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. in 1860,7424; in 1870, 13,600; present pop. about 20,000. LeAviston, a hamlet of Dakota co., Minn., on the Can- non River, about 33 miles S. of St. Paul. Lewiston, a post-village of Winona co., Minn., in Utica township, on the Winona & St. Peter Railroad, about 20 miles W. by S. of Winona. It has a church and a ware- house for grain. Pop. 284. Lewiston, or Lewistown, a post-hamlet of Lewis CO., Mo., in La Belle township, on the Quincy, Missouri & Pacific Railroad, 26 miles AV.N.W. of Quincy, 111. Lewiston, a post-village in Lewiston township, Ni- agara CO., N.Y., on the Niagara River, at the head of steam- boat navigation, about 7 miles below the cataract, and 7 miles from Lake Ontario. It is opposite to Queenstown, Canada, and is at the N. base of a high terrace called the Mountain Ridge. Steamboats ply daily (in summer) be- tween Toronto and Lewiston, which is on a branch of the New York Central Railroad, and is the W., terminus of the Rome, Watertown k Ogiiensburg Railroad. It has 3 churches. Pop. 770 ; of the township, 2829. Lewiston, a post-village of Bertie co., N.C., in Wood- ville township, 3 miles from the Roanoke River. It has 2 churches, a steam grist-mill, &q. Lewiston, a post-office and mining village of Tooele CO., Utah, 26 miles W. of Lehi. It has rich mines of silver or gold .and a quartz-mill. Lewiston, Virginia. See Lu.venburg Court-House. LeAViston, a post-village of Kanawha co., W. Va., on the Chesapeake &, Ohio Railroad, and on or near the Great Kanawha River, 13 miles S.E. of Charleston. Lewiston, a post-office or hamlet of Columbia co.. Wis., in Lewiston township. The Wisconsin River touches the S.W. corner of the township. Lewiston Station is on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 9 miles N.W. of Portage City. Pop. of the township, 1046. It has a manufactory of knit goods. Lewiston, Prince Edward Island. See Alberton. Lewiston Junction, or Hotel Road, a station in Androscoggin co., Me., on the Grand Trunk Railroad, 29 miles N. of Portland, 2 miles N. of Danville Junction, and 54 miles S.W. of Lewiston, to which the Lewiston &, Auburn Railroad extends from this point. Lew'istown, a post-village, capital of Fulton co., 111., in Lewistown township, on a branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 39 miles W.S.W. of Peoria, and about 50 miles N.N.W. of Springfield. It contains 5 churches, a national bank, 2 newspaper oflices, a public hall, a college, and a graded school, and has manufactures of wool, lumber, and furniture. Pop. about 2000 ; of the township, 2952. Lewistown, a post-village of Frederick co., Md., 10 miles N. of Frederick, and 1 mile E. of the Blue Ridge. It has 3 churches, a woollen-factory, and a grist-mill. Lewistown, Lewis co., Mo. See Lewistox. Lewistown, a post-hamlet of Burlington co., N.J., on the Pemberton &, Hightstoivn Railroad where it crosses the Kinkora & Columbus Railroad, 10 miles E.of Mount Holly. Lewistown, a small post-village of Logan co., 0., about 10 miles N.W. of Bellefontaine. It has a church and a union school, Lewistown, a post-borough, capital of Mifflin co., Pa., on the Juniata River, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Sunbury &. Lewistown and Mifflin & Centre County Railroads, 70 miles E. by N. of Altoona, and 61 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. It is at the mouth of the Kisbacoquiilais Creek, and is surrounded by beautiful mountain-scenery. It contains a commodious court-house, an academy, 6 churches, a national bank, 1 other bank, 2 iron-furnaces, 2 flour-mills, 2 planing-mills, and manufactures of a.Kes, boilers, engines, &c. Three weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 2737, The station on the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad is known as Lewistown Junction, and is 1 mile Si of Lewistown Station. LeAv'isville, a post-village, capital of Lafayette co.. Ark., about 50 miles W.S.W. of Camden, and 7 miles E, of Red River. It has 2 churches and 2 common schools. Pop. about 400. Lewisville, a post-village of Henry eo., Ind., on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, 44 miles E. of Indianapolis, and 24 miles W. of Richmond. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a planing-mill, Ac. Pop. 416,. Lewisville, a post-office of Forsyth co., N.C, Lewisville, Coshocton eo., 0. See Canal Lewisville., Lewisville, a post-village in Summit township, Mon^ roe CO., 0., about 30 miles N.N.E. of Marietta. It has 2 churches and a carriage-shop. Pop. 124. Lewisville, a hamlet of Ross co., 0., on the Scioto River and the Ohio Canal, about 9 miles N. by W. of Chil- licothe. Lewisville, a post-village of Polk co,, Oregon, about 25 miles S.W. of Salem. Lewisville, a post-village in Elk township, Chester CO., Pa., 22 miles S.W. of West Chester. It has 2, churches, a paper-mill, and several flour-mills. Lewisville, Clearfield co., Pa. See Bower. LeAVisville, a small hamlet of Indiana co.. Pa,, 3 miles from Livermore Station, and about 36 miles. B. by N.of Pittsburg. It has a church. Here is Ebenezer Post-Offioe. Lewisville, a village in Ulysses township. Potter, co., Pa„ near the source of the Genesee River, about 60 miles N,W. of Williamsport. It has 2 churches, a lumber-mill, and 5 general stores. Pop. 226. Here is Ulysses Post-Offlce., Lewisville, a township of Chester co., S.C. Pop. 2507, Lewisville, a village in Amelia township, Orangeburg CO,, S.C, on the South Carolina Railroad, 38 miles S.E. of Columbia. It has severjil stores, and is a place of active trade. Post-office, St. Matthew's. Lewisville, a post-village of Denton CO., Tex., 17 miles W. of Piano. It has a church. Pop, about 200. Lewisville, a post-office of King George co., Va. Lew'isville, or Louisville, loo'e-vil, a post-village in Kent co., Ontario, on the river Thames, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 6 miles N.E. of Chatham. It con- tains a flouring-mill and several stores. Pop. 100. Lewisville, a post-village in Westmoreland co., New Brunswick, lA miles from Moncton. It contains a tannery, a store, and a saw-mill. Pop. 150. Lew-Kew Islands. See Loo-Choo Islands. Lex'ingtou, a county in the central part of South Carolina, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Congaree River, and on the S.W, by the North Edisto, and is intersected by the Saluda, The surface is hilly or undulating, and is mostly covered with forests of pine, cedar, and other trees. The census of 1870 reports that it had in that year 309,815, acres of woodland. Cotton, Indian corn, grass, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta Railroad. Capital, Lexington Court-House. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $3,517,197, Pop, in 1870, 12,988, of whom 12,949 were Americans, Lexington, a post-village of Lauderdale co,, Ala., 24 miles N.E. of Florence. Lexington, a post- village, capital of Oglethorpe co., Ga., about 85 miles E, by N. of Atlanta, and 3 miles E. of Le.v- ington Station, or Crawford, which is on the Athens Branch of the Georgia Railro.ad, 16 miles S.E. of Athens. It has 3 churches, an academy, and a newspaper office. Lexington, a post-village in Lexington, township, Mc- Lean CO., 111., 1 mile N. of the Mackinaw River, and on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 15 miles N.E. of Blooming- ton, and 111 miles S.S.AV. of Chicago. It has 5 churches, a newspaper office, a high school, and 2 banks. Pop. about 1500 ; of the township, 2404, Grain, cattle, and other stock are the staple products of the township, Lexington, a post-village of Scott co,, Ind., in Lex- ington township, on the Louisville Branch of the Ohio k Mississippi Railroad, 29 miles N. by E. of Louisville, Ky., and about 18 miles W.S.W. of Madison, It has an academy, LEX 1232 LEY 3 churches, a woollen -factory, a plauing-mill, &c. Pop. 440; of the township, 2529. Lexington, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Iowa, about 6 miles N.W. of AVaahington. Jjexington, a township of Johnson co,, Kansas. Pop. 1638. It contains De Soto. Ijexxngton, a handsome city, the capital of Fayette CO., Ky., is on the Kentucky Central Railroad, at its junc- tion with the Louisville, Cincinnati tt Lexington Railroad, and on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, 29 miles E.S.E, of Frankfort, 77 miles S. of Cincinnati, and 94 miles E. by S. of Louisville. Lat. 38° 6' N. ; Ion. 84° 33' W. The city is very pleasantly situated, and is surrounded by a fertile, undulating country. The streets cross one another at right angles, are well paved, and lighted with gas. Main street is SO feet wide. Here is a monument to Henry Clay which cost about $50,000. He resided many years at Ashland, near this town. Lexington is the seat of the Kentucky University, which was organized in 1858 and has 9 in- structors and about 100 students and a library of 20,000 volumes. A college of law and an agricultural and me- chanical college are connected with this institution. This city also contains a state lunatic asylum, which occupies a large and handsome edifice, 17 churches, a court-house, a fine post-office building, a public library of lfi,000 volumes, 3 national banks, 2 state banks, a commercial college, and printing-offices which issue 8 papers, among which are 1 or 2 daily newspapers and a monthly agricultural paper. Here are extensive manufactures of bagging, rope, carriages, dis- tilled liquors, itc. Lexington was formerly the capital of Kentucky. It was founded in 1776 and incorporated in 1782. Pop. in 1870, 14,801; present pop. about 20,000. Lexington, a post-office of Somerset co., Me., in Lex- ington township, about 56 miles N. by W. of Augusta. Pop. of the township, 397. Lexington, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mass., in Lexington township, 11 miles W.N.W. of Boston, with which it is connected by railroad. It has several churches, a graded school, and a savings-bank. Here occurred on the 19th of April, 1775, a memorable action between the British soldiers and a small body of militia. This was the first battle of the Revolution. A monument has been erected here to com- memorate the patriotism of the eight men who fell in that action. The township contains 5 churches. Pop. of the township, 2505. Lexington, a post-village, port of entry, and capital of Sanilac co., Mich., in Lexington township, on Lake Huron, about 70 miles N.N.E. of Detroit, and 20 miles N. of Port Huron. It contains a court-house, a city hall, 5 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, a tannery, a brewery, a woollen- mill, a flouring-mill, a planing-mill, &c. Steamboats ply daily between this port and Detroit. Pop. estimated at 1200; pop. of the township, 2701. Lexington, a post-village of Le Sueur co., Minn., in Lexington township, 12 miles E. by S. of Le Sueur, and 17 miles N.E. of St. Peter. It has a church, a flour-mill, a saw-mill, &c. Pop. of township, 630. Lexington, a post- village, capital of Holmes co.. Miss., is about 62 miles N. of Jackson, on a small affluent of the Yazoo River. It contains a court-house, a newspaper office, and a money-order post-office. Pop. 744. Lexington, a post-town, capital of Lafayette co., Mo., is situated on the right or S. bank of the Missouri River, about 84 miles below Kansas City by water (42 miles E. by rail). By railroad it is 244 miles W. by N. of St. Louis, and 55 miles N.W. of Sedalia. A branch of the Missouri Pacific Railroad extends from Sedalia to Lexington, and connects here with the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad. It is also the E. terminus of the AVyandotte, Kansas City & Northwestern Railroad. Its site is elevated nearly 300 feet above the river. It contains a court-house, the Baptist Female College, the Central Female College (Methodist Episcopal), 10 churches, 2 savings-banks, 2 other banks, manufactures of furniture, hemp and woollen goods, and printing-offices which issue 3 weekly newspapers. Beds of coal underlie Lexington and the county. Pop. 4373. Lexington, a post-village of Greene co., N.Y., in Lex- ington township, on Schoharie Creek, about 44 miles S.S.W. of Albany. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Pop. of the township, 1316. Lexington, a post-village, capital of Davidson co., N.C., on Abbott's Crook, in Lexington township, and on the railroad which connects Salisbury with Greensborough, 16 miles N.E. of Salisbury, and about 90 miles (direct) W. of Raleigh. It has 3 white and 3 colored churches. Gold, Silver, and zinc are found in this county. Pop. 475 ; of the township, 2289. Lexington, a station in Highland co., 0., on the Mari- etta & Cincinnati Railroad, 12 miles E. of Blanchester. Lexington, Perry co., Ohio. See New Lexington. Lexington, a post-village of Richland co., 0., in Troy township, on the Clear Fork of the Mohican River, and on the Lake Erie division of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 9 miles S.S.W. of Mansfield. It has a seminary, 5 churches, a money-order post-office, and 2 warehouses. Pop. 482. Lexington, a township of Stark co., 0. Pop. 5700. It contains Alliance, Limaville, and Mt. Union. Lexington, S.C. See Lexington Court-House. Lexington, a post-village, capital of Henderson co., Tenn., on Beech Creek, about 100 miles W.S.W. of Nashville. It has 2 or 3 churches and a newspaper office. Lexington, a post-village of Lee co., Tex., 16 miles N. of Giddings Station, and about 50 miles E. by N. of Austin. It has 2 churches. Pop. 157. Lexington, a handsome post-village, capital of Rock- bridge CO., Va., is on the North River, about 32 miles N.N.W. of Lynchburg, and 40 miles S.S.W. of Staunton. It is situated in the long and fertile limestone valley which is bounded on the S.E. by the Blue Ridge. It is the W. terminus of the James River & Kanawha Canal. Here is the Washington and Lee University, reorganized in 1871, before which date it was styled Washington College. Lex- ington also contains the Virginia Military Institute, founded in 1839, 7 churches, a bank, and 1 or 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 2873. Lexington Conrt-House, a post-village, capital of Lexington co., S.C, in Lexington township, and on the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 14 miles W.S.W. of Columbia. It has a court-house, 2 churches, a news- paper office, a female seminary, a high school, and a cotton- factory. Pop. of the township, 1563. Lexington Junction, a station in Oldham co., Ky., on the Louisville A Lexington Railroad, at the junction of the Cincinnati division, 1 mile E. of La Grange. Lexington Junction, Missouri. See Henry. Lcxovium, a town of France. See Ltsieux. Ley'burn, a market-town of England, co. of York, North Riding, 7 miles S.S.W. of Richmond. Pop. 887. Leyden, or Leiden, li'd^ri (Fr. Zei/de, IM or laid; L. Lufjdn'nmn Batavo'rum), ?l city of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 22 miles S.W. of Amsterdam, and 17 miles N. of Rotterdam (with both of which it is connected by canals and railways), on the Old Rhine, 6 miles from its mouth in the North Sea. Lat. 52° 9' 30" N. ; Ion. 4° 29' 30" E. Its old walls and fortifications have been removed. Leyden is intersected by canals, and encompassed by wind- mills, country-seats, pleasure-grounds, gardens, and fertile meadows. The streets of the town are straight, broad, and kept exceedingly clean : Broad street {Breedestraat) is es- teemed one of the finest in Europe. The town hall, founded about 1415, but since that period often altered, is situated in this street. It is a picturesque old building, with its prominent parts gilt, 30 windows in a line in front, a tall spire, and 3 highly ornamented projecting gables. In the council-chamber are the painting of the Last Judgment, by Lucas van Leyden, and several fine historical portraits. Near the town hall, in the same street, is the Gemeene-lands- huis van Rijnland, containing the offices of the superin- tendent of dikes. Other noteworthy edifices are the prison, weigh-house, butter-house, cloth-hall, barracks, and dock- yards. It has numerous churches and a synagogue, besides sundry congregations worshipping in halls, Ac. There are numerous Latin schools, also academies of drawing, design, architecture, and music ; but the most important educational institution is the university, formerly one of the most famed in Europe, and still in excellent repute. As some indemnification for the privations suffered during the siege of 1574, the Prince of Orange offered the inhabitants ex- emption from certain taxes, or a university. They chose the latter, and it was accordingly inaugurated by the Prince the following year, 1575. Connected with the university are a botanic garden, an observatory, a library with val- uable MSS., a museum of comparative anatomy, one of the richest collections of natural history in existence, cabinet of coins, museum of antiquities, and a very rich ethno- graphic museum. There are also an economic garden for the promotion of native gardening and agriculture, and a national herbarium. There are, likewise, several learned societies nnd a fine-arts society. Tho benevolent and char- itable institutions are very numerous, and include poor- houses, hospitals for orphans, old men, nnd old women, connected with the various religious bodies. The cloth- man ufaetures, for which Leyden was at one time greatly famed, have revived in recent years. There are now steam MY T233 LIB cloth-factories, coverlet-, baize-, and oamlet-factorios, wool- dpinneries, calico-print-works, &o. ; also tanneries, skin- neries, soap-works, breweries, distilleries, and a macliine- factory. The former great trade in books, carried on in the latter part of the seventeenth and during the greater part of the eighteenth century, and rendered world- renowned by the Elzevirs, is represented by a few printing- offices. The most memorable event in the history of Leyden is the siege it sustained from the Spaniards in 1573-74. For seven weeks there was no bread within the walls, and when hunger became no longer bearable, and the people, dying in hundreds, implored the burgomaster to surrender the town, he offered his body to appease their appetite, and thus the most clamorous were abashed. To relieve the town, the Prince of Orange at last broke down the dikes, and, a fa- voring wind accompanying, the waters came over the land so rapidly that above 1000 of the besiegers were drowned. The same wind wafted a fleet of 200 boats from Rotterdam to the gates of Leyden, and relieved the place. Leyden is the birthplace of many eminent men. The population of Leyden, at one time 90,OO0, was, in 1877, 40,977. I*eyden, an island off the coast of Java, opposite Ba- tavia. See also Maxdetivoe. Leyden, ll'den, a township of Cook co., 111. Pop. 1437. It contains Leyden Centre. Leydeu, a post-village of Franklin co., Mass., in Ley- den township, 9 miles N. of Greenfield. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 524. Leyden, or Tal'cottville, a post-village in Leyden township, Lewis co., N.Y., on or near Black River, and on the Utica & Black River Railroad, 38 miles N. of Utica. It has a grist-mill and a stone-quarry. The name of its post- office is Leyden. The township, which is bounded on the E. by the Black River, contains a larger village, named Port Leyden. Pop. of the township, 1975. Leyden, a post-office of Rock co., Wis. Leyden Centre, a post-office of Cook co.. 111., about 15 miles N.W. of Chicago. Leyderdorp, li'd?r-doRp\ a village of the Nether- lands, province of South Holland, on the Rhine, here crossed by a bridge, about U miles E. of Leyden. Pop. 2417. Leye, the Flemish for the Lys. Leyland, lee'Iand, a town of England, co, of Lancas- ter, at a railway junction, 5^ miles S. of Preston. It has a handsome church, with monuments of the Farington fam- ily, whose mansion, Shawhall, contains a museum and a fine gallery of paintings ; a grammar-school, numerous other endowed schools, almshouses, and manufactures of cotton goods. Pop. of parish, 12,713. Leyni, a village of Italy. See Legni. Leyre, laiR, a river of France, rises in the department of Landes, flows N.N.W. into the department of Oironde, and, after a course of 50 miles, falls into the basin of Arca- chon, a little below La Mothe. Leyria, a city of Portugal. See Leiria. Leysele, li-si'!d, a village of Belgium, province of West Flanders, 25 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 2096. Leyte, li'e-ti or lA'td, one of the Philippine Islands, immediately S.S.W. of Samar. Length, 130 miles ; average breadth, 35 miles. It is mountainous, with many extinct volcanoes. Its soil is in many parts very fertile, producing rice, pepper, wheat, manila, indigo, cacao, coffee, sugar, dammar, and cotton, with ebony and other fine woods. Area, 3590 square miles. Pop. 234,495. At its N. end is a port of the same name. Leytha, Leitha, or Leyta, li'ti, a river of the Aus- trian empire, forms a part of the boundary between Austria and Hungary, and, after a course of 90 miles, joins an arm of the Danube at Altenburg. Between it and Lake Neu- siedl are the Leytha Mountains. Ley'ton, a village of England, co. of Essex. 5 miles by rail N.E. of London. Pop. of parish, 10,394. Lez, li, a river of France, department of Herault, rises in the Cevennes Mountains, and, after a course of 20 miles, falls into the Mediterranean 2 miles S.E. of Montpellier. Its lower and navigable part is called the Canal de Grave. Lez , a river of France, rises in the department of Dr6me, and joins the left bank of the Rhone a little below Pont Saint-Esprit. Total course, nearly 45 miles. Lezardrieux, l^h-zanMre-uh', a town of France, in C6tes-du-Nord, 16 miles E.N.E. of Lannion. Lezat, l?h-zi' {anc. Lezatumf), a town of France, for- merly capital of a district called the Lezatois, in Ariege, 17 miles N.W. of Pamiers, oh the Leze. Pop. 1547. Lezaysk, lA-zh!sk', a town of Austrian Galicia, 25 miles N.E. of Rzeszow, on the San. Pop. 4026. 78 Lezignan, lA'zeen*y5No', a town of France, in Aude, 13 miles W. of Narbonne. Pop. 4402. It has large distilleries and tanneries. Lezoux, !§h-zoo', a town of France, in Puy-de-D6me, 15 miles E.N.E. of Clermont. Pop. 2465. Lezuza, li-thoo'thi fane. Libisoso'na f or Liviso'eia ?), a town of Spain, 22 miles W. of Albacete. Pop. I.i49. Lezzeno, l^t-sd'no, a village of Italy, 5 miles S.W. of Bellagio, on the E. shore of Lago di Como. Pop. 1373. Lezzolo, a town of Italy. See Lessolo. Lgov, or Lgow, I'gof, a town of Russia, government and 36 miles W. of Koorsk, on the Sem. Pop. 3852. Lha-Ree, or Lha-Ri, I'ha'ree, a large village of Thibet, about 180 miles N.E. of Lassa, in a gorge, among barren and desolate mountains. The government has here a depot of provisions. Near the village are a large Bood- dhist convent and a handsome temple. L'Hassa, the capital city of Thibet. See Lassa. Lhenicse, a town of Bohemia. See Elhenitz. Lhonaur, I'ho-nawr', a town of India, in Hyderabad, 42 miles E.N.E. of Jaulna. Lat. 20° N. ; Ion. 76° 43' E. L'Honor de Cos, lo^non' deh kos, a viHage of Prance, in Tarn-et-Garonne, on the Aveyron, 7 miles N.N.E. of Montauban. Pop. 1475. L'Hopital, a village of France. See Albert-Ville. Liadi, a town of Russia, See Lady. Liaghof, Liakhov, lee'flg-of, or Liachowski, lee*- 3.g-ov'skee, a large island of the Arctic Ocean, one of the New Siberia group, N. of Asia. The name is sometimes given to the whole group. Liakhura, a mountain of Greece. See Parnassus. Liamone, le-i-mo'nA (anc. Cercidinsf), a river of Cor- sica, after a S.W. course of 21 miles enters the Mediterranean 11 miles N. of Ajaccio. In 1793 it gave name to the south- ernmost of the two departments of the island. Liampo, a city of China. See Ning-Po. Lian-Choo, Lian-Tchou, le-in*-choo', or Lian- Tcheou-Fou, le-^n'-chS-oo'-foo', written also Lien- Tchou, le-5n'-choo, a city of China, in Quang-Tong, 240 miles S.W. of Canton. Lat. 21° 43' N. ; Ion. 109° 40' E. Liancourt, le-ONo^koon', a town of France, in Oise, with a station on the Paris & Brussels Railway, 5 miles S.S.E. of Clermont. Pop. 4005. It has manufactures of shoes, Toung, or Liao-Tong. See Leao-Tong. Liazominskoi, le-^z'o-min-skoi', an island of Russia, government of Archangel, in the White Sea, near the mouth of the Dwina. Length, 13 miles. Libadia, Greece. See Livadia. Libanns, a mountain-range of Syria. See Lebanon. Libau, lee'bow (Lettish, Leapa'ia, le-^-pi'^), a seaport town of Russia, Courland, on the Baltic, N. of Lake Libau, and 105 miles W.S.W. of Mitau. Pop. 10,767. It is en- closed by walls, and has a council-hall, a theatre, a hospital, extensive almshouses, and an orphan asylum. Its harbor is artificial. Its trade is considerable, and a railway con- nects it with the interior of Russia. Lib'by's Corner, a village of Cumberland co.. Me., in Beering township, 1 mile from the Portland & Ogdens- burg Railroad. Li'ber, a post-hamlet of Jay co., Ind., in Wayne town- ship, 2 miles from Portland. It has a church and an' academy. Liberalitas Julia, an ancient name of Evora. Liberia, iT-bee're-a, a republic on the W. coast of Africa, in that part of Upper Guinea called the Grain Coast, extend- ing 600 miles along the coast, with an average breadth in- land of SO miles. It extends from Sherbro River, on the N.W., to Pedro River. Area, 9700 square miles. It was founded as a colony of free blacks in 1820 by the American Colonization Society, with the idea that many of the liber- ated slaves in the United States would prefer returning to Africa. The whole territory of Liberia has been purchased from time to time from its original owners. It is well watered, being traversed by several considerable streams, and its natural resources are immense. Cotton is indige- nous, and yields two crops a year. Coffee is also indigenous, and affords a leading article of export. Sugar-cane grows in luxuriance, and cam-wood in unlimited quantities; red- wood, bar-wood, and other dyes are likewise plentiful ; the oil-palm is abundant ; and indigo, caoutchouc, ginger, arrow- root, cacao, cocoa-nuts^ pine-apples, castor-nuts, yams, plan- LIB 1234 LIB tains, bananas, figs, olives, tamarinds, limes, oranges, lemons, Ac, may be added to the list of vegetable products, many of which are exported to a greater or less extent. Ivory is obtainable J and rich metallic veins also exist. A consid- erable export and import trade is now carried on; and a large number of the inhabitants of the interior depend upon Liberia for their supplies of imported goods. The principal articles of import are tobacco, cotton manufactures, spirits, gunpowder, and tlour. The exports are palm oil, palm soap, coffee, cam-wood, sugar, arrowroot, ivory, &c. The Liberians have built for themselves many churches, and possess schools and a number of printing-presses. The climate, though still fatal to Europeans, has been greatly improved by clearing, drainage, &o. Monrovia, the capi- tal and port of the colony, is situated on Cape Mesurado. The government of the country is precisely on the American model, consisting of a president, a vice-president, a senate, and a house of representatives, the number of members in the former being 6 and in the latter 28. Liberia was de- clared an independent state in July, 1847, and in the fol- lowing year was recognized as such by Great Britain and France. The country has about 700,000 aborigines and 20,000 people of colonial stock. Adj. and inhab. Libe- RIAN, ll-bee're-an. Liberk, a town of Bohemia. See Reichenberg. Llbertad, le-bfia-tii)' {/.e., "liberty"), a department in the N.W. part of Peru, consisting of a long narrow tract, bounded S.W. by the sea. Area, 15,649 square miles. Capita], Trujillo. Pop. 147,541. Lib'erton, a village of Scotland, co, and 3 miles S.S.E. of Edinburgh. Pop. of parish, 3791. Ijib'erty, a northern county of Florida, has an area of about 800 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Ocklockonnee River, and on the W, by the Appalachicola River. The surface is nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is sandy and inferior. It produces a little sugar-cane, maize, Ac. Capital, Bristol. Valuation of real and personal estate, $198,499. Pop. in 1870, 1050, of whom 1048 were Americans. Liberty, a county in the S.E. part of Georgia, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Altamaha River, and is partly drained by the New- port River and Cannouchee River, which touches the N. part of it. The surface is level, and mostly covered with forests. The soil is sandy. An inlet of the ocean penetrates to the eastern extremity of this county. Cotton, rice, In- dian corn, sweet poUitoes, and pork are the staple products. It is intersected by the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad. Capital, Walthourville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $625,702. Pop. in 1870, 7688, of whom 7669 were Americans. Liberty, a county in the S.E. part of Texas, has an area of about 1100 square miles. It is intersected by Trinity River, and is also drained by the East San Jacinto River. The surface is level, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is partly fertile, and produces pasture for great numbers of cattle, which are the chief articles of export. Capital, Liberty. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5.33,983. Pop. in 1870, 4414, of whom 4325 were Americans, It is intersected by the Texas & New Orleans Railroad. Liberty, a post-office of Ouachita co.. Ark. Liberty, a township of San Joaquin co., Cal. P. 1231. Liberty, a post-hamlet of Bear Lake co., Idaho, 40 miles N.B. of Franklin, and 15 miles N. of Bear Lake. It has a church. Gold and silver are found near this place. Liberty, a post-village of Adams co., 111., in Liberty township, about 15 miles E. of Quincy. It has several churches and a flouring-mill. Pop. of the township, 1623. Liberty, a township of Effingham co., 111. Pop.: 504. Liberty, Randolph co., 111. See Rockwood. Liberty, a township of Crawford co., Ind. Pop. 757. Liberty, a township of Delaware co., Ind. Pop. 1639. Liberty, a township of Fulton co., Ind. Pop. 1429. Liberty, a township of Grant co., Ind. Pop. 1989. Liberty, a township of Hendricks co., Ind. Pop. 2478. It contains Belleville. Liberty, a township of Henry co., Ind. Pop. 1884. Liberty, a township of Howard co., Ind. Pop. 1697. Liberty, or Traf ^al§rar', a village of Johnson co., Ind. It is on the Franklin, Fairland & Martinsville Rail- road, 7i miles S.W. of Franklin, and about 28 miles S. of Indianapolis. It has 3 churches. Pop. about 200. The name of its post-office is Trafalgar. Liberty, a hamlet of Lawrence co., Ind., on the East Fork of White River, 3 or 4 miles S.W. of Bedford. Liberty, a township of Parke co., Ind. Pop. 1540. Liberty, a township of Porter co., Ind. Pop. 798. Liberty, a township, of Shelby co., Ind. Pop. 1465. Liberty, a township of St. Joseph co., Ind. Pop. 1394. It contains North Liberty. Liberty, a township of Tipton co,, Ind. Pop. 1746. Liberty, a post-village, capital of Union co., Ind., in Centre township, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Indianap- olis Railroad, 52 miles N.N.W. of Cincinnati, and about 15 miles S. by W. of Richmond, It has a court-house, 4 churches, a newspaper office, 2 banks, a jail which cost $30,000, a fine new school-house which cost $15,000, and a manufactory of farming-implements. Liberty, a township of Union co., Ind. Pop. 763. Liberty, a township of Wabash co., Ind. Pop. 1816. It contains La Fontaine, Liberty, a township of Warren co., Ind. Pop. 1176. Liberty, a township of Wells co., Ind. Pop. 1097. It contains Liberty Centre. Liberty, a township of AVhite co., Ind. Pop. 888. Liberty, a township of Buchanan co., Iowa. Pop, 1217. Liberty, a township of Cherokee co., Iowa. Pop. 175. Liberty, a post-hamlet in Liberty township, Clarke CO., Iowa, on Otter Creek, about 35 miles S. of Des Moines. Pop. of the township, 925. Liberty, a township of Clinton co., Iowa. Pop. 825. Liberty, a township of Dubuque co., Iowa. Pop. 924. Liberty, a township of Jefferson co., Iowa. Pop. 1071. Liberty, a township of Johnson co., Iowa. Pop. 614. Liberty, a township of Keokuk co., Iowa. Pop. 1080. Liberty, a township of Lucas co., Iowa. Pop. 820. Liberty, a township of Marion co., Iowa. Pop. 1574. It contains Marysville. Liberty, a township of Marshall co., Iowa. Pop. 756. Liberty, a township of Mitchell co., Iowa. Pop. 305. Liberty, a township of O'Brien co., Iowa. Pop. 282. Liberty, a township of Ringgold co., Iowa. Pop. 395. Liberty, a township of Scott co., Iowa. Pop. 11)43. Liberty, a township of Warren co., Iowa. Pop. 1031. It contains Liberty Centre. Liberty, a township of Woodbury co., Iowa. Pop. 374. Liberty, a township of Wright co., Iowa. Pop. 304, Liberty, a township of Coffey co., Kansas. Pop. 483. It contains Bangor. Liberty, a township of Cowley co., Kansas. Pop. 293. Liberty, a township of Davis co., Kansas. Pop. 274. Here is Moss Springs Post-Office. Liberty, a township of Dickinson co., Kansas. Pop. 494. Here are the post-ofBces of Lyona and Woodbine. Liberty, a township of Elk co., Kansas. Pop. 585. Here is Indian Creek Post-Office. Liberty, a township of Jackson co., Kansas. P. 515. Liberty, a township of Labette co., Kansas. Pop. 752. It contains Labette. Liberty, a township of Linn co., Kansas. Pop. 660. Here is Goodrich Post-Office. Liberty, a post-village of Montgomery co., Kansas, in Liberty township, on Big Hill Creek, and on the Leaven- worth, Lawrence & Galveston Railroad, 47 miles S. by W. of Humboldt, and about 8 miles S.E. of Independence. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 749. Liberty, a township of Osborne co., Kansas. P. 179. Liberty, a township of Republic co., Kansas. Pop. 365. Liberty, a township of Saline co., Kansas. Pop. 856. Liberty, a township of Woodson co., Kansas. Pop. 642. Here are the post-offices Byron and Coloma. Liberty, a village of Carroll co., Ky. Sec Buamlette. Liberty, a post-village, capital of Casey co., Ky., on Green River, about 66 miles S. of Frankfort. It has a court-house, 3 churches, and a tannery. Pop. about 300. Liberty, a post-village of Waldo co.. Me., in Liberty township, on St. George River, about 26 miles E.N.E. of Augusta. It has water-power and several saw-mills. Pop. of the township, 907. Liberty, Maryland. See Libertytown. Liberty, a post-village of Jackson co., Mich., in Liberty township, 12 miles S. of Jackson. It has a church and a grist-mill. Pop. about 250; of the township, 1027. Liberty, a township of Becker co., Minn. Pop. 368. Liberty, a hamlet of Blue Earth co., Minn., about 24 miles S.S.W. of Mankato. Liberty, a post-office of Scott co., Minn. Liberty, a post-village, capital of Amite co.. Miss., is near the Amite River, about 50 miles S.E. of Natchez. It has 5 churches. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 560. Liberty, a township of Adair co., Mo. Pop. 854. Liberty, a township of Bollinger co., Mo. Pop. 1680. Liberty, a township of Callaway co., Mo. Pop. 1646. LIS LIB Liberty, a township of Gapo Girardeau co., Mo. P. 870. Liberty, a post-town, capital of Clay co., Mo., in Liberty township, on the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, 14 miles N.E. of Kansas City, and 3V miles N. of the Missouri River. It contains a fine court-house, 2 private banks, 2 newspaper offices, a high school, the Clay Seminary for young ladies, 5 churches, and manufactures of flour, ploughs, woollen fab- rics, and wagons. Here is William Jewell College (Baptist), organized in 1848. Pop. 1700; of the township, 4831. Liberty, a township of Cole co., Mo. Pop. 901. Liberty, a township of Crawford co.. Mo. Pop. 1071. Liberty, a township of Daviess co.. Mo. Pop. 781. Liberty, a township of Grundy co.. Mo. Pop. 1036. Liberty, a township of Iron co., Mo. Pop. 479. Liberty, a township of Macon co., Mo. Pop. 1210, ex- clusive of Macon. Liberty, a township of Madison co.. Mo. Pop. 480. Iiiberty, a township of Marion co., Mo. Pop. 3871. It contains Palmyra. Liberty, a township of Phelps co., Mo. Pop. 470. Liberty, a township of Pulaski co.. Mo. Pop. 893. Liberty, a township of Putnam co., Mo. Pop. 1174. Liberty, a township of Schuyler co., Mo. Pop. 1529. It contains Lancaster. Liberty, a township of St. Francois co.. Mo. Pop. 1405. It contains Libertjville. Liberty, a township of Stoddard co., Mo. Pop. 1307. Liberty, a township of Sullivan co., Mo. Pop. 772. Liberty, a township of Washington co., Mo. Pop. 879. Liberty, a post-office of Gage co., Neb., 20 miles S.E. of Beatrice. Liberty, Steuben co., N.Y. See Cohocton. Liberty, a post-village of Sullivan co., N.Y., in Liberty township, on the New York & Oswego Midland Railroad, 107 miles N.N.W. of New York, and about 32 miles N. of Port Jervis. It contains 2 or 3 churches, the Liberty Nor- mal Institute, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 400. The township contains post-hamlets named Parksville and Stevensville, and a pop. of 3343. Liberty, a township of Lincoln co., N.C. Pop. 1170. Liberty, a township of Nash co., N.C. Pop. 2860. Liberty, a township of Randolph co., N.C. Pop. 1009. Liberty, a township of Yadkin co., N.C. Pop. 1588. Liberty, a township of Adams co., 0. Pop. 1377. Liberty, a township of Butler co., 0. Pop. 1443. It contains Bethany. Liberty, a township of Clinton co., 0. Pop. 1184. It contains Port William and Lumberton. Liberty, a township of Crawford co., 0. Pop. 1597. It contains Annapolis. Liberty, a township of Delaware co., 0. Pop. 1395. Liberty, a township of Fairfield co., 0. Pop. 3000. It contains Baltimore and Basil. Liberty, a township of Guernsey co.,0. Pop. 1163. It contains Kimbolton. Liberty, a township of Hancock co., 0. Pop. 1011. Liberty, a township of Hardin co., 0. Pop. 2308. It contains the village of Ada. Liberty, a township of Henry co., 0. Pop. 1766. It contains Liberty Centre. Liberty, a township of Highland co., 0. Pop. 5189. It contains Hillsborough. Liberty, a township of Jackson co., 0. Pop, 1747. Liberty, a township of Knox co., 0. Pop. 959. Liberty, a township of Licking co., 0. Pop. 837. Liberty, a township of Logan co., 0. Pop. 1624. It contains West Liberty. Liberty, a township of Mercer co., 0. Pop. 779. Liberty, a post-village of Montgomery co., 0., about 9 miles W.S.W. of Dayton. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and manufactures of carriages and cigars. Liberty, a township of Putnam co., 0. Pop. 1120. It contains Leipsic. Liberty, a township of Ross co,, 0. Pop. 1460. It contains Londonderry and London Station. Liberty, a township of Seneca co., 0. Pop. 1668. It contains Bettsville. Liberty, a township of Trumbull co., 0. Pop. 2420. It contains Church Hill and Girard. Liberty, a township of Union co., 0. Pop. 1414. Liberty, a township of Van Wert co., 0. Pop. 1174. Liberty, a township of Washington co., 0. Pop. 1632. It contains Dalzell and Germantown. Liberty, a township of Wood co., 0. Pop. 965. Liberty, a township of Adams co., Pa. Pop. 860. Liberty, a township of Bedford co.. Pa. Pop. 806, ex- clusive of the borough of Saxton. Liberty, a township of Centre co.. Pa. Pop. 1062, Liberty, a township of McKean co., Pa., traversed by Alleghany River. Pop. 1093. It contains Portage Creek. Liberty, a township of Mercer co.. Pa. Pop. 634. Liberty, a township of Montour co., Pa. Pop. 1229. Liberty, a township of Susquehanna co., Pa., on the New York line. Pop. 1030. Liberty (sometimes called Block House), a post- village of Tioga CO., Pa., in Liberty township, about 24 miles N. by W. of Williarasport. It has a graded school, several churches, a tannery, and a brewery. Coal is found near this place. Pop. about 500; of the township, 1379. Liberty, a township of Orangeburg co., S.C. Pop. 408. Liberty, a post-office of Pickens co., S.C, and a station on the Atlanta & Richmond Air-Line Railroad, 141 miles N.E. of Atlanta, Ga. Liberty, a post-village of De Kalb co., Tenn., about 50 miles E. by S. of Nashville, It has 2 churches, an acad- emy, a plough-factory, 2 grist-mills, and a drug-store. Pop. about 400. Liberty, a post-vilUige, capital of Liberty co., Tex., on the E. bank of Trinity River, about 22 miles from its en- trance into Galveston Bay, and on the Texas & New Orleans Railroad, 40 miles E. of Houston, and 60 miles N. of Gal- veston. Steamboats can ascend to this place in all seasons. It has a newspaper office and 4 churches. Pop. 458. Liberty, a beautiful post-village, capital of Bedford co., Va., on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 25 miles W. by S. of Lynchburg, and 10 or 12 miles S.E. of the Peaks of Otter. It has a court-house, a savings-bank, 2 newspaper offices, 7 churches, and extensive manufactures of tobacco and cigars. Pop. about 2000. Liberty, a post-office of Putnam co., W. Va. Liberty, a township of Grant co.. Wis. Pop. 882. Liberty, a township of Manitowoc co.. Wis. P. 1420. Liberty, a township of Outagamie co.. Wis. P. 499. Liberty, a post-office of Vernon co., Wis., in Liberty township, on Kickapoo River, about 40 miles S.E. of La Crosse. Pop. of township, 447. Liberty Bluflf, a post-office and station of Marquette CO., Wis,, in Springfield township, on the railroad between Portage and Stevens Point, 31 miles N. of Portage. Liberty Centre, a post-village of Warren co., Iowa, about 30 miles S. by E. of Des Moines. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Liberty Centre, a post-hamlet of Wells co., Ind., 7 miles by rail S.W. of Bluffton. Liberty Centre, a post-village of Henry co., 0., in Liberty township, near the Maumee River, and on the Wabash Railroad, 28 miles W.S.W. of Toledo. It has 3 churches, a union school, and a saw-mill. Pop, about 500. Liberty Corner, a post-hamlet of Somerset co.,N.J., about 12 miles S. by W. of Morristown. It has a church and manufactures of carriages. Liberty Corners, a post-office of Crawford co., 0. Liberty Corners, a post-hamlet of Bradford co., Pa., 5 miles S. of Towanda. It has a church. Liberty Falls, a post-village and station of Sullivan <;o., N.Y., in Liberty township, on the Midland Railroad, 38 miles W. of Middletown. It has a tannery, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Liberty Furnace, a post-hamlet of Shenandoah co., Va., 12 miles W. of Edenburg. It has an iron-furnace. Pop. about 150. Liberty Grove, a post-office of Cecil co., Md., on the Philadelphia & Baltimore Central Railroad, 6 miles N.E. of Port Deposit. Liberty Grove, a post-hamlet of Hill co., Tex. Liberty Grove, a township of Door co., Wis., forms the N. extremity of the Green Bay peninsula. Pop. 672. Liberty Hail, a post-office of Breckenridge co., Ky. Liberty Hall, a post-office of Newberry co., S.C, 14 miles N. of Newberry Court-House. Liberty Hill, a hamlet of Dallas co., Ala., 5 miles from Martin's Station. Liberty Hill, a post-hamlet of New London co.. Conn., about 25 miles E.S.E. of Hartford. Liberty Hill Station is on the Boston & New York Air-Line Railroad, 5 miles S.W. of AVillimantic. Liberty Hill, a small post-village of Pike co., Ga., about 46 miles S. by E, of Atlanta. Liberty Hill, a post-hamlet of Bienville parish, La., 54 miles W.S.W. of Monroe. It has a church. Liberty Hill, a post-office of Iredell co., N.C. Liberty Hill, a post-office of Kershaw co., S.C. Liberty Hill, a post-hamlet of Grainger co., Tenn., 22 miles N. of New Market. It has a church. LIB 1236 LIG liiberty Hill, a post-village of Williamson co., Tex., about 25 miles N.N.E. of Austin. Pop. 47. Liberty Landing, a station in Clay co., Mo., near Lib- erty, on tbe Missouri River, and on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 32 miles above Lexington. Liberty Mills, a post-village of Wabash co., Ind., on Eel River, and on the Eel River Railroad, 15 miles S.W. of Columbia. It has a church, and manufactures of furniture, lumber, tfee. Pop. about 250. Liberty Mills, a post-village of Orange co., Va., on the Rapidan Piiver, 6J miles W. of Orange Court-House. It has a church, and manufactures of flour, brooms, &c. Liberty Peak, Montana, is in Gallatin co., very near Union Pass. Its height is computed to be 91fi2 feet. Liberty Pole, a post-village of Vernon co.. Wis., in Franklin township, 4 or 5 miles S.W. of Viroqua, and 25 miles N.E. of Lansing, Iowa. It has 2 churches. Liberty Prairie, pra'ree, a post-hamlet of Madison CO., 111., 3 miles N. of Edwardsville. It has a church. Liberty Ridge, a post-ofBce of Grant co.. Wis. Liberty Springs, a post-office of Van Buren co., Ark., 30 miles N. of Lewisburg. Liberty Square, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co., Pa., in Drumore township, about 15 miles S. of Lancaster. Liberty Store, a post-office of Guilford co., N.C. Lib'ertytown, or Liberty, a post-village of Freder- ick CO., Md., 37 miles W.N.W. of Baltimore, and 12 miles N.E. of Frederick. It has 5 stores, 4 churches, an academy, a newspaper office, and a tannery. Pop. (estimated) 600. Lib'ertyville, a post-village in Libertyville township, Lake co., 111., on the Des Plaines River, about 36 miles N.N.W. of Chicago. It has a church. Pop. of the town- ship, 1236. Libertyville Station is on the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railroad, 32 miles from Chicago. Libertyville, a post-hamlet of Vigo co., Ind., in Fay- ette township, about 10 miles N. by W. of Terre Haute. Libertyville, a post-village of Jefferson co., Iowa, in Liberty township, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Fairfield. It has 2 churches, a plough-factory, and a graded school. Libertyville, a post-village of St. Franfois co., Mo., about 70 miles S. of St. Louis. It has a church, a high school, and a flour-mill. Libertyville, a small post-village of Sussex co., N.J., 49 miles N.AV. of Paterson. It has a church. Libertyville, a hamlet of Tompkins co., N.Y., S miles N. of Ithaca. Here is South Lansing Post-Ofiice. Libertyville, a post-village of Ulster co., N,Y., on the Wallkill River, 3 miles from Lake Mohunk, and about 16 miles S.W. of Rondout. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Libethen, le-bi't?n (Hun. Liheth-Banya, lee^b^tt'- bin'yoh'), a town of Hungary, co. of Sohl, 14 miles E. of Neusohl. Pop. 1530. It has mines of iron and copper. Libiczium, a town of Hungary. See Leibnitz, Libisosona, a supposed ancient name of Lezuza. LibochoAVitz, le-boK'o-wits, a town of Bohemia, 10 miles S.W. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 1968. Libokovo, le-bo-ko'vo, a town of European Turkey, Albania, 12 miles S.E. of Argyro-Castro. Libourne, lee^boonn' (anc. Condati Liltx, or Lihur'- num ?), a town and river-port of France, in Gironde, capital of an arrondissement, on the Dordogne, at its junction with the Isle, and on the railway from Tours, 20 jniles E.N.E. of Bordeaux. Pop. 12,872. It is enclosed by walls, and has large cavalry barracks, manufactories of woollen stuffs, glass, leather, nails, iron, and cordoge, yards for ship-build- ing, a port admitting vessels of 300 tons at high water, and a considerable traffic with Bordeaux in wines, brandy, salt, and grain. It was founded in 1286 by Edward I., King of England. Li'brary, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co.. Pa., about 13 miles S. of Pittsburg. It has 2 churches and a circulating libr.ary. Libreville, a town of France. See Chableville. Liburnum, a supposed ancient name of Leghorn. Libya, lib'e-a (Gr. Ai^vtj, Libtie), the ancient Greek name of Africa. It was sometimes applied in a restricted sense to the region immediately AV. of Egypt, extending 200 or 300 miles from E. to W., and of an indefinite breadth from N. to S. Adj. and inhab. Libyan, lib'e-an. Lib'yan Des'ert, that part of tho Sahara or Great Desert bounded N. by Tripoli, E. by Egypt and Nubia, S. by Darfoor and Waday, and W. by Fezzan and the country of the Tibboos. Here the continent of Africa shelves down towards the Mediterranean in a series of terraces, consisting of vast level sandy or gravelly deserts, lying E. and W., separated by low, rocky ridges. This desert is probably not less than 1000 miles in length from N. to S., and from 500 to 600 miles in breadth. It contains the oasis of Seewah, with the town of the same name, about lat. 20° 12' N., Ion. 26° 15' E., near which is the village of Gharray. Libyssa, the supposed ancient name of Harakah. Licata, a town of Sicily. See Alicata. Licca, a river of Austria. See Lika. Licenza, le-chSn'z^ (anc. DUjcn'tiat), a village of Italy, 12 miles from Tivoli, on a mountain-stream, cele- brated by Horace. The poet's Sabine villa stood about midway between the road and the river. Pop, 1270. Lich, liK, a town of Central Germany, Hesse, province of Ober-Hessen, on the AVetter, 8 miles S.E, of Giessen, Pop. 2360, mostly Lutherans, Lich'field, sometimes, but rarely, written Litch'field, a city, and county of itself, of England, in the county of Staftbrd, on the Grand Junction Canal, at a railway junction, 17 miles E.S.E. of Stafford, and 110 miles N.N.W. of Lon- don. It stands on a fine plain, and is mostly well built. The cathedral, one of the noblest ecclesiastical edifices in the kingdom, is built in the rich style of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Lichfield has also a large episcopal palace, a deanery, fine parish churches, a grammar-school, a divinity college, an ancient hospital and numerous other charities, a workhouse, a guild hall, jail, theatre, a market- house, 2 branch banks, excellent breweries, and manufac- tories of carpets, paper, beer, coaches, linens, Ac. Lichfield sends two members to the House of Commons. Pop. 7347, Lichtaert, liivHaRt', a village of Belgium, province and 23 miles E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1700. Lichteu, liK'ten, a village of Austrian Silesia, on the Raben, 12 miles from Freudenthal. Pop. 2003. Lichtenau,liK't^h-now\ a town of Germany, in Baden, 26 miles S.W. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1249, Lichtenau, Obeh and Nieder, o'b^r and nee'd^r Uk'- teh-now\ two nearly contiguous villages of Prussia, prov- ince of Silesia, AV,S,AV. of Liegnitz. Pop, 2311, Lichtenau, a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, on the Losse, 12 miles S,E. of Cassel. Pop. 1393. Lichtenau, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 47 miles S, of Minden, on the Sauer, Pop. 1315, Lichtenberg, liK't^n-b^RG^ a former principality of Germany, now in the S. of Rhenish Prussia, between Rhen- ish Bavaria and Birkenfeld, It was ceded to Prussia by the Duke of Saxe-Ooburg-Gotha in 1834. Lichtenberg, liK't^n-benG (Fr. pron. leekHftN^'baiR'), a village of Germany, in Alsace, 14 miles N.N.E. of Zabern. Pop. 1074. Lichtenburg, liK't?n-booRG\ a village of Prussian Saxony, government and 48 miles N.N.E. of Merseburg. Lichtenfels, liK't?n-fSls\ a town of Bavaria, on the Main, and on the Nuremberg &, Neumarkt Railway, 20 miles N.N.E. of Bamberg. Pop. 2309. Lichtensteg, liK't^n-stSo', a town of Switzerland, 16 miles S.W. of St. Gall, on the Thur. Pop. 1039. Lichtenstein, liK'ten-stine\ or Liechtenstein, leeK'ten-stine\ a town of Saxony, 14 miles W.S.AY. of Chemnitz, near a mountain crowned by a castle. Pop. 4725. Lichtenstein, a state of Europe. See Liechtenstein. Lichtenvoorde, liK't^n-vonMeh, a village of the Netherlands, 5 miles S,AV. of Groenlo, Pop, 3626, Lichtervelde, liK'ter-v^Pd?h, a town of Belgium, in West Flanders, 13 miles W.S,W. of Bruges, Pop. 5644, It has manufactures of tobacco, leather, beer, ie. Lichty, llk'te, a station in Berks co,. Pa., is the AY, terminus of the Breinigsville Branch of the Catasauqua k Fogelsville Railroad, 17 miles S.AV, of Catasauqua. Lichwin, a town of Russia, See Likhvin, Lick, Lyk, lik, or Oelk, iilk, a town of East Prussia, 55 miles S, of Gumbinnen, on tho Lake of Lick, Pop. 5912, It has m.anufactures of woollens, leather, and paper. Lick, a township of Jackson co., 0. Pop. 3746. It contains Jackson, the county seat. Lick Creek, Indiana, rises in Orange co., runs west- ward, and enters the East Fork of AA'hite River in the S. part of Martin co. Lick Creek, of Ralls co., Mo., flows N. into Salt River. Lick Creek, Ohio, enters Tifiin River in Defiance co. Lick Creek, Tennessee, runs southwestwiu-d through Greene co., and enters the French Broad River aboui 9 miles S.E. of Morristown. Lick Creek, a post-hamlet of Union co.. III., 12 miles N.E. of Anna. It has 2 churches and a lumber-mill. Lick Creek, a post-ottice of Orange co., Ind., 12 miles S.AV. of Orleans. Lick Creek, a township of Davis co., Iowa. Pop. 1444. Lie 1237 LIE Lick Creek, a township of Van Buren co., Iowa. P. 954. Lick Creek, a hamlet of Carroll co., Ky., i mile from Liberty Railroad Station. It has a church. liick Creek, a post-office of Davidson co., N.C. Lick Creek, a station in Greene co., Tenn., on the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of Rogersville junction. Lick Creek, a post-office of Hickman co., Tenn. Lick Fork, a station in Wood co., W. Va., on the Laurel Fork & Sand Hill Railroad. Lick'iiig, a county in the central part of Ohio, has an area of about 680 square miles. It is drained by the Licking River and its North and South Forks, which unite at Newark, and by Raccoon Creek. Tiie surface is undu- lating or nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wool, wheat, hay, oats, and butter are the staple products. Among its minerals are coal and sandstone. It is intersected by i ail- roads named the Baltimore & Ohio, the Sandusky, Mans- field & Newark, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis. Capital, Newark. Valuation of real and personal estate, 838,437,990. Pop. in 1870, 35,756, of whom 33,322 were Americans. Licking, a township of Crawford co., III. Pop. 1625. Licking, a township of Blackford co., Ind. Pop. 2185. It contains Hartford. Licking, a post-village of Texas co., Mo., 40 miles S. of Rolla, and 1311 miles S.W. of St. Louis. It has 3 churches and a tobacco-factory. Licking, a township of Licking co., 0. Pop. 850. It contains Jackson. Licking, a township of Muskingum co., 0. Pop. 992. Licking, a township of Clarion co., Pa. Pop. 1218. It contains Callensburg. Licking Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in Fulton co., runs S., and enters the Potomac in Washington co., Md Licking Creek, a township of Fulton oo.. Pa. P. 925. Licking River, Kentucky, rises in the E. part of the state, runs northwestward through Magoffin and Morgan COS., and forms the boundary between the cos. of Rowan and Fleming on the right, and Menifee, Bath, and Nicholas on the left. Its direction is constantly northwestward, ex- cept short deviations (2 or 3 miles) to the right and left. It enters the Ohio River opposite Cincinnati, between Cov- ington and Newport. Length, .about 220 miles. Small steamboats can ascend about 45 miles. A small river, called the South Licking, drains parts of Bourbon and Nicholas COS., runs northward through Harrison eo., and enters the Licking at Falmouth. Its North Fork runs westward through Mason co., drains part of Br.acken co., and enters the Licking about 10 miles S.E. of Falmouth. Licking River, Ohio, is formed by the North Fork, the South Fork, and Raccoon Creek, which unite at Newark. The river runs eastward to Muskingum co., and southeast- ward to Zanesville, where it enters the Muskingum River. It is about 80 miles long, including the North Fork, which rises in Knox co. and runs nearly southward. The other branches rise in Licking co. Licking Valley, a post-hamlet of Muskingum co., 0., on the Licking River, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- road, at Pleasant Valley Station, 9 miles N.W. of Zanes- ville. It has a church. Lick'ingville, a post-hamlet of Clarion co.. Pa., 10 miles S.S.E. of Tionesta. It has a church, a lumber- mill, &Q. Lick'ley's Corners, a post-office of Hillsdale co., Mich., about 33 miles S. of Jackson. Lick Log Creek, a post-office of Clay co., N.C. Lick Mountain, a post-office of Conway co.. Ark. Lick Run, Athens co., 0. See Bbettland. Lick Run, a station in Doddridge co., W. Va., on the Middle Island Railroad, 4 miles S. of Smithton. Lick Run Bridge, a post-office of Botetourt co., Va. Lick Run Mills, a post-village of Clearfield co.. Pa., in Goshen township, on the West Branch of the Susque- hanna River, 5 miles below Clearfield. It is a depot for lumber, and has a saw-mill and a church. Licks'ville, a post-hamlet of Frederick co., Md., 1 mile from Tuscarora Station. Licodia, le-ko'de-i, or Santa Maria di Licodia, sin'tS, m^-ree'A dee le-ko'de-4, a town of Italy, province of Catania, 7 miles S.E. of Caltagirone. Pop. 5656. Licosa, Funta di, Italy. See Cape Licosa. Licques, leek, a town of France, in Pas-de-Calais, 15 miles E.N.E. of Boulogne. Pop. 1464. Lida, lee'di, a town of Russia, government and 70 miles E.N.E. of Grodno. Pop. 3715. Li'da, a post-office of Chase co., Kansas. Lida, a post-office of Esmeralda co., Nev., about 200 miles S.E. of Virginia City. Silver is found here. Lid'del, a river of Scotland, rises in a bog in the county of Roxburgh, flows S.W. for about 24 miles (for a part of which it divides Scotland from England), and joins the Esk 3 miles above Longtown, England. See Liddesdale. Lid^dell', a post-hamlet of Montgomery co.. Miss., S^ miles E. of Vaiden. It has a saw-mill and a grist-mill. Liddes, lid'd^s or lidd, a village of Switzerland, canton of Valais, in the valley of Entremont, on the road from Martigny to the Great St. Bernard. Pop. 1222. Lid'desdaie, a valley of Scotland, oo. of Dumfries, on the English border, traversed by the river Liddel. Lidericus, the supposed ancient name of the Loir. Lidi, islands of Italy. See Lido. Lidingoe, lee'din-go^^h, an island of Sweden, in the Channel, a little N.E. of Stockholm. It is a great holiday resort for the inhabitants of that city. Lidkoping, or Lidkj oping, lid'chS^ping, a town of Sweden, Iinn and 30 miles S.W. of Mariestadt, at the mouth of the Lid-an in Lake Wener, Pop. 4300. It has a mar- ket-place, in which, on the 29th of September, one of the most frequented fairs in the kingdom is held. It is a rail- way terminus. Lid'ney, or Lyd'ney, a town of England, co. and 16i miles W.S.W. of Gloucester, at a railway junction, on a bank of the Severn. Pop. 2898. Lido, lee'do (or in the plural Lidi, lee'dee), a chain of sandy islands of Italy, forming a curve between the rivers Brenta and Piave, separating the lagoons of Venice from the Adriatic. They contain several small forts. Of these islands that of Malamocco is generally called the Lido. Lidzborg, a town of Prussia. See Laiitenburg. Liebau, lee'bOw, a town of Moravia, 18 miles N.E. of Prerau. Pop. 4019. Liebau, lee'bow, a town of Prussian Silesia, 34 miles S.S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 4925, mostly weavers. Liebemiihl, lee'bfh-mUr, a town of East Prussia, 72 miles S.S.W. of Konigsberg. Pop. 2254. Liebenau, lee'beh-now\ a town of Bohemia, 19 miles N.E. of Buntzlau. Pop. 2282. Liebenstein, lee'b^n-stine^ or Sauerbrunn, sow'- er-br6on\ a watering-place of Saxe-Meiningen, in a beau- tiful valley, 18 miles W.S.W. of Gotha. It has a very complete bathing-establishment, with a theatre. The water is one of the strongest chalybeates in Germany. Liebenthal, lee'b?n-tS,r, a town of Prussian Silesia, 30 miles S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1852. Liebenthal Hohen, lee'ben-tll^ ho'en, a village of Prussian Silesia, circle of Schonau. Pop. 1027. Liebenwalde, lee'ben- Western Railroad, 20 miles E. of Pekin. It has a church, Lilly, a post-office of McPherson co,, Kansas. Lilly, a post-office of Scioto co., 0. Lilly, a station in Cambria co., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 5 miles S.W. of Cresson. Lilly Chap'el, a post-hamlet of Madison co,, 0,, on the Columbus, Springfield &. Cincinnati Railroad, 16 milea W. by S. of Columbus, It has a church. Lilly Dale, a post-office of Perry co., Ind. Lilly Pond, a post-hamlet of Gordon co., Ga., on the Western & Atlantic Railroad, about 8 miles S. of Calhoun. It has a church and a distillery, Lilly Swamp, a post-office of Hickman co., Tenn. Lilybseum, the ancient name of Marsala. Lima, lee'ma, a river of Central Italy, tributary to the Serchio, LIM 1240 LIM liima^ lee'raA (anc. Lim'ia), a river of Spain and Portu- gal, rises in G-alicia, flows S.W. for about 90 miles, and enters the Atlantic at Viana. It is navigable only for 12 miles. liima^ lee'mi, a city, the capital of Peru, and also of a department and province of its own name, is situated about 7 miles from its port, Callao, on the Pacific. Railways ex- tend to Callao, Chancay, Oroya, Chorillos, and Magdalena. Lat. 12° 3' S.; Ion. 77° 6' W. It stands at the foot of granitic hills, and on both banks of the Kimac, which di- vides the city into two unequal portions, connected by a handsome stone bridge of six arches and 630 feet in length, which forms a favorite afternoon lounge, at which time the mountain-breezes are peculiarly grateful. The larger di- vision of the town, on the S. or left bank of the river, was formerly walled, but is now surrounded by boulevards; the smaller, or suburb of San Lazaro, is on the right bank, and is backed by hills, having only two openings through them for ingress and egress. Lima is nearly 3 miles in length from E. to W., and IJ miles in breadth, having a circum- ference of about 10 miles. The streets are equidistant, in- tersect one another at right angles, and have an average breadth of 3-i feet. They are in general badly paved, and not very clean ; but improvements are going on in the more central parts of the city, where the pavements have been lately restored and footpaths formed of broad flags; those lying E. and W. have each a deep stream of water running down the centre. Its numerous domes and spires give to Lima a magnificent appearance when viewed from a dis- tance. The grand square, or Plaza Mayor, together with the adjoining streets, Mantas, Bodegones, and Mercaderes, is the central point of its life and business. This tine square is a regular quadrangle, each side of which is 510 feet long, having in the centre a magnificent bronze foun- tain with three basins; two sides are occupied by the Por- tales or Piazzas, the most attractive places in Lima for a btranger. On the N. side of the square stand the palace and ofiices of the government, on the E. the archbishop's palace and the cathedral, and on the W. the senate-house and the town hall. The next public square in respect of size is the Square of Independence, in which stand the hall of the Congress, the jaii, and the former palace of the In- quisition. Among the numerous churches and convents, a few only are deserving particular notice ; of these the cathe- dral is the most remarkable. It is richly decorated within. The convent of San Erancisco is the largest monastic estab- lishment in Lima, occupying nearly 7 acres of ground; it is an elegant structure. Besides the cathedral, Lima con- tains many parish churches, and 22 chapels. The monas- teries and convents, at one time very numerous, have to a great extent been suppressed. The university, once the most important, as it was the first established, seat of edu- cation of the kind in the New World, has connected with it a national library of about 20,000 volumes, and the museum, in which are collections of Peruvian antiquities and objects of natural history. There are also a college of advocates, a college of pharmacy, with a botanic garden attached, a col- lege of medicine and anatomy, 4 Latin schools, and about 40 primary schools. There are likewise a number of well-con- ducted hospitals and a penitentiary. The places of public amusement are 3 alamedas or promenades, — the Vieja or Old Alameda, the Alameda de Acho, on the banks of the Rimac, containing the bull-ring, capable of accommodating from 10,000 to 12,000 spectators, and the Portada del Callao,— 2 theatres, an amphitheatre for cock-fights, and an exhibition- palace, with zoological gardens. Lima has manufactories of gold lace and fringes, glass, cotton, chocolate, paper, o. Lineville, a post-village of Venango co., Pa., on the bor- der of Clarion co., 12 miles E.S.E. of Oil City, and 18 miles B. of Franklin. It has 3 churches. Oil is found near it. Ling, a Chinese word, signifying '* mountain-chain," or "range," forming part of the names of many places in China: as, Pe-Ling, "the Northern Range,*' leather, gold lace, cards, tobacco, and carpets. Its transient trade by the Danube is very considerable. Some Roman antiquities have been discuvered here. Lintz, or Linz, a town of Rhenish Prussia, IS miles N.N.W. of Coblentz, on the Rhine. Pop. 3055. Lin'ville, a post-office of Hartford co., Conn. Linville, a township of Mitchell co., N.C. Pop. 347. Linville, a hamlet of Matagorda co., Tex. Pop. 40. Linville, a post-village of Rockingham co., Va., on the Valley Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 32 miles N.N.E. of Staunton, It has 2 churches. Pop. about 200. Linville Cove, a post-office of Mitchell co., N.C. Linville River, North Carolina, rises in the Bluo Ridge, in the N.W. part of Burke co., runs nearly south- ward, and enters the Catawba River about 8 miles W. of Morgantown. The scenery on its hanks is very picturesque, and is diversified with high precipices. Linville's Store, a post-office of Burke co., N.C. Lin'wood, a village of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, 35 miles W. of Paisley. Pup. 1250. LIN LIP Iiin'wood, a post-hamlet of Pike co., Ala., on the Conecuh River, and on the Mobile & Girard Railroad, 73 miles S.Vf. of Columbus, da,. It has a church. liinwood, a post-hamlet of JetFerson co.. Ark., on the Little Rook, Mississippi River A Te.xas Railroad, 13 miles S.E. of Pino I31uff, and li miles S. of the Arkansas River. It has a church and a lumber-mill. liinwood, a post-offlce of Las Animas co.. Col. liinwood, a village of Tippecanoe co., Ind., in Fair- field township, adjacent to the city of Lafayette. It has a church and a manufactory of barrels. Pop. 548, Here are 2 cemeteries, named G-reenbush and Springvale. Linwood, or XiO'ring, a post-village of Leavenworth CO., Kansas, in Sherman township, on the Kansas River, at the mouth of the Stranger, and on the Kansas Pacific Rail- road, 11 miles E. of Lawrence. It has a church and a lumber-mill. JLinwood, a post-oflice and station of Carroll co., Md., on the Western Maryland Railroad, 43 miles N.W. of Bal- timore. Jjiuwood, a post-office of Anoka co., Minn. Linwood, Osage co., Missouri. See Li.\nwood. Ijinwood, a post-hamlet of Butler co.. Neb., about 60 miles W. by N. of Omaha, and 2 miles S. of the Platte. liinwood, a post-hamlet of Davidson co., N.C., on the Richmond & Danville Railroad, 10 miles N.E. of Salisbury. It has a church. LinAVOOd, a post-village of Hamilton eo., 0., in Spen- cer township, on the Little Miami Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches, a manufactory of hames, and iron-works. liinwood, formerly Mar'cus Hook, a post-village of Delaware Co., Pa., in Lower Chichester township, on the Delaware River, and on the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, 18 miles S.W. of Philadelphia. It has a cotton-factory and 2 or 3 churches. Pop. about 500. The name of its post-office is Linwood Station. liinwood, a post-hamlet of Bradley co., Tenn., 4 miles from Chatata Station. It has a church. Linwood, a township of Portage co.. Wis., about 3 miles S.W. of Stevens Point. It is traversed by the Wis- consin River. Pop. 443. Lin'wood, a post-village in Waterloo co., Ontario, 18 miles from Berlin. It contains a saw-mill, a grist-mill, a flax-mill, 4 stores, and 2 hotels. Pop. 200. Linwood Station, Delaware co.. Pa. See Linwood. Linz, a city, capital of Upper Austria. See Lintz. Lione, the Italian name of Lyons. Lionforte, a town of Sicily. See Leonforte. Lions, Gulf of. See Gulf of Lyons. Li'onville, a post-village in Uwchlan township, Chester CO., Pa., 2i miles from Lionville Station, which is on the Pickering Vallev Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Phoeni.xville. The village is 8 miles N.N.W. of West Chester. It has 2 churches. Liorna, a city of Italy. See Leghorn. Lioubachevo, a town of Russia. See Lyoobashevo. Lioubetch, a town of Russia. See Lyoobetch. Lioubim, a town of Russia. See Lyoobim. Lioutsin, a toivn of Russia. See Lyootsin. Lipan, le-p3,n', a post-village of Hood co., Tex., IS miles W.N.W. of Granbury. It has 2 churches. Lipan Indians, a large and warlike tribe in the W. part of Texas and E. part of Mexico. Lipari, lip'a-re or lee'pi-re (anc. Lip'ara), an island in the Mediterranean, about 25 miles N. of Sicily. Lat. 38° 30' N. ; Ion. 14° 55' E. It is the largest and most central island of the Lipari group, being 30 miles in circuit, and produces large quantities of grapes, figs, olives, currants, and wine, and some corn. It is the great magazine for pumice- stone, sent hence to all parts of the world ; and sulphur, nitre, sal-ammoniac, soda, capers, and fish are important articles of export. Pop. 13,235. Lipari, a town of Italy, on the E. coast of the above island, on a steep acclivity, and tolerably well built. The most conspicuous object is the castle, built by Charles V., which crowns a vast volcanic mass overhanging the town, and contains several public edifices within its enclosure, the principal of which is the cathedral. Lipari likewise pos- sesses a college, an episcopal palace, several convents, and a hospital. The bay immediately beneath the town is about 2 miles in circuit, and has good anchorage, but the shelter, from want of a mole, is insecure. A considerable trade, however, is carried on in the difi'erent products of the island. The town has fine remains of antiquity. Lipari is the cap- ital of the whole group, and the see of a bishop. P. 12,020. Lipari Islands (anc. ^Eo'lia or Vulcu'niie In'aulie), a 79 group of volcanic islands in the Mediterranean, named from Lipari, the principal island, between lat. 38° 20' and 38° 55' N. and Ion. 14° 15' and 15° 15' E., from 15 to 30 miles from the N. coast of Sicily, and comprised in the intendeney of Messina. The 7 principal islands are Lipari, Vulcano, Stromboli, Salini, Panaria, Felicudi, and Alieudi. All are mountainous and volcanic, Stromboli and Vulcano having active v(>lcanoes. Climate healthy, and soil highly fertile where duly irrigated by water carefully preserved in cis- terns. Pop. 16,927. Lipan, lee'pow, Lippau, lip'pow, or Lijiow, lee'- pov, a town of Moravia, 12 luiles from Hradisch, on the Wieliczka. Pop. 1080. Lipcse, lip'oh4\ or Lipcsa, lip'chi\ a village of Hungary, co. of Marmaros, on the Nagy-Ag, 31 miles N.W. of Szigeth. Pop. 1535. Lipcse, Nemeth, Hungary. See Nemeth-Lipcse. Lipes, or Lipez, lee'pfe, a town of Bolivia, depart- ment and 162 miles S.AV. of Potosi. Lipetsk, or Lipetzk, le-p5tsk', a town of Russia, government and 84 miles W. of Tambov, on the Voronezh. Pop. 14,213. It has manufactures of woollen cloths, and well-frequented mineral baths. Lipnicza, lip'nit'sflh^ Also, crsho', and Felso, fSr- sho', two villages of North Hungary, co. of Arva, 44 miles N.W. of Kesmark, on the Schwarz. Pop. of Also Lipnicza, 1960; of Felso Lipnicza, 1430. Lipnik, a town of Austria. See Leipnik. Lipnitz, or Gross Lipnitz, groce lip'nits, a town of Bohemia, 24 miles S. of Czaslau. Pop. 1400. Lipno, lip'no, a town of Poland, province and 32 miles N.W. of Plock, on the Niemen. Pop. 5463. Lipovetz, or Lipowez, le-po-vJts' (Polish, Lipowiec, le-po've-§ts), a town of Russia, government and 102 miles S.W. of Kiev. Pop. 6710. Lipow, a town of Austria. See Lipau. Lippa, lip'poh\ a town of Hungary, co. of Temes, on the Maros, 30 miles N.E. of Temesvar. Pop. 7008, mostly employed in agriculture and in cattle-breeding. Lippau, a town of Austria. See LiPAU. Lippe, lip'peh, a river of Germany, rises in the S.W. of the principality of Lippe, 3 miles N.E. of Lippspring, flows mostly W. through Prussian Westphalia and Rhenish Prussia, and joins the Rhine at Wesel. Length, 110 miles. Lippe, or, less correctly, Lippe-Detmold, lip'peh- d^t'molt, a principality of N.W. Germany, the chief part of which is comprised between the Prussian provinces of Hesse-Nassau, AVestphalia, and Hanover, and the princi- pality of Waldeck; but 3 enclaves are within the limits of Westphalia. Capital, Detmold. Area, 438 square miles. Surface hilly, partly covered by the Teutoburger-Wald, where Arminius exterminated the legions of Varus. The Ems and the Lippe have their sources here. Some por- tions are remarkably fertile. Mineral products, salt, lime, iron, and marble. Chief towns, Detmold, Lemgo, and Horn. The government is nominally constitutional, but is prac- tically in the hands of the prince. Pop. 112,452, mostly Protestants. Lippehne, lip-pi'neh, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, 48 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 3563. Lippe-Schaumburg, or Lippe-Schauenburg. See SCHAUMBURG-LlPPE. Lip'pincott, a post-ofiice of Greene co.. Pa. Lippincott, York co., Ontario. See Brockton. Lippincott's, a station in Champaign co., 0., on the Cincinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland Railroad, 12 miles S. of Bellefontaine. Lip'pitt, a village in Warwick township, Kent co., R.I., on the Pawtuxet Va,lley Railroad, 1 mile N. of River Point. It has manufactures of cotton goods. It is adjacent to Phenix and Clyde Works. Pop. 391. Lippspring, lip'spning, a town of Prussia, in West- phalia, 35 miles S.S.W. of Minden, near the source of the Lippe. Pop. 21 63. Lippstadt, lip'stitt, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 23 miles N.N.E. of Arnsberg, on the Lippe. Pop. 8137. It is enclosed by walls, and is regularly and well built. Its inhabitants are mostly employed in manufactures of woollen cloth, linen, starch, leather, and iron-wares. Lipscomb, lips'kum, a county in the N.E. angle of the Panhandle of Texas, having the Indian Territory on the N. and E. Area, 900 square miles. Lipsia, the Latin name of Leipsic. Lipsk, leepsk, a town of Russia, on the Bober, 22 miles W. of Grodno. Pop. 1813. Lipso, lip'so (anc. Zep'Bia), a small island off the coast of Asia JMinor, 6 miles S.E. of Patmos. LIP 1250 LIS Liptau, Hp'tuw, or liip'to, a county of Hungary, form- ing the upper part of the valley of the AVaag, bounded N. by Galicia and the county of Arva. Area, SOS square miles. Capital, Szent Miklos. Pop. 79,273. liiqiientia, the ancient name of Livenza. Lire, lee'rA,', a village of France, in Maine-et-Loire, 12 miles N.W. of Beaupreau. Pop. 419. Lil'ia, lee're-3, (anc. Edeta, or Laurona?), a town of Spain, province and 18 miles N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 8920. It has a handsome modern church, and manufactures of leather, linens, soap, and earthenware. Liris, the ancient name of the Garigliano. Lisadel, li-sa-del', or Ford'AVicIi, a post-village in Huron co., Ontario, on the Maitland River, near Lisadel Station on the Toronto, Grey & Bruce Railway, 7 miles W, of Harriston, It has 4 churches, 2 saw-mills, a grist-mill, a good limestone-quarry, and 5 stores. Pop. 200. Lisaine, lee^zdn', or Lusine, lU*zeen', a stream of Eranco, in Haute-Saone, joins the Savoureuse and Allaine (or Halle) at Montbeliard. It gives name to the battle of January 15, 16, and 17, 1871, between the French and the Germans. Lisbon, liz'b9n (Port, and Sp. Lisboa, liz-bo'S. or lees- bo'S,,- Fr. ii'«6oH»e, lees'bonn' ; It. i/sofcoHa, le-s3,-bo'n4j Ger. Lissahon, lis'sS.-bonj anc. OUs'ipo), a city, capital of the kingdom of Portugal and of the province of Estreraa- dura, on the right bank of the Tagus, near its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean. Lat. of observatory, 3S° 42' 4" N. ; Ion. go g' 2" W. Mean temperature of the year, 61.3°; winter, 52.4°; summer, 70.9°. Climate healthy, but variable; ex- posed to heavy rains and cold winds in winter. It is built on a succession of hills rising from the quays in the form of an amphitheatre, and exhibits a great variety of churches, convents, and houses, which have an imposing effect when viewed from the river. The length of the city in a straight line is about 3^ miles; while the breadth, from S. to N.. or from the Tagus inland, is from 1 to 1^ miles. The whole of this space, however, is not densely covered with build- ings ; considerable portions of it being occupied by gardens, ruins, and the declivities of the hills. The streets in gen- eral, and more especially in the E., which is the oldest por- tion of the city, are steep, narrow, crooked, and ill paved; and the houses, with the exception of a neat and substan- tial building here and there, are old-fashioned and mean. That part of the town, however, which has been rebuilt since the great earthquake in 1755, and which is situated in the valley between Castle-hill, on the E., and the hills of San Francisco and Do Carrao, on the W., consists of sev- eral parallel streets, crossed by others at right angles, and is regular, well built, and clean. Of these, Gold, Silver, and Cloth streets extend about half a mile N. and S., having as their S. extremity the Pra^a do Commercio, a large and handsome square, surrounded on three sides by the naval arsenal, the exchange, custom-house, India house, and other public buildings, and having the Tagus on the S., with an equestrian statue of Joseph I. in bronze in the centre. At the N. extremity of these streets are the Pra^a de Figueira, a square of a remarkably picturesque appearance, used as a public market, and a handsome square, called the Rocio, containing a magnificent national theatre. Other open spaces and squares worthy of notice are the Passeio Pub- lico, or promenade, whichj although small, is elegantly laid out, the Praga das Amorciras, containing a large reservoir for supplying the different fountains of the city with water, and the Praga de Algeria, in which a sort of rag fair is held. The W. quarter, built along the slope of the W. hill, is airy and pleasant, and contains numerous dwellings, occupied by foreigners, with vineyards and gardens well stocked with olive, orange, and other trees. The city contains sev- eral royal palaces. Excepting the castle of St. George, remarkable for the beauty of its situation, the only other noteworthy buildings besides those already adverted to are churches and con- vents. The principal of the former are the cathedral or patriarchal church, on the slope of the Castle-hill; the church do Corapao do Jesus, on the hill of Estrella; the church of the Martyrs, erected on the spot where Alphonso I. mounted the walls of the city and rescued it from the Moors; the handsome church of Santa Engracia; and the church of San Roque. The numerous convents which crown the hills, and appear like palaces and fortresses, are for the most part massive and imposing structures. The palace of Necessidades, in which the meetings of the Cortes are held, has a respectable nppeanince, and the theatre of San Carlos, or Italian opera-house, is a large and handsome edifice. One of the greatest works of the kind either in ancient or in modern times is the aqueduct which conveys near the village of water to the city from springs Bellas, about lOi miles distant. The scientific and literary institutions comprise the royal academy of sciences, college of the nobles, royal marine academy, or school of navigation and ship-building, with its observatory, royal academy of artillery and engineers, royal military college, school of music, national library, in Prafa do Commercio, containing about 150,000 volumes, and that of the Cortes in the Necessidades, of about 30,000 volumes, the royal schools of Vicente de Fora, for instruc- tion in philosophy, geometry, physics, and the ancient lan- guages, normal schools, a lyceum, polytechnic school, medi- cal school, industrial schools, tine-art school, royal school of drawing and civil architecture, and numerous primary or elementary schools. The buildings belonging to some of these institutions are spacious. Lisbon is admirably situated for commerce. The harbor is one of the finest in the world, and the quays, which ex- tend between 2 and 3 miles along the bank of the river, are elegant and commodious. Farther up the river, and form- ing a W, suburb to Lisbon, a short distance beyond the Alcantara, stands the town of Belera, with its well-known tower, one of the defences of the harbor. The commerce of Lisbon is extensive, and has been much facilitated by the construction of railways, which connect it with the chief towns of Portugal and Spain. The exports consist chiefly of wine, oil, fruit, and salt, and the principal im- ports are hemp, flax, corn, silk, linen, cotton, and woollen cloths, iron, steel, hardware, dried fish, ale. porter, and coals. The domestic manufactures are silk, paper, soap, cottons, and woollens. There are also sugar-refineries and potteries. The goldsmiths and jewellers are highly esteemed. The government has also manufactories of artillery, small-arms, and ammunition. Lisbon is the seat of a Catholic patriarch. Lisbon was anciently called OUsipo or Ult/sipo, some say on account of its foundation being ascribed to Ulysses. Felt'citns Julia was its name under the Romans. It was captured by the Moors in 716, and remained in their posses- sion till 1145. In 1755 it was visited by an earthquake, which threw down a considerable portion of the city and destroyed about 60,000 of its inhabitants. Of this calamity traces are still visible. It was taken by the French in 1807, but resisted an attack by Massena in 1809. The popula- tion is very mixed, containing natives from every province of Portugal, negroes, mulattoes, and Gallegos, or natives of Galicia. Pop. (including Belem and Olivaes) in 1864, 208,376; in 1878. 253,496. Lisbon, liz'bon, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ala. Lisbon, a post-village of Union co., Ark., 22 miles S. by E. of Camden. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Lisbon, a hamlet of Placer co., Cal., 14 miles N.E. of Auburn. Lisbon, a township of New London co., Conn. Pop. 502. It contains Newent and Blissville. Lisbon, a hamlet of Lincoln co., Ga., on the Savannah River, 17 miles N.N.E. of AVashington. Lisbon, a post-village of Kendall co., 111., on the W. boundary of Lisbon township, and partly in Big Grove township, 9 miles N. of Morris, and about 24 miles S.S.AV. of Aurora. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of farm- ing-implements, wagons, and harness, and a graded school. Pup. of Lisbon township, 1150. Lisbon, a post-village of Noble co., Ind., on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, 25 miles N. by W. of Fort Wayne. It has about 30 houses. Pop. 142. Lisbon, a post-village in Franklin township, Linn co., Iowa, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 17 miles E. of Cedar Rapids. It has a national bank, a money- order post-office, a newspaper office, and 5 churches. Pop. 561. Lisbon, a post-office of Chautauqua co., Kansas. Lisbon, a post-hamlet of Claiborne parish. La., about 55 miles W.N.W. of Monroe. It has 2 churches. Lisbon, a post-village in Lisbon township, Androscog- gin CO., Me., on the Androscoggin division of the Maine Central Railroad, 7 miles S.E. of Lewiston. and about 32 miles N.N.E. of Portland. It has 2 churches, 2 cotton- mills, a high school, a money-order post-ofhce, and a manu- factory of repellants. The township is bounded on the S. by the Androscoggin River, and contains also a village mimed Lisbon Falls. Total pop. 2014. Lisbon, a post-village of Howard co., Md., about 27 miles W. by N. of Baltimore. It has 2 churches and an academy. Pop. about 150. Lisbon, a post-village of Ottawa co., Mich., in Chester and Sparta townships, about 14 miles N.N.W. of Grand Rapids. It has 2 churches and a union school. Pop. 250. LIS 1251 LIS liisbon, a post-township of Yellow Medicine Co., Minn., 13 miles W.S.W. of Granite Falls. Pop. 243. liisbon, a post-hamlet of Howard co., Mo., on or near the Missouri River, 10 miles below (ilasgow. It has 2 churches. liisbon^ a post-village of Grafton co., N.H., in Lisbon township, on the Mink River, and on the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad, 103 miles N. by W. of Concord. It has a money-order post-office, several churches, a grist-mill, and manufactures of bobbins, carriages, shoe-pegs, bo.\es, and e.\celsior. Pop. about 900; of the township, IS44. liisbon, a post-township of St. Lawrence co., N.Y., is about 6 miles E. of Ogdensburg, and is bounded on the N.W. by the St. Lawrence River. It is intersected by the Ogdensburg & Lake Champlain Railroad, and contains vil- lages named Lisbon Centre and Red Mills. Pop. 4211. Lisbon, a post-hamlet of Sampson co., TS.C, in Lisbon township, on Black River, 20 miles Vf. of Magnolia. It has a church, and manufactures of rosin and turpentine. Pop. 75; of the township, 13S9. Lisbon, a hamlet of Darlington co., S.C., 7 miles W. of Timmonsville. It has a church. Lisbon, a post-office of Dallas co., Tex. Lisbon, a post-hamlet of Bedford co., Va., 2i miles from Buford's Gap Station. Lisbon, a township of Juneau co., Wis. Pop. 514, exclusive of New Lisbon village. Lisbon, a township of Waukesha co., Wis. Pop. 1421. It contains Sussex, Laman's Springs, and Lake Five. Lisbon, a post-village in Perth co., Ontario, 7 miles N.W. of Baden. Pop. 100. Lisbon Centre, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., N.Y., in Lisbon township, on the Ogdensburg & Lake Champlain Railroad, 9 miles E. of Ogdensburg. It has 2 churches, a steam flour-mill, a steam saw-mill, &c. The products of rich dairy-farms are shipped here. Lisbon Falls, a post-village in Lisbon township, An- droscoggin CO., Me., on the Androscoggin River, and on a branch of the Maine Central Railroad, 11 miles S.E. of Lew- iston. It has a woollen-mill, several saw-mills, a tannery, and 2 churches. Lisbonville, liz'bijn-vll, a post-office of Ray co.. Mo. Lis'burn, a borough of Ireland, cos. of Down and An- trim, on the Lagan, 6i miles S.S.W. of Belfast by railway. It has a spacious cathedral church for the diocese of Down and Connor, a court-house, an infirmary, .a hospital, a free school, workhouse, linen-hall, market-house, and assembly- rooms, with thriving manufactures of linen. A canal from Lough Neagh here joins the Lagan, by which goods are con- veyed to Belfast. The borough sends one member to the House of Commons. Pop. 9326. Lisburn, a post-village of Cumberland co.. Pa., on Yellow Breeches Creek, 9 miles S.S.W. of Harrisburg. It has a church, an iron-forge or furnace, and a fiour-mill. Pop. about 400. Lisca-Bianca, lis'ki-be-Jn'ki, an islet of the Medi- terranean, Lipari group, E. of Panaria. Lisca-Nera, lis'ki-ni'rS,, or Tilanavi, te-la-ni'- vee, an islet of the Mediterranean, Lipari group, E. of Panaria. Liscan'or, a village of Ireland, co. of Clare, on the N. side of Liscanor Bay, 5 miles W. of Ennistymon. Lischau, lish'flw, a town of Bohemia, 7 miles E.N.E. of Budweis. Pop. 2360. Lischnicz, lish'nitch, or Lissnitz, liss'nits, avilkage of Bohemia, 20 miles from Koniggratz, on the Wild Adier. Liscia, lee'shi, a town of Italy, 12 miles S.W. of II Vasto. Pop. 1605. Liscomb, lis'kura, a post-village in Liscomb township, Marshall CO., Iowa, on the Iowa River, and on- the Central Railroad of Iowa, at the crossing of the Farmers' Union Railroad, 13 miles N.N.W. of Marshalltown, and 14 miles S. of Eldora. It has a church, a banking-house, a drug-store, and a wagon-shop. Pop. 372 ; of township, additional, 593, Liscomb Harbor, a hamlet of Guysborough co., Nova Scotia, on the sea, 12 miles N.E. of Sherbrooke. Li'sha's Kill, a post-hamlet of Albany co., N.Y., in Watervliet township, 10 miles N.W. of Albany, and 1 mile from the New York Central Railroad. It has 3 churches. Lisianka, le-se-an'ka, a town of Russia, government and 80 miles S.S.E, of Kiev. Pop. 2580. Lisiansky, le-se-S,n'skee, a small low coral island of the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 26° 3' N. ; Ion. 173° 42' W. Lisieux, lee^ze-uh' (anc. Neom'atjusy or Lexo'viiim), a town of France, in Calvados, on the Touques, 34 miles by rail E. of Caen. It is beautifully situated between two gorges forming the entrance into a rich and fertile valley, and is surrounded by villas and gardens. The houses, thoun-h lofty, are of wood, and have generally a decayed, gloomy look ; while the streets are mostly narrow and winding. It has a cathedral, a fine Gothic edifice of the twelfth century, a handsome episcopal palace, and a theatre. The manu- factures are muslin, broadcloth, flannel, linen, hair-cloth, ribbons, and weaving-combs. It has also 10 tanneries, cotton-, paper-, and fulling-mills, bleach-fields, dye-works, and a trade in grain, fruit, cider, hemp, flax, cattle, &c. Lisieux is the seat of courts of first resort and com- merce, a consulting chamber of manufactures, and a com- munal college. It was taken and almost completely de- stroyed in the fourth century by the Saxons, who employed the materials of the old in founding a new town. Four centuries after it was taken and pillaged by the Normans, who afterwards kept possession. It was subsequently taken by Philip Augustus in 1203; by the English in ll'lo : bv Charles VII. of France in 1448; by the Leaguers in 1571'; and lastly, by Henry IV. of France in 15SS. During these events the Bishop of Lisieux took the title of prince and assumed the temporal power. Pop. 18,396. Liskeard, lis-kard', or Leskeard, a borough of England, co. of Cornwall, on the Looe, 10 miles by rail W.N.W. of Plymouth. It is irregularly built on a rocky site, and has a large Gothic church, a town hall, a national school, a branch bank, and a traffic in the produce of tin-, copper-, and lead-mines. It returns one member to the House of Commons. Pop. 4700. Lisko, lis'ko, a town of Austrian Galicia, 8 miles S.E. of Sanok, on the San. Pop. 2730. Lisle, led, a town of France, in Dordogne, on the Dronne, 10 miles N.W. of Perigueux. Pop. 1235. Lisle, a city of France. See Lille. Lisle, lile, a post-village of Du Page co.. 111., in Lisle township, near the East Branch of Du Page River, and on the Chicago, Burlington & Quinoy Railroad, 14 miles E. by N. of Aurora, and 25 miles W.S.W. of Chicago. It has a church and a graded school. Pop. of the township, 1270. Lisle, a post-village of Broome co., N.Y., in Lisle town- ship, in a beautiful valley, on the Tioghnioga River, and on the Syracuse, Binghamton & New York Railroad, 23 miles N. of Binghamton. It has an academy, 2 churches, a news- paper office, and manufactures of furniture, lumber, rifles, anil shot-guns. Pop. about 450 ; of the township, 2445. L'Isle-en-Dodon, leel-fiNo-doVldN"', a town of France, in Haute-Garonne, on a small island of the Save, 20 miles N.N.E. of Saint-Gaudens. Pop. 1922. L'lslet, leeMi', a county of Quebec, extending from the St. Lawrence on the N.W. to the state of Maine on the S.E. Area, 795 square miles. Capital, St. Jean Port Joli. Pop. 13,517. L'Islet, a post-village in L'Islet co., Quebec, on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, and on the Grand Trunk Rail- way, 63 miles below Quebec. It contains a church, 7 stoi-es, ami a ship-yard, and has a large lumber-trade. Pop. 1000. L'Islet Forges, a village in Chiimplain co., Quebec, on the river St. Maurice, 12 miles N.W. of Three Rivers. It contains a saw-mill and a foundry, where stoves are man- ufactured from iron ore found in an adjacent bog. Pop. 150. Lismore, liz-mor', an island off the W. coast of Scot- land, CO. of Argyle, at the entrance of Loch Linnhe, 7 miles N.N.W. of Oban. Are.a, about 8000 acres. Pop. 720. It has remains of a castle and of a cathedral, the chancel of which latter is now the parish church, Lismore, a town of Ireland, cos. of Waterford and Cork, 111 miles S.S.W. of Dublin. It possesses one of the finest baronial castles in Ireland; a cathedral, with elegant interior ; a grammar- and other schools, ahnshouses, a work- house, hospitals, and court-house. There is but little trade beyond that of a salmon-fishery, though a canal has been carried thence to the Blackwater. Pop. 1946. Lis'more, a post-office of Concordia parish. La. Lis'niore, a hamlet in Pictou co.. Nova Scotia, on Northumberland Strait, 24 miles from New Glasgow. Lisnaskea, lis"nas-kA', a town of Ireland, co. of Fer- mamagh, 10 miles by rail S.E. of Enniskillen. Pop. 857, Lisonzo, a river of Austria. See Isonzo. Lispitz, lis'pits, or Bliskowice, blis-ko-wect'si, a town of Moravia, 16 miles N,W. of Znaym. Pop, 1200, Lissa, lis'si (Slavic, Vis; L, Is'ea), an island of Dal- matia, in the Adriatic, 33 miles S.W. of Spalato. Chief products, wine, oil, almonds, and anchovies. The princi- pal town, Lissa or San Giorgio, has a good harbor. It is built in the form of an amphitheatre. Pop. 2820. Lissa, lis'si (Polish, Le«zno, l«sh'no), a town of Prus- sia, province and 42 miles by rail S.S.W. of Posen. Pop. 11,069. It is mostly built of wood, and has a castle, a bell- LIS 1252 foundry, manufactures of woollen cloths, leather, linen, and tobacco, and a trade in wine and rabbit-skins. liissaboii, the German name of Lisbon. liisse^ lis'seh, a village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 16 miles S.W. of Amsterdam. Pop. 1994. Lisseweghe, leesVaig', a village of Belgium, in "West Flanders, 6 miles N. of Bruges. Pop. 1200. liissitz, lis'sits, a town of Moravia, IS miles N.N.W. of Brunn. Pop. 1370. Ijissnitz, a village of Bohemia. See Lischnicz. liissone, lis-so'ni, a village of Italy, in Lombardy, N.W. of Monza. Pop. 4598. liissuS) the ancient name of Alessio. Lisbon, a township of Woodbury co., Iowa. Pop. 142. liis'tonburgy a post-office of Somerset co., Pa. Jjistow'el, a town of Ireland, co. of Kerry, on the Feale, 10^ miles N.N.E. of Tralee. Pop. 2199. liistow'ell, a village in Perth co., Ontario, on the East Branch of the Maitland River, and on the Wellington, Grey per Glogau, a town of Prussian Silesia, 23 miles S. of Oppeln, on the Hotzen- plotz. Pop. 3760. Little Grant, a post-township of Grant co.. Wis., about 28 miles N.N.W. of Dubuque, Iowa. Pop, 708. Little Green Lake, in Marquette co.. Wis., lies about 4 miles S. of Green Lake. It is IJ miles long and 1 mile wide. Its waters are deep and pure, and the scenery around is picturesque. On the N. side for more than a mile the shore is composed of white sandstone, rising in some places like a wall 70 or 80 feet in height. Little Gun'powder, post-office, Baltimore co., Md. Little Guyandotte, ghran-dott', a river in West Virginia, falls into the Ohio after forming part of the boundary between Mason and Cabell cos. Littleha]np'tou,a maritime town and watering-place of England, co. of Sussex, 2 miles by rail S. of Arundel. Rope-making and ship-building are carried on, and there is an iron-foundry. The harbor, formed by the Arun, is de- fended by a fort. Pop. 3272. Little Har'bor, a post-hamlet in Pictou oo.. Nova Scotia, on Northumberland Strait, S miles from New Glas- gow. There are freestone- and millstone-quarries in the vicinity. Pop. 200. Little Harbor, a hamlet in Shelburne co.. Nova Scotia, on the sea-coast, 27 miles from Shelburne. P. 150. Little Harbor, a post-village in Kings co., Prince Edward Island, 35 miles from Georgetown. Pop. 200. Little Hick'inan, a post-office of Jessamine co., Ky. LittI e Hockhock'ing (or Hock'ing), a post-hamlet of Washington co., 0., on the Ohio River, and on the Mari- etta & Cincinnati Railroad, 7 miles W. of Belpre. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Little Horn River rises in the Big Horn Mountains in the N. part of AVyoming, runs northward, and enters the Big Horn in Montana, 40 miles from its mouth. Little Horse Creek, a post-office of Laramie co., Wyoming. Little Hum'boldt River, a stream of Humboldt co., Nev., flows W. and then S., in a district called Paradise Valley, and joins Humboldt River above Winnemucca. Little Indian, in'de-an, a post-office and station of Cass CO., 111., on the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville Railroad, 11 miles N. of Jacksonville. Little Island, an island of Ireland, co, of Cork, in the harbor, 4 miles E. of the city. Little Java, Malay Archipelago. See Bali. Little Judique, zhUMeek', a post-village in Inverness CO., Cape Breton Island, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 8 miles S. of Port Hood. Pop. 300. Little Juniata, Pennsylvania. See Juniata. Little Kanawha (ka-naw'wa) River, West Vir- ginia, drains part of Braxton co., runs westward through Calhoun co. and northwestward through Wirt and Wood COS., and enters the Ohio River at Parkersburg, after a course of about 150 miles. It traverses a fertile country, in wh.eh bituminous coal abounds. Little Lake, a village of Mendocino co., Cal., in Little Lake township, 60 miles N.N.W. of Cloverdale. It has a saw-mill and a flour-mill. Pop. of the township, 946. Here is Willits Post-Office. Little Lake, in the S.E. part of Louisiana, between the parishes of Jeflerson and La Fourohe, is connected by short outlets with Barataria Bay, Length, about 7 miles. LIT 1255 LIT Xiittle Lake, a station in Marquette co.^ Micb., on the Chicago & Northwestern Kailroad, 41 miles N. of Escanaba. Here are extensive lumber-, shingle-, and lath-works. Xiittle Lake^ a post-office of Monroe co., Mich. liittle Lake, a post-office of Adams co., ^yis. Little Lakes, a hamlet of Herkimer co., N.Y., in Warren township, 3 miles from Richfield Springs. It has a church. Here is AVarren Post-Office. Little Lorain, lo-ran', or Lovaii, a post-hamlet in Cape Breton eo., Nova Scotia, on the sea-coast, 31 miles S.E.of Sydney. Pop. 100. Little Lot, a post-office of Hickman co., Tenn. Lit'tle Loy'alsock Creek, an affluent of Loyalsock Creek, in Sullivan co., Pa. Little Mack^iuaw, a township of Tazewell co., 111. Pop, 1266. It contains Minier. ..Little Ma^haiioy', a township of Northumberland CO., Pa. Pop. 269. Little 3iaho'iiin^ Creek drains the N, part of In- diana CO., Pa., runs westward, and enters Mahoning Creek. Little Marsh, a post-hamlet of Tioga co., Pa,, about 28 miles S.W. of Corning, N.Y. Little Meadows, med'oz, a post-village of Susque- hanna CO., Pa., about 45 miles N.N.W. of Seranton. P. 133. Little Jli'am'i River, Ohio, rises in Clark co., runs southwestward, and intersects the cos. of Greene and War- ren. Its general direction is S.S.W, It forms part of the boundary between the cos. of Clermont and Hamilton, and enters the Ohio lliver about 8 miles above Cincinnati. It is nearly 140 miles long. Little Miquelon. See Langley Island. Little Missouri (mis-soo're) River, Arkansas, runs southeastward through Pike co., forms the boundary be- tween Clarke and Nevada cos., and enters the Ouachita River about 16 miles N. of Camden. Length, 150 miles. Little Missouri River, an affluent of the Missouri, rises in the N.E. part of Wyoming, and runs nearly north- ward through Big Horn co., Montana, from which it passes into Dakota. It finally runs northeastward, and enters the Missouri lliver near iat. 47° 40' N. Its length is estimated at 450 miles. Its mouth is 1830 feet above the level of the sea. Little Moon, a post-office of Laramie co., Wyoming. Little Mount, a post-hamlet of Spencer co., Ky., 12 miles S. of Shelbyville. It has a church and a plough- factory. Lit'tle Moun'tain, Pennsylvania, in the S.E. part of Columbia co.. S. of and parallel to Catawissa Mountain. Little Mud'dy, a post-office of Howard co., Dakota. Little Muddy Creek, Illinois, drains part of Jeifer- son CO., runs southward, forms the boundary between Franklin and Perry cos., and enters the Big Muddy about 6 miles N.E. of Carbondale. Lit'tle Mun'cy Creek, of Lycoming co.. Pa., flows into Muncy Creek a few miles above Pennsborough. Little Muskingum (mus-king'gum) River, Ohio, rises in Monroe co., runs southwestward in Washington co., and enters the Ohio River about 5 miles above Marietta. Little Nar'roAVS, a post-hamlet in Victoria co.. Nova Scotia, on St. Patrick's Channel, on Cape Breton Island, 10 miles N.E. of Whycocomah. Pop. 150. Little Neck, a post- village of Queens co., N.Y., in Flushing township, on the Flushing & North Side Rail- road, 5 miles B. by N. of Flushing. It has 2 churches, 2 stores, and 2 carriage-shops. Little Nemaha (nem'a-haw) River, Nebraska, rises near the E. border of Lancaster co., runs southeastward through the cos. of Otoe and Nemaha, and enters the Mis- souri River 7 miles S. of Brownville. Length, 90 miles. Little Niangua, ni^an'gwa, a post-office of Camden CO., Mo., on the Little Niangua River. Little Niangua River, Missouri, rises in Dallas co., runs northward and eastward, and enters the Niangua River in Camden eo., about 5 miles from its mouth. Little Oak, a post-hamlet of Pike co., Ala., 7^ miles S.W. of Troy, It has a church, an academy, and a plough- factory. Little Obion (o'be-on) River, Kentucky, rises in Graves co., runs northwestward and then southwestward through Hickman co., and enters the Mississippi River in Fulton CO., about 5 miles above Hickman. Little Ocmulgee (ok-miirghee) River, G-eorgia, runs S.E. through Dodge co., forms the N.E. boundary of Telfair co., and enters the Ocmulgee at Lumber City. Little O'ley, a post-hamlet of Berks co.. Pa., in Douglas township, nearly 1 mile from Colebrookdale Station, and 7 miles N. of Pottstown, It has several mills. Little O^sage', a post-village of Vernon co.. Mo., on the Little Osage River, 11 miles N. of Nevada. It has 2 churches. Little Osage River rises in Kansas, and runs east- ward through Bourbon co. of that state, from which it passes into Vernon co., Mo. It enters the Osage River 14 miles N. by E. from Nevada. Length, 90 miles. Little Ot'ter, a post-office of Braxton co., W. Va. Little Pabos, pa'bocc', a hamlet of Quebec, Canada, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, i miles E. of Grand Pabos. Little Paternosters. See Balabalagan. Little Pigeon (pij'un) Creek, Indiana, runs south- westward, forms nearly the entire boundary between the COS. of Spencer and Warrick, and enters the Ohio River in the latter county. Little Pine Creek, a post-office of Madison co., N.C. Little Piney, a hamlet of Phelps co., Mo., Ih miles from Jerome Railroad Station. It has a church. Little Pi'ney Creek, of Pulaski co., Mo., enters the Gasconade from the right. Little Placentia, pla-s^n'she-a, a post-town on an arm of Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, 5 miles N. of Pla- centia. Its people are engaged in farming and fishing. Littl e Plym outh, plim' uth, a post-hamlet of King and Queen co., Va., 7 miles N. of West Point. It has a church. Little Point, a post-office of Morgan co., Ind. Little Poolo Laut Islands. See Laurot. Little Port, a post-hamlet of Clayton co., Iowa, on the Volga River, 7 miles S. of El Kader, and on the Turkey River Branch of the Chicago, Clinton & Dubuque Railroad, 15 miles W. of Turkey River Junction. Lit'tleport Fen, England, co. of Cambridge, com- prises about 28,000 acres, aud is drained by steam-engines. Little Pow'der River rises in Albany co., Wyoming, runs northward, and enters tlie Powder River in Big Horn CO., Montana. Little Prairie, pra'ree, a post-office of Bartow co., Ga. Little Prairie, a township of Pemiscot co.. Mo. P. 492. Little Prairie, a post-hamlet of Walworth co., Wis., in Troy township, 4 miles S.W, of Eagle Station, and about 36 miles W.S.W. of Milwaukee. Little Prairie Ronde, a post-hamlet of Cass co., Mich., 7 miles S.E. of Decatur, It has a flour-mill, a saw- mill, a nursery, and a tannery. Little Rac^coon' Creek, Indiana, runs southwest- ward in Parke co., and enters Raccoon Creek about 10 miles S. of llockville. Little Raisin (ra'z'n) River, a stream of Michigan, flows into the Raisin River near Dundee, in Monroe co. Little Rap'ids, a post-office of Brown co., Wis. Little Red, a post-office of White co.. Ark. Little Red River, Arkansas, is formed by two branches, which unite in Van Buren co. It runs south- eastward through AVhite co., and enters the White River on ,the boundary between White and Woodruff cos. The main stream is nearly 120 miles long. Little Rest, a post-hamlet of Dutchess co., N.T., about 15 miles E.N.E. of Poughkeepsie, It has a church and a flour-mill. Little Rhoe, an islet of the Shetlands, near Rhoe. Little Rideau, re^do', a post-village in Prescott co., Ontario, on the Long Sault Rapids, Ottawa River, 5 miles below Hawkesbury. Pop. 200. Little River, Alabama, runs southwestward in Cher- okee CO., and enters Coosa lliver 5 miles N.E. of Centre. Little River, Alabama, flows into Alabama River at the S.W, extremity of Monroe co. Little River, Arkansas, drains part of the Indian Territory, runs southeastward into Arkansas, forms the boundary between the cos. of Little lliver and Sevier, and enters the Red River about 4 miles above Fulton Station. Little River, Georgia, runs eastward and northeast- ward, drains parts of Lincoln and Wilkes cos., and enters the Savannah River at the N. extremity of Columbia co. Little River, Lowndes co., Ga., a small stream which flows into the Withlacoochee at Troupville. Little River, Georgia, an afliuent of the Oconee, rises in Morgan co., and, flowing S.E., enters the latter river about 10 miles N. of Milledgeville. Little River, Indiana, rises in Allen co., runs S.W., and enters the Wabash River 2 miles S.W. of Huntington. Little River, Kentucky, rises in Christian co., runs nearly westward in Trigg co., and enters the Cumberland River about 10 miles W. of Cadiz. Little River, Louisiana, is formed by the Dugdemona River and Bayou Castor, which unite on the E. border of Winn parish. It runs southeastward into Catahoula Lake, LfT 1'2S6' LIT from which it reissues, and, after it has traversed Catahoula parish, enters the Ouachita Kiver. Little River, a small stream of Essex co., Mass., joins the Merrimac at Haverhill. Little River, North Carolina, rises in Moore co., runs eastward through Cumberland co., and enters the Cape Fear River on the S. border of Harnett co. Little River, North Carolina, an affluent of Yadkin River, rises in Randolph co., and enters that river near the N.W. extremity of Richmond co. Little River, North Carolina, rises in "Wake co., runs southeastward through Johnston co., and enters the Neuse River in Wayne co., 2 or 3 miles W. of Goldsborough. It is about 80 miles long. Little River, South Carolina, runs southward through Abbeville eo., and enters the Savannah River at the S. extremity of that county. Little River, South Carolina, rises in Chester co., and flows S. through Fairfield into Broad River. Little River, South Carolina, rises in Laurens co., and flows S.B. through Newberry co. into Saluda River. Little River, East Tennessee, rises at the base of the Smoky Mountain, in Blount co., and, flowing through that county in a W.N.W. direction, enters the Holston River about 12 miles S.W. of Knoxville. Little River, Texas, is formed by the Leon River and Lampasas Creek, which unite in Bell co. It runs eastward through Milam co., and enters the Brazos River about 8 miles S.W. of Hearne. Little River, in the N.E. part of Virginia, is a small affluent of Goose Creek, in Loudoun co. Little River, a southwestern county of Arkansas, bor- ders on Texas. Area, about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by Red River, and on the N.E. by Little River, which enters Red River at the E. extremity of the county. The surface is extensively covered with forests. The soil is fer- tile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Rocky Comfort. This county was formed in 1867 of parts of Hempstead and Sevier cos. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,289,241. Pop. in 1870, 3236, of whom 3216 were Americans; Little River, a post-office of Cherokee co., Ala., on Little River. Little River, a post-office of Little River co., Ark. Little River, a post-village of Mendocino co., Cal., on the Pacific Ocean, 70 miles N.W. of Cloverdale. It has a lumber-mill and a ship-yard. Pop. 158. Little River, a post-office of Middlesex co., Conn. Little River, a post-office of Decatur co., Iowa, 7 miles S. of Leon. Little River, a township of Reno co., Kansas. P. 195. Little River, a post-office of New Madrid co., Mo., on the Little River Valley & Arkansas Railroad, 7 miles S.W. of New Madrid. Little River, a township of Pemiscot co., Mo. P. 128. Little River, post-township, Alexander co., N.C. P. 635. Little River, a township of Caldwell co., N.C. P. 888. Little River, a township, Montgomery CO., N.C. P. 415. Little River, a township of Orange co., N.C. P. 1553. Little River,township, Transylvania CO., N.C. P. 403. Little River, a township of Wake co., N.C. Pop, 1315. Little River, a township of Lawrence CO., Pa. P. 1072. Little River, a post-hamlet of Horry co., S.C, is 2 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, and 40 miles S. of Whites- ville, N.C. It has a church and 2 stores. Pop. of Little River township, 951. Little River, a post-office of Floyd co., Va. Little River, or Saint Frain^ois Xavier, s^n" fr6No*swi' zi-ve-i', a village in Charlevoix co., Quebec, 30 miles N. of St. Thomas East. It contains a church and a grist-mil!. Pop. 175. Little River Acad'emy, a post-hamlet of Cumber- land CO., N.C, on Little River, IS miles N. of Fayetteville. It has an academy, 3 churches, and a grist-mill. Little River Har'bor, Maine, E. of Machias Bay. Lat. 44° 33' N. ; Ion. 67° 6' W. Little Rocher, ro^shair', a post-hamlet in Albert co., New Brunswick, on the Bay of Fundy, 12 miles S. of Hope- well Cape. Pop. 250. Little Rock, a city, the capital of Arkansas and of Pulaski CO., Is situated on the right or southern bank of the Arkansas River, about 280 miles from its mouth. Lat. 34° 42' N. ; Ion. 92° 16' W. By railroad it is 134 miles W. by S. of Memphis, and 345 miles S.S.W. of St. Louis. It is on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, and is a terminus of the Memphis & Little Rock Railroad, which here connects with the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad. The Arkansas Central Railroad, when finished, will connect this place with Helena. Little Rock is the most populous city in the state, and is pleasantly situated on a high bank or rocky bluff" which commands an exten- sive view and is the first high land that touches the river above its mouth. Large steamboats can ascend the river to this place during 8 months in each year, and small steam- boats can navigate it from Little Rock to Fort Smith, 300 miles. This city is the seat of St. John's College (masonic, which was organized in 1857 and is subject to military dis- cipline), and contains the state-house, the state library, 2 high schools, a female college, a Catholic academy, the state penitentiary, the Arkansas Institution for the Education of the Blind, an institute for deaf-mutes, founded by the state, a national bank, 2 private banks, and 14 churches. Three daily and 2 or 3 weekly newspapers are published here j also a religious paper. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop. Pop. in 1860, 3727 ; in 1870, 12,380 ; present pop. about 25,000. Little Rock, a post-village in Little Rock township, Kendall co., 111., a.bout 14 miles W.S.W. of Aurora. It has a church and 2 cheese-factories. Fox River touches the S.E. part of the township, which is traversed by the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and contains another village, named Piano. Pop. of the township, 1843. Little Rock, post-township. Nobles co., Minn. P. 203. Little Rock, a post-office of Saline co.. Mo. Little Rock, a post-village of Marion co., S.C, 22 miles N. of Marion. It has a church and an academy. Little Rock Creek, a post-township of Mitchell co., N.C. Pop. 397. Little Rock Mills, a post-hamlet of Hickman co.. Tenn., about 18 miles S.W. of AVhite Bluff" Station. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a woollen-mill. Little Russia, that part of Russia lying S. of Great Russia. It comprises the governments of Kharkov, Kiev, Poltava, and Chernigov. Area, 80,226 square miles. The Little Russian language (also called Malo-Russian) is sub- stantially identical with that of the Russniaks or Ruthe- nians of Poland and Austro-Hungary. Pop. 7,635,361. Little's, lit'tl'z, a station on the Boston, Lowell & Nashua Railroad, 5 miles S. of Nashua, N.H. Little Sac River rises in G-reene co., Missouri, runs northwestward through Polk co., and enters the Sac River in Cedar eo. Little Saint Joseph's River, of Michigan, rises in Hillsdale co., Mich., and, passing into Ohio, enters the St. Joseph's River of the Maumee. Little Saint Lawrence, a fishing settlement, with a fine harbor, on the W. side of Plaecntia Bay, Newfound- land, 13 miles S.W. of Burin. Little Saline Creek, Missouri. See Saline Creek, Little Salt Creek, of Indiana, enters Salt Creek in, the S.E. part of Monroe co. Little Sands, a post-village in Queens co., Prince Ed- ward Island, 35 miles from Charlottetown. Pop. 150. Little San'dusky, a post-village in'Pitt township, Wyandot co., 0., on the Sandusky River, 2 miles from Fowler Railroad Station, and about 28 miles S. of Tiffin. It has 2 churches. Little San'dy, a post-office of Elliott co., Ky. Little Sandy Creek, a small stream of Oswego co., N.Y., falls into the E. end of Lake Ontario. Little Satil'la (or Santilla) River, Georgia, rises in Appling co., runs southeastward, and enters the Satilla River in Wayne co. Little Sauk, sawk,a post-hamlet in Little Sauk town- ship, Todd CO., Minn., on Sauk River, 10 miles N. of Sauk Centre. Pop. 327. Little Schuylkill (skool'kil) River, Pennsylvania, rises in Schuylkill co., runs southward, and enters the Schuylkill River at Port Clinton. Little Scioto (si-o'to) River, Ohio, rises in Jackson CO., runs southward in Scioto co., and enters the Ohio River about 8 miles above Portsmouth. Little's Corners, a hamlet in Hayfield township, Crawford co.. Pa., 4 miles W. of Saegerstown. It has a church. Little SeI'dom Come-By, a fishing hamlet on the S. side of Fogo Island, Newfoundland, 7 miles from Togo. Little Sen'eca,a station on the Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 12 miles N.W. of Rock- ville. Md. Little Sew'el Mountain, a post-office of Greenbrier CO., W. Va. Little Shemogue, she-mog', a post-hamlct in West- moreland CO., New Brunswick, on the Little Shemogue River, LIT 1257 LIT 9 miles N. of Baie Verte. It has 2 churches, a store, 5 saw- mills, and 2 grist-mills. Pop. 400. Little Sioux, soo, a post-village of Harrison co., Iowa,, on the Missouri River, at the mouth of the Little Sioux, about 44 miles N. by W. of Council Bluffs. It is in Little Sioux township, and 14 miles from the Sioux City & Pacific Railroad (River Sioux Station). It has a church, a flour- mill, and 3 stores. Pop. about 300 ; of the township, 780. Little Sioux, township, Woodbury co., Iowa. Pop. 57fi. Little Sioux River, Iowa, rises very near the N, border of the state, and drains parts of Osceola and Clay cos. It runs southwestward through the cos. of Cherokee and Woodbury, and southward through Monona co., and enters the Missouri River about 16 miles S. of Onawa City. It is nearly 300 miles long. Its AA'^est Fork drains part of Plymouth co., runs southward through Woodbury co., and enters the main stream about 5 miles E. of Onawa City. Little's Mills, a post-village of Richmond co., N.C., about 65 miles E. by S. of Charlotte. It has 3 churches and a high school. Little's Mills, a post-office of Tyler co., W. Va. Little So'dus Bay, an inlet extending from the S. shore of Lake Ontario about 3J miles into Cayuga co., N.Y. It receives Little Sodus River. Little Springs, a post-office of Franklin co.. Miss. LittlestOAVn, lit'telz-town, a post-borough of Adams CO., Pa,, in the Conewago Valley, on a raih-oad connecting it with Hanover and with Frederick, Md., 10 miles S.E. of Gettysburg, and about 7 miles S.W. of Hanover. It has a newspaper office, a savings-bank, 6 churches, 6 cigar-fac- tories, 5 coach-factories, and a machine-shop. Pop. 847. Little Stur'geon, a small post-hamlet of Door co.. Wis., on Green Bay, about 15 miles E. by S. of Oconto. Little Suamico, swam'?-ko, a post-village and town- ship of Oconto CO., Wis., on the Little Suamico River, at its entrance into Green Bay, and on the Chicago & North- western Railroad, 14 miles N. of the city of Green Bay. It has extensive manufactures of lumber. Pop. 912. Little Sugar Loaf, a post-office of Bladen co., N.C., on the Cape Fear River. Littlesville, lit'telz-vil, a post-hamlet of Winston co., Ala., 25 miles N.W. of Houston. It has 2 stores. Little TaPlapoo'sa River rises in Carroll co., Ga., runs southwestward in Randolph co., Ala., and enters the Tallapoosa River about 6 miles W. of Wedowce. Little Tau'cook, an island in Chester Basin, Lunen- burg CO., Nova Scotia. Little Tenhiessee' River rises near the N. border of Georgia, and runs northward through Macon co., N.C. Turning westward, it passes into East Tennessee, forms the boundary between Blount and Monroe cos., and enters the Holston River about 7 miles above Loudon, Tenn. It is about 150 miles long. Little Tex'as, a post-office of Morrison co., Minn. Little Thibet, a state of Asia. See Bultt. Lit'tle To'by's Creek, of Elk co., Pa., is an affluent of Clarion River, Littleton, lit'tel-ton, a post-village of Arapahoe co., Col., on the South Platte River, and on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, H miles S. of Denver. It has 2 churches and a fiouring-mill. Littleton, a post-village of Schuyler co.. 111., in Lit- tleton township, 9 miles N. by W. of Rushville, and about 50 miles E.N.E. of Quincy. It has 2 churches, and manu- factures of brooms and pumps. Pop. of the township, 1140. Littleton, a post-office of Sumner co., Kansas, on the Arkansas River, 20 miles S. by E. of Wichita. Littleton, a post-township of Aroostook co., Me. Pop. 700. Littleton Post-Office is 6 miles N. of Houlton. Littleton, a post-village and to^vnship of Middlesex CO., Mass., on the Fitchburg Railroad, and on the Nashua, Acton & Boston Railroad, 31 miles AV.N.W. of Boston. It contains 3 churches. Pop. 950. Littleton, a post- village in Littleton township, Grafton CO., N.H., on the Mink or Lower Ammonoosuc River, and on the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad, 113 miles N. of Concord. It has a national bank, 3 churches, a graded school-house which cost §36,000, 2 newspaper offices, an iron-foundry, a savings-bank, and manufactures of wool, axes, scythes, gloves, flour, &c. The township is bounded N.W. by Connecticut River, Pop. of the township, 2446. Littleton, a post-hamlet of Morris co., N.J., 5 miles N. of Morristown, and 1 mile from the Morris & Essex Railroad. Littleton, a post-village of Halifax co., N.C, on the Raleigh & Gaston Railroad, 76 miles N.E. of Raleigh. It has 2 churches. Littleton, a station in Richland co., S.C.on the Green- Wile & Columbia Railroad, 15 miles N.W. of Columbia. Littleton, a post-office of Morgan co., Utah. Littleton, a post-hamlet of Sussex co., Va., on the Nottoway River, 32 miles S.S.E. of Petersburg, Littleton Island, on the coast of Greenland, in lat. 78° 20' N., the point reached by Capt. Inglefield in 1852. Little Tracadie, tr4'k&-dee', a post-hamlet in Anti- gonish CO., Nova Scotia, on St. George's Bay, 7 miles from Tracadie Pop. 200. Little Trav'erse, a post-village, capital of Emmett CO., Mich., on the N. shore of Little Traverse Bay, in a township of its own name, 10 miles N.AV, of Petoskey, and about 60 miles N.N.E. of Traverse City, It has a church and a good harbor. Lumber, fish, and wood are the chief articles of export. Pop. of the township, 315. Little Traverse Ray, Emmett co., Mich., is an inlet of Lake Michigan, and is nearly 10 miles long. Little Union, yun'yun, post-office, Marion co., Mo. Little U'tica, or Polkville, pok'vil, a post-hamlet of Onondaga co., N.Y., about 20 miles S. by E. of Oswego. It has a church, a cheese-factory, and a saw-mill. Little Val'ley, a post-office of McPherson co., Kansas, 12 miles N. of Hutchinson. Pop. of township, 204, Little Valley, a post-office of Olmsted co., Minn., about 16 miles E, by N. of Rochester. Little Valley, a post-village, capital of Cattaraugus CO., N.Y., in Little Valley township, on the Erie Rail- road, 38 miles E.S.E. of Dunkirk, and 7 miles N.AV. of Salamanca. It has a new court-house, a newspaper office^ 2 churches, a saw-mill, 2 grist-mills, &c. Pop. about 700 j of the township, 1147. Little Valley, a post-office of Dunn co., Wis. Little Ver'di^ris (or Caney) River rises in Elk CO., Kansas, runs southeastward into the In(iia:n Territory, and enters the Verdigris River near lat. 36° 13' N. The part which is in Kansas is called Caney River. Little Vermilion (v^r-mil'yun) River rises in Ver- milion CO., 111., runs eastward into Ind.iana, and enters the Wabash River at Newport, in Vermilion co. Littleville, lit't^l-vil, a hamlet of Hampden co,, Mass., in Chester township, 4 miles from Huntington Station. It has a church. Littleville, a hamlet of Livingston co., N.Y., in Avon township, li miles from Avon Station. It has a saw-mill. Little Wabash (waw'bash) River, of Illinois, rises near Mattoon, runs southward through Effingham co., and southeastward through Clay co. It subsequently intersects the COS. of Wayne and White, and enters the Wabash River about 8 miles from its mouth. It is about ISO miles long. Little Wal'nut, a post-office of Butler co., Kansas, on Little Walnut Creek, 30 miles E. of Wichita. Pop. of Little Walnut township, 487. Little Walnut Creek, of Ohio, enters the Scioto River in Pickaway co. Little Warrior, war're-or, a post-office of Blount co., Ala., about 38 miles N.N.E. o'f Birmingham. Little Watts Island, Chesapeake Bay, E. side, at the W. extremity of Pocomok& Bay. On it is a fixed light, 40 feet high. Little Wild Cat, a pnst-office of Lewis co., W. Va. Little Wolf, a pust-hamlet of Waupaca co., Wis., on the Little AVoif River, in a township of the same name, about 30 miles W.N.W. of Appleton. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. The township is intersected by the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad, and has a pop. of 1120. Little Wolf River, Wisconsin, rises in Marathon co., runs southeastward in Waupaca co., and enters the Wolf River about 4 miles below New London. Little York, a post-village of Nevada co., Cal., about 10 miles E. of Grass Valley. Gold is found here, and mining is the principal business. Pop. of the township, 868. Little York, a post-village of Warren co., 111., in Sumner township, on the Henderson River, 12 miles N.N.W. of Monmouth. Little York, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Ind., about 30 miles N. of New Albany. Little York, a post-hamlet of Hunterdon co., N.J., about 9 miles S.E. of Phillipsburg. It has 2 churches. Little York, a post-village of Cortland co., N.Y., on the Syracuse, Binghamton & New York Railroad, 30 miles S. of Syracuse. It has a flour-mill, hotel, &c. Little York, a village of St. Lawrence co., N.Y., in Fowler township, about 35 miles S. by E. of Ogdensburg. Pop. 117. Here is Fowler Post-Office. Little York, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., 0., in Butler township, 9 miles N.N. AY. of Dayton. Pop. Ill, t^IT; 1258 LIV Xit'ton's, a station in Sonoma co., Cal., on the San Francisco & Northern Pacific Railroad, 76 miles N.N.W. of San Francisco, One mile distant ia Litton's Springs, a watering-place. I^it'tonsville, a post-office of Russell cc, Va. liittorale^ Austria. See Kustenland. Littoral Province, Siberia. See Primorsk. liittOAVle, a town of Moravia. See Littau. . Ijittry, leetHree', or Litry, a town of France, in Cal- vados, 9 miles W.S.W. of Bayeux. Pop. 552. In its, vicin- ity is an extensive coal-basin. liitvinovitchi, or liitvinovitshi, lit-vin-o-vltch'ce, a town of Russia, government and 55 miles S.E. of Mo- heelev. Pop. 1700. Litwa, the Polish name of Lithuania. liit'waltoiiy a post-hamlet of Lancaster co.,Va., about 65 miles E.N.E. of Richmond. liityn, lee'tin, or I^itinsk, le-tinsk', a town of Russia, in Podolia, 65 miles N.E. of Kamieniec. Pop. 7081. liitz'enbergy a post-village in Macungie township, Lehigh co., Pa., at Chapman Station on the Catasauqua & Fogelsville Railroad, 9 miles S.W. of Catasauqua. , JLiuSy a modern Greek name of Cerigotto. JLiusne, a river of Sweden. See Ljusne. Liu-Tchou. See Loo-Choo Islands. Livadia, or Libadia, liv-^-nee'a, a division of Greece, corresponding nearly to the ancient divisions of Acarnania, Doris, Locris, Bceotia, and Attica, and including the mod- ern nomes of Attica and Bceotia, Phocis and Phthiotis, and Acarnania and ^tolia; in this division is also usually in- cluded the insular nome of Euboea, or Negropont, but the other islands and the Morea are excluded. Pop. 366,918. liivadia, or Libadia, liv-^-nee'a (anc. Lehade'a), a town of Greece, in Bceotia, on the Hercyna, 52 miles N.W. of Athens. It is defended by a castle, and is one of the most nourishing towns in the kingdom. It has manufao- tures of cotton goods, more than 60 cotton-gins, and a trade in rice, corn, wool, and cotton. Pop. 5130. liivadostro, liv-a-dos'tro, a village of Greece, at the mouth of a river in the Bay of Livadostro, 15 miles N.N.W. of Megara. liivarut, leeVi^ro', a town of France, in Calvados, on the Vie, 10 miles S.S.W. of Lisieux. Pop. l-i99. Lively, Hv'le, a post-village of Russell co., Ala,, on the Chattahoochee River, in Marshall's Reserve, 7 miles from Smith's Station. It has several churches. Lively Grove, a post-hamlet of Washington co., 111., about 24 miles S.E. of Belleville. It has 2 churches. liively Oaks, a post-office of Lancaster co,, Va. Xiv'engood's, a township of Cabarrus CO., N,C. P, 662. liiveuza, le-vdn'z4 (ane. Lfqiieii'tia), a river of Italy, after a course of 70 miles, enters the Adriatic 28 miles N.E, of Venice. It communicates by canal with the Piave. Xive Oak, a county in the S. part of Texas, has an area of about 850 square miles. It is intersected by the Nueces River, and also drained by the Atascosa River and Rio Frio. The surface is partly covered with forests, in which the live-oak is found. The soil produces pasture for large herds of cattle, which are the chief articles of export. Capital, Oakville, Valuation of real and personal estate, not reported. Pop. in 1S70, 852, of whom 729 were Americans. Live Oak, a post-office of Crenshaw co., Ala. Live Oak, a post-office and station of Sutter co., Cal., on the Oregon division of the Central Pacific Railroad, 63 miles N. of Sacramento. Live Oak, a post-village, capital of Suwanee co., Fla., on the Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroad, at its junction with the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, 82 miles AV. of Jacksonville, and 83 miles E. of Tallahassee. It has a newspaper office, 2 churches, S stores, a saw-mill, 2 turpen- tine-distilleries, and 2 cotton-gins. Pop. about 800. Live Oak, a post-office of Terre Bonne parish, La. Live Oak, a post-office of Henry co., Tenn., 12 miles S. of Paris. Live Oaks, a post-office of Bastrop co., Tex., 31 miles S.E. of Austin. Live Oak Store, a post-office of Livingston parish, La., on the Amite River. Liv'ermore, a post-village of Alameda co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 48 miles E. of San Francisco. It has a newspaper office, 2 churches, and a graded school, Livermore, a post-hamlet of Larimer co., Col., 35 miles S.W. of Cheyenne, Wyoming. It has a hotel, a store, and 2 saw-mills. Here is a park among the foot-hills, in which many cattle and sheep are pastured. Livermore, a post-village of McLean co,, Ky., on Green River, and on the Owensborough & Nashville Rail- road, 21 miles S. of Owensborough. It has a drug-store, a grist-mill, a planing-mil!, &g. Pop. 302. Livermore, or Brit'ton's MiJls, a post-village in Livermore township, Androscoggin co.. Me., about 20 miles N. of Lewiston. The township is bounded on the E. by the Androscoggin River, and contains another village, named Livermore Centre. Pop. of the township, 1467. Livermore, a township of Grafton co., N.H., in the White Mountain region, is a dense forest, has an extensive lumber-mill, and is connected by the Sawyer's River Rail- road to Livermore Station on the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad. The latter is about 10 miles S. of the Crawford House. The township was incorporated in 1876. Pop. 75. Livermore, a post-borough in Derry township, West- moreland CO., Pa., on Conemaugh Creek, and on the Western Pennsylvania Railroad, 33 miles in a direct line, or 59 miles by railroad, E. of Pittsburg. It has 2 churches. Pop, 211. Livermore Centre, a post-village in Livermore town- ship, Androscoggin co., Me., on the Androscoggin River, about 24 miles W. by N. of Augusta. It has a church, a high school, and a cheese-box-factory. Livermore Falls, a post-village in East Livermore township, Androscoggin co., Me., on the Androscoggin River, and on a branch of the Maine Central Railroad, about 30 miles N. of Lewiston, and 25 miles W.N.W. of Augusta. It has 2 churches, a printing-office, and manu- factures of carriages, boxes, shoes, &c. Pop. about 500. Liverpool, a borough of England, co, of Lancaster, on the E. bank of the Mersey estuary, about 4 miles from the Irish Sea, and 185 miles N.W. of London. Lat. 53*^ 24' 3".8 N. ; Ion. 3° 4' 17" W. Pop. 493,405 ; in 1875, estimated at 516,063. The town extends 3 miles in length by about 2 miles in greatest breadth, over gently rising ground, the highest point within the border being about 227 feet above the quay wall of the river. Though irregularly laid out, it has many broad, straight, and handsome thoroughfares. Along the shore there is a line of docks and basins over 5 miles in length, having an aggregate water area of 300 acres, and a quay space of 20 miles in extent, reclaimed from the river. Some of the docks are connected with the Leeds & Liverpool Canal, and most of the others have half- tide locks and wet basins. Warehouse room attached to the docks has been very much extended of late years. The Corn Warehouse dock is surrounded by lofty fire-proof warehouses 1485 feet long and 6 stories in height, which are furnished with hydraulic lifts and every suitable appliance. The London *k North- Western Railway has a station on the high ground of the town at Edge Hill, and from thence three branches through tunnels run, one to the centre of the town to the terminus in Lime street, for passengers, and one to the N. and S. docks respectively, for goods, and a fourth branch has been laid down to the N. shore. The Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway has a goods station near the docks in Great Howard street, and a general station in Tithebarn street, near the exchange; and in connection with them a high level branch to the docks for coaling steam-vessels. The Great Northern, the Manchester, Shef- field & Lincolnshire, and the Midland Railways have a joint station near the Brunswick dock. The Great Western Rail- way has access to Birkenhead, on the opposite side of the Mersey, with which there is constant communication by steam-ferries. Liverpool is supplied with water of excel- lent quality, partly pumped from wells, but chiefly obtained from the hilly district of Rivington, 24 miles distant, whence it is conveyed to Liverpool in iron pipes. Among the pub- lic buildings is the town hall, erected at a cost of upwards of £110,000. It contains a superb suite of entertainment rooms, the council hall, and various public offices connected with the management of the municipal business and the corporate estate. The hall stands on one side of a square, the other three sides of which are formed by the new ex- change buildings, which have replaced the old exchange and were completed in 1870. The principal front is 1500 feet long. The news-room is a magnificent one, 175 feet long, 90 wide, and 50 high. In 1868 the municipal building was completed. It contains the municipal offices, in which all departments of the corporation business are now accom- modated. The building is 226 feet long and 195 feet deep. The revenue building, comprising the excise, post, custom- house, dock, and stamp offices, is a large, heavy building of the Ionic order, covering an area of 6700 square yards. St. George's Hall, of the Corinthian order externally and in- ternally, contains assize courts, iind a hall for public meet- ings, musical entertainments, .to., and also a concert-room. There is also a concert-hall, oalled the Philharmonic Hall, of colossal dimensions, and which, in exeoUonco in the LIV 1259 LIV requisites of hearing and seeing, may vie with any building of a similar kind. The principal churches are those of Saints Peter, Catherine, James, Michael, Luke, Philip, and Paul, and St. George's, the Scotch kirk. Free churches, United Presbyterian church, Unitarian, Independent, Bap- tist, and "Wesleyan chapels, and two Jews' synagogues, alto- gether 190 churches and chapels. Among the educational establishments are the Liverpool Royal Institution, which has a large library and a museum; the collegiate building, in the Gothic style; the Mechanics' Institute, Liverpool Institution, a college of chemistry, an architectural asso- ciation, school of art, gymnasium, numerous societies and clubs, the Walker Pine Art Gallery, a school of medicine, and several schools belonging to the ditFerent religious bodies. There are many hospitals, an infirmary, dispen- saries, and charitable institutions; 3 large covered and 2 open public markets ; a fish market, corn exchange, and tobacco warehouse, and among the public institutions pro- vided by the corporation, public baths on the pier-head, and other public baths and wash-houses ; and botanic gardens and public parks form, with the private ground open at times to the public, an almost continuous band of open space on the landward side of the town. In the extreme S. of the town is Sefton Park, covering an area of about 200 acres, and elaborately laid out. The cost of securing and laying out this park was nearly half a million. The Bank of England has a branch here ; and next to it is the Commer- cial Bank, besides 13 other banks. There are the Exchange, Athenaeum, and Lyceum news-rooms ; the two latter have extensive libraries attached; and the free public library and museum, which has branch lending libraries in various parts of the town. There are numerous theatres, assembly- rooms, music-halls, and other similar places of amusement. Fourteen newspapers are published in Liverpool. The town has manufactures of watches and jewelry, sugar-refinedcs, iron- and brass-foundries, iron- and steel-forges, breweries, rope-, glass-, soda-, and alkali-works; there are extensive works for making steam-engines, machinery, chains, cables, anchors, rope, sails, and soap; and ship-building is carried on in it to a great extent; but it owes its chief importance to its being a great seat of foreign export and import trade, and the main outlet for the manufactures of Lancashire, Yorkshire, Staffordshire, and the principal part of the trade of England with Australia, America, India, Africa, and the Mediterranean. The Mersey at high water may be entered by the largest ships, upwards of £12,000,000 having been expended on the river Mersey in securing safe anchorage and dock accommodation. Nearly all the raw cotton im- ported into Great Britain is brought to Liverpool. Liver- pool is connected by railway with all the great towns of England and Scotland; by canals with the principal towns of England ; and by steam-packets with Glasgow, Dublin, Cork, Bristol, and the principal ports of Prance, the Medi- terranean, America, and Australia, The borough is divided into 16 wards, and governed by a mayor, 16 aldermen, and 48 councillors. Great improvements have been and continue to be made in the town, without imposing taxes; and the lighting of the town is defrayed entirely out of the surplus municipal revenue. It has quarter and petty sessions, courts of record and requests, and is the seat of assizes for the hundred of West Derby. Its port jurisdiction comprises the whole estuary of the Mersey. It sends three members to the House of Commons. It is a Koman Catholic bishop's see. liiverpool, a mountain-range in East Australia, stretches from W. to E. between the county of Brisbane, New South Wales, and the Li verpooL Plains, and forms the watershed between the basins of the Peel or Namoy on the N, and W. and the Hunter on the S. and E. liiv'erpool, a post-village in Liverpool township, Ful- ton CO., 111., on the Illinois River, about 25 miles below Pekin. It has a church, a graded school, a plough-factory, and a tobacco -factory. Pop. of the township, 1336. Liverpool, a station in Lake co., Ind., on the Joliet Branch of the Michigan Central Railroad where it crosses the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 33 miles S.E. of Chicago. Ijiverpoolj a post-village in Salina township, Onondaga CO., N.Y., on the E. shore of Onondaga Lake, on the Oswego Canal, and on the Syracuse Northern Railroad, 5 miles N.W. of Syracuse. It has 4 churches, a union school, a newspaper office, salt-works, and a manufactory of willow- ware. Pop. 1550. Over 1,000,000 bushels of salt are some- times manufactured in the Liverpool district per annum. liiverpool, a township of Columbiana co., 0. Pop. 2907. It contains the town of East Liverpool. Liiverpool, Madison co., 0. See Rosedale. Ijiverpool, a post-village in Liverpool township^ Me- dina CO., 0., on Rooky River, about 22 miles S.S.W. of Cleveland, and 8 miles N. of Medina. It has several churches, a foundry, a tannery, a pump-factory, and a ma- chine-shop. Pop. about 600; of the township, 1425. Liverpool, a post-office of Linn co., Oregon. Liverpool, a post-borough in Liverpool township, Perry co., Pa., on the AV. bank of the Susquehanna River, opposite Liverpool Station on the Northern Central Rail- road, 28 miles above Harrisburg, and 24 miles S. by W. of Sunbury. It contains a bank, 4 churches, a graded school, 2 iron-foundries, 2 flouring-mills, and 2 manufactories of furniture. Pop. 823; of the township, 859. Liverpool, New Brunswick, See Richibuoto. Liverpool, a town and port of entry of Nova Scotia, capital of Queens co., on the left bank of the river Mersey, at its entrance into Liverpool Harbor, 108 miles S.W. of Halifax. It is well and regularly built, and is the centre of an important trade. To the N. of Coffin's IsUmd the channel is not navigable for vessels drawing more than 9 feet of water; but the passage to the S. is full li miles wide, with from 15 to 18 fathoms of water. A light-house has been erected on the island, containing a revolving light, 75 feet above the sea. Liverpool has 5 churches, good county buildings, ship-yards, a newspaper office, 2 banks, and man- ufactures of lumber, castings, machines, edge-tools, boots and shoes, &c. It is the seat of a large fishery. Pop. 3102. Liverpool, a post-town of New South Wales, on the George River, 7 miles S. of Paramatta. Pop. 1338. Liverpool Cape, a headland on theS. side of the en- trance to Lancaster Sound, Northern Canada, and of another bounding Liverpool Bay, Arctic Ocean, immediately S.W, of Cape Bathurst. Lat. about 70° N. ; Ion. 129° W. Liverpool Plains, a picturesque and well-watered region of New South Wales, Australia, between lat. 31° and 32° S. and Ion. 150° and 151° E., from 800 to 1000 feet above sea-level. Area, 16,638 square miles. Pop. 12,824. Liverpool River, North Australia, Arnhem Land, enters the sea near lat. 12° S., Ion. 134° 10' E. Liversedge, liv'§r-s5j, a town of England, co. of York, 6 miles by rail N.N.E. of Hudderstield, with woollen-mills. Pop. 11,103. Livesey, liv'zee, a township of England, in Lancaster, 2 miles S.W. of Blackburn, with cotton-mills. Pop. 4035. Liv'ia, a post-hamlet of McLean co., Ky., about 15 miles S. of Owensborough. It has 2 churches. Liv'ing Spring, a post-office of Pottawattamie co., Iowa, 10 miles N. of Malvern. Liv'ingston, a county in the N.E. central part of Illinois, has an area of 1044 square miles. It is drained by the Vermilion River (an affluent of the Illinois River), which rises in it. The surface is nearly level. The soil is fertile. The greater part of the county is prairie. Indian corn, oats, hay, cattle, butter, and pork are the staple prod- ucts. Among its mineral resources are bituminous coal and limestone. This county is intersected by 3 railroads, — the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw, the Chicago &, Alton, and the Chicago & Paducah. Capital, Pontiac. Valuation of real and personal estate, $19,178,415. Pop. in 1870, 31,471, of whom 25,440 were Americans. Livingston, a western county of Kentucky, has an area of about 350 square miles. It is bounded on the N. and W. by the Ohio River, and on the S. by the Tennessee, and is intersected by the Cumberland River, which enters the Ohio in this county. The surface is undulating or hilly, and is partly covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, tobacco, and pork are the staple products. This county has extensive beds of coal and limestone. Its three rivers afford great facilities for navigation. Capital, Smith- land. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 8200, of whom 8064 were Americans. Livingston, a southeastern parish of Louisiana, has an area of about 575 square miles. It is bounded on the S. and W. by the Amite River, and on the S.E. by Lake Maurepas, and is intersected by the Tickfaw River. The surface is level, and is extensively covered with forests, in which the live-oak and magnolia are found. Cotton, sugar- cane, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Port Vin- cent. Valuation of real and personal estate, $654,886. Pop. in 1870, 4026, of whom 3937 were Americans. Livingston, a county in the S.E. central part of Michi- gan, has an area of 576 square miles. It is drained by the Red Cedar and Shiawassee Rivers, which rise in it, and by the Huron River. The surface is undulating, and exten- sively covered with dense forests of sugar-maple and other deciduous trees. It also contains " oak openings," or open groves of oak. The soil is a fertile sandy loam. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, wool, hay, and butter are the staple prod- lit; 1260 LFZ ucts. This county is intersected by the Detroit, Lansing & Northern Railroad. Capital, Howell. Valuation of real and personal estate, $6,118,946. Pop. in 1870, 19,336, of whom 16,895 were Americans; in 1874, 20,329. Livingston, a county in the N.W. part of Missouri, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is intersected by Grand River, and is also drained by the Crooked Fork of G-rand River and by Medicine and Shoal Creeks. The surface is nearly level, and is diversified with prairies and forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, oats, wheat, pork, and wool are the staple products. Bituminous coal is found here. This county is intersected by the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad and the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad. Capital, Chillicothe. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, S7,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 16,730, of whom 15,376 were Americans. Livingston, a county in the W. part of New York, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is intersected by the Genesee River, and is also drained by Canaseraga and Honeoye Creeks. The surface is partly undulating and partly hilly, is extensively covered with forests, and diver- silied with two lakes, named Conesus and Hemlock lakes. The deep depression of the Genesee valley is one of the remarkable features of this county. Among the forest trees are the beech, ash, oak, sugar-maple, and elm. The soil is mostly very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, barley, wool, hay, and butter are the staple products. Devonian corni- ferous limestone underlies part of the soil. The Avon min- eral springs are in this county, which also has quarries of sandstone. It is intersected by the Erie Railroad and the Rochester division and Attica Branch of that railroad, also by the Genesee Valley Canal. Capital, Geneseo. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, 844,086,217. Pop. in 1870, 38,309, of whom 32,472 were Americans. Livingston, a post- village, capital of Sumter co., Ala., on Suearnoochee Creek, and on the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad, 61 miles S.AV. of Tuscaloosa, and 36 miles N.E, of Meridian. It has a newspaper office. Pop. 500. Livingston, a post-office of Merced co., Cal. Livingston, a post-office of Floyd co., Ga., about 15 miles AV. by S. of Rome. Livingston, a post-village of Clark co., 111., 3 miles E. of Marshall, and 52 miles S. of Danville. It has a church. Livingston, a post-hamlet of Appanoose co., Iowa, about 45 miles S.W. of Ottumwa. Livingston, a station in Cherokee co., Kansas, on the Missouri & Western Railroad, 4 miles E. of Columbus. Livingston, a post-hamlet of Pratt co., Kansas, 24 miles S.E. of Larned, Livingston, a village in Rock Castle co., Ky., on Rock Castle River, and on the Knoxville Branch of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 140 miles S.E. of Louisville. It has 2 hotels, several stores, and a coal-mine. The post-office is named Livingston Station. Pop. about 500. Livingston, a village of Madison co., Miss., 25 miles N. of Jackson. It has 2 churches. Livingston, a post-^village in Livingston township, Essex CO., N.J., 8 miles W.N.W. of Newark, and 4^ miles W.N.W. of Orange. The township is bounded W. by the Passaic River. It has 4 churches and a pop. of 1157. Livingston, a post-township of Columbia co., N.Y., on the Hudson River, about 6 miles below Hudson. It is bounded on the S.W. by Jansen's Creek. Pop. 1960. On the W. border of this township is Livingston Station on the Hudson River Railroad, 35 miles S. of Albany. Livingston Post-Office is at the village of Johnstown. Livingston, a post-village, capital of Overton co., Tenn., about 95 miles E. by N. of Nashville. It has an academy, 3 churches, and manufactures of flour, leather, and whisky. Pop. 240. Livingston, a post-village, capital of Polk co., Tex., on the Houston, East & West Texas Railroad, 10 miles N.E. of Trinity River Station, and 45 miles N. of Liberty. Livingston's Cove, a pust-hamlet in Antigonish co., Nova Scotia, on the N. side of Cape George, 42 miles from New Glasgow. Pop. 150. Liv'ingStonville, a post-village of Schoharie CO., N.Y., in Broome township, about 32 miles S.AV. of Albany. It has 2 churches and 2 mills. Livisosia, a supposed ancient name of Leztjza. Livnee, Livnij, or Livny* liv'nee, a town of Russia, government and 80 miles S.E. of Orel, on the Sosna, an affluent of the Don, Pop. 12,975. It has numerous churches and several annual fairs. Livno, liv'no, a fortified town of Bosnia, 54 miles N.W. of Mostar, on the Bistritza. Pop. about 4000. Livonia^ le-vo'ne-a (Ger. Livland, leeflint), a govern- ment of Russia, one of the Baltic provinces, mostly between lat. 56° 30' and 58° 30' N. and Ion. 24° and 28° E.. having W. the Gulf of Liv(mia. Area, comprising the island Oesel, in the Baltic, 20,450 square miles. Pop. 1,000,876. Sur- face mostly flat and marshy. Principal rivers, the Diina and Eyst, and on the S. frontier the Treider-Aa, Fennern, and Embach. Lakes numerous. Soil fertile, and grain is raised for export, principally rye and barley, but also com- prising wheat, oats, and buckwheat; the rearing of live- stock is of great importance. It has manufactures of cotton and woollen stuffs, sugar, tobacco, glass, &c. The popula- tion is very mixed, and mostly Lutheran. The aristocracy is of German, Swedish, and Russian origin. The peasantry are in part Livs or Livonians (a Finnic race), but chiefly Esthonians and Letts. Principal towns, Riga {the capital), Dorpat, Pernau, and Venden, with Arensburg in the island of Oesel. Adj. and inhab. Livonian, le-vo'ne-an. Livonia, le-vo'ne-a, a post-village in Madison town- ship, AVashington co., Ind., about 32 miles N.W. of New Albany. It has a graded school, 3 churches, a flour-mill, a plough-factory, &c. Pop. about 400. Livonia, a post-office of Point Coupee parish. La., on the Baton Rouge, Grosse Tete & Opelousas Railroad, 24 miles W.N.W. of Baton Rouge. Livonia, a post-hamlet in Livonia township, Wayne CO., Mich., li miles from Livonia Station, and 18 miles'W. by N. of Detroit. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the town- ship, 1570. Livonia, a post-township of Sherburne co., Minn., about 44 miles N.W. of St. Paul. Pop. 302. Livonia, a post-hamlet of Putnam co.. Mo., on the Chariton River, about 60 miles N. by W. of Macon City. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Coal is found here. Livonia, or Livonia Centre, a post-village in Livo- nia township, Livingston co., N.Y., about 22 miles (direct) S. of Rochester, and 1 mile E. of the Erie Railroad. It contains 2 churches. Pop. 193. The township, which is bounded on the W. by Conesus Lake, contains 3 other vil- lages, namely, Livonia Station, Hemlock Lake, and Lake- vi'lle. Total pop. 2898. Livonia, Gulf of, Russia. See Gulf of Riga. Livonia Station, a post-office of Wayne co., Mich., on the Detroit, Lansing & Northern Railroad, IS miles W. of Detroit. Livonia Station, a post-village in Livonia township, Livingston eo., N.Y., on the Rochester division of the Erie Railroad, 30 miles S. of Rochester, and about 8 miles N.E. of Geneseo. It has 2 churches, 2 banks, a union school, 2 newspaper offices, and a money-order post-office. Pop. 399. Livorno, le-voR'no, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, prov- ince of Novara, 17 miles W.S.W. of Vercelli. Pop. 6797. Livorno, or Livourne, Italy. See Leghoun. Livraniento, a town of Brazil. See Piunhi. Livron, leeVr^No', a town of France, in Drome, 10 miles S. of Valence. Pop, 1874. Livry, leeVree', a village of France, in Seine-et-Oise, 10 miles E. of Paris. Pop. 1899. Livry is also the name of villages in the departments of Calvados and Nievre. Livuma, le-voo'mi, a considerable river of East Africa, enters the Indian Ocean near Cape Delgado. Lixuri, lix-oo'ree, a seaport town of Cephalonia, on its W. limb, 5 miles N. of Argostoli. Pop. 6000. It is a Greek bishop's see, and is the rival of Argostoli in com- mercial importance. Lizan, lee^zS,n', a village of Turkish Koordistan, on the Zab, about 40 miles N.E. of Mosul. Lizanello, leed-zi-n^l'lo, a town of Italy, province and 5 miles S.E. of Lecce. Pop. 2717. Lizano, leed-za'no, a town of Italy, province of Lecce, 14 miles E.S.E. of Taranto. Pop. 3023. Liz'ard, an island on the N.E. coast of Australia, N.N.E. of Cape Flattery. Lat. 14° 41' 24" S. ; Ion. 145° 28' 30" E. It has a peak 1151 feet above the sea-level. Greatest diameter, 2A- miles. Lizard, a township of Pocahontas co., Iowa. Pop. 469. Liz'ard Point, a bold headland of England, co. of Cornwall, the most southern point of Great Britain, 23 miles E.S.E. of Land's End, and having two light-houses with fixed, lights, elevated 200 feet above the sea. in lat. 49° 57' 40" N.. Ion. 5° 12' 6" W. Lizard River, Iowa, runs southeastward through Po- cahontas CO., and enters the Dos Moines River at Fort Dodge. Li'zemore's, a post-hamlet of Clay oo., W. Va., 18 miles N. of Kanawha Falls. Liz'ton, a post-hamlet of Hendricks co., Ind.^ on the LIZ ■1261 LLE Indianapolis, Blooraington & Western Railroad, 22 miles W.N.W. of Indianapolis. It has 2 churches and a mill. Iiizy-sur-Ourcq,lee^ze'-suB-ooRk, a town of France, in Seine-et-Marne, S miles N.E. of Meaux. Pop. 1392. Liz'zard Lake, a post-office of Wayne co., Pa. Xjubaschevo, a town of Russia. See Lyoobashevo. XJubetschi, a town of Russia, See Lyoobetoh. IJubim, a town of Russia. See Lyoobim. IJusne, or Liusne, ioos'ni, a river of Sweden, is- sues from a lake of the same name in Kerjedalen, flows S.E. into the Iten of Gefleborg, where it forms several lakes, and falls into the Gulf of Bothnia about 36 miles N. of Gefte, after a course of about 220 miles. Its current is very much encumbered by rocks. I^utzin, a town of Russia. See Lyootsin. lilacuna, or La Llacuna, 13. U-koo'n^, a town of Spain. Catalonia, about 60 miles from Barcelona. Pop. 1258. liladOq iS.'D0, a village of Spain, Catalonia, 20 miles from Gerona. Po]3. 1347. lilagostera, ii-gos-ti'ri, a town of Spain, province and 10 miles S.S.E. of Gerona. Pop. .S529. Llaillai, li-ii', a town of Chili, province of Valparaiso. Pop. 2832. Ijlan , a Welsh word signifying " enclosure" or " church," is the prefix of the names of numerous parishes and towns in England and Wales. ^^It may be observed that the sound of H in Welsh has no equivalent in the English lan- guage. At the beginning of a name it is commonly An- glicized by a simple ^, distinguished in this work as a small capital. In the middle or at the end of a word it is rep- resented by thl (italic). lilaiias, Ii'nS,s, a town of Spain, Catalonia, on the coast, province and 30 miles N.E. of Gerona. Pop. 2125. lilaiibadarn-Fawr, Lan-bah'darn-v6wr, a town of Wales, CO. of Cardigan, 2 miles E. of Aberystwith, which is in the parish of Llanbadarn-Fawr. It was once a bishop's see. Pop, of parish, 15,268. Llanbedr, a borough of Wales. See Lampeter. Llanberris, Lan-bir'ris, a village and railway termi- nus of Wales, CO. of Carnarvon, at the foot of Snowdon, 10 miles E. of Carnarvon. Tourists are attracted hither by the lake- and mountain-scenery. Pop. of parish, 2507. Llandaff, Lan-daff' (Welsh, LlanTdf, Lan tiv, "church of the Taf"), a city of Wales, co. of Glamorgan, on the Taff, here crossed by a bridge, 2 miles N.W. of Cardiff. The "city" is a mere hamlet and suburb of Cardiff, noted only for its cathedral. Adjoining are the chapter-house, and re- mains of the ancient episcopal palace, lilandeilo-Vawr (or -Fawr), orLlandilo, Lan- di'lo-vowa, a town of Wales, co. and 14 miles by rail E.N.E. of Carmarthen, on the Towy, here crossed by an elegant bridge. Pop. 1470. Near it is Grongar Hill, where the last struggle was made for the independence of Wales in 1282, also the seat of Lord Dynevor, and Golden Grove, the seat of Earl Cawdor. liJando'very, a borough of Wales, co. and 24 miles by rail E.N.E. of Carmarthen, on the Bran, here crossed by 2 bridges. It is pleasantly situated near the Towy, and has picturesque remains of a Norman castle. Pop. 1861. lilandrin'dod, a village of Wales, co. of Radnor, 9 miles by rail N.N.E. of Builth. Three mineral springs have long rendered it a great resort for invalids. Llaudud'ilO, a town of Wales, co. of Carnarvon, on two bays of the Irish Sea, 4 miles by rail N.N.W. of Con- way. The lofty cliffs and sea-worn caverns of the promon- tory of Gogarth are in this parish, which contains also monuments of early cyclopean architecture, and copper- mines. It is a favorite summer resort. Pop. 2762. lilandysil, Lan-dis'il, a town of Wales, co. of Cardigan, on the Teifi, 12 miles by rail S,W. of Lampeter. Pop. of parish, 2954. Llanelly, Lan-^rANn. Lothringen, and Lotharingia* See Lorraine. Lo'throp, a post-office of Warren co., Iowa, on the Middle River, and on the Indianola &, Winterset Branch Railroad, 25 miles S. by AV. of Des Moines. Lot's Creek, of Bullock co., Ga., enters the Cannouchee from t-he left, at the S. extremity of the county. Lot's Wife, a rock in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 29*^ 50' N. : Ion. 142° 23' E. It rises almost perpendicularly to the height of nearly 300 feet. Lot'ta, a post-hamlet of Meigs co., 0., 5 miles N. of Pomeroy. It has a church. Lotte, lot't^h, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government of Miinster, circle of Tecklenburg. Pop. 1329. Lot'tery Village, AVttshington co., R.I., is on the Pawcatuck River, 4 miles S. of Westerly. Pop. 101. Lottin, South Pacific. See Rocky Island. Lottridge, lot'rij, a post-office of Athens co., 0., about 30 miles W.S.W. of Marietta. Lotts'burg, a post-office of Northumberland co., Va., at the mouth of the Potomac. Lott's Creek, a post-village of Humboldt co., Iowa, on a creek near the East Fork of the Des Moines River, about 30 miles N. of Fort Dodge. Pop. 291. Lott's Creek, a township of Kossuth CO., Iowa. P. 186. Lott's Creek,atownshipof Ringgold CO., Iowa. P.652. Lotts'viile, a post-hamlet of Warren co., Pa., in Free- hold township, 11 miles E. of Corry. It has a church. Lo'tus, a post-hamlet of Union co., Ind., on the Cin- cinnati, Hamilton & Indianapolis (or Junction) Railroad, 15it miles E. of Connersville. It has a Friends' meeting. Lotus, a post-village in Durham co., Ontario, on Pigepn Creek, 9 miles S.W. of Bethany. It contains a church, hotel, saw-mill, grist-mill, and woollen-factory. Pop. 150. Lot'ville, a post-office of Fulton eo., N.Y. Lotzen, lots'en, a town of East Prussia, 42 miles S.S.W. of Gumbinnen, on a railway. Pop. 4059. Lou-An, or Lou-Ngan, China. See Looan. Lpuang Prabang, luo-sLng' pra'bing, a city of East- ern Asia, capital of the Western Laos States, in lat. 17° 40' N., Ion. 103° 25' E., on the Me-Kong River. Pop. 8000. Louargat, loo^aR^gS.', a village of France, in Cotes-du- Nord, 26 miles W. of Saint-Brieuc. Pop. 579. Louban, Malay Archipelago. See LooBiX, Loubar, a town of Russia. See Loobar. Loubny, a town of Russia. See Loobny. Loubou, a state of Celebes. See Loehoe. Loubressac, loo^bres^sS^k', a town of France, in Lot, 21 miles N.N.W. of Figeac. Pop. 1279. Louccos, or Kose, a river of Morocco. See El-Kos. Loudeac, looMi'ak', a town of France, in Cotes-du- Nord, 15 miles S. of Saint-Brieuc. It has important linen- manufactures. Pop. 2091. LOU LOU IiOuden, a township of Carroll co., 0. Pop. 831. liOudenville, Iow'd?n-vil, post-office, Albany co., N.Y. IjOiidenviHe, a post-hanilet of Marshall co., W. Va., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 25 miles S. by E. of Wheeling. It has a flouring-mill. Loudon, low'd9n, a county of East Tennessee, has an area of 275 square miles. It is intersected by the Holston River, bounded on the N. by the Clinch River, and also drained by the Little Tennessee. The surface is hilly. The soil is generally very fertile. Nearly 70 per cent, of it is woodland. This county is intersected by the East Tennes- see, Virginia & Georgia Railroad. Capital, Loudon. The census of 1870 gives no statistics of this county, which was formed in that year out of parts of Roane, Blount, and Monroe cos. Loudon, Cedar co., Iowa. See Lowden". Loudon, a post-village of Merrimack co., N.H., in Loudon township, on the Suncook River, 7 or S miles N.N.E. of Concord. It has 3 churches, a grist-mill, a tan- nery, and a manufactory of carriages. Pop. of the town- ship, 1282. Loudon, a township of Seneca co., 0. Pop. 3133. It contains Fostoria. Loudon, a post-village in Peters township, Franklin CO., Pa., on the West Branch of Conococheague Creek, at the base of ParncU's Knob, and on the Southern Pennsyl- vania Railroad, 15 miles W. by S. of Charabersburg. It has 3 churches and 2 flour-mills. Pop, 315. Loudon, a post-village, capital of Loudon co., Tenn., is on the Tennessee (or Holston) River and the East Ten- nessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad, 28 miles S.W. of Knoxville, and 84 miles N.E. of Chattanooga. It is an important shipping-point, and steamboats ply between this place and Chattanooga. It has 1 or 2 newspaper offices, a high school, 5 churches, and manufactures of lumber, &c. Loudon Centre, a post-hamiet in Loudon township, Merrimack co., N.H., about 14 miles N.E. of Concord. Loudon City, a post-village of Fayette co.. 111., in Loudon township, about 54 miles S. of Decatur. It has a church. Pop. about 100. Loudon Ridge, a post-village of Merrimack co., N.H., is mostly in Loudon township and partly in Gilmanton, and is 12 miles N.N.E. of Concord. It has 2 churches, a grist- mill, manufactures of carriages, leather, and brooms, and nearly 100 houses. Loudonville, low'd9n-viI, a post-village in Hanover township, Ashland co., 0., on the Black Fork of the Mo- hican River, and on the Pittsburg. Fort W.ij'ne & Chicago Railroad, 18 miles S.E. of Mansfield, and 22 miles S.W. of AVooster. It has a bank, a newspaper office, a graded school, 6 churches, a tannery, a large tiouring-mill, 2 car- riage-shops, and a foundry. Pop. 811. Loudoun, low'diin, a parish of Scotland, co. of Ayr, 4 miles E.S.E. of Kilmarnock. Here are remains of an- tiquities, besides the magnificent castle of the Marquis of Hastings. On Loudoun Hill a battle was fought between Bruce and the Earl of Pembroke in 1307. Here are coal- mines. Pop. 5525. Loudoun, or Loudon, low'don, a county in the N. part of Virginia, borders on Maryland, Area, about 580 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Potomac River, and is partly drained by Goose Creek. The Blue Ridge extends along the N.W. border of this county, the surface of which is finely diversified with hills and valleys. A large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is mostly fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, grass, and pork are the staple products. It produced in 1870 more wheat ■ and more corn than any other county in the state. The crop of wheat was 537,026 bushels; that of corn, 842,128 bushels. Granite and good limestone are found in this county. It is intersected by the Washington &■ Ohio Rail- road. Capital, Leesburg. Valuation of real and personal estate, 816,584,414. Pop. in 1870, 20,929, of whom 20,724 were Americans. Loudoun, a post-village of Loudoun co., Va., at Guil- ford Station on the Washington & Ohio Railroad, 25 miles N.W, of Washington, D.C. It has 3 churches and a money- order post-office. Loudsville, lowdz'vll, apost-village of White co., Ga., about 80 miles N.N.E. of Atlanta. It has 2 churches. Loudun, looMuK°' (L. JuUodu'iutm), a town of France, in Vienne, 33 miles N.N.W. of Poitiers. It has a com- munal college, and manufactures of wine and lace. It was once the capital of a district called the Loudunois. P. 3986. Loudville, lowd'vil, a post-village of Hampshire co., Mass., 6i miles W. by S. of Northampton. It has 3 paper- mills, 2 saw-mills, and a grist-mill. Lou6, loo^i', or Louve, loov, a river of France, which, after a course of 70 miles, joins the Doubs a little below Dole. Lou^, a market-town of France, in Sarthe, 16 miles W. of Le Mans, on the Vegre. It has manufactures of linen and paper. Pop. 2006. LoueHa, loo-el'la, a post-village of Delaware co,. Pa., in Radnor township, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, \ mile from Wayne Station, and 13i miles W.N.W. of Philadel- phia. It has 3 churches. Louella, a post-office of Rhea co., Tenn. Louesche, a village of Switzerland. See Leuk. Lou^a, or Luga, a town of Russia. See Looga. Louganskaia Stanitza, Russia. See Looganskaia. Louganskoe, a town of Russia. See Looganskoe. Lougen, or Lougan, low'gan, a river of Norway, stift of Aggershuus, rises by many heads in the Langtield and Sognefield Mountains, flows S.E., traversing Lake Miosen, and, under the name of Vermen, joins the Glom- men 28 miles N.E. of Christiania. Course, 200 miles. Lough, IftH ("lake*'). For all articles with the prefix LouGn, not below, see additional name. Loug:h Alien, a lake of Ireland, co. of Leitrim, 9 miles N. of Carrick. It is the source of the Shannon. Lough Beg, a small lake of Ireland, co. of Antrim, separated from Lough Neagh by a neck of land. Loughborough, luff^bur-riih, a market-town of Eng- land, CO. and 10 miles by rail N.N.W. of Leicester, with a station on the Midland Railway. It is paved, and lighted with gas ; the houses are mostly of brick, and the town has a respectable and thriving appearance. It has elegant churches, a free grammar-school, and several other schools. The principal manufacture of the town consists of hosiery and bobbinet. In the neighborhood are a bell-foundry, locomotive-works, dye-works, malt-kilns, slate-quarries, corn-mills, and an iron-foundry. Pop, 11,588. Loughborough, luff'bur-riih, a post-office of St. Fran- cois CO., Mo., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railro.ad, 83 miles S. of St. Louis. Loughborough, lo'bur-ruh, or Syd'enham, a post- village in Addington co., Ontario, at the outlet of Slout's Lake, 17 miles N.N.W. of Kingston. It contains about 15 stores, 4 hotels, and grist-, saw-, and shingle-mills. Pop. 450. Lough (Ion) Brick'land, a town of Ireland, co. of Down, 10 miles N.N.E. of Newry. Pop. 388. Lough Carra, 16h: kir'ra, a small lake of Ireland, co. of Kerry, 3A miles S. of Castlemaine Harbor. Lough Conn, Ion konn, a lake of Ireland, co. of Mayo, between Castlebar and Ballina, about 10 miles in length and 2 or 3 miles in breadth. Its lower extremity is called Lough CuUen. Lough Corrib, 16h kor'rib, a large lake of Ireland, in Connaught, co. and 3 miles N. of Galway. Length, from N.W. to S.E., 20 miles; the breadth varies from 1 mile to 6 miles. It receives the Clare and other rivers, with the surplus water of Loughs Mask and Carra, and discharges its own surplus by the Galway River into Galway Bay. On its banks are the towns of Cong and Oughterard. Lough Cullen, Ireland. See Lough Conn. Lough Derg, Ifln d^ae, Ireland, the longest and most picturesque of the expansions of the Shannon, separates Munster from Connaught. Length, 24 miles; the breadth varies from 2 to 6 miles. Lough Derg, a lake of Ireland, at the S.E. extremity of the CO. of Donegal, about 9 miles in circumference, and containing the famous islet called St. Patrick's Purgatory, which is visited annually by 18,000 devotees. Lough £rne, Ireland. See Erne. Lough Foyle, 16h foil, of Ireland, is a large arm of the sea, forming the estuary of the river Foyle. Length, 18 miles ; breadth, 9 miles. Lough'gall, a village of Ireland, in Ulster, co. and 5 miles N.N.E. of Armagh. Pop. 394. Lough Gara, 16h gn.h'ra, a lake of Ireland, in Con- naught, 13 miles W. of Carrick. It receives the Lung River on the S.W. Its outlet is the river Boyle. Lough Gur, lOH giir, a lake of Ireland, co. and 10 miles E.S.E. of Limerick. It is about 4 miles in circum- ference, and contains on its shores some of the most sti'iking Druidical remains in the kingdom. Lough Iron, 16h i'^rn, a lake of Ireland, in Leinster, CO. of Wcstmeath, 7 miles N.W. of Mullingar. Lough 3Iask, 16h mask, a lake of Ireland, cos. of Gal- way and Mayo. 11 miles S. of Castlebar, about 8 miles long. Lough Neagh, 16h ni, a lake of Ireland, on the S.W. border of the co. of Antrim. Length, 17 miles ; breadth, 10 miles. It receives the Upper Bann and Bhickwater from LOU 1283 LOU the S., and discharges its surplus waters on the N. by the Lower Bann into the Atlantic Ocean. LiOughor, a town of Wales. See Castel-Llychwr. Lough Oughter, Ifln ftn't^r, a lake of Ireland, in Ulster, CO. of Cavan. Length, 5 miles ; breadth, 3 miles. It is formed by an expansion of the Erne. liOughrea, lon'ri', a town of Ireland, eo. of Galway, beautifully situated on an acclivity on a small lake of the same name, 2U miles E. by S. of Salway. It has a parish ctiurch, a Roman Catholic chapel, a Carmelite monastery, with a neat chapel, a nunnery, a court-house, workhouse, police barrack, hospital, and several schools. It also pos- sesses an extensive brewery, tanneries, and corn-mills. Loughrea was once fortified, and contains the remains of an old castle and monastery. Pop. 3072. Lough Shee'lin, a lake of Ireland, partly in Leinster, cos. of Meath and Westmeath, but ehielly in Ulster, co. of Cavan, 5 miles E. of Granard. Length, from E. to W., about a miles; breadth, 24 miles. Lough Strang'ford is a large lake or inlet of the sea. between Belfast Lough and Dundrum B.ay, 15 miles in length. It is shallow, and encumbered with islets. Lougounor, Caroline Islands. See Loogoonor. Louhans, 1oo>6n=', a town of France, in Saone-et- Loire, capital of an arrondissement, 35 miles N.E. of Macon. It has a communal college, and manufactures of linen, leather, flour, and pottery. Pop. 3498. Louhou, Malay Archipelago. See Loehoe. Louiua, loo-i'na, a post-village of Randolph co., Ala., on the Tallapoosa River, 75 miles N.E. of Montgomery. Louisa, loo-ee'za, a county in the S.E. part of Iowa, has an area of about 420 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Mississippi River, and is intersected by the Iowa River. The Cedar River enters the Iowa River in this county. The surface is undulating, and extensively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, hay, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county has deposits of limestone. It is intersected by the Burlington, Cedar Rapids k Northern Railroad and a branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Capital, Wapello. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 12,877, of whom 11,766 were Americans ; in 1875, 12,499. Louisa,, a county in the central part of Virginia, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the North Anna River, and is intersected by the South Anna River. The surface is hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and tobacco are the staple products. A mine of copper has been opened in this county. It is intersected by the Ches- apeake & Ohio R.ailroad. Capital, Louisa Court-House. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,653,300. Pop. in 1870, 16,332, of whom 16,259 were Americans. Louisa, a post-village, capital of Lawrence co., Ky., on the E. boundary of the state, is on the Big Sandy River, at the confluence of the Tug Fork and the West Fork. It is 30 miles S. of Ironton, 0., and 125 miles E. of Lexington. It contains a newspaper office, 3 churches, and 2 hotels. Steamboats run from this place to the Ohio. Pop. 425. Louisa Court-House, a post-village, capital of Louisa CO., Va., is on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 62 miles N.W. of Richmond. It has 4 churches and a news- p.aper office. Louisa Fork, Kentucky. See Sandy River. Louisburg; loo'is-burg, a fishing village and suburb of the town of Wick, Scotland, co. of Caithness. Pop. 1048. Louisburg, Wiirtemberg. See Ludwigsburg. Louisburg, loo'is-burg, a post-village of Miami co., Kansas, in Wea township, on the Osage division of the Mis- souri, Kansas &, Texas Railroad, 13 miles E.N.E. of Paola, and about 36 miles S.E. of Lawrence. It has a church and a graded school. Pop. about 400. Louisburg, a township of Montgomery eo., Kansas. Pop. 1441. It contains Elk City. Louisburg, a post-village of Dallas co.. Mo., 35 miles W. of Lebanon. It has 2 churches and an academy. Louisburg, a post-village, capital of Franklin co., N.C., in Louisburg township, on the Tar River, 34 miles N.E. of Raleigh. It has 4 churches, a female college, a newspaper oflice, a male academy, a coach-factory, and a flour-mill. Pop. 750 ; of the township, 2542. Louisburg, loo'is-burg, a seaport of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, on the S.E. shore of the island, 30 miles by rail S.E. of Sydney. The French erected a fortress here at an ex- pense of 30,000,000 livres, and while Louisburg remained in their occupancy it exported 600,000 quintals of cod annually, and 600 vessels were employed in its trade and fisheries. After it was taken by the British, in 1763, the British government demolished the fortifications; since then the harbor has been deserted and the town is almost in ruins ; but the place has become a railw.ay terminus and a port of call for steamers. A number of fishermen only reside here. A light-house has been erected on the E. head. Louisburg has a fine harbor, open the year round. Louis' Corners, a post-hamlet of Manitowoc CO., Wis., 5 miles from Kiel. Louise, loo-eez', a post-office of Sedgwick co., Kansas. Louisiade (loo-ee-ze-^d') Archipelago, an exten- sive group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, comprised be- tween the parallels of 10° 40' .and 11° 40' S. lat. and the meridians of 151° and 154° 30' E. Ion. About 100 are al- ready known. They appear to be nearly all inhabited, although some of them but thinly. The principal islands are Rossel, South-East Island, Piron, Joannet, Pig, St. Aignan, Ac. Mount Rattlesnake or South-East Island is 2689 feet high, and the mountains in the W. portion of St. Aignan attain an elevation of 3279 feet. Louisiana, loo-ee-ze-ah'na (named in honor of Louis Xiy. of Fr,ance), one of the Gulf States of the American Union, is bounded N. by Arkansas and Mississippi, E. by Mississippi .and the Gulf of Mexico, S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Texas. On the N. it is limited partly by the 31st and partly by the 33d degree of N. lat. The rivers Mississippi and Pearl wash its eastern borders, and on the W. it has the 94th degree of W. Ion. for its limit from the N.W. angle of the state southward to the river Sabine, which stream is thenceforth its western boundary to the gulf. Area, 41,346 square miles, or 26,461,440 acres, of which in 1870 only 2,045,640 acres were returned as improved. Face of the Countri/. — It is stated that no part of Louisi- ana has any point elevated more than 240 feet above sea- level. In the central and northern sections of the state there are extensive tracts of undulating or even hilly ground. Farther southward the country is more level, with extensive forests and swamps. In the S.W. there are wide grassy prairies; and near the coast and the streams these plains in some cases assume the remarkable character of prah-ieB tremblantes, or "trembling prairies," which quake beneath the traveller's feet and are believed to float upon the sur- face of subtei-ranean waters or upon gulfs of thin mud. The great delta of the Mississippi is largely made up of swamp-lands, slightly elevated above the sea-level, and sub- ject to occasional overflow; and even the habitable and cultivable lands would be to a great extent overwhelmed by the freshets of the Mississippi were it not that a system of dikes or levees has been constructed at a great expense for the restraint of the river within its banks ; but these levees are liable to burst at high water, and then destructive floods pour through the crevasse and sometimes deluge large areas. 'The marshy portions of the state are often traversed by brides^ or elevated dry ridges, which are very generally in- habited. Most of those bayous which formerly flowed out from the Mississippi and made the southern part of the state a true delta have been cut off from their connection with the parent stream by the levees. The Great Pine Belt enters the state from Southern Mississippi, and, with some interruptions, extends westward across Louisiana, termi- nating in Eastern Texas. On the W. and N.W. of the allu- vial valley of the Mississippi extends a low but precipitous range of sandstone hills. Geology. — More than h.alf of the state is of post-tertiary or recent origin, the proper delta of the Mississippi covering an ever-enlarging area of more than 15,000 square miles and having an average depth of some 1000 feet. The re- mainder of the state is mainly tertiary, but at a few points the underlying cretaceous is laid bare in small areas. There are also local evidences of former volcanic action, which is shown by the discovery of lava and metamorphic stones, Ac. A large bed of tolerably pure sulphur exists in the S.W. The great deposit of roek salt at Petit Anse is very interesting, and will have a large economic value. Iron ores, ochre, and lignite are reported to exist abundantly, as well as gypsum and excellent fertilizing marls. Rivers, &c. — The state has a copious water-supply, and the number of rivers, creeks, bayous, lakes, and sloughs is very large. Steam navigation is practicable not only upon the Mississippi and Red Rivers, but also upon the Atchafa- laya, Ouachita, Teche, Sabine, and several smaller rivers and bayous. The lakes Pontchartrain and Borgne afford steamboat communication with Mobile via the landlocked Mississippi Sound. The internal water communication ex- tends some 2500 miles. There .are required in this state for the Mississippi alone no less than 780 miles of levees, while LOU 12 according to high authorities the interior streams and bayous require 925 miles, only a small part being yet completed. Wffetable and Aniinal Life. — The forests are rich not only in value and extent, but also in the number of species of native trees. Pines and oaks of several kinds, cypress, blaek and sweet gum, several magnolias, hickory, chicot, bois d'arc, cottonwood, honey-, yellow, and black locust, several elms, ash, planer, and numbers of other useful tim- ber trees abound in almost all sections of the state. The abundant native cane is utilized as a material for paper- making, and the Tillandsia or " Spanish moss" which drapes the forest trees atfords a substitute for the horsehair em- ployed by upholsterers. In the forests are still found the black bear, panther, lynx, raccoon, opossum, deer, and other game animals. Many species of birds make this state their winter home. In the swamps abound venomous and other serpents, and Inrge alligators are found, especially south- ward. Among the food-producing animals we may reckon numerous marine and fresh-water fishes, besides the abun- dant crustaceans and mollusks of the coast regions. The craAvfish, a fresh-water crustacean, as well as the muskrat, sometimes proves a dangerous enemy of the planter, since it digs long burrows in the levees and thus prepares the way for destructive crevasses. Agricultural Resources. — The exhaustless fertility of the soil of a very large portion of this state must always render it attractive to the agriculturist. This is the only state where the culture of the true sugar-cane has proved remu- nerative upon a large scale. This industry is still profitably conducted, although the climate is such that the seed of the plant never ripens here, as it does in Florida. Rice-culture has been considerably extended of late, and it is believed that nowhere can rice be produced of better quality or sold with more profit to the producer. At present the culture of cotton and Indian corn is a leading industrial pursuit. Cattle-breeding is another important interest, and the state affords ample pasturage upon its broad savannas; but the breed of stock is generally inferior^ Market-gardening and floriculture are profitable occupations near New Orleans. Manufactures are not as yet largely developed. Lumber and forest products (including naval stores, such as oil of turpentine, rosin, and tar) are obtained in the pine woods. Cotton-seed oil, oil-cake, and the oils of the pindar, gbuber or ground-nut, and castor-bean, are valuable materials, whose production might be indefinitely increased. Consid- erable quantities of rum and whisky are made, but chiofiy as an accessory or by-product of the sugar- and molasses- manufacture, which is at present the principal manufac- turing interest of the state. There are other minor manu- factures, carried on chiefly at New Orleans. Commerce. — The war of 1S61-65, the great extension of the railroad system of the United States, and the shoaling- up of the mouths of the Mississippi, dealt heavy blows to the once extensive commercial industry of the state. The Mississippi River, the great natural commercial highway for the central states of the United States, once brought down great amounts of grain, flour, tobacco, cotton, sugar, spirits, coal, timber, hemp, lead, pork, cattle, hides, wool, and other raw materials, which are now very generally sent by rail to the Atlantic ports. But the recent construction of jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi has already deep- ened the entrance to the river, and it is believed that the restoration of political quiet and the settlement of the new industrial problems which are now engaging the attention of the Southern people will in a great measure restore the commercial prosperity of New Orleans and of the state. Railroads have not been constructed in Louisiana on a scale of such magnitude as In most of the other states, be- cause her rivers have all along furnished ready and cheap communication. In 1846 there were 40 miles of railroad ; in ISoO, 80 miles; in 1855, 203 miles; in 1860, 335 miles; in 1370, 479 miles; in 1875, 539 miles, built at a cost for works of $48,394 per average road-mile. Parishes, — Louisiana is divided into 53 parishes, corre- sponding to the counties of the other states, viz. : Ascension, Assumption, Avoyelles, Bienville, Bossier, Caddo, Calcasieu, Caldwell, Cameron, Catahoula, Claiborne, Concordia, De Soto, East Baton Rouge, East Carroll, East Feliciana, Franklin, Grant, Iberia, Iberville, Jackson, Jefferson, La- fayette, La Fourche, Lincoln, Livingston, Madison, More- house, Natchitoches, Orleans, Ouachita, Plaquemines, Point Coupee, Rapides, Red River, Richland, Sabine, St. Ber- nard, St. Charles, St. Helena, St. James, St. John Baptist, St. Landry, St. Martin's, St. Mary's, St. Tammany, Tan- gipahoa, Tensas, Terre Bonne, Union, Vermilion, Vernon, Washington, "Webster, West Baton Rouge, West Carroll, West Feliciana, Winn. 4 LOU Towns and Cities. — Of these the principal is New Orleans, the capital, and the metropolis of the Western Gulf States. Pop. in 1870, 191,418 (including Algiers, Jefferson, Ac). To New Orleans the city of Carrollton (pop. 6945) was annexed in 1874. Other places of note are DonaldsonvJlle (pop. 1573), Shreveport, in the N.W. (pop. 4607), Minden (pop. 1100), Baton Rouge, the former state capital (pop. 649S), New Iberia (pop. 1472), Plaquemine (pop. 1460), Thibodeaux (pop. 1922), Natchitoches (pop. 1401), Monroe (pop. 1949), Alexandria (pop. 1218), Opelousas (pop. 1546), St. Martinsville (pop. 1190), Franklin (pop. 1265), &c. The old plantation system tended to disperse the population widely, and was not favorable to the development of large towns. Education is under the supervision of a state board and a state superintendent, with local and district school boards, which are coryjorate bodies. Normal-school instruction is provided for by law, but is chiefly given in the colleges and in other private schools of the state. Public high schools are sustained in the larger towns. New Orleans is the seat of three institutions known as universities. The state uni- versity is at Baton Rouge. A state agricultural college has been opened, and is to have buildings erected upon the Chalmette battle-ground; and there are denominational colleges at Grand Coteau, College Point, and Jackson, and professional schools are connected with some of the univer- sities and colleges. It is understood that the public school system, the operation of which has been much impeded by the unsettled condition of public afl'airs, has recently become quite effective. Constitution, Sc. — The jurisprudence of Louisiana differs from that of most of the states, in being based upon the Roman or civil law, instead of the common law of England. History. — Visited by La Salle in 1691 and unsuccessfully colonized in 1699 by Iberville, liOuisiana was granted in 1712 to one Crozat, and in 1717 was purchased by the Mississippi Company, of which John Law was president. In 1717 New Orleans was founded. Louisiana next be- came a crown possession of France; "was transferred to Spain in 1762; was retroceded to France in 1800, and in 1803 the whole province of Louisiana was purchased by President Jefferson for the United States for the sum of $11,250,000. This purchase included all the present ter- ritory of the United States W. of the Mississippi River, ex- clusive of Texas and the areas acquired from Mexico since 1847, but did not include that part of the present state of Louisiana which has the Pearl River on the E., the Mis- sissippi River on the W., and the rivers Iberville and Amite and Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain on the S, ; for this tract was a portion of the Spanisli province of West Florida, and, although it was ceded by act of Congress in 1812 to Louisiana, it was never definitely United States territory until after the Florida purchase of 1819. In 1804 the Ter- ritory of Orleans was constituted, with nearly the present limits of the state, and in 1812 the state was admitted to the Union. In 1815 the invading British army was totally defeated at Chalmette by the troops of General Jackson. A prominent event in the history of Louisiana was the revision of the criminal code of the state by Edward Livingston and others (1821). The state was exceedingly prosperous under the slave-system, and attained great wealth ; it seceded in 1861 by ordinance of a state convention, and was the scene of active and important operations during the war of 1861-65. Since the war the material progress of Louisiana has been much impeded by party strife and by acts of vio- lence and misrule. Population. — Colonized chiefly by the French, and in later times by the Spanish, there still remain thousands of de- scendants of the original colonists, and the French lan- guage is habitually spoken by many of the people. The inhabitants of French descent, called Creoles (which term in this state does not imply any admixture of African or Indian blood), still constitute a large and respectable class of the people of Louisiana. Pop. in ISIO, 76,556 ; in 1820, 153,407; in 1830, 215,739; in 1840, 352,411; in 1S50, 517,762; in 1860, 708,002, including 326,726 slaves and 18,527 free colored people; in 1870, 726,915, of whom 326,065 were white. Louisiana, a city of Pike co.. Mo., on the Missis- sippi River, about 27 miles below Hannibal, and 114 miles above St. Louis. By railroad it is 101 miles N.E. of Jef- ferson City, and 25 miles S. of Hannibal. It is on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, the trains of which here cross the river on a magnificent new iron bridge, and is the S. terminus of the St. Louis, Keokuk &, Northwestern Rail- road, and the E, terminus of the Louisiana & Missouri River Railroad. It contains 11 churches, 2 banks, a high LOU 1285 LOU Bchool, 2 newspaper offices, a Baptist college, 3 steam flour- ing-mills, 4 tobaeco-factories, several machine-shops, 4 plan- ing-mills, lumber-mills, gas-works, and 2 stove-foundries. Large quantities of tobacco, wheat, pork, &c., are shipped hero. This town is the seat of Pardee College. Fop. in 1870, 3639; present pop., about 5000. Louis-Pliilippe (loo'ee'-fireep') Land, the N. por- tion of a tract of land in the Antarctic Ocean, off South Shetland, about Iat.'63° 30' S., Ion. 57° W. It is crowned with immense peaks covered by continual snows. Louisville, loo'e-vil or loo'is-vil, a post-village of Barbour co., Ala., 9 miles S.W. of Clayton, and about 70 miles S.E. of Montgomery. It has 2 churches, a tannery, a high school, and a carriage-shop. Louisville, a post-village of Boulder co.. Col., on the Colorado Central llailroad, 10 miles S.E. of Boulder. It has several stores and a rich mine of ooal. Louisville, a post-village, capital of Jefferson co., Ga., on Rocky Comfort Creek, near the Ogeechee lliver, about 50 miles S.S.W. of Augusta. It was the capital of the state from 1795 to 1S04. It has a newspaper office, 3 high schools, and 3 churches. Pop. 356. Louisville, a post-village, capital of Clay co.. 111., in Louisville township, on Little Wabash River, and on the Springfield division of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 100 miles S.S.E. of Springfield, and 6 miles N. of Elora. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a savings-bank, and a high school. Pop. 529 ; of the township, 1200. Louisville, a post-office of Audubon co., Iowa, about 70 miles W, of Des Moines. Louisville, a post-village, capital of Pottawatomie co., Kansas, in Louisville township, on Rock Creek, about 3 miles N. of Wamego, and 40 miles W.N.W. of Topeka. It has a newspaper office, a church, a flouring-mill, and a large brick school-house. Pop, 344; of the township, 776. Louisville, loo'e-vil or loo'is-vil, the county seat of Jefferson co., and principal city of Kentucky, was founded in the year 1778, and incorporated as a city in 1828. It is beautifully situated at the falls of the Ohio River, 400 miles from its mouth, and 130 miles below Cincinnati. Lat. 38° 3' N.; Ion. 85° 30' W. The town is built on a plateau about 70 feet above the river at an ordinary stage of water, and about 25 feet above the highest flood-mark. It has 8 miles of river front suitable for wharf purposes, and the even surface extending southward from the river aff'ords the most ample space for the growth of the city in that direc- tion. A fine bridge, nearly a mile in length, connects Louisville with New Albany and Jeffersonville, two im- portant towns situated on the right bank of the river, in the state of Indiana. The streets are laid out by the meridian, and cross one another at right angles, and they are from 60 to 120 feet in width. There are 376 streets, extending about 120 miles, forming 1300 squares and cov- ering a tract of 18 square miles. The number of houses is about 25,000. Street-cars are run on the principal streets, connecting the suburbs with the central and business por- tions of the city. The most conspicuous of the public build- ings are the city hall and court-house, the First and Second Presbyterian churches, the Catholic cathedral, St. Paul's Episcopal church, the ISroadway Tabernacle, the Broadway Baptist church, &e. The educational institutions of the city are of a high order. The free school system is liberally sustained. There are 22 public school buildings, which cost nearly $1,000,000. The annual expense of conducting these schools is about $300,000. The city has 3 medical colleges, a college of law, and a number of private academies of a high order. Kentucky College for young ladies, located at Pewee Valley, a suburb of Louisville, is an institution of high grade. The total number of scholars in public and private schools is about 20,000. Louisville has 100 churches, 2 synagogues, a United States marine hospital, a number of hospitals sustained by the city and by denominational or private enterprise, 7 orphan asylums, 7 market-houses, and 23 banks. The clearings at the clearing-house for the year 1877 were $229,167,986. Of the 30 newspapers pub- lished here, 6 are political dailies, of which 2 are in the Ger- man language. It is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop. The facilities for transportation are extensive and of great importance to the city, and, being a port of entry, goods are received direct from foreign countries. Besides the Ohio River, which is usually open for navigation during the entire year, there are 6 important lines of railroad ter- minating at this point. Among these are the Louisville & Great Southern, the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis, and the Louisville Branch of the^Ohio &, Mississippi. The city has an e.xtensive trade with the South and the South- west. The commerce exceeds in value $100,000,000 per annum, of which the trade in tobacco amounts to about 50,000 hogsheads, of an aggregate value of over $4,000,000. Besides, tobacco, pork, and flour are extensively exported. During the year 1877 the importations from foreign countries amounted to $121,768, on which duty to the amount of $61,127.75 was paid; and the total internal revenue col- lected in the same year was $4,014,005.01. Though Louisville may be said to be a commercial citj', its manufactures are extensive. Among the^jjrincipal es- tablishments are its iron-foundries, tanneries, an3.~^plough- and furniture-factories. The manufacture of water- and gas-pipes is more extensive than in any other city TV. of Pennsylvania. Chicago, St. Louis, and other Western and Southern towns are supplied by the Louisville foun- dries. Large quantities of excellent ploughs are made here, and the sole-leather manufactured in Louisville has a wide reputation. In 1874 the number of industrial establish- ments was 64S; the capital invested was $22,500,000, the number of laborers employed was 16,600, and the value of manufactured products was $59,725,000. Pop. in 1830, 10,341; in 1840, 21,210; in 1850, 43,194; in 1860, 68,033: in 1870, 100,753. Estimated present pop. 150,000. Louisville, a post-office of Carroll co,, Md. Louisville, a township of Scott co., Minn. Pop. 360. Louisville, a post-village, capital of Winston eo., Miss., .about 46 miles W.S.W. of Columbus, and 95 miles N.E. of Jackson. It has a court-house, a newspaper office, and 4 churches. Pop. 385. Louisville, a post-village of Lincoln co., Mo., about 22 miles S. by W. of Louisiana. It has several churches, and manufactures of furniture and farming-implements. Pop. about 250. Louisville, a post-village of Cass co., Neb., on the S. bank of the Platte River, and on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, 18 miles W. of Plattsmouth. It has 2 churches, a machine-shop, a pottery, and a flour-mill. Kaolin is found here. Louisville, Otsego co., N.Y. See Monms. Louisville, or Jjiil'lerville, a post-village in Louis- ville township, St. Lawrence co., N.Y., on Grass River, 10 miles N. of Norwood. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a saw-miH, &c. The township is bounded N. by the St. Lawrence River, and has a pop. of 2039. Louisville, Licking co., 0. See Saint Louisville. Louxsvilley a post- village in Nimishillen township, Stark CO., 0., on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Rail- road, about 7 miles N.E. of Canton. It has 3 churches, a Catholic academy, a woollen-mill, an oil-mill, .and a grist- mill. Pop. about 1400. Louisville, a post-village of Blount co., Tenn., on the Holston River, 25 miles below Knoxville. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of carriages, flour, and furniture. Much grain is shipped here in steamboats. Louisville, a post-hamlet of Dunn co., Wis., about 2 miles W. of the Chippewa River, and 10 miles S. by E. of Menomonee. It has a church. Louisville, Kent co., Ontario. See Lewisville. Louisville Landing, a post-hamlet of St. Lawrence CO., N.Y,, on the St. Lawrence River, about 30 miles below Ogdensburg. The steamboats that navigate the river touch here. It has a church. Loui-Tcliou, or Loui-Tcheou, See Looee-Choo, Loukh, or Louka, a river of Russia. See Lookh. Lou-Kiang, a town of China. See Loo-Kiang. Lou-Kiang, a river of Thibet. See Loo-Kiang. Loukianow, a town of Russia, See Lookianov. Louknoui, Cochin China. See Saigon. Louie, loo'li or lo'U, a fortified town of Portugal, in Algarve, 8 miles N. of Faro, with 12,146 inhabitants, an old castle, several convents, and a rich hospital. Loun, a town of Bulgaria. See Lom. Lou-na-Clian, China. See Loo-na-Shan. Lou-Ngan, a town of China. See Loo-Ngan. Loup (loop) City, a post-village, capital of Sherman CO., Neb., on the Middle Loup River, about 42 miles N, of Kearney. It has a newspaper office. Loup Creek, West Virginia. See Loop Cheek, Loup Fork, or Pawnee Loup Fork, of the Platte River, rises in Nebraska, about lat. 42° 13' N., among the Great Sand Hills, runs first nearly southeastward through the arid treeless plain of Central Nebraska, and subse- quently flows nearly eastward through Howard and Piatt COS., and enters the Platte River in Platte co., about 5 miles S.E. of Columbus. Its length is estimated at 300 miles. The volume of water is small in proportion to the length. It has a branch or affluent called North Loup ; and the main stream is often called Middle Loup. LOU 1286: LOV liOUp Fork, a post-office of Howard co., Neb. liOuqsor, a town of Egypt. See Luxor. Lourches, loonsh, a town of France, in Nord, 17 milea by rail N.N.E. of Gambrai. It has coal-mines and glass- works. Pop. 3590. LiOUrdes, iooRd (anc. Lor'de? LapHrdum?)f?L town of France, in Hautes-Pyrfinees, 6 miles N.N.E. of Argeles, on the Grave de Pan. It stands at the foot of an almost in- accessible rock, and is commanded by a strong castle, now used as a prison. This place was fortified by Julius Ctesar, and has extensive Koman remains and marble-quarries. It is a noted place of pilgrimage. Pop. 4577. liOurdoueix Saint- Michel, loon'doo-i' s^No-mee^- sh^r, a village of France, in Indre, 15 miles S.W. of La Chatre. Pop. 1196. liOurdoueix Saint-Pierre, looRMoo-i'sS,No-pe-aiR', a village of France, in Crease, 17 miles N. of Gueret. P. 173. liOurenzo Marquez, loo-r^n'zo maR-k^s', a walled Portuguese town of Africa, on the N. side of Delagoa Bay, with decayed forts. Its good harbor gives it considerable importance in the trade with the Transvaal, but it is sickly and ill built. Pop. 2600. liOurical, loo-ree-kil', a town of Portugal, in Beira, IS miles vS.S.W. of Coimbra. Pop. 5174. liOiiriuhao, loo-reen-yowN"', a town of Portugal, in Estreinadura, 10 miles N. of Torres- Vedras. Pop. 32S7. liOuristan, a province of Persia. See Looristan. liOu'riston, a post-office of Chippewa co., Minn, Lous, a province of Beloochistan. See Loos. IjOuth, lowTH, a county of Ireland, Leinster, having on the E. the Irish Sea. Area, 315 square miles. The N. part of the county forms the mountainous peninsula of Carling- ford. Louth CO, is divided into 4 baronies. Chief towns, Drogheda, Dundalk, and Ardee. It sends four members to the House of Commons, two being for the county. Pop., including Drogheda, 84,021. XjOUth, a decayed town of Ireland, co. of Louth, 5i miles S.AV. of Dundalk. Pop. 358. Louth, a town of England, co. of Lincoln, in the fertile valley of the Lud, at the E. extremity of the Wolds, 15 miles by rail S. of Grrimsby. It has several churches, one of which is a fine old structure with an elegant spire, a free grammar-school and various other endowed schools, a savings-bank, a dispensary, and other charities. Carpets, worsted, soap, oil-cake, blankets, leather, paper, castings, and ale are manufactured to a great extent. A canal, com- municating with the Humber, enables a considerable trade to be carried on in corn and wool. Pop. 10,500. Loutre, loot'r, a township of Audrain co., Mo. Pop. 1003. It contains Martinsburg. Loutre, a township of Montgomery co., Mo. Pop. 1835. Loutre Island, a post-office and island of Montgomery CO., Mo., on the Missouri River, at the mouth of the Loutre River, about 66 miles W. of St. Louis. Loutre (or Otter) River, of Missouri, flows through Montgomery co., and falls into the Missouri River at Loutre Island. It affords motive power for mills. Loutsk, a town of Russia. See Lootsk. Loutzin, a town of Russia. See Lvootsin. Louvain, loo-vine' (Fr. pron. 1ooV5,n°' ; Flemish, Zcu- veit, Ici'ven or Itih'ven ; Ger. Lowen, lo'^en), a city of Bel- gium, in Brabant, at a railway junction, 15 miles E, by N. of Brussels. Its old ramparts have been levelled and turned into a circular promenade 7 miles in extent. Many of the public buildings are deserving of notice. Of these, the principal are the HGtel de Ville, one of the most beautiful Grothic buildings in the world; the collegiate church of St. Peter, an edifice of vast extent and rich in works of art; the churches of St, Gertrude, St. James, St. Quentin, and Notre Dame, all elegant and noble structures; the Pope's College, the penitentiary, and the Salle de Frascati. Lou- vain possesses a university, the largest in Belgium, with schools of divinity and engineering, and with 20 subordi- nate colleges; also an academy of tine arts, botanical gar- den, anatomical hall, cabinet of natural philosophy, chem- istry, and natural history; a collection of pictures, several of them first-rate; numerous private and free schools, and several hospitals and benevolent institutions. In the four- teenth century Louvain was one of the most important manufacturing towns, and in broadcloths alone employed about 15,000 workmen. A few woollens are still made, also hosiery, hats, ribbons, soap, oil, dye-stuffs, lace, twist, glassware, spirits, candles, leather, glue, earthenware, &q,; but by far the most important manufacture at present is beer. For trade the town is well situated, having ample communication both by railway and canal. Pop. 34,440. Louve, a river of France. See Loui. Louveciennes, loov^se-^nn', a village of France, in Seine-et-Oise, 4 miles N. of Versailles. Pop. 1946. Louveguez, or Louveigne, looWin^yd', a village of Belgium, province and 12 miles S.E. of Liege. Louven, lo-oo'vSn, a river of Norway, stift of Chris- tiania, after a S.S.E. course of 100 miles, enters the Skager- Rack near Laurvig. It traverses several lakes. Louviers, loo've-i', formerly Loviers, lo^ve-S,' (ane. Litparix '/), a town of France, department of Eure, and on both sides of the river Eure, at a railway junction, 17 miles S. of Rouen. It has an interesting mediaeval church, courts of first resort and commerce, and a consulting chamber of manufactures. Louviers is one of the chief seats of French wooUen-manufaeture, and its fine woollen cloth is considered the best in the republic. It has also several worsted-mills, tanneries, bleach-fields, dye-works, and factories for ma- chinery and steam-engines. The chief trade is in broad- cloth. Pop. 10,097. Louvign.6 du Desert, looVeen^yi'dii di^zain', a vil- lage of France, in lUe-et-Vilaine, 10 miles N.N.E. of Fou- geres. Pop. 950. Louvigue en Bais, looVeen^yi' Sn" bi, a village of France, in Ille-et-Viiaine, S miles S.W, of Vitre. Pop. 1482. Louza, loo'zi, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 12 miles E.S.E. of Coimbra, at the foot of Mt. Louza. Pop. 4532. Louza, a river of Russia. See Looza. Lovano, the Italian name of Loano. Lovas Bereny, lo'vDsh^ biVaiii', a town of Hungary, CO. and 9 miles N.E. of Stuhlweissenburg. Pop. 3790. LoWass', a post-office of Vernon co., Wis. Lovat, or Lobat, lo-vit', a river of Russia, govern- ments of Vitebsk and Novgorod, enters Lake Ilmen 22 miles S. of Novgorod, after a N. course of 175 miles. It receives the Koonia at Kholm. The Lovat & Diina Canal, which unites those rivers, forms a part of the communica- tion between Lake Ladoga and the Gulf of Riga. Lovatz, a town of Turkey. See Loftscha. Love, luv, a post-office of Montgomery co., Ark., is near the famous Crystal Mountain, Lovejoy, luv'joy, a station of Bureau co.. 111., on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 10 miles W.S.W. of Princeton. Lovejoy, a township of Iroquois co., 111. Pop. 240. It contains Wellington. Lovejoy's Station, a post-office of Clayton co., Ga., on the Macon & Western Railroad, 29 miles S. of Atlanta. Lovelace, liiv'laee, a post-village of Troup co., Ga., 5 miles from La Grange. It has 2 churches and a shoe-fac- tory. Pop. about 200. Lovelace, a post-office of Wilkes co., N.C. Lovelace's, a township of Wilkes co., N.C. Pop. 627, Lovelaceville, a post-village of Ballard co., Ky., on Mayfield Creek, about 20 miles S.W. of Paducah. It has 2 churches, a Hour-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 250. Lovelady, luv'la-de, a township of Burke co., N.C. Pop. 597. Lovelady, a post-hamlet of Caldwell co., N.C, about 60 miles N.W. of Charlotte. It has 2 churches. Lovelady, a post-village of Houston co., Tex., on the International & Northern Railroad, 99 miles N. of Houston. It has 2 churches and a free school. Love Lake City, a post-hamlet and station of Macon CO., Mo., on the Northern division of the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 15 miles N. of Macon. It has a church. Coal is found here. Loveland, luv'Iand, formerly Big Thomp'son, a post-village and summer resort of Larimer co.. Col., on Big Thompson Creek, and on the Colorado Central Railroad, 69 miles N. of Denver. It has 2 hotels and 3 stores. Loveland, a post-hamlet in Rockford township, Potta- wattamie CO., Iowa, on Boyer River, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, about 15 miles N. of Council Bluffs. It has a church. Loveland, a post-hamlet of Bladen co,, N.C, on Cape Fear River, 16 miles below Fayetteville, It has a church. Loveland, a post-village of Clermont co., 0,, on Little Miami River, and on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad where it crosses the Little Miami Railroad, 23 milea N.E. of Cincinnati. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a planing-mill. The village is partly in Hamilton co., and is surrounded by beautiful landscapes^ hills, forests, and orchards. Loveland Station, a post-hamlet in Green township, Mahoning co., 0., on the Niles &. New Lisbon Raih-oad, a branch of the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, a few miles S. of Canfield. Lovell, luv'^1, a post- village in Lovell township, Oxford LOT 128T LOW CO., Me., on Kezar Pond, about 52 miles N.N.W, of Portland. It has 3 churches and a spool-factory. Pop. of the town- ship, lOlS. liovcllf a township of Muskegon co., Mich. Pop. 167. Lovell, Michigan. See Pkuitport. IjOvell'Sj a post-village of Kanawha co., W. Va., on the Great Kanawha River, and on the Chesapeake & Ohio Kail- road, at Paint Creek Station, 21 miles S.E. of Charleston. It has a church and mines of coal. See also Paint Creek. liOvell's Station, a post-hamlet of Erie co., Pa., on the Atlantic &• Grreat Western Railroad and the Philadel- phia &. Erie Railroad, 3 miles W. of Corry. It has a church and a lumber-mill. liOvelock, luv'luk, a post-office of Butte co., Cal. liOvelock'S) a post-hamlet of Humboldt co., Nev., on the Central Pacific Railroad, in a fertile valley, 97 miles N.E. of Reno. It is near the Humboldt River. liOveltou, luv-^l-t^n, a post-hamlet of Wyoming co., Pa., about 33 miles W.N.W. of Scranton. It has a grist- mill and a saw-mill. Lovely Dale, Knox co., Ind. See Monroe City, Lovely JYIouut, Virginia. See Central Depot. liOVeiideghem, lo-vSn'd§h-H§m\ a village of Bel- gium, in East Flanders, 5 miles N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 4000, extensively employed in linen-weaving. Lovenich, 16'ven-iK\ a village of Rhenish Prussia, 21 miles N.N.E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. 2767. Lovere, lo-vi'ri, a village of Northern Italy, 21 miles E.N.E. of Bergamo, on Lake Iseo. Pop. 2S38. Lovernsville, luv'ernz-vil, a hamlet of Winston co., Miss., 20 miles from Shuqualak. Lover's Leap. See Cape Ducato. Love's Lake, a post-office of Red River parish, La. Love's Level, a post-office of Union co., N.C. Love's Mills, a post-office of Washington co., Va. Love's Station, a post-office of De Soto co., Miss,, on the Mississippi & Tennessee Railroad, 5 miles S. of Her- nando. Lovett, liiv'et, a post-hamlet of Jennings co,, Ind., on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (Louisville Branch), 47 miles N, by E. of Jeffersonville. It has a carriage-shop and a saw-mill. Lovett's, a post-office of Adams co., 0., about 32 miles S.W. of Chillicothe. Loyettsville,liiv'ets-vil, a post-village of Loudoun co., Va., about 15 miles S.W. of Frederick City, Md., and 2 miles S. of the Potomac River. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Pop. 155. Loveville, liiv'vil, a post-hamlet of Centre co,, Pa., about 25 miles N.E. of Altoona. Loviers, a town of Trance. See Louviers. liOvil'ia, or Lovil'la, a post-village of Monroe co., Iowa, in Union township, on the railroad between Albia and Knoxville, 9 miles N.W. of Albia. It has a church. Pop. about 300. liOvilMa, a hamlet of Hamilton co.. Ill,, near the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, about 20 miles E.S.E. of Mt. Vernon. Loving (luv'ing) Creek, a post-office of Bedford co.,Va. XiOvingston, luv'ingz-ton, a post-village, capital of Nelson co., Va., on the Virginia Midland Railroad, 30 miles N, by E. of Lynchburg. It has 1 or 2 churches, an acad- emy, a newspaper office, a court-house (planned by Thomas Jefferson), and 2 hotels. It is situated in a cove of the mountains. Pop. about 300. Lovington, luv'ing-ton, a post-village in Lovington township, Moultrie co,. 111., on the Chicago & Paducah Railroad where it crosses the Illinois Midland Railroad, 21 miles E.S.E. of Decatur, and 87 miles S. of Pontiac. It has 3 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, and a steam flouring-mill. Pop. of the township, 1588. Lovisa, a town of Finland. See LowiSA, Lovtcha, a town of Bulgaria. See Loftscha. Low, a post-village in Ottawa co,, Quebec, 38 miles N.N.W. of Ottawa. It contains a store. Pop. 100. Low Archipelago (ar-ke-p^l'a-go), an extensive series of islands, in number from 80 to 90, in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 20^^ S., Ion, 140° AV., E. of the Society Islands, and S, of the Marquesas, and comprising numerous groups, from Clermont-Tonnerre to Krusenstern Island. They are mostly under French protection. Pop. 9000, Lowbanks, lo'banks, a post-village in Monck co., On- tario, on Lake Erie, 20 miles E.S.E, of Cayuga. Pop. 140. Low Countries. See Netherlands. Lowdeah, or Loudeah. See Al Sibkah. Lowd'en, or Loud'on, a post-village in Springfield township, Cedar co., Iowa, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 40 miles W. of Clinton, and 16 miles N.E. of Tipton. It has 3 churches, a bank, a graded school, and 2 hotels. Pop. 439. LoAvd'en's Ranch, a post-office of Trinity co., Cal. LoAVd'er, a post-office of Sangamon co.. 111., on the Jacksonville, Northwestern & Southeastern Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of Virden Junction. LoAvd'ham,a village and parish of England, co. and 7i miles N.E. of Nottingham. Pop. 1317. Lowe, lo, a township of Moultrie co.. 111. Pop. 786. Lowe, a post-hamlet of Chautauqua co., Kansas, 45 miles W. of Independence. Lowe, a station on the Kentucky Central Railroad, 9 miles N.E. of Lexington, Ky. Lowell, lo'el, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., Ga., 8^ miles S. of Carrollton. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill, Lowell, a post-village of Lake co., Ind., on Cedar Creek, 10 miles S.S.W. of Crown Point, and about 44 miles S. by E. of Chicago. It has a newspaper office, a graded school, 4 churches, and manufactures of ploughs, &c. LoAVell, a post-village in Baltimore township, Henry CO., Iowa, on the Skunk River, 18 miles AV. of Burlington. It has a church, 2 flouring-mills, and a sandstone-quarry. Lowell, a post-village in Lowell township, Cherokee CO., Kansas, on Spring River, at the mouth of Shoal Creek, 4 miles N.E. of Baxter Springs, and about 25 miles S.W. of Carthage, Mo. It has abundant water-power and 2 flour- mills. Coal is found near it. Pop. of township, 1176. Lowell, a post-hamlet of Garrard co., Ky., near Paint Lick Creek, and on the Richmond Branch of the Louisvillo & Nashville Railroad, 122 miles E.S.E. of Louisville. It has a grist-mill and 2 general stores. Lowell, a post-hamlet of Penobscot co.. Me., in Lowell township, about 32 miles N.N.E. of Bangor. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 448. LoAvell, a city of Massachusetts, and one of the capi- tals of Middlesex co., is situated on the Merrimac River, at the mouth of the Concord, 25 miles N. by W. of Boston. Lat. 42° 38' 46" N.j Ion. 71° 19' 2" AV. It is the second city of the state in population. The site is uneven and pic- turesque, and "from the heights of Belvidere, on the right bank of the river, the whole panorama of the city, the long, curving line of the Merrimac, the distant peaks of Wachu- sett, and the New Hampshire mountains, come grandly into view." The city is chiefly on the S. side of the Merrimac; though some large establishments are situated on the N. The streets are regularly laid out, well paved, and lighted with gas. The principal public buildings are the city hall, the court-house, the churches, and school-houses, Lowell has 30 churches, a free library of about 20,000 volumes, a high school, 6 national banks, with an aggregate capital of $2,350,000, 6 savings-banks, a hospital, an orphan asylum, and water-works constructed at a cost of $1,265,000. Three daily and 4 weekly newspapers are published here. The prosperity of Lowell is mainly derived from manu- factures of cotton and woollen goods and the immense hy- draulic power aflForded by the Merrimac, which here falls 33 feet. The water-power is owned by a corporation char- tered as " The Proprietors of the Locks and Canals on Mer- rimac River." A capital of $16,000,000 is invested in the manufactures of Lowell, which employ about 16,000 opera- tives, and produce 2,500,000 yards of cotton in a week. Here are 9 large corporations, which employ, in addition to the water-power, 50 steam-engines, and own nearly 80 mills and over 600,000 spindles. Among these corpora- tions are the Merrimac Manufacturing Company (capital, $2,500,000), the Hamilton Manufacturing Company (capi- tal, $1,200,000), the Lowell Manufacturing Company (cap- ital, $2,000,000), the Tremont and Suflblk Mills (capital, $1,200,000), the Lawrence Manufacturing Company (capi- tal, $1,500,000), and the Massachusetts Cotton-Mills (capi- tal, $1,800,000). These corporations produce cotton sheet- ings, shirtings, prints, drillings, flannels, carpets, cassimeres, serges, shawls, hosiery, beavers, &c. Lowell has also man- ufactures of machinery, boilers, paper, chemicals, edge-tools, elastic goods, files, screws, bolts, patent medicines, carriages, furniture, sash and blinds, turbine-wheels, pumps, hydraulic presses, bobbins, and machinists' tools. The Lowell Bleachery has a capital of $300,000, employs about 400 operatives, and dyes 15,000,000 yards per annum. This city is the ter- minus of 7 railroads, named the Boston & Lowell, the Lowell & Nashua, the Lowell & Lawrence, the Stony Brook, the Lowell & Framingham, the Lowell & Andover, and the Salem & Lowell, There are several public squares, in one of which a monument has been erected to the mem- ory of Ladd and Whitney, who were killed in Baltimore by LOW 1288 LOW a mob April 19, 1861. Total valuation of property for 1875, S38, 694,495. Lowell was incorporated as a city in 1836. Pop. in 1840, 20,796; in 1860, 36,827; in 1870, 40,928; in 1875, 49,688. liowell, a post-village in Lowell township, Kent co., Mich., on Grand River, at the mouth of the Flat River, and on the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, 19 miles E. by S. of Grand Rapids, and 52 miles W.N.W. of Lansing. It has a national bank, a newspaper office, a graded school, 3 churches, a foundry, a woollen-mill, 2 flouring-mills, 2 planing-mills, an axe-factory, and a furniture-factory. Pop. 1503; of the township, 2826. IjOwell, anorthern suburb of St. Louis, Mo., is bounded on the N. by O'Fallon Avenue, on the E. by the Mississippi River, on the S. by Grand Avenue, and on the W. by Belle- fontaine Road. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of brick, soap, and bone-black. Lowell, a post-village of Kearney Co., Neb., on the Platte River, and on the Burlington & Missouri River Rail- road, 15 miles E. of Kearney Junction, and 18 miles W. of Juniiita. One weekly newspaper is published here. liOAVell, a post-village in Westmoreland township, Oneida co., N.Y., about 14 miles W.N.W. of Utica. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Pop. 171. Lowell, Washington co., 0. See Bhell's Lowell. I/Owell, a post-village of Orleans co., Vt., in Lowell township, on the Missisquoi River, about 50 miles E.N.E. of Burlington. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of butter-tubs, sash, and doors. Pop. of the township, 942. Lou'^ell, a post-oflioe of Snohomish co., W.ashington. Lowell, a post-village of Summers co., W. Va., on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, and on the Greenbrier River, here crossed by an iron bridge, 108 miles S.E. of Charleston. It has a church, and is a noted shipping-point for stock. Lowell, a post-village of Dodge co., Wis., in Lowell township, on Beaver Dam River, 8 or 9 miles S. of the city of Beaver Dam, about 35 miles E.N.E. of Madison, and 2* miles N. of Lowell Station of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. It has 5 churches, a graded school, a cheese-factory, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. of the township, 256.3. Lowell Hill, a post-village of Nevada CO., Cal., 6 miles from Dutch Fliit. Gold is mined here. Lowell Junction, a station in Andover township, Essex CO., Mass., on the Boston & Maine Railroad, at the junction of the Lowell & Andover Railroad, 20 miles N. of Boston, and 9 miles E. by S. of Lowell. Lowell Mills, a village of Bartholomew CO., Ind., on Fl.at Rock Creek, 3 miles N. of Columbus. Lowellviile, lo'el-vll, a post-village of Mahoning co., 0., on the Mahoning River, and on the Ashtabula, Youngs- town & Pittsburg Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Youngstown, and 57 miles N.N.A7. of Pittsburg. It has 2 churches, a blast- furnace for the production of pig-iron, 2 grist-mills, a brick- yard, and a planing-mill. Good coal is mined near this place. Pop. 722. Liiweii, lo'\Ven, a town of Prussian Silesia, 36 miles by rail S.E. of Breslau, on the Neisse. Pop. 2001. Lowen, the German name of Louvain. Loweuberg, lo'wen-beRG\ or Lem'berg, a town of Prussian Silesia, 26 miles W.S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Bober. Pop. 5203. It has woollen-, printed-linen-, and cotton-fac- tories, and bleaching-works. Lowenburg's (lo'en-burgz) Station, a post-office of Adams co.. Miss., on the Natchez, Jackson & Columbus Railroad, 18 miles E. of Natchez. LoAvendal, low'§n-d3,r, an island on the N.W. coast of West Australia, belonging to the Montebello group, and about 16 miles N. of Barrow Island. Lowenstein, lb'wen-stine\ a town of Wiirtemberg, 24 miles N.N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1656. Lower, lo'er, a township of Cape May co., N.J. Pop. 1783. It includes Cape May City, and is the southernmost township in the state. Lower, a township of Richland co., S.C. Pop. 307. Lower Al'len, a township of Cumberland co.. Pa. Pop. 1336. Lower Al'loway Creek, a township of Salem co., N.J., on the Delaware River. Pop. 1483. Lower Alps, France. See Basses-Alpes. Lower Ammonoo'suc, a river of New Ilamp.shire, rises in Coos co., near Mount Washington, runs southwest- ward through Grafton co., .and enters the Connecticut at the village of Wells River. It is nearly 100 miles long. Lower Augusta, aw-gtis'ta, a township of Northum- berland CO., Pa. Pop. 1802. Low'er Aus'tria (Fr. Basae-AtUrichc, biss-o^tueesh'; Ger. Oeetet'reich-unter-dem-Emis, os't?r-niK^-o6n't§r-d§m- ^ns, or Nieder-Oesfcn-eich, nee'der-os'ter-RlK^), a crown -land of Austro-Hungary, in Cisleithania, separated in part from Upper Austria by the river Enns. With Upper Austria it forms the so-called archduchy of Austria. It is bounded N. by Moravia, E. by Hungary, S. by Styria, and W. by Upper Austria and Bohemia. Area, 7655 square miles. Capital, Vienna. It is generally very fertile, producing much grain and wine, and its mountainous parts are rich in metals. Pop. 1,990,708. Lower Avon, a river of England. See Avon. Lower Bank, a post-village of Burlington co., N.J., on Egg Harbor River, about 40 miles S.E. of Camden. . Lower Bann, a river of Ireland. See Bann. Lower Bar'ney's River, a post-settlement in Pietou CO., Nova Scotia, at the mouth of Barney's River, 18 miles from New Glasgow. Pop. 200. Lower Bart'lett, a small post-village of Carroll co., N.H., in Bartlett township, neartheSacoRiver, about 5 miles N. of North Conway. It has 2 churches. Lower Bern, a post-office of Berks co.. Pa. Lower Beth Horon, Palestine. See Beth Horon. LoAver Bois6, boi'ze, a post-office of Ada co., Idaho. Lower Brule, broo'Ii', a post-office of Buffalo co., Dakota, at Fort Hale, on the Missouri River. Lower Burgeo, Newfoundland. See Bhrgeo. Lower Cab'ot, a post-hamlct of Washington co., Vt., in Cabot township, about 15 miles N.E. of Montpelier. It has a church and a woollen-factory. LoAVer California. See California. LoAver Canard, Nova Scotia. See Canard. LoAver Can'terbury, a post-hamlet in York co., New Brunswick, on the S. side of the river St. John, at the mouth of the Sheogomoc, 44 miles W. of Fredericton. LoAver Cape, a settlement in Kent co.. New Bruns- wick, at the entrance of Richibucto Harbor, 3 miles from Richibucto. There is a light-house on its head. Pop. 150. LoAVer Catasau'qua, a station on the Lehigh eIier. It has a church. LoAver Vvind'sor, a township of York co., Pa. Pop. 2429. It contains East Prospect. LoAver Wood'stock, a post-village in Carleton co.. New Brunswick, 7 miles from Woodstock. It contains a store and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 500. LoAverz, or LoAvertz, lo'wSrts, a village and lake of Switzerland, canton and 3 miles W.N.W. of Schwytz, at the foot of the Rossberg. Pop. 513. LoAA'e's, loz, a post-hamlet of Graves co., Ky., 8 miles W. of Viola Station. It has a church and an institute. LoAve's Cross Roads, post-office, Sussex co., Del. LoAA''estoft, a fortified seaport town of England, in Suftblk, 40 miles by rail N.N.W. of Ipswich. It is the ter- minus of 2 railway lines, and consists of two parts. Old and New or South Lowestoft. The principal public build- ings are the parish church, chapels, a town hall, theatre, assembly-room, 2 free schools, a British school, several private schools, an infirmary, and a fishermen's hospital. Ship-building is carried on, and there are several breweries and refineries. Lowestoft is one of the chief English fish- ing ports. Its hax'bor is artificially improved, and the outer port is formed by 2 great moles or piers. The town is a favorite bathing-place. Pop. 15,246. LoAvesville, loz'vll, a post-village of Lincoln co., N.C., 10 miles N. of Tuekasegee Railroad Station. It has a church, 2 stores, a tannery, &c. LoAvesville, a post-office of Guadalupe co., Tex., 10 miles from Seguin. LoAvesville, a post-hamlet of Amherst co., Va., on Piney River, 10 miles from Tye River Depot. It has 3 stores and a grist-mill. Pop. 50. LoAvesAvater, loz'wi'ter, a obiipelry of England, co. of Cumberland, on a small lake of the same name, 6 miles ■S.S.E. of Cockermouth. LOW 1290 LOY Low Gapj a hamlet of Mendocino co., Cal., 45 miles N.W, of Cloverdale. It has a saw-mill, I^OW Gap, a post-office of Surry co., N.C. IjOW Gap, a post-office of Cabell co., AV. Va. liOW Hill, a post-hamlet of Lehigh co., Pa., 13 miles W.N.W. of Allentown. Pop. of Low Hill township, 997. Lowicz, or Lowitsch, lo'viteh, a town of Poland, 44 miles W.S.W, of Warsaw, on the lizura, an affluent of the Vistula. Pop. 7605, It has barracks, monasteries, a gym- nasium, and a normal school. liOwlsa, lo-^ee'si, or Degesby, di'gh^s-bii^, a forti- fied seaport town of Finland, on the Gulf of Finland, 55 miles N.E. of Helsingfors. Pop. 2135. IjOVV Isles, a group of islets on the N.E. coast of Aus- tralia, in Trinity Bay. Lat. 1G° 25' S. ; Ion. 145° 30' E. JjOAvman, lo'man, a post-office of Chemung co., N.Y. liOvvinansville, lo'manz-vil, a post-hamlet of Law- rence CO., Ky. It has a church and a grist-mill. IjOW Moor, a post-village of Clinton cp., Iowa, in Eden township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 9^ miles "W. of Clinton. It has a church and a graded school. Low Moor Iron-Works, a mining village of Alle- ghany CO., Va., 2 miles by rail from Low Moor Junction, which is on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. It has a church. Iron ore is mined here. Lowndes, lowndz, a county in the S. central part of Alabama, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Alabama River, and is partly drained by Big Swamp and Pintelala Creeks. The surface is undulating or uneven, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Mobile & Montgomery Railroad and the Western Railroad of Alabama. Capital, Hayneville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,283,954, Pop. in 1870, 25,719, of whom 25,633 were Americans. liOwndes, a county in the S. part of Georgia, borders on Florida. Area, about 550 square miles. It is partly bounded on the E. by the AUapaha River, and on the W. by the Withlacoochee River. The surface is nearly level, and is mostly covered with forests of pine and other trees. The soil is partly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, sugar-cane, cattle, and pork are the staple products. This county is in- tersected by the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad. Capital, Val- dosta. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,350,404. Pop. in 1370, 8321, of whom 8297 were Americans. Lowndes, a county in the E. part of Mississippi, bor- ders on Alabama. Area, about 500 square miles. It is intersected by the Tombigbee River, and is partly drained by llie Oktibbeha River and Luxapatilla Creek. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is extensive!}' covered with forests of cypress, hickory, elm, oak, pine, &c. The soil is a fertile loam. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Mobile &, Ohio Railroad. Capital, Columbus. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, S6,749,043. Pop. in 1S70, 30,502, of whom 30,176 were Americans. liOAvndes, a post-office of AVayne co., Mo. Lowndes, a township of Colleton co., S.C. Pop. 1850. Lowndesborough, lowndz'biir-ruh, a post-village of Lowndes co., Ala., 3 miles from Lowndesborough Station of the Western Railroad of Alabama, and 20 miles W. by 5. of Montgomery. It has 4 or 5 churches, a male acad- emy, a female institute, and a grist-mill. Pop. about 600. Lowndesville, lowndz'vil, a post-village and town- ship of Abbeville co., S.C, about 110 miles AV.N.W. of Columbia. Pop. of Lowndesville township, 2^80. LoAVOSits, a town of Bohemia. See Lobositz. Low (lo) Point, a post-village of Woodford co.. III., in Cazenovia township, on the Western division of the Chicago 6, Alton Railroad, 6 miles N. of Metamora, and 130 miles from Chicago. It has 3 churches and an academy. Low Point, New York. See Carthage Landing. LoAV Point, a post-village in Richmond co.. Cape Breton Island, on the Gut of Canso, 7 miles S,E. of Port Hastings. Pop. 200. LoAV Point Shore, or Victoria Mines, a post- village in Cape Breton co.. Nova Scotia, at the entrance of Sydney Harbor (S. side), 9 miles N. of Sydney. The Vic- toria coal-mines are here. A large quantity of coal is transported hence 4 miles by railway to a wharf at South Bay. There is a light-house on Low Point, showing a fixed light 70 feet above the level of the sea. Pop. 350. Lowrie's, Wisconsin. See Emery. Lo wry, low're, a post- village of Bedford co., Va., on the Atlantic, Mississippi &, Ohio Railroad. It has 2 churches and a distillery. LoAvry City, a post-hamlet of St. Clair co., Mo., 15 miles E. of Appleton City. It has a church. Lowry's Mill, a post-office of Greenbrier co., W. Va. Lowry ville, I6w'r?-vil, a post-office of Chester co., S.C, on the King's Mountain Railroad, about 60 miles N, of Columbia. Lowryville, a post-office of Hardin co., Tenn. Lowsville, loz'vil, a post-hamlet of Monongalia co., W. Va., 7 miles N. of Fairmont. It has a church. LoAVtherstown, Ireland. See Irvinestown. Lowville, lo'vil, a post-township of Murray co., Minn. Pop. 54. Lowville, a post-village, capital of Lewis co., N.Y., in Lowville township, on Black River, and on the Utica & Black River Railroad, 58 miles N. by W. of Utica, and 33 miles S.E. of AVatertown. It contains 5 churches, the Low- ville Academy, a national bank, 1 other bank, 4 newspaper offices, 2 hotels, several fine brick buildings, a chair-factory, and a sash- and blind-factory. Pop. about 1500 ; of the township, 2804. Lowville, a small post- village of Erie co.. Pa., on French Creek, 15 miles S.E. of Erie. It has a church and a lum- ber-mill. Lowville, a post-office of Columbia co., Wis., in Low- ville township, 22 miles N. of Madison. The Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railroad touches the N.E. corner of the township. Pop. of the township, S86. Lowville, lo'vil, a post-village in Halton co., Ontario, on Twelve-Mile Creek, 9 miles N.N.W. of Wellington Square. It contains an iron-foundry, a flouring-mill, and several stores. Pop. 150. Loxa, towns of Spain and Ecuador. See Loja. Loxa, Coles co., III. See Stockton Station. Loy'al, a post-village in Loyal township, Clark co., AVis., 10 miles W. of Spencer Railroad Station, and about 54 miles E. by S. of Eau Claire. It has 2 churches, a grist- mill, a saw-miil, and a manufactory of sash and doors. Pop. of the township, 499. Loy'alhau^na, a township of Westmoreland co., Pa. Pop. 813. Loyalhauna, a station in Westmoreland co.,'Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1 mile E. of Latrobe. Loyalhanna Creek, Pennsylvania, runs northwest- ward through Westmoreland co., and unites with the Cone- maugh River at Saltsburg, to form the Kiskiminetas, Loy'al Hill, a post-office of Lancaster co.. Neb., 16 miles S.S.W. of Lincoln. Loyal Oak, a post-village in Norton township, Summit CO., 0., 4 miles from New Portage Station, and about 9 miles S.W. of Akron. It has a church, a tannery, and a steam saw-mill. Loy'alsock, a township of Lycoming co.. Pa., is con- tiguous to Williamsport. Pop. 1475. Loyal sock, a post-village in Upper Fairfield township, Lycoming co., Pa., on Loyalsock Creek, about 9 miles N.E. of Williamsport. It has a lumber-mill. Loyalsock Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in Sullivan CO., runs south westward, and enters the West Branch of the Susquehanna River in Lycoming co., about 5 miles below Williamsport. It is nearly 70 miles long, Loy'alton, a post-village of Sierra co., Cal., in a fer- tile valley on the Sierra Nevada, about 20 miles N.W. of Reno, and 100 miles in a direct lino N.E. of Sacramento. It has 2 churches. Loyalton, a post-village in Washington township, Dauphin co.. Pa., 1 mile from Oakdale Station. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a coach -factory. Loy'alty Islands, a group in the Pacific Ocean, E. of New Caledonia, consists of 3 large and many small islands, all belonging to France. Land area, 841 square miles. LiFu, or Chabrol, is the largest, N. end in lat. 20° 27' S., Ion. 167° E., 37 miles long, and 10 to 20 miles broad. It is of coral formation, and has no harbor. It is 250 feet in elevation, level on the top, and thickly wooded. Maui is about 20 miles long and 10 miles broad, and has no anchorage. It is of coral formation, level, and thickly Avoodod, and is populated by a wild race of small stature. Total pop. 13,334. Loy'al Valleyj a post-village of Mason co., Tex., about 100 miles W. by N. of Austin. It has a church ami a hotel. Loyat, lo^yil', a village of France, in Morbihan, 29 miles N.E. of Vannes. Pop. 2160. Loyd, New York. See Llovd. Loyd, a post-village in Willow township, Richland co., Wis., on Willow Creek, about 56 miles W.N.W. of Madison. It has a lumber-mill. LOY 1291 LUC Loydsville, loids'vil, a post-village of Belmont co., 0., on the National Road, 5 miles W. of St. Clairsville, and about 16 miles W. by N. of Bellaire. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Pop. about 150. ioyes, IwA, a village of France, in Ain, 22 miles E. of Trevoux. Pop. 1102. Loyola, lo-yo'13-, a celebrated convent and village of Spain, Biscay, 14 miles S.W. of St. Sebastian ; the former held to be the wealthiest and most magnificent belonging to the Jesuits, by whom it was built in honor of their founder St. Ignatius, born in the adjacent village in 1491. LoySj a station in Frederick co., Md., on the Western Maryland Railroad, 3 miles S.W. of Emmittsburg. liOy's Cross Roads, a post-hamlet of Union co., Tenn., about 10 miles N.AV. of Maynardville. It has 2 churches. liOysville, loiz'vil, a post-village in Tyrone township, Perry co.. Pa., about 27 miles W.N.W. of Harrisburg. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 200. liOzdziely, Russian Poland. See Losdzey. Lozere, lo^zain', a department of the S. of France, a part of the old province of Languedoc. Area, 1965 square miles. Pop. in 1876, 138,319. It is traversed on the E. by the Cevennes Mountains, and from E. to W. by the mountains of Margeride and Lozere. Altitude of plateau, 2300 to 3000 feet; the mountains are snow-clad during a great part of the year. Elevation of Mount Lozere, in the Cevennes, 4884 feet. Chief rivers, the Tarn, Lot, Truyere, AUier, and Gard. Soil infertile; its grain and wine are insufficient for home consumption, and a great part of the population live by sheep-husbandry. The minerals of the department are lead, silver, copper, antimony, and iron. Chief industries, cotton-spinning and mining. This de- partment anciently formed part of Aquitania Prima and Septimania. It is divided into the arrondissements of Mende, Florae, and Marvejols. Capital, Mende. Ij6zoya, lo-tho'yd, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 50 miles N.N.W. of Madrid. Pop. 570. Lozweil, lots'\Vile, a village of Switzerland, canton and 24 miles N.E. of Bern. Pop. 1245. IjU. loo (L. Lu'cus), a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 9 miles N.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 3960. liualaba, a river of Africa. See Congo. liUau'u, a post-village of Clayton co., Iowa, in Monona township, on the Chicago, Milwaukee . 3238. Lucoli, loo-ko'lee, a village of Italy, province of Aquila, 6 miles W.S.W. of Aquila. Pop. 2299. Lu^on, lii^sftNo' (anc. Lncus?), a town of France, in Vendee, 17 miles W. of Fontenay-le-Comte, about 8 miles from the sea, to which it is united by a canal, 10 miles in length. Pop. 6026. It has a communal college, and manu- factures of cutlery, linen, oil, liqueurs, and porcelain. Lu(^on, one of the Philippine Islands. See Luzon. Lucques, a city of Italy. See Lucca. Lucus Asturum, an ancient name of OviEno. Lucus August!, the ancient name of Lugo. Lu'cy, a post-office of Shelby co., Tenn., on the Paducah k Memphis Railroad, 13 miles N.N.E. of Memphis. Lucyn, the Polish name of Lyootsin, Luczko, a town of Bohemia. See Saatz. Ludd, lud (anc. Lyd'da or Bioa'jyoUs), a village of Palestine, 2 miles N.E. of Ramleh, with a decayed church, Ludda Islands. See Lada Islands. Lud'denden Foot, a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, 3i miles W, of Halifax, on the Manchester & Leeds Railway. Pop. 2963. Lude, or Le Lude, leh lUd (anc. LuBdum?), a town of France, department of Sarthe, on the Loir, 10 miles E.S.E. of La Eleche. Pop. 2720, It has a castle. Liidenscheid, lii'den-shlte\ a town of Prussia, AVest- phalia, 23 miles S.W. of Arnsberg. Pop. 7546. It has factories of cutlery, brass- and iron-wares, and cotton and woollen goods. Ludinghausen, lii'ding-how^zen, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 16 miles S.S.W. of Munster. Pop. 2187. Lud'ington, a post-town, capital of Mason co., Mich., is on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Marquette River, 137 miles W. by N. of East Saginaw, and about 54 miles N. by W, of Muskegon. It is the N.W. terminus of the Flint A Pere Marquette Railroad, and has 2 banks, 4 churches, 2 foundries, 2 newspaper offices, a planing-mill, and 7 mills for lumber and shingles. Lumber is the chief article of export. Pop. 2177. liUd'ingtonville, a post-hamlet of Putnam co., N.Y., about 20 miles E. of Newburg. It has a church. Liiditz, lii'dits, a town of Bohemia, 56 miles W. of Prague. Pop. ISOO. Near it are mines of iron and zinc. Lud'low, liid'lo, a town of England, co. of Salop, at the confluence of the Corve and Teme, 25 miles by rail S. of Shrewsbury. It is finely situated on an eminence in a fertile district. There are some traces of walls erected in the reign of Edward I., magnificent remains of a castle, Mortimer's chapel, the noble state apartments of the lords presidents of the marches, with several towers, a very fine church, a grammar-school founded by Edward IV., assem- bly-rooms, theatre, and library. The borough sends a member to the House of Commons. Pop. 6203. Lud'low, a post-village of Champaign co., 111., in Lud- low township, on the Chicago division of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad, 20 miles N. by E. of Champaign. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and a drug-store. Pop. of the township, 920. LudloAV, a post-office of Dubois co., Ind. Ludlow, a post-office or hamlet in Ludlow township, Allamakee co., Iowa, about 75 miles N.N.W. of Dubuque. Pop. of the township, 1015. Ludlow, a post-town of Kenton co., Ky., on the Ohio River, below Covington and opposite Cincinnati. It is nearly surrounded by high hills, and is on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad. ' A fine railroad bi'idge of iron here crosses the river. It contains a graded school, a newspaper office, and 5 churches. Many merchants who do business in Cincin- nati reside here. Pop. about 1500. Ludlow, a township of Aroostook co., Me., about 8 miles N.W. of Houlton, Pop. 371. Ludlow, or Jenks'ville, a post-village in Ludlow township, Hampden co., Mass., on the Springfield, Athol k Northeastern Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Springfield. It has a church, and manufactures of crashes, grain-bags, jute, and twine. The township is bounded S. by Chicopee River. It has 3 churches, and a pop. of 1222. See Ludlow Centre. Ludlow, a post-office of Scott co., Misa., about 35 miles N.E. of Jackson. Ludlow, a post-hamlet of Livingston co.. Mo., in Mon- roe township, 15 miles S.W. of Chillicothe. It has a church, a flour-mill, Ac. Ludlow, Miami co., 0. See Georgetown. Ludlow, a township of AVashington co., 0. Pop. 1082 Ludlow, a post-hamlet of McKean Co., Pa., on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, 20 miles S.E. of Warren. It has 2 lumber-mills and a planing-mill. Ludlow, a post-village in Ludlow township, Windsor LUD 1294 LUIi CO., Vt., on Black River, and on the Rutland division of the Vermont Central Railroad, 25 miles S.S.E. of Rutland. It has 3 or 4 churches, an academy, a foundry, a newspaper office, and manufactures of carriages, woollen goods, toys, whetstones, and machinery. The township has 5 churches. Pop. about 1000; of the township, 1S27. Ludlow, a post-settlement in Northumberland co.. New Brunswick, on the Southwest Branch of the Miramichi, 51 miles from Fredericton. Pop. 100. Ludlow Centre, a post-hamlet of Hampden co., Mass., in Ludlow township, 2 miles from Ludlow Station. It has 2 churches. Ludlow City, a small village in Ludlow township, Hampden CO., Mass. It has water-power and some small manufactories. Ludlow Grove, a post-hamlet of Hamilton co., 0., on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, and on the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad, 8 miles N. of Cincinnati. It has a church, and manufactures of starch and tobacco. Lud'low's, a station in Fountain co., Ind., on the In- diana North & South Railroad, 3 miles N. of Veedersburg. Lud'lowville, a post-village in Lansing township, Tompkins co., N.Y., on Salmon Creek, and near Ludlow- ville Station on the Cayuga Lake Railroad, 10 miles N. of Ithaca, and about 1 mile E. of Cayuga Lake. It has 2 churches, 2 flour-mills, and a spoke-factory. Pop. 376. Lud'ville, a post-office of Pickens co.. Ga. Lud'wick, a borough of Westmoreland co.. Pa., in Hempfield town.'o' {n,nts-yi-o-veet'si, a town of Poland, province and 45 miles S.W.of Siedleo, on the Vistula. Macln'doe's Falls, a post-village of Caledonia co., Vt., in Barnet township, on the Connecticut River, and on the Passumpsic Railroad, 14 miles S. of St. Johnsbury., It has an academy, a church, and a large lumber-mill. 31acln'lerfer's Creek, of Michigan, enters Stony Creek in St. Joseph co. Mac'Intosh, a county in the S.E. part of Georgia, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the S.W. by the Altamaha River. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively cov- ered with pine forests. The soil is partly fertile. Rice, lum- ber, and. Indian corn are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad. Capital, Darien. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,173,700. Pop. in 1870, 4491, of whom 4415 were Americans. Macintosh, a post-hamlet of Liberty co., Ga., on the Atlantic & Gulf lUilroad, 32 miles S.W. of Savannah. It has 3 stores and 3 families. Macintosh Bluff, a post-office of Washington co., Ala., 1^ miles from Leona Station. Mac'Iutyre, a post-village of Dutchess co., N.Y., in Stanford township, on the Poughkeepsie, Hartford &. Eos- ton Railroad, 20 miles N.E. of Poughkeepsie. It has 2 churches, a machine-shop, and manufactures of flour, car- riages, lumber, &c. Maclntyre, a post-township of Lycoming co.. Pa., Is intersected by the Northern Central Railroad, on which Mclntyre Station (with Langdon Post-Office) is 25 miles N. of Williamsport. Mclntyre village is 2i miles N.E. of Ralston, and is connected with the Northern Central Rail- road by a gravity railroad. Here much semi-bituminous coal is mined, and some iron ore is found. Mclntyre vil- lage has a church, over 200 dwellings, and in 1875 had 1200 inhabitants. Pop. of township, 674. MacI'vor's, a station in Amherst co., Va., on the Vir- ginia Midland Railroad, 8 miles N. of Lynchburg. Mack^all', a post-office of Calvert co., Md. MacKay, mak-ka',a post-hamlet of Ashland co., 0,, in Green township, about 15 miles E. by S. of Mansfield. It has 3 churches and an academy, , , MacKay's Corners, Ontario. See Harwich. MacKay's Lake, in the district of Algoma, Ontario, on the N. shore of Lake Superior, is about 12 miles long and 2^ miles wide. It gives rise to the Pic River. MacKay's (mak-kiz') Point, a post-hamlet in Vic- toria CO., Cape Breton Island, on St. Patrick's Channel (S. side), 2 miles from Baddeck. Pop, 150. MacKay (mak-ka') Statio.n, a post-hamlet of Clinton CO., 0., in Liberty township, on a railroad, about 5 miles N. of Wilmington. It has an elevator. MacKean, mak-keen', a county in the N, part of Pennsylvania, bordering on New York, has an area of about 1100 square miles. It is intersected by the Alleghany River, and is also drained by Clarion River, which rises in it, and by Kenjua, Potato, and Tionesta Creeks. The surface is hilly, and extensively covered with forests, in which the sugar-maple, ash, hemlock, and pine abound. Lumber and petroleum are the chief articles of export. Among its min- eral resources are bituminous coal and slate. It is traversed by the Buffalo, New Y"ork & Philadelphia Railroad and the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad. Capital, Smethport. Chief town, Bradford. Valuation of real and personal estate, $6,415,140. Pop. in 1S70, 8825, of whom 7676 were MacKean, a township of Licking co., 0. Pop. 990. It contains Eredonia. MacKean, or Mid'dleboiough, a post-village of Erie co.. Pa., in McKean township, 10 miles S. by AV. of Erie. It has 2 churches, a eheese-factoryj and a saw-mill. Pop. of the township, 1426. MacKean Island, in the Pacific (lat. 3° 35' S., Ion. 174° 17' W.), is uninhabited. It has afforded guano, MacKeanshurg, mak-keenz'burg, a post-village of Schuylkill co., Pa., about 11 miles E. of Pottsville. It has a church and 2 or 3 stores. MacKee', a township of Adams co,, 111. Pop. 1410. MacKee, a post-village, capital of Jackson co., Ky., about 50 miles (direct) S.S.E, of Lexington. MacKeen', a post-village of Clark co.^ HI., in Wabash township, on the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Rail- road, 11 miles W. of Terre Haute. It has 2 churches and a stave-factory. MacKee's' Creek, Illinois, rises in Adams co., runs eastward through Brown co., and enters the Illinois River in Pike co., about 6 miles E. of Perry. MacKee's Gap, a post-hamlet of Blair co.. Pa., in Freedom township, on a branch of the Pennsylvania Rail- road, 15 miles S. of Altoona. It has mines and manufac- tures of iron. MacKee's Half Falls, a post-hamlet of Snyder CO., Pa., near the Susquehanna River, about 32 miles N. of Harrisburg. It has 2 churches. MacKees'port, a post-borough of Alleghany co., Pa., on the E. bank of the Monongahela River, at the mouth of the Youghiogheny, and on the Pittsburg, AV^'Shington *fc Baltimore Railroad, 15 niiles S.E. of Pittsburg. Its pros- perity is partly derived from operations in coal, which is mined near this place. It has 7 churches, an academy and graded school, the National Tube-Works, a national bank, 1 other bank, steel-works, iron-works, 2 news]iapor othces, &c. Natural gas is found here. Pop. about 7000, McKees- port Station on the Pittsburg, A'irginia & Charleston Rail- road is on the opposite side of the river. MacKe'my's Mill, a post-village of Rockbridge oo., Va., 10 miles S. of Goshen Bridge. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. MacKendree College, Illinois. See Lebanon. MacKen'dree Station, a post-office of Fayette co., MAC 1309 MAC W. Va., on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 74 miles S.E. of Charleston. Macken'zie, a river of North Australia, about lat. 23° 36' S., flowing from the "VV. Coal is found along its course. MacKeii'zie, a post-village of Carroll co., Tenn., on the Louisville & Memphis Railroad where it crosses the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad, 113 miles N.E. of Memphis, and 120 miles W. of Nashville. It con- tains a newspaper ofiice, 3 churches, Bethel College (Cum- berland Presbyterian), a cotton-yarn-factory, a flour-mill, and a planing-mill. Pop. about 900. Mackenzie Islands, a group in the North Pacific, belonging to the Caroline Islands. Lat 10° N. ; Ion. 140° E. Mackenzie Point, a cape in Cook's Inlet, Alaska. Mackenzie (mak-k^n'zee) River, a large river of British North America, which in the upper part of its course is called the Athabasca (which see). This rises near Mount Brown and enters Lake Athabasca, from which Slave River runs nearly northward to Great Slave Lake. The ■water accumulated in this lake issues from its western end and runs northwestward. The name of Mackenzie is ap- plied to that part of the river which is between its mouth and Great Slave Lake. In the lower part of its course it runs near the N.E. base of the Rocky Mountains. It enters the Arctic Ocean near lat. 6S° 50' N. a,nd Ion. 135° 30' W. The length of the river from Great Slave Lake to the ocean is nearly 900 miles. It is a mile wide at many places, and is navigable for steamboats through almost its whole extent ; but the northern part of it is closed by ice nearly 9 months in the year. This river, including the Athabasca and Slave Rivers, is about 2300 miles long, and its catchment basin measures 443,000 square miles. MacKenzie's, a landing of Jefferson co.. Ark., on the Arkansas River, 4^ miles from Toronto. MacKenzie's Corners, a post-village in Carleton CO., New Brunswick, 10 miles S.AV, of Woodstock. Pop. 350. MacKenzie's Corners, Ontario. SeeSpRiNGBROOK. Mack'ey Grove, a post-office of Boone co., Iowa. Mack'ey's Ferry, a post-oflSce of Washington co., N.C., 1 mile S. from Albemarle Sound. Mack'eyville, a post-ofiice of Clinton co., Pa. Mack'ford, a township of Green Lake co., Wis. Pop. 1419. It contains Markesan. Mackie's (mak'iz) Corners, a hamlet of Schoharie CO., N.Y., 9 miles N.E. of Moresville Railroad Station. Mackinac, mak'e-naw, sometimes written Macki- naAV, a county of Michigan, in the E. part of the upper peninsula, borders on Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. It is separated from the lower peninsula by the Strait of Mackinac. The surface is uneven or hilly, and is exten- sively covered with forests of pine and other trees. The soil is mostly uncultivated. Lumber and fish are the chief articles of export. This county comprises the beautiful Mackinaw Island, which is a favorite summer resort of tourists. It has abundance of limestone. Capital, Mack- inac. Valuation of real and personal estate, S616.401. Pop. in lS70,171fi, of whom 13S3 were Americans J inlS74, 1496. Mackinac, or Mackinaw, a post-village, capital of Mackinac co., Mich., is on a small island at the N.W. ex- tremity of Lake Huron, about 320 miles by water N.N.W. of Detroit. It has 1 or 2 churches, several hotels, and a safe harbor, and is a popular place of summer resort. Here is Fort Mackinaw, on a rocky hill, nearly 20U feet above the level of the lake. Mackinaw, a post-village of Tazewell co.. 111., on the Mackinaw Creek, in a township of the same name, and on the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western Railroad where it crosses the Illinois Midland Railroad, 16 miles E. of Pekin, and 20 miles W. of Bloomington. It has 2 churches, manufactures of flour and washing-machines, and a money- order post-office. Pop. 496 ; of the township, 1379; MackinaAV City, a post-hamlet of> Cheboygan co., Mich,, on the S. side of the Strait of Mackinac, 30 miles N. by E. of Petoskey. It has a good harbor, and is sur- rounded by attractive scenery. MackinaAV Creek, Illinois, rises in McLean co., runs westward through Woodford co., and southwestward in Tazewell eo., and enters the Illinois River 2 or 3 miles below Pekin. Length, about 100 miles. MacKin'ley, a post-hamlet of Marengo co., Ala., 3S miles AV.S.W. of Selma. It has 2 churches and an academy. MacKin'ney, a post-village, capital of Collin co.,Tex., is Hear the East Fork of Trinity River, and on the Houston & Texas Central Railroad, 42 miles S. of Denison, and 31 miles N. by E. of Dallas. It has a college, a bank, 5 churches, and a flourlng-raill. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 503. MacKin'n-ey's, a station in Tompkins co., N.Y., on the Cayuga Railroad, 3 miles N. of Ithaca. MacKinney's Mill, a post-office of Ripley co., Mo. MacKinney's Station, a post-hamlet of Lincoln CO., Ky., on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, 15 miles S. of Danville. MacKin'neyville, a post-village of Sharkey co., Miss., on Big Deer Creek, 7 miles N. of Rolling Fork, It has a church and 3 stores. 3IacKins'try's Mill, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., Md., about 40 miles N.W. of Baltimore. It has a church and 10 residences. MacKin'zie Bridge, post-oflice. Lane co., Oregon. MacKnight's, mak-nits', a post-office of Chambers CO., Ala. MacKnight's Point, a post-office of Humboldt co., Iowa, 18 miles S.W. of Algona. iMacKnightstown, a post-hamlet of Adams co., Pa., 6 miles N.W. of Gettysburg. It has a church. MacKown'viHe, a post-hamlet of Albany co., N.Y., 4 miles from West Albany. Macks'burs;, a post-village of Madison co., Iowa, in Grand River township, about 16 miles S.W. of AVinterset. It has 2 churches. 3Iacksburg, a post-village of Washington co., 0., in Aurelius township, on the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleveland Railroad, 20 miles N. of Marietta. It has a church and several general stores. Pop about 250. Slack's Creek, a post-ofifice of Camden co,. Mo. Macks'ville, a hamlet of Randolph eo., Ind., on the East Fork of White River, 28 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. MacksvilliB, a post- village of Vigo co., Ind., on the Terre Haute, Vandalia & St. Louis Railroad, 3 miles W. of Terre Haute. It has 2 churches, a saw-mill, &g, Macksville, a post-village of Harrison co., Tex., 6 miles N. of Waskom Station, and 24 miles E. of Marshall, It has a church, a broom-factory, and a grist-mill. Macksville, a post-office of Pendleton co., W. Va. MacKune's (mak-kunz) Depot, a post-office of Wyo- ming CO., Pa., on the Susqueh.anna, and on the Pennsyl- vania & New York Railroad, 15 miles N. by W. of Pittston. Mack'ville, a post-hamlet of Piatt co.. 111., about 27 miles E. of Decatur. It has a church, a tiour-mill, Iadara$9 moh'doh^rosh', a village of Hungary, co. of Bacs, 41 miles S.W. of Szegedin. Pop. 470a. 3Iadarasz, mohMoh^rdss', a town of Hungary, co. qf- Szabolcz, 12 miles W.S.W. of Szegedin. Pop. 707*5. . Mad^aAVas'ka, a township of Aroostook co., Me.,- about 100 miles N. of Houlton, is bounded on theN. by the river St. John, which separates it from Canada. It has 2 churches. Pop. 1041. JUadawaska River, Ontario, flows from the S., and, after a course of 250 miles, enters Chats Lake, an expansion of the Ottawa, 25 miles above Ottawa City. It drains an area of upwards of 4000 square miles. On its banks are found the best red and white pine. Madawaska River rises in Lake Temiscouata, and, running S., falls into the river St. John at Edmundston, New Brunswick. It is 30 miles long, and varies in breadth from 90 to 150 yards. The Madawaska abounds with trout, and is navigable throughout for small steamers. Mada- waska means "never frozen." See Edmundston. Mad'bury, a township and station in Stratford co., N.H., on the Boston ifc Maine Railroad, 3 miles S. of Dover. Pop. 408. , Maddaleiia, an island of Italy. See La Maddalena. lYfaddaloiiiy mS,d-d^-lo'nee, a city of Italy, province of Caserta, 15 miles Jf.N.-E. of Naples. Pop, 18,767. It has a royal college, and a noble aqueduct built by Charles III. to convey water to the cascades in the royal gardens of Caserta. Maddaloni is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Suessula. Maddehjee, midM^h-jee', a village of Sinde, 28 miles S.E. of Larkhana, Lat. 27° 36' N.; Ion. 68° 34' E. ; Mad'densville, a post-hamlet of Huntingdon co., Pa., 5 miles S. of Three Springs, and about 22 miles N.W. o^ Chambersburg, It has a church. Mad'dington, a hamlet of Salem co., N.J., 3^ miles from Salem. Maddy, Loch, a bay of Scotland. See Loch Maddt. Madebeke, a town of Prussia. See Medebach. Madecasse, the native name for Madagasoar. Madefalva? miL-di-fal'va,, or 3Ietzdorf, mSts'doRf, MAD 1314 MAD a village of Transylvania, on the Altfluss, about 80 miles N. of Kronstadt. Pop. 1250. Madeira, mi-dee'ra (Port. pron. mi-di'e-ri or mi- di'ri), an island in the Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Por- tugal, about 440 miles off the W. coast of Morocco, between 32° 36' and 32° 53' N. lat. and 16° 40' and 17° 20' W. Ion. It is 35 miles long and 12 miles broad. It consists of a mass of volcanic rocks, whose highest peak reaches an elevation of upwards of 6000 feet. Through the W. half of the island runs a central ridge, about 5000 feet high, on which is an extensive plain called Paul de Serra. From the central mass steep ridges extend to the coast, where they form per- pendicular precipices from 1000 to 2000 feet high. These cliffs are interrupted by a few small bays, where a richly cultivated valley approaches the water between abrupt precipices or surrounded by an amphitheatre of rugged hills. These narrow bays are the sites of the villages of Madeira. The road round the island is in many places exceedingly picturesque, passing often between lofty cliffs, or along the front of precipices overhanging the sea. The mountain-steeps of Madeira are clothed with a remarkably rich and luxuriant verdure. Terraces are visible on every side, and every available and accessible spot is turned to advantage. The richest vine-district, and the part where grows the Malmsey grape, is the valley of the Cama de Lobos, on the S. side of the island. Formerly wine was the staple export of Madeira, but a disease of the vines for a time nearly suspended all wine-making : at present, how- ever, considerable wine is produced. In the lower portions of the island groves of orange- and lemon-trees are mingled with the vineyards ; higher up, bananas, figs, pomegranates, Ac, are seen ; and still higher, apples, currants, pears, and peaches. Coffee and arrow-root, both of excellent quality, are also grown. Wheat, barley, rye, and Indian corn are raised, but only to the extent of about one-fifth of the quantity copsumeJ. The climate of Madeira is very equable, and is famed for its salubrity ; the mean tempera- ture is 65°, and the extremes 74° and 63°. It is considered very healthy, and is much resorted to by invalids, particu- larly those suffering from pulmonary affections. Capital, Funchal. The language is Portuguese. Pop. 123,841. The group of islands called the Madeira Islands or Madeira Group consists of the two islands of Madeira and Porto Santo, and the three islets called the Desertas, in lat. 32° 3' to 33° 7' N., Ion. 16° 13' to 16° 38' W. They were discovered by Don Joao Gonzales Zarco and Tristao Vaz in 1420 ; the name Madeira was given to the principal island from the magnificent forests of timber (in Portuguese, jna- deira) which then covered it. See Desertas and Porto Santo. Madeira, Madera, mi-di'ri, or Cayari, ki-4-ree', a river of South America, in Brazil, is formed by the junc- tion of the Beni and Mamore, in lat. 10° 30' S., Ion. 65° 40' W., whence it flows N.E. 700 miles, and joins the Amazon (of which it is the largest tributary) in 3° 30' S. lat. and about 58° W. Ion. Including the Mamore, its principal branch, which some consider as the true Madeira, it has a length of 2000 miles, for nearly 1000 of which it is navigable. For 546 miles from its mouth it is at all times navigable for vessels drawing 6 feet; above this, between lat. 8° 50' and 11° S., the navigation is interrupted by 17 cataracts ; for 500 miles above the cataracts or rapids it is navigable for smalt steamboats. In the lower 500 miles of its course the depth varies from 27 to 200 feet; above the rapids it is generally from 20 to 30 feet. Madeira derives Its name from the great quantity of timber {madeira) or logs brought down by the periodical floods. (See Mamore.) Its valley exports hides, tallow, cinchona, cacao, rubber, copaiba, fish, tobacco, nuts, and sarsaparilla. Madeira, ma-dee'ra, a post-hamlet of Hamilton co.,0., in Columbia township, on the Marietta & Cincinnati Rail- road, 17 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. It has several churches near it. Madeleine, m^dMan', a river of Gaspe co., Quebec, enters the S. shore of the St. Lawrence at Cap de la Magde- leine, about 100 miles below Matane. Madeleine, or JLa Madeleine, U midMin', a vil- lage of France, in Nord, 1 mile from Lille. It has iron- foundries, potteries, and manufactures of chemical products, cotton and linen goods, and starch. Pop, 7435. Madeley, m5,d'leo, a town of England, co. of Salop, on the Severn, at a railway junction, 14 miles E.S.E. of Shrews- bury. It has an iron bridge across the Severn of 1 arch of 100 feet span, a handsome church, a market-house, iron- works, manufactures of porcelain, and coal-mines. Pop. of parish, 9475. Made'lia, a post-village, capital of Watonwan co., Minn., in Madelia township, on the Watonwan River, and on the St. Paul & Sioux City Railroad, 24 miles W.S.W. of Mankato, and 110 miles S.W. of St. Paul. It has 2 news- paper offices, a graded school, 3 churches, and a money- order post-oflice. Pop. of village, 355 ; of township, 541 additional. Mad'ely, a post-office of Portage co., Wis., 7 miles S. of Amherst. Maden, m^'d^n, a term of Arabic origin, signifying "metal" or "mine," furnishing the root of Almaden, Keb- BAN Maden, Arghana Maden, &c. (which see). Madera, a river of Brazil. See Madeira, Madera, mi-di'ra, a post-office of Fresno co., Cal. Made'ra, a post-village of Clearfield co.. Pa., on Clear- field Creek, about 24 miles N. of Altoona. It has a flour- mill and a saw-mill. Coal is mined near this place. Maderno, mS-d^u'no, a village of Italy, 20 miles N.E. of Brescia. Pop. 1627. 3Iadfuneh, Egypt. See AnABAT-EL-MADFooN. Madhajrajpoor, m3,d-haj-rS,j-poor', a town of India, 24 miles S.S.E. of Jeypoor. Mad^hepoor', a town of India, district and 25 miles E. of Durbungah. Pop. 7301. Madhumati, a river of Bengal. See Baleswar. Madhurapoor, mid'hiir-a-poor', a town of Bengal, Boglipoor district. Pop. 3242.' Madiana, the native name of Martinique. Madignano, m3l-deen-y&'no, a village of Northern Italy, government of Milan, on the Serio. Pop. 1466. Madion, mi'de-on\ a Dutch residency of the island of Java, on its S, coast, with a town of the same name. Madiran, miMeeVftN°', a town of France, in Hautes- Pyrenecs, 23 miles N.N.W. of Tarbes. Pop. 1117. Madis'co, a post-village in Gloucester co., New Bruns- wick, on the Bay of Chaleurs, and on the Intercolonial Railway, 11 miles N. of Bathurst. It contains a hotel and 6 stores. Pop. 300. Mad'ison, a county in the N. part of Alabama, borders on Tennessee. Area, about 800 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Tennessee River, and is intersected by the Flint River, which enters the former river in this county. The surface is hilly, and extensively covered with forests. The soil is very fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, grass, and pork are the staple products. This county has an abun- dance of limestone. It is intersected by the Memphis & Charleston Railroad. Capital, Huntsville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $8,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 31,267, of whom 31,023 were Americans. Madison, a county in the N.W. part of Arkansas, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is drained by King and AVar Eagle Rivers, and by the Main Fork of White River, all of which rise in it. The surface is hilly, and ex- tensively covered with forests of the oak, chestnut, pine, &c. The soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, wheat, pork, and live-stock are the staple products. This county has beds of marble and magnesian limestone. Capital, Huntsville. Valuation of real and personal estate, §1,643,576. Pop. in 1870, 8231, of whom 8227 were Americans. Madison, a county in the N. part of Florida, borders on Georgia. Area, about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Suwanee River, and on the W. by the Ocilla River. The surface is undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. Cotton, sugar-cane, Indian corn, and cattle are the staple products. It is intersected by the Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroad. Capital, Madison. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, 81,603,736. Pop, in 1870, 11,121, of whom 11,088 were Americans. Madison, a county in the N.E. part of Georgia, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is drained by the Broad River and its South Fork. The surface is uneven or hilly, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil produces a little cotton, Indian corn, «fec. Among its minerals are granite .and iron ore. Capital, Danielsville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $643,175. Pop. in 1870, 5227, all Madison, a county in the S.W. part of Illinois, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Mississippi River, and is adjacent to the mouth of the Missouri River. It is drained by Cahokia and Silver Creeks. The surface is mostly undulating or nearly level, except the W. part, which is more hilly. It is diversified with prairies and forests of the white oak, hickory, ash, elm, walnut, linden, maple, &e. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, and pork are the staple products. Coal and lime are among the articles of export. Carboniferous limestone of good quality crops out MAD 12 in this county at the city of Alton. Thick beds of bitumi- nous coal underlie a large part of the surface. This county is intersected by 4 railroads, — the Chicago A Alton, the In- dianapolis & St. Louis, the Wabash, and the St. Louis, Van- daliatfeTerre Haute. Capital, EdwardsvJUe. Valuation of real and personal estate, 5?40,745,328. Pop. in 1870, 44,i:Jl, of whom 31,251 were Americans. Madison, a county in the E. central part of Indiana, has an area of about 475 square miles. It is intersected by the West Fork of White River and Fall Creek, and is partly drained by Pipe Creek. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is extensively covered with dense forests, in which the oak and sugar-maple abound. The soil is very fertile, Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. Good limestone underlies part of the soil. This county is traversed by 3 railroads, — the Cleveland, Colum- bus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis, the Lafayette, Muncie & Bloomington, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis. The Anderson, Lebanon & St. Louis Hailroad terminates in this county. Capital, Anderson. Valuation of real and personal estate, $16,236,290, Pop, in 1870, 22,770, of whom 22,137 were Americans. Madison, a county in the S.W. central part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by Grand Kiver and by two affluents of the Des Moines, called Middle River and North River. The surface is undulating. The greater part of it is prairie. The soil is very fertile, In- dian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Coal is found here. The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad touches the N. border of this county, and a branch of that road connects Winterset with the city of Des Moines. Capital, Winterset. Valuation of real and personal estate, $9,046,990. Pop. in 1870, 13,884, of whom 13,221 were Americans; in 1875, 16,030. Madison 9 a county in the E. central part of Kentucky, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the N. and N.W. by the Kentucky River, and is partly drained by Silver Creek. The surface is undulating. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and pork are the staples. This county has abundance of limestone. It is connected with market by the Richmond Branch of the Louisville & Glreat Southern Railroad. Capital, Richmond. Valuation of real and personal estate, ©8,227,500. ' Pop. in 1870, 19,543, of whom 19,391 were Americans. Madison, a parish in the N.E. part of Louisiana, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the E, by the Mississippi River and on the W. by Macon Bayou, and is intersected by the river Tensas. The surface is level, and extensively covered with forests of ash, cypress, gum, &c. The soil is alluvial and fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. This parish is intersected by the North Louisiana & Texas Railroad. Capital, Delta. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,309,209. Pop. in 1870, 8600, of whom 8443 were Americans. Madison, a county in the central part of Mississippi, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by Pearl River, and on the N.W. by the Big Black River. More than one-third of the surface is covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, and pork are the staple products. The Mississippi Central Railroad connects with the New Orleans, Jackson & Great Northern Railroad at Canton, which is the capital of this county. Valuation of real and personal estate, $6,086,125. Pop. in 1870, 20,948, of whom 20,550 were Americans. Madison, a county in the S.E, part of Missouri, has an area of about 440 square miles. It is intersected by the St. Francis River, and is also drained by Castor Creek. The surface is hilly or undulating, and a large part of it is cov- ered with forests. Indian corn, oats, and pork are the staple products. Among its minerals are iron, lead, and lime- stone. This county is intersected by the St. Louis & Iron Mountain Railroad. Capital, Fredericktown. Valuation of real and personal estate, $8,210,000. Pop. in 1870, 5849, of whom 5471 were Americans. Madison, a county in the S.W. part of Montana, is in- tersected by the Madison Fork of the Missouri River, and is bounded on the N.W. by the Jefferson Fork. The surface is partly mountainous, and covered with extensive pine forests, and is diversified with grand and beautiful scenery. The soil of the valleys produces wheat, barley, oats, and pasture for cattle. The inhabitants are mostly employed in mining. Rich silver-mines were discovered here in 1872. The value of the gold mined in this county in 1870 was $216,416. Granite, Silurian limestone, basalt, and quartz are found here. Capital, Virginia City, Valuation of real and personal est^ite, $4,131,648. Pop. in 1870, 2684, of whom 1783 were Americans. 5 MAD Madison, a county in the N.E. part of Nebraska, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Elk- horn River, and is also drained by the North Branch of that river and by Taylor Creek. The surface is undulating. The soil is fertile. Wheat, oats, Indian corn, and hay are the staple products. Timber is rather scarce in this county. Capital, Madison. Valuation of real and personal estate, $143,236. Pop. in 1870, 1133; in 1876, 3245. Madison, a county in the central part of New York, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Oneida Lake and on the N.E. by Oneida Creek, and is drained by the Chenango and Unadilla Rivers, and by Chittcnango, Canastota, and Oriskany Creeks. The surface is diversified with hills and valleys, and is extensively cov- ered with forests, in which the sugar-maple, ash, and oak abound. The soil is fertile. Oats, hay, hops, butter, In- dian corn, milk, and wheat are the staple products. The rocks which underlie it are Niagara limestone, Onondaga limestone, and shale. This county has quarries of gypsum, water-lime, and good building-stone. It is intersected by the New York Central, New York & Oswego Midland, and Utica, Clinton & Binghamton Railroads, also by the Erie Canal. Capital, Morrisville. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $13,349,705. Pop. in 1870, 43,522, of whom 38,706 were Americans; in 1875, 42,490, Madison, a county in the W. part of North Carolina, borders on Tennessee. Area, about 450 square miles. It is intersected by the French Broad River. The surface is mountainous, and is mostly covered with forests. Indian corn, wheat, grass, and pork are the staples. Capital, Marshall. Valuation of real and personal estate, $817,880. Pop. in 1870, 8192, of whom 8186 were Americans. Madison, a county in the S.W. central part of Ohio, has an area of about 440 square miles. It is drained by Darby, Deer, and Paint Creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, hay, wool, cattle, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Cincinnati, Sandusky & Cleve- land Railroad and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad. Capital, London. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $22,036,807. Pop. in 1870, 15,633, of whom 14,289 were Americans. Madison, a county of West Tennessee, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is intersected by the South Fork of Forked Deer River, and is also drained by the Middle Fork of that river. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the oak, hickory, ash, beech, walnut, tulip-tree, Iaharf\igaiij« See Jhalakati. Maharay, mdh'^-ra, Mahragh, m^h'r^H, or Moh'- arrek, a town at the S. end of the island of Maharay, one of the Bahrein Islands, Arabia, on a strait which sepa- rates it from the town and island of Manama. It is built chiefly of white houses, is fortified, and has a large palace. Ma^harg', a post-office of Butler co., Pa., about 22 miles N. of Pittsburg. Mahas'ka, a county in the S.E. central part of Iowa, has an area of 576 squai*e miles. It is intersected by the Bes Moines River and the North and South Forks of Skunk River. The surface is partly undulating and partly level. The soil is deep and very fertile. This county has a large proportion of prairie, and has tracts of good timber grow- ing along the rivers and creeks. The staple products arc Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and pork. Many mines of bituminous coal have been opened in this county, which has also beds of limestone. It is intersected by 3 railroads, — the Keokuk & Des Moines, the Central Iowa, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific. Capital, Oska- loosa. Valuation of real and personal estate, i^l5,761,135. Pop. in 1S70, 22,.^08, of whom 21,U91 were Americans; in 1875, 23,718. Mahavilly-Gunga, m^-ba.-virie-gun'gi, or Maha- velle-Gan^a, ma-ha-verie-gan'gd, the principal river of Ceylon, rises in the centre of the island, flows N. past Kandy and Bintenne, and enters the Indian Ocean, by several mouths, S. of Trincomalee. It receives numerous affluents. Mahe, m^^hi', the largest island of the Seychelles, cov- ered with high granite mountains. It is 17 miles long. Chief town, Port Victoria, or Mahe. Mahe, m^^hi', a town of India, belonging to the French, Malabar coast, on a navigable river, 3S miles N.N.W. of Calicut. Lat. 11° 42' N. ; Ion. 75° 38' E. Pop,, with ad- joining French district, 8469. Mahebourg, m4^h.VbooR', a town of the Mauritius, on a fine bay called Grand Port, on the S.E. coast, 35 miles by rail S.E. of Port Louis. It has a battery and barracks, but has declined, its harbor being difficult of access. It is also called Grand Port,- but that name belongs to a village on the opposite side of the bay. Maheidpoor, m^-hid-poor', or Mehidpoor, m^h- hid-poor', a town of India, 22 miles N. of Oojein. Mah'erville, a post-office of Barton co., Kansas. Maheshasoora, a country of India. See Mysore. Ma'hespoor', a town of Bengal, district of Nuddea. Lat. 23° 21' 15" N. ; Ion. 88° 57' 23" E. Pop. 4100. Mahiguuge, or MahigaiiJ, mi'he-gunj', a large town of Bengal, 3 miles S.E. of Rungpoor, and within its municipal limits. MahiKanta, India, See Myhee Caunta. Mahim, m^'heem' or mS-^hecNo', a seaport town of India, on the W. coast, 50 miles by rail N. of Bombay. Another Mahini is lU miles N. of Bombay, on the island and within the municipal limits of Bombay. Makim, a town of British India, 65 miles W.N.W. of Delhi. ittahlberg, mal'bSuG, a town of Baden, 2^ miles N.E. of Ettenheim. Pop. 1064. Ulah^mudabad'y a town of India, Seetapore division. Pop. in 1872, 6312, Alahoba, m^-ho'b3,, an ancient ruined town of India, Bundelcund, 32 miles S.W, of Banda, in and about which are some striking architectural remains. Jflaholmy ma'hom, a post-office of Perry co., 0., at Bristol Railroad Station. Mahoined-Khan-Ka-Tanda, m£i-hom'^d^-kdn- kS:-tS-n'dd, a town of Sinde, on a branch of the Indus, 30 miles S.E. of Hyderabad. It carries on trade with Cutch, Mahoin'et (formerly IHlddletowu), a post-village in Mahomet township. Champaign co., Ill,, on the Sangamon River, and on the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western Railroad, 10 miles N.W. of Champaign, and 38 miles E.S,E. of Bloomington. It has 3 churches, a graded school, 2 flour-mills, a newspaper office, and a money-order post-office. Pop. about 700; of the township, 1401, Mahomet, a post-hamlet of Burnet co,, Tex., about 45 miles N.N.W, of Austin. Mahoii, Port, Minorca. See Port Mahon. Mahoii, m^-hon', a town of Persia, province and 22 miles E. of Kerman. JUahona, mS,-ho'n3,, a town of India, dominions and 34 miles S.W. of Gwalior. Mahone (ma'hon) Bay, a considerable bay on the S.E. coast of Nova Scotia, about 35 miles W.S.W. of Halifax. Malioue Bay, or Kin'burn, a post-village in Lu- nenburg CO., Nova Scotia, on the sea-coast, 6 miles N, of Lunenburg. It contains 20 stores, 2 hotels, 3 churches, a tannery, and 2 or 3 saw-mills, and has a good business in the building of small vessels and in the shipment of lumber, wood, Ac. Pop. 800. JYIaho'niug, a county in the E. part of Ohio, borders on Pennsylvania. Area, about 425 square miles. It is in- tersected by the Mahoning River, and is also drained by the Little Beaver River. The surface is undulating, and nearly one-fourth of it is covered with forests, in which the sugar-maple abounds. The soil is very fertile. Oats, hay, wheat, Indian corn, butter, and flax are the staple prod- ucts. Among its mineral resources are bituminous coal and iron ore. In 1870 pig-iron was produced in this county to the amount of $3,424,425, besides forged iron valued at $1,909,690. It is intersected by 3 railroads,— the Niles & New Lisbon, the Painesville & Youngstown, and the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago. Capital, Canfield. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $27,510,000. Pop. in 1870, 31,001, of whom 25,192 were Americans. Mahoning, a post-hamlet in Windham township. Por- tage CO., 0., on the Atlantic & Great AVestern Railroad, 11 miles W, of Warren. It has a cheese-box-factory, Mahoning, a post-village in Pine township, Armstrong CO., Pa., on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, at the mouth of Mahoning Creek, 55 miles N.N,E. of Pittsburg. It haa an iron-furnace, a coal-mine, and a hotel. Pop. about 125. 3Iahoning, a township of Armstrong co., Pa. P. 1402. Mahoning, a township of Carbon co., Pa. Pop. 1589, exclusive of Lehighton. Mahoning, a township of Lawrence co.. Pa, P. 1598. Mahoning, or Maho'ningtown, a village of Law- rence CO., Pa., on Beaver River, at the confluence of the Mahoning and Shenango Rivers, on the Pittsburg &, Lake Erie Railroad and the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 3 miles S. of New Castle. It has 2 churches, 2 flour-mills, and a limestone-quany. The name of its post- office is Cross Cut. 31ahoning, a township of Montour co., Pa. Pop. 1036, exclusive of Danville. 3Iahoning Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in Jeff'erson CO., runs westward, and enters the Alleghany River in Armstrong co., about 10 miles above Kittanning, It is about 50 miles long. Mahoning Furnace, a hamlet in Mahoning town- ship, Armstrong co,, Pa., 5 miles S, of New Bethlehem Sta- tion. It has a furnace for pig-iron and a coal-mine. Mahoning 3Iountain, Pennsylvania, in Carbon co., is situated on the S.AV. side of the Lehigh River and on the S.E. of Mahoning Creek. Mahoning River rises in Ohio, drains parts of Stark and Portage cos., runs southeastward through Trumbull and Mahoning eos., and passes into Pennsylvania. It unites with the Shenango River in Lawrence co., about 4 miles S.W. of New Castle, to form the Beaver River. It is nearly 100 miles long. The largest towns on the Mahoning are Youngstown, Alliance, and Warren, all in Ohio. Mahontonga, or Mahontongo. See Mahantango, Mahonville, ma'on-vil, a post-office of Lake co.. Col. Mahoopeny, Pennsylvania. See Mehoopany. Mahoor, mi-hoor', a town of India, Nizam's country, on an aflluent of the Wurdah, 178 miles N.N.W. of Hyder- abad. ' Maho'pac, a hamlet of Oakland co., Mich., 7 miles from Pontiac. 3Iahopac, a post-village and summer resort of Put- nam CO., N.Y,, in Carmel township, on Lake Mahopac, and on the New York &> Mahopac Railroad, which connects with the Harlem Railroad at Golden's Bridge, 50 miles N. by E. of New York. Here are 9 large hotels and boarding-houses, which in summer are crowded with visitors. The lake en- closes several beautiful islands, and is surrounded by hilly and picturesque scenery. Elevation, 1800 feet. Mahopac has 3 churches and a banking-house. Mahopac Falls, formerly Red 3Iills, a post-ham- let in Carmel township, Putnam co., N.Y., 11 miles N.E. of Peekskili, and 1 mile from Lake Mahopac. It has 2 churches. Mahora, mi-ho'rd, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 19 miles N. of Albaeete. Pop. 1368. Mahowl, mi-howl', a town of British India, 35 miles N.W. of Azimghur. 3Iahragh, Arabia. See Maharay, Mahrah, mah'ri, a tract on the S. coast of Arabia, MAH 1324 MAi between Hadramaut and Curia (or Kuria) Muria (Kuryan Murian) Bay. It is mostly covered by the Sejer and Subdhn mountain-ranges. Mahrah is the country of the Mahrd tribe or nation. The name Mahrah has been dis- placed by others of local origin, the maritime portion of the country being now generally called Shehr or El Shehr. In the early part of the seventeenth century the whole country, from Dhofar to the W. limit of Hadramaut, was ruled by the king or sultan of Shehr or Sejer. Mahrah exports frankincense, with aloes, dragon's-blood, and vari- ous gams, to India. Mahratta (m^-rS.t'ta) States comprise many of the principal states of Central India, viz., theSattarah, Gwalior, Indore, Kolapoor, Dhar, and Dewar dominions, having a united area estimated at 130,000 square miles. The Mah- ratta Confederation rose into notice under Sevajee in the middle of the seventeenth century, and in the eighteenth its possessions extended from the province of Agra to Cape Comorin; but its power was soon afterwards broken by the British, to whom all the states which composed it are now subsidiary. The warlike Mahratta race is found chiefly in the Bombay presidency. Their language, the Mahrattee, is one of the seven great Aryan languages of modern India. Mahren, a country of Germany. See Mokavia. Mahrisch-Neustadt, mi'rish-noi'st^tt, a town of Moravia, on the railway between Prague and Vienna, 14 miles N.N.W. of Olmutz. Pop. 449S. Mahrisch"Ostrau, mi'rish-os'trow, a town of Mo- ravia, on the borders of Austrian and Prussian Silesia, at a railway junction, 4 miles E. of Schonbrunn. Pop. 4127. Itff»hrisch-Trubau,mi'rish-trii'bow, orMahrisch- Tribau or -Triebau, mi'rish-tree'bow, a town of Mo- ravia, 27 miles N.W. of Olmutz. Pop. 4S14. Mah-to-wa, a post-office of Carlton co., Minn. Mah'wahf a post-hamlet of Bergen co., N.J., in Ho- hokus township, on the Erie Railroad, 30 miles from New York. It has a church and a manufactory of locks. Mahy, a river of India. See Mhye. Maia, mi'^, a river of Siberia, governments of Okhotsk and Yakootsk. joins the Aldan, after a N. course of 500 3Iaiatuin, the Latin name of Mayet. Maida, mi'di, a town of Italy, province of Catanzaro, 7 miles S.E. of Nicastro. Pop. 4497. Maid'eii Creek, Pennsylvania, runs southward in Berks eo., and enters the Schuylkill 7 miles N. of Reading. J^Iaiden Creek, a post-hamlet of Berks co., Pa., in Maiden Creek township, on a stream of the same name, and on the Berks & Lehigh Railroad, 10 miles N. of Read- ing. It has 2 churches and a rolling-mill. Pop. of the township, 1615. Maiu'enhead, a borough of England, co. of Berks, on the Thames, here crossed by an elegant bridge, at a rail- way' junction, 26 miles AV. of London. It is picturesquely situated, and has a handsome chapel, an endowed school, an almshouse, and other charities. Pop. 6173, Maiden Rock, a post-village in Maiden Rock town- ship. Pierce co., Wis., on the N. shore of Lake Pepin, at the mouth of Rush River, about 15 miles E. of Red Wing, Minn., and 30 miles S.W. of Menomonee. It has 2 churches, 2 hotels, a grist-mill, and a stave-factory. Here is a rocky bluff about 400 feet high. Pop. of the township, 1079. Maid'ens, a cluster of rocks off the E. coast of Ireland, in the Irish Sea, 6 miles E.N.E. of Larne Light-House. The two highest rocks have each a light-house, with fixed white lights. Lat. 54° do' 6" N. ; Ion. 5° 44' W. Elevation, 84 and 94 feet. They are surrounded by dangerous reefs. Maiden's Choice, a station in Baltimore co., Md., on the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad, 5 miles S. of the initial station in Baltimore. Maidstone, mi.d'st9n, a borough of England, capital of Kent, on the Medway, here crossed by a five-arched bridge, and at a railway junction, 7^ miles E.S.E. of Roch- ester. It is beautifully situated on a slope in the central vale of Kent, and has many curious old houses, one of the finest ancient parish churches in England, now beautifully restored, a small grammar-school and other endowed schools, numerous almshouses and large charities, a former palace of the archbishops of Canterbury, well-preserved remains of a conventual structure, a town hall and market-cross, county jail and house of correction, a lunatic asylum, ex- tensive barracks, neat theatre, library, philosophical society, mechanics' institute, and several banks. In the immediate vicinity are numerous paper-mills and valuable quarries of stone, exported by the Medway, which is navigable here for vessels of 60 tons. Trade is thriving, arid the town In- creasing. The streets are lighted with gjls. The borough sends two members to the House of Commons. Maidstone was an important city of the early Britons. In the reign of Henry VIII. the first English hops were raised here. In 1648 the town was twice stormed by the Parliamentary forces. Pop. 26,196. Maidstone, mid'stgn, a township of Essex co., Vt., 75 miles N.E. of Montpelier, is bounded E. by the Connecticut River. Pop. 254. Here is Maidstone Lake, a summer re- sort, 7 miles N.W. of Guildhall. Maidstone, or Maidstone Cross, a post-village in Essex CO., Ontario, 12 miles S.E. of Windsor. It contains 2 stores, 2 hotels, and a saw-mill. Pop. 125. Maidsville, madz'Vil, a post-hamlet of Monongalia CO., W. Va., 20 miles N.N.E. of Fairmont. It has a church and a tannery. Maikop, mi'kop, a town of Russia, district of Terek, Ciscaucasia. Pop. 10,018. Maiknr, mi'kur', or 3Ieh^ker', a town of India, in Berar, 45 miles S.W. of Akola. Pop. 3583. Mailand, a town of Italy. See Milan. 3Iailberg, a town of Austria. See Malberg. Mailcotta, mil-kot't^, a town of India, in Mysore, 17 miles N. of Seringapatam. It has several pagodas. Maillc, mil. a village of France, department of Vienne, 9 miles S.S.E. of Fontenay-le-Comte. Mailleraye, or La Mailleraye, U m^th'yeh-rd' (L. Mesjiiletam), a hamlet of France, department of Seine-In- ferieure, 13 miles W.N.W. of Rouen, on the left bank of the Seine. Pop. 800. Maillezais, mih^3'eh-zi', a town of Prance, in Vendue, 7 miles S.S.E. of Fonteiiay-le-Comte. Pop. 1420. Mailloux, mil-loo', a village in Bellechasse co., Quebec, 25 miles from St. Valier. It contains 3 saw-mills and a grist-mill. Pop. 200. Maimaichm, Maimaitchin,mi-mI-chin'or ml-mi- cheen', or Mai-Ma-Tchin, mi-mS,-cheen', written also Maimachen, i.e., "place of trade," a village of Mongo- lia, immediately opposite Kiakhta, on the Russian frontier, and the entrepot of the Chinese trade with Russia, 160 miles N.W. of Oorga. Maimund, ml-miind', a town of Afghanistan. 34 miles S.AV. of Candahar, in lat. 31° 42' N., Ion. 64° 51' E. Main, Mayn, or Maine, min (Ger. pron. min ; anc. Mcenm, Mx)iii8, M&tu's, or Mentis), a navigable river of Ger- many, rises by two streams, the Red and White Main, in the Fichtel-Berg Mountains, North Bavaria, flows very tor- tuously W., and joins the Rhine opposite Mentz. Length, 280 miles. It is navigable from the Regnitz (240 miles) to the Rhine. Chief affluents, on the left, the Regnitz and Tauber, and on the right, the Saale. Main, min, a river of Ireland, co. of Antrim, enters Lough Neagh after a S. course of 30 miles. Main, min, a river of Siberia, joins the Anadeer after a N, course of 180 miles. Maiua, mi'ni, a district of Greece, consisting of the S. extremity of the Morea, between the Gulfs of Koron and Kolokythia, composing the greater part of the government of Laeonia. The inhabitants, who were never fully con- quered by the Turks, long lived in a rude feudal state, subsisting mainly by brigandage and piracy. They are now regarded as probably the purest in blood of all the modern Greeks, whose descent in most other districts is partly from Slavic, Avar, and Albanian ancestry. Inhab. Mai NOTE. Maina (anc. Hijypola ?), a village of Greece, on the Gulf of Koron. 14 miles N.N.W. of Cape Matapan. Main a Dieu, m5,No^ i dee'uh', also called Men^a- doo', a hamlet in Cape Breton co.. Nova Scotia, on the sea-coast, 26 miles S.E. of Sydney. Pop. 150. Mainbernheim, min-b^nn'hime, a town of Bavaria, 15 miles E.S.E. of AVurzburg. Pop. 1381. Mainburs:, min'booRG, a town of Lower Bavaria, 27 miles S.S.W. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1696. Maine, min or m5n, a river of France, joins the Sevre- Nantaise about 4 miles above Nantes. Length, 30 miles. Maine, a river of France, falls into the Loire on the right, after a navigable course of 7 miles. Maine, min, a river of Ireland, after a course of about 18 miles, falls into Casilemaine Harbor, whence it is navi- gable to the village of Castlemainc. Maine, or ]Le Maine, l^h mfin (L. Cenomanin?), an ancient province of France, bounded N. by Normandy, E. by OrUannais, and S. by Anjou and Touraine. With Perche it constituted a general military government. Its capital was Le Mans. It is now included in the departments of Sarthe and Mayenne. MAI i; Maine, min, one of the New England states, and the northeasternraost state of the American Union, bounded N. by the Canadian provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick, B. by New Brunswick, S. by the Atlantic Ocean, and W. by New Hampshire and the province of Quebec. Its N.W. boundary follows for some distance the crest of a range of low mountains, a parallel outlier of the Canadian Notre Dame range. Leaving this crest, the line follows the S.AV. branch of the river St. John for some distance northeast- ward, and then takes a direct N.E. course to the outlet of Lake Pohenagamook. Thence eastward the rivers St. Fran- cis and St. John bound the state on the N. The eastern boundary ascends the river St. Croix to its source, and thence strikes directly N. until the river St. John is reached. The coast of Maine (278 miles long in a right line) is in- dented deeply by many bays and inlets, which increase its actual coast-line to 2500 miles and afford unrivalled har- bor-facilities for shipping; and off the coast there are nu- merous islands belonging to the state. Area, 31,766 square miles, or 20,330,240 acres, of which, in 1S70, 2,917,793 acres were returned as improved. The state is about ec^ual in area to all the other New England states combined. Face of the Country. — The northern portion of the state consists mainly of a wilderness of forest-land covered with pines, spruce, hemlock, tir, and deciduous trees of various species, the abode of the moose or true elk, the black bear, and various fur-beai'ing and game animals, and the resort of the trapper, the sportsman, and the lumber-cutter. The primeval forest is said to cover three-fourths of Maine, Here the permanent inhabitants are few, except in the N.E., where the fertile soil of Aroostook co. has attracted settlers and developed a hardy and prosperous class of farmers and mechanics. The unsettled portions have very generally a somewhat rugged surface and a severe winter climate. All parts of the state abound in beautiful lakes, famed for their excellent trout. The N. and N.W. have groups of detached mountains, which belong to the Appa- lachian system and are in part more or less directly con- nected with the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Mount Katahdin, the highest in the state, reaches an elevation of 5385 feet. Other noteworthy elevations are Mars Hill, on the E. line; Sugar Loaf, on the river Seboois; Mounts Sad- dleback, Bigelow, Bald, Kineo, Spencer, Abraham, Culcusso, Mucalsca, "White Cap, and the Aroostook and Travellers' Mountains. The southern half of the state is of varied character, seldom much broken in surface, but with tracts of great fertility and others of small agricultural value, the latter found especially southeastward. The greater part of the surface strata of Maine are of cozoic or primitive formation ; but Silurian rocks cover a large part of the N. and N.E., with smaller areas in the S.E. and S.W. and in the Penobscot and Upper Kennebec valleys. Overlying the Silurian there are in the N. wide belts of Devonian strata. The mineral wealth of the state is not largely developed. Thomaston, llockland, and Cam- den burn and export large quantities of liiae of excellent quality, and some of the limestone approaches the character of marble and is a good building-stone. Fine granite is extensively quarried at Hallowell, Bath, Thomaston, Dix Island, and many other points, and is largely exported. An ornamental red granite is wrought near Calais.. Iron ore of the best quality is mined and smelted near Mount Ka- tahdin, and is known to exist elsewhere. Roofing-slates are obtained at several places. Lead was formerly mined at Lubec, and zinc and copper ores are not unknown. Rich veins of silver-bearing galena occur at several points; but the ores are reported to be generally refractory, and the de- posits are as yet but little wrought. Maine olfers many at- tractive fields to the scientific mineralogist, and it is believed that the economic value of her mineral deposits will be- come very large. Rivers, Lakes, &e. — The Penobscot is the largest river, and is navigable for ships, except in winter, for 60 miles, while its upper waters are navigated by small steamboats. The extreme limit of steamboat navigation on the Kennebec is at Waterville, 68 miles from the sea, and various other lakes and rivers also afford steam navigation. The Andros- coggin, Saco, St. Croix, Aroostook, and >yalloostook or St. John are important streams. The water-power of the prin- cipal streams is constant, and is extensively employed by manufacturers, although as yet only a very small part of the water-power of the state is utilized. Of the many lakes, the principal are Moosehead, Cliesuncook, Schoodic, Grand, Sebago, «fec. The fresh waters of Maine cover one-tenth of her area, and afford supplies of the true and the landlocked salmon and of large and excellent trout. Objects of Interest to Tourists. — -The waterfalls, moun- >5 MAI tains, wild forests, and myriad lakes of Maine, with the cool summer climate of the north, afford attractions to the tourist which ai'e more and more widely appreciated every year; and the charms of its bold and rocky sea-coast, with its thousand bays, its bold promontories, and its picturesque islands, are well known to artists. The fishing- and hunt- ing-grounds about Moosehead Lake, the grand solitude of Mount Katahdin, and the varied combinations of beauty and sublimity on the coast at Mount Desert Island, are especially noteworthy. Climate, Soil, and Agriculture. — The great drawback to agriculture in Maine is the shortness of its summers; but the deep snows prevent the ground from freezing deeply, and in the spring vegetation advances with exceedingly rapid steps. The hay and potato crops are of especial ex- cellence in point of quality and quantity, and both afford a large surplus for export. Maize does well southward, and in the N.E. winter wheat is a favorite crop. The oats are much superior to those of southern New England. The people of French descent in the N.E. subsist largely upon coarse but productive varieties of buckwheat. The apple-tree is hardy and productive in Maine. The state breeds many horses and cattle for the Massachusetts markets, and her dairy- products are of great value. The wool-clip is large and of good quality. The aggregate value of the blueberries and huckleberries gathered from the waste lands and exported, both in the fresh and canned state, is very large. The pro- duction of sugar from beets has been undertaken in this state with profit. Forest Products. — Maine has afforded very large quan- tities of the noble white or Weymouth pine, so highly prized by house- and ship-builders, but at present the production of this timber is comparatively small, and Maine had in 1870 fallen from her rank as the first timber-producing state, to become the eighth on the list; but this fall was relative rather than absolute, for she still cuts, saws, and sells im- mense amounts of planks, deals, boards, scantlings, palings, laths, clap-boards, shingles, shooks, heading, ship-timber, furniture- and chair-stock, wooden-ware, carriage-stuff, and the like. Spruce, hemlock, cedar, beech, birch, hard maple, and black and white ash are the most abundant of the use- ful timber-trees. The forest products include potash, char- coal, firewood, tanners' bark (principally hemlock), and maple sugar, the three latter having a large aggregate value. Oak timber is found near the coast, but is not especially abundant in the interior. The rivers afford excellent facil- ities for the flotation, rafting, sawing, and shipping of logs and lumber. Fislieries and other Maritime Pursuits have naturally been prosecuted to a great extent here, on account of the excellent harbor-facilities presented by the deeply convo- luted coast-line and the numerous navigable rivers and es- tuaries. In 1S70, Maine was outranked as a fishing state by Massachusetts alone. The principal food-fishes taken are cod, mackerel, hake, herring, haddock, halibut, &c.; and a great number of unmerchantable or oil-producing fishes (chiefly the menhaden) are taken, and utilized in the manufacture of oil and fish guano. Salmon are caught quite largely in the Penobscot, but by no means on as large a scale as in the rivers of the Pacific states. The lobster- catch of Maine is very important, and canned lobster is extensively prepared for the general market. Ship-building is not as flourishing as it was before 1861 ; but it is still a leading pursuit in the coast towns, whose population is largely engaged in maritime pursuits, and especially in the coasting trade. Maine owns many schooners, employed in her own proper commerce, as well as in that of the other Atlantic states, and sends out many vessels to engage in trade between the United States and the West Indies. Manufactures. — The important manufactures of lumber, lime, building-stone, shipping, &c., have already been al- luded to. The great seats of the lumber-trade are Bangor and Calais; those of ship-building are Bath, Calais, and other maritime towns. The cotton-manufacture has its chief seats at Lewiston, Saco, Biddeford, Augusta, &c., and is one of the leading industrial interests of the state. Portland, Waterville, Belfast, Rockland, Ellsworth, Hal- lowell, and Gardiner have varied manufactures. Woollens are manufactured at many points, chiefly for domestic use. The leather-manufacture has already assumed large pro- portions. Other considerable industries are the manufac- ture of scythes, axes, farming-implements, boots and shoes, bagging, cordage, spars, ship's furniture, glass, pottery, bricks, machinery, fish oil, fish guano, pickles, charcoal, starch, soap, and countless articles of wood, such as pegs, spools, slats, household wares, shuttles, lasts, furniture, barrels, shooks, kegs, small joinery, and turners' work. MAI The canning of lobsters, fish, green corn, fruits, and vege- tables for food is an extensive business. Almost every community has its manufacturing pursuits, and, although they are in many cases conducted upon a small scale, the total result is very great. Commerce. — The exports of Maine include a large pro- portion of the manufactured goods of the state, notably lime, building-stone, fire-wood, lumber, spars, and leather, as well as cattle, hay, potatoes, wool, and dairy-products. Ice is also gathered on a very large scale, and its collection, storage, and export afford profitable employment. Jiailt'oads, — Maine is traversed by railroads which form important links in the great ohain of communication ex- tending from Halifax, Nova Scotia, southwestward to Cen- tral Texas and westward to the Pacific coast. Portland is the great railroad centre of the state. The principal rail- roads are the two lines from Portland to Boston ; that ex- tending from Portland to Montreal and the West ; that from Portland to Bangor, with its many branches and ramifica- tions; one from Bangor eastward to Halifax and St. John, in Eastern Canada ; one from Portland to Ogdensburg, N.Y. ; one from Portland to Worcester, Mass ; besides others scarcely less important. The more populous parts of Maine are well supplied with railroad facilities. In 1846 there were 62 miles of railroad; in 1850, 245 miles; in 1S55, 415 miles; in 1860, 472 miles; in 1865, 521 miles; in 1870, 786 miles; in 1875, 980 miles ; built at an average cost per mile, for works, of $43,074. Counties, &c. — Maine has 16 counties, as follows : Andros- coggin, Aroostook, Cumberland, Franklin, Hancock, Ken- nebec, Knox, Lincoln, Oxford, Penobscot, Piscataquis, Saga- dahoc, Somerset, Waldo, Washington, and York, The chief cities and towns are Portland, the principal seaport, on Casco Bay (pop. in 1870, 31,413) : Bangor, on the Penobscot, a centre of the lumber-business, and the seat of important trade and manufactures (18,289); Augusta, on the Kennebec, the state capital (7808) ; Auburn, a manufacturing city on the Androscoggin (6169) ; Bath, a seaport near the mouth of the Kennebec (7371) : Belfast, a thriving city on Penobscot Bay (5278) ; Rockland, near the entrance of the same bay (7074) ; Thomaston, the seat of the state prison, and a centre of the lime manufacture and export (3092) ; Biddeford (10,282) and Saco (5755), important manufacturing towns on the Saco River; Brunswick, the seat of Bowdoin College and of a medical school (6136); Calais, a busy point for shipping and trade (5944) ; Dexter, a thriving interior town (2S75) ; Eastport, the most easterly town in the United States (3736) ; Ellsworth, the seat of important shipping interests (5957) ; Parmington, a wealthy interior town on Sandy River (3251) ; Gardiner (4497) and Hallowell (3007), both finely situated on the Kennebec ; Lewiston, on the Androscoggin, a principal seat of the cotton manufacture (13,600) ; Water- ville (4852) and Skowhegan (3S93), both situated upon the upper waters of the Kennebec. Other important places are Houlton, Fairfield, Richmond, Machias, South Berwick, Bucksport, Camden, Waldoborough, Damariscotta, Liver- more, Hampden, Gorham, Brewer, Cape Elizabeth, Kittery, and Kennebunk. Finances.~ln 1876 the state debt amounted to 35,951,500, principally incurred during the war of 1861-65 for military purposes, bounties, and the like; besides which the state was liable for trust funds to the amount of $1,570,466.36. There were sinking funds invested in state bonds amounting in all to §1,891,135.77. Education. — Maine has an excellent system of free public schools, which are supported by the income of a permanent school-fund, by state appropriations, and by general, special, and local taxation, assisted in many instances by voluntary contributions of citizens given for the purpose of prolonging the school-term as fixed by the authorities. There are state normal schools at Castine and Farmington, besides two pri- vate training-schools for teachers. In 1875 free public high schools were maintained in 163 towns, and the cities and larger villages have graded schools. Bowdoin College, at Brunswick, is the oldest and best-endowed college in the stnte. Lewiston is the seat of Bates College, and Waterville of Colby University, both open to youth of either sex. At Orono is the state agricultural college, at Cape Elizabeth a reform school for boys, and at Hallowell a girls* indus- trial school. Theological schools exist at Bangor and Lewis- ton, and a medical school at Brunswick, with a subsidiary or affiliated school at Portland. There are many academies and denominational schools and seminaries, some of them of high reputation. Hietory. — The Dutch early attempted settlements in Maine, whose excellent facilities for fishing and the fur- trade attracted them strongly. The English settled at the 26 MAI mouth of the Kennebec River in 1607, but did not long re- main. Bristol, or Pemaquid, was settled in 1630. West- ern Maine was a part of the Laconia colony, and in 1635 was named the " Province of Maine" by authority. Gorges here attempted the building of a city to be called Gorgiana, and was lord proprietary of Maine. York was settled before 1625, and was incorporated as a city (Gorgiana) in 1653, and Kittery was settled not far from the same time. Sir William Phips and Sir William Pepperell, both prominent in early New England history, were both natives of Maine. Eastern Maine was a portion of French Acadia. In 1635 the French expelled the English colonists from the Penob- scot region, and in 1665 they founded Castine. They had also a town or fort where Bangor stands, and in this vicin- ity the fabled city of Noromberga was placed by old authors. After Sir Ferdinando Gorges died (1647) Maine became (1651) a part of Massachusetts, though detached from her proper territory; and so it remained until 1820. Maine was the abode of the dreaded Abnaki tribes of Indians, who, stimulated by the French, waged destructive wars with the English settlers until 1712, when the actual Eng- lish frontier was removed eastward from the Kennebec, and the English authority thenceforward covered even Acadia itself. In the Revolutionary war Macbias, Portland, Cas- tine, and the Kennebec Valley were the scenes of important events. In 1820 the "district of Maine," hitherto a part of Massachusetts, was admitted to the Union as a state, in- cluding a region in the N.W. of the present state which is believed never to have belonged to Massachusetts ; but the northern boundary was left somewhat indefinite by the terms of the treaty of 17S3, and was not clearly estab- lished until 1S42, when, after much disputation, it was set- tled by the Webster-Ashburton treaty, made between the United States and Great Britain. The establishment of Maine as a state was followed by a rapid increase in her industrial development; but ata later period the exhaus- tion of her pine forests and a large emigration to Massa- chusetts and to the Western states checked her growth. In the war of 1861-65 Maine bore a gallant part; but that struggle involved the destruction of much of her shipping, and the subsequent paralysis of the ship-building industry. Nevertheless, her manufacturing interests have of late been much extended, and her railroads have been doubled in their mileage. The Population of Maine is chiefly of New England stock, most of its original settlers having gone there from Massachusetts and New Hampshire after the war of inde- pendence (1775-83) ; but of late there has been a large im- migration from the British provinces, mainly of French- speaking people, while the populous settlements of Acadian French in the extreme N.E. date from 1755. Pop. in 1790, 96,540; in 1800, 151,719; in 1810, 228,705; in 1820, 298,335; in 1830, 399,455; in 1840,501,793; in 1850, 583,169; in 1860, 628,279; in 1870, 626,915. Maine, a township of Cook co., 111. Pop. 1808. Maine, a township of Linn co., Iowa. Pop. 925. Maine, a post-township of Otter Tail co., Minn. P. 159. Maine, a post-village of Broome co., N.Y., in Maine township, on Nanticoke Creek, 11 miles N.W. of Bingham- ton. It has 3 churches. Pop. 303. The township is diver- sified by high ridges and narrow valleys. Pop. 2071. Maine, a township of Columbia co.. Pa. Pop. 599. Maine, a township of Marathon co.. Wis. Pop. 765. Maine, a township of Outagamie co., Wis. Pop. 203. Maine Avenue, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co., N.J., in Landis township, on the New Jersey Southern Railroad, about 3 miles N.E. of Vineland. Maine-et-Loire,mSn-i-lwaR' or min-i-lwaR',a de- partment in the N.W. part of France, formed of the old province of Anjou, between lat. 46° 59' and 47° 45' N. Area, 2755 square miles. Pop. in 1876, 517,258. Chief rivers, the Loire, Sarthe, Mayenne, and Loir. Surface diver- sified by hills and plains. The valley of the Loire produces lint, hemp, and fruits. The minerals comprise slate, granite, marble, and flint. Grain, wine, fruits, and cattle are ex- tensively exported. The department is divided into the arrondissements of Angers, Baug^, Beaupr^au, Saumur, and Segre. Capital, Angers. Maineland, or Mainland, post-office, Cass co.. Neb. Maine Prairie, pra'ree, a post-village of Solano co., Cal., about 18 miles N.E. of Suisun City. Pop. 160: of the township, 761. Maine Prairie, a post-village of Stearns co., Minn., in Maine Prairie township, about IS miles S.S.W. of St. Cloud. It has 2 churches and a cheese-factory. Pop. of the township. 776. Mainland. See Pomoxa and Shetland Islands. MAI 1327 MAK Main'land, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Pa., in Lower Salford township, 4i miles S.W, of Hatfield Station. It has a church. Main Line Junction, Illinois. See Jdnctiok. Main Line Junction, a station in Athens co., 0., on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, at the junction of the Belpre division with the main line, 4 miles E. of Athens. Mainsburg, or Mainesburg, manz'burg, a post- village of Tioga CO., Pa., about 38 miles N. of Williams- port. It has a church, a quarry of good building-stone, and a grist-mill. Pop. 212. Maiustockheim, min'stok'hime, a village of Ba- varia, in Lower Franconia, on the Main. Pop. 1348. Mainteuon, mS.N°Heh-n6N«' (L. Mesteno), a town of France, in Eurc-et-Loir, 10 miles N.N.E. of Chartres, at the confluence of the Eure and Voise, and on the railway to Versailles. Pop. 1930. It has ruins of the gigantic aqueduct commenced by Louis XIV. to convey water from the Eure to Versailles, and the magnificent ch^^tcau in which he espoused Franpoise d'Aubigne. Mainvault, miiyoVo', a town of Belgium, in Hainaut, 21 miles N.W. of Mons. Pop. 2015. Mainville, man'vil, a post-office of Cook co., 111., on the Des Plaines River, about 15 miles N.AV. of Chicago. Mainville, or Maineville, a post-village of Warren CO., 0,, in Hamilton township, about 24 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati, and 1 mile E.. of the Little Miami Railroad. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a carriage-factory. Pop. 290. Mainville, a post-village of Columbia co., Pa., on Cat- awissa Creek, and on the Danville, Hazleton & AVilkesbarre Railroad, which here passes over a high bridge, 15 miles E. of Danville, also on the Catawissa & Williamsport Railroad. It has 2 stores and 1 grist-mill. Mainz, a city of (rermany. See Mextz. Maiorca, mi-on'ki, a town of Portugal, province of Douro, 20 miles from Coimbra. Pop. 2653. Maiquetia, mi-ki-tee'i, a town and watering-place of Venezuela, on the coast, a short distance W. of La Guayra. Pop. 4203. Maira, mi'ri, a river of Italy, joins the Po 3 miles S.W. of Carmagnola. Length, 60 miles. Mairena del Alcor, mi-ri'n^ d^I 3,1-koR', a town of Spain, Andalusia, 13 miles E.N.E. of Seville. Pop. 4406. Mairwarra, or Mairwara, mar-war'ra, a district of India, province of Ajmeer, of which it forilis the S.W. extension. Area, 641 square miles. Though under British control, it in part belongs to the states of Odeypoor and Joudpoor. Capital, Nye Nuggur. Pop. 86,417. Mais, the ancient name of Mhye. Maisdon, mi,V16No', a village of France, in Loire-In- ferieure, 13 miles S.E. of Nantes. Pop. 286. Maisons-Al fort, mi^z6N<='-zarfoR', a village of France, 4 miles by rail S.E. of Paris. The hamlet of Alfort has a national school of rural economy. Pop. 7115. Maisons-sur-Seine, mi^z6s«'-siiii-sin, a village of France, in Seine-et-Oise, 10 miles N. of Versailles, on the railway from Paris to Havre. Pop, 2824. Maisox-thal, the German for Mrsocco. Maissana, mIs-sd,'nS-, a village of Italy, 8 miles from Varese, on the Borza. Pop. of commune, 2982. Maissy, mls'see, also called Myhsee and Mihsi, mrsee', a town of India, in Bengal, 52 miles N. of Patna. It is noted for its tobacco. Pop. 3690. Maitea, mi-ti'a, one of the Society Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, E. of Tahiti, on which it is dependent. Lat. 17° 53' S.; Ion. 148° 5' W. Circuit, 8 miles. Maitland, mat'iand, a post-hamlet of Mifflin co., Pa., on the Lewistown division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Lewistown. It has a church. Mainland, a town of Australia, New South Wales, co. of Northumberland, on the Hunter River, at its junction with Walles Creek, at a railway junction, 14 miles N.N.W. of Newcastle. The creek divides it into East and West Maitland. East Maitland has a court-house and a jail. West Maitland, which is the most thriving, contains nu- merous large stores and some good hotels. With Newcas- tle, these towns, called collectively the " Northumberland boroughs," return one member to the legislative assembly. Good coal is abundant in the vicinity. Maitland is a Catholic bishop's see. Pop. 7754. Mait'land, a post-village in Hants co., Nova Scotia, at the mouth of the Shubenacadie River in Chignecto Bay, 20 miles N. of Shubenacadie. It contains 2 churches, 13 stores, 2 hotels, and several ship-yards. Terra alba is found in the vicinity. Pop. 600. Maitland, a post-village in Yarmouth co., Nova Scotia, 13 miles from Yarmouth town. It contains several stores and ship-yards. Pop. 270. Maitland, a post-village in Grenville co., Ontario, on the river St. Lawrence, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 120 miles AV.S.W. of Montreal. It contains 2 hotels, 4 stores, a foundry, a distillery, a saw-mill, &c. Pop. 200. Maitland River, a small stream of Ontario, Canada, intersects Huron co., and enters Lake Huron at Goderich. Mait'landville, a village in Huron co., Ontario, on the river Maitland, 1 mile from Goderich. It contains a tannery, salt- wells, and 2 hotels. Pop. 150. Maizieres, mi*ze-aiu', a village of France, in Meurthe- et-Moselle, 14 miles S.E. of Salzburg. Pop. 1218. Majaki, ra3,-y^'kee, a town of Russia, government of Kherson, on the Dniester, 20 miles W. of Odessa. P. 1785. Majambo, m^-jS,in'bo, a town of Madagascar, on its N.W. coast, at the head of the Bay of Majambo, 70 miles N.E. of Bembatooka. Majdan, miM3.n', a village of Hungary, co. of Kras- sova, 4 miles from Oravicza. Pop. 1272. Majen'ica, or Kel'so, a post-hamlet of Huntington CO., Ind., 8 miles S. of Huntington. It has a church and a saw-mill. Pop. 75. Majin'da, a town of Sinde, on the Indus, 40 miles N.W. of Hyderabad, with 2000 inhabitants, and an exten- sive bazaar. Lat. 28° 51' N. ; Ion. 68° 19' E. Majitha, a town of India, Amritsir district. P. 6600. Majorca, ma-jor'ka (Sp. Mallorca, niM-yoR'ki; Fr. Majorqiie, m^^zhonk' ; L. Balea'ris Ma'jnr, and Majorca), an island in the Mediterranean, belonging to Spain, and forming the largest of the Balearic group, about 115 miles S. of Barcelona, between lat. 39° 16' and 39° 57' N. and Ion. 2° 18' and 3° 27' E. Greatest length, 58 miles; greatest breadth, 45 miles j area, 1420 square miles. It is very ir- regular, and deeply indented. The coasts on the W. and N., facing Spain, are very lofty and steep; in other direc- tions they are low and shelving. A great number of good natural harbors are scattered along the coasts. The inte- rior is finely diversified with mountains, hills, valleys, and plains. The culminating point of the island, Puig de To- rella, has a height of about 4800 feet. The climate is tem- perate, the mountains in the N. affording protection against the winter cold, and refreshing breezes from the sea miti- gating the summer heat; violent winds, however, are not unfrequent, and the air is often overcharged with moisture, which hangs in clouds or descends in mists. Majorca is generally well watered and fertile, producing in consider- able abundance wheat, barley, oats, legumes, oil, and wine; fruits abound everywhere. It is traversed by railways. Capital, Palma. Pop. 204,000. Majorca and Minorca were anciently named Gymnesise, while the appellation of Major, or " the larger," was given the former, and that of Minor, or "the smaller," to the latter island. Adj. and inhab. Majou'can or Mallorquine, maPlor-keen' (Sp. Mallor- QiTiN, mS.I-yoR-keen'). Majori, m3,-yo'ree, a maritime town of Italy, province and 6 miles AV.S'.W. of Salerno. Pop. 4896. Major'ity Point (formerly Prairie City), a post- village, capital of Cumberland co., III., in Sumpter town- ship, on the GrayviUe &- Mattoon Railroad, 5 miles N.W. of Greenup, and 18 miles S.S.E, of Mattoon. It has 3 churches and 2 newspaper ofiices. Pop. 305. Ma'jorsville, a post-office of Marshall co., W. Va. Majorville, Ontario. See Whitevale. Majsa, mi'shoh, a village of Hungary, Little Cumania, 18 miles from Felegyhaza. Pop. 7333. Majumba, a town of Africa. See Mayomba. Majunga, raS.-jun'gi, a town of Madagascar, on its N.W. coast, at the entrance of Bembatooka Bay. An ex- tensive traffic is carried on here in cattle-products. Makad, moh'kod', a village of Hungary, 27 miles from Pesth, on an island of the Danube. Pop. 1349. Makadishu, a town of Africa. See Magadoxo. Makallah, Macallah, mii-k^l'Ia, or 3Iacullah, m^L-kul'l^, a town of Arabia, on its S. coast, and on a small bay, 300 miles E.N.E. of Aden. Lat. 14° 31' N. ; Ion. 49° 6' E, Pop. about 4500, comprising numerous foreigners. It is partly enclosed by walls, and has an imposing ap- pearance from the sea, its houses being in a castellated style and several stories in height. The harbor, sheltered by a point to the S.E., affords a good anchorage, and is frequented by coasting-vessels for supplies of provisions ; it also exports gums, hides, and senna, and has an import trade in coffee and other native produce, cotton cloths, lead, iron, sheep, aloes, honey, and slaves. MaM^anda, a post-village in Makanda township, Jack- son CO., III., on the Illinois Central Railroad, 49 miles N. MAK of Cairo, and 28 miles S. of Duquoin. It has 3 ohurelies. A large quantity of fruit is shipped here. Pop, of the township, 1680. MaUang, a town of China. See Makung. Makariev, or Makariew, m3.-k4-re-dv', a town of Russia, government and 46 miles E.S.E. of Nizhnee-Nov- gorod, on the Volga. Pop. 1656. Makariev, a town of Russia, government and 110 miles E. of Kostroma, Pop. 5202. MaMtee', a township of Allamakee co., Iowa. Pop. 1004, exlusive of Waukon, Makelyville,mak'lf-vil, or Makely's, a post-hamlet of Hyde co,, N,C,, on the Pungo River, 4 miles from Slades- ville. It has a church, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a steam- boat-landing, Makhadoo, mi-ki-doo', a town of the Comoro Islands, island of Johanna, has high walls, and its roadstead is much frequented by ships. Chief exports, sugar, arrow- root, and fruits and grains. Pop. 3000. Makhandan, mJl-kin'din, a town of Bengal, Bogli- poor district. Pop. 3320. Makian, mi-ke-in', a small volcanic island in the Ma- lay Archipelago, off the W. coast of Gilolo. Lat. 0° 20' N. ; Ion. 127° 30' E. Circuit, about 18 miles. niakil, Turkey. See Maghil. JUal^in, an island in the North Pacific. See Pitt. JUakiiiiyat, mi-ke-ne-y4t', or Makinyat, mi-keen- yit', a straggling village of Central Arabia, 120 miles W.S.W. of Muscat. Makkum, mlk'kiim, a market-town of the Nether- lands, province of Friesland, on the Zuyder Zee, 9 miles S, of Harlingen, Pop. 2080. Makiiovka, or Maknowka, mik-nov'kS,, written also Maclinovka, a town of Russia, government and 94 miles S.W. of Kiev. Pop. 4000. Mako, moh'ko', or Makovia, mi-ko've-i, a town of Hungary, co. of Csanad, on the Maros, 22 miles E. by S. of Szegedin. It is the residence of a bishop, and contains a Roman Catholic, a Greek United, and a Protestant church, a Protestant gymnasium, a court-house and county buildings, and handsome barracks. It has an important trade in corn, wine, cattle, and wood. The fishing in the Maros is very productive. There are also numerous mills. Pop. 27,449, of whom rather more than one-half are Protestants. Mako'kebatan', a lake on the Albany River, North- ■West Territories, N. of Lake Superior. It is nearly straight, and measures 16 miles in length. Makoo, a town of Persia. See Magoo. Makooas, m^^koo'iz, a people of Southeast Africa, near the Mozambique coast. Makoqueta, a river of Iowa. See Maquoket.a. Hakov, mi-Kov', or Slachow, miK'ov, a town of Poland, in Lomza, 63 miles E.N.E. of Plock. Pop. 6527. Makovia, a town of Hungary. See Mako. Makowar, mi-ko-wan', an island of the Red Sea, off the coast of Nubia, near a small port of the same name. Lat. 20° 38' N.; Ion. 37° 20' E. Makowar, or Emerald Island, an island of the Red Sea, off the coast of Egypt, opposite the ruins of Bere- nice. Lat. 23° 50' N. ; Ion. 35° 45' E. Makowiec, mS,-ko've-Sts, a village of Pol.and, govern- ment and 28 miles E.N.E. of "Warsaw, Here Kosciusko was wounded and taken prisoner by the Russians in 1794. Makrai, milk-ri', a native state of India, Central Provinces. Area, 215 square miles. Pop. 13,648. Makree, or Makri, mi'kree', a seaport town of Asia Minor, on the Gulf of Makree, 52 miles E.N.E. of Rhodes, ■which city it supplies with mules, cattle, sheep, and fuel. It has a good and well-sheltered port. Its antiquities com- prise a very perfect theatre, and tombs, remains of the an- cient TelmeSKua* Makree, or Makri, a town of Turkey, Roumelia, on the ^gean, 75 miles S.W. of Adrianople. It is a Greek bishop's see, and has a harbor and a castle. Pop. 3000. Makronisi, an island of Greece. See Mackonisi. Maktan, a small island. See Mactax. Makulla, a town of Arabia. See Makallah. Makung, or Makaug, mi-kunj', a fortified town of China, on the largest of the Pheng-Hoo Islands. It is built of coral rock, has a good harbor, though not easily accessi- ble, and carries on a large fishery, and a trade in pork, fish, and peanut oil, which are actively exported. Pop. 12,000. Mala, mi'ia,, a village of Spain, with mineral baths, S miles S.W. of Granada. Mala, m3,'li, a river of Peru, enters the Pacific at Mala. Mala, a decayed village of Peru, 48 miles S.E. of Lima, about 4 miles from the Pacific. Pop. 800, 8 MAL Malabar, m3,ra-bar', a district of India, Madras pres- idency, on the W. coast. Lat. 10° 15'-12° IS' N.; Ion. 75° 15'-76° 55' E. Area, 6000 square miles. Its eoast-Iine is over 125 miles in extent. The coast-region is low, and bor- dered to seaward by lagoons ; but inland the country is mountainous. Gold and iron abound. The climate is hot, wet, and sickly. Chief products, pepper, cardamoms, teak, coir, castor and cocoa oils, rice, ginger, 009*06, and cotton. Many of the natives have been Christians from remote an- tiquity. Pop 2,261,250. The name Malabar Coast is ap- plied to the W, coast of India in general. Malaca, a city of Spain. See Malaga. Malacca, mS,-lak'ka, or Malaya, m^-li'ya, formerly an independent country of Southern Asia, consisting chiefly of the Malay Peninsula. It is now divided between the territories of Siam, some native chiefs, and the British col- onies, called Straits Settlements, See Malay Peninsula. Malacca, mi-lak'ka, and Naning, ni'ning', one of the " Straits Settlements" belonging to the British, on the W. coiist of the Malay Peninsula, between lat. 2° and 3° N. and Ion. 102° and 103° E., having landward the terri- tories of Salangore, Rurabowe, Johole, and Johore. Area, 660 square miles. Pop. 77,756, of whom 58,000 are Malays and 13,500 are Chinese. Capital, Malacca. Exports, gutta- percha, gambler, pepper, rubber, horns, skins, canes, spices, sugar, rice, sago, coffee, tin, gums, tobacco, cinnamon, ebonyj ivory, &g. This settlement is under a lieutenant-governor. Malacca, the capital of the above district, is situated on both sides of the Malacca River, near its mouth, 130 miles N.W. of Singapore. Lat. 2° 10' N. : Ion. 102° 5' E. Principal edifices, the barracks, court-house, town house, jail, civil and military hospitals, and the Anglo-Chinese College, founded in 1813. Here are also Chinese, Hindoo, and Malay schools. The ruins of a famous church, erected by Albuquerque, and the remains of Portuguese and Butch forts, occupy several summits around the town. Malacca has some export trade in gold-dust, tin, balachong, aloe- wood, ebony, ivory, and Chinese hardwares ; and it imports earthenwares, opium, iron, rice, British and Indian manu- factured goods, salt, and colonial produce. The commerce of the Straits has, however, become chiefly monopolized by Singapore. The town, founded about 1250, was taken by the Portuguese in 1511, by the Dutch in 1641, and by the English in 1795. It was again held by the Dutch from 1818 to 1825. Pop. 15,000, See Strait of Malacca, Malacooree, Malacoore, or Malacouri, mk-M- koo'ree, a strongly-fortified town of West Africa, about 65 miles E.N.E, of Sierre Leone, on the Malageea, Malaczka, moh'lits'kOh', a town of Hung.ary, co, and 21 miles N,AV, of Presburg, Pop. 3245. Malad (or Malade, ma-lid') City, a post-village, capital of Oneida co., Idaho, on the Mal.ade River, about 40 miles N. of Corinne. It is on or near the boundary between Idaho and Utah, and in a fertile valley, near the AV. base of a high mountain of Silurian limestone and sandstone. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of flour and lumber. Pop. 591. Malade River, Idaho, rises in the Salmon River Mountains, runs southwestward in Alturas co., and enters the Snake River. Its length is estimated at 125 miles. Malade River, an affluent of the Bear River, rises in Oneida co., Idaho, runs southward into Utah, and enters Bear River about 10 miles above Corinne. Length, about 120 miles. Its valley is broad and flat, rich, and well watered with springs. Maladetta, Mount. See Pio Nethou. 3Ialaga, mal'a-ga or mi'14-g3, (anc. Mal'aca), a sea- port city of Spain, capital of a province of its own name, on a bay of the Mediterranean, 65 miles E.N.E. of Gibral- tar. Lat. of mole, 36° 43' 5" N. ; Ion. 4° 26' E. Pop. 94,732. It is built in the form of an amphitheatre, near the base of a mountainous range, and is commanded by a fine old Moorish castle, perched on a pointed rock, and called the Gibralfaro. The streets are very narrow, ill paved, and' dirty, with high houses built around courts. It has a fine promenade, on which are some of the best houses in the town. The chief public buildings are a splendid cathedral, with a spire 302 feet high ; the bishop's palace, 4 parish churches, 5 hospitals, the opera-house, bull-ring, custom- house, legal seminary, and a convict-depot. Malaga is the see of a bishop, the residence of a civil and military govr ernor, and the seat of several important courts and public offices. The principal manufactures are linen, woollen, and cotton fabrics, sail-cloth, rope, paper, hats, leather, and soap ; here are also a royal cigar-factory and iron-foundries. The old Moorish Darsena, or dock-yard, is used as a store- house. The harbor, form?d by a mole 700 feet in length, MAL U on which is a light-house, is capable of holding about 450 merchant ships, and may be entered during aay wind. Malaga has a large trade in wines, the finest of which ai'e *' Mountain" and " Lagrimas;" the other exports are olive oil, figs, almonds, raisins, grapes, orange-peel, esparto, and lemons, with lead and iron from neighboring .mines. The imports comprise salt fish, iron hoops, bar iron, nails, petro- leum, timber, woollen, silk, and cotton fabrics, and colonial produce. Malaga is supposed to have been founded by the Carthaginians. From them it passed to the Komans, under whom it became a great city. See Velez Malaga. Malaga, a maritime province of Spain, Andalusia, bounded S. by the Mediterranean. Area, 3U52 square miles. Pop. 502,378. Malaga, a post-village in Franklin township, Glouces- ter CO., N.J., on the Maurice Kiver, and on the West Jersey Kailroad, 28 miles S. of Camden, and 6 miles N. of Vine- land. It has a church, a manufactory of window-glass, and about 40 houses. Malaga^ a post-village of Monroe co., 0., in Malaga township, 11 miles S. of Barnesville, and about 37 miles N.N.E. of Marietta. It has 2 churches and 2 tobacco-fac- tories. Pop. 114; of the township, 1577. Malaga, a large and very beautiful lake of Nova Scotia, in the co. of Queens, is about 12 miles long by 3 miles wide. It contains 10 islands, and is surrounded with hills covered with timber. It is connected with Greenfield or Port Med- way Lake by a small stream called Wild Cat River. Mal^agash', .a post-village in Cumberland co., Nova Scotia, on Northumberland Strait, 10 miles from Wallace. It contains 2 churches and a store. Pop. 200. Malagash Point, a hamlet in Cumberland co., Nova Scotia, on the point of a headland at the entrance to Tata- magouche Harbor, 15 miles E. of Wallace. Pop. 100. Mal^agawatch', a post-village in Inverness co.. Cape Breton Island, 29 miles N, of Port Hawkesbury. It has marble-quarries and a deep landlocked harbor. Pop. 250. Malagon, mi-lA-gon', a town of Spain, province and 19 miles N.W. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 4156. Malaguash, Nova Scotia. See Lunenburg. MaMahide', a watering-place of Ireland, on a bay of the Irish, Sea, 9 miles by rail N.N.E. of Dublin. Pop. 653, partly employed in a valuable oyster-fishery. It is hand- somely built, and is frequented by bathers. Malaisia, mal-i'she-a (Fr. Malahie, miMi^zee'), a name sometimes applied to the Malay Archipelago. It is derived from the circumstance that the inhabitants for the most part belong to the great Malay race. Adj. Ma- LAisiAN, mal-i'she-an. See Malay Archipelago. Mal'aka, a township of Jasper co., Iowa. Pop. 1026. Mal'akof, a post-hamlet of Door co.. Wis., in Sevas- topol township, 50 miles N.E. of Green Bay. ^lal'akofi, a post-ofiiee of Henderson co., Tex. 3Ialakoir, a post-village in Carleton co., Ontario, 9 miles N.W. of Kemptville. Pop. 100. Malamocco, rai-li-mok'ko, a town of Italy, 5 miles S.S.E. of Venice, on Malamocco, a long sandy island, sepa- rating the lagoons from the Adriatic. Pop. 2096. It was the residence of the Doge in the eighth century. Malansac, raa'16No^sS,k', a village of France, depart- ment of Morbihan, arrondissement of Vannes. Pop. 2266. Malao, the ancient name of Berbera. Mcilar, a lake of Sweden. See Maelar. Malaspiua, m3>-las-pee'ni. the westernmost of the Co- lumbretes Islands, in the Mediterranean. Malateeyeh, or Malatia, ma-la-tee'yeh (anc. Meli- te'ne), a town of Asiatic Turkey, 100 miles N.E. of Marash, near the Euphrates. It has about 200 wretched houses, a ruinous castle, and some good mosques and caravansaries. It is unhealthy ; and from various causes most of its popu- lation have now settled at Aspuzi, about 5 miles southward. Malatha, the supposed ancient name of El Milh. Malativo, mi-li-tee'vo, written also 31oeletivo, moo-Ieh-tee'vo, a seaport town of Ceylon, on its E. coast, 52 miles N.N.W. of Trincomalee. Malauceiie, m3,Mo^sain', a town of Fra.nce, in Vau- cluse, 16 miles E.N.E. of Orange. Pop. 1610. Malaunay, maUo'ni', a village of France, in Seine- Inferieure, 5^ miles by rail N. of Rouen. Pop. 1590. It has numerous cotton- and paper-mills. Malaya, Asia. See Malacca. Malay Archipelago, ma-U' ar-ke-pel'a-go, called also Indian, Asiatic, and Eastern Archipelago, and Malaisia, the most extensive group of islands on the globe; situated to the S.E. of Asia, and washed W. by the Indian and E. by the Pacific Ocean. The inhabitants are largely of the Malay race, whence its name. A chain of 84 19 MAL islands, about thirty in number, separated in general only by very narrow straits, extends from the N.W. extremity of Sumatra, lat. 5° 34' N., Ion. 95° 20' E., to the Aroo Islands, lat. 6° S., Ion. 134° 30' E., a distance of about 2600 miles. The greater part of this chain lies between the Tth and 9th parallels of S. lat.; but at one point — Rotte Island, adjoining Timor — it touches the 1 1th parallel. This is the S. boundary of the Archipelago. Its E. limit has less compactness and linear precision. At a short distance N. and E. from the Aroo Islands lies the great island of Papua, or New Guinea, the AY. peninsula of which is by some considered as belonging to the Indian Archipelago. From 200 miles to 500 miles N.W. are the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, in the widest sense, and N. by W. from these again are the Philippine Islands, the largest of which group, Luzon, reaches the ITth parallel of N. latitude. Thus the Archipelago has an extreme length of 45° and a breadth of 28°. With the exception of the Philippines, which still belong to Spain, the islands of Penang, Singa- pore, Labuan, and the settlement of Sarawak, on the W. coast of Borneo, which belong to Great Britain, and the N. and N.W. portions of the island of Borneo, the Sooloo and some other islands, under native potentates, the whole of this vast archipelago is either really or nominally under the sway of the Netherlands. The Portuguese have also a few small possessions here. Within the limits here pointed out lie some of the largest and finest islands in the world, as Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Luzon, &c. The fertile and cultivated islands of leas size, extending E. to the Spice Islands, are Nias, Man- tawi, Poggy, BilUton, Banca, Madura, Bali, Lombok, Sum- bawa, Comodo, Sandalwood Island, Flores, or Mangarai, Timor, Ceram, Booro, Gilolo, Mindanao, Palawan, Negros, Samar, Mindoro, Panay, Leyte, and Zebu. Numerous groups are scattered throughout the Archipelago, consist- ing each of hundreds of islands, many of them celebrated by the natives for their beauty and fertility, but they have never been surveyed, and are avoided by European navi- gators, who dread not only the hidden dangers of coral banks, but also the piratical habits of the natives. Geological Constitution. — The islands which form the S. line of the Archipelago are all mountainous, and the chief summits are volcanic. Many of them are still active vol- canoes. The line of volcanic action may be traced, on the W. side, through Sumatra to Chittagong, in the Bay of Bengal. On the E. side it reaches the meridian of 130° E., nearly under which are the little volcanic islands of Nila and Seroa, in the Sea of Banda. It then inclines N.AV. to the little islands lying on the W. of Gilolo, which are all volcanic. Thence the volcanic line may be traced through the Philippines and Japan to Kamchatka. Gold is found in various places, especially in Borneo and Su- matra; extensive tin-mines in Banca; silver, copper, and iron in other localities; diamonds are found in Borneo; sulphur is abundant, as are also lignite, naphtha, and asphaltum ; coal is found in Luzon and other localities, and native salt is procured from Java. The principal entrances to the Malay Archipelago from the E. are Gilolo Passage and Dampier's Strait, by the coast of New Guinea, while the Straits of Malacca and of Sunda give access from the W., and the Straits of Lombok, AUass, Ombay, *fcc., from the S. The Archipelago lies for the most part close to the equa- tor, which passes through Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, and Gilolo. This entire region is excepted from the general law of the trade-winds, which, on the N. and S. sides of the line respectively, blow constantly from the N.E. and S.E. Within the Archipelago, and thence AV, to the coast of Africa, the monsoons, that is, season winds, prevail, blow- ing alternately from the S.E. and N.AV. But these winds, though locally regular and constant, vary much from place to place, and E. of Celebes the seasons are reversed. The North Philippine Islands .alone fall within the region of hurricanes and boisterous winds. The first division of the Archipelago, founded on natural features, embraces Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok. and about two-thirds of the W. part of Borneo to the meridian of 116° E. Ion. So far there is a general uniformity of animal and vegetable productions. The soil is extremely fertile. Bice is the general food of the people, who have ujade a consid- erable advance in the arts and habits of civilized life. The second division, comprehending Celebes, Booton, and East Borneo, up to lat. 3° N., is, in soil, food, and civilization, inferior to the first. Rice is here no longer abundant, and sago often supplies its place. The third division extends from Ion. 124° to 130° E., and between lat. 10° S. and 2° N. Here nature takes a new aspect. The rich vegetation MAL 1330 MAL of the western islands is seen only on the sea-shore ; the bills are comparatively bare and arid. But this is the region in which alone the clove and nutmeg attain perfec- tion. Yet the soil is not fertile, rice is rare, and the staple food in this division is sago. The inhabitants are much inferior to those farther W., and have never acquired the use of letters. The clove was originally found only on the five Molucca Islands, chiefly on Machian, whence it was carried to Amboyna, to which spot its cultivation was long restricted by the Dutch. The fourth, less distinctly marked than the preceding, lies between the parallels of 4° and 10° N., from Ion. 116° to 128° E., including the N. angle of Borneo, the Sooloo Islands, and Mindanao. The inhab- itants are superior to those of the third division. Rice is their chief food, but sago also is much used. The clove and nutmeg are here indigenous, but inferior in quality to those growing farther S. The fifth division is that of the Philippine Islands, from lat. 10° to 18° N, Here a humid climate and volcanic soil reappear, and with them exuber- ant fertility. Rice again becomes abundant. Sugar and tobacco are produced, but pepper, fine spices, and some of the fruits of the islands near the equator are wanting. The northwestern islands are Asiatic in animal and vegetable forms; the extreme southern ones approach the Australa- sian character, and others share the features of the two. In the woods of Sumatra and Java most of the trees exceed 100 feet in height. But the density of the vegeta- tion is still more astonishing than the vigor of individual plants. In the struggle for space and air, plants of diff"erent kinds become piled one over the other. Teak, mango, fig, musa, sandal, ebony, and other great trees are mingled with palms of endless variety and gigantic forms; while climb- ing plants, frequently canes, interwoven from tree to tree, bind the whole together and render the forest utterly im- penetrable. The tendency to climb characterizes the vege- tation of the Archipelago. Stems a foot or more in diam- eter, and belonging to species which elsewhere grow without support, here twine themselves round the giants of the forests. The inexhaustible supply of great timber afforded by these woods is to the natives of far less importance than the cocoa-nut, the bamboo, and numerous slender palms which adorn the coasts. Inhabitants. — In the Malay Archipelago there are two aboriginal races. One, of Malay extraction, has a brown or fair complexion, the other is the Papuan or negrillo race, and is black. The brown race are about 4 inches below the average European stature. They are robust and somewhat clumsy; the face is square, with hollow cheeks and project- ing jaws, large mouth, small nose, small black eyes, and lank hair. The Battahs of Sumatra and the Dyaks of Borneo, who are among the fairest, live under the equator; the Javanese, the most civilized and most luxurious, are among the darkest. The Papuas rarely attain the height of 5 feet, and have feeble frames; the skin is of a sooty black; the chin retreats so as to form no part of the face; the lips are very prominent, the look wild and malign. They increase in numbers towards the E., and are the sole possessors of Papua or New Guinea. Wherever found they seem to be in the lowest stage of civilization. An unusually large proportion of the whole population have maritime habits. Their chief towns are in many in- stances built over the water, the bamboo houses being con- structed on stakes. They often shelter an entire village under a single roof. Even the least civilized tribes of the Byaks construct houses on piles, 10 or 20 feet above the ground, large enough to lodge 500 people. The natives are skilful boat-builders, and their prahoos, often of 60 tons burden, are excellent specimens of naval architecture. Malay Peninsula, called also Jttalac'ca^ or Ma- laya, ma-lA^^ (anc. Cheyaont'eue Au'rea)y the most south- ern portion of Continental Asia, forming the S. part of the peninsula of Farther India, mostly between lat. 1° and 13° N. and Ion. 98° and 104° E., connected northward to Lower Siam by the Isthmus of Kraw, and having on the E. the Gulf of Siara and China Sea, and on the S. and W. the Strait of Malacca. Malaya proper, or Malacca, extends from lat. 1° 20' to 7° N. Estimated area, 45,000 square miles, and pop. about 375,000. The country, as far as lat. 6° S., comprising the states of Ligor and Quedah, is claimed by Siam; S. of which it is subdivided among many small native states, — the principal being Perak, Johore, Pahang, Kalantan, Tringany, and ilumbowe, besides the British ter- ritories of Malacca, N:ining, and the province of Wellesley. Its centre is traversed throughout by a mountain-chain, rising from 3000 to 6000 feet in height, but decreasing on proceeding to the S., where, however, the detached Mount Ophir is estimated to rise to 5700 feet in elevation. The surface is well watered and finely timbered. The popula- tion consists principally of Siamese, Malays, and Chinese. Principal towns, Malacca, Quedah, Salangore, Johore, Pa- tany, and Pahang. Adj. Malayan, mal-i'an, and Ma- lay, mal-i' ; inhab. Malay. Malayta, m^-li'ti, an island in the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. (S. point) 9° 45' S. ; Ion. 161° 39' 24" E. Mai Bale, mk\ bi, a beautiful bay on the E, coast of Gaspe CO., Quebec, about 6 miles wide by 4 miles broad. Near its S. point a remarkable rock rises about 200 feet out of the water. It is about 1200 feet wide, and contains 3 arches wrought by nature, the centre one of which is suffi- ciently large to admit a boat under sail to pass through. Mai Bale, a river of Quebec, rises in Charlevoix co., and falls into the St. Lawrence at Murray Bay. Several lakes at its head abound with trout. Mai Bale, a river of the co. of Gasp€, Quebec, mid^vay between Gaspe Basin and Perce, empties into Mai Baie. It is frequented by salmon and trout. Mai Baie, a village of Quebec. See Murray Bay. Malberg, marbSuG, or Mailber^, mil'b^Rc, a mar- ket-town of Lower Austria. Pop. 1293. Malbodium, the Latin name of Mattbeuge. Malburgeth, mS.rbooR-gb^t', or Malborgeth, miP- boR^ghSt', a town of Austria, 21 miles S.W. of Villach, in a narrow pass, on the Fella. Malburgetum, the Latin name of Maurourguet. Malchin, mS,l-Keen', a town of Germany, in Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, between Lakes Malchin and Cummer, 24 miles E.S.E. of GUstrow. Pop. 5350. Chief industries, weaving and tanning. Malchow, mil'KOV, a town of Germany, grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on an island in Lake Malchow, 11 miles W.S.W. of AVaren. Pop. 3368. It has important manufactures of woollen cloths. Malcolm, mal'kom, a station in Vigo co., Ind., on the railroad from Terre Haute to Vandalia, 111., 5 miles W. of Terre Haute. Malcolm, or Malcom, a post-village in Malcolm township, Poweshiek co., Iowa, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 64 miles E, of Des Moines, and 26 miles W. by S. of Marengo, It has a bank, 2 churches, a high school, and manufactures of carriages, furniture, &c. Pop. of village, 353 ; of township, additional, 722, Malcolm, a post-haralet of Lancaster co., Neb., on tho Nebraska Railroad, II miles N.AV. of Lincoln. Malda, Maldali, mawl'd^^, or Old Maldah,a town of Bengal, Maldah district, on the Mahananda, 5 miles N.W. of Angrazabad (to which the name Maldah is sometimes incorrectly given). It is built of brick, but is much decayed. It is the seat of a large trade. Pop. 5262. Malda, or Maldah, a district of Bengal, bounded W. and S.W. by the Ganges. Lat. 24° 30'-25° 22.5' N. ; Ion. 87° 4S'-SS°'33,5' E. Area, 1807 square miles. The W. part is level and very fertile, but subject to overflow. The E. portion, once densely peopled, is now a fever-smitten jungle, full of tigers and serpents. Rice, grain, silk, and indigo are leading products. Capital, Angrazabad. Pop. 676,426. Malde^^hem, mil'deh-gh^m\ a village of Belgium, in Eiist Flanders, 17 miles by rail N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 786S, engaged in tobacco- factories, oil-mills, breweries, and cotton- printing-works. Maiden, mawl'den, a post-village of Bureau co., 111., in Berlin township, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 6 miles N.E. of Princeton, and about 16 miles W.N.W. of La Salle, It has 3 churches and a carriage- shop. Pop, about 250. Maiden, a post- village of Middlesex co., Mass., in Mai- den township, on a small river of the same name, and on the Boston & Maine Railroad and the Saugus Branch of the Eastei'n Railroad, 5 miles N. of Boston. It has several churches, 2 newspaper offices, a national bank, a high school, a savings-bank, and manufactures of rubber boots and shoes, cords and tassels, sandpaper, *tc. Pop. about 2400. The township contains smaller villages, named Linden and Ma- plewood. and a pop. of 10,800. Maiden, a post-village of Dunklin co.. Mo., on tho Lit- tle River Valley & Arkansas Railroad, 27 miles W. of New Madrid. It has a church and a plough-factory. Maiden, a post-village of Ulster co., N.Y., in Sauger- ties township, on the Hudson River, 2 miles above Sauger- ties, and 42 miles below Albany. It has 2 churches. It has an extensive trade in building-stone (blue-stone), \YhicIi is quarried here. Pop. about 400. Maiden, a station in Chippewa co., Wis., on the "Wis- consin Central Railroad, 92 miles E.S.E, of Ashland, and 259 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. MAL 13 Maiden Branch, a post-office of Bryan co., Ga. Maiden Bridge, a post-village of Columbia co., N.Y., in Chatham township, on Kinderhook Creek, 2 miles from Chatham Station, and about 18 miles S.S.E. of Albany. It has 2 churches, a paper-mill, and a pump-factory. Maiden Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, be- longing to Great BriUvin. Lat. (S. point) 3° 58' 30" S. ; Ion. 155° W. It is of low coral formation, and about 12 or 14 miles in extent. Pop. 79. It affords guano. Malderen, mil'deh-rSn\ a village of Belgium, on the Steenhuffelsche-Beek, 15 miles N.N.W. of Brussels. Maldive (mal'div) Islands, or Malediva, mlMi- dce'vi ("Thousand Isles"), a chain of islands, Indian Ocean, between lat. 0° 45' S. and 7° 6' N. and Ion. 72° 48' and 73° 48' E., about 300 miles S.E. of India, and separated N. from Minicoy and the Laccadives by the 8 and 9 degrees channels. They are of coral formation, and arranged in 17 round and oval groups, termed atolls, surrounded and pro- tected by coral reefs. The larger islands are well wooded with palms, &e., and produce millet, coir, cocoa-nuts, escu- lent roots, fruits, and poultry. The smaller are mere barren islets. Cowry-fishing is an important pursuit. Pop. of the whole, about 150,000, They are Mohammedans, and live under a sultan, who resides on the island of Male and sends tribute to the British. Mal-di-Ventre, mil-dee-vSn'tri, an island of the Mediterranean, off the W. coast of Sardinia, 5 miles S.W. of Cape Mannu. It is 5 miles long. Maldon, mil'dgn, a borough of England, co. of Essex, on the Chelraer, and on a railway, 10 miles E. of Chelms- ford. It has several ancient churches, a grammar-school, a large national school, a valuable library, several charities, an ancient town hall, a jail, and large barracks, with im- ports of coal, iron, and timber, and exports of fish and agricultural produce. Vessels of considerable burden ap- proach the town. It sends a member to the House of Com- mons. Silks, salt, beer, castings, and farm-machinery are manufactured. Pop. 55S6. Maldonado, mil-do-ni'do, a fortified seaport town of Uruguay, on the N.E. shore of the Plata estuary, 60 miles E. of Montevideo. Lat. of the island Goriti, which shel- ters its harbor, 34° 57' 2" S. ; Ion. 54° 57' 35" W. It is regularly built, and has a large public square. Male, mi'Ii, or Mohl, mol, the principal island of the Maldive group, a little N. of its centre, almost circular, having a circumference of nearly 5 miles. It is the resi- dence of the sultan, and the seat of his government, and was once completely fortified by a wall and bastions. Pop. nearly 2000. Male, mi'li or mi'leh, a town of Austria, Tyrol, 50 miles from Trent, on the iSToce. Pop. 1012. Malea Fromontorium. See Cape Malta. Malebum, mi-le-bum', a town of Nepaul, on the Gun- duck, 13S miles N.W. of Khatmandoo. Maledictus, the Latin name of Montmedy. Malediva, islands. See Maldive Islands. Malekra, mil'e-kri, a neat town of the Punjab, near the S. range of the Himalaya Mountains. Malemort, mirmori', a village of France, in Vaucluse, 6 miles S.E. of Carpentras. Pop. 1350. Male-Myn, m4'li-min', a town of Burmah, on the Irrawaddy, 76 miles N. of Ava, contains about 800 houses. Malenowitz, m^'li-no^wits, a town of Moravia, 12 miles N.N.E. of Hradisoh. Pop. 1140. Maleo, mi-U'o, a town of Northern Italy, 17 miles S.E. of Lodi. Pop. 4098. Malerkot'la, a native state of India, in the Punjab, on the Sirhind plain. Area, 164 square miles. Pop. 46,200. Malesherbes, m^Pzainb', a town of France, in Loiret, on the Essonne, 11 miles N.E. of Pithiviers. Pop. 1847. Here is the fine chateau of Malesherbes. Malfi, mirt'ee, a village of Dalmatia, 7 miles N.W. of Ragusa, on a bay of the Adriatic. Pop. of commune, 3907. Ma I gar, mil-gan', a town of Russia, in Transcaucasia, on a small affluent of the Choruk, and on the Turkish boundary. 8 miles S. of Artveen. Malgarah, Malghara, mirgi-r^, or Migalgara, me-gil'gi-ri, a walled town of European Turkey, province of Roumelia, 33 miles N.N.E. of Gallipoli. Pop. 2500. Malgrat, mil-grit', a seaport town of Spain, 37 miles N.E. of Barcelona, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 3287. Malguenac, miPgi'nik', a village of France, in Mor- bihan, 4 miles W. of Pontivy. Pop. 1752. Malhar, raiirhar', or MuPhar', a town of Bengal, Boglipoor district. Pop. 3177. Malheur (mal-oor') River, Oregon, rises near the S.E. base of the Blue Mountains, drains part of Baker co., and 1 MAL enters Snake River on the boundary between Idaho and Oregon, near lat. 44° 8' N. Maliacus Sinus, Greece. See Gulf op Lamia. Malianuin Fulcimensium. See Maglans. Malicorne, iniMeo^koiin', a town of France, in Sorthe, 8 miles N. of La Fleche, on the Sarthe. Pop. 1509. Malig'nant Cove, a post-village in Antigonish co.. Nova Scotia, on Northumberland Strait, 30 miles N.E. of New Glasgow. Pop. 150. Maligrama, a town of India. See Mulligaum. Mal'in, a village of Ireland, co. of Donegal, 10 miles N. by E. of Londonderry. Malines, a city of Belgium. See Mechlin. Malin Head, a promontory of Ireland, co. of Done- gal. Lilt. 55° 22' N.; Ion. 7° 24' W. Malinipa Island, Sooloo Archipelago. See Coco. Malka, mil'ki, a river of Russia, in Ciscaucasia, joins the Terek 18 miles W.S.W. of Mosdok, after a course of about 110 miles. Mal'lard Creek, a township of Mecklenburg co., N.C. Pop. 1436. Mallare, mil-li'ri, or Mallere, mil-lA'ri, a village of Italy, 7 miles from Cairo. Pop. 1597. Mallavilly, mil-li-vil'Iee, or Mallivalli, mil-lee- vil'lee, a fortified town of Southern India, Mysore, 25 miles E. of Seringapatam. Pop. 5114. Mallemort, miri^h-moR', a village of France, in Bouches-du-Rhone, 28 miles E.N.E. of Aries. Pop. 1023. Mallen, mil-y^n' (anc. Man' Ha?), a town of Spain, Aragon, 39 miles N.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 2863. Mal'let Creek, a post-village of Medina co., 0., on the Cleveland, 'Tuscarawas Valley & Wheeling Railroad (at York Station), 4 miles N.W. of Medina. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, a newspaper office, and a planing-mill. MaI'lia, a town of India, in Kattywar, on the S. shore of the Runn of Cutch. Malliagaum, a town of India. See MuLLiGAVjr. Mallicollo, mil-le-kol'Io, a large island of the New Hebrides, 60 miles long and 28 broad, lat. 16° 30' S., Ion. 167° 60' E., S.E. of Espiritu Santo. It is low, well watered, and fertile, but inhabited by a race apparently in the lowest stage of barbarism. Mal'ling, West Mailing, or Town-Mailing, a town of England, in Kent, 5i miles W.N.W. of Maidstone. Pop. of parish, 2326. Mallivalli, a town of India. See Mallavilly. Mallorca, an island of Spain. See Ma.iohca. Mal'lory, a township of Clayton co., Iowa. Pop. 1149. Mallory, a post-office of Shelby co., Iowa. Mallory, a post-hamlet of Oswego co., N.Y., on the Syracuse Northern Railroad, 22 miles N. of Syracuse. It has a church. Mallory's Ford, a hamlet of Orange co., Va., on the North Anna River, 5 miles S.E. of Madison Hun Station, It has a church and a tannery. JIal'lorysville, a post-hamlet of Wilkes co., Ga., about 70 miles W.N.W. of Augusta. Mal'lorytOAVn, a post-village in Leeds co., Ontario, on the Grand Trunk Railway, 138 miles W.S.W. of Mon- treal. It contains several stores and a hotel. Pop. 300. Mal'loryville, a station in Tompkins co., N.Y., on the Utica, Ithaca & Elmira Railroad, 2 miles N.E. of Freeville. Mal'low, a town of Ireland, co. and 17 miles N.N.W. of Cork, on the Blackwater, at a railway junction. It is picturesquely situated, with many elegant seats in the vicinity. It has a handsome modern and the ruins of an ancient church, a Roman Catholic chapel, court-house, jail, workhouse, barracks, infirmary, news-rooms, and the hottest mineral spring in Ireland. 'The borough sends one member to the House of Commons. Pop. ,4761. Malmaison, m3,Pmi'z6N"', a chateau in Fr.ance, de- partment of Seine, 4^ miles W. of Paris, celebrated as having been the residence of the Empress Josephine. Malmaison, mal-ma's9n, a post-hamlet of Pittsyl- vania CO., Va., 10 miles N. of Danville. It has a steam saw-mill and a coach-factory. Tobacco of superior quality is produced here. Malmaison, Quebec. See Des Rivieres. Malmedy, mal'meh-de, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 25 miles S. of Aix-la-Chapelle, on the Warge. Pop. 5671. It has extensive tanneries, and manufactories of woollen cloth, muslins, soap, and potash, mineral springs, and near it the ruins of an ancient imperial abbey. Malmesbnry, mimz'ber-e, a town of England, co. of Wilts, nearly enclosed by the Avon, 19^ miles N.N.W. of Bath. Pop. 3123. It was the seat of a splendid abbey, of which little now remains except a portion used as the MAL 1332 MAL parish church, with a tomb reputed to be that of King Athelstan. It has vestiges of. ancient fortifications. The manufacture of woollen cloth, formerly the chief branch, has given way to wool-stapling. It sends one member to the House of Commons. IVIalmish, or 3Ialmych, mil-mish', a town of Kussia, government of Viatka, SO miles N.N.E. of Kazan, on the Viatka. Pop. 21)18. Malnio, mal'md or m^l'mo, a seaport town of Sweden, capital of a Inen, on the Sound, and in one of the most fer- tile districts of the kingdom, 16 miles E.S.E, of Copen- hagen, Lat. 55° 36' 6" N.; Ion. 13° E. It is an impor- tant railway terminus, and was formerly a place of strength, but the fortifications have been removed. The principal buildings are two churches, one of them possessed of a large organ and costly monuments ; the old oastle, still surrounded by walls and ditches, and occupied partly as a barracks ; the governor's house, town house, hospital, and theatre. The staple manufactures are gloves. The trade, much cramped by the want of a good harbor, is chiefly in gi'ain and whisky. A steamer plies regularly between Malmb, Copenhagen, and Luheck. Pop. 32,292. Malmdhus, m^l'mo-hooce, or Malmo, a fertile prov- ince or laen of Sweden, at its S.W. extremity, having S. the Baltic, and W. the Sound. Area, 1781 square miles. Pop. 3.13,074. Malnate, m5.1-na.'ti, a village of Northern Italy, 13 miles E.N.E. of Como. Pop. of commune, 2-161. lUalo, m^'lo, a town of Italy, 10 miles N.W. of Vi- cenza. on the Torlo. Pop. 4803. It has saltpetre-works. Malo Archangelsk, m3,'lo an-kdng-ghelsk', a town of Russia in Europe, government of Olonets, 55 miles N.E. of Kargopol. Malo Archangelsk, a town of Russia in Europe, gov- ernment and Si) miles S.E. of Orel. Pop. 4891. Maloi, an island of Siberia. See Malyi. Maloi-Yaroslavitz, m4'loi-yS,-ro-sId'vits, a town of Russia, government and 38 miles N. of Kalooga, on the Loosha. Pop. 5173. Mai one, ma-lon', a township, Tazewell co., III. P. 710. Maloiie, a post-hamlet of Clinton co., Iowa, in Eden township, on the Chicago A Northwestern Railroad, 14 miles W. of Clinton City. It has a church. Malone, a post-village, capital of Franklin co., N.Y., in Malone township, on Salmon River, and on the Ogdens- burg & Lake Champlain Railroad, 61 miles E. by N. of Ogdensburg, and 57 miles W. of Rouse's Point. A bridge here crosses the river, which affords extensive water-power and flows in a deep valley. Malone is pleasantly situ- ated in a rich farming country. It contains 7 churches, 2 national banks, 2 newspaper oflices, an academy, 2 iron- foundries, 2 woollen-factories, a paper-mill, 3 flouring- mills, a tannery, and 2 machine-shops. Here is a quarry of Potsdam sandstone. The machine- and repair-shops of the railroad located here are on a large scale. Pop. about 4000; of the township, 7335. Malone, a post-office of Fond du Lac co., Wis. 31alone, or Pow'ell's Mills, a post-village in Has- tings CO., Ontario, on the river Moira, 36 miles N.N.W. of Belleville. Here are gold-mines. It contains quartz-mills, a tlouring-mill, and several stores. Pop. 300. Maloue'sLandingjapost-ofliceof Coaboraaco., Miss. Malonne, ma.Monn', a town of Belgium, 3 miles S.W. of Nauuir, on the Sambre. Pop. 2700. Malonno, ma-lon'no, a village of Northern Italy, 42 miles N.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 2317. Maloo, mA,Hoo', a town of India, 25 miles W. of Sir- hind. Lilt. 30° 38' N.; Ion. 75° 58' E. 3Ia4ott' Park, a post-hamlet in Washington township, Marion co., Ind., on the Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago Railroad, 6 miles N. of Indianapolis. It has a church, a railroad station, and 8 or 9 houses. Malouines, Atlantic Ocean. See Falkland Islands. Malpartida de Caceres, ma,l-patt-tee'D5, di k^'- thi-res, a town of Spain, 50 miles N.N.E. of Caceres. Pop. 3275. Malpartida de la Serena, m^l-pait-tee'D^ d^ la si-ri'ni, a town of Spain, Estremadura, 6o miles E.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 1769. Malpartida de Placencia, mdl-pan-tee'Dd di pU- 8§n'she-S, or plS.-th^n'the-d, a village of Spain, Estremadura, 51 miles N. by E. of Caceres. Pop. 2251. Mal'pas, a town of England, co. and 14 miles S.S.E. of Chester. The town is pleasantly situated, has a richly- ornamented church, built about the time of Henry Vll., a grammar-school, Alport's School, and several other charities. Malpeque, Prince Edward Island. See Princetown. Malplaqnet, miPpU^ki', a village of France, in Nord, arrondissement of Avesnes, memorable for the victory of Marlborough and Prince Eugene over the French in 1709, Malpoora, mal-poo'r^, a town of India, Rajpootana, 35 miles E.S.E. of Krishnuggur. Malsch, milsh, a town of Germany, in Baden, 6 miles E.N.E. of Rastadt. Pop. 3544. Malsch, a town of Germany, in Baden, 14 miles S.S.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 1355. Mals-Elf, mils-glf, a river of Norway, falls into the Malunger-Fiord about lat. 69° N. Length, 80 miles. Maisen, m^l-s^n'orm^I-s&n', or Malsesine,m&l-sA- see'ni,, a village of Italy, 23 miles N.N.W. of Verona, on the Lake of Garda. Malstrom, Norway. See Maelstrom. Malta, mawl'ta (It. pron.mai'tij Fr. MaltCy m^\t; ane. Mel'ita), an island in the Mediterranean, belonging to Great Britain, 62 miles S.S.W. of Sicily, and 197 miles N. of Africa. Lat. 35° 53' 48" N.; Ion. 14° 31' 15" E. Greatest length, 17 miles ; central breadth, about 9 miles. Area, 93 square miles. It is of an irregular and oval shape, deeply indented on all sides except the S., where the coast forms a continuous and almost unbroken line. The largest bays are those of Marsa and Sirocco on the S.W., and Melleha and St. Paul's on the N.E. ; but the most important in every respect is the double bay formed by the opposite sides of the remarkable peninsula on which the capital, Valetta, stands. The S.W. coast is remarkably bold, having not a single opening in which a vessel can take refuge. The sur- face is very much broken by rocks, which pierce it in all directions, and are almost destitute of any covering of soil, leaving few intervening spaces which can be brought under regular culture. The culminating point, which occurs near the S.W. coast, does not exceed 1200 feet. The rocks are all stratified, and arranged in nearly parallel layers, with a very gentle dip, generally from N.E. to E. by N. They are dis- posed in 4 distinct groups, consisting of coral limestone, yellow sandstone and blue clay, the former above in beds about 20 feet thick, abounding in fossils, the latter from 100 to 120 feet thick, sandstone, and a yellowish white semi- crystaliine limestone, forming an excellent building-stone. The range of temperature seldom exceeds 6° in 24 hours; the air is usually dry and clear. The winter climate, from the middle of October till that of January, is delightful, but in summer the heat becomes extreme, and the bright light reflected from the bare white rocks often injures the sight. There are no lakes or proper running streams in the island, but the springs are numerous and copious. The soil is very thin, and the best of it has been imported for gardeners' use, but under the influence of an auspicious climate the island has become very fruitful. The staple product is cotton ; the vine and olive are cultivated. Fruits, particu- larly figs and oranges, are abundant, and of excellent flavor. The central position of Malta in the Mediterranean makes it an important commercial depot, and at all times an in- valuable naval station. It has in consequence received great attention from the British government, and been both provided with excellent docks and very strong fortitications. Malta was first peopled, it is said, by the Phoenicians. It passed successively through the hands of the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians, and was finally attached to Rome during the second Punic War. It was seized at dif- ferent times by Vandals, Goths, and Saracens. From the last it passed to Sicily, and followed its fortunes till 1522, when Charles V. granted it to the Order of St. John of Je- rusalem. In 1798 the Grand Master Horapesch surrendered it to Napoleon. It was afterwards taken by Nelson, and is now, along with the islands of Comino and Gozo, a posses- sion of Great Britain. The natives are of mixed descent, their language being chiefly of Arabic origin. Capital, Valetta, Pop. 145,599. ^Adj. and inhab. Maltese, mawl-teez' (It. Maltese, mdl-ti's^). iMalta, mawl'ta, a post-village of De Kalb co.. 111., in Malta township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 64 miles W. of Chicago, and 30 miles S.S.E. of Roekford. It has a money-order post-oftiee, 4 churches, a graded school, and a cheese-factory. Pop. about 800; of township, 1157. Malta, a hamlet of Putnam co., Ind., on the India- napolis & St. Louis Railroad. 31 miles W. of Indianapolis. Malta, a post-office of Cloud co., Kansas, 24 miles W. of Clay Centre. Malta, Oceana co., Mich. See Greenwood. Malta, a post-township of Saratoga co., N.Y., about 6 miles S. of Saratoga Springs. It is bounded on the N.E- by Saratoga Lake, and intersected by the Rensselaer & Sar- atoga Railroad, and contains a village named Maltaville. Pop. 1215. Malta Post-Office is at Dunning Street. MAL 1333 MAM ]UaIta» a post-village of Morgan cc, 0., in Malta town- ship, on tlie W. bank of tlie Muskingum River, opposite McConnellsville, and about 30 miles W.N.W. of Marietta. It h&s 2 churches, a national bank, a graded school, a news- paper office, and a tannery. Pop. 513; of the township, 162o. It has manufactures of furniture, ploughs, sash, doors, and salt. Here is a salt-well 800 feet deep. Malta Bend, a post-village of Saline co.. Mo., in Grand Pa^s township, about 2 miles S. of the Missouri River, and 30 miles E. of Lexington. It has 4 churches. Maltavllle, mawl'ta-vil, a post-village of Saratoga co.. N.Y., in Malta township, ^ mile from Round Lake Station, and about 10 miles S. of Saratoga Springs. It has a church, a cotton-mill, and a grist-mill. Alalterdingen, mil'ter-ding^en, a town of Baden, 12 miles N.N.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 1545. Malters, m^l'ters, a town of Switzerland, canton and 11 miles W. of Lucerne, on the Einmen. Pop. 3229. Maiton, mawl'tgn, or New Malton, a town of Eng- land, CO. of York, North Riding, on the Derwent, here crossed fay an ancient stone bridge, 18 miles N.N.E, of York, at a railway junction. It stands on an eminence, and has a large market-place, national schools, a theatre, public rooms, with a library, and remains of a castle destroyed fay Henry II. Porter, malt, corn, and bacon are largely ex- ported to Hull, &o., by the navigable Derwent. The bor- ough is a polling-place for the county, and in conjunction ■with its suburb of Norton, and with Old, Malton, sends two members to the House of Commons. Pop. 3423; of par- liamentary borough, 8168. Malton, a post-village in Peel co., Ontario, on the Grand Trunk Railway, 15 miles AV. of Toronto. It contains 2 stores and a hotel. Pop. 300. Maltsch, m^ltch, a village of Prussia, on the Berlin, Frankfort & Breslau Railway, 24 miles W. of Breslau, Maluenda, mi-loo-5n'd^, almost mM-wfin'd4, a village of Spain, Aragon, 40 miles S.W. of Saragossa. Pop. 1205. Maluesinum, the Latin name of Mauvezin. Malu'gin Grove, a decayed village of Lee co.. 111., 1 mile from Compton Station. It has a church. Malva, the ancient name of the river Mulweeya. Malvag'lia, mal-vil'ya. a town of Switzerland, canton of Ticino, 9 miles N. of Bellinzona. Pop. 1567. Malva^na, mil-v&n'ya, a village of Sicily, situated on the side of one of the hills of Mount Etna. Pop. 144,7. Malvasia, Napoli di, Greece. See Monemvasia. 3Ialveru, maw'vern, or Great Malvern, a watering- place and town of England, co. and 8 miles S.S.W. of AVor- cester, at a railway junction, on the E. declivity of the Malvern Hills. The village has handsome hotels and pri- vate houses, museum, good baths, and a fine abbey church. Of the abbey, founded in 1083, few vestiges remain. Me- dicinal springs here attract many invalids. Pop. 5693. Mal'vern, or Mal'vern Junction, a post-village of Hot Spring co., Ark., on the St, Louis & Iron Mountain Railroad, 43 miles W.S.AV. of Little Rock, and U miles from Rockport. The Hot Springs Railroad extends from this place to the famous Hot Springs, 25 miles distant. It has about 7 general stores. Malvern, a post-hamlet of Whitesides co., 111., in Clyde township, 7 miles N.E. of Morrison. It has a church. Malvern, a post-village of Mills co., Iowa, in Silver Creek township, on the Burlington & Missouri River Rail- road, 10 miles E. of Glenwood, and about 27 miles S.E. of Omaha. It has 2 newspaper offices, a seminary, 2 banks, and 4 churches. Pop. 493. Malvern, a post-village in Brown township, Carroll co., 0., on Sandy Creek, and on the Tuscarawas Branch of the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad, 77 miles S.S.E. of Cleve- land. Pop. 269. Malvern, a post- village in Chester co., Pa., on the, Pennsylvania Railroad, 21 miles W. of Philadelphia, at the junction of the West Chester Railroad. Mal'vern, a post-village in York co., Ontario, 3 ipiles N.W. of Highland Creek. Pop. 125. Mal'vern Hill, a battle-field in Henrico co., Va., about 1 mile from James River, and 11 miles S.S.E. of Richmond. Here occurred a battle between the Confederate and Union armies on the 1st of July, 1862, in which the former was repulsed with severe loss. Malvern (maw'vern) Hills, England, separate the co. of Worcester from Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, and are nearly 9 miles in length from N. to S. Malvern Junction, Ark. See Malvern. Malvitto, mil-vit'to, a town of Italy, province of Co- senza, 16 miles S.S.W. of Castrovillari. Pop. 1656. Malwah, mawl'wS, (i.e., the "mountainous country"). an old province of India, mostly between lat. 22° and 26° N. and Ion. 74° and 80° E., enclosed by the provinces of Rajpootana, Agra, Allahabad, Candeish, and Guzerat. Its central part is a table-land between its chief rivers the Chumbul in the N. and Nerbudda in the S., and watered by the Sind and Betwah, aflluents of the Jumna. This province is the principal seat of the Bheel race, and was formerly that of the Mahrattas. It is mostly subdivided among the dominions of Gwalior, Indore, and Bhopaul. Malwah, a name sometimes given to the native state of Putteeala, in India. 3Ialwan, m^Pwin', or Soonderdroo^, soon-d§r- droog', a town and fortified island of British India, on the Malabar coast, 50 miles N.N.W. of Goa. Pop. 13,218. Malyi, mil-yee', or Maloi, mi-loy', an island of Si- beria, in the Arctic Ocean, about 45 miles S.S.E. of the island of Kotelnoi. Much fossil ivory is found on it. Malzeville, ma,rz9h-veer, a village of France, in Meurthe-et-Mosello, on the Meurthe, 15 miles E. of Nancy. Pop. 2354. Malzieu, or Le Malzieu, leh marze-uh', a vjillage of France, in Lozere, 25 miles N, of Marvejols. Pop. 960. Mama, mdi-mi', two rivers of Asiatic Russia, in the N.E. of the government of Irkootsk, called Verkhnee- Mama and Nizhnee-Mama. The former, the larger of the two, has a course of above 100 miles; both join the Vitim. Mamadish, Mainadisch, ma-mi-dish' or mA-mS,- deesh', or Mamadi:uch, a town of Russia, government and 87 miles E. of Kasan, on the Viatka. Pop. 4123. Mamaka'ting, a township of S\illivan co., N.Y. Pop. 4116. It contains Wurtsborough. Mamanguape, ma-min-gwi'pi, a river of Brazil, enters the Atlantic 25 miles N. of Parahiba, after an E. course of 130 miles. Mamanguape, mi-min-gwA'pi, or 3Iontemor, mon-tA-moR', a town of Brazil, province and 45 miles N.N.W. of Parahiba, on a river of the same name. Mamar'oneck, a post-village of Westchester co., N.Y., in Mamaroneck township, finely situated on Long Island Sound and on the New York, New Haven & Hartford Rail- road, 20 miles from the Grand Central Depot in New York. It has 2 churches, and many elegant villas and residences. Pop. of the township, 1431. Mambucaba, mim-boo-ki'bS., a town of Brazil, prov- ince and 78 miles W. of Rio Janeiro, near the river Mam- faucaba. Pop. 4000. Mamers, mi'^main' (L. Mamercin), a town of France, in Sarthe, 28 miles N.N.E. of Le Mans. Pop. 5147. It ha-s a fine church, and manufactures of hempen, cotton, and woollen fabrics, hosiery, leather, and paper. Mamhole, a hamlet of England. See Manmoel. Mamiiia, mi-meen'ya, a large Indian town of Peru, province of Tarapaca, lat. 20° 4' 48" S. It has clear, boil- ing sulphur springs, and near it gypsum, alum, and car- bonate of sodium abound. Mammelle, m5,m*m§ll', a creek of Pulaski co., Ark., flows into the Arkansas above Little Rock. Mammola, mim'mo-14, a town of Italy, province of Reggio di Calabria, 7i miles N. of Gerace. Pop. 7S04. Mainmorah, a town of Morocco. See Mehediah. Mam'motb, a post-office of Madison co., Montana, near the Mammoth Hot Springs of Wyoming, in the Great National Park. Mammoth Cave, a summer resort of Calaveras eo., Cal., 12 miles f^om San Andreas, and 13 miles from the Big Trees. Here is an extensive cavern with more than 20 large halls and a subterranean lake. A hotel has been built here. Mammoth Cave, a great cavern in Edmondson co., Ky., is near Green River, 6 miles from Cave City, and about 28 miles E.N.E. of Bowling Green. The cave consists of a remarkable succession of irregular chambers, situated in different levels or stories, some of which are traversed by navigable branches of the subterranean Echo River. Many of the halls are of great size, and others of remarkable beauty. Great interest attaches to the blind fishes, crus- taceans, and insects found in the cave, which is a noted place of resort. Mammoth Spring, a hamlet of Shannon co.. Mo., at a large spring, 6 miles from Eminence. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Mamojada, mil-mo-y^'di, a village on the island of Sardinia, S.S.E. of Nuoro. Pop. 2086. Mamore, m^-mo-ri', or Marmore, mau-mo-ri', com- monly called Rio Grande, ree'o gr&n'di, by the Span- iards, a river of Bolivia, formed by the junction of the Guapai and Chapari, after a N. course of 500 miles joins MAM MAN the Beni to form the Madeira. Some geographers regard the Guapai (called also the Rio Grande) as the upper por- tion of the Mamore. It offers a great extent of navigable water. See Rio Grande. Mampanwa, mam-pin'wa, or Mampawa, mim- pA'wi, a maritime town on the W. coast of Borneo, on the river Mampanwa. Lat. 0° 25' N.; Ion. 109° E. Mam're, a township of Kandiyohi co., Minn. Pop. 356. Mana, a river of French Guiana. See Amatiibo. Manaar (mi-naR'^ Island, immediately W. of the N. part of Ceylun, is 18 miles in length by 2J miles across. See Gulp op Manaar. 3Ianabi, or 3Ianavi, mi'n^-Bee, a province of Ecua- dor, on the W, slope of the Andes, bounded W. by the Pacific. Area, 57(31 square miles. Capital, Puerto Viejo. Pop. (>7,S52, Manabi, a town of Ecuador. See Puerto Viejo. Ma^nack', a station of Lowndes co., Ala., on the Ala- bama River, and on the Western Railroad, 13 miles W. by S. of Montgomery, 3Iaiiacor, m^-ni-koR',a town of Spain, island of Ma- jorca, 30 miles E. of Palma. It has several spacious squares, and wide, well-kept streets. Its buildings are sub- stantial ; the most important are the palace of the ancient kings of the country, a large parish church, a chapel of ease, town house, prison, 2 schools, and a hospital. It is a bishop's see, and has manufactures of brandy, wine, oil, and verdi- gris, and a trade in grain, oil, cattle, and fruits. P. 10,438. 3Iaii'ada Hill, a post-village of Dauphin co.. Pa., in West Hanover township, about 11 miles N.E. of Harris- burg. It has 2 or 3 stores. Manado, a town of Celebes. See Mknado. Managua, a lake of Nicaragua. See Leon. Managua, ma-na'gwi, a town of Central America, capital of Nicaragua, on the S. shore of Lake Leon (or Managua), in lat. 12° T N., Ion. 86° 12' W. It has several churches, a national palace, city hall, and prison, and a trade in cotfee. Pop. 6600. Manah, mi'ni, a village of Northern India, Gurhwal, 20 miles S.E. of Gangootri, and an important seat of the trade with Thibet. Man^ahaAV'kin, or Man^ahock'ing, a post-village of Ocean co., N.J., in Stafford township, on the Tuckerton Railroad, 26 miles S. of Toms River, and 4 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. It has 2 churches. Pop. 689. Manaia, Cook Islands. See Mangaia. Manaima, m^-ni'mS,, a town of India, Allahabad dis- trict. Pop. 6146. Man'akin, a village of Goochland co., Va., near the James River, and on the James River Canal, about 17 miles W. of Richmond. It has coal-mines and 3 stores. Pop. about 200. Manakoo, Manakou, m^-n^-koo', Manukau, or Symond's (si'mondz) Harbor, a fine harbor of New Zealand, North Island, on its W. coast. Lat, 37° S. ; Ion. 174° 30' E. 3Ian'akpoor' Chaurgoon, chowr-goon', a town of India, Boglipoor district. Pop. 3347. Alanal'apan, a post-township of Monmouth co., N.J., about 24 miles E. of Trenton, is intersected by the Free- hold & Jamesburg Railroad, and bounded on the S.W. by the Manalapan River. It contains a village named English- town. Pop. 2286. Manalapan Station is 3 miles W. of Freehold. Manalapan Brook, or South River, New Jersey, rises in Monmouth co., runs northward in Middlesex co., and enters the Raritan River 4 miles below New Brunswick. It is a navigable tidal stream in its lower course. 3Ianal'apanville, a hamlet of Monmouth co., N.J,, in Manalapan and Millstone townships, about IS miles S. by E. of New Brunswick. It has a church, a carriage- factory, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Manalipa, or 3Ialinipa. See Coco. Manama, mi-ni'mi, a town of the Persian Gulf, at the northern extremity of the island of Bahrein, of which it is the capital. Manamus'kin, or Manumus'kin, a post-office and station of Cumberland co., N.J., on the West Jersey Rail- road, 6 miles S.S.E. of Millville. 3Ianan. See Grand Manan. Mananah, ma-nah'na, a post-village in Mananah township, Meeker co., Miiin., on the North Fork of Crow River, nea,r Lake Koronis, about 32 miles S.W. of St. Cloud, and 11 miles N.N.W. of Litchfield. It has a Hour-mill and a saw-milK Pop. of the township, 637. 3Ianan'tico Creek, of Cumberland co., N.J., flows into Maurice River. Mananzary, or Mananzari, mi-n^n-z^'ree^ a town on the E. coast of Madagascar, at the mouth of a small river of its own name. Lat. 21° 20' S.; Ion. 48° 20' E. Manaos, m^-n^'oce, formerly Barra do Rio Negro, a town of Brazil, capital of the province of Amazonas, on the Rio Negro, 10 miles from its mouth in the Amazon. It is the seat of a large trade in the products of Northern Brazil, and has a palace, a fine cathedral, a priests' sem- inary and industrial school, many fine houses, and a saw- mill, brick- and tile-works, Ac. Pop. 5000. Man^apar', a town of British India, presidency of Madras, 40 miles N.E. of Dindigul. Manaria, the supposed ancient name of Melorta. Manasarowar, m^-na-sd-ro-war', or Tso-Maph- am, tso-mif'im, a lake of Thibet, noted in Hindoo sacred legends, 280 miles E.N.E. of Delhi, lat. 30° 40' N., Ion. 87° 30' E., at the foot of Mount Kailas, 15,200 feet alaove sea- level. It forms nearly a circle, about 15 miles in diame- ter, and is one of the head sources of the river Sutlej, pour- ing its waters into Lake Ravana-Hrada. Man^asquan', formerly Squan, a post-village and bathing-place in AVall township, Monmouth co., N.J., on the New York &, Long Branch division of the Central Rail- road, 12^ miles S. of Long Branch, and about A mile from the ocean. It has 4 churches, several boarding-houses, a sash-factory, and a carriage-shop. Pop. about 900. Manasquan River, New Jersey, rises in Monmouth CO., runs southeastward, and enters the Atlantic Ocean on the boundary between Monmouth iind Ocean cos, Manas'sas, a hamlet of Talbot co., Md., 12 miles S. of Easton. It has a church, Manassas (formerly Manassas Junction), a post- village of Prince William co,, Va,, on the Virginia Midland & Great Southern Railroad, 33 miles W.S.W. of Washing- ton, and 27 miles W. of Alexandria. It is the junction and E. terminus of the Manassas division of the same road. It has 4 churches, a graded school, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 600. Manassas Gap, Virginia. See Linden. Man^ataAV'ny, a post-hamlet of Berks co.. Pa., in Oley township, about 11 miles E.N.E. of Reading. It has 2 churches nnd a paper-mill. Manatawny Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in Berks CO., and enters the Schuylkill River at Pottstown. Man^atee', a large county in the peninsula of Florida, is bounded on the W, by the Gulf of Mexico, and inter- sected by Pease Creek. Charlotte Harbor, an inlet of the sea {or gulf), extends far into the interior of this county. The surface is level, and partly covered with forests. The soil produces pasture for numerous cattle, which are the chief articles of export. Valuation of real and personal estate, $429,748. Capital, Pine Level. Pop. in 1870, 1931, of whom 1903 were natives and 28 were foreigners. Manatee, a scattered post-village of Manatee co., Fla., on the Manatee River, near its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico, about 42 miles S.S.W. of Tampa. It has a church. Steamers visit this place twice in a week. Manauli, a town of India. See Manolee. Manavghat, mdn-dv-ghdt', or Menovghat, m5n- ov-gh3.t', a town of Asia Minor, vilayet of Adana, on the Manavghat River (anc. Me'las), 30 miles N.W. of Alaya. 3Ianavi, Ecuador. See Manabi. Mauawa, ma-naw'wa, a post-village of Waupaca co., Wis., on the Little Wolf' River, and on the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad, 50 miles W. of Green Bay. It has a church, and manufactures of lumber and staves. Manawa-Taivi, Pacific Ocean. See Three Kings. Manawatu, mi-ni-wA-too', a river of New Zealand, North Island, rises on the W. slope of the highest moun- tain-range in the island, and enters Cook Strait. On a bar at its mouth there are only 7 feet of water at low tide; but inside the bar there is depth enough for small vessels for about 50 miles. Manayunk, man-a-ytink', a station in Mifilin co,. Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 16 miles S.W. of Lewistown. Manayunk, a northwestern suburb of Philadelphia, is on the left (east) bank of the Schuylkill River, 7 miles N.W. of Independence Hall, and in the 21st ward of the citj'. It is just above the mouth of Wissahickon Creek, and is on the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad. It ia built on uneven and hilly ground. Here are 2 paper-mills, and extensive manufactures of cotton and woollen goods, carpets, Ac. Nearly 5000 persons are employed in these factories. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Street railways connect it with Philadelphia, Roxborough, &,c. It has 8 ohurches and a savings-bank. Manayunk Post-Office is a branch of the Philadelphia post-office. MAN 1335 MAN Maiibhoom, Manblium^ mSin'bhoom or Maun'- bhoonif a district of Bengal, in Chuta-Nagpoor. Lat. 22° 37'-24° N.; Ion. S5° 51'-87° 16' E. Area, 4914 square miles. It has a broken surface,- but the soil of the lower levels is excellent. Capital, Purulia. Pop. 996,570. 3Iaucas, La Plata co.. Col. See Mancos. Mau^celo'na, a post-hamlet and township of Antrim CO., Mich., on the Grand Rapids -neeI'yS, le-mon', or Navy 13ay, in the United States of Colombia, Isthmus of Panama, on the Caribbean Sea, a little to the E. of the mouth of the river Chagres. It forms a large, beautiful, and secure roadstead, about 5 miles in width, and upon it is the town of Aspinwall. Manzanillo, min-33,-neel'yo or mA,n-thS.-neel'yo, a town and seaport on the S.E. coast of the island of Cuba, about So miles AV.N.W, of Santiago de Cuba. Lat. 20° 22' N. ; Ion. 77° 15' W. It has a good harbor, and a trade in coffee, sugar, and fruit. Steamers plying between Batabano and Santiago de Cuba touch at this port. Pop. 5643. ItlaiizaiiillO, a town of Mexico, on the Pacific, state and SO miles W. of Colima. It is very beautifully situated, with a deep and safe harbor. It has 200 dwellings, mostly of wood, a church, 2 commission-houses, and 20 retail stores. It is a very unhealthy place, on account of the proximity of stagnant lakes. Manzano, min-zS,'no, a village of Italy, in ITdine, on the Natisone, about 6 miles from Pal ma. Pop. 2S08. Maiizano, mAn-zi'no, a post-village of Valencia co., New Mexico, 25 miles S.E. of Peralta. It has 2 churches and a woollen-mill. Manzat, m6N°^z5.',a town of France, in Puy-de-D6me, 14 miles N.W. of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. 304. Maon, mS,-An', a small island of Dalmatia, in the Adri- atic, "W. of the island of Pago. Length, about 5 miles. lYIaoona, Maouna, or Mauiia, md-oo'na, or Mas- sacre Island, Pacific Ocean, Samoan group, is in lat. 14° 22' S.. Ion. 171° W. MapellO, mi-pflrio, a village of Italy, province and W. of Bergamo. Pop. 1947. Mapiica, mi-peel'ki, a village of Mexico, state of Vera Cruz, with remains of a ruined city. Mapimi, mi-pee'mee, a town of Mexico, state and 130 miles N.N.E. of Durango. Pop. 2400. It gives name to a large desert tract, the Bolson de MAPnri, Mapimi Lake, called also Cayman, ki-m^n' {i.e., " Alligator" lake), a lake of Mexico, on the borders of Du- rango and Cohahuila. Mapiri, mi-pee-ree', a considerable river of Bolivia, unites with the Chuqueapo to form the Beni. Ma'ple, a township of Monona co., Iowa. Pop. 631. It contains Mapleton. Maple, a township of Cowley co., Kansas. Pop. 257. Maple, a post-office of Ionia co., Mich. Maple, a post-oflRce of Macon co., Mo., 7 miles W. of Atlanta Railroad Station. Maple, Brown co., 0. See Brownsville. Maple, a post-village in York co., Ontario, I mile from Richmond Hill Station. It contains 5 stores and a hotel. Pop. 250. Maple Bay, a post-hamlet on Vancouver Island, 45 miles from Victoria, on Maple Bay, a beautiful lafidlocked bay, surrounded by hills and mountains. Maple City, a post-hamlet of Cowley co., Kansas, about 70 miles S.E. of Wichita. Maple City, Lcelenaw co., Michigan. See Kasson. Maple Creek, Nebraska, rises in or near Stanton co., intersects Colfax co., runs E. through Dodge co., and enters Eikhorn liiver 9 miles N. of Fremont. It'is SO miles long. Maple Creek, a post-office of Dodge co., Neb., on Maple Creek, about 50 miles N.W. of Omaha. 3Iaple Creek, a post-village of Carroll co., Tenn., about 14 miles S.S.E. of Huntingdon. It has a church, an academy, &c. Maple Creek, township, Outagamie co.. Wis. Pop. 746. 31aple Cy'press, a post-office of Craven co., N.C. Ma'pleford, a post-office of Colquitt co., Ga., 25 miles E. of Camilla. Here are a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Maple Glen, Scott co., Minn. See Spring Lake. 3Iaple Green, a post-settlement in Restigouche co., New Brunswick, on the Restigouche River, 7 miles from Campbellton. Pop. 100. Mai)le Grove, a pust-office of Cherokee co., Ala. Maple Grove, a post-office of Lincoln co., Dakota. Maple Grove, a post-office of Edwards co.. 111. Maple Grove, a station of Putnam co., Ind., on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 4 miles N. of Green Castle. Maple Grove, a post-office of Madison co„ Iowa, 8 miles W. of Winterset. Maple Grove,apost-officeof Pottawatomieco., Kansas. 3Iaple Grove, a post-office of Trigg co., Ky. Maple Grove, a post-office of Aroostook co., Me. Maple Grove, a village of Adams township, Berkshire CO., Mass., on the Pittsfield & North Adams Railroad, 1 mile S. of South Adams. It has cotton and woollen-mills, for which the lloosac River affords motive-power. Maple Grove, a post-hamlet and township of Barry CO., Mich., 32 miles S.W. of Lansing. Pop. 1315. Mai>le Grove, township, Saginaw co., Mich. Pop. 532. Maple Grove, apost-townshipof Hennepin CO., Minn,, about 14 miles N.W. of Minneapolis. Pop. 1050. It con- tains part of Osseo. Maple Grove, a hamlet of Onondaga co., N.Y., in Otisco township, 6 miles W. of Onativia. It has a church. Maple Grove, a post-haralet of Otsego co., N.Y., about 44 miles S. of Utica. It has a church. Maple Grove, a post-office of Fayette co.. Pa. Maple Grove, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Va. Maple Grove, a post-township of Manitowoc co.. Wis., 17 miles W.N.W. of Manitowoc City, is intersected by the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad. It contiiins a village named Reedville, and has 4 churches. Pop. 1423. Maple Grove, township, Shawano co.. Wis. Pop. 439. Maple Grove, a village in Stormont co., Ontario, on the Cornwall Canal, 4 miles from Cornwall. Pop. 100. Maple Grove, a post-village in Mcgantic co., Quebec, at the head of Lake William, 16 miles S.E. of Somerset. It has a carding-mill, 3 saw-mills, and 2 stores. Pop. 300. 3Iaple Hill, a post-township of Wabaunsee co., Kan- sas. Pop. 252. Maple Hill, a post-village in Pierson township, Mont- calm CO., Mich., on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, 32 miles N. by E. of Grand Rapids. It has a lumber-mill. Maple Hill, a hamlet of Oswego co., N.Y., 3 or 4 miles from Williamstown Station. Maple Hill, a post-hamlet of Lycoming co., Pa., about 6 miles S. of Williamsport. It has a saw-mill. Maple Hill, a post-village in Bruce co., Ontario, 3^ miles from AValkerton. Pop. 100. Maple Lake, a post-office in Maple Lake township, Wright CO., Minn., on a small lake, about 40 miles W.N.W. of Minneapolis. Pop. of the township, 467. Maple Land'ing, a post-office of Monona co., Iowa, on Maple River. Mai>le liawn, a post-office of Monroe co., W. Va. Maple Plain, a post-village of Hennepin co., Minn., on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 22 miles W. of Minne- apolis. It has a church, a carriage-factory, a bank, &c. Maple Range, a hamlet of Oceana co., Mich., about 24 miles N. of Muskegon. Maple llap'ids, a post-village in Essex township, Clinton co., Mich., on Maplo River, 14 miles N.W. of St. John. It has 3 churches, a saw-mill, a grist-mill, a bank, a newspaper office, a foundry, a planing-mill, and a money- order post-oRice. Pop. about 600. Maple Ridgre, a p))st-hainlet of Bay co., Mich., 40 miles N. of Bay City. It has a church and a saw-mill. Maple Rid^e, a post-township of Isanti co., Minn. Pop. 254. Its pust-office is 15 miles AV. of Rush City. Maple Ridge Station of the Peninsula division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad is 16 miles S. of Little Lake, Mich. Here is De Bequo Post-Offiee. Maple River, Iowa, drains part of Cherokee co., and runs southward to Ida Grove, thence southwestward, and enters the Little Sioux in Monona co. Length, 120 miles. MAP 1345 MAR JUaple River^ Michigan, rises in Shiawassee co., and drains parts of Clinton and G-ratiot coa. It finally runs southwestward, and enters Grand Klver in Ionia co., at Lyons. Length, about 75 miles. Maple River^ Minnesota, rises in Faribault co., runs northward in Blue Earth co., and unites with the Le Sueur River about 7 miles S.S.W. of Mankato. Maple River, Montana, rises on the W. slope of the Kocky Mountains, runs southward in Missoula co., and en- ters Flathead or Selish Lake. Maple River, Emmett co., Mich, See Brutus. Maple River Juuction, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., Iowa, at the junction of the Maple River and Chicago & Northwestern Railroads, 89 miles N.E. of Omaha, Neb. Maples, a post-vilhige of Allen co., Ind., on the Pitts- burg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 10 miles E.S.E. of Fort Wayne. It has a church and manufactures of head- ing and staves. Maple's Mill, a post-hamlet of Fulton co., 111., 7i miles E. of Lewistown. It has a church and a grist-mill. Maple Springs, a post-office of Wilkes co., N.C. Maple Springs, a post-hamlet of Red River co., Tex., about 25 miles S.E. of Paris. It has a church. Maple Springs, a post-office of Dunn co.. Wis. Maple Street, a post-hamlet of Niagara co., N.Y., 2i miles from Wilson Railroad Station. Maplesville, ma'p'lz-vil, a post-village of Chilton co., Ala., on the Selma, Rome &■ Dalton Railroad, 32 miles N. by E. of Selma. It has a church and 3 stores. Mapleton, ma'p'l-t9n, a post-office of Cass co., Dakota. Mapleton, a post-village in Hollis township, Peoria CO., 111., on the Toledo, Peoria &, Warsaw Railroad, 8 miles S.W. of Peoria. Good coal is mined here. Pop. about .300. Mapleton, a post-hamlet in Maple township, Monona CO., lowii, on Maple River, and on the Maple River Rail- road, 14 miles S.W, of Ida Grove. Mapleton, a post- village of Bourbon co., Kansas, near the Little Osage River, about 16 miles N.W. of Fort Scott. Mapleton, a post-township of Aroostook co., Me,, 18 miles from Fort Fairaeld. Total pop. 444. Mapleton, Clinton co., Mich. See Duplain. Mapleton, a post-office of Grand Traverse co., Mich., on Grand Traverse Bay, 12 miles N.E. of Traverse City. Mapleton, or Mapleton Station, a post-village in Mapleton township, Blue Earth co., Minn., on Maple River, and on the Central Railroad of Minnesota, 18 miles S. of Mankato. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of furni- ture and wagons. Pop. about 200; of the township, 731. Mapleton, a hamlet of Middlesex co., N.J., 1^ miles from Plainsborough Station. It has a flour-mill on Mill- stone River. Mapleton, a hamlet of Montgomery co., N.Y., 6 miles from Palatine Bridge. It has a church. Mapleton, a post-village in Osnaburg township. Stark CO., 0., about 9 miles S.E. of Canton. It has 2 churches and 2 stores. Cual is found here. Mapleton, a borough of Huntingdon co.. Pa., on the Juniata River, amid picturesque scenery, and on the Penn- sylvania Railroad, 43 miles E. by S. of Altoona, and 9 miles S.E. of Huntingdon. It has 3 churches and a tan- nery. Pop. 389. Post-office name, Mapleton Depot. Mapleton, a post-office of McKean co., Pa. Mapleton, a post-office of Abbeville co., S.C. Mapleton, a post-hamlet of Waukesha co., Wis., 7 miles N.N.E. of Oconomowoc, and about 30 miles W.N.W. of Milwaukee. It has a church. Mapleton Depot, Pennsylvania. See Mapleton. Mapletown, a post-hamlet of Greene co., Pa., about 50 miles S. of Pittsburg. Maple Valley, a post-hamlet in Wayne- township, Henry co., Ind., 6 miles N. of Knightstown. It has a church. Maple Valley, a township of Buena Vista co., Iowa. Pop. 233. Maple Valley, a post-village in Maple Valley town- ship, Montcalm co., Mich., on the Detroit, Lansing & Lake Michigan Railroad, 7 miles E. of Howard City, and 68 miles N.W. of Lansing. It has a church and 4 or 5 lum- ber-mills, itc. Pop. of the township, 1721. Maple Valley, township, Sanilac co., Mich. Pop. 733. Maple Valley, a post-hamlet in Wes tford township, Otsego CO., N.Y., 12 miles E. of Cooperstown. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Maple Valley, a post-township of Oconto co.. Wis. Pock 200. Ma'pleville, a post-hamlet of Dodge co.. Neb., 66 miles W.N.W. of Omaha. It has a church. 85 3Iapleville, a post-village of Providence co., R.I., on the Providence & Springfield Railroad, 19 miles N.W, of Providence. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of fancy cassimeres and pf cotton yarn. Pop. 399. Ma'plewood, a post-village in Jefferson township, Cook CO., ID., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Chicago, of which it is a suburb. It has a church, a manufactory of hardware, and an artesian well 750 feet deep. Maplewood, a post-village in Maiden township, Mid- dlesex CO., Mass., on the Eastern Railroad, Saugus Branch, 6 miles N.N.E. of Boston. It contains 3 churches, several fine residences, and a manufactory of lamp-shades. MapleAVOod, a post-office of Emmett co., Mich. MapleAVood, a station in Monroe co., N.Y., on the Rochester & State Line Railroad, 6 miles from Rochester. 3Iaplewood, a post-office of Door co.. Wis. Maple Works, a post-office of Clark co., AVis. Mapocha, m^-po'chi, or Mapocho, niA-po'cho, a river of Chili, after a course of 75 miles, joins the Maypu about 35 miles S.W. of Santiago. Mapoota, mS,-poo't4, a considerable rivor of South- east Africa, flows in a general N.E, direction, and falls into Delagoa Bay, S. side, about lat. 26^^ S. Mapps'ville, a hamlet of Accomack co., Va., near the ocean, | mile from Sea Side Post-Office. It has 2 churches, Maquoketa, ma-ko'ke-ta, a township of Jackson co., Iowa. Pop. 1069. 31aquoketa, a post-town, capital of Jackson co., Iowa, is near the S. bank of the Maquoketa River, in South Fork township, 38 miles N.W. of Clinton, and 41 miles N. of Davenport. It is connected with these cities by the Dav- enport it St. Paul Railroad and the Iowa Midland Rail- road. It has a national bank, 1 other bank, 5 churches, printing-offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers, and a high school. It has 3 flouring-mills, 2 woollen-factories, a machine-shop, and a cigar-factory. Pop. 2112. Maquoketa River, Iowa, rises in Fayette co., and runs southeastward through Delaware and Jones cos., thence nearly eastward through Jackson co., and enters the Mis- sissippi River about 10 miles below Bellevue. Length, about 175 miles. Maquon, ma-kwon', ,a post-village of Knox co., 111., partly in Maquon township, on Spoon River, and on the railroad which connects Galesburg with Peoria, 16 miles S.E. of Galesburg, and, 37 miles from Peoria. It has a graded school, a money-order post-office, 2 drug-stores, and a flour-mill. Pop. about 600,: of the township, 1426. Mar, an ancient district of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, between the Don and the Dee. Mara-Arbarei, m^'r^-aR-bi-ril'ee, or Villamar, vM-13,-maR', a village on the island of Sardinia, province of Cagliari, on the Caralita. Pop. of commune, 17S5. Marabai, a lake of Africa. See Nyassa. Maraca, an island of Brazil. See Itamaraca, Mara-Calagonis, ma'ra,-kS,-lS,-go'nees, a village on the island of Sardinia, not far from Sinnai. Pop. 1061. Maracanda, the ancient name of Samarcand. Maracay, m^-rd-ki', a town of Venezuela, state of Aragua, 55 miles W.S.W. of Caracas. Pop. 5367. Maracaybo, or Maracaibo, mlL-rS,-ki'bo, a city of Venezuela, capital of the state of Zulia, on the W, shore of the strait connecting Lake Maracaybo with the sea. Lat. 10° 38' N.; Ion. 71° 42' W, It is the principal seaport of Venezuela, has a deep harbor, and many fine buildings, 8 churches, a college, 2 charity hospitals, a lepers' asylum, and manufactures of earthenware, soap, &o. It ships much cofi"ee from the interior, also tolu, copaiba, cacao, timber, fustic, hides, *fec. It stands in a sandy tract, luid hos a hot but not unhealthy climate. Pop. in 1S73, 21,954. See Lake Maracaybo and Gulf of Maracaybo. Maragha, mi'ri^gi, a city of Persia, in Azerbaijan, 50 miles S. of Tabreez, on a tributary of Lake Ooroomeoyah. Pop. about 15,000. It is enclosed by walls and well built; principal structures, a large bazaar, spacious public baths, and the tomb of Hoolakou, who founded an observatory on an adjacent mountain, at the foot of which are some cave- temples. 31aragOgipe, mi-ri-go-zhee'pi, a town of Brazil, province of Bahia, 25 miles S.W. of Cachoeira. Pop. 3000. 3Iarah'ra, a town of Etah district, India. Pop. 9214. Ma^rahtan'ka, a lake of Minnesota, 10 miles N.W. of Mankato. Length, about 10 miles. Marais, mi^ri', a natural division of the department of Vendee, in France, comprising a part of the coast for- merly covered by the sea. The soil is very fertile; but the climate is unhealthy. MAR 1346 MAR Marais, mi'ri', a creek of Missouri, flows N. through Osage CO., and enters the Osage River near its mouth. Marais des Cygnes. See Osage Riveh. Marais Pontins, the French for Postise Marshes. Marajeh, miVi'j^h, an oasis of North Africa. Lat. 29° 30' N. ; Ion. about 20° E. Marajo, mi-ra-zho', or Joannes, ?,ho-Jn'nJs, a large island in the Atlantic Ocean, on the N. coast of Brazil, province of Pari, between tlie estuaries of the Amazon and Pari Rivers, and extending from near the equator to lat. 2° 20' S. and from Ion. 48° 30' to 51° 30' W. Length and breadth, about 150 miles each. It is intersected by the rivers Anajaz and Mapua. Pop. about 20,000. Ma'rak, a post-hamlet of Brown co., Kansas, about 24 miles AV.N.W. of Atchison. It has a church. Maraka, Nubia. See New Doxgola. Maralvsh, Africa. See Morocco. Marambaya, mi-rim-bi'i, an Island of Brazil, prov- ince and 27 miles W. of Rio Janeiro, in the Bay of Angra dos Reis, about 26 miles in length. Mar'amec (often pronounced and written Mer'ri- mac), a river of Missouri, rises in Dent co., in the S.E. central part of the state. Its general direction is N.E., and its whole length is estimated at 800 miles. It flows through a hilly country abounding in mines of copper, iron, and lead, many of which are successfully worked. Steamboats have navigated this river, and, with a little improvement, they would be able to ascend to the Virginia mines of Franklin co., a distance of perhaps 100 miles. A email stream, called the Osage Fork, enters the river from the right, in the N.E. part of Crawford co. The Dry Fork rises near the N.E. extremity of Texas co., and, flowing northward, falls into the main stream. Maramec, a township of Dent co.. Mo. Pop. 374. Maramec, a township of Jefferson co., Mo. P. 2764. Mar'amec, or Mer'amec, a post-village of Phelps CO., Mo., on a river of the same name, about 16 miles E. of RoUa. It has an iron-furnace, a foundry or forge, &a. Pop. of Maramec township, 1048. Marand, a town of Persia. See Mehranb. Marau^ane, mi-rin-gi'nd, a village on the S.E. coast of Africa, 8 miles from Quilimane. Maranh^LO, a river of Brazil. See MiARiJf. Maranhao, Maranham, mi-rin-yowN°' or mar^an- h5,m', or S&o Iiuiz, sown" loo-eez', a city of Brazil, cap- ital of a province of its own name, on the W. side of the island of Maranhao, 290 miles E. of Belem or Pari, and 280 miles W. of Cear4 or Fortaleza. Lat. 2° 31' S. ; Ion. 44° 18' Vf. It is surrounded on the E. by mountains, which form a kind of natural fortress, being crossed only by narrow passes. On the N. and S. it is encircled by the small streams Sao Francisco and Maranhao, which rise and fall with the tide. At the mouths of these rivers is a basin, accessible at high water to vessels drawing 20 feet, affording fine shelter, and defended at its entrance by a series of forts. The town itself is built on unequal ground, but with considerable regularity, and, as almost all the houses have gardens attached, occupies a large space. The streets cross one another at right angles, and are paved ; the houses in the principal thoroughfares are of two stories, and generally provided with balconies. The principal edifices are the cathedral and the episcopal palace, magnificent structures, both built by the Jesuits ; the governor's palace, the town house and prison, the custom-house, treasury, college, the richly-endowed hospital da Misericordia, two other hos- pitals, and various churches, monasteries, and nunneries. The trade is of great importance, the provinces of Para, Piauhy, Cear4, Rio Grande do Norte, and Goyaz having here the entrepot for their produce. The principal exports are rice, cotton, rum, drugs, hides, and isinglass. The im- ports consist of various articles of European manufacture. Maranhao is the seat of the provincial legislative assembly, the residence of the provincial governor, and the see of a bishop, and possesses a lyceum or college, in which the an- cient and modern languages, rhetoric, geography, grammar, philosophy, mathematics, design, navigation, and astronomy are taught ; also a commercial school and a botanical garden. Pop. 31^604. MaranhSio, or Maranham, a maritime province in the N. of Brazil, so called from Maranon, the name origi- nally given to the river Amazon. It is bounded on the N. by the Atlantic, E. and S.E. by Piauhy, S.W. by Goyaz, and N.W. by Pari. Lat. between 1° 22' and 10° 30' S. ; Ion. 41° 20' and 48° W. Area, 141,651 square miles. The B. half of the coast-line forms almost a continuous straight lino, unbroken by a single indentation of any magnitude; the W. half contains several bays, among which are Sao Marcos and Sao Jose, forming the respective embotichures of the Itapicuru and the Miarim, on the opposite sides of the island of Maranhao. A considerable part of the sur- face is occupied by forests, which yield excellent timber and ornamental and dye woods. The most important cul- tivated crops are rice, cotton, and the sugar-cane. Much of the produce of the last is converted into spirits. The prov- ince appoints four deputies to the General Legislative Assembly, and two senators. The provincial assembly, composed of twenty-eight members, holds its sittings in Maranhiio. Pop. 359,040. MaranhSo (or Maranham) Island, of Brazil, is be- tween the bays of Sao Jose on the E. and Sao Marcos on the W. On the S. it is separated from the mainland by a channel called the Rio do Mosquito ,* on the N. it is washed by the Atlantic. Greatest length, from N.E. to S.AV., 28 miles; greatest breadth, 20 miles. Its surface is more ele- vated than that of the mainland, and on the E. side it is lined by reefs. Pop. 40,000. Marano, mi-ri'no, a town of Italy, province and 6 miles W. of Cosenza. Pop. 2960. Marano, a village of Central Italy, 11 miles S.E. of Fermo, on the Adriatic. Pop. 2260. Marano, a town of Italy, province and 5 miles N.W. of Naples. Pop. of commune, 7143. Marano, a town of Italy, 20 miles S. of Udine, at the head of the Adriatic. Pop. 1200. Maraiion, a river of South America. See Amazon. Marans, miVON"' (L. Mnmntiiim), a town and river- port of France, department of Charente-Inferieure, on the Sevre-Niortaise, 11 miles N.E. of La Rochelle. Pop. 3217. It has a quay accessible for vessels under 100 tons. Marary, ma-ri-ree', a town of Brazil, on the JuruS, 500 miles by steamer above Mandos. It has a trade in rubber, drugs, nuts, Ac. Marash, mi'rish'. or Kermania, kjR-mi'nee-i (ane. Germain'cia), a town of Asiatic Turkey, capital of a pashalic of its own name, picturesquely situated on a slope of the lofty Aghr Tagh, above the Jyhoon, 90 miles N.N.W. of Aleppo. It consists of about 3500 houses of wood and clay. 31arash, a pashalic of Asiatic Turkey, between lat. 36° 3' and 38° 30' N. and Ion. 36° and 38° 40' E. It is traversed from AV, to E. by the main chain of Taurus, and bounded E. by the Euphrates. Marash, a village of Bulgaria, S.E. of Shoomla. Marat, mi^ri', a village of France, department of Puy- de-D6me, 9 miles N.N.W. of Ambert. Pop. 160. Maratea, md-ri-t^'JL, a town of Italy, in Basilicata, on the .sea-coast, 11 miles S.E. of Policastro. Pop. 4966. 3Iar'athon, a hamlet, small river, and plain of Greece, government of Attica, the hamlet on the river, 3 miles from its mouth, and 18 miles N.E. of Athens. The river (anc. Charadrus) has a S.E. course of 10 miles to its mouth in the ^gean Sea, opposite the S. end of Euboea ; the plain, bounded S. by Mount Pentelicus, is renowned for the vic- tory of Miltiades over the army of Xerxes, B.C. 490. Mar'athon, a county in the N. part of Wisconsin. It is intersected by the Wisconsin River, and is also drained by the Big Eau Pleine, the Rib, the Plover, and other rivers. The surface is partly covered with extensive forests of pine, ash, beech, birch, elm, maple, »tc. Lumber is the chief article of export. The soil produces wheat, oats, grass, &c. It is traversed by the Wisconsin Central Railroad and the AVisoonsin Valley Railroad. Capital, Wausau. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,805,712. Pop. in 1870, 5885; in 1875, 10,111. Marathon, a township of Lapeer co., Mich. Pop. 1308. Marathon, a neat post-village in Marathon township, Cortland co., N.Y., on the Tioghnioga River, and on the Syracuse, Binghamton & New York Railroad, 30 miles N. of Binghamton. It has 4 churches, a newspaper oflice, a bank, a union school, 2 tanneries, a flouring-mill, and manufactures of carriages and furniture. Pop. 1125 5 of the township, 1518. Marathon, a post- village in Jackson township, Cler- mont CO., 0., about 28 miles E. by N. of Cincinnati. It has a church, a chair-factory, Ac. Marathon, a township of Marathon co., Wis. Pop. 467. It contains Marathon City. Marathon City, a post-viilage of Marathon co.. Wis., on the Rib River, about 15 miles W. of Wausau. It has a church and a grist-mill. Marathonisi, mi-r3-tho-nee'gee, a maritime village of Greece, in Laconia, on the Gulf of Kolokythia, opposite the island of Marathonisi (anc. Cranre), 27 miles S. of Mis- tra. It is on the site of the ancient Migotiium, Near it are the ruins of Gifthium, MAR 1347 MAR Maratuba (mi-rMoo'ba.) Isles, agroup of the Malay Archipelago, in the Celebes Sea, off the E. coast of Borneo. Marauna, ma-row'na, a town of Bengal, Boglipoor district. Pop. 3002. Maravaca, mi-rA-vi'ki, a mountain of Venezuela, in lat. 3° 40' N., Ion. 65° 50' W, Estimated height, from 10,000 to 11,000 feet. Maravi, a lake of Africa. See Nyassa. Maraviy mi-ra'vee, a port of Cuba, on the N. coast, near its E. end, at the mouth of the river Maravi. Mara'zion, or Market Jew (anc. Fo'rum Jo' via ?), a seaport town of England, in Cornwall, on Mount's Bay, 18 miles W.S.W. of Falmouth. Pop. 1207. Marbach, maa'biK, or Marpach, man'piK, a town of Switzerland, canton and 23 miles S.W. of Lucerne, 2700 feet above sea-level. Pop. 1753. lUarbachf a village of Switzerland, canton and 15 miles E.S.E. of St. Gall. Pop. 1036. Marbach, maR'bS,K, a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Neckar, 15 miles S. of Heilbronn, Pop. 2241. The poet Schiller was born here. Marbais, man^bi-', a village of Belgium, in Brabant, 22 miles S.E, of Brussels. Pup. 2100. Marbella, maR-bel'yS-, a town of Spain, province and 29 miles S.W. of Malaga, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 4870. Mar'binton's, township, Newberry eo., S.C. P. 1171. Marble, mar'b'l, a post-office of Madison co., Ark. Marble, a post-office of Brown co., Ind. Marble, a post-office of Waupaca co., Wis. Marble Cliff, a post-hamlet of Franklin eo., 0., on the Scioto River, and on the Pan-Handle Railroad, 4 miles W.N.W. of Columbus. It has 2 churches. Marble Corner, a post-hamlet of Ripley co., Ind., 8 miles E.N.E. of Dupont Station. Marble Dale, a post-hamlet in Washington township, Litchfield CO., Conn., about 21 miles N. of Danbury. It has a church and a manufactory of tombstones. Marble Furnace, a post-hamlet of Adams co., 0., on Brush Creek, about 35 miles S.W. of Chillicothe. It has a foundry, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Marble Head, a post-hamlet of Adams co., 111., on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 7i miles S. of Quincy. Lime is made here. Marblehead., mar'b'1-hM', a post-town and port of entry of Essex co., Mass., on Massachusetts Bay, in a small township of its own name, 18 miles N.E of Boston, and about 3 miles S.E. of Salem. It is connected with Boston by two branches of the Eastern Railroad. Its site is a email peninsula, very rocky and uneven. It has a narrow, deep, and safe harbor, which admits the largest vessels. It contains 8 churches, a high school, 2 national banks, a newspaper office, and numerous manufactories of boots and shoes. Its prosperity is partly derived from commerce and the fisheries, and numerous vessels are owned by its citi- zens. Pop. of the township, 7677. 3Iarblehead, a post-office of Ottawa co., 0., on Lake Erie, 7 miles N. of Sandusky. Here is a light-house. Marblehead Lights, two in number, are situated on the S.E. side of the E. entrance to Marblehead Harbor, Mass. Lat. 42° 30' IS" N. ; Ion. 70° 50' .SO" W. Marble Hill, or Dallas, a post-village, capital of Bollinger co., Mo., on Crooked Creek, and on the St. Lonis, Iron Mountain «fc Southern Railroad, ^ mile from Lutes- yille Station, and 135 miles S. of St. Louis. Here are 3 churches, a newspaper office, and a graded school. Mar'ble Island, Hudson's Bay, British North Amer- ica, is in lat. 62° 30' N., Ion. 92° W. Marble Ridge, a station in North Andover township, Essex CO., Mass., on the Salem & Lawrence Branch Rail- road, 5 miles S.E. of Lawrence. Marble RocU, a post-village of Floyd co., Iowa, in Union township, on the Shell Rock River, and on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad, 41 miles N.N.W. of Cedar Falls, and about 14 miles S.W. of Charles City. It has a church, a bank, a graded school, a news- paper office, and a carriage-factory. Marble Spring, a post-office of Cherokee co., N.C. Marbleton, mar'b'l-t^n, a post-village in Wolfe co., Quebec. 29 miles by rail N.N.E. of Sherbnmke. Pop. 200. Marbletown, mar'b'1-town, a post-hamlet of Fulton CO., III., about 10 miles S.AV. of Havanna, It has 10 bouses. Marbletown, a post-township of Ulster co., N.Y., about SO miles N. of New York City. It has manufac- tures of cement, flour, &,c. It is intersected by Esopus and Rondout Creeks, and contains villages named Stone Ridge and High Falls, and a hamlet named Marbletown, which is 7 miles S.AV. of Kingston. Pop. 3997. Marbletown, a station in Wayne co., N.Y., on the Ontario Southern Railroad, 2 miles S. of Newark. Marble Valley, a post-office of Coosa co., Ala. Marble Valley, a post-office of Augusta co., Va. Marboz, man^bo', a town of France, in Ain, 10 miles N. of Bourg. Pop. 2627. Marburg, mau'boonG, a town of Austria, in Styria, on the Drave, at a railway junction, 36 miles S.S.E. of Gratz. Pop. 12,828. It has a castle, a theatre, a gymnasium, tan- neries, locomotive-shops, and a trade in wine and grain. Marburg, mar'burg (Ger. pron. maR'booRG j anc. Mati- acnm), a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, on the Lahn, and on the Frankfort Railway, 48 miles S.W. of Cassel. Pop. 9600, including the suburb of Weidcnhausen. It stands on the slope of a hill, crowned by the ancient feudal castle of the landgraves of Hesse. Principal public edifice, the church of St. Elizabeth, built between 1235 and 1283, and containing, with several monuments of the landgraves, the tomb of St. Elizabeth, resorted to by numerous pil- grims. It has a university, a gymnasium, a normal school, schools of surgery, a botanic garden, several hospitals, and manufactures of linen, pottery, stockings, leather, tobacco, and pipes. 31ar'but's, a post-office of Giles co., Tenn. 3Iarca d'Ancona, Italy. See Ancona. Marcana,mAr-ka'n3,, an Austrian island, coast of Dal- matia. Lat. 42° 34' N. It gives name to a bishop's see. Marcaria, maR-kS,-ree'i, a town of Italy, 13 miles W.S.W. of Mantua, on the Oglio. Pop. 8244. Marcelcave, maR^sfirkiv', a village of France, de- partment of Somme, arrondissement of Amiens. Pop. 1534. Marcel'la Falls, a post-village of Lawrence co., Tenn., 14 miles W. of Lynnville Station. It has a church, a woollen-factory, a tannery, and a flour-mill. Marceliaz, maR-chfil-ia,tz' (Fr. pron. maR'sfiriiz'), a village of France, in Savoy. Pop. 1108. Marcelline, mar-sel-leen', a post-hamlet of Adams CO., III., 13 miles N. of Quincy. It has a church. Marcel'lon, a post-hamlet of Columbia co., Wis., in Marcellon township, on Fox River, about 10 miles E. by N. of Portage City. Pop. of the township, 858. Marcel'lus, a post-village of Cass co., flOch., in Mar- cellus township, on the Chicago k Lake Huron Railroad, 13 miles N.E. of Cassopolis, and 40 miles S.W. of Battle Creek. It has a newspaper office, a union school, and 2 churches. Pop. about 600 ; of the township, 1552. Many teasels of the best quality are produced here. Marcellus, a post-village of Onondaga eo., N.Y., in Mareellus township, on Nine Mile Creek, 12 miles W.S.W. of Syracuse, and 2^ miles S. of Marcellus Station of the Central Railroad. It has a graded school, 4 churches, a woollen-factory, and a flour-mill. Near here are quarries of gypsum and limestone. Pop. 428 ; of the township, 2501. Marcellus Fails, a post-village in Marcellus town- ship, Onondaga co., N.Y., on Nine Mile Creek, 1 mile S. of the New York Central Railroad, and 11 miles W. by S. of Syracuse. It has 2 or 3 paper-mills, a machine-shop, a flour-mill, and a graded school. Pop. 140. Marcenasco, a village of Italy. See Mercenasco. Marcenat, maR^seh-n3,', a town of France, in Cantal, 13 miles N. of Murat." Pop. 634. March, maRK, Morava, or Morawa, mo-ri'v^, a river of the Austrian Empire, joins the Danube 8 miles W. of Presburg. Length, 180 miles. It is navigable from the Danube to Presburg, a distance of 50 miles. 3Iarch, a town of England, co. and 25 miles N.W. of Cambridge, on the navigable river Nenc, at a railway junc- tion. Pop. of parish, 5854. March-Wet-Fen comprises 3600 acres, and is drained by steam. March, a district of Scotland. See Merse. Marchamalo, man-cha-mi'lo, a town of Spain, New Castile, 2 miles N. of Guadalajara, on the Henares. March'and, a post-hamlet of Indiana co., Pa., about 44 miles N.W. of Altoona. It has a church. Marche, raaiish, an old province of Central France, now forming the department of Creuse and parts of Indre and Haute- Vienne. Marche, marsh, a post-office of Pulaski co.. Ark. Marche-eu-Faniene, maRsh-6No-f3.^min', a town of Belgium, in Luxembourg, on the Marchette, 44 miles N.N.AV. of Arlon. Pop. 2300. Marchegg, man'K^g, or Marcheck, man'KSk, a town of Lower Austria, on the March, 25 miles E.N.E, of Vienna. It is famous for the victory which Ottokar gained here, in 1260, over Bela. Pop. 1299. Marche-les-Ecaussines, maRsh-Uz-i^kos^seen', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 15 miles N.E. of Mons. MAR 1348 MAR Afarchena, maR-chi'nS,, a town of Spain, province and 29 miles by rail E.S.E. of Seville, on the Guadalquivir. In its neighborhood are "well-frequented sulphur baths. It is well built, retains some vestiges of its ancient tower- flanked walls, and has some fine squares and paved streets. It contains 3 parish churches, several chapels, town house and court-house, prison, 2 hospitals, an orphan asylum, college, storehouse, 3 convents, and a palace of the dukes of Arcos. It has manufactures of linen, serge, and cloth, earthenware, soap, wine, and oil, and carries on some trade with Seville. Pop. 12,208. Marches, or liCS 3Iarches, li mansh, a village of France, on the Isere, 6 miles S.S.E. of Chambfiry. P. 1777. Mar'ches (Ital. Marce, mar'chi, named from the March of Ancona), a corapartimento of Italy, comprising the four provinces of Ancona, Ascoli-Piceno, Macerata, and Pesaro and Urbino. Area, 3751 square miles. It is mostly E. of the Apennines, and is bounded E. by the Adriatic. It is a fruitful region, producing much silk, wine, timber, wool, and grain. Capital, Ancona. Pop. 915,419. 3Iarchiennes, mait^she-enn' (L. Marchiante),a. village of France, in Nord, 19 miles S.S.E. of Lille. Pop. 2648. Near it is the hamlet of Marchiennes-Campagne. Marchiennes au Pont,maR^she-^nn' zop6N°, atown of Belgium, province of Ha.inuut, on the Sambre, 2 miles W. of Charleroi, and on the railway to Brussels. Pop. 8353. It has iron-works, coal-mines, and breweries. Marchin, mau^shiN"', a town of Belgium, province and about 21 miles S.W. of Liege, on the Hoyeux. Pop. 1580. March'mont, a post-village in Simcoe co., Ontario, 8 miles from Orillia. Pop. 100. March of Ancona, Italy. See Ancona. Marciac, mau^se-^k', a town of France, in Gers, 12 miles W. of Mirnnde. Pop. 1901. Marciana, maR-chjL'ni, a town of Italy, island of Elba, S miles E. of Porto Ferrajo. Pop. 1412. Near it, on the N. coast of the island, is Marciana Mariana, with a harbor. Pop. 2193. Marcianisi, mau-chi-nee'see, a town of Italy, prov- ince and 3 miles S.W. of Caserta. Pop.: 9525. Marciano, maR-chS,'no, a village of Italy, 25 miles E. of Sienna. Pop., of commune, 2571. Marcianopolis, supposed ancient name of Shoomla. Marcig:nago,man-cheen-yS,'go,or3Iarcinago,maR- chee-na'go, a village of Italy, province of Pavia, E. of Bere- guardo. Pop. 1635. Marcigny, maR^seen^ee', a town of France, in Sa6ne- et- Loire, on the Loire, 14 miles S.W. of Charollea. P. 2223. Marcillac, maR^see^y^k', a village of France, in Avcy- ron. 11 miles N.N.W. of Rodez. Pop. 1580. Marcillac, a village of France, in Charente, 15 miles N.W. of Angouieme. Pop. 1527. Marcillac, a village of France, in Correze, 12 miles E. of Tulle. Pop. 1761. Marcillac, a village of France, in Lot, 24 miles E. of Cahors, and having in its vicinity one of the most beautiful stalactitic caves in France. Pop. 933. 3Iarcillat, mau^see^yi', a village of France, in Allier, 11 miles S. of Montlugon. Pop. 1810. Marcinago, a village of Italy. See MAkcigxago. Marcinelle, mau'see^n^U', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 24 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 5493. Marcke, moRk or man'k^h, a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, on the Lys, 24 miles S. of Bruges. Marckolsheim, maR'kols-hime^ or maR^koPs^m', a village of Alsace, S miles S.E. of Schlettstadt. Mar'co, a post-hamlet of Greene co., Ind., on the In- dianapolis & Vincennes Bailroad, 30 miles N.E. of Vin- cennes. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a bank. Marcodurum, the ancient name of Buren. Marcoing, maR^kwS,Na' or mau^ko-S,N"', a village of France, in Nord, 5 miles S.S.W. of Cambrai. Pop. 17S2. Marcolez, mauMtoMi', a village of France, in Cantal, 11 miles S.W. of Aurillac. Pop. 1402. Marion, maR's6N«', a village of France, in Sarthe, 18 miles S.W. of Saint-Calais. Pop. 1765. 3Iarcourt, uuiR^kooR', a town of Belgium, in Luxem- bourg, on the Ourthe, 42 miles N.N.W. of Arlon. Pop. 1150. Marcoussis, man^koos^sees', a village of France, in Seine-et-Oise, 10 miles S.S.E. of Versailles. Pop. 1902. Marcovecz, or Markovecz, maR^ko'^v^ts', a village of Hungary, co. of Temesvar. Pop. 1780. 3Iarcq, maak, a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 1 mile W. of Enghien. Pop. 2200. Marcq-en-Bareuil, maRk-6N«-bA'ruI', a village of France, in Nord, 3 miles N. of Lille. Pop. 4843. It has manufactures of cotton, paper, linen, flour, &c. Mar'cumville, a post-ofBce of Tuscaloosa co., Ala., 20 miles N.W. of Tuscaloosa. Mar'cus, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Ga., about 54 miles N.E. of Atlanta. It has a nursery and a flour-mill. Marcus, a post-hamlet of Cherokee co., Iowa, on the Bubuque &, Sioux City Railroad, 44 miles E.N.E. of Sioux City. Pop. 44. Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania. See Linwood. Mar'cy, a post-village of La Grange co., Ind., in John- son township, about 9 miles N. of Kendallville. It has a church, a graded school, and a saw-mill. Marcy, a village of Boone co., Iowa, in Marcy town- ship, about 38 miles N.N.W. of Des Moines, and 6 miles S.AV. of Montana. The township is bounded on the E. by the Des Moines River. Coal is mined here. Pop. of the township, 2135. Marcy, a post-office and station of Oneida co., N.Y., in Marcy township, on the Utica & Black River Railroad. 6 miles N. of Utica. The township is bounded on the S.W. by the Mohawk River. Pop. 1422. Marcy, a post-office of Fairfield co., 0. Marcy, a hamlet of Wyoming co.. Pa., on Lake Marcy, and on the Montrose Railroad, 4 miles N. of Tunkhannock. It has a hotel, a summer boarding-house, and 2 saw-mills. Marcy, a post-hamlet of Waukesha co.. Wis., about 14 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. Marcz, maRts, or Martza, maRt's6h\ a village of Hungary, 7 miles from Oedenburg. Pop. 1160. 3Iardeen, or Mardin, mar-deen' (anc. Marde?)^ written also Merdiu, mer-deen', a fortified town of Asi- atic Turkey, pashalic and 57 miles S.E. of Diarbekir, on the S. declivity of Mount Masius. It has a castle on a height commanding a magnificent vieW, several mosques, churches, a large Mohammedan college, and manufactures of linen and cotton stutfs and of leather. It is the see of several Oriental prelates. Mare, mS.'ri, an island of Brazil, off" the E, shore of the Bay of All Saints or Bahia, opposite the mouth of the Pitunga, and 14 miles N. by E. of Bahia. It has a circuit of nearly 12 miles. Pop. 700. Mare Adriaticum or Hadriaticum, and Mare Adriatico. See Adriatic Sea. Mareb, mS,'reb^, a river of Abyssinia, joins the Atbara near lat. 16° N., Ion. 36° E., after a N.W. course estimated at 250 miles. Mareb, m^'rSb^ (anc. Sa'ha?), a town of Arabia, 80 miles N.E. of Sana. It is walled, and comprises 300 houses. 3Iare Balticuin, the Latin for Baltic. Mare Caspium or Hyrcanium. See Caspian Sea. Marecchia, md-r^k'ke-3,, a river of Central Italy, in Emilia, rises in the Apennines, flows E.N.E., and, after a course of 38 miles, enters the Adriatic 1 mile N. of Rimini. Mareguare, a river of Guiana. See Merewari. 3Iare Internum. See Mediterranean Sea. Mare Island, California, is in the Bay of San Pablo, and is separated from Vallejo, Solano eo., by a strait about i mile wide. Here is an extensive United States navy-yard. Maremma, or La Maremma, 13, m^-r^m'mil, a marshy region of West Italy, forming the S. part of Tus- cany, extending along the coast from Oibitello to Piombino. Though formerly the seat of the most flourishing Etruscan cities, it is now mostly desert. It is traversed by the river Ombrone, and contains Lakes Castiglione and Orbitello, with the borax-lagoons of Monte Cerboli. 3Iare 3Iorluuin, a Latin name for the Dead Sea. Mare'na, a post-hamlet of Ringgold co., Iowa, in Lin- coln township, about 75 miles S.S.W. of Des Moines. It has a flour-mill. Marena, a post-oflice of Hodgeman co., Kansas. 31arene, ma-rA'nd, or Marenne, m3,-rSn'ni, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 4 miles N.E. of Savigliano. P. 2435. 3Iarengo, md-rSn'go, a village of Italy, province and 2 miles S.E. of Alessandria, near the Bormida, and memo- rable for the battle of June 14, 1800, between Napoleon and the Austrians, in which the latter were defeated. Marengo, ma-reng'go, a county in the W. pnrt of Ala- bama, has an area of 0(10 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Tombigbee River, and is partly drained by Chickasaw Creek. The Black Warrior River touches the N. part of the county. The surface is undulating, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is very fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, and pork are the staple prod- ucts. In 1870 it produced 23,til4 bales of cotton. It is intersected by the Alabama Central Railroad. Capitiil, De- mopolis. Valuation of real and personal estate,$4,481,457. Pop. in 1870, 26,151, of >vhom 20,035 were Americans. MAR 1349 MAR lUarengo, a post-village of McHenry eo., III., in Ma- rengo towDsbip, on the Kishwaukeo lliver, and on the Freeport Branch of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 66 miles W.N.W. of Chicago, and 27 miles E. of Rockford. It contains 6 churches, a national bank, a newspaper office, a high school, 2 nurseries, a foundry, and a flouring-mill. Pop. lo27; of the township, 225.S. Marengo {formerly Big Springs), a post-village in Liberty township, Crawford co., Ind., on the Louisville, New Albany & St. Louis Railroad, about 32 miles W. by N. of New Albany. It has a church, a flour-mill, 2 saw- mills, an academy, and 3 stores. Pop. about 300. Marengo, a post-village, capital of Iowa co., Iowa, in Marengo township, on the S. bank of the Iowa River, and on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 30 miles W.N.AV. of Iowa City, and about 27 miles S.AV. of Cedar Rapids. ■ It is surrounded by a wide undulating prairie. It has a court-house, 2 newspaper offices, 2 banking- houses, 6 or 7 churches, a high school, a woollen-mill, and a flour-mill. Pop. 16o0; of the township, additional, 609. Marengo, a post-hamlet of Sumner co., Kansas, in Osborne township, 40 miles S. of Wichita. Marengo, a post-village of Calhoun co., Mich., in Marengo township, on the Kalamazoo River, and on the Michigan Central Railroad, 7 miles E. of Marshall, and 25 miles W, of Jackson. It has a church, and manufactures of carriages, flour, and lumber. P. of the township, 1253. Marengo, a post-hamlet of Wayne co., N.Y., 5 miles S.S.W. of Clyde. It has a church. Marengo, a post-village of Morrow co., 0., in Ben- nington township, about 37 miles N.N.E. of Columbus, It has a church, a carriage-shop, &c. Marengo, a post-oflice of Mecklenburg co., Va, Marengo, a post-oflice of Columbia co., Wash. Marengo, a station in Ashland co.. Wis., on the Wis- consin Central Railroad, 13 miles S.E. of Ashland. Marengo, a post-hamlet of Jackson co.. Wis., about 36 miles N.N.E. of La Crosse. Marenne, a town of Italy. See Mauene. Marennes, mS-Vfinn' (L. Marenite), a seaport town of France, in Charente-Inferieure, on the Atlantic, 24 miles S. of La Rochelle, near the mouth of the Seudre. Pop. 1863. It is surrounded by salt marshes, whence large quantities of salt are extracted. Mareo'tis, or Birket-el-Marioot (or -Mariout), beeu'k§t-^l-mS,-re-oot', a lake in the N.E. part of Lower Egypt, S.E. of Alexandria. It had become entirely dry within the last three centuries, but, as the bottom is several feet below the level of the sea, the English, in 1801, in order to circumscribe the operations of the French, cut across the narrow isthmus which separated the basin from the Lake of Abookeer (Aboukir), when the sea-water flowed in and covered an extent of 30 miles in length and 15 miles in breadth. This isthmus was afterwards restored. 3Iare Pacifico, the Italian for Pacific Ocean. Mare Ilubrum, an ancient name for the Red Sea. Mare Tyrrhenum. See Tyrrhene Sea. Maretz, m5,V§ts', a village of France, in Nord, 12 miles S.E. of Cambrai. Pop. 2850. Mareuil, mi'rul', a village of France, in Cher, 17 miles S.W. of Bourges. Pop. 2011. Mareuil, a market-town of France, in Dordogne, 10 miles S.AV. of Nontron. Pop. 1624. Mareuil, a village of France, in Vendue, 14 miles S.E. of La Roche-sur-Yon. Pmj. 1870. Margal'laAvay (or Magal'loway) River rises in the N.E. part of New Hampshire, in Coos co., and, running into Maine, returns into New Hampshire, where it receives the waters of Uuibagog Lake, After this junction it is called the Androscoggin River. 3Iar^garee', a post-village in Inverness co., Cape Breton Island, on a harbor at the mouth of Margaree River in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 40 miles N.E. of Mabou. There are coal-mines in the vicinity. Pop. 250. Margaree Forks, a post-settlement in Inverness co., Cape Breton Island, on Margaree River, 36 miles N. of Whycocoraah. Pop. 240. Margarethen-Lengerich. See Lengerich. Mar'garetsVille, a post-hamlet of Northampton co., N.C., on the Seaboard k Roanoke Railroad, 17 miles E.N.E. of Weldon. It has 2 churches and 12 families. Mar'garetsVille, a seaport town and port of entry of Nova Scotia, co. of Annapolis, on the Bay of Fundy, 8 miles N.E. of Wilmot. It contains several stores, and has a good export trade in country produce. Ship-building is also carried on. A light-house in this harbor exhibits two fixed red lights. Pop. 300. Mar^garet'ta, a township of Erie co., 0., bounded N. by Sandusky Bay. Pop. 1622. Margaretta Islands, Pacific. See Paterson. Mar'garetville, a post-village of Delaware co., N.Y., on the East Branch of the Delaware River, about 60 miles S.W. of Albany. It is 1 mile from the Ulster & Delaware Railroad. It has a newspaper office, 2 churches, and a plough-factory. Pop. about 400. Margarita, mar-ga-ree'ta, or Nueva Esparta, nwi'- v^ Ss~paR'ta, an island in the Caribbean Sea, belonging to Venezuela, 30 miles N. of Cuman^. Lat. 11° N. ; Ion. 64° W. Length, 45 miles; breadth, from 5 to 20 miles. It forms the state of Nueva Esparta. It consists of two elevated portions united by a low isthmus. The coasts are arid, but the interior is fertile, producing maize, sugar, cotFee, cotton, and bananas, though insufficient for home consumption. Much poultry and live-stock are reared ; and the island has salt-works and an active fishery, its name being derived from the pearls (in Latin, margavitfe) which were formerly procured here in considerable quan- tities. Manufactures are chiefly of cotton hosiery and hammocks. Principal towns, Asuncion, the capital, in its centre, and Pampatar, with a pretty good harbor, on its S. coast. A considerable trade is carried on with the adjacent coast and the British and French West Indies. The channel of Margarita, between it and the mainland, is 20 miles across, and through it all ships from Europe pass to Cumand, Barcelona, or La Guayra. Margarita was dis- covered by Columbus in 1498. Pop. 30,983. Margarita, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, on the coast of Old California. Lat. 24° 18' N.^ Ion. 111° 42' W. Length, 30 miles; breadth, 10 miles. Margarita, a town on the island of Majorca, 22 miles S. of Alcudia. Pop. 2502. Margariti, mau-gi-ree'tee, a town of European Tur- key, Epirus, sanjak of Delvino, 5 miles N. of Pargn. Mar'gate, almost mar'ghSt, a town and watering-place of England, co. of Kent, on the North Sea, on the Isle of Thanet, 80 miles E.S.E. of London, and 15^ miles N.E. of Canterbury, with which, and with Ramsgate, 3 miles S.E., it is connected by branches of railway. It stands in the hollow and on the declivities of two chalk-hills. Chief buildings, a modern Gothic and other churches, a national school, a well-endowed almshouse, an infirmary, town hall and market-house, assembly-rooms, theatre, large public library, and several bazaars, baths, and hotels. The harbor is formed by a curved stone pier, with a light-house. Lat. 51° 24' N.; Ion. 1° 23' E. It has from 8 to 13 feet at high water, but is dry at low tide. It has a fishery and some trade, and is greatly resorted to by bathers. P. 11,995. Mar'gate, a post-village in Prince co., Prince Edward Island, 12 miles from Charlottetown. It contains a saw- mill, a grist-mill, and 3 stores. Pop. 150. Margaux, maR^go', a village of France, in Gironde, 18 miles N. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1208. 3Iargeride, maR''zheh-reed', a chain of mountains of France, between the basins of the AUier and the Lot, in the departments of Lozere, Haute-Loire, and Cantal. Marggrabowa, a town of Prussia. See Oletzko. Marghilan, man^ghee-lan', a town of Asiatic Russia, in Ferghana, 20 miles S.E. of Khokan. It is enclosed by earthen ramparts, and is said to have some good buildings, remains of antiquity, manufactures of gold and silver stutfs, velvets, silk fabrics, and an active trade. Pop. 40,000. Marghill, a village of Asiatic Turkey. See Maghil. Margitta, moR^ghit'toh\ a town of Hungary, co. of Bihar, 35 miles E.S.E. of Debreczin. Pop. 3983. Margitta, Nagy, nodj maR^ghit'toh', a town of Hun- gary, CO. of Torontal, W. of Temesvar. Pop. 1950. Margonin, maR-go-neen', a town of Prussia, 40 miles AV.S.W. of Bromberg. Pop. 1943. Miarguerittes, maR^ga-reet', a town of France, in Card, 4 miles N.E. of Nimes. Pop. 1945. Margus, a river of Servia. See Morava. Maria, mk-ree'k, a town of Spain, province and 57 miles N. by E. of Almeria. Pop. 2334. Mari'a, a post-office of Leavenworth co., Kansas, 15 miles S.W. of Leavenworth. Coal is found here, Maria, a post-village in Bonaventure co., Quebec, on the Bay of Chaleurs, 45 miles E. by N. of Campbellton, New Brunswick. It has 4 stores and considerable salmon- and herring-fisheries. Pop. 300. Maria (or Marie) Creek, Indiana, rises in Sullivan CO., runs southwestward, and enters the Wabash River about 6 miles above Vincennes. Mariadahl, ma-ree'i-dal, a post-bamlet of Pottawato- mie CO., Kansas, 12 miles S. of Irving. It has 2 churches. MAR 1350 MAR Marias^er^ mi're-3,^gh§r, a seaport town of Benmark, in Jutland, 14 miles N. of Randers, on the S. coast of the Mariager-Fiord. Pop. 680. Mari'ah Hill, a post-office of Spencer eo., Ind., about 40 miles E.N.E. of Evansville. Maria Hietzing, Austria. See Hietzing. Maria Hilf, md.-ree'3, hilf, a southwestern suburb of Vienna, Austria. Pop. 66,391. Maria in Monte, Italy. See Santa Maria a Monte. Maria Island, of Australia, in the Gulf of Carpen- taria, on the W. coast. Lat. (N. point) 14=° 50' S.; Ion. 135° 54' E. Mari'a Island, Tasmania, off the E. coast., lat. 42° 40' to 42° 50' S., Ion. 148° 10' E., consists of two elevated portions united by a narrow isthmus, and has the village of Darlington at its N". extremity. Maria Island, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, in the Low Archipelago. Lat. 22° S. ; Ion. 136° AV. Mariakirch, a town of Alsace. See MAitKincH. Maria, Kis, a village of Hungary. See Kis-Makia. Mariampol, m4-re-ilm'pol, or Marianpol, m4-re- in'pol, a town of Russian Poland. 36 miles N.E. of Suvalki. Pop. 5533. Mariana, md-re-^'ni, or Marianna, ma,-re-in'ni, an episcopal city of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, 45 miles N.E. of Ouro Preto. Pop. 5200. It stands in a small plain, 30SO feet above the level of the sea, bounded by two heights crowned by churches, and has a large cathedral, Carmelite and Franciscan convents, a diocesan seminary, and an episcopal palace, but little trade. Mariana Islands, Pacific Ocean. See Ladrones, Marianna, ma-re-an'na, a post-village, capital of Lee CO., Ark., at the head of navigation on the Languille River, and on the Helena & Iron Mountain Railroad, 25 miles N.N.W. of Helena. It has 2 churches and a newspaper office. Pop. about 400. Marianna, a post-village, capital of Jackson co., Pla., on the Chipola River, about 70 miles AV.N.AV. of Talla- hassee. It has a newspaper office, 3 churches, and a semi- nary. Pop. 663. Marianna, a post-office of Polk co., Tex. Mariano, mi-re-d'no, a town of Northern Italy, 9 miles S.S.E. of Corao. Pop. 4677. Marianpol, a town of Poland. See Mariampol. Marianus Mons. See Sierra Morena. Mariapod, Transylvania. See Maupod. Mariapol, a town of Russia, See Mariopol. Marias, Las Tres, lis tr^s mi-ree'3,s (" The Three Ma- ries"), three islands of the Pacific Ocean, off the W. coast of Mexico, state of Jalisco, between lat. 21° and 22° N. and Ion. 106° and 106° 30' W., the middle or largest being 15 miles in length by S miles in breadth. They were named Islas de la Magdalena by Diego de Mendoza in 1532. Maria-Schein, md-ree'i-shine\ a place of pilgrimage in Bohemia, 17 miles N.N.W. of Leitmeritz, with a church, and a miraculous image, stated to attract annually from 30,000 to 40,000 devotees. Mari'a's River, Montana, rises on the E. slope of the Rocky Mountains, and drains the N. part of Deer Lodge CO. It runs nearly southeastward in Choteau co., and en- ters the Missouri River about 14 miles below Fort Benton. It is nearly 300 miles long. Its name on some maps is marked Kay-i-you, Bear's, or Maria's River. Maria-Stein, ma-ree'i-stine\ a place of pilgrimage in Switzerland, canton of Soleure, 8 miles S.W. of Basel, with a Benedictine abbey and an image of the A''irgin. Mari'a Stein, stine, a post-office of Mercer co., 0., at St. John, a hamlet 16 miles W. of Anna Station. Mari'asville, a post-haralet of Venango eo.. Pa., about 4 miles N.E. of Emlenton. It has 2 churches. Maria- Theresienopel, See Theresienstadt. Mari^iville, a township of Hancock co.. Me., 14 miles N. of Ellsworth. Pop. 369. It has a church, saw-mills, and a sole-leather tannery. Post-office, North Mariaville. Mariaville, a post-village of Schenectady co., N.Y., 26 miles N.W. of Albany. It has 3 churches and a flour-mill. Mariazell, a town of Austria. See Marienzell. Maribo, mi're-bo^, a town of Denmark, near the cen- tre of the island of Laaland. Pop. 2156. 3Iarica, mi-ree'kd, a town of Brazil, province and 20 miles E. of Rio Janeiro, on a lake of the same name, about 8 miles from the sea. It has a considerable trade in man- dioc, flour, rice, and millet, almost all conveyed on mules to Rio Janeiro. Sugar and rum are exported. Pop. of the district, 6000. Maricopa, m&r-e-ko'pa, a large county in the S. cen- tral part of Arizona, is drained by the Giia River, the Rio Verde, and Salinas or Salt River. The surface is partly mountainous. The soil in some places is fertile. Silver is found in it. Capital, Phoenix. Pop. in 1876, 3702. Maricopa, a post-town of Pima co., Arizona^ on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 37 miles E.N.E. of Gila Bend. Marie, miVee', a post-village in Kings co.. Prince Ed- ward Island, 30 miles from Charlottetown. Pop. 120. Mariefred, m^-ree'eh-frSd\ a town of Sweden, leen and 37 miles N.E. of Nykoping, on a bay of Lake Maelar. Marie-Galante, m^^vee' gaM6Nt', one of the French West India Ishmds, S.S.E. of Guadeloupe, of which it is a dependency, 20 miles N. of Dominica. Estimated area, 60 square miles. Principal products, coflee, sugar, cotton, and cacao. Shores rocky, with no good harbor. Principal town, Grand Bourg, on the S.W. side. Pop. 14,590. Marie Joseph, md^ree'zho^seff', a post-hamlet in Guys- borough CO., Nova Scotia, on the sea-coast, 20 miles S. by W. of Sherbrooke. Pop. 500. 3Iariel, m^Ve-^1', a seaport town on the N.W. coast of the island of Cuba, about 20 miles W. of Havana. Lat; 23° 3' N. ; Ion. 82° 47' W. It has a large and well-sheltered harbor, capable of receiving vessels of any class. Railways connect it with Havana and Batabano. Marienbad, mS,-ree'§n-b3.d^ or mj-ree'^n-b^t^ a vil- lage of Bohemia, N.W. of Pilsen, in a picturesque valley, frequented for its cold chalybeate and saline baths. 3Iarienber§^, mS.-ree'§n-b§RG\ a town of Saxony, cir- cle of Zwickau, 17 miles S.S.E. of Chemnitz. Pop. 5617. It has mineral baths and manufactures of linen and lace.- Marienbourg, miVee'dNo^booR', or Marienburg, m^-ree'§n-bo6RG\ a fortified town of Belgium, province and 30 miles S.W. of Namur. It is connected by railway with Charleroi. Pop. 800. 31arienburg, m^-ree'§n-b6oRG\ a walled town of West Prussia, 27 miles S.E. of Dantzie, on the Nogat. Pop. 8526. It has a castle, built in 1274 and hmg the seat of the grand master of the Teutonic order, a normal school, and manufactures of cotton and woollen cloths and of hats. Marienburg, a town of Russia, in Livonia, on the lake of the same name, 57 miles S.W. of Pskov. Pop. 2000. 3Iarienburg, Transylvania. See Foldvar. 3Iariensaal, Austria. See Schlierbach. Marienthal, Wiirtemberg. See Mergentheim. 3Iarienwerder, m^-ree'en-w^RMer, a city, capital of West Prussia, and of a government of its own name, on the Little Nogat, a tributary of the Vistula, 45 miles S.S.E. of Dantzie, Pop. 7580. It has a cathedral of the thirteenth century, an old castle, schools of arts and of agriculture, and a hospital for blind soldiers. Chief industries, woollen- cloth-weaving, brewing, and distilling. Marienwerder, a government of West Prussia, bounded N. by Pomerania and the government of Dantzie. Area, 6748 square miles. Pop. 800,744. Marienzell, ma.-ree^§n-ts§Il', or Mariazell, mi- ree^cl-ts^ll', i.e., the *' cell or shrine of (Saint) Mary," a town of Styria, 56 miles S.W. of Vienna, with a church and a famous statue of the Virgin. It has been called the Loreto of Austria, being the most celebrated place of pilgrimage in the empire, and is said to be annually visited by 100,000 persons. Near it are some of the largest iron-foundries in Austria, and sulphur- and copper-works. Pop, 1151. Maries, ma'res, a county in the S. central part of Mis- souri, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Gasconade River, and is drained by Bour- beuse Creek and Marais River. The surface is undulating or hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and pork are the staple products. Copper is said to be found in this county. Capital, Vienna. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,600,000. Pop. in 1870, 5916, of whom 5598 were Americans. Marie Saline, a shipping-point of Ashley co.. Ark., on the Ouachita River, at the mouth of Saline River. Mariestad, mi-ree'^s-t-^d\ a town of Sweden, capital of a lain, on Lake Wener, at the mouth of the Tida, 156 miles W.S.W. of Stockholm. Pop. 2381. 3Iaricstad, also called Skaraborg, sk3,'ra,-boRg\ a laen of Sweden, lies chiefly between Lakes Wener and Wetter, and forms part of West Gothland. Area, 3307 square miles. Pop. 256,712. Mariet'ta, a post-village, capital of Cobb co., Ga., on the Western & Athmtie Railroad, 20 miles N.W. of At- lanta, and 58 miles E.S.E. of Rome. Its site is elevated, and is 2i miles from Kenesaw Mountain. It contains a court-house, a bank, S churches, the Marietta Male Acad- emy, the Marietta Female College, and a superior hotel. Two weekly newspapers are published hero. It has 2 flour- mills, 2 tannerieSj a chair-factory, and 2 carriage-factories. MAR 1351 MAR It is a winter resort for Nortliern invalids, and a summer resort for Soutliern people. Pop. about 30(10. Marietta, a post-village in Harris township, Fulton CO., III., about 32 miles S. of Galesburg. It has a church. Coal is found here. Pop. 110. Marietta, a hamlet of Cr.awford oo., Ind., in Union township, 12 miles W. of Leavenworth. It has a church. Here is West Fork Post-Office. Marietta, a post-hamlet of Shelby co., Ind., on the Blue River, about 2S miles S.S.E. of Indianapolis, 3Iarietta, a post-village of Marshall oo., Iowa, in Marietta township, on the Central Kailroad of Iowa, about 5 miles N.W. of Marshalltown. The towuship is bounded on the N.E. by the Iowa River, and has a pop. of 916. Marietta, a post-office of Reno co., Kansas. Marietta, a post-office of Prentiss co., Miss., about 32 miles S. of Corinth. Marietta, a post-office of Madison co., Neb. Marietta, a post-office of Esmeralda co., Nevada. Marietta, a post-hamlet of Onondaga co., N.Y., on Nine Mile Creek, at the outlet of Otisco Lake, about 13 miles E. of Auburn. It has a flour-mill, a saw-mill, ttc. Marietta, a city, the capital of Washington co., 0., is finely situated on the N. bank of the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Muskingum, and on the E. bank of the latter river, 12 miles above Parkersburg, and about 80 miles below Wheeling. By railroad it is 199 miles E. by N. of Cincinnati, and 100 miles S. of Canal Dover. It is con- nected with the latter place by the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleveland Railroad, and is the E. terminus of the Marietta 6 Cincinnati Railroad. It is surrounded by picturesque scenery, and contains many bandsonre residences and gar- dens. This is the oldest town in the state, having been founded in 1788 by General R. Putnam and other emigrants from New England. It contains 13 churches, a union school, 2 national banks, 1 other bank, and Marietta Col- lege (non -sectarian), which was founded in lS3o and has 8 instructors, about 200 students, and a library of 24,000 volumes. Three weekly newspapers, one of which is Ger- man, are published here. Marietta has manufactures of chairs, furniture, flour, leather, stoves, hollow-ware, buckets, lubricating oil, &c., and an extensive trade in petroleum, which is procured in the vicinity. Here are found some earthworks of the ancient mound-builders. Pop. 6218. Marietta, a post-borough of Lancaster co.. Pa., in East Donegal township, on the Susquehanna River, 3 or 4 miles above Columbia, and on the Columbia Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 22 miles S.E. of Harrisburg. It contains S churches, a national bank, 1 other bank, a news- paper office, a high school, a town hall, 2 foundries, a roll- ing-mill, 6 iron-furnaces, 3 planing-mills, and a manufac- tory of hollow-ware. Pop. 2397. Marietta, a post-hamlet of Greenville co., S.C, 15 miles N. of Greenville. It has a church and an academy. Marietta, a post-township of Crawford co.. Wis., about 70 miles W. of Madison. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Wisconsin River. Pop. 902. Marieville, Quebec. See Sainte Marie de Monnoir. Marigliano, mi-reel-y3,'no, a town of Italy, province of Caserta, 3i miles W. of Nola. Pop. 51S2. Marignane, mi'reen'yin', a town of France, in Bouches-du-Rhone, 14 miles S.S.W. of Aix. Pop. 1741. Marigliano, a town of Italy. See Melegnano. Mariguier, mJVeen'yi', a village of Savoy, E. of Bonneville, on the Arve. Pop. of commune, 1743. Marigny, mi'reen'yee', a village of France, in Manche, 7 miles W. of Saint-Lo. Pop. 450. Marigny I'Eglise, mih'een^yee'l.VgIeez', a town of France, in Nievre, 20 miles E.S.E. of Clamecy. Pop. 1600. Marigot, or Le Marigot, leh ma'ree'gS', a village of St. Martin, West Indies, on its N. coast, and capital of its French portion. See Capestebre, La Capesterke, and Grand Bourg. Marigot des Roseaux, mli'ree'go' di ro'zo', a village of St. Lucia, West Indies, on its W. coast. Mariguana, mi-re-gwi'n^, or Mayaguana, mi-i- gwi'nA, one of the most S. of the Bahama Islands, about 25 miles in length, and from 3 to 5 miles in breadth. Lat. 22° 23' N. ; Ion. 72° 55' W. The Mariguana Passage is be- tween Mariguana and Acklin Island, 50 miles westward. Mariinsli, mi-re-insk', a town of Russia, government of Kasan. Pop. 2876. Mariinsk, a town of Siberia, government and 100 miles E. of Tomsk. Pop. 5311. 3Iaril'la, a post-township of Manistee co., Mich., about 22 miles E.N.E. of the city of Manistee. It is drained by the Manistee River. Pop. 133. Marilla, a post-village in Marilla township, Erie co., N.Y., about 20 miles E.S.E. of Buffalo. It has 2 or 3 churches and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 250 j of township, 1867. Marilogium, the Latin name of Marvejols. Mariu, mi-reen', a town of Spain, 5 miles S.W. of Pon- tevcdra, on a bay of the Atlantic. Pop. 1846. Mariu, mi-reen', a county in the AV. part of California, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by San Pablo Bay, and on the S. and W. by the Pa- cific Ocean. The Golden Gate separates it from San Fran- cisco. The surface is diversified by high hills, one of which, called Table Mountain or Tarn el Pais, has an altitude of about 2600 feet. The soil is mostly fertile, and adapted to pasturage. Butter, oats, cattle, and hay are the staplei products. In 1870 this county produced 2,107,765 pounds of butter, and more than any other county of the state. It is intersected by the North Pacific Coast Railroad, Capital, San Rafael. Valuation of real and personal estate, $7,080,058. Pop. in 1870, 6903, of whom 3761 were Americans. Marin, miViN"', a village of the island of M.artinique, on its S. coast, at the head of a bay, 16 miles S.E. of Port Royal. P. 3926. Near it is the e.xtinct volcano Le Marin. Marina d'Andora, a town of Italy. See Andora. Ma'rindal, a post-office of Yankton co., Dakota. Mariiiduque, mi-reen-doo'ki, an island of the Malay Archipelago, Philippines, S. of Luzon. Lat. 14° 30' N. ; Ion. 122° E. Length, 40 miles; breadth, 10 miles. On the S. side is the port of Malagi. Marine, ma-reen', a post-village of Madison co., 111., about 26 miles' E.S.E. of Alton, and 24 miles N.N.E. of Belleville. It has 5 churches, and manufactures of cigars, clay retorts, lire-brick, tiles, and tobacco. Pop. about 1400. Marine, Lewis co., Ky. See Esculapia. Marine, or Marine Mills, a post-village of Wash- ington CO., Minn., in Marine township, on the St. Croix River, 12 miles above Stillwater, and 24 miles N.E. of SU Paul. It has 2 churches, a brewery, a flouring-mill, a saw^ mill, &e. The name of its post-office is Marine Mills. Pop. of the township, 1567. Marine City, a post-village in Cottrellville township, St. Chair CO., Mich., on the St. Clair River, at the mouth of the Belle River, about 20 miles S. of Port Huron, and 42 miles by water N.E. of Detroit. It has a money -order post-office, a bank, a brewery, a graded school, a newspaper office, 4 churches, and a tannery. Steaiubo.ats are built here. Pop. 1240. Marinella, mi-re-nSl'JJl, a seaport hamlet of Sicily, 14 miles E.S.E. of Mazzara. Its site is near that of the an- cient Sef.wHS (now Selinunto), whose ruins consist of the stupendous remains of three Doric temples. Marineo, mi-re-ni'o, a town of Italy, in Sicily, 11 miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 8991. Mar'iner's Har'bor, a post-village in Northfield township, Richmond co., N.Y., on the N. shore of Staten Island, and on Newark Bay, 22 miles S.W. of New York. Marines, mi*reen' (L. Maneryiiim), a village of France, in Seine-et-Oise, 8 miles N.W. of Pontoise. Pop. 1618. Marinette, mir-i-net', a post-village in Marinette township, Oconto co.. Wis., on Green Bay, at the mouth of the Menomonee River, about J mile from Menominee, a village of Michigan, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 20 miles N.E. of Oconto. It has a bank, 4 churches, a newspaper office, and several lumber-mills. Pop. nearly 2000 ; of the township, 2537. Maringouin, m3,"r4K»'gw4Ni'', a small bayou of Louisi- ana, commences in Pointe Coupee parish, and flows south- ward through Iberville parish into Grand River. Maringues, mi'riNo', a town of France, in Puy-de- Dome, 15 miles W.N.W. of Thiers. Pop. 3002. Marinha-Grande, msl-reen'yi-grin'di, a village of Portugal, in Estremadura, 6 miles N.W. of Leiria, Pop. 1600. It is celebrated for its manufactures of glass^ Mariuilla, mi-re-neel'yi, a town of the United States of Colombia, 50 miles S.E. of Antioquia, in lat. 5° 41' N., on a plateau 6766 feet above sea-level. Marino, mi-ree'no (ano. BobU'Ix ?), a town of Italy, with a castle, 13 miles S.E. of Rome. Pop. 6509. Marino, mi-ree'no, a territory of Venezuela, com- prising certain islands in the Caribbean Sea. Area, 475 square miles. Pop. in 1873, 6705. Marion, mir'e-on or ma're-gin, a northwestern county of Alabama, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is drained by the Buttahatchee and Sipsey Rivers, which rise in it. The surface is hilly, and extensively covered with forests. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Coal is found in it. Capital, Pikeville. Valua- MAR 1352 MAR tion of real and personal estate, $683,191. Pop. in 1870, 6059, of whom 6053 were Americans. Marion, a county in the N. part of Arkansas, borders on Missouri. Area, about 600 square miles. It is inter- sected by White River (which also forms part of the E. boundary), and is partly drained by Crooked Creek. The surface is hilly or undulating, and is partly covered with forests of the ash, hickory, chestnut, white oak, &c. Cotton, Indian cornj and pork are the staple products. Among its minerals are Silurian limestone and marble. Capital, Yell- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $767,785. Pop. in 1870, 3979, of whom 3976 were Americans. Marion, a county in the N. central part of the penin- sula of Florida. Area, about 2000 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Ocklawaha River, and partly bounded on the N. by Orange Lake, and on the S.W. by the Withlacoochee River. The surface is nearly level, and is diversified with several lakes and extensive forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton, sugar-cane, and Indian corn are the staple products. In 1870 this county produced 184 hogsheads of cane sugar, and more than any other county of the state. Capital, Ocala. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,225,000. Pop. in 1870, 10,804, of whom 10,773 were Americans. Marion, a western county of Georgia, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is drained by the Kinchafoonee Creek and other small affluents of '^'lint River. The sur- face is nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is generally fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. The Southwestern Rail- road touches the N. border of this county. Capital, Buena Vista. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,320,070. Pop. in 1870, 8000, of whom 7991 were Americans. Marion, a county in the S. central part of Illinois, has an area of 576 square miles. It is drained by the East Fork of the Kaskaskia River, the Skillet Fork of the Little Wabash, and Crooked Creek. The surface is undulating. The soil is fertile. A large part of it is covered with forests, in which the ash, elm, hickory, silver maple, black walnut, and several species of oak abound. A little more than half of the county is prairie. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. Among its minerals is bitu- minous coal. This county is intersected by the Illinois Central Railroad, by the Chicago Branch of the same, arid by the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, Capital, Salem. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $14,728,936, Pop. in 1870, 20,622, of whom 19,207 were Americans. Marion, a county in the central part of Indiana, has an area of about 420 square miles. It is intersected by White Kiver, and is also drained by Eagle and Fall Creeks. The surface is nearly level. About one-third of it is covered with forests of hard timber. The soil is very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, hay, cattle, pork, and potatoes are the staple products. This is the most populous county of the state, and has extensive manufactures of iron, flour, paper, machinery, &c. It is intersected by important railroads, the names of which are given in the article on Indianap- olis, which is the county town and the capital of the state. Valuation of real and personal estate, $75,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 71,939, of whom 59,292 were Americans. Marion, a county in the S. central part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Des Moines River and the South Fork of Skunk River, and also drained by Cedar and Whitebreast Creeks. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and forests. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and pork are the staple products. This county is liberally supplied with timber, and has mines of bituminous coal. It is intersected by the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad. Capital, Knoxville. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $12,389,902. Pop. in 1870, 24,436, of whom 21,731 were Americans; in 1875, 24,094. Marion, a county in the S.E. central part of Kansas, has an area of about 950 square miles. It is drained by Cottonwood Creek and its branches, which rise in this county. The surface is an undulating plain, mostly desti- tute of forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, hay, and live-stock are the staple products. Magnesian limestone crops out here. This county is intersected by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa F6 Railroad. Capital, Marion Centre. Valuation of real and personal estate, $640,320. Pop^ in 1870, 768 J in 1875, 5907; in 1878, 8306. Marion, a county of Kentucky, is near the middle of the state. Area, about 300 square miles. It is drained by the Rolling Fork of Salt River. The surface is hilly or undulating, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and pork are the staple products. This county has plenty of limO:- stone. It is intersected by the Knoxville Branch of the Louisville & Great Southern Railroad. Capital, Lebanon. Valuation of real and personal estate, §5,513,587. Pop. in 1870, 12,838, of whom 12,600 were Americans. Marion, a county in the S. part of Mississippi, borders on Louisiana. Area, about 1500 square miles. It is inter- sected by Pearl River, and is also drained by Black Creek. The surface is nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is not very fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, rice, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Co- lumbia. Valuation of real and personal estate, ^392^666. Pop. in 1870, 4211, of whom 4204 were Americans. Marion, a county in the N.E. part of Missouri, has an area of about 460 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Mississippi River, and is intersected by the South Fabius, and also drained by the North and South Rivers. The North Fabius also drains the N.E. part. The sur- face is undulating, and is extensively covered with forests of the blue ash, white ash, elm, hickory, white oak, sugar- maple, &c. A large portion of it is prairie. The soil is deep and fertile. The staple products are wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, cattle, and pork. This county is inter- sected by the Hannibal 649,693. Pop. in 1870, 16,184, of whom 14,273 were Americans. Marion, a county in the N.W. part of Oregon, has an area of about 1300 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the AVillamette River, and is also drained by the North Fork of the Santiam River, which forms part of the S. boundary, and by Butte and Mill Creeks. The E. bound- ary extends along the summit of the Cascade Range of mountains. The surface is diversified with grand and pic- turesque mountain-scenery, and extensive forests of oak, fir, and other trees. The soil is mostly fertile. Wheat, oats, butter, lumber, and wool are the staple products. The eastern part of this county is of volcanic formation. It is traversed by the Oregon & California Railroad. Capital, Salem, which is also the capital of the state. Valuation of real and personal estate, $6,325,000. Pop. in 1870, 9965, of whom 9049 were Americans; in 1875, 12,237. Marion, a county in the E. part of South Carolina, borders on North Carolina. Area, about 1050 square miles. It is intersected by the Great Pedee River, and is bounded on the E. by the Little Pedee, and on the S,W. by Lynch's Creek. The surface is nearly level, and about half of it is covered with forests of pine and other trees. The soil is sandy and partly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, rice, tar, and turpentine are the staple products. This eounty is in- tersected by the Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta Rail- road. Capital, Marion Court-House. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,682,914. Pop. in 1870, 22,160, of whom 22,112 were Americans. Marion, a county of East Tennessee, bordering on Ala- bama, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Tennessee River, and intersected by the Sequatchie River. The surface is diversified with high ridges or table-lands, connected with the Cumberland moun- tain-system. A hirge part of it is covered with forests. The soil is mostly fertile. Indian corn, wheat, cotton, and pork are the staple products. This county has mines of bituminous coal, from which 36,529 tons, valued at $112,587, were taken in 1870. Capital, Jasper. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,272,605. Pop. in 1S70, 6841, of whom 6771 were Americans. Marion, a county in the N.E. part of Texas, borders on Louisiana. Area, about 300 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by Caddo Lake and Big Cypress B;iyou. The surface is undulating, and mostly covered with forests of tlie hickory, oak, and other trees. The soil produces In- dian corn, grass, &o. Capital, Jefferson. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,206,099. Pop. in 1870, 8562, of MAR i; whom 8160 were Americans. It is intersected by the Texas & Pacific Railroad. Marion, a county in the N. part of West Virginia, has an, area of about 330 square miles. It is intersected by the Monongahela River, and also drained by Tygart's Valley River. The surface is hilly, and a largo part of it is cov- ered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and oats are the staple products. Among its min- erals is bituminous coal. This county is traversed by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Capital, Fairmont. Valua- tion of real and personal estate. So, 280,000. Pop. in 1870, 12,107, of whom 11,917 were Americans. Alarion, a post-village, capital of Perry co., Ala., on the Selma, Marion & Memphis Railroad, 28 miles N.W. of Selma. Here is Howard College (Baptist), which was organized in 1837. Marion also contains 7 churches, the Marion Female Seminary, the Judson Female Institute, 2 newspaper offices, a savings-bank, and some machine-shops of the railroad. Pop. 2646. iUarion, a post-village, capital of Crittenden co., Ark., 4 miles W. of the Mississippi River, and about 10 miles N.W. of Memphis, Tenn. It has 3 churches. Marion, a post-village in Southington township, Hart- ford CO., Conn., 20 miles N. of New Haven, and 1 mile W. of the New Haven & Northampton Railroad. It has a church. Marion, a post-office and station of Hamilton co., Fla., on the Florida Branch of the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, 2 miles N. of the Suwanee River. Marion, a township of Lee co.. 111. Pop. 747. Marion Station is on a branch of the Chicago, Burlington &, Quincy Railroad, 6 miles W. of Amboy. Marion, a township of Ogle co., 111. Pop. 1030. Marion, a post-town, capital of Williamson co., Ill.y on the Carbondale A Shawneetown Railroad, 18 miles E. of Carbondale, and about 60 miles N. by E. of Cairo. It has 2 newspaper offices, 4 churches, a graded school, 2 flour- mills, and 1 or 2 woollen-mills. Pop. about 2000. Marion, a township of Allen co., Ind. Pop. 1319. Marion, a township of Boone co., Ind. Pop. 1786. Marion, a township of Decatur co., Ind. Pop. 2315. It contains Millhousen. Marion, a post-village, capital of G-rant co., Ind,, in Centre township, on Mississinewa River, and on the Colum- bus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroad where it crosses the Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan Railroad, 40 miles E.S.E. of Logansport. It has 5 churches, 2 banks, an iron- foundry, a machine-shop, several lumber-mills, and print- ing-offices which issue 3 weekly newspapers. Pop. 1658. Marion, a township of Hendricks co., Ind. Pop. 1263. It contains New Winchester. Marion, a township of Jasper co., Ind. Pop. 1629. It contains Rensselaer. Marion, a township of Jennings co., Ind. Pop. 1200. Marion, a township of Lawrence co., Ind. Pop. 3006. It contains Mitchell. Marion, a township of Monroe co., Ind. Pop. 37. Marion, a township of Owen co., Ind. Pop. 1767. Marion, a township of Pike co., Ind. Pop. 1428. Marion, a township of Putnam co., Ind. Pop. 1453. It contains Fillmore. Marion, a village in Marion township, Shelby co., Ind., on the Big Blue River, about 28 miles S.E. of Indianapolis. It has a church, a graded school, and a fiour-mill. The name of its post-office is Noah. Pop. of the township, 949. Marion, a township of Clayton co., Iowa. Pop. 1122. Marion, a township of Davis co., Iowa. Pop. 959. Marion, a township of Franklin co., Iowa. Pop. 129. Marion, a township of Hamilton co., Iowa. Pop. 786. Marion, a township of Henry co., Iowa. Pop. 1264. Marion, a township of Lee co., Iowa, Pop. 129S, Marion, a city, capital of Linn co., lowp., in Marion township, on the Dubuque & Southwestern Hailroad, at its junction with the Sabula, Ackley Iark"Raiistadt, manlO-rin'stStt, a town of Germany, in Saxony, 7 miles S.S.W. of Leipsic. Pop. 2097. Marksborough, marks'bur-ruh, a post-village of War- ren CO., N.J., on the Paulinskill River, 3 miles from Blairs- town Station, and about 15 miles N.E. of Eelvidere. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Mark's Creek, of Richmond co.. North Carolina, flows into Yadkin River near the S. boundary of the state. Mark's Creek, township, Wake co., N.C. Pop. 1396. Marks'ville, a post-village, capital of Avoyelles parish, La., 3 miles S. of Red River, and about 44 miles N. of Opelousas. It has a newspaper office, a convent, and a church. Pop. 437. Marksville, New Jersey. See Marksborough. Marksville, a post-hamlet of Page co., Va., 8 miles S. by W. of Luray, It has a church, flour-mill, and saw-mMl. Markt, maukt, a German word, signifying "market," forming a part of the names of numerous towns and vil- lages of Germany. Markt-Breit, mankt-brite, a town of Bavaria, on the Main, 13 miles S.E. of Wurzburg. Pop. 2229. Markt-Erlbach, a town of Bavaria. See Erlbach. Marktheidenfeld, Bavaria. See Hbidenfeld. Markt Leugast, Germany. See Leugast. Markt'Oftingeii, Bavaria. See Offingen. Marktsteft, mankt'st^ft, a town of Bavaria, on the Main, 45 miles W.N.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 1131. Markt-Zeula, a town of Bavaria. See Zeula. Mark West, a post-office of Sonoma co., Cal., on the San Francisco & North Pacific Railroad, 63 miles N. of San Francisco. Maryland Vil'lage, a village of Essex co., Mass., in Andover township, 1 mile N. of Andover, on Shawsheen River. It has a woollen-mill. Marlborough, marl'b'ruh or mawl'br9, a town of England, co. of Wilts, on the Kennet, here crossed by sev- eral bridges, 2fi miles E.N.E. of Salisbury, and 10 miles W. of Hungerford. It has numerous antique houses, an old Norman church, grammar-school or college, a superior secondary school, a guild hall with assembly-rooms, and manufactures of rope and sacking. The borough sends a member to the House of Commons. Pop. 3C60. Marlborough, marl'bur-ruh, a county in the N.E. part of South Carolina, borders on North Carolina. Area, about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Great Pedee River. The surface is extensively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, sweet potatoes, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Bennettsville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,401,298. Pop. in 1870, 11,814, of whom 11,797 were Americans. Marlborough, a post-hamlet of Hartford co., Conn., in Marlborough township, 17 or 18 miles S.E. of Hartford. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 476. Marlborough, Maryland. See Upper Marlborough. Marlborough, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mass., in Marlborough township, on the Boston, Clinton & Fitch- burg Railroad, and the Marlborough Branch of the Fitch- burg Railroad, 32 miles W. of Boston. It has a high school, a national bank, a savings-bank, and 20 extensive manu- factories of boots and shoes, also manufactures of machinery and cigars. It contains 7 churches and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. of the township in 1875, 8446. Marlborough, a post-village of Cheshire co., N.H., in Marlborough township, 5 miles S.E. of Keene, about 44 miles W.S.AV. of Concord, and 2 miles from Marlborough Depot, which is on the Cheshire Railroad. Marlborough has also a station on the Manchester & Keene Railroad. It has 3 churches, a high school, 2 machine-shops, 2 saw-mills, and manufactures of blankets, yarn, pails, Ac. ; also a granite-quarry. Pop. of the township, 1017. Marlborough, a post-village of Monmouth co., N.J., in Marlborough township, on the Freehold & New York Railroad, 4 miles N. of Freehold, and 13 miles S. of Key- port. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 2231. Marlborough, a post-village of Ulster co,, N.Y., in Marlborough township, about 1 mile W. of the Hudson River, and 65 miles N. of New York. It has 4 churches, several flour-mills, a shoddy-mill, a basket-factory, and about 50 houses. The township is bounded on the E. by the Hudson River, and contains another village, named Milton. Many peaches, raspberries, and grapes are ex- ported from it. Pop. of the township, 2989. Marlborough, a station (Marlsville Post-Office) in Bladen co., N.C, on the Carolina Central Railroad, 26 miles N.N.W. of AVilmington, Marlborough, a post-village of Pitt co, N.C, about 75 miles E. by S. of Raleigh. It has 2 churches, a saw- mill, a planing-mill, &.Q, Marlborough, a township of Delaware co., 0. Pop, 562. It contains Norton. Marlborough, a post-village in Marlborough town- ship. Stark CO., 0., about 20 miles S.E. of Akron, and 12 miles N.N.E. of Canton. It has a graded school, several churches, and manufactures of carriages, ploughs; tfec. Pop. of the township, 1870. Marlborough, a post-hamlet of Chester co., Pa., about 8 miles S.W. of AVest Chester. It has a Friends' meeting. Marlborough, a township of Montgomery co.. Pa. Pop. 1303. Marlborough, a post-village of Carroll co., Tenn., 5 miles from the Nashville ¥nship, 924. Marley, Maryland. See Mauly. Mar'ley's Mills, a post-office of Randolph co., N.C., 23 miles W. of Pittsborough. Here are a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Mar'lin, a post-village, capital of Falls co., Tex., on the Waco Branch of the Houston tfc Texas Central Railroad, 160 miles N.N.W. of Houston, and about 2 miles E. of the Brazos Kiver. It has 3 churches, 2 banks, and 2 semi- naries. A newspaper is published here. Pop. 602, 3Iariili's Bottom, a post-hamlet of Pocahontas co., W. Va., 35 miles N. of tlie White Sulphur Springs. MarloAV, man'Iov, a town of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 18 miles E.N.E. of Rostock. Pop. 1906. Marlow, Great, England. See Great Marloav. Marlow, mar'lo, a post-hamlet of Effingham co., Ga., on the Georgia Central Railroad, 26 miles N.Wi of Savan- nah. It is near the Ogeechee River. It has 9 dwellings and a printing-office. Marlow, a post-village in Marlow township, Cheshire CO., N.H., 10 miles N. by E. of Keene, and about 38 miles W. by S. of Concord. It contains an academy, 3 churches, and a tannery. Pop. of the township, 716. Marlow, or Saint Come, a post-village in Beauce CO., Quebec, on the Kennebec River, 15 miles from Jersey River Chaudiere. It contains 4 saw-mills, 3 stores, and a hotel. Pop. 300. 3Iarls'ville, a post-office of Bladen co., N.C., at Marl- borough Station of the Carolina Central Railroad. Marl'ton, a post-village in Evesham township, Bur- lington 00., N.J., 6 miles B. of Haddonfleld, and about 11 miles E.S.E. of Camden. It has 2 churches and 3 stores. Pop. about 340. Mar'ly, a post-office of Anne Arundel co., Md. Marly-le-iloi, maRMee'-l^h-'Hwi, a village of France, in Seine-et-Oise, 4 miles N. of Versailles, on the Seine, cele- brated as the residence of Louis XIV., and for the hy- draulic works which he planned to convey water to Ver- sailles. Pop. 1302. Marmagne, maRHnAn', a village of France, on a rail- way, 6 miles N. of Bourges. Pop. 1245. Marinande, mau^mft-vd' (L. Marmanda), a town of France, in Lot-et-Garonne, on the Garonne, 35 miles by rail N.W. of Agen. Pop. 6037. It is nearly surrounded by an esplanade planted with trees and ornamented with fountains. Principal edifices, the town hall, court-house, and communal college. It has manufactures of linen and woollen cloths, brandy, ticking, ropes, hats, Ac, and a small port for steamboats which ply daily to Bordeaux. Marmaiihac, maR^mS,n'ik', a village of France, in Cantal, 7 miles N.N.E. of Aurillac. Pop. 1670. Marmaras, Marmarass, maR^mS,-r4ss', or Mar- morice, maR*mo-reece', a town of Asia Minor, at the head of tlie Bay of Marmaras, 27 miles N. of Rhodes. It has an export trade in timber, valonia, turpentine, honey, wax, leeches, Ac. Near it are some remains of the ancient PhyHcufs. Cape Marmaras is at the entrance of the bay, lat. 36° 42' 40" N., Ion. 28° 20' E. Marmaros, maR^mohH'osh', a county of Hungary, in the N.E., bordering on Galicia, Bukowina, and Transyl- vania. Area, 3998 square miles. Szigetlx is the capital. Pop. 220,506. Marnienor, mau-mi-noR', a lagoon of Spain, in Mur- cia, extending N. from Cape Palos about 14 miles. Great- est breadth, about 6 miles. It is separated from the Medi- terranean by a sand-bank about 600 yards broad. Marmirolo, maR-me-ro'lo, a village of Italv, 5 miles N.W. of Mantua. Pop. 4002. Mar'miton, a small river, which rises in Allen co., Kansas, runs eastward through Bourbon co., passes into Missouri, and enters the Little Osage River in Vernon co., about 12 miles N. of Nevada. Marmiton,or Marmaton, a post-village of Bourbon CO., Kansas, on the Marmiton Hiver, in a township of the same name, 7 miles W.S.W. of Fort Scott. It is 2 miles N.W. of Marmiton Station uf the Missouri, Kansas &. Texas Railroad. Pop. of the township in 1875^ 874. Marmolejo, or Marmolexo, maR-mo-li'Ho, a vil- lage of Spain, province and 23 miles N.W. of Jaen, on the Guadalquivir. Pop. 3078. MarWont', a post-hamlet of Marshall co., Ind., about 34 miles N. of Logansport. Marmora, mar'm^-ra (or Marmara, mar'ma-ra), Sea of (anc. Propbn'tis), is situated between Europe and Asia, communicating with the Grecian Archipelago by the Strait of the Dardanelles, and with the Black Sea by the Bosporus. Its extreme length is above 160 miles ; its great- est breadth, nearly 50 miles. This sea receives its appella- tion from Marmora (anc. Proconnc'eun), a small island to- wards its western extremity, lat. 40° 36' N., Ion. 27° 35' E., which has long been celebrated for its marble-quarries, whence it is supposed to derive its name, marmor (in the plural marmora) being the Latin word for "marble." Mar'mora, or Mar'mara, a large village of Asia Minora 56 miles E.N.E. of Smyrna. Marmora, La, Italy. See La Marmora. Marmora, an island of Turkey. See Marmora. Sea of. Alar'mora, a post-village in Hastings co., Ontario, on Crow River, 32 miles S.S.W. of Belleville. It contains gold- and iron-mines. The latter are considered the largest deposits of magnetic iron ore in the province. One com- pany is engaged in the iron-mines, and 4 mills in crushing quartz. The village contains 3 hotels, 5 stores, and flour- and saw-mills, &c. Pop. 250. Blarmore, a river of Bolivia. See Mamore. Marmorice, a town of Asia. See Marmaras. Mar'mot Peak, Colorado, a mountain of the Park Range, in lat. 38° 56' 30" N., Ion. 106° 6' 30" W. Alti- tude, 11,600 feet. Marmoutier, maR^mooHe-i' (Ger. MaucrmUnater^ mow'^r-miin^ster J L; Maii'ri Monaate'rium), a town of Germany, in Alsace, 17 miles N.W. of Strasburg, at the foot of the Vosges Mountains. Pop. 2103. Marmurio, the Latin name of Moiimoiron. Marne, maun (anc. Mat'romt), a river of France, rises S. of Langres, passes Saint-Didier, and joins the Seine on the right at Charenton. Chief affluents on the left, the Petit Morin and Grand Morin ; on the right, the Ornain and Ourcq. Length, 210 miles. Marne, a department in the N.E. part of France, formed of part of the old province of Champagne. Area, 3116 square miles. Pop. in 1876, 407,780. Chief rivers, the JIarne and the Seine. A great part of the department is comprised in the district formerly called Champagne-Pouil- leuse. Its sandy plains, formerly naked, have been lately planted with pines. Graiii is raised more than necessary for consumption. The vine forms the principal produce of the department, which exports much champagne wine; the chief minerals are millstones, limestone, and marl {vianie). The department is divided into the arrondisse- ments of Ch&,lons, Epernay, Reims, Sainte-Menehould, and Vitry-le-Franjais. Capital, Chalons-sur-Marne. Marne, man'neh, a village of Prussia, in Ilolstein, South Bitmarsh, near the mouth of the Elbe. Pop. 2066. 3Iarne, the Latin name of Marle. Marne, marn, a post-village of Cass co., Iowa, in Brighton township, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 6i miles N.W. of Atlantic. It has a money- order post-office, a hotel, and 3 stores. Slaro'a, a post-village in Maroa township, Macon co., 111., on the Illinois Central and Illinois Midland Rail- roads, 13 miles N. of Decatur, and 31 miles S. of Blooming- ton. It has 3 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 2 banks, a graded school, a flour-mill, and a manufactory of wind- mills. Pop. 766; of the township, 1824. Marocco, or 3Iarochium. See Morocco. Maroilles, miVw^r, a village of Franco, in Nord, 54. miles by rail S.E. of Liile. Pop. 2022. Maroim, md-ro-eoN^', written also Mornim, a town of Brazil, on the navigable river Cotinguiba. 20 miles from the sea, and 15 miles above Aracajti. It is the seat of a large trade, and the residence of foreign merchants and Marolles les Braux, raiVoir \k bro, a town of France, in Sarthe, arrondifesement of Mamors. Pop. 947, Maro'mas, a station in Middlesex co., Conn., on the Connecticut Valley Railroad, 6 miles S.E. of Middletown. Maromme, miVomm', a village of Franco, in Seine- Infcrieure, 3 miles N.W. of Rouen, on the railway to Dieppe. It has a cotton-faotory. Pop, 2457. Maroniy a river of South America. See Marowyne. MAR 1357 MAR AlaronnCf a river of France. See La Mauonne. MaVoon' Mountain, Colorado, a peak of the Elk Mountains, in lat. 39° 4' 30" N., Ion. 106° 59' 20" W. Its altitude is 14,003 feet above the sea-level. This peak is so named from the peculiar color of the sandstone of which it is composed. Maroot, mi^root', a fortified town of India, 64 miles E. of Bhawlpoor. It is a mart for grain, and a garrison station. Marore, mi-ro'ri, a village of Italy, 2 miles S.E. of Parma. Pop. of commune, 4507. Maros, mor^osh', or 3Iaro$cli, m3,'ro3h^ (anc. Mari- 8US, or Marisaus), a river of Transylvania, rises near the frontier of Moldavia, flows W., and joins the Tlieiss oppo- site Szegedin. Length, about 400 miles. Affluents, the Kokel and Strahl. Itlaros, a town of Hungary. See Nagy Maros. 31aros, mi'rooe, or Marusa, md.-roo'si, a Dutch province of Celebes, N. of Macassar. It is traversed by a river of the same name, has great mineral wealth and tine scenery, and is productive of rice. Capital, Maros, a con- siderable town. Total pop. 120,000. Maros, mS,'roce, a town of Spain, province of Corunna, 30 miles W. of Santiago, on the N. side of a bay of the same name. It is an important fishing station, and contains a custom-house. Marostica, mi-ros'te-ki, a town of Italy, 15 miles N.E. of Vicenza. Pop. 4074. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufactories of straw hats. Maros-Torda, mohVosh'-toR'dob\ a county in the E. of Transylvania, approaching on the north the boundaries of Eukovina and Koumania, Area, 1665 square miles. Capital, Maros-V^sdrhely. Pop,, 165,267. Maros-iy-Var-Also, mohVosh'-oo^e-van'-iVsho', a town of Transylvania, on the Maros, 26 miles E.N.E. of Karlsburg. Pop. 2822. Maros- Vasarhely,m6h^rosh'-v3,^sh|R^h5l'(ano.A(/ro- polis?), a town of Transylvania, capital of the county of Maros-Torda, on the Maros, 54 miles N.N.E. of Hermann- stadt. It is fortified, and generally well built, and has 5 churches, a gymnasium, a seminary, a college, a library of 60,000 volumes, and a good cabinet of minerals. Not far from the town is a strong castle, in which a garrison is stationed. Pop. 12,678. Maroth-Aranyos, moh^rot'-ohVon^yosh' (Slavonic, Morcivcze /), a town of Hungary, co. of Bars, 13 miles N.E. of Neutra. Pop. 1775, Marowyne, maVo-win' or miVo-wi'ngh, or Maroni, mi-ro-uee', a river of South America, forms the limit be- tween Dutch and French Guiana. Length, 400 miles. Marpach, a town of Switzerhmd. See Maubach. Mar Pacifico, the Spanish for Pacific Ocean. Marple, mar'p'l, a post-township of Delaware co., Pa., about 10 miles W. of Philadelphia. It has 2 churches. Pop. 858. Marple's Store, a post-oflfice of Upshur co., W. Va. Marpod, man^pod', or Mariapod, nii-ree'a.-pod\ a village of Transylvania, E. of Hermannstadt. Pop. 1120. Marquain^ maR'k4>'"', a village of Belgium, in Hai- naut, 29 miles N.W. of Mons. Pop. 1200. Mar^quand', a post-village of Madison co., Mo., on the St, Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 118 miles S. of St. Louis. It has 2 churches, 4 stores, a grist- mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 250. Marquesas, man-ki'sis (or Mendaiia, m§n-ddn'yi), Islands (Fr. Lea Marqmeea, U .maR^keez'), a group in the Pacific Ocean, between lat. 8° and 11° S. and about Ion. 140° W., comprising 13 islands, the principal being Nookaheeva, 70 miles in circuit. The coasts are generally inaccessible, rising from the water like walls. The surface is mountainous, but in the interior the soil is fertile, pro- ducing pulse, cocoa-nuts, yams, bamboos, wild cotton, and sugar-eane. The inhabitants exchange live-stock and vege- tables in return for European goods. Resolution Bay, in Tahuata, and Port Jarvis, in Roapoa, are the best harbors in these islands., The Marquesas were discovered in 1595 by Alonzo Mendana de Neyva. They were subsequently visited and described by Cook and the Forsters in 1774, when Hood's Island was added to the group. In 1791 three more were discovered by Captain Ingraham, an American navigator, and were named Washington Islands. In 1842 the Marquesas acknowledged the sovereignty of France. Pop. 6011. Marquette, miii^kSt', a village of France, department of Nord, 3 miles from Lille. It has manufactures of chem- icals, sugar, and gin. Pop. 2925. Marquette, mar-kef, a large county of Michigan, is a part of the upper peninsula. It ia bounded on the N.E. by Lake Superior, and is drained by the Eacanaba and Michigaming Rivers, with many lesser streams. The sur- face is uneven, and is extensively covered with forests of pine and other trees. Iron and lumber are the chief articles of export. This county has iron-mines theproduct of which for 1870 was 690,393 tons, valued at $2,677,965. This quan- tity was probably greater than was mined in any other county of the United States. Among the minerals of this county are granite and good limestone. It is traversed by the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon Railroad and the Peninsula division of the Chicago &. Northwestern Kail^ road. Capital, Marquette. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,410,872. Pop. in 1870, 15,033; in 1874, 21,946^ . Marquette, a county in the S. central part of Wiscon^ sin, has an area of about 465 square miles. It is inter- sected by Fox River, which here expands into a long lake, and is also drained by the Mecan and Montello Rivers. Pa- cawa Lake touches the eastern border of the county. The surface is undulating, and extensively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, cranberries, oats, and hay are the staple products. Sandstone underlies part of this county. Capital, Montello, Valuation of real «nd personal estate, $1,464,227, Pop. in 1870, 8056; in 1S75, 8697, of whom 5536 were Americans, It is intersected by the Wisconsin Central Railroad. Marquette, a post-village of McPherson Pacific Railroad, 1 or 2 miles N.E. of Neosho. It has a church. Mar'tock, a town of England, co. of Somerset, on the Parret, 6i miles W.N.W. of Yeovil. Pop. of parish, 3061. Martola Mariam, mau-to'l^L ma^re-im', a town of Abyssinia, state of Amhara, lat. 10° 51' N., Ion. 37° 48' E. Martonhegy, muu'ton^h^dj', or Martinsberg, man'- tins-b^RG*, a village of Transylvania, 12 miles from Szom- bath. Pop. 1260. Martonvasar, mSRHonS'oh^san', a town of Hungary, 17 miles S.W. of Buda. Pop. 1687. Martonyos, moii*ton*yosh', a village of Hungary, 16 miles S.W. of Szegedin, on the Theiss. Pop. 4934. Martorel, man-to-rSl', a town of Spain, Catalonia, 12 miles by rail N.W. of Barcelona, on the Llobregat, with a bridge and triumphal arch of Roman construction. P. 4136. Martos, mau'toce, a town of Spain, Andalusia, 9 miles W.S.W. of Jaen. It has two squares, crooked, steep, and unpaved streets, fine churches, 2 convents, a town house, prison, hospital, orphan asylum, small theatre, and, at some distance S. of the town, two bathing-establishments, the waters of which contain sulphur, magnesia, alum, &g. Linen, pottery-ware, hats, and oil are made. Pop. 11,666. Martres, maut'r, a town of France, in Haute-Garonne, 24 miles S.W. of Muret. Pop. 1950. Martres de Veyre,maRt'r dehvAn, a town of France, department of Puy-de-Dome, S miles S.E. of Clermont-Fer- rand. Pop. 2508. Mart'ville, a post-village in Sterling township, Cayuga CO., N.Y., on the Southern Central Railroad, 26 miles N. of Auburn. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a tannery. Martz, a post-village of Clay co., Ind., in Harrison township, about 22 miles S.E. of Terre Haute, and 1 mile from Clay City Railroad Station. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, and a planing-mill. Pop. about 500. Martza, a village of Hungary. See Marcz. Marua, mi-roo'S, Maurua, mow-roo'4, or Maupiti, mow-pee'tee, one of the Society Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 16° 26' S.; Ion. 152° 12' W. 3Iarum, mi'rum, a village of the Netherlands, 12 miles S.W. of Groningen. Pop. of commune, 3720. Marntea, Pacific Ocean. See Loud Hood's Island. MarvSo, maR-vowN"^', a town of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, on the Spanish frontier, 11 miles N.E. of Por- talegre, with a citadel and extensive cisterns. Pop. 1424. MarvS.o, maR-vowN°', a town of Brazil, province of Piauhy, on the Marvao, 150 miles N.E. of Oeiras. P. 3000. Marvejols, maRVeh-zhol' (L. Marilogimn), a town of France, in Lozere, on the right branch of the Colagne, 10 miles W.N.W. of Mende. It has tanneries and manufac- tures of serges and other woollen stuffs. Pop. 4638. Mar'vel, a post-office of Bates co., Mo., about 66 miles S. of Kansas City. MarVell', a post-village of Phillips co., Ark., on the Arkansas Central Railroad, 21 miles W. of Helena. It has 1 or 2 churches, a flour-mill, a steam cotton-gin, &.Q. Marville, manVeel', a village of France, in Meuse, 6 miles S.E. of Montmedy. Pop. 1278. Mar'vin, or Marvin Station, a village of Clark co., 111., in York township, on the Paris k Danville Railroad, 26 miles S. of Paris. It has a church, a wagon-shop, &q. Here is Walnut Prairie Post-Office. 31arvin, a post-office of Henry co., Mo., about 9 miles W. of Clinton. Marvin, a post-village of Chautauqua co., N.Y., in French Creek township, about 9 miles N.N.W. of Corry, Pa. It has 2 dairies or cheese-factories, and a shingle-mill. Mar'vinville, a post-office of Yell co., Ark. Mar'vyn, a post-office of Russell co., Ala. Marwar, India. See Joodpoou. Maryampol, mi-re-im'pol, a town of Austrian Gali- cia, on the Dniester, 11 miles N.E. of Stanislawow. Mary Ann, a township of Licking co., 0. Pop. 804. Maryburgh, mi're-biirVuh, a village of Scotland, co. of Inverness, on Loch Eil, at the mouth of the Lochy, S.W. of Fort William. It has a large herring-fishery. Maryborough, a town of Ireland, capital of Queen's CO., 531 miles by rail S.W. of Dublin. Pup. 2731. Maryborough, mi're-biir-ruh, the chief town of the Northwest gold-fields of Victoria, Australia, co. of Talbot, 104 miles N.W. of Melbourne. It contains numerous public offices and a general hospital, is the centre of traffic, and is surrounded by gold-workings. Pop. 2935. 3Iaryborough, the chief town of March eo., Queens- land, on Mary River, in lat. 25° 30' S. Pop. 8612. Ma'rydale, a post-hamlet of Antigonish co., Nova Scotia. 10 miles S.E. of Antigonish. Pop. 100. Ma^rydell', a post-village of Caroline eo., Md., on the Maryland &. Delaware Railroad, 30 miles N.K. of Easton. MAR 1364 It is partly in Kent co., Del. It has 2 churches, a fruit- canning-factory, a machine-shop, an iron-foundry, and manufactures of ploughs and baskets. Ma'ry Esther, es'ter, a post-office of Santa Rosa co., Ela., 45 miles B. of Pensacola, Ma'ryhill, a burgh of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 3 miles N.W, of Glasgow, on the Kelvin, here crossed by the Forth & Clyde Canal. It contains print-works, iron-works, bleach- and glass-works, spinning-mills, and boat-building yards. Pop. 5842. itfary Island, in the Pacific. See Canton Island. Maryland, mi're-land (named in honor of Queen Hen- rietta Maria, consort of Charles I. of Great Britain), one of the Middle Atlantic states of the American Union, and one of the original thirteen United States, is bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Delaware and the Atlantic, AY. by West Virginia, and S. and S.W. by Virginia, West Vir- ginia, and the District of Columbia, and from the two former it is for the most part divided by the river Potomac. It is of very irregular outline, and by the river Susque- hanna and Chesapeake Bay it is divided into two por- tions, — the Eastern and the AVestern Shore, the latter cm- bracing about two-thirds of the area. There are also small islands in the bay and off the Atlantic coast, nearly all in close proximity to the Eastern Shore, Area, 11,124 square miles; land area, 9356 square miles, or 5,987,840 acres, of which, in 1870, 2,914,007 were returned as improved land. The N. limit is '* Mason & Dixon's line," 39° 44' N. lat. Face of the Country. — The Eastern Shore is a level, sandy, but mainly fertile region, nowhere of great elevation, though in the N. there are finely-rounded hills, while southward there are swampy tracts and patches of wood- land, whence red-cedar, cypress, and white-oak timber are obtained ; and the streams, though not large, are to a re- markable degree deep and navigable. AV. of the bay the surface is similar to that just described, but more uneven and varied in character as far N.W. as the low ridge which extends S.W. from the Susquehanna at the state line to a point near Rockville, on the Potomac. This is the southeast- ernmost or outlying geographical, but not geological, rep- resentative of the remarkable parallel ridges of the Alle- ghany system, numbers of which cross the W. half of the state, for the most part in steep and bold ridges, with wide and exceedingly fertile intervening valleys. In the ex- treme W. the beautiful elevated valleys are known as "glades." The principal of these ridges are the South, Sugar-IiOaf, Catoctin, Blue Ridge, Kittatinny, Rugged, Will's, Davis, Piuey, Great Savage or Big Backbone, Middle, Little Savage, Hooppole, West, Little Backbone, Meadow, Negro, Keyser, Winding, and Briery ridges or mountains. None attain a great elevation. Geology. — The S. half of the Eastern Shore is alluvial and post-tertiary ; its central and N. central portions are tertiary; and the N. is of cretaceous age, the narrow cre- taceous belt extending southwestward to the District of Columbia and having on its S.E. flank a wide area of the tertiary. N.W. of the cretaceous appears a wide belt re- ferred to the Laurentian or eozoic ages, but overlaid along its centre by a strip of the triassic crossing the state, all these belts and strips having more or less of the general N.E. and S.W. direction of the mountains and the Athintic coast. The AUeghanies proper are mainly of Lower Silu- rian age, and would appear to have been formed as sub- marine beds in harmony with the previous Laurentian outcrops; and upon these old Silurian plateaus were depos- ited Devonian and carboniferous strata, of which relics still remain, having survived the period of pUitonic eleva- tion and of the subsequent denudation by the action of water. Between Dan's Mountain and the Great Savage ridge occurs the small but highly important Cumberland or Frostburg coal-field (18,282 acres, or 27 square miles), which yields an excellent and abundant semi-bituminous coal, much employed as a marine, railroad, furnace, domes- tic, and blacksmiths' fuel. Product in 1873, 2,674,101 gross tons. Between Little Savage and Negro Mountains there is a field of true bituminous coal, which, however, is not wrought to any extent. Fire-clays are abundant, and the fire-bricks of Mount Savage have a wide reputation, taking rank next to the English Stourbridge brick, which are the best in the world. The coal-measures also yield balls of useful clay ironstone, antl black-band ores and iron shales of fair quality. Brown hematite is found in the Trenton limestone, and some bog ore is obtained upon the Eastern Shore. In 1870 the state had 43 iron-mines, and copper ores were wrought to some extent. Marble, granite, serpentine, and other building-stone, limestone for burning, and roofing-slate are among the quarry-products. Kaolin, lignite (in Anne Arundel co.), iron pyrites, amber, alum, ochres, ores of chromium, honestone, millstones, cements, breccia, valuable marls, and barytes exist within the limits of Maryland, and some of them are very abundant. Mag- nesia carbonate, Epsom salts, tfcc, have been long manufac- tured extensively at Baltimore from the magnesite which is found in that vicinity. Objects of Interest to Touriata. — Among these we may place the Falls of the Potomac, the wild scenery near Har- per's Ferry, the romantic and fertile glades of Garrett and Alleghany cos., and the flat sandstone top of West Moun- tain, strewn with enormous blocks of the same material. Rivera and Navigable Waters. — The Potomac is navi- gated by sea-going vessels as far as Georgetown, D.C. From that point upward to Cumberland, Md., the Chesa- peake & Ohio Canal extends (184 miles), having been con- structed by the state at a cost of more than 87,000,000. This canal has been of great benefit to the whole Atlantic seaboard, bringing down much coal and iron, on the construction of canals and works of in- ternal imjyroveuient, and freely lent her credit to the assist- ance of her railroad corporations. She thus became heavily MAE 1565 MAR involved in debt, and met for a time with grievous embar- rassments; but all claims were honorably adjusted, and the state credit has since been excellent. Bailroads. — The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad was char- tered in 1827, and on July i, 1828, the first ground was broken upon it by the venerated patriot Charles Carroll. In 1830 the state had 15 miles of railroad; in 1833, 110 miles; in 1S16 (including the District of Columbia), 259 miles; in 1855, 327 miles ; in 1860, 386 miles; in 1865, 446 miies; in 1870, 671 miles; in 1876, 1077 miles, built at an average cost for works of S75,552 per road-mile. Of late there has been a great extension of railroads, principally upon the Eastern Shore. Commerce has its principal seat at Baltimore, which was long the seat of nearly all the general trade ; but the East- ern Shore has now a large direct trade with New York and Philadelphia as well. The navigable waters and the rail- roads afford unusual commercial advantages. The coal of Maryland is used extensively in all the Atlantic States. Baltimore has an importnnt foreign commerce. Counties. — Maryland is divided into 23 counties, — viz., Alleghany, Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Calvert, Caroline, Carroll, Cecil, Charles, Dorchester, Frederick, Garrett, Har- ford, Howard, Kent, Montgomery, Prince George's, Queen Anne, St. Mary's, Somerset, Talbot, Washington, Wicomico, and Worcester. Cities and I'owns. — The principal cities are Baltimore, the metropolis (pop. in 1870, 267,354 ; in 1873, 302,839) ; Annapolis, the state capital (pop. in 1870, 5744) ; Cumber- land, on the Upper Potomac (8056) ; Frederick, the western trade centre (8526) ; Easton, a bishop's see and a busy fruit mart (2110); Hagerstown, in the mountain-region (5779); besides Salisbury, St. Michael's, Laurel, Ellicott City, Havre de Grace, Emmittsburg, Cambridge, Port Deposit, Elkton, Chesapeake City, Westminster, Lonaconing, Chestertown, Frostburg, and other towns, which, if not populous, are in several instances centres of large trade and considerable manufactures. Some of these towns are compactly built and have very populous surroundings. Education.— The Lancasterian school system, introduced into Baltimore in 1820, seems to have been the germ of the public school system of that city, first legally established in 1827. At present there is a highly encouraging outlook for the cause of education in the state, public education being now popular with all classes. It is under state, county, and local boards and superintendents. Separate schools are maintained for colored pupils. There is a state normal school at Baltimore, and training-schools elsewhere. High and graded schools are sustained at populous places, and the academies of the state receive public aid. There are colleges at Frederick, Chestertown, Emmittsburg, New Windsor, Westminster, Woodstock, Annapolis, Ellicott City, Ilchester, and other points, thirteen in total number, with- out including the Baltimore City College (free), the nobly- endowed Johns Hopkins University at Clinton, near Balti- more, the six female colleges, or the state agricultural college. Reference should here be made to the United States naval academy at Annapolis ; to the effective system of parochial and higher schools under Roman Catholic aus- pices ; to the nnmerous orphanages of Baltimore, and her free night and industrial schools ; to the state schools for the blind and for deaf-mutes ; to the Maryland Institute, where the fine arts and the sciences are ably taught; and to the renowned Peabody Institute, of Baltimore. Government. — The governor Is chosen for a term of four years. The general assembly consists of a senate and a house of delegates. The justices of courts are elected for fixed terms of years. Voters must have resided in the state 1 year, and in the district or county where they vote 6 months. The state sends six members to the lower house of Congress, and has 8 electoral votes. Histori/. — Maryland was colonized in 1634 by English Roman Catholics under Leonard Calvert, a brother of Lord Baltimore, the patentee and proprietor. The first settle- ment under the patent was at St. Mary's. In 1649 re- ligious toleration was enacted for members of all Christian sects and churches, excepting those who deny the Trinity. For many years the colony was vexed by contests with tur- bulent Puritan settlers and others. During the Revolution, Maryland and her troops bore very gallant and conspicuous parts; and for a time Annapolis was the seat of the Conti- nental Congress. Here Washington resigned his command of the army in 1783. In the war of 1812-16 the battles of Bladensburg and North Point and the bombardment of Fort MoHenry were prominent events. Maryland re- mained a slave state until the final abolishment of slavery in the United States ; but she did not follow the Southern States in their attempted secession, that step having been prevented as much by the strength of the Union party of the state as by the presence of federal troops. The battles of Antiet.am and South Mountain, with other less important struggles, occurred upon her soil. Since the war there has been a large immigration from the North, and the peach- growing and market-gardening industries of the Eastern Shore have been immensely developed. The population in 1660 was 12,000; in 1671, 20,000 : in 1753, 154,188: in 1790,319,728; in 1800,341,548; in 1810, 380,546; in 1820, 407,360; in 1830, 447,040; in 1840, 470,019; in 1850, 683,034; in 1860, 687,049, of whom 616,918 were white, 83,941 free colored, and 87,189 slaves ; in 1870, 780,894, of whom 605,497 were white. Ma'rylaud, the easternmost county of Liberia, in Africa. Ma'ryland, a township of Ogle co.. 111. Pop. 1181. It contains Adeline. Marvlaiid, a post-hamlet in Lincoln township. Ogle CO., III., on the Chicago & Iowa Railroad, 14 miles N.W. of Oregon. It has a church. Maryland, a post-village of Otsego co., N.Y., in Mary- land township, on the Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, 70 miles W. of Albany. It has 1 or 2 churches, about 25 houses, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. The township con- tains a larger village, named Schenevus, and a pop. of 2365. Maryland Line, a post-village of Baltimore co., Md., 2 miles from Freeland Station, and 36 miles N. of Balti- more. Pop. about 150. Maryland Line, a station in Chester co.. Pa., on the Philadelphia & Baltimore Central Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Oxford. Ma'rylebone, or Saint Marylebone, a borough of England, co. of Middlesex, forming the N.W. quarter of the metropolis, having E. the borongh of Finsbury, and S. Westminster, on which side Oxford street forms its bound- ary. The borough consists mostly of elegant streets, very regularly laid out, and inhabited by many wealthy private families; and it comprises the Regent's Park, Portland Place, the upper part of Regent street. Cavendish, Port- man, Manchester, and Fitzroy Squares ; the new and splen- did quarter between the Regent's and Hyde Parks, the Co- losseum, Princess's Theatre, Middlesex Hospital, the ter- minus of the Great Western Railway, and several hixndsome churches. It sends two members to the House of Commons. Pop. of parish, 169,254. Ma'ryport, a town of England, co. of Cumberland, on the Ellen, at its mouth in the Irish Sea, on 2 railways, 26 miles W.S.W. of Carlisle, and 12 miles N.N.E. of White- haven. It is well built, has yards for ship-building, some manufactures, and large exports of coal to Scotland and Ireland. The harbor dries at low water. Pop. 7443. Marysburg, ma'riz-bilrg, a post-hamlet of Le Sueur CO., Minn., 11 miles S.E. of St. Peter, and 10 or 11 miles E.N.E. of Mankato. It has a church. Mary's Creek, Texas, rises in Cook eo., and flows southeastward into Stewart's Fork, in Tarrant co. Mary's Creek, a post-office of Parker co., Tex. Ma'rystown, a post-hamlet in Louisville township, Scott CO., Minn., 24 miles S.W. of Minneapolis. It has a church and a grist-mill. Ma'rysvale, a post-ofiice of Pi Ute co., Utah. Ma'rysville, a handsome post-town, capital of Yuba CO., Cal., is situated on the E. bank of the Feather River, on the N. bank of the Y'^uba River (about 1 mile from its mouth), and on the Oregon division of the Central Pacific Railroad, 40 miles in a direct line, 52 miles by railroad, and 70 miles by water N. of Sacramento. It is at the head of navigation, and has an extensive trade. It contains 8 churches, a masonic hall, a graded public school, a public library, a convent, 3 banking-offices, several forwarding and commission houses, gas-works, an iron-foundry, a woollen-factory, several steam flouring-mills, lataviafia, mi-t3.-ve-3,n'yi, a river of Spain, falls into the Ebro in the province of Teruel. Total course, about 60 miles. MataAvamkeag, Maine. See Mattawamkeag. Matawan, mat-a-won', a post-village of Monmouth co., N.J., in Matawan township, on the Freehold & New York Railroad where it crosses the Central Railroad (New York & Long Branch division), 2 miles S.W. of Keyport, and 29 miles S.S.W. of New York. It has 4 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, the G-lenwood Institute, a public hall, and manufactures of bricks, carriages, and sash. Pop. about 2000 ; of the township, 2839. 3IataAvan9 Van Buren co., Mich. See Mattawan. Matawan, a river of Ontario. See Mattawa. Match^apo'ni\ Brook, of New Jersey, rises in Mon- mouth CO., and falls into the South River in Middlesex co., near Spottswood. ^latchikha, m3,-chee'K3,, a town of Russia, Don Cos- sack country, 75 miles E.N.E. of Novo-Khopersk. P. 2200. Matching mit^cheen', a town of Bulgaria, on the Ban- nbe, 32 miles N.E. of Hirsova. It has 2 forts. Mate Creek, a post-office of Logan co., W. Va. Matelica, mi-tSl'e-ki, a town of Central Italy, in the Marches, 23 miles W.S.W. of Maeerata. Pop. 7298. It is enclosed by walls, has several churches and convents, and is the seat of active manufactures. Matera, m3,-ti'rS,, a town of Italy, province and 43 miles E. of Potenza, on the &ravina. Pop. 14,312. It is a place of great antiquity, and has a cathedral and professional schools. Mate-Szalka, mi'ti^-sil'koh\ a town of Hungary, CO. of Szuthmar, 9 miles N.E. of Nyir-Bathor. Pop. 3741. Mat'iield, a post-village of Plymouth co., Mass., on the Old Colony Railroad, 23 miles S. of Boston. It has a church, a graded school, and manufactures of fertilizers and shoes. Matfield Green, a post-office of Chase co., Kansas, about 32 miles S.W. of Emporia. 31atha, mS,^t^', a village of France, in Charente-In- ferieure, 11 miles S.E. of Saint-Jean-d'Angely. Ma-Theoo-Shan, or Ma-Theou-Chan, m^L-ti- oo'-sh^n, a mountain of China, province of Yun-Nan. Lat. 26° N. ; Ion. 102° E. It is covered with perpetual snow. Math'er's, a post-office and station of Juneau co., AVis., on the Wisconsin Valley Railroad, 15 miles N.E. of Tomah. Math'erton, a post-village in North Plains township, Ionia CO., Mich., on the Maple River, 5 miles N. of Pewamo Sf.ation, and about 30 miles N.N.W. of Lansing. It has manufactures of flour and lumber. Pop. about 250. Math'ews, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Ala., on the Montgomery »& Eufaula Railroad, 21 miles E.S.E. of Montgomery. It has a church. MatheAVS, a station of Morgan co., Ind., on the In- dianapolis &. Vincennes Railroad, 18 miles S.W. of India- naDolis. Math'ewson, a post-office and station of Labette co., Kansas, on the Memphis, Kansas & Colorado Railroad, 11 miles E. of Parsons. Mathi'as Point, a post-office of King George co., Va., on the Potomac River, about 30 miles (direct) S. of Wash- ington, D.C. Mathura, a town of India. See Muttra. Matia, ma-tee'^, or Mitia, called also Aurora, one of the Society Islands. Lat. 50° 15' S. ; Ion. 148° 5' AV. Matiacum, the ancient name of Marburg. Matiares, a lake of Nicaragua. See Leon. Matignon, mi^teen^ydsa', a town of France, in Cotes- du-Nord. 15 miles N.N.W. of Dinan. Pop. 1369. 3Iatilda, Ontario. See Iroquois. 3Iatil'daville, a hamlet of Clarion co.. Pa., in Perry township, 4 miles from Parker. Matina, mi-tee'nd., the principal river of Costa Rica, formed by the union of the Chirripo and Barbilla, flows E., and enters the Caribbean Sea near Limon. Upon it is the village of Matina, 10 miles by rail from Limon. Matin'icus, a post-office of Knox co., Me., in Matin- icus Plantation, which consists of small islands in the ocean, about 20 miles S. by E. of Rockland. Pop. of the plantation, 277 ; of Matinicus Island, 250. Matiuicus Rock, an islet a few miles S. of Matinicus Island, has 2 stone light-houses, in lat. 43° 47' N., Ion. 68° 50' 58" W. It has also a steam- whistle and fog-bell, Matisco, the ancient name of MAcok. Matium, a city of Crete. See Candia. MatIa, a town of India. See Canning. Matlatzingo, a town of Mexico. See Charo. MatMin, a station in Box Elder co., Utah, on the Cen- tral Pacific Railroad, 11 miles N.E. of Terrace. 3Iat']ock, a town and watering-place of England, co. and 10 miles by rail N.N.W, of Derby, is neatly built on the slope and at the bottom of the narrow and singularly picturesque vale of the Derwent. It has an ancient church, numerous good hotels and lodging-houses, a library, min-* eralogical museums, and handsome baths and pump-rooms, connected with hot springs. In the vicinity are several petrifying wells, lead-mines, caverns, and the picturesque woods of Matlock Dale. Pop. 3834. Mat'Iock, a post-office of Tatnall co., Ga. Matlock Bath, a town and bathing-place of England, CO. of Derby, 2 miles by rail S. of Matlock. Pop. 1386. Mato'aca, a post-hamlet of Chestei-field co,, Va., 4 miles W. of Petersburg- It has 2 churches and a cotton- factory. 3Iato'ax, or Matto'ax, a post-office and station of Amelia co., Va., on the Richmond & Danville Railroad, 27 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. Mato-Grosso, Brazil. See Matto-Grosso. Matookoo, or Matuku, ma-too^koo', written also Motou^ou, one of the Feejee Islands, in the South Pa- cific Ocean. Lat. 19° 14' S. ; Ion. 179° 44' W. Matotshkin (mi-totch-keen') Shar, a strait of the Arctic Ocean, extends E. and W. for 45 miles by 3 miles in breadth, and divides Nova Zembla into two unequal parts. Lat. 73° 20' N.; Ion. 5b° to 60° E. Matouchin, New Jersey. See Metuchen. Matour, ma^tooR', a town of France, in Saone-et-Loire, 16 miles W. of Macon. Pop. 476. 3Iatra, mi'troh^, a mountain-range of Hungary, branch of the Carpathians, extending between the Theiss and the Danube for 36 miles; culminating point 3500 feet high. Matrona, the ancient name of the Marne. Matsmai, m^ts^mi', or Matsumae, m^t-soo-ma,'i, a city of Japan, capital of the island of Yesso, at the mouth of a river on its S. coast, lat. 41° 32' N., Ion. 140° E. Pop. estimated at 50,000. It extends along the margin of an open bay, facing which is an island with a beacon, shelter- ing a harbor capable of receiving the largest ships. Matsmai, Strait of, Japan. See Yesso. MattamusMieet Lake, North Carolina, is in Hyde CO., near the coast. It communicates with Pamlico Sound. MatHapan', a post-office of Suffolk co., Mass., is a branch of the Boston Post-Office, on the New York & New England Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of the initial station, and at a junction of a branch of the Old Colony Railroad. MatHapoi'sett, a post-village in Mattapoisett town- ship, Plymouth co., Mass., on Buzzard's Bay, and on a branch of the Old Colony Railroad, about 7 miles E. by N. of New Bedford. It is partly supported by the fisheries. It has 5 churches, a machine-shop, and a lumber-mill. Pop, of the township, 1361. Mattapony, matHa-po-ni', a river of Virginia, rises in Spottsylvania co., runs southeastward through Caroline co., and unites with the Pamunkey at AVest Point to form the York River. It is nearly 125 miles long. It is formed by 4 main head-streams, the Mat, the Ta, the Po, and the Ny. Mattapony, a post-office of Spottsylvania co., Va. Mat'tawa, or Mat'awan, a river of Ontario, takes its rise in Trout Lake, runs in a W. direction to the line dividing the watershed of the Ottawa and the St, Law- rence on the border of Lake Nipissing, and enters the Ottawa 308 miles from Montreal. Length, 41^ miles. A sandy ridge only :^ of a mile long separates its head-waters from La Riviere de Vase, a small rapid stream, 5 miles long, running into Lake Nipissing. 3IattaAVa, a post-village in the district of Nipissing, Ontario, at the confluence of the Mattawa with the Ottawa, 100 miles above Pembroke, It is a post of the Hudson's Bay Company, and a depot of supplies for lumbermen. It contains a church, 2 stores, a hotel, and a saw-mill. MatUawam'keag, a small river of Maine, rises by two branches in Aroostook co,, runs S.W., and enters the Penobscot River in Penobscot co., at Mattawamkeag. 3Iattawamkeag', a post-village of Penobscot co., Me., in a township of its own name, on the Penobscot River, at the mouth of the Mattawamkeag. It is on the European & North American Railroad, 58 miles N. by E. of Bangor. Here are some railroad shops. Pop. of township, 356. MAT 1374 'MAU ]IIatHaAvan% a post-village of Van Buren cc, Mich., in Antwerp township, on the Michigan Central Railroad, 12 miles S.W. of Kalamazoo, and 12S miles E.N.E. of Chicago. It has a graded school, 3 churches^ and a money- order post-office. Pop. about 600. Mattawan, New Jersey. See Matatvan. Mattawan'na, a post-hamlet in Bratton township, Mifflin CO., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Kailroad, at McVey- town Station, 12 miles S.S.W. of Lewistown, It has a broom-factory. See also Shank's Run. MatHawo'man, a post-office of Charles co., Md., on the Pope's Creek Branch of the Baltimore & Potomac Rail- *road, 14 miles N. by E. of Port Tobacco. Mat^teawan', a post-village of Dutchess co., N.Y., in Fishliill township, on Fishkill Creek, about 1 mile E. of the Hudson River, 3 miles E. of Newburg, and 60 miles N. of New York. It is on the Dutchess & Columbia Railroad, and very near the Hudson River Railroad. It has abun- •dant water-power, and manufactures of cotton, hats, files, bricks, machinery, &c., also a newspaper office, and 5 churches. Pop. 2406. Matterhorn, the German name of Mont Cervin. Ittattersdorf, m^t'ters-doRr (Hun. Nagi/-Martoni/, nodj mau^ton'), a town of Hungary, co, and 10 miles W.N.AV. of Oedenburg. Pop. 4854. Mat'teson, a post-office of Phillips co., Kansas. Matteson, or Mattison, a post-township of Branch CO., Mich., about 12 miles W. of Coldwater, is drained by the St. Joseph River, and traversed by the Air-Line di- visi(m of the Michigan Central Railroad. Matteson, a township of Waupaca co., "Wis. Pop. 372. Matthews, math'uz, a small county in the E. part of -Virginia, is a peninsula, bounded on the N. by the Pianka- tank River, on the E. by Chesapeake Bay, and on the S. by Mobjack Bay. The surface is level. The soil is sandy. ■ Indian corn and pork are the staple products. Capital, Matthews Court-House. Valuation of real and personal estate', S968,326. Pop, in 1870, 6200, of whom 6196 were natives and 4 were foreigners. Matthews, a township of Chatham co., N.C. Pop. 873. Matthews, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., N.C, on the Carolina Central Railroad, 10 miles S.E. of Charlotte. Matthews Court-House, a post-village, capital (5f Matthews co., Va., about 45 miles N. of Norfolk, and 2 miles from Chesapeake Bay. It has 3 churches and an academy. The Norfolk steamers come to a wharf which is 2i miles from this place. Matthews Run, a post-office of Warren co., Pa. Matthew's Summit, a station in Blair co., Pa., on the Henrietta Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 3 miles N.W. of Henrietta. Matthias, Pacific Ocean, See Prince William Henry. Mattiacum, the ancient name of Marburg. Mattie, mitt'yi or mS,tHee', a village of Italy, province of Turin.^ Pop. of commune, 2241. Mat'tie, a post-office of Roane co,, W. Va. Mat'tison, or Mat'teson, a post-village in Rich township. Cook co., 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad where it crosses the Joliet division of the Michigan Central Railroad, 28 miles S. of Chicago. It has a flour-mill and several stores. Mattison, Branch co., Mich, See Matteson. Mat'tituck, a post-village of SuflTolk co., N.Y., in Southold township, on Great Peconic Bay, on the Long Island Railroad, and on Mattituck Creek, 84 miles E. by N. of Brooklyn, and 9 miles E.N.E. of Riverhead. It has 2 churches. Mattoax, Amelia co., Va, See Matoax. Matto-Grosso, m^t'to-gros'so, or Mato-Grosso ("great or dense forest"), an extensive province of Brazil, bordering on Bolivia. Area, 668,655 square miles. It has on the E. the river Aragua, and on the W. the Madeira and Guapure, and is in part drained by the Tapajos. It is traversed by several low mountain-chains, but is in great part a plain, portions of which are open, but large areas are densely wooded. The province is rich in minerals. There is scarcely a district in which gold is not found, and iron is abundant. Rock salt and saltpetre are worked to a limited extent. Over an extensive region near the centre diamond-mines have been wrought from a very remote period, and still continue to yield a revenue. Capital, Cu- yab;i; Pop. 60,417. Matto-Grosso, or Villa Bella, veel'li bSl'ia, acity of Brazil, in the above province, on a height above the right bank of the Guapore, below the confluence of the Alegre, 3U0 miles W. of Cuyabd. The houses are low, constructed of earth and wood, and covered with tiles, and, being white- washed both within and without, have a cheerful and com- fortable appearance. It has 3 churches, a town house, a smelting-house, a hospital, barracks, and an arsenal, also a Latin and 2 primary schools. Its only trade is in horses and cattle. Mattol, mitHol', a river of Southeast Africa, rises in a salt-water marsh in the interior, and falls into Delagoa Bay. Mattole, mat-tol', a small river of Humboldt co., Cal., runs northwestward, and enters the Pacific Ocean about 14 miles S. of Cape Mendocino. Its valley is fertile. Mattole, a township of Humboldt co., Cal. Pop. 453. Mat^toon', a post-town in Mattoon township. Coles co., 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad (Chicago division) where it crosses the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, and on the Grayville & Mattoon Railroad, 11 miles W. of Charleston, 172 miles S. by W. of Chicago, and 42 miles S.E. of Decatur. It is also on the Chicago & Illinois South- ern Railroad. It contains 8. churches, 2 national banks. 1 other bank, and some machine-shops and car-works of the Central Railroad. One daily and 3 weekly newspaper3 are published here. It has 2 fine school-houses, which cost $60,000. Pop. about 5000 ; of the township, 4967. Mattrah, a town of Arabia. See Muttra. Matts'ville, a post-office of Hamilton co., Ind. Matuku, one of the Feejee Islands, See Matookoo. Matum'ma, or Metem'ma, a town of Nubia, on the Nile, 00 miles N.N.E. of Khartoom. It has manufactures of cotton scarfs. 3Iatura, mi'too-ri, or Matara, mS-'ti-r^, a town and port of Ceylon, capital of Matura district, on its S. coast, 26 miles B. of Galle. Pop. of town, 18,636; of district, 143,496. Maturatta, roi-too-rat'ti, a maritime town and port of Ceylon, S.E. of Kandy. Maturin, mi-too-reen', a town of Venezuela, on a river which falls into the Gulf of Paria. Lat. 9° 30' N.j Ion. 62° 50' W. Pop, 12,944. MatUTiii,-a state of Venezuela, in the E., extending from the Orinoco northward to the Gulf of Coro. Area, 13,055 square miles. Capital, Maturin. Pop. 47,863. Mat'ville, a post-hamlet of Raleigh co., W. Va., 10 miles W. of Raleigh Court-House. It has a church. Matzdorf, mits'doRf, a town of Hungary, co. of Zips, on the Poprad, 6 miles S.W, of Kesmark. Pop.- 1014. Maud, or Porto de Maua, poR'to di mOw-A', a town of Brazil, at the N. end of the Bay of Rio Janeiro, 12 miles by steam ferry N. of the capital. A railway extends hence to Petropolis. 3Iauban, mow-b^n', a town of Luzon, Philippine Islands, on its E. coast, S.E. of Manila. Pop. 5000. Maubert-Fontaine, mo^baiR'-ffiNo'tin', a town of France, in Ardennes, 6 miles S.W. of Rueroy. Pop. 1479. Maubeuge, mo'buzh' (L. Malbodium), a fortified town of France, in Nord, on the Sambre, 11 miles N. of Avesnes. Pop. 5110. It has a communal college, a national factory of fire-arms, iron-foundries, and manufactures of steel goods, hardware, paper, sugar, &c. Maubourguet, mO'booR^gi' (L. Malhuryetum), a town of France, in Hautes-Pyr6nees, on the Adour, 16 miles N. of Tarbes. Excellent wine is made here. Pop. 3570. Maubray, mo^bri', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 24 miles W. of Mons. Pop. 1750, 3Iauch Chunk, mawk-chunk', a post-village of Ma- haska CO., Iowa, 11 miles N.E. of Oskaloosa. Mauch Chunk, a post-borough, capital of Carbon co.. Pa., is in Mauch Chunk township, on the W. bank of the Lehigh River, 29 miles N.W. of Allentown, and 89 miles N.N.W. of Philadelphia. It is on the Lehigh Valley Rail- road and the Lehigh *fc Susquehanna Railroad. It is also connected with Tamaquaby the Tamaqua Branch Railroad. It is picturesquely situated in a narrow valley or ravine between steep hills which rise about 1500 feet above the tide-water and contain rich deposits of anthracite coal. The names of these hills are Mount Pisgah, Bear Moun- tain, and Mauch Chunk Mountain. Here is a bed of coal 50 feet thick and of excellent quality. A railroad called the Switchback, 9 miles long, extends from Mauch Chunk to Summit Hill. The cars of this road are drawn by sta- tionary engines on an inclined plane to the top of Mount Pisgah, from which they descend by their own gravity. This railroad is used chiefly for pleasure-excursions. The grand and picturesque scenery liere presented attracts nu- merous visitors in summer. Mauch Chunk contains 6 churches, 2 national banks, a savings-bank, an academy, 2 hotels, 2 foundries, several iron-works, and a number of elegant residences. Two or 3 weekly newspapers are pub- MAU 1375 MAU ■ lisbed here. A bridge across the river connects this town with the borough" of East Mauch Chunk. The value of the coal mined in Carbon co. in 1870 was $1,001,210. The coal is carried to market partly by the canal of the Lehigh Navigation Company. Pop. 3841 ; of the township, 5210. Mauchline, moK'Iin (Celtic, Magh, a " meadow," Linn, a "lake"'), a town of Scotland, co. of Ayr, at a'railway junction, 8 miles S.E. of Kilmarnock, on the Ayr. It has a public library, branch bank, and manufactures of snuff- 'boxes and cotton goods. Pop. 1574. Mauck'port, a post-^^llage of Harrison co., Ind., in Heth township, on the Ohio River, about 40 miles below Louisville, and 30 miles by land S.W. of New Albany. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 400, Maud's, mawdz, a post-office of Butler co., 0., on the Cleveland, Coiumbus & Cincinnati Railroad, 22 miles N. of Cincinnati. illauer, mow'^r, sometimes written Mower, a village of Lower Austria, 6 miles S.AV. of Vienna. Pop. 1674. Mauerkirchen, mow'^r-keeuK^^n, or Mawerkir- chcii, a town of Austria, 8 miles from Brunau. P. 1151. Mauermunster, the German name of Marmoutier. Mau'gerville, a post-village in Sunbury co., New Brunswick, on the river St. John, 12 miles S.E. of Fred- . ericton. It contains 2 churches, a store, and a ship-yard. Pop. 300. Mauguio, mo^ghee^o' (L. Malgorinm), atown of France, in Herault, on the railway to Nfraes, and on the lagoon Mauguio, 6 miles E. of Montpellier. Pop, 1718. Maui, or MoAvee, mow'ee, one of the Sandwich Is- lands, in the North Pacific Ocean, N,W, from Hawaii. Lat. of the S.E. point, 20° 44' N. ; Ion. 155° 58' W. It is di- vided into two oval-sliaped peninsulas, connected by a low isthmus. The peninsulas, called respectively East Maui and "West Maui, rise, the former to a height of 10,000 feet, terminating in a crater 2700 feet deep, and falling almost perpendicularly towards the sea ; the latter, to an elevation , of 6100 feet, and having many sharp peaks and ridges, divided by deep valleys, which, in descending towards the sea, form sloping plains on the N. and S. sides of consider- able extent. Numerous beautiful cascades pour over the rocks, from heights of several hundred feet. On the W. side is the town of Lahaina, formerly resorted to by whalers. Pop. 12,334. Mauki, an island in the South Pacific. See Parry. Maulda, a town of India. See Malda. Maulde, mold, a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 21 miles W.N.W. of Mons. Pop. 1350. Maule, mow'li, a river of Chili, enters the Pacific near the village of Constitucion, 100 miles N.E. of Concepcion, after a W. course of 180 miles. It gives name to a province. Maule, a province of Chili, enclosed by Talca, Linares, Nuble, and the sea. Area, 2918 square miles. Capital, Constitucion, Pop. 118,474. Mauleon, moMi^6N<'', a town of France, in Basses- Pyrenees, 25 miles S.W. of Pau. Pop. 1763. Maulevrier, moUA'vre-i', a village of France, depart- ment of Maine-et-Loire, on the Moine, Pop. 1913. Maullin, md-ool-yeen', a village of Chili, province of Llanquihue, on a large bay, at the mouth of the Maullin (a considerable river), 40 miles N.E. of Ancud. Pop. 308. Maulmain, mawTmln', or Moulmein, mowTmin', written also Moelrayne, Moulamiug, and Molmen, a town of British Burmah, capital of the district of Am- herst and of the Tenasserim division, 30 miles N. of Am- herst. It is on a peninsula between the Salwin, Attaram, and Gyne Rivers, opposite Martaban, and has a good port, Bheltered by Balu Island, and a large trade in teak, rice, betel, and ivory. Pop. 53, 653. Maumee, maw'mee\ a township of Allen co., Ind., on the Maumee River. Pop. 394. Maumee City, or South Tole'do, a post-village of Lucas CO., 0., is on the left bank of the Maumee River, op- posite Perrysburg, on the Wabash Railroad and the Toledo &, Maumee Railroad, 9 or 10 miles S.W. of Toledo, Steam- . boats Can ascend the river to this place, which is also on . the Wabash & Erie Canal. It contains a bank, 6 churches, 3 paper-mills, 3 flouring-mills, a newspaper office, a union ■ school, an iron-foundry, a machine-shop, and a woollen- factory. Pop. 1779. Here is a Methodist institution styled the Central Ohio Conference Seminary. The name of its post-office is South Toledo. Maumee Pike, a station in AVood co., 0., on the Co- lumbus k Toledo Railroad, 12 miles S. of Toledo. Maumee River is formed by the St, Joseph's and St. Mary's Rivers, which unite at Fort Wayne, in Indiana. It runs northeastward into Paulding co. of Ohio, intersects the cos. of Defiance and Henry, forms the boundary be- tween Lucas and Wood, and enters Lake Erie, at its W. end, about 5 miles N.E. of Toledo. It is nearly 180 miles long. The chief towns on its banks are Toledo, Fort Wayne, Defiance, and Napoleon. Steamboats can ascend it about 60 miles during high water. The AVabash & Erie Canal extends along this river from Lake Erie to Fort AVayne. Maumelle, maw-mfil', apost-ofiice of Pulaski co., Ark., on the Maumelle River, 27 miles AV.N.W. of Little Rock. Mauna, an island in the Pacific. See Maoona. Mauna Loa, mow'ni Wh, or Mauna Itoa ("great mountain"), a volcano of Hawaii, on the island of Hawaii, 13,760 feet high. It has several craters, and is one of the most remarkable volcanic cones in the world. Mau-Nath Bhan\jan% a town of India, Azimghur district. Pop. 13,765. Maunbhoom, a district of India. See MANBHOOsr. Mau«dVee',a town of India, presidency and 13 miles S.E. of Bombay. Maune's Store, a post-oflice of Franklin co,. Mo. Mauukaira, mawn-ki'r4, written also Munkere, a fortified town of the Punjab, between the Jhylum and In- due Rivers, 38 miles S.E. of Bukkur. Lat. 31° 23' N.; Ion. 71° 30' E. Maupiti, an island in the South Pacific. See Marua. Maur, mowR, a village of Switzerland, canton and 7 miles S.E. of Zurich, on the S.W. side of the Greiffensee. Maurepas, mo-re-pi', a lake situated in the E. part of Louisiana, at the mouth of Araite River, communicates with Lake Pontchartrain by an outlet about 3 miles long. Its form is orbicular, and its greatest extent 13 miles. Maurepas, a post-office of Livingston parish. La., at Catfish Landing Bluff. Mau'rertown, a post-village of Shenandoah co., Va., on the Harper's Ferry «fc Valley Branch Railroad, 5 miles N.N.E. of Woodstock. It has 4 churches, Mauriac, mo're-iLk' (L. Maunacum), a town of France, in Cantal, 36 miles W.N.AV. of Saint-Flour. Pop, 2357. It has a fine Gothic church, a communal college, and trade in horses and mules. Mau'rice, a station of Kenton co., Ky., on the Louis- ville, Cincinnati & Lexington Railroad, 7 miles S.W. of Newport. Maurice River, New Jersey, rises in Gloucester co., runs southward through Cumberland co., and enters Dela- ware Bay. Schooners ascend it to Millville, about 20 miles. Maurice River, a township of Cumberland co., N.J., on Delaware Bay. Pop. 2500. Mau'ricetown, a post-village of Cumberland co., N.J., on Maurice River, 2^ miles from Underwood Station, and about 9 miles S. by E. of Millville. It has a church, a graded school, a newspaper office, a canning-factory, and a steam saw-mill. Pop. about 600. Mauricetown Station is on the Bridgeton & Port Norris Railroad, 16 miles S.S.E. of Bridgeton. Mauri Monasterium, the Latin for MAR?kronTiER. Mauritania, an ancient name of Barbary. Mauritania Tingitana, Africa. See Morocco. Mauritius, maw-rish'e-iis, or Isle of France (Fr. lie Mauricey eel mo^reess'), an island of the Indian Ocean, a colony of Great Britain, E. from the islands of Madagas- car and Bourbon. Lat. (Port Louis, the capital) 20° 9' 42" S. ; Ion. 57° 28' 45" E, It is of an oval form, 39 miles from N.E. to S.W., and 34 miles in its greatest breadth. It is surrounded by coral reefs, and in the interior is com- posed chiefly of rugged and irregular mountains, rising usually into points or pinnacles of considerable height, the highest, the Brabant Mountain, being 3000 feet, and the singular insulated rock Peter Botte 2600 feet. Between the mountains and along the coast there are several large and fertile plains and valleys, well watered by numerous streamlets, and having an exceedingly rich soil of black vege- table mould or stiff clay. The climate is unhealthy, and the island is subject to violent, frequent, and destructive hurri- canes. Shady groves of mango, dense masses of mimosa, and nearly every beautiful tree of the tropics, are to be met with in Mauritius. Many plants from Europe, Africa, Madagascar, and India are acclimated, and thrive well. The principal objects of cultivation are sugar, rice, maize, man- dioc, and vegetables; coffee, pepper, and the mulberry for the production of silk are grown to a limited extent. Sugar and rum are the staple exports. Mauritius is traversed by lines of railway. The government of the island is vested in a governor and a colonial legislative council, subordinate to the orders of the sovereign in council. Mauritius was discovered in 150^ by the Portuguese. The Dutch took possession of it in 1598, and named it Mauritius in honor MAU 1376 MAY of Prince Maurice. It fell into the hands of the French in 1721, who retained it till 1810, when it was captured by the British. It is well known as the scene of St. Pierre's tale of " Paul and Virginia." The principal towns are Port Louis and Mahebourg. French is the language chiefly spoken. Many of the people are of African, Hindoo, Chinese, and Malagassy race. Pop. 317,069. Mauron, mo'r6No', a town of France, in Morbihan, 12 miles N.N.E. of Ploerrael. Pop. 885. Mauro-Potamos, Greece. See Mavro-Potamos. Maurs, moit (L. Mnrtium), a town of France, in Can- tal, 30 miles S.W. of Aurillac. Pop. 1949. Maurua, or Maupiti, Society Islands. See Marua- Maury, maw'ree, a county of Middle Tennessee, has an area of about 580 square miles. It is intersected by Duck River, which runs westward. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests of cedar, ash, hickory, walnut, and poplar or tulip-tree. The soil is very fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, wheat, lumber, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Louisville A Great Southern Kailroad, Capital, Columbia. Valuation of real and personal estate, $17,496,571. Pop. in 1870, 36,289, of whom 36,083 were Americans. Maury City, a post-office of Crockett co., Tenn. Illauston, maws'tyn, a post-office and station of Wilkin CO., Minn., on the Red River &. Manitoba Railroad, 17 miles N. of Breckenridge. Mauston, a post-village, capital of Juneau co., Wis., in Lemonweir township, on the Lemonweir River, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 36 miles W.N.W. of Portage City, and 68 miles E. of La Crosse. It has 6 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, a machine- shop, a foundry, a plough-factory, a grist-mill, and a saw- mill, for which the river affords motive-power. Pop. 1118. Mautern, m6w't?rn, a town of Austria. Styria, 20 miles W. of Bruck, with mineral baths and iron-works. P. 652. Mautern, a town of Lower Austria, on the Danube, opposite Stein, 40 miles W.N.W. of Vienna. Pop. 964. lUauth, mowt, or 3Iegto, ui^g'to, a town of Bohemia, 21 miles S.W. of Beraun. Pop. 1750. Mauthausen, mowt'h6wV.?n, a town of Upper Aus- tria, on the Danube, 3 miles N.E. of Enns, Pop. 1657. Mauvaise (moViz') River, or Mush'kee, a small stream of Wisconsin, rises in La Pointe co., and flows into Lake Superior. Mauvaises Terres, mo-viz-tair' ("bad lands"), an extensive barren tract in Dakota and Nebraska, between the North Fork of the Platte and the South Fork of the Cheyenne River. It is an arid, treeless region of the ter- tiary formation, and contains many fossil bones of the rhi- noceros and other large animals. This region is described by D. D. Owen in the following passage : ** From the uni- form, monotonous, open prairie the traveller suddenly de- scends one or two hundred feet into a valley that looks as if it had sunk away from the surrounding world, leaving standing all over it thousands of abrupt irregular prismatic and columnar masses. Viewed in the distance, these rocky piles, in their endless succession, assume the appearance of massive artificial structures decked out with all the acces- sories of buttress and turret, arched doorway, and clustered shaft, pinnacle, and tapering spire/' Mauvaise Terre, mo-viz-tair', a township of Morgan CO., III. Pop. 736. Mauvaleekarray, mawS'iHee*kar-ri', a large town of India, in Travancore, 52 miles S.S.E. of Cochin. Mauvezin, mo'v?h-ziNo' (L. Maluesinum), a town of France, in Gers. 19 miles S.E. of Lectoure. Pop. 1583. Mauze, mo'zA,', a town of France, in Deux-Sevres, on the right bank of the Mignon, 13 miles S.W. of Niort. Maverah, Algeria. See Cape Hamrah. Mav'erick, a southwestern county of Texas, borders on Mexico. Area, about 1200 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Rio Grande, and is intersected by Elm Creek. The soil produces pasture for many cattle and sheep, but is mostly uncultivated. Cattle are the chief articles of export. Capital, Eagle Pass. Pop. in 1870, 1951, of whom 766 were Americans. Mavillet, mi'veeriA.', a settlement in Digby co.. Nova Scotia, 18 miles from Yarmouth. Pop. 240. Mavromati, a village of Greece. See Messenb. Mavro- (or Mauro-) Potamos, miv'ro-pot'i-mos (anc. Ach'eron), a river of Greece, Epirus, enters the Medi- terranean 7 miles E.S.E. of Parga, after a S.W. course of 40 miles. From the N. it receives the river anciently called the Cocyttts ; and both streams were by the Greek mythol- ogists reputed to be rivers of hell. Mavro- (or Mauro-) Potamos (anc. Ccphis'aua), a river of Greece, falls into Lake Topolias (anc. Copais). Mavro-Vouno, mS,v'ro-voo'no (or the "black moun- tain"), a triple-peaked height of Greece, Epirus. Eleva- tion, 1500 feet. Maw'cook, a post-village in Sheffield co., Quebec, 6 miles N.W. of Granby. It has 4 saw-mills, a tannery, and 2 stores. Pop. 200. MaAverkirchen, Austria. See Mauerkibchen. Mawo, maw'wo, a walled town of Africa, capital of Kanem, 50 miles N.E. of Lake Chad. Pop. 4000. Max'atawney, a post-township of Berks co., Pa., about 15 miles N.N.E. of Reading, is intersected by a branch, of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad. It joins the borough of Kutztown, and contains villages named Bower's Station and Lyons. It has 2 iron-furnaces. Pop. 2531. Maxdorf, mix'doRf, a village of Bohemia, 9 miles from Reichenberg. Pop. 1350. 3Iaxen, mS-x'en, a village of Saxony, 10 miles S.S.E. of Dresden, with a castle and mineral baths. In 1759 the Austrians here defeated the Prussians. Maxent, m^x^6No', a village of France, in Ille-et-Vi- laine, arrondissement of Montfort. Pop. 255. Maxeiitiopolis Pictoiium. See Saint-Maixent. Maxey's, max'iz, a post-hamlet of Oglethorpe co., Ga., on the Athens Branch Railroad, 28 miles S.E. of Athens. Max'tield, a post-hamlet of Bremer co., Iowa, in Max- field township, 10 miles E. of Waverly, and 16 miles N. of Waterloo. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 900. The township contains 2 other eburches. Maxtield, a post-township of Penobscot co.. Me., about 36 miles N. of Bangor, is intersected by the Piscataquis River. Pop. 156. Max'imo, a post-office of Stark co., 0. See Steasbtj.rg. Max^ukuck'ee, a post-hamlet of Marshall co., Ind., about 32 miles N. of Logansport. Max Meadows, a post-village of Wythe co., Va., on tbe Atlantic, Mississippi &. Ohio Railroad, 125 miles W.S.W. of Lynchburg. It has 2 churches and a tobacco-factoi-y- Max'on's Mills, a post-hamlet of McCracken co., Ey., on Massack Creek, 7 miles AV. of Paducah. It has 3 stores and 1 or 2 mills. Max'viUe, a post-office of Sharp co.. Ark. Maxville, a post-office of Duval co., Fla., on the Transit Railroad, 55 miles W.S.W. of Fernandina. Maxville, Indiana. See Macksville. 31axvi11e, a post-village of Jefferson co.. Mo., 18 miles S.W. of St. Louis. It has a church, a hotel, and 2 or 3 stores. Maxville, Huron co., 0. See Peru. Maxville, a post-village of Perry co., 0., in Monday Creek township, 1^ miles from Winona Station, and about 30 miles S.S.W. of Zanesville. It has a church, and mines of coal and iron. Maxville, a post-hamlet in Maxville township, Buffalo CO., AVis., on the E. bank of the Chippewa River, about 28 miles E. of Red Wing, Minn. Pop. of the township, 515. Max'well, a station in Tuscaloosa co., Ala., on the Alabama »fc Chattanooga Railroad, 8 miles S. of Tuscaloosa. Maxwell, a post-hamlet of Hutchinson co., Dakota, on the Dakota River, 25 miles N, by W. of Yankton. It has a grist-mill. Maxwell, a post-hamlet of Bay co., Mich., on the Jack- son, Lansing & Saginaw Railroad, at State Road Crossing, ib miles N. of Bay City. It is also called Michie. Maxwell, a post-office and railroad station of Franklin CO., Tenn., 8 miles S.W. of Winchester. Max'well, a post-village in Grey co., Ontario, 21 miles S.S.W. of Collingwood. It contains 3 stores and 2 hotels. Maxwell's, a station in Livingston co., N.Y., on the Canandaigua, Batavia & Tonawanda Railroad, 21 miles E. of Batavia. Maxwell's, a station in Columbus co., N.C., on the Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 28 miles W. of Wilmington, Max'welltown, a burgb of Scotland, co. of Kirkcud- bright, on the Nith, opposite Dumfries. It has an observa- tory and some manufactures. Pop. 4198. May, an islet of Scotland, at the mouth of the Firth of Forth, 6 miles E.S.E. of Fife-Ness, 1 mile in length, with a light 240 feet high. Lat. 56*^ 11' N. ; Ion. 2° 33' W. 3Iay, a river of Scotland, co. of Perth, joins the Earn. May, a small river of Wales, co. of Carnarvon. May, or Le May, l^h mi, a village of France, depart- ment of Maine-et-Loire, 7 miles S.E. of Beaupreau. May, a township of Christian co., HI. Pop. 631. May, a township of Lee co.. III. Pop. 1007. MAY 1377 MAY M.av, Tuscola co., Mich. See Mayville. May, a post-office of Martiu co., Minn. May, a post-office of Kearney eo., Neb. May, a post-office of Lancaster co., Pa., about 15 miles S.E. of Lancaster. Mayaco, mi-i'ko, a town of Hayti, on the N. coast, about 25 miles N.E. of Cape Engafio. Mayaguana, West Indies. See MAnicuANA. Mayaguez, mi-i-wSs' or mi-i-wSz', a port of the island of Porto Kico, West Indies, 70 miles S.W. of San Juan, the capit:il. It is the third town in importance on the isl.and. It is clean, lighted by gas, and has a street railway, a newspaper, a savings-bank, telegraph lines, antj a good water-supply. The exports and imports have each exceeded S3,00(),no0 in a year. Sugar, molasses, coffee, hides, fruit, and turtle-shell are leading exports. Pop. 12,000. Mayari, mi-i-ree', a seaport town on the N. coast of Cuba, near the mouth of a small stream which flows into the IJay of Nipe. It is celebrated for fine tobacco. Lat. 20° 45' N.; Ion. 75° .30' W. Pop. about 3000. Mayas, mi'ds, a nation of American Indians, who, be- fore the Spanish conquest, occupied the whole peninsula of Yucatan, including Tabasco. 'I'hough nearly extinct as a tribe, their language is still spoken by the Indians of all the countries originally in their possession. May'bee, a post-village of Monroe co., Mich., in Exeter township, on the Chicago &, Canada Southern Pvailroad, 36 miles S.W. of Detroit. It has 2 churches, a hotel, a cheese- factory, a flour-mill, 4 stores, &:C. May Bell, a post-office of Sioux oo., Iowa. May'bei-ry, a post-office of Carroll co., Md. Mayberry, a township of Montour eo., P.a. Pop. 215. Mayberry Creek, a post-hamlet of Patrick co., Va., 40 miles S. of Christiansburg. It has a church. May'binton, a post-hamlet of Newberry co., S.C, about 45 miles N.W. of Columbia. It has a church. May'bole, a town of Scotland, co. and 7i miles by rail S. of Ayr. Pop. 3797. The town contains various stately antique buildings, including the castle, the ancient seat of the Oassilis family, also manufactures for Glasgow houses, employing numerous hands, mostly Irish. jllaycal'lin Creek, of Arkans.as, flows through Pope CO., and enters the Arkansas near the line of Johnson co. May Day, a post-office of Riley oo., Kansas, 16 miles N.E. of Clay Centre. Pop. of May Day township, 981. Maydourghaiit, mi-door-gawt', a town of India, Ni- zam's dominion, 140 miles S.E. of Hyderabad. Mayeii, mi'en, a walled town of Rhenish Prussia, 15 miles W. of Coblentz. It has manufactures of woollen cloth, red leather, and earthenware. Pop. 6839. Mayeiice, a town of Gei-many. See Mentz. Mayenfeld, mren-fSlt\ a town of Switzerland, in Grisons, near the Rhine, 11 miles N. of Chur. Pop. 1200. Mayenne, or La Mayenne, ma'y^nn' or niT^nn' (L. Mcdttana), a river of France, rises in the dei)artment of Orne, flows S., and unites with the Loir and Sarthe in forming the Maine; total course, about 125 miles, of which about 00 miles are navigable. Mayenne, a department in the N.W. of France, formed of part of the old province of Maine-et-Perche. Area, 1966 square miles. Pop. in 1876, 351,933. Surface gener- ally flat. Sufficient corn is raised for consumption ; cider and perry are extensively made ; lint and hemp are grown, and the forests furnish timber for the marine. Chief in- dustry, spinning and weaving of cotton and linen. Chief river, the Mayenne. The department is divided into the arrondissements of Chateau-Gonthicr, Laval, and Mayenne. Capital, Laval. Mayenne (L. Mednana), a town of France, department of Mayenne, 17 miles N.N.E. of Laval, chiefly on the right bank of the Miiyenne, but connected by a bridge with a suburb on the left bank. It has a large public square, .adorned with a fountain, a hotel de ville, two churches, and an old castle of the Lords of Mayenne, picturesquely overhanging the bridge. The manufactures of linen, calico, and ticks are important, and employ about 8000 persons in and around the town. There are also cotton-mills, bleach- fields, and dye-works. Pop. 8826. May'erville, or May'ersville, a post-village, capital of Issaquena co., Miss., on the Mississippi River, 70 miles above Vicksburg. It has a court-house and 3 churches. Cotton is shipped here. Mayesville, maz-vil, or Mays'ville, a post-village of Sumter co., S.C, in Maysville township, on the Wil- mington, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 51 miles E. of Columbia, and 9 miles E.N.E. of Sumter Court-House. It has manufactures of lumber. Pop. of the township, 1763. 87 Mayet, mi^yA' (L. Maiatum), a village of France, in Sarthe, 16 miles E.N.E. of La Fleohe. Pop. 1631. May'et'ta, a station of Ocean co., N.J., on the Tucker- ton Railroad, 6 miles N. of Tuckerton. May'field, a town of England, co. of Sussex, 8 miles S. of Tunbridge Wells. Remains of a palace, said to have been built by St. Dunstan, and long a residence of the arch- bishops of Canterbury, but now a nunnery, still exist. Pop. of parish, 2828. May'field, a post-village of Santa Clara co., Cal., in Fremont township, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 35 miles S.S.E. of San Francisco. It has 2 churches, a graded school, 2 hotels, and 5 stores. Pop. about 500. Mayfield, a post-office of Yankton co., Dakota. Mayfield, a post-hamlet of Hancock co., Ga., on the Ogeechee River, and on the Macon k Augusta Railroad, 61 miles W by S. of Augusta. Mayfield, a township of Do K.alb co.. 111. Pop. 941. Mayfield, a post-village, capital of Graves co., Ky., is near Slayfleld Creek, and on the Paducah & Memphis Rail- road, 26 miles S. of Paducah, and about 37 miles S.E. of Cairo, 111. It has a court-house, a college, 2 newspaper offices, a national bank, and 6 churches. Pop. 779. Mayfield, a township of Somerset co., Me. Pop. 96. Mayfield, a post-township of Grand Traverse co., Mich., about 40 miles N.E. of Manistee. Pop. 310. May- field village is on the Traverse City Railroad, 14 miles S.E. of Traverse City, It has a saw-mill, a store, and a hotel. Pop. 200. Mayfield, a township of Lapeer co., Mich. Pop. 1422. It contains Fish Lake and Five Lakes. Mayfield, a hamlet of Montgomery co.. Miss., 12 miles E. of Winona. Mayfield, a post-village in Mayfield township, Fulton CO., N.Y., on the Fond.a, Johnstown k Gloversville Railroad, 6 miles N.E. of Gloversville, and about 44 miles N.W. of Albany. It has 2 churches, and manufactories of leather, gloves, and mittens. Pop. about 200. The township is hilly, but fertile. Limestone is found in it. Pop. 2352. Mayfield, a post-office of Rockingham co., N.C. Mayfield, a post-township of Cuyahoga co., 0., about 15 miles E. of Cleveland. It is drained by the Chagrin River. Pop. 892. It cont.ains a hamlet named Mayfield, also 4 churches, 2 grist-mills, and a graded school. Mayfield, a post-office of Jackson co., Tenn. Mayfield, a post-office of S:m Pete co., Utah. Mayfield, a post-office of Washington co.. Wis. Mayfield Creek, Kentucky, rises in Graves co., and runs northward. It finally runs westward through Ballard CO., and enters the Mississippi River about 7 miles below Cairo, IlL It is nearly 90 miles long. May Flower, ma'flour, a station in Faulkner co.. Ark., on the Little Rock k Fort Smith Railroad, 20 miles N.W. of Argenta. May Flower, a post-office of Adams co., Neb. May'hew, a post-office and station of Walworth co.. Wis., in Troy township, on the railroad between Elkhorn and Eagle, 8 miles N. of Elkhorn. MayheAV's, a station in Sacramento eo., Cal., on the Sacramento Valley Railroad, 10 miles E. of Sacramento. Mayhew's Station, a post-villago of Lowndes co.. Miss., on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 89 miles N. of Me- ridian, and 12 miles W. of Columbus. It has a church. May Hill, a post-office of Adams co., 0. Maykiang, a river of Asia. See Me-Kong. Mayn, a river of Germany. See Main. May'nard, a post-hamlet of Fayette co., Iowa, on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad, 22 miles N. of Independence. It has 2 churches and a cheese- factory. Maynard, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mass., in Maynard township, on the Assabet River, and on the Marl- borough Branch of the Fitchburg Railroad, 10 miles E.S.E. of Marlborough, and 7 miles W.S.W. of Concord. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a woollen-factory, a paper- mill, and a powder-mill. Pop. of Maynard township, 1965. Maynard, a post-hamlet of Oneida co., N.Y., in Marcy township, on the Utica k Black River Railroad, 2^ miles N.W. of Utica. It has a church. May'ttiyd, or Hodge's Corners, a post-village in Grenville co.. Ontario, 5 miles W. of Prescott. Pop. 170. Maynard's Cove, a post-office of Jackson co., Ala., 8 miles N.W. of Bellefonte Station. May'nardville, a post-village, capital of Union co., Tenn., is in the fertile Raccoon valley, 24 miles N. by E. of Knoxville. It has 2 churches. Iron, zinc, and lead are said to be found here. Pop. 155. MAY 1378 MAY May'iiooth, a town of Ireland, co. of Kildaro, on the Royal Canal, with a station on the Irish Great Western Railway, 15 miles W.N.W. of Dublin. Pop. 1414. It has remains of a castle, formerly the chief seat of the Fitz- ceralds, a large Roman Catholic chapel and convent, and the Royal College of St. Patrick, founded in 1795, for the education of the Roman Catholic clergy. Mayo, mi'o, a river of Mexico, state of Sonora, enters the Gulf of California 100 miles S.E. of Guaymas, after a S.W. course of 130 miles. niayo, mi'o, one of the Cape Verd Islands, in the At- lantic, B. of Santiago. It is 15 miles long, with a rocky coast and sterile soil, its principal product being salt, from a natural lagoon. Chief port, Pinosa. Pop. 773. Mayo, an island of the Malay Archipelago, off the JN. coast of Celebes, 30 miles N. of Menado. Mayo, ini-o' or mi'o, a maritime county of Ireland, Con- nauo-ht, having E. the cos. of Sligo and Roscommon. Area, 213f square mTles. The coast-line is fringed with cliffs and islets and indented with innumerable inlets. The surface is mostly mountainous, but comprises many fertile and comparatively level tracts. Soil generally light, better suited to grazing than to tillage. Chief crops, flax, oats, and potatoes. The fisheries are valuable, and the county has marble- and slate-works. Iron ore is plentiful. Chief towns, Castlebar, Ballina, and Westport. It sends two members to tlie House of Commons. Pop. 246,030. Mayo, a parish of Ireland, Connaught, in a county of the same name, containing the village from which the county takes its name, 3 miles S.E. of Balla. Pop. 2141. May'o, a small river of Virginia and North Carolina, rises by two branches, the North Mayo and South Mayo, in Patrick oo. of the former state, and, flowing southeastward into North Carolina, enters the Dan River at Madison. May'o, a township of Roekinghaiu Co., N.C. Pop. 3539. It contains Madison. Mayo, a post-oEBce of Halifa.'C co., Va., about 35 miles E. of Danville. Mayo Forge, a post-office of Patrick co., Va. Mayomba, mi-yom'bi, Mayum'ba, or M^umba, mi-jum'bi, a town of the African coast, 120 miles N.W. of Loan^o, at the mouth of the Mayoinba in the Atlantic. It is the°capital of the country of Mayomba, which is rich in copper, ivory, and gum. May'o Park, a post-office of Grayson co., Ky. Mayovga, ma-yoix'gi, a town of Spain, province and 48 miles N.W. of Valladolid, on the Cea. Pop. 2100. Mayorga, a group of the Friendly Islands, in the Pa- cific, the chief of which is Varao. Mayotte, ml'yot', or Mayot'ta, one of the Comoro Islands forming, with some adjacent islets, a French colony. Area, 137 square miles. It lies 20 miles S.S.W. of Johanna, is mountainous but fertile, and exports cattle, sugar, rum, coffee, cocoa oil, Ac. , The natives are Mohammedans of mixed African, Arab, and Malagassy stock. Capital, Dza- oudzi. Pop. 10,875. Maypocha, a river of Chili. See Mapocha. Mayport, ma'port, a post-hamlet and bathing-place of Duval CO., Fla., on the ocean, at the mouth of St. John's River, 25 miles E.N.E. of Jacksonville. It has a church. Ma'ypu, mi-poo', a river of Chili, dep.artment of San- tian-o rises in the Andes, and, after a W. course of 130 miles, ent°ers the Pacific 40 miles S. of Valparaiso. The princi- pal affluent is the MelipiUa, which joins the Maypu 40 miles E. of the Pacific Ocean. The course of this moun- tain-stream is so impetuous that it can only be spanned by suspension-bridges. . ^, ... , ^ Maypu, a mountain-peak of the Andes, in Chili, lat. 33° 50' S. Height, 15,000 feet. Mayrena del Alcor, mi-ri'na del il-kou , a town of Spain, province and 13 miles E.N.E. of Seville. Pop. 4406. It has a castle, and a large horse- and eattle-fair. Mayres, main, a village of France, in Ardeehe, 12 miles N.W. of Largentiere. Pop. 943. Maysek, a village of Hungary. See Ma.isa. Maysfield, maz'feeld, a post- village of Milam co., Tex., 17 miles W.S.W. of Calvert. It has 4 churches and 1 or 2 academies. , ,i, .. May's I.and'iiig, a post-village, capital of Atlantic CO., N.J., in Hamilton township, on Great Egg Harbor River, at the head of navigation, on a branch of the Cam- den &. Atlantic Railroad, and near the Philadelphia & Atlantic City Railroad, 4S miles S.E. of Camden, and about 18 miles E.N.E. of Millville. It has 3 churches and a cotton-faotory. ■,■ a ■^ May's Lick, a post-village of Mason co., Ky., 4 miles from the MaysviUe A Lexington Railroad, and about 54 miles N.E. of Lexington. It has 4 churches, a seminary, and manufactures of carriages, ploughs, Ac. Pop. 199. May'spring, a post-office of Grainger co., Tenn. May's Station, a post-offioe of Edgar co.. III., on the Illinois Midland Railroad, 5 miles W. of Paris. MaysviUe, maz'vil, a post-hamlet of Madison eo., Ala., on the Memphis & Charleston Railroad, 124 miles E. of Huntsville. It has 2 churches. MaysviUe, a post-village of Benton eo., Ark., about 33 miles N.W. of Fayetteville. It has 5 churches, and manu- factures of machinery, wagons, Ac. Pop. about 200. MaysviUe, a post-village of Jackson eo., Ga., on the Northeastern Railroad, 13 miles S.E. of Lulah Junction, and 27 miles N. by W. of Athens. It has a church. Pop. about 400. MaysviUe, a post-office and station in Pike co.. 111., on the Hannib.al & Naples Railroad, at the junction of the Pittsfteld Branch, 33 miles E. of Hannibal, Mo. MaysviUe, Allen eo., Ind. See Harlas. MaysviUe, a hamlet of Daviess co., Ind., on the West Fork of White River, about 18 miles E. by S. of Vincennes. MaysviUe, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Iowa, about 40 miles W.N.W. of Cedar Falls. MaysviUe, a city, the capital of Mason co., Ky., is finely situated on the Ohio River, 60 miles above Cincin- nati, and about 50 miles below Portsmouth, 0. It is 79 miles N.E. of Lexington, with which it is connected by the MaysviUe & Lexington Railroad. A range of bold and verdant hills, rising near the S. border of the city, renders its appearance, as viewed from the river, very attractive. It contains a city hall, 11 churches, a national bank, 2 other banks, an academy, and printing-offices which issue 1 tri-weekly and 3 weekly newspapers. It has also 2 fiouring-mills, 2 distilleries of whisky, gas-works, 2 planing- mills, a cotton-faotory, 2 manufactories of farming-imple- ments, 6 of cigars, 3 of ploughs, 2 carriage-shops, a foundry, a brewery, 2 saw-mills, a railroad-car-shop, and a soap- factory. Large quantities of tobacco, hemp, pork, and other products are shipped here. MaysviUe was incor- porated as a city in 1833. Pop. 4705. MaysviUe, a township of Aroostook co.. Me., 42 miles N.N.W. of Houlton, is traversed by the Aroostook River. The village of Presque Isle joins it. Post-offices, East MaysviUe and MaysviUe Centre. MaysviUe, a post- village, capital of De Kalb co.. Mo., in Camden township, about 30 miles E.N.E. of St. Joseph. It has a court-house, a bank, a high school, a newspaper office, 3 churches, and manufactures of brooms, furniture, and wagons. Pop. about 500. MaysviUe, a post-offioe of Jones eo., N.C. MaysviUe, a hamlet of Columbiana co.. 0., on the Cleve- land &, Pittsburg Railroad, IS miles S.S.E. of Alliance. It has a grist-mill and a woollen-mill. MaysviUe, a hamlet of Wayne co., 0., 12 miles S.E. of Wooster. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. MaysviUe, a hamlet of Armstrong co.. Pa., in Kiski- minetas township, 3i miles N.N.E. of Salina. It has a church and a grist-mill. Here is Long Bun Post-Offioe. MaysviUe, Clarion co., Pa. See Mavville. MaysviUe, or Mayville, a village of Jefferson co.. Pa,., in Warsaw township, 7 or 8 miles N.E. of Brookville. It has 2 churches, 23 houses, and a tannery. Near here is Warsaw Post-OHice. MaysviUe, a hamlet of Mercer co., Pa., about 25 miles S.W. of Meadville. MaysviUe, South CaroUna. See Mayesville. MaysviUe, Virginia, See Buckingham Couht-House. MaysviUe, or Grant Court-House, a post-village, capital of Grant co., W. Va., 27 miles S. by W. of Keyser, and about 45 miles S.S.W. of Cumberland, Md. It is situ- ated in a hilly or mountainous region. It has 4 churches, 2 woollen-factories, a pottery, and a flour-mill. MaysviUe Centre, a post-office of Aroostook co.. Me. May'town, a post -village of Lancaster co.. Pa., in East Donegal township, 2 miles N.W. of Marietta, 15 miles W, of Lancaster, and 6 miles N.W. of Columbia. It has 4 churches, a chair-factory, 2 briok-yards, and 3 cigar-fac- tories. Pop. 613. Mayumba, or Majumba, Africa. See Mayomba. May'view', a post-hamlet of Champaign co.. 111., on the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western Railroad, 26 miles W. of Danville. It has a church. MayvieAV, a post-office of Buena AMsta eo., Iowa. Mayview, a post-office of Jewell co., Kansas. May view, a post-village of Lafayette oo.. Mo., in Washington township, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad. 7 miles W. of Higginsville. It has a church and a grist-mill. MAY MEA May'ville, a post-office of Tulare co., Cal. Mayville, a post-office of Traill oo., Dakota. Mayville, a village of Tuscola co., Mich., in Fremont township, 12 miles S.E. of Vassar. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of flour, lumber, sash, and doors. Tlie name of its post-office is May. Mayville, a township of Houston oo., Minn. Pop. 614. Mayville, a post-village, capital of Chautauqua co., N.Y., is beautifully situated at the head or northwest end of Chautauqua Lake, and on the Buffalo, Corry & Pittsburg Railroad, 18 or 20 miles N.W. of Jamestown, and 62 miles S.S.W. of Buffalo. It contains 6 churches, the Mayville union school, a flouring-mill, and a newspaper office. Steam- boats ply regularly between Mayville and Jamestown. Pop. 701. Mayville, or Maysville, a hamlet of Clarion co.. Pa., on Red Bank Creek, and on the Low Grade division of the Alleghany Valley Railroad, at May.sville Station, 89 miles N.E. of Pittsburg. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Here is New Mayville Post-Office. Mayville, a township of Clark co.. Wis. Pop. 260. Mayville, a post-vill.age in Williamstown township, Dodge CO., Wis., on Rock River, and on the Pond du Lac, Amboy A Peoria Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Horicon, and 22 miles S. by W. of Fond du Lac. It has 3 churches, a news- paper office, a foundry, a flouring-mill, a furniture-factory, and a blast-furnace. Iron-ore abounds here. Pop. 1069. May'wood, a post-village in Proviso township. Cook CO., 111., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, and on the Des Plaines River, 10 miles W. of Chicago. It has .3 churches, a union school, and 2 manufactories of ''Chicago Scrapers and Ditchers." Pop. about 1000. Maywood, a post-office of Marion co., Ind., on the In- dianapolis &, Vincennes Railroad, 4 miles W.S.W. of India- napolis. Maywood, a post-hamlet of Wyandotte co., Kansas, about lo miles S. by B. of Leavenworth. It has a church. Maywood, a post-hamlet of Benton co., Minn., in Maywood township, 20 miles E.N.E. of Sauk Rapids. Pop. of the township, 118. Maywood, a post-hamlet of Lewis eo., Mo., on the Fabius River, and on the Quincy, Missouri & Pacific Rail- road, 11 miles W. of Quincy, III. It has a church. Maywood, a post-hamlet of Bergen co., N.J., on the New Jersey Midland Railroad, 15 miles N. of Jersey City. It has sever.al fine residences and a manufactory of jewelry. Maywood, a post-office of Fayette co., W. Va. Mazaca, or C^sarea. See Kaisakeeveh. Mazagan, m^z^a-gin', a seaport of Morocco, lat. 33° 15' 30" N., Ion. 8° 26' 45" W., 120 miles S.W. of Cape Spartel. It exports grain, wool, wax. oil, and hides, has a good custom-house, a fort, and large granaries, and is a port of call for steamers. Its roadstead is sheltered to some ex- tent by a reef. It has a Catholic church .and a mosque. It was built by the Portuguese in 1566, and held by them till 1770. Pop. 2000, two-thirds Moors. Mazagao, mi-zi-gowN»', a town of Br.azil, province and about 190 miles W.N.W. of Par^, near the estuary of the Amazon. Maz'agon', or Maz'agong', a village of British In- dia, on the island of Bombay, chiefly inhabited by descend- ants of the Portuguese. It is now a part of the city of Boinbtiy. Mazalquivir, the Spanish for Merr-el-Kebir. Mazalteiiango, Guatemala. See MAziTEyANco. Mazamet, mii^zA^mi', a town of France, in Tarn, on the left bank of the Arnette, 12 miles S.E. of Castres. Pop. 10,770. It has extensive manufactories of broadcloth, serge, flannel, alpaca, tartans, &c., and large cloth-fairs, Mazan, mAHbn"', a village of France, in Ardeche, ar- rondissement of Largentiere. Pop. 1921. Mazan, a village of France, in Vaucluse, 5 miles E. of Carpentras. Pop. 1817. Mazanderan, m4-zin'der-in', or Mazanderoon, mi-zanMer-oon', a province of North Persia, mostly be- tween lat. 36° and 37° N. and Ion. 50° and 54° E. Pop. 150,000. Mazarambroz, m4-th4-r4ra-br4th'. a town of Spain, New Castile, 11 miles from Toledo. Pop. 1387. Mazarron, a town of Spain. See Almazarron. Mazaruni, Guiana. See Massaroony. Mazatenango, or Masatenaiigo, mi-zi-ti-nin'- go', a town of the republic of Guatemala, 190 miles W. of the capital. Pop. 12,000. Mazatlan, ni4z"at-la,n' or mi-s^t-Iin', a flourishing town and seaport of Mexico, in Cinaloa, at the entrance of the river Mazatlan into the Gulf of California, 183 miles S.E. of Cinaloa. Lat. 23° 11' 48" N. ; Ion. 106° 23' 45" W. It is built on the crest of some heights, and has a clean and healthy appearance. There are manj^ fine stores, well stocked with goods. The port is sheltered to some e.x- tent from the N. winds, but exposed to the W. and S. It is the seat of considerable commerce. It forms the outlet for the products of the mining districts of St. Sebastian, and has considerable imports of English goods. Pop. 12,706. Maze, mi^zi', a town of France, in Maine-et- Loire, on the Authion, 9 miles S.AV. of B.auge. Pop. 3597. Mazeena, or Mazina, m4-zee'na, a fort of Afghan- istan, 1 5 miles S.W. of Jelalabad. Mazep'pa, a post-village in Mazeppa township, Wa- basha co., Minn., on the railroad between Wabasha and Zum- brota, and on the Zumbro River, 20 miles S.W. of Lake City, and about 22 miles S. of Red Wing. It has 2 churches, a high school, and a flouring-mill. Pop. 40(1. Pop. of the township in 1875, 512. Alazeres, miV.ain' (L. Maceriie), a town of France, in Ari«ge, on the Lez, 10 miles N. of Pamiers. Pop. 2521. Mazira, an island of Arabia. See Massera. Mazo, mi'so, a town of the Canary island Palma, on its E. coast. Pop. 3511. Mazomaiiie, mi-zo-ma'nee. n post-village of Daneco., Wis., in Mazomanie township, on Black Earth Creek, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 23 miles W.N.W. of Madison, and 22 miles S. of Baraboo. It con- tains a bank, 3 or more churches, several hotels, a high school, a newspaper office, and manufactures of fanning- mills and milk-safes. Pop. 1143. The Wisconsin River touches the N.W. corner of the township. Pop. of the township, 1635. Mazon, mA-zon', a small post-village of Grundy co., III., in Mazon township, on the Chicago, Pekin & South- western Railroad, 28 miles S.W. of Joliet. Coal is mined here. It has a church. Pop. of the townsliip, 1005. Mazon Creek, Illinois, rises in Livingston co., runs N., and enters the Illinois River at Morris, in Grundy co. Mazufurahad, India. See Miizuffurabad. Mazura, an island of Arabia. See Massera. Mazye, mi-zi', a large village of Afghanistan, in the Pisheen Valley, 40 miles N. of Shawl. Mazzara, mit-si'ri (anc. Miiasara and Emporium), a town of Sicily, 26 miles by rail S. of Trapani, at the mouth of the Salemi. Pop. 12,155. It is enclosed by Saracenic walls, and has narrow, unpaved, dirty streets. Its public buildings comprise a cathedral, bishop's palace, senate house, several convents, a hospital, college, theatre, and a caricatore for warehousing corn. Mazzarino, mit-si-ree'no, a town of Sicily, province and 14 miles S.E. of Caltanisetta, with a college and palace. Pop. 11,951. Mazze, a village of Italy. See Masse. Mazzo, mit'so, a village of Italy, province of Sondrio, S. of Bormio. Pop. 837. Mdoukal, m'doo'kil' (?), a village of Algeria, in the Sahara, at the S.E. extremity of Lake Hodna, 97 miles S.W. of Constantino. Meacham, mee'cham, a post-office of Da Page co., III., on the Chicago & Pacific Railroad, 22 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. Meacham, a township of Marion co., III. Pop. S35. Meacliam's, a station in Sonoma co., Cal., on the Fulton & Guerneville Railroad, 2 miles from Fulton. Meaco, a city of Japan. See Kioto. Meacsima, islets of Japan. See Meaksiha. Mead, meed, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa, on the Sabula, Ackley & Dakota Railroad, about 9 miles N.W. of Lyons. Here is a church. iMead, a township of Belmont co., 0. Pop. 850. It contains Businessburg. Mead, a township of Crawford co.. Pa. Pop. 2421, ex- clusive of Meadvillc. Mead, a township of Warren Co., Pa. Pop. 463. Meaday, mi-i-dl', a ruined town of Burmah, on the Irrawaddy, 40 miles N. of Prome. Mead Corners, a post-office of Crawford co., Pa., 4 miles E. of Meadville. Meade, meed, a county of Kentucky, borders on In- diana. Area, about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the N. and N.W. by the Ohio River. The surface is undu- lating, and nearly half of it is covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. Cavernous limestone of good quality underlies the soil. Capital, Brandenburg. V.aluation of real and personal estate, S2,800,000. Pop. in 1370, 9485, of whom 9379 were Americans. MEA MEA JUeade^ a township of Huron co., Mich. Pop. 290. Meade, a post-hamlet of Macomb co., Mich., about 28 miles N. by E. of Detroit. It has a church. Meadland, meed'land. a post-hamlet of Taylor co., W. Va., 4 miles N. of Pleinington Railroad Station. Mead'orsville, a post-ofRce of Whitley co., Ky. Meadow, med'o, a post-office of Rock co., Minn. MeadoAV, a township of Johnston co., N.C. Pop. 1043. Meadow, a post-office of Millard co., Utah. Meadow, a station in Henrico co., Va., on the Rich- mond & York River Railroad, 11 miles E. of Richmond. Meadow Bluff, a post-office of Greenbrier co., W. Va., 14 miles N. of Alderson Station. Meadow Branch, a post-office of Jackson co., 0. Meadow Bridge, a post-office of Henrico co., Va. 3Ieadow Brook, a post-office of Johnson co., Kansas, 15 miles S. by AV. of Kansas City. Meadow B rook, a post-office of Washington co.,Tenn. Meadow Creek, Utah, rises in Tooele eo., runs south- ward, and enters Sevier River on the N. border of Millard CO. It is about SO miles long. Meadow Creek, a post-office of Whitley co., Ky. Meadow Creek, post-office, Madison co., Montana. Meadow Creek, a post-office of Grayson co., Va. Meadow Creek Station, a post-hamlet of Summers CO., W. Va., on New River, and on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 136 miles E.S.E. of Huntington, and 12 miles N. of Hi n ton. MeadoAV Dale, a post-office of Highland co., Va., about 40 miles N. of Millborough Depot. 3IeadowfieId, a post-office of Hancock co., Tenn. Meadow Gap, a jsost-office of Huntingdon co., Pa. Meadow Hill, a post-office of Wilkes co., N.C. Meadow Lawn, a station in Jefferson co., Ky., on the Louisville &, Paducah Railroad, 15 miles S.W. of Louisville. MeadoAV Mills, a post-office of Frederick co., Va., is at Cedar Creek Railroad Station, 14 miles S.W. of Win- chester. Here is a flour-mill. Meadow River, West Virginia, rises in Greenbrier CO., runs N.W., and forma the boundary between the cos. of Fayette and Nicholas, until it enters the Gauley River. MeadOAVS, a station in Pueblo co., Col., on the Caiion City Branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, 19 miles W. of South Pueblo. MeadoAVs, a post-hamlet of McLean cc, 111., on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, II miles E. of El Paso. It has 3 grain-elevators and 2 stores. Meadows, a township of Stokes co., N.C. Pop. 2065. Meadows of Dan, a post-office of Patrick co., Va. MeadoAVvale, a post-village in Peel co,, Ontario, on the river Credit, 6 miles S. of Brampton. It has good water-power, flour-, oatmeal-, and saw-mills. Pop. 300. MeadoAV Valley, a post-office of Plumas cc, Cal. MeadoAV Valley, a post-office and shipping-point of Juneau co., Wis., on the Wisconsin Valley Railroad, 21 miles N.E. of Tomah. Meadow View, a post-hamlet of Washington eo., Va., on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 7 miles E. by N. of Abingdon. Meadowville, a post-hamlet of Rich co., Utah, about 60 miles N. of Evanston. Meadowville, a post-hamlet of Barbour co., W. Va., ■about 24 miles S. by E. of Grafton. Meads, meedz, a station of Washington co.. Neb., on the Omaha &. Northwestern Railroad, 5 miles N. of Blair. 3Iead's Creek, a post-office of Steuben co.,N.Y., about 14 miles S.E. of Bath. Mead's Mills, or Waterford, a post-village of Wayne co., Mich., in Plymouth township, on Rouge River, and on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, 25 miles W. of Detroit. It has a foundry and machine-shop. P. 200. Meadville, Barry co., Mich. See Sheridan. Meadville, meed'vil, a hamlet of Ingham co., Mich., in Ingham township, 25 miles S.E. of Lansing. Meadville, a post-village, capital of Franklin co., Miss., on the Homochitto River, about 80 miles S.S.W. of Jackson. It has 2 churches and a newspaper office. Meadville, a post-village of Linn co., Mo., on the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, 14 miles E. of Chillicotho, and 90 miles E. of St. Joseph. It has 2 churches, a wagon- shop, and a plough-factory. Pop. about 400. Meadville, a hamlet of Wayne co., N.Y., on the Erie Canal, 5 miles S.E. of Clyde. Meadville, *a city, the capital of Crawford co., Pa., is pleasantly situated on French Creek, and on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 44 miles S.W. of Corry, 36 miles S. of Erie, 24 miles W. of Titusville, and 100 miles N. of Pittsburg. It is the principal market of a fertile and pop- ulous county, the staple products of which are petroleum, lumber, butter, grain, &c. It has one of the finest court- houses in the state, 12 or 13 churches, a high school, 2 large and handsome public school buildings, 2 national banks, 2 savings-banks, 2 other banks, a public library, and a Unitarian theological seminary with a library of 12,000 volumes. On an eminence ^ mile N. of the city stands Alleghany College (Methodist Episcopal), which was or- ganized in 1815 and has a library of 12,000 volumes. One daily and 3 weekly newspapers are published here. Meadville also has a public park, several machine-shops, oil-refineries, a large woollen-mill, manufactures of engines, farming-implements, carriiiges, wooden shoes, and the car- works and machine-shops of the railroad, which cover an area of acres. The Franklin Branch Railroad connects Meadville with Oil City. It received its city charter in 1866. Poj). in 1870, 7103; present pop. about 10,000. Meadville, a post-village of Halifax co., Va., on the Banis'toi- River, about 28 miles N.E. of Danville. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Meaford, mee'ford, formerly Saint Vin'cent, a post- village in Grey co., Ontario, at the mouth of Big Head River in Georgian Bay, at the N. terminus of the Northern Railway, 22 miles W.N.W. of Collingwood, It contains 6 hotels, 2 printing-offices, flour- and saw-mills, a pottery, manufactories of woollens, iron castings, boots and shoes, wooden-ware, leather, fanning-mills, carriages, wagons, &q., and has a large export trade in grain and country produce. Pop. 1200. Meagher, mce'gher, a large county in the central part of Montana. It is bounded on the W. by the Missouri River, and partly drained b,y the Muscle Shell and Judith Rivers. The surface is diversified with mountains, large treeless plains, and fertile valleys. In the central part of the county is a range called the Belt Mountains. The soil produces wheat, barley, oats, &c. Gold is the chief article of export. The reported value of the gold mined in this county in 1870 was $464,383, which was mostly obtained from placer-mines. Capital, Diamond City. Valuation of real and personal estate, $696,610. Pop. in 1870, 1387, of whom 941 were Americans. Meagsville, meegz'vil, post-office, Jackson co., Tenn. Meahgunge, md-S.-gunj', a walled town of India, 24 miles S.W. of Lucknow. Meain, me^an', a town of India, in the Punjab, division of Rawil-Pinde. Pop. 6857. Meaksinia,or Meacsima,mi-^k-see'm4, some islets of Japan, W. of the S. part of Kioo-Sioo. Mealfourvounie, mil-foor-voo'nee, a mountain of Scotland, co. of Inverness, on the W. side of Loch Ness, Elevation, 2700 feet. 31eal'y Mountains, a hill-chain in Labrador, British North America, near its E. coast, between Cape Charles and Sandwich Bay. Estimated height, 1480 feet. Meana, m^-a'n^, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 27 miles W.S.W. of Turin, on the Clusone. Pop. 1711. Meana, a village of the island of Sardinia, division and 50 miles N. of Cagliari. Pup. 1700. 31ean'der Creek, of Ohio, flows into the Mahoning River about 7 miles below Warren. Meau'ee, a village of Afghanistan. Lat. 29° 21' N. : loD. 70° 40' B. Mean'ee {'* fishing-place"), a maritime town of India, 75 miles N.W. of Joonaghur. Meanee, a village of Sinde, on the Fulailee branch of the Indus, 5 miles N. of Hyderabad, and where British troops defeated a Beloochee force, February 17, 1843. 31eanee, a town of Sinde, on the Indus, 45 miles S.W. of Hyderabad. Meanee, a town of the Punjab, on the Ravee, over which is a much-frequented ferry, 21 miles N.W, of Lahoje. Meanee, a village of Sinde, 5 miles N.W. of Sehwan. Lat. 26° 24' N.j Ion. 67° 55' E. Meangis (mi^^ng'ghis ormd-in'gheez) Isles, a group in the M:ilay Archipelago, about lat. 5° N., Ion. 127° E., 9U miles S.E. of Mindanao, Chief island, Nanusa. Mean Meer, a town of India, in the Punjab, forming almost a suburb of Lahore, on its S.E. side. Pop. 13,757. 3Ieans, Harrison co., 0. See Cadiz JuNCTioJf. Mearim, a river and town of Brazil, See MiAitiM. Mears,meer'/;, a post-hamlet in Golden township, Oceana CO., Mich., on the Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore Rail- road, 7 miles S. of Pentwater. It has a church, 3 lumber- mills, and a shingle-mill. Pop. about 150. Mears Ululf, a post-oflice of Brunswiok co., N.C, nnJ MEA 1381 MEC a station on the Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 3 miles from Wilmington, also on the Carolina Central Ejiilroad and Cape Fear River. Meat Camp) a post-township of Watauga co., N.C. Pop. 370. Meath) meerH, a county of Ireland, Leinster, having E. Dublin and the Irish Sea. Area, 906 square miles. Surface mostly flat. Principal river, the Boyne. Soil chieHy a rich chiyey loam, on limestone or gravel. Chief towns, Trim (the capital), Kells, and Navan. The county sends two members to the House of Commons. Previous to the Anglo-Norman conquest, the King of Meath was su- preme monarch of Ireland. Pop. 9o,55S. Meauwataka, mo-wat'a-ka, a post-hamlet of AVcxford CO., Mich., on Lake Meauwataka, about 30 miles S. by E. of Traverse City. It has a church and a saw-mill. Meaux, mo (anc. latl'uum or Jati'iimn, afterwards Mcl'di), a town of France, department of Seine-et-Marne. 27 miles E.N.E. of Paris, on the Marne, and. on the rail- way' to Strasburg. Pop. 11,739. It has a tribunal of com- merce, a communal college, a fine Gothic cathedral founded in the twelfth century, a library of 16,000 volumes, and trade in grain and cheese. It is the see of a bishop, and has courts of first resort, a scientific society, 9 flouring-mills, and manufactures of cotton, farming-implements, Ac. Here is a monument to Bossuet, who was Bishop of Meaux. Meaux was taken by the Normans in 862, and, after a regular siege, by the English in U2I. Mebanesville, meb'anz-vil, a post-village of Ala- mance CO., N.C, on the railroad which connects Raleigh with Greensborough, 50 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh. There are several churches near it. It has a military school or academy and a cotton-factory. Mebarrez, El, Arabia, See El MEUAnuEZ. Me^can', a small river of Wisconsin, rises in Waushara CO, runs southeastward through Marquette co., and enters the Fox River 5 or 6 miles E.N.E. of Montello. Mecan, a township of Marquette co., Wis. Pop. 708. Mecca, or Mekka, rafik'ka, written also Mekkeh {anc. Macora'ba ; Fr. Mecqne, mdk), the most celebrated city of Arabia, the seat of the Mohammedan religion, 65 miles E. of Jiddah. Lat. 21° 38' N. ; Ion. 40° 8' E. It is styled by Mohammedans EI Mosherefe (the noble), Om-El- Kora (the mother of towns), &g. Mecca stands in a nar- row, sandy valley, from 100 to 700 paces broad, extending in a general direction N. and S., enclosed by sterile hills from 200 to 500 feet high, without tree or verdure, and is ill supplied with water. In its centre is the Beitu-'Ilah (house of God), or E!-IIaram (the inviolable), the great mosque, enclosing the Kaaba, dividing the whole into the northern and southern towns, these again being subdivided into 25 quarters, exclusive of the suburbs, which stretch in single lines of houses along the narrow parts of the valley. Mecca is in itself a good-looking city, the streets being wider than is usual in Eastern towns, the houses of stone, often three stories high, and well lighted. The castle, on its S.E. side, near the Shereef's house, is large enough for a garrison of 1000 men, and is thought by the Arabs to be impregnable. The city is annually filled at the time of the Haj or pilgrimage, when apartments in almost every house are hired to strangers, and thousands besides encamp out- side the town. This pilgrimage, customary among the Arabs in early and idolatrous ages, and subsequently en- joined by Mohammed on all his followers, is the foundation of Mecca's fame, and the onl}- source of her wealth. The great temple of the Beitu-*IIah is an unsymmetrical patchwork of ancient fragments, without any pretension to unity of style. It may be entered by 19 doors, and is adorned with 7 minarets. Within, the great four-sided court of the temple, surrounded by colonnades of irregular pillars, is about 250 paces long and 200 wide; and nearly in the middle of it, in a hollow, stands the Kaaba, or sacred house, erected in 1627, measuring in length about IS paces, in width 1-1 paces, and in height not exceeding 10 feet. The sides are completely covered by the Kcswa, — that is, the veil or curtain of rich black silk, which is renewed every year. In two places only is this covering removed, one so as to expose a gray stone at the S.E. end of the build- ing, which it is thouglit meritorious to touch ; and, in like manner, at the N.E. angle is exposed the celebrated black stone, the kissing of which is a chief object of the pilgrim- age. Besides the pulpit of the Imdm, and the desks as- signed to the doctors of the different sects, there are several irregular buildings round the Kaaba. In one of these is the famous well of Zemzem, alleged to be the one whence Hagar obtained water for Ishmael. Its waters are per- fectly fresh, though every other spring in the neighbor- hood is brackish. Among the pilgrims they are devoutly believed to be a sure remedy for ail bodily ailments, and even salutary for the soul. The inhabitants of Mecca are, with the exception of a few HejAzf Bedouin, all strangers by birth or parentage, being mostly settlers, or children of settlers, attracted hither by gain. The colleges of Mecca have fallen to decay, and the libraries, once rich, have totally disappeared. As Mecca., during the pilgrimage, is visited by from 100,000 to 200,000 strangers, it becomes for three or four months in the year the greatest market in the East ; its merchants occasionally accumulate large fortunes. On the other band, the beggars of the holy city are importunate as well as numerous. The Shereefs, or direct descendants of Mohammed, are now a numerous and widely-spread bod}'. These nobles, as they may be called, elect the Shereef of Mecca, and their choice is confirmed by the Ottoman Sultan. The stationary popu- lation of Mecca is estimated at between 25,000 and 30,000, including some 3000 or 4000 Abyssinian and negro slaves. Adj. and inhab. Meccawee (Meccawi), m^k'k4-wee^, sometimes written Meccawav. Mec'ca, a post-village of Trumbull co., 0., in Mecca township, on Musquito Creek, 4 miles N. of Cortland, and about 22 miles N. by W. of Youngstown. It has 4 churches. Here are many oil-wells, which hiive produced much excel- lent lubricating oil. Pop. of the township, 935. Mecejana, mA-si-zhS,'n3., a village of Brazil, province and 12 miles E. of CearA. Pop. 2000. Mechader, mi-chS,'d?r, a town of Arabia, Yemen, 84 miles S. of Sana, with residence of the governor. Mechanic, me-kan'ik, a township of Holmes co., 0. Pop. 1066. It has much cannel coal. Mechanic Falls, a post-village in Minot and Poland townships, Androscoggin co.. Me., on an affluent of the Androscoggin River, and on the Grand Trunk Railroad and the Portland & Oxford Central Railroad, 30 miles N. by W. of Portland. It has extensive manufactures of paper, and a manufactory of rifles, also a newspaper otfice and 4 churches. Mechanicsbiirg, me-kan'iks-burg, a post-village in Mechanicsburg township, Sangamon co.. 111., 3 miles S. of Buffalo Station, and on the Wabash Railroad, 14 miles E. of Springfield. It has 3 churches, a bank, and a flour- mill. Pop. 366; of the township, 1443. Mechanicsburg, a hamlet of Boone co., Ind., 8 miles N. of Lebanon. It has a church. Mechanicsburg, a post-village of Henry co., Ind. 12 miles N.W. of New Castle. It has a church. Pop. 133. Mechanicsburg, a post-village in Goshen township. Champaign co., 0., on the railroad which connects Dela- ware with Springfield, IS miles N.E. of the latter, and about '32 miles W.N.W. of Columbus. It has 2 banks, 4 churches, a union school, a newspaper office, a foundry, 2 planing-mills, a machine-shop, and a woollen-factory. Pop. 940. Mechanicsburg, a post-borough of Cumberland co.. Pa., on the Cumberland Valley Railroad, S miles W.S.W. of Harrisburg, and 10 miles E. of Carlisle. It has S churches, a town hall, 2 national banks, the Cumberland Valley In- stitute, the Irving Female College, 2 newspaper offices, sev- eral paper-mills, gas-works, &q. A branch railroad extends from this town southward to Dillsburg. Large quantities of iron ore are shipped here. Pop. 2569. Mechanicsburg, a village of Indiana co., Pa., about 36 miles W. of Altoona. It has 2 churches. The name of its post-office is Brush Valley. Pop. 204. Mechanicsburg, a village of Westmoreland co.. Pa., in Ligonier township, 12 miles S.E. of Latrobe. It has 2 churches, a tannery, and a flour-mill. Coal and iron ore are found here. Mechanicsburg, a post-village of Bland co., Va., at the N.W. base of Walker's Mountain, about 100 miles (direct) W. by S. of Lynchburg. It has 2 flour-mills, a woollen-mill, and several churches. Coal is found here about 200 feet below the surface. Mechanic's Grove, a post-village in Drumore town- ship, Lancaster co.. Pa., about 18 miles S.S.E. of Lancaster, and 2^ miles from Fairmount Station. It has a church and manufactures of carriages and farm-implements. MechauicstOAvn, me-kan'iks-town, a post-village of Frederick co., Md., is at the base of Catoctin Mountain, on the Western Maryland Railroad, 57 miles W.N.W. of Baltimore, and 27 miles E. of Hagerstown. It has 4 or 5 churches, a newspaper office, an academy, and 2 tanneries. Pop. 583. Mechanicstown, a post-village in Fox township, Carroll co., 0., 30 miles S.E. of Canton. It has 3 churches. MEC 1382 MED Mechanic's Valley, a post-office of Cecil co., Md. Mechanic's Valley, a post-hamlet of Bucks co., Pa., in Buckingham township, 2^ miles from Doylestovvn. It has a grist-mill and a carriage-shop. MechanicsviUe, mo-kan'iks-vil, a post-office of Lee CO., Ala. MechanicsviUe, a post-hamlet of Windham CO., Conn., in Thompson township, on the Quinebaug River, and on the Norwich & Worcester Railroad, 35 miles N.N.E. of Norwich. It has a manufactory of fancy cassimere. MechanicsviUe, a post-office of Jasper co., Ga. MechanicsviUe, a post-office of Vanderburg co., Ind., about 3 miles N.E. of Evansville. MechanicsviUe, a post-village of Cedar co., Iowa, in Pioneer township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- road, 24 miles E. by S. of Cedar Rapids, and 15 miles S. of Anamosa. It has a newspaper office, a high school, 2 bank- ing-houses, and 4 churches. Pop. 59S. MechanicsviUe, a post-village of St. Mary's co., Md., about 44 miles S.S.W. of Annapolis. It has 2 churches. MechanicsviUe, a post-hamlet of St. Charles co.. Mo., about 33 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis. It has a church. MechanicsviUe, a small village in Readington town- ship, Hunterdon CO., N.J., li miles from White House Sta- tion, and about 20 miles S.W. of Morristown. It has a church and 2 stores. MechanicsviUe (North Oakfteld Post-Office), a ham- let in Oakfield township, Genesee co., N.Y., 10 miles N.N.W. of Batavia. It has manufactures of staves and heading. Pop. .about 150. MechanicsviUe, a post-village of Saratoga co., N.Y., in Half Moon and Stillwater townships, on the W. bank of the Hudson River, on the Champlain Canal and, the Rens- selaer & Saratoga Railroad, IS miles N. of Albany, and 14 miles S.E. of Ballston. It has an academy, 4 churches, and manufaoturesof sash, blinds, and linen thread. P. 1075. 3Iechanicsville, a post-office of Ashtabula co., 0. MechanicsviUe, a post-hamlet of Bucks co.. Pa., about 20 miles N.W. of Trenton, N.J. MechanicsviUe (Wesley Post-Office), a village of Venango co., Pa., in Irvin township, about 16 miles S.S.W. of Franklin. It has 2 churches. MechanicsviUe, a post-hamlet of Sumter co., S.C, 12 miles N. of Sumter Court-House. It has a church. MechanicsviUe, a post-hamlet of Cannon co., Tenn., 10 miles E. of Woodbury. It has a church and a tannery. MechanicsviUe, a post-village of Rutland co., Vt., in Mount Holly township, 2 miles from Mount Holly, and 18 miles S.S.E. of Rutland. It has a church, a lumber-mill, &a. MechanicsviUe, a hamlet of Fauquier co., Va., 2i miles from Delaplaine Station. It has a church and a carriage-shop. MechanicsviUe, a post-office of Loudoun co., Va. Mechelen, m^K'eh-len, a village of Belgium, in Lim- bourg, on the Meuse, 14 miles E.N.E. of Hasselt. Mechin, Quebec. See Dalibaike. Mechlin, mSk'lin (Dutch pron. meic'lin, almost mia'- lin), or Mechelen, m^K'el-en (L. Mechlin'ia; Ger. Mcch- eln, mSK'Sln; Fr. Maliues, mJMeen'), a city of Belgium, province and 14 miles S.S.E. of Antweq), divided into two portions by the Dyle. Pop. 44.950. It is the central station for the railways which traverse Belgium in all directions. Principal edifices, a cathedral of the twelfth century, con- taining the " Last Supper," by Rubens (whose " Adoration of the Magi" is in the church of St. John, here) ; church of the Recollets, with Vandyke's famous " Crucifi.-cion ;" archbishop's palace, town hall, arsenal, cannon-foundry, Franciscan convent, and the beguinage. Mechlin is the see of the archbishop primate of Belgium and the residence of a military commandant, and hiis a diocesan college, an acad- emy of painting and architecture, and a society of fine arts. Its chief manufactures are of shawls, woollen stuffs, tobacco, starch, lace, and beer: it has also an extensive trade in flax, corn, and oil, and communicates with Louvain by a canal navigable for vessels of 100 tons. Mechlin appears to have been founded in the fifth century. For some time it was governed by its own counts. Its greatest prosperity was in the fourteenth century, when it had important manufactures. Mechoacan, a state of Mexico. See Michoacan. Me'chum's River, a post-village of Albemarle co., Va., on the Chesapeake &, Ohio Railroad, and on a small river of its own name, 10 miles W. of Charlottesville. It has a church and a flour-mill. Meckenheim, mSk'k?n-hIme\ a village of Rhenish Bavaria, 4 miles S.E. of Dilrkheim. Pop. 1915. Meckenheim, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 22 miles S.S.E. of Cologne. Pop. 1B97. Meckesheim, m5k'kes-hime\ a village of Baden, on the Elsens, 8 miles S.E. of Heidelberg. Pop. 1224. Meck'lenburg, a county of North Carolina, borders on South Carolina. Area, about 650 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Catawba River. The surface is hilly and extensively covered with forests. The soil is mostly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, grass, and pork are the staple products. Among its mineral resources are gold and granite. This county is partly traversed by rail- roads named the North Carolina, the Charlotte, Columbia k Augusta, the Atlantic, Tennessee k Ohio, and the Atlanta k Richmond Air-Line. These all meet at Charlotte, which is the capital of this county. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $8,611,846. Pop. in 1870, 24,299, of whom 24,047 were Americans. aiecklenburg, a county in the S. part of Virginia, borders on North Carolina. Area, about 650 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Meherrin River, and inter- sected by the Roanoke River, which is formed in the S.W. part of the county by the union of the Dan with the Staun- ton River. The surface is finely diversified with hills and fertile valleys, and a large part of it is covered with forests. Tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork ai'e the staple products. Granite is found here. Capitivl, Boydton. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $6,090,785. Pop. in 1870, 21,318, of whom 21,298 were Americans. Mecklenburg, a post- village in Hector township, Schuyler co., N.Y., 12 miles W. of Ithaca. It contains 3 churches, a hotel, a foundry, a flour-mill, a tannery, a bar- rel-factory, Ac. Pop. about 350. Mecklenburg- (or Meklenburg-) Schwerin, mik'len-burg shwd,-reen' (Ger.pron. mdk'len-booKG' shwi- reen'),' a grand duchy of the German Empire, bounded N. by the Baltic Sea, W. by the principality of Ratzeburg, S.W. by Hanover, S. by Prussia, and E. by Prussia and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Lat.from 53° 7' to 64° 16' N.; Ion. from 10° 40' to 13° 10' E. Area, 6137 square miles. The surface is generally flat, the only exception being a ridge of low hills which forms the watershed between the basins of the Elbe and the Baltic. The sea-coast is low, and in- dented by several bays, of which the largest is that of Wismar. Lakes are very numerous, and indeed form one of the characteristic features of the country. The soil is fertile, and produces corn in such abundance as to leave a large surplus for export. The other principal crops are pease, beans, potatoes, .and turnips. Both horses and cattle are exported, and wool has become one of the most impor- tant sources of revenue. The distillation of spirits from grain is largely carried on. The government is a limited monarchy, and intimately connected with that of Mecklen- burg-Strelitz. Each duchy has its separate states, but both bodies annually meet together, and have power to make laws and impose taxes for the whole of Mecklenburg. Cap- ital, Schwerin. Largest town, Rostock. . Pop. 553,785. Meck'lenburg- (orMek'lenburg-) Strel'itz (Ger. pron. mSk'len-booRG^ stri'lits), a grand duchy of the Ger- man Empire, intimately connected with the above, consist- in" of two larger and several smaller districts. The former (called respectively the Duchy of Strelitz and the Princi- pality of Ratzeburg) are separated by the interposition of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Area, 1131 square miles. The physical features of this duchy do not ditter essentially from those of Mecklenburg-Schwerin above described. The house of Mecklenburg is the oldest reigning family in Europe. Capital, Neu-Strelitz. Pop. 95,673. Meck'ling, a post-hamlet of Clay co., Dakota, on the Dakota Southern Railroad, 18 miles E. of Yankton. Meco, mi'ko, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 21 miles from Madrid. Pop. 1413. Mecos'ta, a county in the W. central part of Michigan, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Muskegon River, and is partly drained by the Chippewa River." The surface is undulating or nearly level, and ex- tensively covered with forests, in which the sugar-maple, oak, and other trees abound. The soil is fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes are the staples. This county is inter- sected by the Grand Rapids k Indiana Railroad. A branch of the Chicago k West Michigan Railroad terminates in it. Capital Bi" Rapids. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,587,455. Pop. in 1870, 5642; in 1874, 9132. Mecosta, a township of Mecosta co., Mich. Pop. 392. ■Jle'cox Bay, a small bay on the S. side of Suffolk co., N.Y. (Long Island), E. of Shinnecook Bay. On it is the village of Water Mill. Mecque, the French name of Mecca. Medak, niA'dik', a village of Croatia, 12 miles from Gospiuh. Pop. 1327. MED MED Itleda'iio Springs, a, post-office of Costilla co., Col. Med'ary, a post-village, capital of Brookings co., Da- kota, in Meilary township, on the Big Sioux River, and on the route of the Sioux City & Peuibina Railroad, 50 miles N. of Sioux Falls. It has a church and a cheese-factory. jMedary is surrounded by fertile, undulating prairies, diver- sified with beautiful groves of good timber. Meda'ryville, a post-village of Pulaski co., Ind., on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 46 miles N. of Lafayette. Pop. 19:!. Med'dybemps, or Uled'ybemps, a post-township of AVashington co., Me., 35 miles JN'.N.E. of Machias, bounded N. by a large lake of the same name. Pop. 200. Mede, mi'di, a town of Italy, province of Pavia, 26 miles by rail S. of Novara, in a fertile plain. It has silk- mills and other manufactories. Pop. 6209. Medeah, mi-di'd (anc. Latnida), a town of Algeria, province and 40 miles S.S.W. of Algiers. It is supplied with water by means of an aqueduct. Pop. :i620. Medebach, mi'd^h-biK\ or Madebeke, mi'd^h- bi^k^h, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 32 miles S.E. of Arnsberg. Pop. 2153. Medeenet-Aboo, or Medinet-Abu, mi-doe'n5t-i- boo', a village of Upper Egypt, on that part of the ruins of Thebes lying on the W. bank of the Nile, opposite Luxor, and comprising the remains of its chief temples. See Thebks. Medeeyad, or Itlediyad, me-dee'j'id', a small town of Asiatic Turkey, in a populous plain, 35 miles S. of Sort. It is the residence of a governor. Ifledelliii, mi-D^l-yeen', a town of Spain, province and 52 miles E. of Badajos, on the (juadiana. Pop. 1555. Hernando Cortez was born here in 1485. Medellin, mi-d^l-yeen', a city of the United States of Colombia, capital of the state of Antioquia, between the Cordilleras of the Andes, 4S miles S.E. of Antioquia. Ele- vation, 5030 feet. Pop. estimated at 14,000. It is pic- turesquely situated, has a mint, is a bishop's see, and is an entrepot for a considerable region. JHedellin, a river of Mexico, state of Vera Cruz, en- ters the Gulf of Mexico about 5 miles S. of that city, after an E. course of 25 miles. Medellin, a town of Mexico, 15 miles by rail from Vera Cruz. Medeinblik, mS,'dem-bIeek\ a town of the Nether- lands, in North Holland, on the Zuyder Zee, 9 miles N.W. of Enkhuysen. Pop. 2193. Medeuice, mi'deh-neet'si, a village of Austria, in Ga- licia, 36 miles from Sambor, on the Letnienka. Pop. 2010. Me'derville, a post-hamlet of Clayton co., Iowa, about 48 miles N.W. of Dubuque. Medesano, m4-di-sa'no, a village of Italy, 10 miles S.W. of Parma, on the Taro. Pop. of commune, 4054. Med'field, a post-village in Medfield township, Nor- folk CO., Mass., on the Boston, Clinton & Eitchburg Rail- road and the Boston, Hartford & Erie Railroad, IS miles S.W. of Boston. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of carriages and straw goods. The township is drained by the Charles River. Pop. of the township, 1163. Med'ford, a post-office of Desha co., Ark., on the Little Rock, Mississippi River & Texas Railroad, 33 miles N.W. of Arkansas City. Medford, a post-township and haralet of Piscataquis 00., Me., about 36 miles N. of Bangor. The township is intersected by the Piscataquis River. Medford, a post-village in Medford township, Middle- sex CO., Mass., on the Mystic River, on the Boston & Lowell Railroad, and on the Boston & Maine Railroad, Medford Branch, 6 miles N.N.AV. of Boston. It contains 7 churches, a high school, a town house, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, a savings-bank, and Tufts College (Universalist), which was organized in 1855 and has 16 instructors and a library of 13,000 volumes. (See Collegk Hill). Medford has manu- factures of rum, bricks, and buttons. Pop. of the township in 1875, 6627. Mystic Pond, which is on its border, sup- plies Cha.rlestown with water. Medford, a post-village in Medford township, Steele CO., Minn., on Strait River, and on the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul Railroad, 9 miles S. of Faribault, and 7 miles N. of Owatonna. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a flour-mill. Pop. about 300; of the township, 561. Medford, a post-village in Medford township, Bur- lington CO., N.J., on Haines Creek, about 7 miles S. by W. of Mount Holly, and about 16 miles E. of Camden. It has 5 churches, a national bank, and a manufactory of glassware. The Mount Holly &, Medford Branch Railroad connects it with Mount Holly. Pop. of the township, 2189. Medford, a station of Suffolk co., N.Y., on the Long Island Railroad, 55 miles E. of Brooklyn. Medford, a post-village, capital of Taylor co.. Wis., in Medford township, on Black River, near its source, and on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 230 miles N.W. of Mil- waukee, and 67 miles N.W. of Stevens Point. It has a court-house, a church, 2 newspaper offices, manufactures of lumber, sash, and blinds, and about 200 residences. Med'ford, a post-village in Kings co.. Nova Scotia, on Minas Basin, 11 miles from Port Williams Station. Pop. 200. Medford Centre, a post-office of Piscataquis co.. Me., on the Piscataquis River, about 40 miles N. of Bangor. Medford Hill'side,a station in Middlesex eo., Mass., on the Boston & Lowell Railroad, 5i miles N.W. of Boston. Medgyes, mWySsh', or Medias, mi'de-is (anc. Media ?), a town of Transylvania, on the Great Kokel, 37 miles E. of Karlsburg. Pop. 4621. It is enclosed by walls, and has a Protestant college and a Catholic high school. 31edia, mee'de-a, a country of antiquity, comprising the N. and W. provinces of the modern Persian dominions, viz., Irak-Ajemee, Muzanderan, Ghihin, and Azerbaijan, the last having been the ancient Media Alrnpateue. The Great Median wall, between the Tigris and Euphrates at their nearest point of approach, has been apparently identi- fied of late between lat. 33° 20' and 34° N. and about Ion. 44° E. Media once formed part of the Assyrian Empire, rose afterwards to be an independent monarchy, and, having been subjugated by Cyrus, was incorporated with Persia. On the downfall of the Persian Empire it passed first U> the Seleucida3 and then to the Parthians. Adj. Median; inhab. Mede, meed. 31e'dia, a post-borough, capital of Delaware co.. Pa., in Upper Providence township, on the West Chester k Phil- adelphia Railroad, 13 miles W. by S. of Philadelphia, and about 5 miles N. of Chester. It contains a fine court- house, a large hotel, a national bank, 1 other bank, a news- paper office, the Brooke Hall Female Seminary, an academy, and 7 churches. Pop. 1045. Mediana, mi-ne-^'ni, a town of Spain, in Aragon, 21 miles S.S.E. of Saragossa, on the Ginel. Pop. 1620. Mediap'olis, a post-village of Des Moines co., Iowa, in Yellow Spring township, on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids (t Northern Railroad, 15 miles N. of Burlington, at the junction of the Burlington & Northwestern Railroad. It has 2 churches and a newspaper office. Pop, about 400. Medicina, mi-de-chee'ni, a town of Italy, 15 miles E. of Bologna, on the Canal of Medicina. Pop. 11,355, mostly agricultural. Jlled'icine, a township of Livingston co., Mo. Pop. 901 . Medicine, a township of Mercer co.. Mo. Pop. 939. Medicine, a township of Putnam co.. Mo. Pop. £65. 3Iedicine, a post-office of Sullivan co.. Mo. Medicine Bow, a post-village of Carbon co., Wyo- ming, is on or near the Medicine Bow River, and on the Union Pacific Railroad, 74 miles N.N.W. of Laramie City. Medicine Bow Mountains, a range of the Rocky Mountains, in Wyoming and Colorado. It extends from Long's Peak, Colorado, nearly northwestward into AVyo- ming. The North Fork of the Platte flows between these mountains and the main range, or "divide," of the Rocky Mountains. Among the highest peaks of the Medicine Bow Range are the Elk Mountain and Big Horn, which are in Wyoming. Lignite or coal abounds here. 'This range of mountains, which is extensively coveied with forests of pine, forms the S.W. boundary of the Laramie Plain. Medicine Bow River rises in the mountains in the S. part of Wyoming, runs nearly northwestward in Carbon CO., and enters the North Fork of the Platte 30 miles N.N.E. of Rawlins. It is 120 miles long.. Its mouth is at an elevation of 6200 feet above tide-water. Medicine Creek, Missouri, rises in Mercer co., runs southward through Grundy CO., and enteis Grand River in Livingston co., about 10 miles S.E. of Chillicothe. It is nearly 100 miles long. Medicine Creek, a post-office of Furnas co., Neb. Medicine Lodge, a post-village, capital of Barbour CO., Kansas, on Medicine Lodge Creek, 198 miles by air- line S.W. of Topeka. It has about 40 families. Pop. of Medicine Lodge township, 126. Med'icine (or Sun) River, Montana, rises in the Rocky Mountains, runs eastward, forms the N. boundary of Lewis and Clarke co., and enters the Missouri River in Choteau co., about 10 miles above the Great Falls, or Cat- aract, It is nearly 150 miles long, and in some places 60 yards wide. Gold is found near it. Its valley is fertile. MED 1384 MED Medicine Rock, a post-hamlet of Potter co., Dakota. 3Icdi'na (formerly The Mede), a river of England, Isle of Wightj which it divides into two nearly equal parts, joining the sea at Cowes Harbor. It is navigable to New- port, 4 miles inland. Medina, rae-dee'nS,, an Arabic word, signifying "city" forming the names or portions of the names of a number of towns in Arabia, Barbary, and Spain. Medina, me-dee'na or mi-dee'n^ (Arab. Medhiat-el- Nebi, pronounced nie-dee'nit-en-ni'bee\ "the Prophet's city;" anc. Yatrih, Jathrip'pa, or Jatn'p'pa), a city of Arabia, containing the tomb of Mohammed, 24S miles N. by W. of Mecca. Lat. 24° 57' N. ; Ion. .39° 53' E. It stands about 3000 feet above the sea-level, at the E. side of the mountains running parallel to the Ked Sea; extending S. is an immense plain ; in every other direction the view is bounded by hills or mountains, which, towards the S.W., have a bold and rugged appearance. It is surrounded by a strong stone wall about 40 feet high, flanked with towers, while on a rock at its N.W. side stands the Castle. Of its 3 gates, that facing the S., and called the " Egyptian Gate," is remarkable for its beauty. The houses are of stone, two stories high, and many of thera betoken opulence and com- fort. The most noteworthy buildings are the great mosque, 2 smaller ones,- a college, and the public baths. Beyond the walls of the city, W. and S., are suburbs consisting of low houses, yards, gardens, and plantations. These suburbs have also their walls and gates. The canal, which supplies Medina with water from a valley a few miles to the S., is the greatest of its kind in Arabia. It is generally about 25 feet under ground, and terminates in a basin, from which all may draw. The mosque of the Prophet stands .at the E. side of the city, and, though on a smaller scale, it resembles that at Mecca ; its colonnades are remarkable only for their extreme irregularity. The tomb of the Prophet is enclosed with a screen of iron filigree of excellent workmanship; at the S. side of this the pilgrim goes through his devotions. There are four doors into the interior, but one of these only is open, and is kept by a eunuch. Admission into the enclosed area, or El-IIejarah, is allowed only to pashas, leaders of the Haj, and such like, on payment of a large fee. There is little to be seen inside but the embroidered silk curtains, which are said to conceal a quadrangular black stone, sup- ported by two pillars, between which are the graves of Mohammed and his friends and successors Aboo-Bekr and Omar. Great numbers make the pilgrimage to the Prophet's tomb; and it is estimated that one-third of the Mecca pil- grims go on to Medina, the pilgrimage to which may be performed at any time of the year. The inhabitants of this city, like those of Mecca, are strangers in the land of the Bedouins. They are less gay and vivacious than those of Mecca, and at the same time more studious as to appear- ances. The Shereefs in Medina are Ulema, or doctors of the Koran. The business of Medina is al! done by the merchants of Yembo, or Yambo, a port on the Ked Sea, about 105 miles to the S.W. The population is supposed to be from 16,000 to 20,000, of whom 12,000 are within the walls. Medina, a city of Malta. See CittX. Vecchia. Medina, a village of Senegambia, Jaloof country. Lat. 15° 18' N. ; Ion. 15° 12' W. Medi'na, a county in the N. part of Ohio, has an area of about 425 square miles. It is drained by Black and Rocky Rivers and Chippewa Creek. The surface is undu- lating, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is fertile, and adapted to pasturage. Butter, wool, oats, hay, Indian corn, wheat, and maple sugar are the staple products. This county has beds of bituminous coal. It is intersected by the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad and the Cleveland, Tuscarawas Valley & Wheeling Rail- road. Capital, Medina. Valuation of real and personal estate, $20,712,540. Pop. in 1870, 20,092, of whom 18,559 were Americans. Medina, a southern county of Texas, has an area of about 1100 square miles. It is intersected by the Rio Hondo, bounded on the N.E. by the Medina River, and also drained by Seco Creek. 'The surface is uneven or hilly. The soil is partly fertile, and produces pasture for many cattle, which are the chief articles of export. Capi- tal, Castroville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $552,423. Pop. in 1870, 2078, of whom 1380 were Amer- icans. Medina, a township of Peoria co.. 111., bounded E. by Peoria Lake. Pop. 905. It contains Mossville. Medina, a township of Warren co., Ind. Pop. 609. It contains Poolsville .and Green Hill. Medina, a post-village of Jefferson co., Kansas, on the Delaware River, nearly 1 mile N. of the Kansas River, and on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 15 miles E. of Topeka, and 14 miles W. of Lawrence. It has a church. Pop. 197. Medina, a post-village in Medina township, Lenawee CO., Mich., on Tiffin River, about 14 miles S.W. of Adrian, and 4 miles S. of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad. It contains an academy, 2 churches, a cheese- factory, a flour-mill, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. about 250 ; of the township, 1798. Medina, a township of Hennepin co., Minn. Pop. 1348. It contains Leighton. Medina, a post-village of Orleans co., N.Y., on Oak Orchard Creek, on the Erie Canal, and on the New York Central Railroad, 41 miles W. of Rochester, and 16 miles E. by N. of Lockport. It contains 5 churches, a n.ational bank, the Medina Free Academy, 2 newspaper offices, the Medina Iron-Works, and several fiouring-mills. It has also manufactures of pumps, pipes, sinks, and general hard- ware. Here is a quarry of Medina sandstone (Silurian), a good material for building. The line which separates Ridgeway township from Shelby passes through Medina, Pop. about 4200. Medina, a post-village, capital of Medina co., 0., on the Cleveland, Tuscarawas Valley & Wheeling Railroad. 36 miles N.N.AV". of Massillon, about 26 miles S. by W. of Cleveland, and 20 miles W. by N. of Akron. It is mostly in Medina township, and partly in Montville. It contains 5 churches, 2 national banks, 2 newspaper offices, a normal school, 2 machine-shops, 1 or 2 flour-mills, and manufac- tures of cheese, bee-hives, hollow-ware, &c. Pop. 1159; of the township, 1553. 3Iedina, a post-hamlet of Gibson co., Tenn., and a sta- tion on the New Orleans, St. Louis »fc Chicago Railroad, 8 miles S. of Milan. It has 2 churches. Medina, a township of Dane eo.. Wis. Pop. 1417. Medina, a post-village in Dale township, Outagamie CO., Wis., near the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 12 miles W. of Appleton, and li miles from Medina Station, which is 11 miles W.N.AV. of Menasha. It has 2 churches, manu- factures of wagons, and a money-order post-office. Medina, York co., Ontario. See Keswick. Medinaceli, mi-Dee'na-thi'lee, a town of Spain, prov- ince and 33 miles S. of Soria. Pop. 1064. Medina de las Torres, mA-Dee'nd. dd, lis toTt'n^s, a town of Spain, 43 miles S.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 3341. Medina del Campo, mi-Dee'ni d^l kd,m'po (anc. Methimna Campestrla ?), a town of Spain, in Leon, 26 miles S.S.W. of Valladolid. It has 2 hospitals, and a collegiate and 6 parish churches. There are ruins denoting the ancient importance of this place, which once contained 50,000 in- habitants. It was a royal court and a much-frequented em- porium. Medina was the capital of the Campo, or level district, which is one of the finest wheat-countries in the world. Pop. 4208. Medina de Pomar, mi-nee'nfL di po-mau', a town of Spain, province and 38 miles N.N.E. of Burgos. Pop. 1815. 3Iedina de Rio Seco, mi-nee'na d;k ree'o si'ko, a town of Spain, province and 25 miles N.W. of Valladolid, on the Sequillo, an affluent of the Douro. Medi'na River, Texas, rises near the N. border of Bandera co., which it intersects. It runs southeastward, forms the boundary between the cos. of Be.xar and Medina, and unites with Salada Creek about 15 miles S. of San Antonio. The stream formed by this junction is the San Antonio River. Mediua-Sidonia, rai-nee'ni-se-do'ne-i, a city of Spain, in Andalusia, province and 22 miles S.E. of Cadiz. Pop. 9703. It stands on the brow of a rocky eminence, is enclosed by walls, and has externally an imposing appear- ance, but it is almost wholly in decay. The principal square, in which stand the Tuscan and Doric town house and the granary, has a planted promenade and is pro- vided with lamp's. There are 10 schools, a foundling hos- pital, an orphan asylum, 2 churches, 2 nunneries, and 5 hermitages. Medinat-el-Nebi, the Arabic name of Medina. Medinet-Abu, Egypt. See Medkenet-Aboo. Medinet-el-Fayoom, md-dee'n^t-fil-fi-oom' (ano. Crocudilop'olis, afterwards Arsin'oe), a town of Egypt, capital of the province of Fayoom, on t'he Bahr-Yoosuf, 52 miles by rail S.S.W. of Cairo. It has several Coptic churches, mosques, manufactories of woollen stuffs, and a trade in rose-water and nitro. Pop. 12,000. Medioburgum, Medium Castruni. See Middel- Mediolanum, England. Soo Dkayton-in-1Iales. MED i; Alediolanum, France. SceEvuEux; also Saintes. Mediolanum, a city of Italy, See Milan. Medioniatrici, an ancient name of Metz. Mediterranean, m5d'e-t?r-ri'ne-an, "midland," is a name applied generally to all seas nearly surrounded by land, as the Baltic. Mediterranean Sea (L. Mare fntemmn or Mediter- ra'neuin; Pr. Mer Mediterranee, main mAMeeHSiOr^^ni,' ; Sp. Mar jlferf('(errnneo, mail rai-De-tSu-ri'ni-o; It. Mare Medherraneo, m4'r4 mi-de-tfin-R&'ni-o; Ger. Mtttclmeer, mit'tei-raaiit\ or Mittelldndisckes Meer, niitH^l-l§n'dish-§s main), a great inland sea, between lat. 30° 20' and 45° 50' N. and Ion. 5° W. and 35° E., about 2200 miles long; breadth, from Venice to the Gulf of Sidra, 1200 miles. On the N. and N.W. it washes the shores of Europe, on the S. those of Africa, and on the E. those of Asia. It commu- nicates on the W. with the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar, and on the N.E. with the Black Sea through the Sea of Marmora and the Straits of Dardanelles and Con- stantinople. It is very irregular in shape: by the projec- tion of the S. part of Italy, and of Cape Bon in Africa, and the interposition of the island of Sicily, it is divided near its centre into distinct and not very unequal E. and W. portions. In addition to these the other important subdi- visions are the Tyrrhene or Tuscan Sea, the Adriatic Sea or Gulf of Venice, the Ionian Sea, and the jEgean Sea or Grecian Archipelago. The largest gulfs are, on the shores of Europe, those of Lyons, Genoa, Taranto, Lepanto, Koron, Kolokythia, ^Egina, and Salonica; on the shores of Asia, Adramyti, Smyrna, Adalia, and Iskanderoon : and on the shores of Africa, Sidra and Cabes. The largest and most important islands are Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and the Balearic Isles in the W. division, and Cyprus, Rhodes, Crete, the Ionian Isles, and Malta in the E. division. The principal rivers which discharge themselves into the Medi- terranean are the Ebro, Rhone, Po, and Nile; and through the Hellespont and Bosporus it receives the waters of the Black Sea. Between C:ipe Bon and the Sicilian coast, where the water is shallowest, the depth barely exceeds 30 fathoms, but in almost all other places, particularly at a distiince from the shores and inlands, is so much increased that it often gives no soundings. Owing to the very nar- row channel which connects the Mediterranean with the main ocean, there is very little tide, though in some places, as in the Ionian Sea, the Adriatic, on parts of the African coast, &c., a rise of more than 6 feet sometimes occurs. The general current, entering from the ocean, flows E. along Africa, then N. along Syria, and begins to return by fol- lowing the coast of Anatolia W. The prevailing winds are the S.E. and S.W. in spring, and the N.E. and N.W. during the rest of the year. They often blow suddenly and with great violence. The most remarkable are the Bora, in the Adriatic, and the burning Sirocco, from the African Desert. Waterspouts are common on the coast of Asia Minor. Active volcanoes exist on the coast of Italy, in the Lipari Islands, and in Sicily. The Mediterranean abounds with fish, and also furnishes fine coral and sponge. The Mediterranean was cal led by the Hebrews " the Great Sea." The Phoenicians are the first people known to have extended their commerce along its coasts; the Greeks after- wards disputed it with them. After the destruction of Car- thage the Romans were sole masters of its shores; and in the Middle Ages the Venetians monopolized its commerce. Mediyad, a village of Turkey. See Medeevad. IVXedix Rnn, Elk co., Pa. See Baur's. JMedjerda, a river of North Africa. See Me.ierda. Medjidje, or Medshidsehee, med'jeed'ji', a town of Roumania, in the Dobrudja, 25 miles by rail S.E. of Chernavoda. Pop. 8000. Medjmaa, m4j'm|', Medsh^maa', or El Mej^ma', a. fortified town of Arabia, in Nedied. chief town of the Sedeyr province. 160 miles N.E. of El Rass. Pop. 18,000. Medl, med'i, or Meedl, mid'l, a village of Moravia, 4 miles from Littau. Pop. 1260. MedMan's Ranch, a hamlet of Young co., Tex. P. 28. Med'ley, or Med'ley's, a post-office and station of Montgomery co,, Tex., on the International & Great North- ern Railroad, 33J miles N. of Houston. Medley, a hamlet of Grant oo., W. Va., 26 miles S, of Keysor. It has a church and a tannery. Medling, a town of Austria. See Modling. Mednoi, mM-noi', an island belonging to Russia, in the Behring Sea, E. of Behring Island. Length, 30 miles; breadth, 5 miles. Copper is t'ound on its W. coast. Medo, md'do, a small island of Brazil, in the Bay of Sao Marcos, province and 4 miles W. of Maranhao. Me'do, a post-office or hamlet in Medo township. Blue 55 MEE Earth co., Minn., about 80 miles S.S.W. of St. Paul. The township contains 2 churches, and is drained by Cobb River. Pop. of the township, 907. Medoacus Major, the ancient name of the Brenta. Medoacus Minor. See Baccjiiglione. Medoc, m?h-dok', an old district of France, in the N.W. part of Guienne, along the Garonne. It now forms the N.W. part of the department of Gironde. Me'doc, a post-village of Jasper co., Mo., about 16 miles N.W. of Carthage. Me'don, a post-village of Madison co., Tenn., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 11 miles S. of Jackson. It has a church. Medo'ra, a post-village in Chesterfield township, Ma- coupin CO., 111., on the Rockford, Rock Island A St. Louis Railroad, 20 miles N. of Alton. It has 2 churches, a flour- mill, and a carriage-factory. Medora, a post-village in Carr township, Jackson co., Ind., on the East Fork of the White River, and on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 86 miles E. of Vincennes. It has a church, a flouring-mill, a lumber-mill, and 5 stores. Pop. about 400. Medora, a post-office of Warren co., lowii. Medora, a post-village of Osage co.. Mo., on the Mis- souri River, and on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, at St. Au- bert Station, 105 miles W. of St. Louis. Pop. about 150. Medreac, miMri^a,k', a village of France, in Ille-et- Vilaine, 10 miles N.N.W. of Montfort. Pop. 341. Medshidsehee, Roumania. See Medjidje. Meduana, the Latin name of Mayenne. Meduuta, France. See Mantes-sur-Seine. Medusa, me-doo'sa, a post-village in Rensselaerville township, Albany co., N.Y., about 25 miles S.W. of Albany. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of cider, flour, and paper. Pop. 94. Meduxnikeag, me-diix'ne-keg, a broad, rapid river running into the St. John a few miles above Woodstock, New Brunswick, It takes its rise in the state of Maine, has numerous windings, spreads into large and inferior branches, and contains a number of islands. Deposits of red hematite iron occur near its mouth. Medvejii-Ostrova, m^-vSd'jee-os-tro'vA ("Bear Islands"), two groups of islands in Asiatic Russia; one in Behring Strait, the other in the Arctic Ocean, opposite the mouth of the Kolyma River. Medves, m^dV^sh', a village of Hungary, co. and 5 miles from Temesvar, on the Theiss. Pop. 745. Medvieditza, mfid-ve-i-dit's4, incorrectly written Melvidetz, a river of Russia, joins the Don on the left, 15 miles below the influx of the Khoper, after a S.AV. course of 330 miles. German and other colonies are located on its banks. 3Ied'vvay (anc. Vnt/a f), a river of England, rises in the S.E. part of Surrey co., and joins the Thames at Sheer- ness, above which it forms a great and important estuary. It is navigable to Penshurst. Med'AVay, or Port Medway, a river of Nova Scotia, takes its rise in Queens co., and enters the Atlantic through the harbor of Port Medway. Length, about 100 miles. Med'way, a small river of Georgia, which enters the Atlantic between Bryan and Liberty cos., a few miles below Sunbury. Medway, a post-township of Penobscot co., Me., on the Penobscot River, about 64 miles N.N.E. of Bangor. It contains a church. Pop. 321. Medway, a post-village in Medway township, Norfolk CO., Mass., on Charles River, and on the Woonsocket division of the Boston, Hartford k Erie Railroad, 25 miles S.W. of Boston. It has 6 churches and a savings-bank. The town- ship contains another village, named West Medway, and has manufactures of cotton, boots, and straw goods. Pop. of the township, 4242. Medway, a small post-village of Greene oo., N.Y., about 22 miles S. by W. of Albany. It has 1 or 2 churches. Medway, a post-village of Clark co.,,0., in Bethel township, 3 miles from Osborn Station, about 14 miles N.E. of Dayton, and I mile W. of Mad River. It has a church. Pop. about 200. Medybemps, Washington co.. Me. See Meddybemps. Medynsk, mi-dinsk', or Medyn, m^Min', a town of Russia, government and 40 miles N.N.AV. of Kalooga, on the Medynka. Pop. 7781, Medzibor, m^t'se-bor, a town of Prussian Silesia, .35 miles N.E. of Breslau. Pop. 1457. 3Ieeden, mi'den. a village of the Netherlands, in Groningen. 9 miles N.W. of Delfzyl. Pop. 1545. Meedl, a village of Moravia. See Medl. MEE 1386 MEII JMee'han', a post-office of Portage co., Wis., on the Green Cay & Minnesota Railroad, 5 miles W. of Plover. Meek'er, a county in tiie cent.ial part of Minnesota, has an area of about 560 square miles. It is intersected by the Crow River, or its North Fork. The surface is undu- lating or nearly level, and is diversified with prairies and numerous small lakes, some of which have no outlet. A large part of this county is covered with forests of the oak, ash, elm, maple, »4;c. The soil is fertile. Wheat, oats, cat- tle, hay, and butter are the staple products. It is inter- sected by the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad. Capital, Litch- field. Valuation of real and personal estate, Sl,9-1;0,70-1. Pop. in 1870, '6090, of whom 3737 were natives and 2353 were foreigners ; in 1875, 8626. Meeker, a post-office of Washington co., Wis., about IS miles N.W. of Milwaukee. Meeker's Grove, a post-hamlet of Lafayette co.. Wis., in Benton township, 5 miles S. of Benton Station, and about 18 miles N.E. of Dubuque, Iowa. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and mines of lead and zinc. Meeks'ville, a post-office of Wilson co., N.C. Meeting, China. See Meling. Mee'me, or Me'mee, a post-village in Meeme town- ship, Manitowoc CO., Wis., about 35 miles N.N.E. of Fond du Lac. Pop. of the township, 1754. Meems, a station in Shenandoah co., Va., on the rail- road from Winchester to Staunton, 6 miles N. of New Market. Meeiiab, Minab, mee'nib', or Min^non', a small river of Persia, falls into the Persian Gulf near a town of its own name. Meenam, or Minam, mee'nim', a village of Persia, province and SO miles W. of Kerman, stated to consist of about 400 grottos excavated in a mountain, and inhabited by a sect of schismatic Mohammedans. Meenen, a town of Belgium. See Mexin. Meengaua, meen-gi'ni, a thriving town of the Pun- jab, a little above the junction of the Chenaub and the Jhy- lum, a few miles W. of Jung. Meenteen, India. See Burmah. Meer, maiu, a word in Dutch and German, signifying "sea" or " lake," and forming parts of several names in the N.W. part of Europe, as Haarlemmkk Meer. Meerane,^ mi'r^^neh, a town of Saxony, 21 miles W. of Chemnitz. It has important manufactures of woollen stuffs, bombazines, and silk and cotton goods. Pop. 21,277. Meeranpore, mee-rin-por', a town of India, North- West Provinces, division of Meerut. Pop. 6043. Meerat, mee-rit', Meerta, or Mirta, meer'ti, a town of India, in Joodpoor, 36 miles W. by N. of Ajmeer. Lat. 26° 38' N. ; Ion. 73° 49' E. Pop. 29,950. Meerbeke, min'bi'keh, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 22 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2623. Meerendre, mih-iiNd'r' or mi'rSn-dreh, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 6 miles W.N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 2200. Meergurh, meer^giir', a town of India, dominion and 72 miles E.S.E. of Bhawlpoor. Meerhout, maiR'howt', a village of Belgium, 15 miles S.E. of Turnhout. Pop. 3800. Meerle, maiR'Ieh, a village of Belgium, province and 23 miles N.E. of Antwerp, on the Marck. Pop. 1430. Meerlebeke, a village of Belgium. See Meirelbeke. Meerpoor, or Mihrpur, meer'poor', a town of Bon- gal, district of Nuddea. Lat., 23° 46' 35" N. ; Ion. 88° 40' 15" E. It has a dispensary and brass-works. Pop. 5562. Meerpoor, a village of Beloochistan, province of Cutch Gundava, on the great route from Sinde to Ghuznee. Lat. 28° 36' N. ; Ion. 67° 56' E. Meerpoor, a town of the Punjab, 115 miles N.W. of Lahore. Meerpoor, a town of Sinde, near the Pingares, a branch of the Indus, 45 miles S. of Hyderabad. Pop. 10,0110. Meerpoor, a village of Sinde, 10 miles E. of Ghara. Lat. 24° 40' N. ; Ion. 67° 49' E. Meerpoor, a village of Sinde, near the right bank of the Buggaur. Lat. 24° 30' N. ; Ion. 67° 49' E. Meerpoor, a village of Sinde, 52 miles W. of Amer- kote. Lat. 25° 24' N. ; Ion. 69° E. Meersburg, a town of Baden. See Morsburg. Meerssen, mains's^n, a town of the Netherlands, in Limburg, 4 miles N.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 2S09. Meerta, a town of India. See Meerat. Meerut, raee'rut, a town of British India, capital of a district of its own name, 35 miles by rail N.E. of Delhi, on an affluent of the Ganges. It is enclosed by a brick wall. but is in decay, though it has many remains attesting for- mer magnificence, besides one of the largest British churches in India, a British free school, extensive barracks, and a military hospital. Pop. 79,378. Meerut, or Mirat, mee'riit, a district of the North- west Provinces, India, lat. 28° 33'-29° 17' N., Ion. 77° 12'- 78° 15' E., having the Ganges on the E. and the Jumna on the W. Capital, Meerut. Area, 2300 square miles. Pop. 1,276,104. It is a part of the division or commissionership of Meerut, which has an area of 11,131 square miles, and a pop. of 4,977,173, and of which Meerut is the capital. Mees, Les, a town of France. See Les Mees. Meeseu, the Flemish name of Messines. Meet Camp, township, Watauga co., N.C. Pop. 370. Meet'ing Creek, a post-office of Hardin co.,K'y. Meet'ing Street, a post-hamlet of Edgefield co., S.C., 10 miles N.W. of Johnston's Depot. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Mega, a river of Russia. See Obsch.a.. Megalo-Kastro, an island of Crete. See Candia. Megalop'olis, a ruined city of Greece, in the Morea, government of Gortynia, 5 miles N. of Leondari. Meganisi, mi-gl-nec'see, one of the Ionian Islands, in the Mediterranean, off the E. coast of Santa Maura. Length, from N. to S., 6 miles ; breadth, 3 miles. Megan'tic, a lake of Quebec, about 40 miles S.E. of Sherbrooke, abounding with lake-trout and bass. Length, 16 miles; average breadth, 2 miles. This lake gives rise to the river Chaudiere. Megan'tic, a county in the E. of Quebec, bounded on the S.E. by Maine. Area, 745 square miles. In this county are Lakes St. Francis and William. Capital, Leeds Village. Pop. 1S,S7S. flleg'ara (Gr. Meyapa). a town, formerly an important city of Greece, in Attica,, near the mouth of a small river which enters the Gulf of ^gina opposite Salamis, 21 miles W. of Athens. Pop. 4023. Megaspe'leon, a rich convent of Greece, Morea, in Achaia, 5 miles N. of Kalavrita. It is one of the earliest monastic foundations in Greece, and occupies a vast cavern in an almost inaccessible rock above 300 feet in height. The Turks, under Ibrabeem Pasha, besieged this convent, but were repulsed with a loss of several thousand men. It has from 250 to 300 monks, and a miraculous picture of the Virgin, resorted to in pilgrimage. Megen, mi'chen, a town of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, on the Meuse (Maas), 15 miles N.E. of Bois-le- Duc. Pop. 1731. Megeve, m^h-zhaiv', a market-town of Savoy, 5 miles S. of Sallenches. Pop. 2373. Megico, a Spanish name of Mexico. Meg'ua, a river of British India, presidency of Bengal, rises 40 miles N.W. of Dacca, and in about lat. 23° 30' N. joins the Brahmapootra, to which it gives its own name for the rest of its course. See Brahmapootra. Megto, a town of Bohemia. See Mauth. Megiiasha, Quebec. See Nouvelle. Megyer, m^d^aia', a village of Hungary, Hither Danube, co. of Neograd. It has a church. i?op. 1204. 31egyer-Nagy, m^d*yaiR'-nodj, a market-town of Hungary, co. and 19 miles N.W. of Komorn. Pop. 2461. Megyer-Pocs, med^yaiR'-potch, a village of Hungary, CO. of Pesth, on an island in the Danube, above Buda. Megyer-Toth, m^d'yain'-tot, a village of Hungary, CO. of Neutra. Pop. 1S24. Megyes- Aranyos, m^d^ySsh'-ohVon^yosb', a market- town of Hungary, cq. of Szathmar. Megyes-Nyir, med^y^sh'-nyecR, a village of Hungary, CO. and 11 miles E. of Szathmar! Pop. 2062. Mehadia, mi"ha'dee'ob\ a town of Hungary, 15 miles N. of Orsova. Pop. 1770. The Baths of Mehadia, or Her- cules Baths, near this town, were known to the Romans, and are annually frequented by many visitors. Mehaf fey, a post-office of Clearfield co.. Pa. Mehallet - el - Kebeer, mi-hiri6t-^l-ke-beer', or Mehala-el-Kebir, mA-hi'li-51-ke-beer', a town of Lower Egypt, in Gharbeoyeh, 45 miles S.W. of Damietta. Mehamah, a post-office of Marion co., Oregon. Mehdia, mSh'de-i, Afrikiah, or Afrikiyah, i-free'- kee'yi, called also Maliadiah, ra4-hi'deo'i, a town of Africa, regency and 115 miles S.S.E. of Tunis, on the Medi- terranean. It has considerable trade by sea. Mehediab, mSh-h^-dee'i, or Mammorah, mim'mo- ri, a fortified town of Morocco, province and 110 miles W.N.W. of Fez, on the Soboo, 1 mile from its mouth. Mehen'dawul', a town of India, North-Wcst Prov- inces, division of Benares. Pop. 7349. MEH 1387 MEL Meher'rin, a post-village of Prince Edward co., Va., on the Richmond & Danville Railroad, 65 miles W. of Rich- mond. It has 2 churches, 5 stores, and 10 residences. Meherrin River rises near the E. border of Charlotte CO., Va. It runs southeastward through the counties of Brunswick and Greenville, and enters Hertford co., N.C. About 5 miles N". of Winton it unites with the Nottoway River to form the Chowan. Length, 160 miles. Mehidpoor, a town of India. See Maheidpoob. Mehker, a town of India. See Maikur. Mehlis, or Melis, md'Us, a village of Saxe-Coburg, principality and 20 miles S. of Gotha. Pop. 2661. Mehlsack, mail'sik, a town of East Prussia, 37 miles S.S.W. of Konigsberg. Pop. 'M)9-i^. 3Iehlvilte, mel'vll, a post-office_of St. Louis co., Mo. Mehoop'any, a post-village of Wyoming co., Pa., in Mehoopany township, on the North Branch of the Susque- hanna River, and on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 44 miles N.N.W. of Wilkesbarre. It has 3 churches, 2 flour-mills, a saw-mill, a woollen-mill, and a foundry. Pop. of the township, 88S. Mehoopany Railroad Station is at Carney, on the opposite side of the river. Mehoopany (or Mahoopeny) Creek, Pennsyl- vania, runs northeastward in Wyoming co., and enters the North Branch of the Susquehanna. Mehoopany Mountain, Pennsylvania, in the W. part of Wyoming co., near Mehoopany Creek, an affluent of the Susquehanna. It consists properly of two portions, — Big Mehoopany, near the S.W., and Little Mehoopany, in the N.W. part of the county. Both of these mountains are spurs of the Alleghany range. Mehrand, m?H-rlnd', or Merande, raSr-S,nd', written also Merend and Mehrend, a town of Persia, province of Azerbaijan, 48 miles E.S.E, of Khoi. Me^hum', or MoMiim', a town of India, Rohtuk dis- trict. Lat. 28° 58' N, ; Ion, 76° 21' E. It is noted for its great and deep well, with stairs by which the water is reached. Pop. 5660. Mehun, uiA^iis*', a town of France, in Cher, 9 miles by rail N.W. of Bourges. Pop. 5256. It has manufactures of porcelain, linen, &c. Meia-Co-Shimah Isles* See Madjicosi.ma. Meiaponte, mA-e-A-pon'ti, a town of Brazil, province and Qb miles E. of Goyaz, on the river Almas. It has 5 churches, a hospital, a Latin and a primary school, and many distilleries and potteries, and is Well situated for trade. Meiderich, mi'd§r-iK, a village and commune of Rhen- ish Prussia, on a railway, a short distance N. of Duisburg. Pop. 11,879. Meidling, mid'ling, Obeu, o'b^r, and Unter, 65n't§r, two contiguous villages of Austria, 6 miles S.W. of Vienna. Pop. of Ober-Meidling, 1533; of Unter-Meidliug, 13,801. Meier's (mi'^rz) Grove, a post-hamlet of Stearns co., Minn., 5 miles S. of Melrose. It has a church. Meigle, mee'g'l, a village of Scotland, co. and 21 miles by rail N.N.E. of Perth. Pop. 745. Meigs, megz, a county in the S. part of Ohio, borders on Kentucky. Area, about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Ohio River, which also forms part of the southern boundary, and it is partly drained by Leading and Shade Creeks. The surface is hilly, and is extensively cov- ered with forests of the ash, hickory, oak, sugar-maple, &g. The soil produces wheat, Indian corn, oats, and hay. Bitu- minous coal and salt are the chief articles of export. In 1870 this county exported 268,700 tons of coal, valued at §559,736. It has also plenty of limestone. Capital, Pom- eroy. Valuation of real and personal estate, §15,437,670. Pop. in 1870, 31,465, of whom 28,180 were Americans. Meigs, a county of East Tennessee, has an area of about 200 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Tennessee River, which the Hiawassee River enters at the S.W. extremity of this county. The surface is hilly. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, potatoes, and pork are the staple products. Marble is found here. Capital, De- catur. A^aluation of real and personal estate. $1,021,123. Pop. in IS70, 4511, of whom 4505 were Americans. Meigs, a township of Adams co., 0. Pop. 1748. It contains the village of Mineral Springs. Meigs, a township of Muskingum co., 0. Pop. 1412. Meigs Creek, Ohio, runs nearly southward, and enters the Muskingum River in Morgan co. Meigs Creek, a post-office of Morgan eo., 0., about 30 miles N.W. of Marietta. Meigsville, mggz'vil, a post-township of Morgan eo., 0. Pop. 1295. It contains Unionville. Meigsville (Young Hickory Post-Office), a hamlet of Muskingum co., 0., 10 miles S.W. of Cumberland. Meilen, or Meylen, mi'l^n, a village of Switzerland, on the Lake of Zurich, canton and 8 miles S.E. of Zurich. Pop. 3074. Meilhan, miM6N<»', a town of France, department of Lot-et-Giironne, 7 miles W. of Marmande. Pop. 202S. MeilIac,mVyik',a village of France, in Ille-et-Vilaine, 19 miles S. of Saint-Malo. Pop. 215 : of commune, 2360. Meillant, m:Vy6No', a village of France, in Cher, 20 miles S.S.E. of Bourges. Pop. 1769. Meimuna, mi-moo'ni, a town of Afghanistan, Huzareh country, on an affluent of the Amoo-Barya, in lat. 35° 50' N., Ion. 64° 38' E. Mei-Nam, a river of Asia. See Menam. Meinau, or Mainau, mi'now, a small island of South Baden, in the Lake of Ueberlingen, 2i miles W. of Con- stance, with a village, a castle, and numerous vineyards. Meinberg, min'b^KG, a village of Germany, in Lippe, bailiwick of Horn. Pop. 1037. Meinder, a river of Asia Minor. See Mender. Meiningen, mi'ning-§n, or Meinungen, mi'noong- ^n, a town of Germany, capital of the duchy of Saxe- Meiningen, on the Werra, 38 miles E.N.E. of Fulda, on a railway. Principal edifice, the palace, the residence of the dukes since 1681, containing collections of paintings and natural curiosities. Meiningen has a house of assembly, a great hospital, a theatre, 2 gymnasia, a normal school, and manufactures of woollens and linens. Pop. 9521. Mei-Omeed, or Mei-Omid, mi^-o-meed', a village of Persia, province of Khorassan, 35 miles E. of Shahrood. Meire, mi'r^h, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders 13 miles S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2550. Meirelbeke, mi'r^l-bi'keh, or Meerlebeke, main'- l^h-bi^keh, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 2 miles S. of Ghent, on the Scheldt. Pop. 3100. flieire's Grove, Minnesota. See Meier's Grove. Meiringen, or Meyringen, mi'ring-^n, a town of Switzerland, canton and 39 miles S.E. of Bern, on theAar. Many of the inhabitants are weavers. Pop. 2787. Meisenheim, ml'zen-hime\ a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, 45 miles S. of Coblentz. Pop. 1819. Meisenheimer, Illinois. See Messeniieimer. 3Ieiser, mi's^r, a post-village of Snyder eo,. Pa., in Middle Creek township, on Middle Creek, and on the Lewis- town division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 14 miles W.S.W. of Sunbury. It has 2 churches, a graded school, 2 steam saw-mills, a tannery, and a flouring-mill. Meissen, mis'sen, a town of Saxony, 15 miles by rail N.W. of Dresden, on the Elbe. It is enclosed by walls, has numerous suburbs, and presents a picturesque appear- ance, with its oastle, Gothic church, and lofty houses, on a rocky eminence. Its fine cathedral has some monuments of Saxon princes; and in its castle, founded by Henry tlie Fowler, is the famous porcelain-factory producing goods known as " Dresden china." It has manufactures of ho^ siery, leather, colors, and camel's-hair brushes. Pop. 11,455. Mejerda,or Medjerda,m^d-j^r'd^ {unc. Bag' radas), a river of Algeria and Tunis, rises in the Great Atlas, and, after a N.E. course of 200 miles, enters the Gulf of Tunis, on the Mediterranean, 24 miles N. of Tunis. Mejico, a city of North America. See Mexico. Mekinez, a town of Morocco. See Mequinez. Mekka, or Mckkeh. See Mecca. Meklenburg-Schweriu. SeeMECKLENBuRG-ScHWE- RIN. Meklenburg-Strelitz* See Mecklenburg-Stre- LITZ. Meklong, mi-klong', a town of Siam, at the confluence of the Meklong River with the AV. mouth of the Menam, 30 miles S.AV. of Bangkok. Pop. estimated at 13,000. Me-Kong, miMiong', or Menam-Kong, mi'n3,m^- kong', called also 3Iaykiang, mi'ke-Ang', and Cainbo'- dia River, one of the principal rivers of the S.E. of Asia, rises in Thibet (where it has the name of Ijan-Thsang- Kiaug, lin-t'hs&ng-ke~^ng), afterwards intersects the Chi- nese province of Yun-Nan, traverses Laos and Cambodia, and enters the China Sea by numerous mouths, in French Cochin China, near lat. 10° N., Ion, 106° 40' E. Mekran, mSk'r^n', or Mukran,muk-ran', the largest province of Beloochistan, between Int. 25° nnd 28° N. and Ion. 58° and 66° E., having S. the Indian Ocean, and N. a desert separating it from Afghanistan. Area, about 100,000 square miles. Pop. 200,000. It is a barbarous region, and suffers severely from drought. It is divided into petty dis- tricts, under separate chiefs. Capital, Kedjo. Mekun, an island of Arabia. See Peuim. 3Iel, m^l. or Melo, mi'lo, a town of Italy, 9 miles S.W. of Belluno, on the Piave, Pop. 6S39. MEL 1388 MEL Melacoore, Melakouri, or JUelakuri, mi-lHioo'- ree, also called MalMacoo'ry, a town of West Africa, capital of an independent territory, on a river of the same name, about 68 miles N.N.W. of Free Town, Sierra Leone. It stands at the highest point to which the river is naviga- ble. Pop. of town, about 1000 : of territory, about 60,000. Melac'ton, a post-hamlet of Randolph oo., Ind., 7 miles S. of Farmland. It has a grist-mill. JMelada, mi-li'di, an island of Austria, coast of Dal- mati.a, in the Adriatic, 15 miles W.N.W. of Zara. P. 1200. MelcC, the supposed ancient name of Molise. Mel'aiie'sia (from the Greek for "black islands"), a name applied by some geographers to Australasia, and es- pecially to the islands of its N.E. portion, because the aboriginal tribes are mostly of the black or negrillo race. Melaoui, or Melawi, Egypt. See Mellawee. Melara, Italy. See Mellara. Melas, a river of Greece. See Cephissia. Melassa, ni.i-l4s's4, or Melasso, mi-lis'so (anc. My- loBsa), a town of Asia Minor, near its S.W. coast, 23 miles N.E. of Boodroom. Melay, meh-li', a village of France, in Sa6ne-et-Loire, arrondissement of CharoUes. Pop. 1998. Melazgherd, mi-l^z-ghSrd', a town of Asiatic Turkey, 80 miles S.E. of Erzroom, on the Euphrates. Melazzo, mi-lit'so, a village of Italy, about 3 miles S. of Acqui. Pop. 1588. Melazzo, a town of Sicily. See MiLAZzo. Mel'berii, a post-hamlet in Centre township, Williams CO., 0., on the Air-Line or Lake Shore & Michigan South- ern Railroad, 5 miles W.S.W. of Bryan. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Melbourne, m^rbilrn, a town of England, co. and 8 miles S.S.E. of Derby, with a church, several chapels, 2 schools, and a mechanics' institution. The staple manu- facture is that of lace gloves, in which the inhabitants are chiefly employed. Pop. 2502. Melbourne, mSl'burn, the capital town of the British colony of Victoria, S.E. Australia, on the Yarra-Yarra, 8 miles from its mouth, at the head of Port Phillip. Lat. 37° 43' 53" S.; Ion. 144° 47' 42" E. Altitude, 913 feet. It was officially founded and named in 1837. The river has a bar at its mouth, and a second about half-way to the town, and on this account the largest shipping anchor at Hobson's Bay, near the mouth of the harbor, to which there is now a rail- way direct from Melbourne, with two piers projecting into deep water. The commerce of Melbourne has increased to a great extent since the gold discoveries in 1851, and now represents about nine-tenths of the entire trade of the col- ony. The town is ehieSy laid out on the right bank of the Yarra, which is crossed by a stone bridge. It has been a municipality since 1843, the mayor and aldermen being elected by the council. South Melbourne and several other wards have branched off into separate municipalities. The town is lighted with gas, and is supplied with water from the hend of the Plenty River, a distance of 18 miles : and the Lake Yan-Yean has been converted into a reservoir by means of an embankment 3159 feet long and 30 feet high. It is capable of holding 6,422,000,000 gallons. There is a smaller reservoir at Preston, about 7 miles from Melbourne. Hydrants occur at intervals in the principal streets. Melbourne has a public library, a mechanics' insti- tute, a hospital, benevolent and orphan asylums, an en- dowed university, a parliament house, built at a cost of £400,000, a custom-house, a treasury, a post-office, a cathe- dral, several banks, and barracks. There is a museum in connection with the university. There are several daily and weekly papers, several thea.tres, among which may be mentioned the theatre royal, erected at a cost of £90,000, Cremorne Gardens, the royal park, and a botanic garden. There is now a great extent of wharf accommodation, and at Williamstown a patent slip. It has steam, rail, and telegraph communication with the chief towns of A''ietoria and the adjoining colonies. A submarine cable was laid between Australia and Tasmania in 1859. Shortest sea- voyage to Liverpool (vin Cape Horn), 12,820 miles; dis- tance to Calcutta, 5230 miles. Melbourne is the first and last port of call for the mail-ships to Galle. It is the see of an Anglican bishop and of a Roman Catholic archbishop. Mean temperature, January, 73.4° ; July, 55.4° Fahr. Pop. of city proper, 62,000 ; or, including contiguous bor- oughs, 247,079. Blel'bourne, a post-village, capital of Izard co., Ark., about 110 miles N. by E. of Little Rock. It has 2 churches and a newspaper ofiice. Melbourne, Ontario. See Longwood. Mel'bourne, a post-village in Richmond oo., Quebec, 25 miles N.N.W. of Sherbrooke, and 1 mile from Richmond Station. A bridge spans the St. Francis at this point, connecting Melbourne and Richmond East. The village contains 4 churches, a chair-factory, a bark-factory, a saw- mill, tannery, &c. Pop. 270. There are copper-mines and slate-quarries in the vicinity. Melbourne Island, in the Pacific Ocean, forms, with Bedford and Minto Islands, a group of the Dangerous Ar- chipelago. Melbourne Ridge, a post-village in Richmond co., Quebec, 9 miles S.AV. of Melbourne. It contains a saw- mill and 3 stores. Pop. 125. Melchthal, mSlK'tal, a valley of SwitzerUand, canton of Unterwalden, S.E. of Sarnen, traversed by the Melch River, and noted as thQ birthplace of Arnold of Griitli and Nicholas von der Flue, two of the founders of the Swiss Confederation. Melcombe-Regis, mSl'kfim re'jis, a well-built town of England, in Dorset, adjacent to the town of Weymouth, from which it is divided by the Wey, here crossed by a bridge. It is an important railway terminus, and a favor- ite bathing-place, having on the E. Weymouth Bay, and on the W. a pool called the Backwater. Pop. 8252. It is now united in one municipality with Weymouth. Meldal, m^I'd^l, a village of Norway, 35 miles S.W. of Trondhjem. Pop. of parish, 5500. Melden, mSl'den, a village of Belgium, in East Flan- ders, on the Scheldt, 18 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 1495. Meldi, a town of France. See Meaux. 3Ieldola, niSl'do-lJ., a village of Central Italy, 7 miles S. of Forli. Pop. 5969. Meldorf, mSI'donf, a town of Prussia, in Holstein, near the North Sea, 53 miles N.W. of Hamburg. Pop. 3307. Meldrum, Old, Scotland. See Old Meldrum. Meleda, m^l'i-di (ane. Mel'ita), an island of Austria, Dalmatia, 19 miles W.N.W. of Ragusa. Greatest length, 23 miles ; mean breadth, not more than 2 miles. The in- terior is traversed by lofty hills, generally of a parched and arid appearance, and intersected by numerous fertile valleys. The harbor of Palazzo, on the N. side, is consid- ered the best on the Dalmatian coast. Melegnano, mi-15n-y3,'no, a town of Italy, 10 miles S.E. of Milan. It has a court of justice, several public offices, 3 churches, and a trade in corn, rice, flax, and dairy- produce. Pop. 5124. Melekhovskaia, or Melekhowskaja, mi-14-icov- ski'^, a town of Russia, Don Cossa«k country, 23 miles N.E. of Cherkask, on the Don. Pop. 3638. Melencze, miMSnt'si\ a village of Hungary, co. of Torontal, 28 miles N.E. of Peterwardein. Pop. 6580. Melenik, mi-lSn-eek' or mSPe-nik', a town of Eu- ropean Turkey, 60 miles S.E. of Ghiustendil. Melenki, mi-15n'kee, a town of Russia, government and 70 miles S.S.E. of Vladimeer. Pop. 5597. Melfi, m^l'fee, a town of Italy, in Basilicata, on a lofty volcanic mountain overlooking the Plain of Capitanata, 34 miles S. of Foggia. It is enclosed by ruined walls, and has an old castle, a cathedral, and several convents. It is a bishop's see. Pop. 11,648. Mel'ford, or Long Melford, a village of England, CO. of Suffolk, on the Stour, at a railw.ay junction, 3 miles N. of Sudbury. It is beautifully situated, and has a very fine church, a hospital, and manufactures of silk. Pop. of parish, 3046. Melga^o, m§I-gi'so, the northernmost town of Portu- gal, in Minho, 38 miles N.E. of Braga, on the Minho, with a large fortress. Pop. 1867. Melga<;o, m^l-gi'so, a town of Brazil, province and 168 miles S.W. of Pari. It has a tr,ade in timber. Pop. 4000. Melgar de Fernamental,mSI-gau' dJ, f3ii-n,i-ra5n- tai', a town of Spain, province and 24 miles W.N.W. of Burgos, near the Pisuerga. Pop, 2435. Melgig, mSTghig', a salt lake or marsh in the S.E. of Algeria, near lat. 33° N., Ion. 7° E. It receives the Adjedi from the N.W. Length, 26 miles; breadth, IS miles. Meliana, m4-le-iC'ni, a village of Spain, province and about 3 miles from Valencia. Pop. 1505. Melidunum, supposed ancient name of Muhlhausen. Melikut, mi'lee^koot', a village of Hungary, co. of Baos, 110 miles S. by E. of Pesth. Pop. 4080. Melilla, mA-loei'yi, or Mlila, mlee'li, a seaport town on the N. coast of Morocco, belonging to the Spaniards. Lat. 35° 20' N. ; Ion. 3° W. The citadel, on a rook, con- tains large magazines and cisterns, and is garrisoned. Pop. 2200. Melilla is a oonviet-settlement. Mclilli, mSI-eel'lee, a town of Sicily, 35 miles N.AV. of Syracuse. Pop. 5770. MEL 13S9 MEL Melinda, mi-leen'cU, or Melinde, mi-Ieen'dA,, a sea- port town of East Africa, N. of Zanzibar. Lat. 4° 50' S. ; Ion. 40° E. It has many ruined churches built by the Por- tuguese, who possessed it during the sixteenth and seven- teenth centuries. A very considerable trade is carried on by caravan with the interior, and by water with the Red Sea, Persia, and the N. parts of India. Meliug, or itieeliiigf miMing', a chain of mountains in the S. part of China, 200 miles N. of Canton. Melipilla, mi-le-peel'ylL, a town of Chili, province and 38 miles S.W, of Santiago, on the Maypu. Pop. 3431. Melis, a village of (jermany. See Mehlis. M6lisey, niAMee^zA,', a village of France, in Haute- Saone, 7 miles N.N.E. of Lure. Pop. 1940. Melis'sa, a post-hamlet of Collin co., Tex., on the Houston & Texas Central Railroad, 37 miles N. of Dallas. It has a flouring-mill and a cotton-gin. DIelis'sadale, a post-office of Butler co., Pa. Melita, an island in the Adriatic. See Melkda. Melita, an island in the Mediterranean, See Malta. Meliteue, the ancient name of Malateeyeii. MelitO, mi-lee'to, a village of Italy, province of Reggio di Calabria. Pop, of commune, 3853. MelitOj a village of Italy, province of Naples, district of Casoria. Pop. 3503. lUeiitopol, mi-le-to'pol, a town of Russia, in the Crimea, 126 miles N.N.E. of Simferopol. Pop. 4852. Melk, m^lk, or Molk, miilk, a town of Lower Austria, on the Danube, 14 miles W. of St. Polten. Pop. 1664. It is situated at the foot of a height, on which is a Benedictine abbey, founded in 1089, on tlie site of the Roman Noinare, its precincts comprising a college and ecclesiastical semi- nary, a large library, and a botanic garden. Melks'hain, a town of England, co. of Wilts, on the Avon, lOJ miles by rail E.S.E. of Bath. It has cloth-works and flour-mills. In the vicinity is a chalybeate and saline spring. Pop. 2464. Mella, mSriA, a river of Northern Italy, joins the Oglio 12 miles N.E. of Cremona. Length, 50 miles. 3Iellara, m^l-ia,'ri, or Melara, mi-li'rd, a village of Italy, province and 21 miles E.S.E. of Mantua, on the Po. Pop. 2968. 3IellaAvee9 or Mellawi, mSl'li^wee, written also Jttelaoui, a town of Egypt, 26 miles g. of Minieh, on the left bank uf the Nile. Itlelle, m^l'i^h, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 4 miles S.E. of Ghent, on the Scheldt. Pop. 2317. Melle, mSU (L. Metal'hun), a town of France, in Deux- Sevres, capital of an arrondissement, 17 miles E.S.E. of Niort. Pop. 2221. It has beautiful suburbs, and the dis- trict is celebrated for mules, reputed among the best in Europe. In the neighborhood is the sulphurous spring of Fontadan. Melle, mSl'li, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, province of Coni, 11 miles W.S.W, of Saluzzo. Pop. 2435. Melle, m^ri^h, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 13 miles E.S.E. of Osnaburg, on the Else. Pop. 1805. MelMenville, a post-village of Columbia co., N.Y., in Claverack township, on the Hudson & Chatham Railroad, 9 miles E. by N. of Hudson. It has a church, a paper-mill, and a manufactory of knit goods. Melleray, mel'le-rd., a post-oBice of Dubuque co., Iowa, 12 miles S.W. of Dubuq^ue. Here is a Trappist abbey, called New Melleray. Mellika, mSl-lee'kA, a walled town in the Algerian Sa- hara, on the AVady-Mzab, 3 miles S. of Gardaia. It is a holy town, and has 3 mosques. Pop. about 1300. Melling, mSl'ling, a village of Austria, Styria, 1 mile from Marburg, with a church and a castle. Pop. 1063. Mellingeil, mfil'ling-^n, a town of Switzerland, can- ton of Aargau, 1 mile S. of Baden, on the Reuss. Pop, 854. lUclMonville, a post-village of Orange co., Fla., on the S. shore of Lake Monroe, 205 miles S, of Jacksonville. Here are several orange-groves. Melloon, m51-loon', a town of Burmah, on the Irra- waddy, opposite Patanago. MeI'low VaI'ley, a post-village of Clay co., Ala., about 75 miles N.N.E. of Montgomery. There are 4 churches within i of a mile of this village. Mellrichstadt, mSll'riK-stS.tt\ a town of Bavaria, on the Saale, 48 miles N.N.E. of Wiirzburg. Pop, 1904. Mell'wood, a post-office of Prince George's co., Md. Melmore^ mel-mor', a post-village in Eden township, Seneca co., 0., on an affluent of the Sandusky River, 8 miles S.S.E. of Tiffin. It has 4 churches and a fiour-mill, lUelnik, mSl'nik, a town of Bohemia, on the right bank of the Elbe, 21 miles N. of Prague. Pop. 3678. Mel'nik, a town of Turkey, in Roumelia, 55 miles N.E, of Salonica. Pop. 5000. JUelOy a town of Italy. See Mkl. Mclo, mil'lo, a town of Uruguay, 200 miles N.E. of Mon- tevideo. Melocabus, Germany. See Codurg. MeIocheviUe(Fr.pron.miV-Iosh-veer),orTeohante, tiN)MiS,nt', a post-village in Beauharnois co., Quebec, at the outlet of the Beauharnois Canal in Lake St. Louis, 30 miles S.W. of Montreal. It contains a foundry, flour-mills, and 4 stores. Pop. 400. Melodunum, the ancient name of Melun. Meloria, mi-lo're-S, (anc. Mana'ria?), a small island in the Mediterranean, oflf the coast of Tuscany, 4 miles W. of Leghorn. MeloSf an island of Greece. See Mild. Mel'pine, a post-office of Muscatine co., Iowa, about 20 miles W. of Davenport. Melres, m^l'rSs, a town of Portugal, province of Douro, 12 (uiles E. of Oporto, on the Douro. Pop. 1161. MeProse', a burgh of Scotland, co. of Roxborough, on the Tweed, and on tho North British Railway, 11 miles N.N.W. of Jedburgh. The town is noted only for its ab,bey, the church of which, when entire, was the finest in Scot- land, as it is still the noblest ruin. It was founded by David I. in 1136 for Cistercian monks. Pop. 1405. Melrose, mel-roz' or mel'roz, a village in Alameda co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of Oak- land. It is at the junction of a branch railway. Here are smelting- and refining-works and a cord age -factory. Melrose, a post-office and station of Hartford co., Conn., on the Connecticut Central Railroad, 15 miles N.E. of Hartford, at the junction of the Rockville Branch. Melrose, a post-village of Alachua co., Fla., on Santa Fe Lake, 9 miles S.E. of Waldo Station. It has a saw-mill and 2 stores. Melrose, a post-office of Echols co., Ga., 22 miles S.E. of Valdosta. Melrose, a township of Adams co., 111. Pop. 2076, exclusive of Quincy, of which it contains a part. Melrose, a small post-viliage of Clark co., 111., in Mel- rose township, about 28 miles 8. of Paris. It contains 3 churches. Pop. of the township, 9S9. Mel rose, a suburban village of Proviso township, Cook CO., 111., on the Chicago &, Northwestern Railroad, 11 miles W. of Chicago. It has 2 churches and a manufactory of steel car-springs. Nearest post-office, Maywood, 1 mile. Melrose, a post-office of Grundy co., Iowa, in Melrose township, about 22 miles N. of Marshalltown. Pop. of the township, 597- Melrose, Monroe co., Iowa. See Bast Melrose. Melrose, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., Md,, on th.e Bachman Valley Railroad. It has 2 stores, a cigar-fac- tory, tfcc. Melrose, a handsome post-village of Middlesex co., Mass., in Melrose township, on the Boston & Maine Rail- road, 7 miles N. of Boston. It has a high school, a news- paper office, a bank, several churches, and manufactures of boots, shoes, furniture, tfcc. The township contains also a village named Melrose Highlands, and a pop. of 3990. Melrose, a station of Charlevoix co., Mich,, on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, 8i miles S, of Petoskey. Melrose, a post-village of Stearns co., Minn., in Mel- rose township, on the Sauk River, and on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 13 miles W. by N. of St. Cloud. It has 2 churches, a graded school, 3 hotels, and a flour-mill. Pop. about 400 ; of tho township, 462. Melrose, a post-office of St. .Louis co.. Mo., about 30 miles W. by S. of St. Louis. 3Ielrose, a post-office of Harlan co., Neb. Melrose, a station of the New York & Harlem Rail- road, within the city limits of New York, 6 miles N. of the Grand Central depot. Here is a convent. Melrose, a post-village of Rensselaer co., N.Y., in Schaghticoke township, on the Troy Ieiizil,mSn-zeer, a village of l?ersia, province of Ghilan, on the confines of Irak-Ajeraee, 40 miles S.S.W. of Reshd. Men'lo Park, a post-village of San Mateo co., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 33 miles S.S.E. of San Francisco. jUenIo Park, a post-hamlet of Middlesex co., N.J., in Raritan township, on the railroad which connects New Brunswick with New York, 7 miles E. of the former. Meiinetou- sur- Cher, m^n'neh-too'-siiu-shain, a town of France, in Loir-et-Cher, on the Cher, Pop. 1066. Mennevret, mfin^neh-vri', a village of France, depart- ment of Aisne, arrondisseinent of Vervins. Pop. 22U6. Mennighiiffen, m^n'niG-hliff^n, a village of Prussia, in Westphalia, 10 miles W.S.W. of Minden. Pop. 2141. Mennikorl, men-ne-koiil', a village of Russia, in Es- thonia, 14 miles W.S.W. of AVesenberg. . Pop. 2000. Men'no, a post-township of Mifliin co., Pa. Pop. 1173. Menno Post-Otlice is 16 miles S.W. of Lewistown, and is in Kishacoquillas Valley. Men'oken, a post-office of Shawnee co., Kansas, on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 5 miles N.W. of Topeka. Menola, the ancient name of Velez Malaga. Menoin'inee, a county of Michigan, is the most south- ern part of the upper peninsula. Area, about 1350 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by Green Bay, and on the S.W. by the Menominee River. It is also drained by Cedar River. The surface is uneven, and extensively cov- ered with forests of pine and other trees. Lumber is the chief article of export. It is intersected by the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Capital, Menominee. Valuation of real and personail estate, §1,624,950. Pop. in 1870, 1791 ; in 1874, 3490. Menominee, a station of Jo Daviess co., III., on the Illinois Central Railroad, and on the Mississippi River, 8 miles W.N.W. of Galena. Menominee, a post-village, capital of Menominee co., Mich., is on Green Bay, at the mouth of the Menominee River, in a township of the same name, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 52 miles N.N.E. of the city of Green Bay. It has 2 banks, a court-house, 2 newspaper ofiices, 5 churches, a town hall, a blast-furnace, 6 lumber- mills, a brewery, and a planing-mill. Lumber is the chief article of export. Pop. 2000 ; of the township, 2976. Menominee, a post-office of Cedar co.. Neb. Menomonee, or Meuomonie, a post-village, capi- tal of Dunn co., Wis., in Menomonee township, on the Red Cedar River, 2 miles S. of the West Wisconsin Railroad (Menomonee Station), 25 miles W. by N. of Eau Claire, and about 42 miles E.N.E. of Red Wing, Minn. It con- tains a court-house, 7 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a saw- mill, and 2 fine public school buildings, and has an extensive trade in lumber. Pop. about 1500; of township, 3433. Menomonee, township, Waukesha co.. Wis. P. 2348. Menomonee Falls, a post-village in Menomonee township, Waukesha co., Wis., on a creek of the same name, 3 miles from Granville Railroad Station, and about 16 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and manufactures of farming-implements and of sash and blinds. Pup. about 400. Menom'onee (or Menominee) River is formed by the Michigaraie and Bois Brule Rivers, which unite on the boundary between Wisconsin and the upper peninsula of Michigan. It runs in a S.S.E. direction, forms the boundary between Oconto co.. Wis., and Menominee co., Mich., and enters Green Bay at the village of Menom- inee. The main stream is about 125 miles long. See also Red Cedak River. MEN Menom'onee River, a small river of Wisconsin, rises in Washington co., runs southeastward, and enters the Mil- waukee River at its mouth at the city of Milwaukee. Meno'na Lake, Wisconsin, is one of the chain of Four Lakes in Dane co., and was formerly called Third Lake. It touches the S.E. part of the city of Madison, and is less than a mile distant from Lake Mendota. It is about 6 miles long and 2 miles wide. A short outlet or creek issues from it and enters Lake Waubesa. Menoof, or Menouf, m^n-oof, a town of Lower Egypt, in Menoofeeyeh province, on the canal which connects the Rosetta and Damietta branches of the Nile, 30 miles N.N.W. of Cairo. It has indigo-works, a manufacture of mats, and a government school. Men'oofee'yehj or Menufieh, men^oo-fee'yeh, a province of Lower Egypt, bounded E. in part by the eastern arm and traversed by the western arm of the Nile. Chief towns, Menoof and Sheybcen, the capital. Pop. 449,347. Menorca, an island of Spain. See Minohca. Meno'ti, a post-office of Buena Vista eo., Iowa. Menovghat^ a town of Asia. See Manavghat. Mens, m5N», a town of France, in Isere, 25 miles S. of Grenoble. Pop. 1951. Menselinsk,orMenzelinsk,m5n'zeh-linsk\ atown of Russia, in Orenboorg, on the Ik, an afliuent of the Kama, 135 miles N.W. of Oofa. Pop. 4879. Mensfelden, m^ns'f^l-den, a village of Prussia, 10 miles E.N.E. of Nassau. Pop. 1014. Menshieh, or El Menshieh, el m?n'shee'?h (anc. PtoUma'h), a town of Upper Egypt, 9 miles N.N.W. of Girgeh, on the W. bank of the Nile. It has nitre-works and a government cotton-factory. Mens'trie, a village of Scotland, cos. of Clackmannan and Perth, 3 miles E.N.E. of Stirling. Pop. 518. Menteith, Scotland. See Mosteith. Menton, m6j("H6N"' (It. Menlone, ni^n-to'ni), a town of France, in Alpes-Maritimes. situated on the Mediterra- nean, 14 miles by rail E.N.E. of Nice. It was ceded by Monaco in 1861, and is a favorite sanitary resort. P. 6891. Men'tor, a post-office of Bremer co., Iowa, about 20 miles N.E. of Waverly. Mentor, a post-village of Lake co., 0., in Mentor town- ship, on the Lake Shore Railroad, 23 miles E.N.E. of Cleve- land, and 6 miles S.W. of Painesville. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Pop. 416. The township is bounded on the N. by Lake Erie, and contains a summer resort named Little Mountain. Pop. 1666. Mentor, a township of Clark co., Wis. Pop. 654. Mentrida, m^n-tree'na, a town of Spain, province and 27 miles N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 2679. MentZ, m^nts (anc. Mnf/untiacinn or Mogontincum ; Ger. Mainz, mints; Fr. Mai/ence, ma^yONSs'), a city of Ilesse, capital of Rhein-Hessen, on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite to the mouth of the Main, and 20 miles W.S.W. of Frankfort, with which it is connected by rail- way. It is a fortress, and has a garrison of 800 men. The city, situated partly on a flat and partly on an ac- clivity, rises up gradually from the Rhine, in the form of an amphitheatre. It is walled, flanked with bastions, and defended besides by a citadel and several forts and out- works. A bridge of boats, above 1600 feet long, connects it with its suburb of Castel. The- houses are generally lofty, and have often a venerable and noble appearance ; but, as many of the streets are narrow, they exclude both air and light, and give several quarters of the town a dark, confined look. The Neue Anlage, outside the gates, is the principal promenade, consisting of extensive public gar- dens, well laid out, and commanding fine views of the city and surrounding district. The principal edifices are the cathedral, a vast building of red sandstone, finished in the eleventh century, the merchants' hall, formerly the elec- toral palace, the old collegiate church of St. Stephen, occu- pying the highest site in the city, the church of St. Peter, the Deutsche Hans, now the governor's palace, the former Dalbergische Palais, now used by the courts of justice, the library buildings, containing, in addition to the library, a museum, with several good collections, antiquities, philoso- phical and chirurgical apparatus, pictures, ic. One of the interesting objects in the town is the site of the house of Gutenberg, the inventor of movable types. The site is now occupied by the Casino, or reading-room, and the rooms of a literary association. An admirable bronze statue of Gutenberg, by Thorwaldsen, stands in an open space near the theatre. The manufactures consist chiefly of leather, soap, hats, glue, vinegar, tobacco, and musical instruments. The tr.ade, particularly transit, is extensive, being greatly facilitated both by water communication and railway, and MEN 1394 MER has in recent times greatly increased. The principal arti- cles are wine, corn, and wood. Mentz owes its foundation to a Roman camp, which was converted into a permanent bulwark and became the most important of a line of forts built along the Rhine. On the decline of the power of Rome it was almost entirely destroyed, but it was afterwards restored, and became the first ecclesiastical city of the Ger- man Empire, of which its archbishop-elector ranked as the premier prince. Pop, 56,421. Mentz,a township of Cayuga CO., N.Y. Pop. 2.303. It contains Port Byron. Menufieh, Egypt. See Mesoofeeyeh. Mqiius, the ancient name of the Main. Meiiuthias (Insula). See Zanzibar. Meiiyhard, the native name for Mannersdorf. Meiizaleh, men'zi'leh, one of the great lagoons of Lower Egypt, immediately S.E. of Damietta, separated by a narrow sand-bank from the Mediterranean, with which it communicates by 3 openings. Length, 50 miles ; greatest breadth, 25 miles. It receives the Pelushac and Tanitic branches of the Nile. The Menzaleh Canal from this lake joins the Nile N. of the town of Mansoorah. Menzaleli, a town of Lower Egypt, on the S. bank of the lake of the same name, 20 miles S. by E. of Damietta. lUenzelinsk, a town of Russia. See Menselinsk. Meiizil, a village of Persia. See Menjeel. nienzingen, m^nt'sing-en, a market-town of Baden, 16 miles N.E. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 1505. Meiizingen, m§nt'sing-en, a town of Switzerland, can- ton, and 4 miles E. N.E. of Ziig. Pop. 2211. Meorgis, supposed ancient name of Mo.iacar. Meppel, mSp'pel, a town of the Netherlands, province of Dienthe, on the Havoller, 26 miles S.W. of Assen. Pop. 737S. Meppen, mSp'p^n, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 44 miles N.W. of Osnaburg, on the Ems. Pop. 3128. Mep'pen, a post-hamlet of Calhoun co., 111., 15 miles W. of Jersey ville. Meqiuineiiza, mi-ke-nSn'th!L'(ano. Octor/e'ea), a town and fort of Spain, province and 60 miles S.S.E. of Huesoa, on the Ebro, at the inrtux of the Cinoa. Pop. 2S90. Mequinez, or Mekiiiez, infik'e-nSz, sometimes writ- ten Mekines, or Meknas, a city of Morocco, province and 34 miles W.S.W. of Fez. Pop. 60,000. It stands in a fertile valley, is large, better built than Morocco, and has a palace considered the finest in Morocco, and often the residence of the emperor. Me'quon, a township of Ozaukee CO., Wis. Pop. 3139. It contains Mequon River, and is bounded E. by Lake Michigan. Mequon Railroad Station is on the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad, 12 miles S. of Ozaukee. Mequon River, a post-hamlet of Ozaukee co., Wis., in Mequon township, on the Milwaukee River, near the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 2i miles from Mequon Station, and k mile S. of Thiensville Station. It has a brewery. Met, maiR, a French word signifying "sea," as Meii DE Glace ("Sea of Ice"), the name of one of the glaciers of Mont Blanc; Mer Morte ("Dead Sea"); Mer Noire ("Bl.ackSea") ; Mer Rouge ("Red Sea"), &c. Mer, m6R, or Menars-la-Ville, meh-naR'-li-veel', a town of France, in Loir-et-Cher, on the Orleans & Tours Railway, 11 miles N.E. of Blois. It has manufactures of wax, lime, leather, and ropes. Pop. ,3467. Mer and Ser, two contiguous summits of tlie Hima- layas, in the N. part of the Punjab, in lat. 34° N., Ion. 76° E., both conical and of nearly the same height, but, while one is white with snow, the other is uniformly bare. Mera, mi'roh\ Also, oTsho', and Felso, fSl'sho\ two nearly contiguous villages of Hungary, co. of Aba Uj Var, 4 miles from Forro. Pop. IISO. Mcrabing, mSr-i-bing', a town of South Africa, capi- tii.l of the territory of the Mantetis, in the interior, N.W. of Delagoa Bay. It occupies the summit of a long but narrow ridge, and forms an important stronghold. Mer Adriatique. See Adriatic. Mer'amec, a township of Crawford co., Mo. Pop, 907. It contains Midland. flleramec, a township of Franklin co., Mo. Pop. 1480. Meramec, a township of St. Louis co., Mo. Pop. 2436. It contains Glencoe. Meramec Iron-Works, Missouri. See Marahec. Meramec River, Missouri. See Maramec. Meramec Station, or Nasby, a village of St. Louis CO., Mo., in Bonhoinme township, on the Maramec River, and on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 19 miles W. by S. of St. Louis. It has manufactures of flour and w.agons. Here is Nasby Post-Ofliee. Meramichi. See Miramichi. Meran, mi'rin, a town of Austria, in the Tyrol, 15 miles N.W. of Botzen, on an affluent of the Adlge. Pop. 4229. It has 2 monasteries, a college, and a seminary. Near it is the mountain-fortress of Tyrol. Merande, a town of Persia. See Mehrand, Merapi, ini-r4'pee\ a volcano of Java, district of Ka- doe. It was in violent eruption September 14 to 17, 1849. Merapi, an active volcano in the island of Sumatra, near the W, coast. Lat. 0° 24' S. ; Ion. 100° 30' E. It is about 9700 feet high. Mer^asheen', a hamlet in Newfoundland, on the S. portion of an island of the same name, 18 miles W,N,W. of Placentia, Pop. 180. The island is 21 miles long. Merate, inA-ri'ti, a town of Northern Italy, 18 miles S.E. of Como, with a magnificent palace. Pop. 2532. Merawe, a tr.act of Nubia.. See Meroe. Merbes-le-Chateau, mgRb-lfh-shaHo', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 13 miles S.E. of Mons, on the Sam- bre. Pop. 1150. Merbidery, mer'be-dSr'ree, a town of British India, presidency of Madras, in South Canara, 17 miles N.E. of Mangalore, and with various handsome Jain pagodas, its population being chiefly of the Jain sect. Mer Blanche, the French for the White Sea. Mercadal, m^n-ki-d41', a town of the Balearic Islands, Minorca, 13 miles N.W. of Port Mahon. Pop. 4000. Mercara, or Merkara, mSr-ki'ra,, also called Madi- kere, a fortified town of India, capital of the province of Coorg, and of the Mercara district, 67 miles W. of Seringa- patam. It has a cool and healthful climate. Pop. 8146. The district of Mercara has an area of 265 square miles. Pop. 168,312. Alercatello, mSR-kJ-tSl'lo, a town of Italy, 15 miles W.S.W. of Urbino, on the Metauro. Pop, 2269, Mercato-Sarraceno, m^R-ki'to-saR-ui-chi'no, a town of Italy, province and 21 miles S,S,E, of Forli. P. 6532. Merced, or Mercede, mer-sid', a county of Califor- nia, is near the middle of the state. Area, about 1700 squarg miles. It is intersected by the San Joaquin River, and also drained by the Mariposa and Merced Rivers, and is bounded on the S.W. by the Coast Range of mountains. The soil is partly fertile. Cattle, wool, wheat, and barley are the staple products. In 1870 this county had 49,531 cattle, and more than any other county of the state. Capital, Merced. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,194,513. Pop. in 1870, 2807, of whom 2196 were Amer- icans. It is intersected by the Visalia division of the Cen- tral Pacific Railroad. Merced, a post-village, capital of Merced oo., Cal., on the \'isalia division of the Central Pacific Railroad, 67 miles S.E, of Stockton, It is in the great Sacramento Valley, which is almost treeless. It contains a court-house, 5 churehes, 2 banks, a newspaper office, a hotel, and planing- mills. Great quantities of wheat (the staple product of Merced co,) are shipped here. Mercedes, m^R-si'des, a town of the Argentine Re- public, 70 miles by rail W. of Buenos Ayres. Pop. 4080. It carries on an active trade with Montevideo. Mercedes, a town of Uruguay, on the Rio Negro, 150 miles N.W. of Montevideo. It has many elegant build- ings, and a large trade in wool and cattle-products, and is noted as a resort for invalids, the waters of the river at this point being considered medicinal. Pop. 5000. Merced (mer-sAd') Falls, a post-village of Merced co., Cal., on the Merced River, 6 miles above Snelling. It has a flour-mill and a woollen-mill. Merced River, California, rises in the Sierra Nevada, and is formed by two branches, called respectively the Mer- ced and the 'Tenaya Fork. It runs through the Yosemite Valley for a distance of about 8 miles. In the upper part of the valley or canon it descends more than 2000 feet in a distance of 2 miles. A little above the mouth of the Te- naya Fork the Merced ftjrms two cataracts, called the Ne- vada Fall and Vernal Fall, the first of which has a vertical descent of 639 feet. After it issues from the Yosemite Valley the river runs nearly westward through ■ Mariposa CO., and enters the San Joaquin River in Merced co. Its length is estimated at 160 miles. Gold is found near this river. See Nevada Pall. Mercenasco, miR-chi-nis'ko, or Marceuasco, maR-chd-nds'ko, a village of Italy, province of Turin, 6 miles from Ivrea. Pop. of commune, 2164. Mer'cer, a county in the N.W. central part of Dakota, is bounded on the N.E, and E, by the Missouri River, and intersected by the Knife River, Mercer, a northwestern county of Illinois, borders oo MER i; Iowa. Area, about 540 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Mississippi River, and is intersected by Edward's and Pope's Creeks. The surface is undulating, and is di- versified witli prairies and forests. The soil is fertile. In- dian corn, wheat, oats, horses, cattle, hay, and pork are the staple products. Mines of bituminous coal have been opened in this county. It is intersected by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Capital, Aledo. Valuation of real and personal estate, S19,90!l,So2. Pop. in 1870, 18,769, of whom 16,508 were Americans. Mercer, a county in the central p.art of Kentucky, has an area of about 320 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Kentucky River, and also drained by Dick's River and the E-ast Fork of Salt River. The surface is un- dulating and partly covered with forests. The soil is fer- tile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. Silurian limestone underlies part of this county. Capital, Harrodsburg. Valuation of real and personal es- tate, S5, 359,692. 'Pop. in 1870, 13,UI, of whom 12.938 were Americans. The Cincinnati Southern Railroad is near the E. border of this county. Mercer, a county in the N. part of Missouri, bordering on Iowa, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is in- tersected by the Weldon River, and also drained by Medi- cine Creek and the Crooked Fork of Grand River. The surface is undulating, and is extensively covered with for- ests of the oak, walnut, sugar-maple, &c. The soil is fer- tile. Indian corn, oats, wheat, cattle, hay, and pork are the staple products. This county is traversed by the South- western Branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Rail- road. Capital, Princeton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,000,000. Pop. In 1870, 11,557, of whom 11,417 were Americans. Mercer, a county of New Jersey, is near the middle of the state. Area, about 300 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Delaware River, and on the N^.E. by the Millstone River, and is partly drained by Assunpink Creek. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is fer- tile. Indian corn, oats, wheat, hay, butter, and potatoes are the staple products. Among the forest- trees are the oak, hickory, and chestnut. This county has quarries of red sandstone, a good material for building. It is intersected by the Camden & Amboy Railroad, the Belvidere Delaware Railroad, and a branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, also by the Delaware &, Raritan Canal. Capital, Trenton, which is also the capital of the state. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $62,364,494. Pop. in 1870, 46,386, of whom 38,363 were Americans. Slercer, a county in the W. part of Ohio, borders on Indiana. Area, about 468 square miles. It is intersected by the Wabash and St. Mary's Rivers. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with dense forests of the ash, elm, beech, white oak, black walnut, sugar-ma- ple, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Celina. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,515,078. Pop. in 1870, 17,254, of whom 15,039 were Americans. Mercer, a western county of Pennsylvania, bordering on Ohio, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is in- tersected by the Shenango River, and also drained by Ne- shannoek, French, Pymatuning, and Sandy Creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the pine, ash, sugar-maple, hick- ory, oak, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Butter, hay, oats. Indian corn, wheat, lumber, and flax are the staple products. This county has abundance of good bituminous block coal, iron ore, and limestone. It produced in 1S70 pig-iron and forged iron valued at $3,564,311, and 659,875 tons of coal, worth $1,869,071. It is intersected by 3 rail- roads, — the Erie & Pittsburg, the Atlantic & Great Western, and the Shenango it Alleghany. Capital, Mercer. Sharon is the largest town. Valuation of real and personal estate, $32,767,560. Pop. in 1870, 49,977, of whom 41,942 were Americans. Mercer, a county in the S. part of West Virginia, has an area of about 480 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by New or Kanawha River, and is intersected by Blue Stone River. The surface is diversified with mountains, fertile valleys, and extensive forests. Indian corn, wheat, oats and grass are the staple products. Among the forest trees is the sugar-maple. Capital, Princeton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,370,861. Pop. in 1870, 7064, of whom 7047 were Americans. Mercer, a township of Adams oo., 111. Pop. 304. Mercer, a post-ofiioe of Mercer co.. III., on the Keiths- burg Branch of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, 4} miles E. of Aledo. Pop. of the township, 1946. 15 MER Mercer, a post-village of Somerset co., Me., in Mercer township, about 30 miles N. by W. of Augusta. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 846. Mercer, a post-hamlet of Mercer co., 0., on the Toledo, Delphos & Burlington Railroad, 21 miles N.N.E. of Delphos. It has 2 churches. Pop. 73. Mercer, a township of Butler co., Pa. Pop. 478. Mercer, a post-borough, capital of Mercer co.. Pa., on Neshannock Creek, and on the Shenango & Alleghany Railroad where it crosses the New Castle & Franklin Rail- road, about 15 miles E. of Sharon, 20 miles N.N.E. of New Castle, and 56 miles N. by W. of Pittsburg. It contains a court-house, a national bank, 1 other bank, 2 newspaper ofiices, 4 churches, and a union school. Pop. 1235. Mercer Salt-Works, a post-office of Summers oo., W. Va., 22 miles S.S.W. of Hinton. Mercer's Bottom, a post-office of Mason eo., W. Va. Mer'cersburg, a post-borough in Montgomery town- ship, Franklin co., Pa., on the Southern Pennsylvania Railroad, 20i miles S.W. of Chambersburg. It contains 8 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, 2 carriage- factories, a female seminary, and the Mercersburg College (Reformed), which was organized in 1865. Pop. 971. Mercersburg Junction, a station in Franklin co., Pa., on the Southern Pennsylvania Railroad, at the junc- tion of the branch leading to Mercersburg, which is 2i miles distant. Mercer's Gap, a post-office of Comanche co., Tex. Mercer Station, a post-hamlet of Muhlenburg eo., Ky., on the Louisville & Paducah Railroad, 3 miles N.W. of Greenville. Mer'cerville,' a hamlet of M'ercer eo., N.,I., 4 or 5 miles E.N.E. of Trenton. Mercerville, a post-hamlet of Gallia oo., 0., in Guyan township, about 13 miles S. by W. of Gallipolis. It has 2 churches. Mercerville, a post-haraletof Louisaco., Va., 12 miles E.N.E. of Louisa Court-IIouse. Mer'chantvllle, a post-borough of Camden co., N.J., in Stockton township, on the railroad which connects Cam- den with Mount Holly, 4 miles E. of Camden. It has 3 churches. Here are numerous hiindsome villas and resi- dences and a large hotel. Pop. about 500. Merchantville, a post-village of Steuben co., N.Y., in Thurston township, about 25 miles W.N.W. of Elmira. It is 6 miles W. of Campbell Station. It has 2 churches, a lumber-mill, 3 stores, and 2 carriage-shops. Merchingen, mJrK'ing-en, a village of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, on the Kessach. Pop. 1135. Merclitem, m§i. 3Ierrimac, a post- village in Merrimac township, Sauk CO., Wis., on the Wisconsin River, here crossed by a fine bridge, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 26 miles N.N.W. of Madison, and 10 miles S.E. of Baraboo. It has a church, 2 or 3 hotels, and several stores. Pop. of the township, 8S6. Merrimac Point, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., 111., on the Mississippi River, 10 miles N.W. of Waterloo. Mer'rimacport' (formerly South Amesbury), a post-village of Essex co., Mass., finely situated on the Mer- rimac River, in I\Ierrimac township, 8 miles N.E. of Haver- hill, and 1 mile from Merrimac Railroad Station. It has 2 churches, a high school, and a carriage-factory. Merrimac River rises in New Hampshire among the White Mountains, and runs nearly southward through the cos. of Merrimack and Hillsborough, from the latter of which it passes into Middlesex co., Mass. Below Lowell it runs eastward and northeastward, intersects Essex co., and enters the Atlantic Ocean about 2 miles below Newburyport. Its length is estimated at 150 miles, exclusive of the Pem- igewasset, which is its largest branch. Vessels of 200 tons can ascend it to Haverhill, about 16 miles. The chief cities on its banks are Lowell, Lawrence, Haverhill, and Newbury- port, in Massachusetts, and Manchester, Nashua, and Con- cord, in New Hampshire. It affords abundant water-power, which is employed in numerous manufactories. Mer'rimau, a post-office of Eastland co., Tex. 3Ier'rimon, a post-office of Hahfax co., N.G. Merritch, or llleritch, mSrh-itch', a considerable town of India, 72 miles S.E. of Sattarah, near the Kistnah, on the banks of which are a handsome ghaut and pagoda. Mer'ritt, a post-village of Scott co.. III., on the Rock- ford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad, 4 miles S. of Cliapin, and about 10 miles W. of Jacksonville. It has a flour-mill and several stores. 31erritt, a township of Bay co., Mich. Pop. 316, Mer'rittou, or Tho'rold Station, a post-village in Lincoln co., Ontario, on the AVelland Canal, and on the Great Western Railway, 34 miles E. by S. of Hamilton. It has several churches, cotton-mills, a paper-mill, saw- and grist-mills, and several stores and hotels. Pop. 1000. Mer'ritt's Bridge, a post-hamlet of Aiken co., S.C., on the South Edisto River, 14 miles N.E. of Aiken. It has a church, a flour-mill, a lumber-mill, and a bridge over the river. Here is a bed of kaolin. Merritt's liandiiig, post-office, Marquette co.. Wis. Mer'rittslowii, a post-village of Fayette co., Pa., on Dunlap's Creek, about 40 miles S. of Pittsburg. It has an academy and 2 churches. Mer'rittsville, a post-hamlet of Greenville co., S.C., about 24 miles N. of Greenville Court-House. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a tannery, Merrittsville, Ontario. See Welland. Mer Rouge. See Red Sea. Mer'ro w Station, a post-village of Tolland co.. Conn., on the AA''illituantie River, and on the New London North- ern Railroad, 27 miles N.N.W. of Norwich. Merrum, a vilhvge of the Netherlands. See Marrum. Mer'ryall, a post-hatnlet of Bradford co.. Pa., on the AVyalusing Oreok, about 40 miles N.W. of Scranton. It has a church, a grist-mill, and 2 saw-mills. Mer'ry Hill, a township of Bertie co., N.C. P. 1114. Merry Mouut, a post-office of Warren. co., N.C. )8 MER Merry Oaks, a post-office of Chatham co., N.C, on the Raleigh & Augusta Railroad, 26 miles S.W. of Raleigh. Merry Point, a post-office of Lancaster co., Va. Mersa Dahab, a port of Arabia. See Dahab. Merscheid, mfiit'shit, a town of Rhenish Prussia, at a railway junction, 3 miles W. of Solingen. Pop. 10,017. Merse, m^rs, or March, a district of Scotland, form- ing the S. part of Berwickshire. Mer'sea, a finely-wooded island of England, in Essex, in a bay of the North Sea, connected with the mainland by a long causeway covered at high water. Mer'seburg (Ger. pron. m5a's?h-booRG'), a town of Prussian Saxony, on the left bank of the Saale, and on the Thuringian Railway, 56 miles S.S.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 13,064. It is enclosed by walls, and has a cathedral, pal- aces, an orphan asylum, a school of surgery, and manufac- tories of woollen and linen fabrics, paper, tobacco, vinegar, and excellent beer. Merseburg, m^u's§h-b66RG\ a government of Prus- sian Saxony, bounded N. by Hanover. Area, 3942 square miles. It belongs to the basin of the Elbe. The minerals are of great value, and include silver, lead, copper, iron, coal, and lignite. Pop. 903,931. Mers-el-Kebir, m^Rs-§l-ki^beeu' (Sp. Mazalquhir, m^L-TH^rkee-vecR'), a- town and seaport of Algeria, 5 miles N.W. of Oran. It is strongly fortified, and has a good harbor. Pop. 14S6. Mersey, mer'zee, a river of England, rises in the N. part of the co. of Derby, and flows W., mostly between the COS. of Chester and Lancaster, till it expands into the spa- cious estuary or arm of the Irish Sea which forms Liver- pool harbor. Length, 60 miles. Chief affluent, the Irwell, to the junction of which it is navigable for large vessels. Mer'shon's Cross Roads, a post-hamlet of Laurel CO., Ky., S miles S.E. of Livingston. It has a tobacco- factory. Mersina, or Mersyna, mSr-see'na, a seaport of Asia Minor, on the Mediterranean, province' and 40 miles S.W. of Adana, of which it is the port. It has an extensive trade. Mertendorf, m^R'ten-dour, a village of Bohemia, 13 miles from Auscha. Pop. 1046. Merthyr-Tydvil, mer'THer-tid'vil or tud'viI,or Mer- thyr-Tydfil, a town of Wales, co. of Glamorgan, on the Talf, at the junction of several railways, 22 miles N.N.W. of Cardiff. It has sprung up from a mere village to a place of great extent and importance, and, though consisting generally of irregular assemblages of workmen's houses, situated on both sides of the river, and communicating by two bridges, has undergone important changes, which have greatly improved its sanitary condition and general appear- ance. It has many good shops and dwellings, and near its centre is one of the most spacious market-places in Wales. The public buildings and institutions include about 30 places of worship, belonging chiefly to the Wesleyan and other Methodists, Independents, Baptists, &g., national and other schools, a nieehanios' institute, a theatre, and, in the viciu.ity, Cyvartha Custle and park, and Pen-y-Darren House. The town owes its prosperity to its situation near the centre of the valuable poal- and mineral-field of South Wales. The mines are extensively worked, and important iron-works have been established. The borough is under the superin- tendence of a stipendiary magistrate. It sends two mem- bers to the House of Commons. In the environs are many handsome residences. Pop. of parish, 51,949 ; of the borough (including Dowlais, Aberdare, and Mountain Ash), in 1S71, 97,020. Mertola, m^R-to'lS, (anc. Myrtilis)^ a fortified town of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, on the Guadiana, 66 miles S. of Evora. Pop. 3236. Mer'tou, a village of England, in Surrey, ^ mile S. of Wimbledon. Pup. of parish, 2139. Mer'ton, a post-office of Steele co., Minn., in Merton township, about 13 miles S.S.E. of Faribault. Pop. of the township, 6S5. 3Ierton, a post-village in Merton township, Waukesha CO., Wis., on Bark River, 5 miles from Hartland Station, and about 2o miles W.N.W. of Milwaukee. It has 2 churches. The township contains several small lakes, and hamlets named North Lake, Stone Bank, and Monches. Pop. of the township, 1522. Mertz'towu, a post-village of Berks co., Pa., on the East Pennsylvania Railroad, 21 miles N.E. of Reading. It has a church. Meru, miVii', a town of France, in Oise, 15 miles S. of Beauvais. Pop. 3517. It has manufactures of dominos, boards and pieces for chess, toys, files, and sugar. Me^rud', a town of India, 47 miles S.E. of Poonah, MER 13 Merville, mSRVeel', or Mergheni, mSii'ghSin' (L. Menariacuin), a town of France, in Nord, on the Lys, 22 miles W. of Lille. It has manufactures of tahle-linen and embroidery. Pop. 3104. Merw, Merv, mirv, or Meru, mSr'oo (ano. Aiiti'ochia Margiana?), a walled town of Toorkistan, dominion and 300 miles S.E. of Khiva. Pop. 3000. Merw, Mei-v, or Meru, a village of Thibet, on the Sutlej, above the Himalayas, 30 miles E.N.E. of Rampoor. Merwede, or De Merwede, di ra^n'*i"deh, a river of the Netherlands, formed by the junction of the Meuse and the Waal. 3Iei"'win, a post-village of "Westmoreland co., Pa., in Burrill township, 6 miles from Chartiers Station. It has a church and 2 wagon-shops. Mer'wiiisburg, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., Pa., 14 miles W. of Stroudsburg. Merwinsville, Connecticut. See Gaylordsville. Merxem, m^rx'^in, a village of Belgium, province and 2 miles N.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 2242. Merxheim, m^Kx'hime, a village of Prussia, in Hesse- Nassau, near Meisenheim. Pop. 1281. Merxplas, m^Rx'plis, a village of Belgium, 27 miles E.N.E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1569. Mery-sur-Seine, mi*ree'-siiR-sin, a town of France, in Aube, on the Seine, which here becomes navigable, 12 miles W.S.W. of Areis-sur-Aube. Pop. 1445. lUerzig, uiSut'siG, a town of Bhenish Prussia, 22 miles S. of Treves, on the Saar. Pop. 4411. Mesada Nevada, mi-si'ni ni-vi'ni, a mountain of the Andes, in Bolivia. Lat. 16° 30' S.; Ion. 67° 52' W. Height, 19,356 feet. Mesagne, mi-sin'yA, a town of Italy, province and 27 miles N.W. of Lecce. Pop. 8511. Mes'aville, a post-office of Pinal co., Arizona, on the San Pedro River. Mesched, or Mcschid, a town of Persia. See Meshed. Meschede, mi'shiMeh, a town of Prussia, Westphalia, 11 miles B.S.E. of Arnsberg, on the Ruhr. Pop. 2678. Meschendorf, Transylvania. See Messe. Aleschiti, a town of Russia. See Msket. Meseinbria, the ancient name of MissiVRi. Mesen, a river and town of Russia. See Mezes. Mese'na, a post-office of Warren co., G-a. Meseritsch, finoss, Moravia. See Gross Meseritsch. Meseritsch, Wallachisch, wiriS,-Kish rai'z^r-itch\ a town of Moravia, 25 miles N.E. of Prerau. Pop. 2606. Meseritz, m4'zer-its\ a town of Prussian Poland, 55 miles W. of Posen, on the Obra. Pop. 4818. Meshannon, Pennsylvania. See Moshanson. Mesh>chovsk', Mest'chovsk', or Mieshchowsk, my8sh'ohovsk', a town of Russia, government of Kalooga, 40 miles W. by S. of the town of Kalooga. Pop. 5431. Mesh'ed', or Mush'edS written also Mesched and Meschid, a walled city of N.E. Persia, capital of the province of Khorassan, in lat. 36° 17' 40" N., Ion. 59° 25' E. Pop. estimated at 45,000. It stands in a fertile plain, and has the superb mausoleum of the Imam Reza, the mag- nificence of which is scarcely equalled in Persia; but its colleges are in ruins. It has manufactures of velvets, and an active trade with Bokhara, Candahar, Herat, &a. Meshed-Hosseiii, Turkey. See Kerbela.. Meshop'peii, a post-village of Wyoming co.. Pa., in Meshoppen township, on the North Branch of the Susque- hanna River, and on the Pennsylvania & New York Rail- road, 47 miles N. by W. of Wilkesbarre. It has 4 churches and several mills or factories. Pop. about 700 ; of the town- ship, 1239. Meshop'pen (or Meshop'en) Creek falls into the North Branch of the Susquehanna in Wyoming CO., Pa. Mesico, the Italian name of Mexico. Mesilla, mi-seel'yil, a post-village, capital of Dona Ana CO., New Mexico, on the Rio Grande, about 50 miles above El Paso, Tex. Pop. 1578. Mesilla Valley, or La Mesilla, li mi-seel'yi, a tract or strip of bottom-land, 8 or 10 miles long, in the S. part of New Mexico, and on the W. side of the Rio Grande. It owes its name, signifying "little plateau" (from the Spanish mesa, a "tabfe"), to the fact of its being elevated a few feet above the other bottom-lands of the river. In this valley or tract is also a village called Mesilla. Mesinum, the Latin n.ame of Mezis. Mes.jid Ali, a town of Turkey. See Musjid. Mes'lin-l'Eveque, mfe'l4N»'-li"vik', a village of Bel- gium, in Hainaut, 18 miles N. of Mons. Pop. 1873. Meso, mi'so, a river of Asiatic Russia, in Yeniseisk, falls into the Gulf of Tazovsk. Length, 140 miles. 9 MES Mesola, mi'so-li or m5s'o-li, a town of Italy, 31 miles E.N.E. of Ferrara. Pop. 0399. Mesolonghi, a town of Greece. See Missolonghi. Mesopotamia, mSs^o-po-ti'me-a (Arab. Al Jezeereh, or ^4^ Jczira, il jSz-ce'reh, "the island"), the name given by the ancient Greeks to a country of Asia lying between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, now comprised in the vilayets of Diarbekir and Bagdad, and containing the cities of Diarbekir, Mardecn, Nisibin, and Mosul, with parts of the ruins of Babylon and Seleucia. Its length, from N.W. to S.E., is between 600 and 700 miles. Its greatest breadth is near 200 miles. Mesopotamia (from the Greek juecTos, mhsoSf and iroTa^dy, potamos) signifies literally " be- tween the rivers." Mes^opota'mia, a post-vill.age in Mesopotamia town- ship, Trumbull co.. 0., on Grand River, 5 miles W. of Bloom- field Station, and about 42 miles E. of Cleveland. The township has 4 churches, 4 cheese-factories, and quarries of fine building-stone. Pop. of the township, 796. Mesqnite, mes-keet', a post-village of Dallas co., Tex., on the Texas &■ Pacific Railroad, 12 miles E. of Dallas. It has several stores. Mesquitella, mSs-ke-tJl'li, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 15 miles W.S.W. of Guarda. Pop. 1035. Messa, mSs'sSi, a walled town of Morocco, province of Soos, 60 miles S.W. of Terodant. Pop. 3000. Messac, m^s^s^k', a village of France, in lUe-et- Vilaine, 18 miles N.E. of Redon. Pop. of commune, 2312. Messana, a town of Italy. See Messina. Messancy, mfc's6N»"see' (Ger. Metzig, mjt'sio), a vil- lage of Belgium, province of Luxembourg, 4 miles N.N.E. of Longwy. Pop. 1300. Messe, mSs's^h, or Meschendorf, m^sh'en-donP, a village of Transylvania, 27 miles from Sehiissburg. P. 1208. Messejana, mSs-si-zhi'ni, a town of Portugal, prov- ince of Algarve, 28 miles S.W. of Boja. Pop. 1500. Messe'ne (Gr. Meo-o-iji-r;), modem Mavromati, mi- vro-m^'tee, a village of Greece, Morea, government of Messenia, 16 miles S.E. of Kyparissia. It stands at the foot of Mount Ithome, on either side of the "Black Spring" (the ancient fountain of Clepsydra), and on the site of ancient Messene, the remains of which are extensive. Mes'sengerville, a post-hamlet of Cortland co., N.Y., on the Syracuse & Binghamton Railroad, 35 miles N. of Binghamton. The railroad station is called State Bridge. Messenheimer, mes's^n-hiHner, or Meiseiihei- iner, a township of Union Co., III. Pop. 1076. Messe'nia, an ancient country, now a nome of Greece, consisting of the S.W. peninsula of the Morea. Area, 1226 square miles. Capital, Kalamata. Pop. 130,417. Adj. and inhab. Messenian, m^s-see'ne-an. Messer, Cherokee co., Kansas. See Brownsville. Mes'ser's, or State tine, a hamlet in Rockingham CO., N.H., on the Massachusetts line, and on the Manchester & Lawrence Railroad, 3 miles N. of Lawrence, Mass. Mes'sick's, a station in Sussex co., Del., on the Junc- tion &, Breakwater Railroad, 2 miles E. of Georgetown. Messin, misH&.s"', a former district of France, which belonged to the province of Lorraine, and had Metz for its capital. It now forms a part of German Lorraine. Messina, mSs-see'nS- (anc. Znu'cle, afterwards Messa'- ua or Messe'ne ; Fr. Messiiie, inSs'seen'), a city and seaport of Sicily, capital of a province of the same name, is situ- ated on the Strait of Messina, here about 2 miles wide, 200 miles S.S.E. of Naples. L.at. (light) 38° 11' 10" N.; Ion. 15° 34' 45" E. It ranks as a fortress of the first class, being walled and defended by a citadel and forts. The harbor, one of the best in the Mediterranean, is formed by a semicircular strip of land, which, from its resemblance to a sickle, suggested the original name of the town, Zancle, in Greek, signifying a "sickle." Within, the harbor has a circuit of nearly 4 miles; it is of great depth, and per- fectly secure in all weather. Messina extends above 2 miles along the bay and about half a mile up an acclivity which terminates in several considerable mountains. Its white houses and numerous spires contrast beautifully with the dark green of the olive-, lemon-, .and orange-groves clothing the mountain-slopes. From the upper portions of the town is obtained a m.agnificent view of the ocean and the lofty mountains of the Italian continent. Messina is for the most part handsomely laid out. It is the N.E. ter- minus of the Sicilian railway system. It, has wide streets, well paved with blocks of lava, of which material most of the houses are constructed. The Marina, a favorite prom- enade fronting the harbor, is a broad quay, adorned with statues and fountains ; immediately beyond this is a mag- nificent terrace, once lined with noble edifices, of which but MES 1^ few survived the great earthquake of 1783. Owing to the occurrence of these phenomena, the houses in Messina seldom exceed two stories. Among the public buildings may be mentioned the cathedral, a Gothic structure, erected by the Nortnans soon after their conquest of Sicily j the viceroy's palace, having a finely-planted park ; the archiepiscopal palace, the senate-house, an exchange, custom-house, bank, a large and well-eniowed hospital, a prison, 2 theatres, an extensive arsenal, and a large lazaretto, besides about 50 churches and numerous nunneries. It possesses a univer- sity with a full complement of professors in belles-lettres, philosophy, law, and medicine, a naval seminary, and an extensive public library rich in Greek manuscripts. Mes- sina is the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishop and archi- mandrite, and of a Greek protopope. Its manufactures of silk goods and satins have long been famous, and its com- merce is very extensive. Chief exports, silk, fruits, olive oil, wine, spirits, salted fish, linseed, sumach, essences, *fec. It has valuable tunny and other fisheries. Ancient Zancle is said to have been founded 1004 years B.C. Its present name was given it by the Messenians, into whose possession it came about 500 B.C. Charles of Anjou, in an unsuccesfeful attack upon the town, lost the greater part of his fleet, and in 1674 a Spanish fleet, having block- aded the port, was defeated in a great naval battle by the French. In 1743 the plague carried off more than half of its inhabitants, and by the earthquake of 1783 several hun- dred lives were lost and its best buildings destroyed. Pop. 70,307, or, including suburbs, 111,854. Adj. and inhab. Messe'iVian (Fr. Messinois, m^s'see'nw^' ; It. Messinese, mSs-se-ni'si). See Strait of Messina. Itteseina, a province of Sicily, bounded N. by the Tyr- rhene Sea, E. by the Strait of Messina and the Ionian Sea. Area, 1768 square miles. Pop. 420,649. Messina Springs, a sulphur spring of Onondaga co., N.Y., 1 mile from East Syracuse Station. Here is a hotel. Messines, mSs'seen' (Plem. Meeseii, mi'z?n), a town of Belgium, in AVest Flanders, 6 miles S. of Ypres. Messis, m6s"sees', or Misis, mis'sees', a large village of Asia Minor, 18 miles E. of Adana, beside the Jyhoon (anc. Pi/r'amm), on the site of the ancient Mopsueatia. JUessolonghi, a town of Greece. See Missolo.vghi. Messon'go, a post-office of Accomack CO., Va. Mestanza, mes-tin'thi, a town of Spain, province and 30 miles S.S.W. of Ciudad Real. Pop. 1693. Mestcliovsk, a town of Russia. See Meshchovsk. Mesteczko, a village of Bohemia. See Stadtl. Mesteiio, the Latin name of Maintenos. Mestre, mSs'tri, a town of Italy, 5 miles N.W. of Venice, at a railway junction, on the margin of a lagoon. It has saw-mills, foundries, Ac. Pop. 9931. Mes'trezat', or Mount Vernon, a post-village in BuUskin township, Fayette co., Pa., at the terminus of the Greenlick Railroad, 3 miles from Greenlick Junction. It has a coal-mine. Pop. about 300. Mesuradu (mSs-oo-ra'do) River, of West Africa, flows S.W. for about 300 miles, and enters the Atlantic at Monrovia. Mesurata, mSs-oo-ri'ti, a maritime town of North Africa, dominion and 112 miles E.S.E. of Tripoli, at the entrance of the Gulf of Sidra. Meta, mi'ti, a town of Italy, on the sea-coast, province of Naples, 4 miles N.E. of Sorrento. It is noted for its fine situation, and has 2 small ports. Pop. 7229. Meta, mi'ta, a river of the United States of Colombia, rises about 40 miles S. of Bogota, and joins the Orinoco after a N.E. course of 500 miles. Metabetchouan, met"i-bet^ohoo-5.n', a river of Que- bec, in lat. 48° 23' 12" N. It is a fine broad stream, nav- igable for many miles for large boats, and farther up for bark canoes. It discharges its waters on the S. side of Lake St. John. Metaghan, met'a-gin', a post-village in Digby co.. Nova Scotia, on St. Mary's Bay, 40 miles S.S.W. of Digby. Met'al, a township of Franklin co.. Pa. Pop. 1419. Metallnm, the Latin name of Melle. Met^amo'ra, a post-village, capital of AVoodford co., 111., in Metamora township, on a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 19 miles E.N.E. of Peoria, and about 30 miles N.W. of Bloomington. It has 7 churches, 2 banks, a newspaper office, a public park, and manufactures of car- riages and wagons. Pop. 702; of the township, 1718. Metamora, a post-village of Franklin co., Ind., in Metamora township, on Whitewater River, and on the Cin- cinnati ^Whitewater Valley Railroad, 17 miles S. of Con- nersville. It has a high school, 3 churches, and 2 flouring- mills. Pop. of the township, 1222. »0 MET Metamora, a post-hamlet of Lapeer co., Mich., in Metamora township, on the Detroit & Bay City Railroad, 62 miles N.N.W. of Detroit, and S miles S. of Lapeer. It has a church. Metamora, a post-vill.age of Fulton co., 0., is on the N. boundary of the state, in Amboy township, 20 miles W.N.W. of Toledo. It has 2 churches and a planing-mill. Metamora, Ohio. See Matajioras. Metamora, a station in Lehigh co.. Pa., on the Cata- sauqua & Fogelsville Railroad, 3 miles W. of Catasauqua. Metapa, mi-t4'p3,, a town of Guatemala, 20 miles S.S.E. of the city of Guatemala, near Lake Metapa. P. 4000. Metauro, mA-tow'ro (anc. Metau'rus), a river of Cen- tral Italy, in the Marches, after an E.N.E. course of 50 miles, enters the Adriatic 9 miles S.E. of Pesaro. Metaxata, mi-tix-a,'ta, a village of the island of Cephalonia, 6 miles S.E. of Argostoli. Met'calf, a post-office and station of Edgar co.. 111., on the Indiana <& Illinois Central Railroad, 12 miles W. of Chrisman. Metcalfe, met'kaf, a county in the S. part of Ken- tucky, has an area of about 370 square miles. It is drained by several small affluents of Green and Barren Rivers. The surface is uneven or hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, tobacco, oats, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Edmonton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,838,427. Pop. in 1870, 7934, of whom 7927 were Americans. Metcalfe, Ontario. See Osgoode. Metcalfe's, a station in Middlesex co., Mass., on the Milford Branch of the Boston k Albany Railroad, 7 miles S. by W. of South Framingham. Metcovich, mSt'ko-viK^ a town of Herzegovina, 24 miles S.S.W. of Mostar. Pop. about 500. Me'tea, St. Paul Railroad, and contains a vil- lage named Brandon. Pop. of the township, 183S. Jlletompkin, me-tom'kin, a post-hamlet of Accomack CO., Va., is near the ocean (with which it communicates by a navigable inlet), 23 miles S. of Newtown, Md. Metropoli, m^h-trop'o-le (anc. Gortyaia ?), a town of Crete, near its centre, 20 miles S.W. of Candia. Metroi)'olis, a ruined city of Asia Minor, 22 miles S.S.E. of Smyrna. Metrop'olis, a post-town or city, capital of Massac co., 111., on the Ohio River, 3S miles above Cairo, and about 11 miles below Paducah. It has well-paved streets 100 feet ■wide, and stands on an inclined plane above the highest floods. It contains a banking-house, a seminary, 8 churches, 3 flouring-mills, a pottery, 3 large saw-mills, a ship-yard, a tobacco -factory, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 2490. Metska^Gorka, Prussia. See Gorchen. JMettet, met'tSt, or Met'tez, a town of Belgium, prov- ince and 12 miles S.S.W. of Namur. Pop. 1980. Mettmann, niStt'mS,nn, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 9^ miles N.E. of DusseMurf, on the Dilssel. It has manufac- tures of cotton and silk goods, hardware, &c. Pop. 6500. Mettray, mStHri', a village of France, in Indre-et- Loire, 5 miles by rail N. of Tours, with a celebrated reform- atory for boys. Pop. 2344. Metuchen,me-tu,tch'§n, a post-village in Raritan town- ship, Middlesex co., N.J.. on the railroad which connects New Brunswick with New York, and also on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of New Brunswick. It has 5 churches. Here are 2 stations, Metuchen and Campbells. MetZ, m^ts {Fr. pron. miss; anc. Bivodu'nim, after- wards Mediomat'rici and Met'tls or Me'tia), a fortified city of Germany, capital of Lorraine, at the confluence of the Moselle and Seille, and at the head of a branch of the rail- way from Paris to Strasburg, 170 miles E. of Paris. Metz is one of the strongest and most important places in Ger- many, and its esplanade is one of the finest promenades in Europe. It has a citadel on the right bank of the Moselle, a Gothic cathedral with a spire 373 feet high, a tribunal of commerce, a college, school of engineering, normal school, a botanic garden, an arsenal with a cannon-foundry and an armory, a military hospital, and a public library. It has important manufactures of coarse woollen cloths, muslins, thread, needles, artificial flowers, liqueurs, paper, wadding, plush, glass, hardware, machinery, and musical instruments, and an active trade, being a general entrepot for colonial and foreign merchandise. Metz, under the Romans, rose to considerable importance, being traversed by six grand military roads. Under the descendants of Clovis it became the capital of the kingdom of Austrasia, and, on the decline of the house of Charlemagne, passed to the Emperor of Germany, who, in order to make it a barrier against France, strongly fortified it and allowed it to possess an almost re- publican freedom. In 1552 it claimed the protectorate of France, and ceased to be free. In 1870 it sun-endered to the Germans. Pop. in 1875, 45,856; with suburbs, 53,151. Metz, a post-village of Steuben co., Ind., 9 miles E. of Angola, and about 44 miles N.N.E. of Fort Wayne. It has 2 churches and a carriage-factory. Metz, a post-office of Jasper co., Iowa, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 6 miles AV. of Newton. Metz, a post-oflice of Chautauqua co., Kansas, 14 miles W. of Independence. Metz, a post-hamlet in Metz township, Vernon co.. Mo., 14 miles N.N.W. of Nevada. It has a flour-mill and a saw-milL Coal abounds here. Metz, a post-office of Platte co., Neb. Metzdorf, a village of Austria. See MadepalvA. Metzensiefeu, met's^n-see^fen, a town of North Hun- gary, 18 miles W. of Kaschau. Pop. about 5000. Metzig, a village of Belgium. See Messancv. Metziiigen, or Meziugen, mSt'sing-en, a town of Wiirtemborg, on the Neckar, 18 miles S.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 5003. Metzovo, a town of Turkey. See Mezzovo. Meu, miih. a river of France, joins the Vilaine about 3 miles above Pontreau. Length, about 50 miles. Meudon, muhM6N»' (L. Meudo), a town of France, in Seine-et-Oise, 5 miles by rail W. of Paris. It has a palace and manufactures of glass, edge-tools, Ac. Pop. 6385. Meulan, muhMON"', a town of France, in Seine-et-Oise, on the Seine, and on the Paris & Rouen Railway, 8 miles W.N.W. of Poissy. Pop. 2374. Meulebeeck, mo'l§h-bik\ a village of Belgium, in South Brabant, 1 mile N.W. of Brussels. Pop. 1900. Meulebeke, mo'leh-bi^k^h, a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 10 miles N. of Courtrai. Pop. 8500. It has manufactures of lace and cotton goods. Meuilg, m^'iiNo' (L. Magdumim), a town of France, in Loiret. on the right bank of the Loire, 11 miles by rail W.S.AV. of Orleans. Pop. 3122. Mcurim, a town ami river of Brazil. See Miariw. Meurs, muns, or Mors, mons, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 17 miles N.N.E. of Dusseldorf, on the Eider. Pop. 3411. It has a normal school and a town hall, in front of which are the sculptured lions found on the site of the Asciburgum of Tacitus. Meursault, mun^so' {Mu'ris Sal'tus), a village of France, in C6te-d'0r, on the railway from Paris to Lyons, 27 miles S.S.W. of Bijon. Pop. 2550. Meurthe, munt (L. Murta), a river of France, rises in the Vosges, S.E. of Saint-Di6, and joins the Moselle on the right at Frouard, 6 miles N. of Nancy. Length, 70 miles. Meurthe-et-Moselle, muRt-A-mo^zSl', a department of France, bordering on Germany, formed in 1871 of por- tions of the departments of Meurthe and Moselle remain- ing to France after the cession of Alsace-Lorraine to Ger- many. Area, 2025 square miles. It has fine scenery, much fertile soil, extensive vineyards, great mineral wealth, and varied and extensive manufactures. It contains the arrondissements of Briey, Nancy, Luneville, and TouL Capita!, Nancy. Pop. 404,609. Meuse, muz (Fr. pron. muz; Dutch, Maas, m|8, or Mnene, m^r'seh; anc. Slo'sa), a river of Europe, rises in France, department of Haute-Marne, N.E. of Langres, traverses the department, of Vosges, where it disappears underground near BazoiUes, and re-appears, 4 miles dis- tant, near Neufchateau. In France it passes Commercy, Verdun (where it becomes navigable), Mezieres, and Givet ; in Belgium, Dinant, Namur, Huy, and Liege; in the Nether- lands, Maestricht and Gorkum ; below Gorkum it separates into several branches, traversing the Bies-Bosch and Hol- lands -Diep, forming numerous islands, and enters the North Sea by 3 principal mouths, the Meuse on the N., the Flakkee in the middle, and the Grevelingen on the S. Chief afflu- ents on the left, the Bar, Sambre, and Dommel ; on the right, the Semoy, Lesse, Ourthe, Ruhr, and Niers ; the Waal (a branch of the Rhine), the Linge, Leek, and the Lower Yssel, another branch of the Rhine. Length of the river, 434 miles. Meuse, a department of France, in the N.E., formed of part of the old province of Lorraine, and bounded N. by Belgium. Area, 2368 square miles. Pop. in 1876, 294,054. It is traversed from S. to N. by a range of low hills called the Mountains of Argunne, which separate the basins of the Meuse and Seine. Chief rivers, the Meuse, Chiers, Saulx, Ornain, Aisne, and Aire. Cattle and sheep are ex- tensively reared. Capital, Bar-le-Buc. The department is divided into the arrondissements of Bar-le-Due, Commercy, Montmedy, and Verdun. Meuselbach, moi'zel-biK\ a village of Germany, in Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, 6 miles S. of Kbuigsee. P. 1583. Meiiselwitz,,moi'zel-wits\ a town of Germany, duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, 15 miles N.E. of Gera. Pop. 2706. Mev^agis'sey, a town of Enghmd, in Cornwall, on the coast, 6 miles S. of St. Austell. It has a good pier and a large pilchard-fishery. Pop. of parish, 2073. Mewat, a town of India. See Alvau. Mewe, mi'weh, a town of East Prussia, 8 miles N.W, of Marienwerder, on the Vistula. Pop. 4071. Mew Island, one of the Copeland Islands. Mexcoac, mex-ko-ik', a town of Mexico, 8 miles S, of the city of Mexico. MEX 1402 MEX Mexia, ma-he'a, a post-village of Limestone CO., Tex., on the Houston & Texas Central Railroad, 84 miles S. of Dallas, and 82 miles N. of Bryan. It has a bank, a high school, 2 churches, a flour-mill, a newspaper oflice, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 900. Mex'ico, The Kepublio of (Sp. Mexico, Megico, or Mejico, mSh'He-ko; Fn Mexique, m5.i'eek' ; It. Mesico, mi'se-ko), formerly called New Spain, a country in the southern part of North America, extending from lat. 15° 58' to 33° 5' N., and from Cape Catoche, in Yucatan, Ion. 87° 46' W., to Ion. 117° 5' W. Where not conflnod by the sea, it is bounded on the S. by Guatemala, and on the N. and N.E. by the United States. The Uio Grande separates it from Texas on the N.E. The general contour of the country is very irregular. The distance between the point of junction with the United States, on the Pacific coast, and Cape Ca- toche, in the Caribbean Sea, is about 1925 miles. The greatest breadth is between the most eastern and western parts on the United States boundary, where the distance from the Gulf shore to the Pacific does not vary much from 1500 miles. Within its limits is included the peninsula of California, extending into the Pacific about 700 miles, with a breadth varying from 30 to 151) miles, and separated from the mainland by the Gulf of California. Monntaina. — Mexico is, for the most part, an enormous ridge, raised by volcanic force, between two oceans, and ramifying into several chains. On entering Mexico from the S.E. tlie ridge acquires greater breadth, so that the state of Oajaea may be said to occupy the summit of a single ridge, 150 miles wide, falling rapidly on one side to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, and descending, by a suc- cession of terraces, on the other side, to 'Tabasco and Vera Cruz J to this succeeds the great Mexican table-land, be- ginning with the elevated plains of Puebla, Mexico, Quere- taro, and Michoacan, which have an absolute height of from 6000 to 8500 feet, a chain of volcanic cones and snowy peaks rising at wide intervals far above them. Between the ISth and 21st parallels the Mexican chain runs N. and S. Beyond the latter limit it turns N.W., and, under the name of Sierra Madre, or Tepe Suenne, extends through the states of Queretaro and Guanajuato, where rich silver- mines abound. N. of Guanajuato it divides into three branches, of which the middle one or central .chain con- tinues to the N.W. as far as the 30th parallel, beyond which it bends N. till, under the name of Sierra Verde, it joins the Rocky Mountains in lat. 45° N. The E. branch extends through the state of San Luis Potosi, gradually sinking, till, in lat. 26°, it disappears on the border of the plain watered by the Rio Grande del Norte. The W. branch spreads over Guadalajara, declines N. of the mines of Bo- lanos, and, rising again in the states of Sinaloa and Sonora, forms in the latter the mountains of Pimeria Alta, cele- brated for their gold-mines. Starting from Tehuantepec, on the shore of the Pacific Ocean, lat. 16° 20' N., we soon reach the plain of Oajaea, at a height of 5500 feet, and thence a wheel-carriage can roll without difiiculty to Santa Fe, in New Mexico (lat. 36° 12' N.), a distance of above 1400 miles. Though some parts of this route might fall below the level of 20U0 feet and others nearly reach an elevation of 8000 feet, yet the slopes are so gradual as to oflFer no serious impediment to the construc- tion of an easy road ; but the descent from the table-lands to the sea is everywhere rugged and abrupt, presenting great difficulties in the way of carrying goods. In going from the city of Mexico (7400 feet) to Acapulco, on the Pacific, the road attains a height of 8600 feet before the rapid descent commences. The railway between the capital and Vera Cruz is regarded as one of the greatest feats of modern engineering. The loftiest of the snowy summits and volcanic cones scattered along the Mexican highland lie within the nar- row zone comprised between lat. 18° 29' and 19° 12' N. They are all of volcanic origin, and in several of them the fires still continue raging. Ascending W. from the shore of the Mexican Gulf, a little S. of Vera Cruz, we first meet, 12 miles from the sea, in lat. 18° 24' N., the still active vol- cano of Tuxtla (5118 feet), the highest point of the Sierra de San Martin; farther N. (lat. 19° 2'), the peak of Ori- zaba, 17,380 feet, its flanks covered with rich woods; a few miles farther N. (lat. 19° 28') is the Cofre de Perote, or Naucampatepetl, 13,416 feet. S.W. of these, on the eon- fines of Puebla, lat. 18° 35' N., is the still active volcano of Popocatepetl, 17,784 feet, while 35 miles farther N. stands Iztaceihuatl, 15,705 feet high. The Pico del Frayle, the highest point of the Nevado de Toluca, attains tlie height of 15.250 feet. Abont 120 miles W. of this moun- tain stands JoruIIo, which rose, on the night of September 28, 1759, from the level plain to the height of 4149 feet. Of all the summits here named, only three — Popocatepetl, Orizaba, and Iztaceihuatl — rise above the limit of perpetual snow, which, between lat. 19° and 20° N., may be assumed to be an elevation of 15,000 feet, though varying with local circumstances. The Nevado de Toluca reaches that limit, but can hardly be said to rise above it. In Oajaea granite everywhere breaks through the super- incumbent rocks, and forms the highest summits of the mountains. Gneiss, mica-slate, and syenite extend down from the central ridge to the sea on both sides. In all these rocks are found auriferous veins. On the borders of Guatemala the prevalent rocks are porphyry of many va- rieties, clay-slate, and limestone, all unbroken by granite. The fli-st of these contains veins of silver, lead, and copper. In Puebla all the azoic rocks are covered by enormous masses of calcareous tuff'. Farther N. granite seems to form everywhere the foundation of the rocky system, while the table-land is a superstructure of porphyries, which contain (where they do not incline to trachyte) those rich deposits of the precious metals for which Mexico has long been so famous. Sandstone, limestone, clay-slate, syenite, serpen- tine, amygdaloid, dolerite, and basaltic lavas accompany the predominating rocks. The opposite shores of Mexico difi'er widely in physical conformation. The great current of the Atlantic Ocean sweeps round the peninsula of Yucatan and through the Gulf of Mexico, causing sand-banks and barring of the river- mouths. On the whole coast of the Gulf of Mexico there is no bay of any importance, no good harbor, easy of access, and but little well-sheltered anchorage. Between Yucatan and Tabasco lies Laguna de Terminos, 45 miles long and 30 miles wide, connected with the sea by two channels, the deepest having but two fathoms. Farther W., i>n the coast of Tabasco, the Laguna de Santa Ana, though deep within, is quite inaccessible to shipping. Similar remarks apply to the lagoons of Madero, Tamiahua, and Tampico ; beyond the last-named place N. extends a long succession of sand- banks, fronting the shore, and exhibiting, in its earlier stages, the process of forming lagoons. Here, on the coast of Tamaulipas, we find the lagoons de Morales, de Madre, de Santander, and a few others, all difficult of approach and rapidly filling up with sand. On the W. coasts of Mexico, from Acapulco, in lat. 16° 50' N., the harbor of which is landlocked, deep, and cap.acious, to Guaymas, extends a series of fine harbors, capable of sheltering the largest vessels. In lat. 21° 32' N., at the mouth of the. Rio Grande de Santiago, is the noble harbor of San Bias ; and in lat. 23° 15' N. is the harbor of Mazatlan. This is dif- ficult of access, and inferior in most respects to the harbor of Guaymas, in lat. 27° 40' N. The E. shore of the Cali- fornia peninsula offers many bays and small havens. Its W. side, towards the ocean, is less indented. Mexico is, in general, sparingly watered, and labors under the almost total want of navigable rivers reaching the inte- rior. Within the tropic, the streams, descending from the elevated interior to the seas, assume the character of rapid torrents, dry at one season and overflowing at another The longest and greatest of the Mexican rivers is the Rio Grande del Norte, called also Rio Bravo del Norte, which now marks a .portion of the boundary between Mexico and the United States. The Rio de Tampico, formed by the junction of the Panuco with the Tula or Montezuma, flows N.E. to the Gulf of Mexico; total course, about 200 miles. Small vessels may ascend the Panuco 40 miles. The San Juan rises in the metalliferous mountains of Oajaea, tiows S. and E., forms the great lagoons of Tequiapa and Embar- cadero, and at length reaches the sea through the Laguna del Madero ; it is navigable for ships of moderate burden 24 miles above its mouth. The Coatzacoalcos issues from the mountains of Tarifa, lat. 17° N., flows W., between the states of Oajaea, Tabasco, and Vera Cruz, then, winding round to the N. and E., falls into the gulf, in lat. 18° S' 27" N. This river has attracted much attention, because it has been supposed that the communication between the Mexican Gulf and the Pacific might be effected by joining the Coatzacoalcos and the Chieapa or Chiinalnpa, which lat- ter rises about 14 miles from the sources of the former, and falls into the Gulf of Tehuantepec. The rivers flowing into tlie Pacific Ocean are, towards the S., all rapid, and im- portant only as they water coasts more or less populous. The Rio Balsas, or Zacatula, descends from the state of Mexico, and, after collecting several large streams, roaches the ocean with a broad and deep channel, navigable for boats a good way up, and forms at its mouth the little har- bor of Zacatula. The first great river which we meet with going N., on this side, is the Rio Grande de Santiago, or MEX 1403 MEX Rio Tolotlan, discharging the waters of Lake Cbapala, the second in magnitude of the Mexican rivers. The lakes and lagoons of Mexico are very numerous, but comparatively unimportant. The largest is Lake Cha- pala, in Jalisco, covering an area of 1500 square miles. Mexico has great diversities of climate within a narrow compass. The principal high plains in the vicinity of the city of Mexico are the valleys of Toluca, 8600 feet, of Tenochtitlan, 7^00 feet, of Actopan, 6450 feet, and of Istla, 3200 feet above sea-level. The valley of Istla pro- duces the sugar-cane, Actopan yields . cotton, Tenoeh- titlan is rich in wheat and other European grains, and Toluca in the agave, from which is made the popular beverage of the country, the four different climates being thus distinctly and conspicuously marked. Mexico, being to a great extent a table-land, three-tifths of its area lying within the tropic, has not a tropical but a temperate climate. The Mexicans divide their country, with respect to climate, into Tierras Calientes (hot lands), which rarely exceed 900 feet in elevation, Tierras Templadas (temperate), ranging between 4000 and 5000 feet, and Tierras Frias (cold), above 7000 feet. The coasts are hot, humid, and unhealthy. Here the rank vegetation reaches down to the sea-side; and, in the shallow water, mangroves and moUusks decom- pose and spread pestilence. The plains of the interior, where the evergreen oak predominates, enjoy a delicious climate, perfectly healthy, and at the same time favorable to luxuriant vegetation. Higher up, the air, more rarefied, is also drier, and trees of vigorous growth disappear with unexpected rapidity. Hence a large proportion of the ele- vated plains are dry, barren, and desolate. Earthquakes are of frequent occurrence, particularly in Oajaca, along the S. coast, and near the capital; but they are generally slight and do little damage. The most remarkable vol- canic phenomena recorded in Mexico in modern times are the rise of Jorullo in 1759, and the eruptions of Tuxtia (S. of Vera Cruz) in 1793-96. Tlio wild animals of Mexico are extremely numerous. The bison, or butfalo, in Mexico called cibolo, comes in midwinter, in immense herds, from the northwest. The grizzly bear inhabits the mountains in the north pi-ovinces. In solitary thickets, near lakes and rivers, lives the tapir. Among the feline animals are the jaguar, the cougar, or puma, the ocelot, jaguarundi, and tiger-cat. The tagnicati and javali are singular species of the peccary. The forests swarm with porcupines, ant-eaters, gluttons, sloths, weasels, skunks, armadillos, cavies, and monkeys. Among the swimmers we find the manati, or sea-cow (chiefly in the lagoons of the E. coast). The W. coasts are frequented by whales and seals. The feathered tribes of Mexico are countless. In the rivers we find the crocodile and the cay- man. A species of murex, yielding a fine purple dye, is found on both coasts, but chiefly on the W. The pearl- fishery, once so profitable in the Gulf of California, has de- clined. Mexico is abundantly stocked with domesticated animals, introduced by the Spaniards. Horned cattle and horses have indeed grown wild in many parts, and now occupy, in immense herds and droves, the great plains of the. inte- rior. The chief cattle-farms are in the inner states, where herds of 30,000 or 40,000 are not uncommon. The grazier derives all his gains from the flesh, fat, and hides of his cattle. The sheep-farms are mostly in the N. parts, and, though often on a great scale, are in their husbandry very primitive and rude; the wool is coarse, and little care is bestowed on the sheep. Horses are very numerous in Mexico, and the N. frontiers are frequented by immense droves in a perfectly wild state. Mules are also numerous; 100,000 of them are said to be constantly employed by car- riers and in the mines. Mexico possesses a variety and abundance of vegetable productions known to hardly any other portion of the earth. The forests near the coast display the grandest forms of tropical vegetation. There may be seen the gigantic ma- hogany, the Brazil-wood, the Campeachy-wood, ebony, yel- low, and iron wood, intermingled with the elegant giant ferns and palms without number. At the absolute height of 3000 feet oaks begin to predominate, associated with euphorbias and acacias. The oak disappears generally at the height of 10,000 feet, while the pine species extend be- tween the elevations of 6000 feet and 12,500 feet. Plants of the cactus family are widely diffused. The best culti- vated districts of Mexico are those which are situated near some of the richest mines in the plains. In the wildest and dreariest spots of the Cordilleras the opening of mines has never failed to call tillage into existence. On many parts of the table-land agriculture is much checked by the scarcity of water, to remedy which reservoirs and canals of irriga- tion have been constructed at great expense. Of the articles of food cultivated by the Mexicans the most important is maize. The districts most distinguished by the culture of this grain are the S. and E. parts of the state of Mexico, the states of Puebia, Queretaro, and Oajaca, and the neigh- borhood of Aguas Calientes, in Zacatecas. Wheat and bar- ley are cultivated successfully at an elevation of 7000 feet. Inhabitants of the Tierras Calientes and the sea-coasts look for their ordinary food to the banana and plantain. To the same region belongs the manioc. Another important object of cultivation is Spanish pepper [capsicnm], which is consumed by the inhabitants in enormous quantities. Among the cultivated plants of Mexico there is none more important or characteristic than the maguey {Agave Amci-- icana), from the sap of which is prepared the favorite drink of all classes. The filaments of the thick, fleshy leaves serve for the same purposes as hemp. Wines of excellent quality are produced; but this branch of culture and industry is still only in its infancy. The olive has received consider- able attention. The oil made is equal to the best, and already nearly suffices for the home consumption. Sugar was exported from Mexico in large quantities under the Spanish government. At the present day the amount of it produced hardly suffices for home consumption. Still, a very great extent of Mexican territory is adapted to the growth of the sugar-cane, and a plantation in Vera Cruz yields nearly twice as much as one in Cuba. The consump- tion of coffee by the Mexicans, and the exportation, are rap- idly increasing. Though it was from Mexico that Europe first learned the use of chocolate, the culture has declined. Vanilla is another Mexican product. Tobacco is extensively produced; all the inhabitants, male and female, smoke, and the consumption of it in the country is enormous. Cot- ton was cultivated extensively in Mexico before the arrival of the Spaniards, and the plant is not an annual as in the United States, but continues productive for several years. The cochineal insect, so valuable for its dye, is a native product of Mexico. Mexico formerly produced a consider- able amount of silk, but not much is now grown, Mexico is very rich in mines of silver, gold, mercury.and the useful metals, and the product of the silver-mines is of great value and importance. The chief manufactures are sugar and rum, aloes, wine and brandy, earthen- and stone-ware, glass, paper, und the thread and tissues of cotton, wool, and silk. Sugar and rum are made in numerous districts. The preparation of olive oil employs many mills. Tliere has been latterJy a somewhat successful movement to extend and elevate the character of Mexican manufactures. The foreign trade of Mexico is chiefly confined to the im- portation of linens, woollens, cottons, silks, wines, brandies, ornamental wares, glass- and iron-wares, millinery, paper, quicksilver, oil, wax, and salted and dried fish. The chief articles of export are silver, gold, deer-skins, hides, ores, sisal hemp, mahogany, vanilla, cochineal, coQ'ee, cacao, cattle, archil, rubber, sarsaparilla, indigo, jalap, gums, wool, &G. The construction of the railway from Vera Cruz to Mexico, and of several minor railways, has done much to promote the prosperity of the country. The population of Mexico comprises persons of white de- scent, Indians, and mestizoes, or people of mixed race. In parts of the coast-country there is some admixture of Afri- can, and even of Malay, blood. The Spanish language is everywhere prevalent, but many of the Indians retain the use of the ancient languages. By far the greater part of the people are of Roman Catholic faith, but all religions are tolerated. There is a considerable movement towards Prot- estantism in many of the large towns, and a denomination called ** the Church of Jesus," in communion with the Prot- estant Episcopal church, has lately sprung up. Among the Indians there are some pagan tribes. Before the advent of the Spaniards some tribes had attained to a certain de- gree of civilization. They were good smiths, good masons, had made some advance in the arts of design; they raised great edifices, constructed vast works, pyramids, roads, aque- ducts, bridges, &c. ; they had a more accurate calendar, and one better adjusted by intercalation, than the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans ; and, finally, they had a system of picture-writing, by means of which they recorded many facts, and the Mayas of the S.E. had a phonetic alphabet. Monuments remain attesting their boldness of design and progress in the arts of construction. There are extensive remains of the city of Tenochtitlan, near the modern Mex- ico, with its dikes, aqueducts, and fragments of a bridge. Oajaca is rich in ancient remains, among which the chief are the palace and pyramid of the Zapotekas at Mitla. MEX 1404 MEX Another pyramid, or teocnlli, is to be seen near Cholula. Near Villanueva, in Zacatecas, are the remarkable ruins known as Los Edificios. In Vera Cruz are the pyramids of Piipantla, built of colossal masses of porphyry. The ex- tensive ruins of Palenque, in Chiapas, are well known, but they are surpassed by those of Itzalana, in Yucatan. Mexico is a federal republic, formed somewhat upon the model of that of the United States. The names, areas, and population of the states are as follows : Aguas Calientes California, Low. (territory), Campeachy Cliiapa Chihuahua Ci'habuila Cotima Dui-ango Guanajuato Guerrero Hidalgo Jalisco Mexico Mexico (district) Michoacan Morelos Nuevo Leon Oiijaca Puebla Queretaro San Luis Potosi Sinaloa Sont.ra Talpjisco Taiiianlipas Tlascala Vera Cruz Yucatan Zacatecas Total 741,313 sq. 2,895 61,544 25,827 16,042 83,727 50,889 3,746 42,498 11,409 24,544 8,158 39,163 7,837 85 23,707 1,776 23,626 33,571 12,015 3,205 27,494 30,189 78,997 11,846 30,225 1,621 26,225 20,500 22,992 Pop. 98,397 65,827 190,846 729,988 320,069 404,207 966,689 663,557 315,996 618,240 150,384 178,872 662,463 697,788 171,606 525,110 168,031 109,388 83,707 140,000 121,663 504,950 422,365 397,945 9,276,079 Capitals. Aguas Calientes, La Paz, Cam peachy. San Cristobal. Chihuahua. Saltillu, Colima. Durango, Guanajuato, Tixtla, Pacliuca, Guadalajara, Toluca. Mexico. More Ha, Cueruavaca, Monterey. Oajaca, Puebla. Queretaro. San Luis Potosi. Culiacau, Ures. S. Juan Bautista. Tlascala, Of this population about 5,000,000 are Indians, and over 1,000,000 native whites, chiefly of Spanish descent, the remainder being mixed races, except about 50,000 Europeans, mostly Spaniards. Government and Hietory. — Mexico was discovered in 1517, by Francisco Hernandez Cordova, who sailed along the coast from Cape Catoche to Campeachy Bay. In 1519 Hernando Cortez landed where Vera Cruz now stands, and ascended the table-land, the numerous inhabitants of which (the Aztecs) he found united under a sovereign called Monte- zuma; but the dominion of the Aztecs did not extend over all the table-lands. After two years of wartixre, Cortez suc- ceeded in overturning the power of the Aztecs, and the small- er states were subjected to the Spaniards almost without a struggle. Cortez having firmly established his authority in the country, a considerable number of persons emigrated from Spain to Mexico, and there acquired great wealth in mining, as merchants, and as officers of government. The country continued in this state for nearly three centuries. The first revolutionary movement took place in 1810, and was chiefly fomented by the clergy. In 1820, the viceroy, Apodaca, received orders to j)roclaim the constitution of 1SI2 ; being himself averse to the measure, he sent Colonel IturbiJe, but really to sound the wishes of the people. Iturbide, however, raised the standard of revolt, and the crown was offered to a Spanish prince, but, the proposal being rejected by the Spanish Cortes, the Mexican Cortes proceeded to carry out their scheme of national independ- ence, and, in May, 1822, elected their general, Don Au- gustin Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico. The new monarch, however, abdicated and left the country in April, 1823, but, returning the next year, was taken anA shot at Padilla. The experiment of a monarchy having failed, the plan was now tried of a feder.al republic, copied, in many particulars, from that of the United States. This scheme, though it encountered much opposition, was ultimately adopted in February, 1824. The first president was General Guada- lupe Victoria. In 1835, Santa Anna changed the federal into a central republic. Hard pressed by his rival Busta- niente, he seems to have felt little scruple as to the means by which he conciliated parties. In the mean time, the distant provinces showed an inclination to push too far the principle of independence. Yucatan was disaff'eeted ; Texas, tilled with adventurers from the United States, revolted, and established its independence by a victor3' in which the Mexican general, Santa Anna, was taken prisoner. This successful revolt of Texas was an event pregnant with im- portant consequences : in ten years more the new state was annexed to the United States; then came the war of the latter with Mexico, which was concluded in February, 1848, by Mexico yielding to the United States the provinces of New Mexico and Upper California. In 1863 a French army invaded Mexico and occupied the capital. Under the pa- tronage of Napoleon III., Maximilian of Austria was Em- peror of Mexico from IS64 until 1867, when he was shot, and the republic was again proclaimed. Adj. and inhab. Mexican, m$x'e-kan. Mexico, a state of the republic of Mexico, having S. Morelos, and on the other sides the states Michoacan, Que- retaro, Hidalgo, and Puebla. Area, 7837 square miles. Pop. in 1873, 663,557. The surface in the N. belongs to the Anahuac plateau. Principal rivers, the Bolsas, Lerma, and Montezuma. There are rich silver-mines at Tasco and Tehulilotepec: also quarries of marble, Ac. Chief cities, Toluca (the capital), Tenancingo, Lerm.a, and Zimapan. The city of Mexico is in a separate district of 85 square miles, with a pop. of 315,996. Mexico, Mejico, or Megico (Aztec, Tetwchtitfan), the capital city of Mexico, in a noble plain 1700 square miles in extent, enclosed by mountains, containing many fine lakes, and 7460 feet above the sea. Lat. 19° 25' 7'' N. ; Ion, 99° 5' W. Estimated pop. of town, 260,000. AVhen taken by Cortez in 1521, it occupied several islands in Lake Tezcoco, and, although still having the same site, it is now, owing to various causes, 2^ miles distant from the lake. It is encircled by walls and entered by gates, to which several thoroughfares lead. In the city proper the houses are mostly of stone, built around court-yards, seldom more than one story in height, flat-roofed, and decorated by painting and mosaic work on the outside; streets regular and well paved, in straight lines, directed to the four cardinal points; public edifices numerous, substan- tial, and in good style. The chief place in Mexico is the great s(^uare (Plaza Mayor), two sides of which are formed by the cathedral, national palace, museum, and a new mar- ket-place ; the other sides are bordered by arcades in front of the Parian, a bazaar, the town hall, exchange, &e. The cathedral. 500 feet in length by 420 feet in breadth, is of mixed Gothic and Indian architecture, and gorgeously or- namented, having also a high altar with a statue of the Virgin, the dress of which is said to contain, besides other gems, diamonds to the value of S3,000,000. The national palace comprises government offices, mint, and prison. The city has a botanic garden, barracks, hospitals, and asylums. The university is a fine old monastic building. There are 60 churches and 40 Franciscan and Dominican convents, a college of engineers, several theatres, two great aque- ducts, an academy of arts, a public library of 105,000 volumes, a fine national museum, manufactures of gold and silver lace, silversmiths' work, coaches, woollen and beaver goods, and a government cigar- factory. Mexico is the terminus of the great railway from Vera Cruz, and of several minor railway lines. Its principal streets are trav- ersed by ti-amways. Mean temperature, January, 52.5*^; July, 65.3° Fahr. Mexico, Gulf of. See Gulf of Mexico. Mex'ico, a post-village in Jeff'erson township, Miami CO., Ind,, on the Eel River, and on the Eel River Railroad, 6 miles N. of Peru. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and manufactures of carriages and lumber. Pop. 500. Mexico, a post-hamlet in Mexico township, Oxford co.. Me,, on the Androscoggin River, about 40 miles N.N.W. of Lewiston. It has a steam lumber-mill and manufactures of rake-handles. Pop. of the township, 458. Mexico, a post-village, capital of Audrain eo,. Mo., is on a branch of Salt River, and on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, at its junction with the Louisiana (t Missouri River Railroad and the South Branch of the last-named railroad, 50 miles N. by E. of Jeff'erson City, 108 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis, and about 50 miles W.S.AV. of Louisiana, It contains 9 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 3 banks, a high school, the Hardin College (female), a woollen-factory, and a plough-factory. Pop. 2602. Mexico, a post-village in Mexico township, Oswego co., N.Y,, on Salmon Creek, and on the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, 16 miles E. of Oswego, and 9 miles S.W. of Pulaski. It contains 5 churches, an academy, a bank, a newspaper office, a tannery, and 2 flouring-mills. Pop. 1204. The township is bounded on the N. b}-- Lake Ontario, and contains villages named Colosse, Texas, and Union Square, and a pop, of 3761. Mexico, a post-village of AVyandot co., 0., on Sandusky River, 9 miles S. of Tiffin. It has 2 churches. Mexico, a post-village of Juniata co., Pa., on the MEX 1405 MIA Juniata River, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 44 miles N.AV. of.Harrisburg. It has 2 churches. Pop. 102. Meximieux,m8x*ee"me-uh', a town of France, in Ain, 20 miles E.S.E. of Trevou-X. Pop. 19S2. Me.vique, the French name of Mexico. Mevlitlan, mSx-lect-lin', a town of Mexico, state and 100 miles N.E. of Mexico. Sleyenburgi mi'en-booRG\ a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 73 miles' N.W. of Berlin. Pop. 1630. Meyenfeld, Switzerland. See Mayesfelb. Meyer, mi'er, a county in the S. part of Dakota, bor- ders on Nebraska. Area, about 1400 square miles. It is drained by affluents of White River. Meyerhoffer's (mi'er-borf^rz) Store, a post-office of Rockingham co., Va. Meyers, mi'^rz, a station in Nicholas co., Ky., on the Maysville & Lexington Railroad, 22 miles N.E. of Paris. Meyersdale, mi'erz-dale, a post-borough of Somerset CO., Pa., on the Pittsburg, Washington & Baltimore Rail- road, at its junction with the Salisbury Railroad, 113 miles S.E. of Pittsburg, and 37 miles N.W. of Cumberland, Md. It has G churches, 2 banks, a newspaper office, a flour-mill, and 2 furniture-factories. Coal is mined near this place. Pop. about 1200. Meyer's Store, a post-office of Franklin co.. Mo. Meyersville, mi'erz-vil, a hamlet in Schuylkill co., Pa., on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 2 miles from Mahanoy City, and 36 miles by rail W. of Mauch Chunk. flleyersville, a post-office of De Witt co., Tex. Meylen, a town of Switzerland. See Meilen. Meymac, mi'mik', a town of France, in Correze, 9 miles W. of Ussel. Pop. 1570. Meyomeed, a village of Persia. See Mei-Omeed. Meyon, mi-yon', an island of the Malay Archipelago, between Celebes and Gilolo. Lat. 1° 15' N. ; Ion. 127° E. Meyringen, a town of Switzerland. See Meiringen. Meyrueis, main'wi', a town of Franco, in Lozere, 12 miles S.S.W. of Florae, on the Yonto. Pop. 1949. Meyssac, mi'sik', a village of France, in Correze, 10 miles S.E. of Brives-la-Gaillarde. Pop. 915. Meysse, mis'sfh, a village of Belgium, in Brabant, 6 miles N.N.W. of Brussels. Pop. 2576. Meyzieux, mi'ze-uh', a village of France, in Isere, 17 miles N. of Vienne. Pop. 1504. Mezao Frio, mA-zowNo' free'o, a town of Portugal, Tras-os-Montes, 12 miles S.S.W. of Villa Real. Pop. 1536. Meze, maiz or m^z, a seaport town of France, in He- rault, on the Etang de Thau, 19 miles S.W. of Montpellier. Pop. 6501. Its harbor accommodates vessels under 60 tons burden. It has an important trade in wine, also salt- works and distilleries. Mezel, miV.5I', a village of France, in Puy-de-I)6me, arrondissement of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. 1081. Mezen, Mezene, or Mesen, msz-ain', a river of Russia, rises in the S. part of the government of Vologda, flows N.W., and falls into the bay of its own name, in the White Sea. Length, 450 miles. Mezen, Mezene, or Mesen, a town of Russia, gov- ernment and 150 miles N.E. of Archangel, situ.ated on the above river, about 18 miles above its mouth in the White Sea. It has 2 churches, and a small haven, at wliich it car- ries on a trade, chiefly in furs, tallow, whale and seal oil, and fish. Pop. 1412. Mezieres, mSz^e-aia' or mi'ze-aiit' (L. Macei-im Ma~ deriacum), a strongly-fortilied town of France, capital of the department of Ardennes, on a peninsula formed by the Mouse, 47 miles by rail N.E. of Reims. Pop. 5204. It communicates by a suspension-bridge with Charleville, on the opposite side of the Meuse, and has a fine Gothic church, in which Charles II. espoused Isabella of Austria. In 1520 the troops under the Chevalier Bayard successfully defended it against 40,000 Spaniards. M6zieres-en-Brenne, mi'ze-ain'-5so-brSnn, a town of France, Indre, 16 miles N.E. of Le Blanc. Pop. 1835. Mezin, a mountain of France. See Ceve.\-\es. Mezin, mA^zino' (L. Mesinum), a town of France, in Lot-et-Garonne, 7 miles S.S.W. of Nerac, on the Gelise. It has manufactures of hats, oil, flour, &c. Pop. 1939. Mezingcn, Wiirtemberg. See Metzi.\gen. Mezii Bereny, lui'zo biVSn', a village of Hungary, CO. and 7 miles N.W. of B6kes. Pop. 10,915. It has a Protestant gymnasium. Mezo Kiivezsd, mi'zo ko'vSzhd', a town of Hungary, CO. of Borsod. Pop. 9196. Mezo Tur, mi'zo^ toon', a town of Hungary, co. of Heves, on the Berettyo, and on a railway, 57 miles S.W. of Bebreczin. It has manufactures of pottery. Pop. 20,447. Mezzana-Bigli, mdt-sjl'ni-beel'yeo, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, on the Po. Pop. 3029. Mezzana-Mortigliengo, mfit-si'ni-mon-teel-y^n'- go, a village of Italy, 10 miles from Biella. Pop. 1398. Mezzaiiego, mSt-si-ni'go, a village of Italy, 3 miles from Borzonasca. Pop. 2117. Mezzani, ui5t-s3,'nee, a village of Northern Italy, 14 miles N.N. E. of Parm.a. Pop. 4268. Mezzanino, mSt-si-nee'no, a village of Italy,, in Piedmont, on the Po. Pop. 1817. Mezzenile, m5t-si-nee'U, a village of Piedmont, prov- ince and 23 miles N.W. of Turin. Pop. 2755. 3Iezzo, mSd'zo or mSt'so, or Lopud, lo-pood', an island of Austria, on the coast of Dalmatia, about 7 miles N.W. of Ragusa, 3 miles long by 2 miles broad. Mezzojuso, mSt-so-yoo'so, a town of Italy, in Sicily, 18 miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 7161. Mezzo -Lombardo, mSt'so-lom-baR'do, a market- town of Austria, Tyrol, 16 miles from Trent. Pop. 3377. Mezzovo, a mountain of Turkey. See Pindus. Mezzovo, m3t-so'vo, a town of European Turkey, in Epirus, 23 miles E.N.E. of Yanina, in a mountain-chasm, on both sides of the Arta. It has about 1000 houses. Mgleen, or Mglin, m'gleen, a town of Russia, gov- ernment and 128 miles N.E. of Chernigov. Pop. 6165. Mhar, m'har, a town of British India, 72 miles S.S.E. of Bombay, on a navigable river, 25 miles from the sea. Mheysur, m'hi-sur', a town of India, dominion and 40 miles S.S.W. of Indore, on the Nei'budda. It has a stone fort, containing a palace and several Hindoo temples, and communicating with the river by a fine range of ghauts. 3Ihow, m'how, a town of India, dominion and 12 miles S. of Indore. It is important as a military station. Mhow, a town of India, Allahab.ad, 76 miles S.W. of Benares. Lat. 24° 37' N.; Ion. 81° 56' E. Mhow, a town of India, British Bundelound. Lat. 25° 20' N.; Ion. 79° 7' E. Pop. 9258. Mhow, or Mow, a town of India, 53 miles N.E. of Benares. Pop. 10,271. Mhye, or Mahy, ma-hi' (anc. Mais), a river of India, after a S.W. course of more than 300 miles through the Bombay and Baroda territories, enters the Gulf of Cambay by a mouth 5 miles across. Miago, mee-i'go, a town of the Philippines, on the S. coast of Panay, 35 miles W.S.W. of Iloilo. Pop. 30,000. Miajadas, or Miaxadas, me-i-Ha'n^, a town of Spain, province and 30 miles S.E. of Caceres. Pop. 4808. Miako, a town of Japan. See Kioto. Miallet, mee'alMi', a village of France, in Dordogne, 13 miles E. of Nontron. Pop. 1790. Miami, mi-im'i, a county in the N. part of Indiana, has an area of about 380 square miles. It is intersected by the Wabash and Eel Rivers, and is also drained by the Mississinewa River and Pipe Creek. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests of sugar-maple, oak, tfec. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by 3 railroads, viz., .the Wabash, the Eel River, and the Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago, also by the Wabash & Erie Canal. Capital, Pern. Valuation of real and pergonal estate, $12,000,000. Pop. in 1S70, 21,052, of whom 19,949 wei"e Americans. Miami, a county in the E. part of Kansas, bordering on Missouri, has an area of .about 600 square miles. It is intersected by the Marais des Cygnes or Osage River, and also drained by Bull, Wea, and Pottawatomie Creeks. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and woodlands. The soil is very fertile. About 90 per cent, of it is prairie. Indian corn, oats, hay, wheat, and live- stock are the staple products. Among its minerals are lime- stone and bituminous coal. It is intersected by the Missouri River, Fort Scott & Gulf Railroad. The Osage Branch of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad terminates at Paola, which is the capital of this county. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,876,543. Pop. in 1870, 11,725, of whom 10,857 were Americans; in 1S75, 12,667; in 1878, 14,433. Miami, a county in the W.S.W. part of Ohio, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by the Miami River and the west branch of that river. The sur- face is undulating or nearly level, and about one-fourth of it is covered with forests. The soil is very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, butter, and pork are the staple products. Lower Silurian limestone, of the Cincinnati group, underlies part of the soil. This county is inter- sected by the Cincinnati, Hamilton k Dayton Railroad and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati Si, St. Louis Railroad, also by the Miami & Erie Canal. Capital, Troy. Valuation of Mia: 1406 MIC real and personal estate, $30,927,538. Pop. in 1870, 32,740, of whom 30,231 were Americans. Miami, a post-village, capital of Dade co., Fla. Miami, a township of Cass co., Ind. Pop. 1008. Miami, a post-hamlet of Miami co., Ind., on Deer Creek, and on the Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago Railroad, 63 miles N. of Indianapolis. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Miami, a township of Miami co., Kansas. Pop. 951. Miami, a post-town of Saline co.. Mo., in Miami town- ship, on the S. bank of the Missouri River, about 9 miles above Brunswick, and 44 miles N. of Sedalia. It has a newspaper office, a savings-bank, 5 churches, a flour-mill, and a carriage-shop. Pop. 742; of the township, 3022. Miami Station on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad is on the N. side of the river, 1 or 2 miles from Miami. Miami, a township of Clermont co., 0. Pop. 3491. It contains Milford. Miami, a township of Sreene co., 0. Pop. 2784. It contains Clifton and Yellow Springs. Miami, a township of Hamilton co., 0. Pop. 2105. It occupies the S.W. angle of the state, and contains Miami- town. See MlAMiTOWN. Miami, a township of Logan co., 0. Pop. 1768. It contains De Graff and Quincy. Miami, a station of Lucas co., 0., on the Wabash Rail- road, 7 miles S.W. of Toledo. Miami, a township of Montgomery co., 0. Pop. 4418. It includes Miamisburg, Carrollton, and Alexandria. Miami City, a former village of Montgomery co., 0., on the W. bank of the Miami River. It was merged in the city of Dayton in 1868. Miami Creek, Bates co.. Mo., runs southeastward, and enters the Osage River about 5 miles S.S.W. of Butler. Miami Prairie, pra'ree, a hamlet of Thurston co., Washington, 12 miles S.W. of Olympia. Miami River, a small stream of Dade co., Fla., rises in the Everglades, .and flows southward into Biscayne Bay. Miami (or Great Miami) River, Ohio, rises in Har- din CO., and drains part of Logan co. It runs southwest- ward through Shelby CO., and southward through Miami CO. to Dayton. Below this city it flows southwestward, in- tersects the COS. of Butler and Hamilton, and enters the Ohio River at the S.W. extremity of the state, about 3 miles abov« Lawrenceburg, Ind. It is nearly 200 miles long. The chief towns on this river are Hamilton, Dayton, Piqua, Troy, and Sidney. If traverses a fertile, undu- lating country, and runs alongside the Miami Canal from Piqua to Dayton, from which city the canal extends south- ward to Cincinnati. See Little Miami. Miamisburg, ml-iim'iz-burg, a post-village in Miami township, Montgomery co., 0., on the E. bank of the Miami River, and on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton and Cleveland, Columbus 4 Cincinnati Railroads, 11 miles S.S.W. of Dayton, and 46 miles N. by E. of Cincinnati. It has a bridge across the river, which here affords water- power. It contains a bank, 5 churches, a newspaper office, a machine-shop, 2 flouring-mills, a paper-mill, and manu- factories of reapers, sash, hubs, spokes, Ac. Pop. 1425. Miami Station, a post-office of Carroll co.. Mo., on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, about 1 mile N. of the Missouri, and 10 miles S.W. of Brunswick. Miam'itowii, a village of Hamilton co., 0., on the Miami River, 14 miles N.W. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches and a newspaper office. The name of its post- ofiice is Miami. Miami University, Ohio. See Oxford. Miam'iville, a post-hamlet of Clermont co., 0., on the Little Miami River, and on the Little Miami Railro.ad, 17 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. It has a church. Miane, me-a'ni, a town of Italy, province of Treviso, circle of Valdobbiadene. Pop. 3549. Mian'ee, a town of India, in the Punjab, division of Julinder. Pop. 7706. Mianna, or Miana, mc-in'ni, a town of Persia, in Azerbaijan, on the Sefeed-Rood, 80 miles S.E. of Tabreez. Mianus, mi-an'us, a post-vilhige in Greenwich town- ship, Fairfield co., Conn., | of a mile from the New York & New Haven Railroad (Cos Cob Station), 25 miles W.S.W. of Bridgeport, and 2 miles from Long Island Sound. Miarim, me-3,-recN»', or Mearim, mi-i-reeu"', some- times called the Maranh'Jo, a river of Brazil, rises in the S. part of the province of Maranhao, receives numer- ous affluents, and falls into the Bay of Sao Marcos. Length, about 350 miles. Miarim, or Mearim, a town of Brazil, province and 75 miles S. of Maranhao, on a river of the same name. Mias, a river of Russia. See MiiAS. Miasino, me-i-see'no, or Masino, mi-see'no, a vil- lage of Italy, division of Novara. Pop. 1100. Miava, meeVjh'voh^ a town of Hungary, co. of Neutra., on the Miava, an atBuent of the Morava, 48 miles N.N.E. of Presburg. Pop. 9637. It has manufactories of wool- len cloth and bagging, distilling, and a tr.ade in hemp. Miaxadas, a town of Spain. See Miajadas. Mica, mi'ka, a post-oflice of Pickens co., Ga. Mic'ano'py, a post-village of Alachua co., Fla., 12 miles S. of Gainesville, 3 miles W. of Orange Lake, and about 44 miles W. of Palatka. It has 4 churches and sev- eral orange-groves. Pop. about 250. Mi'caville, a post-oflice of Yancey co., N.C. Miccosukee, mlk-o-suk'ee, or Mick'asuck'ie, a post-village of Leon co., Fl.a., 22 miles N.E. of Tallahassee. Michaelsville, mi'kelz-vil, a post-village of Harford CO., Md., 3 miles from Perrymansville. Michailov, a town of Russia. See Mikhaii.ov. Michaux (me'shoz') Fer'ry, a post-office of Powhatan CO., Va. Michelsbcrg, mee'Kels-bjRG\ a town of Bohemia, 30 miles W.N.W. of Pilsen. ' Pop. 1000. Michelstadt, mee'Kel-statt', a town of Germany, in Hesse, 21 miles S.E. of Darmstadt. Pop. 3162. Bliches'ebee, a small river of Saginaw co., Mich., flows into the Shiawassee near its junction with the Flint. Michie, Bay co., Mich. See Maxwell. Michiels-Gestel, mee'Heels-H^s't^l, a village of the Netherlands, in North IJrabant, on the Doinmel, 4i miles S. of Bois-Ie-Duc. Pop. 3316. Michigamme, mish-^-gam'mc, a post-office and min- ing village of Marquette co., Mich., on a lake of its own name, and on the Marquette, Houghton &, Ontonagon Rail- road, 37 miles W. of Marquette. It has a church. It is supported by iron-mines. Pop. about 1200. Michigamme (or Michigam'ing) River, Michi- gan, rises near the E. border of Houghton co., runs south • ward through Marquette Co., and unites with the Bois Brule River to form the Menouionee. 3Iichigan, mish'e-gan (formerly mish-e-gin'), one of the upper Lake states of the American Union, consisting of two detached peninsulas, of which the northernmost has Lake Superior on the N., Tequamenon Bay and the river St. Mary on the E., Lakes Huron and Michigan on the S., and the state of Wisconsin on the S.W. ; while the south- ernmost is bounded on the E. by Lakes Huron, St. Clair, and Erie, and the rivers St. Clair and Detroit, on the W. by Lake Michigan, and on the S. by the states of Ohio and In- diana, its northern angle reaching the Strait of Mackinac, which divides it from the N. peninsula. The state also in- cludes several islands, of which the largest are Isle Royale and Grand Island in Lake Superior, Drummond and Sugar Islands in Lake Huron, and the Manitou group in Lake Michigan. Area, 56,451 square miles, or 36,128,640 acres. Face of the Country. — The southern peninsula is the prin- cipal seat of wealth and population. Its characteristic features are the grandly extensive forests of white pine and deciduous timber-trees in the N., the sand-dunes of the western lake-coast, the bluify shores of Lake Huron, with its deeply-indenting bays, the picturesque oak openings or natural parks of the centre and S., and the fertile prairies of the S.W. This peninsula is a very level, fruitful region, abounding in lakes and streams, the latter not large, but in m.any cases navigable to a considerable e.xtent, while others aff"ord much water-power. The streams of the northern forests are much resorted to in the season for taking the trout and grayling, which here abound. The undulating surface culminates in a ridge or watershed which does not rise more than 300 feet above the lake-level (574 feet), and there are occasional conical hills or knolls. The northei-n peninsula has in general a roughly mountainous surface, an almost frigid climate, and a niggardly soil ; but its mineral wealth is very remark.able. Its mountains (Porcupine and Mineral ranges), though rugged, have not a great absolute elevation, and in some portions the forests are a source of wealth. Geology. Nortliern Peninsula.— This region consists of a central area of eozoic or Laurentian and Huronian age, flanked to the E. and S.E. on the one hand and to the W. and N.W. on the other by extensive fields of the Silurian strata. The eozoic region affords immense beds or quarries of rich in.agnetite, and of a slaty specular iron ore or red hematite, sometimes 150 feet deep, and of unilvalled purity and excellence. This is quarried and shipped by lake and by rail, and is largely smelted in the iron-works of Penn- sylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, both alone and when MEC 1407 mm mixed with less refractory but inferior ores. It is also wrought in the furnaces erected on the spot, charcoal and charred peat serving as fuel, for the peat deposits of this region are extensive and valuable. Marquette, Ishpeming, Negaunee, and Esoanaba are seats of the mining, shipping, and working of the iron ores, of which in some years a mil- lion tons have been extracted. Beds of marble lie S, and S.W. of the iron country. In the northwestern Silurian district, upon the Keweenaw peninsula, and to the S.W., extend the Mineral Mountains or Copper range, where large and small masses of pure and nearly pure native copper are mined, with occasional veins richly alloyed with silver, which also occurs here, native or pure, in small quantities. These are by far the most important copper-mines in the United States. Their largest annual product was in 1874, when they yielded copper valued at more than $7,000,000. The copper-mines of Isle Royale belong to this geological formation, and on the Ciinadian side of the lake the Algoraa country affords not less rich deposits of copper, with much more silver. Abundant evidence exists in the copper-region that the mines were wrought in prehistoric times, and the native copper implements of the old mound-builders were very probably derived from this source. The copper is mainly in threads and lumps filling amygdaloidal cavities in a conglomerate or in a sandstone. Southern Penineula. — Here the geological features are very different from those of the N. Devonian and carboniferous strata cover most of the state, but their lithological character and organic re- mains are peculiar, and the strata cannot in general be plainly identified with those of corresponding age elsewhere in the United States. The coal measures proper cover parts of at least 15 counties, including 187 townships, with an approximate area of 6700 square miles, reaching from Kaw- kawlin southward to Jackson, and from Ionia eastward to Holly, most of it underlaid by layers of bituminous and cannel coal of good thickness but not of high excellence. It is mined principally at Jackson, but its thickest beds are farther N. This coal serves chiefly for local and railroad use, and the total output is small. Salt is extensively manu- factured at Bay City from the waters of artesian wells. Pe- troleum has been obtained to some extent, especially north- ward, and inflammable oil-bearing shales, both Devonian and carboniferous, are abundant at various points. There is a handsome black marble found in the coal measures. Useful mineral waters are reported in nearly all parts of the southern peninsula. Gypsum, for land-plaster and for stucco-work, lime, glass-sand, grindstones, fire-clay, and building-stone are among the useful mineral products. Objects of Liierest to Tourists. — Among these are the famous Pictured Rocks of wind- and wave-worn sandstone on Lake Superior; the iron- and copper-mines; the canal and rapids of Sault Ste. Marie, on St. Mary's River, the outlet of Lake Superior; the remarkable artificial channel and works for the improvement of navigation through the flats in Lake St. Clair; the so-called magnetic and other mineral wells of Grand Haven, Grand Ledge, Lansing, &c. Mackinac is a favorite summer resort. Agricultural Resources. — Few sections of the United States excel the southern peninsula of Michigan as a farm- ing region. The soil has sand enough in its composition to render agriculture easy, while all the other elements of fer- tility are present in large measure. The oak openings and dry prairies were first settled ; the wet prairic-lands fol- lowed, their drainage proving easy, profitable, and advan- tageous to public health. As the dense forests arc pushed northward by the swift demands of commerce, a hard}' class of pioneer farmers follows the lumberman, and the forest lands, when subdued, prove to be among the best wheat lands known. In the W. and S.W. occurs the great fruit- belt of the state, where the proximity of Lake Michigan so qualifies the west winds that even the peach succeeds admirably. Here much of the soil is light and sandy. As far N. as Grand Traverse the climate is not too cold for successful agriculture. The winter wheat, oats, and pota- toes of the state are of excellent quality, and are produced abundantly. Other leading products are butter, cheese, wool, beef, pork, rye, barley, buckwheat, hay, beans, pease, hops, flax, flaxseed, clover- and grass-seeds, maple sugar, wax, honey, sorghum and maple syrups, &c. Excellent horses and cattle are bred for the Eastern markets. Grape- culture is successful in the S.. and wine is a noteworthy product. In the S.W. the growing of peppermint and other herbs for distillation and druggists' use is extensively car- ried on. Of the northern peninsula the resources are com- paratively undeveloped, and its severe climate and rough surface will be obstacles to its speedy settlement by agri- culturists. Manufactures. — The noble white-pine forests of the state at present afford the chief supply of that excellent timber. In 1870 the production of sawed lumber to the value of more than 831,000,000 placed the state far in advance of any other state in this industry, but in 1874 her lumber product was valued at more thun $47,000,000. Besides pine, Michigan cuts much oak, maple, and other hard timber, as well as spruce, hackmatack, hemlock, and other kinds of coarse lumber. The S. side of the N. peninsula is admirably adapted to the lumber-business, having unlimited water-power and accessible waters for navigation, with large forests as yet comparatively untouched. Wherever rapids occur on the streams of the lower peninsula, thriving manu- facturing towns have sprung up. Among the forest prod- ucts are tanners* bark, bark-extract, charcoal, and potash. Manufactures of wooden-ware, furniture, and other similar goods are carried on upon an immense scale in the cities of Michigan. Reference has already been made to the im- portant manufactures of iron, salt, Ac. To these we must add the manufacture of farm-implements, leather and leather goods, woollens, cottons, machinery, hollow-ware, castings, Ac. These industries are already well established, the combination of water-power, cheap and easy transporta- tion, cheap and excellent provisions, and a convenient market having given this state peculiar advantages in this regard. The presence of a large manufacturing class has also very materially increased the profits of farming. Commerce.— The extent of lake coast is far larger than that of any other state. Good natural harbors exist at Grand Island, L'Anse, Eagle Harbor, and other points on Lake Superior; at Escanaba, Porte des Morts, Grand Trav- erse, and elsewhere on Lake Michigan; at Thunder Bay, Hammond's Bay, Presque Isle, &c., on Lake Huron ; be- sides which many of the river-mouths and coast-lagoons have been convevted by artificial means into safe and ex- cellent harbors, the United States Congress having made large appropriations for these and kindred improvements. Notwithstanding the existence of numerous railroads, the lake commerce still thrives, and is especially adapted to the transhipment of coal, iron ore, lumber, and other bulky freights. Detroit, Marquette, Port Huron, and Grand Haven are ports of entry. The catch of white-fish, trout, grayling, herring (so called, but it is kindred to the white- fish), pickerel, sturgeon, and other fish is very important. The railroads of Michigan in 1846 measured 2:^8 miles; in 1850, 342 miles; in 1855, 474 miles; in 1860, 779 miles; in 1865,941 miles; in 1870, 1638 miles; in 1875, 3391 miles. The average cost for works per road-mile has been S48,008, 945 miles being constructed under the land-grant nets of Congress. Of the railroad grants, 3,213,576 acres in all hr^l, in 1875, been certified to nine of the railroads. Of these roads comparatively few are as yet in a condition to pay dividends. Finances.— In 1875 the state debt was only $1,445,149.97. Counties, £&e.— The counties (1879) number 79, as follows : Alcona, Allegan, Alpena, Antrim, Baraga, Barry, Bay, Ben- zie. Berrien, Branch, Calhoun, Cass, Charlevoix, Cheboygan, Chippewa, Clare, Clinton, Crawford, Delta, Eaton, Emmett, Genesee, Gladwin, Grand Traverse, Gratiot, Hillsdale, Houghton, Huron, Ingham, Ionia, Iosco. Isabella, Isle Ptoy- ale, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Kalkaska., Kent, Keweenaw, Lake. Lapeer, Leelenaw, Lenawee, Livingston, Mackinac, Ma- comb, Manistee, Manitou, Marquette, Mason, Mecosta, Me- nominee, Midland, Missaukee, Monroe, Montcalm, Mont- morency, Muskegon, Newaygo, Oakland, Oceana, Ogemaw, Ontonagon, Osceola, Oscoda, Otsego, Ottawa, Presque Isle, Roscommon, Saginaw, St. Clair, St. Joseph, Sanilac, School- craft, Shiawassee, Tuscola, Van Buren, Washtenaw, Wayne, and Wexford. The principal towns are Detroit (pop. 61,168); Ann Arbor, an educational centre (3811) ; Port Huron (5087); East Saginaw (10,353) and Saginaw City (6122); Mus- kegon (5035); Monroe (3754); Marquette (3308) ; Adrian (4745); Grand Rapids (14,812); Jackson (7560); Lansing, the capital (4209) ; Flint (4698) ; Bay City (8191). Education. — The system of public instruction in this state is admirably planned, and is zealously supported by the people. Schools are supported by general and local taxation and the income of school-funds derived from the sale of certain state lands, with other moneys specially appropriated. Graded schools are maintained wherever the population is dense enough to warrant their establishment. There are state and county and city superintendents, with state and local boards of education. The high schools are affiliated with the state university at Ann Arbor, which is open to both sexes and embraces a normal course and schools of science, law, medicine, homoeopathy, and phar- MIC 1408 MIC maey. The state agricultural college near Lansing is free to all. There are denominational and other colleges at Adrian, Albion, Benzonia, Battle Creek, Hillsdale, Holland City, Kalamazoo, Olivet, Ac., all open to youth of cither sex. At Coldwater is a state school for the children of paupers ; a reform school at Lansing ; one for deaf-mutes at Flint; normal schools at Ypsiianti and Leoni; besides a large number of private and church schools and seminaries of all grades. Compulsory school attendance is provided for by statute. Among the Northern Indians there are some 18 United States mission and other schools. Other public institutions are the state prison at Jackson, and the state insane asylum, Kalamazoo. Government. — The governor and the members of the legis- lature are elected every two years. The constitution for- bids all licenses for selling intoxicating liquors and all state appropriations for the aid of private corporations or denominational schools. Judges of courts are elected for fixed terms. Voters must have lived three months in the state and ten days in the district where the vote is cast. The state has nine representatives in the Federal Congress, and eleven electoral votes. Population.— In ISIO the pop. was 4762; in 1820, 8896; in 1830, 31,639; in 1840, 212,267; in ISoO, 397,654; in 1860, 749,113; in 1870, 1,184,059; in 1874 (state census), 1,334,031. There are about 9000 Indians remaining in the state, mostly Chippewas, many of them Roman Catholics; and of late many have given up their tribal government and become citizens of the United States and of the state. Histori/.^Before 1700 the French had colonized Detroit and Mackinaw ; and the country passed, with the rest of Canada, into English hands in 1763. Then followed the conspiracy of Pontiac, the destruction of Mackinaw, and the siege of Detroit, The British, after the Revolution, did not evacuate Michigan until 1796. In 1805 the Mich- igan Territorj' was constituted out of the old North- West Territory ; but its boundaries were not those of the present state, and at one time it extended westward to the Missouri River, including the present states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa, with a part of Dakota. In 1837 Michigan was admitted to the Union with its present limits. The terri- tory was the scene of active operations during a part of the war of 1812-15. After its admission as a state, Michigan made very rapid progress in population and wealth, which progress, since the termination of the war of 1861-65, has been especially manifest in the manufacturing and mining interests and in railroad extension. Michigan, a township of Clinton co., Ind. Pop. 1732. It contains Michigantown. Michigan, a township of La Porte co., Ind. Pop. 4688. It contains Michigan City. Michigan Bar, a post-village of Sacramento co., Cal., on the Cosurane River, 7 miles S.W. of Latrobe, and 23 miles E. by S. of Sacramento. It has a Chinese temple. 3Iichigan ISlutf, a post-village of Placer co., Cal., on the Middle Fork of the American River, about 56 miles E.N.E. of Sacramento. Gold is found near this place, which is mainly supported by mining. It has 2 churches. Michigan Central Junction, a station of Cook co., 111., on the Baltimore & Ohio and Michigan Central Rail- roads, 34 miles S. by E. of the terminal station of the former railroad in Chicago. Michigan Centre, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Mich., in Leoni township, on the Michigan Central Rail- road, 4 miles E. of Jackson, It has a church, a tlour-mill, and about 20 families. Michigan City, a post-town of La Porte co., Ind., on Lake Michigan, about 38 miles by water E.S.E. of Chie:igo. By railroad it is 56 miles from Chicago, 90 miles N. of La- fayette, and 13 miles N.W. of La Porte. It is on the Mich- igan Central Railroad, and is the N. terminus of the Louis- ville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad and of the India- napolis, Peru & Chicago Railroad. It contains 8 churches, a national bank, 2 newspaper offices, Ames College, and the Northern State Prison. It has manufactures of railroad- cars, chairs, furniture, lumber, wagons, boots, shoes, sash, blinds, &c. Here are workshops and round-houses of the Michigan Central Railroad and of the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad. Pop. about 5500. Michigan City, a post-village of Benton co., Miss., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Grand Junction, Tenn. It has 2 churches, a flour- mill, and a lumber-mill. Michigan, Lake, the largest lake which is entirely included within the United States, It is one of the five great lakes the waters of which enter the sea through the St. Lawrence River. It, forms the E. boundary of Wisqpnr sin, and the W. boundary of the lower peninsula of Mich- igan, and touches parts of Illinois and Indiana. It extends from lat. 41° 35' to 46° N., and is about 335 miles long. The broadest part, which is opposite Milwaukee, is about 88 miles wide, and the narrowest part is 50 miles wide or more. The surface is computed to be 600 feet higher than the level of the sea. Area, about 20,000 square miles. The mean depth is variously estimated at 900 or 1000 feet. Theshores are generally low. This lake is connected with Lake Huron by the Strait of Mackinac, which is at the N.E. extremity of Lake Michigan and is its outlet. The principal cities on its shores are Chicago, Milwaukee, Racine, and Manito- woc. It encloses but few islands, which are in the northern part. The largest of them is about 15 miles long. The largest rivers that flow into this lake are the St. Joseph, the Grand, the Kalamazoo, the Muskegon, the Manistee, the Menomonee, and the Fox. Michigantown, a post-village in Michigan township, Clinton co., Ind., on the Frankfort & Kokomo Railroad, 31 miles S. of Logansport, and 8 miles E.N.E. of Frankfort. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a flouring-mill, an ele- vator for grain, &g. Pop. 315. Michigan Valley, a post-office of Osage co., Kansas. Michipicoten, mish^e-pe-ko'ten, a bay of Lake Su- perior, North America, on its N. side in Canada. Lat. 47° 55' N. ; Ion. 85° 30' W. In it is an island of the same name. Michipicoten, a considerable river of Ontario, falls into Lake Superior on the N. shore, about 125 miles N. of Sault Sto. Marie, This river bas its source from lakes on the S. side of the Height of Land dividing the waters of Hudson's Bay and Lake Superior. It abounds with pike, sturgeon, and speckled trout. The distance to the Height of Land is some 70 miles. Moose River, which falls into James's Bay at Moose Factory, rises in Misinabe Lake, on the N. side of the Height of Land. These two rivers constitute the canoe-route between Lake Superior and Hudson's Bay, there being only a short portage to connect the sources of both rivers. There are 39 portages and 179 rapids on this canoe- route between Lake Superior and Hudson's Bay. Michipicoten River, a post- village in the district of Algoma, Ontario, 120 miles N.N.E. of Sault Ste. Marie. It was once noted as the Hudson's Bay depot for supplying goods, &c.y for the trade to Lakes Superior and Huron. The establishment is within 3 miles from Gros Cap Harbor, in Lake Superior, one of the best harbors in the lake. The coast-line is very irregular. In this district copper, plum- bago, and iron bave been found. Michle, miK'ld, a village of Bohemia, 4 miles from Prague, and the property of its university. Pop. 1000. Michinash, the Scriptural name of Mukhmas. Michoacan, me-cho-3,-kin', or Mechoacan, mi-cho- fl-k^n', sometimes called Valladolid, v^l-yi-do-leed', a maritime state ofMcxico, between lat. 18° and 21° N. and Ion. 100° and 104° W., having S.W. the Pacific. TbeBolsas, with its aifluents, and the Lermaandits tributaries, form its prin- cipal rivers. Area, 23,707 square miles. Surface greatly diversified. Mountains traverse its N. and central parts, and in it is the volcano of JoruUo. The lakes are numerous, and that of Chapala forms part of its N.W. frontier. The soil is generally fertile. The products comprise maize, wheat, pulse, potatoes, manioc, cotton, sugar, indigo, hemp, flax, aloes, and tapinzezan, which last is peculiar to this region. The mountain-sides are clothed with forests of fine woods, and gold, silver, and lead are procured in consider- able quantities, mining industry being here of the first im- portance. The produce is mostly sent by land to Mexico and elsewhere, this state having no seaport. Capital, More- lia. The principal towns are Pascuaro and Zamora. Pop. 618,240. Mickleton, mik'^l-tnn, a post-hamlet of Gloucester CO., N.J., in Greenwich township, on the West Jersey Rail- road (Swedesborough Branch), 14 miles S.W. of Camden. It has a Friends' meeting and a public hall. Mi'co, a post-office of Jones co., Miss. Miconi, an island of Greece. See Mycosus. Microne'sia (derived from the Greek for "small islands"), a collective name applied to certain groups of small islands in the Pacific, namely, the Ladrone and Caro- line Islands, the Radack and Ralick chains, the Kingsmill and Gilbert groups, and a few smaller clusters, with some sporadic islands, no single island of the whole extent being of large size. The people of these islands do not speak the true Polynesian language, but employ several dialects kin- dred to one another, and more remotely so to the Malay. 3Iicuipampa, me-kwe-pim'pi, a town of Peru, de- partment of Trujillo, province and 25 miles N.N.E. of Caxa- marea, with silver-mines, atagreat elevation, on the Andes. MID 1409 MID Jlliddaghs, mid'dawks, a post-hamlet of Northampton 00., Pa., 3 miles from Martin's Creek Station, N.J. Middelbnrg, mid'd?l-burg (Dutch pron. mid'd^I- buRG' ; L. Mediobur'gum, Me'dlum Cae'lrim), often written in English iUiddleburg, a town of the Netherlands, cap- ital of the province of Zealand, near the middle of the island of Walcheren, 47 miles S.W. of Rotterdam, and 5 miles by rail N. by E. of Flushing. It is surrounded by a broad canal, bordered by a prettily planted counterscarp, and environed by a large number of iine gardens, rich mea- dows, and bleaching greens. It has numerous squares, of which the great market is one of the finest in the kingdom. On its N. side stands the splendid town hall, composed of two portions, — -an older, in Uothic style, the fronts of which, overladen with ornaments, were completed in 151S, and a wing, in the Ionic style, finished in 17S4. On the N. front of the old building are 25 colossal statues of the counts and countesses of Zealand. Among the other edifices and insti- tutions may be specified the abbey, an extensive structure, with a fine tower, the court-houses, prison, exchange, gymnasium, academy of design and other schools, museum, barracks, 9 churches, a synagogue, an infirmary, an orphan hospital, and various benevolent, literary, and scientific in- stitutions. The shipping-trade is very limited. Cotton- weaving, brewing, chocolate-making, tanning, laee-making, worsted-spinning, and salt-refining are the chief manufac- tures ; in addition to which a few vessels are built. The town, which is very ancient, was taken by the Dutch from the Spaniards in 1574. Pop. 16,594. Middelfart, mid'd?l-faBt\ or l^Iiddelfurt, mid'd^l- foout\ a seaport town of Denmark, on the N.W. coast of the island of Funen, 26 miles W.N.W. of Odense. P. 2336. Middelharnis, mid'del-haB^nis, a village of the Neth- erl.ands, in the island of Overflakkee. Pop. 3262. iUiddelstnin, mid'd?l-stum\ a village of the Nether- lands, in Groningen, 9 miles AV.N.W. of Appingedam. Pop. 2244. Middle, mid'd^l, a township of Hendricks co., Ind. Pop. 1422. It contains Pittsborough. middle, a township of Cape May co., N.J. Pop. 3443. It contains Cape May Court-House. Middle, a township of Chowan co., N.C. Pop. 1610. Middle, a township of Orangeburg co., S.C. P. 1104. Middle Bass, a post-otfico of Ottawa co., 0., on a small island in Lake Erie, about 38 miles E. of Toledo. Middle Bight, a fishing-hamlet on the S. side of Conception Bay, Newfoundland, 17 miles from St. John's. 3Iiddle Bill Cove, a fishing-hamlet of Newfoundland, 15 miles from Green's Pond. Pop. 161. Middleborough, Erie co.. Pa. See McKean. Middleborough, mid'del-bur-ruh, a post-village of Plymouth co., Mass., in Middleborough township, on the Old Colony Railroad, at the junction of two branches with one of the main lines, 34 miles S. by E. of Boston, and lOi miles E. of Taunton. It has a bank, a fine town hall, an academy, a high school, a public library, gas-works, the Bay State Straw- Works, 5 shoe-factories, 3 churches, 1 news- paper ofiiee, and manufactures of woollen goods, lumber, shovels, spades, needles, trunks, boxes, varnish, &o. The township is bounded on the N.W. by the Taunton River, and has a pop. of 5023. Middleborough, a hamlet of Warren co., 0., in Har- lan township, 1 mile from Hicks Station. Here is Edwards- ville Post-Office. Middleborough, a post-village in Cumberland co.. Nova Scotia, on Wallace River, 6 miles S.W. of Wallace. It contains 2 churches, 2 stores, 2 saw-mills, and 2 grist- mills. Pop. 475. Middleborough Junction, a station within the limits of Taunton, Mass., 3 miles S.E. of Taunton Green, at the junction of the New Bedford & Taunton and Middle- borough & Taunton Railroads. Mid'dlebourne, or Middletown, a post-village of Guernsey co., 0., in Oxford township, 30 miles W. of Bell- aire. It has 2 churches. Pop. 166. The name of its post- office is Middlebourne. Middlebourne, a post-village, capital of Tyler co., W. Va., on Middle Island Creek, about 44 miles S. by W. of Wheeling. It has 2 churches and a tobacco-factory. Middle Branch, a post-office of Hodgeman co., Kan. Middle Branch, township, Osceola oo., Mich. P. 86. Middle Branch, a station in Ocean co., N.J., on the Tuckerton Railroad, 18 miles N. of Tuckerton. Middle Branch, a post-hamlet of Stark co., 0., 7 miles N. of Canton. It has 2 churches. Mid'dlebrook, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Md., 6 miles W. of Rockville. Mid'dle Brook, a post-village of Iron co., Mo., on the St. Louis & Iron Mountain Railroad, 5 miles N. of Iron- ton. It has a brewery and a granite-quarry. Middlebrook, a post-village of Augusta oo., Va., about 15 miles S.W. of Staunton. It has a church. Middleburg, Netherlands. See Midbelbukg. Mid'dleburg, a post-village of Clay co., Fla., on Black Creek, about 28 miles S.W. of Jacksonville. It has 3 churches. Middleburg, a post-office of Washington CO., Iowa, about 15 miles S.S.W. of Iowa City. Middleburg, a post-village of Casey co., Ky., 20 miles S. of Danville. It has 2 churches .and a flouring-mill. Middleburg, a post- village of Carroll oo., Md,, on the Western Maryland Railroad, and 1 mile from the Penn- sylvania Railroad (Frederick division), 48 miles N.W. of Baltimore. It has a church and a pottery. 31iddleburg, a post-hamlet of Richardson co., Neb., about 15 miles S. of Nebraska City. It has 2 churches. Middleburg, a post-village in Middleburg township, Schoharie co., N.Y., on Schoharie Creek, and on the Mid- dleburg & Schoharie Railroad, 5 miles S. of Schoharie village, and about 30 miles (direct) W. by S. of Albany. It has several churches and hotels, a newspaper office, a carriage-factory, a foundry, 2 tanneries, and 2 mills for wrapping-paper. Pop. 863 ; of the township, 3268. Middleburg, a post-village of Warren co., N.C, on the Raleigh & Gaston Railroad, 50 miles N. by E. of Ra- leigh. It has 3 churches, a lumber-mill, a flour-mill, &c. Middleburg, a post-township of Cuyahoga co., 0., about 8 miles S.W. of Cleveland. It contains the village of Berea, and has quarries of grindstones. Pop. 3662. Middleburg (West Middleburg Post-Office), a village in Zane township, Logan CO., 0., about 40 miles W.N.W. of Columbus. It has 2 churches. Pop. 250. Middleburg, a village of Noble co., 0., about 20 miles N. of Marietta. It has a church and a graded school. Pop. 116. Here is Middle Creek Post-Office. Middleburg, a hamlet of Franklin co.. Pa., on Mason & Dixon's Line, about 18 miles S. of Chambersburg. Middleburg, a post-borough, capital of Snyder co.. Pa., on Middle Creek, and on the Lewistown division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 33 miles E.N.E. of Lewistown, and 17 miles W.S.W. of Sunbury. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a flouring-mill, a tannery, Ac. Pop. 370. Middleburg, a small post- village of Hardeman co., Tenn., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, about 7 miles S. of Bolivar. It has 2 churches. Middleburg, a post-village of Loudoun co., Va., about 40 miles W. by N. of Washington, D.C. It has 5 churches, 5 stores, and a seminary. Pop. about 500. Middleburg Island, Pacific. See EoA. Middlebury, mid'd?l-b5r-re, a post-hamlet in Middle- bury township, Now Haven co.. Conn., 6 miles W.S.W. of Waterbury. It has 2 churches, also several manufactories. Pop. of the township, 696. Middlebury, a post-village of Elkhart co., Ind., in Middlebury township, 10 miles E.N.E. of Goshen. It has 2 churches, 2 flour-mills, a steam saw-mill, and a graded school. Pop. of the township, 1709. Middlebury, a township of Shiawassee co., Mich. Pop. 969. Middlebury, a hamlet of Mercer co.. Mo., about 38 miles N. of Chillieothe. Middlebury, a township of Wyoming co., N.Y. Pop. 1734. It contains Wyoming. Middlebury, a township of Knox co., 0. Pop. 929. Middlebury, a post-village of Summit co., 0., on the Little Cuyahoga River, 2 miles E. of Akron. It contains 2 churches, and several manufactories of stoneware, (&c. It has been annexed to Akron, and is now the 6th ward of that city. Pop. of the township, 994. Middlebury, or Middlebury Centre, a post-vil- lage in Middlebury township, Tioga co.. Pa., on the Corn- ing, Cowanesque &. Antrim Railroad, 32 miles S.S.W. of Corning, N.y. It has a tannery. Pop. of township, 1500. Middlebury, a handsome post-village, capital of Ad- dison CO., Vt., in Middlebury township, on Otter Creek, and on the Central Vermont Railroad, 35 miles S. of Bur- lington, and 33 miles N.N.W. of Rutland. It is the seat of Middlebury College (Congregational), which *ya5 organized about 1800 and has 9 instructors, about 50 students, and a library of 12,500 volumes. Middlebury contains 4 churches, a national bank, 2 newspaper offices, a foundry, and 2 flour- mills, and has manufactures of cotton, wool, sash, blinds, &c. Here is a quarry of tine yi'h.ite pr yariegated marble. Pop. of the township, 3086. MID 1410 MID MiddlebiirVf a post-office of Iowa cc, Wis. Mid'dlebash, a post-village in Franklin township, Somerset co,, N.J., on the Millstone & New Brunswick Railroad, 5 miles W. of New Brunswick. It contains the Middlebush Institute. Middle Cane, a post-office of Watauga cc, N.C. Middle Coou River, Iowa, a branch of the Raccoon River, rises in Carroll Co., runs S.E. through Gruthrie co., and unites with another branch in Dallas co. Middle Creek, Snyder co.. Pa., runs E., and enters the Susquehanna River 6 miles below Sunbury, Middle Creek, a post-hamlet in Carthage township, Hancock co.. 111., 6 miles E. of Carthage. It has a church. Middle Creek, township, I\Iiami oo., Kansas. P. 91 1. Middle Creek, township, Wake co., N.C. Pop. 1477. Middle Creek, Noble co., 0. See Middleburg. Middle Creek, a township of Snyder co., Pa. Pop. 574. It contains Meiser. Middle Creek, a post-office of Snyder co., Pa. Middle Creek, a township of Somerset co.. Pa. Pop. 580. It contains New Lexington. Middle Egypt, a region of Egypt. See Vostani. Middle Fa'bins, a post-village of Scotland co.. Mo., on Middle Fabius River, 4 miles S.E. of Downing Station, and 5 miles S.W. of JMemphis. It has 2 chiirches. See Fabius. Middle Falls (formerly Galesville), a post-village of Washington co., N.Y.. in Greenwich township, on the B.atten Kill, 3 miles from its mouth, and 1^ miles from Greenwich Station, which is 32 miles N.N.E. of Troy. It has 2 churches, 2 flouring-niills, 2 cement-mills, a woollen- factory, and a plaster-mill. The river here falls 45 feet. Middlefield, a post-village in Middlefleld township, Middlesex co.. Conn., on the New Haven, Middletown & Willimantic Railroad. 5 miles S.W. of Middletown, and 19 miles N.N.E. of New Haven. It has 3 churches, also man- ufactures of fire-arms, washing-machines, locks, cotton goods, gunpowder, wagons, lilaiiese, a province of Italy, in Lombardy, containing the capital city of the same name. Area, 1155 square miles. Pop. 1,009,794. Jtti'lan, a township of De Kalb co., 111. Pop. 857. Milan, a township of Macon co., 111. Pop. 322. Milan, or Cam'den Mills, a post-village in Black Hawk township. Rock Island co., III., on the Rock River, opposite South Rock Island, and on the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad, also on the Rock Island &, Mercer County Railroad, 5^ miles S. of Davenport, Iowa. It has 3 churches, 3 flouring-mills, a paper-mill, a chair-factory, and 12 stores. It has immense water-power. Pop. 818. Milan, a township of Allen co., Ind., traversed by the Maumee River. Pop. 1183. Milan, a post-village in Franklin township, Ripley co., Ind., on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 42 miles AV. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches, a woollen- and a flour-mill. Milan, a post-office of Lucas co., Iowa. Milan, a post-office of Sumner co., Kansas, 45 miles S.S.W. of Wichita. Milan, Livingston co., Mich. See Unadilla. Milan, a post-township of Monroe co., Mich., about 42 miles S.W. of Detroit. It contains a village named East Milan, and part of the village of Milan. Pop. 1488. Milan, a post-village of Monroe and Washtenaw cos., Mich., in Milan and York townships, 16 miles S. of Ann Arbor. It has a church, a stave- factory, a flouring-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 300. Milan, a post- village, capital of Sullivan co.. Mo., on the Burlington ost-village in Benton township, Berrien CO., Mich., on the Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore Rail- road, 6 miles N.E. of Benton Harbor. It has a church, a graded school, a flour-mill, a saw-mill, and 30 dwellings. Mil I 'bum, a post-hamlet of Lake co.. 111., about 12 miles W.N.W. of Waukegan. It has 2 churches. Millburn, Ballard co., Ky. See Milburn. Millburn, a post-office and station in Millburn town- ship, Essex CO., N.J., on the Morris A Essex Railroad, 9 miles W. of Newark. Xhe township is bounded on the W. by the Passaic River, and has 4 churches, and manufac- tures of fur hats, paper, and binders' board. Pop. of the township, 1675. Millbury, mil'ber-re, a post-village in Millbury town- ship, Worcester co., Mass., on the Blackstone River, on the Providence & Worcester Railroad, and on a branch of the Boston & Albany Railroad, 6 miles S.S.E. of Worcester, and 37 miles N.N.W. of Providence. It has a high school, a national bank, a savings-bank, several cotton- and wool- len-factories, and 5 churches. The township contains 6 cotton-mills, 6 woollen-mills, a foundry, a machine-shop, and a pop. of 4529. Millbury, a post-village in Lake township. Wood co., 0., on the Lake Shore ifc Michigan Southern Railroad, at the junction of 2 branches, 8 miles S.E. of Toledo. It has 4 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, 3 lumber- mills, a bowl-factory, and a stave-factory. Pop. about 400. Millbury Junction, a station in VVorcester co., Mass., on the Boston . 31illersburg, a post-village in Clinton township, Elk- hart CO., Ind., on the Lake Shore k Michigan Central K-nil- road (air-line), 8 miles S.E. of Goshen. It has 3 churches and a grist-mill. Pop. about 600. Millersburg, a hamlet of Orange co., Ind., about 37 miles N.W. of New Albany. It has il saw-mill and a church. Millersburg, a post- village of Warrick co., Ind., about MIL 1421 MIL 16 miles N.E. of Evansville. It has 2 churches, 2 flouring- mills, and a coal-mine. Hero is Canal Post-OfBce. Millersburg, a post- village in English township, Iowa CO., Iowa, near English River, 20 miles S. of Marengo. It has a grist-mill and 1 or 2 drug-stores. Pop. about .^00. JUillersburg, a hamlet of Cherokee Co., Kansas, 7 miles N.W. of Columbus. Coal abounds here. Millersburg, a post-village of Bourbon CO., Ky., on Hinkston Creek, and on the Maysville & Le.\ington Kail- road, 28 miles N.E. of Lexington, and 9 miles N.N.E. of Paris. It contains 4 churches, a bank, the Weslcyan Uni- rersity, and Millersburg Female College. Pop. 675. Millersburg, a post-hamlet of Rice co., Minn., 6 miles W. of Dundas, and about 40 miles S. of Minneapolis. It has a saw-mill. Millersburg, a post-hamlet of Callaway co.. Mo., about 24 miles N. of .Jefferson City. Pop. 60. Millersburg, a post-village, capital of Holmes co., 0., is in Hardy township, on Killbuck Creek, and on the Cleve- land, Mount Vernon &, Columbus Railjoad, 84 miles E.N.E. of Columbus, 85 miles S. of Cleveland, and about 20 miles S. of Wooster. It contains a graded school, a national bank, 2 other banks, 2 newspaper offices, 6 churches, 2 planing-mills, 2 carriage-shops, and a manufactory of fur- niture. Pop. 1457. Millersburg, a post-borough of Dauphin co.. Pa., on the E. biink of the Susquehanna River, at the mouth of Wiconisco Creek, and on the Northern Central Railroad, at the terminus of the Summit Branch Railroad (on which large quantities of coal are transported), 27 miles N. of Harrisburg. It has 4 or 5 churches, 2 banks, a newspaper office, and several lumber-mills. Pop. 1518. Millersburg, a small village in Elgin co., Ontario, adjoining the town of St. Thomas. Pop. 110. Miller's Camp Branch, a post-office of Raleigh co., W. Va., 6 miles N. of Raleigh Court- House. Miller's Corners, a post-hamlet of Ontario co„ N.Y., on the New York Central Railroad, 13 miles W. of Canan- daigua. It has a church. Miller's Cove, a post-office of Blount co., Tenn. Miller's Creek, apost-office of Black Hawk co., Iowa. Miller's Creek, a post-office of Wilkes co., N.C. Miller's Creek, a post-village in Hants co.. Nova Scotia, on the river St. Croix, 2i miles from Newport Sta- tion. Pop. 200. Miller's Ed'dy, a station in Clarion eo.. Pa., on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 6 miles S.E. of Parker Junction. Miller's Falls, a post-village in Montague and Er- ving townships, Franklin co., Mass., on Miller's River, near its mouth, and on the New London Northern Rail- road where it is crossed by tlic Vermont & Massachusetts Railroad, 21 miles S. of Brattleborough, and about 36 miles N. of Springfield. It has manufactures of bit-braces, vises, Ac. It was formerly called Grout's Corners. Miller's Landing, Missouri. See New Haven. Jliller's Mills, a post-hamlet of Herkimer co., N.Y., on the Delaware, Lackawanna Jc Western Railroad, 25 miles S.E. of Utica. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a cheese-factory. Miller's Place, a post-village of Suffolk co., N.Y., on Long Island Sound, about 20 miles W. by N. of Riverhead. It has 35 houses and an academy. Mil'lersport, a post-office of Erie co., N.Y. Millersport, a post-village of Fairfield co., 0., on the Ohio Canal, about 27 miles E. by S. of Columbus. It has a church. Pop. 149. Millersport, Lawrence co., 0. See Miller's. Miller's River, Massachusetts, rises in the N. part of Worcester CO., runs nearly westward, and enters the Con- necticut River in Franklin CO., about 6 miles E. of Green- field. It is nearly 60 miles long, and affords extensive water-power. Miller's River, a mill-stream in Caledonia co., in the E.N.E. part of \'ermont. It falls into the Passumpsic River. Miller's Stand, a post-office of Winston eo., Ala. Miller's Station, a post-office of Chatham co., Ga., on the Atlantic &, Gulf Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Savannah. Miller's Station, a hamlet of Fulton co., Ind., on the Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago Railroad, 5 miles N. of Rochester. Miller's Station, a village of Lake co., Ind., on Lake Michigan, and on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad and the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 30 miles S.S.E. of Chicago. It has 2 clmrches, and manufactures of baskets and fish-kegs. Here are valuable fisheries. Miller's Station, a post-office of Wilkin co., Minn. Miller's Station, a post-hamlet in German township. Harrison co., 0., on the Pan-Handle Railroad, 23 miles W. of Steubenville. It has a church and a carriage-factory. Miller's Station, a post-village in Rockdale town- ship, Crawford co.. Pa., on the Atlantic & Great \f estern Railroad, 17 miles N.N.E. of Meadville. It has a church and a saw-mill. Pop. about 350. Miller's Tan'nery, a post-office of Somerset co.. Pa. Miller's Tav'ern, a post-office of Essex co., Va. Mil'lcrstown, a hamlet of Grayson eo., Ky., on Nolin Creek, about 64 miles S. by W. of Louisville. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and 2 stores. Pop. SO. Millerstown, a post-hamlet of Champaign co., 0., 4 miles N.E. of St. Paris Station, and about 20 miles E. of Piqua. It has 2 churches and a saw- mill. Millerstown, a hamlet in Monroe township. Perry CO., 0., 12 miles S.E. of New Lexington. It has a church. Pop. about 100. Here are valuable coal-beds. Millerstown, a hamlet in Fawn township, Alleghany CO., Pa., 5 miles N.W. of Tarentum. It has a church, a saw-mill, and 12 dwellings. Here is Fawn Post-Office. Millerstown, a borough of Butler co.. Pa., in Donegal township, on the Karns City & Butler Railroad, 13 miles N.E. of Butler. It has 4 or 5 churches, a national bank, 1 other bank, 2 newspaper offices, a brewery, several oil-wells, an oil-refinery, and 2 wheel-factories, and is lighted with natural gas. 'The name of its post-office is Barnhart's Mills. Pop. about 2500. AlillerstOAvn, Lehigh co.. Pa. See Macungie. Millerstown, a post-borough in Greenwood township, Perry co.. Pa., on the left or N. bank of the Juniata River, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 33 miles N.N.W. of Harrisburg. It has a bank, 2 churches, a printing-office, a tannery, and a mine of iron ore. Pop. 533. Millersville, a post-hamlet of Christian eo., 111., on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (Springfield division), 37 miles S.E. of Springfield. It has a church. Millersville, a post-hamlet of Marion eo., Ind., in Washington township, 1 mile from Malott Park Station. Millersville, a post-office of Russell co., Ky., about 90 miles S. of Frankfort. Millersville, a post-village of Anne Arundel eo., Md., on the Annapolis & Elk Ridge Railroad, 11 miles N.W. of Annapolis. Pop. about 200. Millersville, a post-hamlet of Cape Girardeau co.. Mo., about 50 miles N.W. of Cairo, 111. It has a church and a flour-mill. Millersville, a mining-camp of Lewis and Clarke eo., Montana, 28 miles N.W. of Helena. Blillersvilie, a hamlet of Hunterdon co., N.J., 4 miles from Milford. Millersville, a post-hamlet in Jackson township, San- dusky CO., 0., on the Toledo & Tiffin Railroad, 14| miles N. by W. of Tiffin. It has a church. Millersville, a post-village in Manor township, Lan- caster CO., Pa., about 70 miles W. of Philadelphia, and 4 miles S.W. of Lancaster. It contains the Millersville State Normal School (which has an annual attendance of about 800 students), 5 churches, and a cigar-factory. Pop. 1180. Mil'lerton, a village of Fresno co., Cal., on the San Joaquin River, about 130 miles S.E. of Stockton. Gold is found near this place. Millerton, a station in Marin co., Cal., on the North Pacific Coast Railroad, 42 miles N.N.W. of San Francisco. Millerton, a post-village in North East township, Dutchess CO., N.Y., on the New York & Harlem Railroad, at its junction with the Dutchess & Columbia Railroad and the Poughkeepsie & Eastern Railroad, 60 miles N.N.E. of Newburg, 28 miles N.E. of Poughkeepsie, and 94 miles N. by E. of New York. It is also a terminus of the Connec- ticut Western Railroad. It has 4 churches, mines of iron ore, a flour-mill, manufactures of pig-iron and carriages, and a money-order post-office. Pop. about 800. Millerton, a post-office of Tioga co., Pa., on the Tioga & Elmira State Line Railroad, 12 miles S.W. of Elmir.a, N.Y. MillertOAvn, a post-office of Rowan co., N.C. Mil'lerville, a hamlet of Clay co., Ala., 13 miles N.E. of Goodwater Railroad Station. Here is Hillabee Post- Office, and in the vicinity are 3 churches. Millerville, a post-village and township of Douglas CO., Minn. The township contains Lakes Moses and Aaron, and is traversed by the Chippewa River. Pop. 451. Millerville, New York. See Louisville. Millesimo, mil-li'se-mo, a town of Italy, in Genoa, 5 miles S.W. of Cairo, on the Bormida. Pop. 1309. Mil'lett, a post-office of Eaton co., Mich. Mil'lettville, a post-hamlet of Barnwell co., S.C., on the Port Royal Railroad, 37 miles S.E. of Augusta, Ga. MIL 1422 MIL Mille Vaches, meel vish, a bay on the N. shore of the estuary of the St. Lawrence, about 30 miles below the mouth of the Saguenay. Mille Vaches, a post-village in Saguenay eo., Quebec, 45 miles N.E. of Tadousac. Pop. 350. Mill'field, a post-village of Athens eo., 0., on Sunday Creek, about 38 miles W. of Marietta. It has a church and a flour-mill. Pop. 94. Mill Gap, a post-hamlet of Highland co., Va., about 45 miles W. of Staunton. It has a church. Mill Green, a post-hamlet of Harford co., Md., about 33 miles N.N.E. of Baltimore. Mill Grove, a post-hamlet of Blackford co., Ind., on the railroad between Hartford and Union City, 7 miles S.E. of Hartford. It has a church and a saw-mill. Mill'grove, a township of Steuben co., Ind. Pop. 975. It contains Orland. Mill Grove, a post-hamlet of Allegan co., Mich., on the Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Allegan. It has a saw-mill and a stave-factory. Mill Grove, a post-office and station of Mercer eo., Mo., on the Chicago, Rock Island k Pacific Railroad, 8 miles S. of Princeton. It hjis a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Mill Grove, a post-village of Erie co., N.Y., in Aldcn township, on the New York Central Railroad, i mile from Wende Station, and 18 miles E. by N. of Buffalo. It has a church, a grist-mill, and 2 saw-mills. Mill Grove, a hamlet of Cabarrus co., N.C., 7 miles W. of Concord. It has a grist-mil! and a saw-mill. Mill Grove, a post-hamlet of Morgan co., 0., on Meigs Creek, about 24 miles N.W. of Marietta. It has a church and a flour-mill. Mill Grove, a post-office of Columbia co.. Pa. Mill Grove, a post-village in Wentworth co., Ontario, Si miles N. of Dundas. It contains 2 stores and a shingle- mill. Pop. 180. Millguy, a village of Scotland. See Milngavie. Mill Hall, a post-borough of Clinton eo., Pa., on Fish- ing Creek, and on the Bald Eagle Valley Railroad, 3i miles S.W. of Lock Haven. It has 2 churches, a woollen-factory, 2 grist-mills, an axe-factory, and 2 manufactories of furni- ture. Pop. 452. Mill'ham, a village in Lawrence township, Mercer CO., N.J., on Assanpink Creek, J mile from Trenton, of which it is a suburb. It has a church, 3 potteries, and 2 manufactories of rubber goods. Pop. 677. Mill Ha'ven, a post-olBce of Soriven co., Ga. Mill Ha'ven, a post-village in Lennox co., Ontario, on the Bay of Quinte, 13 miles W. by S. of Kingston. It con- tains several stores and mills, and has a good harbor. Millheim, mil'hime, a post-village of Centre co., Pa., in Penn township, on Penn's Creek, about IS miles S. of Lock Haven. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a banking-house, and a foundry. Pop. about 700. Millheim, a post-office of Austin co., Tex. Mill Hill, a post-hamlet of Cabarrus co., N.C., 10 miles N.W. of Concord. Mill Hill, a post-office of Greenbrier co., W. Va. Mill HoI'low, a post-village in Kingston township, Luzerne co., Pa., about 4 miles N.W. of Wilkesbarre. It has 2 churches and 3 collieries. Pop. about 400. Mill'home, a post-office of Manitowoc co.. Wis. Mill'house, a village of Scotland, co. of Forfar, 3 miles N. of Dundee, in the manufactories of which town its inhabitants are mostly engaged. Millhousen, mil'how-zen, a post-village in Marion township, Decatur co., Ind., about 36 miles N. of Madison. It has a church, a tannery, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Milliacum, the Latin name of Milly. Mill'ican, a post-villjige of Brazos co., Tex., on the Houston k Texas Central Railroad, 20 miles E. of Bryan, 80 miles N.W. of Houston, and 2 or 3 miles E. of the Brazos River. It has 6 churches, a carriage-factory, and 10 dry- goods stores. Milligan's, a station in Muhlenburg co., Ky., on the Louisville k Paducah Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Owens- borough Junction. Mil'liken's Bend, a post-village of Madison parish, La., on the Mississippi River, 25 miles above Vicksburg. Milliken's Store, a post-hamlet of Simpson co., Ky., 5 miles from Franklin. Millin, Georgia. See Millen. Mill'ington, a hamlet of Middlesex Co., Conu., in East Haddam township, 5 miles S. of Colchester. It has a church and a manufactory of blinds. Millington, a post-village in Fox township, Kendall CO., 111., on Fox River, on the Chicago, Millington k Western Railroad, and on the railroad which connects Aurora with Ottawa, 23 miles S.W. of Aurora. It contains a church, a newspaper office, a flour-mill, and a woollen-mill. It has water-power and valuable beds of white flint sand, and manufactures of porcelain or stone china, crockery, wind- mills, and glass. The sand found here is a good material for plate-glass. Millington, a post-village of Kent co., Md., on both sides of Chester River (here crossed by a bridge), and on the Queen Anne k Kent Railroad, about 45 miles E. of Baltimore, and 16 miles E. of Chestertown. It has an academy, 3 churches, a flour-mill, and 2 carriage-shops. Pop. 420. Millington, a post-village in New Salem township, Franklin co., Mass., 1 mile from New Salem Station, and about 40 miles N.N.E. of Springfield. Millington, a post-village in Millington township, Tuscola CO., Mich., on the Detroit k Bay City Railroad, 30 miles S.S.E. of Bay City, and 7 miles S.E. of Vassar. It has 2 churches, and -manufactures of pine lumber and shin- gles. Pop. of the township, 949. Millington, a post-office of Adams co., Neb. Millington, a post-village in Passaic township, Morris CO., N.J., on the New Jersey AVest Line Railroad, 23 miles W. of Newark. It has a church and a grist-mill. Millington, a post-hamlet of Albemarle co., Va., 15 miles W. of Charlottesville. It has a flour-mill. Mil'lis, a station in Uintah co., Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 10 miles S.E. of Evanston. Mill Lane, a station in Chester co.. Pa., on the Chester Valley Railroad, 8 miles E. N.E. of Downingtown. Mill'mont, a station in Union co.. Pa., on the Lewis- burg, Centre k Spruce Creek Railroad, 15 miles AV.S.W. of Lewisburg. Mill Plain, a post-hamlet of Fairfield co., Conn., about 4 miles AY. of Danbury. It has 2 churches, and manufac- tures of hats. Mill Point, a post-office of Montgomery co., N.Y. Mill Point, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., Tenn., 10 miles W. of Bristol. It has a church, a flour-mill, &c. Mill Point, a post-office of Pocahontas co., W. Va. Mill Point, or Bo'Aven, a post-village and river-port in Hastings co., Ontario, on the Napanee River, 7 miles from Napanee. It contains a telegraph office, 7 stores, a hotel, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 500. Mill Pond, a post-office of McDowell co., W. Va. Mill'port, a burgh of Scotland, co. of Bute, on the S. side of the isle of Great Cumbray. It has a good harbor, a library, and a collegiate Episcopal church. Pop. 1541. Mill'port, a post-office of Lamar co., Ala., 15 miles E. by N. of Columbus, Miss. Millport, a post-office of Washington co., Ind., on Mus- eatatuc River, 12 miles N. of Salem. Millport, a post-village of Knox co.. Mo,, on the Mid- dle Fiibius River, about 44 miles N.N.E. of Macon. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Millport, a post-village in Veteran township, Chemung CO., N.Y., on Catharine Creek, and on the Northern Central Railroad, 13 miles N. of Elmira, and 9 miles S. of Wat- kins. It has 2 churches, a graded school, 2 flour-mills, a chair-factor,v, a foundry, and a churn-factory. Pop. 741, Millport, a post-hamlet of Columbiana co., 0., on the Cleveland k Pittsburg Railroad, 23 miles S.S.E. of Alliance. It has a flour-mill. Millport, a village in Jackson township. Stark co., 0., on Tuscarawas River, and on the Cleveland, Tuscarawas Valley k Wheeling Railroad and the Massillon Branch Railroad, 4 miles N. of Massillon. It has coal-mines and a flour-mill. The name of its post-office is Crystal Spring. Millport, a village in Lower Towamensing township. Carbon co.. Pa., on Aquashicola Creek, 2 miles from Lehigh Gap Station. It has 2 churches, a tannery, 2 slate-quarries, a grist-mill, and manufactories of hydraulic cement and paint. Pop. about 400. Here is Aquashicola Post-Offiee. Millport, a post-village of Potter co.. Pa., on Oswavo Creek, about 20 miles S.E. of Clean, N.Y. Mill Ray, a post-office of Bullock co., Ga. Mill Riv'er,asraaU stream of Fairfield co.. Conn., runs southward and enters Long Island Sound, 3Iill River, a small stream of Hampshire co,. Mass,, runs southeastward, and enters the Connecticut River about 2 miles S.E, of Northampton, Mill River, a post-village of Berkshire co., Mass., in New Marlborough township, about 40 miles W. of Spring- field. It has 2 churches and 1 or 2 paper-mills. Mill River, a mountainous post-township of Henderson CO., N.C. It contains an academy. Pop. 1520. MIL 1423 MIL Mill River Junction, a station in Blackstone town- ship, Woi-oestei' eo., Mass., 1 mile N. of 'Woonsooket, R.I. Here the Eastern and Woonsocket divisions of the New York tfe New England Railroad cross each other. Mill Road, a station in Montgomery co., Pa., on the Plymouth liranoh Railroad, 1 mile N. of Conshohooken. Mill Rock, a post-office of Columbiana co., 0., about 11 miles E.N.E. of New Lisbon. Here is a flour-mill. Mill'roy', a post-village of Lao Qui Parle co., Minn., on or near the Minnesota River, 40 miles N.W. of Monte- video. It has a church. Mill Run, a small post-village of Fayette co., Pa., 2J miles from Stewarton Station, and about 48 miles S.S.E. of Pittsburg. It has 2 churches. Mill Run, a post-hamlet of Preston co., W. Va., IS miles from Confluence Station, Pa. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Mill'ry, a post-office of Washington co., Ala. Mills, a county in the E. central part of Dakota, has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is intersected by the Dakota or James River. Mills, a county in the S.W. part of Iowa, has an area of about 460 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Missouri River, and is intersected by the West Nishna- batona River and Keg Creek. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is diversified with prairies and wood- lands. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. This county is inter- sected by the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad and the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad. Capital, Glenwood. Valuation of real and personal estate, $7,146,750. Pop. in 1870, 8718, of whom 7784 were Amer- icans ; in 1S75, 10,555. Mills, a station of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Washington Branch, 4 miles N.E. of Washington, D.C. Mills, a station in Washington eo., Neb., on the Otnaha & Northwestern Railroad, 24 miles N. by W. of Omaha. Mills, a hamlet Of Jackson co.. Wis., 3 miles from Mill- Bton Station, and about 12 miles S.B. of Black River Falls. It has 2 churches and 1 or 2 saw-mills. fliill'sap, a post-office of Parker co., Tex. Millsborough, mllz'bur-ruh, a post-village of Susse.t CO., Del., on the Breakwater & Frankford Railroad, near an inlet of the sea, 9 miles S. of Georgetown, and about 90 miles .S. of Wilmington. Pop. 194. Millsborough, or Millborough, a post-borough of Washington co., Pa., on the Monongahela River, 35 miles S. of Pittsburg. It has 2 churches, a normal school, 2 foundries, a distillery, and a boat-yard. Pop. 324. Mills Centre, a post-hamlet of Brown co.. Wis., 9 or 10 miles N.W. of Green Bay. It has a church and a lum- ber-mill. Mills' Corners, a post-hamlet of Jay co., Ind., about 40 miles S. by E. of Fort Wayne. It has a church. Mills' Corners, a post-hamlet in Broadalbin town- ship, Fulton CO., N.Y., about 20 miles W. of Saratoga Springs. Mill's Creek, township, Harnett co.. N.C. Pop. 1137. Millsfield, a township of Coos co., N.H. Pop. 28. Mills Gap, a post-office of Hawkins co., Tenn. Mill Shoal, a township of Macon co., N.C. Pop. 528. Mill Shoals, a post-village of White co.. III., on the Skillet Fork of the Little Wabash River, and on the Spring- field division of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 10 miles S. of Fairfield. It has a church and a large flouring-mill. Pop. about 250. Mills' Mills, a post-hamlet in Hume township, Alle- ghany CO., N.Y., 20 miles S. of Warsaw. It has a flouring- mill and a carding-mill. Mills' Pond, a hamlet of Suffolk co., N.Y., 1 mile N. of St. James. Mills' Prairie, pra'ree. a post-hamlet of Edwards eo., 111., about 18 miles S. by E. of Olney. It has a church and a grist-mill. Mill Si)ring, a post-hamlct of Wayne co.. Mo., on the Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 31 miles N.W. of Poplar Bluff. Mill Spring, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co., Tenn.. 4 miles from Mossy Creek Station. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Mill Springs, a post-haralet of Wayne co., Ky., on the Cumberland River, about 80 miles S. of Lexington. It has a church and a grist-mill. Here the Union forces, under General Geo. H. Thomas, defeated the Confederates, commanded by General Geo. B. Crittenden, on the 19th of January, 1862. Mills River, township, Henderson co., N.C. P. 1520. Mills' Spring, a post-hamlet of Polk co., N.C, 5 miles N.E. of Columbus. It has a church and a mineral spring. 3Iillstadt, mil'stat, or Ceutreville, a post-village of St. Clair co.. 111., about 8 miles W.S.W. of Belleville, and 14 miles S.S.E. of St. Louis, Mo. It has 4 churches, a flour-mill, a plough-factory, Ac. Coal abounds here. Pop. 1116. The name of its post-office is Millstadt. Mill Station, a hamlet on the Virginia & Truckoe Railroad, 7 miles N. of Carson City, Nev. Pop. 129. Mill'ston, a post-hamlet in Millston township, Jackson CO., Wis., on the West Wisconsin Railroad, about 10 miles S.E. of Black River Falls. It has manufactures of lumber. Pop. of township, 210. Mill'stone, a post-office of Oglethorpe co., Ga. Millstone, St. Mary's co., Md. See jAnBOESViLLE. Millstone, township, Monmouth co., N.J. Pop. 20S7. Millstone, a post-village in Hillsborough township, Somerset CO., N.J., on the Millstone River, and on the Dela- ware it Raritan Canal and the Mercer A Somerset and Dela- ware & Bound Brook Railroads, 8 miles W. of New Bruns- wick. Including East Millstone (which is contiguous), it has 4 churches and a high school. Total pop. about 1500. Millstone, a post-office of Elk co.. Pa., in Millstone township, on Clarion River, 16 miles N. of Brookville. Pop. of the township, 173. Millstone Point, a post-hamlet of Washington CO., Md., on the Potomac, 22 miles W. of Hagerstown. Millstone River, New Jersey, rises in Monmouth co., forms the N.E. boundary of Mercer co., runs northward in Somerset CO., and enters the Raritan River 3 or 4 miles below Somerville. Mill Store, a post-office of Brunswick co., Va. Mill'stream, a post-settlement in Kings co.. New Brunswick, 5 miles from Apohaqui. It contains 2 stores and saw- and grist-mills. Pop. 400. Mill'street, a town of Irel.and, CO. of Cork, 20 miles E. of KiUarney. Pop. 1394. It has a jail and barracks. Mill's Village, a post-village in Queens co., Nova Scotia, on Medway River, 9 miles from Liverpool. It con- tains 7 saw-mills, a match-factory, and 3 stores. Pop. 400. Mill Switch, a station in Madison co., Ind., on the Lafayette, Muncie &, Bloomington Railroad, 15 miles E. of Tipton. Millthorpe, a town of England. See Milnthobpe. Mill'town, a village of Ireland, co. and 2 miles S.S.E. of Dublin. Milltown, a village of Ireland, co. of Kerry, 8 miles S. of Tralee. In the vicinity is Kilcoleman Abbey. Mill'town, a post-office of Chambers co., Ala. Milltown, a post-village, capital of Armstrong co., Dakota, on Dakota River, 55 miles N.N.W. of Yankton. Milltown, a post-village of Berrien co., Ga., on the Allapaha River, about 90 miles B.S.E. of Albany. It has 2 churches. MilltoAvn, a post-hamlet of Crawford co., Ind., on the Blue River, 28 miles W. by N. of New Albany. It has a grist-mill. Pop. 87. Milltown, a post-hamlet of Adair co., Ky., 6 miles S.W. of Columbia. It has a church. Milltown, a post-village of Washington co.. Me., on the St. Croix River, opposite Milltown, New Brunswick, and on the St. Croix & Penobscot Railroad, about 2 miles S.S.W. of Calais, of which city it is a part. It has 3 churches and several saw-mills. Milltown, a post-village of Middlesex co., N.J., 4 miles S. of New Brunswick. It has 2 churches, 4 stores, and a manufactory of rubber shoes. Milltown, a hamlet of Union co., N.J., in Springfield township, 2k miles from Millburn Station. It has a manu- factory of pasteboard. Milltown, a hamlet of Putnam eo., N.Y., 3 miles from Brewster's Station. Milltown, a post-hamlet of Chester co.. Pa., 4 miles E. of West Chester. Milltown, a township of Polk co.. Wis. Pop. 209. Milltown, a post-town in Charlotte co.. New Bruns- wick, on the St. Croix River, 2J miles from St. Stephen. It contains 18 saw-mills, an edge-tool-factory, 3 churches, sev- eral schools, and a number of stores. Several bridges span the river here, connecting this village with Milltown in the state of Maine. An immense quantity of lumber is shipped from this port. Pop. 2000. 31illtown, a village in Hastings eo., Ontario, 2 miles from Shannonville. Pop. 200. Mill'town-Malbay, mil'bi, a town of Ireland, Mun- stcr, CO. of Clare, on the Cove of Malbay, 18 miles W. of Ennis. Pop. 1362. MIL 1424 MIL Mill 'vale 9 a borough of Alleghany co., Pa., on the Alleghany River, opposite Pittsburg, and on the Western Pennsylvania Railroad. It is contiguous to Alleghany City, and is connected with Pittsburg by a fine bridge. It has 2 churches, a rolling-mill, a rope- walk, and oil-works. Pop. 668. The name of its post-office is Bennett. Millvale, a station in Alleghany co.. Pa., on the Penn- sylvania Railroad, 2\ miles N.E. of Pittsburg. Ittill'view% a post-village of Escambia co., Fla., on Perdido Bay, 8 miles W. of Pensacola. It is the W. ter- minus of the Pensacola A Perdido Railroad, and has sev- eral large lumber-mills, and a church. Pop. about 600. Millview, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co.. Pa., on Loy- alsock Creek, about 30 miles N.E. of WilUamsport. Millview, a hamlet of Williamson co., Tenn., 6^ miles from Franklin. It has a church, a grist-mill, a plough- factory, and a saw-mill. Millview, a village in Queens co., Prince Edward Island, 12 miles from Charlottetown. It contains a store, 2 hotels, a woollen-factory, and a grist-mill. Pop. 100. Mill Vil'lage, a village of Middlesex co., Mass., in Sudbury township, ^ mile from South Sudbury Station. It has a free library. Mill Village, Massachusetts. See East Dedham. Mill Village, a hamlet in Wolfborough township, Car- roll CO., N.II., on the Wolfborough Branch Railroad, ^ mile E. of Wolfborough. Mill Village, a village of Grafton co., N,H., in Han- over township, 4 miles from Lebanon. It has a church, 2 saw-mills, a grist-mill, and a shingle-mill. Mill Village, a post-village of Sullivan co,, N.H., in Goshen township, about 36 miles W. by N. of Concord. It has 2 churches, a saw-mill, a tannery, and a grist-mill. Mill Village, a post-village of Erie co., Pa., on or near French Creek, and on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 18 miles W. of Corry. It has 2 churches, a plan- ing-mill, and a spoke-factory. Pop, about 400. Mill Village, Nova Scotia. See Port Mrdwav. Mill'ville, a post-office of Ouachita co., Ark. Millville, a post-village of Shasta co., Cal., on Cow Creek, about 28 miles N. of Red Blufif. It has a church. Pop. about 400. Millville, a post-hamlet of Bibb co., Ga., 1 mile from Station No. 1 of the Southwestern Railroad. It has a flour-mill and 2 stores. Millville, a post-village of Henry co;, Ind., on the railroad which connects Richmond with New Castle, 21 miles W. by N. of Richmond. It has a church,* a lumber-mill, and a wagon-shop. Millville, a post-village of Clayton co., Iowa, in Mill- ville township, on the Turkey River, about 1 mile from the Mississippi River, and 30 miles AV.N.W. of Dubuque. It has a flouring-mill. Pop. of the township, 757. .' Millville, a post-hamlet of Woodford co., Ky., 11 miles S.E. of Frankfort. It has a flouring-mill. Millville, a post-village in Biackstone township, Wor- cester CO., Mass., on the Biackstone River, and on the Providence & Worcester and New York & New England Railroads, 20 miles N.N.W. of Providence, and 38 miles S.W, of Boston. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of shoddy, &c. Millville, a hamlet in Mayfield township, Lapeer cb., Mich., on the South Branch of Flint River, 4 miles N. of Lapeer. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Millville, a post-hamlet of Wabasha co., Minn., on the Zumbro River, about 20 miles N.E. of Rochester. Millville, a post-office of Madison co., Miss. Millville, a post-village of Ray co.. Mo., 10 miles N.N.E. of Richmond. It has a church, a steam mill, and 2 general stores. Pop. 150. Millville, a city of Cumberland co., N.J., on Maurice River, at the head of navigation, and on the West Jersey Railroad, 41 miles S. by E. of Philadelphia, 6 miles S. of Vineland, and about 11 miles E.S.E. of Bridgeton. It contains 7 churches, a national bank, a cotton-factory, sev- eral manufactories of glass bottles and other glass-ware, and printing-offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers. Pop. 6101. Millville, or Headley's,a hamlet of 0«ean co.,N.J., in Union township, 5 miles N.W. of Barnegat. It has a church. Millville, a post-village of Orleans co., N.Y., in Shelby township, about 38 miles W. of Rochester, and 1 mile S. of the New York Central Railroad. It has 3 churches, a union school, and a tannery. Millvillef Rensselaer 'CO., N.Y, See Eagle Mills. Millville, a post-village in Ross township, Butler co., 0., on Indiana Creek, 5 or 6 miles W. of Hamilton. It has 3 churches, a carriage-shop, &c. Pop. about 250. Millville, a hamlet of Delaware co., 0., on the Scioto River, 1^ miles from White Sulphur Station, and about 28 miles N. by AV". of Columbus. It has 3 churches and a ill. Millville, a village and station of Hocking co., 0., on the Hocking River, and on the Columbus & Hocking Val- ley Railroad, 42 miles S.E. of Columbus. It has 3 churches. The name of its post-office is Rockbridge. One mile from Millville is a natural bridge of rock. Millville, a hamlet of Lawrence co., 0., on Symmes Creek, 16 miles E. of Ironton. It has a church, a flour- mill, and a saw-mill. Here is Willow Wood Post-Office. Millville, a borough of Cambria co.. Pa., on or near Conemaugh Creek, and near the Pennsylvania Railroad, adjoining Johnstown. It has a rolling-mill. Pop. 2105, 3Iillville, a village of Clarion co., Pa., on Red Bank Creek, and on the Low Grade division of the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 17 miles S.W. of Brookville. It has 4 churches, a flour-mill, a saw-mill, and a tannery. Pop. about 400. The name of its post-office is Kerr's Store. Millville, a post-village in Greenwood township, Co- lumbia CO., Pa., on Little Fishing Creek, 10 miles N.N.W. of Bloomsburg. It has 1 or 2 churches, a woollen-mill, a seminary, a flouring-mill, and a wagon-shop. Millville, a post-office of Spartanburg co., S.C. Millville, a post-hamlet of Lincoln co., Tenn., on or near the Elk River, about 68 miles S. of Nashville. Millville, a post-office of Rusk co., Tex. Millville, a post-village of Cache co., Utah, 4 miles S, of Logan, and about 36 miles N.E. of Corinne. It has a church, a broom-factory, and a saw-mill. Millville, a post-township and hamlet of Grant co.. Wis., about 8 miles JE. of Prairie du Chien. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Wisconsin River. It has a flour-mill, 2 saw-mills, &c. Pop. 206. Mill'ville, a post-settlement in York co.. New Bruns- wick, on the Nackawick River, and on the New Bruns- wick Railway, 38 miles from Fredericton. Pop. 300. Millville, a hamlet in Cumberland co.. Nova Scotia, near Wallace. It has a grist-mill and 2 saw-mills. Millville, a village in Durham co., Ontario, 5 miles W. of Bowmanville. It contains several mills and stores. Millville Depot, a post-hamlet of Pike co.. Pa., on Lackawaxen River, and on the Honesdale Branch of the Erie Railroad, 17 miles S.E. of Honesdale. It has a saw- mill, and a manufactory of settees, step-ladders, &.o. Mill' way, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co.. Pa., on the Reading & Columbia Railroad, 23 miles S.W. of Reading. It has 1 or 2 grist-mills. Millway,or Mil'way, a post-hamlet of Abbeville co., S.C, 45 miles N.N.W. of Augusta, Ga, It has a church and an academy. Mill'vvood, a post-office and station of AYare co., Ga., on the Brunswick & Albany Railroad, 78 miles W. of Brunswick. 31illwood, a post-office~ of Kosciusko co., Ind., about 24 miles S. of Elkhart. Here is a nursery. Millwood, a post-hamlet of Leavenworth co., Kansas, on the Stranger River, 12 or 13 miles N.W. of Leavenworth City. It has a flour-mill and a steam saw-mill. MillAVOod, a post-hamlet of Grayson co., Ky., on the Paducah .fc Elizabethtown Railroad, 6 miles W. of Litchfield. It has a church. Millwood, a township of Stearns co., Minn. Pop. 268. 3Iillwood, a post-village of Lincoln co.. Mo., 65 miles N.W. of St. Louis. It has a church, the Millwood Insti- tute, and a plough-tactory. Pop. of township, 1479. Millwood, a township of Guernsey co., 0. It is inter- sected by the Baltimore &, Ohio Railroad. Pop. 1524. It contains Quaker City. Millwood, a post- village of Knox co., 0., on the Ver- non River, 12 miles E. of Mount Vernon. Pop. 122. Millwood, a post-village of Westmoreland co.. Pa,, in Derry township, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 48 miles E. by S. of Pittsburg. Coal is mined near this place. Millwood, or Tel'ford, a hamlet of Washington co., Tenn., 5 miles W. of Jonesborough. Here is Telford Post- Office. Millwood, a post-office of Collin co., Tex., about 30 miles N.E. of Dallas. Millwood, a station of Harrison co., Tex., on the Texas &. Pacitic Railroad, 9 miles W. of Marshall. Millwood, a post-village of Clarke co., Va., on the Shenandoah River, 12 miles S.E. of Winchester. It has 2 churches and 1 or 2 flouring-mills. Pop. 213. MIL 1425 MIL MillVi mee^yee' (L. Jlilliacum), a town of France, in Seine-et-Oise, on the Ecolle, 15 miles E. of Etampes. It has a manufautory of hosiery. Pop. 21S4. Milly, a village of Franco, in Oise, 6 miles N.N.W. of Beauvais. Pop. 1078. Mil'mine, a post-village of Piatt co., 111., on the Wa- bash Railroad, 16 miles E. by N. of Decatur. Much grain is shipped here. Miliia, mil'ni, a seaport town of Dalmatia, 13 miles S. of Spalato, on the W. coast of the island of Brazza, on a large bay, which forms an excellent harbor. Pop. 225.3. Mil'iiathort, a town of Scotland, oo. and IJ miles N.N.E. of Kinross. Pop. 1312. Mil'ner, a station in Cullman co., Ala., on the South & North Alabama Railroad, 31 miles S. by E. of Decatur. Miliier, a post-office of Randolph co., Ala., 10 miles N.W. of Wedowee. 31iliier, a post-village of Pike co., Ga., on the Atlanta division of the Central Railroad, bi miles S. by E. of At- lanta. It has 4 churches, a carriage-shop, and a seminary. Miliier's Corners, a post-office of Hancock co., Ind. Milnersville, G-uernsey co., 0. See Birmisgham. Milliesville,milnz'vil, a post-office of Luzerneco., Pa., on a branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 2 miles AV. of Ebervale. Coal is mined here. Milnesville, a post-village of Augusta co., Va., 6i miles W. of Mount Crawford Station. Milnesville, milnz'vll, a post-village in York co., On- tario, 2A miles from Markham. It contains a store and several saw-mills. Pop. 125. Miln'gavie, or Mill'guy, a village of Scotland, co. of Stirling, 7 miles N.W. of Glasgow. Pop. 20U. Miln'row, a town of England, co. of Lancaster, 2 miles by rail E.S.E. of Rochdale. Pop. 5505. Milnthorpe, or Millthorpe, mill'thorp, a town of England, co. of Westmoreland, 7 miles by rail S.S.W. of Kendal. Milo, mee'Io, or Me'los (Gr. MijXot), an island of the kingdom of Greece, in the nome of the Cyclades. Lat. 36° 45' N. ; Ion. 24° 23' E. Area, 65 square miles. Surface mountainous, volcanic, and generally sterile. Mount St. Ellas, in its W. part, is 24SU feet in height. Sulphur, alum, and vitriol are its principal products, and it has many cav- erns and hot springs. A large bay indents it on the N., forming one of the most frequented harbors in the Cycla- des, on the S.E. side of which is the small town of Milo, in ancient times a flourishing city. Pop. 3490. Anti-Milo, an'tee mee'Io, is an islet about 6 miles N.W. The eparchy of Milo includes also several other islands. Pop. 10,784. Mi'lo, a post-hamlet of Pike co., Ala., 8 miles S.E. of Troy. It has a church. Milo, a post-hamlet of Bureau co.. 111., in Milo town- ship, about 14 miles N.W. of Lacon, and 35 miles N. of Peoria. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1118. Milo, a post-township of Delaware co., Iowa. Pop. 719. Milo, a post-hamlet in Salt Creek township, Lincoln CO., Kansas, 42 miles N. of Ellsworth. It has a church. Milo, a post-village in Milo township, Piscataquis co.. Me., on the Sebec River, near its mouth, and on the Bangor & Piscataquis Railroad, 40 miles N.N.W. of Bangor. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a woollen-mill. The town- ship is intersected by the Piscataquis and Pleasant Rivers, and has abundant water-power. Pop. of the township, 938. Milo, a post-ofBoe of Barry co., Mich. Milo, a township of Mille Lacs co., Minn. Pop. 219. Milo, a post-township of Yates co., N.Y., is bounded on the E. by Seneca Lake, and on the W. by Keuka Lake. It contains part of Penn Yan, and is intersected by the North- ern Central Railroad. Pop. 5008. See also Himrod's. Milo, a post-office of Defiance CO., 0. Milo, a post-village of Wetzel co., W. Va. Milo Centre, or Milo, a post-hamlet in Milo town- ship, Yates CO., N.Y., on the Northern Central Railroad, 28 miles S.S.E. of Canandaigua. It has a church. Miloslaw, mee'lo-sIiv\ a town of Prussian Poland, 29 miles S.E. of Posen. Pop. 1590. Milostavitchi, me-lo-sta-vitch'ee, a market-town of Russia, government of Moheelev, 10 miles E.N.E. of Kli- movitchi. Pop. 1800. Milpitas, mil-pee'tas, a post-village of Santa Clara CO., Cal., at Milpitas Station on the Central Pacific Rail- road, 6 miles N. of San Jose. It has 2 churches, and manu- factures of farming-implements. Pop. of township, 665. Milquaty, a township of San Diego co., Cal. Pop. 324. MiProy', a township of Jasper co., Ind. Pop. 123. Milroy, a post-village in Anderson township. Rush co., Ind., on Little Flat Rock Creek, 8 miles S. of Rushville. 90 It has 3 churches, a carriage-shop, 2 flour-mills, a woollen- mill, Ac. Pop. about 250. Milroy, a post-village in Armagh township, Mifliin CO., Pa., on the Mifflin & Centre County Railroad, 12 miles N. of Lewistown. It has 3 churches, a foundry, and a woollen-factory. Pop. about 450. Miltenberg, mii't^n-b^BG^ a town of Bavaria, on the Main, 31 miles W. of Wurzburg. Pop. 3561. It has a Franciscan convent, and a castle belonging to the Prince of Leiningen. Mil'ton, or Royal Milton, a former town of England, CO. of Kent, on an inlet of the Channel between the Isle of Shoppy and the mainland, near the mouth of the Medway, 7i miles by rail W.N. W. of Feversham. It is now a part of the borough of Gravesend. Pop. 13,073. It has wharves for barges eng.aged in the London carrying trade, and nu- merous dredgers employed in its celebrated oyster-fisheries. Milton, or Her'bertshire, a small village of Scot- land, CO. of Stirling, 7 miles W.N.W. of Falkirk, on the Carron. Pop. 1190. Mil'ton, a small county in the N. part of Georgia, is bounded on the S. by the Chattahoochee River. The sur- face is hilly or undulating, and nearly half of it is covered with forests. The soil produces Indian corn, cotton, and wheat. Capital, Alpharetta. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $547,334. Pop. in 1870, 4284, of whom 4282 were Americans. Milton, a post-hamlet of Autauga co., Ala., 7 miles from Clay's Station. It has a church and a grist-mill. Milton, a post-village of Calaveras co., Cal., on the Stockton &, Copperopolis Railroad, 30 miles E. by N. of Stockton. It has a church. Pop. about 200. Milton, a post- village in Litchfield township, Litchfield CO., Conn., on the Shepaug River, about 34 miles W. of Hartford. It has 2 churches, an academy, and the jEtna shear-shop. Milton, a post-village of Sussex co., Del., about 77 miles S. of Wilmington, and 10 miles W. of Lewes. It has 3 churches and an academy. It is partly supported by ship- building. Pop. 824. Milton, a post-village, capita! of Stinta Rosa co., Fla., on the Y'ellow River, about 3 miles from its entrance into Pensacola Bay, 25 miles N.E. of Pensacola, and about 70 miles E. of Mobile. It has 7 churches, an academy, several saw-mills, and a public library. Several steamers are owned here. Pop. 1014. Milton, Coles co.. 111. See Humbolt. Milton, a township of Du Page co.. 111. Pop. 2175. It contains Whea.ton. Milton, a station in Madison co.. 111., on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of Alton. Milton, a post-village in Montezuma township. Pike CO., 111., about 30 miles W.S.W. of Jacksonville, and 3 miles . W. of the Illinois River. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a b.ank, a pottery, a flour-mill, a newspaper office, and a cigar-factory. Pop. 354. Milton, a township of JeflTerson co., Ind. Pop. 1975. It contains Brooksburg. 3Iilton, Vigo co., Ind. See Hdnter. Sliltou, a post-village' of Wayne co., Ind., on the White- water River, and on the Cincinnati & Whitewater Valley Railroad and the Fort Wayne, Munoie & Cincinnati Rail- road, 2 miles S.S.E. of Cambridge City, and 55 miles E. of Indianapolis. It has 5 churches, 1 or 2 flour-mills, and the Hoosier Agricultural Works. Pop. 823. Milton, a post-village in Jackson township. Van Buren CO., Iowa, on the Burlington & Southwestern Railroad, 15 miles E.S.E. of Bloomfield. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, and a flour-mill. Pop. about 250. Milton, a township of Butler co., Kansas. Pop. 230. Milton, a post-hamlet of Sumner co., Kansas, 40 miles S.W. of Wichita. Milton, a post-village of Trimble co., Ky., on the Ohio River, opposite Madison, Ind., and about 40 miles N.N.E. of Louisville. It has 2 churches, a distillery, a flour-mill, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 400. Milton, a post-village in Milton township, Norfolk co., Mass., on the Neponset River, and on a branch of the Old Colony Railroad, 7 or 8 miles S. of Boston. It contains a high school, 3 churches, a paper-mill, a chocolate-mill, and many elegant residences. Fine granite is found here. Pop. of the township, 2738. Milton, a township of Antrim co., Mich., on Grand Traverse Bay. Pop. 310. It contains Creswell. Milton, a township of Cass co., Mich., on the Indiana line. Pop. 532. Milton, a post-hamlet of Macomb co., Mich., on the MIL 1426 MIL Grand Trunk Railroad, about 30 miles N.N.E. of Detroit. It has 2 churches. Milton, a township of Dodge co., Minn. Pop. 903. Miiton, a post-haailet of Atchison co., Mo., 4 miles N.E. of Corning Station. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Milton, a hamlet of Randolph co,, Mo., 7 miles N.E. of Moberly. It has 2 churches. Milton, a post-hamlet of Saunders co., Neb., near Cot- tonwood Creek, about 36 miles W.S.W. of Omaha. Milton, a post-village in Milton township, Strafford CO., N.H., on the Salmon Falls River, and on the North Conway division of the Eastern Railroad, 14 miles N.N.W. of Great Falls. It has a superior hotel, and some manu- factures of shoes and lumber, also 2 churches and a classical school. The township contains also the village of Milton Mills, and has a pop. of 159S. MiltOU, a post-hamlet of Morris co., N.J., about 16 miles N. of Morristown. It has a church. 31i]ton, a township of Saratoga co., N.Y. Pop. 5227. It contains Ballston Spa, Milton Centre, West Milton, and Rock City Falls. Milton, a post-village in Marlborough township, Ulster CO., N.Y., on the Hudson River, about 12 miles above New- burg, and 4 miles below Poughkeepsie. It has 5 churches, a flour-mill, and a manufactory of wheelbarrows. Pop. about 600. On the opposite bank of the river is Milton Ferry Station on the Hudson River Railroad, 70 miles from New York. A ferry-boat plies between Milton and this station. Milton, a post-village in Milton township, Caswell co., N.C. (near the northern boundary of the state), on the Dan River, at the mouth of County Line Creek, and on the Mil- ton & Sutherlin Railroad, about 70 miles N.N.W. of Raleigh, and 14 miles E. by S. of Danville, Va. It has 2 news- paper ofiices, 3 churches, a flouring-mill, and 2 tobacco- factories. Pop. of the township, 2752. Milton, a township of Ashland co,, 0. Pop. 1240. Milton, a township of Jackson co., 0. Pop. 2372. It contains Berlin Cross Roads and Middleton, also Milton Station, at Wellston, on the Portsmouth Branch of the Marietta «fc Cincinnati Railroad, 3 miles S. of Hamden Junction. Milton, a post-township of Mahoning co., 0., about 16 miles W. of Youngstown. Pop. 744, It is intersected by the Mahoning River. Milton, or West Milton, a post-village in Union township, Miami co., 0., on the Stillwnter River, or South- west Branch of the Miami Riv«r, l(i miles N.W. of Dayton, and 10 miles S.W. of Troy. It has 2 churches, a graded school, 2 woollen-mills, and 2 saw-miUs, Pop. 456. The name of its post-oflice is West Miltoia. Milton, a township of Wayne co., 0. Pop. 1524. It contains Milton St^vtio.v (which see). Milton, a township of Wood co,, 0, Pop. 1464. It contains Milton Centre and Custar. Milton, a post-oflice of Umatilla co^ Oregon. Milton, a hamlet of Armstrong co., Pa., on Mahoning Creek, about 50 miles N.E. of Pittsburg. It has a flouring- mill. Here is Phoenix Post-Office. Milton, a post-burough of Northumberland co.. Pa,, on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, and on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad and the Catawissa & Williams- port Railroad, 13 miles above Sunbury, 27 miles below Williamsport, and 15 miles by railroad W.N.W. of Danville. A bridge crosses the river Iiere. Milton has 9 churches, 2 national banks, a newspaper office, a rolling-mill, a nail- factory, 2 saw-mills, 2 planing-mills, and a car-factory. Pop. 1009. Milton, a post-village of Rutherford co., Tenn., about 32 miles E.S.B. of Nashville. It has a church, an acad- emy, and a masonic hall. Pop. about 100. Milton, a post-oflice of Lamar co., Tex., about 15 miles S.E. of Paris. Milton, a post-village in Milton township, Chittenden CO., Vt., on the Lamoille River, 7 miles from its mouth, and on the Central Vermont Railroad, 14 miles S. of St. Albans, and 14 miles (direct) N.N.E. of Burlington. The river here falls about 150 feet in a course of 300 yards, af- fording abundant water-power. Milton has several saw- mills, a carriage-shop, 3 churches, and a graded school. Pop. of the township, 2062, Milton, a thriving post-village of Cabell co., W. Va., on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 18 miles E. of Hun- tington. In the vicinity are several churches and manu- factures of lumber, staves, &a. Pop. about 400. Milton, a township of ButFalo co.. Wis., on the Missis- sippi River. Pop. 427, exclusive of Bufifalo. Milton, a post-village in Milton township. Rock co., Wis., on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 62 miles W.S.W. of Milwaukee, 7 miles N.E. of Janesvillc, and 2 miles E, of Milton Junction, which is on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. It has 2 or 3 churches. Here is Milton College, which was organized in 1867 and is un- der the direction of the Seventh-Day Baptists. Rock River touches the N.W, corner of the township. Pop, of the township, 1877. Milton, a post-village in Queens co.. Nova Scotia, on Liverpool Riv^er, 2J^ miles from Liverpool. It has a large lumber-trade, a number of saw-mills, a tannery, a planing- mill, and about 12 stores. Pop. 1100. Milton, Ontario. See Milton West. Milton, a village in Queens co.. Prince Edward Island, on the Prince Edward Island Railway, 7 miles from Char- lottetown. Pop. 150. Milto'na, a post-township of Douglas co., Minn. Pop. 130. It contains the large lake Miltona. Milton Ab'bas, a town of England, co. of Dorset, 6 miles W.S.W. of Blandford-Forum. Pop. of parish, 942. Milton Abbey is a noble structure, occupying the site of a monastery built by King Athelstan about 933. Milton Centre, a post-hamlet of Saratoga co., N.Y., in Milton township, 3 miles from Ballston, and 7 miles S.AV. of Saratoga Springs. It has a tannery, a flour-mill, and about 40 dwellings. Milton Centre, a post-village of Wood co., 0., in Milton township, on the Dayton & Michigan Railroad, 30 miles S.S.W. of Toledo. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and manufactures of lumber, buckets, &c. 3Ii]ton £ast, a post-village in Shefford co., Quebec, 9 miles N. of G-ranby. It contains a hotel, a store, and a cheese-factory. Pop. 100. Milton Ferry, or Bar^negat', a station in Dutchess CO., N.Y., on the Hudson River, and on the Hudson River Railroad, 4 miles S. of Poughkeepsie, and 70 miles N. of New York, and opposite Milton, to which it is connected by steam ferry. Milton Grove, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pa., in Mount Joy township, 15 miles W.N.W. of Lancaster. It has 3 churches and a cigar- factory. Milton Junction, a post-village of Rock co.. Wis., on the Chicago &, Northwestern Railroad, and on the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, at the junction of the Southern Wisconsin Railroad, 32 miles S.E. of Madison, and 2 miles W. of Milton. It has 3 churches, and manu- factures of carriages, flour, Iinglanilla, min-gli-neeryS., a village of Spain, New Castile, U miles S.E. of Cuenca. Pop. 1979. Mingo, ming'go, township, Bates co.. Mo. Pop. 789. Mingo, post-township, Sampson oo., N.C. Pop. 12-iO. Mingo, a post-village in Wayne township, Champaign CO., 0., on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 46 miles N.N.E. of Dayton. It has 2 churches. Mingo, a station in Montgomery co., Pa., on the Reading Railroad, main line, 10 miles S.E. of Pottstown. Mingo, a township of Williamsburg co., S.C. Pop. 627. Mingo Flat, a post-offlce of Randolph co., W. Va. Mingo Junction, a post-village of Jefferson co., 0., on the Ohio River, and on the Cleveland & Pittsburg Rail- road, at the junction of the Pan-Handle Railroad, 3 miles S. of Steubenville. It has 2 churches and an iron-furnace. Mingolsheim, ming'ols-hime\ a village of Baden, 20 miles S.S.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 1814. 3Iingrelia, min-gree'le-i (Fr. Mingrilie, m4N»*gri'- lee' ; Ger. Miiigrelien, min-gri'le-en), a former province, now a part of the government of Kootais, Russian Trans- caucasia, between the Black Sea on the W. and the Cau- casus on the N. Area, 2365 square miles. Pop. 70,000. The inhabitants are allied in blood to the Georgians, and belong mostly to the Greek Church. The country has often been devastated by wars. Mings'ville, a post-office of Wright co.. Mo. Minho, meen'yo (Sp. Miilo, meen'yo; anc. Min'ius), a river of Spain and Portugal, rises in Galicia, 30 miles N.E. of Santiago, flows E., S., and W., latterly bounding Portu- gal on the N., and enters the Atlantic near Carainha, 52 miles N. of the mouth of the Douro, after a course of 130 miles. Affluents, the Sil, Avia, and Tea. Minho, or Entre-Douro-e-Minho, Sn'tri-do'ro- i-meen'yo {i.e., " between the Douro and Minho"), the most northern province of Portugal, having W. the Atlantic, and N. the Minho. Area, 2807 square miles. Pop. 973,332. Miniana, the supposed ancient name of Milianah. Minidiinum, the ancient name of Moudon. Minieh, or Minyeh, mee'ne-yeh, a town of Egypt, capital of a province, on the left bank of the Nile, 136 miles by rail S.S.W. of Cairo. It has some earthenware manufactures, and a government cotton-factory. Pop. 11,000. Minier, mi-neer', a post-village of Tazewell co., III., in Little Mackinaw township, on the Chicago A Alton Rail- road where it crosses the Illinois Midland Railroad, 17 miles W.S.W. of Bloomington, and 27 miles S.E. of Peoria. It has a newspaper otfloe, a bank, 3 churches, 3 elevators for grain, 2 carriage-shops, a tile-factory, and a money- order post-office. Pop. about 600. Mi'ning City, a post-village of Butler co., Ky., on Green River, 16 miles from Rockport Station. It has a church and a coal-mine. Min'ish, an island off the W. coast of Ireland, in the Atlantic, 3 miles W. of the centre of Kilkerran Bay. Minisink, Orange co., N.Y. See Greenville. Miuisink, a township in the W. part of Orange co., N.Y., about 7 miles E. of Port Jervis. It is bounded on the E. by the Wallkill River, and intersected by the New Jersey Midland Railroad. It contains Unionville. P. 1495. Minius, the ancient name of the Minho. Mink Creek, a post-offlce of Oneida co., Idaho. Min-Kiang, a river of China. See Min. Minko'ko. a native kingdom of Celebes, on the W. side of the Gulf of Boni. Minnah, a town of Arabia. See Oman. Min^neap'olis, a post-village, capital of Ottawa co., Kansas, on the Solomon River, and the N.W. terminus of a branch of the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 23 miles N.W. of Solomon City. It has 2 newspaper offices, abank, a church, and manufactures of carriages, flour, and lumber. Minneapolis, a oity of Minnesota, and the capital of Hennepin co., is situated on both banks of the Mississippi River, at the Falls of St. Anthony, 10 miles W. by N. of St. Paul. It is near lat. 44° 58' N. and Ion. 93° IS' W. Its site is an. undulating plain, enclosed on two sides by bluffs which furnish good locations for residences. Minne- apolis was in 1870 the second city of the state in population and importance. It is the seat of the University of Minne- sota (non-sectarian and open to both se.\es), which was or- ganized in 1868, and has 18 instructors, about 120 students, and a library of 10,000 volumes. This city contains a court- house, a city hall, erected in 1873, an opera-house, about 50 churches, a high school, a music-hall, several first-class hotels, the Augsburg Theological Seminary (Lutheran), 5 national banks, a savings-bank, and 2 other banks. Two or 3 daily and 10 weekly newspapers are published here. Of these weekly newspapers 1 is Swedish, 1 German, and 1 Nor- wegian. Within the limits of this city the river falls about 80 feet, and aff"ords immense water-power, which has been improved by dams, Ac. The streets are straight, and are mostly 80 feet wide. Here are 18 saw-mills, many extensive flour-mills, and manufactures of iron machinery, engines, boilers, paper, beer, furniture, woollen goods, sash, blinds, farming-implements, oil, and soap. The value of the lumber sawed here in 1876 was .$2,948,335 ; that of flour made in the same year was §7,320,410. Minneapolis is on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, at the junction of its two main lines, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, Iowa & Minnesota, and Minneapolis 4 St. Louis Railroads. It has a public park, and is surrounded with numerous lakes and beautiful scenery. The Falls of St. Anthony are in the middle of the city. Here are 3 bridges over the river. One of these is a suspension-bridge, built in 1876. In 1873 Minneapolis and St. Anthony were incorporated as one, under the name of Minneapolis. Pop. in 1870, 13,066, or, including St. Anthony, 18,079; in 1876, 32,721 j of Minne- apolis township, 1834. Minneaska, Wabasha co., Minn. See Minneiska. Min'neha, a post-office of Butler co., Kansas. Miuneha, township, Sedgwick co., Kansas. Pop. 138. Min^neha'ha, a county in the S.E. part of Dakota, borders on Minnesota. Area, about 800 square miles. It is intersected by the Big Siou.x River. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is diversified with prairies and lakes. The soil is fertile. Capital, Siou.\ Falls. Pop. in 1S70, 355, of whom 200 were Americans. Minnehaha, a post-offlce of Hennepin Co., Minn., and a station on the Iowa k Minnesota Railroad, 5 miles S.E. of Minneapolis. Here is a beautiful cascade, called the Falls of Minnehaha. Min^neis'ka, a small river of Minnesota, drains the S. part of Wabasha co. and the N. part of Winona co., and enters the Mississippi River at the village of Minneiska. Minneiska, a post-village of Wabasha co., Minn., in a small township of its own name, and on the Mississippi River, at the mouth of the Minneiska River. It is also on the Chicago, Milwaukee &, St. Paul Railroad, 16 miles N.W. of Winona. It has a church and a saw-mill. Pop. 217 j of the township, 764. Min'neo'la, township, Goodhue co., Minn. P. 1317. Minneola, a station in Hamilton co., 0., on the In- diana Line & Lafayette Railroad, 5 miles W. of Cincinnati. Minneola, Te.\as. See Mineola. 3linneola, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Va. Min'neo'pa, a station in Blue Earth co., Minn., on the St. Paul & Sioux City Railroad, 5 miles W. of Man- kato. Min'neo'ta, a township of Jackson co., Minn. P. 112. Minncota, Lyon co., Minn. See Norland. Minnequa, min-ne-kwaw' (or Minnequo) Springs, a post-ofiice and summer resort in Canton township, Brad- ford CO., Pa., on the Northern Central Raili'oad, 41 miles N. by E. of Williamsport, and 36 miles S. of Elmira. It is situated in a glen, among high hills, and has a hotel which will accommodate about 500 guests. Here are mineral springs, which contain calcium, sodium, manganese, car- bonic acid, boracic acid, silica, Ac. Min^neso'ta, a state of the American Union, in the N. part of the Mississippi Valley, bounded on the N. by the provinces of Manitoba and Ontario and the district of Keewatin, Canada, on the E. by Lake Superior and the state of Wisconsin, on the S. by Iowa, and on the W. by Dakota. Its extreme northern limit is lat. 49° N. (except that there is a small detached area N.W. of the Lake of the Woods, with a few islands in that lake, lying N. of that parallel), but eastward from the Lake of the Woods the line ascends Rainy Lake River and a chain of small hikes and streams to Mountain Lake, whence it passes by a very short portage to the head-waters of the Arrow River, which stream it follows to Pigeon River, down which it passes to Pigeon Bay, Lake Superior. The rivers St. Croix and Mississippi constitute the princip.al portion of the eastern line, S. of the point where it leaves Lake Superior. The southern limit is lat. 43° 30' N. On the W. it has the Red River of the North, with Lakes Traverse and Big Stone, southward from which the line follows the meridian of 97° W. Area, 83,531 square miles. Face of the Cottutry. — Conspicuous features are the great marshes of the N.E., covered with a small growth of tam- arack and fir, with low, parallel, pine-clad ridges of dry land ; the great white-pine belt, which covers nearly one- third of the state, chieiiy northeastward of the Mississippi River, and extends indefinitely northward; the "Big MIN 1431 MIN Woods," a strip of forest-land, covered with oak, elm, maple, ash, and other deciduous trees, running southward from Crow Wing River to within about 60 miles of the Iowa line, — this tract being about 100 miles long and 40 wide, with an exceedingly fertile black soil ; the productive and beautiful rolling country in the S.E. ; the great undulating prairies of the S. and S.W., gradually ascending to the N.W. central "Height of Land," or Hauteur des Terres. From the utmost source of the Mississippi (height, 1680 feet) the country falls somewhat rapidly northward, the Lake of the Woods being only 977 feet in height, and the Red River at St. Vincent only 792 foct. Much of the Red River valley is apparently a dead level. The most remark- able ascent in the state is from Lake Superior, 600 feet, to the crest or edge of its surrounding plateau (1359 feet), the ascent of 759 feet being made in a few miles. The lowest point on the Mississippi has an elevation of 660 feet. Hi/droffraphi/. — A remarkable feature of Minnesota is formed by its myriads of clear lakes, varying in size from a few acres up to great bodies of water like Leech, Red, Mille Lacs, Cass, Vermillion, and other lakes, some of them singly covering hundreds of square miles. The lakes are said to exceed 7000 in number, and to cover more than 2,500,000 acres. These lakes are conspicuously frequent along the divides or watersheds. Of these the Height of Land, where the head-streams of the Mississippi originate, has an elevation of 1680 feet. Lake Itasca is the recep- tacle of these parent streams, and is regarded as the birth- place of the Mississippi. The northeastern border of the state is in the St. Lawrence basin ; the N. and N.W. in that of Hudson's Bay ; the e.xtreme S.W. in the valley of the Missouri ; and many of its lakes, especially westward, have no outlets ; but the greater part of the state is in the proper valley of the Upper Mississippi. Minnesota is therefore a remarkable hydrographic centre. The principal streams of the state are the Mississippi, .and its tributaries, direct or indirect, the Crow Wing, Rum, Crow, St. Croi.x, Minne- sota, Mankato, Elk, Ac. ; the St. Louis and the numerous other affluents of Lake Superior ; the Red River, with its tributaries, in the N.W. ; the Rainy Lake River, with its Big and Little Forks, and other affluents. The larger streams of those just named are all navigable to a greater or less extent by steamboats at high water, except in winter; and the lake-chains and swift streams of the N. are the principal highways of that lonely region, being traversed by hardy voyageura with the birch canoe, a con- veyance which in winter is replaced by sledges drawn by dogs. Many of the streams have rapids and falls, afford- ing abundant water-power, and the lakes and rivers abound in valuable fishes. The Glimate in winter is severe, and in the N. is in- tensely cold ; but it is everywhere very equable when com- pared with that of the Atlantic seaboard. It is a matter of frequent remark that the dry and steady cold of Minne- sota is much more endurable than that of a New England winter. The winters throughout most of the state are short, and spring and autumn are long and pleasant sea- sons ; but at Duluth the spring is usually wet, and is re- garded as the most disagreeable season of the year. The rainfall seems not very copious, when compared with that of the seaboard ; but, what is of more importance, it is well distributed throughout the year, and its waters are well husbanded in the numerous lakes of the state. These lakes are believed to mitigate the frosts of the late spring and early autumn, and to add to the frequency of summer showers. The rapid spread of the wooded area since the incoming of civilization is believed to exercise a favorable influence upon the rainfall and the temperature. The ex- treme S.W. of the state is somewhat exposed to drought, as well as to the ravages of the grasshopper, or Rocky Moun- tain locust {Caloptenua spreltis). The dry air and even temperature of Minnesota have given it a wide reputation as a sanitary resort for persons suffering from pulmonary complaints. GeoliKjij. — In the N.E. and N. the prevalent formation is Laurcnt'ian, but the strata are nearly everywhere deeply covered with drift, often heaped in long, low ridges, with sphagnous swamps of stunted tamarack between. Along Lake Superior it is flanked by a tract of Silurian age (here much broken, and metamorphosed by dikes of igneous rook). This tract passes southward, and is continuous with the Si- lurian strata of Wisconsin and Iowa. Another strip of the Silurian reaches from the N.W. angle of the state south- eastward to the " Big Woods" region. The remainder of Minnesota is mostly of cretaceous age, save that in the S. there is a small tract of the Devonian, and in the S.W. there is a very considerable area containing azoic rooks, conspicuous among which are the interesting Sioux quartz- ite and the red pipestone. Among useful minerals we may notice iron and probably other valuable ores in the Lake Superior country ; peat, which is inexhaustible in some parts, and which is somewhat utilized in places where other fuel is scarce: slate, on the river St. Louis; granite, gneiss, sandstone, magnesian limestone, and other rock suitable for building-material. The Sioux quartzite is a rough but ex- ceedingly durable stone. The Indians formerly used the red pipestone in fashioning tob,acco-pipes. Lead ores have been traced, and pieces of copper have been taken from the drift. In the W. the state owns a number of salt-bearing tracts of large prospective value. Objects of Interest to Tourisls. — Lake Pepin and other portions of the Mississippi are bordered by wild and in- spiring scenery. The Falls of St. Anthony and of Minne- haha, the Dalles of the St. Louis and St. Croix Rivers, and the great India,n pipestone-quarry, which was regarded as a common sanctuary by the Indians, who long concealed its place from the white man, are noted objects of interest. The northern forests and the remoter prairies afford deer, raccoons, bears, and much furred and feathered game, and the beautiful lakes and streams are the abode of trout, pike, pike-perch, and other valuable fishes. Vegetation. — Some notice is given above of the great extent of forests of Minnesota, but the southwestern and western parts of the state are in general but scantily wooded. This fact has already greatly assisted in the rapid develop- ment of agriculture, the wooded tracts supplying, at low prices, abundance of timber and fuel for the rest of the state. The authorities have also given generous bounties to encourage arboriculture, and the area of comparatively treeless land is rapidly becoming less. Among the native fruits are crab-apples, cranberries, strawberries, service and buffalo berries, plums, and grapes. The Indians formerly subsisted to a large degree upon the seed of an interesting and abundant native cereal, the Zizania aqnatica, or wild rice, the straw of which is now employed as a paper-stock. Agricultnral Resources. — The capacities of Minnesota as a wheat-producing state are prodigious. Spring wheat succeeds best here ; and since the introduction of the recent new processes of milling and bolting, the spring wheat of Minnesota has commanded the highest market prices, and has produced a greater percentage of flour than any winter wheat will give, the best grades heading the list of high- priced flours, both in Eastern and Western markets. Of late the California system of extensive wheat-ranches has been imitated here to some extent, with promising lesults. The northwest, even as far as the Manitoba line, is a fine wheat- country, and most parts of the state are very fruitful of maize. The other principal crops are potatoes (here of peculiar excellence), oats (which, unlike most of the oats of the United States, are well adapted for the production of oat-meal for human food), barley, hops, flaxseed, and hay. Cattle, horses, swine, and wool are largely shipped to the seaboard ; and the slaughter and packing of pork is an important industry. Hardy varieties of the apple are cul- tivated in the state, which is already becoming a fruit- growing region. The northeastern marshes might readily be adapted to cranberry-culture. Wool-growing is an in- dustry for which the southwest is believed to be especially adapted. Maple sugar is one of the important products of the state. Manufactures. — The presence of practically unlimited water-power in a state abounding in dense forests of the most valuable timber trees and producing great quantities of grain and wool, and peopled with energetic and intelli- gent inhabitants, has insured the rapid growth of its manu- facturing interests. St. Paul, Minneapolis, Stillwater, ic, are seats of active and varied industrial enterprises; but the production of flour and other mill-products, lumber, wooden-ware,, carriages, furniture, and cooperage takes the lead, and assumes very large proportions ; boots, shoes, lime, bricks, saddlery, leather, and woollens are also pro- duced to no small amount in the aggregate. Commerce, &e. — The facilities for river commerce have already been alluded to, and these are well utilized. In 1874 there were owned in the state 63 steamers and 38 barges, with a total tonnage of 9776 tons. This includes the ton- nage of Duluth, on Lake Superior, a port whose commerce seems destined to a very great and speedy increase. At present, however, the railrcad facilities are such that most of the trade of Minnesota employs this more rapid method of transshipment. Railroads.— la 1862 the state had no railroads; in 1863 she had 31 miles of track; in 1865, 213 miles; in 1870, 1092 miles ; in 1875, 1990 miles ; built at the average cost MIN 1432 mm-: of $53,0S4 per road-milo. Three of the railroads cross the entire state from E. to W., and railroad lines connect the leading towns with one another, and with important places outside the state. Finances. — In ISfS the acknowledged debt of the state was $4,855,000 of the state-buildings' loan. This was all held by the permanent school fund, paying 7 per cent, in- terest. The railroad debt of §2,275,000 was contracted in 1858, and was designed to aid in constructing certain rail- roads ; but, as these enterprises all fell through, the state re- fused to pay these bonds or the interest upon them ; and a popular vote has confirmed the action of the state au- thorities. Education. — In 1875 the public school fund amounted to $3,0.30,127, the interest of which, with state appropriations and the av.ails of certain state and local taxes, goes to sup- port free schools of various grades. There are state, county, and town superintendents, high and graded schools in the principal towns, normal schools at AVinona, Mankato, and St. Cloud, and normal courses in several of the high schools. There is a state university at Minneapolis, with afiiliated colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts, and a number of elective courses of study. The university is open to youth of either sex. Other collegiate institutions are Carleton College, Northfleld ; St. John's College, St. Joseph ; and Agassiz College, Red Wing. There are also a good number of private, parochial, professional, Indian mission, and other schools. Among the public institutions .are a peni- tentiary at Stillwater and an institution for the deaf, dumb, and blind at Faribault. One-eighteenth of the entire pub- lic domain of the state has been set apart as school land. From the sales of this land and its timber the permanent school fund has been derived, and it is believed that not less than $15,000,000 in permanent funds will be derived from this source. The Counties number 78, a« follows: Aitkin, Anoka, Becker, Beltrami, Benton, Big Stone, Blue Earth, Brown, Carlton, Carver, Cass, Chippewa, Chisago, Clay, Cook, Cot- tonwood, Crow Wing, Dakota, Dodge, Douglas, Faribault, Fillmore, Freeborn, Goodhue, Grant, Hennepin, Houston, Isanti, Itasca, Jackson, Kanabec, Kandiyohi, Kittson, Lac Qui Parle, Lake, Le Sueur, Lincoln, Lyon, McLeod, Martin, Meeker, Mille Lacs, Morrison, Mower, Murray, Nicollet, Nobles, Olmsted, Otter Tail, Pembina, Pine, Pipe Stone, Polk, Pope, Kamsey, Redwood, Renville, Rice, Rock, St. Louis, Scott, Sherburne, Sibley, Stearns, Steele, Stevens, Swift, Todd, Traverse, Wabasha, W.xdena, Waseca, Washington, Watonwan, Wilkin, Winona, Wright, and Yellow Medicine. The principal cities are St. Paul, the capital, and largest town, on the Mississippi (pop. in 1875, 33,178) ; Minneap- olis (32,721), which now includes St. Anthony; Winona (10,737), Hastings (3644), and Red Wing (5630), thriving towns on the Mississippi; Duluth (2953), the westernmost port on the great lakes ; Stillwater (5750), on the St. Croix ; Faribault (5525) and Rochester (4344), important interior towns; Mankato (5416), on the river Minnesota; besides other growing places, such as Albert Lea, Austin, Hastings, Lake City, New Ulm, Northfleld, Owatonna, St. Cloud, St. Peter, Ac. The constitution was adopted in 1857. The governor is chosen for the term of 2 years. Judges are elected and serve for fixed terms. The legislature is chosen yearly, and can sit but 60 days. Voters must have lived in the United States one year, and in the state four months. The state has three representatives in Congress, and five electoral votes. History. — That part of Minnesota E. of the Mississippi River was a portion of the original domain of the United States, and has belonged successively to the Northwest Ter- ritory, and to the territories of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. That part W. of the Mississippi was included in the Louisiana purchase from France, and has belonged in turn to the District of Louisiana, and to the territories of Louisiana, Missouri, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. Northern Minnesota anciently was the abode of the Chippeway Indians, and the rest was pos- sessed by bands of Sioux. These tribes were of diverse stock, and were deadly enemies of each other. Fort Snel- ling was permanently garrisoned by United States troops in 1819, and a portion of Lord Selkirk's Pembina colony early settled in the extreme N.W., believing it to be British ter- ritory. Part of the S.E. section of the state was for a short time a part of the state of Iowa. In 1849 the territory of Minnesota was organized with nearly twice its present area. In 1853 the state was admitted to the Union with its present limits ; but the W. portion remained Minnesota Territory until 1861, when it was merged into the new ter- ritory of Dakota. During the war of 1861-65 the Indians committed atrocious massacres, but were thoroughly sub- dued by the United States troops. The Dakotas were then re- moved from the state, and the Chippeways were placed upon reservations in the remote North. The part borne by Min- nesota in the war against secession was highly creditable to her people, and upon the return of peace she entered upon a career of conspicuous prosperity. The population in 1860 was 6077; in 1860, 172,023; in 1870, 439,706; in 1876, 597,407, including but few of the Indian people. The latter have been since then enumerated, and found to number 7663. There are Indian reservations at White Earth, Red Lake, and Leech Lake. The people of Minnesota have very generally emigrated from the Northern States, and of people of European birth the Swedes, Norwegians, and Germans predominate, some Danes and a few Finns and Lapps having also settled within the state. Minnesota, a mining-camp of Sierra co., Cal., 20 miles N.E. of Nevada City. Gold is mined here. Minnesota City, a post-village of Winona co., Minn., on or near the Mississippi River, and on the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul and Winona &, St. Peter Railroads, 6 miles N.W. of Winona. It has a church and 2 large flouring-mills. Minnesota Falls, a post-village of Yellow Medicine CO., Minn., in a township of its own name, on the Minne- sota River, and on the Hastings k Dakota Railroad. 68 miles W. of Glencoe. It has a church, a newspaper ofiice, and manufactures of flour, furniture, and lumber. Pop. about 250 ; of township, 271. Minnesota Junction, a post-village in Oak Grove township. Dodge co.. Wis., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad where it crosses the Chicago, Milwaukee &■ St. Paul Railroad, 18 miles N. of Watertown, and 7 miles E. of Beaver Dam. It has a church. Pop. about 300. Minnesota Lake, a post-village of Faribault co., Minn., on a small lake, in a township of its own name, and on the Central Railroad of Minnesota, 30 miles S. by E. of Mankato. It has 3 stores. Pop. of township, 630. Minnesota River (formerly called Saint Peter's) issues from Big Stone Lake, on the boundary between Da- kota Territory and Big Stone eo. of Minnesota. It forms the S.W. boundaries of Chippewa and Renville cos., and runs nearly southeastward to the town of Mankato, where it abruptly bends towards the north. Below Belle Plaine it runs northeastward, and forms the boundary between the COS. of Scott and Dakota on the right, and Carver and Hen- nepin on the left, until it enters the Mississippi River about 7 miles above St. Paul. Its length is estimated at 425 miles. Small steamboats can ascend about 50 miles from its mouth during high water. It traverses a fertile, undulating coun- try, diversified with prairies and small lakes. Min^neton'ka, a post-village in Minnetonka township, Hennepin co., Minn., about 2 miles E. of the lake of the same name, at St. Alban's Station on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 10 miles W.S.W. of Minneapolis. It has 1 or 2 churches, a flouring-mill, &c. Pop. of the township, 735. Minnetonka Lake, Minnesota, is in Hennepin co., about 12 miles W.S.W. of Minneapolis. It is nearly 15 miles long, has a very iri-egular or diversified shape, and presents an admirable labyrinth of islands, promontories, and sinuous shores. It is an attractive summer resort. Min'netris'ta,n post-township of Hennepin CO., Minn., about 32 miles AV. of St. Paul, is bounded on the E. by Minnetonka Lake. Pop. 705. Minni. See Aumesia. Min'niehive, or Moniave, a burgh of Scotland, co. and 16i miles N.W. of Dumfries. Pop. 767. Min'nith, a post-office of St. Genevieve co.. Mo. Minni Wakan, min'nee wi-kin', or Devil Lake, the largest lake in Dakota, is in Ramsey co., in the N.E. part of that territory, in about lat. 48° N. and Ion. 99° W. Length, about 40 miles: greatest width, nearly 12 miles. The water is saline. This lake has no visible outlet. Its surface is 1467 feet above the level of the sea. Minnon, a river of Persia, See Meenab. Min^no'ra, a post-oflBce of Calhoun co., AV. Va. Min'nowford, a post-oflieeof Giles co., Tenn. Miiio, a river of Spain. See Minho. Minong, m§-nong', a post-village, capital of Isle Royale CO., Mich., on the island of Isle Royale, in Lake Superior, about 60 miles N. of Houghton. Here is a copper-mine named Minong. Minoa, the ancient name of Monemvasia. Minonk, mi-nunk', a post- village of Woodford co., III., in Minonk township, on the Illinois Central Railroad, at its junction with the Chicago, Pckin Si Southwestern Railroad, MIN 1433 MIQ 29 miles N. of Bloomington, IIS miles S.W. of Chicago, and 53 miles by rail N.E. of Peoria. Coal is mined here. It has a graded school, a newspaper office, 2 banks, S churches, and a tiour-mill. Pop, 1122; of the township, 2115. Minoo'ka, a post-village in Aux Sable township, Grundy co., 111., on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 10 miles W.S.W. of Joliet, and about 24 miles S. of Aurora. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a bank- ing-house. Pop. about 500. Minooka, a village in Lackawanna co.. Pa., on the Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroad, 3 miles S.W. of Soranton. It has 4 coal-breakers and a Catholic church. Minorca, min-or'ka (L. Baha'rh Mi'nor and Mln- or'ca ; Sp. Menorca, mi-noR'kS,; Fr. Muiorqne, mee^nonk' ; Dutch, Miiiorka, me-noR'ki; named from its being the "smaller" (in Latin, minor) of the two principal Balearic Islands. In like manner Majouca derives its name from the Latin ?»q/or, " greater"), an island in the Mediterra- nean, belonging to Spain; between lat. 39° 47' and 40*^ 4' 45" N., Ion. 3° 48' and 4° 20' E. ; length, 35 miles ; average breadth, about 10 miles; area, 335 square miles. The coast is very much indented on all sides except the S., and gen- erally presents a succession of bold headlands enclosing small creeks and bays. Of tliese the best and most fre- quented is Port Mahon, the capital of the island. The surface rises from all sides towards the centre, where it becomes mountainous, attaining, in Mount El Toro, the height of about 5000 feet. The soil is not generally fer- tile, but in good seasons the wheat and barley grown are equal to the consumption. The other principal products are oil, wine, hemp, flax, oranges, and lemons. Iron, copper, and lead are found in abundance, and superior marble, porphyry, and alabaster exist in several districts. The first possessors of Minorca were the Carthaginians, who drew from it, in common with the other islands of the Ba- leares, a number of excellent slingers, who distinguished themselves during Hannibal's wars in Italy. It afterwards passed successively into the hands of the Romans, the Van- dals, and the Moors. The last were expelled in 1285 by the Spaniards. During the greater part of the eighteenth cen- tury it belonged to the British, who finally ceded it to Spain at the peace of Amiens. For administrative purposes it is divided into the four districts of Mahon, Alayor, Mercadal, and Ciudadela. Pop. 39,005. Mi'nor Hill, a post-hamlet of Giles co., Tenn., 13 miles S.W. of Pulaski. It has a church. Minori, me-no'ree, a town of Italy, 7 miles W.S.W. of Salerno, near the Gulf of Salerno. Pop. 3263. Mi'norsville, a post-village of Scott co., Ky., 15 miles E. of Frankfort. It has a church, a tannery, and a plough- factory. Mi'nortown, a post-hamlet of Litchfield co., Conn., about 8 miles W.N.W. of Waterbury. It has a grist-mill. Minot, mi'not, a post-village of Androscoggin co.. Me., in Minot township, about 38 miles N. of Portland, and 6 miles N.W. of Lewiston. It has several churches. The township is intersected by the Portland & Oxford Central Railroad, and contains part of the village of Mechanic Falls. Pop. of the township, 1569. Minot's Ledge, or Cohas'set Rocks, Massachu- setts Bay, an extensive reef off Cohasset Bay, about 16 miles E.S.E. of Boston. Here is a fixed light 66 feet high. MinoAV (mee'now) Islands, a group of East Africa, in Mozambique Channel, off the N.W. coast of Madagascar. Lat. (N. point) 12° 49' 30" S. ; Ion. 48° 39' E. They are about 27 in number, and, with the exception of two or three which are low and of coral formation, are lofty and precipi- tous, presenting ranges of basaltic columns. Minpooree, Mynpooree, or Mainpuri, min-poo'- ree, a district of India, Agra division, North-West Prov- inces (lat. 26° 54'-27° 50' N., Ion. 78° 30'-79° 30' E.), bounded S.W. by the Jumna. It is a fertile plain. Area, 1696 square miles. Capital, Minpooree. Pop. 765,845. Minpooree, Mynpooree, or Mainpuri, a town of India, capital of Mynpooree district, 72 miles E. of Agra. Pop, 21,179. Minsh, or Minch, mintch ("Stormy Sea"), the broad strait which separates the island of Lewis, Hebrides, from the W. coast of Scotland. Mean breadth, about 35 miles. A contraction of this sound, to the S.S.W., is called the Little Minsh, and separates the middle portion of the Outer Hebrides from the island of Skye. Min-Shan, or Min-Chan, min- (or meen-) shin, or Kieoo-Ting-Shan, ke-6-oo^-ting*-shin', i.e., "moun- tain with nine lofty summits," a mountain of China, prov- ince of Se-Chuen, in lat. 31° 34' N., Ion. 103° E. It is covered with perpetual snow. Minsk, minsk, a government of Russia, between lat. 51° 12' and 55° 50' N. and Ion. 25° 10' and 30° 45' E. Area, 34,716 square miles. Pop. in 1370, 1,132,230, of whom about 100,000 were Jews and 40,000 of Tartar de- scent. Surface level, marshy, and for the most part inun- dated in the spring; principal rivers, the Pripets and Dnieper, with their affluents, the Beresina, Pechiza, Ac. ; and it is partially bounded on the S.E. and the W. by thd Diina and the Niemen. More grain (chiefly rye) is raised than is required for home consumption ; hemp, flax, potash, and tar are other important products. Forests very exten- sive, and, next to agriculture, the people are mostly occu- pied in sawing and trading in timber. Linen-weaving and distilling are actively carried on. Principal towns, Minsk, Bobruisk, and Slootsk. Minsk, a town of Russia, capital of the above govern- ment, situated on an affluent of the Beresina, at a railway junction, 430 miles S.W. of St. Petersburg. Pop. 35,563, among whom are many Jews. It is mostly built of wood, but has some handsome stone edifices, several Grreek and Roman Catholic churches, a synagogue, a theological semi- nary, and a large theatre, with manufactures of woollen cloth and leather. It is the see of a Greek archbishop, and of Roman Catholic and United Greek bishops. Min'ster, a post-village of Auglaize co., 0., in Jackson township, on the Miami Canal, about 20 miles N.N.W. of Piqua, and 30 miles S.S.W. of Lima. It has 2 public halls, 2 churches, a woollen-mill, 3 brick-yards, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, a tile-factory, &c. Pop. 868. Mintao, Malay Archipelago. See Mintow. Min'ter, a post-office of Dallas co., Ala., on the Selma & Gulf Railroad, 25 miles S. of Selma. Minter City, a post-office of Leflore co., Miss. Mint Hill, a post-hamlet of Osage co.. Mo., 12 miles S.E. of Chamois Station. It has a church. Mint Hill, Mecklenburg co., N.C. See Clear Crrkk. MintMaw, a village of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, at a railway junction, 28 miles N. of Aberdeen. Pop. 413. Min'to, a parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, with a village on the Teviot, SJ miles N.E. of Hawick. Min'to Island, in the Pacific, forms, with Bedford and Melbourne Islands, a group of the Dangerous Archi- pelago, and was discovered by Lord E. Russell in 1837. Lat, 21° 23' S. ; Ion. 136° 32' W. Min'ton, a post-office of Worth co., Ga., 20 miles E. of Albany. Min'tonsville, township. Gates co., N.C. Pop. 1183. Min'tonville, a post-hamlet of Casey co., Ky., 64 miles S. of Lexington. It has 2 churches and a tannery. 3Iin'tow, or Mintao, min-tow, written also Miuto and Muntock, a town of the island of Banca, Malay Archipelago, near its W. coast. Min'turn, a post-hamlet of Lawrence co.. Ark., on the Cairo & Fulton Railroad, 113 miles N.E. of Little Rock. It has a steam mill and a cotton-gin. Mintarn, a station in Fresno co., Cal., on the Visalia division of the Central Pacific Railroad, 38 miles N.N.W. of Fresno. Minucciano, me-noot-chi'no, a fortified town of Italy, 27 miles N.N.W. of Lucca. Pop. 2250, Minudie, mce-noo-dee', a post-village in Cumberland CO., Nova Scotia, 8 miles S.W. of Amherst. Pop. 600. Minussinsk, mee-nus-sinsk', a town of Siberia, gov- ernment of Yeniseisk, on the Yenisei River, about 200 miles S. of Yeniseisk. Pop. 4434. Minyeh, a town of Egypt. See Mi.vieh. Mioglia, me-ol'y^, a village of Italy, province of Genoa, S. of Acqui. Pop. 1018. Mios, me-os', a town of France, in Gironde, 23 miles S.W. of Bordeaux, on the Leyre. Pop. 1000. Miosen, or Mjosen, me-o'zen, the largest lake of Norway, 40 miles N.N.E. of Christiania. Length, 55 miles ; greatest breadth, 12 miles. It receives the Lougen River, and discharges its surplus waters S. by the Wormen into the Glommen. Mios-Vand, mce'os-v4nd, a lake of Norway, in the Fillefield, at the N. foot of the lofty Mount Grindaden, in the S.W. province of Christiania. Length, about 24 milesj breadth, not more than 1 mile. Mipibu, me-pe-boo', a town of Brazil, province of Rio Grande do Norte, on Lake Papari, 40 miles S.S.W. of Natal, and 20 miles from the sea. Pop. 2000. Miquelon, uiik^eh-ion', or more properly mee^k^h- 16no', two united islands off" the S. coast of Newfoundland, forming, with the adjacent island of St. Pierre, a colony belonging to France, with an area of 85 square miles. Great Miquelon is in lat. 47° 4' N., Ion. 56° 20' W., and MIR 1434 immediately S. of it is Little Miquelon, or Langley Island (which see). Fishing is almost the sole occupation of its inhabitants. See Saint Pierre. Mira^ mee'ri, a river of South America, republic of Ecuador, rising in the Andes, flows N.W., and enters the Pacific by several mouths near lat. 1° 36' N. Mira, mee'ri, a town of Italy, 10 miles W. of Venice, on the Brenta Morta. Pop. 8837. lUira, mee'ri, a town of Portugal, province of Beira, near the Atlantic, 24 miles N.W. of Coimbra. Pop. 6002. IHira, a town of South America, in Ecuador, iiear the source of the river Mira, 65 miles N.E. of Quito. niira, mee'ri, a town of Spain, province and 40 miles S.E. of Cuenca. Pop. 1152. Mirabel, mee'ri'b^l', a town of France, in Tarn-et- Garonne, miles N.N.E. of Montauban. Mirabel aux Baronnies, mee'ri'bSl' 5 bi^ron^nee', a village of France, in Drome, 4 miles S.W. of Nyons. Mirabella, me-r.i-b51'14, a city of Italy, province of Avcllino, 14 iiriles S.W. of Benevento. Pop. 5979. Mirabella, a village of Italy, province of Catania, 8 miles N.N.E. of Caltagirone. Pop. 3543. Mirabello, me-ri-bjl'lo, a town of Italy, province of Alessandria, 8 miles S.S.B. of Casale. Pop. 3055. Mirabello, a village of Italy, 3 miles N. of Pavia. Here the battle of Pavia was fought in 1525, when the French king, Francis I., was taken prisoner. Pop. of commune, 1765. Mirabello, a town of Italy, province and 3 miles S. of Campobasso. Pop. 2605. Mirabile, me-rib'e-le, a post-village in Mirabile town- ship, Caldwell co.. Mo., about 48 miles N.N.E., of Kansas City. It has a grist-mill and 3 stores. Pop. 140 ; of the township, 931. Miracle (mir'a-k'l) Run, a post-hamlet of Monongalia CO., W. Va., 13 mi'les E. of Burton. It has a church. Mi'ra Creek, a post-office of Valley co.. Neb. Miradoux, me^ra'doo'. a town of France, in Gers, 7 miles N.E. of Lectourc. Pop. 1562. Mirallores, me-ri-flo'rSs, a town of Spain, province and 17 miles N.N.W. of Madrid. Pop. 1664. Miraflores, mc-ri-flo'rSs, a village of the Argentine Kepublic, province and 100 miles S.E. of Salta, on the Salado. Miraflores, a town of Peru. See Sana. Mi'ra Fork, a post-office of Floyd co., Va. Mirage, me-razh', a station in Elbert co.. Col., on the Kansas l^icific Railroad, 115 miles E.S.E. of Denver. Mirage, a post-hamlet of Kearney co., Neb., 12 miles S. of Kearney Junction. Mirage, a station in Churchill co., Nov., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 31 miles N.E. of Wadsworth. Miragoane, mee'R^'gwin', a town of Hayti, on the S. coast of the Bay of Gonaives. It is a bishop's see, has a good harbor and a mineral spring, and ships logwood, coffee, honey, and lemons. Mi'ra Gut, or Mi'ra Bay, a post-h.amlet in Cape Breton co.. Nova Scotia, at the mouth of Mira River in the Atlantic Ocean, 7 miles from Albert Bridge. Pop. 200. Mirainbeau, mecVA.M'bo', a town of France, in Cha- rente-Inferieure, 8 miles S.W. of Jonzac. Pop. 586. Miramichi, mir^a-me-shee', a bay on the N.E. coast of New Brunswick, lat. 47° 5' N., Ion. 64° 53' W., being the estuary of the Miramichi River, Opposite the mouth of the bay are Fox and Passage Islands. Miramichi, a river of New Brunswick, one of the largest in the province, its total length being 220 miles, and its mouth 9 miles in width, the tide flowing 40 miles. The lands on either side are fertile. Nelson, Newcastle, Douglas, and Chatham are the principal villages and towns on the river. The river is navigable for large-sized ships 2 miles above Newcastle, for small schooners 20 to 25 miles, and for canoes 40 to 50 miles farther. The branches of the Miramichi are celebrated for their splendid salmon and trout. A fish-breeding establishment on Stewart's Brook, one of its tributaries, has been constructed by the govern- ment. The Miramichi itself abounds with salmon, stur- geon, codfish, mackerel, herring, bass, shad, alewives, trout, eels, smelts, lobsters, and oysters. 'Ihe Mir.amichi is fed by a large number of tributaries, ranging from 18 to 100 miles in length. The southwest or main branch of the Mir- amichi takes its source in a lake a short distance from the Tobique. In the immediate vicinity of its source are three or four lakes, and about 90 miles from its head it becomes considerably expanded in consequence of the number of small rivulets flowing into it. The northwest branch joins the main river about 35 miles from its mouth. It rises in highlands bordering on the E. side of the Nepisiquit, with which it is connected by a short portage leading to the Falls, and runs over a calcareous and rather rocky forma- tion. It is 90 miles in length, and receives in its course several large tributaries. Most of these rivers proceed from lakes, and are navig.able for canoes during the sum- mer months. The tide flows up the Northwest Miramichi 16 miles. It is navigable for vessels of 15 feet draught for 3 miles of this distance, for schooners of 60 or 70 tons for 3 miles farther, and for canoes to its source. Miramichi, a town of New Brunswick. See New- castle. Miramont, meeVi^mJuo', a village of Franco, Haute- Garonne, arrondissement of Saint-Gaudens. Pop. 1650. Miramont, a market-town of France, in Lot-et-6a- ronne, 12 miles N.E. of Marmande. Pop. 1416. Miran'da, a post-village of Rowan co., N.C. Miran'da, a post-village in Missisquoi co., Quebec, 4 miles from Saint-Armand. Pop. 200. Miranda de Arga, me-ran'di di an'gi, a town of Spain, Navarre, 24 miles S.S.W. of Pamplon.i. Pop. 1493. Miranda del Castanar, me-ran'di dfil kis-ti-naR', a town of Spain, province and 40 miles S.S.W. of Sala- manca. Pop. 1559. Miranda del Ebro, me-r^n'd4 dil i'bro, a town of Spain, province and 40 miles N.E. of Burgos, on the Ebro. Pop. 2848. It has an ancient church, and a custom-house on the Castilian frontier. Miranda do Corvo, mc-r3.n'di do kon'vo, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 12 miles S.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 5252. Miranda do Douro, me-rin'di do doo'ro (ano. Con- tium^), a town of Portugal, in Tras-os-Montes, close to the Spanish frontier, 28 miles S.E. of Braganya. Pop. 914. Mirande, mee'risd' (L. Miran'da), a town of France, in Gers, 13 miles S.W. of Auch, on the Baise. Pop. 3230. It has remains of old fortifications. Mirandella, me-rjln-dSl'li (anc. Caladu'num?), a town of Portugal, in Tras-os-Montes, on the Tu.a, 36 miles S.W. of Braganfa. Pop. 1890. Mirandella, me-rin-d^I'li, a town of Brazil, province and 170 miles N.N.AV. of Bahia. Mirandol, mceVONoMol', a village of France, in Tarn, 16 miles N. of Alby, on the Viaur. 31irandola, mc-rin'do-1^, a fortified town of Northern Italy, province of Modena, 18 miles N.N.E. of Modena. Pop. 13,170. It is enclosed by walls, and has a castle, a cathedral, a hospital, and a palace, long occupied by the sovereign when Mirandola was the capital of an independ- ent duchy. Miraiio, rae-r4'no, a town of Northern Italy, 12 miles N.E. of Padua, on the Musone, at the origin of the Canal of Mirano. Pop. 7393. Mirapicis, the Latin nsime of Mibepoix. Miravet, me-r^-v^t', a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 30 miles S.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 1797. Mire, meen, a village of France, in Indre-et-Loire, about 7 miles from Tours, famous for the great battle fought in 731, when Charles Martel defeated the Saracens. Mirebalais, or Le Mirebalais, Ifh meeR'biMi', a town of Hayti, on the Artibonite, 80 miles N.N.E. of Port- au-Prince. Mirebalois, or Mirebalais, meen'biMi', an old division of France, now comprised in the department of Vienne, and named after its chief town, Mirebeau. Mirebeau, meeV§h-bo' or meen^bO' (L. MireheVlnm), a town of France, department of Vienne, 16 miles N.N.W. of Poitiers. Pop. 2461. Mirebeau, a market-town of France, department of C3te-d'0r, 13 miles E.N.E. of Dijon. Pop. 1229. 3Iirecourt, meeVeh-koon' or meen^koou' (L. Mirecur- tinin), a town of France, in Vosges, 16 miles N.W. of Epinal. Pop. 5169. It is the seat of a tribunal of com- merce and a communal college, and is noted for manu- factures of violins, guitars, barrel-organs, and other musical instruments. Mirefleur, mee'r^h-fluR' or meen'fluR', a market-town of France, in Puy-de-D6me, near the river Allier, 9 miles S.E. of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. 1225. Miremont, meeVfh-m6No' or meeu^m6N«', a town of France, in Haute-G.aronne, 8 miles S.E. of Muret. Miremont, a town of France, in Puy-de-D5me, IS miles W.N.W. of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. 1411. Mirepoix, meeVeh-pwi' or meon'pwi' (L. Mirajiicis), a town of France, on the Lers, 14 miles E.S.E. of Painiors. Pop. 3122. It has a large hospital, a town hall, and manu- factories of coarse woollens and cottons. Mir'ficid, a village and parish of England, co. of York, MIR I'l West Riding, with u. station on the Lancashire & York- shire Kailway, 5 miles N.E. of Hnddersfield. Mir'ganj' Harkhanli, har-K4n'lee, a town of Ben- gal, district of Sarun, 10 miles N. of Aligunge. Pop. 4087. Mirgorod, meen-go-rod', a town of Russia, govern- ment and 50 miles N.W. of Poltava, on the Khorol. It is the chief seat of the ecclesiastical authorities of the gov- ernment, contains 3 churches, and, besides carrying on an important general trade, has 4 yearly markets. Pop. 74S5. Miribel, meeVee'b^U' (L. Miribel'him), a town of France, in Ain, 12 miles S.E. of Trevoux. Pop. 2.364. Miribel, a village of France, in Isero, arrondissement of Grenoble. Pop. of commune, 2167. Mirickville, Massachusetts. See Myrickville. Mirim, me-reeN<»', a lake of South America, between Brazil and Uruguay. Lat. 33° S. ; Ion. 53° W. Length, 100 miles ; greatest breadth, 20 miles. It communicates on the E. with the Atlantic by the Tajim, and northward with Lago de los Patos by the Mirim. JMiriinande, mce'ree'mAxd', or Mirmande, meer'- m^Nd', a town of France, in Drome, 15 miles S. of Valence. Miritif me-re-tee', a town of Brazil, province and 14 miles N.W. of Rio Janeiro, on the Miriti. Mirobriga, the ancient name of Santiago de Cacem. Miropolie, me-ro-pol'yi, a town of Russia, govern- ment and 50 miles S.W. of Koorsk, on the Psiol, an affluent of the Dnieper. Pop. 10,754. Miroslaw, Moravia. See Mislitz. Mirotitz, mee'ro-tits\ a town of Bohemia, on the Lom- nitz, 50 miles S.S.W. of Prague. Pop. 1506. Mirow, mee'rov, a town of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 12 miles W.S.W. of Neu-Strelitz. It has 2 ducal palaces. Mirowitz, mee'ro-iVits\ a town of Bohemia, 43 miles S.S.W. of Prague. Pop. 1164. Mir'ta, a town of India, state and 76 miles N.E.of Joud- poor. Estimated pop. 25,950. The town is surrounded by a wall partly of mud and partly of stone. It has a temple and several mosques. Mirzauagur, mir*z3,-n&-gur', a town of Bengal, 55 miles N.E. of Calcutta. Mir'zapoor', a district of British India, Benares di- vision, having S. and W. the Rewah territory. Area, 5217 square miles. Pop. 1,015,826, principally Hindoos. Mirzapoor, a town of India, capital of the above dis- trict, on the right bank of the Ganges, 32 miles by rail S.W. of Benares. Lat. 25° 10' N.; Ion. 83° 35' E. It is large and flourishing, and well built, consisting of hand- some European houses, native habitations, and clusters of Hindoo temples crowding the banks of the Ganges. It is a place of extensive inland trade, and an important cotton- mart. It is also noted for its manufactures of carpets and various cotton fabrics, and has likewise some manufactures of iron. Pop. 71,849. Misantla, me-sint'14, a ruined city of Mexico, state of Vera Cruz, 35 miles N.E. of Jalapa, on an isolated plateau. Its remains comprise a pyramid, streets, ancient walls, and a cemetery. Miscou, mis^koo', an island in the Gulf of St. Law- rence, otf Shippegan Island, Gloucester co., New Bruns- wick. It has a light-house, and possesses a fine harbor, which is much frequented by fishing-craft. Miscouclke, mis^koosh', a post-village in Prince co.. Prince Edward Island, on the Prince Edward Island Rail- way, 5 miles from Summerside. Pop, 200. Miseno, me-si'no (ano. Miee'num), a promontory of Southern Italy, province and 9 miles S.W. of Naples. Near It are the ruins of the ancient Roman port of Miaennm. Miseiito, a town of Italy. See Misinto. Mi'ser, a station in Albany co., Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 41 miles N. by W. of Laramie. Eleva- tion, 6810 feet. Ml'ser's Station, a post-office of Blount co., Tenn. Mish'a Mokwa, mok'way, a post-hamlet in Nelson township, Buffalo co.. Wis., on the Chippewa River, about 36 miles S.W. of Eau Claire. It has a flour-mill. Mishawaka, mish^a-waw'ka, a post-village in Penn township, St. Joseph co., Ind., on the St. Joseph River, and on the Chicago & Lake Huron and Lake Shore A Michi- gan Southern Railroads, 4 miles E. of South Bend, and 11 miles W. of Elkhart. It has a bank, about 7 churches, a newspaper oSice, 3 flouring-mills, and manufactures of fur- niture, axes, refrigerators, mon, on the side of a hill crowned by its citadel, 30 miles S. of Tripolitza. Pop. 1500. About 6 miles N.E. are the remains of ancient Sparta, scattered for about a mile over five low hills. ■ Mistretta, rais-tr^t'tS, (ane. Amastra, Amestratus, and Myttistratiim), a town of Sicily, 68 miles W.S.W. of Mes- sina. It occupies a lofty eminence on the Regitano, and in its vicinity is a petroleum spring. Pop. 11,218. Mita, mee'ti, a town of Guatemala, in the department of Chiquimula. Pop. 3300. Mitau,mee't6w, or Mittau,mit't6w(L. iVf(((rtt;ta; Let- tish, Jelgava^y^l-^k'v^), a town of Russia, capital of Coiir- land, on the Aa, here crossed by a bridge of boats, 25 miles by rail S.W. of Riga, and 350 miles S.W. of St. Petersburg. Lat. 66° 39' N. ; Ion. 23° 44' E. Pop. 22,185, half of whom are of German descent. It covers a large space, of which, however, a considerable portion is occupied by gardens ; it is indiff'erently built, the houses being chiefly of wood, many of the streets narrow and crooked, but some also wide, straight, and regular. The most interesting building is the castle, or piilace, which stands on an island surrounded by the canals of the Aa. Among the other buildings and institutions may be mentioned churches, synagogues, a museum, a library, an observatory, a gymnasium with 9 professors, a society of literature, a hospital, an orphan and a lunatic asylum, a casino, and a theatre. Its manufactures include linen, . hosiery, soap, and leather; and its trade is important. Mitcheldean, a town of England. See Dean Mitchel. Mitch'ell, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, has an area of about 540 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by Flint River. The surface is level, and a large part of it is covered with forests of pine and other trees. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad. Capital, Camilla. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,146,023. Pop. in 1S70, 6633, of whom 6613 were Americans. Mitchell, a county in the N. part of Iowa, borders on Minnesota. Area, about 480 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Cedar River, and is also drained by the Little Cedar River and the West Branch of the Wapsipinicon. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is fer- tile. The greater part of it is prairie. Wheat, oats, In- dian corn, hay, and cattle are the staple products. De- vonian limestone underlies part of the soil. This county is traversed by the Cedar Falls A; Minnesota Branch of the Illinois Central Railroad. Capital, Osage. Valuation of real and personal estate, §6,117,072. Pop. in 1870, 9582, of whom 7190 were Americans ; in 1875, 11,523. Mitchell, a county in the N. part of Kansas, has an area of 720 square miles. It is intersected by the Solomon River, the North and South Forks of which unite in the N.W. part of this county. It is also drained by Limestone and Salt Creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is fertile. About 98 per cent, of it is prairie. In- dian corn, wheat, and cattle are the staple products. Lime- stone is found here. Capital, Beloit, Pop. in 1870,485; in 1875, 5370; in 1877, 6889; in 1878, 8673. Mitchell, a county in the W. part of North Carolina, borders on Tennessee. Area, about 270 square miles. It is drained by the Nolachucky River, and bounded on the S.E. by the Blue Ridge. The surface is mountainous, and mostly covered with forests. Indian corn, wheat, grass, and pork are the staple products. Excellent iron and mica are mined, and asbestos is abundant. Capital, Bakersville. Valuation of real and personal estate, §660,492, Pop. in 1870, 4705, of whom 4703 were Americans. Mitchell, a county in the N.W. part of Texas. Area, 900 square miles, Mitchell, a station in Madison co., 111., on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 11 miles N.E. of East St. Louis, at or near Long Lake. 3Iitchell, a post-village of Lawrence co., Ind., on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad where it crosses the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 64 miles E. of Vincennes, and 61 miles N.W. of New Albany. It has several churches, 2 newspaper offices, a tiouring-mili, a planing-mill, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 1087. Mitchell, a post-village of Mitchell co., Iowa, in a township of the same name, on the Red Cedar River, and on the railroad which connects Charles City with Mona, 21 miles N.N.W. of Charles City, and 4 or 5 miles N.W. of Osage. It has a bank, a woollen-mill, and 3 churches. Pop. 829; of the township, 1215. Mitchell, a post-office of Antrim co., Mich. Mitchell, a station of Pickaway co., 0., on the Scioto Valley Railroad, 7 miles S. of Circleville. Mitchell, a post-office of Wasco co., Oregon. Mitchell, a post-office of Robertson co., Tenn. Mitchell, a township of Sheboygan co., Wis. P. IISI. Mitchell, a village in Perth co., Ontario, on the river Thames, with a station on the Grand Trunk Railway, 32 miles S.E. of Goderich. It contains 4 churches, a branch bank, a newspaper office, 2 foundries, saw-, grist-, woollen-, flax-, and oatmeal-mills, several factories, and a number of stores. Pop. 1802. 3Iitchell River, a stream of Australia, in the S.E. part of Victoria, is formed by the Dargo and the Wonnon- gatta, flows S. and S.E., and reaches Lake King, a seaside lagoon. Length, to the head of the Dargo, 105 miles. Mitchell's, a station on the Denver & Boulder Valley Railroad, 12 miles E. by N. of Boulder, Col. MitchelPs, a township of Bertie co., N.C. Pop. 856. Mitch'ellsburs^, a post-village of Boyle co., Ky., oa MIT 14 the Knoxville Branch of the Louisville & Nashville Rail- road, 85 miles S.E. of Louisville. It has a church, a Bour- mill, and a woollen-factory. Mitchell's Corners, a hamlet of Orange co., N.Y., 3 miles from Montgomery. Mitchell's Creek, a post-hamlet of Tioga co., Pa., on the Tioga Railroad, 17 miles S. of Corning. Mitchell's Mill, a post-office of Elmore co., Ala. Mitchell's Mill, a post-offlce of Attala co.. Miss., 13 miles N. of Kosciusko. Here is a grist-mill. Mitchell's Mills, Indiana co., Pa. See Dimontille. Mitchell's Peak, North Carolina, is a peak of the Black Mountains, in Yancey co., about 3 miles W. of the Blue Ridge. It is sometimes called the Black Dome. Its altitude is computed to be 6707 feet above the sca-Ievel. Mitchell's Salt-Works, a post-office of Jefferson CO., 0., 11 miles S. of HammondsviUe. Mitchell's Station, a post-offlce of Bullock co., Ala., on the Montgomery «fe Eufaula Railroad, 25 miles S.E. of Montgomery. Mitchell's Station, a post-office of Culpeper co., Va., on the Virginia Midland Railroad, 7 miles S. of Culpeper Court-House. Here are 2 stores. Mitch'ellstoAVn, a town of Ireland, co. and 25 miles N.N.E. of Cork. It has a church and a college. Pop. 2743. Mitchell stown Caves, in Ireland, co. of Tipperary, 7 miles E.N.E. of Mitohellstown, are a large and fine series of stalactitic caverns. Mitch'ellsville, a post-hamlet of Saline co., HI., on Saline River, 6 miles S. of Harrisburg. Mitchellsville, a post-hamlet of Steuben co., N.Y., about 34 miles N.W. of Elmira. It has a lumber-mill, &c. Mitchellsville, a post-village of Sumner co., Tenn., on the Louisville & Nashville Railrcad, 44 miles N. by E. of Nashville. It has several stores. Mitch'elltoh, a post-office of Scriven oo., Ga. Mitch'elltree, a township of Martin co., Ind. Pop. 1026. It is traversed by the East Fork of White River. Mitch'ellville, a post-village of Polk co., Iowa, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 17 miles E.N.E. of Des Moines. It is J of a mile N. of Mitchellville Station on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad. It has a seminary, a bank, 2 churches, and a manufactory of patent spring beds. Pop. about 450. Alitchellville, a post-office of Prince George's co., Md., J mile from the Baltimore A Potomac Railroad. Mitchellville, a post-hamlet of Harrison co.. Mo., about 44 miles N.W. of Chillicothe. Mitch'ie, a post-township of Monroe co.. 111., on the Mississippi River, about 40 miles below St. Louis, Mo. Pop. 799. Mitohie Post-O£fice is opposite Selma Land- ing, Mo. Mitelius (m?-tel'e-us) River, Oregon, rises in the Cas- cade Range, runs northeastward in Wasco co., and enters the Des Chutes River. Mith'o, or Myth'o, a town of French Cochin China, capital of Mitho province, and the second town in the col- ony, on the principal delta-branch of the Mekong River, 23 miles from the sea. It is the seat of a large trade. Alitia, one of the Society Islands. See M.itia. Mitiero, me-te-i'ro, or Mittiaro, mit-te-3,'ro, one of the Cook Islands, in the South Pacific. Lat. 20° 1' S. ; Ion. 157° 34' W. Length, about 4 miles. Mitla, mit'ia,, a village of Mexico, state and 26 miles E. of Oajac.a, on the table-land of Mixtecapan. It has extensive remains of ancient tombs and other edifices, in one place distinguished from all other Mexican ruins by columns supporting a roof. Mi'tre Island, Pacific Ocean, lat. of S.E. point, 11° 55' S., Ion. 170° 20' W., is named after promontories resem- bling a mitre and steeple. Mitri, me'tree, a town of Beloochistan, province of Cutch-Gundava, N. of B'hag. Mitrovitza, me-tro-veet'si, a town of Servia, 75 miles by rail N.N.W. of Dskup. Mitrowicz, Mitrovicz, or Mitrowitz, mit'ro-vits' (Hun. Demetrovieze, di'mi'troVeet'si'), a town of Austro- Hungary, Slavonian military frontier, 24 miles S.S.W. of Peterwardein, on the left bank of the Save. Pop. 5942. It has a Roman Catholic church, 3 Greek churches, a high school, and numerous Roman antiquities. Mitsoo, a lake of Japan. See OiTS. Mit'tagong' Range, a range of hills in New South Wales, CO. of Camden. Mittau, or Mittaw, a town of Russia. See Mitau. Mittelbach, mit't?l-biK\ a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, bailiwick of Chemnitz. Pop. 1762. 91 Mittelberg, mit't?l-bSnG*, a village of Austria, in Vor- arlberg. district of Bregenzorwald. Pop. 1500. Mittel-Diirnten, Switzerland. See DUrnten. Mittelmeer. See MEniTEnRANEAU. Mittel-Schonbach, Bohemia. See Sch(5nbach. MittelA%^alde, mit't^l-ward^h, a town of Prussian Silesia, on the Neisse, 39 miles S.W. of Neissc. Pop. 2476. Mittelvvalde, or Mittenwalde, mit'ten-ftilM^h, a town of Prussia, 23 miles E.S.E. of Potsdam. Pop. 2151. Mittelzell, an island of Baden. See Rkichenao. Mittenwald, mit't?n-wilt\ a town of Bavaria, on the Isar, 51 miles S.S.W. of Munich. Pop. 1685. Mittenwalde, a town of Prussia. See Mittelwalde. Mitterburg, a town of Illyria. See PisiNo. Mitterteich, mit't^r-tiK", a town of Bavaria, in Upper Franconia, E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1935. Mittiaro, an island of the Pacific. See Mitiero. Mittimee, mitHe-mee', an oasis of Central Africa, 20 miles N.W. of Lake Chad, with upwards of 50 wells. Mittineague, mitHe-neeg', a post-village in West Springfield township, Hampden CO., Mass., on the Westfield River, about 3 miles W. of Springfield. It has a church, a cotton-mill, and 3 paper-mills. Mit'ton^ a village of England, co. of Lancaster, 3 miles S.S.W. of Clitheroe. Pop. of parish, 3550. Mitton, or Mitton and Stour'port, a town of England, in Worcestershire, on the Severn, at the mouth of the Stour, 4 miles S.S.W. of Kidderminster. It includes the town of Stourport and the adjacent hamlets of Upper and Lower Mitton. Total pop. 1160. Mittun-Kote, mit'tun-kot', a town of the Punjab, on the W. bank of the Indus, in lat. 28° 54' N., Ion. 70° 25' E. Pop. 4000. It is surrounded by date-groves. Mittweida, mitt'*iVia, a town of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, 35 miles S.E. of Leipsic, on the Zsehoppau, an affluent of the Mulde. It has extensive manufactures of woollen, cotton, and linen fabrics. Pop. 8845. Mittweida, a village of Saxony, 54 miles S.S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 1086. Mitylene, mit-e-lee'noe, or Metelin, m4t-e-leen' (ane. Les'bos ; Gr. Aeo-^oi), an island of the jEgean Sea, belong- ing to Turkey, near the coast of Asia Minor, mostly between lat. 39° and 39° 20' N. and Ion. 25° 50' and 26° 35' E. Estimated area, 276 square miles. Pop. 40,000. Two bays indent it on the S. side, and it has good harbors and a fer- tile soil. A range of mountains traversing it is clothed with pine woods, and at their base are many olive-grounds and vineyards, but the island was greatly devastated during the Greek struggle. The principal products are oil and pine timber, with some grapes, figs, cotton, and pitch ; its wine, anciently famous, is now inferior ; and the corn raised is insufficient for the inhabitants. Principal towns, Castro (or Mitylene) and Molivo. Theophrastus, Pittacus, Alcieus, and Sappho were natives of this island. See Castro. Mius, mee-oos' (?), a river of Russia, rises in the S.E. of the government of Yekaterinoslav, and falls by a wide estuary into the Sea of Azof. Mixares, a river and town of Spain. See Mijares. Mixas, a town of Spain. See Mi.ias. Mixco, mix'ko, a village of Guatemala, 5 miles S.W. of the city of Guatemala. Pop. 4000. Mix'ersville, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Ind., about 26 miles S. of Richmond. Mix Run, a station in Cameron oo.. Pa., on the Low Grade Railroad, 4 miles W. of Drittwood. Mixstadt, mix'stAtt, a town of Prussia, province and 80 miles S.S.E. of Posen. Pop. 1453. Mixtecapan, mix-ti-ki-pan', a table-land of Mexico, occupying most part of the department of 0:ijaca, between the plains of Mexico and La Puebia and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Average elevation, 5000 feet. In its S. part it is traversed by several broad valleys extending E. and W. On it is the city of Oajaoa ; also the ruins of Mitla. Mix'town, a post-office of Tioga co.. Pa. Mix'ville (West Cheshire Post-Office), a hamlet of New Haven co.. Conn., in Cheshire township, U miles from Cheshire Railroad Station. It has a brass-rolling-mill, and a manufactory of chisels, drawing-knives, &c. Miya, mee'yi, a seaport town of Japan, island of Hondo, 7 miles S.W. of Nagoya, on the Bay of Ovari. It has a large trade. Pop. 12,000. Miyandab, me-y4n-dib', a highly-cultivated plain in Persia, Azerbaijan, on the S.E. side of Lake Ooroomeeyah. Miyarisima, mc-yi-re-see'mi, an island of Japan, S.S.E. of Nokisima, inhabited chiefly by fishermen. Mizantla, me-siln'tli,a ruined city of Mexico, 35 miles N.E. of Jalapa, on a plateau near the Gulf of Mexico. MIZ 1442 MOC Miz'en Head (anc. No'tium Promonto' rium)^ a cape of Ireland, CO. of Cork. Lat. 51° 27' N. ; Ion. 9° 50' W. Mizhiritch, or Mijiritch, me-je-riteh', a town of Russia, government and 79 miles N.W. of Kharkov. Pop. about SOOO. It is enclosed by ramparts, and has 3 annual fairs, at which large quantities of woollen cloths are sold. Mizhirizchy or JUijiritch, a town of Kussia, govern- ment of Kiev, 28 miles W.N.W. of Cherkasee. Mizque, mees'ki, a town of Bolivia, department of Cochabamba, 32 miles S.E. of the city of Cochabamba. Itlizr, or Mizraiin, Africa. See Egypt. Mlaya, or Mlawa, m'la'va, a river of Servia, joins the D.anube 13 miles E.N.E. of Semendria, after a N. course of 50 miles. JMlava, or Mlawa, m'li'vi, a town of Poland, province and 46 miles N.N.E. of Plock. Pop. 6134. Mnisek, m'nce'sSk, or Mnischeck, m'nish'Jk, a town of Bohemia, 17 miles S.S.W. of Prague. Pop. 1000. JMoa, mo'3,, an island of Cuba, on its N. coast, 40 miles N.W. of Baracoa. Moa, an island of the Eastern Archipelago. Lat. 8° 15' S. ; !on. 128° 5' E. Length, 20 miles. Moa, or Sierra de Sloa, se-eii'Ri di rnq'S,, a moun- tain-range in the island of Cuba, 30 miles W. of Baracoa. Moar, mo-ar', a river of Malacca, enters the ocean after a course of 100 miles. Mo'ark, a post-office and station of Clay co.. Ark., on the IMissouri line, on the Cairo & Fulton Railroad, 20 miles S. of Poplar Blutr, Mo., and 6 miles N. of Corning. P. 80. Moate, mot, a town of Ireland, co. of Westmeath, 9 miles E.S.E. of Athlone. Pop. 1531. Moawequa, a village of Illinois. See Moweaqua. Alobaruckpoor, India. See MuBARAKPOon. Mo'berly, a post-village of Randolph co.. Mo., on the St. Louis, Kansas City.tfc Northern Railroad where it crosses the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, at the junction of the Northern division of the first-named road, 23 miles S. of Macon, 38 miles W.N.W. of Mexico, and 38 miles N.N.E. of Boonvilie. A daily and 2 weekly newspapers are pub- lished here. It has a savings-bank, 1 other bank, 11 churches, a high school, manufactures of carriages, flour, and tobacco, and railroad machine- and car-shops. Pop. 1514. Mobile, mo-beel', the most southwestern county of Ala- bama, borders on the Gulf of Mexico. Area, about 1500 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Mobile River and Mobile Bay, and is partly drained by the Escatawpa River. The surface is level, and a large part of it is cov- ered with pine forests. The soil is sandy. Lumber, In- dian corn, and sweet potatoes are the staple products. This county is intersected by 3 railroads, — the Mobile & Ohio, the New Orleans, Mobile &, Texas, and the Mobile & Ala- bama Grand- Trunk. Capital, Mobile. This is the most populous county of the state. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $30,510,869. Pop. in 1870, 49,311, of whom 44,112 were Americans. Mobile, a city, port of entry, and capital of Mobile co., Ala., is situated on the W. bank of the Mobile River, at its en- trance into the bay of the same name, 30 miles N. of the Gulf of Mexico, 165 miles E. by N, of New Orleans, 178 miles by rail S.W. of Montgomery, and 1033 miles from AVashington. Lat. 30° 41' 48" N. ; Ion. 87° 59' W. It is by far the most considerable city of the state in population and commerce, and ranks third as a cotton-market in the United States. The site is a level sandy plain, sufficiently elevated for convenient drjiinage, being about 15 feet higher than the bay. The streets are wide, and mostly extend N. and S. or E. and W. Much attention has been paid to planting shade- trees, and the city is supplied with spring water brought from a distance of several miles. It is not compactly built, except the portion occupied by the commercial houses. On the S. and W. sides of the city are dry, sandy pine hills, which afford agreeable retreats during the, hot season. Mobile contains 27 churches, a cathedral, the state medi- cal college, several academies, a city hospital, a United States marine hospital, a theatre, a custom-house, 4 orphan asylums, an infirmary, 2 national banks, 5 state banks, 6 fire and marine insurance companies, 2 life-insurance com- panies, and printing-offices which issue 3 daily and several weekly newspapers. It has several street railroads, 2 cot- ton-mills, several foundries, and manufactories of brooms, buckets, sash, blinds, ic. See Mobile Bav. Mobile has an advantageous position for trade, being the natural outlet of the greatest cotton region in the United States. Steamboats ply regularly at all seasons between this port and Montgomery on the Alabama River and Tus- caloosa on the Black Warrior. During winter and spring they ascend os high as Columbus on the Tombigbee River. Other steamers run once a week to New Orleans via Lakes Borgne and Pontchartrain. This city is the S. terminus of the Mobile &, Ohio Railroad, which is 472 miles long and forms part of the direct route from the Gulf of Mexico to the great lakes. Mobile is directly connected by railroads with New Orleans and Montgomery, and is the S. terminus of the Mobile & Alabama Grand Trunk Railroad, extend- ing to the rich coal-fields and iron-mines of Central Ala- bama. The harbor has been improved by the United States government, and is now so deep that vessels drawing 13 feet of water can come to the wharves. The draft of vessels that can safely enter the port or bay is about 21 feet. The receipts of cotton for the year ending September 1, 1877, were 360,918 bales. The exports for the year amounted to 363,239 b.ales, of which 218,703 were to foreign ports and 144,536 coastwise. There were also exported 11,113,506 feet of lumber, 68,411 staves, 3,509,800 shingles, and 20,665 barrels of rosin. The total value of foreign exports was $12,812,066, and of foreign imports $648,404. The quan- tity of coffee imported in 1876 was 67,200 bags. The shipping of the port, June 30, 1876, amounted to 9859 tons registered and 6735 tons enrolled and licensed. The number of foreign arrivals for the year ending June 30, 1877, was 85, tons 63,841; clearances S3, tons 61,081. The total number of arrivals was 238, tons 110,346 j clearances 213, tons 110,714. Mobile was ceded to the United States by Spain in 1813. It was incorporated as a town in 1814, and a city charter was granted in 1819. Pop. in 1840, 12,672; in 1860, 29,258; in 1870, 32,034; present pop. about 40,000. Mobile, mo-beel', a fishing-hamlet, district of Ferry- land, Newfoundland, 24 miles S. of St John's. Pop. 220. Mobile Bay, in the S.W. part of Alabama, extends from the Gulf of Mexico northward about 36 miles to the mouth of the Mobile River. The width varies from 8 miles to 18, the widest part being nearest the Gulf. The main channel, by which vessels enter the bay, is between Dau- phin Island on the W., at the E. extremity of which is Fort Gaines, and Mobile Point on the E., on which is Fort Mor- gan, an important fortress. On this point is also a revolving light 55 feet high. Mobile Point, theB. side of the entrance to Mobile Bay, Alabama. Lat. 30° 15' 40" N; Ion. 87° 58' W. Mobile River, Alabama, is formed by the Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers, which unite at the S. extremity of Clarke co. It runs southward, and, after a course of about 6 miles, divides into two channels, the Mobile and the Ten- saw, the former of which is the larger and more western. It forms the boundary between the counties of Mobile and Baldwin, and enters Mobile Bay. It is nearly 45 miles long, and is navigable for large steamboats. Mob'ley Pond, a post-office of Scriven co., 6a., about 50 miles S.S.E. of Augusta. Mob'ley's, a township of Edgefield co., S.C. Pop. 1278. Mocaranga, or Mocarangua. See Mo.nomotapa. Moc'casin, a post-hamlet of Effingham co.. III., on the Springfield Branch of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 69 miles S.E. of Springfield. Pop. of Moccasin township, 1088. It h.as 2 churches. Moccasin Creek, North Carolina, runs southeast- ward through Wilson and Greene cos., and enters Content- nea Creek. Mocchie, mok'kyi, a village of Italy, province of Turin, on the Dora Ripaira. Pop. of commune, 2410. Mocejon, or Mocexon, mo-thi-non', a village of Spain, in New Castile, 7 miles from Toledo. Pop. 2200. Mocba, mo'chS, an island of Chili, off the coast. Lat. of S. summit, 38° 24' S. ; Jon. 74° W. Length, 8 miles. At its N. end is a peak 1230 feet in height. Mocha, or Mokha, mo'ka (Arab. pron. mo'K.V), a for- tified seaport town of Arabia, in Yemen, on the Red Sea, 55 miles N.N.W. of the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. Lat. 13° 20' N. ; Ion. 43° 12' E. Pop. 7000. It has a small bay, adapted for vessels of 10 or 12 feet burden. It exports annually about 10,000 tons of the finest coffee to Jiddah, Suez, and Bombay, with dates, gums, senna, horns, hides, balm, ivory, and gold-dust, and imports rice, piece-goods, iron, hardwares, slaves, and ghee from Abyssinia, whence many of its exported goods are brought to Mocha. Mocha, a country in the S.W. part of Abyssinia. Mockern, mok'^rn, a town of Prussian Sa.xony, 13 miles E. of Magdeburg, on the Ehle. Pop. 1632. 31ock'eson, a post-hamlet of Lawrence co., Tenn., 20 miles S.W. of Pulaski. Mockiniihl, mok'miil, a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Jaxt, and on a railway, 10 miles N.E. of Neokarsulm. Pop. 2001. MOC 1443 MOE Mock's Mills, a post-office of Washington cc, Va. Mock's Store, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Mo., 12 miles from Independence. It has a churcli. Mocks'ville, a post-village, capital of Davie co., N.C., in Mocksvillo township, about 50 miles N.N.E. of Charlotte. It has 4 churches, a tannery, a seminary, and a tobacco- factory. Pop. 300 ; of the township, looS. Mock'ville, a post-office of Early co., Ga. MockAVaiipoor, Nepaul. See Mitckwanpoor, Moclin, mok-leen', a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 20 miles N.W. of Granada, on a river of the same name. It was once a Moorish fortress, called, from its strength, the Shield of Granada. Pop. 677. 3Ioclinejo, or Moclinexo, mok-le-ni'HO, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, 10 miles from Malaga. Pop. 1246. 31o^como'co, a maritime town of Sumatra, on its W. coast. Lat. 20° 31' S. ; Ion. 101° 1(1' E. Moconesi, mo-ko-nA'see, a village of Italy, division of Genoa, 2 miles from Cicagna. Pop. 2329. Mocsa, mo'ch6h\ a town of Hungary, co., and 7 miles S.S.E. of Komorn. Pop. 28SS. 3Iodain, moMln', written also Madaiii and Meda- jin, a village of Asiatic Turkey, 20 miles S.E. of Bagdad, on the Tigris, near the site of the ancient Ctes'iphon. Mo'dale, a post-village in Taylor township, Harrison CO., Iowa, on the Sioux City & Pacific Railroad, 31 miles N. of Omaha, and 2 miles from the Missouri River. It has a church and several stores. Modane, mo-di'ni, a town of France, Savoy, on the Arc, 17 miles E.S.E.of Saint-Jean-de-Mauricnne, 3600 feet above the sea. Pop. 1322. Mod'bury, a market-town of England, co. of Devon, on the Erme, lU miles E.S.E. of Plymouth. Pop. 185S. Mode, a post-hamlet in Holland township, Shelby co., 111., about 24: miles S.W. of Mattoon. It has 2 churches and a steam saw-mill. Pop. 120. Mo^dell', a post-hamlet of Norton co., Kansas, 45 miles N. of Wa Keeney Station. It has a steam saw-mill. 3Iodena, raod'fin-S, (Fr. Modene, moVlain' ; anc. Mti'~ t{na)j a fortified city of Northern Italy, capital of a prov- ince, at a railway junction, 24 miles W.N.W. of Bologna. Pop. 56,200. It is regularly laid out, and has a citadel, "with streets bordered by arcades, and its ramparts form pleasant public walks. Principal edifices, the palace, a splendid building, with a picture-gallery, fine gardens, an extensive library, the Bihlxoteca Estense, of which Muratori and Tiraboschi were successively librarians, containing 120,000 volumes and 3000 manuscripts, a cathedral, with curious sculptures and a fine campanile, in which is pre- served the famous wooden bucket the cause of feuds be- tween the Modenese and Bolognese in 1325, a theatre, and public baths. Its university comprises a school of theology, law, medicine, and mathematics. It has an observatory, rich cabinets, an art school, and a botanic garden. It is connected by a navigable canal with the Panaro, and has manufactures of hempen and woollen cloths, hats, glass, and leather; its silk-manufacture, once important, has de- clined. Mutina existed under the Etruscans, and rose to such splendor under the Romans as to call forth a eulogy from Cicero. It was repeatedly sacked by the Northern invaders, whose ravages have left few vestiges of its ancient grandeur. It is an archbishop's see, and was for four cen- turies the capital of the duchy of Modena, which in 1860 was made a part of the kingdom of Italy. -Adj. and inhab. Mohenesr, mod''^h-neez' (It. pron. mo-dd-ni'si). Modena, a province of Italy, in Emilia, and a part of the former duchy of Modena. Capital, Modena. Area, 966 square miles. Pop. 273,231. Modena, mo-de'na or raod'e-na, a post-hamlet of Stark CO., III., in Toulon township, on the Spoon River, about 35 miles N. by W. of Peoria. It has a church. Modena, a post-oflice of Butler co., Kansas. Modena, a post-village of Mercer eo.. Mo., 5 miles W. of Mill Grove Station, and about 44 miles N. by W. of Chillicothe, It has a church. Modena, a post-hamlet of Ulster co., N.Y., about 13 miles N.N.W. of Newburg. It has a church. Modena, a post-hamlet of Chester co., Pa., on the Wil- mington & Reading Railroad, 31 miles N.W. of Wilming- ton, and 38 miles W. of Philadelphia. Here are 2 paper- mills on Brandywine Creek, and near by are 3 churches. Modena, a post-township of Buffalo co.. Wis., 20 miles E.N.E. of Wabasha, Minn., and about 30 miles S.S.W. of Eau Claire. Pop. 785. Mod^ne, the French for Modena. Moder, mo'der (Fr. pron. moMain'), a river of Alsace, rises on the E. side of the Vosges Mountains, flows S.S.E., and, after a course of 30 miles, joins the Rhine 17 miles below Strasburg. Modern, mo'd^rn, Modor, mo'dor, Madra, mob'- droh\ or Modra, mo'dri, a walled town of West Hun- gary, CO. and 16 miles N.E. of Presburg. Pop. 5066. It has a Protestant college. Modes'to, a prosperous post-village, capital of Stanis- laus CO., Cal., is on the Visalia division of the Central Pa- cific Railroad, in the San Joaquin Valley, near the Tuol- umne River, 30 miles S. of Stockton, and 102 miles E.S.E. of San Francisco. It has 2 newspaper offices, a bank, a brick court-house which cost $60,000, 4 churches, and a fine brick school-house. Pop. about 2000. 3Iod'est Town, a post-village of Accomack co., Va., about 3 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, and 22 miles S.E. of Crisfield, Md. It has 2 churches. Modica, mod'e-ki (anc. Motuca, Motyca, or Midijca), a town of Sicily, 30 miles W.S.W. of Syracuse, in the Val di Noto. Pop. 34,723. It is ill built, but has a large square, some handsome mansions, a castle, and several churches and convents. It exports grain, oil, wine, and cheese, mostly to Malta. In its vicinity is the valley of Ip'siea or h'j^ica, remarkable for its dwellings excavated in the rock. Modicia, or Modceta, Italy. See Monza. Modigliana,mo-deel-ya,'ni(anc.C((a'f™Hi ilfi('ti7H»i?), a town of Italy, province and 40 miles N.E. of Florence, on the Marzeno, N. of the Apennines. Pop. 6742. It has sev- eral churches and convents, and is a bishop's see. Modi'na, a post-office of Brookings co., Dakota. Modinalla, mo-de-nil'ia., a village of West Africa, on the Senegal, in lat. 15° 55' N., Ion. 13° 5' W., inhabited by Maraboots of the Moorish nation of the Dowiches. Modlin,mod'lin, a fortress of Poland, province of Flock, at the junction of the Bug and Vistula, 16 miles N.W. of Warsaw, erected in 1807. It is one of the strongest places in the Russian dominions. 3Iodling, mod'Iing, or Medling, mSd'ling, a town of Lower Austria, 8 miles S.S.W. of Vienna, on the railway to Griitz. Pop. 4357. Mo'doc, a county forming the N.E. extremity of Cali- fornia, borders on Oregon. It is drained by Pitt River, and contains several lakes. Goose Lake, a large body of water, is partly in this county. The surface is mostly mountainous or hilly, and partly occupied by lava-beds, a volcanic formation. Capital, Alturas. This county was formed since 1870, out of the E. part of Siskiyou. Modoc, a post-office of Phillips co., Ark., on the Mis- sissippi River. Modoc, a post-office of Boulder co.. Col., at Ni Wot Station on the Colorado Central Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Longmont. See also Nr Wot. 3Iodoc, a post-office of Audrain eo.. Mo. Modon, mo'don (anc. Metho'ne), a town of Greece, Morea, 6 miles S. of Navarino. It has a small port, with an open roadstead between it and the island of Sapienza. Modor, or Modra, Hungary. See Modern. Modos, moMosh', a village of Hungary, co. of Toron- tal, 27 miles S.W. of Temesvar, on the Theiss. Pop. 4S66. Modugno, mo-doon'yo, a town of Italy, province and 6 miles S.W. of Bari. Pop. 9082. It has manufactories of woollen and cotton cloths, and tanneries. 3Iodum, mo'doom, a village of Norway, on the Dram- men, 25 miles W. of Christiania. Near it are important cobalt-mines and extensive manufactures of smalt. Modnra, the ancient name of Madura. Modurii, mo-door'lee, a village of Asia Minor, 24 miles S.W. of Boli. Moe, mo, a post-office of Douglas co., Minn., 30 miles N.E. of Morris. Moe township contains many small lakes. Pop. 417. ftloeletivoe, a town of Ceylon. See Malativo. Moelmyne, a town of British Burraah. SeeMAULMAiN. 3£6en, mo'§n {L. Mo'na Virgin'ia Dan'ica), an island of Denmark, in the Baltic, with a light-house on the S.E. point, lat. 54° 57' N., Ion. 12° 36' 36" E., separated N.W. from Seeland by the Ulfsund, and S. from Falster by the Grbnsund, each, where narrowest, about 1 mile across. Area, 87 square miles. Pop. 13,600. Its E. coast is a pre- cipitous limestone barrier, 500 feet above the sea, and termed the Mdensklint. Chief town, Stege, with a harbor on the N.W. coast. Moen, mo'§n. Moon, or Mohn, mon, an island of Russia, in Esthonia, between the island of Oesel and the mainland, 40 miles in length and in breadth. 3Ioen, moon, a town of Belgium, in West Flanders, 6 miles S.E. of Courtrai. Pop. 2200. Moena, moo'n^, or, more correctly, Muna, called also MOE 1444 MOH Pangansane, Fangansene, ping^gin-sin', or Pan- jasang, pin^y^-sang', an island of the Malay Archipel- ago, off the S.E. extremity of Celebes, about lat 5° S., Ion. 122° 30' E. Length, from N, to S., 60 miles; average breadth, 16 miles. Moefieinoezi, Africa. See Monomoezi. Moerbeke, mooR'bd-keh, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 12 miles N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 1500. flioevbeke, a village of Belgium, province of East Flanders, on a canal, 14 miles N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 4500. Moerdyk, mooii'dik\ a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, on Hollands-Diep, 110 miles N.W. of Breda. Moere, moo'reh, a village of Belgium, in West Flan- ders, 13 miles AV.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 1200. Moergestel, mooR-nSs'tel, a village of the Nether- lands, 18 miles E.S.E. of Breda. Pop. 1192. iHoerzeke, moon'zi-keh, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 19 miles E. of Ghent, on the Scheldt. M sSr-v4>'o' (It. Monte Silvio, mon'- ti sil've-o ; Ger. Matterhorn, mAt'ter-hoRn^), a mountain of the Pennine Alps, between the Valais in Switzerland and the Val d'Aosta in Piedmont, 40 miles E.N.E. of Mont Blanc, and 12 miles W.N.W. of Monte Rosa. Elevation, 14,771 feet. The Col of Mont Cervin is used in summer as a passage for horses and mules. Elevation, 10,938 feet. Montchanin-les-Mines, m6No'shi*n3lN<''-H-meen, a town of France, in Saone-et-Loire, on a railway', and on a canal, 21 miles S.W. of Chalon-sur-Saone. Pop. 3334. Mont'clair', a post-village in Montclair township, Essex CO., N..T., on the Montclair & Greenwood Lake Rail- road, near Orange Mountain, and on the Delaware, Lacka- wanna & Western Railroad, 5 miles N.N.W. of Newark, and 13 miles N.W. of Jersey City. It h:is 6 churches, a news- paper office, and a manufactory of pasteboard. Pop. of the township, 2853. Montclair Heights, a station on the Montcl.air & Greenwood Lake Railroad, 3 miles N. of Montclair, N.J. Mont Clare, a post-village in Jefferson township, Cook CO., 111., on the Chicago & Pacific Railroad, 9 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. It has a church, a seminary, and many fine residences, Mont Clare, a village of Montgomery co.. Pa., in Upper Providence township, on the Schuylkill, opposite Phoenixville. It has an iron-foundry and a brick-yard. Montcornet, m6N»Mton^ni', a market-town of France, in Aisne. Pop. 1742. Montcuq, a village of France. See MoxcuQ. Mont-Dauphin, m6No*-do'f4N»', a small fortified town of France, in Ilautes-Alpes, on a height beside the Durance, 10 miles N.E. of Embrun. Pop. 518. Mont-de-Marsan, mANo-d^h-man^sANo' (L. Mons Mariiani), a town of France, capital of the department of Landes, on a railway, at the junction of the Douze and Midou, which here form the navigable Midouze, 70 miles S. of Bordeaux. Pop. 8328. It has a communal college, mineral warm baths, nurseries of silk-worms, and manu- factures of chemical products, wax, oil, woollen cloths, blankets, sail-cloth, and leather. By its position on the navigable river Midouze, it has become an entrepcit for wines, brandies, wool, and agricultural produce. Montdidier, mAw>MeeMe-i' (L. Mons Deside'rii), a town of France, in Somme, 21 miles S.E. of Amiens. Pop. 4266. It has remains of old fortifications, a town hall, a prison, communal college, and extensive manufactures of hosiery, calico, and serge. Mont Dor (d'Or or Dore), mAs" doit, a group of mountains in Fr.ancc, comprised in the mountains of Au- vergne, department of Puy-de-D6mc. Lat. 45"= 32' N. ; Ion. 2° 50' E. The principal summit is the Pic de Sancy, 6188 feet in elevation. These mountains contain many volcanic products and some craters. The rivers Dor and Dogne have their sources here, and the celebrated mineral baths of Mont Dor are situated in the N. of the mountains. The Dor Mountain is often mistaken for the Mont d'Or, in the department of Rhone. Montdragon, or Mondragon, mAN=\lra'gAN"'' (L. Mon8 Di'aco'nls), a town of France, in A'aucluse, on the Lez, 20 miles N.N.W. of Avignon. Pop. 1474. Monte, Los Angeles co., Cal. See El Monte. Monte Alcino, mon'ti 3,1-chee'no, or Mont- Alcino, mon-til-chee'no, an episcopal city of Italy, province and 20 miles S.S.E. of Siena. It has a fine cathedral and a castle. Pop. 8741. Monte Alegre, mon'ti i-Ii'grJ,, a town of Spain, prov- ince and 30 miles S.E. of Albacete. Pop. 2134. Monte-Alto, monHi-il'to, a town of Brazil, province of Bahia, comarca of Urabu. Monte-Aperto, monMi-i-p8a'to, a village of Sicily, province and 3 miles W.N.W. of Girgenti. Monte Argentaro, Italy. See Augentaro. Montebello, mon'ti-bjl'lo, a town of Italy, province of Vicenza, 10 miles S.W. of Vicenza. It has 2 castles and several churches. Pop. 4186. Montebello, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, province and 23 miles E.N.E. of Alessandria. Montebello, a township of Hancock co.. III. P. 1111. Montebello, monUi-bel'lo, a post-village in Ottawa CO., Quebec, on the river Ottawa, 80 miles W. of Montreal. It was originally inha.bited by Indians. It contains 3 ho- tels and 7 stores. An aqueduct of tamarack logs brings a pure mountain-stream into the village and supplies every house with water. Its port is called Major's. Pop. 300. Montebelluna, monHi-b§l-loo'ni, a market-town of Italy, 13 miles W.N.W. of Treviso. Pop. 7906. Biontebescaria, mon^i-bes-ki're-i, or Montebec- caria,monHi-bSk-ki're-i, avillage of Piedmont, division of Alessandria, 7 miles S.W. of Pavi.a. Pop. 2641. Monte Bianco, the Italian name of Most Blanc. Montebourg, mAs^^teh-booR' (L. Mon'tis Bur'rjus), a town of France, in Manche, 15 miles S.S.E. of Cherbourg. It has manufactures of ticking and leather. Pop. 2119. Montecalvo, mon'ti-kil'vo, a town of Italy, province of Avellino, 14 miles E.N.E. of Benevento. Pop. 4426. Montecarlo, monHi-kan'lo, a town of Italy, in Tus- cany, 30 miles W.N.W. of Florence. It exports wine and olives. Pop. 7450. Monte-Carotto, monHi-ki-rot'to, a town of Italy, province and 24 miles AV.S.W. of Ancona. Pop. 2627. Monte Casino, mon'ti ki-see'no, a mountain of Italy, province of Caserta, 50 miles N.W. of Naples, with a celebrated abbey, founded a.d. 629, in which originated the order of the Benedictines. Montecastello, monHi-kis-t^l'Io, avillage of Italy, 4 miles N.E. of Alessandria, on the Tanaro. Pop. 1200. MON 1460 MON Montecastrilli, mon'ti-kis-treel'lee, a town of Italy, in Umbria, 14 miles from Terni. Pop. of commune, 5078. Monte- Catini, mon"t4-ka-tee'nee, a village of Italy, in Tuscany, 29 miles W. of Florence. Pop. 6276. It has thermal springs and baths, the most celebrated in Tuscany. Muutecatiiii di Val di Nievole, monHi-kS.-tee'- nee dee val de ne-i'vo-li, a town of Italy, in Florence, S.E. of Pisa. Pop. 3934. Monte Cavallo. See Moste Corno. Monte-Cavo, or Mount Cavo. See Albano. Montecchio, mon-tSk'ke-o, a town of Italy, province of Reggio neir Emilia, on the Enza, 8 miles W. of Reggio. Pop. oioo. Montecchio Maggiore, montSk'ke-o m3,d-jo'ri, a village of Italy, 7 miles S.W. of Vicenza. Pop. 4750. Monte Cenisio, the Italian name of Mont Cenis. Monte-Cerboli,mon"ti-chSit'bo-le, a village of Italy, in Tuscany, province and 40 miles S.S.E. of Pisa. Near it are famous borax-lagoons. Montech, m6N="tSsh' (L. Montirpnm), a town of France, in Tarn-et-Garonne, 7 miles W.S.W. of Montauban, on an affluent of the Garonne. Pop. 1814. Montechiaro, mon'ti-ke-4'ro, a market-town of Italy, in Lombardy, 12 miles S.E. of Brescia, on the Chiese. Pop. 7239, who manufacture silk stuffs. Montechiaro d'Asti, monHi-ke-3,'ro d^s'tee, a town of Italy, 27 miles W.N.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 2026. Montechiarugolo, monHi-ke-a-roo'go-lo, a village of Italy, province and 10 miles S.E. of Parma, on the Enza. Pop. 4006. Monte-Christi, mon^ti-kris'tee, a maritime town of Hnyti, on its N. coast, 30 miles E. of Cape Ilaytien, near the mouth of the Grand-Yaque, and on the declivity of the mountain-range of Monte-Christi. Pop. 3000. Monte-Christi, or Monte-Cristi, monHi-kris'tee, a town of Ecuador, 96 miles N.AV. of Guayaquil. Monte-Christo, monHi-kris'to (anc. Oijlasa), an island of Italy, in the Mediterranean, province of Siena, 26 miles S. of "Elba. Monte Coinpatri, mon'ti kom-pi'tree, a town of Italy, in Rome, 3 miles N.E. of Fraseati. Pop. 3397. Monte Corno, m6n'ti kfiK'no, or Monte Cavallo, mftn'ti ki-vil'lo, called also Gran Sasso d'ltalia, gr3,n sis'so de-ti'le-^ (the " Great Rock of Italy"), a moun- tain of Italy, 70 miles E.N.E. of Rome, lat. 42° 27' N., Ion. 13° 38' E. It is one of the highest peaks of the Apen- nines, its summit being 9519 feet above sea-level. Snow lies on it nine months in the year. Montecorvino Pugliano, mon'ti-kor-vee'no pool- yi'no, a town of Italy, province and 17 miles E. of Salerno, with mineral springs. Pop. 5325. Montecorvino Rovella, monH4-kor-vee'no ro-vel'- 13,, a town of Italy, province and 14 miles E. of Salerno. Pop. 6630. Montecosaro, monHi-ko-s3,'ro, a village of Italy, near Maoerata. Pop. 3128. Montecrestese, monHi-krSs-ti'si, a village of Italy, in Novara, 6 miles from Domo d'Ossola. Pop. 1287. Montecncculo, monHi-kook'koo-lo, a village of North Italy, 22 miles S.S.W. of Modena. Monte-della-Sibilla, mon'ti-d5ri3,-se-bil'I3,, one of the Apennine mountains of Italy, province of Perugia, and 26 miles N.E. of Spoleto. Height, 7212 feet. Montedoro, mon'ti-do'ro, a village of Sicily, 5 miles W. by S. of Serra di Falco. Pop. 2089. Montefalcione, mon'ti-f&l-eho'ni, a village of Italy, province and 5 miles N.E. of Avellino. Pop. 3192. Montefaico, monHi-fil'ko, a town of Italy, province of Perugia, 14 miles N.N.W. of Spoleto. Pop. 5146. Montefalcone, monHi-fil-ko'ni, a town of Italy, in Campobasso, 14 miles N.W. of Larino. Pop. 3230. Monte-Fano, monHi-fsl'no, a town of Italy, province and 8 miles N. of Maeerata. Pop. 3678. Montefiascone, raonHi-fe-as-ko'ni, a town of Cen- tral Italy, 9 miles N.N.W. of Viterbo. Pop. 7397. It stands on a hill occupying the site of an ancient Etruscan city, of which some remains exist; its cathedral cupohr, and several other buildings, are the works of San Micheli. Muscat wine is made here. MonteAorino, mon"ti-fee-o-ree'no, a town of Italy, province of Modena, 15 miles S.E. of Parma. Pop. 5906. Monteforte, monHi-fon'ti, a town of Italy, 14 miles E. of Verona. Pop. 4515. Monteforte, a market-town of Italy, province of Avellino, 5 miles W.S.W. of Avellino. Pop. 4465. Montefortino, monHi-for-tee'no, a village of Italy, province and 28 miles S.E. of Rome. Pop. 3952. Monte-Frio, mon^ti-free'o, a town of Spain, province and 22 miles W.N.W. of Granada. It has 8 flour- and 7 oil-mills, 3 manufactories of soft soap, a brandy-distillery, and 4 fulling-mills. Pop. 4899. Montefusco, mon'ti-foos'ko, a town of Italy, prov- ince of Avellino, 9 miles N.N.E. of the city of Avellino. It has manufiictures of woollen stuffs. Pop. 2168. Blonte Gennaro, Italy. See Genaro. Montegicar, a town of Spain. See Montejicar. Monte-Giorgio, monHi-jon'jo, a town of Italy, in the Marches, 20 miles S.W. of Fermo. Pop. 4936. Montego (mon-tee'go) Bay, a seaport town of Ja- maica, in the county of Cornwall, on the N. coast. Lat. 18° 29' 24" N.; Ion. 77° 56' W. It has a court-house, 7 churches, a synagogue, a bank, and 2 or 3 weekly papers. Much sugar, rum, ginger, and coffee are produced in the vicinity. Pop. 6000. Monte- Granaro, monHi-gri-ni'ro, a village of Italy, in the Marches, 6 miles N.W. of Fermo. Pop. 4342. Montegrosso d'Asti, monHi-gros'so das'tee, a town of Italy, in Alessandria, 6 miles S.S.E. of Asti. Pop. 2510. Montehermoso, monHi-^R-mo'so, a town of Spain, province and 52 miles N. of Caceres. Pop. 2895. 31onteith, or Menteith, mon-teeth', a picturesque district of Scotland, in the S.W. part of the co. of Perth, on the Teith. Length, about 24 miles. Monteith (or Menteith), Port of, a village and parish of Scotland, 8 miles W. of Doune. Pop. 1243. Monteith, mon-teeth', a station of Chatham co., Ga., on the Savannah »t Charleston Railroad, 13^ miles N. of Savannah. Monteith, a post-office of Allegan co., Mich., on the Grand R.apids A Indiana Railroad, at the terminus of the Monteith A Allegan Railroad, 32 miles S. of Grand Rapids. Montejaque, mon-ti-H3,'ki, a town of Spain, province of Malaga, 4 miles W. of Ronda. Pop. 2042. Montejicar, Montegicar, or Montexicar, mon- ti-He-kan', a town of Spain, province and 27 miles E.N.E. of Granada. Pop. 2610. Monteleone, mon"t4-li-o'ni(anc. Hippo'nhim or Vi'- bo), a town of Italy, province of Catanzaro, 11 miles E. of Tropea. Pop. 11,840. It stands on the slope of a hill, commanded by a line old castle. Monteleone, a town of Italy, province of Avellino, 7 miles S.W. of Bovino. Pop. 3770. Montelepre, mon-ti-li'prA, a town of Sicily, 13 miles W. of Palermo. Many rare coins and fossils have been here obtained. Pop. 5706. Mont Elie, mont i-Iee', a post-village in St. M.aurice CO., Quelicc, on the Yamachiche River, IS miles N. of Yam- aohiche. Pop. 109. Monteliinar, mftNoHiUee'niaR' (anc. Mons Adhe- mcti'i ?), a city of France, department of Drome, 26 miles S. of Valence, on the Roubion, and on the railway from Lyons to Avignon. Pop. 9512. It has a communal col- lege, rich vineyards, plantations of mulberry trees, and manufactures of hats, leather, silk, wine, and almond-cakes. Montella, mon-tel'la, a town of Italy, province and 12 miles E.S.E. of Avellino. Pop. 7650. Montellano, mon-tel-y3.'no, a town of Spsiin, prov- ince and 32 miles S.S.E. of Seville. Pop. 4791. Montel'Io, a station in Elko co., Nov., on the Central PaciHc Railroad, 52 miles E.N.E. of Wells. Montcllo, a post-village, capital of Marquette co., Wis., in Montello township, on Fox River, at the mouth of the Montello River, near the E. end of Buffalo Lake, about 46 miles W. of Fond du Lac, and 22 miles N.N.E. of Portage City, It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, 2 flour-mills, and a woollen-mill. Pop. of the township, 884. 3Iontelovez, a town of Mexico. See Cohahuila. Montelupo, mon'ti-loo'po, a market-town of Italy, 12 miles W.S.W. of Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 1370. Monte Lupone, mon'td loo-po'ni, a town of Italy, province and 64 miles N.N.E. of Maeerata. Pop. 3960. Monte Maggiore, mon'ti m&d-jo'ri, a market-town of Sicily. 20 miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 7004. JIontciiia:,'iio, monHi-min'yo, a town of Italy, 15 mill-- W.N.W. nf Ales^n"ti-mi-r.Vno, a town and bishop's see of Italy, 10 miles E. of Avellino. Pop. 2684. Monte-Marciano, mon'tA-nuiR-dia'no, a market- town of Central Italy, in the province of Ancona, 10 miles W.N.W. of Ancona. Pop. 4328. Monte-Mayor, mon*t4-mi-uu', a town of Spain, prov- ince and 14 miles S.S.E. of Cordova. Pop. 3140. MON 3461 MON Monte-Miletto, mon^ti-me-I§t'to, a town of Italy, province and 9 miles N.E. of Avellino. Pop. 372S. Montemiloiie^ inonHi-me-lo'nA, a market-town of Italy, province of Basilicata, 9 miles E.N.E. of A^'enosa. Moiltemolin, mon-tA-mo-leen', a village of Spain, in Estremadura, 60 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 2955. Moutcmor, a town of Brazil. See Mamanguape, 3Ioiiteinorelos, Mexico. See Mouelos. Monte-MoreiiOy monHi-mo-ri'no, a conical moun- tain of Brazil, forming a promontory on the S. of the Bay of Espirito Santo. Montemor-Novo, nion-ti-moit'-no'vo, a town of Brazil, province and fiO miles S. of Ceara. Pop. 2000. Montemor-O-Novo, mon-ti-mon'-o-no'vo {" New Montemor"), a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 22 miles AV.N.W. of Evora. Pop. 3753. Montemor-o-Velho, mon-tA-moR'-o-v^ryo ("Old Montemor"), a town of Portugal, in Beira, on the Mondego, 12 miles AV.S.W. of Coimbra. Pop. 2261. MontemurrO) mon'ti-mooR'no, a town of Italy, prov- ince and 2-4 miles S.S.E, of Potenza. Pop. 4625. Montenaken, mon't^-nS-^ken, or Moiitciiaeken, mon'td.-nS,^k§n, a village of Belgium, in Limbourg, 15 miles S.S.AV. of Hasselt. It is an ancient place, and is memo- rable for a great battle fought in its vicinity, in 1213, be- tween the Liegeois and the Brabanpons, when the latter were defeated with a loss of 3000 killed and 4000 prisoners. Monteudre, m6N«HflNd'r', a town of France, in Cha- rente-Inferieure, 11 miles S. of Jonzac. Pop. 1134. Montenegro, monHA-ni'gro, i.e., "black mountain" (Turk. Karadafjk, kL'r&'dks'; native, Cernoyora or Tzer- nogoray tz^R^no-go'ri), a small independent country of Europe, between lat. 42° and 43° N. and Ion. 1S° 41' and 20° 22' E., bounded on the E. by Herzegovina and Austrian Albania (Cattaro), and on the other sides by Turkish Al- bania and the sea. Area, 3738 square miles. The sur- face forms a series of elevated ridges of limestone rocks, with lofty mountain-peaks, some of which are 5000 or 6000 feet in elevation, and are generally covered with valuable timber. In ancient times this country formed part of lUyricum ; it was .afterwards a district of Servia. The chief families of Montenegro have been educated in St. Petersburg and appointed to grades in the Russian army, and the annual tribute formerly due to the Porte was long paid by a remittance from the Emperor of Russia. The people are of Slavic race and of the Greek faith. The country was, in 1697, freed from Turkish rule by the prince-bishop, or Vladika. In 1851 the ruler abandoned the episcopal office, and became hospodar or civil prince, and at the same time declared his independence complete. In 1878, after a long series of brave struggles, Montenegro was recognized as a sovereign state, and by the Congress of Berlin her area was more than doubled. Capital, Cettinje. Chief town and seaport, Antivari. Pop. 311,000. Jttontcnero, monHi-ni'ro, a town of Italy, province of Molise, 11 miles N.N.AV. of Larino. Pop. 3500. ^lontenotte, mon^td-not'td, a village of Italy, in Ales- sandria, 26 miles W. of Genoa, in the Apennines. Monteodorisio, a town of Italy. See Montodouisio. Monte^Pagano, mon^ti-p^-gi'no, a town of Italy, near the Adriatic, 15 miles E. of Teramo. P. 4150. Montepeloso, monHA-p^-lo'so, a town of Italy, prov- ince of Basilicata, 24 miles E.N.E. of Potenza. Pop. 6327. Monte Ferdido, the Spanish name of Mont Perdu. Montepulciauo, mon-t^-pool-chA'no, a town of Cen- tral Italy, province of Siena, 26 miles S.W. of Arezzo. Pop. 13,160. It stands on a mountain enclosed by an euibattied wall. Montepulciano is an ancient Etruscan city, and has many interesting remains, also manufactures of oil, soap, and excellent wine. 3Iontereal, the Spanish name of Movtreal. Montereale, mon'ti-ri-5.'lA,, a fortified town of Italy, province and 14 miles N.W. of Aquila. Pop. 5345. Montereau, raiN^'teh-ro' (ane. Conda'te, or Oonda'te Scno'iuini), a town of France, in Seine-et-Marne, at the junction of the Seine and Yonne, 20 miles E.S.E. of Melun, on the railway to Troyes. Pop. 6847. It has extensive manufactories of opaque porcelain, sugar, leather, cement, &c. Steamers ply hence to Paris. Montereggione, mon*ti-rfid-jo'nA, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, 8 miles from Siena, Pop. of commune, 3589. Monterey, mon-t4-ra', a city of the republic of Mexico, capita! of the state of Nuevo Leon, and the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop, on the small river Santa Catalina, at the head of a large and beautiful valley, 75 miles E. by N. of Saltillo, 250 miles from the Rio Grande, and 700 miles from the city of Mexico. Altitude, 1630 feet. Lat. 25° 40' 6" N ; Ion. 100° W. It has a civil college, a seminary, and 6 churches (5 Catholic and 1 Presbyterian). Monterey wag first settled by the Spaniards about 1569, and was made metropolitiin city in 1596. It has well-paved streets, and houses of stone in the Moorish style with flat roofs, and is the most important place in North Mexico. Near it are lead-, copper-, and silver-mines. Pop. about 25,000. It was taken September 24, 1846, by the United States army under General Taylor. Monterey, mon-t^-ri', a western county of California, borders on the Pacific Ocean. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Coast Range of mountains, and is intersected by the Salinas River. It is also drained by the Carrael and San Benito Rivers. The surface is diversified with mountains and three long fertile valleys, named Salinas, San Juan, and Carmel. Extensive forests of pine and other trees grow on the highlands. The staple products are wheat, barley, wool, cattle, cheese, and hay. In 1870 this county produced 1,054,310 pounds of wool. Gold is said to be found in it, also copper, marble, and lead. Capital, Salinas. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $9,318,821. Pop. in 1870, 9876, of whom 7670 were Americans. It is inter- sected by the Southern Pacific Railroad. Monterey, a post-office of Butler co., Ala. Monterey, a post-village of Monterey co., Cal., on Monterey Bay (a part of the ocean), 94 miles S. by E. of San Francisco. It is a terminus of the Monterey & Salinas Valley Railroad. Its harbor has good anchorage, and is protected against the S. wind, but is exposed on the N. Monterey was the capital of California when the latter was a Mexican province. It is a Catholic bishop's see, and has 1 or 2 churches and a newspaper office. Pop. 1112. Monterey, a post-hamlet of Calhoun co., III., about 27 miles W.N.W. of Alton. Monterey, a hamlet of Fulton co., 111., in Banner township, about 6 miles E.S.E. of Canton. It has a church. Monterey, a post-village of Pulaski co., Ind., on the Tippecanoe River. 12 miles N.E. of Winamac. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a planing-raill. Pop. 210. Monterey, a post-hamlet of Davis co., Iowa, 12 miles S.W. of Bloomfield, Monterey, a post-village of Owen co., K}'., on the Kentucky River, 18 miles N. of Frankfort. It has a church, 2 hotels, and sev^eral stores. Pop. about 200. Monterey, a post-village in Monterey township, Berk- shire CO., Mass., 36 miles W. by N. of Springfield. It has several saw-mills and a church. Pop. of township, 703. Monterey, a post-village in Monterey township, Alle- gan CO., Mich., about 27 miles S.S.W. of Grand Rapids. It has a church, a union school, and a wagon-shop. Pop. of township, 1240. Monterey, a post-hamlet of Rankin co.. Miss., 12 or 13 miles S.E. of Jackson. Monterey, or Orange, a post-village in Orange township, Schuyler co., N.Y., about 20 miles N.W. of EI- mira. It has 3 churches, a cheese- factory, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a planing-miU. Post-office, Orange. Monterey, a village, formerly in Westchester co., N.Y., since 1874 included within the limits of New York City. Pop. about 200. Monterey, a post-village of Clermont co., 0., about 26 miles E. by N. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches. 3Ionterey, a township of Putnam co., 0. Pop. 979. Monterey, a village of Alleghany co., Pa.> on the Monongahela River, 4 miles above Pittsburg. Monterey, a post-hamlet of Berks co., Pa., 2^ miles from Toptou Station, and about 20 miles N.N.E. of Read- ing. It has a church. Monterey, Clarion co., Pa. See West Monterev. Monterey, a post-office of Abbeville co., S.C., 12 miles W.N.W. of Abbeville Court-House. Monterey, a post-hamlet of McNairy co., Tenn., 9 miles N.N.E. of Corinth, Miss. Near it are 2 churches. Monterey, a post-hamlet of Hill co., Tex,, 35 miles N. by W. of Waco. It has 2 churches. Monterey, a station in Marion co., Tex., on the Texas & Pacific Railroad, 9 miles N.E. of Jefferson. Monterey, a post-village, capital of Highland co., Va., near the Alleghanies, 40 miles W.N.W. of Staunton. It has 2 churches, a bank, and a newspaper office. Monterey, a post-hamlet in Oconomowoc township, Waukesha co., Wis., on Ashippun Creek, about 13 miles E. of Watertown. It has 1 or 2 fiour-miUs. Monterey Springs, a post-office of Franklin co., Pa., about 16 miles W.S.AV. of Gettysburg. Monteroduni, monHi,~ro-doo'nee, a town of Italy, in Campobasso, 4 miles S. of Isernia. Pop. 3158. MON 1462 MON Monteroni, monHi-ro'nee, a town of Italy, province and 5 miles W.S.W. of Leece. Pop. of commune, 3005. Monteroni, a town of Italy, province and 10 miles S.E. of Siena. Pop. of commune, 3721. Monte Rosa, mon'ti ro'si, a mountain of the Pen- nine Alps, inferior in elevation only to Mont Blanc, from which it is distant 50 miles E.N.E., on the boundary be- tween the Valais and Piedmont. Lat. 45° 56' 1" N. j Ion. 7° 52' 10" E. Height of its principal summit estimated at 15,208 feet. It sends out ramifications to all the cardinal points, its loftiest peaks being on its N. and S. limbs. 3Ioiite-Kosso, mon'ti-ros'so, a town of Sicily, prov- ince and 27 miles W.N.AV. of Syracuse. Pop. 7207. Monte-Rosso, a town of Italy, province of Catan- zaro, 10 miles E.N.E. of Monteleone. Pop. 2753. Monterosso, a village of Italy, province of Genoa, 4 miles from Levanto. Pop. 1481. Monterosso, a village of Italy, province of Coni, on the Grana. Pop. 1740. Monte-Rotondo, monHi-ro-ton'do, a town of Italy, 26 miles S.S.ff. of Rieti. Pop. 3730. Monte Rutondo, one of the loftiest mountains of Corsica, 25 miles N.E. of Ajaccio. Height, 8763 feet. Monte - Rubbiano, monHi-roob-ya'no, a town of Italy, province and 5 miles S. of Fermo. Pop. 2924. Monterubio, mon^ti-noo'be-o, a town of Spain, prov- ince and 78 miles E.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 3466. Montesa, mon-ti's^, a town of Spain, province and 38 miles S. of Valencia. Monte San Giovanni Campana, mon'ti sin jo- v^u'nee kim-pA-'ni, a walled town of Italy, province of Rome, 9 miles S.E. of Frosinone. Pop. 5988. Monte San Giuliano, mon'tJ sin joo-le-i'no, or Old Trapani, tri-pi'nee, a town of Sicily, province of Tra- pani, on a high mountain (the ancient E'ryx), 27 miles N.N.E. of Marsala. Pop. 13,369. It is enclosed by a dilapidated wall, and its churches and convents are mostly in ruins. On the mountain Eryx once stood a temple of Venus, of which a few granite pillars remain. Montesano, mon'ti-si'no, a town of Italy, province of Salerno, 11 miles S.E. of Diano. Pop. 6193. Montesano, mon-te'si-no, a post-village, capital of Chehalis co., Washington, on the Chehalis River, 12 miles from its mouth, and about 42 miles W. by S. of Olympia. It has 2 churches. Monte San Savino, mon'ti sin si-vee'no, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, 12 miles S.S.W. of Arezzo. Pop. 7480. It stands on a lofty hill enclosed by walls. Monte Santa Maria, mon'ti sin'ti mi-ree'i, a town of Italy, province and 25 miles N.N.W. of Perugia. Pop. 2000. Monte Sant' Angelo, mon'ti sint in'ji-lo, a town of Italy, on the S. slope of Mount Gargano, province and 28 miles N.E. of Foggia. Pop. 17,242. It has a castle and remains of a Roman temple. Monte Santo, a mountain of Turkey. See Athos. Monte-Santo, monHi-sin'to, a town of Italy, prov- ince and 10 miles E.N.E. of Maoerata, on a hill near the Adriatic, where it has a small haven. Pop. 6500. Monte-Santo, a town of Brazil, province and 210 miles N.W. of Bahia. Monte-Sarchio, monHi-san'ke-o, a town of Italy, province and 13 miles N.N.W. of Avellino. Pop. 6688. Monte- Scaglioso, monHi-skil-yo'so, a town of Italy, in Basilicata, 9 miles S.S.E. of Matera. Pop. 7089. Monte-Scudajo,mon'ti-skoo-di'yo, a village of Italy, province of Pisa, 22 miles S.E. of Leghorn. Pop. 1390. Monte- Scudo, mon'ti-skoo'do, a town of Italy, 9 miles S.S.E. of Rimini. Pop. 2759. Montese, mon-ti'si, a town of Italy, province of Mo- dena. Pop. 5313. Montes Hanoniee, the ancient name of Mons. Monte-Silvano, monHi-sil-vi'no, a village of Italy, province of Teramo, 4 miles N.W. of Pescara. Pop. 3658. Monte Silvio, Europe. See Mont Cervin. Mon'tesperto'li, a town of Italy, province of Flor- ence, S.W. of the city of Florence. It consists of the vil- lage of Montespertoli (pop. 1899) and some adjacent ham- lets, and has manufactures of straw hats. Pop. 9135. Montesquieu, m6N'>HSs*ke-uh', a town of France, in Gers, 10 miles W.S.W. of Auch. Pop. 1800. BIontesqnieu-Iiauragais,m6No"tesMie-uh'-lo'ri'gi', a town of France, in Haute-Garonne, 28 miles S.S.W. of Toulouse, on the Arize. Pop. 1319. Montesquieu -Volvestre, miuoHSsMso - tih'- voP- vSst'r', a town of France, in Garonne, 29 miles S. of Tou- louse. It has woollen-mills. Pop. 2481. Montessou, m6N"H^3's6No', a town of France, in Seine-et-Oise, .arrondissement of Versailles. Pop. 1515. Monteu-du-Po, mds-Huh'-dii-po, a vilLage of Italy, IS miles N.E. of Turin, on the Po. Pop. 1166. Monteu-Roero, m6N"-tuh'-ro'i'ro', a village of Italy, province of Coni, 3 miles from Canale. Pop. 2672, Monteux, mdip'tuh' (L. Montilii), a town of France, in Vaucluse, 11 miles N.E. of Avignon. Pop. 2262. Monte-Vago, monHi-vi'go, a town of Italy, Sicily, province of Girgenti, on the Belici, 16 miles N.W. of Sciacca. Pop. 3139. MonUeval'lo, a post-village of Shelby co., Ala., on the Selma, Rome &, Balton Railroad, 55 miles N. by E. of Selma, and about 30 miles S. of Birmingham. It has 4 churches, 2 colleges, a tannery, a newspaper office, and a woollen-mill. Coal is mined near this place. Pop. 800. Montevallo, a post-village in Montevallo township, Vernon co.. Mo., about 36 miles S. by E. of Fort Scott, Kan- sas. It has a steam flouring-mill and a saw-mill. Pop. of the township, 1349. Montevarchi, mon'ti-van'kee, a town of Italy, prov- ince and 24 miles S.E. of Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 9678. It is commanded by a castle on a neighboring height, and has a college, manufactures of silk twist, woollen stutfs, &c. Here is the museum of the Academy Val d'Ancese. Monte-Vecchio, mon'ti-vfik'ke-o, a village of Italy, in the Marches, 4 miles N.N.E. of Pergola. Monte-Velino, mon"tA-vi-lce'no, a mountain of Cen- tral Italy, province of Aquila, N.W. of Lago Fucino, is 8174 feet high, and one of the. principal summits of the Apennines. Monteverde, monHi-vSit'di, a town of Italy, prov- ince of Avellino, on the Ofanto, 19 miles E.N.E. of Sant' Angelo dei Lombardi. Pop. 2325. Monte-Verde, a village of Italy, province and 40 miles S.S.E. of Pisa. Monteverde Islands, a group in the Pacific Ocean, Caroline Islands, in lat. 3° 27' N., Ion. 156° E., consisting of 60 low islets, named after their discoverer in 1806. Monte-Vettolini, mon"ti-vSt-to-lee'nee, a town of Italy, 16 miles W.N.W. of Florence. Pop. 2000. Montevideo, mon^te-vid'e-o (Sp. pron. mon^ti-ve-ni'o ; Port. Monte Veo, mon'ti vi'o), a seaport city and capital of the republic of Uruguay, on a peninsula in the estuary of the Plata, 105 miles E.S.E. of Buenos Ayres. L.at. 34° 53' S. i Ion. 56° 15' W. It is the terminus of 2 railway lines, and has street railways, well-paved streets, gas- and water-works, dry-docks, &q. It is situated on a gentle ele- vation at the e.\tremity of a small peninsula, and. is sur- rounded by a strong wall, mounted with guns, and further defended by a citadel, with bulwarks and batteries. It is well and regularly built, and has a cathedral, a castle, and the governor's residence. Climate damp ; the heat of summer is oppressive, and storms are frequent. Its port, open to the S.W., is the best on the Plata. It exports hides, beef, butter, hair, feathers, and other animal prod- ucts, with Chilian copper and Paraguay tea. Imports con- sist chiefly of cottons, woollens, and hardware, flour, wines, colonial produce, salt, and manufactured goods. Pop. 91,167. Mon^tevid'eo, a post-village, capital of Chippewa co., Minn., in Sparta township, on the Minnesota River, at the mouth of the Chippewa River, and on the Hastings & Da- kota Railroad, 83 miles W. of Glencoe, and 30 miles S. by W. of Benson. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of cheese and flour. Montevideo, a post-village of Rockingham co., Va., 6 miles E. of Pleasant Valley Depot, which is 5 miles S. of Harrisonburg. It has 2 churches and a woollen-factory. Monte- Viso, monHi-vce'so, one of the principal sum- mits of the Alps, at the j unction of their Maritime and Cot- tian divisions, 40 miles S.W. of Turin. Elevation, 12,585 feet. Mon'te Vis'ta, a post-office of Sumner co.. Miss. Montexicar, a town of Spain. See Montejicar. Montez, Cass eo., Ind. See Ci.ymeu's Junction. MonHezu'ina, township, Solano co., Cal. Pop. 347. Montezuma, a decayed post-village of Tuolumne co., Cal., about 48 miles E. of Stockton. Gold is found here. Pop. 150. Montezuma, a post-office and mining-camp of Sum- mit CO., Col., in the Middle Park, about 65 miles W. by S. of Denver. It has several quartz-mills and silver-mines. Montezuma, a post-village of Macon co., Ga., on the Flint River, and on the Southwestern Railroad, 22 miles N.E. of Americas, and 49 miles S.W. of Macon. It has a church, a banking-house, a high school, a newspaper office, and a carriage-factory. Pop. about 600. MON 1463 MON Montezumay a post-village in Montezuma township^ Pike CO., III., on the W. bank of the Illinois River, 25 miles S.W. of Jacksonville. It has a church. Much grain is shipped here. The township contains a larger village, named Milton, and has a pop. of 1498. Moutezuma, a post-village in Reserve township, Parke co., Ind., on the Wabash River, 25 miles N. of Terre Haute, and So miles E. of Decatur, 111. It is the E. ter- minus of the Indiana & Illinois Central Railroad, which connects here with the Anderson, Lebanon & St. Louis Railroad. The Evansville, Terre Haute & Chicago Rail- road is on the opposite bank of the river. It has 2 churches, a steam saw-milJ, a grist-mill, and a fine rail- road bridge across the river. Pop. 024. Moutezuma, a post-village, capital of Poweshiek co., Iowa, in Jackson township, about 62 miles E. of Bes Moines, and 44 miles N. of Ottuuiwa. It contains 4 churches, 2 banks, and a newspaper office. It is on the Grinnell & Montezuma Railroad. Pop. 460. Montezuma, a post-village in Montezuma township, Cayuga co., N.Y., on the Seneca River, and on the Erie Canal, about 10 miles N.W. of Auburn. The navigable outlet of Cayuga Lake here connects with the Erie Canal. The Seneca River here flows through a large swampy tract called the Cayuga (or Montezuma) Marshes. It has 4 churches. Pop. 473; of the township, 139S. Moutezuma, a post-village in Franklin township, Mercer co., 0., about 30 miles S.W. of Lima. It is on the Reservoir, an artificial lake, which covers 17,000 acres. It has a church and a manufactory of drain-tiles. Montezuma, a post-village of McNairy co., Tenn., about 20 miles S.S.E. of Jackson. It has 2 churches and a steam flouring-mill. Montezuma Junction. See Grinsell Junction. Montfaucon, mdN^'lVkAso', a village of Prance, in Lot, 17 miles N.N.E. of Cahors. Pop. 2070. Montfaucon, a village of France, in Haute-Loire, 20 miles E.N.E. of Le Puy. Pop. 1047. Montfaucon is also the name of a suburb of Paris. 3Iout-Ferrand, France. See Clermont-Fekrand. 3Iontferrat, mont-feR-RS,t' or m6N«'feB^ud,', an old marquisate of Northern Italy, is now comprised in the provinces of Alessandria, Coni, Turin, Novara, and Genoa. Its capital was Casale. Montferrier, mdN^TgR^Re-i', a village of France, in Ariege, 11 miles S.E. of Foix. Pop. 1S47. 31ontferrier, a village of France, in Herault, arron- dissemcnt of Montpellier. Moutflanquin, a town of France. See Monflanquin. Montfoort, mont'foKt, a town of the Netherlands, 8 miles W^S.W. of Utrecht, on the Yssel. Pop. 1S37. Montfort, mdNo'fou', a town of France, in Landes, 11 miles E, of Dax, Pop. 1634. Mout'fort, or Wing'ville, a post-village in Wing- ville township. Grant co.. Wis., 20 miles W.N.W. of Min- eral Point. It has a church. Lead and zinc are mined here. Pop. about 300. The name of its post-office is Montfort. Moutfort-Lamaury, miN°Ton'-li'moVee' {L. Mons For'tia Amalar'iei), a town of France, in Seine-et-Oise, 14 miles W.S.W. of Versailles. Pop. 1658. Montfort-sur-Meu, miN^'foR'-siiR-muh (L. Mona For'tin), a town of France, in lUe-et-Vilaine, 13 miles W.N.W. of Rennes, on the Men. Pop. 1507. Montfrin, m6iNoH'r4jjo', a town of France, in Gard, 11 miles E.N.E. of Nimes. Pop. 2328. Montgellafrey, m6N°V.h^ria,'fri', a village of France, in Savoy, near Saint-Jean de Maurienne. Pop. 1000. Mont Genevre, m6No zheh-naiv'r', one of the most re- markable summits of the Cottian Alps, between the French department of Hautes-Alpes and Italy, 11,614 feet in ele- vation. It is crossed by a route constructed by Napoleon, at an elevation of 6560 feet. Moutgiscard, miNo^zheesUtaR', a town of France, in Haute-Garonne, 8 miles N.W. of Villefranche, on the Canal du Midi. Pop. 1202. Montgomery, mont-giim'er-e, or Montgomery- shire, mont-gum'^r-e-shjr, a county of Wales, having on the N. the cos. of Jlerioneth and Denbigh, E. Salop, S. Radnor, and W. Cardigan. Area, 758 square miles, half of which is uncultivated. Surface very mountainous, but intersected by some fertile sheltered vales, and well wooded. The mountain Plinlimmon is partly in this county. Prin- cipal rivers, the Severn, Vyrnwy, Wye, and Dee, which rise in the county. Agriculture is much improved ; the mountains are chiefly in sheep-walks. The pure breed of Welsh ponies is still preserved in this county. Slate forms the general basis of the mountains, and is the principal mineral wrought. The county is the chief seat of the Welsh flannel-manufacture. Principal towns, Montgomery, Welshpool, Newtown, and Llanfyllin. The county sends one member to the House of Commons, and one is sent by its boroughs. Pop. 67,623. Montgomery, a borough of Wales, capital of the above county, on a railway, and on the Severn, 22 miles S.AV. of Shrewsbury. It has a church (a venerable cruci- form pile), a guild hall, a county jail and house of correc- tion, and remains of a stately Norman castle. With con- tributory boroughs it sends one member to the House of Commons. In the vicinity are the remains of a British camp, also of Cherbury Priory, founded in the reign of King John. Pop. 1285. Montgomery, mont-gum'^r-e, a district of India, in the Mooltan division, Punjab. Area, 5573 square miles. Pop. 359,437. Alontgomery, mont-giim'§r-e, a county in the S.E. part of Alabama, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Alabama and Tallapoosa Rivers, and is partly drained by Coloma and Pintlala Creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. In 1S70 this county produced 25,517 bales of cotton, and more than any other county of the state. It is intersected by the Mobile & Montgomery Railroad, the Montgomery & Eufaula Railroad, and the Western Railroad of Alabama. Capital, Montgomery, which is also the capi- tal of the state. Valuation of real and personal estate, §16,614,637. Pop. in 1870, 43,704, of whom 42,780 were Americans. Montgomery, a county in the W. part of Arkansas, has an area of about 1140 square miles. It is drained by the Ouachita River and by Caddo Creek and other small affluents of that river. The surface is hilly, diversified by ridges called the Crystal Mountains, and extensively cov- ered with forests of oak, beech, magnolia, &g. The soil produces Indian corn and grass. This county has exten- sive mines of rock crystal. Lead a-nd limestone are also found here. Capital, Mount Ida. Valuation of real and personal estate, $640,000. Pop. in 1S70, 2984, of whom 2979 were Americans. Montgomery, a county in the S.E. central part of Georgia. It is intersected by the Oconee River, is bounded on the S. by the Ocmulgee River and on the S.W. by the Little Ocmulgee, and is also drained by Pendleton's Creek. The surface is nearly level, and is mostly covered with forests. The soil is sandy and inferior. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Mount Vernon. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $565,036. Pop. in 1870, 3586, of whom 3569 were Americans. Montgomery, a county in the S. central part of Illi- nois, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is drained by the East and West Forks of Shoal Creek. The surface is undulating, and diversified with prairies and woodlands. Among the forest trees are several species of oak, the hickory, black walnut, &c. The soil is very fertile. In- dian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and pork are the staple prod- ucts. This county has valuable deposits of bituminous coal. It is intersected by the Wabash Railroad and the Indianapolis &, St. Louis Railroad. Capital, Hillsborough. Valuation of real and personal estate, $17,779,564. Pop. in 1870, 25,314, of whom 22,920 were Americans. Montgomery, a county in the W. central part of In- diana, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is inter- sected by Sugar Creek, which runs southwestward, and is also drained by Raccoon Creek. The surface is partly level and partly undulating, and a large portion of it is covered with forests, in which the sugar-maple abounds. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by 3 railroads, — ■ the Louisville, Now Albany & Chicago, the Indianapolis, Rloomington & Western, and the Logansport, Crawfords- ville & Southwestern. Capital, Crawfordsville. Valuation of real and personal estate, §20,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 23,765, of whom 22,878 were Americans. Montgomery, a southwestern county of Iowa, has an area of 432 square miles. It is intersected by the Nodaway River and the North or East Branch of the Nishnabatona River, and is also drained by the Tarkio River and Walnut Creek. The surface is undulating. The soil is fertile. In- dian corn, wheat, hay, and pork are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad. Capital, Red Oak. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $2,540,283. Pop. in 1870, 5934, of whom 5258 were Americans; in 1875, 10,839. MON 1464 MO^N Montgomery, a county in the S.S.E. part of Kansas, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Verdigris River, and also drained by Elk and Fall Rivers. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is diversified with prairies and woodlands. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, cattle, wheat, and grass are the staple products. This county is partly traversed by the Leavenworth, Lawrence & Gralveston Railroad. Capital, Independence. Valuation of real and personal estate, 51,596,56-4. Pop. in 1870, 7564, of whom 70S8 were Americans; in 1878, 16,468. Montgomery, a county in the N.E. part of Kentucky, has an area of about 185 square miles. It is drained by small affluents of Licking River. The surface is hilly or undulating. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and cattle are the staple products. Capital, Mount Sterling. Valuation of real and personal estate, $7,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 7557, of whom 7402 were American?. It is partly traversed by the Lexington & Big Sandy Railroad. ■ Montgomery, a county of Maryland, borders on Vir- ginia. Area, about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Patuxent River and on the S.W. by the Poto- mac, and is partly drained by Seneca and Rock Creeks. The surface is diversified with hills of moderate height, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is partly fer- tile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. Among its minerals are limestone, gneiss, and serpentine. This county is traversed by the Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore til; Ohio Railroad, Capital, Rock- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, §8,992,534. Pop. in 1870, 20,563, of whom 20,071 were Americans. Montgomery, a county in the N. central part of Mis- sissippi, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is in- tersected by the Big Black River. The surface is undu- lating or nearly level, and is extensively covered with for- ests of the cypress, hickory, beech, magnolia, oak, &e. The soil is fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple prod- ucts. This county is traversed by the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad. Capital, "Winona. The census of 1870 gives no statistics of this county, which was formed after that date out of parts of Carroll and Choctaw cos. Montgomery, a county in the E. part of Missouri, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Missouri River, and is intersected by the Cuivre or Copper River and the Loutre River, The surface is hilly or undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the ash, elm, hickory, white oak, black walnut, sugar- maple, &c. The soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, oats, wheat, and pork are the staple products. Limestone under- lies part of the soil. This county is traversed by the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad. Capital, Dan- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $9,550,000, Pop. in 1870, 10,405, of whom 9647 were Americans. Montgomery, a county in the E. part of New York, has an area of about 375 square miles. It is intersected by the Mohawk River, and is also drained by the Schoharie River. The surface is partly hilly. This county com- prises a great part of the long, fertile, and beautiful Mo- hawk Valley, which is level. The soil is adapted to pas- turage and dairy-farming. Hay, butter, cheese, milk, oats, hops, and Indian corn are the staple products. This county has quarries of Trenton limestone, a good building- stone. It is intersected by the Erie Canal and New York Central Railroad. Capital, Fonda, Valuation of real and personal estate, $19,992,4)06. Pop. in 1870, 34,457, of whom 30,177 were Americans; in 1875, 35.200. Montgomery, a county of North Carolina, is near the middle of the state. Area, about 540 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Yadkin River, and is intersected by the Uharee River and Simmons' Fork. The surface is hilly,, and nearly half of it is covered with forests. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, grass, and pork are the staple products. A small quantity of gold is found in this county. Capital, Troy. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,438,160. Pop. in 1870, 7487, of whom 7486 were Americans. Montgomery, a county in the S.W. part of Ohio, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is intersected by Miami River, and is also drained by Mad River, the South- west Branch of the Miami, and Twin Creek, The surface Is finely diversified with verdant hills or ridges of mod- erate height, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the oak, hickory, ash, sugar-maple, buckeye, &c. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, tobacco, oats, hay, but- ter, and pork are the stajde products. In 1870 this county produced 3,963,183 pounds of tobacco, a greater quantity than was raised In any other county of the state, Niagara (Upper Silurian) limestone, a good material for building. underlies part of the soil. This is the celebrated Dayton stone, which is extensively used as a building-stone in Cin- cinnati. It is a very even-bedded, massive limestone, of a light-blue color. This county is intersected by the Cincin- nati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad. Its other railroads arb noticed in the article on Dayton, which is the capital. Valuation of real and personal estate, $68,775,000. Pop. in 1870, 64,006, of whom 53,027 were Americans. Montgomery, a county in the S.E. part of Pennsyl- vania, has an area of about 480 square miles. It is bounded on the S.AV. by the Schuylkill River, and is in- tersected by Perkiomen Creek, and also drained by Wissa- hickon Creek. The surface is undulating, and diversified with beautiful scenery. The soil is fertile and well culti- vated. Indian corn, butter, wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, and rye are the staple products. In 1870 this county sent to market 3,508,322 gallons of milk. It has mines of iron ore and quarries of marble and limestone. Mesozoic sand- stone underlies a large part of the soil. Copper and lead are also found here. This county is intersected by rail- roads named the Philadelphia & Reading, the North Penn- sylvania, the Perkiomen, &c. A branch of the Reading Railroad connects Philadelphia with Norristown, which is the capital of this county. Valuation of real and personal estate, $88,093,750. Pop. in 1870, 81,612, of whom 72,322 were Americans. Montgomery, a county of Middle Tennessee, borders on Kentucky. Area, about 500 square miles. It is inter- sected by the navigable Cumberland River, and also drained by Red River. The surface is undulating, and half of it is covered with forests of beech, oak, gum, hickory, poplar or tulip-tree, *fec. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, tobacco, wheat, and pork are the staple products. In 1870 this county produced 4,856,378 pounds of tobacco, and more than any other county of the state. It has mines of iron ore and large deposits of limestone. It is traversed by the Louisville & Great Southern Railroad. Capital, Clarksville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $15,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 24,747, of whom 24,340 were Americans. Montgomery, a county in the E. part of Texas, has an area of about 1050 square miles. It is drained by the San Jacinto River, the Caney Fork of that river, and Spring Creek. The surface is nearly level, and is exten- sively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton, cattle, and Indian corn are the staple products. This county is intersected by the International & Ureat Northern Railroad. Capital, Montgomery. Valuation of real and personal estate, $775,714. Pop. in 1870, 6483, of whom 6413 were Americans. Montgomery, a southwestern county of Virginia, has an area of about 460 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W, by the New or Kanawha River, and is drained by the Staunton River, which rises in it. The surface is moun- tainous, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the oak, chestnut, maple, tulip-tree, Ac. The eastern part of the county is adjacent to the Blue Ridge. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are th& staple products. Lower Si- lurian limestone crops out in this county. It is intersected by the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad. Capital, Christiansburg. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,703,030. Pop. in 1870, 12,556, of whom 12,495 were Americans. Montgomery, a city, capital of Alabama and of Mont- gomery CO., is situated on the left bank of the Alabama River, about 400 miles by water from Mobile. It is ISO miles N.E. of Mobile by the Mobile & Montgomery Rail- road. Lat. 32° 21' N.; Ion. 86° 25' W. It is the second city of the state in population, and has great facilities for communication with the surrounding country. The Ala- bama is one of the best rivers in the Union for steamboat navigation. As it is never closed b}'- ice, large steamers ascend from Mobile to this city at all seasons of the year. Montgomery is on the Western Alabama Railroad, and is the S. terminus of the South & North Alabama Railroad, and the N.W. terminus of the Montgomery & Eufaula Railroad. It contains a capitol, or state-house, a fine masonic temple, 2 national banks, 2 savings-banks, and several machine- shops, and ships large quantities of cotton. Three dally newspapers are published here. The seat of government was established at this place in 1847. Pop. in ISOO, SS43; in 1870, 10,588. Montgomery, a mining-camp of Park co., Col., in the N.W. part of the South Park, about 85 miles S.W. of Den- ver. It is near the southern base of Mount Lincoln. Gold is founil here. Montgomery, township, Crawford co., 111. Pop. 1792. Montgomery, a post-village in Aurora township, MON 1^ Kane co., III., on Fox River, and on the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad, at the junction of the Streator Branch (called also Fox River Junction), 3 miles S.W. of Aurora. It has a cotton-factory, a cheese-factory, and a flouring-miJl. Montgomery, township, Woodford co., III. Pop. 652. Moutgomery, a township of Gibson co., Ind. ?. 8121. It contains Owensville. See also Montgomery Station. Montgomery, a hamlet in Montgomery township, Jennings co., Ind., about 22 miles N.W. of Madison. Pop. of the township, 1326. Montgomery, a township of Owen co., Ind. Pop. 808. Montgomery, a post-hamlet of Trigg co., Ky., 14 miles W. of Hopkinsville. It has an academy. Montgomery, a post-village of Grant parish, La., on Red River, 300 miles below Shreveport, and 16 miles S.E. of Natchitoches. It has 3 churches and an academy. P. 160. Montgomery, a post-township of Hampden co., Mass., on the Boston & Albany Railroad, about 16 miles N.W. of Springfield. It is bounded on the W. by the Westtield River. It contains 2 churches. Pop. 30-1. Montgomery, a post-village in Camden township, Hillsdale co., Mich., on the Fort AYayne, Jackson, and Saginaw Railroad, 1 mile from Clear Lake, and 42 miles S.S.W. of Jackson. It has a graded school, a steam saw- mill, and manufactures of wooden bowls and window- blinds. Pop. about 400. Montgomery (Moon Post-Office), a hamlet of Muske- gon CO., Mich., on the Grand Rapids, Newaygo & Lake Shore Railroad, at Trent Station, 23 miles N. of Grand Rapids. It has 2 saw-mills, a grist-mill, &c. Pop. 100. Montgomery, a post-township of Le Sueur co., Minn., about 22 miles W.N.W. of Faribault. Pop. 803. 3Iontgomery, a station in Hancock co.. Miss., on the New Orleans & Mobile Railroad, 48 miles E.N.E. of New Orleans. Montgomery, a post-office and station of Lincoln co.. Miss., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 56 miles S. of Jackson. 3Iontgomery, township, Hickory co.. Mo. Pop. 1575. Montgomery, Missouri. See Montgomehy City. Montgomery, a station in Essex co., N.J., on the Newark &, Bloomfield Railroad, 1 mile from Newark. 3Iontgomery, a post-township of Somerset co., N.J., about 15 miles N.N.E. of Trenton. It is bounded on the E. by the Millstone River, and is intersected by the Dela- ware & Bound Brook Railroad. Pop. 2066. It contains a hamlet named- Harlingen. Montgomery, a post-village in Montgomery township, Orange co., N.Y., on Wallkill River, and on the WallkiU Valley and Montgomery & Erie Railroads, 70 miles N. by W. of New York, and 33 miles S.S.W. of Kingston. It contains 4 churches, the Montgomery Academy, a news- paper ofRco, a paper-mill, a woollen-factory, and several flour-mills. Pop. 960. The township also contains a large village named Walden. Total pop. 4514. Montgomery, a township of Ashland co., 0. Pop. 4029. It contains Ashland. Montgomery, a township of Franklin co., 0. Pop. 2470, inclusive of Piqua and exclusive of Columbus. Montgomery, a post-village in Sycamore township, Hamilton co., 0., 1 mile from Remington Station, and 13 miles N.E. of Cincinnati, It has 3 churches, 2 hotels, 2 saw-mills, &.C. Pop. about 500. Montgomery, a township of Marion co., 0. Pop. 1451. Montgomery, a township of Wood co., 0. Pop. 1636, Montgomery, a township of Franklin co., Pa. Pop. 3611, exclusive of Mercersburg. Montgomery, a township of Indiana co., Pa. P. 932. Montgomery, a township of Montgomery co., Pa. Pop. 922. Montgomery, a hamlet in Morgan co., Tenn., 2 miles N.W, of Wartburg. It was formerly the county seat. P. 30. Montgomery, a post-village, capital of Montgomery CO., Tex., about 50 miles N. by \V. of Houston. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, and a bank. Pop. about 600. Montgomery, a post-village in Montgomery township, Franklin eu., Vt,, 5 miles from East Berkshire Station, and . about 50 miles N. of Montpelier. It has several churches, a tannery, and a lumber-mill. Pop. of the township^ 1423. Montgomery, a post-office of Washington co., Vn., on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Abingdon. Montgomery Centre, a post- village of Franklin co., Vt., in Montgomery township, about 26 miles E.N.E. of St. Albans. It has manufactures of butter-tubs. Montgomery City, a post-village of Montgomery co., .5 MON Mo., on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 82 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis, and 26 miles S.E. of Mexico. It has 2 newspaper offices, a bank, 5 churches, a flour-mill, and a manufactory of farming-implements. Montgomery Creek, Iowa, rises in Hamilton co., runs southeastward in Story co., and enters the South Skunk River about 7 miles W. of Nevada, Montgomery Creek, a post-office of Shasta co., Cal. Montgomery Islands, a group of six small rocky islets off the N.AV. coast of Australia, at the entrance of Doubtful Bay. Lat. 15° 49' S. Montgomery Qnarry,a station in Caldwell co., Ky., on the Louisville & Paducah Railroad, 9 miles E. of Princeton. Montgomery's, a station of Licking co., 0., on the Pan-Handle Railroad, 5 miles E. of Newark. Montgomery's Ferry, a post-office of Perry co,. Pa., on the Susquehanna River, 22 miles above Harrisburg. Montgomeryshire, Wales. See MosTGOMEitv. Montgomery Springs, a post-office and summer resort of Montgomery co,, Va., 1^ miles from Big Tunnel Station, which is on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Rail- road, 81 miles W. of Lynchburg. Here ai-e sulphur and chalybeate springs amidst fine mountain-scenery. Montgomery Square, a post-village of Montgomery CO., Pa,, about 22 miles N. of Philadelphia. Montgomery Station, a post-village of Daviess co., Ind., on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 27 miles E. of Vincennes. It has a carriage-shop, a flour-mill, and a drug-store. Pop. 135. Montgomery Station, a post-village of Lycoming CO., Pa., on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, and on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad where it crosses the Catawissa & Williamsport Railroad, 16 miles S.E. of Williarasport. It has 3 churches, a high school, a machine- shop, a planing-mill, a foundry, &c. Pop. about 700. 3Iontgom'eryville, a village of Armstrong co,. Pa., 3 miles S. of Reimerton Station. It has a grist-mill, and sev- eral churches and stores. Here is Adrian Post-Office. Montguyon, m6N'''gii\v6N«', a town of France, in Cha- rente-Inferieure, 20 miles S.E. of Jonzac. Pop. 1513. Monthex, m6N°HA', a village of Switzerland, canton of Valais. at the entrance of the valley of Lie, near the Rhone, 21 miles W. of Sion. Pop. 2620. Montherme, m6N<»H§RHnA', a town of France, in Ar- dennes, on the Meuse, 8 miles N. of Mezieres. Pop. 2302. Monthnreux, m6N°'tU'ruh', a town of France, Vosges, 20 miles S.S.W. of Mirecourt, on the Saone. Pop. 1656. Monticelli, mon-te-ch^l'lee, a village of Italy, prov- ince of Caserta, district of Gaeta. Pop. 1421. Monticelli, a town of Italy, 19 miles N.E. of Rome. Pop, 2304. Monticelli, a village of Italy, province of Coni, near the Tanaro. Pop. of commune, 1851. Monticelli, a village of Italy, province and E.S.E. of Pa via. Pop. 1698. Monticelli d'Oglio, mon-te-chel'lee dil'yo, a vil- lage of Italy, province of Brescia, near the Oglio. Monticelli d'Ongina, mon-te-ch^'lee don-jee'n3,, a town of Italy, province and 14 miles E. by N. of Piacenza. It has a beautiful castle. Pop. of commune, 8027. Monticello,mon-te-chfil'lo, a village of Northern Italy, province and 14 miles S.E. of Como. Pop. 1500. Monticello, mon'te-sel'lo, a post-village, capital of Drew CO., Ark., about 90 miles S. by E. of Little Rock. It has a newspaper office and 4 churches. Monticello, a post-village of Napa co., Cal., about 42 miles W. of Sacramento. Monticello, a post-village, capital of Jefferson co., Fla., On a branch of the Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroad, 31 miles E.N.E. of Tallahassee, and 4 miles N. of the main line of railroad. It has a court-house, an academy, a newspaper office, and 6 churches. Pop. 1052. Monticello, a post-village, capital of Jasper co., Ga., about 62 miles S.E. of Atlanta, and 34 miles N. of Macon. It has 5 churches, a newspaper office, 2 schools, and a saw- mill. Pop. about 450. Monticello, or God'frey, a post-village of Madison CO., 111., on the Chicago Port Jer- vis Branch of the Erie Railroad, 24 miles N. of Port Jer- vis, and about 40 miles W. by N. of Newburg. It is finely situated, 1387 feet above the sea-level, and is surrounded "by hills. It contains a stone court-house, 4 churches, an academy, a national bank, and 2 newspaper offices. P. 912. Monticello, a post-office of (Juilford co., N.C., about 75 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh. Monticello, a village in Valley township, Armstrong CO., Pa., on the Alleghany River, and on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, at Cowanshannock Station, 3 miles N. of Kittanning. It has a church and a blast iron-furnace. Coal is mined here. Monticello, a post-village of Fairfield co., S.C, about 30 miles N.N.W. of Columbia. It has a church. Monticello, a post-hamlet of Hardin co., Tenn., 16 miles N. of luka. Miss. It has a church. Monticello, a post-office of Titus co., Tex. Monticello, Virginia, in Albemarle co., 3 miles S.E. of Charlottesville, was the residence of Thomas Jefferson. It is beautifully situated, and commands a fine view of the Blue lliilge and the Rivanna River. Monticello, a village of Cowlitz co., Washington, on the Columbia River, at the mouth of the Cowlitz River, and on the North Pacific Railroad (Pacific division), 8 miles N.N.W. of Kalama. Monticello, a post-village in Mount Pleasant town- ship, Creen co.. Wis., 12 miles N. of Monroe, and about 30 miles S.S.W. of Madison. It has 2 churches and a woollen- factory. Pop. about 250. Monticello, township, Lafayette co.. Wis. Pop. 469. Monticel'lo, a post-village in Kings co.. Prince Ed- ward Island, 42 miles from Charlottetown. Pop. 150. Monticello-Brusati, mon-te-chfil'lo-broo-si'tee, a village of Italy, province of Brescia, 8 miles from Iseo. Monticiauo, mon-te-eha'no, a town of Italy, 18 miles from Siena. Pop. 2828. BIontierender,m6No"te-i"r5N'"MaiR', a town of France, in Haute-Marne, 8 miles W.S.W, of Vassy. Pop. 1515. Montieri, mon-te-A'ree, a town of Italy, 19 miles S.W. of Siena. Pop. 3909. )6 MON Montiers-sur-Saulx, m6N°He-i'-siiR-so, a town of France, in Mouse, 10 miles S. of Ligny. Pop. 1367. Montigiuin, the Latin name of Montech. Montiglio, mon-teel'yo, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 28 miles W.N.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 3222. Montignac, miNoHeen^yik', a town of France, in Dor- dogne, 15 miles N. of Sarlat. Pop. 2561. Montignoso-IiUCchese, mon-teen-yo'so-look-k.Vsi, a village of Italy, province and 3 miles from Massa. Pop. of commune, 2099. Montigny, m6N»Heen'yee', numerous small villages of France, in the N., N.W., and central departments. Montigny-le-Roi, mAN»"teen'yee'-leh-rwi, a town of France, in Ilaute-Marne, near Langres. Pop. 1199. Montigny- (or illontignies-) le-Tilleul, mAu"'- teen^yee'-leh-tee^yul', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, on the Sambre, 24 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 1080. Montigny- (orMontignies-) snr-Sambre,m6No^- teen^yee'-siiR-sOMb'r, a suburb ofCharleroi, Belgium, on the E. side of the town. Pop. of commune, 12,653. Montijo, or Montixo, mon-tee'Ho, a town of Spain, 16 miles E. of Badajos, on the Guadiana. Pop. 5866. Montijo (mon-tee'Ho) Bay, United States of Colom- bia, is near 80° W. Ion. Montilii, the Latin name of Monteux. Montilla, mon-teel'ya, a town of Spain, province and 18 miles S.E. of Cordova. The streets are broad, clean, and very well paved, and there are 3 squares, a town house, a prison, a palace belonging to the Duke of Medina- cell, a public school, an asylum for orphan girls, a poor- house and foundling hospital, a hospital for the sick poor, a parish church, 7 hermitages in or near the town, 3 con- vents, and 2 nunneries. It has manufactures of coarse linen and woollen cloths, oil-mills, and potteries, and was formerly fortified. Pop. 15,000. Montillana, mon-teel-yi'nJ, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, 30 miles from Granada. Pop. 1152. Montiovet, or Monljovet, mon-te-o-vet', a village of Italy, 5 miles from Verres, on the Dora Baltea. Montirat, m6N""tee'ra', a town of France, in Tarn, arrondissement of Aiby. Pop. 2502. Montis Bui'gus, the Latin name of MoNTEEOunG. Montivilliers,m(liso"tee'vee'yi' {L.Uoitaste'rium Vil- la'ris), a town of France, in Seine-Inferieure, 7 miles N.E. of Havre. It has a communal college and manufactures of paper, leather, linen, kc. Pop. 3554. Montjean, niANo'zhos"' (L. Mom Johan'nie), a town of France, in Maine-et-Loire, on the Loire, 13 miles E. of Beaupreau. Pop. 1582. Montjoie, ui6N"troh-v51', a town of France, in Ain, arrondissement of Bourg, on the Reyssouse. Pop. 1485. Blontrichard, m6No"ree"shan', a, town of France, in Loir-ct-Cher, on the Cher, 18 miles S.S.W. of Blois. Pop. 2881. Montricoux, mAu^Vee'koo', a town of France, in Tarn-et-Garonne, on the right bank of the Aveyron, 13 miles E.N.E. of Montauban. Pop. 1651. Montri^aud, mAjj°Vee^go', a village of France, in Drome, 23 miles N.N.E. of Valence. Pop. 1144. Montrose, mont-roz', a seaport town of Scotland, co. of Forfar, 34 miles S.W. of Aberdeen. Lat. 66° 42' 30" N. ; Ion. 2° 28' W. Lines of railway connect it with the principal towns of Scotland. The public buildings are the town hall, containing a court-room, news-room, and public library, the lunatic asylum, the infirmary, the house of refuge, the museum, containing a valuable collection, the academy, and a magnificent chain bridge. The principal business in Montrose is flax -spinning and weaving. Starch of superior quality is manufactured, and the town has tanneries, iron-foundries, a corn- and flour-mill, and ship- yards. The harbor of Montrose is one of the best on the E. coast of Scotland. It is formed by the entrance of the South Esk into the North Sea, and has good docks and quays. The quays and wet-dock are about li miles from the entrance of the river; the latter is capable of accom- modating 6000 tons of shipping. The chief imports are flax and hemp, coals, and herrings ; the exports, manufac- tured goods, grain, and cattle. Steamers ply between Mont- rose and London, Leith, Dundee, and Aberdeen. Montrose unites with Arbroath, Brechin, Forfar, and Bervie in re- turning one member to Parliament. Pop. 14,548. Montrose, mont^rSz', apost-ofiice of Sebastian co.. Ark. Montrose, a hamlet in Cook co., 111., on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, at the crossing of the Chi- cago & Northwestern Railroad (Wisconsin division), 7 miles N.W. of Chicago. A branch railroad extends hence to the Union Stoek-Yards and West Chicago Railroad shops. Here is a church, also some remarkable artesian wells. Montrose, a post-village of Efiinghiim co.. III., on the St. Louis, Vandalia &, Terre Haute Railroad, 10 miles E. by N. of Etfingham. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 150. Montrose, a post-village of Lee co., Iowa, in Montrose township, on the Mississippi River, at the head of the lower rapids, 11 miles N. of Keokuk, and 32 miles S.W. of Burlington. It is on the railroad which connects Bur- lington with Keokuk, and has 3 churches, an institute, Ac. Pop. 782 ; of the township, 1551 additional. Montrose, a post -hamlet of Montgomery co., Md., about 32 miles S.W. of Baltimore. Montrose, a station in Middlesex co., Mass., on a rail- road, IJ miles from Wakefield. Montrose, a post-township of Genesee co., Mich., about 20 miles S. of East Saginaw. It is intersected by the Flint River. Pop. 856. Montrose, a post-hamlet of Wright co., Minn., on or near the St. Paul &, Pacific Railroad, 35 miles W. of Min- neapolis. It has a church and a saw-mill. Montrose, a post-hamlet of Jasper co.. Miss., about 30 miles W.S.W. of Meridian. It has 2 churches. Montrose, a post- village in Deepwater township, Henry CO., Mo., on the Missouri, Kansas &, Texas Railroad, 53 miles S.W. of Sedalia, and 37 miles N.N.E. of Nevada. It has 4 churches and a flour-mill. Montrose, a post-hamlet and station of Westchester CO., N.Y., on the Hudson River Railroad, 39 miles N. of New York. Montrose, a post-hamlet of Summit co., 0., about 9 miles N.W. of Akron. Montrose, Alleghany co.. Pa. See Houston. Montrose, a post-borough, capital of Susquehanna CO., Pa., about 42 miles N. of Wilkesbarre, and 22 miles S. of Binghamton, N.Y. It contains 7 churches, 2 news- paper offices, a national bank, a graded school, and man- ufactures of farming-implements, leather, Ac. The Mont- rose Railroad extends from this place to Tunkhannock. Pop. 1463. Montrose, a village of Smith co., Tenn., 30 miles E. of Gallatin. It has 3 churches. Montrose, a post-hamlet of Dane co.. Wis., in Mont- MON 1470 MOO rose township, 14 miles W.S.AV. of Oregon Station. It lias a ohuroh. Pop. of the township, 1079. moiitrose, a post-village in Welland co., Ontario, on the Welland River, 4J miles from Port Robinson. P. 100. Montrose, a post-village in Prince co.. Prince Edward Island, 47 miles from Georgetown. Pop. 200. Montrose Depot, a post-village of Susquehanna co.. Pa., on the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, 34 miles N. of Scranton, and S miles E. bj' S. of Montrose. Mont^ross', a post-village, capital of Westmoreland CO., Va., on the Northern Neck, 6 miles S. of the Potomac River, and about 60 miles N.E. of Richmond. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 250, 31ontrouge, m6N«Voozh', a village of France, in Seine, forming a southern suburb of Paris, beyond the fortifications. Pop. 6371. Here is the entrance to the catacombs extend- ing beneath Paris, The commune of Pctit-Montrouge is now enclosed by the forti6cations. Mont-Saint-Aubert, mfino-sSlNt-o'bain', a village of Belgium, in' Hainaut, 33 miles W.N.W. of Mons. Mont Saint Hilaire,m6N»sistee'liu', a post-village in Rouville co., Quebec, 3i miles from St. Hilaire Station. It contains a Roman Catholic church, 2 carding-mills, a flax-mill, a saw-mill, and 2 stores. Pop, 200. Mont-Saint- Jean, m6N°-siN° zhotp, a village of Bel- gium, in South Brabant, 11 miles S.E. of Brussels, immedi- ately E. of the field where was fought the action of Water- loo, called by the French the battle of Mont-Saint-Jean. Mont- Saint -Michel, m6w-siN»-mee'sh^l', a pic- turesque, steep, and fortified rock off the coast of Nor- mandy, in Cancale Bay, 7 miles S,W, of Avranehes. On its summit is an abbey, founded in the eighth century, clustered around which is an irregular town. Pop. 1056. Montschan, a town of Prussia. See Mont.ioie. Montsech, mont-s^k', a range of mountains in Spain, Catalonia, province of Lerida, stretching from E, to W, about 26 miles. Montserrat, a mountain of Spain. See Monsehrat. Mont'serrat', or Mon'serrat', a British West In- dia island, colony of the Leeward Islands, lat. 16° 45' N., Ion. 61° W., is 12 miles in length and 8 miles in maximum breadth. Area, 47 square miles. It is mountainous, and much broken, with a volcanic soil, and is well adapted to sugar- and coffee-culture. It exports also some cotton, arrow-root, and fruit. It is called the most healthful and pleasant of the West India Islands. It ha-s a local govern- ment of its own. Capital, Plymouth. Pop. S693. Mont'serrat', a post-oflice of Johnson co.. Mo. Montsurs, miNo'siin', a town of France, in Mayenne, 12 miles E.N.E. of Laval. Pop. 1907. Monts Verts, the French for Vermont. Mont-Tendre, m6No-t6Nd'r, one of the Jura Moun- tains, Switzerland, canton of Vaud, on the S.E. side of Lake Joux, l.i miles N.W. of Lausanne. Height, 5538 feet. Montu-Beccaria, raon'too-b^k-kJl're-3,, a town of Italy, 10 miles E,N,E. of Voghera, on the Versa, an affluent of the Po. Pop, 3252, Montu de Gabbi, mSn'too di gib'bee, a village of Italy, province of Pavia, 15 miles E.N.E. of Voghera, on the Versa, an affluent of the Po. Montuiri, mon-twee-ree', a town of the Balearic Isles, Majorca, 17 miles E. of Palma. Pop. 2085, Montvale, Middlesex co., Mass. See East Woburx. Mont'vale, a post-office of Bergen co,, N.J,, oa the New Jersey & New York Railroad, 26 miles N, of Jersey City. Montvale, a post-hamlet of Hamilton co., Tex., 85 miles W. of Waco. It has 2 or 3 churches. Montvale Springs, a post-office and summer resort of Blount CO., Tenn,, is at the foot of Chilhowee Mountain, 25 miles S. of Knoxville. Here are mineral springs, con- taining sulphates of magnesia, soda, and lime. Mont Ventoux, m6No viuoHoo', a mountain of France, department of Vaucluse, near the frontier of the depart- ment of Drome. Height, 6263 feet. Montville, a village of France. See Monville. Mont'ville, a post-village of New London co.. Conn., in Montville township, about 36 miles S.E. of Hartford. The township is bounded on the E. by the Thames River, and is intersected by the Now London Northern Railroad, on which is Montville Station, 6 miles N. of New London. Pop. of the township, 2495. Montville, a post-hamlet of Waldo co.. Me., in Mont- ville township, about 17 miles W. of Belfast. Pop. of town- ship, 1467. Montville, a post-hamlet of Berkshire co., Mass., about 30 miles W. of Springfield. It has a church, and manufac- tures of keelers and hand-rakes. Montville, a post-village in Mountville township, Mor- ris CO., N.J., on the Morris Canal, and on the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, about 12 miles W. of Paterson. It has a tannery, a fiour-mill, and iron-works. Montville, a hamlet of Cayuga eo., N.Y., about 20 miles S. by E. of Auburn. Montville, a post-village of Geauga co., 0., in Mont- ville township, about 38 miles E.N.E. of Cleveland. It has 2 churches and a cheese-factory. Pop. of township, 705. Montville, a township of Medina co., 0. Pop. 1097. It contains a part of Medina. Monucco, mo-nook'ko, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 20 miles N.W. of Asti. Mon'ument, a post-office of Pima co., Arizona. Monument, a post-village of EI Pasoco., Col., on Mon- ument Creek, and on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, 56 miles S. of Denver. It has a church and a saw-mill. Monument, a station in Wallace co., Kansas, on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 288 miles W. of Junction City. Monument, a post-village of Barnstable co., Mass., on the N.E. shore of Buzzard's Bay, and on the Cape Cod division of the Old Colony Railroad, 55 miles S.S.E. of Boston. Monument, a post-ofiice of Grant co., Oregon. Monument, a station in Box Elder co., Utah, on the Central Pacific Railroad, 77 miles N.W. of Ogden. It is near Spring Bay, a part of Great Salt Lake. Monument Beach, a post-village and summer resort of Barnstable co., Mass., in Sandwich township, on the sea- coast, and on the Old Colony Railroad. Cranberries and oysters abound here. Monument City, a post-office of Huntington co., Ind. Monument Creek, Colorado, runs southward in El Paso CO., and enters Fountain Creek at Colorado City. It is celebra.ted for its unique scenery. Monville, or Montville, miNo'veel', a village of France, in Seine-Inferieure, on the Paris & Havre Railway, 10 miles N. of Rouen. Pop. 1405. Mony, a town of France. See Mouy. Mon'ymusk, a village of Scotland, co. and 19 miles W.N.W. of Aberdeen. Pop. 996. 3Ionvos, Los, Pacific Ocean. See Monjos, Los. Monza, mon'z^ (anc. Modioia), a town of Northern Italy, province and 9 miles by rail N.N.E. of Milan, and on the Lambro, which divides it into two parts and is here crossed by 3 bridges. Its site is somewhat ele- vated, and its air remarkably pure and healthy. In early times it was surrounded by walls and defended by a castle, but these have almost disappeared, and great improvements have been made by levelling and planting the ramparts. The streets are regular and paved with flints. The most remarkable edifices are the cathedral of St. John the Bap- tist, founded in the seventh century by the Lombard queen Theodelinda, subsequently repaired and enlarged, and now forming a beautiful structure, surmounted by a lofty spire, adorned by sculptures and p.a.intings, and so rich in curious and interesting articles as to be a kind of mediaeval mu- seum ; the churcli of San Gerardo, in the form of a rotunda, and several other handsome churches j the town hall, an Italian Gothic structure ; the royal palace, the Barnabite college, diocesan seminary, gymnasium, handsome theatre, penitentiary, house of industry, monf-de-piete, and hospital. In the town and immediate neighborhood, above 5000 looms are employed in weaving cotton goods, especially fustians. There are also manufactures of hats, leather, bricks, tiles, and sausages, for which the town has long been famous. Under the Romans, Monza made some progress, but did not attain its highest prosperity till the time of the Lombards, who fortified it and made it the capital of their kingdom. After their fall it was for a time independent, but after- wards became a dependency of Milan, Pop. 25,771. 31onzambano, mon-zim-bi'no, a town of Northern Italy, 18 miles N.N.W. of Mantua. Pop. 2745. Monze, Cape. See Cape Monze. Monzingen, mont'sing-^n, a village of Rhenish Prus- sia, 39 miles S. of Coblentz, on the Nahe. Pop. 1168. Monzon, mon-thon', a town of Spain, province and 33 miles S.E. of Huesca, on the Cinca. Pop. 4683. Mooab, Mouab, or Muab, moo-ib', a town of Ara- bia, in Yemen, 60 miles E.S.E. of Sana. Mooalitch, a town of Asia Minor. See Mi'iiai.itch. Moodania, Moudania, or Mudania, moo-di'no-a, a village of Asia Minor, on the Sea of Marmora, 1 5 miles N.W. of Brusa, and the place of embarkation of travellers thence to Constantinople, with which city it has steam communication. Mood'kee, a village of Northwestern India, 28 miles MOO 1471 MOO S.E. of Ferozepoor. Here, in 1845, the first action took place between the Sikhs and the British forces. Mootl'na, a small post-village in New Windsor town- ship, Orange oo., N.Y., about 66 miles N. of New York City, It has flax-works. Moodoorly, or Mudurly, moo-door'Ie, a town of Asia Minor, province of Kastamoonee, 26 miles S.W. of Boli. Pop. 5000. Moo'dus, a post-village of Middlesex co., Conn., on the Salmon Kiver, near its mouth in the Connecticut River, 4 miles N.E. of Goodspeod's Station, and about 24 miles S.S.E. of Hartford. It has 3 churches, a newspaper, and several cotton-factories which make duck and twine. Moody, moo'de, a county in the S.E. part of Dakota, bordering on Minnesota, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is intersected by the Big Sioux River. The sur- face is undulating. The soil is partly fertile. It is nearly all prairie. Capital, Flandreau. Moody, a township of Marion co., S.C. Pop. 985. Moodyville, moo'de-vil, a post-hamlet of Green co., Ky., 30 miles S. by W. of Lebanon. iUooers, moorz, a post-village of Clinton co., N.Y., in Mooers township, on the Chazy River, and on the Ogdensburg & Lake Champlain Railroad where it crosses the New York & Canada Railroad, 20 miles N. of Plattsburg. and 12 miles W. of Rouse's Point. It has 3 churches, a tannery, several mills for flour and lumber, and about 100 houses. Pop. of the township, 4543. Mooers Forks, or Centreville, a post-village of Clinton CO., N.Y., in Mooers township, on the Chazy River, and on the Ogdensbiirg & Lake Champlain Railroad, 42 miles E. by N. of Malone. It has 3 churches, a flour-mill, 2 lumber-mills, &c. The name of its post-oflice is Mooers Forks. Pop. about 400. Mooi Uiver Dorp, Africa. See Potchefstrom. Moojabad, moo-jl-bld', a considerable town of India, dominions and 30 miles S.W. of Jeypoor. It has a mosque, some good gardens, and several Jain temples. Mook, mok, a village of the Netherlands, in Limburg, 30 miles N-.N.W. of Venloo. Mookden, 3Ioukden, or Mukden, mookMSn', Shin-Yang, or Chin- Yang, shin-ying', or Fung- Thian, fiing'-t'he-in', a city of Manchooria, capital of the province of Leao-Tong, on an eminence about 3S0 miles N.E. of Peking. Lat. 41° 50' N. ; Ion. 123° 20' E. It was the last residence of the Manehoo sovereigns before their conquest of China, and the place where the early emperors of the reigning dynasty are buried. It is the seat of several superior tribunals and of a Chinese viceroy. It is walled, and has a large trade. Pop. 140,000. See Leao-Toxg. MooMa, or Mughla, moou'li, a town of Asia Minor, 130 miles S.E. of Smyrna. Pop. 10,000. Moola (moo'la) (or Gundava, giin-da'vS,) Pass, Beloochistan, leads from Gundava to Kelat, along the val- ley of the Moola, an afiiuent of the Indus, its centre being in lat. 28° N., Ion. 67° E., and its elevation 4600 feet. Moo'leyville, a post-hamlet of Breckenridge co., Ky., about 60 miles S.W. of Louisville. It has a church. Moolkier, mool-keen', a town of India, province of Candeish, on the Moosur, 82 miles E.S.E. of Surat. Mooloopetta, moo-loo-p§t'ti, a maritime town of British India, presidency of Madras, 124 miles N.E. of Cape Comorin, and a resort of invalids. Mooltan, Moultan, or Multau, mool-tin', a city of the Punjab, 164 miles by rail S.W. of Lahore, on the left bank of the Chenaub, from which it is distant about 3 miles. Lat. 30° 8' N.; Ion. 71° 2S' B. It is upwards of 3 miles in circumference, and is surrounded by a wall, and overlooked on the N. by a fortress of some strength. The houses are of brick, have fiat roofs, and sometimes rise to a height of si.x stories, their loftiness giving a gloomy appear- ance to the narrow streets. The bazaars are extensive, but inconveniently narrow. The principal manufactures are silks, cottons, shawls, pongees, brocades, and tissues. Mool- tan has an extensive trade with the countries W. of the Indus, and a large banking-business. The fortress, built in 1640, on the site of the old city, stands on a mound of earth, and is surrounded by a wall about 40 feet high out- side and surmounted by towers. The vicinity is covered with a vast quantity of ruins of extensive edifices. The gardens around are numerous and well stocked with fruit trees. Mooltan is one of the most ancient cities in India ; it was taken by the Mohammedans at the close of the eighth century, again at the commencement of the eleventh, and a third time by Tamerlane at the close of the fourteenth. Latterly it fell into the hands of the Sikhs, from whom it was taken by the British in 1849. Pop. 66,826. Mooltan, a division of the Punjab, India, comprising the districts of Mooltan, Jung, Montgomery, and Mozuf- fergurh. Area, 20,156 square miles. Pop. 1,474,674. The District of Mooltan, in the Baree Doab, has an area of 5927 square miles. Capital, Mooltan. Pop. 471,563. Moon, an island of Russia. See MiiEN. Moon, Muskegon co., Mich. See Mohtgomery. 31oon, a post-township of Alleghany co., Pa., about 12 miles Vf. of Pittsburg, is bounded on the N.E. by the Ohio River. Pop. 1230. It contains a small hamlet, named Moon, and has coal-beds. Moon, a township of Beaver co., Pa., bounded E. and N.W. by the Ohio River. Some coal is mined, and much sandstone is quarried for builders' use. Pop. 936. Moonchy, moon'chee, a town of India, in the Decoan, Nizam's dominions, on the Godavery, 38 miles S.S.E. of Aurungabad. Moon'der, or Moon'dra, a large village of Sinde, 30 miles N. of Sehwan. L.at. 26° 47' N. ; Ion. 67° 54' E. Mooney, Jackson co., Ind. See Clear Spring. Moo'ney, a township of Polk co.. Mo. Pop. 1260. Mooney's Mills, a post-ofEce of Barron co., Wis., 20 miles from Clayton Station. Here is a steam saw-mill. Moongailee, or Mungell, moon-gi'lee, a town of India, Belaspoor district, on the river Agar, 35 miles W.S.W. of Ruttunpoor. It is the seat of an active trade. Pop. 3542. Moon'hnll, a post-ofiice of Newton co.. Ark. Moons, moonz, a post-otRce of Chautauqua co., N.Y"., on the Dunkirk, Alleghany Valley & Pittsburg Railroad, 18 miles S. of Dunkirk. Moons, a post-hamlet of Fayette co., 0., in Green town- ship, about 18 miles E. of Wilmington. It has 2 churches. Moon's, a township of Newberry co., S.C. Pop. 1513. Moon's Ranch, a post-ofBce of Tehama co., Cal. Moonuk, moo'nuk', a town of India, in the Sikh terri- tory, 117 miles N.W. of Delhi. Moon'ville, a hamlet in Vinton co., 0., on the Mari- etta & Cincinnati Railroad, 13 miles W. of Athens. Near- est post-office, Hope Furnace, 1 mile distant. Moor, Africa. See Morocco. Moor, or Mor, mor, a town of Hungary, co. and 16 miles N.W. of Stuhlweissenburg. Pop. 6974. It has a citadel, a monastery, barracks, several churches, and a trade in superior wines. Moor, a post-office of Fairfax co., Va. Moorad- (Mourad- or Murad-) Chai, moo-r3,d'- chi, a river of Asiatic Turkey, and the B. branch of the Eu- phrates, rises about 50 miles S.W. of Mount Ararat, flows westward, and joins the Kara-Soo about 85 miles N.N.W. of Diarbekir. Moorafa, Mourafa, or Murafa, moo-ra'fi, a town of Russia, in Podolia, 37 miles N. of Yampol. Moorashkino, Mourashkino, or Murashkino, moo-rash-kee'no, a town of Russia, government and 40 miles S.S.E. of Nizhnee-Novgorod. Pop. 8000, employed in manufactures of leather, soap, and hosiery. Moorburg, moR'booitc, a village of Germany, in the territory and 4 miles S. of the city of Hamburg. Pop. 1799. Moordrecht, moR'dr^Kt, a village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 9 miles N.E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 2208. Moore, mor, a county of North Carolina, is near the middle of the state. Area, about 760 square miles. It is drained by Deep, Little, and Lumber Rivers. The Cape Fear River touches its eastern extremity. The surfaee is undulating or hilly, and nearly half of it is covered with forests of yellow pine, ash, hickory, pulation mostly Slavonian, but about 450,000 are estimated to be of German descent, and 30,000 Jews. The Emperor of Austria is Margrave of Mo- ravia. The government of the province is under a gov- ernor, and an assembly of clergy, nobility, and deputies, who meet annually to ap])ortion the mode of raising and distributing the revenue. It is divided into circles, in each of which is a secondary tribunal, with appeal to the high court of Briinn, the capital, next to which Olmutz, Iglau, and Znaym are the chief cities. In the ninth century Moravia was the centre of a powerful kingdom, comprising also Bohemia, Silesia, and parts of North Germany and Hungary. Pop. 1,997,897, mostly Roman Catholics. — — Adj. and inhab. Moravian, mo-ri've-an. Moravia, mo-rU've-a, a post-village in Taylor town- ship, Appanoose co., Iowa, on the Central Railroad of Iowa, about 24 miles W.S.W. of Ottumwa, and 10 miles S. of MOR 1475 MOR Albia. It has a high school, a newspaperoffice, abank, and 3 churches. Pop. about 450. Moravia^ a post-village in Moravia township, Cayuga CO., N.Y., on the Owasco Inlet, and on the Southern Central Railroad, 17 miles S. by E. of Auburn. It is in a fertile narrow valley, bordered by steep hills. It contains 3 or more churches, a union graded school, a national bank, 2 newspaper offices, 2 flouring-mills, and manufactures of ploughs, staves, spokes, sash, blinds, Ac. Pop. about 1500. The township is contiguous to Owasco Lake. Pop. 2351. Moravia, a post-village of Lawrence co., Pa., on the Beaver River, and on the New Castle Branch Railroad, 16 miles S. of New Castle. It has a grist-mill. Mora'vian Falls, a post-office of Wilkes eo., N.C. 3Iorawa, a river of Austria. See Maiich. Moray (pronounced and often written Mur'ray), Murrayshire, raur're-shjr, or Elginshire, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N. by the Moray Firth, E. and S.E. by Bantfshire and for 25 miles by the river Spey, S. and W. by Inverness and Nairn shires. Area, 531 square miles. The county consists of a champaign, alluvial, and fertile district on the borders of the firth, and a mountainous district to the S. and S.W. Granitic rocks prevail in this latter region, and old red sandstone, limestone, and traces of oolitic strata form the basis of the low country; a deep alluvial clay prevailing along the valley of the firth, and a gravel and conglomerateforming the sub-soil of the interior. Principal rivers, the Spey, Findhorn. and Lossie. Loch- in-dorb, Loch Spynie, and Loch-na-bo are the chief collec- tions of water. So fertile is the country that it formerly received the name of the "Garden of Scotland." The county contains the burghs Elgin, Forres, and Fochabers, and tlie seaports of Garmoath, Lossiemouth, Burghead, and Findhorn. It sends, along with Nairnshire, one member to the House of Commons. Pop. 43,612. The ancient Priov- INCR OF Moray contained, besides the modern county, the county of Nairn, and part of Inverness and Banffshire. Moray, mur'ri, a post-village in Middlesex co., Ontario, 3 miles from Park IliU. It contains 4 saw-mills, a gi-ist- mill, and a store. Pop. 150. Moray (or Murray) Firth, the largest indentation on the Scottish coast, the entrance from Kinnaird's Head in the S., to Duncansby Head. co. of Caithness, being 75 miles across. The firth extends S.W. for about 76 miles, Crom- arty and Beauly Firths forming branches. Morazzonc, mo-rit-so'ni, a village of Italy, province of Como. Pop. 1378. Morbecque, moR^b^k', a town of France, in Nord, 2 miles S. of Hazebrouck. Pop. 1450. Morbe^iio, mou-b^n'yo, a m.arket-town of Italy, Val- tellina, on the Adda,, 33 miles N.E. of Como. Pop. 3415. Morbello, moit-b^l'lo, or Murbello, moon-b^l'lo, a village of Italy, province of Alessandria, 4 miles from Pon- zone. Pop. 1255. Morbeya, mor-bi'a, a river of Northwest Africa, rises in Mount Atlas, in the kingdom of Morocco, and, after a W.N. W. course of 230 miles, enters the Atlantic at Azamor. MorbhanJ, a state of India. See Mohurbhunj. Morbier, moR'be-A', a village of France, in Jura, 24 miles E.S.E. of Lons-Ie-Saulnier. Pop. 1660. Morbihaii, moR^bee^dN**', a department in the W. part of France, in Bretagne, having S. the Atlantic, S. and W. Finistere, and N, Cotes-du-Nord. Area, 2667 square miles. Pop. in 1876, 506,573. The coasts on the Atlantic in the S. are much indented; the chief bay is Morbihan, from which the department is named. Near the coast are the islands Groix, Belle-Isle, and Houat, and numerous islets. Climate mild, but humid. Surface partly hilly, and watered by the Vilaine, Oust, Blavet, and Scroff, It is very fertile in some parts, but nearly one-half is occupied by vast heaths, intermixed with excellent pasturage. Grain, lint, hemp, inferior wine, cider, butter, and honey are the prin- cipal products. Horses, cattle, and sheep are extensively reared. The minerals comprise iron and lead, granite and slate. The department is divided into the arrondissements of Lorient, Ploermel, Pontivy, and Vanues, the capital. Morchenstern, Bohemia. See Morgenstern. Morcles, Dknt i>e, dQti° deh mou^kli', one of the sum- mits of the Alps, in Switzerland, between the cantons of Vaud and Valais. Elevation of the Tete Noir, 9757 feet. Morcoiie, moR-ko'nA, a town of Italy, province and 21 miles S.W. of Campobasso. Pop. 6914. It is walled, and has a castle, and linen and cotton manufactures. Mor'dansville, a post-office of Columbia co., Pa., about 10 miles N.E. of Banville. Mor'den, a post-village in Kings co.. Nova Scotia, on the Bay of Fundy, 7i miles from Aylesford. Pop. 150. Morden Road, Nova Scotia. See Palmer's Road. Mbrdiiigen, moa'ding-^n, or Merdingen, m^R'- ding-^n, a village of Baden, 7 miles W.N.W. of Freiburg. Morea, mo-ree'a, or PePoponne'sus (Gr. UeKo-rrov- vTjCT-oy, i.e.y "island of Pelops;" Fr. Ln MorSe, li mo^ri'), a peninsula, the S. portion of the kingdom of Greece, sepa- rated from the continent by the Gulfs of Patras, Corinth, and ^gina, and only attached to it by the Isthmus of Corinth. Its length is nearly 160 miles; its breadth about 100 miles. Area, estimated at 8800 square miles. It is now one of tho three great divisions of the kingdom, containing the nomes of Argolis and Corinth, Achaia and Elis, Arcadia, Messenia, and Laconia. Pop. 645,389. Adj. and inhab. Moreot, mo're-ot\ More'a, a post-hamlet of Crawford co., 111., about 50 miles S. of Paris. It has a church. Moreau, mo^ro', a township of Cole co., Mo. Pop. 620. Moreau, a township of Mtmiteau co.. Mo. Pop. 10S4. Moreau, a township of Morgan co., Mo. Pop. 2168. Moreau, a township of Saratoga co., N.Y., on the Hud- son River. Pop. 2315. It contains South Glens Falls. Moreau Station is on the Rensselaer Sd Saratoga Railroad, 1 mile S.W. of Fort Edward. Moreau Creek, Missouri, drains part of Moniteau co., runs eastward through Cole co., and enters the Missouri River about 4 miles below Jefferson City. Length, 70 miles. Moreau River, Dakota, rises near the W. border of the Territory, runs eastward through prairies or plains nearly destitute of forests, and enters the Missouri River about lat. 45° 23' N. Its length is estimated at 200 miles. Moreauviile, mo-ro'vil, a post-village of Avoyelles parish, La., about 70 miles N.W. of Baton Rouge. It has 5 genera! stores. More Azovskoe. See Azof, Sea of. Morecambe, mor'kim, a village of England, co. of Lancaster, on Morecambe Bay, and on 2 railways, 3 miles N.W. of Lancaster. It is a watering-place. Morecambe Bay, or Lanc'aster Bay, an exten- sive inlet of the Irish Sea, on the W. coast of England, co. of Lancaster. Length, 16 miles; average breadth, 10 miles. It receives the Leven, Ken, Lune, and Wyre. More'dock, a township of Monroe co., III. Pop. 636. Moree, La, the French name of the Morea. Morehead, mor'hed, or Moorehead, a post-village in Osage township, Labette co., Kansas, on the Leaven- worth, Lawrence & Galveston Railroad, 18 miles N.E. of Independence, and 30 miles S. of Humboldt. It has a church and a coal-mine. Morehead, a post-village, capital of Rowan co., Ky., about 40 miles S.S.E. of Marysville. It has 2 churches. Morehead, Minnesota. See Moorhead. Morehead, a township of Carteret co., N.C. Pop. 1168. It contains Morehead City. Morehead, a township of Guilford co., N.C. Pop. 2104. It contains a part of Greensborough. Morehead Station on the North Carolina Railroad is 9 miles N. of Greensborough. Morehead City, a post-village of Carteret co., N.C, is on 01(i Topsail Inlet, near the Atlantic Ocean, about 5 miles AV'.S.W. of Beaufort, and 36 miles S.S.E. of New- Berne. It is the southeast terminus of the Atlantic <& North Carolina Railroad. It has 3 churches. Pop. 267. Morehead's,Erieco., Pa. See Moorheadville. Morehouse, mor'howss, a parish in the N. part of Louisiana, borders on Arkansas. Area, about 760 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by Bceuf Bayou, on the W. by the Ouachita River, and is intersected by Bayou Bar- tholomew. The surface is undulating, and extensively covered with forests of cypress, oak, pine, Ac. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple prod- ucts. Capital, Bastrop. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,659,082. Pop. in 1870, 0387, of whom 9302 were Americans. Morehouse, a station in Marion co., Ind., on the Cin- cinnati, Hamilton & Indianapolis Railroad, 7 miles E. by S. of Indianapolis. Morehouse, a mountainous township of Hamilton co., N.Y., in the Northern Wilderness. Pop. 163. It contains Morehouseville. Morehouseville, a post-village of Hamilton co., N.Y., about 35 miles N.E, of Utica. It has 2 churches and a cheese- factory. Mo'rehra, a town of India, North-West Provinces, division of Agra. Pop. 9670. Moreishwar, mo-rish-war', a town of India, presi- dency of Bombay, 34 miles S.E. of Poonah. Moreland, mor'land, a post-office of Pope co.. Ark. Moreland, a township of Scott co., Mo. Pop. 2613. MOR 1476 MOR Morelandj a post-village in Dix township, Schuyler CO., N,Y., 4i miles S. of Watkins Glen, and 4 miles S.W. of Havana. It has 2 churches and about 20 houses. Morelaiid, a post-township and hamlet in the S.E. part of Lycoming co., Pa., about 14 miles N. of Danville. The township is drained by Muncy Creek. Pop. 815. Ittoreland, township, Montgomery co.. Pa. Pop. 2207. Morelia, mo-r^'le-a, formerly Valladolid, a town of Mexico, capital of the state of Michoaean, 126 miles W.N.AV. of Mexico. It is finely situated, has a grand ca- thedral, a college, priests' seminary, a large cotton-factory, a substantial aqueduct, and many tipe public and private buildings. It is an archbishop's see. Pop. 36,940. Morella, mo-rel'y^, a town of Spain, Valencia, prov- ince of CasteUon de la Plana, 45 miles N. of Tortosa, on the S. skirt of a high mountain, and defended by forti- ficiitions. There are several squares, a town house, 2 hos- pitals, several churches^ and 3 convents. It has manufac- tures of blankets and sashes, in which about 1500 persons are employed. Pop. 4041. Mo^rell's' 3Iil!, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., Tenn., 12 miles W. of Bristol. It has a flouring-mill. Morelos, mo-r^'loce, a state of Mexico, bounded N. by the state of Mexico, E. by Puebla, and S.E. by Gruerrero. Area, 1776 square miles. Capital, Cuernavaca. P. 150,384. JHorelos, Montcmorelos, raon^ti-mo-rA.'loce, or San Mateo del Piloii, sfln m^-ti'o dSl pee-lon', a town of Mexico, state of Nuevo Leon, with varied manu- factures. Pop. about 9000, Morena, Sierra, Spain. See Siehra Mouena. Moren'ci, a post-village in Seneca township, Lenawee CO., Mich., on Tiffin Kiver, and on the Chicago & Canada Southern Railroad, 7 mile? N. of Fayette, 0., and about 18 miles S.W. of Adrian. It has a bank, a newspaper office, a union school, 4 churches, a tiour-mill, a cheese-factory, a tannery, 2 saw-mills, and a foundry. Pop. about 1500. More Okhotskoe, a sea of Siberia. See Okhotsk. Morera, a village of Sardinia. See Muraveua. Mores, mo'r^s, or Moras, mo'r&s, a village on the island of Sardinia, 4 miles W.S.W. of Ozieri. Pop. 2338. Moresby (morz'be) Island is the largest of the group of islands off the eastern end of Papua. It is several miles long. The meridian of 151° E. cuts the island nearly in its middle. The surface rises from the shore to form a ridge of hills, the highest of which is Sir Fairfax peak, 1340 feet. Moresnet, Belgium and Germany. See Altenberg. Moresque, Africa. See Morocco. Morestel, mu'ros-tel', a town of France, in Isere, 8 miles N. of La Tour du Pin. Pop. 1360. Moresville, morz'vil, a station in Roxbury township, Delaware co., N.Y., on the Ulster & Delaware Railroad, 65 miles W.N.W. of Rondout. Moret, mo^-A', a town of France, in Seine-et-Marne, on the Loing, 7 miles W.S.W. of Montereau. Pop. 1934. Moret, mo-r^t', a small island of Honduras, in the Bay Islands group. Moreton (mor'ton) Bay, an inlet of the Pacific Ooean, on the E. of Australia. Lat. 27° 30' S. Length, 70 miles. It is sheltered seaward by Moreton and Stradbroko Islands (the former 25 miles in length), contains numerous other islands, and receives the Brisbane and Logan Rivers. Moreton-Hainp'stead, a town of England, co. of Devon, 13 miles W.S.W. of Exeter. It has a handsome church and the ruins of two castles, and in the vicinity are Druidieal remains. Pop. of parish, 1551. Moreton-in-the-Marsh, a town of England, co. and 26 miles E.N.E. of Gloucester, on the ancient Roman Foss-way, and connected by railway with Stratford. Pop. of parish, 1468. MoretOAVn, mor'town, a post-village in Moretown township, Washington eo., Vt., on Mad River, about 10 miles W. of Montpelier. It has 2 churches, and manufac- tures of lumber, sash, doors, and blinds. Pop. of the town- ship, 1263. Moret Saint-Mam mes, mo^ri' siN^-mimm, a vil- lage of France, on the Paris & Lyons Railway, 43 miles from Paris. Moretta, mo-r^t'tS., a town of Italy, in Piedmont, prov- ince of Coni, on the Po, 22 miles S.S.W. of Turin. P. 3262. Morettes, mo-rSt't^s, a town of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, on the Nhundiaguara, near its mouth in the Bay of Paranagua. Its principal trade is in Paraguay tea and rum, shipped at the port of Paranagua. Mor'etz Mil Is, a post-office of Watauga co., N.C. Moreuil, moh-ul', a town of Franco, in Somme, 12 miles S.E. of Amiens. Pop. 30SS, who manufacture hosiery and paper. Morevee, moVe-vee', a town of India, Kattywar penin- sula, 15 miles N. by W. of Wankaneer. 3Iorewara, mo're-wa'r^, a town of India, 21 miles N.W. of Radhunpoor. MorCAVOod, mor'wood, a post-village in Dundas co., Ontario, 27 miles N. of Morrisburg. It contains a saw- mill, a tannery, and 2 stores. Pop. 100. Mo'rey, a post-office and mining-camp of Nye co., Nevada, 70 miles S. of Eureka. It has a silver-mine and a quartz-mill. Morez, moVi' (L. Moricium), a town of France, in Jura, on the Bienne, 30 miles E.S.E. of Lons-le-Saulnier. It has important manufactures of clocks, watches, regula- tors, and lenses or spectacles; also forges, copper-foundries, and saw-mills. Pop. 5375. 3Iorfasso, moR-fS,s'so, a village of Italy, in Parma, on the Lubiano, 23 miles S. of Piacenza. Pop. 3860. Mor'fordsville, a post-office of Johnson co., Iowa. Morfn, or Morphou, mor'foo', a town of Cyprus, 20 miles S.W. of Kerinia. Pop. 3000. Mor'gan, a county in the N. part of Alabama, has an area of about 750 square miles, it is bounded on the N. by the Tennessee River, and partly drained by Flint River. The surface is hilly, and extensively covered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, grass, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Memphis & Charleston Railroad and the South q. The soil is fer- tile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and pork are the staple products. This county has beds of bituminous eoal ami Lower Silurian limestone. Capital, Versailles. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, §3,500,000. Pop. iu 1870, 8434, of whom 7735 were Americans. Morgan, a county in the S.E. part of Ohio, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by the Muskingum River, and is also drained by Meigs and Wolf Creeks. The surface is moderately hilly, and nearly one- MOR 1477 MOR third of it is covered with forests of the ash, hiclcory, chest- nut, oak, maple, Ac. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, hay, oats, and butter are the staple products. Pe- troleum and salt are procured in this county by boring through strata of sandstone. It has also large beds of good limestone and bituminous coal. Capital, MuConnellsville. A'^aluation of real and personal estate, $10,282,582. Pop. in 1870, 20,363, of whom 19,873 wore Americans. Morgan, a county of East Tennessee, has an area of about 5c>0 square miles. It is drained by the Emei-y and Obie's Kivers. This county comprises a part of the Cumber- land Table-Land. The surface is mostly hilly, and is exten- sively covered wilh forests of the chestnut, oak, pine, &g. Maize, grass, and pork are the staples. An abundance of bituminous coal is found in this county. It is intersected by the Cincinnati Southern Railroad. Capital, Wartburg. Valuation of real and personal estate, S663,013. Pop. in 1870, 2969, of whom 2849 were Americans. Morgan, a county in the N. part of Utah. It is inter- sected by Weber River. , The surface is, hilly or mountain- ous. The soil produces a little wheat and barley. It is in- tersected by the Union Pacific Railroad. Capital, Morgan. Valuation of real and personal estate, §320,000. Pop. in 1870, 1972, of whom 12lo were Americans. Morgan, a northeastern county of West Virginia, bor- ders on Maryland. Area, about 300 square miles. It is bounded on the N. and ^.Vf. by the Potomac River, and is intersected by the Cacipon River. The surface is moun- tainous, and extensively covered with forests. The soil produces Indian corn, grass, and wheat. This county is traversed by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Capital, Bath, or Berkeley Springs, which is a summer resort. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,922,698. Pop. in 1S7U, 4310, of whom 4208 were Americans. Morgan, a post-village, capital of Calhoun co., Ga., on the Ichawavnochaway Creek, about 22 miles S.E. of Cuth- bert. It has 2 churches. Pop. 126. Morgan, a township of Coles CO., III. Pop. SIS. Morgan, a station in Morgan co.. III., on the Wabash Railroad, 11 miles W. of Jacksonville. Morgan, a township of Harrison co., Ind. Pop. 142G. Morgan, a township of Owen co., Ind. Pop. 1031. Morgan, a station of Porter eo., Ind., on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 12 miles E.S.E. of Val- paraiso. Pop. of Morgan township, o79. Morgan, a township of Crawford co., Iowa. Pop. 91. Morgan, a township of Decatur co., Iowa. Pop. 519. Morgan, a township of iVanklin co., Iowa. Pop. 339. Morgan, a township of Harrison co., Iowa. Pop. 682. It contains Mondamin. Morgan, a post-ollice of Chase co., Kansas. Morgan, a post-village of Pendleton co., Ky., on South Licking River, and on the Kentucky Central Railroad, 48 miles S. by E. of Cincinna.ti. It has a church. Tobacco and other products are shipped here. Morgan, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., Md., on the Bal- timore & Ohio Railroad, 36 miles AV. by N. of Baltimore. It has a paper-mill. Pop. about 100. Morgan, post-office, Barry co., Mich. See Sherid-IN. Morgan, a village in Negaunee township, Marquette CO., Mich., on the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon Rail- road, 7 miles W. of Marquette. It has a blast-furnace, a bloomery, and a machine-shop. Morgan, Newaygo co., Mich. See Morgan Station. Morgan, a post-office and station of Redwood co., Minn. Morgan, a township of Dade co.. Mo. Pop. 2114. Morgan, a township of Mercer co., Mo. Pop. 2107. It contains Princeton. Morgan, a station of Middlesex co., N.J., on the Cen- tral Railroad of New Jersey, 25i miles S.S.W. of New York City. Morgan, a township of Rowan co., N.C. Pop. 1064. Morgan, a township of Rutherford co., N.C. Pop. 731. Morgan, or Rock Creek, a post-village in Morgan township, Ashtabula eo., 0., on Rock Creek, and on the Ashtabula, Youngstown & Pittsburg Railroad, 29 miles N. of Warren, and about 50 miles E.N.E. of Cleveland. The name of its post-office is Rock Creek. It has 3 churches, a bank, a seminary, 2 steam tanneries, 2 steam saw-mills, a foundry, a machine-shop, a flouring-mill, and 2 carriage- factories. Pop. 491 ; of the township, 1083. Morgan, a township of Butler co., 0., on the Indiana line. Pop. 1807. Morgan, a township of Gallia co., 0. Pop. 1403. Morgan, a township of Knox co., 0. Pop. 645. Morgan, a township of Morgan co., 0. Pop. 2185. It contains McConnellsville. Morgan, a township of Scioto co., 0., bounded E. by the river Scioto. Pop. 758. Morgan, a township of Greene co.. Pa. Pop. 1101. Morgan, a post-villa.ge, capital of Morgan co., Utah, is on or near Weber River, 1 mile from \Vober Station, which is on the Union Paci.ic Railroad, 24 miles S.E. of Ogden. It has a church, 2 flour-mills, and 2 lime-kilns. Morgan, a post-hamlet of Orleans co., Vt., in Morgan township, on Seymour Lake, about 11 miles E. of Newport. Pop. of the township, 614. Mor'ganburg (ilint Post-Office and Station), a hamlet of Morgan co., Ala., on the South & North Alabama Rail- road, 6 miles S. of Decatur. It has a church and a grist-mill. Morgan City (formerly Brashear), a post-village and port of entry of St. Mary's parish, La., on the E. bank of the navigable Atchafalaya Bayou, 20 miles from its en- trance into the Gulf of Mexico, and on Morgan's Louisiana & Texas Railroad, SO miles W. of New Orleans. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, and a sash-factory. Its har- bor admits vessels drawing 15 feet of water. Steamships bound for Galveston depart from this place daily. Pop. 776. Mor'gandale, a station on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, 15 miles S. of Chicago, III. Mor'ganfield, a post-village, capital of Union co., Ky., is about 20 miles W.S.W. of Henderson, 6 miles from the Ohio River, and 39 miles S.W. of Evansville, Ind. It has 6 churches, a bank, and a high school. Pop. 300.. Mor'gan Hill, a post-hamlet of Buncombe eo., N.C, 15 miles N. of Asheville. It has a church and a seminary. Morgan Park, a post-village and station of Cook co., III. It has a church and a military aoademy. Morgan's, a station in Delaware co.. Pa., on the Ches- ter Creek Railroad, 3 miles W. of Chester. 3Iorgan's Fork, a post-office of Eranklin co.. Miss. Morgan's dllade, a post-office of Preston oo., W. Va. Morgan's Mill, a post-office of Erath co., Te.x. Morgan's Mills, a post-office of Union eo., N.C. Morgan Spring, a post-hamlet of Perry co., Ala., 10 miles N. of Marion. It has 1 or 2 churches, and manufac- tures of sorghum. Morgan Station, a village qf.Newaygo co., Mich., on the Big R.apids Branch of the Chicago &'West Michigan Railroad, at the junction of the Grand Rapids, Newaygo & Lake Shore Railroad, 35 miles N.E. of Muskegon. It has a church and a saw-mill. Here is White Cloud Post-Office. Mor'gansviile, a hamlet of Washington co., Md., at Morgantown Station on the Cumberland Valley Railroad, 3i miles N.W. from Hagerstown. Pop. about 90. Morgansville, a post-village of Morgan co.> 0., about 30 miles S. of Zanesville. It has a church. Pop. 77. Morgansville, a post-hamlet of Doddridge co., W. Vo., on the Baltimore &, Ohio Railroad, about 60 miles E. of Parkersburg. Mor'ganton, a post-village, capital of Fannin co., Ga., near the Ocoee, 90 miles N. of Atlanta. It has a church. Morganton, a post-village, capital of Burke co., N.C, in Morganton township, on the Catawba River, and on the Western North Carolina Railroad, 55 miles W. of States- ville, and about 64 miles N.W. of Charlotte. It has a court- house, a newspaper office, 4 churches, and Wilberforce Col- lege (Episcopalian). Gold is found here. Pop. 554; of the township, 2221. Morganton, or MorgantoAvn, a post-village of Loudon CO., Tenn., on the Little Tennessee River, about 32 miles S.S.W. of Knoxville. It has 3 general stores. Morgantown, a post-village in Jackson township, Morgan co., Ind., on the Cincinnati & Martinsville Rail- road, 35 miles S. by W. of Indianapolis. It has 3 churches, 2 flour-mills, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 500. Morgantown, a post-village, capital of Butler eo., Ky., on Green River, about 24 miles N;W. of Bowling Green. It has 2 churches and a seminary. Pop. 125. Morgantown, Maryland. See Morgansville. MorgantoAvn, a post-hamlet of Pike co., 0., 19 miles S.W. of Chillicothe. Near it are 2 or 3 churches. Pop. 55. Morgantown, a post-village in Caernarvon township, Berks co.. Pa., 12 or 13 miles S. of Reading. It has 2 churches, 2 stores, and 2 taverns. Morgantown, a post-village, capital of Monongalia CO., W. Va., on the Monongahela River, about 56 miles S.E. of Wheeling, and 65 miles S. of Pittsburg. It contains 5 churches, a national bank, 1 other bank, a female seminary, 2 newspaper offices, and several mills. Here is the West Virginia University, founded by the state in 1867. Steam- boats can ascend the river to this place. Pop. 797. Morgan Valley, a post-office of Wyoming co., W. Va. Mor'ganville, a post-oflice and station of Lowndes co., MOR 147S MOR Ala., on the Mobile &, Montgomery Railroad, 17 miles S.S.W. of Montgomery. Morganville, a small post-village of Dade co., Ga., on the Alabama & Chattanooga Kailroad, lU miles S.W. of Chattanooga. Morganville, a post-hamlet of Clay eo., Kansas, in Sherman township, 10 miles N.W. of Clay Centre. It has 2 churches. Jlorganville, Kentucky. See Home. Mor'ganville, a post-hamlet in Marlborough township, Monmouth co., N..J., on the Freehold & New York Rail- road, 9 miles N. of Freehold. Morganville, a post-hamlet in Stafford township, Gen- esee CO., N.Y., about 25 miles W.S.W. of Rochester. It has 1 or 2 churches. Morgan'za, a post-office of St. Mary's co., Md., about 44 miles S. by E. of Washington, D.C. Morganza, a post-ham)et of Washington co.. Pa., on the Chartiers Railroad, 20 miles S.W. of Pittsburg. It has a reform school. Morgarten, moR^gaR't^n, a mountain of Switzerland, on the boundary of the cantons of Schwytz and Zug, 5 miles N. of Schwytz. Here, on 15th November, 1315, 1300 Swiss defeated 20,000 men under Leopold of Austria, this being the first battle fought for Swiss indei^endence. Morsenstern,moR'Gh?n-stSRn\ or Morchenstern, nionK'en-st5un\ a villnge of Bohemia, 26 miles N.E. of Jung-Buntzlau- Pop. 4551. Morges, moRzh (G-er. Morece, moR'si^), a town of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, on the Lake of G-eneva, 7 miles W. of Lausanne. Pop. 3S77. Morgram, or Margram, m^r-grim', a town of Ben- gal, district of Moorshedabad, 20 miles W. of Berhampoor. It has important silk-raanufactures. Pop. 5766. Morhauge, mou^S^zh', or Morchingen, moR'king- ^n, a town of Germany, Lorraine, 24 miles S.W. of Saar- gemiind. Pop. 1172. Mori, mo'ree, a town of Austria, Tyrol, about 2 miles from Roveredo, on the Adige, at the junction of the Come- raso. Pop. 4267. Mori'ah, a post-village in Moriah township, Essex co., N.Y., about 37 miles N. of Whitehall, .and 4 miles W. of Lake Champlain, which forms the eastern boundary of the township. It has 2 or 3 churches, rich mines of magnetic iron ore, and several furnaces. The township is intersected by the New York & Canada Railroad. It contains larger villages, named Port Henry and Mineville. Pop. of the township, 7898. Moriah Centre, a post-village in Moriah township, Essex CO., N.Y., near the Adirondack Mountains, 3 miles from Port Henry, and about 100 miles N. of Albany. It has a graded school, 6 stores, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and rich iron-mines. Pop. about 300. 31ori'an, a hamlet of Colfax co.. Neb., about 62 miles N.N.W. of Lincoln. Morians, a station of Chautauqua CO., N.Y., on the Lake Shore <4; Michigan Southern Railroad, 4 miles S.W. of Dunkirk. Moriches, maw-rich'iz or mo-rich'iz, a post- village of Sutfolk CO., N.Y., on an inlet of the oce.an, about 14 miles S.W. of Kiverhcad, and 5 miles W. of Moriches Station. It has nearly 50 houses. Many fish and wild fowls are caught near this place. It is also called West Moriches. Moricium, the Latin name of Morez. Morileoo Island. See H.\ll Island. Morin, mo-reen', a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, on the railway from Augsburg to Munich, 6 miles E. of Ingolstadt. Pop. 1668. 5loringen, mo'ring-en, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 35 miles S.S.W. of Hildesheim. Pop. 2040. Aloritolium, the Latin name of Mort.\tn. Morkowitz, moa'ko-ftits^ a town of Moravia, 12 miles from Wisohau. Pop. 13S0. Morlaas, moRM4s', a town of Franoe, in Basses- Pyrenees, 6 miles N.E. of Pau. Pop. 1681. Morlacca, moR-lik'ki (Ger. VelhbUh, vSl'lg-bit^), a district of Croatia, consisting of the mountainous coast- line, comprising the towns of Carlopago and Zengg. Its inhabitants, called Morlaks, or Morlacohi, are of Slavic race, and are among the rudest in the empire. Morlacca Strait, 3 miles in breadth, separates the lllyrian and Dal- matian islands, Veglia, Arbe, and Pago, from the mainland. Morlaix, moRMi' (L. Morlm'um), a town of France, in Finistere, at the confluence of the Jarlot and Queffleut, which, uniting as they fall into a small estuary, form a har- bor difficult of access, but secure when entered, 34 miles N.E. of Brest. It is picturesquely situated in a valley so narrow as only to admit the stream. The principal square is of great extent, and adorned with some fine mansions. Mor- lai.x contains a hotel-de-ville, the churches of St. Matthew and St. Melaine, a public library, and a communal college. The manufactures are linen, oil, candles, paper, and tobacco, for which the government has a factory, employing about 1000 persons. The trade is in leather, agricultural products, thread, paper, wine, and brandy. Pi>p. 13,519. Morlanwelz, mor'lin-wSlz\ a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 15 miles E. of Mens. Pop. of commune, 4215. Mor'ley,a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, 4 miles by rail S.S.W. of Leeds. Pop. 9607. Mor'ley, a post-village of Mecosta co,, Mich., on the South Branch of the Muskegon River, and on the Grand Rapids &- Indiana Railroad, 41 miles N. by E. of Grand Rapids, and 14 miles S. of Big Rapids. It has a church, a graded school, and lumber- and shingle-mills. Pop. 600. Morley, a post-village in Morley township, Scott co.. Mo., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 28 miles W. of Cairo, and 13 miles S.W. of Commerce. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, and a grist-mill. Pop. 400. Morley, a post-village in Canton township, St. Law- rence CO., N.Y., on the Grass River, about 10 miles W. by S. of Potsdam, and 15 miles E. by S. of Ogdensburg. It has 2 churches, a tannery, and a grist-mill. Pop. 450. Morley, a post-offlco of Barron co.. Wis. Mormanno, moR-min'no, a town of Italy, in Cosonza, 13 miles N.W. of Castrovillari. Pop. 5890. Mormentzel, moR'm^nt-sSl", a hill of Transylvania, in the narrow pass of Borso, on the Great Szamos, above which it rises more than 1800 feet. Morinoiron, moR^mwi'rAN"' (L. Marmurio), a town of France, in Vaucluse, on the Auzon, 7 miles E. of Car- pentras. Pop. 1433. Mor'mon Grove, a post-office of Grayson oo., Tex. Mormon Island, a post-village of Sacramento co., Cal., on the Sr>uth Fork of the American River, about 25 miles N.E. of Sacramento. Mormon River, Idaho, rises in the Rocky Mountains, runs northwestward in Boise CO., and enters the East Fork of Salmon River. Mor'montown, a post-offioe of Taylor co., Iowa, at Colfax, a hamlet 15 miles E.S.E. of Bedford. Mornant, moR'nin"', a town of IVance, in RhSne, 12 miles S.W. of Lyons. Pop. 1504. Morne-a-l'£au, morn-i-lO', a town of the French colony of Guadeloupe, West Indies, near the centre of tho island of Grande-Terre, 9 miles E. by N. of Pointe-a-Pitro. Pop. of commune, 5483. Mornese, mon-ni'sA, a village of Italy, in Alessandria, 5 miles from Novi. Pop. 1100. Mornico, moR'ne-ko, a village of Italy, province of Bergamo. Pop. 1532. Morn'ing Glo'ry, a post-office of Nicholas oo.. Ky. Morn'iugside, a village of Scotland, co. and 2 miles S. of Edinburgh. It has numerous handsome seats and villas, and is much resorted to for its salubrious air. Here is the city and county lunjitie asylum. Morn'ingside, a station in Alleghany co.. Pa., on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 6i miles N.E. of Pittsburg. Morning Star, a township of Mecklenburg oo., N.C. Pop. 918. Morning Star, a post-offioe of Washington co., Tenn., 5 miles N.W. of Jone&borough. Morning Sun, a post-village in Morning Sun town.'ihip, Louisa CO., Iowa, on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad, 23 miles N. by W. of Burlington, and 7 miles S.S.W. of Wapello. It has a newspaper office, 4 churches, and a money -order post-office. Pop. 785 j of the township, 730 additional. Morning Sun, a post-village of Preble co,, 0,, about 40 miles NJ!^,W, of Cincinnati, It has an academy and a church, Morn'ington, a hamlet of Ireland, co. of Meath, on the Boyne, 3 miles E,N,E. of Drogheda. Morn'ington, a post-office of Webster co.. Mo., 18 miles S. of Marshfield. Mornington Island, the northernmost and largest of tho Wellesley Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, in lat. 16° 24' S., Ion. 139° 37' E. Mornington Port, an inlet of the Red Sea, in Nubia. Lat. 18° ir N. Morn'ing View, a post-village of Kenton co., Ky, Morning View, a post-office of Belmont eo,, 0,, 6 miles N.W. of Martinsville. 3Io'ro, a small river of Arkansas, enters the Ouachita at the S.W. extremity of Bradley co. MOR 14 MorOy a post-office of Lee co., Ark., about 85 miles E. of Little Rock. 3Ioro, township, San Luis Obispo co., Cal. Pop. 627. Moro, a post-village of Madison co., 111., on the In- dianapolis *fc St. Louis Railroad, 2S miles N.N.Ij]. of St. Louis, Mo. It has a church and a public school. Good coal is mined here. Pop. 184. Aloro, a post-office of Aroostook co., Me., about 23 miles "VV. of Houlton. Moro, a post-office of Tarrant co., Tex, Moro Bay^ a post-hamlet of Bradley oo.^ Ark,, on the Moro River, at its entrance into the Ouachita River, about 4U miles S.E. of Camden. It has a church. Morocco, mo-rok'ko, or Marocco (Arab. Maralcaak, mS,-ri'kash, or Maraksh, mi-rilksh' ; Fr. Marocy mi^rfik' ; Sp. Marrneco, man-Boo-i'ko ; It. Marocco, mi-rok'ko; L. Maro'chiitm), a city, one of the capitals of an empire of the same name, on the N. side of an extensive and fertile plain, 1450 feet above sea-level. Lat. 31° 37' 31" N. ; Ion. 7° 35' 30" W. It is nearly 6 miles in circuit, and is surrounded by a strongly-built machicolated wall of tappia work (lime beaten with earth), 30 feet high, with foundations of ma- sonry, and square towers every 50 paces. In the walls there are 11 gates. The entire space within is not generally cov- ered with buildings, but comprises large gardens and open areas of from 20 to 30 acres in extent. The streets are nar- row, irregular, and unpaved. The houses are mostly con- structed of tappia, although many are built of stone ; they are generally of one story, fiat-roofed, with the side to- wards the street plain and whitewashed, having here and there a narrow, unglazed opening for a window. There are several market-places and a covered bazaar, at which a great variety of articles are always on sale. There are al- together 19 mosques in the city, of which 6 are remarkable for their size and architectural elegance. On the S. of the city stands the palace, comprising a space about 1600 yards long by 600 yards wide, and near it is the Jews' quarter (EI Millah), a walled enclosure about lA miles in circuit, one-half of it nearly in ruins, thronged to sutfocation, and excessively filthy, like the whole town. Morocco is famous for the manufacture of the species of leather to which the town gives name. The color used in dyeing the morocco is confined to yellow. There are the ruins of extensive aque- ducts in the vicinity of the town, some of them 20 miles in length. Morocco was founded in 1072. It has long been hastening to decay, and is now nearly half in ruins, the result of war, plague, and wretched government. Pop. es- timated at 40,000. Morocco, or Marocco (anc. Tlnyita'na Maurita'nia ; Arabic, Moghreeb-el-Aksa, m&H'reeb'-dl-ik'sA, i.e., "The Extreme West;" Fr. A/aroc, mS,Vok' ; Sp. il/arr«eco», mait- Roo-d'koce), an extensive maritime country occupying the N.W. extremity of Africa, bounded AV. by the Atlantic Ocean, N. by the Mediterranean, N.E. by Algeria, and E. and S. by the Sahara or Great Desert. Lat. 28° to 30° N. ; Ion. 0° 38' to 11° 38' W. Area, about 190,500 square miles. The country is traversed diagonally from N.E. to S.AV., throughout its whole extent, by the chains of the At- las Mountains, on the N.AV. side of which lie the territories of Fez and Morocco, and on the opposite side the principali- ties of Tafilet, Drah (Daraa), El-IIarish, Adrar, Gezulah, Soos-el-Adna, and Soos-el-Aksa, that is, "the extreme or farthest limit." Physically considered, Morocco falls naturally into four regions. 1. The great range of the Atlas, composed of two or more parallel chains, meeting the desert of Angad in the N.E,, forms a natural frontier. 2. Er-Reef, or the northern maritime district, comprising the chains of moun- tains which rise at no great distance from the Mediterranean Sea. 3. The wide belt of fertile plain, intermixed with hill and valley, which lies between the two preceding regions, and extends from the Mulweeya to Mogadore, a distance of 450 miles. 4. The plains and valleys S.E. of the Atlas. These last all terminate in or adjoin the Great Desert. Morocco has the largest rivers in North Africa. Those flowing from the N. side of the Atlas have their channels well tilled with water; but those flowing from the S. are dry in summer. The Mulweeya, rising in a principal knot of the Atlas, nearly in lat. 32° 30' N., flows N.E. to the Mediterranean, with a course of 350 miles. The Seboo descends from Mount Sililgo W. to the Atlantic, in a course of 100 miles. The Morbeya, which enters the sea at Azamor, lat. 33° 17' N., has a course of about 230 miles; and the Tensift, which passes near the city of Morocco, has a length of about 190 miles. Of the rivers which discharge their waters into the desert, the Guir, the most E,, seemg to have a course S.S.E., occasionally traceable for 300 or 400 '9 MOR miles. The Ziz, which, with its numerous affluents, waters a very fertile and populous country, is spent before it attains half that length. The Drah, or Daraa, rising in the cen- tral and most elevated portion of the Atlas (lat. from 31° to 32° N.), first runs S. for nearly 200 miles, forms a lake called Ed-Deba'ia, and then, turning W., enters the ocean in lat. 28° IS' N., after a course of 700 miles; the lower portion of its bed, however, and the lake, are periodically dry. The coast, being generally lo\v and little broken, offers few good harbors : of these, Tangier and Mogadore are the best; the rest, as Ei-Araish, Sale, Rabatt, Mehediah, Aza- mor, .tc, are but open roadsteads at the mouths of rivers. The summits of the Atlas often rise into peaks, but their, scenery is characterized rather by rounded heights clothed with luxuriant forests than by rugged and precipitous forms. Copper ores are found in the S. ramifications, S. of the river Soos. There are reports, also, of iron-mines in the interior, and of lead in the vicinity of T^msna. The khol, or ore of antimony, used by Moorish ladies for darkening the eye- brows, is obtained from Tedla. Amethysts of great size and beauty have been found in the Atlas. The climate is generally very fine. The extremes of temperature lie within moderate limits, the mean annual temperature of the city of Morocco, at an absolute eleva- tion of 1384 feet, being about 61°. The forests of Er-Reef contain, among other species of oak, that which bears edible acorns, and also that which yields cork. In the higher re- gions of the Atlas are found the Aleppo pine, the cedar of Lebanon, and many varieties of oxycedrus and of juniper, yielding fragrant gums. The date-palm and the dwarf palm form extensive woods E. and S. of the Atlas. In the maritime region grows the Eleodendron argdn^ from the olive-like fruit of which is extracted an excellent oil. Among the wild plants of the S. provinces may be mentioned the caper and archil, the latter an imporUint article of com- merce. The agriculture of Morocco is in the lowest possible con- dition. Neither science nor capital aids the labors of the hus- bandman. The cereal crops are wheat, which is excellent, barley, of inferior quality, and maize. Durrah, or millet, constitutes the chief support of the population, though beans, the esculent arum, and canary-seed are consumed in large quantities by the poorer classes. The vine is culti- vated near the towns for the sake of the fresh grapes and raisins. All the fruits of Southern Europe and the Canary Islands are to be found here in sufficient abundance. A large portion of the population leads a pastoral life. The lion still haunts the plains on the sides of the Atlas, followed by panthers and ounces. 'The wild boar inhabits the woods. Gazelles and several species of large antelope enter the country from the desert. But more formidable by far than beasts of prey are the locusts, which come from the desert in countless multitudes, spreading desolation over the fields. The ostrich is found on the S. frontiers, and the ostrich feathers brought from that quarter are the best known in commerce. The wealth of the Arab tribes con- sists chiefiy in their droves, herds, and flocks. Horses of an excellent breed are numerous, and still more important are the sheep, the wool of which is frequently of the finest possible description. In general, among the rural population, every woman spins and every man knows how to weave. Fez makes and exports great quantities of cloth caps. The tanners of Mequinez have a great reputation : those of Morocco render the lion's or panther's skin as white as snow and as soft as silk. Of the fine morocco leather, Fez furnishes the red, Tafilet the green, and the city of Morocco the yellow. The Morocco carpets, called by the Moors Sherbiah and Katifah^ and much esteemed in Europe, under the name of Turkey carpets, are made chiefly in the province of Ducalla. The Jews alone do business as goldsmiths and jewellers. The commerce of Morocco may be classed under three heads: 1, commerce with the East, carried on by means of the cara- vans to Mecca; 2, with Soodan across the Great Desert; 3, the maritime trade. The first-named comprises Persian silks, perfumes, spices, and some Indian goods, to which are added cotton and raw silk from Cairo, The goods exported by this channel are cochineal, indigo, skins, fine leather, woollen cloths, and ostrich feathers. The caravans going S. are much less numerous than those destined for Egypt or Mecca, yet they often reckon from 16,000 to 20,000 camels. At Timbuctoo they meet the merchants from the S., and dispose of their goods, chiefly salt, woollen mantles, sashes, daggers, tobacco, and looking-glasses, for ivory, rhinoceros-horn, incense, gold-dust, ostrich feathers, gums, malaghetta pepper, cardamom, indigo, and slaves. The capital advanced on each expedition to Timbuctoo is esti- MOR 1480 MOR mated at $1,000,000, and the returns are said to exceed in value ten times that amount. The population of Morocco is divided into several dis- tinct races. The Berbers, the oldest inhabitants of the country, are divided into Amazig and Shelluh, the latter of whom, inhabiting the high plains of the Atlas, S. of the capital, devote themselves to agriculture. The Arabs form the bulk of the rural population in the plains. In the towns along the coast are found the Moors. There are many negroes and people of mixed descent. A considerable num- ber of Jews is to be found in all the commercial towns. The education given at the schools in the chief towns, and completed at the university of Fez, does not go beyond the theology of the Koran ; true science is unknown, and what- ever monuments of art there are in the kingdom point to past ages. Music is the only art for which the Moors mani- fest a decided taste. The sovereign or Sultan of Morocco, styled by Europeans Emperor, bears the title of Emeer el Moomeneen, or " Lord of the true Believers." He is absolute ; the lives and prop- erties of his subjects are at his disposal. His treasury, situated in Mequinez, is a mysterious and impenetrable structure, guarded by 2000 blacks, and Is supposed to con- tain great treasures. The military force maintained by the Sultan does not ordinarily exceed 16,000, of whom half are blacks, and of the remainder a large portion are Bedouins. The marine force is insignificant. The population is esti- mated at 6,000,000. History. — In theil/«it'j-i or Mmiru'eii, Mas'ei/li, Muz' ices, and Gsetu'U of ancient writers it is easy to recognize the Moors or Moriscos, the Shelluh, Amazig, and Gezulah or Benoo Godalah of modern times. The Vandals, who held the country for some years, are supposed to have intro- duced into it, at the end of the fifth and beginning of the sixth century, the piratical habits which afterwards became so characteristic of the coasts. In the latter part of the seventh century the Arabs, fired with enthusiasm, spread over North Africa, and, having taken possession of Mauri- tania, penetrated S. to the borders of the desert. It was about this time that the Jews were expelled from Spain (a.d. 694) and sought refuge in great numbers on the shores of Africa. Near the close of the eighth century a descendant of Mohammed, named Edris, was made sovereign of the Ber- ber tribes about the Atlas. In 1035 the warlike sect of the Morabites first rose into existence among the Gezulah and on the borders of the desert. In 1055 their chief, Abu Bekr ben Omar el-Lamtfini, was proclaimed sovereign. His grandson crossed the mountains, and in 1072 laid the foundations of the city of Morocco, which thus arose with the remarkable dynasty of the Almoravides. In the time of El-Watas, the founder of a dynasty bearing his name, the expulsion of the Moors and Jews from Spain A.D. 1480-1501 added 800,000 souls, it is said, to the population. In the middle of the sixteenth century a new dynasty commenced with the descendants of the Shereef Hosein. The fifth of this family, commonly called Hamed Shereef-el-Mansoor, towards the close of the sixteenth century made himself master of Morocco, and pushed his conquests through the desert as far as Timbuctoo and Kagho. His reign (from 1579 to 1G03) is regarded as the golden age in the history of Morocco. The ninth and last Moroccan dynasty is that founded in 1648 by Mulai Shereef el Fileli, or King of Tafilet, who was remarkable, among other things, for his numerous posterity, having had 84 sons and 124 daughters. In 1814 the Sultan abolished the slavery of Christians, and in 1817 disarmed his marine and strictly prohibited piracy. Adj. Moorish, moor'ish, Mohoc'can, and Mouesqur, mo-r§sk' (Arab. Moghrabee, mo'Ghr^-bee\ in the plural, MoGHARBA, mo^GhaR'bd; Sp. Marroquin, maR-RO-keen') ; inhab. Moor and Moghrebjn, mo'Ghreb-in. Mo^roc'co, a post-village in Beaver township, Newton CO., Ind., about 52 miles N.N.W, of Lafayette. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a drug-store. Moro Creek, New Mexico. See Mora Creek. Moromanno, a town of Italy. See Mormaxno. Moron, mo-rOn', or Moroii-de-la-Froiitera, mo- ron'-di-li-fron-ti'ri, a town of Spain, Andalusia, 32 miles N.E. of Seville, near the Guadaira. It has a town house, prison, granary, a Latin grammar-school, 3 hospitals, a fine church with 3 naves, and several convents and nunneries. On the hill E, of the town are the ruins of an ancient castle, for several centuries one of the most important strongholds in Spain. It was blown up by the French in 1812. The town has manufactories of hats, soap, lime, and gypsum, several potteries, numerous flour- and oil-mills, and a few looms for linens. Pop. 12,846. Moroiia, mo-ro'nS,, a river of Ecuador and Peru, formed by the confluence of the Cosulima and the navigable Man- gosisa. It flows 300 miles southeastward, and joins the Amazon. It is navigable throughout by steamers. lUorone, mo-ro'nd, or Morroiie, mon-Ro'ni, a town of Italy, in Campobasso, 8 miles S.W. of Larino. P. 3605. Moroni, mo-ro'nee, a post-village of San Pete eo., Utah, is in a fertile valley, on the San Pete Ptiver, 36 miles S. by E. of York Railroad Station. It has a church. Mo'ro River, Arkansas, rises in Dallas co., runs south- ward, and forms the W. boundary of Bradley co. until it enters the Ouachita River. It is nearly 90 miles long. Moros, mo'roce, a village of Spain, Aragon, 60 miles from Sa^agossa. It has a church and a hospital. P. 1271. Morotai, one of the Sandwich Islands. Sec Molokai. Morot'to, Morut'tu, or Moratu'wa, a large town of Ceylon, on its VV. coast, 10 miles S. of Colombo. Morovsk, or Morowsk, mo-rovsk', a town of Russia, government and 36 miles S.W. of Chernigov, on the Desna. Morowan, mo-ro-win', a town of India, province of Oude, division of Lucknow, Pop. in 1872, 7997. Morozzo, mo-rot'so, a town of Italy, 8 miles E.N.E. of Coni, on an affluent of the Tanaro. Pop. 1966. Mor'peth, a town of England, co. of Northumberland, at a railway junction, 14 miles N, by W. of Newcastle. It has 2 principal streets, p.aved, and lighted with gas, a town hall, an elegant bridge of three arches over the Wansbeck, a prison and court-house, an old market-cross, fine churches, a handsome chapel of ease, several dissenting places of worship, a Roman Catholic chapel, a grammar-school and several other schools, a mechanics* institute, and a dispen- sary. The woollen-manufacture and tanning are carried on to some extent. The borough returns a member to Par- liament. Pop. 5914. Mor'peth, a town and river-port of New South Wales, CO. of Northumberland, at the head of the navigable part of the Hunter River, 78 miles N.E. of Sydney, Steamers ply between this place and Sydney. Pop. 1236. Mor'peth, a post-village in Kent co., Ontario, near Lake Erie, 15 miles S.S.E. of Thamesville. It contains a woollen-factory, a foundry, a saw-mill, grist-mills, 5 or 6 stores, Ac. Pop. 600. Morphou, a town of Cyprus. See Morfu. Morra, moR'R^., a town of Italy, province of Avellino, 3 miles E.N.E. of Sant' Angelo dei Lombardi. Pop. 2849. Morra, a town of Italy, province of Coni, 7 miles S.W. of Alba, on the Tanaro. Pop. 3325. Mor'ral, a post-oflice and station of Marion co., 0., on the Columbus &. Toledo Railroad, 8 miles N.N.W. of Marion. It has a church and a warehouse. Morrano, mor-r^'no, a station in San Joaquin co., Cal., on the Visalia division of the Central Railroad, 6 miles S.E. of Lathrop. Morrell', a post-hamlet in Morris township, Hunting- don CO., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, at Union Fur- nace Station, about 20 miles N.E. of Altoona. Here is a large lime-kiln. Morrellguns:e, mor^r^l-gSnj', a town and port of Ben- gal, in Jessore, 100 miles E. of Calcutta, It is among the Sunderbunds, and on a deep navigable channel, 45 miles from the sea, and has a large export trade, chiefly in rice. Morrice, mor'ris, a post-office of Shiawassee co., Mich. Mor'rillsapost-otficeand station of Brown co., Kansas, on the St. Joseph & Denver City Railroad, 11 miles N.W. of Hiawatha. Morrill, a post-office of Jackson co., Ky. Morrill, a post-hamlet in Morrill township, Waldo no., Me., 7 miles W. of Belfast. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 523. Mor'rill's Corner, a village in Deering township, Cumberland co., Me., near Portland. It has a church, and manufactures of organs, leather, and britannia-ware. Mor'rillton, a hamlet in Conway co., Ark., on the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad, 50 miles N.W. of Argenta. . Mor'ris, a county in the E. central part of Kansas, huo an area of about 700 square miles. It is drained by the Neosho River, which rises in it, and by small affluents of the Kansas River. The surface is undulating or mearly level. The soil is fertile. Nearly 95 per cent, of it is prairie. Indian corn, wheat, hay, and cattle are the staple products. Magnesian Umestnno abounds in this county, which is intersected by the Missouri, Kansas A Tcxiis Rail- road (Neosho Valley division). Capital, Council Grove. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,312,135. Pop. in 1870. 2225; in 1875, 4597; in 1878, 5656. Morris, a county in the N. part of New Jersey, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. MOR 1481 MOR by the Pequannock Kiver, on the S.E. and E. by the Pas- saic River, and on the N.W. by the Musconotcong. It is also drained by the sources of the Raritan and by the Roclt- away River. The surface is hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the oak, chestnut, hickory, &c. Among its remarkable features is Schooley's Mountain, a summer resort. Indian corn, hay, oats, and butter are the staple products of the farms. This county has rich iron- mines, and extensive manufactures of forged and rolled iron and nails. The iron ore mined here in 1870 amounted to 308,792 tons, valued at $1,741,952. Limestone and marble are found here. This county is intersected by the Morris Canal, the Morris & Essex Railroad, and the Boon- ton Branch Railroad. Capital, Morristown. Valuiition of real and personal estate, $38,5(57,026. Bop. in 1870, 43,137, of whom 34,530 were Americans. Morris, a county in the N.E. part of Texas. It is bounded on the N. by the Sulphur Fork of Red River, and also drained by Big Cypress and White Oak Bayous. The surface is undulating, and extensively covered with forests of the ash, cypress, hickory, oak, pecan, &c. The soil is fertile. Capital, Dangerfield. Morris, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ala., on the South rings, a post-office of Davis co,, Kansas, Moss'ville, a post-hamlet of Peoria co.. 111., on Peoria Lake, and on the Peoria Branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 9 miles N. of Peoria. It has 2 churches. 3Ios'sy Creek, a post-village of Jefferson co.. Tenn., is near the Holston River, and on the East Tennessee. Vir- ginia & Georgia Railroad, 29 miles E.N.E. of Knoxville. It has 3 churches, a Baptist college, a female institute, a cotton-mill, and a woollen-mill. Mossy Creek, a post-hamlet of Augusta co., Va., about 18 miles N. of Staunton. It has a church. Mossy Rock, a post-office of Lewis co., Washington. Mostaganem, mos-ta,-g^-n§m', a town of Algeria, province and 47A miles E.N.E. of Oran, about 1^ miles from the Mediterranean. It possesses strong military works and ample accommodation for troops. It has manufactures of carpets, coverlets, woollen cloaks, and jewelry, and a considerable trade with the interior. Pop. 5818. Mostar, mosHar' ("old bridge"), a walled city, the chief town of Herzegovina, on the Narenta. Lat. 43° 24' N.; Ion. 17° 58' E. Pop. 7300. Mostar is celebrated for its old Roman bridge, a single arch of 95 feet span. The houses are mostly of stone, rooted with slabs. Chief ex- ports, hides, wool, fruit, wax, tallow, and cattle. Mostardas, mos-taR'dS,s, a village of Brazil, province of Rio Grande do Sul, 50 miles S.S.E. of Porto Alegre, with a church. Pop. 3000. Mostoles, mos-to'I^s, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 10 miles S.W. of Madrid. Pop. 1321. Mostrim, a town of Ireland. See Edgew-orthstown. Mos'tyn, a village of North Wales, co. of Flint, at the mouth of the Dee, about 4^ miles N.W. of Holywell, with a station on the Chester ring, a post-office of Cooke co., Tex. Mountain Switch, a station of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 81 miles W. of Baltimore. Mountain Top, Luzerne co.. Pa. See Pathview. Moun'taintown, a post-office of Gilmer co., Ga. Moun'taintown Creek, of Gilmer co., Ga., flows into the Coosawattee River. Mountain Valley, post-office, Lackawanna co., Pa. Mountain Valley, a post-hamlet of Henry co., Va., 20 miles W. of Chatham. Mountain View, a post-village, capital of Stone co.. Ark., about 90 miles N. of Little Rock. It has 3 churches and a high school. Mountain View, a post-village of Santa Clara co., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 38 miles S.E. of San Francisco. It hits 3 churches and a graded school. Mountain View, a post-village in Wayne township, Passaic co., N.J., on the Pompton River, and on the Dela- ware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, Boonton Branch, also on the Montclair & Greenwood Lake Railroad, 6 miles W. of Paterson. It has a brick-yard and a powder-mill. Mountain View, a post-office of Abbeville co., S.C. Mountain View, a post-office of Stafford co., Va. Moun'tainville, a post-hamlet of Hunterdon CO., N.J., in Tewksbury township, about 35 miles N. of Trenton. It has a flour-mill. Mountainville, a post-hamlet and summer resort of Orange co., N.Y., on the Newburg & New York Railroad, 9 miles S.W. of Newburg. It has a church and a flour-mill. Mountainville, a post-office of Lehigh co.. Pa. Mountainville, a post-office of Monroe co., Tenn. Mount Airy, air'ee, a post-office of Habersham co., Ga., on the Atlanta & Richmond Air-Line Railroad, 80 miles from Atlanta. Mount Airy, a township of Greene co.. III. Pop. 1320. Mount Airy, a post-village of Carroll co., Md., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 43 miles W.by N. of Baltimore. It has a church. Mount Airy, a post-hamlet of Randolph co.. Mo., about 30 miles N. by E. of Boonville. It has 2 churches. Mount Airy, a hamlet of Hunterdon oo., N.J., 3 miles N.E. of Lambertville. It has a church. Mount Airy, a post-village in Mount Airy township, Surry co., N.C., on the Ararat River, about 90 miles N. of Charlotte. It has 1 or 2 newspaper offices, an academy, 3 churches, and several mills. Pop. of the township, 2363. Mount Airy, a post-office of Hamilton co., 0. Mount Airy, a station on the Germantown A Chestnut Hill Railroad, SJ miles N. of Philadelphia. Mount Airy, a post-village of Washington co.. Pa., on the Monongahela River, 2 or 3 miles above Bi-ownsville. Mount Airy, a post-office of Sequatchie co., Tenn., 36 miles N. of Chattanooga. Mount Airy, a post-village of Pittsylvania co., Va., 36 miles S. of Lynchburg. It has 2 churches. Pop. 125. Mount Al'bert, or New'laud, a post-village in York CO., Ontario, lU miles N. of Newmarket. It contains sev- eral flouring-mills, a cheese-factory, a tannery, &c. P. 150. Mount Albion, or Albion Mills, or Albionville, a post-village in Wentworth co., Ontario, 7 miles S.E. of Hamilton. It has 2 hotels and a grist-mill. Pop. 100. Mount An'drew, a post-hamlet of Barbour co., Ala., about 60 miles E.S.E. of Montgomery. It has a church. Mount An'toro, Colorado, a peak of the Saguache Range, near lat. 3S° 40' N. Altitude, 14,245 feet. Mount Ar'arat, a post-office of Choctaw co., Ala. Mount A'riel, or Mount Ae'rial, a post-oflice of Allen CO., Ky., 10 miles E. of Franklin. Mount Arkan'sas, Color.ado, is near the source of the Arkansas River, in lat. 39° 22' 15" N.. Ion. 106° 15' W. It has an altitude of about 13,600 feet above sea-level. MOU 1490 MOTT Mount Ar'riiigton, Oregon, a peak of the Coast Range or ITmpqua Mountains, is on the line between Coos and Doviglas cos. Mount Atlios, Turl;ey. See Athos. Mount Ath'os, a post-office of Campbell co., Va. Mount Auburn, aw'burn, a post-village of Christian CO., III., in Mount Auburn township, 24 miles E. by S. of Springfield, and IS miles W.S.W. of Decatur. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 300; of the township, 1640. The township is bounded on the N. by the Sangamon River. Mount Auburn, a post-hanilet of Shelby co., Ind., on the East Fork of White River, 15 miles N. of Columbus. Pop. about 100. Mount Auburn, a post-hamlet of Benton eo., Iowa, on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Minnesota Railroad, 32 miles N.W. of Cedar Rapids. It has 2 churches. Pop. 70. Mount Auburn, a post-office and station in Middlesex CO., Mass., on the Watertown Branch of the Fitchburg Rail- road, at Mount Auburn Cemetery, 6 miles W. of Boston. Mount Auburn Cemetery, a beautiful cemetery, situated about a mile AV. of IlarvaVd University, Cam- bridge, Mass., comprising about 100 acres. The surface is beautifully diversilied with hill and dale, a natural growth of trees covering a large portion of the grounds, over which a.re scattered tombs and monuments of the most exquisite workmanship. Near the entrance of the ceme- tery, which is by a massive gateway in the Egyptian style, stands the chapel, a handsome granite edifice. Mount Audubon. See Audubos's Peak. Mount Avaclia. See Avachtnsk.wa. Mount Ayr, air, a post-village, capital of Ringgold co., Iowa, in Mount Ayr township, about 26 miles S. of Afton, and 75 miles S.S.W. of Des Moines. It has 3 banks, 4 churches, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 422. The town- ship is drained by several branches of Grand River. P. 952. Mount Ayr, a post-hamlet of Osborne co., Kansas, 35 miles N. by AV. of Russell. It has a church. Mount Ba'ker, a peak of the Cascade Range, in What- com CO., Washington. Its altitude is about 10,500 feet. The top is covered with perpetual snow, and the sides with forests of fir and other trees. An eruption of this moun- tain is said to have occurred in 1860. Mount BaI'ley, the name of two mountains in Cali- fornia, in Shasta and Trinity cos., having altitudes of 6357 and 7647 feet respectively above the sea-level. Mount Beth'el, a hamlet of Somerset co., N.J., H miles from Sterling Station. It has a church. Mount Bethel, a post-office of Alexander co., N.C. Mount Bethel, Pennsylvania. See Williamsburg. Mount Big'eloW, on the line between Somerset and Franklin cos.. Me., is about 70 miles N.N.W. of Augusta. Mount Black'inore, a volcanic peak in Gallatin co., Montana, has an altitude of 10,134 feet above the sea- level. The highest part of it is formed of basaltic rock, and limestone is found on its sides, which are partly cov- ered with pine forests. It is in lat. 45° 26' N. Mount Blancli'ard, a post- village in Delaware town- ship, Hancock CO., 0., on Blanchard's Fork of the Auglaize, about 28 miles S.W. of Tiffin. It has 3 churches, a tan- nery, and a flour-mill. Pop. about 450. Mount Blan'co, a post-office of Meigs co., 0. Mount Bliss, a post-office of Antrim co., Mich. Mount Bowdoin, bo'don, a station on the New York & New England Railroad, 4 miles S.W, of the terminal sta- tion in Boston, Mass. Mount Brad'dock, a post-village in North Union township, Fayette eo.. Pa., on the Fayette County Branch of the Pittsburg, Washington A Baltimore Railroad, 7 miles S.S.W. of Connellfville. It has a church, a coal-mine, and numerous coke-ovens. Mount Breck'enridge, California, is a peak of the Sierra Nevada, in Kern co., about lat. 35° 12' N., and 10 miles S. of Ilavilah. Its altitude is computed to be 7500 feet above the sea-level. Mount Brew'er, California, a peak of the Sierra Ne- vada, stands on the line between Fresno and Tulare cos., near lat. 36° 38' N. Its altitude is 13,836 feet above the sea. It is about 10 miles W. of Mount Tyndall. Granitic rocks form its nucleus. The sides are very steep. Mount Bross, Colorado, a mountain in the Middle Park, in lat. 40° 5' N., Icm. 106° 6' 12" W. It has an alti- tude of 9468 feet above the se;i-Ievel. Mount Brydges, brij'iz, a post-village in Middlesex CO., Ontario, on the Great Western Eailwav, 15 miles, W.S.W. of London. It contains a church, "O stores, 3 hotels, an ashery, and 2 grist- and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 550. Mount Bullion, bull'yjn, Mariposa co., Cal., is the highest peak of a range which is the northeastern boundary of the famous Mariposa estate. It has an altitude of about 5300 feet above the sea-level. Gold is found in or near it. Mount Bullion, a post-village of Mariposa co., Cal., is near a mountain of the same name, about 95 miles E.S.E. of Stockton. Mount Byers, bi'^rz, Colorado, a mountain in lat. 39° 52' N., Ion. 105° 56' W. It is in the S. part of the Middle Park, and has an altitude of 12,778 feet above the sea. Mount Calm, a post- village of Limestone co., Tex., 20 miles N.E. of Waco. It has 4 churches, a masonic insti- tute, and a flouring-mill. Mount CaI'vary, post-office. Fond du Lac co.. Wis. Mount Can'by, Colorado, a peak of the San Juan Mountains, in Int. 37° 47' 7" N., Ion. 107° 30' 61" W., about 10 miles E. of Silverton. It has an altitude of 13,274 feet above the sea-level. Mount Car'bon, a village of Jackson co.. 111., on the Grand Tower & Carbondale Railroad, 8 miles W. of Carbon- dale, and 1 mile E. of Murphysborough. Coal is mined here. It has a machine-shop, a saw-mill, &c. Pop. about 500. Mount Carbon, a borough of Schuylkill co.. Pa., on the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, 1 mile S. of Potts- ville. It has a rolling-mill. It is connected with Miners- ville by the People's Railroad, 6 miles long. Pop. 364. Mount Carmel, Palestine. See Carjiel. Mount Car'mel,a post-office of Montgomery eo., Ala. Mount Carmel, a post-village in Hamden township. New Haven CO., Conn., on the New Haven & Northamptcm Railroad, 9 miles N. of New Haven. It has 5 churches, and manufactures of bells, needles, screws, sewing-silk, and car- riage hardware. Mount Carmel, a city, capital of Wabash co.. 111., in Mount Carmel township, on the Wabash River, at the mouth of the White River, and on the Cairo & Vincennes and Louisville, New Albany & St. Louis Railroads, 24 miles S.W. of Vincennes, and 132 miles N.E. of Cairo. It con- tains 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a banking-house, a high school, 2 flour-mills, 3 saw-mills, a woollen-factory, and several manufactories of furniture. The river affords abundant water-power at this place, and here flows through beautiful scenery. Pop. 1640; of the township, 880. Mount Carmel, a post-village in Springfield township, Franklin co., Ind., 17 miles W. of Hamilton, 0. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and 2 carriage-shops. Mount Carmel, a post-village of Carroll eo., Iowa, 7 miles N. of Carroll City. It has a church and a brewery. Mount Carmel, a post-office of Crawford co., Kansas, 14 miles S.W. of Girard. Mount Carmel, a post-village of Fleming co., Ky., about 15 miles S.S.E. of Maysville. and 62 miles E.N.E. of Lexington. It has 3 churches, also 1 or 2 mills. Pop. 1196. Mount Carmel, a post-hamlet of Baltimore co., Md., about 30 miles N. of Baltimore. It has 3 churches. Mount Carmel, a post-village of Covington co., Miss., about 56 miles S.S.E. of Jackson. It has a church and a banking-house. Mount Carmel, a post-village of Clermont co., 0., on the Cincinnati & Portsmouth Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of Newtown Station, and 13 miles E. of Cincinnati. It has 3 churches and a graded school. Pop. 192. Mount Carmel, a post-borough in Mount Carmel township, Northumberland CO., Pa., 7 miles W. of Ashland, 6 miles E. of Shaniokin, and about 16 miles S.E. of Dan- ville. It is on branches of the Lehigh Valley and Maha- noy & Shamokin Railroads, and is connected with Sunbury by a branch of the Northern Central Railroad. It has 5 or fi churches and a bank. Here are 6 collieries, which are said to produce 600,000 tons of anthracite in a year. Pop. 1289; of the township, 2461. Mount Carmel, a hamlet of Abbeville co., S.C, 15 miles n.im Al)l)eville Court-House. It has a church. Mount Carmel, a post-office of Smith co., Te.\., about 60 miles W.S.W. of Jefl'erson. Mount Carmel, a post-office of Kane eo., Utah. Mount Carmel, a post-hamlet of Halifax co., Va., 6 miles S. of News Ferry Railroad Station. It has 2 ehurehei and an academy. Mount Car'rick, a post-office of Monroe co., 0. Mount Car'rie, a post-village of Columbia co., Fla., on the Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroa.l. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of lumber and rosin. Mount Car'rigain, a peak in Grafton co.. N.H., 10 miles W. of Upper B.artlett. Altitude, 4678 feet. Mount Car'roll, apost-village in Mount Carroll town- ship, capital of Carroll co., 111., on the Western Union Rail- MOU 1491 MOU road, 28 miles S.W. of Freeport, about 34 miles S.E. of Galena, and 25 miles N.N.E. of Clinton, Iowa. It contains 5 churches, a national bank, the Mount Carroll Seminary (for girls), 2 newspaper otfiees, and a carriage-factory. Pop. 1756; of the township, 2815. Mount-Chaiies, a town of Ireland, eo. and 4 miles W. of Donegal, on the N. side of Donegal Bay. Mount Charles, a post-village in Peel eo., Ontario, 2 miles from Malton. Pop. 150. Mount Chase, township, Penobscot oo.. Me. Pop. 263. Mount Chestnut, ches'niit, a post-hamlet of Butler CO., Pa., about 32 miles N. of Pittsburg. It has a church. Mount Clare, a post-hamlet of Harrison co., \V. Va., oi miles S. of Clarksburg. It has 2 churches. Mount Clare Junction, a station within the limits of Baltimore, Md., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, at the junction of the Washington Branch. It is 1 mile from a city station called Mount Clare. Mount Clay, a peak of the White Mountains, in Coos CO., N.H., is about 3 miles N.W. of Mount Washington. Altitude, 5553 feet. Mount Clem'ens, a post-village, capital of Macomb CO., Mich., in Clinton township, on the Clinton River, 3 or 4 miles from Lake St. Clair, 25 miles N.N.E. of Detroit, and 37 miles S.W. of Port Huron. It is connected with these towns by the Grand Trunk Railroad, and contains 6 churches, a national bank, 3 newspaper offices, and a union school. Steamboats ply daily between Detroit and this place, which is at the head of steam-navigation. It has mineral springs, and manufactures of cigars, lumber, salt, sash, and blinds. Pop. about 2500. Mount Clifton, a post- village of Shenando.ah co., Va., 4 miles W. of the Valley Branch Railroad, and about 14 miles S.AV. of Woodstock. It has 2 or 3 churches. Mount Clinton, a mountain of Coos co., N.H.. about 7 miles S.W. of Mount Washington. Height, 4320 feet. Mount Clinton, a peak of the Adirondacks, in Essex CO., N.Y., about lat. 44° 7' N. It is very near Mount Marcy. Altitude, 4937 feet above the level of the sea. Mount Cliu'ton, a post-hamlet of Rockingham co., Va., 6 miles N.W. of Harrisonburg. It has a church and a sash-factory. Mount Cli'o, township, Sumter co., S.C. Pop. 1574. Mount Coffin, a post-office and steamboat-landing of Cowlitz CO., AVashington, on the Columbia River, about 55 miles above Astoria. Mount Coke, or Coke's Peak, a mountain in the W. p.art of Te.\as, about 12 miles from Fort Davis. Its aUitude is 7450 feet above the sea-level. Mount Cold'en, a peak of the Adirondacks, in Essex CO., N.Y., has .an altitude of 4753 feet .above the sea-level. Mount Col'vin, a peak of the Adirondacks, in Essex CO., N.Y. Height, 4142 feet. It was named in honor of Verplanck Colvin, who first ascended and measured it. Mount Coin'fort, a post-ofliee of Hancock co., Ind. Mount Co'ry, a post-hamlet of Hancock co., 0., in Union township, on the Lake Erie & Louisville Railroad, 20 miles N.E. of Lima. It has a church, a carriage-shop, a saw-mill, and a. grist-mill. Mount Crawford, Carroll co., N.H. See Bemis. Mount Craw'ford, a post-village of Rockingham co., Va., on the North River, and on the Harper's Ferry & Val- ley Branch Railroad, 18 miles N.N.E. of Staunton. It is in the Great Valley of Virginia. It has 3 churches, a woollen-mill, a flour-mill, and a spoke-factory. Pop. 901. Mount Cro'giian, a township of Chesterfield co., S.C. Pop. 1682. Mount Cross, a post-hamlet of Pittsylvania co., Va., 8 miles N. of Danville. Mount Cu'ba, a post-village and station in New Cas- tle CO., Del., on the Wilmington & Western Railroad, 11 miles W. of Wilmington. It has a chapel, a flour-mill, a machine-shop, and a saw-mill. Mount Daf las, a village of Bedford co., Pa., on the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River, and on the Bedford division of the Pennsyl.vania Railroad, 8 miles E. of Bed- ford, and 45 miles N.N.E. of Cumberland, Md. Mount Da'ly, Colorado, a mountain of the Elk Range, in lat. 30° 11' N., Ion. 107° 4' W. Its aUitude is 13,193 feet above the sea-level. Mount Dana, da'na, California, a peak of the Sierra Nevada, is on the W. boundary of Mono co., 12 miles S. of Castle Peak. It is 13,227 feet above the level of the sea. Mount Da'vidson, Nevada, is on or ne.ar the line be- tween Storey and Washoe cos., and belongs to the AVashoe Range of the Sierra Nevada. Virginia City is built on the E. slope of this mountain, in which are rich silver-mines. Mount de Chantal, shanH'41', a station in Ohio co., W. Va., on the railroad from Wheeling to Washington, Pa., 2 miles E. of Wheeling. Here is a spacious convent and school for young ladies. The situation is beautiful. Mount Defi'ance, a high eminence in Essex co., N.Y., overlooking the site of Fort Ticonderoga. Mount Del'ano, a peak of the Rocky Mountains, in the S.W. part of Montana, about lat. 45° 32' N. It has an altitude of 10,200 feet above the level of the sea. Mount Demavend, Persia. Sec Dejiavend. Mount Den'nison, a post-village in Hants co.. Nova Scotia, on the Avon, 3 miles from Hantsport. Pop. 200. Mount Desert, de-zert' or dez'ert, an island in the Atlantic, is a part of Hancock co.. Me., and is nearly 1 mile from the mainland. It is 15 miles long and 12 miles wide. It has several good harbors, is distinguished for picturesque scenery, and is a popular summer resort. Pop. 3935. Mount Desert Post-Office is at Somesville. Mount Desert Rock, in the Atlantic, 20 miles S.S.E. of the island of Mount Desert, has a light-bouse, in lat. 43*^ 58' 7" N., Ion. 68° 7' 22" W. Mount Diablo, de-4'blo, California, an isolated, con- ical peak of the Coast (or Monte Diablo) Range, in Contra Costa CO., about 38 miles E. by N. from San Francisco. It rises 3876 feet above the level of the sea, and is the most conspicuous landmark in the central part of the state. It appears more prominent than some higher peaks because it is more isolated and it rises directly from the level of the sea. The summit commands an immense prospect of the great central valley of California, believed to be almost un- surpassed in extent by any view attainable on the surface of the earth. This is due to the peculiar form of the Great Valley of California, and the gradual rise of the Sierra, which brings higher and higher points to view as the dis- tance becomes greater. The central mass of Mount Diablo is composed of metamorphic rocks, among which are sandstone and silicious slate. Coal is found in the creta- ceous formation at the base of this mountain, and here are the most important coal-mines in the state. Mount Doane, don, Wyoming, is in the National Park of the Yellowstone, about 5 miles from Yellowstone Lake. Its altitude is 10,118 feet above the level of the sea. It is of volcanic origin, and is composed partly of trachyte, basalt, and breccia. Mount Dow'ney, California, is a peak of the Coast Range, in Los Angeles co. Height, 5675 feet. Mount £agle, a station in Centre co., Pa., on the Bald Eagle Valley Railro.ad, 18 miles S.W. of Lockport. Mount Eaton, e'ton, a post-village in Paint township, Wayne co., 0., about 13 miles S.W. of jMassillon. It has 4 churches, a union school, a steam saw-mill, and a furniture- factory. Pop. 296. Mount E'bal, a post-oflice of Aiken eo., S.C. Mount E'den, a post-village of Alameda co., Cal., about 24 miles E.S.E. of San Francisco. It has manufac- tures of salt. Mount Eden, a post-village of Spencer co., Ky., about IS miles S.AY. of Frankfort. It has a church, an academy, and a distillery. Pop. about 200. Mount Eden, a village in the suburbs of New York, became a part of that city in 1874. Pop. in 1870, 116. Mount Eden Furnace, a hamlet of Lancaster eo.. Pa., in Eden township. 2 miles from Quarryville Station. It has a church, a foundry, and a saw-mill. Mount Edgecumbe, ej'ktim, England, co. of Corn- wall, is a hilly promontory, with the fine seat of the Earl of Mount Edgecumbe, 3 miles S.AV. of Plymouth. Mount Edgecumbe, a mountain of New Zealand, North Island, lat. 38° S., Ion. 177° E. Height, 10,000 feet. Mount Eg'mont, an active volcano of New Zealand, near the S.W. point of North Island, 18 miles S. of New Plymouth. Lat. 39° 15' S. Height, 8840 feet. JMonnteith, Chatham co., Ga. See Monteith. Mount £f ba, a hamlet of Lincoln co.. Ark., on the Saline River, about 70 miles S. of Little Rock. Mount El'gin, a post-village in Oxford co., Ontario, 74 miles S.S.E. of Ingersoll. Pop. 135. 31ouut Ein^mons, a peak of the Adirondack Moun- tains, in Hamilton co., N.Y., named in honor of E. Em- mons, geologist. Colvin computes its height to be 3824 feet. Mount Eno'tah, or Bald Mountain, a peak of Towns CO., Ga., has an altitude of 4802 feet, and is said to be the highest peak in the state. Mount En'terprise, a post-village in Rusk co., Tex., 30 miles S.S.E. of Overton, and about 45 miles S. of Long- view. It has 3 churches, an academy, and manufactures of furniture and wagons. MOU 1492 MOU Mount E'phraim, a post-village of Camden co., N.J., 5 miles S.S.E. of Camden, on the Camden, Gloucester & Mount Ephraim Railroad. It has a church. Mount Ephraim, a post-village of Noble co.,0., ahout 32 miles N. of Marietta. It has 2 churches. Pop. 171. Mount Erie, e'ree, a post-village of Wayne co., 111., in Mount Erie township, about 50 miles E. of Centralia, and 20 miles S.E. of Flora. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Pop. of the township, 12.38. Mount Etna, a mountain of Sicily. See Etna. Mount Et'na, a post-village of Huntingdon co., Ind., on the Salamonie River, about 36 miles S.AV. of Fort Wayne. It has 2 churches. Pop. 221. Mount Etna, a post-village in Washington township, Adams co., Iowa, on the Nodaway, 10 miles N. of Corning. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of flour and lumber. Mount E'va, a post-office of White co.. Ark. Mount Ev'ans, Colorado, a peak of the Rocky Moun- tains, about 10 miles S. of tJeorgetown, in lat. 39° 'do' 21" N., Ion. 105° .38' 20" W. It has an altitude of 14,330 feet above the level of the sea. Mount Ev'erest, a peak of the Himalayas, the highest ascertained point on the surface of the globe, in lat. 27° 9' 16" N., Ion. S5° 58' 8" E., and N.E. of Khatmandoo, ne.arly midway between the peaks of Dhawalaghiri and Kunchain-Junga. Height, 29,002 feet above the sea. Mount Fair'view, a post-office of San Diego co., Cal., on the San Luis Rey River, 9 miles from the Pacific Ocean. Mount Flume, one of the Lower Franeonia peaks, Grafton co., N.H., is said to be 4500 feet high. Mount For'est, a post-village of Cook co., 111., on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 17 miles S.W. of Chicago. It has mineral springs, a good hotel, and a female seminary. Mount For'est, a town in Wellington co., Ontario, on the S. branch of the Saugeen River, on the Toronto. Grey 6 Bruce Railway, 87 miles W.N.W. of Toronto. It has churches, of 7 denominations, 2 saw-mills, 3 flouring- and grist-mills, 2 woollen-mills, an iron-foundry, an agricultural implement factory, 2 tanneries, 2 brick-fields, a pottery, a branch b.rnk, 2 newspapers, and 5 hotels. Pop. 1370. Mount Frank'lin, New Hampshire, a peak of the White Mountains, in Coos co., about 4 miles S.W. of Mount Washington. Height, 4904 feet above sea-level. Mount Free'dom, a hamlet of Jessamine co., Ky., 8 miles S. of Nicholasville, and 2 miles from North Tower Railroad Station. It has a church. Mount Freedom, a post-hamlet of Morris co., N.J., in Randolph township, 3 miles from Ironia Station. It has 2 churches. Mount Freedom, W. Va. See Cikcleville. Mount Gal'laglier, a post-office of Laurens co., S.C. Mount Gal 'latin, a conical mountain which stands near the W. border of the National Park of the Yellowstone, and near the boundary between Montana and Wyoming. It is about 10,000 feet high. The Gallatin River rises at its base. This peak is described by Hayden as "a dome-shaped peak which overlooks the valleys of the Yellowstone and Gallatin, is one of the finest mountains in the range, and commands a most extensive view in every direction." It is composed mostly of limestones. Mount Gar'diner, California, a peak of the Sierra Nevada, on the W. border of Inyo Co., a few miles S. of Mount King. Its altitude is estimated at 14,000 feet above the level of the sea. Mount Gar'field, Idaho, a peak of the Rocky Moun- tains, is near the boundary between Idaho and Montana. It rises 9704 feet above the level of the sea. Mount Gay'nor, a post-olBce of Hays co., Tex. Mount Gilead, ghil'e-ad (Arab. Jeb-el-Jilad, jSb-el- je-l3,d'), in Syria, pashalic of Damascus, is 25 miles N.N.E. of the Dead Sea, lat. 32° 7' N., Ion. 35° 46' E., and near the extremity of the region of Gilead, which extended for some distance northward along the E. side of the .lordan. Mount Gilead, ghil'e-ad, a small post-village of Mason CO., Ivy., 4 miles S.E. of Marshall Station, and about 11 miles S.S.E. of Maysville. It has a church. Mount Gilead, a post-hamlet in Mount Gilead town- ship, Montgomery CO., N.C., about 50 miles E. of Charlotte. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1280. Mount Gilead, a post-village, capital of Morrow co., 0., in Gilead township, on the Bast Branch of the Olentangy River, about 45 miles N. by E. of Columbus, and 24 miles S.W. of Mansfield. It is 1 J miles E. of Gilead Station on the railroad which connects Delaware with Gallon. It contains 4 churches, a national banlc, 1 other bank, a union school, 2 newspaper offices, and manufactures of carria,ges, turbine water-wheels, and sewing-machines. Pop. 1087. Mount Gilead, a post-office of Cumberland co., Tenn. Mount Gilead, a post-hamlet of Loudoun co., Va., 6 miles S. of Hamilton Station. Mount God'dard, California, a peak of the Sierra Nevada, is on or near the boundary between Fresno and Mono COS., about lat. 37° 10' N. It rises about 14,000 feet above the sea-level, and is partly covered with forests of pine and fir. Its summit is formed of granite and slate. Mount Good'win, a peak of the Adirondacks, in New York, near the western boundary of Essex co. Mount Graham, Arizona. See Graham Peak. Mount Guth'rie, a station of Rock Castle co., Ky., on the Knoxville Branch of the Louisville & Great Southern Railroad, 2 miles N.W. of Mt. Vernon. Mount Guyot, ghee'o', Colorado, a mountain of the main range of the Rocky Mountains, in lat. 39° 28' N., Ion. 105° 56' W. Height, 13,565 feet above sea-level. Mount Guyot, a peak of Grafton co., N.H., about 4 miles S. of Twin Mountain. Mount Guyot, a peak of the Smoky Mountains, on the boundary between North Carolina and Tennessee, is near lat. 35° 50' N. and Ion. 83° W. Altitude, 6636 feet. Mount Ham'ilton, California, a peak of the Coast Range, in Santa Clara co., about 25 miles E. of San Jose. It is 4449 feet above the level of the sea. Mount Hamilton, Colorado, a peak of the Rocky Mountains (main range), in lat. 39° 26' N., Ion. 105° 58' 7" W. Height, 13,800 feet above sea-level. Mount Han'cock, a peak of the Rocky Mountains, in the National Park of the Yellowstone, about 12 miles S. of Yellowstone Lake, and near lat. 44° 8' N. Mount Hancock, Grafton co., N.H., is about 2 miles W. of Mount Carrigain. Its altitude is said to be 4420 feet. Mount Han'ly, a post-settlement in Annapolis co., Nova Scotia, 7 miles from Lawrencetown. Pop. 200. Mount Har'mony, a hamlet of Calvert co., Md., about 24 miles S. of Annapolis. It has a church. Alount Harmony, a post-office of Marion co., W. Va. Mount Har'vard, Colorado, a peak of the Rocky Mountains, in Lake co., about 108 miles S.W. of Denver. It has an altitude of 14,383 feet above the level of the sea. It is partly covered with forests of fir and pine. Mount Hay'den, or Grand Teton, te-t6N°', a gr.anitic peak of the Rocky Mountains, is near the W. boundary of Wyoming Territory, in lat. 43° 44' N. and Ion. 110° 55' W. Altitude, 13,858 feet above the level of the sea. It is the highest peak of a group called the Three Tetons. The ascent of this mountain is difficult. Mount Hayes, haz, a peak of the White Mountains, in Coos CO., N.H., is nearly 3 miles from Gorham Station. Mount Hayes, a post-office of Washington co.. Ark. Mount Hay'ley, township, Midland co., Mich. P. 99. Mount Hay 'stack, a penk of the Adirondacks, in Essex CO., N.Y. Computed height, 5006 feet above sea-level. Mount Health'y, a post-hamlet of Bartholomew eo., Ind., about 10 miles S.S.W. of Columbus. It has a church. Mount Healthy, Ohio. See Mount Pleasant. fllount Healthy, a post-office of Somerset co.. Pa. Mount Healy, hee'le, a post-village in Haldimand 00., Ontario, on the Grand River, 5 miles N. of Cayuga. Gypsum abounds in the neighborhood. Pop. 100. Mount He'bron, a post-hamlet of Greene eo., Ala., 6 miles N. of Gainesville. It has 2 churches. Mount Hecia, Iceland. See Hrcla. Mount Hec'la, a post-office of Jack co., Tex. Mount Her'mon (Arab. Jebel-eah-Sheikh, j^b'Sl-Ssh- shaik), a mountain of Palestine, forming a part of the chain of Anti-Libanus. Its height is stated to be above 11,000 feet, and its summit is covered with snow the most part of the year. Little Mount Hermon is a much lower range, 25 miles S.E. of Acre, bounding the Plain of Es- draelon on the E., and to which the name of Hermon was first applied in the Middle Ages. Mount Her'mon, a post-office of Monroe co., Ky. Mount Hermon, a pi>st-hamlet in Hope township, Warren co., N.J., 11 miles E.S.E. of Delaware Water Gap. It has a church and an academy. Mount Hermon, a township of Pasquotank co., N.C. Pop. 1184. Mount Her'on, a post-office of Darke co., 0., on the Dayton & Union Railroad, 3 or 4 miles N.W. of Greenville. Mount Her'sey, a post-oftiee of Newton co., .\rk. Mount Hesperus, Colorado. See Bandku Peak. Mount Hilliard, hil'yard, a post-village of Bullock CO., Ala., 12 miles S.W. of Union Springs. It has 2 churches and an academy. Mount Hotr'man, California, a granitic peak of tho MOU 1493' MOU Sierra Nevada, is near lat. 37° 42' N. It has an altitude of 10,872 feet above tlie level of the sea, and forms a part of scenery remarkable for its sublimity. 31ount Hotifman, a peak of the Adirondaoks, in Essex CO., N.Y. Altitude, about 3727 feet. Mount Hol'ly, a post-office of Union co., Ark., about 24 miles S. by W. of Camden. Mount Holly, a post-village, capital of Burlington CO., N.J., in Northampton township, on the North Branch of Rancocas Creek, 19 miles E. by N. of Philadelphia, 7 miles S.S.E. of Burlington, and 18 miles S. of Trenton. Here is a hill about 200 feet high, from which the name is derived. It contains a court-house, 8 churches, 3 national banks, 2 newspaper offices, a cotton-factory, and 2 foundries, and has manufactures of machinery, ploughs, turbine water- wheels, and spool thread. Several branches of the Penn- sylvania Railroad connect it with Camden, Burlington, Medlbrd, &e. Pop. about 4000. Mount Holly, a post-office of Clermont co., 0. Mount Holly, a village of Knox co., 0. See Gann. Mount Holly, a village in Wayne township, Warren CO., 0., on Little Miami River, 1^ miles from Claysville Station. It has a chui-ch and a flour-mill. Pop. 205. Mount Holly, a post-office and station of Charleston CO., S.C., on the Northeastern Railroad, 19 miles N. of Charleston. Mount Holly, a post-hamlet in Mount Holly township, Rutland co., Vt., on the Central Vermont Railroad, 15 miles S. by B. of Rutland. It has 2 churches, a lumber-mill, and a cheese-factory. The township contains a village named Mechanicsville, and has a pop. of 1582. Mount Holly, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Va. Mount Holly Springs, a post-village and summer resort of Cumberland co., Pa., is on the South Mountain and Harrisburg & Potomac Railroads, near the N.W. base of South Mountain, 7 miles S. by E. of Carlisle. It has a newspaper office, a hotel, 3 churches, and 3 paper-mills. Mount Ho'ly Cross, Colorado, a peak of the Sa- guache Range, about 18 miles N. of Massive Mountain, com- posed of granite or gneiss, having an altitude of 14,176 feet above the level of the sea, .and a vertical face nearly 3000 feet on the side, with a cross of snow, formed by a vertical fissure about 1500 feet high, and a sort of horizontal step, on which the snow remains all the year. This cross may be seen at a distance of 50 to 80 miles from other mountain- peaks. Lat. 39° 28' N.; Ion. 106° 28' W. Mount Holyoke, hol'yok, Massachusetts, is in Hampden co., about 3 miles E. of Northampton, and 1 mile E. of the Connecticut River. Its top is 830 feet above the river, and a,ffords a beautiful prospect. Mount Hood, Oregon, a volcanic peak of the Cascade Range, is on the N.E. border of Clackamas co., about lat. 45° 24' N. and Ion. 121° 40' W. It seems to be a dormant or extinct volcano. According to Prof. Guyot, it is 11,225 feet above the level of the sea. But in Whitney's work on the Geology of California, 11,934 feet is given as a close approximation to the true height. It is stated that on one of its sides is a nearly vertical precipice, 7000 feet high. Mount Hood is partly covered with forests of fir and pine. Mount Hook'er, a peak of the Rocky Mountains, on the E. border of British Columbia, near lat. 51° 40' N. It is said to be 15,700 feet high. Mount Hope, a post-villa,ge of Lawrence co., Ala., about 30 miles S.S.E. of Florence. Mount Hope, a post-office of Yavapai co., Arizona. Mount Hope, a post-hamlet of Tolland co.. Conn., 9} miles N. by E. of Willimantic. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Mount Hope, a post-office of Yankton co., Dakota. Mount Hope, township, McLean CO., 111. Pop. 1550. Mount Hope, a post-ofiice of Do Kalb co., Ind., about 24 miles N.N.E. of Fort Wayne. Mount Hope, a post-office of Sac co., Iowa. Mount Hope, a post-office of Sedgwick co., Kansas. Mount Hope, a station in Baltimore co., Md., on the Western Maryland Railroad, 8 miles N.W. of Baltimore. Mount Hope, a stiition on the Boston & Providence Railroad, 5i miles from the initial station in Boston, Mass. Here is Mcuint Hope Cemetery. Mount Hope, a post-office of Copiah co.. Miss. Mount Hope, a post-h.amlet of Lafayette oo.. Mo., 20 miles S. of Lexington. It has a church and a seminary. Mount Hope, a post-hamlet in Rockaway township, Morris co., N.J., 12 miles N. by W. of Morristown, and 3 miles from Rockaway Railroad Station. It has a church and valuable mines of iron. It is connected with Port Oram by the Mount Hope Railroad, 4 miles long. Mount Hope, a village in the suburbs of New York, of which city it became a part in 1874. Pop. 487. Mount Hope, a post-village in Mount Hope town- ship. Orange co., N.Y., 6 or 7 miles W. of Middletown, 1 mile S. of the Erie Railroad, and about 30 miles W.S.W. of Newburg. It has 1 or 2 churches and an academy. The township is intersected by the Shawangunk River and the Erie Railroad, and hiis a pop. of 1700. Mount Hope, Holmes co., 0. See Middletown. 31ount Hope, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co.. Pa., about 9 miles S. of Lebanon. Mount Hope, a post-ofiice of Fayette co., W. Va. Mount Hope, a post-village in Mount Hope town- ship. Grant co.. Wis., about 35 miles N. by W. of Dubuque. It has 2 churches and a plough-factory. Pop. of the town- ship, 781. Mount Hope, Ontario. See Cairngorm. Mount Hope Bay, the northeastern arm of Narra- gansett Bay, extending through Bristol co., R.I., into Bris- tol CO., Mass. Mount Hor, a post-ofBoe of Bracken co., Ky., 15 miles E.S.E. of Falmouth. Mount Horeb, Arabia. See Horeb. Mount Ho'reb, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co., Tenn., 4i miles S.E. of Mos.sy Creek Station. Here is the Mount Horeb Institute. Mount Horeb, a post-village of Dane co., Wis., about 20 miles W.S.W. of Madison, it has 2 churches. Mount Ho'reb, a post-village in Victoria co., Ontario, on Pigeon Creek, 2 miles from Franklin. Pop. 120. Mount Hurst, a post-village in Cardwell co., Ontario, 6 miles N.W. of Bolton. Pop. 130. Mount Hymettus, hi-met'tiis, a mountain of Greece, in Attica, U miles E.S.E. of Athens. Height, 26S0 feet. The honey collected here has been famous from remote antiquity to the present time. fliount Ida, Asia Minor. See Ida. Mount Ida, Crete. See Psilorati. Mount I'da, a post-hamlet of Crenshaw co., Ala., ob miles S. of Montgomery. It has a church and masonic hall. Mount Ida, a post-village, capital of Montgomery co.. Ark., is near the Brushy Fork of the Ouachita River, about 85 miles W. by S. of Little Rock. It has a church. Mount Ida, a post-office of Fayette co., W. Va. Mount Ida, a post-office of Grant co.. Wis., about 33 miles N. of Dubuque, Iowa. Mount I'daho, a post-hamlet, capital of Idalio co., Id.-iiio, 60 miles S.E. of Lewiston, near a branch of Clear- water River. It has a flour-mill and a lumber-mill. Mount Independ'ence, in Rutland co., Vt., about 2 miles S.E. of Fort Ticonderoga. It is chiefly distinguished as having contained important military fortifications in the early history of the country. Mount Jack'son, New Hampshire, a peak of the AVhite Mountains, is on the N.E. border of 6i-afton co., about 36 miles N.N.E. of Plymouth. Altitude, 4100 feet. Mount Jackson, a post-village of Lawrence co.. Pa., 3 miles from Mahoning Railroad Station, and 6 miles S.W. of New Castle. It has several churches, a planing-mill, &.c. Mount Jackson, a post-village of Shenandoah co., Va., on the North Fork of the Shenandoah River, and on the Harper's Ferry & Valley Branch Railroad, 61 miles N.N.E. of Staunton. It has 3 churches, a foundry, and a flouring-mill. Pop. 270. Mount Jefferson, a peak of the White Mountains, in Coos CO., New Hampshire, situated immediately N. of Mount Washington, between it and Mount Adams. Height, 5657 feet above the level of the ocean. Mount John'son, or Saint Gr^goire le Grand, saN"' gri^gwaii' leh grfiN", a post-village in Iberville co., Quebec, situated at the foot of a mountain, 3 miles from Versailles. It has several stores and hotels. Pop. 450. Mount Joy, a post-ofBce of Scott oo., low.a, on the Davenport & St. Paul Railroad, 8 miles N. of Davenport. Mount Joy, a station in Rockland co., N.Y., on the New Jersey & New York Railroad, 37 miles N. of Jersey City. Mount Joy, a post-village in Brush Creek township, Scioto CO., 0., 20 miles N. by W. of Portsmouth. It has 3 churches, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Mount Joy, a township of Adams co., Pa. Pop. 1172. Mount Joy, a post-borough in Mount .loy township, Lancaster CO., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 25 miles E.S.E. of Harrisburg, and 80 miles W. of Philadelphia. It has 5 or 6 churches, 2 national banks, the Cedar Hill Sem- inary, 2 newsi>aper offices, a plough-factory, and the Valley Chief Reaper Works. Pop. 1896; of the township, 2037. MOU 1494 MOU Mount Joy, a post-hamlet of Union co., S.C., 10 miles E. of Jonesville. Mount Joy, a post-office of Delta co., Texas, Mount'joy, or Oak'ville, a post-village in Soulangea CO., Quebec, 11 miles W. of Cuteau Station. It contains saw- and grist-mills. Pop. 200. Mount Jude'a, a post-office of Newton co., Ark. Mount Ju'liet, a post-ofaoo of Wilson co., Tenn. Mount Juliet, a hamlet of Travis co., Texas, 7 miles N. of Austin. It has 2 churches. Mount Ken'dall, Colorado, a mountain of the San Juan Range, in lat. 37° 47' 22" N., Ion. 107° 36' 51" W. Its altitude is 1H,380 feet above the sea-level. Mount Kin'eo, a summer resort of Piscataquis co.. Me., on the E. shore of Moosehead Lake. Here is a high prom- ontory composed almost entirely of hornblende. It is surrounded by picturesque scenery. Mount King, a naked granitic peak of the Sierra Ne- vada, on the ^V. border of Inyo co., Cal., near lat. ZQ'^ 44' N. Prof. .J. D. Whitney estimated its altitude to be " prob- ably over 14,000 feet" above the sea-level. " Mount King," says thai geologist, "breaks off in grand precipices on the northwest side, like the Half Dome ; these are several thousand feet in height, and almost vertical, producing the effect of an immense obelisk." Mount Kin'neo, a peak in Grafton oo., N.H., has an altitude of 3427 feet above the tide. It is covered with a dense forest. Mount Kins'man, a peak of Grafton oo., N.H., in Lincoln township, aboui 14 miles S. of Littleton. Altitude, 4200 feet above the tide. Mount Kis'co, a post-village of Westchester co., N.Y., on the New York & Harlem Railroad, 38 miles N. of New York. It has 5 churches, a newspaper office, a manufac- tory of spectacles and eye-glasses, a planing-mill, a saw- mill, an academy, ect. Mount Maravaca, mi-ri-vi'kS,, of Venezuela, is in lat. 3° 40' N., Ion. 65° 50' W., and estimated by Schom- burgk at from 10,000 to 11,000 feet in height. Mount Mar'cel'lina, Colorado, an isolated peak, in lat. 38° 56' N., Ion. 107° 14' W. Its altitude is 11,324 feet above the sea-level. It is composed of trachyte. Mount Mar'cy, New York, in Essex co., is a peak of the Adirondack Mountains, and is the highest mountain in the state, its altitude being 5467 feet above the level of the sea. It is composed chiefly of hypersthene rock. It is about 22 miles W. of Lake Champl'ain. Mount Mas'sive, a peak of the Saguache Range of the Rocky Mountains, in Lake oo.. Col., about 30 miles W. of Fair Play. Its altitude is stated to be 14,368 feet. Mount Meigs, megz, a post-village of Montgomery CO., Ala., on the Western Railroad of Alabama, 13 miles E. of Montgomery. It hjis 2 churches and an institute. Mount Melimoyu, mel-e-mo-yoo', a mountain of the Andes, in Patagonia, near the W. coast. Lat. 44°S. Height, 7400 feet. fliount Mel'lick, a town of Ireland, Queens co., on a branch of the Grand Canal, 6 miles N.W. of Maryborough, with cotton and woollen manufactures, iron- and brass- works, and potteries. It has a branch bank and 2 weekly markets. Pop. 3316. Mount Merid'ian, a post-hamlet of Putnam co., Ind., 36 miles W.S.W. of Indianapolis. Pop. 90. Mount Meridian, a post-hamlct of Augusta co., Va., 3 miles E. of Weyer's Cave Railroad Station. It has a church. Mount Miltsin, North Africa. See Miltshe.v. Mount Mitchell, N.C. See Mitchell's Peak, 31ount 31itch'ell, the loftiest summit of the Darling Downs, East Australia. Lat. 28° S. Height, 4100 feet. Mount Monroe, mun-ro', New Hampshire, a peak of the White Mountains, in Coos co., about 3 miles S.W. of Mount Washington. Height, 5349 feet.' 3Iount Mo^ran', a peak of the Rocky Mountains, in Uinta CO., Wyoming, near lat. 43° 52' N. and Ion. 111° W. It is about 7 miles N. of Mount Hayden, and 2 miles W. of Jackson's Lake. Its altitude is 12,809 feet above the level of the sea. It belongs to the Teton Range. Mount Mori'ah, New Hampshire, a peak of the White Mountains, in Coos eo. Altitude, 4653 feet. 3Iouut Moriah, a village of Nevada co., Ark., is 33 miles W, of Camden. It has a church. MOU 1495 MOU JHount Moriah, a post-office of Brown co., Ind., about 35 miles S. of Indianapolis. Mount Moriah, a post-hamlet of Harrison co., Mo., on the Crooked Fork of Grand River, about 44 miles N. by W. of Chillicothe. Mount Moriah, a station on the Philadelphia, Wil- mington it Baltimore Railroad, at Mount Moriah Cemetery, 3i miles S.W. of the initial station in Philadelphia, Pa. Mount Moriah, a post-ottioe of Anderson co., Tenn. Mount Mor'ris,a post-village in Mount Morris town- ship, O^le CO., 111., on the Chicago & Iowa Railroad, 108 miles W. by N. of Chicago, and 24 miles S.W. of Rookford. It contains 2 churches, the Rock River Seminary and Col- legiate Institute (with a stone building of four stories), a newspaper office, and a money-order post-office. Pop. about 1000 J of the township, 145o. Mount Morris, a post-village of Genesee co., Mich., in Genesee and Mount Morris townships, on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, 7 miles N. of Flint. It has 3 churches, a foundry, a grist-mill, and 2 grain-elevators. Pop. about 600; of the township, 1349. Mount Morris, a post- village in Mount Morris town- ship, Livingston co., N.Y., on the Genesee Valley Canal, and on the Dansville & Mount Morris Branch of the Erie Railroad, 34 miles S. by W. of Rochester. 14 miles E. of Warsaw, and 15 miles N.W. of Dansvillo. It contains 5 churches, an academy and union school, 2 banks, 2 news- paper offices, a foundry, a planing-mill, a saw-mill, a machine-shop, and 3 flouring-mills. Pop. 1930; of the township, 3817. The Genesee River flows along the W. border of the township. Mount Morris, a post-village in Perry township, Greene co.. Pa., on Dunkard Creek, about 60 miles S, of Pittsburg. It has 2 churches, a graded school, 2 flouring- mills, and a steam saw-mill. Mount Morris, a post-hamlet in Mount Morris town- ship, Waushara CO., Wis., about 36 miles W. by N. of Osh- kosh. It has a grist-mill. Pop. of the township, 588. Mount Mourne, moom, a post-village of Iredell co., N.C., on the Atlantic, Tennessee & Ohio Railroad, 27 miles N. of Charlotte. It has a church, a public hall, a grist-mill, and a steam lumber-mill. Mount Mur'phy, post-office, Pocahontas co., W. Va. Mount Ne'bo, in Middlebury township, Addison co., Vt., commands a tine view of Lake Champlain. Mount Nebo, a post-hamlct of Yadkin co., N.C., 30 miles W.N.W. of Winston. It has 2 stores and 9 families. Mount Nebo, a post-hamlet in Martic township, Lan- caster CO., Pa., about 12 miles S. of Lancaster City, and 2i miles from Pequea Railroad Station. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of edge-tools, furniture, and cigars. Mount of Ol'ives, a celebrated hill of Palestine, about half a mile E. of Jerusalem. Its summit commands one of the finest views that can be obtained of the city. Mount Ol'ive, a post-hamlet of Coosa co., Ala., about 54 miles N. of Montgomery. It has 2 churches. Slount Olive, a post-hamlet of Izard co.. Ark., is on White River, about 35 miles N.W. of Batesville. Mount Olive, a post-vill.age in Staunton township, Macoupin co.. III., near the Wabash Railroad, at Druni- mond Station, 6S miles S.W. of Decatur. Coal is mined near this place. Mount Olive, a post-hamlet of Covington CO., Miss., about 54 miles S.S.E. of Jackson. It has 2 churches and an .academy. Mount Olive, a post-h.amlet of St. Louis co.. Mo., 2 miles IVom R(*sedale Station, and 8 miles from St. Louis. It has a church and a hotel. Mount Olive, a post-hamlet in Mount Olive township, Morris CO., N.J., 2 miles from Flanders Station, and about 15 miles W.N.W. of Morristown. It has 2 churches, and mines of iron ore. Mount Olive, a post-village of Wayne co., N.C., on the Wilmington &, Weldon Railroad, 70 miles N. of Wil- mington. It has 3 churches and an academy. Pop. about 300. Mount Olive, a post-office of Clermont co., 0., about 30 miles E.S.E. of Cincinnati. Mount Olive, a post-hamlet of Shenandoah co., Va., 3^ miles from Tom's Brook. Mount Olive, a hamlet in Jackson co., W. Va., 4 miles E. of Ripley. It has a church. Mount Olive, a post-hamlet of Mason co., W. Va., about 40 miles W.N.W. of Charleston. It has 2 churches. Mount Ol'iver, a post-village in Lower St. Clair township, Alleghany co., Pa., about 2 miles S. of Pittsburg. It has a church. Mount Ol'ivet, post-office, Leavenworth co., Kansas. Mount Olivet, a post-village, capital of Robertson CO., Ky., on the North Fork of the Licking River, about 20 miles S.W. of Maysvillc, and 50 miles N.E. of Le.xington. It has an academy, 4 churches, a newspaper office, a plough- factory, and 4 large tobacco-warehouses. Pop. 254. Mount Olivet, a hamlet of Belmont eo., 0., 3 miles from Barnesville. It has 2 churches. Pop. 84. Mount Olivet, a post-office of McLennan co., Tex. Mount Olym'pus, Washington, is in the N. part of Jefferson co., about lat. 47° 50' N. Altitude, 8138 feet above the level of the sea. Mount O'rab, a post-village of Brown co., 0., in Green township, on the Cincinnati &> Eastern Railroad, 36 miles E. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches and a steam saw-mill. Mount Or'nuo, Colorado, a peak in the N. part of the state, about 6 miles N. of Dome Mountain. It is near lat. 40° 6' N. Altitude, 12,185 feet. Mount Os'car, a post-village in Vaudreuil co., Que- bec, 5 miles from Rigaud. Pop. 100. Mount Os'ceo'la, a peak in Waterville township, Grafton co., N.H. Its altitude is estimated at 4400 feet above the sea-level. It commands an extensive view. Mount O'so, Colorado, a mountain in the S.W. part of the state, has an altitude of 13,640 feet above the sea- level. Lat. 37° 36' 29" N. ; Ion. 107° 29' W. Mount Oth'rys, a mountain-chain, forming the N. frontier of Greece, about lat. 39° N., and between Ion. 21^° and 23° E., and connected westward with the Pindus chain. Height, from 4500 to 5700 feet. Mount Ouray, oo'ra', Colorado, the most southern peak of the Saguache Range, is about 24 miles N. of Sa- guache village. Height, 14,043 feet above sea-level. Mount Pacaraima, or Serra Facaraima, sSu'- nk pi-ki-ri'm^, an isolated mountain of Brazil, near the Parima. Lat. 3° 38' N. ; Ion. 63° 8' W. Mount Pal'atine, a post-village of Putnam co., III., about 12 miles S.S.W. of La Salle. It has 2 churches. Mount Par'nel, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Po., about 11 miles W.S.W. of Chambersburg. 3Iount Par'ry, a mountain in California, lat. 39° 50' 20" N., Ion. 105° 42' 32" W. It has an altitude of 13,133 feet above the sea-level. Mount Par'thenon, a post-office of Newton co., Ark. Mount Pat'rick, a post-office of Perry co.. Pa. Mount Peale, peel, Colorado, a peak in the W. part of the state, near lat. 38° 26' N., Ion. 109° 13' W., has an altitude of 12,980 feet. Mount Pe'lia, a post-hamlet of Weakley co., Tenn., about 60 miles N. of Jackson. It has a church. Mount Per'ry, a post-village in Madison township. Perry co., 0., 4 miles from Ohalfont Station, and about 13 miles W.S.W. of Zanesville. It has 2 churches, an academy, and a flour-mill. Mount Pin'son, a post-office of Jefferson eo., Ala., about 13 miles N. of Birmingham. Mount Pisgah, piz'ga, Colorado, a mountain of the Front Range, in lat. 38° 46' 15" N., Ion. 105° 13' W. It has an altitude of 9343 feet above the sea-level. Mount Pisgah, a post-office of White co., Ark., about 24 miles S. of Batesville. Mount Pisgah, a post-hamlet of Lagrange co., Ind., 8 miles S.E. of La Grange. Mount Pisgah, a post-office of Harrison co., Iowa. Mount Pisgah, a post-village of Wayne co., Ky., 40 miles from Somerset. It has a church and a flour-mill. Mount Pisgah, a post-office of Alexander co., N.C. 31ount Pisgah, a post-office of Clermont co., 0., about 20 miles E.S.E. of Cincinnati. Mount Pisgah, a post-hamlet of Monroe eo.. Wis., about 25 miles E. of La Crosse. It is 11 miles S.W. of Norwalk Station. Mount Pitt, Oregon, a conical peak of the Cascade Range, is on the E. bolder of Jackson co., about 8 miles W. of Klamath Lake. Its height is said to be about 10,500 feet above the sea. It is of volcanic formation. Mount Pleasant, plez'ant, a post-hamlet of Monroe CO., Ala., about 60 miles N.N.E. of Mobile. Mount Pleasant, a post-hamlet of New Castle CO., Del., on the Delaware Railroad, 21 miles S.S.W. of Wilmington. Many peaches are shipped here. Mount Pleasant, a post-village of Washington eo., D.C., 2^ miles from Washington City. It has a church. Pop. about 500. Mount Pleasant, a post-village of Gadsden co., Fla., on the -lacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroad, 33 miloa N.W. of Tallahassee. MOU 1496 MO'TJ Mount Pleasant) a post-hamlet of Gl3'nn co., Ga., on the Macon & Brunswick Railroad, at ButFalo Station, 20 miles N.N.W. of Brunswioli. It lias 2 churclies. Mount Pleasant, a station in Jackson co., 111., on the Grand Tower & Carbondale Railroad, 9 miles W. of Carbondale. Mount Pleasant, a post-hamlet of Union co., 111., about 32 miles N. by E. of Cairo. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. S5. Mount Pleasant, a township of Whitesides co.. 111. Pop. 2553. It contains Morrison. Mount Pleasant, a township of Delaware co., Ind. Pop. 18S0. Mount Pleasant, a hamlet of Delaware co., Ind., about 32 miles N.W. of Richmond. Mount Pleasant, a hamlet of Martin co., Ind., on the East Fork of White River, 36 miles E. of Vincennes. Mount Pleasant, a post-office of Perry co., Ind., about 20 miles N.E. of Cannelton. Mount Pleasant, a post-town, capital of Henry co., Iowa, on the Burlington & Missouri River Railro,ad, 28 miles W.N.W. of Burlington, and i? miles E. of Ottumwa. It is the seat of the Iowa Wesleyan University (Methodist Episcop.al), which was organized in 1855. The town con- tains the Mount Pleasant Female Seminary, the Iowa Hos- pital for the Insane, an academy, 2 national banks, 14 churches, and 2 or 3 newspaper offices. Pop. 4563. Mount Pleasant, a post-village in Mount Pleasant township, Atchison co., Kansas, 8 miles S. of Atchison, and about 16 miles N.W. of Leavenworth. It has a church, 2 stores, gas-works. 2 flour-mills, a tannery, and manufac- tories of sash, blinds, and woollen goods. The township is drained by the Stranger River, and has a pop. of 1357. Mount Pleasant, a township of Labette co., Kansas. Pop. 36fi. Mount Pleasant, a hamlet of Trimble co., Ky., 10 miles from Madison, Ind. It has a church. Mount Pleasant, a post-office of Caldwell parish, La. Mount Pleasant, a post-village of Frederick co., Md., 2 miles from Georgetown Station, and about 44 miles W.N.W. of Baltimore. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 120. Mount Pleasant, a station on the Fall River &, Now Bedford Railroad, 2 miles fiom New Bedford, Mass. Mount Pleasant, a post-village, capital of Isabella CO., Mich., in Union township, on the Chippewa River, about 46 miles W. of Bay City, and IS miles N.W. of St. Louis. It has 2 banking-houses, a brick court-house, 2 news- paper offices, 4 churches, and manufactures of lumber, Hour, staves, Ac. Pop. about 700. Mount Pleasant, a township of Wabasha co., Minn. Pop. 693. ftlount Pleasant, a post-village of Marshall co.. Miss., about 15 miles N. of Holly Springs. It has 2 churches. Mount Pleasant, a hamlet of Wilkinson co., Miss., 12 miles E. of Woodvillc. Mount Pleasant, a township of Bates co., Mo. Pop. 2688. It contains Butler. Mount Pleasant, township, Cass co., Mo. Pop. 712. Mount Pleasant, a post-village of Gentry co., Mo., on a branch of Grand River, 10 miles W. of Albany, and about 48 miles N.E. of St. Joseph. It has a church. Mount Pleasant, a township of Lawrence co.. Mo. Pop. 1853. See also Pleasant Mount. Mount Pleasant, a township of Scotland co.. Mo. Pop. 1230. Mount Pleasant, a post-village of Cass co.. Neb., near Weeping Water Creek, about 32 miles S, of Omaha, It has a church and a flour-mill. Mount Pleasant, a station in Seward co.. Neb., on the Midland Pacific Railro.ad, 18 miles W.N.W. of Lincoln. Mount Pleasant, a station in Dennis township, Cape May CO.. N.J.,on the West Jersey Railroad, 11 miles N. by E. of Cape May Court-House. Mount Pleasant, a post-hamlet of Hunterdon co., N.J., 32 miles N.N.W. of Trenton. It has a flour-mill. Mount Pleasant, a hamlet of Morris co., N.J., i mile from Port Oram, and 3 miles N.W. of Dover Station. It has valuable iron-mines. Mount Pleasant, a post-office of Oswego co., N.T. Mount Pleasant, a hamlet of Saratoga co., N.Y., 17 miles N.W. of Saratoga Springs. It has 3 steam saw-mills. Mount Pleasant, a station in Ulster eo., N.Y., on the Ulster & Delaware Railroad, 21 miles W.N.AV. of Rondout. Mount Pleasant, a township of Westchester co., N.Y., on the Hudson River. Pop. 6189. It contains Beekman- town, Pleasantville, Sleepy Hollow, &c. Mount Pleasant, a post-village in Mount Pleasant township, Cabarrus CO., N.C., 9 miles E. of Concord, and 30 miles N.E. of Charlotte. It contains the North Carolina College (Lutheran), which was organized in 1859, 2 churches, and a female semin.ary. Pop. 300; of the township, 1021. Mount Pleasant, or Mount Healthy, a village of Hamilton co., 0., in Springfield township, 2J miles from College Hill Station, and 10 miles N. of Cincinnati. It has several churches, a carriage-factory, and 4 general stores. Pop. about 700. Here is Mount Healthy Post-Office. Mount Pleasant, a post-village in Mount Pleasant township, Jefi'erson co., 0., 10 miles N.W. of Wheeling, W. Va., about 5 miles from the Ohio River, and 13 miles S.E. of Cadiz. It contains 4 churches, a national bank, a bo.ard- ing-school of the Friends, a union school, and several mills. Pop. 563 ; of the township, 1564. Mount Pleasant, a post-hamlet of Linn co., Oregon, near the N. Fork of Santiam River, 10 miles E. of Marion Station, and 24 miles S.E. of Salem. It has a church. Mount Pleasant, township, Adams co.. Pa. P. 1947. Mount Pleasant, a station in Centre co., Pa., on the Tyrone & Clearfield Railroad, 11 miles N.N.W. of Tyrone. Mount Pleasant, a township of Columbia co.. Pa. Pop. 751. Mount Pleasant, a station in Elk co.. Pa., on the Low Gr.ade Railroad, 13 miles W. of Driftwood. Mount Pleasant, a station on the Germantown & Chestnut Hill Railroad, 8 miles from Philadelphia. Mount Pleasant, a township of Washington co.. Pa. Pop. 1321. It has an abundance of good coal. Mount Pleasant, township, Wayne co., Pa. P. 1952. Mount Pleasant, a post-borough in Mount Pleasant township, Westmoreland CO., Pa., on the Mount Pleasant Branch of the Pittsburg, AVashington & Baltimore Rail- road, 12 miles N. of Connellsville, and about 32 miles S.E. of Pittsburg. It has 7 churches, a newspaper office, 2 banks, a classical institute, and several manufiictures of coke. Coal is mined near it. Pop. about 1500 ; of the township, 2547. Mount Pleasant, a post-village and summer resort of Charleston co., S.C., on Charleston Bay or Harbor, about 6 miles E. of Charleston. It has 3 churches and 4 schools, also several colored churches. Pop. about 600. Mount Pleasant, a post-village of Maury eo., Tenn., 11 miles S.W. of Columbia. It has the Mount Pleasant Institute, 3 churches, and I or 2 flour-mills. Mount Pleasant, a post-village, capital of Titus co., Texas, about 45 miles N.AV. of Jefferson. It has a news- paper office and a money-order post-office. Pop. 275. Mount Pleasant, a post-village of San Pete co., Utah, is near the W. base of the Wahsatch Range of moun- tains, 45 miles S.S.E. of York Railroad Station. It has 2 churches. Pop. 1346. Mount Pleasant, a station in Prince William co., Va., on the Alexandria & Fredericksburg Railroad, 9 miles N. of Quantioo. Mount Pleasant, a post-hamlet of Spottsylvania co., V.a., about 48 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. Mount Pleasant, a post-hamlet of Webster co., W. Va., is on a mountain 50 miles S. of Clarksburg. Pop. 100. Mount Pleasant, township. Green co.. Wis. P. 1110. Mount Pleasant, a township of Racine co., Wis. Pop. 2341. Mount Pleasant, Brant co., Ontario. See Mohawk. Mount Pleasant, a post-village in Durham co., On- tario, 8 miles N. of Millbrook. It contains 2 churches, a carding-mill, an iron-foundry, flour-, oat-, and saw-mills, and 5 stores. Pop. 200. Mount Pleasant Mills, post-office, Snyder co.. Pa. Mount Pow'ell, Colorado, is a peak of the Park Range, in lat. 39° 45' 19" N., Ion. 106° 20' 3" W. It has an altitude of 13,398 feet. Mount Prince'ton, Colorado, a granitic peak of the Saguache Range, near lat. 38° 45' N. Altitude, 14,199 feet. It is about 20 miles S. of Granite. Mount Pros'pect, or BroAvns'toAVn, a post-hamlet of Crawford CO., Ind., about 38 miles W. by N. of New Al- bany. It has several churches. Mount Prospect, a post-office of Union co., N.C. Mount Pulaski, pu-las'kee, a post-village of Logan CO., III., in Mount Pulaski township, on the Oilman, Clinton & Springfield Railroad where it crosses the Pekin Branch of the Wabash Railroad. It is 24 miles N.E. of Springfield, 21 miles N.W. of Decatur, and 11 miles S.S.E. of Lincoln. It has a bank, a newspaper office, a graded school, and 7 churches. Pop. 653; of the township, 1910. Mount Put'nain, Idaho, formerly Sublette's Peak, is in Oneida co., about 12 miles S. of Fort Hall, MOU 1497 MOU iind near lat. 43° N. Its altitude is 8S54 foet above the level of the sea. It is mostly composed of carboniferous and Silurian limestones. Large pine timber grows on it. Mount Rainier, ra'neer, or Takho'ma, Washing- ton, one of the highest peaks of the Cascade Range, is in the S. part of Pierce co. Lat. about 46° 47' N. ; Ion. 121° 30' W. Its height is estimated at 14,444 feet above the sea-level. It is said to be of volcanic origin. Its sides are partly covered with forests of large pine and fir trees. Mount'rath, a town of Ireland, Queen's co., 14 miles E.N.E. of Roscrea. It has a monastery and nunnery, and manufactures of cottons and worsteds. Pop. 1903. Mount Read, reed, a post-office of Monroe co., N.Y., 2 miles from Charlotte. Mount Red'field, a peak of the Adirondaoks, in Esse.-s CO., N.Y. Altitude, 40SS feet above sea-level. Mount Repose, re-poz', a post-office of Clermont co., 0. Mount Ri'ga, a post-office of Dutchess co., N.Y., on the New York & Harlem and Rhinebeck & Connecticut Railroads, 4 miles N. of Millerton. Mount Rip'ley, California, a peak of the Coast Range, on the E. boundary of Clear Lake co., near lat. 39° 10' N. It rises about 7500 feet above the level of the sea. Mount Rito Alto, ree'to al'to, Colorado, a mountain of the Sangre de Cristo Range, in the S. central part of the state. Height, 12,989 feet above sea-level. Mount Rock, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co.. Pa., 2 miles from Kerrsville Station, and 7 miles W.S.W. of Car- lisle. It has a church and about 20 houses. Mount Rose, a post-hamlet of Mercer eo., N.J., about 12 miles N. of Trenton. Pop. 94. Mount Ross, a post-hamlet of Dutchess co., N.Y., on the Rhinebeck & Connecticut Railroad, about 50 miles S. by E. of Albany. It has manufactures of flour and vinegar. Mount Ros'zell, a post-office of Limestone cO., Ala. Mount Roy, a post-office of Brown co., Kansas. Mount Roy'al, a post-office of Putnam co., Pla. Mount Royal, a post-hamlet in Dover township, York CO., Pa., 10 miles N.W. of York. It has a church. Mount Roy'al, a very picturesque mountain on the outskirts of Montreal, Canada, whose most elevated point is 750 feet above the level of the river. The slopes on the lower part are well cultivated, but the upper part is mostly covered with wood. The summit, to which there is a good road of very easy ascent, commands a grand prospect, jind the base is adorned with many elegant villas and pleasure- grounds. Mount Royal Cemetery (Protestant) lies in a picturesque position on the St. Laurent side of the moun- tain, and the Roman Catholic cemetery on the Cote des Neiges side, near where the ro,ad crosses the spur of the mountain that overlooks the city. On the side of the mountain facing the city is a fine reservoir, belonging to the city water-works, cleft out of the roek; immediately below it is McGrill University. Mount Royal has been e.v- propriated for a city park. Mount Saint Augustine. See Oitohouganat. Mount Saint Eli'as (anc. Tai/getus), a mountain of Greece, Morea, government of Laoonia, in Maina, 10 miles S.W. of Miatra. Height, 7829 feet. Mount Saint £lias (anc. O'chn), a mountain of Greece, near the S.E. extremity of the island of Euboea. Height, 4607 feet. Here have been discovered the remains of a temple of Neptune. Mount Saint £lias, a mountain of Greece, island of Zea or Ceos. Lat. 37° 37' IS" N. ; Ion. 24° 21' 45" E. Mount Saint Elias, a mountain of Greece, island of Milo (Melos). Height. 2480 feet. Mount Saint Elias, a mountain of Greece, island of Pares, Grecian Archipelago. Lat. 37° N. ; Ion. 25° 11' E. Mount Saint Elias, a mountain of Greece, Santa Maura, one of the Ionian Islands, 4^ miles S.W. of Ama.xiohi. Height, 3000 feet. Mount Saint Elias, the highest peak of the island of Santorini, Grecian Archipelago, at the S.E. extremity of the island. Lat. 36° 22' N. ; Ion. 25° 28' 45" E. It is of limestone or marble formation, and 1SS7 feet high. Mount Saint Elias, a peak on the S. part of the island of iEgina, 1752 feet high. Mount Saint Eli'as, a volcanic mountain of North America, stands on the boundary between Alaska and British Columbia, a few miles from the Pacific Ocean. It is in lat. 60° 18' N.. and Ion. 140° 30' W. Its altitude is said to be 17,000 feet above the level of the sea, but, accord- ing to Guyot, it is 14,970 feet. Mount Saint Gotliard. See S.iisT Goth.ird. Mount Saint Helen's. See Svint Helen's. Mount Saint Mary's College. See EsiMiTTsunEa. Mount Saint touis, s?nt loo'ee, a post-village in Simcoe co., Ontario, on Sturgeon River, 20 miles N. of Barrie. It contains 2 stores. Pop. 100. Mount Saint Vin'cent, a station on the Hudson River Railroad, and on the Hudson River, It miles below Yonkers, N.Y. Here is the -mother-house of the principal congregation of Sisters of Charity for the United States, also a large Catholic academy. Mount Sa'lem, a post-office of Lincoln co., Ky., 12 miles S.W. of Stanford. Here is a church. Mount Salem, a post-hamlet in Wantage township, Sussex CO., N.J., about 6 miles S.E. of Port Jervis, N.Y. It has a church, a distillery, and a carriage-factory. Mount San Bernardino, sin bSr-nar-deo'no, in the S. part of California, about 75 miles E. of Los Angeles, is a mountain-peak which rises to the height of 8500 feet. Mount San Francis'co, a mountain of Yavapai co., Arizona, 75 miles N.E. of Presoott, 12,052 feet high. Mount Santanoni, san'ta-no'nee, or Sandanona, sanMa-no'na, a peak of the Adirondack Mountains, in the W. part of Essex co., N.Y., about 16 miles S.W. of Mount Marcy. Its height is estimated at 4644 feet. Mount Sav'age, a post-office of Carter co., Ky., on the Eastern Kentucky Railroad, 28 miles S. of Riverton. Mount Savage, a post-village of Alleghany co., Md., is near the mountain of the same name, and on the Cum- berland & Pennsylvania Railroad, 8 or 9 miles N.W. of Cumberland. It has 3 or 4 churches, a foundry, and a m feeMeep' diin^zhdNo'tuI', a post-village in Ar- gcnteuil eo., Quebec, 6 miles from Carillon. It contains a church, a saw-mill, and 2 stores. Pop. 300. Muddy Creek or River, 111. See Big Munnv River. Muddy Creek, Kentucky, rises in Logan co., runs northward, and enters Green River on the W. boundary of Butler eo. Muddy Creek, Missouri, runs northeastward through Pettis CO., and enters the Lamine River about 12 miles N.N.E. of Sedalia. Muddy Creek, Missouri, flows into Crooked Fork of Grand River in Grundy CO., a few miles S. of Trenton. Muddy Creek, Ohio, flows into Sandusky Bay of Lake Erie. Muddy Creek, Nebraska, rises in Nemaha co., runs southeastward in Richardson co., .and enters the Nemaha River 3 or 4 miles E. of Falls City. Muddy Creek, Pennsylvania, enters the Susquehanna River in the S.E. part of York co. Muddy Creek, a post-office of Pueblo co.. Col. Muddy Creek, a township of Butler co.. Pa. Pop. 972. It contains Portersville. Muddy Creek, a post-oflice of Lancaster co.. Pa. Muddy Creek, a post-hamlet of Loudon co., Tenn., on the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad, 20 miles S.W. of Knoxville. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, etc. Muddy Creek, a post-village in Prince co., Prince Edward Island, 8 miles from Summerside. Pop. 150. Muddy Creek Forks, a post-office of York co.. Pa., on the Peach Bottom Railroad, 22 miles S.E. of York. Muddy Fork, a post-oflice of Howard co., Ark. Muddy Fork, a creek of Ohio, enters the Walhonding River in Holmes co. Muddy Fork, a post-hamlet of Clarke co., Ind., on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 14 miles N. of New Albany. It has 2 churches. Muddy Fork, a post-office of Cleveland co., N.C. Muddy Lane, a post-office of Livingston co., Mo. Mudge Hollow, Ontario. See Canning. Mudge's Mill, a post-hamlet of Conecuh co., Ala., on the Mobile &, Montgomery Railroad, 109 miles E.N.E. of Mobile. Mudhoobunee, or Madhubani, miid^hoo-biin'ee, a large town of Bengal, district and 16 miles N.E. of Dur- bungah. It has a large trade, a hospital, and other public buildings. Mudhoobunee, or Madhubani, a town of Bengal, in Chumjiarun, 25 miles E.S. E. of Motecharee. Pop. 5128. MudMioomat'tee (or Madhumati, mildMioo-miit'- tee) River, one of the main streams of the Ganges delta, bounding Jessore district on the E., and traversing the MUD 1503 Sundei'bunds. It is known by various names in different parts of its course, its estuary being often called Harin- ghata. It is an important channel of steam navigation. Length, 100 miles. Mud liick, a post-hamlet of Jefferson Co., Ind., 7 or 8 miles N. of Madison. It has 3 churches. Jflud Lick, a post-office of Monroe co., Ky. Mud Lick, a post-office of Chatham co., N.C. Mud Run, a station in Carbon co., Pa., on the Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroad, 18 miles N. of Mauch Chunk. Mud Springs, a township of El Dorado co., Cal. Pop. 1572. Mudungunge', or MadanganJ, mud-iin-gunj', a town of Bengal, district of Dacca, a suburb of Naraingunge, from which it is divided by the river Lukhmia. Pop. .3000. Mugardos, moo-gan'docc, a seaport town of Spain, Galicia, N.E. of Corunna, on the S. shore of the Uma (ree'JLs) or "Estuary" of Ferrol. Pop. 2003. Mugdul, a town of India. See Muktul. Muge, moo'zhJ, a town of Portugal, province of Estre- m.adura, 11 miles S. of Sant.arem, on a stream of the same name, an affluent of the Tagus. Pop. 1026. Miigeln, mii'ghcln, a town of Sa.xony, 29 miles E.S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 2525. Near it is a fine castle. Muggendorf, mSog'ghen-donr, a village of Bavaria, Upper Franconia, 27 miles N.E. of Nuremberg. Muggensturm, moog'ghen-stooBm\ a village of Baden, 11 miles by rail from Baden. Pop. 1931. Muggia, mood'j^. a town and seaport of Austria, on the Gulf and 5 miles S.S.W. of Triest. Pop. 1S77. Miiglitz, muG'lits (Moravian, Mohelnice, moh-61-neet'- si), a town of Moravia, 19 miles N.W. of Olmutz, on the March. Pop. 3S33. It has manufactures of woollen stuffs. Mngnano, moon-yi'no, a town of Italy, province and 5 miles N.N.W. of Naples. Pop. 4303. Mugnano del Cardinale, moon-yi'no dSl kan-de- n3,'li, a village of Italy, province of Avellino. Pop. 4090. Mugribee, a town of India. See Maghrieee. Mu'habun', a town of India, on the Jumna, district and 8 miles S.E. of Muttra. Pop. 6933. Muhalitch, mSh i-leetch', or Mikhalitch, mJK'hi- leetch' (improperly Mohalitz), a town of Asia Minor, 37 miles W. of Brusa. Pop. 11,000. It exports silk, wool, valonia, and fruits to Constantinople, and imports foreign goods, chiefly overland from Smyrna, to about £6000 in value annually. Muham^madpoor', a town of the Sarun disti'ict, Ben- gal, with a large trade. Pop. 4140. Muhain^medpoor', a town of Bengal, 20 miles N.E. of Jessore. It was a place of great population, but in 1836 was desolated by a pestilence, and is now nearly all in ruins. Muhatwaram, an island of India. See Mutwal. Muhesi, or Mahesi, mu-hes'ee, a town of Bengal, in Boglipoor, 25 miles W.S.W. of Madahpoora. Pop. 5678. Muhlau, a town of Germany. See Myi.au. MUhlbach, miirb^K, or Miihienbach, mUl'en-biK' (Hun. Szasz-Sebea, s4ss-si'besh), a town of Transylvania, 29 miles AV.N.W. of Herraahnstadt, with woollen-factories, breweries, and a wine-trade. Pop. 5044. Miihlberg, raUI'b^RG, a town of Prussian Saxony, 53 miles E. of Merseburg, on the Elbe. Pop. 3317. Miihlberg, a village of Prussian Saxony, 11 miles S.W. of Erfurt. Pop. 1345. Miihlburg, mul'booRG, a town of Baden, about 1 mile W. of Carlsruhe. Pop. 2886. Miihldorf, miil'doRf, a town of Upper Bavaria, on the Inn, 45 miles E.N.E. of Munich. Pop. 2453. Muhlenberg, mu'len-berg, a township of Berks co.. Pa. Pop. 1 547. Muhlenberg, or Muhlenburg, a post-village of Lu- zerne CO., Pa.., about 16 miles W. of Wilkesbarre. Muhlenburg, mu'len-burg, a county in the W. part of Kentucky, has an area of about 570 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by Green River, on the E. by Muddy River, and also drained by Pond River. The surface is partly undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is mostly fertile. Tobacco, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Mines of coal have been opened in this county. It is intersected by the Louisville, Padu- cah & Southwestern Railroad. Capital, Greenville. Val- uation of real and personal estate, §2,462,757. Pop. in 1870, 12,638, of whom 12,420 were Americans. Muhlenburg, township, Pickaway co., 0. Pop. 957. Muhlenburg Mine, a station and coal-mine in Muh- lenburg CO., Ky., on the Louisville &■ Paducah Railroad, 2 miles N.E. of Greenville. Miihlhausen, miirhow'zen (Fr. ^'uhlhouse, mu^looi'}, a town of Prussia, 29 miles N.W. of Erfurt, on the Unstrut. It has 4 churches, a gymnasium, 3 hospitals, an orphan asylum, a workhouse, an institution for the education of neglected children, manufactures of linen and woollen cloth, leather, and tobacco, and several breweries, distilleries, and oil-mills. Copper and iron ore are worked in the neigh- borhood. Pop. 20,926. See also MUliiausex. Miihlhausen (ano. Melidiamm ?), a town of Bohemia, 15 miles W.N.W. of Tabor. Pop. 3310. Miihlheim, miil'him, a village of Germany, in Hesse, on the Rodaubach, near the Main. Pop. 1731. Miihlingcn, mil'Iing-en, is the name of two contiguous villages of Anhalt-Bernburg. Pop. 2582. Miihltrolf, mUl'trOf, a town of Saxony, 10 miles W.N.W. of Plauen. Pop. 2161. Muhr, a river of Austria. See Mur. Muhrag, or Mahrag, mu-rig', a town of India, Fe- rozepoor district. Pop. 5681. MuMiutwar', a town of India, North-West Provinces, division of Benares. Pop. 8301. Muiden, moi'd^n, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in North Holland, 8 miles E.S.E. of Amsterdam, at the mouth of the Vecht in the Zuyder Zee. Pop. 1613. Muiderberg, moi'der-bSuG', a village of the Nether- lands, 2 miles E. of Muiden. Muilrea, or Mulrca, mOrri', a mountain-range of Ireland, co. of Mayo, screening the N. side of Killery Har- bor. Elevation of highest summit, 2688 feet. Muir, mure, n post-village in Lyons township, Ionia co., Mich., on the N. bank of Grand River, opposite the village of Lyons, and on the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, 7 miles E. of Ionia, and 41 miles E. of Grand Rapids. It has a national bank, a graded school, a newspaper office, 3 churches, a machine-shop, 6 lumber-mills, a foundry, and manufactures of sash and blinds. Pop. about 900. Muiravonside, mur-a'von-side, a village of Scotland, CO. of Stirling, 6 miles E.S.E. of Falkirk. It has many elegant mansictns, an ancient castle, and romantic scenery. The Edinburgh & Glasgow Railway is here carried across the Avon on a superb viaduct. Pop. of parish, 2653. Muirkirk, mSr'kirk, a large village of Scotland, co. and 21 miles E.N.E. of Ayr by railway. It has extensive iron-smelting-works and coal-mines. Pop. 3797. Muirkirk, mur'kirk, a post-village of Prince George's CO., Md., on the Washington Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 24 miles S.W. of Baltimore. It has a church and a furnace for pig-iron. Muirton, mu'er-ton, or Murton, mur'tgn, a post- hamlet of Grundy co.. Mo., in Myers township, 7 miles E. of Spickardsville Station. It has a church. Muitzeskil, mut'zes-kil, a post-hamlet of Rensselaer CO., N.Y., in Schodnck township, 2^ miles from Sehodack Landing. It has a church and a distillery. Mukallah, a town of Arabia. See Makallah. Mukdeesha, a town of Africa. See Magadoxo. Mukden, a city of Manchooria. See Mookden. Mukenai, the Greek for Myoe.n.e. Mukhmas, muk-mis' (probably the Mick'i Scripture), a considerable village of Palestine, 7 E.N.E. of Jerusalem, surrounded by fig- and olive-planta- tions, but without any vestiges of antiquity. Mukilte'o, a post-village of Snohomish co., Washing- ton, on Puget Sound, 48 miles N. of Tacoma. It has a brewery, and a cannery for salmon. Mukkud, muk-kM', a town of the Punjab, lat. 33° 10' N., Ion. 71° 50' E., on the Indus, about 20 miles above Caulabagh. Mukonos, an island of Greece. See Myconcs. Mukran, a province of Beloochistan. See Mekran. MukHsar', town of India, Ferozepoor district. P. 4694. Muktul, muk-tul', or Mug'dul, a town of India., Nizam's dominions, 88 miles S.W. of Hyderabad, and a British military station. Muk'urdapooram', a district of India, in the Cochin state. Area, 418 square miles. Pop. 114.974. Muk'Ava, a township of Waupaca co., Wis. Pop. 966. Mukwon'ago, a post-village of Waukesha co.. Wis., in Mukwonago township, about 26 miles S.W. of Milwau- kee. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and a flour-mill. Pop. about 400 ; of the township, 1135. Mula, moo'ia, a town of Spain, province and 20 miles W. of Murcia. Pop. 6610. It has manufactures of pot- tery, and in its neighborhood are warm mineral baths. Mulahacen, moo-!i-a-th5n', or Mulhacen, mool-i- thSn', in Granada, Spain, is the highest mountain-summit in the Spanish peninsula, and, with the exception of the Alps, the highest in Europe, having an elevation of 11,658 sh of miles MUL feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 37° 10' N. ; Ion. 3° 28' W. It is perpetually covered with snow above the height of 9500 feet. See Sierra Nevada. Mul'berry, a post-office of Autauga co., Ala., about 16 miles E.^f.E. of Selma. Mulberry, a post-village of Franklin co., Ark., on the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railro.id. 28 miles E. of Fort Smith. It has 3 churches and 6 business houses. Mulberry, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Ga., about 54 miles N.E. of Atlanta. It has a church. Mulberry, a post-village of Clinton co., Ind., on the Lafayette, Muncie & Bloomington Railroad, 15 miles E.S.E. of Lafayette. Mulberry, a township of Clay co., Kansas. Pop. 521. Mulberry, a post-office of Saline co., Kansas, 9 miles N. of Brookville Railroad Station. Mulberry, a post-village of Bates co., Mo., 11 miles E.S.E. of La Cygne, Kansas. It has a church, a machine- shop, itc. Mulberry, a post-township of Wilkes co., N.C., 48 miles N.N.W. of Statosville. Pop. 1362. Mulberry, a post-office of Clermont co., 0. Mulberry, a post-office of York co., Pa., 12 or 13 miles W. of York. Mulberry, a post-village of Lincoln co., Tenn., about 62 miles S. by E. of Nashville. It has 3 churches and a high school. Pop. 124. Mulberry Corners, a post-hamlet of Geauga co., 0., about 22 miles E. by N. of Cleveland. It has a steam mill. Mulberry Creek, Alabama, rises in Baker co., runs southward along the W. border of Autauga CO., and enters the Alabama River about 10 miles E.N.E. of Selma. Mulberry Creek, Georgia, runs southwestward, and enters the Chattahoochee River in Harris co. Mulberry Creek, Kansas, rises in Ellsworth co., runs eastward, and enters Saline River in Saline CO., about 3 miles N. of Salin.a. Mulberry Creek, North Carolina, rises in Caldwell CO., runs S., and enters the Catawba in Burke co. Mulberry Fork or River, Alabama, rises in Blount CO., runs southwestward through Walker co., and enters the Black Warrior River on the W. boundary of .Jefferson co. It is about 130 miles long. Mulberry Gap, a post-hamlet of Hancock co., Tenn., on Powells River, .about 62 miles N.N.E. of Kno.xville. It has 2 churches. Mulberry Grove, a post-office of Harris co., Ga., about 20 miles N. of Columbus. Mulberry Grove, a post-village of Bond co.. III., in Mulberry Grove township, on the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, 10 miles W. by S. of Vandalia, and 58 miles from St. Louis. It has 2 churches and several stores. Pop. about 500; of the township. 1738. Mulberry Grove, a post-hamlet of Crawford co., Kan- sas, about 22 miles S. by E. of Fort Scott. Pop. 54. Mulberry River, Alabama, is one of the head forks of the Tuscaloosa. Mulberry River, Arkansas, a small stream which drains part of Johnson CO., runs southwestward, and enters the Arkansas River in Franklin co. Mulclieil, mool-chen', a town of Chili, province of Biobio, 25 miles S.S.W. of Los Angeles. Pop. 4828. Mulde, mool'd^h, a river of Saxony, Prussia, and An- halt, rises in the Erzgebirge, and, after a N. course of 130 miles, joins the Elbe on the left, at Dessau. Mul'don, a post-village of Monroe co., Miss., on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Aberdeen. A branch railroad connects it with Aberdeen. It has a church. About 30O0 bales of cotton are shipped here annually. Mul'draugh, a post-village of Meade co., Ky., near the Ohio River, and on the Louisville & Great Southern Railroad, 2fi miles S.S.W. of Louisville. It has a church, salt-wells, and a fine railroad bridge. Pop. about 300. Mule Creek, a post-office of Brooks co., Ga. Mule Creek, a post-office of Ellsworth co., Kansjis. Mul'grave, a cape and port on the N.W. coast of Alaska, and on Behring's Strait. The port, lat. 59° 33' N., Ion. 139° 43' W., has anchorage for large vessels. Mul'grave, a post-village in Welland co., Ontario, 15 miles S.E. of Port Robinson. It has a saw-mill. Pop. 100. Mul'grave Archipelago, Pacific Ocean, in Micro- nesia, comprises various groups between lat. 3° S. and 12° N. and Ion. 160° and 177° E., including the Radaok, Ralick, Marshall and Mulgrave Islands. Mulgrave Islands, a group in the North P.acifio Oeean, in the above archipelago, about lat. 6° 14' N. and Ion. 171° 56' E. M MUL Mulhacen, a mountain of Spain. See Mulahacen. Mulhar, a town of Bengal. See Malhar. Miilhausen, miil'how'z^n (Fr. Mulhouse, miirooz'; Iy^muiisingh% My^mensiug', or Maimansinh, ml^mun-sin', a district of Bengal, bounded N. and E. by Assam, and W. by the Brahmapootra. Lat. 23° 58'-25° 25' N. ; Ion. 89° 40'-91° 19' E. Area, 6318 square miles. It is generally level and fertile, but has some hills and jungles. Capital, Mymunsingh. Pop. 2,349,917. Mymunsiugh, Mymensing, or Maimansinh, also called Nusserabad, or Nasirabad, nus^ser-d,-bad', a town of Bengal, capital of Mymunsingh district, on the Brahmapootra, 84 miles N.N.W. of Dacca. It has a dis- pensary, &e. Pop. 10,068. Mynpooree, India. See Minpoouee. Myuyddmaen, min'iTH-min\ a hamlet of England, CO. of Monmouth, 5 miles'N.N.E. of Caerphilly. P. 1920. Myo, mi'o, an island of the Malay Archipelago, between Celebes and Gilolo. Lat. 1° 10' N. ; Ion. 126° 40' E. Myo-Houng, a town of India. See Aracan. Myoo, mPoo', a river of Aracan, British India, enters the Bay of Bengal about 20 miles W. of the mouth of the Aracan River, after a S. course of 110 miles. Myos-Hormos, mi'os-hor'mos, now called Aboo- sar-eNKiblSj a walled town and port of Egypt, on the Red Sea, nearly opposite its bifurcation into the Gulfs of Suez and Akabah, and anciently famous as an emporium of the trade between Egypt and India. Lat. 27° 24' N. Myra, mea'vk, a decayed town of Asia Minor, on its S. coast. Lat. 36° 17' N. ; Ion. 30° 3' E. My'ra, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Wis., on the Milwaukee River, 5 miles E. of West Bend, and 13 miles W. of Ozaukee. It has a brick-yard, a saw-mill, and a lime-kiln. My'rickville, a post-village in Taunton township, Bris- tol CO., Mass., on the Old Colony Railroad where it crosses the New Bedford & Taunton Railroad, 42 miles S. of Bos- ton, and 6 miles S.S.E. of Taunton. It has a church and 2 granite-quarries. Myr'na, a post-office of Blue Earth co., Minn. My'roii, a post-hamlet of Allamakee co., Iowa, about 20 miles S.E. of Decorah. It has a flour-mill. Myi'tilis, the ancient name of Mertola. Myrtle, mir't^l, a post-hamlet of Phillips eo., Kansas, 60 miles S. of Kearney, Neb. It has a saw-mill. Myrtle, a post-office of Custer co.. Neb. Myrtle, a post-office of Nanseniond co., Va. Myrtle Bayou, bi'oo, of St. Mary's parish, La., fliows into the Gulf of Mexico. Myrtle Creek, a post-village of Douglas co., Oregon, on or near the South Pork of the Umpqua River, at the mouth of Myrtle Creek, 17 miles S. of Roseburg. It has 3 churches and a flour-mill. Myrtle Grove, a post-office of Humboldt co., Cal. Myrtle Point, a post-office of Coos co., Oregon. Mysa, supposed ancient name of Naggar. Myschkiii, or Myshkiii, Russia. See Mishkin. Myslenice, mis-U-neet'si, a town of Austrian Galicia, 18 miles S. of Cracow. Pop. 1921. MyslowitZ, mis'lo-wits\ a town of Prussian Silesia, on the Polish frontier, 116 miles by rail S.E. of Breslau. Pop. 6826. Near it are mines of coal and zinc. Mysol, mrsol', an island of the Mahiy Archipelago, 60 miles N. of Ceram. Lat. 2° S, ; Ion. 130° E. Length, 50 miles; breadth, 15 miles. It has several villages. Mysore, mi'sor' (Hind. Maheshasoo'rct), or Maisur, a province of British India, consisting of a table-land 250 miles long N. to S., 238 miles broad E. to W., between lat. 11° 35' and 15° N., and Ion. 74° 45' and 78° 45' E., enclosed everywhere by the Madras territories, and bounded E. o.nd W. by the Ghauts. Average elevation. 2000 feet above the sea. Area, 27,077 square miles. Pop. 5,055,412. Prin- cipal rivers, the Cavery, and others, having all a N.E. or S.E. course. Climate agreeable ; temperature from 70° to 84° Fahr. Much of the surface is poor, but in the N. are good pasture-lands, and in the W. extensive forests. Rice, sesamum, betel, sugar, tobacco, ginger, fruits, various drugs, and some European grains are raised. The condition of the peasantry is better than in most parts of India. Iron, granite, and pot-stone are abundant. A small quantity of gold-dust is also found. Inhabitants mostly Hindoo j but in and about the towns are many Mohammedans. The Mysoreans of all classes are characterized as a deceitful, inconstant, profligate race, yet courteous, contented, and patient under misfortune. Annual average revenue, 69,031,870 rupees, and expenditure, 66,025,393 rupees. Chief cities and towns, Seringapatam (the capital), Banga- lore, Mysore, Bednore, Chitteldroog, and Simoga. Hyder Alee resisted the British power in this part of India from 1780; on the death of his son, Tippoo Sahib, 1799, a large extent of territory was ceded, and the state became sub- sidiary to the British. In 1S48 the rajah preferred a claim to be reinstated in his dominions, but it was deemed inad- missible on the ground of his incompetency for the duties of government. Among the wild animals are the tiger, elephant, leopard, cheetah, and bears. Mysore, a district in the above province. Area, 4127 square miles. Pop. 943.187. Mysore, a town of India, in Mysore, 10 miles S. by W. of Seringapatam. Pop. 57,765. Under Hyder Alee and Tippoo Sahib it fell into decay; but it has latterly regained importance, and consists of a well-built native town, a fort, and a good suburb. It has native carpet-works. Mys'tic, a station in Nevada co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 17 miles N.E. of Truckee. Mystic, a post-village of New London co., Conn., on the Mystic River, 4 or 5 miles from its mouth, and 8 miles E.N.E. of New London. It contains 2 churches, a national bank, a newspaper office, a cotton-mill, and a woollen-mill. Mystic, a station in Middlesex co., Mass., on the Boston & Lowell Railroad, 7 miles N.N.W.of Boston. Mystic Bridge, a post-village in Stonington town- ship, New London co.. Conn., on the E. bank of the Mystic River, 2 miles from the sea, and on the New London & Stonington Railroad, 8^ miles E. of New London. It con- tains 4 churches, a national bank, the Mystic Valley Insti- tute, a woollen-mill, silica-works, a manufactory of asbes- tos, and 2 ship-yards in which steamboats are built. Ves- sels of 400 tons can ascend to this place. The name of its railroad station is Mystic. An iron bridge across the river connects this village with a village named Mystic River. Mystic !Lake, in Gallatin co., Montana, the head of Bozeman Creek, and lying 12 miles S. of Fort Ellis, is f of a mile long and i of a mile wide. Elevation, 6468 feet. Mystic River, New London co.. Conn., runs southward, and enters the sea 4 or 5 miles W. of Stonington, Mystic River, a stream of Middlesex co., Mass., enters Boston harbor by a wide estuary between Chelsea and Charlestown. The river is navigable to Medford. Mystic River, a post-village in Groton township, New London co.. Conn., on the W. bank of the Mystic River, and on the Stonington & Providence Railroad, which here crosses the river on an iron bridge, 2 miles from its en- trance into the sea, and 4 miles W. of Stonington. It con- tains 2 churches, several fine residences, a national bank, a foundry and machine-shop, and a ship-yard. Pop. about 2500. The name of its railroad station is West Mystic, and that of the post-oflice, Mystic River. Mytichy, me-tee'chee, a village of Russia, government and 14 miles N.E. of Moscow. Mytilene, an island of Greece. See Mitylene. Myttistratuin, the ancient name of Mistretta. Mywool'la, a small island of the Feejee group. Lat. 18° 50' S.; Ion. 178° 10' E. Myzum, mit'soom, or Myzun, mit'soon, a village of Austria, Galicia, circle and about 40 miles from Stry, with iron-mines and malleable-iron-works. Mzarib, a town of Syria. See El Mezaiieeb. Mzczonow, or Mszczonow, mshA-zo'nov, written also Mzczanow, m^z-cha'nov, a town of Russian Poland, 30 miles S.AV. of AVarsaw, with the old castle of Radzielo- wice. Pop. 4871. Mzeiisk, or Mtzensk, m'ts^nsk, a town of Russia, government and 30 miles N.E. of Orel, on the Mzena. Pop. 14,159. It has a large trade in corn and hemp. NAA 1514 N'AG N. Naab, nib, or Nab, n^b (Ger. pron. n^p), a river of Bavaria, joins the Danube 3 miles W. of Ratisbon, after a S. course of 90 miles. Naaf, na,f, or Tek-Naaf, tSk-ndf, a navigable river of British India, Aracan, enters the E. side of the Bay of Bengal, after a S. course of 50 miles. Naaghi, na,'ghee, a village of Afghanistan, 17 miles S.W. of Bajoor^ Lat. 34° 49' N. ; Ion. 71° 15' E. Some authorities have supposed it to be the Aonius of the his- torians of Alexander. Naaldwyk, or Naaldwijk, nS-U'wik, a village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 13 miles W.N.W. of Rotter- dam. Pop. 4360. Naardcn, nia'd^n, atown of the Netherlands, in North Holland, 12 miles E.S.E. of Amsterdam. Pop. 2276. Naa$9 nice, a town of Ireland, co. of Kildare, on a canal, 9 miles S.W. of Dublin. Pop. 3660. Naast, nS.st, a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, on the Senne, 10 miles N.E. of Mons. Pop. 1510. Na^ausay', or Na au Say, a township of Kendall co., 111. Pop. 918. Nabal, niV'b3.1', a town of Africa, dominion and 43 miles S.E. of Tunis, on the Gulf of Sidra. Near it aro vestiges of the ancient Neap'olie. Nabb, or Nabb's, a post-office and station of Scott CO., Ind., on the Ohio &, Mississippi Railroad, in Lexington township, and 3 miles from the village of Lexington. Nabburg, nip'pooRG, a town of Bavaria, on the Naab, 31 miles N. of Ratisbon. Pop, 1S87. Nabha, a state of India. See Narbah. Nab-Iiight, a floating beacon in the English Channel, 2 miles off the E. end of the Isle of Wight. Nabloos, Nablous, or Nab]us, nS,'bloos', written also Nabulus, Naplouse, and Napolose (anc. She- chem, 'Si/chem, or SijchaTj afterwards Neap'olis), a city of Palestine, anciently the capital of Samaria, 33 miles N. of Jerusalem. Lat. 32° 12' N. j Ion. 35° 28' E. It is long and narrow, stretching along a small valley on the N.E. base of Mount Gerizim ; streets close, but houses lofty and well built of stone, with domed roofs. Estimated popula- tion, 10,000, comprising many Greek Christians and some descendants of the ancient Samaritans ; the latter occupy the S.W. quarter, where they have a synagogue. Here are several mosques and bazaars, a Greek church, and manufac- tures of superior soap and cotton fabrics. Damascus and the Mediterranean ports receive hence supplies of oil, cotton, and other agricultural products, its vicinity being well cul- tivated. Near it are various Scripture localities, including Jacob's Well and a holy place of the Samaritans, on Mount Gerizim, on which also are the ruins of a fortress erected under Justinian. Nabon, n^^bon', a river of Persia, province of Ears, enters the Persian Gulf opposite Cape Nabon, 160 miles S.E. of Bushire, after a S. course of 115 miles. On it, near its mouth, is the village of Nabon, or Nabend. Nachar, n^^char', a village of India, state of Bussaher, 50 miles N.E. of Simla, Nacliaug, or Natchaug, na-chawg', a small river of Connecticut, drains the W. part of Windham co., runs southward, and unites with the Willimantic River at WilU- mantic. The stream formed by this confluence is the Shetueket. Nacbes, ni'ches (or Nah'chess) River, Washing- ton, rises in the Cascade Range, near Naches Pass, runs southeastward, and enters the Yakima Fdver near lat. 46° 40' N. It is about 100 miles long. Nach'es, or Nech'es, a post-office of Houston co., Tex., about 30 miles S.E. of Palestine. Nacbod, niK'od, a town of Bohemia, 19 miles N.E. of Kbniggratz, on the Mottau. Pop. 3537. Nacbu'sa, a post-village in Nachusa township, Lee CO., 111., on the Chicago A Northwestern Railroad, 5 miles E. of Dixon, It has 2 churches, a high school, and a man- ufactory of farming-implements. Nacimeiitu, n^-the-m6n'to, a town of Spain, Anda- lusia, province and 24 miles from Almeria. Pop. 2169. Nack^awick', a post-village in York co., New Bruns- wick, on the New Brunswick Railway, 43 miles W. of Fred- orieton. Pop. 150, Nackel, nik'kel, or Naklo, nilk'lo, a town of Prussia, IS miles W. of Bromberg. on the Netze. Pop. 5651. Nackenheinif nd,k'k^n-hime\ a village of Hesse, in Rhein-llessen, near Oppenheim. Pop. 1295. Nackiloo, a town of Persia. See Nakilo. Nacogdoches, nak^o-do'chiz, a county in the E, part of Texas, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Atoyac River, and on the S.W. by the Angelina River. The surface is undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton, cattle, Indian corn, and pork are the staple prod- ucts. Capital, Nacogdoches. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $1,865,231. Pop. in 1870, 9614, of whom 9555 were Americans. Nacogdoches, a post-village, capital of Nacogdoches CO., Tex., about 60 miles E. by S. of Palestine, and 175 miles N, of Galveston. It has a court-house, a newspaper office, 3 churches, and a masonic institute. Pop. 500. Nacoochee, naw-koo'chee, a post-hamlet of White co., Ga., in Nacoochee Valley, 90 miles N.N.E. of Atlanta. Gold is found here. It is surrounded by fine scenery. Nacundi, n^-kun'dee, a town on the island of Nuku- lau, one of the Feejee group, on a stream, about 20 miles above Rewah. Pop. about 600. Nadaun, na'dawn', Naudaun, nawMawn', or Na- daii, ndM^Lu', a town of India, Punjab, on the Boas, 84 miles E.N.E. of Amritsir. Lat. 31° 46' N. j Ion. 76°;.8' E. It is celebrated for tine gardens. Nadeau, na-do', a station in Kern co., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 15 miles S. of Tehichipa Pass. Nadeau, a post-office of Menominee co., Mich., 36 miles N. of Menominee. N&dindal, no'deen-dir, a town of Finland, 12 miles N.W. of Abo. Pop. 460. Nadiya, a town of Bengal. See Nuddea. Nadudvar, nohMoodVan', a town of Hungary, 21 miles W.8.AV. of Debreczin. Pop. 7S79. Nadworna, n^d-won'nS., a town of Austrian Galieia, 22 miles S. of Stanislawow, Pop. 5570. Nsefels, or Nafels, ni'fels, a village of Switzerland, canton and 4 miles N. of Glarus, on the Linth. Pop. 2490. Nacrim, or Narim, ni'rim, a maritime parish of Nor- way, 22 miles S.W. of Stavanger, on the North Sea. NaEStved, a town of Denmark, See Nestved. Nafl''s, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Va., 11 miles S. of Big Lick Railroad Station. It has a church. Naga (ni'gi) Mills, a district of Assam, on the E, and S.E. frontier. Area, 4900 square miles. Pop. 68,918. Its people are of the wild Naga race, and of many warlike tribes. Besides these there are 14,383 Nagas in Luckimpoor. Nagamaugalum, ni-g^-mAn-g3,-lum', or Naga- mangalam,na,-ga-mAn-gLlAm', a fortified town of India, in Mysore, 28 miles N. of Seringapatam. Its citadel con- tains 2 temples and a ruined palace, Nagapatam, a town of India. See Negapatam. Nagapoora, the Hindoo name of Nagpoor. Nagar, ni-gar', a small town or village of Central Asia, capital of a petty state, also called Nagar. Nagar, a division of India. See Niigguu. Nagara, nd-gi'r^, a town on the island of Borneo, in Banjermassin. It has a trade in deer's flesh and horns. Nagara River, Banjermassin, is an affluent of the Banjer, which it joins about 35 miles N.N.E. of the town of Banjermassin, after a S.S.W. course of above 100 miles. Nagarbasti, Bengal. See Nagoruussy. Nagasaki, nS.^g^-si'ke, improperly written Naiiga- saki, a seaport and commercial city of Japan, on the S.AV. side of the island of Kioo-Sioo, in lat. 32=" 44' 8" N., Ion. 129° 51' 33'' E. Estimated population, 70,000, in- cluding about 6000 priests. It stands on a hill-slope, facing the harbor, is regularly built, and clean. The houses aro of one story, built of clay and wood, coated with cement, furnished with verandas and Venetian blinds, and having oiled paper in place of glass. The chief edifices are the palaces of the governors and other grandees, the Dutch and Chinese factories, arsenal, several theatres, and upwards of 60 temples, enclosed by gardens, which, with numerous tea- houses, form the favoi'ite public resorts of the population. The harbor is about 7 miles in length by one mile in breadth, and ships lie securely sheltered in 5 or 6 fathoms of water. It has a hospital, college, dry-dock, and slips for shipping. Previous to tlic treaty which has recently been concluded between the United States and Japanese, this was the only port of Japan open to foreign traders, and the Dutch and Chinese who resorted to it were confined, under strict su- pervision, to the artifical island of Desima, only 600 feet in length by 240 feet aoross, ofl* the shore. The shops are NAG IS numerous and well supplied, and there are many breweries for rice-beer. It has still a large European and Chinese trade, and is a great depot for pottery. Nagera, a town of Spain. See Najera. Nagerilla, a river of Spain. See Najerilla. Naggar, nig'gar' (anc. My'saf), a. walled town of In- dia, in the plain of Bunnoo, 65 miles S.W. of Peshawer. Naggree, nig'gree', or Nagri-Kote, ni^gree'-kot, a fort and important military station of India, state and 25 miles S.E. of Sikkim. Lat. 26° 56' N. ; Ion. 88° S' E. Nagold, n.1.'golt, a town of WUrtemborg, Black Forest, on the Nagold, 16 miles W. of Tiibingen. Pop. 2972. Nagorbussy, ni-gor-biis'see, or Nagarbasti, ni- gur-bus'tee, a town of Bengal, 42 miles N.E. of Patna, dis- trict and 20 miles by rail S. of Durbungah. Nagore, ni-gOr', called also IVagar and Kajiiagar, a town of Bengal, district of Beerbhoom, of which it was once the capital, 117 miles N.W. of Calcutta, on the route to Patna, and seated in the midst of an area 10 miles in diameter, enclosed by a mud rampart and trench. Lat. 23° 56' N.; Ion. 87° 21' E. It is now in ruins. Nagore, a town of British India, presidency of Madras, district and 48 miles E. of Tanjore, on the Nagore Biver, a branch of the Cavery, at its mouth in the Indian Ocean, and here crossed by a nine-arched bridge. Lat. 10° 49' N. It is populous, busy, and well built. Chief edifices, its mosques, and a square tower, 150 feet in height. Nagore, a town of India, dominions .and 70 miles N.E. of JoodpooT. It is fortified, and noted for its manufactures of brass and iron wares. Pop. .about 40,000. Nagowic'ka Lake, Wisconsin, in Waukesha co. Length, 2i miles ; breadth, J of a mile. Nagoya, ni-goy'i, a city of Japan, island of Hondo, 170 miles W.S.W. of Tokio, and 7 miles N.E. of the port of Miya. It is regularly built, with a strong fortress, many temples and monasteries, a college, and manufactures of fans, porcelain, lacquered, enamelled, and carved wares, »fcc. It is said to be one of the largest cities of the empire. Nag'poor', Nagpur, nig'poor', or Nagpore, nig'- por' (native, Nagapoora, "town of serpents"), a city of India, capital of Nagpoor district and division, and of the Central Provinces, 100 miles E. of EUiohpoor, and 440 miles by rail E. of Bombay. It is the seat of many gov- ernment offices, and has a large trade, and manufactures of cotton, silk, woollens, and cutlery. Pop. 84,441. Nagpoor, or Xagpur, a division of the Central Prov- inces, India, comprising the districts of Balaghat, Bhun- dara, Chanda, Nagpoor, and Warda. It is for the most part a great and fertile plain. Area, 22,343 square miles. Capi- tal, Nagpoor. Pop. 2,280,081. Nagpook Disteict has an area of 3734 square miles. Pop. 639,341. Nagri-Kote, a fort of India. See Nagguee. Nag's Head, a township of Dare oo., N.C. Pop. 1000. Naguabo, ni-gwi'Bo, a town and port of entry on the E. coast of Porto Rico. Nagy, noJj, a Hungarian word, signifying " great," prefixed to many places in Hungary and Transylvania, i'or those not undermentioned see additional name. Nagy Abony, nodj oh'bun', a town of West Hungary, CO. and 49 miles S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 10,232. Nagy Ag, nodj ^g, a village of Transylvania, co. of Hunyad, 15 miles N.N.E. of Vajda-Hunyad. Pop. 2003, employed in the adjacent mines of gold and silver, Nagy Araiiyos, Transylvania. See Aranyos. Nagy Bajom, nodj bfih^yom', a village of Transyl- vania, CO. of Sumegh. Pop. 4309. Nagy Banya, nodj bon'yoh^ (i.e., the "G-reat Mines") (Ger. NeustadI, noi'stitt), a town of East Hungary, 32 miles E.S.E. of Szathmar, near the Transylvanian frontier. It has churches of various sects, and a Roman Catholic col- lege, and is the capital of one of the principal mining dis- tricts of Hungary, luost of its inhabitants being employed in mining industry. Pop. 7200. Nagy Becskerek, nodj baitch^ki-rek', or Great Becskerek, a town of Hungary, co. of Torontal, on the left bank of the Bega, 45 miles S.W. of Temesvar, with which it coinraunicates by canal. It possesses important privileges, is the seat of several district offices, and contains a Roman Catholic and a Greek church. Pop. 19,666. Nagy Diznod, Transylvania. See Heltau. Nagy Eliyed, nodj in'yii' (Ger. Egidatadt, i'ghit- stitt"), a town of Transylvania, on the Maros, 17 miles N.N.E. of Karlsburg, with a Protestant college, a museum, cavalry barracks, and a public library. Pop. 5779. Nagy Gyor,.a town of Hungary. See Raab. Nagy Ida, nodj ee'iloh\ a town of Hungary, co. of Aba Uj Var, 9 miles S.S.W. of Kasohau. Pop. 740. 5 NAI Nagy Kaba, a village of Hungary. See Kaba. Nagy Kallo, a town of Hungary. See Kallo. Nagy Kaiiisa, Hungary. See Kanisa, Nagy. Nagy Karoly, nodj koh'rii', a town of Transylvania, CO. of Szathmar, 37 miles E.N.E. of Debreczin. Pop. 12,754. Nagy Kata, nodj koh'tOh', a market-town of 'Tran- sylvania, CO. and 32 miles E.S.E. of Pesth, with a castle, a Protestant church, and large cattle-markets. Pop. 4746. Nagy Kikinda, Hungary. See Kikinda. Nagy Koriis, nodj koViish' (i.e., "Great Koriis"), a market-town of Hungary, co. and 49 miles. E, of Pesth, in a fertile but somewhat marshy district. It contains Prot- estant, Greek, and Roman Catholic churches, a synagogue, and a gymnasium, with a library, and has a considerable trade in wool and cattle. Pop. 20,091. Nagy Kunsag, a district of Hungary. See Ckmama. Nagy Levard, Hungary. See Levard. Nagy Mada, a town of Hungary. See Mada. Nagy Magyar, nodj mod'yon', or Gross Magen- dorf, groce mig'en-doRf\ a village of Hungary, 13 miles from Presburg. Pop. 2732. Nagy Margitta, a town of Hungary. See Margitta. Nagy Maros, nodj mor'osh', or Gross Marosch, groce mi'rosh, a market-town of Hungary, on the right bank of the Danube, 22 miles N.N.W. of Pesth. Pop. 3200. Nagy Martony, Hungary. See Mattersiiobf. Nagy Mihaly, nodj mee^hil' (Ger. Groaa Michel, groce mee'K^l), a town of Transylvania, co. and 20 miles E.N.E. of Zemplin. Pop. 3516. The Nagy Mihaly River of Transylvania joins the Theiss near Huszth. Nagy Sarlo, nodj saR'lo, a town of Hungary, co. and 10 miles S. of Barsch, on an affluent of the Grau. Nagy-Szolbs, nodj sb'losh', a town of Hungary, capi- tal of the CO. of llgocs, 24 miles S.E. of Munkacs. Nagy Tolcsva, nodj tolch'voh', a village of Hungary, CO. of Zemplin, 24 miles N.W. of Tokay. Pop. 3064. Nagy Varad, a city of Hungary. See Grosswardein. Nahanpara, a town of India. See Nanpara. Na^haiit', a post-village and summer resort of Essex CO., Mass., is in Massachusetts Bay, on a small rocky penin- sula, connected with Lynn township by a narrow sandy isthmus. It is 12 miles (by water) N.E. of Boston, and 4 miles from Lynn. Here are numerous cottages and villas, in which many of the people of Boston and Cambridge pass the summer. Pop. of Nahant township. 766. Nahe, ni'^h (anc. Na'vu), a river of Germany, Rhen- ish Prussia, joins the Rhine at Bingen, after a N.E. course of 60 miles. Affluents, the Glan and Simmer. Naheo'la, a post-oftice of Choctaw co., Ala. Nahrawan, n^-r^-wan', was an ancient canal in As- syria and Babylonia, which proceeded from the Tigris, near the oontluence of the Zab, for 450 miles towards the Per- sian Gulf, with a breadth of from 120 to 130 yards. Nahr-el-Kebeer, or Nahr-el-Kebir, nir-Sl-ke- beer', a river of Syria, enters the Mediterranean 20 miles N. of Tripoli, after a westward course of 35 miles. Nahun'ta, a post-office of Wayne co., Ga. Nahuiita, a township of Wayne co., N.C. Pop. 1874. It contains Fremont. Naiad, ni'ad, a group of low coral islands in the North Pacific Ocean. Lat. 5° 39' N. ; Ion. 153° 32' E. Naila, ni'li, a town of Bavaria, Upper Franconia, 27 miles N.E. of Baireuth. Pop. 2112. Nailloux, nih^yoo', a village of France, in Haute- Garunne, 18 miles S. of Toulouse. Pop. 1427. Nail's Creek, a post-office of Banks co., Ga. Nail'sea, a village of England, eo. of Somerset, with a station on the Great Western Railway, 8 miles W.S.AV. of Bristol. It has large manufactures of crown-glass and coal-works. Pop. 2237. Nails'worth, a hamlet of England, co. of Gloucester, 2 miles W.S.W. of Minchinhampton. Population employed in manufactures of woollens. Naimaii, ni'min', a walled town of Central Asia, khanat and 17 miles S.S.E. of Khiva. Nain, nin, a town of India, in Oude, 45 miles N.W. of Allahabad. Nain, ni'in (Arab. Neiii, nin), a hamlet of Palestine, pashalio and 24 miles S.E. of Acre, now insignificant, but memorable as the place of the miracle recorded in St. Luke. Nain, a town and Moravian mission-station of Labra- dor, on a good harbor, 8U miles N.W. of Hopedale, and in lat. 57° N. Pop. 270. Nair, or Neir, nir, a town of India, 52 miles S.E. of Ellichpoor. Nairai, ni'ri, one of the Feejee Islands, South Paoifio Ocean, famous for its manufacture of mats, baskets, Ac. NM 1516 NAN Nairn, nkm, or Nairnshire, nirn'shir, a county of Scotland, having N. the Moray Firth. Area, including de- tached districts in Elgin, Inverness, and Hogs, estimated at 215 square miles, about two-thirds of which are cultivated. Surface mostly rugged and mountainous, except along the coast. Principal rivers, Nairn and Findhorn. It is under one sheriff with Banff and Elgin, and unites with Elgin in sending one member to the House of Commons. Chief town, Nairn. Pop. 10,225. Nairn, a seaport town of Scotland, capital of the above county, on the, small river Nairn, at its influx in the Moray Firth, 15 miles by rail N.E. of Inverness. It is lighted with gas, has a stone bridge across the Nairn, county hall, court-house, and jail, an academy, museum, hotel, baths, 3 branch banks, and a harbor, with pier and breakwater. The burgh unites with Inverness, Forres, and Fortrose in sending one member to the House of Commons, Pop. 3751. Nairn, na'ern, a post-hamlet of Scioto co,, 0., 7 miles N. of Sciotoville Station. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Nairn, a post-village in Middlesex co., Ontario, on the Kiviere aux Sables, 3 miles from Ailsa Craig, and 22 miles W.N.W. of London. It contains a saw-mill, a carding- mill, and several stores and hotels. Pop. 200. Naix, nA., a village of France, in Meuse, on the site of the ancient N^a/sium, Here numerous fine statues and other Roman antiquities have been discovered. Naizin, n^*z5-N«', a village of France, Morbihan, 8 miles S.E. of Pontivy. Pop. of commune, 2045. Najac, n^V^hik', a town of France, Aveyron, 9 miles S.S.W. of Villefranche, on the Aveyron. Pop. 1312. Najera, Nagera, or Na\era, nk-B^'ra., a town of Spain, province and 16 miles W.S.W. of Logrono, on the Najerilla, at the foot of a mountain-range. It was once the seat of the court of Navarre. Pop. 204^5. Ntyerilla, Nagerilla, or Naxerilla, ni-HA-reel'y^, a river of Spain, rises in the mountains W. of Almarza, province of Burgos, and flows N.N.E. into the Ebro, 10 miles below Niijera. Course, 40 miles. Nakab-al-Hajar, nA,^k5.b'-al-ha,^jar', a ruined city of Arabia, Hadramaut. Lat. 14° 40' N. ; Ion. 47° 35' E. Nakel, a town of Prussia. See Nackel. Nakhchivan, Nakhshivan, nik'shee-vin', Nakit- schewan, or Nakhitschewan, ni-keet-sh^-veln' (anc Arx'ata or Naxua'na, "first place of descent"), a town of Asiatic Russia, Transcaucasia, province and 83 miles S.E. of Erivan. It has the repute of being " the oldest city in the world," its Armenian name and tradition implying that the tenants of the ark first resided here after the flood ; and its vicinity is so fertile in fruits, especially grapes, as to deserve the repute of being the region where Noah planted a vineyard (Gen. ix. 20). Pop. 8772. Nakhchivan, a town of Russia, in Yekaterinoslav, on the Don, 18 miles by rail S.W. of Novo-Cherkask, and nearly adjacent to Rostov. It was founded by an Armenian colony in 1780, and is the residence of the Armenian pa- triarch in Russia. It is built in the Oriental style. Prin- cipal edifices, several handsome Armenian churches, con- vents, and a bazaar. It has manufactures of silk and cotton stuff's, soap, and leather, with many distilleries, and an extensive trade, being, with the contiguous town, Rostov, a principal entrepot of the Don, and of the commerce from Taganrog to the interior of Russia. Pop. 16,258. Nakhodeh, nS-'KoM^h, a large village of Persia, prov- ince of Azerbaijan, S.S.W. of Ooroomeeyah. Nakhor-Vat, Cambodia. See Angkoh. Nakilo, na,Mie-Io', Nakiloo, or Nackiloo, nS,^ke- loo', a town of Persia, province of Laristan, on the Per- sian Gulf. Lat. 26° 52' N. ; Ion. 53° 30' E. Naklo, a town of Prussia. See Nackel. Nako, n5,'ko\ a village of Thibet, among the West Him- alayas, 12,000 feet above the sea-level, and on the shoulder of the great mountain Porgyul, 103 miles N.E. of Simla. Nako-Nako, ni^ko-n3,'ko, a group of small islands off the W. coast of Sumatra, W. of Nias. Lat. 0° 50' N. Nakskov, a town of Denmark. See Naskov. Nal, nSl, a walled town of Beloochistan. Lat. 27° 35' N. ; Ion. 65° 59' E. It is said to be of much antiquity, and has a fort, the stronghold of the Bezunja tribe. Nalahu, n^-U-boo', or Analabu, k-nk-\k-hoo', a sea- port town of Sumatra, on the N,W. eoast. Lat. 4° 8' 30" N.: Ion. 96° 8' E. Nalcha, nil'chi, a town of India, Gwalior dominions. Lat. 22° 25' N. ; Ion. 75° 29' E. Nalchi'ra, a large island in the Bay of Bengal, be- longing to Noakhally district. Lat. 22° 24' N.; Ion. 91° 11' E. It was nearly depopulated by the cyclone of 1866. Nalchit'ty, or Nalchiti, n5,l-chee'te, a town of Ben- gal, district and 8 miles N.W. of Backergunge, on the navigable river Nalchitty, an arm of the Ganges. It is the seat of a large trade in sugar, salt, oil, tobacco, rice, cocoa-nuts, timber, betel, &c. Nalda, nil'di, a town of Spain, Old Castile, 8 miles S.S.W. of Logrono, on the Iregua. Pop. 1411. Nalinnes, niMeen', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 27 miles E. of Mons. Pop. 2300. Nalitabari, n3,-le-ta-b4'ree, a town of Bengal, in My- munsingh, 13 miles N.E. of Sherpoor. It is a great market for cotton and jute. Nalliers, niPvi' or nS,h^yA', a village of France, in Vendee, 24 miles S.E. of La Roche-sur-Yon. Pop. 1274. Nalon, n^-lon', a river of Northern Spain, rises near Tarna in Asturias, and, after a N.W. course of 62 miles past Oviedo, enters the Bay of Biscay near Mures. Namalouk {n^-m^-look'} Islands, a group of several islands in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 5° 55' N. ; Ion. 153° E. Namangan, nd-^mdn-gin', a town of Asiatic Russia, in Ferghana, on the Jaxartes, about 65 miles N.N.E. of Khokan. Pop. 25,000. Nam'aqua, a post-hamlet of Larimer co.. Col., on Big Thompson Creek, about 56 miles N. of Denver. Namaqua (nd-ma'kwd.) Land, a maritime district in the N.W. of Cape Colony, Africa. Area, 18,198 square miles. It is a very dry region, chiefly important for its pasturage and its copper ores. Chief towns, Springbokfon- tein, from which a railway extends to Port Nolloth, the principal seaport. Pop. 12,351. The above is also called Little Namaqua Land, to distinguish it from Great Namaqua Land, a vast region, having the Kalihari Desert on the E. and the Atlantic on the W., and reaching from Orange River N. to the latitude of Walfish Bay. It is peopled by Namaquas, a Hottentot tribe, and is claimed by Great Britain. See Hottentots. Nameka'gon River, Wisconsin, rises in a small lake of the same name in Bayfield co., and runs southwestward into Burnett co. It finally runs northwestward, and enters the St. Croix River in the county last named. It is about 100 miles long. Namen, a city of Belgium. See Namur. Naineoki, nam^e-o'ke, a post-village of Madison co., 111., on the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 10 miles N.E. of St. Louis. It is also on the Chicago, Alton & St. Louis Railroad. It has 3 churches. Nameszto, nohhnSss'to^ a town of Hungary, co. of Arva, 16 miles N.N.E. of Also-Kubin. Pop. 1350.- Namiescht, ni^'meesht', a town of Moravia, 27 miles N.N.E. of Znaim, on the Oslava. Pop. 1560. Namiescht, a town of Moravia, 8 miles W. of Olmutz. Namnetes, an ancient name of Nantes. Namonouito, nS.-mo-noo-ee'to, a coral island group in the Pacific Ocean, about lat. 9° N., Ion. 150° E. Namoo, or Namou. See Muskillo. Namooka, Friendly Islands. See Annamooko. Namozine, nam-o-zeen', apost-ofiiceof Amelia co., Va. Namozine Creek, in the S.E. part of Virginia, flows N.E. along the boundary between Amelia and Dinwiddie cos. until it enters the Appomattox River. Namslau, n^ras'low, a town of Prussian Silesia, 30 miles E. of Breslau,.on the Weida. It is enclosed by double walls, and has manufactures of linens and woollens, breweries, and considerable cattle-fairs. Pop. 5383. Nam'sos, a post-office of Jackson co., Minn, Nainur, ni'mur (anc. N'amur'cuiH ; Fr. pron. ni^miin' ; Flem. Nameu, n3,'m§n}, a strongly fortified city of Belgium, capital of a province, at the confluence of the Sambre and Meuse, 36 miles S.E. of Brussels, at the junction of several railways. It has a fine cathedral, the churches of St. Loup and Notre Dame, a new town hall, and a public library. Its fortress is situated on a rock which commands the Meuse and the Sambre, It is celebrated for its cutlery, and has manufactures of iron, steel, and bronze articles, foundries, glass-works, and tanneries. It has sustained numerous sieges, and was taken by Louis XIV. in person in 1692, by the English and Dutch under William III. in 1695. and again by French armies in 1701 and 1746. Pop. 25,353. Namur, a province of Belgium, bounded on the S. and S.AV. by France, and intersected by the Meuse. Area, 1414 square miles. It is rich in mines of iron, lead, copper, and coal. Chief towns, Namur and Dinant. Pop. 315,796. Namur, nAm'oor, apost-officeof Door co., Wis., 27 miles N.E. of Green Bay. Namwans:, a town of Cambodia. See Pnompenh. Nanafalia, nan^ah-fa-li'ah, a post-hamlet of Marengo CO., Ala., on the Tombigbee, 70 miles W.S.W. of Selma. NAN 1517 NAN NanaimOy ni-ni'mo, a post-town on the eastern or inner shore of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, 74 miles N. of Victoria. It owes its growth and. importance to the mines of lignitic coal which are worked in the vi- cinity, also to its excellent freestone-quarries. ^Xt contains a church, a jail, a saw-mill, and several stores. A steamer runs weekly between here and Victoria. Pop. 400. Naiias, noh^nosh', one of the Haiduek towns of Hun- gary, 24 miles N.N.W. of Debreczin. Pop. 18,198. Xanay, ni-ni', a river of Ecuador, the tirst consider- able affluent of the Amazon W. of the mouth of the Napo. It is navigable for steamers more than 160 miles. Nance, a county in the N. central part of Nebraska. Nance's Shop, a post-ofBce of Charles City co., Va. Nan-Chang, or Nan-Tchang, nin^chang', a city of China, capital of the province of Kiang-See, on the Kan-Kiang River, 285 miles S.W. of Nan-King, in lat. 2S° 35' N., Ion. U6° E. Nanche, ndnVhi', a town of China, province of Che- Kiang, about 40 miles W. of Yen-Chow-Foo. It appears to be about 3 miles in circuit, and to carry on a very ex- tensive trade, the river being covered with boats, which are constantly plying between it and Yen-Chow, Hang-Chow, and many other places. Pop. about 200,000. Nancowry, nin-kow'ree, one of the Nicobar Islands, Bay of Bengal, lat. 7° 57' N., Ion. 93° 43' E., about 25 miles in circumference. It has an excellent harbor, and is the seat of a British-Indian penal settlement. Nan'cy (Fr. pron. n6>'«^see' ; L. Nancse'um or Nance'- lum), a town of France, capital of the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, 35 miles S. of Metz, on the left bank of the Meurthe, and on the railway from Paris to Stras- burg. This is one of the finest and best-built towns of France. In the Place Nationale is the town hall, bishop's palace, and a bronze statue of Stanislaus, ex-king of Po- land, who embellished the town. The chief buildings are the cathedral, church of Bon Seeours, barracks, and hos- pitals. It is a bishop's see, and has an acad^mie uni- versitaire, a tribunal of commerce, national college, nor- mal school and library, cabinet of natural history, and a botanic garden. Its embroidery is celebrated, and it has manufactures of woollen cloths, hosiery, paper, cotton goods, oil, and candles. Nancy was taken by Charles the Bold in 1475, and he was killed while besieging it in 1477. Louis XIII. took it in 1634. Its citadel is still pre- served. Pop. 66,303. Nandan-Sar, nS,n'd4n'-sar, a small lake of Cashmere, held in high reverence. Lnt. 33° 21' N.; Ion. 74° 26' E. Nandere, or Nandair, ninMir', a town of India, Nizam's dominions, on the Oodavery. 148 miles N.N.W. of Hyderabad. Lat. 19° 3' N.; Ion. 77° 3S' E, It has a Sikh college, which, in 1818, was inhabited by 300 students. It is a place of Sikh pilgrimage. Nandigai'h, nan'd?-gar', or Nand'garh, a town of India, Belgaum district. Pop. 5748. Nanee, ni^nee', a town of Afghanistan, 10 miles S.S.W. of Ghiiznec, on the route to Candahar. Lat. 33° 25' N.j Ion. 68° 12' E. Elevation, 7502 feet. Nan-Gan, n5,n'gan', a city of China, province of Kiang-Sec, on the Kiang, ISO miles N.N.E. of Canton. Nangasaki, a city of Japan. See Nagasaki. Naugis, ndNoV,hee', a town of France, in Scine-et- Marne, 13 miles W. of Provins. Pop. 2400. It has ex- tensive markets for the supply of Paris with provisions. Naning, Malay Peninsula. See Malacca. Nan\jemoy', a post-hamlet of Charles co., Md., near the Potomac River, about 60 miles S.W. of Annapolis. Nanjingode, ndn\iin-god', a village of India, province and 15 miles S. of Mysore, on the Kapini. The village contains a celebrated temple of Seeva. Nanka (n^n'ki) Islands, three islands in the Malay Archipelago, between Billiton and Banca, 4 or 5 miles from the Banca shore. Great Nimka, the largest, about li miles in extent, is in lat. 2° 25' S., Ion. 105° 48' 30" E. Nankin, nan-kin' or nan'kin, a post-hamlet of Wayne CO., Mich., in Nankin and Livonia townships, 3 miles S.E. of Plymouth, and about 20 miles W. of Detroit. It has 2 churches and a large vinegar-factory. Nankin township is drained by the Rouge River, and is intersected by the Michigan Central Railroad nnd the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad. It contains the village of Wayne. Pop. of the township, 3127, Nankin, or Or'ange, a post- village in Orange town- ship, Ashland co., 0.. 4 miles from Ashland, and 21 miles N.E. of Mansfield. It has 2 churches. The post-office is Nankin. Pop. about 200. It is 1 mile from Nankin Sta- tion on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad. Nanking, nan'king', or Nankin, nS,n^kin' or n3,n^- keen', the '' Southern Capital" (called also Kiang-Ning), as distinguished from Peking, the *' Northern Capital," a celebrated city of China, capital of the province of Kiang- Soo, and anciently of Southern China, is situated near the right bank of the Yang-tse-Kiang, about 90 miles from its mouth, 560 miles S. by E. of Peking. Lat. 32° 2' N. ; Ion. 118° 49' E. Its ancient walls can be traced over hill and dale for 35 miles, but Nanking has so greatly declined since the transference of the seat of empire to Peking, in the thirteenth century, that the modern walls are of much less extent. The river opposite Nanking is H miles broad, 25 fathoms deep. The principal streets of the city are of moderate breadth, clean, well paved, and lined with hand- some shops ; but the houses are, in general, mean, and only one story high. The part of the city occupied by the Man- choos is separated by a cross-wall from the Chinese town. The great extent of the wall renders the defence of the city difficult; besides which it is overlooked from the hills on the E. On that side there are three gates ; the land to- wards the river is marshy, and the gates are approached on stone causeways. A deep canal or ditch runs up from the river directly under the walls on the AV., serving to strength- en the approaches on that side. The most remarkable structure in Nanking was the Porcelain tower, called, by the Chinese, the Recompensing Favor Monastery, built 1411-32, pre-eminent above all other similar buildings in China for its completeness and elegance, but destroyed by the Tae- Pings, during whose occupation (1853-64) the city suiFered much. The tower was of an octagonal form, 261 feet high. In the interior were apartments richly gilt and otherwise elaborately adorned. The material was a kind of white brick, made of fine clay ; the entire cost of the edifice was from $35,000,000 to §40,000,000. Among the other objects may be mentioned the " tomb of the kings," supposed to be of the Ming dynasty, a.d. 1328 to 1621; leading to it is a fine paved road with an avenue of gigantic armed figures ; the government palace and an observatory are also worthy of note. Nanking has important manu- factures of crape, satin of the finest quality, paper, artificial flowers, and China or Indian ink, and gives its name to the well-known " Nankeen" cotton cloth, which is also made throughout the whole province. It is the centre of a very extensive trade, and by the Great Canal, which crosses the Yang-tse-Kiang about 50 miles eastward, it communicates directly with Peking. It is also the residence of a grand viceroy, with authority over the Kiang provinces, and is a great military depot, and the chief seat of literature in the empire. The British forces remained before it from the 10th to the 29th of August, 1842, on which last day the final treaty between China and England was signed and ratified. In 1S53 the Tae-Pings assaulted Nanking, took it, and made it their capital. It was bombarded by the British and stormed and captured by the Imperialists in 1864. By treaty it is an open port; but it has little commerce. Nan-Ling, n&n'ling', a mountain-chain in China, lat. 26° N. and between Ion. 104° and 118° E., separates the basins of the Yang-tse-Kiang and Kan-Kiang Rivers northward from that of the Hong-Kiang and its affluents southward, and the Quang provinces from those of Koei- Choo and Hoo-Nan. Nan'na Hub'ba, a post-office of Mobile co., Ala. Nan-Ngang, nS,n^ngang', a citv of China, in Kiang- See, on Lake Po-Yang, 230 miles S.S.W. of Nan-Chang. Nan'nie, a post-office of Floyd co., Ga. Nan-Ning, nan^ning', a city of China, province of Quang-See, 70 miles N. of the Gulf of Tonquin. Nanooki, or Nanouki, n4-noo'kee, an island in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 0° 11' N., Ion. 173° 39' 20" E,, 6^ miles long and from 2 to 5^ miles wide. Nanooti, or Nanouti, ni-noo'tee, or Syd'enham Island, in the South Pacific, one of the group of Bishop's Islands. Lat. 0° 45' S. ; Ion. 174° 31' E. Length, 19 miles. Nanpa'ra, a town of India, district and 25 miles N. of Bharaich. It has manufactures of fire-works. Pop. 6858. Nanphio, an island of the ^gean Sea, See Axaphe. Nan'seinond, a southeastern county of Virginia, bor- ders on North Carolina. Area, about 380 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Hampton Roads, and is drained by Nansemond River. It comprises a part of the Dismal Swamp. The surface is level, and extensively covered with forests of pine, cj-press, &c. The soil is sandy. Indian corn, sweet potatoes, and pork are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Seaboard & Roanoke and Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroads. Capital, Suff"olk, Valuation of real and personal estate, 82,195,619. Pop, in 1870, 11,576, of whom 11,543 were Americans. ^NAN 1518 NAi* Nansemond River, Virginia, rises in Nanseinond co., runs nurthward, and enters Hampton Roads. Sloops can ascend it nearly 20 miles, Nant, n^No, a town of France, in Aveyron, 11 miles E.S.E. of Millau. Pop. 1265. Nantaha'la, a post-township of Swain co., N.C., about 60 miles S.S.E. of Knoxviile, Tenn., is drained by the Nan- tahala River. Its surface is mountainous. Pop. 383. Nantas'ket, a post-office of Norfolk co., Mass. Nantasket Beach, Norfolk cc, Mass., is a narrow peninsuhi which extends from Cohasset township into Mas- sachusetts Bay, and is about 5 miles long. On it is the town of Hull. It is about 12 miles by water, or 18 miles by rail, S.E. of Boston, is a good bathing-place, and is much frequented. Here are several hotels. Nantasket is a sta- tion on the Old Colony Railroad. Nantasket Road, Massachusetts, one of the main entrances to Boston harbor. Nan-Tchaiig, a town of China. See Nan-Chang. Nanterre, n6N<'Haiu', a town of France, in Seine, 7 miles by rail W.N.W. of Paris. It has manufactures of glue and chemical products. Pop. 3890. Nantes, nants (Fr. pron. n6Nt; anc. Condivin' cum, afterwards Namne'tea), a populous city of France, capital of the department of Loire-Inferieure, on the river Loire, at the confluence of the Erdre and Sevre-Nantaise, 245 miles W.S.W. of Paris, with which it is connected by rail- way. Lat. 47° 30' N. ; Ion. I'* 32' W. The city is built partly on several islands in the Loire, with which it com- municates by means of numerous bridges. The banks of the rivers are lined with spacious quays for an extent of nearly 2 miles. They are finely planted, and adorned with elegant mansions, forming a splendid promenade, while the shipping which crowds the harbor of La Fosse, and the vessels on the Loire, give great animation to the scene. Nantes is one of the best-built cities in France. The prin- cipal public edifices are the cathedral, with a richly sculp- tured portal, the castle of the ancient dukes, an enormous mass of irregular buildings, the castle of Bouffay, with a lofty polygonal tower, the H6tel de la Prefecture, the ex- change with a peristyle of 10 Ionic pillars, the old mint, now occupied by the courts of justice, the town hall, and theatre. Nantes is noted for its public squares or prom- enades. It is the see of a bishop, and possesses a court of first resort, a tribunal of commerce, a conseil de prud'- kommeSf mint, national college, diocesan seminary and eccle- siastical school, school of medicine, hydrographicai school, agricultural, horticultural, and industrial societies, public library of 90,000 volumes, observatory, botanic garden, and a magazine of munitions for the marine. Merchant-vessels are built here, besides which the town has numerous manu- factories of cottons, muslins, woollens, machinery, soap, copper-wares, cord;ige, and preserved food, also cannon- foundries, sugar-refineries, potteries, distilleries, &g., and an extensive maritime commerce. The trade is facilitated both by the Loire and by a canal which communicates with Brest, and by the railways which meet here. Its harbor receives only small vessels; large vessels unlade at Paimboeuf. Before the conquest of Gaul by the Romans, Condivin- cura was the capital of the Namnetes. In 445 it valiantly withstood a siege of sixty days by the Huns. During the ninth century it was thrice taken by the Normans, and al- most entirely ruined. During the English wars in France it suffered much, repeatedly falling into the hands of oppo- site parties. In 1498, Anne of Brittany (Bretagne) having here married Louis XII., it passed, with the rest of her possessions, to the crown of France. The most memorable event since connected with its history is the famous edict issued at Nantes by Henry IV., April 30, 1598, securing to the Protestants the free exercise of their religion and making them eligible to all civil and military employ- ments. Its revocation by Louis XIV. involved the king- dom in disasters from which it has never completely recov- ered. Pop. 122,247. — —Adj. and inhab. Nantais, nON^'ti' ; feminine, Nantaise, n6N°Hdz'. Nanteuil, n6N°Hur,a town of France, in Oise, 10 miles S.E. of Senlis. Pop. 1506. Nan'ticoke, a hundred of Sussex co., Del. Pop. 2076. Nanticoke, a post-hamlet of Wicomico co., Md., about 15 miles W.S.W. of Salisbury. Nanticoke, a township of Broome co., N.Y. P. 1055. Nanticoke, a post-borough in Hanover township, Lu- zerne co., Pa., in the Wyoming Valley, on the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, 8 miles W.S.AV. of Wilkesbarre, opposite West Nanticoke. It is on the Nanticoke Branch Railroad, and has 7 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, and mines of anthracite coal which produce 500,000 tons annually. Pop. about 4000. Nanticoke Station on the Lackawanna & Bloomsburg Railroad is at West Nanticoke. Nan'ticoke, a post-village in Haidimand co., Ontario, on Nanticoke Creek, 8 miles from Port Dover. Pop. 200. Nanticoke Mountain, Luzerne co., Pa., a long ridge which forms the N.W. boundary of the valley of Wyoming. Nanticoke River rises in Sussex co., Del., and runs southwestward into Maryland, in which it forms the bound- ary between the cos. of Dorchester and Wicomico, and enters Chesapeake Bay at the W. extremity of the latter county. It is about 75 miles long. Nant'meal Village, a post-office of Chester co., Pa. Nantua, nON^'tw^', a town of France, in Ain, 24 miles E. of Bourg, at the S. side of the Lake of Nantua. Chief industry, cotton- and woollen- spinning, tanning, and paper- making. It has a trade with Switzerland. Pop. 2940. Nantuck'et, a small county of Massachusetts, consists of several islands in the Atlantic Ocean, about 20 miles S.E. from the mainland. Nantucket Island, which is the largest of them, is nearly 15 miles long. The soil is sandy. Indian corn, potatoes, hay, and butter are the staple prod- ucts. Capital, Nantucket. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $2,230,095. Pop. in 1860, 6094; in 1870, 4123, of whom 3920 were Americans; in 1875, 3201. Nantucket, a post-town, port of entry, and the capital of Nantucket co., Mass., is on the N. shore of the island of the same name, about 56 miles E.S.E. of New Bedford. It has a good, deep harbor, which is nearly landlocked. It contains 6 or 7 churches, a national bank, a savings-bank, and an athenseum, in which are a museum of marine curi- osities and a library of 5000 volumes. One weekly news- paper is published here. A steamboat plies daily between this port and Martha's Vineyard and Wood's Holl. Pop. of the island in 1850, 8452 ; in 1875, 3201. Nantucket was formerly celebrated for its extensive whale-fisheries. It is now principally noted as a summer resort for invalids and pleasure-seekers. Nantucket Shoals, situated S.E. of Nantucket Island, cover an area of about 45 by 50 miles. Here many vessels have been wrecked and lives lost. Nantwich, nant'ich, a town of England, co. and 18^ miles E.S.E. of Chester, on the Birmingham & Liverpool Canal, and on 2 railways, 5 miles S.W. of Crewe. It has a handsome bridge across the river Weaver, and manufac- tures of shoes, silk, cottons, and salt. Pop. 6673. Nan'uet, a post-village of Rockland co., N.Y., in Clarkstown township, on the Piermont Branch of the Erie Railroad, and on the New Jersey & New York Raih-oad, at the junction of the Nanuet & New City Railroad, 28 miles N. of Jersey City. It has 2 churches and a carriage-factory. Nan-Yang", n4n^-yS,ng', a city of China, province and 150 miles N.E. of Canton, with battlemented walls. Naogaon, a town of Assam. See Nowgong. Nao'mi, a post-office of Walker co., Ga. Naomi, a post-office of Mitchell co., Kansas. Naomi, a post-office of Marion co.. Mo., about 24 miles N.W. of Hannibal. Naos, ni'oce, a port of the Canary Islands, on the S.E. coast of Lanzarote, and a cape on the S. side of the island of Ferro. Naours, nd^ooa', a town of France, in Somme, 10 miles N. of Amiens. Pop. 1724. Napa, nd'pi, Napha, n^'fi, also called Napa-Kiang, na'pd-ke-^ng', a town of the Loo-Choo Islands, on the W. coast of (xreat Loo-Choo, 3 miles W, of Shooree. It is pop- ulous and well built, and has a commodious roadstead, with a small but safe inner port, suitable for junks and boats. Lat. 20° 12' 20" N. ; Ion. 127° 35' 57" E. Napa, nah'pa, a river of Napa co., California, rises in the N. part of Napa Valley, and, running in a general southerly course, falls into San Pablo Bay. It is navigable for vessels of 5 feet draft 12 miles from its mouth. Napa, a county of California, is adjacent to San Pablo Bay. It is drained by the Napa River and Putah Creek. The surface is partly mountainous, and presents beautiful scenery. On the N.W. border. Mount St. Helena rises 4343 feet above the level of the sea. The soil is mostly fertile. AVheat, barley, and wine are the staple products. This county has a rich mine of cinnabar, or quicksilver, and sulphur springs which are reputed to have medicinal virtue. Among the remarkable objects is a forest of petri- fied or silicified trees of great size, about 5 miles from CaMs- toga Hot Springs, which is a favorite place of resort (see Calistoga). Napa oo. is partly traversed by the California Pacific Railroad. Capital, Napa. Valuation of real and personal estate, §12,569,515. Pop, in 1870, 7163, of whom 5394 were Americans. NAP NAP Napa, or Napa City, a post-village, capital of Napa CO., Cal., in a township of the same name, on Napa River, about 11 miles N. of the Bay of San Pablo. It is 39 miles N. by E. of San Francisco, with which it is connected by the California Pacific Railroad. It contains a court-house, a collegiate institute, a seminary for girls, 2 banking- houses, 8 churches, manufactures of machinery, ploughs, farming-utensils, and boots and shoes, and printing-offices which issue 1 daily and 2 weekly newspapers. Pop. 1879 ; of the township, 3791. Napagedl, ni^pi-ghSd'l', a town of Moravia, 8 miles N.N.B. of Hradisoh, on the March. Pop. 2510. Napa Junction, a post-office of Napa co., Cal., on the California Pacific Railroad, at the junction of the main line and Napa Branch, 33 miles N.N.E. of San Francisco, and S miles S. of Napa. Napa-Kiang, Loo-Choo Islands. See Napa. Nap'anee, a town of Ontario, capital of the co. of Lenno.x, situated on the Napanee River, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 26 miles W. of Kingston. It contains churches of 5 denominations, 2 branch banks, 2 newspaper offices, a paper-mill, hotels, mills, and factories, and a num- ber of stores. Napanee is a port of entry. Pop. 2967. Napanee Mills, a post-village in Addington co., On- tario, miles N.E. of Napanee. Pop. 100. Nap'anock, or Nap'onock, a post-village in Wawar- sing township, Ulster co., N.Y., on Rondout Creek, and on the Delaware & Hudson Canal, IJ miles from Ellenville, and about 26 miles N.W. of Newburg. It contains 2 churches, a paper-mill, an axe-factory, an iron-furnace, and a rolling-mill. Pop. about 600. Nap'avine, a post-offlce and station of Lewis co., Washington, on the Northern Pacific Railroad, 43 miles N. of Kalama. Napeh Mew, n4'p?h mu, a town of Burmah, on the road from Ava into Aracan, 32 miles S.S.W. of Salen. Na'perville, a post-village of Du Page co.. 111., in Naperville and Lisle townships, on the West Branch of the Du Page River, and on the Chicago, Burlington & Quiney Railroad, 30 miles W.S.W. of Chicago, and 9 miles E. of Aurora. ' Here is the Northwestern College, which was founded in 1861 by the Evangelical Association. Naper- ville contains also a normal school, which is a department of that college, a bank, a newspaper office, and 7 churches. Pop. 1713 ; of the township, excluding the village, 1226. Napha, Loo-Choo Islands. See Napa. Napier, na'pl-er, a post-township of Bedford CO., Pa. Pop. 1836. It contains New Paris. Napier Station is on the Bedford division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 5 miles W. of Bedford. Napier, a town of the N. island of New Zealand, on a peninsula of the S. side of Hawke Bay. It has a good roadstead, but its inner harbor is shoal, and large vessels discharge by lighters. It is well built, is the terminus of a railway into the interior, and has good public buildings, a grammar-school, hospital, and lunatic asylum, and manu- factures of soap, castings, leather, Breakwater Railroad, 4 miles W. of Lewes. Nassau, a township of Sioux co., Iowa.. Pop. 568. Nassau, a post-village in Nassau township, Rensselaer CO., N.Y., 12 miles S.S.E. of Albany, and about 6 Qiiles E. of the Hudson River. It has an academy, 4 churches, and a foundry. Pop. 348. The surface of the township is di- versified with lakes and high hills. Pop. 2660. Nassau, a city of New Providence, capital of the Ba- hama Islands, on a declivity near the N. coast. Lat. of light-house, 25° 5' 6" N. ; Ion. 77° 21' 2" AV. It is regu- larly and well built, defended by forts, and has a handsome governor's residence, some barracks, a prison, government house, a public library, hospital, agricultural society, and a harbor sheltered northward by Hog Island and having two entrances passable by vessels drawing from 13 to 14 feet of water. It has a large trade in sponges. It ia an Anglican bishop's see. Pop. 8000. Nassau Isles. See Poggy Isles. Nassau River, Florida, a small river, which runs east- ward, and enters Nassau Sound on the boundary between the cos. of Duval and Na-ssau. Nassau River, North Australia, enters Nassau Bay, Gulf of Carpentaria, on the E. side of the latter, near lat, 15° 50' S., Ion. 141° 35' E. Nassau Sound, on the E. coast of Florida, is at the S. extremity of Amelia Island, 10 miles S. of Fernandina. Nasserabad, n4s-ser-3,-bS,d', a village of Beloochistan, 25 miles S.W. of Kcdje,'on the route to Gwetter. Lat. 26° 13' N.; Ion. 61° 57' E. Nassereit, n^s'seh-rlt'^, a village of Tyrol, near Imot. Nas'sick, a district of India, Bombay presidency, prov- ince of Guzerat, lying N. of Ahmcdnuggur district, and traversed by the Upper Godavery. Area, 8140 scjuare miles. Pop. 734,386. Nassiek, or Nasik, nS-s'sik, called also Nas'suck, a town of India, capital of Nassiek district, on the Godavery, 95 miles by rail N.E. of Bombay. It is noted for its ancient cave-temples. Pop. 22,436. Nassovia, the Latin name of Nassau. Nastatten, n^s'tSt^t?n, a town of Prussia, in Hesse- Nassau, on the MUhlbach, 19 miles N.W. of Wiesbaden, with many mineral springs. Pop. 1653. Nata, nS,'ti, a town of the United States of Colombia, on the W. side of the Isthmus of Panama, 64 miles S.W. of Panama. Natal, ni-til', a colonial possession of Great Britain, on the S.E. coast of Africa, between lat. 27° 20' and 30° 55' S. and Ion. 28° 12' and 31° 30' E., having W. the Dra- kenberg Mountains, separating it from the Orange Free State, and N.E. the Buff"alo and Great Tugela Rivers, di- viding it from the Zulu country. Area, 17,800 square miles. Pop. {1874} 307,241. Surface undulating, well watered, and mostly covered with tall grass. Climate is sub-tropical, the products on tlio low-lying coast being those of the tropics, while those of the cool highlands of the interior are such as are grown in temperate climes. The cli- mate is healthy ; thunderstorms are of frequent occurrence. Timber in the interior grows only in clumps ; the sea-coast is bordered by a belt of mangroves. Cuttcm and indigo grow wild. Sugar, coifee, wheat, oats, beans, and tobacco are important crops. Its only harbor is that of Port Natal, or Durban. Exports, wool, ivory, hides, arrowroot, sugar, Ac, to the value of about £80*0,000. Imports, apparel, cotton goods, beer and ale_, leather, hardwares, machinery, woollen, tea, linens, Villow, Richardson, Saline, Sarpy, Saunders, Seward, Sherman, Stanton, Taylor, Thayer, Valley, Wash- ington, Wayne, Webster, York. The principal towns are Omaha, on the Missouri, the railroad centre and metropolis of the state (pop. in 1874, 1'9,140); Lincoln, the capital; Nebraska City, Ashland, Beatrice, Brownville, Crete, Fremont, Grand Island, Kear- ney, North Platte, Plattsmouth, Seward, &a., and others scarcely less flourishing. Education has attracted much attention ever since the settlement of the state, and the legislation upon the subject has been intelligent, effectual, and well seconded by the people. There is a large permanent school fund ; moneys are raised by general and local taxation, and a generous share of the public lands of the state has been set apart for school purposes. State, county, and local superintendents have oversight of educational affairs. Graded and high schools are maintained in the principal towns. There is a state normal school at Peru. Lincoln is the seat of the liberally endowed and well-organized state university, to which the state agricultural college is affiliated. At Ne- braska City is Nebraska College and divinity school (Prot- estant Episcopal); and Doane College, at Crete, is a Con- gregationalist institution, open to pupils of either sex. At Omaha stands a free state school for deaf-mutes. The future of the public schools of Nebraska is full of promise, . Constitution, &c. — The constitution was adopted in 1866. The governor holds office for 4 years, and the legislature meets biennially. Judicial officers are elected, and serve for limited terms. The state has now 3 electoral votes and one member of the lower house of Congress, There is a state penitentiary at Lincoln, an asylum for the blind at Ne- braska City, and an asylum for the insane at Lincoln. The school for deaf-mutes at Omaha, and the other state insti- tutions, have been already mentioned. , History.' — Nebr^ka formed successively a part of the Louisiana and Missouri territories until 1854, when the Missouri Compromise was repealed and the famous Ne- braska bill was passed by Congress after a long and exciting political struggle. The general interest in the political fate ?f Kansas for some years drew the stream of immigrants to hat qu.arter rather than to Nebraska, which was not ad- mitted as a state until 1867. Since that time, and especially &ince the, construction of the Union Pacific Railroad, the increase of the state in wealth and population has been very remarkable. Occasional severe visitations of locusts have given check to the immigration, but such interruptions have been merely temporary, and it is believed that the evil in question will, disappear as civilization and agriculture advance and occupy the great plains eastward of the Rocky Mountains. The Population, in 1860, was 28,841, at which time the territory had an area much greater than the present state ; an. 1870,122,993, including but very few of the 7528 In- dians. The latter are of the Sioux, Otoe, Omaha, Winne- bago, Sac, Fox, loway, Missouria, and other tribes, are generally placed upon reservations, have mission and in- dustrial schools, and are, on the whole, making some im- provement. The general population of Nebraska is believed to have increased since 1870 at a rate not excelled by that of any other state in the Union ; for in 1874 the sUte, census gave a population of 230,007. Nebraska, a river of North America. See Platte. Nebraska, a post-oflice of Scott co.. Ark. Nebraska, township, Livingston co., III. Pop. 1162. Nebraska, a post-village of Jennings co., Ind., in Campbell township, on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 62 miles W. of Cincinnati. It has a saw-mill, 2 or 3 stores, 2 churches, .and a flour-mill. Pop. 300. Nebraska, a township of Page co., Iowa. Pop. 669. Nebraska, a hamlet of Hyde co., N.C., 90 miles N.E. of New-Berne. It has a church. Nebraska, a post-village in Walnut township, Pick- away CO., 0., about 20 miles S. by E. of Columbus. Nebraska, a post-hamlet of Forest co.. Pa., on Tionesta Creek, 6 miles E. of Tionfsta, and about 20 miles S.E. of Titusville. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Nebraska, a post-hamlet of Appomattox co., Va., at Appomattox Station on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 23 miles E. of Lynchburg. It has a church. Nebraska City, the capital of Otoe co., Neb., is situ- ated on the W. bank of the Missouri River, ond on the Ne- braska Railroad, which connects here with a branch of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, opposite East Ne- braska City, about 74 miles below Omaha, and 222 miles above Leiivenworth. By railrcad it is 57 miles E. by S. of Lincoln, 44 miles S. of Omaha, and 160 miles N.N.W. of Kansas City, Mo. Lat. 40° 40' 8" N. ; Ion. 95° 41' 44" W. In 1870 it was the second city of the state in population. Large steamboats navigate the river above and below this place. The city contains the Nebraska College (Episcopal), which was organized in 1863, a court-house, 2 public halls, about 12 churches, 2 national banks, 1 other bank, 2 high schools, the Academy of the Annunciation, 2 flour-mills, an elevator, a foundry, a machine-shop, a tannery, manufac- tories of beer, bricks, carriages, cigars, ploughs, soap, &c., and printing-offices which issue 1 or 2 daily and 2 weekly newspapers. It is lighted with gas. Pop. in 1870, 6050. Nebraska City Junction, Iowa. See E.ist Ne- BUASKA City. Nebrissa, the ancient name of Lebbija. Nece'da, or Nece'dah, a sm.all river of Juneau eo.. Wis., runs southward, and enters the Yellow River about 3 miles from its mouth. Necedah, a post-village in Neeedah township, Juneau CO., Wis., on the Yellow River, about 50 miles N.W. of Portage City, and 12 miles N.N.E. of New Lisbon. It is partly supported by the lumber-business. It has a church, 3 saw-mills, a grist-mill, and a pail-factory. Here are val- uable cranberry-marshes. Pop. 944; of the township, 1865. Necessidades, ni-sSs-se-di'd^s, or Santo Antonio, sin'to 4n-to'ne-o, a village of Brazil, province of Santa Catharina, 6 miles N. of Desterro. Pop. 300. Neces'sity, a post-ofiice of M.arshall co., Ala. Nechanitz, n?K'a,-nits\ or Neii-Nechanitz, a town of Bohemia, 9 miles W.N.AV. of Koniggriitz. Pop. 2017. Nechanitz, nek-an'its, or Nochanitz, nok-an'its, a post-office of Fayette co., Tex. Nechara, ni-chj^'ri, a Large village of Beloochistan, province and 16 miles S.E. of Kelat. Neche, ni'ehe, a post-oflice of Pembina co., Dakota. Neches (netch'iz) River, Texas, rises in Van Zandt CO., and runs alternately southward and southeastward. It forms the S.W. boundary of the cos. of Cherokee and An- gelina, below which it runs southward and separates Jasper CO. from the cos. of Tyler and Hardin. It enters S.abine Lake about 3 miles from the mouth of the Sabine, and 15 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. Length, about 350 miles. Nechesville, netch'iz-vll, a post-ofiice of Anderson CO., Tex., at Neches Station on the International & Great Northern Railroad, 12 miles N.E. of Palestine. Here are a church and a lumber-mill. Nechow, niVhow', a town of China, province of Che- Kiang, on the main road between Iloei-Choo and Ning- Po. Pop. from 20,000 to 30,000. Neckalofa, n^k-ki-lo'fi, or Niukalofa, nc-oo-ki- lo'fi, a town on the island of Tonga, one of the Friendly Islands. The most conspicuous objects are the churches, under the direction of Wesleyan missionaries. Pop. 2000. Neckar, nSk'kar, or Necker, nSk'k^r (anc. A'i'cer), a river of Germany, rises in the mountains of the Schwarz- wald (Wiirtomberg), on the frontiers of Baden, flows gen- NEC 1529 erally N. and "W. to Mannheim, where it joins the Rhine on the right. Length, 210 miles. Chief affluent, the Jaxt. IVeckaran, nSk'kS,-row\ a village of Baden, on an island in the Rhine, near the confluence of the Neckar, 2i miles S. of Mannheim. Pop. 8879. Neckar-Gemiind, n^k'kar-gh?h-miint', a town of Baden, at the continence of the Elsenz with the Neckar, 17 miles E.S.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 2103. Neckar- Steiiiach, nSk'kar-sti'niK, a town of Hesse, in Starkenburg, 6 miles E. of Heidelberg. Pop. 1.379. Neckarsulin, n4k'kar-soolm\ a town of WUrtemberg, circle of Neckar, at the confluence of the Sulm with the Neckar, 30 miles N. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2640. It has a castle, and manufactures of leather and tobacco. Neckarteuzlingen, nSk'kar-t4nt-sling'?n, a village of Wiirtemberg, Schwarzwald, near Niirtingen. Pop. 10G4. Neckarthailfiiigen, n§k'kant-hll*fing-?n, a village of Wiirtemberg, 4 miles S.W. of Niirtingen^ on the Neckar. Necker, a river of Germany. See Neckar. Necker, nSk'ker, an island in the Pacific, lat. 23° 34' N., Ion. 164° 37' W., a mere rock, about 500 yards long and 360 feet high. It was once covered with guano. Nec'tar, a post-haralet of Blount co., Ala., 7 miles E. of Bangor Station. It has 3 churches. Pfe'cum Tench, a post-village in Halifa.x co.. Nova Scotia, on the sea-coast, 30 miles S.W. of Sherbrooke. Nedde, nedd, a village of France, in Haute- Vienne, 28 miles E.S.E. of Limoges. Pop. 1770. Nedenaes, or Nedenes, ni'dfh-nis\ an amt or bail- iwick of Norway, having S.E. the Skagcr-Raok. Area, 4650 square miles. Pop. 73,415. Chief towns, Arendal, Grimstad, and Lillesand. Nederbrakel, ni'd^r-bri'k^l, a town of Belgium, in Bast Flanders, 1 7 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 3820. Nederiiasselt, ni'der-hds'selt, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, on the Molenbeek, 22 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 1200. Ne'derland, a post-hamlet of Boulder co.. Col., near the Snowy Range, 18 miles S.W. of Boulder City. It has a church. Gold is found here. Nederlanden. See Netherlands. Sfederweert, ni'd^r-^aiut*, a village of the Nether- lands, in Limburg, 12 miles W.N.W. of Roermond. Pop. of commune, 4545. Neder Yssel, nA'd^r i'sel, a branch of the Leek, which p.asses Ysselstein, Oudewater, and Gouda, and joins the Maas {or Meusc) opposite Ysselmonde. Length, 30 miles. Nedjed, nSd'jel, or Nejd, n^j'd {i.e., "elevated coun- try"}, the general name applied to the central portion of the Arabian peninsula. Some Arab writers use the name in an abstract sense, and spea.k of the Nedjed-el-Hejiz or the Nedjed-el-Yemen, that is to say, the inland and ele- vated region of Hejdz or Yemen ; but ordinarily the word Nedjed is employed without an expletive, to signify the country in the interior, enclosed by Hejdz, Yemen, Hadra- maut, Oman, Lahsa, and the Syrian Desert. A great part of its surface is sandy desert, interspersed with fertile spots. The hills are generally wooded, but its characteristics are very little known. It furnishes dromedaries and horses of an excellent breed. The Wahabees subjugated all the tribes of the Nedjed, and at present the name Nedjed is fre- quently used to designate the central Wahabee kingdom, with its 9 principal provinces. Nedrigailov, or Nedrigailow, nA-dre-ghi-lov', a town of Russia, government and 100 miles W.N.W. of Kharkov, on the Soola. Pop. 5061. Ned's Point, the B. side of Mattapoisett Harbor, Buz- zard's Bay, Mass. It contains a fixed light, 40 feet above the level of the sea. Neede, ni'd^h, a village of the Netherlands, in Gelder- land, 18 miles E. of Zutphen. Pop. 3066. Need'ham, a post-village in Needham township, Nor- folk CO., Mass., on the New York &. New England Railroad, 12 miles S.W. of Boston. It has several churches, a savings- bank, and a newspjiper office. Here are fine gardens and beautiful scenery. The township is bounded on the S. and the N.E. by Charles River, and is intersected by the Boston & Albany Railroad. It contains villages named Grantville, Highlandville, Charles River Village, and Wellesley. The valuation of its real and personal estate for 1875 was $5,011,551. Pop. 4548. Need'ham Mar'ket, a town of England, co. of Suf- folk, on a railway, 9 miles N.N.W. of Ipswich. Pop. 1393. Needham's Station, a post-oflice of Johnson co., Ind., on the railroad which connects Martinsville with Fairland, 5 miles E.N.E. of Franklin. Needles (nee'dl'z). The, a cluster of three pointed rocks in the English Channel, W. of the Isle of Wight. The Needles Light, on the W. extremity of the Isle of Wight, is in lat. 50° 39' 64" N., Ion. 1° 34' W. ; elevation, 469 feet. Need'mere, a hamlet of Eaton co., Mich., in Chester and Roxana townsliips, 9 miles N. of Charlotte. It has a church, a saw-mill, and 2 stores. Pop. about 100. Here is Roxana Post-Ottice. Need'more, a post-hamlet of Brown co., Ind., about 38 miles S. by W. of Indianapolis. It has 3 churches. Needmore, a post-oflice of Fulton co.. Pa. Needmor-e, a post-office of Buchanan co., Va. Nedoontivoe, an island near Ceylon. See Delft. Need'wood, an ancient royal forest of England, co. of Stafford. It presents some fine remains of forest scenery. Needy, a pust-office of Clackamas co., Oregon. Nee-e-Gata, or Niigata, nee^ee-gd'ti, a city and open port of Jn,pan, on the W. coast of Hondo, 225 miles N.N.AV. of Tokio. It is well laid out, and part of its streets are traversed by canals. It has petroleum-wells, and a good inland and coasting trade in petroleum, but its harbor is defective, and its exports by sea (chiefly silk, silk-worms' eggs, and tea) are not large. It has a prison, barracks, hospital, and manufactures of arms, ammunition, woollens, cottons. &c. Pop. 33,722. Neekoospara, the Indian name of the Wisconsin. Nee'ley 'Town, a hamlet on the Montgomery & Erie Railroad, in Orange Co., N.Y., 2 miles S.AV. of Montgomery. Neelglierry, mountains of India. See Neilgherry. Neelung, or Nilung, neeMung' or neeMoong', written also Nilun, a village of Thibet, in lat. 31° 6' N., Ion. 78° 59' E., 11,127 feet above the sea. Neely's (nee'liz) Land'ing, a post-oflioe of Cape Girardeau co.. Mo., on the Mississippi River, about 9 miles below Grand Tower. Nee'lysville, a post-village of Morgan co.,Ill., near Neely's Station on the Quinoy Branch of the Waljash Rail- road, 14 miles W. of Jacksonville. Coal is mined here. Neelysville, a post-oflice of Butler co.. Mo., on the Cairo & Fulton Railroad, 15 miles S. of Poplar Bluff. Neelysville, Morgan co., 0. See New Castle. Neeinaheira, nee-mJL-hi'r4, a town of India, 20 miles S. of Cliittoor. Lat. 24° 38' N. ; Ion. 74° 50' E. Neembucu, fii-Sm-boo-koo', or Pilar, pe-lan', a port of entry of Paraguay, in a marshy tract on the Parana, 170 miles direct (or about 220 miles by water) W.S.W. of Asuncion. Neemla, ncem'13,, or Nimba, nim'bJ, a town of Afghanistan, 5 miles E. of Gundamuek. Lat. 34° 18' N.; Ion. 70° 8' E. Neem'ra, a village of Sinde, 44 miles N. of Larkhana. Neemre'a Hoo'senpore', a town of India, North- West Provinces, division of Rohilcund. Pop. 5339. Neemutch, nee^miich', a town of India, Rajpootana, 36 miles S.E. of Chittoor. Lat. 24° 27' N. ; Ion. 75° E. Nee'nah, a hamlet of Stearns co., Minn., on the Mis- sissippi River, about 9 miles below St. Cloud. Neenah, a city of Winnebago co.. Wis., in Neenah township, on the left or S. bank of Fox River, which here issues from Lake Winnebago and separates Neenah from Menasha, and on tlie Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, at its junction with the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 30 miles N. of Fond du Lac, and 35 miles S.W. of Green Bay. It contains 11 churches, a high school, a national bank, 2 newspaper offices, 6 flouring-mills, 3 paper-mills, several saw-mills, and manufactures of sash, blinds, staves, &G. The river here affords great water-power. Steamboats ply be- tween Neenah and Fond du Lac. Pop. 4025 j of the town- ship, additional, 534. Neenah River, Wisconsin. See Fox River. Nee'panee', or Nipani, nee"p4-nee', a town of India, district and 50 miles N. by W. of Belgaum. Pop. 9371. Nee'per, a post-hamlet of Clarke co.. Mo., 10 miles S.W. of Cahoka. Neer, nain, a village of the Netherlands, in Limburg, on the Meuse, 4 miles N. of Roermond. Pop. 1535. Neerheylissem, naiitMii'lis-sem, a village of Belgium, in South Brabant, 31 miles E.S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1500. Neerlande, a French name of the Netherlands. Neerlinter, nain'lin't^r, a village of Belgium, in South Brabant, 30 miles E. of Brussels. Pop. 2180. Neermul, neer^miil', a town of India, in the Deecan, 120 miles N. of Hyderabad. Neeroeteren, niVoo't?h-r8n, a village of Belgium, in Limbourg, 60 miles N.E. of Hasselt. Pop. 1600. Neerpelt, naia'pSlt, a village of Belgium, in Limbourg, on the Dommel, 55 miles N. of Hasselt. Pop. 1500. NEB 1530 NEI Neers, a river of Prussia. See Niers. Neers'ville, a post-hamlet of Loudoun co., Va,, 5 miles S. of Harper's Ferry. Neerwinden, naiR'winM^n, or Neerwinde, nain'- *inMeh, a village of Belgium, province of Liege, 2 miles N.W. of Landen, memorable for the victory gained by Mar- shal Luxembourg over the army of William III. of England, July 29, 1693, and for the defeat of the French by the Austrians, March IS, 1793. Neeryssche, ni'ris'K^h, a vilLage of Belgium, in Bra- bant, 6 miles S.W. of Louvain. Pop. 1300. Xeethe, a river of Belgium. See N£the. Neetsville, Adair co., Ky. See Neatsville. Neetum, an ancient city of Sicily, See Noto. Neff, a post-offiee of Randolph co., Ind., about 28 miles N.W. of Richmond. Neff's, Lehigh co.. Pa. See Unionville. NelPs Mills, a post-village of Huntingdon co., Pa., about 25 miles E.N.E. of Altoona. Pop. about 100. Neff's Mills, a post-office of Salt Lake co., Utah. Neffs'ville, a post- village of Lancaster co., Pa., 4i miles N. of Lancaster. It has a church. Neft, nSft, or Nefta, n8f ti, a town of Africa, in Tunis, on the W. side of Lake Al Sibkah (Lowdeah), 20 miles S.S.W. of Tozer. Lat. 34° 12' N. ; Ion. 7° 55' E. Neftenbach, n5f'ten-biK\ a village of Switzerland, canton and N.N.E. of Zurich, on the Toss. Pop. 1136. Nefyn, a town of Wales. See Nevin. Neg'apatam',or Nag'apataiii',aIso called Naga- pattaiiain, ni"gi-pat-t4-nim', a town of India, on the Coromandel coast, 16 miles S. of Carrical, province and 48 miles by rail E. of Tanjore. It has manufactures of oil, woollens, silks, and cottons, and a trade by sea. It stands in the Cavery delta. Pop. 48,525. Negau'nee, a post-town in Negaunee township, Mar- quette CO., Mich., on the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon Railroad, at its junction with the Peninsular division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 12 miles W. of Marquette, and 176 miles N. of the city of Green Bay. It is on a ridge called Iron Mountain, about 900 feet above the level of Lake Superior. Here is an abundance of good iron ore, and a very large capital is here invested in iron-mines, which in prosperous times yield about 200,000 tons per annum. Negaunee has a large blast-furnace, a national bank, a newspaper office, 3 churches, and manufactures of mining-powder, charcoal, and nitro-glycerine. Pop. 3741. Negaunee, township, Marquette co., Mich. Pop. 646. Neg'ley, a post-office of Alleghany co.. Pa. Negom'bo, a town of Ceylon, on its W. coast, 18 miles N. of Colombo. Its vicinity produces large quantities of rice, with pepper, cocoa-nuts, betel, and coffee. Negotina, ni-go-tee'ni, or Negotin, nA-go-teen', a town of Servia, near the Danube, 19 miles N.W. of Widdin. It is a bishop's see, and has a gymnasium. Pop. 4528. Negrais, negVice', an island and harbor, British Bur- mah, at the mouth of the Bassein River, an arm of the Irrawaddy. Negrar, ni-gran', a town of Italy, province and N. of Verona. Pop. 2856. Negree-Oraug-Boogis. See Celebes. Ne^greet', a post-office of Sabine parish. La. Negrepelisse, ni'gr^h-peh-leess', a town of France, in Tarn-et-Garonne, on the Aveyron, 8 miles E.N.E. of Montauban. Pop. 1058. Negril, ne-gril'. North and South, two headlands of Jamaica, 8 miles apart; the latter, in lat. 18° 16' N., ion. 78° 22' W., forms the W. e,\tremity of the island. Negril Bay, a port and village of Jamaica, between the Negril headlands, at the W. end of the island. P. 522. Negro, a river of Italy. See Galore. Ne'gro Foot, a post-office of Hanover co., Va., about 28 miles N.W. of Richmond. Negro Hill, a post-office of White co.. Ark. Negropoiit. See Eubiea and Chalcis. Negro, Rio, South America. See Rio Negro. Negros, ni'grooe, one of the Philippine Islands, Malay Archipelago, separated by narrow channels from Panay on the N.W. and Zebu on the S.E., and extending from lat. 9° 3' to 10° 58' N., Ion. 122° 28' to 123° 29' E. Length, 150 miles ; average breadth, 25 miles. Pop. 225,873. Neguac, neg'oo'ak', or Neg'owac', a post-village in Northumberland oo., New Brunswick, on a river of the same name. 30 miles N.W. of Chatham. Pop. 150. Negun'da, a post-office of Webster co., Neb. Negyed, n4d^yW, a village of Hungary, oo. and 30 miles from Neutra, on the Waag. Pop. 3776. Neh, nib, a town of Persia, 175 miles E.N.E. of Yezd. Neha'Iem, asmall riverof Oregon, runs W., and enters the Pacific at the S.W. extremity of Clatsop co. Nehalem, a post-office of Tillamook co., Oregon, on the Nehalem River. Nehavend, ni'hi-vSnd', or Nehawund, ni'hi- wund', a town of Persia, in Irak-Ajemee, 50 miles S. of Hamadan. Nehaw'ka, a post-office of Cass co.. Neb, Neheim, ni'hime, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 6 miles N.W, of Arnsberg, at the confluence of the Monne and Ruhr. Pop. 3291. Nehou, ni'hoo', a village of France, in Manche, 6 miles S.W. of Valognes. Pop. 1950. Nehreii, nA'r^n, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of Schwarzwald, near 'liibingen. Pop. 1183. Nehrung. See Frische-Haff and Curlsche-Haff. Nehtour, Nehtonr, or Nahtor, na-towr' or na-tor', a town of India, 20 miles E. of Bijnaur. ' Pop. 9392.' Neibsheiin, nibs'hime, a village of Baden, circle of Middle. Rhine, bailiwick of Bretten. Pop. 1199. Neidenburg, ni'den-booRG\ a town of East Prussia, 24 miles S. of Konigsberg. Pop. 4259. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufactures of woollens and leather. Neighbor's (ni'burz) Store, a post-office of Bedford CO., Va. Neighborville, ni'bur-vil, a post-office of Norton co., Kansas, 50 miles N. of Trego. Neilgherry or Neelglierry (neergh^r'ree) Moun- tains, called also the Neilgher'ries, a mountain-range of Southern India, Madras Presidency, at the junctiim of the E. and W. Ghauts, where they occupy an area of about 700 squai-e miles, district and N.W. of Coimbatoor, having on the S. the remarkable Paulghautcherry Pass. Eleva- tion of highest peak, 9941 feet. Among these hills are the stations of Ootacamund, Kot,agherry, Dimliutty, and Coo- noor, resorted to by Europeans on account of the eminent salubrity of their climate. (See Mahablesuwur Hills.) The district of the Neilgherries has an area of 749 square miles, and a pop. of 49,501. Capital, Ootacamund. Neill's (neelz) Creek, a township of Harnett co., N.C. Pop. 1137. Neillsville, neelz'vil, a post-village, capital of Clark CO., Wis., in Pine Valley township, on Black River, about 50 miles E.S.E. of Eau Claire, and 66 miles N.N.E. of La Crosse. It has a high school, 2 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, and manufactui-es of lumber. Neil's, a station in Wayne co., Ind., on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Richmond Railroad, 4 miles E. of Richmond. Neilsburg, neelz'biirg, a post-office of Republic co., Kansas, 50 miles S. of Belvidere, Neb. Neil's Corners, Quebec. Seo Granborocgh. Neil's Creek, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ind. Neil's Creek, a post-hamlet of Steuben co., N.Y., 4 miles W. of Wallace Station. Neils'ton, a village of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, 5 miles S. of Paisley. Pop. 1716. Nein, the Arabic n.ame of Nain. Neir, a town of India. See Nair. Neirai, or Nairai, ni'ri, written also Nirie, an island of the South Pacific, Feejee group, S. of Goro. Neirone, ni-e-ro'ni, a village of Italy, province of Genoa, 4 miles from Cicagna. Pop. 3117. Neishlot, a town of Finland. See Nyslott. Neisoiikhoiji, a town of Russia. See Niesoochatschi. Neisse, ni'seh, a river of Germany, flows N., and joins the Oder 21 mile's S.S.E. of Frankfort. Length, 115- miles. Neisse, ariver of Prussian Silesia, flows N.E., and joins the Odor 15 miles N.W. of Oppeln. Length, 98 miles. Neisse, a fortified town of Prussian Silesia, on the Neisse, 30 miles S.W. of Oppeln. and connected by railway with Brieg, 29 miles distant. It has a large castle, a pal- ace, a commandant's residence, circle hall, 7 Roman Catho- lic and 2 Lutheran churches, convents, extensive barracks, powder-mills and arsenals, a theatre, several hospitals, a Roman Catholic college, an asylum for poor Roman Catholic clergy, printing establishments, manufactures of linens and woollens, and several distilleries. Pop. 19,533. Neithrop, ni'thr^p, a hamlet of England, co. of Ox- ford, forming a suburb of Banbury. Pop. 5741. Neiva, Neva, ni'vi, Nitsa, or Nitza, nit'si, a river of Russia, governments of Perm and Tobolsk, rises in the E. slope of the Ural Mountains, 35 miles N.W. of Yekater- inboorg, flows E.S.E., and, after a course of about 300 miles, joins the Toora. Neiva, a town of South America. See Neyva. Neive, ni'e-vA, or Neze, nid'zi, atown of Italy, prov- ince of Coni, 4 miles N.E. of Alba. Pop. 3067. NEJ- 1531: NEM Nejd, a district of Arabia. See Nedjed. Nejin, a town of Russia. See Nezheen. Neka'ma, a post-office of Winnebago co.. Wig. Nekimiy ne-ki'mi, or Neka'ina, a post-township of Winnebago co., Wis., on the W. side of Lake Winnebago, is intersected by the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, and is 7 miles S.W. of Oshkosh. Pop. 1278. Neko'da, a post-hamlet of Perry co., Pa., about 30 miles N.N.W. of Harrisburg. It has a church. Neko'ma, a post-hamlet of Henry co.. 111., on the Galva &, Keithsburg Branch of the Chicago, Burlington *fc Quincy Railroad, 8 miles W. of Galva- It has 2 ware- houses for corn, which is shipped here. Nekvoroktcha, nSk-vo-rok'chi, written also Nekh- vorochtcha, a town of Russia, government and 32 miles S. of Poltava, on the Orel. Nelighy ne'lig, a post-village of Antelope co., Neb., on the Elkliorn River, about 36 miles W. by N. of Norfolk. It has a newspaper office, a hotel, a flouring-mill, a saw- mill, 4 stores, and 30 residences. Nellestown, nellz'town, or Nelle's Corners, a vil- lage in Haldimand co., Ontario, 2 miles from Cayuga. Nellore, nSrior', written also Nelluru and Nellur, a town of India, on the Pennar, capital of a district of its own name, 13^ miles from the Bay of Bengal, and 9S miles N.N.W. of Madras. Lat. 12° 49' N. ; Ion. 80° 1' E. It is a busy town, with extensive suburbs. Pop. 29,922. Nellore, a district of British India, on the Bay of Ben- gal. Area, 12,000 square miles. Pop. S46.572. Nel'ly's Ford, a post-hamlet of Nelson co., Va., 11 miles N.W. of Rockfish Depot. Nel'soii, a town of England, co. of Lancaster, 4 miles by rail N.N.E. of Burnley. Pop. 55S0. Xelsoil, a city of New Zealand, on Tasman Bay, near the N. end of the South island. Lat. 41° 15' S. It has a tine harbor, is a railway terminus, and is handsomely built, with wide streets shaded with trees. It is an Anglican bishop's see, and has a college connected with the university of New Zealand, a woollen-mill, and a large trade. Pop. 5554. Nel'son, a county of Kentucky, near the middle of the state. Area, about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Rolling Fork of Salt River, and inter- sected by Beech River. The surface is undulating, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Good Silurian limestone underlies a part of the soil. This county is intersected by the Louisville & Great Southern Railroad. Capital, Bardstown. Valuation of real and personal estate, $12,300,000. Pop. in 1S70, 14,804, of whom 14,348 were Americans. Nelson, a county of Virginia, near the middle of the state. Area, about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Blue Ridge, and on the S.E. by James River, and is partly drained by Rockfish Creek. The surface is diversifi.ed with hills, fertile valleys, and extensive forests. Indian corn, tobacco, wheat, and oats are the staple prod- ucts. This county is intersected by the Virginia Midland Railroad and the James River Canal. Capital, Lovingston. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,890,454. Pop. in 1870, 13,893, of whom 13,850 were Americans. Nelson, a post-office and station of Butte co., Cal., on the Oregon division of the Central Pacific Railroad, 83 miles N.'by W. of Sacramento. Nelson, a post-hamlet of Lee co.. III., in Nelson town- ship, on Rock River, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 6i miles S.W. of Dixon. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 600, Nelson, Moultrie co.. 111. See Farlow. Nelson, a station in Moultrie co., 111., on the Kaskaskia River, and on the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railroad, 30 miles S.E. of Decatur. Nelson, a post-office of Vigo co., Ind., about 6 miles W.N.W. of Terre Haute. Nelson, a post-hamlet of Cloud co., Kansas, in Nelson township, 25 miles N.W. of Clay Centre. Pop. of the township, 387. Nelson, a post-office of Muhlenburg co., Ky., at or near Nelson Creek Station on the Louisville & Paducah Railroad, 6 miles N.E. of Owensborough Junction. Nelson, a post-hamlet of Kent co., Mich., in Nelson township, about 22 miles N.N.E. of Grand Rapids. Pop. of the township, 2361. Nelson, a township of Watonwan co., Minn. P. 355. Nelson, a station on the Boonville Branch of the Mis- souri Pacific Railroad, 21 miles S. of Boonville, Mo. Nelson, a post-village of Lincoln co., Mo., is near the Mississippi River, 15 miles S.S.E. of Clarksviiie. Nelson, a post-village, capital of Nuckolls co., Neb., about 18 miles S. of Fairfield. It has a church and a newspaper office. Nelson, a post-township of Cheshire co., N.H., about 10 miles N.E. of Keene. It contains Munsonville, an academy, and a cot ton- factory. Pop. 744. Nelson, or Nelson Flats, a post-village in Nelson township, Madison co., N.Y., about 22 miles E.S.E. of Syracuse. It has 2 churches. The township contains another village, named Erieville, and has several cheese- factories, and a pop. of 1662. Nelson, a post-hamlet in Nelson township, Portage co., 0., about 30 miles N.E. of Akron. The township contains part of a village named Garrettsville, and has manufac- tures of cheese. Pop. of the township, 1365, Nelson, Mercer co., Pa. See Bristow. Nelson, a post-village and summer resort of Tioga co., Pa., in Nelson township, on the Cowanesque River, and on the Coming, Cowanesque & Antrim Railroad, 23 miles S.W. of Corning, N.Y. It has 2 churches, a hotel, a tannery, a flour-mill, 2 saw-mills, a chair-factory, and a graded school. Pop. of the township, 456. Nelson, a post-office of Hardin co., Tenn. Nelson, a post-hamlet of Buffalo co., Wis., in Nelson township, on the Chippewa River, near its mouth, 5 miles N.E. of Reed's Landing, Minn., and about 38 miles S.W, of Eau Claire. Pop. of the township, 1563. It contains a hamlet named Misha Mokwa. Nel'son, a river-port of New Brunswick, co. of North- umberland, on the right bank of the Miramichi, about 20 miles from its entrance into Miramichi Bay, and opposite the town of Newcastle, It has a church, 3 stores, and sev- eral saw-mills. Pop. 200. Nelson, a post-village in Halton co., Ontario, 4 miles from Wellington Square. Pop. 100. Nel'son, an island of Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean. Lat. 5° 40' 30" S. ; Ion. 72° 22' E. Nelson, a port on the N.W. coast of Australia, between Brunswick Bay and Prince Regent River. Lat, 15° 6' S.j ion. 125° 4' E. Nelson, a district of West Australia, lat. 34° S., Ion. 116° E., having N. AVellington district. Nelson Cape, South Australia, bounds Portland Bay westward. Lat. 38° 25' 54" S.; Ion. 141° 28' E. Nel'son Chan'nel, between Tasmania and King's Island, 60 miles across, connects Bass's Strait with the Southern Ocean. Nelson Creek, Kentucky. See Nelson. Nelson Fur'nace, a post-hamlet of Nelson co., Ky., on the Louisville ost-hamlet of Winnebago co., Wis., in a township of its own name, and on the railroad which connects Berlin with Ripon, 22 miles W.N.W. of Fond du Lac. The township contains Rush Lake. Pop. 1123. Nephath, the Scriptural name of Tortuiia. Ne'phi, or Salt Creek, a post-village, capital of Juab CO., Utah, about 80 miles S. of Salt Lake City. Here are several salt springs. Post-office, Salt Creek. Nephin, nfif'in, and NephUnbeg', two mountains of Ireland, co. of Mayo, — the former about 6 miles S.S.W. of Crossmolina, height above the sea, 2646 feet, the latter 9 miles N.W. of Newport, height 2065 feet. Nepi, ni'pee (anc. Nepete, Nepe, or Nepet), a town of Italy, province of Rome, IS miles S.S.E. of Viterbo. It is enclosed by walls erected on Etruscan foundations. It is a bishop's see, and has a church and town hall. Pop. 2382. Nepisquit Bay. See Bathurst Bay. Nepissing, a lake of Canada. See Nipissing Lake. Nepomuck, Nepomuk, nd-po'mook, or Fomuk, po'mook, a small town of Bohemia, 55 miles S.W. of Prague, famous as the birthplace of St. John Nepomuk, the patron saint of Bohemia, about the year 1330. Pop. 2123. Nepon'set, a small river of Norfolk co., Mass., runs northeastward, and enters Boston harbor about 4 miles S. of Boston. It affords motive-power for mills. Neponset, a post-village in Neponset township. Bureau CO., 111., on the Chicago, Burlington k Quincy Railroad, 124 miles W.S.W. of Chicago, and 40 miles N.E. of Galesburg. It has 2 banks, 4 churches, and a money-order post-office. Pop. about 700; of the township, 1510. Neponset, a post-village of Suffolk co., Mass., within the limits of Boston, at the mouth of the Neponset River, and on the Old Colony Railroad, at the junction of the Mil- ton Branch, 5 miles S. of Boston. It has a post-office named Neponset Village, which is a branch of the Boston post-office- Here are 4 churches, and a manufactory of horseshoe-nuiis. Nep'tune, a post-hamlet of Mercer co., 0., 5 miles N.E. of Celina. It has 2 churches. Pop. 96. Neptune, a post-oftice of Richland co., Wis. Nep'tune Islands, a group of islands of South Aus- tralia, near the entrance of Spencer Gulf, 45 miles N.W. of Kangaroo Island. Lat. 35° 22' S.; Ion. 136° 7' E, Neqnas'set, a village of Sagadahoc co.. Me., on Ne- quasset Lake, and on the Knox & Lincoln Railroad, 2 miles N.E. of Bath. It has 2 churches and a tannery. Ice is exported from it. Nequinum, an ancient name of Narni. Nera, nk'vk (anc. Nar), a river of Italy, passes Terni to Narni, near which it joins the Tiber on the left. Length, 60 miles. On its affluent the Velino is the cataract called Cascata del Marmore. See Velino. Nera, a lake of Russia. See Nero. Nerac, ni'rik', a town of France, department of Lot- et-Garonne, 15 miles W.S.W. of Agen, on the Bayse. Pop. 4975. It has a tribunal of commerce, and a fine chateau, in which Henry IV. held his court when he was only King of Navarre. Here Calvin found an asylum from persecution at the court of Margaret, Queen of Navarre. It has manu- factures of starch, corks, cordage, druggets, and linens, tan- neries, many flour-mills, and breweries. Nerbudda, Nerbuddah, Nurbuddah, nur-bud'da, or Narmada, nar-mS-'di (anc. Nama'dus), a river of India, and next to the Indus the principal one having a westward course, rises in Gundwana, near the sources of the Sone, flows through the British dominions, and enters the Gulf of Cambay 28 miles W. of Baroach. Length, 620 miles. It is a broad stream, but its navigation is impeded by rocks, islands, shallows, and cataracts. It separates the Deccan from Hindostan proper. Nerbudda, a division or commissionership of the Cen- tral Provinces, India, comprising the districts of Nursing- poor, Baitoul, Chindwara, and Nimar. Area, 17,512 square miles. Pop. 1,590,907. Nercha, or Nertscha, n^R'chS,, a river of Siberia, rises on the E. frontiers of Irkootsk, flows circuitously S., and, after a course of 250 miles, joins the Shilka at Nerchinsk. Ner^chinsk', or Nertschinsk, n^r'chinsk', a town of Asiatic Russia, in Transbaikalia, on the Nercha, near its mouth in the Shilka, 540 miles E. of Irkootsk. It has a large fur-trade and rich mines of lead and silver. P. 3740. Nerekhta, Nerechta, nA-r^K'ti, or NerecUtar, ni-r^K-taR', a town of Russia, government and 23 miles S.S.W. of Kostroma, on an affluent of the Volga. P. 3385. Nerepis, n^r'e-pe, a post-village in Kings co., New Brunswick, on the Nerepis River, at its entrance into the St. John, and on the European & North American Railway, ISi miles W. of St. John. Pop. 150. Neresheim, ni'r^s-hime^ a town of WUrtemberg, on anaffluentof the Danube, 30 miles N.N.E.of Ulm. P. 1133. Neresi, nA-rA'see, the principal town of the island of Brazza, Dalmatia, 12 miles S. of Spalato. Pop, 1580. Nereto, nd-ri'to, a town of Italy, province and 13 miles N.N.E. of Teramo. Pop. 2673. Neriad, or Nariad, ner-e-dd', a town of British India, presidency of Bombav, Khaira district, 30 miles by rail S.E. of Ahmedabad. " Pop. 25,520. Nerigon, or Nerigouia* See Norway. Neris, niVees' (anc. A'quse Ne'rie?), a small town and watering-place of France, department of Allier, 4 miles S.E. of Montlugon. Pop. 1197. Nerium Promontorium* See Cape Finisterre. Neija, or Nerxa, neit'Hi, a town of Spain, at the mouth of the small river Nerja in the Mediterranean, province and 27 miles E. of Malaga. Pop, 5516. Nerl, nSnl, Great and Little, two small rivers of Russia, take their rise in the district of Pereslavl, gov- ernment of Vladimeer. The Great Nerl issues from Lake Plescheievo, flows N.W., enters the government of Tver, and joins the Volga on the right. The Little Nerl flows along the S. frontier of Yaroslav, and joins the Kliasma below Vladimeer. Nero, ni'ro, Nera, ni'ri, or Rostov, ros-tov', a small lake of Russia, in the S. of the government of Yaroslav, about 10 miles long from N.E. to S.W., and nearly 5 miles broad. The town of Rostov stands on its N.W. shore. Ne'ro, a post-office of Washington co., Neb. Nero, a small post-village of Manitowoc co., Wis., on Lake Michigan, about 16 miles N.N.E. of Manitowoc. It has 2 churches and a tannery. Nerola, nA-ro'ia, a village of Italy, on a small affluent of the Tiber, 23 miles N.E. of Rome, with an old feudal castle of the Barberini family, and supposed to occupy the site of Regil'htm. Pop. 979. NER 15 N^Tonde, ni'r6Nd', a town of France, in Loire, 16 miles S.E. of Roiinne. Pop. 1297. Nerondes, ni'riNd', a town of France, department of Cher, 20 miles by rail E.S.E. of Bourgea. Pop. 1727. Neronia, tiie supposed ancient name of ConiGono. Neroosa, Neroiisa, or Nerusa, ni-roo'si, a river of Russia, rises in tiie government of Orel, about 9 miles N. of Dmitrovsk, flows N.W., and, after a course of about 80 miles, joins the Desna opposite Troobchevsk. Nerow'le.e, a town of India, presidency of Bengal, North-West Provinces, division of Rohilcund. Pop. 5085. Ner'strand,apost-hamletof Riceco.,Minn., in Wheel- ing township, 10 miles S.E. of Dund.is. Nertobriga, supposed ancient name of RiCLA. Pfertschinsk, Asiatic Russia. See Nerchinsk. Nerusa, a river of Russia. See Neroosa. Nerva, nSu'vA, or Nervion, nea-ve-on', or Ibaiza- bal, e-Bi-th^-nil', a river of Sp.ain, province of Biscay, flows N.W., and falls into the Bay of Biscay near Por- tugalete. Length, 50 miles. Nervi, nAn'vee, a seaport town of Italy, province and 6 miles by rail S.E. of Genoa. Pop. 51S6. It is agreeably situated, with a small port on the Gulf of Genoa, and has manufactures of silk and woollen, a brisk coasting-trade, and productive fisheries. Nerviano, n^R-ve-3,'no, a village of Italy, province and 11 miles N.W. of Milan, on the Olona. Pop. 3278. Nervion, a river of Spain. See Nbrta. Nerwinde, a village of Belgium. See Neerwinden. Nerxa, a town of Spain. See Nerja. Nes, uis, a village of the Netherlands, in Friesland, island of Ameland. Nesaquake, Suffolk eo., N.Y. See Nissequague. Nes'bit's Station, a post-village of De Soto co.. Miss., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 18 miles S. of Memphis. It has a collegiate institute, 2 churches, and a saw-mill. Neschin, a town of Russia. See Nezheen. Neschtin, n^sh-teen', a village of Austria, in Slavonia, CO. of Syrmia, on the Danube. Pop. 1427. Nes'copeck, a post-village in Nescopeck township, Luzerne CO., Pa., on the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, at the mouth of Nescopeck Creek, A mile from Ber- wick Station, and 26 miles W.S.W. of Wilkesbarre. A bridge across the river connects Nescopeck with Berwick. Pop. of the township, 968. Nescopeck Creek, Luzerne co.. Pa., runs nearly westward, and enters the North Branch of the Susque- hanna River. Nescopeck Mountain, Pennsylvania, a ridge in the S. part of Luzerne co., is about 1000 feet higher than the adjacent valley. Neshaininy, ne-shnm'^-ne, a post-office of Bucks co., Pa., about 20 miles N. by E. of Philadelphia. Neshaminy Creek, Pennsylvania, runs nearly south- eastward in Bucks co., and enters the Delaware River 2 or 3 miles below Bristol. Neshan'ic, a post-village of Somerset co., N.J., on or near the South Branch of the Raritan River, on the Lehigh Valley and South Branch Railroads, 8 miles E. of Flem- ington, and 27 miles W. of Perth Amboy. It contains the Neshanic Institute, a church, a flour-mill, «tc. Neshan'nock, township, Lawrence co., Pa. P. 1132. Neshannock, a post-village in Hickory township, Mercer co.. Pa., about 20 miles N. of New Castle, and 7 miles E. of Sharon. Block coal is mined here. It has 3 churches. Neshannock Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in Mercer CO., runs S.W., and enters Shenango River at New Castle. Neshannock Falls, a post-hamlet of Lawrence co., Pa., on Neshannock Creek, and on the New Castle & Frank- lin Railroad, about 10 miles N.N.E. of New Castle. This place has extensive water-power, and is' noted for its ro- mantic scenery. It has 1 or 2 flouring-mills, a church, and manufactures of lumber and wool. Neshko'ro, a post-village in Neshkoro township, Mar- quette CO., Wis., on White River, 10 miles N.N.W. of Princeton, and about 14 miles W. of Berlin. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of flour, ploughs, &c. Pop. of the township, 530. Nesho'ba, a county in the E. part of Mississippi, has an area of about 575 square miles. It is intersected by the Pearl River. The surface is mostly covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Philadelphia. Valuation of real and personal estate, $921,378. Pop. in 1870, 7439, of whom 7413 were Americans. BTETT Nesho'to, a hamlet of Manitowoc co., Wis., on West Two River, 6 miles N. of Manitowoc. It has 2 saw-mills. Nesis, the ancient name of NisiTA. Nesle, nail or nfil, a town of France, in Somme, on the Ingon, 29 miles E.S.E. of Amiens. Pop. 2296. Nesle is the name of numerous other communes of France, Nes'mith, a post-office of Winston co., Ala. Nesmy, nSs^mee', a village of France, in Vendee, 6 miles S. of La Roche-sur-Yon. Pop. 138. Nesocha'que River, New Jersey, a branch of Little Egg Harbor River, rises in Camden co., flows in a S.E, course, and unites with other branches near Pleasant Mills, Nesqual'ly, or Nisqual'ly, a river of Washington Territory, flows between Pierce and Thurston cos, into the S,E. extremity of Puget Sound. Nesquehoning, nes'kwe-ho'ning, a post-village of Carbon co., Pa., on Nesquehoning Creek, and on the Nes- quehoning Valley Railroad, 4 miles W. of Mauch Chunk. It has 2 churches. Coal is mined here. Pop. about 1100. Ness, a county in the W. central part of Kansas, has an area of 900 square miles. It is intersected by Walnut Creek and the Pawnee Fork of the Arkansas River. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is nearly desti- tute of forests. The soil is mostly uncultivated, but pro- duces natural pasture. Ness, a post-village of Ness co., Kansas, on Walnut Creek, 42 miles S. of Wa Keeney Station, It has a church and a plough-factory, Nesse, nSs's^h, or Nes'sa, a river of Germany, rises W, of Erfurt, in Prussian Saxony, and, after a course of about 45 miles, joins the Werra. Nes'sel, a township of Chisago eo., Minn. Pop. 745, Nesserabad, a town of India, See Nusseerabad. Nesslau, nSss'low, a town and parish of Switzerland, canton and 16 miles S.S.W. of St. Gall. Pop. 2361. Ness, Loch, a Lake of Scotland. See Loch Ness. Nesso, nSs'so, a village of Italy, province of Como, near the E. shore of Lago di Como, in a wild ravine, where the Latta, a tributarj' of the Lecco, forms a magnificent water- fall nearly 200 feet high. Pop. 1100. Neste, or Nestes, nSst, a river of France, in Hautes- Pyrenees, flows first N. and then E., and joins the Garonne near Mazeres, after a course of about 45 miles. Nestock'ton, a post-office of Tillamook co., Oregon. Nes'ton, a town of England, co, and 10 miles N,W, of Chester, on the estuary of the Dee, Nes'torville, a post-hamlet of Barbour co,, W. Va,, 12 miles S, of Thornton Railroad Station. Nestus, a river of Turkey. See Kara-Soo. Nestved, or Nrestved, ndst'vSd, a town of Denmark, on the island of Seeland, 13 miles N.W. of Proestiie, and on the Suus-Aa, ne.ar its mouth. Pop. 4267. Nesvizh, Nesvij, or Nesvish, n^s-vizh', written also Nieswiez and Niezwitsch, a town of Russia, govern- ment and 58 miles S.W. of Minsk, on an affluent of the Niemen. It has a fine palace. Pop, 7266, NeUarts', a post-ofiice of Tillamook co,, Oregon, on the Pacific Ocean, 6 miles W, of Lincoln, Net^awa'ka, a post-village in Netawaka township, Jackson co., Kansas, on the Central Branch of the Union Pacific Railroad, 36 miles W. of Atchison, and about 42 miles N. of Topeka. It has a newspaper office, 4 churches, and a graded school. Pop. of township, 434. Netee Ghaut, Himalayas. See Niti Ghaut. Nethe, or Neethe. nA't^h, a river of Belgium, in Ant- werp, formed by the Great and Little Nethe, which unite at Lierre, whence it has a W.S.W. and navigable course of 8 miles, and joins the Ruppel 3 miles S.W. of Boom. Nethen, ni't?n, a village of Belgium, in Brabant, 18 miles E.S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1500. Neth'erby, a post-village in Welland co., Ontario, 10 miles S. of Port Robinson. Pop. 100. Neth'erland, a post-olBce of Reno co., Kansas,. 28 miles S.W. of Hutchinson. Netherland, a post-hamlet of Overton co., Tenn., 50 miles N.N,E. of McMinnville, It has a church, a grist- mill, and a saw-mill, Netherlands, nerH'^r-landz, or The Low Coun- tries (Datch, Nederlanden, ni'der-linM^n ; Ft. Pai/s-Baa, pi-ce'-bi, or N^erlandCf ni^^RMAsd' ; Ger, Niederlande, nee'd§r-linM§h ; S\>, Paises Bajoa, p4-ee'sSs bi'Hoce j Port, Pin'zcB Baixos, pi-ee's^s bl'shoce ; It, Paesi~Bas9i\ pi-A'- see-bis'see ; L, Bel'gicK Provin'ciss), a country in the W. of Europe, formerly comprising the whole of the present kingdom of the Netherlands, together with that of Belgium. The appellation of Netherlanus. as well as the name of this country in each of the other European languages above NET 1535 NET cited, signifies "low countries" or "lowlands," the sur- face of a large portion being a dead level, and much of it lying actually below the level of the sea. (See next article, also Belgium.) Adj. Netherlandish (Dutch, Nedeu- LANSCR, ni'd§r-Unsh ; Ger. Niedeulandisch, nee'd?r-l5n^- dish ; Fr. Neerlandais, ni^euMftN^Mi')- Netherlands, called also Holland, a maritime king- dom on the western border of continental Europe, lying be- tween lat. 51° 10' and 53° 30' N. and Ion. 3° 20' and 7° 20' E. On the W. and N. it is bounded by the North Sea, on the E. by Prussia, and on the S. by Belgium. The river Ems marks the boundary towards Hanover; but between the Netherlands and the Prussian provinces W. of the Khine the line is fixed by conventions rather than by na- ture; on the S., also, the boundary towards Belgium from the left bank of the Meuse or Maas to the sea, though de- fined accurately by the treaty of November, 1S31, to which the chief powers of Europe were parties, is not marked by any natural features. The country thus marked out has an extent from N. to S. of 150 miles, with a breadth from W. to E. of 120 miles throughout; area, 12,680 square miles. The grand duchy of Luxembourg, though subject to the Dutch monarch as grand duke, forms no part of the kingdom proper. The Netherlands (or Low Countries, as the name implies) form the most characteristic portion of the great plain of "West and North Europe. From the middle of Belgium, a few miles N. of Brussels, the country N.E. becomes a dead level, extending in monotonous sandy flats through Han- over, Jutland, Holstein, and, with little interruption, through Prussia into Russia. But the lowest part of this immense level is the country between the mouths of the Scheldt and Eras; within this distance the Rhine, joined by the Meuse, Yssel, and other rivers, enters the sea through a number of arms and sluggish winding channels, which by no means represent the magnitude of the stream as it appears higher up. The soil of the Netherlands shows everywhere the proofs of a struggle between the ocean and the river, in the alter- nation of salt- and fresh-water deposits. Remains of for- ests now lie buried under the waves of the German Ooean ; paved roads, traces of villages and of cultivation, are found beneath the morasses on the banks of the Ems, and many similar proofs can be adduced of great physical changes. To secure their territorial possessions from the encroach- ments of the sea, the early occupants of this country had recourse to embankments, high and strong enough to pro- tect them, under ordinary circumstances from the waves; and, placing windmills on the embankments, exposed to the sea-breeze, they worked the pumps which drained the en- closed lands. At the present day the Netherlands present to our view an artificially-constructed country, some por- tions of which are 16 feet below the surface of the sea, and nearly all too low for natural drainage. The whole country is divided by dikes, some of them 60 feet high, which pro- tect portions of land from the sea, lakes, or rivers. These enclosed lands are called Polders. On the chief dikes are roads and canals ; the latter join the rivers, and are gen- erally large enough to be navigable. There are no mountains or rocks in the Netherlands. The only heights are the sand-hills, about 100 feet high, along the coast, and a chain of low hills, of perhaps similar origin, which extend from the middle of tlie province of Utrecht into Gelderland. The work of reclaiming the waste is constantly going forward; in the provinces of North and South Holland alone about 90 lakes have been drained. The drainage of the Lake of Haarlem, begun in 1839, was completed in 1852 by means of steam-pumps, and the drainage of the S. half of the Zuyder Zee is now going on. The polders probably form one-half of the whole territory. The chief features of the country are the wide estuaries AV". and E. of the Scheldt and of the Meuse, which latter bear off also the waters of the Rhine; N.of the Meuse, the Zuyder Zee, which was formed by an irruption of the sea in the beginning of the thirteenth century, and lately covered an area of 1200 square miles. Between the mouths of the Meuse and the entrance to the Zuyder Zee, a distance of 75 miles, the coast is chiefly formed of sand-hills or downs, separating the low fertile meadows from the ocean. In a line with these downs, beyond the mouth of the Zuyder Zee, runs a chain of islands, namely, Texel, Vlieland, Ter- schelling, Ameland, Ac, which seem to indicate the origi- nal line of the coast. The coast of Fricsland, opposite to these islands, depends for its security altogether on arti- ficial embankments. The Lauwer Zee, a deep bay on the confines of Friesland and Groningen, also owes its origin to an irruption of the ocean ; and again the DoUart, a gulf near the mouth of the Eras, "was formed by a similar con- vulsion, which is said to have swept away 70 villages and 100,000 people. From the left bank of the Ems, the Bour- tanger Morass extends about 40 miles S.W. towards the Zuyder Zee ; the Peel, a marsh of less extent, lies near the left bank of the Meuse, on the E. side of North Brabant. The chief rivers of the Netherlands are the Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, Tssel, Vecht, and Hunse. The Rhine, after enter- ing the Netherlands, soon divides, the S. and principal arm taking the name of Waal, and uniting with the Meuse, while the N. arm, communicating with the Yssel, takes the name of Leek ; a branch from it, named the Kromme (Crooked) Rhein, winds by Utrecht to the Zuyder Zee, while another very diminished stream, called the Old Rhine, flows from Utrecht by Leyden to the sea at Katwyk. The Meuse, en- tering the Netherlands from Belgium, receives the Ruhr. Of the Scheldt, only the mouths, the E. and the AV., or Old Scheldt, lie within the Dutch boundary. The Yssel and Vecht, flowing frora Germany, both enter the Zuyder Zee at no great distance asunder ; the former is navigable to Deventer, the latter to ZwoUe. The Hunse, rising in the Bourtanger Marsh, flows through Groningen to the Lauwer Zee. The canals of the Netherlands are numerous and important, the principal being the new ship-canal running W. from Amsterdam to the sea ; the North Holland Canal, for ships passing between Amsterdam and the Helder, a distance of 40 miles; the AVinschoten Canal, 18 miles long, connecting the Dollart with Groningen ; and the Damster- Diep, running from Groningen to the sea at Delfzyl. Har- lingen, on the Zuyder Zee, is also connected with Groningen by a great canal which passes by Franeker and Leeuwar- d'en. The Nieuwer Sluis unites Utrecht with Amsterdam, while the latter city communicates with Rotterdam by a canal which touches at Haarlem, Leyden, and Delft, pass- ing also near the Hague. The climate of the Netherlands is extremely humid and changeable ; violent winds are frequent, and heavy sea-fogs are driven in, which injure vegetation. The winters are severe, and the sky is almost always overcast. Low fevers visit the marshy districts in autumn, but the dry cold of winter, coupled with the countervailing influence of good food and clothing and the habitual cleanliness of the Dutch, restores the peasant's health. The flora of the Netherlands is limited, but gardening and agriculture have attained in this naturally unproductive country a high degree of perfection. AVheat of excellent quality is grown in some portions of the S. provinces. Rye, oats, and buckwheat, with horse-beans, beets, madder, and flax, are more common crops; and tobacco is cultivnted in the provinces of Gelderland, South Holland, and Utrecht. Culi- nary vegetables are raised, not merely for supplying the internal demand, but also for the exportation of the seeds ; but it is in stock and dairy-produce in particular that the rural industry of the Netherlands shows its strength. The Dutch horses are remarkable for size and strength, and are much sought after ; and in the number and excellence of their horned cattle the Dutch are quite unrivalled. The poultry -yard, and every object of husbandry which demands care, is to the Dutch farmer a source of wealth. Bee-culture is likewise actively carried on, and the quantity of cheese and butter brought to market is amazing. Living along the estuaries of great rivers, and on the shores of a sea abounding in fish, the Dutch soon became a seafaring people. Indeed, the bold outlay of capital neces- sary to make the land, as we may say, was clearly due to the spirit and genius of commerce. Manufactures have flourished in a remarkable degree, though never a pre- dominating interest. The linen and the paper of the Dutch Netherlands have long held the first rank. The manufac- ture of woollen cloth centres in Leyden, Gouda, and Utrecht, which last-named place is famous also for its silk velvet. The distilleries of Schiedam are well known. Gouda sup- plies tobacco-pipes, the best of their kind, and the same praise maybe bestowed on the leather, the refined sugar, and many other articles. The absence of coal and the prevalence of strong winds have led to the adoption of the windmill, which is employed as a motive-power in all kinds of work. The commerce with the Dutch possessions in the East Indies, particularly Java, is' of great and continually in- creasing importance. The provinces of the Netherlands are North Brabant, Gel- derland, South Holland, North Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland, Overyssel, Groningen, Drenthe, and Limburg, each noticed in its alphabetical place. Total pop. in 1877, exclusive of colonies, 3,924,792. In addition to her European territories, the Netherlands NET 1536 NEU possesses a wide extent of colonies and dependencies in Asia, Africa, and America, with which she carries on an exten- sive commerce, and which contribute materially to her great- ness. They are the Netherlands Indies (separately noticed), the West Indian islands of Curapoa, Buen Ayre, St. Eusta- tius, tfcc., and the South American colony of Dutch Guiana. The kingdom of the Netherlands is a hereditary consti- tutional monarchy. The executive power is vested wholly in the king, who shares also the work of legislation with the states-general. This consists of two chambers, whose members assemble for deliberation at the Hague {'S Graven- haag), the capital of the kingdom, or, more correctly, the royal residence. The members of the upper chamber are elected by the wealthy citizens; the others are chosen by vote of all the citizens, there being a small property quali- fication required of voters. The government is strong, and the administration in every department is simple and economical. The Dutch provinces, taken collectively, form one of the most civilized portions of Europe, for what they want in social brilliancy and attraction is made up by the general diffusion of intelligence among all classes, and among the wealthier classes there is no want of solid and extensive learning. There are man}' schools for popular instruction, and 3 universities, at Leyden, Utrecht, and Groningen, be- sides numerous academies of an intermediate character. The majority of the population are Protestants of various sects, Lutheran and Calvinistic, the latter predominating; the Mennonites also form a numerous body. There are many Roman Catholics, as well as Jews and Old Catholics, or Jansenists. All religious sects and persuasions are polit- ically on a perfectly equal footing. In their charitable in- stitutions also the Dutch are exemplary ; and in the man- agement of their poor they have shown equal wisdom and liberality. The Dutch language is related to the PJatt-Deutsch of Northwestern Germany, and is nearly identical with the Flemish. But in the N.E. portions of the country dialects of the Frisian tongue are in popular use. The German and Walloon languages are used somewhat in the south. The Dutch is softer in sound than the High German, and pos- sesses immense resources in its copiousness, flexibility, and the facility of forming new terms from native roots. The literature of the Netherlands reaches a long way back; many chronicles exist in it of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries; and as to the value of that literature, it will be sufiiciently warranted by pointing to the names of the great writers which the country has produced, Dutch literature has generally a sober and solid character ; but it is not defi- cient in the grace, novelty, and vivid coloring which render even the gravest themes attractive. The fine arts, and es- pecially painting, have long been cultivated in the Nether- lands with eminent success. The Batavi (or Batavians) were already known to the Romans, in the time of Julius Cajsar, as a warlike nation. Their neighbors, the Belgffi, seem to have been distin- guished, even in that early age, for that inclination to com- merce which afterwards exerted such an influence on the history of the Netherlands. It was in the year 9 B.C. that Drusus joined the Rhine and Yssel by a canal (now called the New Yssel). Under Adrian and Septimius Severus the Batavi shared the imperial favor. About the beginning of the fourth century they united with the Frisians, a people of kindred origin. The sixth century witnessed their sub- jugation by the Franks; and in the middle of the ninth they were incorporated in the empire founded by Charle- magne. Afterwards the country was parcelled out into small principalities, in accordance with the feudal spirit of the age. Among these petty states Flanders held the fore- most rank ; and when, in the fourteenth century, the estates of the Count of Flanders passed, by matrimonial alliance, to the house of Burgundy, the paramount authority in the Netherlands passed with them. In like manner, these estates passed from the house of Burgundy to that of Austria, and Charles V. inherited the sovereignty of the Seventeen Prov- inces. But his son and successor, Philip II., having deeply offended the people, seven of the states, namely, Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Gelderland, Overyssel, Groningen, and Friesland, united in defence of their liberties, and formed a federal republic, at the head of which they placed, with the title of Statthomler (Stadtholder), William of Nassau, Prince of Orange. At the end of the sixteenth century the Dutch gained possession of the Molucca Islands, and secured a monopoly of the spice-trade. At the end of the seventeenth" century they owned nearly half of the ship- ping of Europe; but, in consequence of the wars in which they were engaged, and the increase of the mercantile navies of other countries, they lost their commercial pre- eminence. The country was invaded by Louis XIV., but the inhabitants, taking refuge in their shipping, broke down the dikes, and he was compelled to retire. It was con- quered by the French at the commencement of the revolu- tion, and in 1795 it formed the Batavian Republic. It was erected into the Kingdom of Holland in 18(J6, but in 1810 became incorporated with the French Empire. In the mean time its commerce was nearly annihilated, and the Dutch colonial possessions were seized by the British. At the es- tablishment of peace in ISl-l the Prince of Orange resumed his authority, and the colonial possessions, with the excep- tion of the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, Demerara, Esse- quibo, and Berbice, were restored, and a period of commer- cial prosperity succeeded. By the act of the Allied Powers the Prince of Orange was in 1816 elevated to the rank of King of the Netherlands, with increased territories, extend- ing over the present kingdom of Belgium, In 1830 a re- volt took place in Belgium, the inhabitants of which never willingly submitted to the sway of their Dutch neighbors, and, after a short struggle, the latter were compelled to evacuate the country. Belgium was then erected into a kingdom; and the present limits of the Kingdom of the Netherlands were defined by treaty in 1833, But the province of Limburg was partly under the control of the German Confederation until 1866, since which time it has been on the same footing as the other Dutch provinces. Adj. Netherlandish and Dutch; inhab. Dutchman. See Holland. Netherlands Indies^ a name applied collectively to the Dutch possessions in the East Indies, including Java, Madura, Banca, Sumatra, Bingtang, Billiton, Celebes, the Moluccas, Bali, Lombok,and many minor islands, and parts of Borneo, Papua, and Timor. Total area, 614,820 sqliare miles. Pop, 24,838,325. Neth'er Prov'idence, a post-township of Delaware CO., Pa. Pop. 144S. Nether's Mill, a hamlet of Madison co., Va., 20 miles from Culpeper. It has a church and a grist-mill. Neth'erthong, a town of England, co. of York, 4 miles S. of Huddersfield. Pop. 1092. Nethou, Pic, Pyrenees. See Pic Nethoit. Net'ley, a village of England, in Hants, 3 miles by rail S.E. of Southampton, noted for the ruins of its abbey and for its military hospital and army medical school. Neto, ni'to, or NietO, ne-ii'to (anc. JVeiethns), a small river in the S. of Italy, falls into the Gulf of Taranto near 39° 15' N. lat. Netolitz, n.Vto-litz\ a town of Bohemia, 14 miles N.^, of Budweis. Pop, 2638. Nettkow, n^tt'kov, a town of Prussian Silesia, gov- ernment of Liegnitz, on the Oder. Pop. 1163. Xet'tleborough, a post-office of Clarke co., Ala. Net'tle Car'rier, a post-office of Overton co., Tenn. Nettle Creek, a post-office of Grundy co.. 111., in Nettle Creek township, 10 miles N.W. of Morris. The township contains several churches. Pop. 916. Nettle Creek, township, Randolph co., Ind. P. 1459. Nettle Creek, a post-hamlet of Wayne co., Ind., in Dalton township, about 20 miles W.N.W. of Richmond. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Nettle Hill, a post-office of Greene co., Pa. Nettle Knob, a post-office of Ashe co., N.C. Nettle Lake, a post-office of Williams co., 0. Nettle Ridge, a post-office of Patrick co., Va. Net'tleton, a post-office and station of Edwards co., Kansas, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Ee Railroad, IS miles S.W. of Larned. Nettleton, a post-office of Caldwell co., Mo., on the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, 22 miles W. of Chilli- eothe. Nettstal, n§tt'stS.l, a town and parish of Switzerland, canton and 1 mile N. of Glarus, on the Linth. Pop. 25dS. Nettuno, n§t-too'no, a seaport town of Italy, province . and 31 miles S.S.E, of Rome. It tas the ruins of a temple of Neptune (whence its name), and is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Cte'no. Pop, 2165. Netum, the ancient name of Noto. Netze, n^t's^h, a river of Prussia, joins the Warta 6 miles E. of Landsberg. Total course, about 140 miles. Netzschkau, nfitsh'kow, a town of Saxony, 13 miles S.AV. of Zwickau. It has manufactures of cotton goods and paper. Pop. 3278. Neu, noi, or Neuen, noi'^n, a German word, signify- ing "new," prefixed to the names of many places in Ger- many, as Neu-Markt, "new market," Neu-Burg, " new oastle," Ac. NEU 1537 NEU Neu Arad, noi 4'rit (Hun. Uj Arad, oo'e or'oJ'). I'^s across the river from Alt Arad, in the banat of Temesvar, and is chiefly remarlta.ble for its extensive fortress, one of the strongest in Hungary, and used also as a prison. NeubaUy noi'bow, a western suburb of Vienna, in Aus- tria. Pop. 76,664. Neu-Bidschow, Austria. See Bidschow. Neu^BistritZy noi-bis'trits, a town of Bohemia, 32 miles S.E. of Tabor. Pop. 3420. Neubourg, niih^boou', a market-town of France, in Eure, 13 miles N.W. of Evreux. Pop. 21S6. Neu-Brandenbiirg, noi-br3,n'd?n-bo6RG\ a town of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, on Lake ToUen, 17 miles N.N.E. of Neu-Strelitz. It has a ducal palace, several churches, and manufactures of tobacco, chemical products, playing- cards, cottons, and woollens. Pop. 7495. Xeu-Breisach, noi-brl'zik (Fr. Neuf-Briaach, nuf bree^zik'), a town of Alsace, near the Rhine, opposite Brei- sach, on the Colmar-Freiburg Railway, and on the Rhone Canal. Pop. 2772. Neubruniif noi'broon, a village of Bavaria, in Lower Franconia, near Heidenfeld. Pop. 1224. Neu'burg (Ger. pron. noi'booBG), a town of Bavaria, circle of Swabia, formerly capital of a duchy of its own name, on the Danube, 29 miles N.N.E. of Augsburg. It has remains of ancient fortifications, a castle containing a theatre and museum, an arsenal, barracks, a church with a fine painting by Rubens, a royal institute, and several su- perior schools, breweries, and distilleries. Pop. 7291. Neuburg, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, near the Rhine, lo miles S.E. of Landau. Pop. 153S. Xeuchatet, a canton of Switzerland. See Neufchatel. Neuchately noo-sha-tel', a post-village of Nemaha co., Kansas, about 50 miles N.W. of Topeka. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 347. Neudamm, noi'dimm, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, 28 miles N.N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 3380. Neudek, noi'dSk, a town of Bohemia, 10 miles N. of Elbogen, on the Rohla, with two castles. Pop. 2865. Neudenau, noi'd?h-n6w', a town of Baden, on the Jaxt, 7 miles N.E. of Wimpfen. Pop. 1225. Neudorf, noi'doiif, a town of Lower Austria, 9 miles S. of Vienna. Pop. 1677. Neudorf, a village of Austria, Moravia, circle of Hra- disch. Pop. 1887. Neudorf, a village of Austria. See KosiGSFELn. Neudorf, a town of North Hungary. See Iglo. Neueuburg, noi'en-booRG\ a town of Prussia, 11 miles S.W. of Marienwerder, on the Vistula. Pop. 4712. Neuenburg, a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Enz, 27 miles W.N.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1S90. Neuenburg, a town of Baden, on the Rhine, 19 miles S.W. of Freiburg. Pop. 1271. Neuenburg, Switzerland. See Neufchatel. Neuendorf, noi'en-doRr,a village of Rhenish Prussia, 2 miles N. of Coblentz, on the Rhine. Pop. 2754. Neueneck, or Neuenegg, noi'en-4k\ a village of Switzerland, canton and 8 miles S.W. of Bern. Pop. 2333. Neuenhaus, noi'en-howss\ a town of Prussia, in Han- over, 50 miles W.N.W. of Osnaburg. Pop. 1418. Neuenkirchen, noi'^n-keeRK^fn, a village of Prussia., in Hanover, 17 miles S.E. of Osnaburg. Pop. 1419. Neuenkirchen, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 37 miles S.S.W. of Minden. Pop. 1380. Neuenrade, noi'?n-r3,'deh, a town of Prussia, in West- phalia, 14 miles S.W. of Arnsberg. Pop. 1572. Neuenstadt, orNeuenstadt-am-Kocher,noi';n- stitt^ ^m ko'K^r, a town of AViirteniberg, on the Kocher, 8 miles N.E. of Heilbronn. Pop. 1452. Neuenstadt, the German for Neuveville. Neuenstein, noi'en-stine', a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Eppach, 31 miles N.W. of Ellwangen. Pop. 1490. Neuerburg, noi'er-booRG\ a town of Rhenish Prussia, 23 miles N.W. of Treves, Pop. 1532. Neuern, noi'ern, Oder, o'ber, and Unter, oon't^r, two contiguous small towns of Bohemia, 11 miles S.W. of Khittau. United pop. 1371. Neufahrwasser, noi'fan-Ais'ser, a village of West Prussia, at the mouth of the W. arm of the Vistula, 4 miles by rail N. of Dantzic, of which it is the port. It has a light-house, and is defended by a fort. Pop. 3968. Neuf-Brisach, a town of Alsace. See Neu-Breisach. Neufchateau, nursha'tO', a town of France, depart- ment of Vosges, on the Mouzon, near the Mouse, 35 miles N.W. of Epinal. Pop. 3920. It has a oomiaunal college, a public library, and manufactures of coarse woollens, doe- skins, and cotton quilts. 97 Neufchateau, nuPsha'to', a town of Belgium, in Luxembourg, 19 miles S.W. of Bastogne. Pop. 1895. Neufchatel, or Neuchatel, nush'iHSl' (Ger. Neuen- bnrg, noi'^n-booRG^), a frontier canton in the N.W. part of Switzerland, having on the S.E. the Lake of Neufchatel, and on other sides France and the cantons of Bern and Vaud. Area, 281 square miles. Pop. 102,843, mostly Prot- estants. The Jura Mountains intersect it from S. to N., and the river Doubs bounds it on the N.W. Except wine, kitchen vegetables, and hay, the vegetable products are in- sufficient for home consumption ; corn is imported from the cantons of Bern and Basel. Many cattle are reared, and cheese is an important export. Many of the inhabitants are more or less employed in watchmaking, in both the urban and rural districts. Cotton fabrics, hosiery, cutlery, and metallic wares generally are the other chief manufac- tures. Until 1843 Neufchatel acknowledged the sovereignty of Prussia, but, a revolution having then occurred, it is now a full member of the Swiss Confederation. The principal towns are Neufchatel, the capital, Chaux-de-Fonds, and Locle. The French language is prevalent. Neufchatel [Ger. iVeueuburg, noi'^n-booRG"), a town of Switzerland, capital of the above canton, on the N.W. shore of Lake Neufchatel, 25 miles W. of Bern. It has an an- cient eastle, a cathedral of the twelfth century, a town hall, with a public library, an orphan asylum, founded in 1722, several hospitals, a college, and a collection of natural history. It is the chief entrepot of the canton, and has considerable trade in wine, corn, cattle, watches, lace, cot- ton stufts, Ac. Pop. 13,321. See Lake op Neufchatel. Neufchatel-en-Bray, nush"4"t51'-5ii°-bri, a town of France, department of Seine-Inferieure, 25 miles N.E. of Rouen, on the Bethune, and on the railway from Paris to Calais. Pop. 3586. It is famed for its cheese, in which, with butter and flour, it has a considerable trade. Neuffen, noif'fen, a town of Wiirtemberg, 9 miles N.E. of Reutlingen. Pop. 1914. Neufra, noi'fri, a town of Prussia, in IlohenzoUern, on theFehl. Pop. 1184. Neu FreienAValde, Prussia. See Freienwalde. Neugedein, noi'gh9h-dine\ or Kdynie, kdin'yi, a town of Bohemia, 14 miles W. of Klattau. Pop. 1988. It has important woollen-manufactures. Neuguen, or Neuque. See Diamante. Neu-Haldensleben, Prussia. See Haldensleben. Neuhaus, noi'howss, a town of Bohemia, 23 miles S.S.E. of Tabor. Pop. 8650. It has a handsome palace of Count Czernin, a Jesuit college, and manufactures of woollen cloth, linen, and paper. Neuhaus, a towi) of Prussia, in Westphalia, 40 miles S.S.W. of Minden, on the Lippe. Pop. 2038. Neuhaus, a town of Prussia, 24 miles N.W. Of Stade, with a port on the Oste. Pop. 1559. Neuh^usel, a town of Hungary. See Ersek-Ujtar. Neuhausen, noi'how'zen, or Neuhausen - auf- den-Fildern, noi'hflw'zen owf dSn fll'dern, a town of Wiirtemberg, 5 miles S.S.AV. of Esslingen. 'Pop. 2645. Neuhausen, a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Erms, N.W. of Urach. Pop. 1282. Neuhausen, or Neuhausen-ob-Eck, noi'hSw'zeu ob ^k, a town of AViirtemberg, 5 miles E. of Tuttlingen. Neuhof, noi'h6f, a town of Bohemia, N. of Czaslau, with a magnificent castle, surrounded with fine gardens, and possessing a library of 25,000 volumes. Pop. 1342. Neu Holitz, a town of Bohemia. See Holitz. Neu HroKinkau, noi h'ro'zin-kSw", a village of Mo- ravi.a, 48 miles from Weisskirchen. Pop 3050. Neuille-Pont-Pierre, nuh"yJ,'-p6N<''-pe-a.iR', a vil- lage of France, Indre-et-Loire, 13 miles N.N.W. of Tours. Neuilly, nuh'yoe', a village of France, in Haute-Marne, 6 miles E. of Langres. Pop. 1212. Neuilly-en-'i'helle, nnh'yee'0N»-t511, a village of France, in Oise, 13 miles W. of Senlis. Pop. 1982. Neuilly-le-R^al, nuhYee'-Ieh-ri'il', a village of France, in Allier, 18 miles S.S.E. of Moulins. Pop. 1553. Neuilly-le-Vendin, nuh\v«e'-l?h-v6H»'dS,N<'', a vil- lage of France, 18 miles N.E. of' Mayenne. Pop. 1427. Neuilly-Saint-Front, nuh^yee'-siun-friN", a town of France, in Aisne, 11 miles N.AV. of Chateau-Thierry. Neuilly- sur- Seine, nuh'yee'-siiR-sin, a town of France, department and on the right bank of the Seine, here crossed by a noble stone bridge of five arches, lA miles from the AV. extremity of Paris, and on the road to Saint- Germain. Pop. 20,781. It has a handsome church, fine modern villas, and picturesque well-wooded suburbs. The royal chateau of Neuilly, built in the reign of Louis XA^., was the favorite summer residence of Louis Philippe, but NEU 1538 NEU was destroyed during the revolution of 1S48. The park extends some distance along the right bank of the river. Here are dye-works, distilleries, nurseries, and manufactures of chemical products, porcelain, colors, and preserves. Neu-Iseilburg, noi-ee'zen-booRG\ a village of Ger- many, grand duchy of Hesse, V6 miles N. of Darmstadt. Pop. i432. It was founded by French colonists in 1700. NeukaIen,noi'kiMen, atownof Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 26 miles E. of Giistrow.' Pop. 2333. Neukirch, noi'keeRK, a town of Prussian Silesia, 9 miles E.S.E. of Leobschutz. Pop. 1052. Neukirch, four small villages and parishes of Switzer- land, the largest in the canton of Thurgau. Pop. 2653. Neukirch, Nieder, nee'd^r, and Oder, o'ber, a town of Prussia, government and S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1479. Neukirchen, noi'keenk^^n, a town of Prussia, on the Grenft, 6 miles S.E.of Ziegenhain. Pop. 1657. Neukloster, noi'klosHer, a village of Mecklenburg- Schwcrin, 10 miles E.S.E. of Wismar. Pop. 1605. Neu-Kolin, a town of Bohemia. See Kolin. Neiilercheiifeld, Austria. See Lerchenfeld. Neulise, ntjhMeez', a town of France, department of Loire, 7 miles by rail S.E. of Roanne. Pop. 1259. Neu-Lissa, noi-lis's^, a town of Bohemia, 21 miles N.E. of Prague. Pop. 3460. Neu-Lublau, the German name of Litblo. Neumagen, noi'mi-gh^n, a village of Rhenish Prus- sia, 14 miles N.E. of Treves, on the Moselle. Pop. 1494. Ncu-MamEuesztie, noi-mi-mi-yesh'tee, a village of Austria, in Bukowina. Pop. 2203. Neumansdorp, iSTetherlands. See Buitenslois. Neuinark, noi'maRk, a walled town of West Prussia, 36 miles S.E. of Marienwerder, on the Drewenz. Pop. 2371. Neumark, a town of Bohemia, circle and 16 miles W.S.W. of Klattau. Pop. 1390. Neumarkt, noi'maRkt, a town of Prussian Silesia, 19 miles by rail W.N.W. of Breslau. Pop. 5531. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufactures of woollens and linens. \eumarkt, a town of Bavaria, on the Suiz, 21 miles S.E. of Nuremberg. Pop. 4600. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufactures of silk and tobacco. Neumarkt, Transylvania. See M.\nos-VASARiiELT. Neumarkt (It. Egna, 4n'yi),a town of Austria, Tyrol, 12 miles S. by W. of Botzen, on the Adige. Pop. 1476. Neamiinster, noi'miin'ster, a town of Prussia, in Hol- stein, 17 miles S.S.E. of Kiel, at a railway junction. Pop. 10,108. It has manufactures of shoes, cloth gloves, buttons, spirits, beer, . 10,222. It has manufactures of muskets, paper, woollen cloth, chemicals, and vinegar, and oil- and gunpowder-mills. Neustadt-an-der-Heide, noi'stitt in d^B hi'd^h, a town of Germany, duchy of Saxe-Coburg, 9 miles N.E. of Coburg. Pop. 3207. Neustadt-an-der-OrIa, noi'stitt in d^R oB'li, a town of Germany, grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar, 24 miles S.E. of Weimar, on the Orla, an affluent of the Saale. Pop. 4S16. It has a ducal residence, and manufactures of wool- len cloths, linens, and leather. Neustadt-an-der-Saale, noi'stitt in dSr sa'l^h, a town of Bavaria, on the Saale, 40 miles N.E. of Wdrzburg. Pop. 2202. Neustadt-an-der- Waldiiab, noi'stitt in den wilt'- nib, a town of Bavaria, 31 miles S.E. of Baireuth. P. 1449. Neustadt-bei-Stolpeii, noi'stitt bi stol'p^n, a town of Saxony, 21 miles E. of Dresden, on the Polenz. P. 29S2. Neustadt-Eberswalde, noi'stitt i'bers-wiPdeh, a town of Prussin, province of Brandenburg, on the Finnow Canal, 24 miles by rail N.E. of Berlin. Pop. 10,483, em- ployed in manufactures of porcelain, ivory-, brass-, iron-, and steel-wares, and woollen and linen fabrics. Neustadtel-bei-Schiieeberg, noi'stet-tel bl shni'- bSne, a town of Saxony, 11 miles S.E. of Zwickau. P. 3319. Neustadtl (Bohemian, Nomyinieato, no-vim-y6s'to), a town of Moravia, 24 miles N.E. of Iglau. Pop. 2218. It has a castle and iron-mines. Neustadtl, noi'stStt'l (Hun; Kiszueza UJhely, kis'soo'- i'zi^ oo^ee^h^i'), a town of Hungary, co. of 'Irentschin, 45 miles N. of Kremnitz. Neustadtl, a town of Prussiiin Silesia, 40 miles N.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1956. Neustiidtl-an-der-Waag, noi'stStt'l in d^n wig (Hun. Vayh Ujkeli/, vig oo^ee^h^l'), a town of Hungary, CO. and 33 miles N.N.W. of Neutra, on the Waag. Pop. 5451. It has a manufactory of woollen cloth, Neustadtl-Kudolpliswertli, noi'stett'l roo'dolfs- ■\Va.iRt\ or Novomes'to, a town of Austria, 38 miles S.E. of Laybaoh, on the Gurk. Pop. 1850. Neustettin, noi^stSt-teen', a town of Prussia, in Pome- rania, 39 miles S.S.E. of Coslin. It has manufactures of woollen cloth, leather, hats, serge, &q. Pop. 6937. Neustift, noi'stift, a town of Tyrol, 11 miles S.S.W. of Innspruck. Pop. 1241. Neu-Strelitz, noi stri'lits, a town of Germany, capi- tal of the grand duchy of Jlecklenburg-Strelitz, between Lakes Zierker and Glombeok, 60 miles N.N.W. of Berlin. Pop. 8525. It is the usual residence of the grand duke and court, and has a theatre, college, mint, and other govern- ment offices, a public library, and a collection of antiquities. Neustria, or Neustrie, France. See Normandy. Neuteich, noi'tiK (Polish, Nitych, nee'tiK), a town of West Prussia, 21 miles S.E. of Dantzic. Pop. 2024. Neutitschein, noi'tit-shine", or Nowy-Gyrin, no'- ■fte-ghlr'in, a town of Moravia, 26 miles E.N.E. of Prerau. Pop. 8645, many of whom are employed in woollen-weaving and making flannel. Near it is a mineral spring. Neutra, noi'tri (Hun. A''^('(ra, fiee'troh^ or nyee'troh^), a river of Hungary, flows circuitously S.S.W., and joins the Waag on the left. Length, about 100 miles. Neutra, a town of Hungary, on the Neutra, 46 miles E.N.E. of Presburg. Pop. 10,683. It has a strong castle, a cathedral, a college, and a gymnasium. Neutra, a county of Hungary, bounded N. and N.W. by Moravia. Capital, Neutra. Pop. 361,005. Neutral (nu'tral) City, a post-hamlet of Cherokee co., Kansas, 44 miles S. of Fort Scott. Coal is found here. Neutral Station, Kansas. See Brush Creek. Neu-Treptow, noi tr^p'tow, a town of Prussia, prov- ince of Pomerania. on the Rcga, 16 miles W.S.W. of Col- berg. It has manufactures of woollen cloth. Pop. 6724. Neu-Ulin, noi oolm, a town of Bavaria, on the Danube, opposite Ulm in Wiirtemberg. It has manufactures of chemical products. Pop. 6930. Neuve-Eglise, nuv-i*gleez', a vill.age of France, in Cantiil, 9 miles S.W. of Saint-Flour. Pop. 2000. Neuveville, nuvVeel' (Ger. Neuenatadt, noi'en-stitt^), a town of Switzerland, canton of Bern, on the N.W. shore of the Lake of Bienne, 9 miles S.W. of Bienne. Pop. 2022. Neuvic, nuh^veek', a town of France, in Correze, 12 miles S. of Ussel. Pop. 1075. Neuvic, a town of France, in Haute- Vienne, 17 miles S.E. of Limoges. Pop. 1911. Neuville, nuh'veel', a town of France, in Vienne, 8 miles N.W. of Poitiers. Pop. 1883. Neuville, or Neuville-au-Bois, nuhVeel' 5 bwi, a town of France, in Loiret, 13 miles N.E. of Orleans. Neuville, a town of France, in Nord, arrondissement of Cambrai. Pop. of commune, 4324. Neuville-sur-Saone, nuh^eel' sUn son, a town of France, department of Rhone, on the Saone, 10 miles N. of Lyons. It has manufactures of silk foulards, cotton goods, and flour. Pop. 3207. Neuvilly, nuhVee^yee', a town of France, in Nord, about 12 miles E.S.E. of Cambrai. Pop. 2535. Neuvy, nuhVee', a town of Fr,ance, in Saone-et-Loire, IS miles W.N.W. of Charolles. Pop. 1200. Neuvy, nuh'vee' or new've, a village in Harrington township, Bergen co., N.J., on the Northern Railroad of New Jersey, near the New York state line, 22 miles N. of Jersey City. It is inhabited chielly by French immigrants, and has extensive manufactures of artificial flowers, lace paper, and covered wire. The name of the nearest post- office is Norwood. Neuvy-le-Koi, nuh^-ee' leh Rwi, a town of France, in Indre-et- Loire, 15 miles N.W. of Tours. Pop. 1459. Neuvy-Saiiit-Sepulcre, nuh^■ee' sisj" si'piilk'r', a town of France, in Indre, Si miles W. of La Chatre. Neuvy-Sautour, nuh'vee' so'toon', a town of France, in Yonne, 16 miles N.W. of Tonnerre. Pop. 1469. Neuvy-sur-Loire, nuhVee' siir Iwan, a town of France, in Nievre, near the Loire, 8 miles N.N.AV. of Cosne. Neuwalde, noi'wird^h, a village of Prussian Silesia, government of Oppeln, circle of Neisse. Pop. 1251. Neuwarp, noi'wanp, a town of Prassia, in Pomerania, 25 miles N.N.W. of Stettin. Pop. 2231. Neuwedel, noi'wi'dijl, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg. 78 miles N.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 2995. Neuweier, noi'wi-er, a village of B.aden, circle of Mid- dle Rhine, bailiwick of Buhl. Pop. 1344. Neuwied, nu'weed or noi'weet, called also Wied- Neuwied, weet noi'weet, a town of Rhenish Prus.sia, 8 miles N.N.W. of Coblentz, on the left bank of the Rhine. Pop. 9474. It was founded early in the eighteenth century, and is well built. The principal edifices are the ancient castle of the Counts of AVied, witli a museum of natural history, a library, and extensive gardens, various churches, a synagogue, a gymnasium, a normal school, several pri- vate boarding and educational establishments, a library, and a prosperous Moravian establishment. It has also a collection of Roman a.ntiquities. Neuzen, a town of the Netherlands. See Terneuse. Ne'va (Rus. pron. ni-vi'), an important river of Russia., government of St. Petersburg, connecting Lake Ladoga with the Gulf of Finland. Length, 40 miles, from Schliis- selburg, on the former, to St. Peter.sburg, at the head of the latter, which city it separates from its N. suburbs ; breadth, 1600 feet; depth in the channel, about 50 feet. It is the great medium of communication between the in- ternal parts of North Russia and the sea, though usually frozen up from October to April. It has been found to carry into the gulf 116,000 cubic feet of water in a second. Neva, a river of East Russia. See Neiva. Nevada, ni-vi'ni, Nevado, ni-vi'Do, a Spanish word signifying " snow-clad," and ibrming a part of the name of various mountains in Spain and Spanish America; as, Sierra Nevada, "snow-clad ridge." NEV 1540 NEV Nevada, ne-vah'da, one of the Pacific states of the American Union, bounded N. by Oregon and Idaho, E. by Utah and Arizona, S.W. and W. by California. Excepting small areas in the N., which are drained by affluents of the Columbia, and a small section in the S., whence the water flows into the Rio Colorado, all the state belongs to the so- called Great Basin, or Fremont Basin, a region whose scanty waters do not flow to the sea. The northern border of the state is in Int. 42° N. ; the eastern limit is, for the most part, the meridian of IM° W. long.; and southward for more than 200 miles from the N.W. angle of the state the meridian of 120° W. is the western boundary-line. At the extreme S.E. the Rio Colorado for some distance divides Nevada from Arizona. Area, 104,125 square miles. Face of the Counfri/. — The " Great Basin" is in reality a series of long, narrow basins, running N. and S., and sepa- rated from one another by rugged, steep, and, in some cases, lofty mountains. Such are the East Humboldt Mountains, the Goshoot, Ungoweah, White Pine, Pinon, Toyabe, Hum- boldt, Santa Rosa, Quinn's River, Lookout, Trinity, An- telope, Rabbit Hole, Pancake, Pine Nut, Desert, Opal, Spring, Las Vegas, Quartz, Sedave, Toano, Diamond, Pe- quop. Granite, Shell Creek, Torsarr, and other ranges, mostly short, and in many cases traversed by deep and convenient passes, while the intermediate valleys are fre- quently broad deserts, where grow the grease-wood and sage-brush and other scanty herbage; in other cases they are narrow canons, or, again, they are the basins of shallow lakes, fed by the mountain-snows. Hydrography. — Dividing diagonally the mountain-ranges and valleys sweeps the small river Humboldt in a general S.W. course for some 380 miles. It is remarkable as fur- nishing the only available E. and W. valley in the state, and this valley deterniines the course of the Central Pacific Railroad. This river is also remarkable for its alkaline waters. All the streams of the state are small, and, except- ing the Bruner, Owyhee, &c., in the N. (which flow into the Snake River northward), and the Virgin, Beaver Dam, Muddy, and Vegas Rivers in the S., which are tributaries of the Colorado, all the rivers of Nevada end in lakes or "sinks," the latter being marshy spots in the desert sands. Most of the lakes are either alkaline or saline, and some are composed of highly complex and even caustic solutions, but a few are salt. Of the fresh lakes many are shallow and overgrown with the tide, or reed [Scirpus validus). Agricultural and Pastoral Hesources, Climate, Vegeta- tion, c&c— It is its scanty rainfall, rather than poverty of soil, that gives Nevada the reputation of being a desert, for, in cases where irrigation is practicable, even the alkaline plains in many instances have proved very pro- ductive. In the better-settled districts considerable quan- tities of spring wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, butter, wool, garden vegetables, &c., are supplied. Much hay is cut upon the marshy river-bottoms and in some of the upland valleys, whose bottom-lands afford excellent blue-joint [Triticum repens) and red-top for hay, while the uplands and plains have excellent sand-grass and bunch-grass {Eriocoma, ttc.) for grazing. The valued white sage, or '^winter-fat" [Eurotia lanata), affords the best of winter pasturage. For this reason, Nevada, in spite of its sharp winter climate (due to its considerable elevation, almost nowhere less than 4000 feet) and its parched and arid soil, has already proved a profitable region for the stock-raiser, horned cattle fattening readily without grain, so rich is the stunted herbage. In the extreme S. cotton and sub- tropical fruits, like the orange, do very well. The flora of the state is of a very marked character. Timber trees are nowhere very abundant. The white pine (a fir, entirely dis- tinct from the Eastern white pine) is extensively cut for timber; and the great advance of mining and smelting operations has already stripped many of the mountains of their scanty forest growth, so great has been the demand for timber and fuel. Considering her scanty population, the agricultural productions of Nevada are generous, and the promise for the future is large. Interesting experiments have been undertaken, with great promise of success, in the breeding of the Cashmere and Angora goats, whose wool, called mohair, is highly prized. A few camels and dromedaries have been em- ployed in carrying freights, and they are reported to have bred freely, and to be fairly adapted to the climatic and other conditions of Nevada. Geology, Mineral Wealth. — Many of the geological ages, from the primordial or eozoic to the tertiary and quater- nary, are here represented, the outcrops of the older forma- tions, chiefly azoic and Silurian, appearing in and upon the mountain-ranges. Not a few evidences of comparatively recent volcanic action are present in almost every part of the state, besides which the strata are extensively disturbed by much more ancient dikes of plutonie rock. For years Nevada has been the leading state in the value of her metallic products, and in 1S75 she yielded somewhat more gold and silver than all the rest of North America. In that year her product of precious metals (mainly silver) was valued at 340,478,369. Under Virginia City and Gold Hill lies the famous Comstock Lode of silver- and gold- bearing quartz, the most profitable mining deposit in the world. There are in some mining districts rich and easily- reduced argentiferous galenas. Besides the silver-, gold-, and lead-product, copper ores, borax, and lime-borate are obtained largely. There are unlimited, and as yet almost untouched, supplies of native sulphur, soda, potash salts, rock salt, pyritic compounds, arsenical ores, marble, granite, alabaster, slate, and other valuable minerals. The most widely distributed of all the ores appear to be the silver-bearing lead and quartz deposits. These are met with in nearly every part of the state. There is also some lignite, of which not much is wrought at present. Peat has been cut on the Great Humboldt meadows and elsewhere. Good coal is reported to exist near Hamilton. Mineral and thermal waters abound. Mannfacturea. — Of these the milling and smelting of ores and the sawiiig of lumber are as yet the only im- portant industries. Lumber-sawing has been largely car- ried on in the mountains, but has declined, owing to the swift consumption of all available timber. The Carson River and other mountain-streams furnish water-power. Counties. — Nevada is divided into 15 counties, as follows: Churchill, Douglas, Elko, Esmeralda, Eureka, Humboldt, Lander, Lincoln, Lyon, Nye, Ormsby, Roop, Storey, Washoe, and White Pine. The principal towns are Austin, Carson City, the capital, Elko, Eureka, Gold Hill, Hamilton, Pioche, Reno, and Virginia City, which is the largest city in the state. Some towns which a few years since were thriving are now abandoned, on account of the failure of mining enterprises, while others have as suddenly sprung up and become places of importance. Railroads have contributed much to the development of the state, especially the' Central Pacific Railroad, which gives Nevada ready communication with the E. and with San Francisco, bringing in supplies and carrying out the mineral products of the state. In 1867 there were 30 miles of railroad in Nevada; in 1870, 593 miles; in 1875, 650 miles, of which 467 belonged to the Central Pacific. Ex- clusive of that road, the average cost for works per mile was $39,852; average cost of Central Pacific per mile (as a whole) for works, $117,689. The other principal roads are the Virginia & Truckee (54 miles), the Eureka & Palisade, narrow (90 miles), and the Pioche & Bullionville (20 miles). Constitution, &c, — The constitution was adopted in 1866. The governor is chosen for four years. The legislature consists of a senate of 25 members and an assembly of 50. Judges are elected, and serve for fixed terms. Voters must have resided for six months in Nevada, and for thirty days in the district or county where they vote. The state has three electoral votes, and sends one member to the lower house of Congress. There are state prisons at Carson City and Reno, and a state orphanage at Carson City. Education. — Public schools are maintained by general and local taxes, state apportionments, rate-bills, and the avails of a permanent school fund. The school system is under the charge of a state board of education and three state and county superintendents. There are a few public high schools, and at Elko a state university has been estab- lished, but as yet it is in a comparatively undeveloped con- dition. Indiana. — The aboriginals are mainly of Piute, Shoshone, and other kindred stock. They number 5976, and, notwith- standing their degraded condition when first known to white men, they have generally been disposed to adopt habits of industry, and those who are on the reservations are making excellent progress. Finances. — In 1S75 the state debt was covered by gold bonds bearing 10 per cent, interest; the outstanding amount being $436,500. In 1874 there was a total valuation of $26,630,279.22, and a state revenue from taxes, amerce- ments, &c., of $570,277, which, added to a large balance already in the treasury, was offset by expenditures amount- ing to $641,856.31. History. — This state was, in the main, made up of a part of California which was called ''the Washoo country," to which a largo area from Utah was attached when, in 1861, Nevada was organized as a territory. In 1S64 the state was admitted to the Union, and in 1S66 received its present NEV 1^ limits. During the war of 1861-65, Nevada, being but Bcantily peopled, sent few troops to the field, but she wns eminently loyal, and upon one occasion her citizens sent $51,500 in silver bricks to the Sanitary Commission. The great Sutro Tunnel, designed to afford drainage and access to the mines of the Comstock lode, was completed in 1879. The Population in 1860 was 6857; in 1870,42,491; in 1875, 53,540, of whom 39,541 were males. Nevada, a county in the S.W. part of Arkansas, has an area of about 550 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Little Missouri River, and drained by Cypress Bayou and Terre Rouge Creek. The soil is fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. It is intersected by the Cairo & Fulton Railroad. Capital, Prescott. This county was formed since the census of 1870 was taken. Nevada, a county of California, borders on the state of Nevada. Area, estimated at 1050 square miles. It is bounded on the N.AV. by the Middle Yuba River, and is also drained by the South Yuba and Bear Creek. The sur- face is mostly mountainous or hilly, and is extensively cov- ered with forests of evergreen trees, including the fir and pine. The soil of the valleys and lowlands is fertile. The great Sierra Nevada traverses the eastern part of this county and presents grand mountain-scenery. Among its beautiful features is Donner Lake, a favorite summer re- sort. Gold and lumber are the chief articles of export, exceeding that of any other county of the state. Granite and limestone are found here. This county is intersected by the Central Pacific Railroad. Capital, Nevada City. Valuation of real and personal estate, §10,918,255. Pop. in 1870, 19,134, of whom 10,479 were Americans. Nevada, or Nevada City, a post-town, capital of Nevada co., Cal., in a hilly region about 60 miles N.N.E. of Sacramento, 4 or 5 miles N.E. of Grass Valley, and 33 miles E. of Marysville. It contains 5 churches, graded schools, a newspaper office, a high school, an iron-foundry, and a number of brick mercantile houses. The Nevada County Railroad extends hence to Colfax. Here are rich mines of gold, which is the chief article of export. Nevada has a healthy climate, and is surrounded by grand moun- tain-scenery. Pop. about 5000. Nevada (Bald Mountain Post-Office), a mining village of Gilpin CO., Col., on the E. slope of the Rocky Moun- tains, about 2 miles from Central City. It is about 8500 feet above the sea-level. It has 2 churches, a masonic lodge, 322 square miles. Its coast-line is about 500 miles in length, interrupted only at the point of junc- tion with Nova Scotia, where an isthmus of not more than 11 miles in breadth connects the two territories and sepa- rates Northumberland Strait from the Bay of Fundy. The surface of the country is generally flat or undulating, with some hiils skirting the Bay of Fundy and the rivers St. John and Restigouche. The shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Northumberland Strait abound in fine ship- harbors (each at the mouth of a considerable river), from which is exported much fine timber. For about 12 miles inland the country is low, and skirted with marshes. The face of the province is traversed in all directions by navigable rivers, chief of which is the St. John, 450 miles in length. Among the numerous bays with which the coast is indented are the Bay of Chaleurs, on the N. coast, an im- mense haven, 90 miles in length and from 12 to 25 miles in breadth, with many excellent harbors; the Miramichi, on the N.E. ; and on the E., Richibucto, Buctouche, Cocaigne, and Shediac; on the S., Passamaquoddy Bay, separating New Brunswick from Maine; and on the S.W., St. John Harbor and Chignecto Bay. The lakes are numerous, but of small extent. The principal is Grand Lake, 30 miles long and 2 to 7 miles wide. Along the shores of the Bay of Chaleurs and the Gulf of St. Lawrence gray sandstone and gray clay-slate predomi- nate, with detached rocks of granite, quartz, and ironstone ; on the south coast, limestone, graywacke, clay-slate, with sandstone, interrupted occasionally by gneiss, trap, and granite. Coal is plentiful, and iron ore abundant. The Albert Coal-Mine is the most valuable deposit of bituminous matter on this continent, its product, called Albertite, affording about 100 gallons of crude oil per ton. Copper and manganese also abound. A large deposit of the former has been discovered on the banks of the Nepisiquit River, which falls into Bathurst Bay, and another of plumbago within half a mile of St. John. Gypsum, limestone, free- stone, and grindstone are abundant ; salt springs are nu- merous, and some sulphurous springs have been discovered. The climate of New Brunswick is subject to great ex- tremes of heat and cold, the ranges of temperature being from 20° below to 95° above. The prevailing summer winds are from the W.S.W. and S. ; when from the S.W., dense fogs are often produced on tlie Bay of Fundy, and extend from 15 to 20 miles inland. A large portion of the province is covered with dense for- ests of pine, hackmatack, spruce, cedar, &c., which pro- vide immense quantities of timber for export and ship-build- ing. Potatoes, turnips, pease, beans, and other leguminous plants thrive admirably, but agriculture has made slow progress, and the demand for food is far beyond the supply raised on the soil. The inhabitants generally find it more profitable to follow the lumbering business. The. rivers, lakes, and sea-coast of New Brunswick abound with fish of almost every variety. The Bay of Chaleurs and Bay of Fundy are celebrated for their fisheries. The salmon-fish- eries of New Brunswick are among the finest in the world. The Buctouche, Caraquette, and Cocaigne oyster-beds are as prolific as they are famous, and the finest lobsters are found in profusion. Ship-building is extensively prosecuted in the provinces, more especially at St. John and on the Mira- michi. Vessels are also built at St. Andrews, at various coves and harbors on the Bay of Fundy, along the banks of the St. John and Petitcodiae, and at Cocaigne, Richi- bucto, Bathurst, Dalhousie, Campbellton, and other ports on the N. shore. The principal articles manufiictured in New Brunswick are sawn lumber, cotton and woollen goods, wooden-ware of all descriptions, paper, iron castings, nails, mill-machinery, locomotives, steam-engines, <&c. The prin- cipal exports are fish, timber and lumber, iron, coal, gyp- sum, shocks, ha.y, &o. The chief imports are wheat, flour, corn meal, corn and other grain, salted meats, coffee, sugar, lea, molasses, tobacco, woollen, cotton and silk manufac- tures, fruits, (fee. The province is traversed by three or four important trunk lines of railway, and by several minor lines and branches, the whole affording communication with the principal towns of Canada and the United States, Telegraph-wires connect New Brunswick with the United States and the western provinces of the Dominion on the one hand, and with Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, and Europe on the other. The province (capital, Fredericton) is divided into 14 counties, the names of which, and population in 1871, with their capitals, are exhibited in the following table: Counties. Pop. Capital. 10,G72 19,938 25,882 18,810 19,101 24,953 20,116 13,847 5,575 52,303 6,824 11,641 29,335 27,140 Hopewell. Kin ITS Hampton. 286,137 inistered by a lieu- council of 9 mera- , appointed for life, There are two Koman Catiiolic dioceses in the province, — St. John and Chatham, — and one of the Church of England, that of Fredericton. New Brunswick devotes annually out of the provincial revenue §120,000 to educational objects. The educational institutions supported by law are a provincial university, a training or normal school for teachers, and a sj'stem of common schools free to all, ranging from the primary to the grammar or high school department. A large majority of the inhabitants are emigrants from Great Britain and their descendants. There are a number of French Aeadians, settled chiefly in the counties on the N. shore and in the valley of the Madawaska, and there are also a few Micmacs, Melicites, and other Indians in the northern part of the province, and on the St. John River. The number of Indians in New Brunswick in 1S71 was HO.'i. The affairs of the province are ad tenant-governor, aided by an executii bers, a legislative council of 18 membe and a house of assembly of 41 represent-ltives, elected every four years. The judicial department comprises a supreme court, with a chief and four puisne judges, having law and equity jurisdiction, one of marriage and divorce, a vice-admiralty court, and a county court for each county in the province. The provincial legislature meets at Fred- ericton. New Brunswick was first settled by the French in 1639. It continued to form part, with Nova Scotia, of Acadia, or New France, till it fell into the hands of the British after the conquest of Quebec. The first British settlers in the province emigrated from Scotland to the Miramichi in 1764; and in 17S4 New Brunswick was separated from Nova Scotia and erected into a separate province. In 1S67 this province united with Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia in forming the Canadian Confederation : it is the fourth largest province, as regards population, in the Dominion. New Bruiis'wick, a post-hamlet of Boone co., Ind., in Harrison township, 6 miles S.S.W. of Lebanon. It has a church. New Brunswick, a city, the capital of Middlesex co., N.J., is on tho right and S. bank of the Raritan River, at the head of navigation, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad (New York division), at the terminus of the Millstone & New Brunswick Railroad, 31 miles S.W. of New York, 26 miles N.N.E. of Trenton, and 17 miles S.W. of Elizabeth. Lat. 40° 30' N. ; Ion. 74° 28' W. Its site is moderately uneven or hilly, being flat in the immediate vicinity of the river, and rising rapidly as it recedes. This town is the eastern terminus of the Delaware A Raritan Canal, which is 75 feet wide and 7 feet deep and is navigated by steam- bo.ats and sloops of 100 to 300 tons. Hero is Rutgers College (Reformed), which was organized in 1771 and is richly endowed, and connected with which are an observa- tory, a state agricultural college, and a model farm of 100 acres. The college has 12 professors and about 130 students. Now Brunswick contains a court-house, 18 churches, a theo- NEW 1547 N^W logical seminary of the Dutch Reformed church, a Catholic cathedral, a fine masonic hall, a public library, a high school, 2 female institutes, an opera-house, 2 national banks, 2 other banks, and printing-offices which issue 2 daily and 3 weekly newspapers. It has extensive manufactures of india-rubber goods, carpets, hosiery, shoes, paper-hangings, harness, itc. The india-rubber fao'.jries of this place, which are said to be the most extensive in the United States, employ 2000 operatives. Here are 3 india-rubber works, 4 manufactories of shoes, 2 of sash and blinds, 2 of paper- hangings, and 1 of metal screws. iPop. in 1S60, 11,266; in 1875, 16,660. New Bu'da, a post-village and township of Decatur CO., Iowa, on the Crooked Fork of Grand River. The village is 10 miles S. by W. of Leon. It has manufactures of iron, leather, and wool. Pop. of the township, 516. New Buena Vista, ba'na vis'ta, a post-village of Bedford co.. Pa., in Juniata township, about 10 miles W. of Bedford. It has 2 churches and a cigar-factory. New Buffalo, a post-otHce and station of Cass co., Dakota, on the Northern Pacific Railroad, New Butfalo, a post-office of Calloway co., Ky, New Buffalo, a post-village and small township of Berrien co., Mich., on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Galien River, about 48 miles by water E. of Chicago. The village is on the Michigan Central Railroad, and is the S. terminus of the Chicago & West Michigan Railroad, 66 miles (by rail) from Chicago, and 27 miles W.of Niles. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, and a union school. Fruits and other products are shipped here. Pop. 633 j of the townsliip, 1444. New Butfalo, a post-hamlet of Mahoning co., 0., 2 miles from Loveland Station, which is 2 miles S. of Can- field. It has 2 saw-mills and a mine of cannel coal. New Buffalo, a post-borough of Perry co.. Pa., on the W. bank of the Susquehanna River, IS miles above Harris- burg. It has a church. Pop. 259. The Northern Central Railroad is on the other bank of the river. New'burg, a post-haralet of Franklin co., Ala., about 25 miles S. by E. of Florence. Newburg, a post-village of Izard co., Ark., about 36 miles N.W. of Batesville. It has 4 churches. Newburg, a post-office of Traill co., Dakota. Newburg, a township of Pike co.. III., 1 mile E. of Pittsfield. Pop. 1540. Newburg, a village of Clay co., Ind., on the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, 15 miles E. by N. of Terre Haute, Coal is mined here. It has a church. Pop. 200, The name of its post-office is Turner. Newburg, a hamlet of Fountain co., Ind., on Coal Creek, about 32 miles S.W. of Lafayette. Newburg, a post-village in Ohio township, Warrick CO., Ind., on the Ohio River, about 15 miles by water or 10 miles by land above Evansville. It is the largest village in the county, and has a newspaper office, 3 flour-mills, fi churches, 2 coal-mines, and 5 warehouses for produce. Pop. 1464. NeAvburg, a post-hamlet of Jasper co., Iowa, on the Central Railroad of Iowa, 6i miles N. of Grinnell. It has a grain-warehouse. Newburg, a village in Newburg township, Mitchell CO., Iowa, on the Cedar River, and near the Cedar Falls & Minnesota Railroad, 1^ miles from St. Ansgar Station, and 10 miles N.W. of Osage. It has a flouring-mill. Pop. about 150; of the township, 782. NeAVburg, a post-hamlet in Newburg township, Penob- scot CO., Me.j about 15 miles W.S.W. of Bangor. The town- ship contains a church, 2 cheese-factories, several saw-mills, ami a pop. of 1118. Newburg, a post-office of Charles co,, Md., near the Potomac River, and near Pope's Creek Station, about 38 miles S. of Washington, D.C. Newburg, a post-hamlet of Cass co., Mich., in New- burg township, on the Michigan Central Railroad, at Jones Station, 11 miles E. of Cassopolis. It has a church. The township is intersected by the Air-Line division of the Michigan Central Railroad, and contains a pop. of 12S5. Newburg, a village in Clinton township. Lenawee co., Mich., on the Raisin River, and on the Lake Shore A Mich- igan Southern Railroad, about 12 miles N.N.E. of Adrian. NCAVburg, a post-village in Newburg township, Fill- more CO., Minn., about 36 miles S.S.W. of Winona, and 15 miles E.S.E. of Preston. It has a church and 2 flour- mills. Pop. of the township, 1058. NeAVburg, a hamlet of Laclede co., Mo., 20 miles from Lebanon. It has a church and a plough -factory. Newburg, a city and one of the capitals of Orange co.. N.Y., is finely situated on the W. bank of the Hudson River, 60 miles N. of New York, and S3 miles S. of Albany. Lat. 41° 31' N.J Ion. 74° 1' W. The ground on which it is built rises as it recedes from the river to the height of about 300 feet, commanding a fine view of the Highlands and of the river, which is here 1| miles wide. The most elegant residences are on a plateau in the highest part of the city. The appearance of the city, as seen from the river, is highly attractive. A steam ferry connects it with Fishkill, which is on the opposite bank and is on the Hud- son River Railroad, A ferry-boat also plies between New- burg and Dutchess Junction, which is the S.W. terminus of the Dutchess & Columbia Railroad. This city is the N.E. terminus of the Newburg & New York Railroad, which connects with the Erie Railroad at Turner's, Another branch of the Erie Railroad extends from Newburg to Greycourt. Newburg contains 3 national banks, a free public library, a theological seminary of the United Pres- byterian Church, 21 churches, and the Newburg Institute (for boys), which occupies a fine position on Seminary Hill. Two daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published here. Here are several tanneries, foundries, plaster-mills, ship-yards, and large manufactories of cotton goods, woollen goods, machinery, and flour. The adjacent country is noted for its extensive dairies and the superior quality of the butter produced in them. Large quantities of dairy-products, grain, flour, and coal (which last is brought from Pennsyl- vania) are shipped here. Newburg was the theatre of im- portant events in the Revolutionary war. Here, at "Wash- ington's Head-Quarters," a stone mansion, now owned by the state and visited by thousands of persons annually, the American army was disbanded, June 23, 1783, after a treaty of peace had been concluded. This city was incorporated in 1865. Pop. 17,327 ; of Newburg township, excluding the city, 3541. Newburg, a hamlet of Wyoming co., N.Y., in Gaines- ville township, i mile from Rock Glen Station. Newburg, a post-village of Cuyahoga co., 0., on the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad, and on the Mahoning di- vision of the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 6 miles S.E. of Cleveland, of which city it now constitutes the ISth ward. It contains an asylum for the insane, founded by the state, a bank, a newspaper office, 10 churches, and 1 or 2 rolling-raills. Bessemer steel rails are made here. It was annexed to Cleveland in 1874, and its post-office is a branch of the Cleveland post-office. NcAvburg, a village of Noble co., 0., on Duck Creek, and on the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleveland Railroad, about 20 miles N. of Marietta. Newburg, Clearfield co.. Pa. See Hurd. Newburg, a post-borough of Cumberland co., Pa., 6 miles N.N.W. of Shippensburg, and about 22 miles W. by S. of Carlisle. It has 3 churches. Pop. 392. Newburg, Huntingdon co.. Pa. See Coffee Run. Newburg, a post-village, capital of Lewis co., Teiin., about 65 miles S.W. of Nashville. Newburg, a post- village of Preston co., W. Va., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 13 miles E.N.E. of Grafton. It has several churches near it, a cigar-factory, a shook- factory, and the works of the Orre! Coal Company. NeAVburg, a hamlet of Ritchie co., W. Va., 16 miles S. of Tollgate Station. It has a tannery, a grist-mill, a saw- mill, 2 stores, &c. Pop. 100. Here is Auburn Post-Office. NcAVburg, a post-village in Trenton township, Wash- ington CO., Wis., on the Milwaukee River, 7 miles E. of West Bend, and about 33 miles S.E. of Fond du Lac. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. NeAV'burg, a village in Addington co., Ontario, on the Napanee River, 22 miles from Kingston, and 7 miles from Napanee. It contains a newspaper office, an iron-foundry, a paper-mill, a tannery, a fulling- and carding-miil, a grist- mill, 2 hotels, and about 12 stores. Pop. 828. NeAvburg Centre, a post-office of Pencbscot co., Me., about 15 miles S.W. of Bangor. NcAvburgh, nu'bur-rtih, a seaport town of Scotland, CO. of Fife, on the Tay, 9 miles S.E. of Perth. The town has a good harbor, 2 branch banks, linen-weaving, and con- siderable trade in wood, grain, coals, and lime. It waa founded in the twelfth century. Pop. 2777. NcAVburgh, a seaport village of Scothmd, at the mouth of the Ythan, co. and 10 miles N.N.E. of Aberdeen. NeAVburgh, a post-village in Carleton co.. New Bruns- wick, on the New Brunswick Railway, 55 miles from Fred- edericton. Pop. 100. Newburg Village, a post-office of Penobscot ec. Me. NCAV Bur'liiigton, a post-hamlet of Delaware co., Ind., 7 miles S.E. of Muncie. It has a church. NEW 1548 NEW NeAV Burlington, a post-village of Clinton oo., 0., on Caesar's Creek, 3 miles from Claysville Station, and about 20 miles S.E. of Dayton. It is partly in Greene co. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 227. New Burn'side, a post-village of Johnson co.. 111., on the Cairo & Vineennes Railroad, about 50 miles N.E. of Cairo. It has 3 churches. Newbury, nii'ber-e, a borough of England, co. of Berks, on the Kennet, on the Ken &, Avon Canal, and on a railway, 16 miles W.S.W. of Reading. It has a church of the reign of Henry VII., several well-endowed hospitals, manufactures of ribbons, and many corn-mills and malt-kilns. Donning- ton Castle, on the N., was the property of the poet Chaucer, who died here a.d. 1400. The N. part of the town, Speen- hamland, was the ancient Spinm. Pop. 6602. Newbury, township, La Grange co., Ind. Pop. 1159. Newbury, a post-hamlet in Newbury township, Wa- baunsee CO., Kansas, about 28 miles W. of Topeka. Pop. of the township, 680. Newbury, a township of Essex co., Mass., contains Newbury Old Town, a part of Byfield, and a part of Plum Island. It is traversed by the Eastern Railroad and a branch of the Boston & Maine Railroad. Pop. 1426. Newbury, a hamlet of Tuscola co., Mich., 15 miles S.E. of Caro. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Here is Kingston Post-0 ffice. Newbury, a post-hamlet in Newbury township, Merri- mack CO., N.H., at the S. end of Sunapce Lake, and on the Concord & Claremont Railroad, 34 miles W. by N. of Con- cord. It has 2 lumber-mills and a steamboat-landing. Pop. of the township, 601. Newbury, a township of Geauga co., 0., containing Newbury Centre, South Newbury, and North Newbury. Pop. 881. Newbury, a beautiful post-village in Newbury town- ship. Orange co., Vt., on the Connecticut Kiver, and on the Passumpsic Railroad, 4 miles S. of Wells River, and about 30 miles E.S.E. of Montpelier. It has 2 churches, the Newbury Seminary, and a large hotel. The township pre- sents beautiful scenery, and contains the village of Wells River; also the Montebello iron and sulphur springs. Pop. of the township, 2241. Newbury, a post-village in Middlesex co., Ontario, on a railway, 36 miles S.AV. of London. It contains a hotels, about a dozen stores, and a woollen-mill. Pop. 1000. Newbury Centre, a hamlet of Geauga co., 0., 10 miles S. of Chardon. Here is Ford Post-Office. Neivbury Centre, a post-ofiice of Orange co., Vt., in Newbury township. Newbury Old Town, a post-village in Newbury township, Essex oo., Mass., on or near the Eastern Railroad, about 20 miles N. of Salem. It has a church. Newbury Park, a post-office of Ventura co., Cal. Newburyport, nii'ber-e-port', a city, port of entry, and one of the capitals of Essex co., Mass., is finely situated on the S. bank of the Merrimac, 3 miles from the ocean, 35 miles N.N.E. of Boston, and about 11 miles E.N.E. of Haverhill. Lat. 42° 48' 32" N.; Ion. 70° 52' 47'' W. It stands on a gentle declivity, commanding a beautiful pros- pect. The streets, which extend upward from the river, are short, and terminate at High street, a wide and umbrageous avenue which is lined with residences. The streets are lighted with gas, and are mostly wide, straight, and well shaded by trees. On High street, near State, is a pond covering six acres and surrounded by a terr.aced promenade. The harbor is safe and spacious, but the entrance of it is obstructed by a sand-bar. The retail trade is mostly trans- acted on State street, which extends nearly southward and is prolonged (under the name of Newburyport turnpike) to Salem. The city contains a court-house, a granite custom- house, a city hall, a marine museum, a public library of about 14,000 volumes, 16 churches, a high school of good reputation called the Putnam Free School, 4 national banks, 2 savings-banks, extensive manufactures of cotton goods, machinery, boots and shoes, Ac, a comb-factory, an iron- foundry, and some ship-building, and in the vicinity are deposits rich in silver with lead and gold. One daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published here. Newburyport is connected with Boston, Portland, Ac., by the Eastern Rail- road, and with Amesbury by a line of horse-cars. It is also a terminus of a branch of the Boston & Maine Rail- road. Pop. in 1875, 13,323. New Caledonia, k41-e-do'ne-a (Fr. NomiclU-CaU- donie, noo'vSU'-ki'lAMo'nee'), an island in the South Pa- cific Ocean, belonging to France, between lat. 20° and 22° 30' S. and Ion. 164° and 167° E. Length, from N.W. to S.E., 220 miles ; breadth, 30 miles. Surface mountainous. rising in the centre to nearly 8000 feet in elevation. The population are Papuans. 'Ihe island was discovered in 1774. It forms, with the Isle of Pines and other neigh- boring islands, the most important penal colony of France. It has a fine climate and much fertile soil, and possesses great mineral wealth. Capital, Noumea. Pop. 58,000. New California, a former name of what is now the state of California. See California. New Califor'nia, a post-hamlet of Union co., 0., 4 miles N.E. of Plain City. It has a church. New California, a small hamlet of Grant co., Wis., about 27 miles N.N.E. of Dubuque, Iowa. New Cambria, kam'bre-a, a post-hamlet of Saline co., Kansas, on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 7 miles E.N.E. of Salina. It has a church. New Cambria, a post-village in Lingo township, Macon co., Mo., on the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, 86 miles W. of Hannibal, and 44 miles E. of Chillicothe. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, a flour-mill, and 2 drug-stores. Pop. about 500. New Canaan, ki'nan, a post-village in New Canaan township, I'airfield co.. Conn., about 18 miles W. by S. of Bridgeport, and 44 miles N.E. of New York City. It is the N. terminus of the New Canaan Railroad, which connects at Stamford with the New York & New Haven Railroad. It has several churches, a national bank, a newspaper office, and manufactures of shirts, clothing, and shoes. Pop. of the township, 2497. Neiv Can'ada, township, Ramsey co., Minn. P. 799. New Canada, a post-village in Lunenburg co.. Nova Scotia, 12 miles from Bridgew.ater. Pop. 120. New Cane Creek, a post-ofiice of Putnam co., Tenn. New Can'ton, a post-village of Pike co.. 111., on the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis Railroad, 27 miles S.E. of Quincy. It has a church, a graded school, a flour-mill, and 2 wagon-shops. Pop. about 500. NeAV Canton, a post-village of Hawkins co., Tenn., on the Holston River, about 70 miles E.N.E. of Knoxville. It has 2 churches and a flouring-mill. New Canton, a post-village of Buckingham co., Va., on the James River, about 55 miles W. of Richmond. It has a church, 3 stores, a flour-mill, and a slate-quarry. New Carlisle, kar-lll', a post-village in Olive town- ship, St. Joseph CO., Ind., on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 14 miles E.N.E. of La Porte, and 13 miles W. by N. of South Bend. It has a bank, 2 churches, a graded school, a flour-mill, .and a planing-mill. New Carlisle, a post-village in Bethel township, Clark CO., 0., 12 miles W. of Springfield, and 17 miles N.N.E. of Dayton. It has 5 churches, a money-order post- office, a seminary, and a eigar-factory. Pop. about 1000. New Carlisle, a seaport town and port of entry of Quebec, capital of the co. of Bonaventure, on the Bay of Chaleurs. Lat. 48° 3' N. ; Ion. 65° 19' W. It is an im- portant fishery station, and contains 2 churches and a news- paper office. The gulf port steamers call here. Pop. 455. New Car'thage, a post-office and shipping-point of Tensas parish. La., on the Mississippi River, IS miles S. of Tallulah Railroad Station. Here are 2 stores. New Carthage, New York. See Cakthage Landing. NeAV Cas'co, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co.. Me., in Falmouth township, near Casco Bay. It has a church. New Casco, a post-hamlet in Casco township, Allegan CO., Mich., on Lake Michigan, about 40 miles W.N.W. of Kalamazoo, New Cas'sel, a post-village of Fond du Lao co.. Wis., on the Milwaukee k Fond du Lac Air-Line Railroad, 16 miles S.S.E. of Fond du Lac. It has a flour-mill and 6 general stores. Pop. about 500. New Castile, kis-teel' (Sp. CaatiUa la Nucvn, kis- teel'yi 14 noo-i'vi), an old province of Spain, forming the S. portion of the ancient kingdom of Castile; its capital was Madrid. Greatest length, from E. to W'., 240 miles ; average breadth, about 155 miles. Area, 21,442 square miles. It is now divided into the provinces of Madrid, Toledo, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, and Guadalajara. This re- gion forms part of the central table-land of Spain, bounded N. by the mountains of the Sierra Guadarrama and S. by those of the Sierra Morena,and traversed by several minor chains, which separate broad plains or valleys. Its rivers comprise the upper courses of the Tagus, the Guadiann. the Guadalquivir, the Segura, and the Jucar. The mountains of the Sierra Morena afford the richest supply of minerals in the kingdom. Pop. 1,274,182. Newcas'tle, a seaport town of Ireland, oo. of Down, H miles S.S.W. of Downpatriok. Pop. 764. It is much fre- quented as a watering-place. NEW 1549' NEW NeAVcastle, a town of Ireland, co. and 25 miles S.W. of Limerick. It has a neat church, a Catholic chapel, bar- racks, workhouse, and market-house. Pop. 2112. New Castle, nu kas'sel, the most northern county of Delaware, borders on Pennsylvania. Area, about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Delaware River and Bay, and is drained by the Brandywine, Christiana, Red Clay, and Duck Creeks. The surface is hilly or undulating. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, peaches, oats, hay, and butter are the staple products. This is the most populous county of the state, and exceeds the other counties in the production of wheat, oats, and bay. It is intersected by the Philadelphia, AVilmington & Baltimore, AVilmington & Reading, and Delaware Railroads. It contains the city of Wilmington. Capital, New Castle. Valuation of real and personal estate, $56,84-1,574. Pop. in 1S70, 63,515, of whom 54,996 were Americans. New Castle, a post-village of Jefferson co., Ala., on the South & North Alabama Railroad, 10 miles N. of Bir- mingham. Coal is mined here, and here are the works of the New Castle Coal & Iron Company. Newcastle, a post-village of Placer co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 31 miles N.E. of Sacramento, 7 miles from the Alabaster Cave, and 5 miles S.W. of Auburn. It has a church. The principal business here is the culti- vation of fruit. Pop. 551. New Castle, a city, port of entry, and capital of New Castle CO., Del., on the Delaware River, and on the Dela- ware Railroad, 6 miles below Wilmington. It contains a court-house, 5 white churches, 2 colored churches, 2 banks, a public library, a high school, the Delaware Iron Works, and manufactures of cotton goods, farming-implements, and woollen goods. Pop. 1916 ; of New Castle Hundred, 3682. NeAV Castle, a township of Fulton co., Ind. Pop. 1262. New Castle, a post-village, capital of Henry co., Ind,, in Henry township, on the Blue River, on the Fort Wayne, Muncie & Cincinnati Railroad, and on the railroad which connects Logansport with Richmond, 15 miles S. of Muncie, and 27 miles W.N.W. of Richmond. It contains a court- house, a high school, a national bank, 2 other banks, 2 newspaper offices, 5 churches, and manufactures of furni- ture, sash, doors, &,c. Pop. 1556. New Castle, a post-village, capital of Henry co., Ky., is situated in the beautiful valley of Drennon's Creek, 4 miles N. of Eminence Station, and 29 miles N.W. of Frank- fort. It contains a court-house, the Henry Male and Female College, fi churches, and a national bank. Pop. 670, New Castle, a post-village in New Castle township, Lincoln co., Me., on the Damariscotta River, opposite to the village of Damariscotta, and on the Knox & Lincoln Railroad, about 15 miles from the sea, and 48 miles E.N.E. of Bath. It contains a church, a national bank, the Lin- coln Academy, and several manufactories. Steamboats can ascend the river to this place. Pop. of the township, 1729. New Castle, a post-village of Gentry co., Mo., in Athens township, on an affluent of Grand River,, about 50 miles N.E. of St. Joseph. It has 2 churches. New Castle, a post-village of Dixon co., Neb., about 3 miles W. of the Missouri River, and 24 miles W.N.W. of Sioux City, Iowa. It has 2 churches. New Castle, a post-township of Rockingham co., N.H., about 3 miles E. by S. of Portsmouth. It is a small island in Portsmouth harbor. Pop. 667. New Castle, a post-village of Westchester co., N.Y., in New Castle township, on the New York & Harlem Rail- road, about 38 miles N. by E. of New York. The township contains larger villages, named Chappaqua and. Mount Kisco, and a pop. of 2242. New Castle, a post-township of Wilkes co., N.C., about 70 miles N. of Charlotte. Pop. 1120. New Castle, a village of Belmont co., 0., in Wayne township, about 20 miles W.S.W. of Bellaire. It has 2 churches and a cigar-factory. Here is Pilcher Post-Office. New Castle, a post-village of Coshocton co., 0., in New Castle township, about ob miles E.N.E. of Columbus. It has a church and a pottery for stone-ware. The town- ship is drained by the Mohican River, and contains Mo- hawk Village. Pop. of the township, 1005. New Castle, Monroe co., 0. See Laing's. New Castle, a hamlet of Morgan co., 0., in Meigs- ville township, about 25 miles N.W. of Marietta. It has a church. Here is Neeleysville Post-Office. New Castle, a city, capital of Lawrence co.. Pa., on the Shenango River, at the mouth of Neshannock Creek, and on the Erie & Pittsburg, New Castle & Beaver Valley, New Castle & Franklin, and Pittsburg & Lake Erie Rail- roads, 50 miles N.N.W. of Pittsburg, 21 miles S.S.E. of Sharon, and 57 miles S.W. of Franklin. It contains 12 churches, the New Castle College, 2 national banks, a savings-bank, printing-offices which issue 3 or 4 weekly newspapers, 3 large rolling-mills, 2 nail-factories, a manu- factory of window-glass, several flouring-mills, iron-foun- dries, and furnaces. Pop. in 1860, 882 j in 1870, 6164; present pop. about 12,000. New Castle, a village in New Castle township, Schuyl- kill CO., Pa., at the junction of two branches of the Read- ing Railroad, 7 miles N. of Pottsville. It is at the base of Broad Mountain, and the name of its post-office is Broad Mountain. Coal is mined here. Pop, of township, 2229. NcAV Castle, a hamlet of Hardeman co., Tenn., about 54 miles E. by N, of Memphis, New Castle, a post-village, capital of Craig co., Va., on Craig's Creek, near Walker's Mountain, and about 65 miles W. of Lynchburg. It has 2 churches. Pop. 199. NeAV CastI e, a poet-hamlet of King co., Washington, on the Seattle lots and embowered in trees. There are also several hand- some public squares or parks, well laid out and well kept. Under a town organization the voters elect selectmen, not exceeding seven in number, a board of public school con- trol, grand jurors, assessors and collectors of taxes, con- stables, a town clerk, a public registrar of births and vital statistics, a treasurer, Ac, while under the city charter there are twelve wards, and the citizens elect a mayor, a board of aldermen (2 from each ward), and a city council (3 from each ward). The mayor, aldermen, and council select cer- tain administrative boards and subordinate oflficers. The schools of New Haven, both public and private, are of a high order of excellence. Conspicuous among these is the Hopkins Grammar-Sehool, founded in 1660. New Haven is also the seat of Yale College, chartered by the colonial general assembly of Connecticut in 1701, and which from the outset has stood in the foremost rank among the educa- tional institutions of this country. Besides the numerous buildings belonging to the college establishment (the finest of which are the Peabody Museum, Battell Chapel, and Yale School of Fine Arts), and the Hopkins school and 30 public school buildings (many of them handsome, substan- tial, and commodious edilices), New Haven has a United States building of Portland stone, which is at once the cus- tom-house, post-office, and court-house; a museum of in- dustrial art ; a county court-house and city hall ; a hospital, medical college, 2 orphan asylums, an almshouse, &e., and more than 50 churches. It has also 9 regular banks, a trust company, and 3 savings-banks, 2 insurance companies, &o. There are 5 daily, 1 semi-weekly, and 9 weekly papers, and 1 quarterly and 4 monthly mngazines, published here. New Haven has an ample supply of good water, and is well liglited with gas. As a business centre it holds no mean rank, having a large inland and coastwise commerce, be- sides a considerable foreign trade, carried on both direct and through New York. During 1879, the foreign imports amounted to S7S8,181, including sugar, molasses, salt, iron and steel, rags, &c., and the duties collected were $317,760 ; while the exports aggregated $2,362,385, comprising fire- arms, Ac, nails, starch, lumber, shooks, hoops, breadstuffs, hams and bacon, dairy-products, &c. Its manufacturing interests are extensive; there are about 800 establish- ments, employing a capital of more than $12,000,000, and producing a great variety of articles, as clocks, carriages, cor- sets, india-rubber and gutta-percha goods, fire-arms, cutlery, musical instruments, jewelry, needles, Ac, and a vast num- ber of iron and steel products. New Haven is the centre of an extensive railroad system reaching out in all directions, including the New York, New Haven & Hartford, New Haven, New London & Stonington, New Haven & North- ampton, New Haven & Derby, and New Haven, Middle- town & Willimantic Railroads. There are also two regular steamboat lines between here and New York. New Haven was first settled in 1638 by a company from London, led by Thoophilus Eaton and Rev. John Daven- port. It constituted an independent colony until 1662, when it was annexed to Connecticut. It was semi-capital of the colony and subsequently of the state until 1S74-5, when by an amendment to the state constitution Hartford was made the sole capital. New Haven was incorporated as a township about 1665, and chartered as a city in 1784. Pop, of the township in 1830, 10.678; in 1840, 14,390; in 1850, 22,529, of whom 20,341 resided within the city; in 1860 (the township and city having been made coextensive), 39,267; in 1870, 50,840, of whom 36,484 were Americans. New Haven, a post-village of Gallatin co., HI., on the Little Wabash River, 2 or 3 miles from its mouth, and about 15 miles N. of Shawneetown. It has 2 churches, 2 flouring- mills, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 356. New 'Haven, a post-village of Allen co., Ind., in Adams township, on the Wabash & Erie Canal, and on the Wabash Railroad, 6 miles E. of Fort Wayne, and about 1 mile S. of the Maumee River. It has a newspaper office, 4 churches, and 2 fiouring-mills. Pop. 912. New Haven, a post-hamlet of Mitchell co., Iowa, in Douglas township, 8^ miles E. of Osage. It has a church, a cheese-factory, and a grist-mill. New Haven, a post-village of Nelson co., Ky., on the South Fork of Salt River, and on the Louisville & Nash- ville Railroad (Knoxville Branch), 45 miles S. of Louis- ville. It has 3 churches, a banking-house, and a distillery. New Haven, township, Gratiot co., Mich. Pop. 785. New Haven, a post-village in Lenox township, Macomb CO., Mich., on the Grand Trunk Railroad, 35 miles N.N.E. of Detroit. It has a union school, 3 churches, and manu- factures of carriages, flour, and lumber. It is sometimes called New Baltimore Station. Pop. 413. New Haven, a township of Shiawassee co., Mich. Pop. 114S. New Haven, township, Olmsted co., Minn. P. 1001. New Haven, a post-village in New Haven township, Franklin co., Mo., on the Missouri River, and on the Mis- souri Pacific Railroad, 67 miles AV. of St. Louis. It has a church, a hotel, a flour-mill, and a steamboat-landing. The name of the station is Miller's Landing. New Haven, a post-village in New Haven township, Oswego CO., N.Y., on the Rome, Watortown & Ogdensburg Railroad, 11 miles E. of Oswego, and 2 or 3 miles S. of Lake Ontario. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and about 50 houses. Pop. of the township, 172S. New Haven, a post- village in Crosby township, Ham- ilton CO., 0., miles N.E. of Harrison, and about 20 miles N.W. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches and 2 wagon-shops. Pop. 161. The name of its post-office is Preston. New Haven, a post-village in New Haven township, Huron co., 0., on the Huron River, and on the Sandusky, Mansfield ^t Newark Railrond, 32 miles S. of Sandusky, and 22 miles N.N.AV. of Mansfield. Pop. about 500; of the township, 1221. New Haven, a borough of Fayette co., Pa., on the W. bank of the Youghiogheny River, and on the South- west Pennsylvania and Pittsburg, Washington & Baltimore Railroads, about 1 mile W. of Connellsville, and 56 miles S.S.E. of Pittsburg. It has a church, a fiouring-mill, and a manufactory of locomotives. Pop. 333. New Haven, a post-village in New Haven township, Addison co., Vt., on the Central Vermont Railroad, 27 miles S. of Buriington, and about 5 miles S.E. of Vergennes. It has a church and an academy. A marble-quarry has been opened near this place. Pop. of the township, 1355. NeAV Haven, a post-village of Mason co., AV. Va., on the Ohio River, 4 miles from Pomeroy, 0. It has 3 churches, a graded school, coal-mines, salt-works, and a steam flouring-mill. Pop. 4S9. New Haven, a post-township of Adams co.. Wis., about 16 miles N.W. of Portage City. It contains a hamlet named Big Spring. Pop. 847, New liaven, a township of Dunn co., Wis. Pop. 321, New Haven Centre, a post-office of Gratiot co., Mich., about 40 miles N.N.W. of Lansing. New Haven Mills, a post-hamlet of Addison oo., Vt., on the New Haven River, about S miles N.E. of Middle- bury. It has a church and a saw-mill. New Hav'erstraAV, a station on the New Jersey & New York Railroad, 1 mile N. of Haverstraw Station, ^,Y. NEW 1557 NEW New Heb'rides, an island group in the Pacific Ocean, between lat. 14° and 20° S. and Ion. 16S° and 170° E., and having New Caledonia on the S. and the Feejee Islands on the E. The principal islands are Ambrim, Annatom, Au- rora, Erromango, Mallicollo, and Tunna. The natives are of the Papuan race. New He'broiif a post-village of Crawford co.. III., 4 miles S. of Robinson, and about 26 miles N.E. of Olney. It hits 2 churches. New Hel'ena, a post-office of Custer co., Neb. NcAV Helvetia. See Noeva Helvetia. New Hemp'stead, a station of the New Jersey & New York Railroad, in Kamapo township, Rockland co., N.Y,. 34 miles by rail from New York. NeAV Hilly a post- village and station of Wake co., N.C., on the Raleigh & Augusta Air-Line Railroad, 20 miles S.W. of Raleigh. It has a church and 2 stores. New Holland, a former name of Australia. JVew Hol'land, a post-hamlet of Logan co.. 111., on the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western Railroad, 12 miles W. of Lincoln. It hiis a church and a steam elevator. ■ New Holland, a post-hamlet of Wabash co., Ind., on the Salamonie River, 10 miles S.E. of Wabash. It has a tannery and a saw-mill. New Holland, a post-hamlet of Ottawa co., Mich., on the Chicago & West Michigan Railroad, 5 miles N. of Hol- land. New Holland, a post-village in Perry township, Pick- away CO., 0., on the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley Rail- road, 87 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati, and 17 miles W. by S. of Circleville. It has a bank, 3 churches, and a graded school. Pop. about 800. New Holland, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pa., on the East Brandywine & Waynesburg Railroad, 10 miles W. of Waynesburg, 20 miles S.S.W. of Reading, and 50 miles W. by N. of Philadelphia. It has 4 churches, a newspaper ofiice, and manufactures of coaches and cigars. Pop. 778. New HoI'liday, a station of Monroe co., Mo., on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, 7 miles W. of Paris. New Holstein, hol'stine, a post-village in New Hol- stein township, Calumet co., Wis., on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 72 miles N. of Milwaukee. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, a masonic lodge, &c. Pop. of the township, 1965. New Home, a post-hamlet of Bates co., Mo,, in New Home township, 14 miles E.S.E. of Pleasanton, Kansas. Good coal abounds here. New Home, a post-hamlet of Pawnee co.. Neb., 10 miles S, of Tecumseh. It has a chui'ch. New Hope, a post-village of Madison co., Ala., about 20 miles S.E. of Huntsville. It has 2 churches and an academy. Pop. about 250. New Hope, a post-office of Pike co.. Ark. NeAV Hope, a post-hamlet of San Joaquin co., Cal., on the Mokelumne River, 7^ miles S.E, of Gait. It has a church and a store. New Hope, a post-office of Minnehaha co., Dakota. NeAV Hope, a post-hamlet of Paulding co., Ga., 5 miles N. of Dallas. A battle was fought here in May, 1864, be- tween Generals Sherman and Johnston. New Hope, a township of Union co., Iowa. Pop. 299. New Hope, a post-hamlet of Nelson co., Ky., on the Knoxville Branch Railroad, 50 miles S. of Louisville, New Hope, a hamlet of Caroline co., Md., 4 miles from Federalsburg. New Hope, a post-hamlet of Yalabusha co.. Miss., 9 miles E.S.E, of Coffeeville. It has a church and a mill. New Hope, a post-village of Lincoln co., Mo., about 52 miles N.W. of St. Louis, and 6 miles from the Missis- sippi River. It has 3 churches and an academy. Pop. 186. New Hope, a post-village in Niles township, Cayuga CO., N.Y., about 18 miles S.E. of Auburn. It has a church and a grist-mill. New Hope, township, Chatham co., N.C. Pop, 1760. New Hope, a post-office of Iredell co., N.C, 15 miles N.N.W. of Statesville. Pop. of New Hope township, S71. New Hope, township, Perquimans co., N.C. P. 1933. New Hope, township, Randolph co., N.C. Pop, 1095. New Hope, a township of Wayne co., N.C. Pop. 1520. New Hope, a post-hamlet of Brown co., 0., in Scott township, 38 miles E. by S. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches and a woollen-mill. Pop. 145. See also Up.'jhur. New Hope, a post-borough in Solebury township, Bucks CO., Pa., on the Delaware, 15 miles above Trenton, and 32 miles N.N.E. of Philadelphia. It has 2 churches, a cotton-factory, 2 tiouring-mills, a coach-factory, an iron- foundry, and a manufactory of farming-implements. Pop. 1225. A bridge connects it with Lambertville, N. J. New Hope (Borard Post-Office), a hamlet of Butler CO., Pa., on Slippery Rock Creek, and on the Shenango & Alleghany Railroad, 20 miles S.S.E. of Mercer. It has a flouring-mill. New Hope, township, Orangeburg co., S.C. Pop. 951. NeAV Hope, a post-office of Hawkins co., Tenn. New Hope, a station of the Potomac, Fredericksburg «fc Piedmont Railroad, 18 miles E. of Orange Station, Va. New Hope, a post-village of Augusta co., Va., about 13 miles E. of Staunton. It has a church. New Hope, a post-hamlet of Mercer co., W. Va., 35 miles S.W. of Ilinton. It has a church. New Hope, a post-hamlet of Portage co., Wis., in Now Hope township, 5 miles N. of Amherst Station, and about 54 miles N.W. of Oshkosh. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 1U37. New Hope, Ontario. See Hespeler. New Hope Academy, post-office, Randolph co., N.C. New Hope Church, a post-office of Orange co., Va. New Hope Station, a post-office of Preble co., 0., on the Cincinnati, Richmond & Chicago Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Eaton. New Hor'ton, a seaport of New Brifnswick, co. of Albert, on Cumberland Basin, 84 miles N.E. of St. John. Lat. 45° 40' N. Pop. 150. New House, a post-office of Cleveland co., N.C. New Hud'son, a post-hamlet of Oakland co., Mich., 32 miles W.N.W. of Detroit. It has 2 churches. P. 150. New Hudson, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co., N.Y., in New Hudson township, on the Genesee Valley Canal, 12 miles AV.N.W. of Belmont. Pop. of township, 1148. fiew Hudson Corners, N.Y. See Black Creek. New Hur'ley, a post-village of Ulster co., N.Y., near the WallkiU Valley Railroad, 11 miles N.W. of Newburg. New Hurley Station is 24 miles S.S.W. of Kingston. New Hyde Park, a post-village of Queens co., N.Y., on the Long Island Railroad, 17 miles E. of New York, It has a manufactory of silk ribbons. New Ibe'ria, a post-village, capital of Iberia parish. La., is on the navigable Bayou Teehe, about 100 miles in a direct line W. of New Orleans, and 12 miles from Vermilion Bay. It has a Catholic college, a convent, 2 newspaper offices, 6 churches, 3 saw-mills, a foundry, and manufac- tures of sash and blinds. Cotton and sugar are shipped here. Pop. 1472. New Idria, id're-a, a post-village of Fresno co., Cal., about 120 miles (direct) S.E. of San Francisco. It has a rich mine of cinnabar (quicksilver), also a church, New'ington, a southern suburb of London, England, in Surrey, and in the borough of Lambeth. Pop. of parish, 88,722. Newington, a large southern suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland. NeAv'ington,or NeAvington Centre, a post-village in Newington township, Hartford co., Conn., 6 miles S. by W. of Hartford. The township contains 2 churches, a paper-mill, and 2 large brick-yards, also another village, named Newington Junction. Newington, a post-township of Rockingham co., N.H,, is bounded on the N.E. by the Piseataqua, and on the W. by Great Bay, Pop. 414. Newington Station on the Ports- mouth & Dover Railroad is 4 miles N.W. of Portsmouth. Newington Junction, a post-village in Newington township, Hartford co., Conn., on the Hartford, Providence & Fishkill and New York, New Haven & Hartford Rail- roads, 5 miles S.W. of Hartford. New In'terest, a post-office of Randolph co., AV. Va. New Ips'wich, a post-village in New Ipswich town- ship, Hillsborough co., N.H., 3 miles from Greenville Sta- tion, and about 20 miles W. of Nashua. It has 3 churches, an academy, a money-order post-office, a savings-bank, and manufactures of machinery, chairs, cigars, &c. Pop. of the township, 1380. New Ire'land, an island in the South Pacific, forming the N.E. side of St. George's Channel, between lat. 2° 35' and 5° 2' S., Ion. 150° 30' and 152° 50' E. It is about 200 miles long, by about 20 miles in average breadth. New Ireland, a post-office of Newton co., Miss, New Jas'per, a post-hamlet of Greene co., 0., in New- Jasper township, 1 mile from the Dayton & Southeastern Railroad, and about 22 miles E.S.E. of Dayton. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 1084, New Jefferson, Greene co., Iowa. See Jefferson. New Jefferson, or Germano, a post-village of Harrison co., 0., in German township, 4 miles N, of Cadiz Junction. It has 4 churches, a graded school, and a wagon- shop. Pop, about 300. Here is Germano Post-Ofi5ce. NEW 1558 NEW NeAV Jersey, jer'zee, one of the Atlantic states of the American Union, bounded N. and N.E. by New Yorli, E. by New Yorlc and the Atlantic, S. by the Atlantic and Dela- ware Bay, and W. by Delaware and Pennsylvania. From . New York it is divided, in part, by the Hudson River, New Y'ork Bay, the Kill van Kull, Statcn Island Sound, and Earitan Bay; and the Delaware River and Bay wash its entire western border. It extends 167 miles northwardly from lat. 33° 66' to 41° 21' N., and its extreme E. and W. points are respectively in W. Ion. 73° 54' and 75° 33'. Area, 8320 square miles. Face of the Gountry.—ln the N.W. the Blue and Shaw- angunk or Highland ranges of mountains, with the inter- mediate and highly-fertile Kittatinny Valley, traverse the state, the last-mentioned range consisting of several minor parallel ridges. These mountains never exceed ISOO feet in .altitude. Southeastward lies a wide plateau, broken by low ridges (called mountains) continuous with the Palisade traps of the Hudson River. The remaining three-fifths of the state, lying southeastward from a line running from Trenton to Raritan Bay, is a very level tract, the High- lands or Neversink Hills being the principal elevations. Much of the southern part of New Jersey is very sandy, and is partly covered by pine forests. Geologij, Minerals, Ac— In the N.W. the Silurian and Devonian formations prevail, and among their economic re- sources are abundant and excellent roofing-slates and building- and flag-stones, including magnesian limestone, used by both the lime-burner and the stone-cutter. Rich hematites are also abundant here. The Shawangunk Moun- tains are generally of stratified azoic rocks, and afford zinc ores, Franklinite, gneiss, and abundant magnetic iron ores. Southeastward of the Highlands comes a triassic plateau, much broken by trap dikes, and affording copper ores, red sandstone for building-uses, Ac. Passing sout'heastward, we next encounter a belt of the cretaceous, which, like the preceding formations, extends from N.E. to S.W. across the state. It affords the valuable greensand marl, much em- ployed as a fertilizer, and its beds of moulding-sand, fire- clay, and fictile clays are highly important. A line drawn from Salem to Long Branch would somewhat roughly define the S.E. border of the cretaceous. The remainder of the state is regarded as mainly of the tertiary and quaternary times, and its useful minerals are peat, loog iron ore, and glass- sand. The Araboy cretaceous clay is highly prized for making gas-retorts and fire-brick, and the New Jersey Franklinite is employed in making Bessemer steel and zinc. Riven, Coast-Line, Navigation, &c. — Besides the Hudson and Delaware, the principal streams are the Wallkill, Hack- ensack, Passaic, Raritan, Navasink, Shark, Manasquan, Me- tedeconk, Toms, Little Egg Harbor, Great Egg Harbor, Maurice, Cohansey, Rancocas, Millstone, Musconeteong, and Paulinskill Rivers. Of these a number in the lower part of the state are navigable tidal streams, which, with the " thoroughfares," or navigable channels in the salt- marshes, afford considerable extent of inland navigation. This is increased by the canals of the state, of which the chief are the Morris Canal, 101 miles long, from Jersey City to Phillipsburg, and the Delaware & Raritan, extend- ing 43 miles, exclusive of feeders, from Trenton to New Brunswick. The latter canal is a channel of steamboat communication between New Y'ork and Philadelphia. Along the eastern coast there is a series of bays and sounds fenced from the open sea by long spits of sanil, broken by inlets, through which vessels of light tonnage can pass. Among these are the Shark River, Wreck Pond, Manasquan, Bar- negat, Egg Harbor, New, Corson's, Townsend's, Hereford, Turtle Gut, and Cold Spring Inlets. There is a small for- eign and a large coasting trade. Newark, Perth Araboy, Great Egg Harbor, Tuckerton, Bridgeton, and Lumberton are ports of entry ; and Jersey City, Elizabeth, New Bruns- wick, Trenton, Burlington, Camden, and other towns have a large share of the general commerce. Jersey City, in particular, handles great amounts of freight, which is re- turned as belonging to the commerce of New York. Con- siderable ship-building is carried on. The fisheries of the state include deep-sea-fishing, the oyster-trade, the taking of shad, bass, sturgeon, Ac, in the rivers, and the capture of menhaden and other fish for oil and fish guano. The state has of late done much for the furthering of the fresh- water fisheries, and the Delaware has been very successfully stocked with black bass. Small menhaden are packed in oil in this state, and sold for sardines. The anchovy abounds in the waters of New Jersey, and might be largely taken. The bluofisb, sheepshead, and Spanish mackerel are highly-prized food-fishes, here extensively caught. Places of Interest to Tourists. — Among those are the Delaware Water Gap, Passaic Falls, at Paterson, Lakes Hopatcong and Greenwood, the sea-bathing resorts at Cape May, Atlantic City, Long Branch, Deal, Manasquan, Bar- negat, and Tuckerton, and the mineral spring at Schooley's Mountain. The Agriculture of New Jersey constitutes a very im- portant interest. The fertility and easy tilth of its soil, and the proximity of the. markets of New York and Phila- delphia, have greatly stimulated agriculture. The Kitta- tinny Valley, and the triassic and cretaceous belts of the state, are among the finest agricultural lands in the world.; and the light sandy tertiary soils, when dressed judiciously with the greensand marl, or with sea-manures, have in many instances been cultivated with fine results. The pine region in the S. has been found well adapted to the raising of grapes and small fruits for market. Market- gardening, truck-farming, and commercial floriculture are extensively carried on near New York and Philadelphia. More than $3,000,000 worth of cranberries are sometimes produced in a year, chiefly in the marsh region near the coast. Apples, eider, pears, peaches, bljickberries, raspber- ries, and strawberries are important products. Sweet and other potatoes, the cereal grains, and ha.y, valued in the aggregate at about $25,000,000, are annually produced ; and the live-stock is reported to be worth about S30,000,000. The sales of milk, butter, wool, hops, tobacco, grass-, clover-, garden-, and flower-seeds, and nursery trees and plants, are of large aggregate value. Mnnufaetttres. — New Jersey, favored by her easy commu- nication with the Pennsylvania coal region and the great markets of the North, and by the amplitude of her water- power, has become one of the leading states in the Union in her manufactures. Boots, shoes, bread, bricks, cars, car- riages, carpets, chemicals, clothing, cotton goods, fire-brick, flour, glass, hardware, hats, india-rubber goods, iron, jewelry, leather, leathern goods, lumber, machinery, morocco, paints, printed goods, pottery, silks, steel, saddlery, soap, tiles, tinware, trunks, and woollen goods are among the leading articles of manufacture. In 1870 this state ranked as seventh in the value of her manufactured goods,, which exceeded $169,000,000. Jlailroads.S\nco 1830, when 14 miles of the Camden & Amboy road were in operation, there has been a great ex- tension of the railroad interest, although that corporation had a depressing and injurious monopoly until 1873, when a free r.ailroad law was p.assed. In 1850 there were 318 miles of railroad; in 1856, 466 miles; in 1860, 660 miles; in 1865,864 miles; in 1870, 1125 miles; in 1878, 1663 miles, built at a cost for road and equipment per average road-mile of $92,804. Finances.— In 1875 the state debt amounted to S2,469,300, all of which was contracted for war purposes, and is covered by bonds, not taxable, and bearing 6 per cent, interest. There is a sinking fund, and provisions are made for large annual payments upon the state debt. In 1874 there was an assessed value of real and personal property of $619,057,903, and in that year $3,365,083.43 were received by the state treasury. Among the public institutions are the lunatic asylums at Trenton and Morristown, the state prison at Trenton, the reform schools at Jamesburg and Trenton, and the soldiers' home at Newark. Education is provided for by general and local taxes, by the income of a permanent school fund, and by the sales and rentals of certain riparian lands belonging to the state. There is a state board of education, as well as state, county, and city superintendents. At Trenton there is a state nor- mal and model school, and a preparatory training-school at Beverly, besides several city normal or teachers' schools. Graded schools are sustained in the more populous districts. Princeton is the seat of the College of New Jersey (Pres- byterian), and of affiliated theological and scientific schools ; at New Brunswick is Rutgers College (Reformed), with a scientific and a theological seminary, also the state agri- cultural college,; Scton Hall, at South Orange, is a Roman Catholic college; and Burlington College is an Episcopalian institution. There is a Methodist theological seminary at Madison, and a German Presbyterian divinity school at Bloomficld. Hoboken is the seat of the Stevens Institute of Technology, and the state has numerous parish and pri- vate schools, many of them of high oharaeter. 'The counties number 21, as follows: Atlantic, Bergen, Burlington, Camden, Cape May, Cumberland, Essex, Glou- cester, Hudson, Hunterdon, Mercer, Middlesex. Monmouth, Morris, Ocean, Passaic, Salem, Somerset, Sussex, Union, and AVarren. The principal cities and towns are Trenton, the capital (pop. in 1870, 22,874), Newark, the most populous town N'EW 1 (105,059), Jersey City (82,546), Paterson (33,579), Elizabeth (20,832), Hobokeu (20,297), Camden (20,045), New Bruns- wick (15,058), Orange (9348), Bridgeton (6830), Riihway (6258), Millville (6101), Burlington (5817), Plainfield (5095), Union (4640), Salem (4555), AVest Hoboken (4132), Harrison (4129), Gloucester (3632), North Bergen (3032), besides other thriving and populous villages and towns, such as Belvidere, Beverly, Bloomfield, Boonton, Borden- town, Bricksburg, Dover, Englewood, Flemington, Hack- ensack, Hackettstown, Larabertville, Madison, Morristown, Mt. Holly, Newton, Passaic, Perth Amboy, Phillipsburg, Princeton, Red Bank, Somerville, Vineland, Washington, and Woodbury. Long Branch, Cape Jlay, and Atlantic City are populous places during the bathing season, and in the vicinity of the larger cities thriving suburban vil- lages are very numerous. Constitution^ ^c. — The present state constitution came into force in 1844. Citizens who vote must have resided one year in the state, and live months in the county where their vote is cast. The governor is chosen every three years. The legislature meets yearly, and consists of a senate of 21 and an assembly of 60 members. Judges are appointed by the legislature, and serve for fixed terms. New Jersey has nine representatives in the lower house of Congress. JUstory.—The Dutch settled at Bergen before 1620, and the colony became a part of the New Amsterdam provinces ; and in 1627 some Swedes settled on the Delaware, regard- ing the country as a part of their province of New Sweden. In 1661 the country passed to the English with New York, and tlie Duke of York finally made over the whole to Sir George Carteret, from whose native island of Jersey the provinces were named. For a time (1682-1702), William Penn and a few of his associates and their successors were proprietors of New Jersey, before which time there had, after 1674, been two recognized governments, called East and West Jersey respectively, the latter being distinctively a colony of Friends. From 1702 to 1708 New York and New Jersey were under the same royal governor. During the Revolution, New Jersey bore a most patriotic part, and the battles of Fort Lee, Trenton, Princeton, Millstone, Red Bank, and Monmouth were here fought. Daring the war of 1861-65 the troops of New Jersey served with honor, and some of her regiments were among the most effective in the national service. The Population in 170S was estimated at 40,000 ; in 1790 it was 184,139; in ISOO, 211,149; in 1810, 245,562; in 1S20, 277,426; in 1830, 320,823; in 1840, 373,306; in 1850, 489,555; in 1860, 672,035; in 1S70, 906,096. New Jeru'salem, a post-hamlet of Logan co., 0., 6 miles E. of Bellefontaine. It has 6 houses. New Jerusalem, a post-hamlet of Berks co., Pa., 3 miles from Bower's Station, and about 15 miles N.E. of Reading. It has a church. New Kent, a county in the E. part of Virginia, has an area of about 270 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. bj' the Pamunkey and York Rivers, and on the S.W. by the Chickahominy River. The surface is undulating or hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil produces a little Indian corn, wheat, itc. It is intersected by the Richmond, York River & Chesapeake Railroad. Capital, New Kent Court-House. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,091,774. Pop. in 1870, 43S1, of whom 4344 were Americans. New Kent Court-House, a post-village, capital of New Kent co., Va., 6 miles S.E. of White House Station, and 30 miles E. of Richmond, It has a church. New Kings'ton,a post- hamlet of Delaware co., N.Y., about 50 miles W, of Hudson. It has a church. New Kingston, Cumberland co., Pa. See Kingston. New'kirk, a post-office of Dade co.. Mo. Newkirh, a station in Salem co., N.J., on the West Jersey Railroad (Salem Branch), 13 miles E. of Salem. Newkirk, a station on the Schuylkill Valley Railroad, 2 miles S.W. of Tamaqua, Pa. Here coal is mined. Newkirk Mills, a post-hamlet of Fulton co., N.Y., about 9 miles N.W. of Gloversville. New Knob (nob) Creek, post-office, Sevier co., Tenn. New Knoxville, nox'vil, a post-village of Auglaize CO., in Washington township, 0., about 25 miles N, of.Piqua. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of furniture, hubs, &c. New Ladoga, Russia. See Ladoga. New Lan'ark, a village of Scotland, on the Clyde, 1 mile S. of Lanark. Pop. 973, employed in extensive cotton-works, founded by the phihinthropic David Dale in 1784. Robert Owen's first attempts to found a new system of social organization were made here. 59 NEW NewLanc'aster, a post-hamlet in Madison township, Tipton CO., Ind., 3 miles from Elwood Station, and about 38 miles N.N.E. of Indianapolis. It has a grist-mill. . New Lancaster, a post-village in Miami township, Miami co., Kansas, about 12 miles S.E. of Paola, New Lancaster, Ontario. See Rivikre Raistn. New'land, a township of Pasquotank co., N.C. P. 1481. NcAVland, a post-hamlet of Richmond co., Va,, 30 miles E. of Milford Station. Newland, Ontario. See Mount Albkrt. New Lar'ig, a post-village in Pictou co., Nova Scotia, 22 miles from Glengarry. Pop. 140. New Leb'anon, a post-hamlet of De Kalb co., 111., about 20 miles W. by N. of Elgin. It has 2 churches. New Lebanon, a post-village in Gill township, Sulli- van CO., Ind., 7 miles S.W. of Sullivan, and about 26 miles N. of Vincennes. It has a church. Coal is found here. Pop. about 200. New Lebanon, a post-village in New Lebanon town- ship, Columbia co., N.Y., on the Harlem Extension Rail- road, about 24 miles S.E. of Albany. It has several churches, and manufactures of thermometers, barometers, and medicinal extracts. The townsliip contains a summer resort, named Lebanon Springs, and a large community of Shakers at Mount Lebanon, who make brooms and baskets and sell garden-seeds. Pop. of the township, 2459. New Lebanon, a post-village of Montgomery co., 0,, 10 miles W. of Dayton. It has a church and carriage-shop. New Lebanon, a post-village of Mercer co.. Pa., 4 miles N. of Sandy Lake, and 18 miles S. of Meadville. It has an academy, 3 churches, and a woollen-mill. Pop. 273. New Lebanon, a post-office of Klikitat co.. Wash. New Lebanon Centre, a post-hamlet in New Leb- anon township, Columbia co., N.Y., 1 mile from the Harlem Extension Railroad, and about 22 miles S.E. of Albany. It has a flour-mill. New Lebanon Springs, See Lebanon Springs. New Leeds, Cecil co., Md. See Chekry Hill. New Leinster, an island. See New Zealand. New Len'ox, a post-village in New Lenox township, Will CO., 111., on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Rail- road, 5 miles E. of Joliet. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Pop. of the township, 1121. New Lenox, a post-hamlet in Lenox township, Berk- shire CO., Mass., on the Housatonic River and the Housa- tonic Railroad, 4 or 5 miles S. of Pittsfield. It has 3 saw- mills, a woollen-mill, and manufactures of lime and bricks. New Le'on {Sp. Nuevo Zeo», nwi'vo lion'), a state of Mexico, between lat. 24° and 27° 30' N. and Ion. 99° and 100° 40' W., enclosed by Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas, and Cohahuila. Area, 23,626 square miles. The surface is generally mountainous; principal river, the Tigre. The soil is fertile. The mineral products comprise lead, gold, silver, and salt. The chief towns are Monterey (the capital), Florida, Saltillo, and Linares. Pop. 178,872. New Lepel, a town of Russia. See Lepel. New Lex'lngtou, a post-hamlet of Tuscaloosa co., Ala., about 30 miles N. of Tuscaloosa. It has a church. New Lexington, a village in Fairfield township, Highland co., 0., on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 62 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. It has a church, a graded school, 2 wagon-shops, and a drug-store. Pop. 242. Here is Highland Post-Office. New Lexington, a post-village, capital of Perry co., 0., in Pike township, on the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley Railroad, at the junction of the Ohio Central Rail- road, 26 miles S.S.W. of Zanesville, and 58 miles E.S.E. of Columbus. It is surrounded by hills which contain abun- dance of coal. It has a national bank, a union school, a foundry, 2 newspaper officeSj 6 churches, a pottery, and a planing-mill. Pop, 953. New Lexington, a hamlet of Preble co., 0., in Twin township, on Twin Creek, 6^ miles E. of Eaton. It has a church and a wagon-shop. New Lexington, a post-hamlet of Somerset co., Pa., 50 miles (direct) S.E. of Pittsburg. It has a flour-mill and a woollen -factory. New Lexington, a hamlet of Hancock co., W. Va., on the Ohio River, 1 mile from Port Homer Station, 0. New Lib'erty, a pnst-ofGce of Weld co.. Col. New Liberty, a village in Willow Hill township, Jas- per CO., 111., 8 miles E. of Newton. It has 2 churches. The name of its post-office is Willow Hill. Coal is found here. New Liberty, a post-village of Pope co., 111., on the Ohio River, 10 miles above Paducah, Ky. It has a church. New Liberty, a post-office of Scott co., Iowa, about 22 miles N.W. of Davenport. NEW 1560 NEW New Ijiberty, a post-office of Republic co., Kansas. New liiberty, a post-village of Owen co.. Ky., about 45 miles S.W. of Cincinnati, and 50 miles N.E. of Louis- ville. It contains 2 churches and a woollen-mill. Here is the Concord College (Baptist), chartered in 1866. P. 304. New Light, a post-office of Wake co., N.C., about 20 miles N. of Raleigh. Pop. of New Light township, 798. New Lim'erick, a post-township of Aroostook co., Me., 10 miles W. of Houlton. It has a starch-factory and 2 saw- mills. Pop. 308. New'lin, a township of Chester co.. Pa. Pop. 775. Newlin, a station in Chester co.. Pa., on the Pennsyl- vania &, Delaware Railroad, 2 miles S.E. of Pomeroy. Newlius, a township of Alamance co., N.C. Pop. 862. New Lisbon, liz'b^n, a post-village in Dudley town- ship, Henry co., Ind., on the Fort Wayne, Munoie & Cin- cinnati Railroad, 22 miles W. by N. of Richmond. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 300. New Lisbon, a post-office of Renville co., Minn., 30 miles S. of Willmar. New Lisbon, township, Stoddard co., Mo. Pop. 1182. New Lisbon, a post-village of Burlington co., N.J., on Rancocas Creek, and on the Pemberton & New York Rail- road, at the terminus of the Columbus & Kinkora Railroad, 12 miles E. of Mount Holly. It has a church, a flouring- mill, and a lumber-mill. New Lisbon, a post-township of Otsego co., N.Y. Pop. 1546. It contains Noblesville and Garr.attsville. New Lisbon, a post-village, capital of Columbiana co., 0., in Centre township, on the Little Beaver River, about 35 miles E. of Canton, and 50 miles W.N.W. of Pittsburg, Pa. It is the southern terminus of the Niles & New Lis- bon Branch of the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad. It contains a union school, 6 churches, a woollen-factory, and printing-offices which issue 3 weekly newspapers. It has a woollen-mill, a planing-mill, and manufactures of fire- bricks, lightning-rods, and sash and doors. Pop. 1569. New Lisbon, a post-village in Lisbon township, Ju- neau CO., Wis., on the Lemonweir River, and on the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, at its junction with the New Lisbon & Neoeda Railroad, 44 miles W.N.W. of Portage City, and 60 miles E. of La Crosse. It is sur- rounded by picturesque scenery. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, a high school, and several flouring-mills and saw-mills. Pop. 1133. New Lisbon Centre, a hamlet of Otsego co., N.Y., 9 miles E. of New Berlin. It has a church. New Liv'erpool, or Saint Romuald d'Etche- min, s5,N° ni^mu^ild' dct^she-m3,N°', a post-village in Levis CO., Quebec, on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, 5 miles S.W. of Levis. It has a church, an axe-factory, 2 saw- mills, a tannery, and a large lumber-trade. Pop. 700. New London, ISn'dpn, the most southeastern county of Connecticut, borders on Rhode Island. Area, about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by Long Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the S.W. by the Connecticut River, and is drained by the Thames, Quinebaug, Shetucket, and Yantic Rivers. It has several good harbors, and great facilities for trade and navigation. The surface is hilly, and extensively covered with forests. The soil is fertile and adapted to pasturage. Hay, butter, Indian corn, oats, and potatoes are the staple products. This county has quarries of granite, and important manufactures of cotton goods, paper, and many other articles. It is intersected by rail- roads named the New London Northern, the Norwich & Worcester, the Stonington & Providence, the New Haven, New London & Stonington, and the Boston, Hartford &, Erie. Capitals, New London and Norwich. Valuation of real and personal estate, $87,262,960. Pop. in 1870, «6,570, of whom 53,668 were Americans. New London, a post-hamlet of Union co.. Ark., about 6 miles W. of the Ouachita River. It has 2 churches. New London, a city, port of entry, and semi-capital of New London co., Conn., is situated on the right or W. bank of the Thames River, 3 miles from its entrance into the ocean, 50 miles E. of New Haven, and 62 miles S.W. of Providence. Lat. 41° 22' N. ; Ion. 72° 9' W. The site of this city is a declivity, partly occupied by granite rocks, which prevented it from being built on a regular plan. The elevation on the northwestern border of the city commands an extensive and varied prospect. New London is the E. terminus of the Shore Line division of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, which connects here with the Stonington & Providence Railroad and the New London Northern Railroad. Steamboats ply daily between this port and New York, which is 126 miles distant. A steam- ferry connects it with Groton (1 mile distant) on the E. bank of the river. New London contains a court-house, a brown-stone city hall, a granite custom-house, 9 or 10 churches, 5 nation.al banks, 1 or 2 savings-banks, a high school for boys, a young ladies' high school, and a print- ing-office which issues a daily and a weekly newspaper. At the mouth of the river is a first-class hotel, capable of accommodating 500 guests. The harbor of New London is one of the best in the United States. It is 3 miles long, 30 feet deep, and is seldom obstructed by ice. Above the city, on the E. side of the river, is the New London (U.S.) Navy Yard. New London is environed by hills, and defended by Fort Trumbull, a strong grcnite structure located on the W. bank of the 'Thames below the city, and by Fort Griswold. The citizens of this place own numerous vessels which are employed in the fisheries and the coast- trade. It contains the New London steam woollen-mills, and has manufactures of sewing-silk, mowing-machines, cotton-gins, hardware, and machinery. It is a seat of the seal- and whale-fisheries. Pop. 9576. New London, a post-village of Howard co., Ind., 2 miles from Russiaville, and about 35 miles E. of Lafayette, It has 2 churches and a graded school. Pop. 240. New London, a post-village in New London township, Henry co., Iowa, on the Burlington & Missouri River Rail- road, 19 miles W.N.W. of Burlington, and 9 miles E.S.E. of Mount Pleasant. It has 1 or 2 flouring-mills, a brick school-house, an academy, 5 churches, and a planing-mill. Pop. 553 ; of the township, additional, 1254. New London, a post-office of Reno co., Kansas. New London, a post-village of Frederick co., Md., 10 miles E. of Frederick. Pop. about 150. New London, a post-village in New London township, Kandiyohi co., Minn., 12 miles N. of Kandiyohi Station, and about 44 miles W.S.W. of St. Cloud. It is near Green Lake and other fine lakes. It contains 4 churches, a bank, a flouring-mill, 3 stores, Ac. Pop. of the township, 365. New London, a village of St. Louis co., Minn., on Lake Superior, 3i miles from Duluth. New London, a post-village, capital of Ralls co.. Mo., on or near Salt River, and on the St. Louis, Hannibal & Keokuk Railroad, 9 miles S. of Hannibal. It has a lime- stone court-house, a jail, a graded school, a newspaper office, and 4 churches. Pop. 410. New London, a post-village in New London township, Merrimack co., N.H., about 30 miles W.N.W. of Concord. It contains a church and the New London Literary and Scien- tific Institute. The township is bounded on the W. by Sunapee Lake. Pop. of the township, 959. New London, a post-village in Verona township, Oneida CO., N.Y., on the Erie Canal, 7 miles W. of Rome, and about 4 miles N. of Verona Station. It has 2 cheese- factories, 2 churches, and a union school. Pop. 453. New London, a village of Butler eo., 0., in Morgan township, 10 miles S.W. of Hamilton. It has 3 churches. Here is Paddy's Run Post-Office. New London, a post-village in New London township, Huron CO., 0., on the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railroad, 47 miles S.AV. of Cleveland, and about 30 miles N. by E. of Mansfield. It has a newspaper office, a union school, 3 churches, a national bank, a money- order post-office, and manufactures of cheese, flour, and lumber. Pop. 678 ; of the township, 1475. New Loudon, a post-village in New London township, Chester co.. Pa., 2 miles from Penn Station, and about 44 miles W.S.W. of Philadelphia. It has 2 churches, an academy, .and a paper-mill. Pop. of the township, 911. New London, Va. See Bedfokd Springs. New London, a post-village of Waupaca co., AYis., on the Wolf River, at the mouth of the Embarras River, and on the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad, at the junc- tion of the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad, 39 miles W. by S. of the city of Green Bay, and 21 miles W.N.W. of Appleton. It has 2 newspaper ofiices, a bunk, a graded school, 5 churches, and manufactures of lumber, staves, &e. Pop. 1882. New London, or French River, a seaport on the northern coast of Prince Edward Island, Queens eo., at the W. side of the entrance to Grenvillo Bay, in lat. 64° 33' N., Ion. 63° 32' W. Pop. 160. New'lon's Grove, a post-office of Cass co., Iowa, 15 miles S.E. of Atlantic. New Lo'throp, a post-village of Shiawassee co., Mich., in Hazlcton township, 11 miles S.E. of Chesaning. It h,is a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. New Lots, a township of Kings co., N.Y. Pop. 10,765. It contains East New York, *c. New Lowell, lo'?l, a post-village in Simcoc co.. On- NEW 1561 NKW tario, on Coate's Creek, and on the Northern Railroad, 78 miles N.N.W. of Toronto. It contains several stores and mills. Pop. 200. New IjublOy a village of Hungary. See Lublo. New Liyme, a post-township of Ashtabula co., 0., about oi miles E. by N. of Cleveland. It has 2 churches and 2 cheese-factories. Pop. 70S. New Lyme, a township of Monroe co., Wis. Pop. 155. New Lyme Station, a post-office of Ashtabula co., 0., on the Ashtabula, Youngstown & Pittsburg Kailroad, 20 miles S. of Ashtabula. New Mad'ison, a post-hamlet of Wabash co., Ind., about 36 miles W.S.W. of Fort Wayne. It has a church. Pop. about 150. New j>ladison, a post-village in Harrison township, Darke co., 0., on the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Ra.ilro.ad, 16 miles N.E. of Richmond, Ind., and about 34 miles W.N.W. of Dayton. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a carriage-shop, 2 saw-mills, &c. Pop. 452. New Mad'rid, a county in the S.E. part of Missouri, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Mississippi River, and contains a large lake, formed by the earthquake of 1811. On this occasion a great part of this county sank several feet, and was cov- ered with water which overflowed from the Mississippi. The surface is mostly level. The soil is fertile, and free from stones. Indian corn and pork are the staple products. Capital, New Madrid. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,650,000. Pop. in 1870, 6357, of whom 6274 were Americans. It is traversed by the Little River Valley & Arkansas Railroad. New Madrid, a post-village, capital of New Madrid CO., Mo., on the Mississippi River, at the terminus of the Little River Valley & Arkansas Ruilroad, about 40 miles by land S.S.W. of Cairo, 111. It has a newspaper office and 3 churches. Pop. 634. New Alaho'niug, a post-hamlet of Carbon co., Pa., about 7 miles S.S.W. of Mauch Chunk. New Maiton, England. See Malton. New'nian, a post-village in Newman township, Douglas CO., III., on the Indianapolis, Decatur & Springtield Rail- road, 16 miles E. of Tuscola, and 52 miles E. of Decatur. It has 2 churches, a bank, a graded school, a flouring-mill, and a newspaper office. Pop. of the township, 1077. Newman, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co., Kansas, on the N. bank of the Kansas River, and on the Kansas Pa- cific Railroad, 12 miles E. of Topeka. It has a church. New Manchester, West Virginia. See Fairview. Newman Grove, a post-office of Madison co.. Neb. New'manstown, a village in Mill Creek township, Lebanon co., Pa., about 19 miles W. of Reading, and 1 mile from Sheridan Station. It has 2 churches, 2 flour- mills, a plough-factory, and about 100 houses. Pop. 250. The nearest post-office is that of Sheridan. New'mansville, formerly Hag'ley, a post-hamlet of Cass CO., III., 25 miles N.W. of Springfield. It has a church. Newmansville, a post-office of Clarion co., Pa., about 20 miles E. of Oil City. Newmansville, a post-hamlet of Greene co., Tenn., 8 miles from Fullen's Station. It has 2 churches. New Mar'ion, a post-hamlet of Ripley co., Ind., in Shelby township, on Graham's Fork, 20 miles N. of Madi- son. It has a church. Newinar'ket, a town of England, cos. of Suffolk and Cambridge, 13 miles E.N.E. of Cambridge, and 65i miles N.N.E. of London, with which it communicates by railway. It has many splendid residences, elegant rooms belonging to the Jockey Club, numerous hotels, and immense ranges of stabling. Here are held the famous races of Newmarket, of which there are 7 meetings yearly. Pop. 4534, Newmarket, a town of Ireland, co. and 4 miles S.S.E. of Cl.are. Pop. 750. Newmarket, a town of Wales, co. of Flint, 4 miles N.E. of St. Asaph. Newmar'ket, a post-viUageof Madison co., Ala., about 20 miles N.E. of Huntsville. It has 3 stores. Pop. 150. Newmarket, a post-office of Monroe co., Ga. Newmarket, a small village of Clarke co., Ind., in Oregon township, 3 miles from Otisco Station, and about 22 miles S.S.W. of Madison. It has 2 churches. Here is Oregon Post-Office. Newmarket, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Ind,, on the Logansport, Crawfordsville & Southwestern Rail- road, 46 miles N.N.E. of Terre Haute. It has a church. New Market, a post-hamlet of Marion co., Ky., on the Rolling Fork of Salt River, about 60 miles S.W. of Lexington. New Market, a hamlet of Baltimore co., Md., J mile from Mason & Di.iion's Line, and 2 miles from Freeland Railroad Station. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 150. New Market, a post-village of Frederick co., Md., 1 mile from Monrovia Station of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- road, and about 45 miles W. by N. of Baltimore. It has 4 churches, 2 flour-mills, a machine-shop, and an academy. Pop. about 400. New Market, a post-hamlet and township of Scott CO., Minn., 8 miles S.W. of Fairfield Station, and about 32 miles S.S.W. of St. Paul. It has 2 churches, a brewery, and a distillery. Pop. 739. New Market, a post-village in Green township, Platte CO., Mo., near the Platte River, and on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 21 miles E. of Atchison, Kansas. It has an academy, 2 churches, and 2 mills. Pop. 167. New Market, a post-village of Rockingham co., N.H., in New Market township, on the Boston A Maine Railroad. 10 miles S. by W. of Dover, and 58 miles N. of Boston. It has several cotton-mills, a national bank, 3 churches, a newspaper office, and a manufactory of clothing. Pop. of the township, 1987. The township is bounded on the E. by Grand Bay. Newmarket Station on the Concord & Portsmouth Railroad is at South Newmarket Junction. Newmarket, a hamlet of Hunterdon co., N.J., in East and West Arawell townships, 4 miles from Ringoes Station. It has a church. New Market, a post-village in Piscataway township, Middlesex co., N.J., on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 4 miles E. of Bound ISrook, and 1 mile S. of Dunellen Station of the Central Railroad. It has 3 churches and 2 wagon- shops. Pop. about 300. New Market, a post-township of Randolph co., N.C, about 72 miles W. of Raleigh. Pop. 1297. New Market, a station in Harrison co., 0., on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, where is the New Market, a post-village in New Market township, Highland Co., 0.,-6 miles S.W. of Hillsborough, and about 44 miles W.S.W. of Chillioothe. It has several churches and a tannery. Pop. 143 ; of the township, 1107. New Market, a hamlet in Fairview township, York CO., Pa., on the Susquehanna River, i mile from New Cum- berland Station. It has a church. New Market, a post-office of Abbeville co., S.C., on the Greenville & Columbia Railroad, 81 miles W. by N. of Columbia. New Market, a post-village of Jefferson co., Tenn., on the Holston River, and on the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad, 25 miles N.E. of Knoxville. It has 5 churches, the Holston Seminary, and a saw-mill. Pop. 926. New Market, a post-village of Shenandoah co., Va., is in the beautiful and fertile Shenandoah Valley, 45 miles N.N.W. of Staunton, 1 mile from New Market Station on the Harper's Ferry & Valley Branch Railroad, and near the W. base of the Massanutten Mountain. It contains 3 churches, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, the New Market Polytechnic Institute, and a carriage-factory. Pop. 600. Newmarket, a town in York co., Ontario, on the East Branch of Holland River, and on the Northern Railway, 34 miles N.N.W. of Toronto. It contains 3 churches, a branch bank, several stores, a foundry, a brewery, woollen-, saw-, and grist-mills, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 1760. New Maryborough, a post-village in New Marl- borough township, Berkshire Co., Mass., about 36 miles W, of Springfield. It contains the South Berkshire Institute and a church. Pop. of the township, 2037. The township contains Hartsville, Mill River, and Southfield. New Marrs, marz, a post-office of Bibb co., Ala. New Mar'tinsburg,a post-village in Perry township, Fayette co., 0.,3 miles from East Monroe Railroad Station, and about 50 miles S.S.W. of Columbus. It has 2 churches and 2 saw-mills. New Mar'tinsville, a post-village, capital of Wetzel CO., W. Va., on the Ohio River, at the mouth of Fishing Creek, about 40 miles below Wheeling. It has a newspaper office, 2 churches, and manufactures of lumber, oil-barrels, wool, staves, &c. Pop. 260, New Matamoras, Ohio. See Matamoras. New Mays'ville, a post-village of Putnam co., Ind., about 32 miles W. of Indianapolis. Pop. 109. New Mayville, Clarion co.. Pa. See Mayvillb. New Melle (mel), or Newmel'la, a post-village of St. Charles CO., Mo., 36 miles W. by N. of St. Louis. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and 2 wagon-shops. Pop. 300. New Mem'phis, a post-village of Clinton co.. 111., on Kaskaskia River, and on the St. Louis & Southeastern Rail- NEW 1 road, 33 miles E.S.E. of St. Louis, Mo. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. New Memphis, a post-of&ce of Cherokee co., Kansas, 10 miles N.W. of Columbus. Coal abounds here. New Mex'ico (Sp. Nuevo Mexico or Mejico, nwi'vo mSh'He-ko; Ft. Nonveau-Mexique, noo^vo'-m&x^e&k' ; Ger. •Meu-Mexico,noi-m^s.'e-ko),& southwestern territory of the United States, bounded N. by Colorado, E. by Indian Ter- ritory and Texas, S. by Texas and Mexico, and AV. by Arizona. It lies between Ion. 103° and 109° W. and lat. 31° 20' and 37° N., and has an area of 121,201 square miles. Face of the CouiUri/. — New Mexico is a region of high plateaus, having an altitude of from 3000 to 6000 feet, and a general southward inclination, but traversed by mountain- ridges and bearing many isolated peaks, some of the moun- tains attaining a height of more than 12,000 feet and tow- ering above the line of perpetual snow, especially north- ward. Between the Kio Grande and the Pecos, and S. into Texas, this plateau extends, and in the E. the territory takes in a part of the sterile and treeless Llano Estacado, or Staked Plain. The most noteworthy mountains are the Sierra Madre, or main chain of the Rocky Mountains, the "^ra Cristobal, Jumanes, and Organ Mountains, E. of the Rio Grande, the Guadalupe Mountains in the S.E., the Raton Mountains in the N.E., the Sierra de Chusca in the N.W,, and the Placiere, Bianca, Carrizo, Patos, Jicarilla, Magdalena, Cerillos, Sandia, Manzano, MogoUon, and other minor ranges. The valleys are usually somewhat level, and often very fertile when irrigated; but the climate is very dry, and in the more elevated parts the winter cold is severe. The territory is remarkably healthful, and its bright skies and clear air are praised by every tourist, Bivera. — The Rio Grande, and its tributaries the Pecos in the S.E. and the Puerco on the W., drain the greater part of New Mexico; but in the E. there is a large tract which is within the Mississippi Valley and is drained principally by the Canadian River. In the S.W. rise the Gila and the Mimbres, and far to the N. flow the Chaco and the head-streams of the Little Colorado. The streams are not large, and are useful chiefly as supplying water for irri- gation and for mining purposes. Geology. — A large share of New Mexico seems to be cov- ered with cretaceous deposits, with occasional overlying patches of the tertiary ; but the mountain-ranges of syenite and porphyry at the time of their elevation seem to have lifted with them, and otherwise to have upheaved, masses of Silurian limestone and of the sandstones of the earlier me- sozoic time. The outlying meaaa, or small table-lands, are generally of a lignitiferous sandstone. The syenites and limestones are richly charged with metallic wealth. Both placer and quartz gold, as well as rich deposits of silver, iron, copper, and lead, are known, and to some extent all have been wrought, while mercury, zinc, and manganese also exist. The coal of New Mexico is a lignite of high grade, has a wide distribution, is frequently found in thick beds, atFording a good illuminating gas, and (what is so rarely true of lignites) leaving, in some instances, a firm and good coke. At the Placiere Mountains and elsewhere it has been metamorphosed into an excellent anthracite. Saline basins are frequent, and afford a supply of good salt. The territory has many lava-beds and thermal and mineral springs. Vegetation and Agriculture, — -In the mountains of the N. there is a supply of pine, pinon, cedar, spruce, and juniper timber ample for all present needs, either for building or fuel. In the S. grow walnut, oak, cottonwood, plane, mezquite (of two species), ebony, and other rare woods; but the tim- ber supply is nowhere liberal, and some large districts are woodless. The grama { Ckondroaimn and Boittelona), mez- quite [Sealeria], and bunch grasses afford rich pasturage. One of the mezquite trees affords a valuable gum, much like gum arable, and its sugary pods and bean-like seeds are eaten by men and beasts, while for fuel it is of such unsur- passed excellence that even its roots are dug up for burn- ing. Stock-raising, and particularly wool-growing, have long been the leading pursuits of the New Mexicans. Neither shelter nor hand-feeding is ever required for the flocks. The apple, peach, melon, apricot, pomegranate, and fig do well, the three latter especially southward; but of all fruits the grape promises best. The European vine grows here in the open air, and the wines of Nevv Mexico are reputed to have peculiarly rich and generous qualities, but these have not largely reached the genenil market. For agriculture and gardening irrigation is necessary, and the half-eivilized aboriginals and the Spanish-Americans have constructed large canals leading from the streams to their farm-lands. The ordinary cereals all do well here, but 32 KEW wheat, maize, pumpkins, onions, and beans afford the prin- cipal supplies of vegetable food. The Rio Grande alluvion is said to equal that of the Nile in fertility. Good farm- lands exist on the Mimbres, Alamosa, Tesuque, and Rio del Cuchilla Negra. Co wjnerce.— Santa Fe was long the objective point of a lucrative but hazardous overland trade, carried on mainly by caravans or wagon-trains from Independence, Mo., across the wide plains, then for 300 leagues without inhabitants save the hostile red man. But the near approach of rail- roads has completely ended this adventurous commerce, and at present New Mexico mainly sends her wool, hides, and metals to market by these newer and more expeditious routes. There are (1879) no railroads in New Mexico, but the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad has nearly reached its N.E. limits, and the Texas &, Pacific is expected to traverse it from E. to AV. The Coinitica are 13, viz., Bernalillo, Colfax, Donna Ana, Grant, Lincoln, Mora, Rio Arriba, San Miguel, Santa Ana, Santa Pe, Socorro, Taos, and Valencia. The principal towns are Santa F6, the capital {pop. in 1S70, 4765), Albu- querque, Mora, Cimarron, Elixabethtown, Fort Union, Las Cruces, Las Vegas, Mesilla, Lincoln, Los Luceros, Fernan- dez de Taos, Belen, Silver City, Ac. ; none of them are very populous. A prevailing building-material in the towns is the adobe, or sun-dried brick, which here proves very durable. There are 19 inhabited puehloa, or villages of serai-civilized Indians, mostly towards the N.W., besides many ruined towns of the same type, — the great and many- storied communal buildings presenting a strongly marked and massive architectural character. Education. — As early as 1822 provision was made by the Mexican authorities for elementary public instruction, but the system was never effective, and after the conquest by the United States no public schools were established before 1872. In 1874 12S schools were reported, in which 5420 children were enrolled. The English and Spanish languages are both employed in the schools. There are also United States government Indian and mission schools (Catholic and Protestant), and a very considerable number of Roman Catholic parochial and higher schools. As a rule, girls are not admitted to the public schools, the customs and preju- dices of the country not permitting it. There is some con- nection subsisting between most of the public schools and the Roman Catholic ecclesiastical system, St. Michael's College, Santa Fe, and St. Joseph College, Las Cruces, are both chartered Roman Catholic institutions. Ma nil/act urea. — The principal manufacturing industries are the milling of grain and of metalliferous quartz, and the sawing of lumber. The Navajo Indians make blankets of surprising excellence, and the inhabitants of the Pueblos make and sell much coarse pottery, and among the Spanish- Americans there are ingenious domestic manufactures. The government of New Mexico is established upon the ordinary model of the territorial governments. The Pueblo Indians are by treaty and by statute United States citizens, but they have preferred to retain their own peculiar social regulations. History. — New Mexico was visited by Spaniards as early as 1536, and was colonized in 1582, — ^Santa Fe being, next to St. Augustine, Fla., the oldest town in the United States. The early settlers found many of the natives living, as at present, in a semi-civilized way, wearing cotton garments of their own weaving, manufacturing good pottery, and building enormous communal houses, or caaaa grandes, but having almost no knowledge of the use of metals. These natives were brought to accept the faith of their conquerors, who enslaved and so oppressed them that in 1680 the whites were all expelled by their subjects, but soon returned, not again to be displaced. In 1846 the United States troops under Kearney conquered New Mexico, which had become a state in the Mexican republic. In 1850 the territorial government was organized. During the war of 1861-65 the battle of Valverde saved the territory from siding with the Confederate movement, and it was not till the general abolition of slavery (which here existed in the form known us peonage) that the half-despotic, half-paternal Mexican system of government and social order began to give way before the advent of American institutions. The mines, anciently very productive, have as yet hardly made a fair start towards reopening their stores of wealth. Population. — Nine-tenths of the white people are of Mexican origin, with a dash of the Indian blood, and speak the Spanish language. Many of them have but lately emerged from peonage. In 1850 the pop. was 61.547; in 1860, 93,516 ; in 1870 (after, the sotting off of hirge areas to Arizona and Colorado) 91,879, exclusive of the tribal In- NEW" 1563 NEW dians, who, in 187-t, numbered 25,268, of whom about lfl,000 were Pueblo Indians, lawful citizens of the United States. The other Indians are Navajos, Apaches, Utes, &c. The Mexicans and Pueblos are Iloman Catholics ; but the ma- jority of the tribal Indians are un-Christianized. They have recently begun to make good progress in civilization. The English-speaking people are mostly engaged in mining openvtions. NeAV Mid'dleton, a post-village of Smith co., Tenn., 18 miles E. of Lebanon. It has 2 churches, an academy, a flour-mill, and a woollen-factory. New Midtlletown, a post-office of Harrison co., Ind. New Middletown,a post-village of Mahoning co.. 0., 6 miles S.S.W. of Lowellville. It has a church and 2 stores. Pop. 147. New Mid'way, a post-village of Frederick co., Md., on the Frederick & Pennsylvania Railroad, about 46 miles W.N.W. of Baltimore, and 13 miles N.E. of Frederick. New Mil 'ford, a handsome post-village in New Milford township, Litchfield co., Conn., on the Housatonic Kiver, near the mouth of the Aspetuck, and on the Housatonic Railrcad, 14 miles N. of Danbury, and 35 miles N. by W. of Bridgeport. It has 4 or 5 churches, a high school, a national bank, 1 other bank, a newspaper otiice, 5 tobacco- warehouses or factories, and manufactures of buttons, hats, boots, and paper. Pop. of the township, 35S6. New 31iltord,a post-village in New Milford township, Winnebago co.. 111., on the Kishwaukee River, and on the Rockford division of the Chicago & Iowa Railroad, 6 miles S. of Rockford. It has 2 churches. The township is bounded on the W. by Rock River. Pop. of township, 915. New Milford, a hamlet of Bergen co., N.,T., on the New Jersey & New York Railroad, IS miles N. of Jersey City. It has a flour-mill. Here is Spring Valley Post-Oflice. New Milford, a post-viilage in Warwick township, Orange co., N.Y., on the N. boundary of New Jersey, about 40 miles N.W. of New York City. It has a church, a tan- nery, 1 or 2 flouring-mills, &G. New Milford, Ohio. See Rootstown Station. New Milford, a post-borough in New Milford town- Bhip, Susquehanna co.. Pa., on the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, 41 miles N. of Scranton, and 20 miles S. by E. of Binghamton. It has a bank, 4 churches, and several mills. Pop. 600; of the township, 1647. New Mill, a village of Scotland, co. of Banff, on the Isla, 8 miles S.E. of Fochabers. Pop. 614. New Mil I'port, a post-hamlet in Knox township, Clear- field CO., Pa., about 32 miles N. of Altoona. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. New Mills, a village of Enghand, co. of Derby, on the Guyt, S miles E.S.E. of Stockport, at a railway juuction. New Mills, a hamlet of Suffolk co., N.Y., \i miles from Sraithtown Station. It has a grist-mill and saw-mill. New Mills, a post-hamlet of Camden co., N.C., 36 miles S. of Norfolk, Va. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. New Mill'town, a village in Leaoock .and Salisbury townships, Lancaster co., Pa. It has a church, a woollen- mill, a saw-mi!l, a hotel, and several shops and stores. Newmilns, nu-milz', a burgh of Scotland, co. of Ayr, on the Irvine, 2:^ miles E. of Galston. New Mil'toii, a post-hamlet of Doddridge co., W. Va., on the Middle Island Railroad, 8 miles S. of Smithton. It has 2 churches. New Min'deii, a post-viilage of Washington co., 111., about 16 miles S.W. of Centralia. It has 4 general stores. New Mon'inouth, a post-village in Middletown town- .ship, Monmouth co., N.J., on the New .Jersey Southern Railroad, near the sea-coast, 24 miles S. by W. of New York, and 6 miles N. of Red Bank. It has a church. New Moon, a post-office of Cherokee co., Ala., about 75 miles E.S.E. of Huntsville. New Moorefield, mor'feeld, a post-hamlet in Moore- field township, Clark oo., 0., on the Cincinnati, Cleveland & Indianapolis Railroad, at Moorefield Station, 7 miles N.E. of Springfield. It has 2 stores. New Moscow, mos'ko, a pc^Jt-hamlet of Coshocton co., 0., 20 miles N. of Zanesville. It has a church. New Mount Pleasant, a post-hamlet of Jay co., Ind., about 22 miles N.E. of Muncie. It has 2 churches. New Mount Pleas'ant, a village of Ohio, partly in Hocking co. and partly in Vinton co., 12 miles S. of Logan. It has a church, and manufactures of flour, furniture, and wagons. The name of its post-office is Swan. Pop. 100. New Munich, mu'nik, a post-village in Oak township, Ste.arns co., Minn., on the Sauk River, and on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 5 miles E. of Melrose, and 27 miles W. by N. of St. Cloud. It has a church and a brewery. New Munster Island. See New Zealand. New'nan, a post-village, capital of Coweta co., Ga., on the Atlanta & West Point Railroad, at its junction with the Savannah, Griffin & North Alabama Railroad, 40 miles S.S.W. of Atlanta, and 36 miles W.N.W. of Griflin. It contains a court-house, a national bank, 1 other bank, 2 or 3 newspaper offices, a cotton-factory, a seminary, called College Temple, and 6 churches. Pop. 1917. NeAV Nantucket, a former name of Baker Island. New'nanville, a post-village of Alachua co.. Fla., 15 miles N.W. of Gainesville, and about 66 miles S.W. of Jacksonville. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Newn'ham, a town and parish of England, co. and 11 miles W.S.W. of Gloucester, on the Severn. Pop. 1483. New Norfolk, nor'fok, a town of Tasmania, on the Derwent, 21 miles N.W. of Hobart Town. Pop. 870. New Of'feuburg, a post-hamlet in St. Genevieve township, St. Genevieve co.. Mo., 50 miles S. of St. Louis. New Ohi'o, a post-hamlet of Broome CO., N.Y.. on the Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, about 14 miles N.E. of Binghamton. It has a church. New Or'egon, a post-hamlet in New Oregon township, Howard co., Iowa, on Turkey River, about 18 miles W. of Decorah, and 3 miles S.S.W. of Cresco. It has a flour-mill. Pop. of the township, 1153. New Oregon, a post-hamlet of Erie co., N.Y., about 22 miles S. by E. of Bufi'alo. It has a church. New Ork'ney, an island group in the South Atlantic, forming a part of South Shetland, S.E. of Cape Horn. Chief islands, Pomona and Melville. New Orleans, or'le-anz (Fr. Noiivelle-Orleaua, noo>- vSlt'-0RMi'6N°' ; Ger. Neii-Or/eftiis, noi-ou'lA-inz), a city and port of entry of Louisiana, the capital of Orleans par- ish and of the state, and the commercial metropolis of the Gulf States, is situated on the Mississippi River, about 100 miles above its delta. It is about 700 miles by rail S. of St. Louis, Mo., 141 miles W. by S. of Mobile, Ala., and 330 miles E. of Houston, Tex. Lat. of custom-house, 29° 58' N. ; Ion. 90° 5' W. As a port of entry. New Orleans embraces a vast territory, including, besides its own port, the ports of Pitts- burg, Pa., Wheeling, W. Va., Louisville, Ky., Nashville and Memphis, Tenn., St. Louis, Mo., Cincinnati. 0., Evansville, Ind., Galena and Cairo, 111., Burlington and Dubuque, Iowa, La Crosse, Wis., and Omaha, Neb., which are ports of de- livery of the customs-district of New Orleans. New Orleans is the great cotton-market of the country, most of the cotton of Mississippi and a large part of that of Arkansas, Ten- nessee, Alabama, and Te.xas coming here for shipment; and it is the great centre of the commerce of the entire Mis- sissippi Valley. The older part of the city was built upon the left bank of the Mississippi, following a bend of the river, which gave it a crescent shape, — whence its popular itobriquet, " the Crescent City." Later, its growth up tiie river, follow- ing an outw.ard curve of the stream, changed the form of the city on the left bank nearly to that of .an S. But the city has been enlarged so as to comprehend nearly all of Oriea.n3 parish (excepting only a number of small islets, called Les Petites Coquilles, in Lake Catharine, between Pontchartrain and Borgne Lakes), and parts of Jefferson and Plaque- mines parishes, including Algiers and Gretna on the right bank of the river. The statutory area of New Orleans is not far from 150 square miles; but a large part of the land is unreclaimed marsh, while much of that which has been drained is unimproved in the way of building : so that the actual city covers scarcely 40 square miles. The level of the lakes N. and E. of the city is about 15 feet below the high-water level of the river; the site of the northern or main portion of the city slopes gradually from the river- front towards the lakes. In consequence of the sloping site, the city, which at the river-front is about 1 to 2 feet below the river-level at the spring freshets, is about 4 feet below in its N. and E. sections, and from the built-up portion towards the lakes there are extended tracts of swamp. To protect the city from the annual inundations wiiich would otherwise be inevitable, there has been constructed a high, broad embankment, called a levee, extending along the city front and for 200 miles above and 50 miles below, and a similar levee has been built along and around the lake shore. The river levees are 15 feet wide, and are finished along the top so as to furnish a delightful promenade in favorable weather. The lowness of the city level renders drainage difficult and costly; the usual methods being quite impracticable, recourse has been had to a system of street canals, with 6 powerful steam-pumps of 42,000,000 gallons' daily capacity, which raise and expel into the Pont- chartrain all refuse water, sewage, and seapage. The fact NEW 1564 NEW that New Orleans has been subject at intervals to epidemic fevers has given rise to a general reputation of unhealthi- ness ; but a careful comparison of its vital statistics with those of other cities, nut only of this country but through- out the world, shows that on the whole it is not exception- ally unhealthy. Even in the record of its epidemic vis- itations there is strong ground for hoping that they will cease in consequence of more effective means being employed for protection, the result of intelligent application of the teachings of experience. Large iron pipes are now being laid along the front of the city, from which to keep a con- stant supply of water flowing through the canals and street-gutters, which it is believed will greatly improve the health of the city. This work is being done by the New Orleans Auxiliary Sanitary Association, composed of prom- inent merchants, who are expending a large sum, raised by voluntary contributions, in sanitary improvements. During the 83 years from 1797 to 1879 inclusive there were 28 epidemics, of which 18 occurred during the first 45 years and only 10 since 1842, and of these but 3 oc- curred after 1858. Besides, there has been a still more marked decrease in the proportion of mortality as com- pared with the population, the death-rate by yellow fever havino- been,— in 1817, .023 ; in 1853, .056 ; in 1858, .030 ; in 1867, .020; in 1873, .002; and in 1878, .0017. In some parts of New Orleans there is, at certain seasons, a tendency to malarial fever, but throughout the greater part of the city it is not felt. The temperature of New Orleans is rarely extreme, the average maximum for the year being 83.7° Fahr., the average minimum 51.8°, and the general average about 67° to 68°; the mean heightof barometer about 30.06 inches. The streets of New Orleans mostly run nearly east and west and north and south, generally intersecting one another at right angles, except in the upper and lower ex- tensions, where some have been adapted to the windings of the river, so thatsome of them meet and diverge at strangely- irregular intervals and are intersected at very different angles. In the original, or French, city, the streets, with the exception of Royal, Rampart, and Esplanade streets, are nar- row, generally not exceeding 40 feet in width; but those of the portion distinguished as the American city are broad and exceedingly handsome thoroughfares. Canal is the main business street, especially for the retail trade, and is a favorite promenade. New Orleans is not notable as a whole for either the beauty or the grandeur of its architecture, a fact which makes more conspicuous the few really handsome and im- posing edifices. Among the important buildings of a more or less public character is the custom-house, built of Quincy granite, which covers an area of about 85,000 square feet, and is the largest edifice in this country, with the sole ex- ception of the Capitol at Washington : the basement is fitted up and used for the post-office. The branch mint is also a large building, well adapted to its purposes. The State-house was, until 1874, a famous hotel, known as the St. Louis. The city hall is the finest building in the city, architecturally, being in the Ionic, and of white marble. In addition to these there are worthy of mention the parish and municipal court-houses, the city and parish prisons, the merchants' exchange (formerly occupied by the post-office). the masonic hall, the Odd-Fellows' hall, St. Patrick's Hall (an elegant building). Exposition Hall, the mechanics' in- stitute, the Pontalba Buildings, and about 130 church edi- fices, besides colleges, school-houses, hospitals, asylums, market-houses, &c. The aggregate imports at the port of New Orleans for the past decade amounted to $138,933,950, and the aggre- gate exports to $863,600,439. This city, in common with all other ports, suffered from the commercial depression that prevailed for a number of years, but for the last three years its export trade has shown a fair increase, while its imports have held steady in bulk, though showing a decline in valuation. Its imports in 1877 were Sll, 340,900; in 1878, $8,725,751; in 1879, $8,269,606. Exports, in 1877, $70,270,593; in 1878, $74,366,388; in 1879, $81,105,822. Of its imports in 1879, $3,756,781 were of coffee, and of its exports the same year $70,598,555 were of cotton, — consid- erably more than one-third of the cotton exported from the entire United States. In consequence of the success of the jetties, giving 30 feet of water over the bar at the mouth of the river, the commerce of New Orleans is rapidly increas- ing. The exports for 1880 will amount to $100,000,000, with a proportionate increase in imports. The grain-trade, especially, is growing rapidly. History. — New Orleans was settled by the French in 1717. In 1723 it contained about 100 cabins, and a popu- lation not exceeding 200. In 1769 occurred the first visi- tation of the yellow fever, which was introduced, it is said, by an English vessel with a cargo of slaves from Africa. March 21, 1778, the city was visited by a fierce conflagra- tion, which destroyed 900 houses and a vast amount of other propert.y. In 1785, New Orleans had a population of 4700. In 1794 the first newspaper, called " Le Moniteur," was published. New Orleans was conveyed to the Span- ish in 1762, reconveyed to the French in 1800, and in- cluded in the purchase of Louisiana by the United States in 1803. At this time it contained a population of 8000, New Orleans is famous in history as the place designated to become the seat of the monarchy intended to have been established by the treason of Aaron Burr. In 1804 it was made a port of entry, and the next year it was incorpor- ated as a city. In 1810, seven years after it was received into the United States, its population had increased to 17,242. January 8, 1815, General Pakcnham, command- ing the English forces, made an attack on the city, ap- proaching it through Lakes Borgne and Pontchartrain, and was signally defeated by the Americans undei' General Jackson. It was not till after peace was established that New Orleans began to reap the full advantages of steam navigation on the Mississippi and to hold that commercial pre-eminence which she now enjoys. New Orleans was named in honor of the Duke of Orleans, regent of France during the minority of Louis XV. Pop. in 1820, 27,176; in 1830, 46,310; in 1840, 102,193; in 1850, 126,375; in 1860, 168,675; in 1870, 191,418; in 1879, estimated at 210,000 to 215,000. New Ox'ford, a post-village in Oxford township, Adams CO., Pa., on the Susquehanna, Gettysburg A Poto- mac Railroad, 1 1 miles E. of Gettysburg. It has 4 churches, and manufactures of coaches, cigars, and farming-imple- ments. Pop. about 600. New Paisley, paz'lee, a village in Terrebonne co., Quebec, 3 miles from New Glasgow. Pop. 150. New Palestine, pal'es-tiu or pal'es-teen, a post-vil- lage of Hancock co., Ind., in Sugar Creek township, on Sugar Creek, and on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & India- napolis Railroad, 15 miles E. by S. of Indianapolis. It has 3 churches. Pop. about 400. The station is called New Palestine, and the name of the post-ofiice is Sugar Creek. New Palestine, a post-hamlet of Cooper co.. Mo., on the Boonville Branch of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, at Palestine Station, 11 miles S. of Boonville. New Palestine, Clermont co., 0. See Palestine. New Palestine, a hamlet of Shelby co., 0., in Green township, 3-;^ miles S. of Pemberton Station. It has a church. Pop. about 100. Here is Tawawa Post-Offico. New Paltz, a post-village in New Paltz township, Ulster CO., N.Y., on the Wallkill River, and on the Wallkill Valley Railroad, 16 miles S.S.W. of Kingston, and about 20 miles N. by W. of Newburg. It contains 2 churches, an academy, a national bank, a savings-bank, and 2 news- paper offices. Pop. 425; of the township, 1943. NeAV Par'is, a post-village of Elkhart co., Ind., on Turkey Creek, and on the Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan Railroad, 7 miles S. of Goshen. Pop. 145. New Paris, a post-village of Preble co., 0., in Jeffer- son township, on the East Fork of Whitewater River, on the railroad which connects D.ayton with Richmond, and on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati &, St. Louis Railroad, 35 miles W.N.W. of Dayton, and 6 miles N.E. of Richmond, Ind. It has mineral springs, a high school, and 7 churches. Pop. about 900. New Paris, a post-village in Napier township, Bed- ford CO., Pa., about 33 miles S. by W. of Altoona. It has 3 churches, a tannery, and a grist-mill. Pop. about 260. New Park, a post-hamlet of York co.. Pa., in Fawn township, 5 miles from Muddy Creek Forks, which is a railroad station. It has a church. New Pen'nington, a hamlet of Decatur co., Ind., 2 miles from New Point Station. It has a church. New Pei'lican, a post-town on Trinity Bay, New- foundland, 3 miles N. of Heart's Content. The inhabitants are engaged in ship-building and farming, as well as in the cod-fisheries. Pop. 420. New Perth, a post-village in Kings co.. Prince Edward Island, 8 miles from Georgetown. Pop. 150. New Pe'tersburg, a post-village of Highland co., 0., in Paint township, about 30 miles W. by S. of Chillicothe. It has a church, a hotel, and an Odd-Fellows' hall. P. 216. New Petersburs, a post-hamlet of Jefi'erson eo,, Pa., about 56 miles N.E. o'f Pitt.=burg. New Philatlel'pliia, a post-hamlot of MoDonough CO.. 111., on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, 54i miles W.S.W. of Peoria. It has a ohurch. NEW t New PhiladeIphia,apost-hamIet of Washington co., Ind., about 25 miles N. of New Albany. It has a tannery. New Philadelphia, a post-village, capital of Tus- carawas CO., 0., in Goshen township, on the Tuscarawas River, near the Ohio Canal, about 24 miles S. by W. of Canton, 100 miles hy railroad S. by E. of Cleveland, 24 miles S. of Massillon, and 98 miles N. of Marietta. It is on the Lake Shore & Tuscarawas Valley Railroad and the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleveland Railroad, and is a ter- minus of the Tuscarawas Branch of the Cleveland A Pitts- burg Railroad. It has 7 churches, a national bank, S other banks, a union school, 3 newspaper offices, a foundry, 2 plan- ing-mills, a woollen-mill, and a manufactory of agricultural machines. Coal and iron ore abound here. Pop. 314.*i. New Philadelphia, a borough in BIythe township, Schuylkill co.. Pa., on the Schuylkill Valley Railroad, 9 miles N.E. of Pottsville. Coal is mined near it. It has a church. Pop. 658. New Philadelphia, a hamlet of Wharton co., Texas, on the Gjilveston, Ilarrisburg & San Antonio Railroad. New Pine Creek, a post-office of Lake oo., Oregon. New Pitts'burg, a post-hamlet of Randolph co., Ind., about 35 miles N. of Richmond. It has a church. New Pittsburg, a post-office of Crawford co., Kan- sas, on the Joplin Railroad, 10 miles S.E. of Girard. New Pittsburg, a post-vill.age of Wayne co., 0., in Chester township, 9 miles W.N.W. of Wooster, and about 24 miles E.N.E. of Mansfield. It has 2 churches. New Pleas'ant Grove, post-office, Lamar co., Tex. New Plymouth, pliin'uth, a post-hamlet of Vinton CO., 0., about 32 miles E. by N. of Chillicothe. New Plymouth, a post-hamlet of Lunenburg co., Va., 14 miles S. of Burksville. New Plymouth, a town of New Zealand, on the W. coast of the North Island, 150 miles S.S.W. of Auckland. It is connected by railway with Raleigh, and has a bank, 2 newspapers, and several manufactories. Pop. 2500. New Point, a post-village of Decatur co., Ind., on the Indianapolis, Cincinnati A Lafayette Railroad, 9 miles E. of Greensburg, and 60 miles W.N.W. of Cincinnati. It has a church, .a flour-mill, and 2 stores. New Point, a post-vill.age of Holt oo.. Mo., 1 mile from the Noda.way River, and 9 miles N.E. of Forest City. It has a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and 4 stores. NeAV Point Com'fort, Chesapeake Bay, the N. side of the entrance to Mobjack Bay, 18 miles N. of Old Point Comfort, Va. On it is a fixed light, 60 feet above sea-level. Newport, new'port (L. No'vua Bui-'rjua), a town of England, co. of Hants, in the centre of the Isle of Wight, of which it is the capital, on the Medina River, 17 miles S.S.E. of Southampton. A railway connects it with Cowes and Ryde. It has an ancient church, in which was buried Elizabeth, daughter of Charles I., a town hall, a fine church, a grammar-school, founded by James I., a museum, guild hall and market-house, borough and county jail, 2 assem- bly-rooms, a neat theatre, an excellent public library, lit- erary and mechanics' institutions, 2 or 3 banks, and a manufactory of lace. Newport is famous for its agricultural implements. In the vicinity is the grand military depot of Parkhurst Barracks, now a national model prison, and opposite to it a large house of industry. Quarter sessions are held here, also an ancient governor's court. Newport sends two members to the House of Commons. Pop. 7956. Newport, a borough-town of England, co. of Mon- mouth, on the Usk, about 4 miles from its mouth, and at the junction of several railways, 24 miles S.S.W. of Mon- mouth. The chief buildings are the ancient parish church, the ruined castle built by Robert Fitzroy, remains of a mon- astery, a union workhouse, and several schools and chapels. It has magnificent docks and wharves, with yards for ship- building, iron-foundries, and an immense export trade in coal, iron, and tin. The port is accessible to large vessels. The borough unites with Monmouth and Usk in sending one member to Parliament. It is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop. Pop. 31,247. Newport, a town of England, oo. of Salop, on the Stiine, 17 miles E.N.E. of Shrewsbury. Pop. 3202. It has a branch bank, and considerable malt-works, and in the vicinity are mines of coal and iron. It is connected by canals with Shrewsbury, Birmingham, and Liverpool. Newport, a village of Scotland, on the Firth of Tay, opposite Dundee. Pop. 1507. Newport, a town, Netherlands. See Nif.iiwpoort. Newport, a town of Wales, co. of Pembroke, on the Irish Sea, 6 miles E.N.E. of Fishguard. Its bay, of the same name, foi-ms an excellent harbor. The chief imports are coal and timber. Pop. of parish, 1649. NEW New'port, the most southeastern county of Rhode Island, has an area of about 100 square miles. It com- prises, besides a portion of the mainland, which is bounded on the W. by Narragansett Bny, 2 islands which are in that bay and are called Canonicut and Rhode Island. On the latter is a very fashionable watering-place. The surface is finely diversified. The soil is fertile. Hay, Indian corn, oats, butter, and wool are the staple products. This county has mines of anthracite coal. It is intersected by the Old Colony Railroad. Capital, Newport. Valuation of real and personal estate, $36,978,740. Pop. in 1870, 20,050, of whom 16,786 were Americans; in 1875, 21,887. Newport, a post-village of Jackson co.. Ark., on the White River, and on the Cairo k Fulton Railroad, 83 miles N.E. of Little Rock. It has a newspaper office and manu- factures of lumber and brooms. Newport, Los Angeles co., Cal., is on Newport Bay, Pacific Ocean, 6 miles S.AV. of Santa Ana. Here ia a land- ing-place. Newport, a post-vilIa.ge of New Castle co., Del., on Christiana Creek, and on the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, 4 miles W.S.W. of Wilmington. It has 4 churches, a bank, and a rolling-mill. Newport, a hamlet of Bond co.. 111., about 14 miles W. of Vandalia. Here is Woburn Post-Office. Newport, a post-township of Lake co.. III., about 10 miles N.N.W. of Waukegan. Pop. 1289. It is intersected by the Des Plaines River. Newport, a post-village, capital of Vermilion co., Ind., is in Vermilion township, on Little Vermilion River, and on the Evansville, Terre Haute &■ Chicago Railroad, 1 mile W. of the Wabash River, 31 miles N. of Terre Haute, and 24 miles S.S.E. of Danville, 111. It has 2 churches, a bank, a money-order post-office, and a newspaper office. Pop. 398. Newport, a village in New Garden township, Wayne CO., Ind., on the Cincinnati, Richmond &, Fort Wayne Rail- road, 9 miles N. of Richmond. It has 4 churches, a high school, &,c. Pop. 343. Here is Fountain City Post-Office. Newport, a post-township of Johnson co., Iowa, about 4 miles N. of Iowa City, is bounded on the W. by the Iowa River. Pop. 746. Newport, a city, the capital of Campbell co., Ky., ia situated on the Ohio River, opposite Cincinnati, and on the E. bank of the Licking River, which separates it from Covington and here enters the Ohio. It is 99 miles N. of Lexington, with which it is connected by the Kentucky Central Railroad, and is a terminus of the Loui.sville, Cin- cinnati &, Lexington Railroad. An iron railroad-bridge across the Ohio connects Newport with Cincinnati, and a suspension-bridge over the Licking River connects the former city with Covington. This city is pleasantly situ- ated, and contains numerous handsome residences, 9 or 10 churches, a high school, 2 newspaper offices, 2 banks, an iron-foundry, several steam-mills, and 2 large rolling-mills. Newport was in 1870 the third citv of the state in popula- tion. Pop. in 1860, 10,046; in 1870, 15,087. Newport, a post-office of Winn parish, La. Newport, a post-village in Newport township, Penob- scot CO., Me., on the Maine Central Railroad, at the junc- tion of the Dexter Br.anch, 27 miles AV. of Bangor. It has 2 churches, a savings-bank, a newspaper office, and a shoe- factory. Here is a lake called Newport Pond or East Pond, which is 15 miles in circuit. Pop. of the township, 1559. Newport, a post-hamlet of Charles co., Md., about 50 miles S.S.W. of Annapolis. It has 2 churches. Newport, a post-village in Berlin township, Monroe CO., Mich., near Lake Erie, and on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern and Chicago & Canada Southern Rail- roads, 8 miles N.E. of Monroe, and 33 miles S. by W. of Detroit. It has 3 churches, a high school, and manufactures of baskets, flour, staves, &c. Pop. 400. Newport, a post-village in Newport township, Wash- ington CO., Minn., on the E. bank of the Mississippi River, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee k St. Paul Railroad, 8 miles belf)W St. Paul. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a saw- mill. Pop. of the township, 300. Newport, a post-hamlet of Attala co.. Miss., 6 miles E. of Sallis Station, and 50 miles N.N.E. of .lackson. Newport, Barton co.. Mo. See Hohse Crkkk. Newport, Franklin co.. Mo. See Dunree. Newport, a post-village, capital of Sullivan co., N.H., in Newport township, on the Concord k Claremont Rail- road, 43 miles W.N.W. of Concord, and 11 miles E. of Claremont. It has 4 churches, a national bank, a news- paper office, a high school, and extensive manufactures of flannels. Pop. about 2500; of the township, 2163. Newport, a post-village in Downe township, Cumber- NEW 1566 NEW land CO., N.J., 11 miles from Newport Station of the Bridge- ton &, Port Norris Railroad, and 10 miles S. by E. of Bridge- ton. It has 2 churches, a flour-raill, and 4 or 5 stores. Newport, a post-viilage in Newport township, Herki- mer CO., N.Y., on West Canada Creek, about 14 miles N,E. of Utica, and 10 miles N. of Herkimer. It contains a graded school, 4 churches, a national bank, a newspaper office, a tannery, a cheese -factory, a grist-mill, a machine- shop, Ac. Pop. 651 ; of the township, 1792. Newport, a post-village of Carteret co., N.C., near the sea-coast, and on the Atlantic &. North Carolina llailroad, 26 miles S. by E. of New-Berne. It has 2 churches and an academy. Pop. 121; of Newport township, 968. Newport, a hamJet of Madison co., 0., about 2S miles W.S.W. of Columbus. Here is Walnut Hun Post-Office. Newport, a decayed village of Portage eo., 0., about 10 miles E. of Ravenna. Newport, or VVynant, a village of Shelby co., 0., in Cynthiana township, on the Miami &, Erie Canal, 40 miles N. of Dayton. Pop. 307. Here is Wynant Post-Offiee. Newport, a post-village in Newport township, Wash- ington CO., 0., on the Ohio River, 16 miles above Marietta. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a flour-mill, a tobacco- factory, &c. Pop. about 150; of the township, 2002. Newport, a post-village of Benton co., Oregon, on the Pacific Ocean, at the mouth of the Yaquina River, 70 miles W. of Albany. It has manufactures of lumber, also a good harbor and a light-house. Newport, a village in Big Beaver township, Lawrence CO., Pa., on the Beaver River, and on the New Castle Branch Railroad, 8 miles S. of New Castle. It has a church. Here is Irish Ripple Post-Office. Pop. about 200. NcAVport, a township of Luzerne co.. Pa. It has im- portant coal-mines. Pop. 1279. Newport Railroad Station is in the borough of Wanamie (which see), on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 9 miles S.W. of Wilkesbarre. Newport, a post-borough in Oliver township, Perry co.. Pa., on the right bank of the Juniata River, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 28 miles N.W. of Harrisburg, and 5 miles N.E. of Bloomfleld. It has 3 banks, a newspaper office, 5 churches, 2 steam tanneries, an iron-furnace, a planing-mill, a large flour-mill, a steam saw-mill, and 2 brick-yards. Pop. 945. Newport, a port of entry, fashionable watering-place, semi-capital of Rhode Island, and capital of Newport co., is situated on the beautiful Narragansett Bay, and on the W. shore of the island of Rhode Island, about 5 miles from the ocean, 26 miles S. by E. of Providence, and 68 miles by railroad S. of Boston. Lat. 41° 29' N. ; Ion. 71° 19' 12" W. It has a good harbor, which is capacious, safe, easy of ac- cess, and deep enough for the largest ships. The harbor is defended by Fort Adams, a granite fortress of great size and strength, which mounts 468 guns and is located on Brenton's Point, about 2 miles S.W. of the city. The cli- mate of Newport is commended for mildness and equa- bility, and is probably modified by the Gulf Stream. Its balmy atmosphere, varied scenery, and fine facilities for bathing and boating have rendered it one of the most fashionable watering-places in the United States. Many wealthy citizens of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia have erected cottages and palatial villas here, and there are also a number of large hotels. The magnificent steamboats which ply between New York and Fall River touch at New- port every day. Other steamboats run several times a day to Providence. This city is the S. terminus of the Old Col- ony Railroad. It contains a brick state-house, a custom- house, a city hall, an academy of music, 16 churches, a syn- agogue, 2 public libraries, 5 national banks, 3 savings-banks, and printing-offices which issue 1 daily and 2 weekly news- papers. Here is Trinity church, in which the eminent philosopher Berkeley preached about 1730. Among the remarkable institutions is the Redwood Library, which has about 20,000 volumes and many paintings, in a handsome Doric edifice. Newport has a public park, named Touro Park, on which stands an ancient building called the Round Tower, or Old Stone Mill. This place was set- tled in 163S, and was one of the chief commercial cities of New England before the Revolution. The population in 1774 was about 12,000. The war of independence ruined its commerce, and nearly depopulated this town, which has never recovered its commercial importance. AVilliam EHery Channing was born here in 1780, Newport has manufac- tures of cotton goods, brass, copper, fish oil, flour, Ac. Pop. in 1860, 10,508; in 1870,12,521; in 1875, 14,028. Newport, a post-village, capital of Cocke co., Tenn., on the Big Pigeon River, and on the Cincinnati, Cumberland Gap «fc Charleston Railroad, 50 miles E. of Knoxville. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, a masonic institute, and a flour-mill. Newport, a post-village of Clay co., Tex., 72 miles N.N.W. of Fort Worth. It has a grist-mill and 3 stores. Newport, a post-village in Newport township, Orleans CO., Vt., on the W. shore of Lake Memphremagog, near its S. end, on the Passumpsic Railroad, and on the Southeast- ern Railroad of Canada, 44 miles N. of St. Johnsbury. It is surrounded by beautiful scenery. Steamboats ply be- tween Newport and the N. end of the lake. It contains 4 churches, a bank, a high school, a newspaper office, a first- class hotel which can accommodate 300 guests, and other hotels. It has manufactures of boots, shoes, and lumber. Pop. of the township, 2050. Newport, a post-hamlet of Giles co., Va., 16 miles N. of Christiansburg. It has a church and a woollen-mill. Newport, a hamlet of Marion co., W. Va., on the Monongaliela, 6 miles below Fairmont. It has a church. Newpsjrt, a township of Columbia co., AVis. Pop. 1721. It contains Kilbourn. Newport, a post-village in Brant co., Ontario, on Grand River, 3^ miles from Brantford. It contains 3 stores. Newport, a post-village in Gaspe co., Quebec, on the Bay of Chaleurs, 37 miles from Perce. Pop. 200. Newport, or Brooklyn, a thriving post-village in Hants CO., Nova Scotia, 6 miles from Newport Station. It has a church, 2 grist-mills, a saw-mill, 2 tanneries, a boot- and shoe-factory, and several stores. Pop. 400. New Port'age, a post-hamlet of Summit eo., 0., on the Atlantic &, Great Western Railroad, the Ohio Canal, and the Cleveland, Mount Vernon &, Columbus Railroad, 6 miles S.AV. of Akron. It has a church. Newport Centre, a hamlet of Johnson co., Iowa, in Newport township, 2 miles from Morse Station. Newport Centre, a post-hamlet of Orleans co., Vt., in Newport township, on the Southeastern Railroad, 7i miles N.W. of Newport. It has 2 churches and a lumber-mill. NeAvport Corner, a post-village in Hants co., Nova Scotia, 2 miles from Ellershausen. It contains 2 stores and a saw-mill. Pop. 100. New PortMand, a post-village in New Portland town- ship, Somerset co.. Me., on an affluent of the Kennebec, 20 miles W.N.AV. of Skowhegan. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of lumber. The township contains a village named North New Portland. Pop. of township, 1454. Newport Landing, or Avondale, a town of Nova Scotia, CO. of Hants, on an arm of Minas Basin, 3 miles from Windsor. Ship-building is carried on here. Pop. 500. Newport News, Virginia, a point of land near the mouth of James River, about 7 miles above Fortress Mon- roe. It is on the N. side of Hampton Roads. New'port-Pag'nell, a town of England, co. of Buck- ingham, on the Ouse, 4 miles E.N.E. of Wolverton. It has manufactures of lace. Pop. 3655. Newport Pratt, a seaport town of Ireland, co. of Mayo, 8 miles AV.N.AV. of Castlebar. Pop. 851. Newport Rivers, North and South, two small streams of Liberty co., Ga., flowing into St. Catharine's Sound. Newport Station, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Hants, on the Avon River, opposite Falmouth, and on a railway, 39 miles N.N.W. of Halifax. Pop. 100. Newport Tip, a town of Ireland, co. of Tipperary, on the Mulkern, 9^ miles N.E. of Limerick. Pop. 1013. New'portville, a post-village of Bucks co., Pa., in Bristol township, on Neshaminy Creek, 2^ miles N.W. of Bristol. It has 2 churches and a carriage-shop. Pop. 300. New Prague, prag, a post-office of Fayette co., Tex. New Prairie, pra'ree, a post-hamlet of Pope co., Minn., on the Chippewa, 12 miles E. of Morris. It has a church. New Pres'ton, a post-vill.age in Washington township, Litchfield eo., Conn., on the outlet of Waramaug Pond, and on the Shepaug Railroad, 12 miles S.S.W. of Litchfield, and about 40 miles W. by S. of Hartford. White marble is quarried near this village. It contains an academy, a church, a scininary, and a twine-factory. New Pros'pect, a hamlet of Hale co., Ala., 2 miles from Akron Railroad Station. It has 1 or 2 churches. NcAV Prospect, a post-office of Forsyth co., Ga. NeAV Prospect, a hamlet of Orange co., Ind., 8 miles W. of Paoli. It has a church. New Prospect, a post-hamlet of AVinston co.. Miss., about 50 miles W.S.W. of Columbus. It has a church and a steam-mill. New Prospect, a hamlet of Chester co.. Pa., on the Philadelphia A Baltimore Central Railroad, 1 mile from Oxford. New Prospect, a post-hamlet of Spartimburgco., S.C., NEW 1567 NEW 15 miles S.W. of Spartanburg Court-House. It has 2 churches and a high school. New Prospect, a post-office of Union eo., Tenn. NeAV Prospect, a post-hamlet in Auburn township, Fond du Lac co., Wis., about 20 miles S.E. of Fond du Lac. It has a church. New Prov'idence, a post-hamlet of Crenshaw co., Ala., 20 miles S.W. of Troy. It has 2 or 3 churches and a high school. New Providence, a township of Greene eo.. 111. Pop. 480. It contains Berdan. New Providence, a post-hamlet of Clarke co., Ind., at Providence Station on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 18 miles N.N.W. of New Albany. It has 2 churches, a saw-mill, a grist-mill, and a stave-factory. NeAV Providence, a post-village in Providence town- ship, Hardin co., Iowa, about 22 miles N.W. of Marshall- town. It has 2 churches and an academy. Neiv Providence, a post-hamlet of Calloway co., Ky., 20 miles N. of Paris, Tenn. It has a church. New Providence, a post-village and township of Union co., N.J., on the Passaic River, and on the New Jersey West Line Railroad, about 12 miles W. of Elizabeth. It hivs 2 churches. Pop. 934. New Providence, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co.. Pa., on the railroad between Lancaster and Quarry ville, 12 miles S.S.E. of Lancaster. It has a church and a woollen-factory. New Providence, a post-village of Montgomery oo., Tenn., on the Cumberland River, 2 miles below Clarksville. It has a bank, 3 churches, and a flour-mill. Pop. 600. New Providence, the most important of the Bahama Islands, between Eleuthera and Andros. Lat. 25° 5' N. ; Ion. 77° 21' W. It is 17 miles long, is mostly flat, and covered with brush-wood and extensive lagoons. On the N. side is the town of Nassau, the seat of government of the 6.ahamas. New Providence was colonized by the Eng- lish in 1629, but they were e.vpelled by the Spaniards in 1641. It subsequently fell again into the hands of the English, and was again taken by the Spaniards, but was eventually restored to the former at the peace of 1783. New Quay, kg, a town, bathing-place, and railw.ay terminus of England, on the N.W. coast of Cornwall, 10 miles N. of Truro. Pop. 1121. New Quay, a small seaport of Wales, eo. and on the Bay of Cardigan, 15 miles N.N.W. of Lampeter. Pop. 1421. New Reading, red'ing, a hamlet in Reading town- ship. Perry co., 0., 3 miles from Somerset Station, and about 20 miles S. of Newark. It has 2 churches. Pop. 95. New Rich'l and, a post-township of Waseca eo., Minn., about 40 miles S.E. of Mankato. Pop. 671. New Richland, a post-haralet in Richland township, Logan CO., 0., on the Cincinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland Railroad, at Richland Station, 10 miles N. of Bellefontaine. New Rich'mond, a post-hamlet in Coal Creek town- ship, Montgomery co., Ind., 18 miles S.W. of Lafayette. New Richmond, Allegan co., Mich. See RicHifONn. New Richmond, a post-village in Ohio township, Clermont co., 0., on the Ohio River, 20 miles above Cin- cinnati. It is the most populous village in the county. It has 8 churches, a newspaper office, a national bank, a union school, a town hall, a distillery, a steam saw-mill, a foundry, a woollen-factory, and a flour-mill. Pop. 2516. New Richmond, a post-hamlet of Crawford eo.. Pa., 11 or 12 miles N.E. of Meadville. It has a church. New Richmond, a post-hamlet of Summers co., W. Va., on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, about 87 miles S.E. of Charleston. New Richmond, a post-village of St. Croix oo.. Wis., in Richmond township, on Willow River, and on the North Wisconsin Railroad, 18 miles N.N.E. of Hudson. It has a newspaper office, 3 churches, 1 or 2 flouring-mills, &c. New Rich'mond, a seaport in Bonaventure co., Que- bec, on the Bay of Chaleurs, 53 miles E.N.E. of Campbell- ton, New Brunswick. It has a large trade in lumber and fish, and contains 10 stores and a hotel. Pop. 250. New Riegel, reo'gh^l, a village of Seneca oo., 0., in Big Spring township, about 10 miles S.W. of Tiffin, and 2 miles W. of the Cincinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland Rail- road. It has a church. Pop. 236. New Ring'gold, a post-village of Schuylkill co.. Pa., on the Little Schuylkill Railroad, about 9 miles S. by W. of Tamaqua. Coal is mined here. New River, Alabama. See Sipsey River. New River,' Louisiana, flows into Lake Maurepas from the W. New River, North Carolina, a small stream which runs southward in Onslow co. and enters the Atlantic Ocean. New River, Beaufort co., S.C., runs nearly south- ward, and enters the Atlantic Ocean about 7 miles N.E. of the mouth of the Savannah River. New River, Virginia. See Great Kanawha. New River, a post-office of Fayette co., Ala. New River, a post-village of Ascension parish. La., on the E. bank of the Mississippi River, about 25 miles by the road S.S.E. of Baton Rouge. New River, a hamlet in Huron township, Huron co., Mich., 80 miles E.N.E. of Bay City. It has manufactures of lumber and salt. New River, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co., N.C., on the New River, 35 miles S.S.E. of Marion, Va. New River, a station in Butler eo., 0., on the Cincin- nati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad, at the junction of the branch to Richmond, Ind. It is 3 miles N. of Hamilton. New River, a post-office of Scott co., Tenn. New River Depot, a post-village of Pulaski co., Va., near the New River, and on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 98 miles W. by S. of Lynchburg. It has 2 churches. New River Falls, a station in Summers co., W. Va., on the New River, and on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 9 miles N. of Hinton. New River White Sulphur Springs. See Eggles- ton's Springs. New Road, a post-office of Colleton co., S.C. New Rochelle, ro-shell', a post-village in New Ro- chelle township, Westchester CO., N.Y., on Long Island Sound, and on the New York, New Haven A Hartford Railroad, at the junction of the Harlem River Branch, 18 miles N.E. of New York. It contains many beautiful villas, 7 churches, a savings-bank, and a manufactory of druggists' scales. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. of the township, 4698. New Roch'ester, a post-hamlet of Wood co., 0., on Portage River, about 22 miles S. of Toledo. It has a church. New Rockford, Indiana. Sec Rockford. New Roe, a post-hamlet of Allen co., Ky., about 30 miles S. of Bowling Green. Pop. 145. New Rome, a post-hamlet of Sibley co., Minn., 10 miles W. of Henderson. It has a church and a store. New Rome, a post-hamlet of Adams co.. Wis., 15 miles S. of Grand Rapids. It has flour- and saw-mills. Neuf Ross, a post-village in Walnut township, Mont- gomery CO., Ind., on Raccoon Creek, and on the Indianap- olis, Bloomington & Western Railroad, 33 miles W.N.W. of Indianapolis. It has a graded school, 2 churches, a saw- mill, a grist-mill, Ac. New Ross, a post-village in Dundas co., Ontario, 9 miles from Iroquois. Pop. 120. New Ross Road, a post-village in Kings co., Nora Scotia, on Salmon Tail River, 20 miles from Kentville. New Rum'ley, a post-hamlet in Ruinley township, Harrison co., 0., about 36 miles S.S.E. of Canton. The township has 3 churches and a graded school. Neiv Russia, rush'a, a post-hamlet of Essex co., N.Y., on the Boquet River, 12'miles W.S.W. of Westport. It has a grist-mill and saw-mill. New Rut'land, a village in Groveland township. La Sallo CO., III., on the Illinois Central Railroad, 25 miles S. of La Salle. It has 5 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, a hotel, a flour-mill, a manufactory of furniture, &c. Pop. about 800. The name of the post-office and station is Rutland. Coal is mined here. Newry, nu'ree, a borough and town of Ireland, cos. of Down and Armagh, on the Newry Water, 6 miles above its mouth in Carlingford Bay, and at a railway junction, 34 miles S.W. of Belfast. It has 2 handsome churches, 2 Roman Catholic chapels, a convent, a preparatory seminary, a town hall, 2 jails, barracks, a workhouse, assembly-rooms, a custom-house, a court-house, and a market-house. The principal exports are linen, grain, provisions, cattle, eggs, and butter, chiefly to England, but it trades also with North America, the Baltic, and the Levant. The borough sends a member to Parliament. Pop. 13,364. Ne w'ry, a hamlet of Jackson co., Ind., in Vernon town- ship, 5 miles from Langdon's Station. Newry, a post-township of Oxford co., Me., on the Androscoggin River, about 44 miles N.W. of Lewiston, Pop. 416. Newry Post-Office is 6 miles N. of Bethel. Newry, a post-township of Freeborn co., Minn. Pop. 717. Newry Post-Offlce is 12 miles N.N.W. of Austin. Newry, a post-borough in Blair township, Blair co,, Pa., 12 miles S. of Altoona, and 4 miles S.W. of Hollidays- burg. It is the S. terminus of a branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad. It has 2 churches, a hotel, a flour-mill, ie. NEW 1568 Newry, a post-office of Vernon co., Wis. , Newry, a post-village in Perth co., Ontario, on the Wellington, Grey & Bruce Railway, 15 miles S.W. of Pal- merston. Pop. 100. New Saint Ijouis, a post-office of East Baton Rouge parish, La. New Salem, Edwards co., 111. See West Salem. New Sa'lem, a township of McDonough co.. 111. Pop. 1233. It contains Adair. New Salem, a post-village in New Salem township. Pike CO., 111., on the Wabash Railroad, 37 miles W. of Jacksonville, and 30 miles E. of Hannibal, Mo. It has 3 churches and a flour-mill. Pop. 316 : of township, 1418. New Salem, a post-village in Noble township, Rush CO., Ind., 7 miles S.E. of Rushville, and about 34 miles S.W. of Richmond. It has 3 stores. New Salem, a post-hamlet of Cowley co., Kansas, 40 miles S.E. of Afichita. It has a church. New Salem, a post-township of Franklin co., Mass., on the Springfield, Athol & Northeastern Railroad, 40 miles N.N.E. of Springfield. It contains hamlets named Mil- lington, North New Salem, and New Salem. Pop. 987. New Salem, a post-hamlet of Allegan co., Mich., about 22 miles S.S.W. of Grand Rapids. It h.is a church. New Salem, a post-village in New Scotland township, Albany co., N.Y., about 12 miles W. by S. of Albany. It has 2 churches and a wagon-factory. Pop. 219. New Salem, Ontario co., N.Y. See Farmington. New Salem, a post-hamlet of Randolph co., N.C., in New Salem township, about 70 miles W. of Raleigh. It has a Friends' meeting. Pop. of the township, 931. New Salem, a township of Union co., N.C. P. 2191. New Salem, a post-village of Fairfield eo., 0., in Walnut township, 4 miles S.W. of Thornport Station, about 30 miles E. by S. of Columbus. It has 3 churches. P. 177. New Salem, a hamlet of Armstrong co.. Pa., in Red Bank township, .3 miles S. of Maysvillo Station. It has a church. Here is Pierce Post-Office. New Salem, a post-village in Menallen township, Fayette co.. Pa., 6 miles W. of Uniontown. It has 3 churches. New Salem, or Salem, a borough in Salem town- ship, Westmoreland co., Pa., about 25 miles E. of Pitts- burg. It has an academy, 4 churches, a tannery, and a saw-mill. Pop. 448. Here is Delmont Post-Office. New Salem, a post-village of Rusk co., Tex., about 44 miles E.N.E. of Palestine. It has a church, an academy, and 4 stores. Pop. about 100. Neiv Salem, a post-village of Harrison co., W. Va., on the Baltimore aper offices, a distillery, a grist-mill, 3 saw-mills, a public hos- pital, a mint and assay office, court-house, jail, penitentiary, legislative building, government house, savings-bank, a number of stores, &a. Its principal industry is salmon- fishing; but other kinds of fish are caught in great abun- dance. Since the removal of the government to Victoria it has materially decreased in business and population, but the N£;>V 1573 NEW steamers from Vancouver Island make it their forwarding station for all passengers and freight from abroad, and the river-steamers make it their headquarters whence they convey passengers and freight to Yale (100 miles distant), the head of navigation on the Fraser River. Steamers rUn twice a week between New Westminster and Victoria, New West'ville, a post-village of Preble co., 0., in Jackson township, 1^ miles from Westville, and 6 miles E. of Richmond, Ind. It has 2 churches. Pop. 200. New Wil'mington, a post-village in Wilmington township, Lawrence co., Pa., 9 miles N. of New Castle. It contains 5 churches, and is the seat of Westminster Col- lege (United Presbyterian), which was organized in 1862 and has about 250 students of both sexes. Pop. about 800. New Win'chester, a post-hamlet of Hendricks co., Ind., 4 miles from Reno Station, and 27 miles W. of In- dianapolis, It has 2 churches. Pop. 125. New Winchester, a post-village in Whetstone town- ship, Crawford co., 0., on the Whetstone River, 8 miles S.S.E. of Bucyrus. It has a church. New Windsor, win'zor, a post-village in Rivoli town- ship, Mercer co., 111., on the Galva &> Keithsburg Branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, at Windsor Station, 21 miles AV. of Galva, and 20 miles N. of Galcs- burg. It bus a newspaper office, a graded school, and 6 churches. Pop. 575. New Windsor, a post-village of Carroll co., Md., on the Western Maryland Railroad, 3S miles N.W. of Balti- more, and 7 miles AV.S.W, of Westminster. It contains 5 churches, a national bank, and the New Windsor College, and has manufactures of furniture, agricultural machinery, and bone phosphate. Pop. 396. New Windsor, a village in New Windsor township, Orange co., N.Y., on the Hudson River, and on the Newburg & New York Railroad, 3 miles S.S.W. of Newburg. It has 2 churches, 6 steam brick-yards, 2 paper-mills, a woollen- mill, and a fine park. The township contains also Vail's Gate, and Moodna. Pop. of the township, 2461. NcAV Wine, a township of Dubuque co., Iowa. Pop. 1264, exclusive of Dyersville. It contains New Vienna. New Wood'stock, a post-village in Cazenovia town- ship, Madison co., N.Y., 3 miles from Webster Station of the Syracuse & Chenango Railroad, and about 24 miles S.E, of Syracuse. It has 2 churches, a graded school, 2 car- riage-shops, &c. Pop. about 300, New Year's Island, two small islands off the S. coast of Australia. Lat. 39° 40' S.j Ion. 143° 49' E. NeAV Year's Island, North Australia, is off the coast of Arnhem's Land, 60 miles N.E. of Port Essington. Lat. 10° 55' S. ; Ion. 133° 3' E. New Year's Islands, South Atlantic, are in lat. 54° 41' S., Ion. 64° 2S' W., and were so named by Cook. New Year's Range, Central Australia, is a mountain- tract. Lat. 30° 21' S.; Ion. 146° 33^' E. New York, one of the Middle States (so called) of the American Union, bordering upon the Atlantic, and bounded N. by Lake Ontario, the river St. Lawrence, and Canada; E. by Vermont (from which it is partly separated by Lake Champlain), Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic; S. by the Atlantic, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; W. by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, and the river Niagara. The state limits include Long and Staten Islands, and the juris- diction of the state covers Long Island Sound and the lower waters of the Hudson to low-water-mark on the New Jersey side. Area, 47,000 square miles. Islanda. — Besides Long and Staten Islands, may be enumerated Manhattan, Governor's, Bedloe's, Hart's, Ran- dall's, Blackwell's, Ward's, Gardiner's, Plum, Shelter, Fisher's, Faulkner's, the Thimbles, Coney, Barron, Fire, and other islands in tidal waters ; Grand, Goat, Beaver, Buckhorn, Cayuga, Squaw, Stanberry, Tonawanda, Rattle- snake, and other islands in the Niagara River ; many of the Thousand Islands and others in the St. Lawrence and in Lake Ontario: and Crab, Schuyler, and Valcour Islands in Lake Champlain. The face of the country is exceedingly varied. In the N. lies an extensive wilderness, underlaid mainly by Laurentian rocks, and affording few valuable economic products save lumber, iron ore, and some furs. Here rise the Adirondack Mountains, and this region abounds in lakes and streams and is a great summer resort for the angler and the tourist. It is nearly belted by a very fertile tract, and is bounded on the S. by the rich Mohawk Valley. The Kittatinny and Blue Mountains of Pennsylvania are called Shawangunk Mountains in this state, white the Alleghanies proper pass into the Catskill and Helderberg ranges. The Taconic {or Taghkanio) Hills of Massachusetts and Connecticut pass through this state into Now Jersey, and are locally known as the Skunemunk Mountains. The Highlands are a region of broken Laurentian hills, continuous (geographically, if not geologically) with the Green Mountains on the one hand and the Blue Ridge on the other. The head-streams of the Delaware flow through a region of steep forest-clad hills, to the westward of which is the plateau of Central and Western New York. That part of this plateau whose waters flow into the great lakes is a very beautiful and fertile region, characterized by the presence of a remark- able series of long, deep, and narrow lakes, but southward of the watershed the plateau has been cut by denudation into an irregular succession of ridges and valleys. Geology. — The prominent geological features of New York may be simply stated as follows: (1.) The azoic and mainly Laurentian regions, which are (o) the Great Northern Wil- derness, and (If) the Highlands of the Hudson: Manhattan Island, and the northern portion of Staten Island, are also coDiposed of azoic gneissoid strata. The Adrrondacks and Highlands both afford much magnetic and specular iron ore of excellent quality ; and the Adirondack country, besides granitoid rocks and hypersthehe, contains much limestone and serpentine. (2.) The Silurian formation, which nearly encircles the Adirondack and wilderness country, covers the Mohawk Valley, and also the valley of the Hudson from Sandy Hill down to Newburg, and occupies the Shawan- gunk Mountain country and the Wallkill Valley, while from the Mohawk Valley westward it sends a wide strip, which borders and indeed surrounds Lake Ontario, "and through it the river Niagara makes its way. To the Silurian age belong the Potsdam and calciferous sandstones; the Chazy, Bird's-eye, Black River, and Trenton limestones; the Utica slate ; the Hudson River slate ; the Oneida conglomerates and Shawangunk grit, yielding lead and copper ; the Oswego and Medina sandstones; the iron-bearing Clinton shales; the Niagara limestone, through which the great cataract is cutting its way, and which forms a great terrace, traversing this state and Canada ; the Salina group, whence are derived the salt, gypsum, and cement so abundantly produced in th is state; and the Lower Helderberg limestone, which crowns the Devonian of New York. (3.) The Devonian strata, which, first appearing in the Helderberg and Catskill Mountains, cover all the state to the westward, excepting the parts already noticed; its members, beginning with the lowest, are the Oriskany sandstone ; the Cauda-galli and Schoharie grits; the Upper Helderberg; the Marcel) us, Hamilton, and Genesee shales and sandstones, including the "bluestone" and other excellent somewhat metamorphic flagstones ; the Portage and Chemung groups of shales, flags, and sandstones, which occupy a large part of the two southern tiers of counties; and the old red or Catskill sand- stone, especially developed in the Catskill Mountains : this last constitutes the uppermost bed of the Devonian. (4.) The carboniferous formation, represented in New York only by few and relatively small detached areas of a sandstone which is among the lowest members of the carboniferous: these are never coal-bearing, and New York has no coal of any geological age. (5.) The triassic sandstones of Rock- land CO., much broken by trap dikes, of which the Pali- sades of the Hudson are prominent examples, (6.) The cretaceous of the northern side of Long Island. (7.) The quaternary and alluvial of Southern Long Island and the Champlain Valley. (8.) The drift, which in many places deeply covers the older formations. A line run from Og- densburg, N.Y., to Blossburg, Pa., crosses in succession all the Silurian and Devonian beds above named. Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Among these are the Adirondack region, which is much visited in summer, Ni- agara, Trenton, Catskill, Baker's, Cohoes, Flora, Genesee, and Buttermilk Falls, and many other noteworthy cata- racts, the mineral springs of Ballston, Saratoga, New Lebanon, Avon, Richfield, Sharon, Massena, &c., Lakes George and Champlain, and the numerous other lakes of the north, centre, and west, the Thousand Islands, Watkins and Havana Glens, the Highlands and Palisades of the Hudson, the Catskill Mountains, and the beaches of Far Rockaway, Canarsie, and Fire, Shelter, and Coney Islands. Mineral Wealth, — AVestchester co. produces marble ex- tensively, especially in the vicinity of Sing Sing, and it is also obtained near Glens Falls (block) and Hudson, and at many other points. The excellent iron ores already referred to are largely mined. Lead has been obtained at EUenville, Rossie, and other places, but is not now wrought. The salt-works of Onondaga co, are of great importance. The blue flagstones of the Hamilton group are largely quar- ried at Kingston and in its vicinity. Sandstone, limestone, and slate for builders' use are obtained at many points. NEW 1574 NEW Lime, cement, and gypsum are extensively produced, the cement of Akron and Rosendale being of especial note. The gas-wells of Bloomfield, Barcelona, and Fredonia are very interesting and of much local importance. Petroleum is obtained at Cuba, Olean, and elsewhere. Giimate. — Throughout the greater part of the state the winter's cold is more intense and the snow-fall is greater than in most New England districts of corresponding lati- tude; but there are fewer sudden and extreme changes. The mean temperature of the state is stated to be 46.40° F. The only endemic disease is an ordinarily mild type of ma- larial fever, which prevails in many parts of the state, es- pecially in autumn ; and there are occasional epidemics of typhoidal and eruptive fevers, diphtheria, dysentery, and the like, but as a whole the state is a remarkably healthful one. Catarrhal and pulmonary diseases are, on the whole, leas prevalent than in the states to the eastward. The rain- fall is usually ample, and rarely excessive. The winter climate of the Adirondacks is intensely cold. Agriculture. — More than half the area of New York is improved or cultivated land, and, excepting the mountain- ridges and the Laurentian wilderness of the N., there is but little unproductive land in the state. The productive soils are of every variety of constitution, but thej mostly contain abundance of lime. The Mohawk Valley is re- nowned for its broom-corn and factory-made cheese, Orange 00. for its butter (a staple product of the whole state), Orange, Dutchess, Putnam, Greene, Westchester, and Rock- land COS. for milk, Long Island for market-gardens and for its eggs, the northern counties for potatoes and hay, Onon- daga, Chemung, and Steuben for tobacco, Madison, Ontario, Oneida, Otsego, and Schoharie for hops. Monroe and Or- leans cos. raise more white beans than any other counties in the United States. The central lake valleys are espe- cially adapted to grape-culture and the wine business. The state ranks first of all in its product of fruit. Live-stock and wool are raised in immense quantities. The grain aggregate is a largo one; and though the state formerly exported millions of bushels of wheat, and now does not raise a third of the grain she consumes, this is plainly due to the fact that her farmers find more profit in other prod- ucts, — a profit shown in the fine residences, capacious barns, and comfortable manner of living observable in the rural districts. In none of the older states does the working farmer occupy a more honorable social position than here; and many of the most cultivated and influential literary and professional men and women of the country have sprung from the farming class of New York. Manufacturea. — New York in 1S70 ranked first of the states in the value of her manufactures. Among the most important of these are agricultural implements, bagging, beer, boots and shoes, boxes, bread, bricks, brooms, brushes, carpets, oars, carriages, cement, clothing, cigars, c<)operage, cotton goods, chandlery, chemicals, felt goods, fertilizers, flour, furniture, furs, gloves, mittens, hardware, hair goods, harnesses, hats, hosiery, india-rubber goods, instruments (musical, professional, etc.), iron, jewelry, leather, leather goods, liquors, linens, lime, lumber, machinery, malt, me- tallic wares, nails, oil (linseed, fish, essential, «i;c.), paper, pottery, salt, soap, starch, tobacco, tiles, upholstery, wooden- ware, woollen goods, ic, these being staple productions; besides which there are small wares manuftictured in infi- nite variety. The manufacturing industries are well dis- tributed over the state, and have brought a ready market to the farmer's door in almost every section; while the fruitfulness of the soil and the abundance of water-power have made the state an eligible one for the operative as well as for the capitalist. Hydrography. — The upper and lower New York bays to- gether constitute one of the most capacious harbors in the United States, their capacity being largely augmented by the deep and admirable harbor facilities afforded by the East and North (or Hudson) Rivers. Upon the noble inner harbor of New York are situated the cities of New York, Brooklyn, and Long Island City, in New York, and Jersey City and Iloboken, in New Jersey. Sag Harbor, Greenport, Port Jelferson, and the Hudson River cities are the principal ports on tidal waters. Bunkirli, and Buffalo on Lake Erie, Lewiston and Tonawanda on the Lower Niagara, Charlotte, Sodus, Fairhaven, Oswego, and Sack- ett's Harbor on Lake Ontario, Cape Vincent and Ogdens- burg on the St. Lawrence, Rouse's Point, Plattsburg, Port Henry, and Whitehall, on Lake Champlain, are important ports. The ports of entry are Buft'alo, Plattsburg, Cape Vincent, Dunkirk, Hochester (whose port is at Charlotte), New York, Sag Harbor, Suspension Bridge, Ogdensburg, and Oswego. Port Jeff'erson and the principal Hudson River towns are ports of delivery. The principal rivers are the Hudson and St. Lawrence, both important com- mercial channels; the Mohawk, an afiluent of the Hud- son, affording extensive water-power at Cohoes and Little Falls; the Oswego, which discharges the waters of the navigable lakes Canandaigua, Keuka, Seneca, Cayuga, Owasco, Skaneateles, Cross, Onondaga, Otisco, Cazenovia, and Oneida; the Genesee, Alleghany, and Susquehanna with its main tributaries the Charlotte, Chemung, Che- nango, and Unadilla; the Delaware and its branches; the Black, Oswegatchie, Grass, Racket, Chazy, Saranac, and Au Sable, which are important streams of the N. and N.E. Besides the lakes already mentioned, there are innumerable other lakes, large and small, scattered over every part of the state. Of these we may name as espe- cially noteworthy Lakes Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, Hem- lock, Honeoye, the Green Lakes, Lakes Otsego, Schuyler, Schroon, George, Placid, Pleasant, Piseco, &c., many of them favorite resorts for the angler and the summer tourist. The rivers and creeks of the state furnish much and un- usually constant water-power. Canals. — This state owns and has in operation canals and navigable feeders with an aggregate length of 857 miles, extended, by means of natural water artificially ren- dered navigable, to 907 miles. The canals are under a canal board, to which belong several of the principal execu- tive officers of the state, together with the state engineer and the canal commissioners. Of these canals the Erie, from Buffalo to Albany, and the Champlain, from West Troy to Whitehall, are by far the most important. These canals have long been extremely serviceable in moving grain, coal, lumber, and uther heavy and bulky freight, except in winter; but the expenses incurred for repairs and enlargements, and the great facilities offered by the railroads, together with the alleged misappropriation of funds by certain ofiicials, have latterly rendered the canals in some years a source of expense to the people. Besides the above, there are private canals, aggregating 101 miles, of which the Delaware & Hudson, from Honesdale, Pa., to Eddyville, N.Y., is the most important. This canal does a heavy business mainly in shipping coal. In 1S74 the state had 24S6 canal-boats (e.xclusive of steamers), with a total burden of 243,281 tons, or about one-half of the total canal tonnage of the United States. Commerce. — The ports of this state enumerated above, taken in the aggregate, together with the railroads which cross the state lines into Canada, do a very large share of the import and export trade of the United States, the port of New York being by far the most important seat of com- merce in this country, or, indeed, within the western hem- isphere; while in the coasting trade its prominence is no less marked. The state also does a large part of the lake- trade with the West and Northwest. In 1874 the state had 9818 registered, enrolled, and licensed vessels of all classes, with a tonnage of 1,711,502 tons, — considerably more than one-third of all the tonnage of the country. The port of New York at that time had a corresponding prominence in the amount of the entries, clearances, and tonnage imports of American and foreign vessels engaged in, foreign trade; but since 1874 the rival ports of Buston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, &c., have gained upon her in this respect. Fisheries. — Besides the whitefish-, shad-, and other lake and river fisheries, which are very important and are liberally fostered by the state, the sea-fisheries are quite ex- tensive. Sag Harbor district alone in 1874 employed 133 vessels (4487 tons) in the cod- and mackerel-fisheries. Still more extensive is the business of taking and rendering fish for oil and fish guano. Of this industry Long Island is a notable seat. Many of the fishing-vessels of New Eng- land are occupied also solely in the New York trade. In 1872 Buffalo handled lake fish to the value of $333,625. Oyster-planting is an important occupation in the waters near New York. Railronda. — The first railroad was opened in 1831, and extended from Albany to Schenectady, 17 miles. In 1846 the state had 727 miles of railway; in 1850, 1361 miles; in 1855, 25S3 miles; in 1860,2682 miles; in 1865,3002 miles; in 1870,3928 miles; in 1878,5840 miles (track-mileage, more than 13,000 miles), built at an average oost per road- mile, for works, of .$75,997. The principal railroad corpo- rations are the great combination which controls the Hud- son River, Now York Central, Harlem, and many minor lines and branches ; the Delaware, Lackawanna &, Western, and the Erie, from Jersey City, N.J., to Dunkirk, N.Y., with many subsidiary and leased lines. The counties are 60 in number, viz., Albany, Alleghany, NEW 1575 NEW Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Chemung, Che- nango, Clinton, Columbia, Cortland, Delaware, Dutchess, Erie, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Genesee, Greene, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, Kings, Lewis, Livingston, Madison, Monroe, Montgomery, New York, Niagara, Oneida, Onon- daga, Ontario, Orange, Orleans, Oswego, Otsego, Putnam, Queens, Rensselaer, Kichmond, Rockland, St. Lawrence, Sar- atoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Schuyler, Seneca, Steuben, Suffolk, Sullivan, Tioga, Tompkins, Ulster, Warren, Wash- ington, Wayne, Westchester, Wyoming, and Yates. The principal cities and towns, according to the latest census returns, are as follows : New York, principally situ- ated upon Manhattan Island, the largest city of the New World (pop. 1,046,037); Brooklyn, properly a suburb of New York (484,616); Long Island City, another suburb, present limits (15,609); Yonkers, also adjoining New York (17,269); Albany, the capital (pop, 86,013); Buffalo (117,714); Rochester (81,673); Troy (48,821); Syracuse (48,31 5) ; Utica (32,070) ; Oswego (22,455) ; Elmira (20,528) ; Kingston (20,474); Poughkeepsie (19,859) : Auburn (18,359); Cohoes (17.516); Newburg (17,327) ; 'Bingham- ton (15,550); Schenectady (12,748); Lockport (12,624); Rome (11,922); Fishkill, town (11,752); Ogdensburg (10,076); Watertown (10,041); Hudson (SS28); Ithaca (8462); Saratoga Springs (7516); New Brighton (7495) ; Peekskill (6560) ; Port Jervis (6377); Lansingburg (6372); Flushing (6223); Greenbush, town (6202); Middletown (6049); Seneca Falls (5890); Geneva (5521); Amsterdam (5426); Little Falls (5387); Dunkirk (5231); Plattsburg (5139); Canandaigua (4862) ; Sing Sing (4696) ; Hornells- ville (4552) ; Gloversville (4518) ; Glens Falls (4500) ; Wa- terloo (4086) ; Corning (4018) ; Batavia (3890) ; Port Ches- ter (3797); CatskMl (3791); Jamaica (3791); Saugerties (3731) ; College Point (3652) ; Geddes (3629) ; Fulton (3507) ; Fort Edward (3492) ; Penn Yan (3488); Warren (3469); Nyack(3438); Dansville (3387); Lyons (3350); Johnstown (3282); Oneida (3262); Cold Spring (3086); Waterford (.3071); Cortland (3066); Port Richmond (3028); Niagara Falls (3006). The above Hst includes nearly every village of more than 3000 inhabitants, but excludes many populous townships. Govern nient.-^The governor is chosen for a term of three years, and has an annual salary of $10,000, with the free use of a residence. The legislature consists of a senate and an assembly, whose members are respectively chosen for two years and one year. Judicial officers are chosen by the people, and have limited terms of service. The state sends 33 representatives to the lower house of Congress, and has 35 electoral votes. Finances. — -In 1875 the state owed a sum total of $28,328,686.40, so far covered by sinking funds as to leave a net debt of $14,747,304.26. The debt was mainly con- tracted in the construction and extension of the state canals, and in providing bounties during the war of 1861-65, In 1874 no less than §57,811,380 were raised by taxation other than national, the valuation of real and personal estate being $2,169,307,873, which, it is claimed, was about one- third of the true and lawful valuation of the state. Public Institutions. — Among these are the penitentiaries at Albany, Buffalo, Syracuse, Brooklyn, Rochester, and Blaekwell's Island, the state prisons at Auburn, Danne- mora, and Sing Sing, numbers of city and county prisons and jails, state insane asylums at Auburn, AVillard, Ovid, Poughkeepsie, Buffalo, Ward's Island, and Middletown, besides private, licensed, and incorporated insane retreats at Bloomingdale, Troy, Canandaigua, Pleasantville, Flush- ing, Fishkill, Buffalo, Ac, a state asylum for the blind at Batavia, one for idiots at Syracuse, two institutions for deaf- mutes in New York City, besides some private schools of the same class, a state asylum for inebriates (Bingham ton), state reformatories for youth at Rochester, Elmira, and Randall's Island, besides 11 municipal and other reform- atories, state almshouses at Albany, Buffalo, Canton, Delhi, and Yaphank, besides county and local almshouses. There are about 50 hospitals (mostly incorporated), 130 orphan- ages, Ac, and more than 50 dispensaries. Public Education was first in some measure provided for in 1795, but for many years the free-school system was very defective, and its full development is but recent. There are state and city superintendents of schools, besides county school commissioners, and the higher education of the state is supervised by the regents of the "University of the State of New York,'* a corporation which does not bestow instruction, but creates, supervises, and visits col- leges, academies, and academical union schools, and has power to confer the higher degrees, as well as to conduct written examinations, and to assemble the university con- vocation, which embraces the officers of academies and col- leges. There are state normal schools at Albany, Brock- port, Buffalo, Cortland, Fredonia, Geneseo, Oswego, and Potsdam; a female normal college and a colored normal college, New York City ; colleges and universities at Albany and Schenectady, Annandale, Alfred, Alleghany, Aurora, Brooklyn (2), Buffalo (2), Canton, Clinton, Elmira, Geneva, Hamilton, Ithaca, Le Roy, New York (7), Palmyra, Pough- keepsie, Rochester, and Syracuse, including 6 ladies' col- leges and universities, and at least 2 institutions where youth of both sexes are instructed. The colleges and uni- versities and other schools of New York City are noticed under that head. Among the best-endowed institutions of the state are Union University, Albany and Schenectady, and Cornell University, at Ithaca, to which the state agri- cultural college and Sage College for ladies are atRliated. Every large town and village has graded schools, in many cases including a high school or a free academy. There are also a large number of Roman Catholic parochial and conventual schools, besides other private institutions, some of which are of wide reputation. The public school system is in part sustained by the proceeds of a school fund, dis- tinct from which is the literature fund, the income of which is divided among the teachers of academies and union schools. Education is by statute made compulsory. Among the professional schools (some of them aftiiliated to univer- sities) are 6 schools of science and polytechnics, 4 of law, 13 of medicine and the kindred professions, and 12 or more of theology. History. — This region was once divided between Indian tribes of the Iroquois and Algonquin stocks, the Five (or Six) Nations (Iroquois) being the most powerful tribes. In 1609, Henry Hudson, the English commander of a Dutch vessel, discovered and explored New York Bay and the Hud- son River, and named the country New Netherlands; and in the same year Lake Champlain was discovered by the French explorer whose name it bears. Manhattan Island was settled by the Dutch in 1614, and the town of New Amster- dam (New York) was then founded. In 1664 the English, during a time of peace, took forcible possession of the then flourishing colony, and gave it the name of New York, in honor of the Duke of York, who had received a patent for the country from Charles II. ; but the Dutch authority was afterwards for a short time restored. In 1689-91 one Leisler usurped and exercised the governorship, the people having revolted against the tyranny of the lawful authorities; but Leisler was hanged in 1691. The northern colonists suf- fered much during the French and Indian wars of the co- lonial period, but were powerfully defended by the Iroquois. During the Revolution, however, the Six Nations assisted the British forces. Important actions took place during that struggle at Ticonderoga, Flatbush, White Plains, Stony Point, Stillwater, and other j)laces. The national inde- pendence and the return of peace were followed by vexa- tious questions of jurisdiction between this state. New Hampshire, and Massachusetts; but the erection of the Green Mountain region into a new state (Vermont), and the relinquishment by Massachusetts of all claims in West- ern New York except the right of soil, put an amicable end to both difficulties. The battle of Plattsburg was the most important action fought in this state during the war of 1812-15. Slavery was abolished in 1817. In 1825 the Erie Canal was opened. During the war of 1861-65 the troops of New York state bore a distinguished part, the state paying S40, 000,000 in bounties to her volunteers. The first state constitution, adopted in 1777, was superseded in 1822. The present constitution was adopted in 1846. The Population in 1698 was 18,067; in 1703, 20,665; in 1723, 40,564; in 1731, 50,824; in 1737, 60,437; in 1749, 73,348; in 1756, 96,790; in 1771, 163,337; in 1790, 340,120; in 1800, 589,051; in 1810, 959,049; in 1820, 1,372,111; in 1830,1,918,608; in 1840, 2,428,921; in 1850, 3,097,394; in 1860, 3,880,735; in 1870, 4,382,759, not in- cluding the 5140 tribal Onondaga, Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Tuscarora, and St. Regis Indians, but including the In- dians of Long Island. This population exceeded that of any other state. Pop. in 1875, 4,705,208. Besides the original Dutch, Walloon, and English settlers, many Ger- mans of the Palatinate early entered the province, very largely colonizing the Mohawk Valley ; and after the termi- nation of the war of the Revolution, and the cession of the Indian lands, many thousands of farmers from Massachu- setts, Connecticut, Vermont, and Pennsylvania came and occupied the fertile lands of Central and Western New York. Latterly there have been large accessions of immi- grants from Ireland, Germany, and Canada, especially in the larger towns. NEW' 1576 NEW New York, a, county in the S.E. part of New York, is bounded on the W. by the Hudson River, and on the E. by Harlem and East Rivers. It comprises Manhattan Island, which is about 14- miles lonjij, several lesser islands, namely, BlackweU's, Governor's, Ward's, Ilandall's, Bedloe's, and Ellis, and a portion of the mainland. This county has an abundance of granite and gneiss. It is coextensive with the city of New York. Pop. 1,0-16,037. New York (Fr. New-York, nuh^-yoRk'; Sp. Nueva York, nwi'vi youk; It. Niiova York, noo-o'v^ youk; L. No'vii7ii EborUtcuni), the commercial metropolis of the state of New York and of the nation, and the most populous and important city of the western hemisphere, is situated chiefly upon Manhattan Island, which extends from its point at the Battery, the confluence of the East River and the Hud- son, up the latter 13^ miles and the former about S miles, being separated from the mainland by Spuyten Duy vil Creek and the Harlem River. The lat. of the city hall is 40° 42' 43" N., its Ion. 74° 0' 3" W., and it is about IS miles from the Atlantic Ocean, ]42 miles S. of Albany, 213 miles S.W. of Boston, and 90 miles N.E. of Philadelphia. The charter limits of the city now include, besides Man- hattan Island, the islands in New York Bay off the Battery (Governor's, Bedloe's, and Ellis), and in East River (Black- well's, Ward's, and Randall's), and a considerable district of the mainland, the total length from the Battery on the S. to Mount St. Vincent on the N. being about 16 miles, the maximum breadth, from the mouth of the Bronx W. to the Hudson, 4J miles, and the aggregate area not far from 41^ square miles, or 26,560 acres, of which about 14,000 acres are within Manhattan Island and upwards of 12,000 acres on the mainland. Within the present limits of the city are a number of former villages and hamlets, the names of which are still in colloquial use to designate the localities : indeed, the post-oSices at 10 of them are continued as branches of the main post-office of the city under their former distinctive names. They are YorkviUe (post-office, YoRKViLLK Station), Bloomingdale, Manhattan, Harlem (post-office, Harlem Station), Cannansville, Washington Heights (or Fort Washington), Inwood, Mott Haven, Port Morris, Melrose, Morrisania (post-office). High Bridge, Claremont, Tremont (post-office), Mount Hope, Mount Eden, Fairmount, West Farms (post-office), Belmont, FoRDHAM (post-office), WiUiams Bridge, Kings Bridge (post-office), Spuyten Doyvil (post-office), Mosholu, Riv- EKDALE (post-office), WooDLAWN (post-office), and Mount St. Vincent. The boundaries of the city are : W. the Hudson River; N. Yonkers; E. the Bronx River to its mouth, whence Long Island Sound forms the S, boundary to the eastern shore of Randall's Island, and thence the East River to its junction with the Hudson, off the Bat- tery, S. and W. of which are Governor's, Bedloe's, and Ellis Islands, The mainland portion of the city is largely occupied, especially in the highlands at the N., by mansions with attractive gardens, and highly-improved farms, though in some places, as at Morrisania, West Farms, &c., there are compact villages with avenues and streets ; the avenues and streets of Morrisania run in general harmony with, and are numbered in continuation of, those of the N.E. portion of Manhattan Island, its central thoroughfare being a con- tinuation of Third avenue, which after crossing Harlem bridge runs N.N.E. Of the main city, the S., below Third street, is densely built, and the streets are mostly narrow and irregular in their lines and intersections ; N. of Third street the E. side becomes regular, the avenues running N. and S. and the streets crossing them at right angles. From Fourteenth street as far N. as One-Hundred-and-Fifty- Fjfth street the entire city from the Hudson to East River is handsomely laid out in squares, with broad avenues and streets: the chief exception to the regular rectangular plan of the city between Fourteenth and One-Hundred-ond-Fifty- Fifth street is that Broadway trends to the N.N.W. from Union Square. The N. end of the island is very irregularly though handsomely laid out, and in part occupied by Fort Washington and the Parade-Ground, while there is a de- lightful " Public Drive" ahmgthe Hudson shore and around the Spuyten Duyvil and Harlem curves. All the vast commercial enterprises and interests of New York have their seat S. of Fourteenth street, and the S. end of the island is entirely given up to business. Those of the money and mercantile princes of New York who reside upon Manhattan Island mostly have their mansions N. and W. of Twenty-Third street and Broadway (the most aristo- cratic locality being known as Murray Hill, between Thirty- Second and Forty-Fifth streets and 'Third and Sixth ave- nues), though there are palatial residences S.E. of Broadway ; but by far the majority of those pecuniarily able to exercise a choice have their homes N. and W. of the island, in the highlands of the mainland, and in Morrisania, West Farms, Ac. ; while in Westchester co., on Long Island, and in New Jersey, within a radius of 15 or 20 miles of the city, are the abodes of thousands of its business men. The islands of the East River and the bay are all improved and utilized ; those in the bay belong to the United States, and are occupied by fortifications, military magazines, &e., the Military depart- ment of the Atlantic having its headquarters on the largest. The East River islands are occupied by benevolent, chari- table, and correctional institutions of the city, and on Blackwell's is one of the state penitentiaries; some of the best of the famous hospitals, asylums, /na' 0, a town of Asia Minor, 47 miles N.E. of Ereglee. Pop. 5000. It is the residence of a pasha, and has 3 fortresses, some mosques, a Turkish college, and various antiquities. The plain of Nigdeh extends S.W. from it for about 50 miles. Niger, ni'j?r, or Quor'ra, written also Kwara, Ko- wara, and Kouara (anc. Nl'geir, Ni'gir, or Ni'grie; Gr. Niyi/i, or Niyeip), called Joliba, jol'e-bi, in the upper part of its course, a great river of Western Africa, rises in the country of the Mandingos, N; of the Kong Mountains, about lat. 8° N., Ion. 9° W., and, flowing N. and N.E. to- wards the desert, afterwards turns S.E. and S., and enters the Sea through many mouths in the Bight of Benin. At its source it is called Tembie, that is, " water," in the Kisse language, but lower down, in Bambarra, it is entitled Babaa, "Great River," or Joliba, that is, the river of the Joli, or Red Men, who are the inliabitants of Joli-nkendu (Red Man's Land), the Jallonkandoo of Park. It becomes navigable at Bammakoo, 100 miles above Sego in Bam- barra. Lower down it enters a level country, and divides into several arms enclosing extensive islands, on one of which stands Jenne, or properly Gin6wa, the great em- porium of Negroland, and from which the whole oountry has derived its 'commercial name, Guinen, The river then enters a territory \U which the Foolahs, or Fellatah, are the rulers, within the domain of which the river is called Issa. In its course down to Jenne the Joliba receives several accessions from the S. Farther on it turns northward, crossing Debo (or Blackwater) Lake, and receiving- on the right numerous streams. At Kabra, the port of Timbuctoo, it probably reaches its highest latitude (about 17° N.),* it then runs E. along the desert to the frontiers of Houssa. In the Houssa country the great river is known as the Gulbi-nkow^ra, that is, the *' River Kwdra," or Kow^ra, and farther S., in Nyffe, where it is often a league wide or more, it is entitled the sea or lake of Nyffe, or Kwara. A very active commerce here animates the broad waters of theQuorra. Through Houssa and Nyffe flow several streams from the heights which divide those countries from Borneo, while on the western side, through Guinea and Bergoo, the Kwdra receives the small rivers which descend from the mountains of the Songay. At the southern extremity of Nyffe (lat. 7° 46' N.) the Niger unites with its chief tribu- tary, the Benuwe, a navigable stream from Adamawa. The united stream then flows S. by W. between Yariba on its right bank and Attah on the left; and here it is called Ujimini Fufu, or AVhite Water; the Benuwe being styled Ujimini Dudu, or Black Water. The delta of the Niger commences near Aboh, about SO miles above the sea. It has 22 mouths. It is supposed that the Niger is connected with the Calabar by Cross River, and it is' certain that on the W. there are navigable channels from it to Warree and Benin. The whole course of the great river from its source to the mouth of the Nun, without regard to sinuosities, is about 2000 miles, and if traced through all its windings it would fall little short of 3000. It was descended by Mungo Park from Sego to Boossa, a distance on the river probably of from 1500 miles to 1800 miles, and it has been ascended from the sea as far as Lever, 40 or 50 miles from Boossa: it is regularly traversed for many miles by British steamers. The scenery near the delta is of the wildest forest chiiracter. Night Island, Australia, is off the N.E. coast of Cape York. Lat. 13° 10' S. : Ion. 143° 22' E. Nigritia, Nigritie, or Nigritien* See Soodan. Nigua, nee'gwi, a small maritime town of Hayti, on its S. coast, 10 miles S.W. of San Domingo, and near the mouth of the river Nigua in the Caribbean Sea. Nisuarda,ne-gwaR'di, a village of Italy, province and 3 miles N. of Milan. Pop. of commune, 2002. NiguelaSj ne-gi'lS,s, a hamlet of Spain, in Andalusia^ province and 16 miles from Granada. Pop. 1244. 1584 NIL'' Nihau, nee'how', or Oneeow, o-nee^6w', one of the Sandwich Islands, lat. 22° N., Ion. 160° 35' \V., about 13 miles long and 8 miles broad. Pop. 23.3. Wijar (Nixar), or Nijar-y - Hnebro, ne-naB'-e- Hwi'bro, a town of Spain, province and 13 miles E.N.E. of Almeria. Pop. 2038. Nijehaske, or Nyhehaske, ni'a-hJs'keh, a Tillage of the Netherlands, in Friesland, 2 miles W. of Heeren- veen. Pop. 1454. NijUerk, a town of the Netherlands. See NTKEnK. Nijmwegen, Netherlands. See Nymwesen. ' Nijnl. For places with this prefl.'iod name see NizhnEe. Nijiiii-Novgorod, Russia. See Nizhnee-Novgorod. Nikaria, an island of Greece. See Nicaria. Nikde, a town of Asia Minor. See Nigdeh. Nikish, nee'kish\ Niksiki, nik^see'kee, or Nic'sic, a village of Montenegro, 34 miles N.E. of Cattaro. P. 4000. Nikita, nee'ke-tJ* (?), a village of Russia, in the Crimea, 26 miles S. of Simferopol. Nikitinskaia, ne-ke-tin-ski'3,, a town of Russia, gov- ernment and 40 miles E.N.E. of Orcnboorg. Nikitovka, or Nikitowka, ne-ke-tov'ki, a town of Russia, 34 miles W.N.W. of Kharkov. Pop. 1600. Nikitovka, or Nikitowka, a town of Russia, in Voro- nezh, 30 miles E.N.E. of Valooiki. Niklasbiiri^, a town of Moravia. See Nikolsbcrg. Nikobar Islands. See Nicobar Islands. Nikolai, nik'o-li\ a town of Prussia, in Silesia, 58 miles S.E. of Oppeln. It has manufactures of beer and spoons. Pop. 5699. Nikolaiev, or Nikolaiew, ne-ko-irjv', written also Nikolaief^ a fortified town of Russia, government and 39 miles N.N.W. of Kherson, at the confluence of the Ingul and the Bug, 20 miles above the mouth of the latter in tho estuary of the Dnieper. Pop. 82,805. It was founded in 1790, is enclosed by walls, is well built, and is the station of a Russian admiral and fleet. It has a cathedral, a town hall, an admiralty-house, museums and library, schools for pilots and for the daughters of soldiers, an observatory, hospitals, and docks. Nikolaifsk, ne-ko-lJ'ifsk, Nikolaevsk, ne-ko-li'- Svsk, or Nikolajcwsk, ne-ko-15'y5vsk, a town of Asiatic Russia, capital of the government of Primorsk, on the N. bank of the Amoor, 25 miles from its mouth. It is a naval station, with foundi-ies, dock, factories, and machine-shops. It has a good trade. Pop. 5300. Nikolaifsk, Nikolaevsk, or Nikolajewsk, a town of Russia, government of Samara, on the Irgis, a tributary of the Volga, 60 miles E. of Volsk. Pop. 9794. Nikolaiken,nee'ko-lI"k?n, a town of Prussia, on Lake Spirding. 12 miles E.S.E. of Sensburg. Pop. 2192. Nikolaistad, ne-ko-ll'stid (formerly Vasa, or Wasa, va'sa), a seaport town of Finland, capital of the Iffln Of Vasa, on the E. side of the Gulf of Bothnia, 56 miles N.E. of Christianstad. Lat. 63° 4' 3" N. ; Ion. 21° 43' E. Pop. 4981. Nik'olsburg (Ger. pron. nce'kols-boSRG'), Niklas- burg, nee'klds-bo6RG\ or Mikulow, mee'koo-lov\ a town of Moravia, 28 miles S. of Brunn. Pop. 7173, among whom are many Jews. It has a splendid castle, with a library of 20,000 volumes, many valuable manuscripts, and collections of natural history; a philosophical academy, several other public schools, and manufactures of woollen cloth and other stuffs. Nikolsk, ne-kolsk', a town of Russia, government and 194 miles E. of Voli>gda, on tho Yoog. Pop. 1748. Nikolskaia, Nikolskaja, ne-kol-ski'i, Stanitza, st3,-nit'z3,, or Novaia-Kargata, no-vi'i-kan-gi'ti, a town of Russia, government and E.S.E. of Orenboorg, on the Ural. Pop. 2307. Nikooleeno, Nikoulino, or Nikulino, ne-koo- lee'no, some small places in Russia, government of Tver, E. of Staritza, and in Russian Poland, government of Moheo- lev, N.E. of Babinovitchi. Nikopol, ne-ko'pol, a town of Russia, 67 miles S.S.W. of Yekaterinoslav, on the Dnieper. Pop. 9706. Nikopoli, a town of Bulgaria. See Nicopous. Niksar, nik'sar' (anc. Xeui-ivanrca), a town of Asia Minor, 30 miles N.E. of Tokat, on the route to Erzi-ooui. It comprises about 800 houses, and has a citadel containing the chief bazaars and buildings. Niksiki, a village of Montenegro. See Nikish. Nilab, neo'lib', a town of tho Punjab, on the left bank of the Indus, a short distance below Attock. Lat. 33° 46' N. Nile, nil (Fr. jV;Vc, neol ; Ger. A')7, neel; Sp., It., and Port. Nilo, nee'lo; Arab. Btihr N!i, bta'r neel ; nno. Ni'- Ivs), a great river of East Africa, and the most celebrated NIL 1585 NIM river of the ancient world, is formed by two head-streams — the Bfthr-el-Azrek (or Blue River) and the Bahr-el-Abiad (or White River) — which unite at Khartoom, lat. 15° 37' N. It receives its last tributary, the Atbara (anc. Aatab'- oras), in lat. 17° 42' N., at the N. extremity of the penin- sula of Atbara (sometimes called the island of Meroe), and thence flows N. in a single stream without accession through 12 degrees of latitude, or, following its windings, at least 1300 miles, to the sea. ' Below its junction with the Atbara it has on the W. the desert of Bahiooda, on the E. Berber ; lower down it forms several islands, one of which bears the name of Kandake. It then bends W. by S., and passes by Jebel Barkal ; then, resuming its N. course, it enters the plains of Dongola, and forms several islands of great ex- tent. Quitting these plains by a cataract, the river flows through the districts of Mahas, Sukkot, Wady Kenooz, and Batn-el-Hajar, at the head of which is the second or great cataract, and, entering Egypt at Phila3, it descends the last (the first in ascending) cataract to Syene or Asswan, in lat. 2-4° 5' N. From Phila3 the Nile flows through Egypt in a single stream to lat. 30° 15' N., where it divides into two branches, leading respectively to Rosetta (Rasheed) and Damietta (Da- miat), entering the sea in about lat. 31° 35' N. From the junction of its head-streams to its delta its basin, varying in breadth, is formed by two parallel chains of mountains. Its banks are generally elevated in Nubia ; they are less so in Middle Egypt, and absolutely flat in the delta. From Asswan to the sea the average fall is 2 inches to a mile, and its mean velocity is about 3 miles an hour. At the delta its waters spread out into numerous streams in the form of a triangle, extending at its base on the Mediterranean over a space of 120 miles, between the W. or Rosetta branch and the E. or Damietta branch. The ordinary width of the Nile in Egypt above the delta is about 700 yards. The branches through the delta are much narrower, and so shallow in the dry season that vessels exceeding 40 tons' burden cannot pass through them. As rain scarcely ever falls in the valley of the Nile from the 18th nearly to the 30th parallel, and very scantily even lower down, the river owes its supplies wholly to the copious rains of the countries wherein it rises. It begins to in- crease in June, attains its greatest height about the au- tumnal equinox, and then subsides as gradually as it rose. The ordinary rise at Cairo is about 40 feet. During the flood a great portion of the delta and of the Valley of Egypt, higher up, is inundated. In Sennaar, also, and Dongola extensive tracts are watered immediately by the river, but in general its banks above Egypt are irrigated by means of the water-wheel. The Nile is the only large African river that discharges its waters into the Mediterranean. Its source has been a mystery from the earliest times, and many expeditions have been sent to solve the problem in vain. From the discov- eries of Captains Speke and Burton, Sir Samuel Baker, and others, we are now enabled to trace it from the south of the equator, where it has been found issuing, a broad, clear stream, through Napoleon Channel from Victoria Nyanza, a vast lake about 230 miles in length, and as much in breadth, 3740 feet above the sea. See Bahr-el-Abi.id, and Bahu-el-Azrek. The alluvium with which the Nile is always charged, especially during the inundation, is chiefly due to the Bahr- el-Azrek, which brings down the decayed vegetable matter, and the degraded volcanic rocks, from Abyssinia, that make the Nile the great fertilizer of Egypt. The Nile is navi- gated by steamers in the delta, and by barges as far as the second cataract; and the navigation is remarkably assisted by the wind, which blows from the N. during nine months in the year. Above the cataracts it is navigable (as well as both its main head-streams) by steamers for many miles. The water of the river is peculiarly soft and sweet; it abounds in fish, and its banks swarm with birds, among which are vultures, geese, quails, pelicans, cormorants, and the sacred ibis. The length of the Nile in miles, measured along its windings from the Damietta mouth, is to Cairo 164, Sioot 430, Keneh 581, Asswan 774, first cataract 779, Derr 933, second cataract 1029, third cataract 1250, fourth cataract 1484, fifth cataract 1679, Atbara River 1739. sixth cataract 1888, Khartoom 1948, Kak 2428, Bahr-el-Ghazal 2658, Gondokoro 3258, cataract of Meru 3361, Karuma Falls 3576, Ripon Falls 3766; or from the assumed source of the principal feeder of the Victoria Nyanza on the E., 4100 miles. Nile, a post-village of Alleghany co., N.Y., 2i miles from Friendship Station, and about 28 miles W.S.W. of Hornellsville. It has a church and a cheese-factory. 100 Nile, a township of Scioto co., 0., on the Ohio River. Pop. 1473. It contains Friendship and Buena Vista. Nile, a post-village in Huron Co., Ontario, 9 miles N.E. of Goderich. It contains 2 stores and a saw-mill. Pop. 100. Niles, nilz, a post-office and station of Alameda co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, at its junction with the San Jose Branch, 30 miles S.E. of San Francisco. It has a flour-mill and a nursery. Niles, a post-village in Niles township, Cook co.. 111., 13 miles N.W. of Chicago. It has 2 churches. The town- ship contains 4 churches, is intersected by the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railroad, and has a pop. of 1791. Niles, a township of Delaware co., Ind. Pop. 1140. Niles, a township of Floyd co., Iowa. Pop. 769. Niles, a city of Berrien co., Mich., in Niles township, on the St. Joseph River, at the head of navigation, 93 miles E. of Chicago, 103 miles W.S.W. of Jackson, 12 miles N. of South Bend, and 112 miles S.W. of Lansing. It is also on the Michigan Central Railroad, at the junction of the Air-Line division with the main line, which here crosses the river on a bridge. It contains 8 churches, a high school, 2 or 3 national banks, 5 flouring-raills, a paper-mill, a woollen-factory, 3 foundries, a basket-factory, manufac- tures of furniture, carriages, wagons, sash, Ac, and 2 news- paper ofiices. Abundant water-power has been obtained by a dam across the river. Large quantities of grain, flour, fruit, and lumber are shipped here. Pop. 4592; of the township, excluding the city, 1795. Niles, a post-township and h.amlet of Cayuga co., N.Y., about 11 miles S.E. of Auburn. The township is bounded E. by Skaneateles Lake, and W. by Owasco Lake. It con- tains also a hamlet named New Hope. Pop. 1S77. Niles, a post-village in Weathersfleld township, Trum- bull CO., 0., on the Mahoning River, at the mouth of Musquito Creek, 67 miles E.S.E. of Cleveland, 9 miles N.W. of Youngstown, and 5 miles S.S.E. of Warren. It is on the Mahoning division of the Atlantic & Great West- ern Railroad, at its junction with the Ashtabula & Pitts- burg and Painesville & Y'^oungstown Railroads, and is the N. terminus of the Niles & New Lisbon Branch Rail- road. Its prosperity is mainly derived from operations in iron and bituminous coal, which is mined in the vicinity. It has 8 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, 3 rolling- mills, a nail-factory, several blast-furnaces, a machine- shop, a planing-mill, and manufactures of boilers, fire- bricks, &c. Pop. about 2000. Niles, a post-oflice or hamlet of Manitowoc co.. Wis., about 30 miles N.E. of Fond du Lac. Niles Centre, a post-village in Niles township. Cook CO., 111., 2 miles from Morton Railroad Station, and about 14 miles N.N.W. of Chicago. It has 2 churches. Nilestowil, nilz'town, a post-village in Middlesex Co., Ontario, on the river Thames, 7 miles E. of London. It contains several stores, a flax-mill, a woollen-mill, and a flouring-mill. Pop. 250. Niles Valley, a post-village in Middlebury township, Tioga CO., Pa., on the Corning, Cowanesque & Antrim Rail- road, 6 miles N.N.E. of Wellsborough. It has a flour-mill, a tannery, and a lumber-mill. Nilgil'i, nil-ghee'ree, a native state of India, in Orissa. Lat. 21° 18.5'-21° 37' N. ; Ion. 86° 29'-86° 51.5' E. Area, 278 square miles. Capital, Nilgiri, a village 15 miles W.S.W. of Balasore. Total pop. 33,944. Nilkantha, nil-kin't'ha, a town of Nepaul, 37 miles N. of Khatmandoo. Lat. 28° 22' N.; Ion. 85° 4' E. It is greatly resorted to by Hindoo pilgrims. Nilo, or Nilus, a river of Egypt. See Nile. Nil- Saint -Vincent- Saint- Martin, neel-saM"- viso^sftso'-siNo-maRHiN"', a village of Belgium, in Bra- bant, on the Nil, 21 miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1520. Nilun, a village of Thibet. See Neelung. Nil'wood, a post-village in Nilwood township, Ma- coupin CO., III., on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 29 miles S. by W. of Springfield. It has a newspaper office, 2 churches, and a fine school-house. Coal is found here. Pop. of the township, 1211. Nimal, nee^mul', a town of the Bunnoo district, India. Pop. 5010. Nimar, ne'mar', written also Neinaur, ne^mawr', a district of India, Central Provinces, Nerbudda division, in the vallevs of the Nerbudda and Taptee Rivers. Area, 3340 squa're miles. Chief town, Boorhanpoor. P. 211,176. Nimba, a town of Afghanistan. See Neemla. Nimburg,nim'boi5RG\ or Lyml)urg,lim'booRG (Boh. WiczemiloWy we-chi'me-Iov^), a town of Bohemia, on an island formed by the Elbe, 16 miles S.S.E. of Buntzlau,. Pop. 3124. NIM 1586 mw Nimfegue, or Nimeguen. See Nymwegen. Nimeii, a river of Manchooria. See Nicumax. Nimes, orNismes, neera {anc, Neinaii'aHs),^ town of France, capital of the department of Gard, on the railway from Beaucaire to Cette, and at the head of a branch line to Alais, 30 miles N.E. of Montpellier, and 13 miles W. of Beaucaire. Pop. 63,001. The older part is irregularly built; the modern is well laid out in straight and spacious streets. It has an imposing Gothic cathedral, an old cita- del, and a fine promenade. No town iu France has so many fine Roman remains; the most remarkable of these are the amphitheatre {lea Argues, Uz S,V4n'), 437 feet long, 332 feet broad, and 70 feet high ; the beautiful Corinthian temple, called the Maison-Carree (mi^s6N«'-kaR'Ri'), which is restored, and the interior serves for a museum of antiqui- ties ; and the ruins of a superb nymphseum, or bath, called the Temple of Diana; 10 miles N.E. are the remains of a magnificent aqueduct, called the Pont-du-Gard (p6N"-du- gan). Ntmes is the seat of a bishop, and possesses an appeal court for the departments of Gard, Lozere, and Vau- cluse, courts of first resort and commerce, chamber of com- merce and exchange, conaeil de pnid' homines, academie, a l^cie, a normal school, a museum, diocesan seminary, schools of design and medicine, a medical society, and a public library of 50,000 volumes. The manufactures consist prin- cipally of silk and cotton goods, fancy and mixed, such as tatfetas, shawls, foulards, tartans, scarfs, hosiery, &g. Car- pets, also, are made to a great extent. There are likewise numerous tanneries, foundries, distilleries, dye-works, silk- and other spinning-mills. It has an important trade in wine, brandy, and raw silk, for which this town is the great entrepot of the S. of France, vinegar, oleaginous seeds, medicinal and dye plants, &q. Nfraes is a very ancient town, having been subjugated by the Piomans 120 years B.C. ; it was successively ravaged by the Franks, Vandals, and Normans. In the fourteenth century it was ruined by civil and religious wars. It rose from its ashes by the aid of Francis I., but in the sixteenth century it again suflfered on account of its inhabitants having embraced Protestant- ism. In 1815, on the restoration of the Bourbons, it was the scene of a disgraceful perseoution of the Protestants, Nimetzki-Gradetz, Austria. See Gratz. Nimfi, nim'fee, a town of Asia Minor, 23 miles E.N.E, of Smyrna. Near this town is the monument hewn by order of Sesostris, and described by Herodotus. It consists of a gigantic human figure sculptured on the face of a rock. Nini'ick, a station of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, 3i miles W. of Pittsburg. NimUshilMen, a township of Stark co.,0. Pop. 2645. Niniisliillen Creek, Ohio, rises near the S. border of Portage co., and runs southward to the city of Canton, below which it flows southwestward, and enters the Tus- carawas River in Stark co. Nimisila, Summit co., 0. See Mancttester. Niinla, a town of Afghanistan. See Neemla. Nimptsch, nimtsh, a town of Prussian Silesia, 29 miles S.W. of Breslau, on the Lohe. Pop. 2069. It is enclosed by walls, and is one of the most ancient towns of Silesia. Nim'rod, a post-office of Perry co., Ark., on the Fourche la Fave, 25 miles S. of Dardanelle. NimAVegen, Netherlands. See Nymwegen. Nimy-Maisieres, nee'mee'-mi'ze-aiR', a village of Belgium, 2 miles N. of Mons, on theHaine. Pop. 27S0. Nine Islands, East Indies. See Sambilas. Nine Mile, a post-hamlet of Allen co., Ind., 9 miles S.W. of Fort Wayne. Nine Mile, a post-oflfice of Bledsoe co., Tenn. Nine Mile Creek, a post-village in Queens co., Prince Edward Island, 9 miles from Charlottetown. Pop. 300. Nine Mile Prairie, a township of Callaway co.. Mo. Pop. 3079. Nine Mile River, a post-village in Hants co., Nova Scotia, 8 miles from Elmsdale. Pop. 100. Nine Points, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co.. Pa., in Bart township, about 19 miles E.S.E. of Lancaster City. Nine Times, a post-office of Pickens co., S.C. Ninety Six, a post-village of Abbeville co., S.C, on the Greenville & Columbia Railroad, 75 miles W. by N. of Columbia. It has 3 churches, an academy, a newspaper office, a carriage-shop, and a manufactory of cotton-gins. Pop. of the township, 25S0. Nin'eveh (L. NinuB ; Gr. Nti'o?, limds), a celebrated city of antiquity, capital of the Assyrian Empire {see Genesis X. 11, also Jonah ill. 3 and iv. H), the ruins of which are situated in Asiatic Turkey, pashalic of Mosul, on the left bank of the Tigris, along which, and opposite to the town of Mosul, it appears to have extended for a distance of about 18 miles, with an average breadth of 12 miles, con- taining an area of not less than 216 square miles. For ages the position of the ancient capital of Assyria was un- known. About the commencement of the present century, travellers had their attention arrested by a series of vast mounds along the left bank of the Tigris and to a consider- able distance inland, on what was usually supposed to be the site of Nineveh. Their great extent, and other circum- stances, led to the conclusion that they probably occupied the site of Nineveh. No serious attempt, however, was made to investigate the subject till 1841, when M. Botta, French consul at Mosul, commenced operations on Kouyun- jik, immediately opposite to that town. He had only ob- tained a few fragments of brick and alabaster, when, on information which promised a richer harvest, he removed to Khorsabad, about 12 miles to the N.E., and was soon rewarded by the discovery of probably the first Assyrian edifice which had been exposed to the view of man since the fall of the Assyrian Empire. The attention of Mr. Layard, who had ti-avelled much in the East, had pre- viously been directed to the mounds, and he had resolved to explore them ; and when the discoveries of M. Botta were made known, after obtaining the necessary requisites, he proceeded to the lofty mounds of Nimrood (Niraroud), situated about IS miles S.S.E. of Mosul, in the angle formed by the Tigris and the confluence of the Great Zab, and commenced his first operations. His success was immediate and complete. The excavations of the very first day put him in possession of a chamber lined with slabs, in good preservation, and covered with cuneiform or arrow-headed inscriptions, and, ever after, his treasures continued to multiply upon him. Among other things, he discovered gigantic embJematic figures, — winged bulls and lions with human heads, and winged sphinxes, placed as guardians over the entrances of magnificent palaces. The fire by which the palaces had been destroyed had so calcined the stone and other materials of which they are composed that in many cases, on the least exposure to the air, they crumbled to pieces, sometimes before even an accurate sketch of them could be obtained ; and hence many ob- jects interesting as works of art, and containing inscrip- tions in all probability still more interesting, were seen only to be lost forever. In other parts, and more espe- cially in the N.W. palace, where the fire had not so much alTected the buildings, 28 rooms, in excellent preservation, were opened, and numerous bas-reliefs, figures, and orna- ments, rich in information as to the state of art and the progress of civilization at the period when they were made, were exhumed. From Nimrood Mr. Layard proceeded to Kouyunjik, where, if possible, he was still more success- ful. In the course of a month 9 chambers were explored, one of them 130 feet long by 30 feet wide, and equally rich with those of Nimrood in bas-reliefs and inscriptions. In 1847, Mr. Layard returned to England; but in 1849 he resumed his labors, both at Kouyunjik and Nimrood, and the results of these discoveries, and of the subsequent translation of the inscriptions, have proved of the highest interest and of great historical value. Nin'eveh, a post-village of Johnson co., Ind., in Nin- eveh township, 6 miles W. of Edinburg, and about 30 miles S. of Indianapolis. It has a high school, a flouring-mill, and 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1650. Nineveh, a post-hamlet of Adair co., Mo., in Nineveh township, about 44 miles N. by W. of Macon City. It is near the Chariton River, and has a grist-mill and tannery. Pop. of the township, 420. Nineveh, a post-village in Colesville township, Broome and Chenango cos., N.Y., on the Susquehanna River, and on the Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, at the N. terminus of the Nineveh Branch of the Delaware & Hudson Railroad, 23 miles E.N.E. of Binghamton. It has 2 churches. Pop. 127. Nineveh Post-Office is in Broome co. Nineveh, a post-hamlet of Greene co.. Pa., about 44 miles S.S.W. of Pittsburg. Nineveh, a hamlet of Indiana co., Pa., on the Cone- maugh River, about i mile N. of Nineveh Station, which is on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 48 miles W.S.W. of Altoona. Nineveh, a post-hamlet of Warren co., Va., 6 miles S. of Newtown Railroad Station. It has a church. Pop, 26. Nineveh Junction, a station in Susquehanna co., Pa., where the Delaware «fc Hudson Railroad crosses the Erie Railroad, 20 miles S. of Nineveh, N.Y. Ning-Heea, or Ning«Hia, ningVhee'i, a city of China, province of Ivan-Soo, near the Great Wall, 210 miles N.N.E. of Lan-Choo. Ning-Kooe, Ning^-Koue, ning^-koo^A', or Ning- Kooe-Foo, Ning-Koue-Fouy ning^-koo^A^-foo', a NIN 15ST NIS city of China, province of Ngan-Hoei, on an affluent of the Yang-tse-Kiang, 75 miles S. of Nanking. Lat. 31° N. ; lon.'i:S° 3S' E. Ningo, ning'go, a decayed Danish settlement on the Guinea coast, 38 miles E.N.E. of Accra. Ningoota, or Ningouta, ning-goo'ti, a considerable town of Manchooria, on an .affluent of the Amoor, 145 miles N.E. of Kirin-Oola. Pop. 15,000. Ning-Po, formerly Liampo, le-im'po, a city of China, province of Che-Kiang, and one of the ports open to foreign trade, on the Ning-Po River, the mouth of which is direotiy opposite Chusan, 95 miles E.S.E. of Hang-Chow- Foo. Lat. 29° 51' N. ; Ion. 121° 32' E. Pop. variously estimated from 120,000 to 500,000. The city, 6 miles in circumference, enclosed by walls 25 feet in height, and entered by 6 gates, is surrounded by a fine plain cov- ered with villages and watercourses. It has well-supplied shops, a temple, a missionary hospital, an active trade in junk-building, and a Large manufacture of silks, cottons, woollens, salt, carved goods, embroideries, jewelry, &c. Many junks come to it from Shan-Toong and Leao-Tong with oil, provisions, fruits, caps, cordage, horns, drugs, rice, and silk ; from Fo-Kien and Hainan with sugar, alum, pepper, black tea, indigo, salt, rice, and dyewoods ; from Canton and the Straits, and from the interior, small craft in great numbers. It exports large quantities of wood and charcoal to Shanghai. It was taken by the British in IS-U. Ningthee, a river of India. See Khven-Dwem. Nininger, nin'in-jer, a post-hamlet in Nininger town- ship, Dakota CO., Minn., on the S. bank of the Mississippi River, 3J miles above Hastings. It is near the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township in 1S75, 436. Niniies'cah, township, Cowley co., Kansas. Pop. 266. Niiiiiescah, a township of Sedgwick co., Kansas. Pop. 275. Post-office, Clearwater. Ninne Scah River, Kansas. See Good River. Ninos, or Ninus. See Niseveh. Ninove, ne-no'va, or Pfiiioven, ne-no'v5n, a town of Belgium, in East Flanders, on the Dender, 20 miles S.E.of Ghent. Pop. 5500. It has a fine abbey and church, brew- eries, and manufactories of linen yarn. Nio, nee'o (anc. /os), an island of the Grecian Archi- pelago, government a,nd 17 miles S.W. of Naxos. Area, 20 square miles. Length, 11 miles; breadth, 5 miles. The surface is mountainous a-nd rugged, but some cotton, corn, oil, wine, and honey are produced. On the W. side of the island is the town Nio, with the best harbor in the archi- pelago, and some remains of the ancient los. Pop. 2130. Ni^obra'ra, a post-village, capital of Kno.v co.. Neb., on the Missouri River, about 40 miles above Yankton, and 1 mile below the mouth of the Niobrara. It has a news- paper office, a United States land office, 2 churches, an academy, a bank, and a flour-mill. Niobrara River rises in the E. part of Wyoming, and soon passes into Nebraska, in which it runs generally eastward. In Ion. 102° 30' W. it enters a canon between high steep banks. After traversing the sterile sand-hills of Northern Nebraska, it enters the Missouri River in Ion. 98° W., about 36 miles W. of Yankton, Dakota. It is about 450 miles long, is very shallow, and not navigable. Nioii, a town of Switzerland. See Nvos. Nions, a town of France. See Nyoxs. Niort, ne-oR', a town of France, capital of the depart- ment of Deux-Sevres, on the Sevre-Niortaise, 34 miles E.N.E. of La Rochello, and 48 miles by rail W.S.W. of Poi- tiers. Pop. 20,336. It is enclosed by well-planted prom- enades, has an ancient castle, a Gothic church built by the English, a market-hall, 2 hospitals, barracks, a theatre, large public library, public baths, a college or li/cee, a bo- tanic garden, and manufactures of woollen stuffs, gloves, shoes, leather, blouses, and brushes. It has also large nur- series, and a trade in wine, brandy, wool, grain, and timber. Nipani, nip'4-nee', a town of India, presidency of Bomb.ay. Pop. in 1872, 8315. Niph'on', or Nip'on' {i.e., " fountain or source of light"), the principal island of Japan, more correctly called Hondo (which see), the name Niphon, or Nipon, belonging properly to the whole empire. Nip'igon, or Nep'igon, a large lake of Ontario, 30 miles N.W. of Lake Superior, with which it is connected by Nipigon River. It is an irregular elliptic in shape, f i om 60 to 70 miles in length, but numerous deep indentations increase its coast-line to 580 miles. There are about 1000 islands within its bounds. Nip'issing, a district in the N. part of Ontario. Area, 3722 square miles. Pop. 943. See L.ike Niplssing. Nip'penose, a post-township of Lycoming co., Pa., about 12 miles W.S.W. of Williamsport. It is bounded on the N. by the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, and intersected by the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad. Pop. 567. Nippenose is also the name of a beautiful, oval, limestone valley, about 10 miles long and 4 miles broad, 4 miles E. of Jersey Shore. It is partly in Nippenose township, and is enclosed by steep mountains. Nip'per's Harbor, a fishing-h.amlct and excellent harbor in the district of Twillingate and Fogo, Newfound- land, on the N. side of Green Bay, 10 miles S.W. of Tilt Cove. Pop. 120. Nip'ple Top, New York, a peak of the Adirondack Mountains, in Essex co., about 3 miles W.N.AV. of Dix's Peak, and 8 miles S. by E. from Mount Marcy. It is an insulated mountain, height 4684 feet, is composed of hyper- sthene rock, and many fine specimens of labradorite occur in rolled masses in the streams which flow down its sides. Nirgiia, neea'gwi, a town of Venezuela, state of Yara- cuy, 45 miles E. of Barquesimeto. Pop. 8394. Nirie, an island in the South Pacific. See Neirai. Niris, nee'ris (?), a town of Persia, in Ears, 8 miles E. of Sheeraz, with manufactures of arms, and iron-mines. Nirva'na, a post-hamlet of Lake co., Mich., in Yates township, on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, 7 miles B. of Baldwin, and 12 miles W.N.W. of Reed City. It has a saw-mill and 2 shingle-mills. Pop. about 150. Nisao, ne-si'o, a river of the island of Ilayti, issues from a lake, flows S.S.E., and falls into the sea near a head- land of its own name, after a course of about 55 miles. Nisari, ne-si'ree, or Nicero, ne-chA'ro, an island of the Grecian Archipelago. Lat. 36° 35' N. ; Ion. 27° 11' E. Nisbet, Lycoming co.. Pa. See Sosqukhanna. Niscemi, nis-chi'mee, a town of Sicily, province of Caltanisetta, 10 miles N.E. of Terranova. Pop. 10,750. Nishapoor, or Nishapur, nish'A-poor', a city of Per- sia, province of Khorassan, 40 miles AV.S.W. of Meshed. Pop. estimated at 8000. It is partly in ruins, but has a special trade in turquoises, obtained from mines 40 miles W.N.W. Iron and salt are also products of its district. Nlsh^nabat'ona, or Nishnabot'na, a post-hamlet of Atchison co.. Mo., on the Nishna.batona River, 1 or 2 miles from the Missouri River. It is on the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Blufi's Railroad, 57 miles N.W. of St. -loseph. Pop. of Nishnabatona township, 1250. Nishnabatoiia River is formed by two branches, the East and AVest Nishnabatona, which rise in or near Carroll co., Iowa. They run in a S.S.W. direction, and unite about 6 luiles S.E. of Sidney. The river passes into Atchison co.. Mo., runs southward, and enters the Missouri River about 10 miles S. of Rockport. The main stream is nearly 60 miles long. The East Nishnabatona intersects the COS. of Audubon, Cass, and Montgomery. The West intersects the cos. of Shelby, Pottawattamie, and Mills. Each of these branches is about IGO miles long. Nish'nabot'any, township, Crawford co., Iowa. P. 98. Xishnedeivitzk, Russia. See Nizhnedevitzk. Nishnei-Novgorod. See Nizhnee-Novgorod. Nishnii, a prefix to the names of several towns of Rus- sia, for which see Nizhnee. Nishowra, ne-show'r4, a large village of India, Pun- jab, 37 miles N.W. of Lahore. Nisi, nee'see, a river of Sicily, intendency of Messin.a, enters the Mediterranean near Ali. Length, 10 miles. Nisi, nee'see, a village of Greece, Morea, government of Messenia, 7 miles W. of Kalamata. Nisib, a village of Syria. See Nizeeb. Nis'ibiii', Nis'sibinV or Nlz'ibin' (anc. Nis'ihis), a town or village of Asiatic Turkey, pa,shalic and 90 miles S.E. of Diarbekir. It has an ancient triumphal arch, a church of St. James, and some other antiquities. Nisita, nee'se-t^ (anc. Ne'eis), an island of Italy, 3 miles S.E. of Pozzuoli, in the Gulf of Naples. Marcus Brutus had a villa on the island, which is now occupied by a quar.antine establishment. Pop. 1760. NisMiayu'n a, a post-township of Schenectady co., N.Y., is bounded on the N.E. by the Mohawk River, and is con- tiguous to the city of Schenectady. Pop. 1112. Nismes, neem, a village of Belgium, province and 36 miles S.S.AV. of Namur, on the Eau Noire. Pop. 1210. Nismes, a city of France. See NiMES. Nisqually River, Washington. See Nesqually. Nissa, nis'si (anc. Naiaus, Naissiis, or Nxava), a forti- fied city of Servia, on the Nissava, 130 miles S.E. of Bel- grade. Pop. 4000. Nissava, nis-si'vi, a river of Servia, after a W. course of 80 miles, join=i the Morava 8 miles W. of Nissa. NIS 1588 NIZ Nissequague, nis'see-kwog, written also Nesa- q«ake, a hamlet in Smithtown township, Suffolk co., N.Y., on the navigable Nissequague River, near its mouth in Long Island Sound, 2 miles from St. James. Nissibin, a town of Turkey. See Nisidin. Nissouri, nis-soo'ree, a post-village in Oxford co., On- tario, on a branch of tlie river Thames, 8 miles N. of Thamesford. It contains a church, a store, a grist-mill, and 2 cheese-factories. Pop. 400. Nissum-Fiord, nis'soom-fe-ord', an inlet of Denmark, on the W. coast of Jutland, 1.5 miles N. of Ilingkiobing, 13 miles in length by 4 in breadth, and with the village of South Nissum on its S. side. Nistelrode, nis'tel-roVieh, a village of the Nether- lands, in the province of North Brabant, 12 miles E. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 22.32. Nisiis, the supposed ancient name of BiCSNr. Nitcheguon, nitch^e-gwon', a lake of Labrador, about midway between James's B.ay and the Atlantic. Nith, a river of Scotland, rises in the co. of Ayr, and, after a S.B. course of about fiO miles, joins Solway Firtli by an estuary, 8 miles S. of Dumfries. Nith'burg, a post-village in Perth co., Ontario, on the river Nith, St miles N. of Shakespeare. Pop. 100. Nitheroy, a town of Brazil. See Nicthekoy. Niti-Ghaiit, or Netee-Ghaut,nee'tee-gawt', a pass across the Himalayas, between Thibet and Kumaon, and in one part 16,814 feet in elevation. The village of Niti, on its S. side, is in lat. 30° 47' N., Ion. 79° 56' E. Nitinat, nit'e-nat', or Berkeley (berk'lee) Sound, North America, an extensive inlet, filled with islands, on the ^y. co.ast of Vancouver Island. It is about 12 miles wide at its entrance between Terron Point on the N. and Carrasco Point on the S.E. Nitsa, a river of Russia. See Neita. Nits'liill, a village of Scotland, co. and 4 miles S.E. of Renfrew. Pop. 086. Nit'tany, a small post-village in Walker township. Cen- tre CO., Pa., near Nittany Mountain, about 12 miles S.S.W. of Lock Haven. It has a church and a store. Nittany Mountain, Pennsylvania, a long ridge which extends along the S.E. boundary of Clinton CO., and is partly in Centre co. Its direction is nearly N.E. and S.W. Nittany Valley, Pennsylvania, is in Centre and Clin- ton COS., between Muncy Mountain and Nittany Mountain. It is about 30 miles long and 4 miles wide, and is very fer- tile. Limestone abounds here. Nit'tayu'ina, a post-hamlet of Sharkey co., Miss., on Doer Creek, 60 miles N. of Vicksburg. Nittenau, nit't^h-now^, a town of Bavaria, on the Regen, 15 miles N.N.E. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1331. Nittritz, nit'trits, a village of Prussian Silesia, govern- ment of Liegnitz, circle of Griinberg. Pop. 1153. Nitych, the Polish name of Neuteich. Nitza, a river of Russia. See Neiva. Niukalofa, Friendly Islands. See Neckalofa. Nive, neev, a river of France, rises in the Pyrenees, and. after a N.N.W. course of 45 miles, joins the Adour. Nivelle, nee^v^U', a village of France, department of Nord, 25 miles E.N.E. of Valenciennes. Pop. 1200. Nivelle, neeVSll', or Nivonne, neeVonn', a river rising within the limits of Spain, flowing N.W., falls into the Bay of Biscay in France. Nivelles, nee'v^U' (Flemish, Nyvel, nl'vel), a town of Belgium, in South Brabant, 17 miles S. of Brussels. Pop. 8800. It has a fine church, with a colossal statue of .Jean de Nivelles, and manufactures of woollen stuffs, coarse laces, and cotton and linen cloths. Niv'en, a post-office of Susquehanna co.. Pa., about ?2 miles N.N.W. of Scra,nton. Nivernois, or Nivernais, neeWSn^ni', an old prov- ince of France, near its centre, now composing the depart- ment of Nievre and part of Cher. The Ca.nal of Nivernois (Nivernais), 45 miles in length, connects the Loire with the Yonne and the Seine. Ni'verville, a post-village of Columbia co., N.Y., in Kinderbook township, on Kinderhook Creek, or the outlet of Kinderhook Lake, and on the Boston &, Albany Rail- road, about 20 miles S. by E. of Albany. It has a flour-mill, a wadding-mill, and a manufactory of mowing-machines. Nivoniie, a river of France and Spain. See Nivelle. Ni Wot, a station of the Colorado Central Railroad, Si miles N.E. of Boulder. Here is Modoo Post-Office. Ni Wot, a post-hamlet of Boulder oo., Col., about 12 miles N. by W. of Boulder. Nix'burg, a post-hamlet of Coosa co., Ala., about 38 miles N.N.E. of Montgomery. It has 2 churches. Nixdorf, or Gross Nixdorf, groce nix'donf, a vil- lage of Bohemia, 33 miles N.N.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 5787. It has manufactures of woollens and linens, and mineral baths. Klein Nixdorf, kline nix'douf, is adjacent. Nix'on, a post-township of De Witt co., 111., about 20 miles N.E. of Decatur. Pop. 649. Nixon, a station on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, li miles E. of New Castle, Ind. Nixon, a post-office of Missaukee co., Mich. Nix'onton, a hamlet of Pasquotank co., N.C., in Nix- onton township, on Little River, about 9 miles S. of Eliza- beth City. It has a steam lumber-mill and a grist-mill. Pop. about 100; of the township, 1626. Nix'onville, a post-office of Marengo co., Ala. Nixonville, a post-office of Horry eo., S.C, on the Waccamaw River. Niza, nee'zd, a town of Portugal, province of Alemtejo, 21 miles N.W. of Portalegre, near the Tagus. Pop. 3005. Niza, or Nitza, nit'si, a village of European Turkey, Albania, on the Bay of Delvino, opposite Corfu. Niz'ainpatam', or Niz'ampatnam', a maritime town of British India, in Madras, 30 miles S.E. of Guntoor. Nizam's Dominions, India. See Htdetiaead. Nizeeb, or Nisib, ne-zeeb', a village of Northern Syria, W. of the Euphrates, 63 miles N.E. of Aleppo. Nizlinedevitzk, Nisclinedewitzk, or Nijnede- witzk, nizh'ni-di-vitzk', a town of Russia, government and 33 miles W.S W. of Voronezh. Pop. 2150. Nizhnee-Lamov, a town of Russia. See Lamov. Nizhnee-Novgorod, or Nijnii-Novgorod, nizh'- nee^-nov'go-rod', written also Nischnii- or Nishnei- Novgorod, a government of Central Russia, mostly be- tween lat. 54° 26' and 57° 6' N. and Ion. 41° 40' and 46° 38' E., having on the E. the government of Kazan, S. Tam- bov, Simbeersk, and Penza, W. Vladimeer, and on the N. Kostroma. Area, 18,636 square miles. Pop. 1,271.564. Surface mostly level ; soil very fertile. Principal rivers, the Volga, with its affluents the Oka, Vetlooga, and Plana. Forests are extensive, the produce of corn considerably ex- ceeds the consumption, hemp and flax are largely culti- vated, and great numbers of cattle and horses are reared. Manufactures of coarse linens, canvas, cordage, «fcc., are considerable, as are also the iron-works, distilleries, tan- neries, soap-works, glass-works, (fee. The chief exports are corn, flour, cattle, horses, leather, tallow, linen, canvas, cord.age, iron, timber, potash, and glass. Chief towns, Nizhnee-Novgorod, Balakhna, and Arsaraas. Nizhnee- (Nijnii- or Nischnii-) Novgorod, a town of Russia, capital of the government of its own name, near the confluence of the Oka with the Volg.a, 265 miles by rail E.N.E. of Moscow. Lat. 56° 19' 43" N. ; Ion. 44° 0' ."iS" E. Pop. 44,190, but during the continuance of its great fair from 200,000 to 300,000 persons are here col- lected from all parts of Europe and Asia. It consists of an upper and a lower town ; the former, or citadel, on a height S. of the Volga, is imposing in appearance, and has some good streets, 2 cathedrals, the government offices, several con- vents, public schools, and churches, with an obelisk 76 feet in height. The lower town,, extending, on flat ground, along the Volga, is chiefly built of wood, and communicates by a bridge of boats across the Oka, where are some vast iron and stone bazaars, erected by the Emperor Alexander, divided into various sections for separate goods, and sur- rounded by the rivers and a canal. Here is held the largest fair in the world, for 8 weeks from the 1st of July, annually. The fair is laid out in regular quarters, each allotted to a particular species of goods, — in one quarter, tea ; in an- other, costly shawls, carpets, and silk goods; and in others, skins and furs, &g. ; a large quarter is set apart for the sale of Siberian iron in every variety of form, raw and manufactured. The value of merchandise disposed of at these fairs amounts in some years to over $100,000,000. At all seasons an internal commerce of great extent is in active oper.ation, including every article which the different- quarters of theworld interchange with each other. Nizhnee- Novgorod has ecclesiastical and military academies, various other public institutions, and some manufactures of linens and leather. Steamers were established on the Volga to Astrakhan in 1820, and by the Kama to Perm in 1847. Nizh'nee-Oo'dinsk', or Nijni-Udinsk, nizh'nee- ooMinsk', a town of Siberia, government of Irkootsk, about 325 miles W.N.W. of Irkootsk. Pop. 3322. Nizhnee- Tagliilsk, Nijnii- Taghilsk, or Nijny- Tagilsk, nizh'nee-ti-ghilsk', a town of Russia, in the Ural Mountains, government and 155 miles E. of Perm. It is well built, and has hospitals, schools, an observatory, ex- tensive forges, and manufactures of machinery. P. 27,000. NIZ 1589 NOC Nizibin, a town of Turkey, See Nisibin. Niziiiow, niz'ne-ov^ a village of Austrian GaUeia, 77 miles S.S.E. of Lemberg, on the Dniester. Pop. 3466. Nizza, a city of France. See Nice. Nizza di Sicilia, nit'sd, dee se-cbee'le-i, or San Fernando, san fSa-nAn'do, a town of Sicily, province and 20 miles by rail S.S.W. of Messina. Pop. 2121. Nizza-3Ionferrato,nit'sinion-f5R-Ri'to,orN"izza- della-Paglia, nit'sS, dSl'lS, pil'yi, a town of Italy, prov- ince and 17 miles S.W. of Alessandria, on the Belbo. Pop. 5902. It has some industry in silk-spinning, and a brisk trade in wine raised in its neighborhood. Njurunda, n'yoo-roon'dd, a river of Sweden, leen of Hernosandj after an E. course of 170 miles, enters the Gulf of Bothnia 8 miles S.E. of Sundsvali. At its mouth are the village and harbor of Njurunda. Noah, Shelby co., Ind. See Marion. Noaines,no*5-i', a town of France, in Oise, 9 miles S.E. of Beauvais. Pop. 1352. No^akhal'ly, or No^acolMy, called usually Sud- haram, soodMi^-rim', Sudharaii, and Sudharam- ]iagai'9 sood-har^^ni-nag'gur, a town of Bengal, capital of Noakhally district, on a tidal channel, 10 miles from the sea. Lat. 22° 48' N. ; Ion. 91° 6' E. It has several mosques, a jail, and a hospital, and is a seat of trade. Pop. 4752. Noakhally, or Noakhali, no^ik-h^l'le, a district of Bengal, bounded S. by the Bay of Bengal, and W. by the river Megna. Area, 1852 square miles. • It is a low, allu- vial region, and in part consists of islands in the sea. Capital, Noakhally. Pop. 961,319. Noakote, or Noacote, no'4-kot' {Nava cata, the "new fort"), a town of Nepaul, 17 miles N.W. of Khat- mandoo. Lat. 27° 53' N. ; Ion. 85° 50' E. Noale, no-i'lA, a town of Italy, 14 miles N.E. of Padua. It has manufactures of carriages, hats, Ac. Pop. 4232, Noalejo, or Noalexo, no-^-U'no, a town of Spain, Andalusia, province and 22 miles from Jaen. Pop. 2149. Noana^ar, a town of India. See Nowanuggur. No'auk, a post-village in Groton township, New Lon- don CO., Conn., on the sea-shore, at the mouth of Mystic River, and on the railroad which connects New London with Stonington, about 7 miles E. by S. of New London. It has 2 churches. It is mainly supported by ship-build- ing and iishing. Noapoora, no-S,-poo'r4, a town of India, Baroda do- minions, 60 miles B. of Surat. Nobend- Jan, no-bSnd^-j£Ln', a ruined city of Persia, province of Khoozistan, N. of Kazeroon. Noble, no'b'l, a county in the N.E. part of Indiana, has an area of about 420 square miles. It is drained by Elkhart River and Blue Creek. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and one-third of it is covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Among the forest trees are the oak and sugar-maple. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, butter, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Lake Shore &. Michigan Southern Railroad and the Chicago division of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Capital, Albion. Valuation of real and personal estate, $17,272,500. Pop. in 1870, 20,389, of whom 18,889 were Americans. Noble, a county in the S.E. part of Ohio, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is drained by Seneca, Duck, and Wills Creek. The surface is undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, tobacco, wheat, hay, oats, and wool are the staples. Among its mineral resources are coal, limestone, and petroleum. This county is intersected by the Marietta, Pittsburg &, Cleveland Railroad. Capital, Caldwell. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $8,810,543. Pop. in 1870, 19,949, of whom 19,285 were Americans. Noble, a post-village of Richland co., III., in Noble township, on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 8 miles W.S.W. of Olney, and 109 miles E. of St. Louis, Mo. It has 2 churches, a money-order post-office, and 2 wagon- shops. Pop. 380 ; of the township, 1333. Noble, a township of Cass co., Ind. Pop. 904. Noble, a township of Jay co., Ind. Pop. 1218. It con- tains Hector. Noble, a township of La Porte CO., Ind. Pop. IOCS. It contains Union Mills. Noble, a township of Noble co., Ind. Pop. 1013. Noble, a township of Rush co., Ind. Pop. 1203. Noble, a township of Shelby co., Ind. Pop. 1733. Noble, a township of Wabash co., Ind. Pop. 4485, ex- clusive of Wabash City. Noble, a township of Cass co., Iowa. Pop. 563. Noble, a township of Dickinson co., Kansas. Pop. 600. It contains Chapman. Noble, a township of Marshall co., Kansas. Pop. 303. It contains Vermilion. Noble, a post-office of Rice co., Kansas. Noble, a township of Branch co., Mich. Pop. 721. Noble, a township of Auglaize co., 0. Pop. 1159. Noble, a post-office of Cuyahoga co., 0., on the Lake Shore Railroad, 10 miles N.E. of Cleveland. Noble, a township of Defiance co., 0. Pop. 857. It contains Brunersburg. Noble, a township of Noble co., 0. Pop. 1121. It contains Belle Valley. Noble, a station in Montgomery co., Pa., on the North Pennsylvania Railroad (Bound Brook line), 9 miles N. of Philadelphia, and 1 mile N. of Jenkintown. Noble Centre, a post-office of Branch co., Mich. Noblejas, or Noblexas, no-bli-nis', a town of Spain, New Castile, province and E.N.E. of Toledo. Pop, 1964. Nobles, no'bl'z, a county in the S.W. part of Minnesota, bordering on Iowa, has an area of 720 square miles. It contains several lakes, one of which, named Lake Graham, is about 8 miles long. The surface is undulating and nearly destitute of forests. The soil is partly fertile. This county is intersected by the Sioux City & St. Paul Railroad. Capital, Worthington. Pop. in 1870, 117; in 1875, 2750. Nobles, a station on the Pittsburg, Titusville Pallaresa, no-gi'ri pil-yi-ri'si, a river of Spain, rises in the Pyrenees, near the Val d'Aran, in Catalonia, flows S.S.W., and joins the Segre 20 miles N.E. of Lerida. 'Total course, about 80 miles. Noguera-Rivagoranzo, no-gi'r4 re-vi-go-rin'tho, a river of Spain, rises in the Pyrenees, near the Val d'Aran, flows S., mostly between Aragon and Catalonia, and falls into the Segre 15 miles S. of Lerida. Length, 80 miles. Noh, a town of India. See Nho. No'hart, a post-office of Richardson co., Neb., is at the Iowa Indian Reservation, on the line between Kansas and Nebraska. Nohcacab, noh-ki-kab', a village of Mexico, Yucatan, lat. 20° 30' N., Ion. 89° 35' W., in an extensive plain, with a large church, a town house, and a large school-house. Pop. about 6000, Near it are remains of an ancient city of the same name. Noia, two towns of Italy, See NoJA. Noir, nwau, an island of South America, off the S.W. coast of Terra del Fuogo, lat. 54° 30' S., Ion. 73° 5' 40" W., about 600 feet in height. In the S.W. it terminates in a lofty rock like a tower, which bears the name of Cape Noir. Noire-Fontaine, nwaR-f6N"Hin', a village of Bel- gium, Luxembourg, 33 miles W.N.W. of Arlon. Pop. 1300. Noirmont, nwaR'm6No', or Schwarzenberg, shwant's^n-b^RG^, a village and parish of Switzerland, can- ton and 10 miles S.S.W. of Bern. Pop. 1906. Noirmoutiers, nwaR'moo'te-i', an island of the At- lantic, on the coast of France, department of Vendee. Length, 12 miles ; greatest breadth, 3 miles. Noirmoutiers, the capital, is situated on the N.E. coast. Pop. 20S0. Noisy-le- Grand, nw3b^zee'l§hgr5N»(Lat.jVoi8iV(c«m)i a town of France, in Seine, on the right bank of the Marne, about 9 miles from Paris. Pop. 1341. Noisy-le-Sec, nwa^zee' leh sSk, a village of France, in Seine, with a station on the Paris &> Strasburg Railway, 5 miles N.N.E. of Paris. Pop. 2750. Noja, no'yi, or Noia, no'e-i, a town of Italy, province and 9 miles S.E. of Bari. Pop. 7600. Noja, or Noia, a town of Italy, in Basilicata, 13 miles S.S.W. of Tursi. Pop. 1550. Nokere, no^kaiR', a village of Belgium, East Flanders, 15 miles S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 1720. Nokesville, noks'vil, a post-hamlet of Prince William CO., Va., on the Virginia Midland Railroad, 34 miles W.S.W. of Alexandria. It has a wagon-factory. Noko'ini.s, a post-village of Montgomery co., III., in Nokomis township, on the Indianapolis &. St, Louis Rail- road, 27 miles E.N.E. of Litchfield, and 44 miles S. by W. of Decatur. It has a graded school, 6 churches, a news- paper office, a national bank, 2 flouring-mills, and 2 ele- vators for grain. Pop. 893 ; of the township, 2738. Nokomis, township, Buena Vista co., Iowa. Pop. 410. Nokunda, no-kun'di, or Nokun'deli, a town of Per- sia, province and about 30 miles W. of Astrabad, in the bay of that name, on the S.E. shores of the Caspian. NOL 1591 NOR Nola, no'13,, a city of Italy, province of Caserta, 14 miles E.N.E. of Naples. Pop. ll^^as. It has 16 churolies, several convents, 2 hospitals, a royal college and seminary, large cavalry barracks, an old palace, and a large market- place. Nola was anciently one of the largest cities of Magna Graicia, but it has few remains of antiquity. It is a bishop's see. Nol'a Chuck'y, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Tenn., on a river of the same name, about 12 miles S.W. of Jonesborough. Nol'achuck'y (or Nol'lichuck') River rises in the Blue Ridge, in the W. part of North Carolina, and passes into East Tennessee. Its general direction is westward. It in- tersects the cos. of Washington and Greene in Tennessee, and enters the French Broad River about 20 miles W. of Greeneville. Length, jibout 150 miles. No'lan, a county in the N.W. of Texas. Area, 900 square miles. Capital, Sweet Water, Norland River, Texas, a small stream which rises in Johnson CO., runs southward, and enters the Brazos River in Hill CO. ffoland River, a post-office of Johnson co., Tex. No'land's Fork, Indiana, rises in Randolph co., runs nearly southwestward through AVayne CO., and enters the West Fork of Whitewater River in Fayette CO., about 5 miles above Connersville. Noland Valley, a post-office of Bell co., Tex. Nolan's Point, Morris co., N.J. See Hopatcong. Nolay, noM4', a town of France, in C6te-d'0r, 10 miles W.S.W. of Beaune. Pop. 2355. Nolay, a village of France, in Nievre, 11 miles N.E. of Nevers. Pop. 1795. No'lensville, a post-village of Williamson co., Tenn., 15i miles S.S.E, of Nashville. It has 2 churches and a high school. Noli, no'lee, a town of Italy, province of Genoa, S miles S.S.W. of Savona, on the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. 1766. Nolichucky, North Carolina. See Nolachucky. No'lin, a post-village of Hardin co., Ky., on Nolin Creek, and on the Louisville & Great Southern Railroad, 53 miles S. of Louisville. It has a Hour-mill and a college. Nolin Creek, Kentucky, rises in or near Hardin co., runs southward and southwestward, forms the boundary between the cos. of Grayson and Hart, and enters the Green River at Brownsville. It is nearly 100 miles long. Nolinsk, no-leensk' or no-linsk', a town of Russia, government and 62 miles S. of Viatka. Pop. 2551. No'lo, a post-office of Indiana co.. Pa. Nolye, noMi', a town of India, Gwalior dominions, 29 miles W.S.W. of Oojein. Lat. 23= 3' N. ; Ion. 76° 27' E. No Man's Land, a small island in the Atlantic, S. of Martha's Vineyard, and belonging to the township of Chil- mark, Dukes co., Mass. No Man's Land, a district of South Africa, Cape Colony, now principally included in Griqualand East. Nombela, nom-bi'14, a town of Spain, New Castile, in Toledo, near the Alberche, S.E. of Madrid. Pop. 1630. Nombre-de-Dios, nom'bri di dee'oce, a town of Mexico, department and 60 miles E. of Durango. Pop. 6S00. Near it are some rich silver-mines. Nombre-de-Dios, nom'bri dS, dee'oce, a port of the United States of Colombia, on the Caribbean Sea, 40 miles N.E. of Panama. Nomeny, no^m?h-nee', a town of France, Meurthe-et- Moselle, on the Seille, 14 miles N. of Nancy. Pop. 1227. Nom'iny Grove, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Va. Noino, no'mo, or Nomosaki, no-mo-si'kee, a re- markable headland of Japan, on the W. of the island of Kioo-Sioo, forming the S. side of the Bay of Nagasaki. Lat. 32" 35' N. ; Ion. 129° 43' E. Near this cape is the small island of Kawasima, and to the N.W. are the rocks called by the Japanese Mitsu-se, and by the Dutch De Hen met de Kuikens (" the Hen and Chickens"). Nona, no'na (anc. ^^nona /), a decayed town of Dal- matia, 9 miles N. of Zara, with a port and a bishop's see. Nonancourt, no^nAN^^kooii', a town of France, in Eare, on the Avre, 18 miles S. of Evreux. Pop. 1750. Nonantola, no-n4n'to-li, a town of Italy, 9 miles N.E. of Modena, on the Panaro. Pop. of commune, 5535. None, no'ni, a village of Italy, division of Turin, prov- ince of Pinerolo, 12 miles S.W. of Turin. Pop. 2934. Nonesuch, niin'suoh, a post-office of Ontonagon co., Mich., 4 miles from Lake Superior. Here is a copper-mine called Nonesuch. Non Intervention, post-office, Lunenburg co,, Va. Nonnenweier, non'nen-fti'er, or Nonnenweiler, a village of Baden, circle oi' Middle Rhine, on the Rhine. Nonnenwerth, Prussia. See Rolandsweuth. Nonpareil, non-pa-rell', post-office, Reno co., Kansas. Nontron, nAso'triN"', a town of France, department of Dordogne, on the Bandiat, 30 miles N. of Pcrigueux. Pop. 2378. It has a church and a hospital, large hot-blast-fur- naces, and manufactures of cutlery, leather, Ac. Nookaheeva, Noukahiva, or Nukahiva, noo-ki- hee'vA, the largest of the Marquesas Islands, Pacific Ocean, near the centre of the group. Lat. of W. point, 8° 53' S. ; Ion. 139° 49' W. Length, IS miles. The surface is moun- tainous and richly wooded. Pop. 1560. Nookha, Nukha, or Nuch&, noo'khi, a town of Russia, government of Yelisavotpol, 150 miles N.W. of Bakoo, on the S. side of the Caucasus. Pop. 24,994. It has a fortress and silk-works. Nook'inut, an Innuit village of Alaska, on the shore of Port Clarence, S.E. of Behring Strait. Nooksachk, nook'sik, a post-hamlet of Whatcom co., Washington, about 120 miles N. of Seattle. It has forests of fir, cedar, pine, &c. Noon, Noun, or Nun, noon, Akassa, i-kis-sS,', or Wad'y Noon, a river of Morocco, forming a part of its S. boundary, enters the Atlantic after a W. course of 130 miles. See also Akassa. Noon, Noun, or Nun, noon, a river of Manchooria, East Asia, after a generally southward course of 500 miles, joins the Soongaree about"20 miles N. of Petoone. On its banks are the towns of Merghen and Tsitsikar. Noonivak, Nounivak, or Nunivak, noo'ne-vik, an island of Alaska, in Behring Sea, off Cape Vancouver. Lat. 60° N. ; Ion. 165° to 167° W. Length, 70 miles; mean breadth, about 30 miles. It is hilly and lightly wooded, and peopled by Esquimaux. Noor, a Tartar word. See Non. Noora, Noura, or Nura, noo'ri, a river of Siberia, rises near the S.W. frontier of the government of Omsk, flows N.W., and unites with the Little Noora from Lake Koorgaljin, and with the Koozakoochin, forming the Ishim. Noorabad, noo'ri-bdd' (the "abode of light"), a vil- lage of India, dominion and 13 miles N.N.W. of GwaJior. Noorcondy, noor-kon'dee, a town of India, in the Deccan, 38 miles S.S.W. of Bejapoor, with a large fort. Noord Braband, Netherlands. SeeNoKTH Bkabant. Noordbroek, nout'brook, a village of the Nether- lands, province and 13 miles E. of Groningen. Pop. 2202. Noordwyk-Binnen, nOut'wik-bin'nen, a village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 7 miles N.W. of Ley- den. Pop. 3102. NoKDWVK or Nordwyk-am-Zee, noBt'- *ik-im-z4, is a village near the above. Noord ivykerhout, noRt'*i-k^r-hCwt% a village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 8 miles N.W. of Leyden. Noorja, nooR'ji, a vill.age of Sinde, 14 miles N. of Sohwan. and 3 miles W. of the Indus. Lat. 26° 32' N. Noorwegen, the Dutch name of Norway. Nooseneck (nooss'nek) Hill, a post-hamlet of Kent CO., R.I., 20 miles S.W. of Providence. It has a church and a cotton-mill. Noot'ka Sound, a harbor of the Pacific Ocean, on the W. side of Vancouver Island. Lat. 49° 35' N. No'pal, a post-office of McMulUn co., Tex. Nor, or Noor, a Tartar word, signifying " lake," Ac. Nora, no'ri, a town of Sweden, at a railway junction, ten and IS miles N.N.W. of Ouebro. Pop. 1333. No'ra, a post-village of Jo Daviess eo.. III., in Nora township, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of AVarren,and 31 miles N.W. of Freeport. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1046. Nora, a station in Hendricks CO., Ind., on the India- napolis A St. Louis Railroad, 1 mile W. of Danville. Nora, a post-hamlet of Marion co., Ind., on White River, 9 miles N. of Indianapolis. It has a church, and a fine iron bridge across the river. Nora, a post-office of Humboldt co,, Iowa. Nora, a post-office of Washtenaw co., Mich. Nora, a post-township of Pope eo., Minn. Pop. 184. Nora, a post-office of Nuckolls co.. Neb. Nora, a post-office of Dane CO., Wis. Nora Junction, a station of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad where it crosses the Chicago, Milwaukee &, St. Paul Railroad, 1 mile W. of Nora Springs, and S miles E. of Mason City, Iowa. Nora Springs, a post-village in Rock Grove township, Floyd CO., Iowa, on Shell Rock River, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee A St. Paul Railroad (Iowa & Dakota division), 9 miles E. of Mason City, and 18 miles W.N.W. of Charles City. It has a bank, a newspaper office, 4 churches, a high school, 2 grist-mills, and an iron-foundry. Pop. 742. NOR 1592 NOR Norba Caesarea, the ancient name of Alcantara. Nor'beck, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Md., 3 miles E. of Uockville. Norberg, noR'b^RG, a town of Sweden, Iten and 36 miles N.N.W, of Westerns. Nor'borne, a post-village of Carroll co., Mo., on the St. Louis, Kansas City &, Northern Railroad, 56 miles B. by N. of Kansas City, and 10 miles W.S.W. of Carrollton. It has a newspaper office, 4 churches, a money-order post- office, a flour-mill, &c. Pop, 148. Norburg, a town of Sleswick. See Nordborg. Norcia, noR'chd, a town of Italy, 18 miles E. of Spo- leto. It is situated in a high valley, near the source of the Nera, and has trade in wine, oil, and agricultural produce. It is identical with the ancient Nur'eia. It is a bishop's see. Pop. 8687. Nor'cross, a post-village of Gwinnett co., Ga., on the Atlanta k Richmond Air-Line Railroad, 20 miles N.E. of Atlanta. It has 3 churches, 2 seminaries, 6 stores, and a steam cotton-gin. Pop. about 500, Nord, noR, a department of Prance, so named from its position in the N. of that country, formed of the old prov- ince of Flanders, on the frontiers of Belgium, Area, 2170 square miles. Pop. in 1876, 1,519,585, being, after the department of Seine, the most populous in France. The surface is generally flat, and watered by numerous streams, among which are the Aa, the Scheldt and its affluents the Scarpe and Lys, the Deule, and the Sambre, all navigable, and generally united by canals. It has rich mines of coal, iron, turf, and bitumen. The soil is fertile, and the best cultivated in France. Its staple products are cereal grains, flax, hemp, tobacco, hops, Ac. Fishing is actively pur- sued on the coasts. The department of Nord is also the most industrious in France; it has manufactures of every kind, of which the most celebrated are cotton stuffs, woollen cloth, iron, cambric, linen, lace, thread, and beet sugar. The department is divided into the arrondissements of Avesnes, Cambrai, Douai, Dunkerque, Hazebrouck, Lille, and Valenciennes. Capital, Lille. Nord, a post-village of Butte co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad (Oregon division), 102 miles N. by W. of Sacramento. It has a hotel and 3 stores. Nord-Amerika. See North America. Nordborg, noRd'honc, or Norburg, noR'booRG, a town of Sleswick, on the island of Alsen, 13 miles E.N.E. of Apenrade. Pop. 1541. Norden, non'den, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 14 miles N.AV. of Aurich, joins the German Ocean by a canal. Pop. 6130. Nor'den, a post-hamlet of Deuel co., Dakota, 9 miles from Gary Station. It has a church. Norderney, noR'der-nT, an island of Prussia, in the North Sea, 20 miles N,W. of Aurich, with an area of 4 square miles. It has sea-bathing establishments. P. 2042. Norder Oog, noR'der og, and Suder Oog, soo'der oG, Prussia, are islands of Sleswick, in the North Sea, W. of Pelworm. Nordhalbeii) nont'hirb^n, a town of Bavaria, on the Rodach, 30 miles N. of Baireuth. Pop. 1734. Nordhausen, noRt'how^zen, a fortified town of Prus- sian Saxony, 38 miles N.N.AY. of Erfurt, on the Zorge. Pop. 23,570. It is enclosed by old walls flanked by towers, and has numerous churches, a gymnasium and other high schools, 3 hospitals, an orphan asylum, a theatre, manu- factures of woollen and linen, chemicals, sealing-wax, soap, and leather, and many distilleries and oil-mills. Nordheim, nout'hime, or Nort'heim, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 12 miles N. of Gottingen, on the Ruhme, Pop. 5661. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufactures of tobacco, Nordheim, Saxc-Weimar. See Kalten-Nordreim. Nordheim, a village of Bavaria, in Lower Franconia, on the Main. Pop. 1039. Nordheim, a village of Germany, Wiirtemberg, baili- wick of Brackenheim. Pop. 1170. Nord'hof, a post-hamlet of Ventura co., Cal., in the Ojai Valley, 30 miles E. of Santa Barbara. Nordhorn, noRt'honn, a town of Prussia, 44 miles W.S.W. of Osnaburg, on the Vechta, Pop. 1541. Nordkoping, Sweden. See Norrkjoping. Nordland, nond'lS.nd, or Norr'land, an amt of Nor- way, mostly between lat. 65° and 70° N. and Ion. 12° and 22° E., having W. the Atlantic. Area, comprising the Loffoden Islands, 14,337 square miles. Pop. 104,151. Chief town, Bodoe. Nordland, or Norrlaiid, the N. division of Iceland. Nordland, Lyon co., Minn. See Norland. Nordiingen, or Noerdliugeii, nont'ling-en, almost niiRt'ling-en, a town of Bavaria, on the Goldbach, and on the railway between Donauwdrth and Oettingen, 50 miles S.W. of Nuremberg. It is enclosed by ancient bastioned ramparts, and has a handsome Gothic cathedral with many curious monuments and paintings and a tower 345 feet in height, several other churches, a town hall ornamented with fresco paintings, an orphan asylum, considerable man- ufactures of leather, linens, woollen stuflfs, and carpets, and an extensive trade in feathers and hogs. Pop. 7223. Nordstrand, noRt'strS,nd, an island of Prussia, off the W. coast of Sleswick, 15 miles N.E. of the mouth of the Eder. Area, 20 square miles. Pop. 2344. N. of it is the islet NoRDSTRANDisoH-MooR, noRt'strind-ish moR. Nor'dyke, or Nor'dyk, a post-hamlet of Dallas co., Iowa, on the Raccoon River, and on the Chicago, Rock Island &b Pacific Railroad, 11 miles W.S.W. of Des Moines. Nord Zee, the Dutch name of the North Sea. Nore, The, a part of the estuary of the English river Thames, E. of Sheerness. The Nore light floats on a sand- bank, 4 miles N.E. of Sheerness. Norenberg, no'ren-b^RG\ a town of Prussia, in Pome- rania, 40 miles E. of Stettin, on Lake Enzig. Pop. 2776. Norheld, Connecticut. See Northfield. Norfolk, nor'fpk, a county of England, having N. and E. the North Sea, and W. the Wash. Area, 2116 square miles. Surface level, or gently undulating. Principal rivers, the Great and Little Ouse, and Yare. Parks, woods, and rabbit-warrens are numerous. Vast quantities of tur- keys and geese are reared for the London market. Marl is the only mineral of consequence. Many lines of railway traverse this county. Chief towns, Norwich, Yarmouth, Lynn, and Thetford. Its E. and W. divisions each send two members to the House of Commons, and eight members are sent by its boroughs. Under the Britons Norfolk formed a part of the territory of the Ice'ni, and under the Saxons, of the kingdom of East Anglia. Pop. 438,656. Norfolk, nor'fok, a county in the E. part of Massa- chusetts, has an area of about 500 square miles. The N. part of it is adjacent to Boston. It is bounded on the N.E. by Massachusetts Bay, intersected by the Charles River, and partly drained by the Neponset River. The surface is uneven or hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the oak, hickory, ash, elm, beech, and other trees. The soil is partly fertile, and produces hay, Indian corn, potatoes, &c. Many of the inhabitants are employed in the manufacture of woollen goods, hosiery, paper, straw goods, leather, and other articles. This county has extensive quarries of fine Quincy granite. The value of the granite exported from it in 1870 was $467,493. It is intersected by the Boston, Hartford & Erie, Boston &, Providence, Old Colony, and South Shore Railroads. Capital, Dedham. Valuation of real and personal estate, $150,922,055. Pop. in 1S70, 89,443, of whom 70,033 were Americans; in 1875, 88,321. Norfolk, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by a part of Chesapeake Bay, called Hampton Roads, and is contiguous to the mouth of James River. It is drained by Elizabeth River and Deep Creek. The surface is level, and extensively covered with forests of cypress and other trees. The soil is mostly s.andy. Indian corn and potatoes are the staple products. This county comprises a large part of the Dismal Swamp, and is intersected by the Dismal Swamp Canal, the Atlantic, Mississippi A Ohio Railroad, and the Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad, Capital, Norfolk. This is the most populous county of the state, except Hen- rico. Valuation of real and personal estate, $20,512,605. Pop. in 1870, 46,702, of whom 45,309 were Americans. Norfolk, a post-village in Norfolk township, Litchfield CO., Conn., on the Connecticut Western Railrond, 45 miles W.N.W. of Hartford. It is surrounded by high hills. It has a large hotel, a savings-bank, 3 churches, on academy, a silk-mill, 2 tanneries, &c. Pop. of the township, 1641. Norfolk, a post-village of Norfolk co., Mass., in a town- ship of the same name, on the Boston, Hartford & Erie Railroad, 23 miles S.S.W. of Boston. It has 2 churches and a woollen-mill. The township is bounded on the N,W. by Charles River. Pop. of the township, 920. Norfolk, a post-township of Renville CO., Minn. P. 241. Norfolk, a hamlet of Mississippi co., Mo., on the Mis- sissippi River, 4^ miles below Bird's Point. Norfolk, a post-village of Madison co.. Neb., on tho North Branch of the Elkhorn River, 2 miles N. of that river, and about 50 miles N, of Columbus. It has a bank, 3 churches, a newspaper oflSce, a flour-mill, and a United States land oflice. Norfolk, a post-village in Norfolk township, St. Law- NOR 1593 NOR rence eo., N.Y., on the Racket. River, about 28 miles E.N.E. of Ogdensburg, and 3 miles N. of the Ogdensburg & Lake Charaplain Railroad. It has water-power and several mills and churches, also manufactures of carriages, furniture, and starch. Pop. 5i0 ; of the township, 2476. Norfolk, a post-office of Douglas co., Oregon. Norfolk, a city .and port of entry of Norfolk Co., Va., is situated on the right or N. bank of Elizabeth River, S miles from Hampton Roads, 32 miles from the sea, 160 miles by water or 106 miles by land S.E. of Richmond. Lat. 36° 51' N. : Ion. 76° 19' W. The river, which is seven- eighths of a mile wide, separates it from Portsmouth. Next to Richmond, Norfolk is the most populous city of Virginia. It has more foreign commerce than any other place in the state, and together with Portsmouth is the most important naval station in the Union. (See Portsmouth.) The harbor is large, safe, and easily accessible, admitting vessels of the largest class to come to the wharves. The site of the city is almost a dead level ; the plan is somewhat irregular ; the streets are wide, mostly well built with brick or stone houses, and lighted with gas. The most conspicuous public build- ings are the city hall, which has a granite front, a cupola 110 feet high, and a portico, of si.\ Tuscan columns; the Norfolk Military Academy, a Doric structure, with a portico of six columns at each end; the Meohanics' Hall, a Gothic building; a masonic temple, Ashland Hall, and the custom- house. It contains a court-house, 26 churches, several academies, St. John's Theological Seminary (Catholic), 2 national banks, 7 other banks, and a theatre. Three daily and several weekly newsparate royal province. The colony took an early and very strong stand for popular rights, and it is probable that the Meck- lenburg Declaration of 1775 was the first assertion of the right x)f colonial independence. During the war of the Revolution the majority of the people bore their full share of suffering and service in the cause of liberty, but there was a large and active loyalist faction, who carried on a vexatious partisan warfare. The action at Guilford Court- House was the most important which took place within the state. In 1861 a state convention, called by an extra session of the legislature in spite of a previous popular vote against the measure, passed an ordinance of secession. The North Carolina troops were distinguished for their valor in the contest which ensued. The most important battles fought in this state during that war were at Roanoke Island, New-Berne, Fort Fisher, Averysborough, and Ben- tonville. After the war the peace of the state was at one time much disturbed by gangs of armed desperadoes and robbers, who lived in the swamps, and whose haunts were finally broken up by the military. The prosperity of the state has been seriously affected by the unwise financial measures already referred to. The Population in 1790 was 393,751; in ISOO, 487,103; in 1810, 555.500; in 1820, 638,829; in 1830, 737,987; in 1840,753,419; in 1850, 869,039; in 1860, 992,622, of whom 629,942 were white, 331,059 were slaves, and 30,463 were free colored; in 1870, 1,071,361, of whom 678,470 were white. The people of North Carolina were originally of English stock, with large subsequent additions of Scotch- Irish and Highland-Scotch elements. The celebrated Flora McDonald, who saved the life of the Young Pretender, was for a time a resident of North Carolina. Presidents Jack- son, Polk, and Johnson were natives of this state, and all three were of the Scotch-Irish stock. North Car'ver, a post-office of Plymouth eo., Mass., about 16 miles E. of Taunton. North Castiiie, kas-teen', a post-village of Hancock CO., Me., on the E. side of Penobscot Bay, about 30 miles S. of Bangor. North Castle, kas'sel, a post-hamlet in North Castle township, Westchester co., N.Y., about 38 miles N.N.E. of New York, It bus a church. Pop. of the township, which contains Armonk and Kensico, 1966. North Ce'dar, or Tip'pinville, a post-village of Jackson co., Kansas, in Cedar township, 7 miles S.E. of Holton. It has 1 or 2 churches. North Channel, Canada. See Canadian Channel. North CharlestOAvn, charlz'town, a post-village in Charlestown township, Sullivan co., N.K., on the Connecti- cut River, and on the Central Vermont Railroad. 6^ miles S.S.W. of Claremont. It has a church, a grist-mill. &c. North Chat'ham, a small post-village in Chatham township, Barnstable co., Mass., on Pleasant Bay, near the sea, about 54 miles E. of New Bedford. It is \\ miles from Chatham Village. Many codfish are cjiught here. North Chatham, a post-office of Carroll co., N,H., about 40 miles N. of Ossipee. North Chatham, a post-village in Chatham township, Columbia co., N.Y., on Kinderhook Creek, about 16 miles S.S.E. of Albany. It has a church, a carriage-shop, a saw- mill, and 2 stores. North Chelms'ford, a post-village in Chelmsford township, Middlesex co,, Mass., on the Merrimac River, NOR 1600 NOR and on the Stony Brook Railroad, at its junction witli the Boston, Lowell A Nashua Railroad, 3 miles W. of Lowell. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of machinery, iron moulding, turbine wator-wheels, and worsted yarn. North Chelsea, Massachusetts. See Revere. North Chemung, N.Y. See Hammond's Cornetis. North Ches'ter, a post-hamlet of Hampden co., IHass., on the Middle Branch of Westlield River, about 2i miles N.W. of Springfleld. It has a lumber-mill. North Chester, a post-villa;;e in Chester township, Windsor co., Vt., on the Rutland division of the Central Vermont Railroad, 37 miles S.S.E. of Rutland. It has a church and a manufactory of shoes. North Ches'terville, a post-village in Chesterville township, Franklin co.. Me., about 30 miles N.W. of Au- gusta. It has a church and a carriage-shop. North Chich'ester, a post-village in Chichester town- ship, Merrimack CO., N.H., on or near the Suncook River, 9 or 10 miles E.N.E. of Concord. It has 2 saw-mills. North Chili, chi'li, a post-village of Monroe co., N.Y., in Chili township, 1 mile from Chili Station on the rail- road which connects Rochester with Batavia, and 10 miles W.S.W. of Rochester. It has 2 churches, the Chili Semi- nary, and 2 wagon-shops. Pop. 104. North Clar'endoii, a post-hamlet of Rutland oo., Vt., on Otter Creek, and on the Harlem Extension & Central Vermont Railroad, 3 miles S. of Rutland. North Clayton, kla't9n, a post-village of Miami oo., 0., on Stillwater Creek, 8 or 9 miles W. of Piqua. It has 2 churches. Pop. 101. North Clayton, a post-office of Crawford co., Wis. North Clove, a post-office of Dutchess co., N.Y. North Cly'iiier, a post-village in Clymer township, Chautauqua co., N.Y., on the Buffalo, Corry & Pittsburg Railroad, 35 miles S. by W. of Dunkirk. It has 2 churches. North Codo'rus, township, York co., Pa. Pop. 2i76. North Cohas'set, a village in Cohasset township, Norfolk CO., Mass., and on the sea-shore near Nantasket Beach, 13 miles by water S.B. of Boston. North Cohoo'ton, a post-village in Oohocton town- ship, Steuben co., N.Y., on the Rochester division of the Erie Railroad, about 13 miles E. of Dansville, and 45 miles S. of Rochester. It has a church, a union school, and 2 drug-stores. North Colebrook, ksl'brook, a post-office of Litch- field CO., Conn., about 35 miles W.N.W. of Hartford. North Colesville, kolz'vil, a post-hamlet of Broome CO., N.Y., H miles from Tunnel Station, which is on the Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, 15 miles N.E. of Bing- hamton. North CoI'lins, a post-village of Erie co., N.Y., in North Collins township, on the Buffalo & Jamestown Rail- road, 23 miles S. of Buffalo. It has 2 churches, a grist- mill, a steam saw-mill, and 3 stores. Pop. about 300 j of the township, 1689. North Colum'bia, a post-village of Nevada oo., Cal., lOi miles N. of Nevada. It has a church. North Columbia, a hamlet of Washington oo.. Me., about 20 miles W. of Machias. It has a lumber-mill. North Concord, kong'kord, a station in Jackson co., Mich., on the Michigan Central Railroad, 13 miles W. of Jackson. North Concord, a station of Merrimack co., N.H., on the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad, 6 J miles N. of Concord. North Concord, a post-hamlet in Concord township, Essex CO., Vt., 1 mile from North Concord Station, which is on the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad, 12 miles E. of St. Johnsbury. It has a church and a lumber-mill. North Constantia, kon-stan'she-a, a post-hamlet of Oswego CO., N.Y., 7 miles from Constantia. It has a church and a saw-mill. North Con'way, a post-viIl.age and summer resort in Conway township, Carroll co., N.H., on the E. bank of the Saco River, and on the Portland & Ogdensburg and Portsmouth, Great Falls & North Conway Railroads, 60 miles W.N.W. of Portland, Me., and 137 miles N. of Bos- ton. It is surrounded by beautiful mountain-scenery. Here are numerous large summer boarding-houses and hotels, an academy, and 3 churches. North Copake, New York. See Cbahyville. North Corn'ville, a post-office of Somerset co.. Me., 10 miles N. of Skowheg.an. North Corn'wall, a post-office of Litchfield co., Conn., about 36 miles W.N.AV. of Hartford. North Cove, a post-offiee and township of McDowell CO., N.C., in a valley at the base of the Blue Ridge, 15 miles N. of Marion. Marble is said to be found here. Pop. of the township, 874. North Cove, a post-office of Pacific co., Washington, on the N, side of Shoalwater Bay. North Cove Creek, of North Carolina, enters the Catawba from the N., in Burke co. North Cov'entry, a township of Chester co., Pa., is bounded on the N. by the Sohuykill River, which sepa- rates it from Pottstown. Pop. 1251. North Crafts'bury, a post- village in Craftsbury town- ship, Orleans CO., Vt., about 30 miles N.N.E. of Montpelier. North Creek, a post-office of Fayette co., Ala. North Creek, a post-hamlet of Phillips co., Ark., 3 miles from Marvell Station. It has a church. North Creek, a post-village of Warren co., N.Y., on the Hudson River, at the mouth of North Creek, and on the Adirondack Railroad, 57 miles N. of Saratoga Springs. It has 2 churches, a tannery, 2 steam saw-mills, and 2 hotels. Pop. about 200. North Crom'vvell, a station in Middlesex co., Conn., on the Connecticut River, and on the Connecticut Valley Railroad, about 12 miles S. of Hartford. North Cross Creek, a hamlet of Stewart co., Tenn., 10 miles from Erin. It has a church. North Cu'ba, a hamlet of Alleghany co., N.Y., in Cuba township, on the Genesee Valley Canal, 3 miles N. of Cuba. Here is Seymour Post-Office. North Cut'ler, a post-office of Washington co.. Me. Northcutt, Liiin co.. Mo. See New Enterprise. North Da'na, a post-village of Worcester co., Mass., in Dana township, on the Springfield, Athol & Northeast- ern Railroad, 38 miles N.N.E. of Springfield. It has a church, and a manufactory of billiard-tables. North Dans'ville, a township of Livingston oo., N.Y. Pop. 4084. It contains Dansville. North Dan'ville, a post-village in Danville township, Caledonia co., Vt., about 30 miles E.N.E. of Montpelier. North Dartmouth, dart'miith, a post-hamlet in Dart- mouth township, Bristol eo., Mass., on the Fall River A New Bedford Railroad, 5 miles W.N.W. of New Bedford. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a grist-mill. North Deer Isle, a post-office of Hancock co., Me., is on Deer Island, and on the E. side of Penobscot Bay, about 24 miles S.E. of Belfast. Here are quarries of granite and limestone. North Der'by, a post-hamlet of Orleans co., Vt., on Lake Memphremagog, and on the Passumpsic Railroad, 5 miles N. of Newport. It has a granite-quarry. North Dev'on, an island of the Arctic Ocean, in North America, lat. 75° N., Ion. from 80° to 92° W., having E. Baffin's Bay, W. Wellington Strait, and S. Barrow Strait, separating it from North Somerset. North Dighton, di'ton, a post-village in Dighton township, Bristol co., Mass., about 10 miles E. of Provi- dence, 3 miles S.S.W. of Taunton, i mile W. of North Dighton Station of the Old Colony Railroad, and 37 miles S. of Boston. It has 2 churches, a p.aper-mill, a cotton- mill, tube-works, and a stove-foundry. North Ditmarsh, Prussia. See Ditmarsh. North Dix'inont, a post-hamlet in Dixmont township, Penobscot CO., Me., about 22 miles W.S.W. of Bangor. North Do'lan, a township of Cass co.. Mo. Pop. 903. North Dor'chester, a post-office of Grafton co., N.H., about 14 miles AV. by N. of Plymouth. North Dorr, a post-office of Allegan oo., Mich. North Dor'set, a post-hamlet in Dorset township, Bennington Co., Vt., on the Harlem Extension Railroad, 22 Uliles S. of Rutland. It has manufactures of lumber and marble, and a marble-quarry has been opened on Mount j3i1o1us, near this place. North Douro, Ontario. See Lakefield. North Do'ver, a post-hamlet of Cuyahoga oo., 0., is near Lake Erie, 6 miles N.N.W. of Berea, and about 10 miles W. of Cleveland. North Dunbar'ton, a post-hamlet of Morrimaok oo., N.H., 6 miles S.W. of Concord. It has a lumber-mill. North Dux'bury, a post-hamlet in Duxbury town- ship, AVashington CO., Vt., on the Winooski River, and on the Vermont Central Railroad, at Duxbury Station, 15 miles AV.N.W. of Montpelier. It has 2 or 3 saw-mills. North !Eagle, ce'g'l, a post-office of Clinton co., Mich., in Eagle townshio, about 18 miles W.N.W. of Lansing. North East,'a township of Yuba co., Cal. Pop. 363. North East, a township of Adams co.. 111. Pop. 1521. It contains La Prairio and Keokuk Junction. North East, a township of Orange oo., lud. Pop. 930. NOR- 1601 NOR North East, a post-village of Cecil oo., Md., on the North Bast River, and on the Philadelpliia, Wilmington A Baltimore Railroad, near Chesapeake Bay, 45 miles E.N.E. of Baltimore, and 7 miles W. of Elkton. It has 3 churches, an academy, and several factories. Pop. 748. North East, or North East Centre, a hamlet in North East township, Dutchess co., N.Y., about 22 miles E. of Rondout, and 1 mile W. of the Now York .fc Harlem Railroad. It has 2 churches. The township contains a larger village, named Millerton. P. of the township, 2266. North East, a post-borough in North East township, Erie co.. Pa., on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Rail- road, 15 miles E.N.E. of Erie, and 2 miles from Lake Erie. It has a national bank, 2 other banks, an academy, a news- paper office, 6 churches, a foundry, and manufactures of sash and blinds, woollen goods, and wooden-ware. Pop. 900; of the township, 2213. North-East Cape. See Cape Severo-Vostochnoi. North East'ham, a post-hamlet in Eastham town- ship, Barnstable co., Mass., on the Old Colony Railroad, 100 miles S.E. of Boston, and nearly 2 miles from the ocean. It has a church. North'east' Har'bor, a post-office of Hancock co.. Me., on the sea, and on the coast of Mount Desert Island. North East Ilar'bor, a post-village in Shelburne CO., Nova Scotia, on the sea-coast, 21 miles from Shelburne. It contains 2 stores. Pop. 250. North East Mills, a station in Placer co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 13 miles N. of Auburn. North East'on, a post-village in Easton township, Bristol CO., Mass., on the Old Colony Railroad, 22 miles S. of Boston. It has a high school, a newspaper office, a national bank, a savings-bank, 4 churches, and manufac- tures of boots, shovels, spades, hinges, Ac. North Easton, or East'on Cor'ners, a post-vil- lage in Easton township, Washington co., N.Y., about 30 miles N.N.E. of Albany, and 3 miles E. of the Hudson River. It has 2 churches, a seminary, a carriage-factory, and about 50 dwellings. Here is North Easton Post-Office. North East River, a small stream of Cecil oo., Md., flows into the head of Chesapeake Bay. North Eaton, ee't9n, a post-office of Lorain co., 0., on the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad, 21 miles S.W. of Cleveland. North Edgecomb, ej'kom, a post-village in Edge- comb township, Lincoln CO., Me., 12 miles N.E. of Bath. North Ed'meston, a post-hamlet of Otsego co., N.Y., 8 miles S. of Unadilla Forks. It has a church. North Eg'remont, a post-village in Egremont town- ship, Berkshire co., Mass., 5 miles W. of Great Barrington. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of flour and lumber. Northeim, a town of Prussia. See Nordheim. Northeim, north'him, a post-office of Manitowoc co., Wis., on Lake Michigan, about 8 miles S. of Manitowoc. North El'ba,a post-township of Essex co., N.Y., about 40 miles S.W. of Plattsburg. It comprises the Wall Faced Mountain and Placid Lake, on which are 3 hotels. P. 367. North Ells'worth, a post-office of Hancock co., Me., 20 miles S.E. of Bangor. Northen, noa'ten, and Peters-Swift, pd,'t?rs-swift, a village of Prussia, in Hanover, principality and 7 miles N. of Gottingen, near the Leine. Pop. 1000. North English, ing'glish, a post-village of Iowa co., Iowa, on the North Fork of English River, about 40 miles E.N.E. of Oskaloosa. It has 2 churches. North E'nosburg, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Vt., in Enosburg township, on the Missisquoi River, and on the Vermont Central Railroad, 21 miles E.N.E. of St. Albans. North Ep'ping, a post-office of Rockingham co., N.H. Northern Aracan, 4r^a-kan', or North Aracan, a district of British Burmah, forming the N. part of Ara- can (which see). Area, exclusive of North Aracan Hill Tracts, 5674 square miles. It is a forest region, but little developed. Capital, Aracan. Pop. 6948. Nor'thern Bay, a fishing-village in the district of Bay de Verds, Newfoundland, on the N. shore of Conception Bay, 20 miles from Carbonear. Pop. 390. Nor'thern Circars, sir-kars', a former province of British India, extending along the W. side of the Bay of Bengal, from lat. 15° to 20° N. Area, 17,000 square miles. Pop. about 2,995,500. The province was annexed to British India in 1766 by Lord Clive. Northern Dvvina, a river of Russia. See Dwi.na. Northern Harbour, a fishing-settlement in the dis- trict of Twillingate and Fogo, Newfoundland, at the mouth of Exploits Bay, 20 miles from Twillingate. Northern Junction, a post-office of Milwaukee co., 101 Wis., on the Wisconsin Central Railroad where it crosses the Northwestern Union Railroad, miles N.W. of Mil- waukee. Northern Lib'erties, formerly a district of Phila- delphia CO., now included within the chartered limits of the city of Philadelphia. Northern Liberties was originally a township, beginning at Vine street, and extending by cer- tain bounds to Wingohocking Creek, which divided it fi-om Bristol township, and lying between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, S. of Germantown and Bristol townships. The district of the Northern Liberties was a portion of this township, and, after the passage of several acts to confer certain privileges on portions of the territory, was finally incorporated March 28, 1803, and embraced the territory between the Delaware River and the W. side of Sixth street, and between Vine street and the irregular line of Co- hocksink Creek. Out of the township of the Northern Lib- erties were afterwards formed the districts of Kensington and Richmond, and the boroughs of White Hall, Brides- burg, and Aramingo. North Esk, Scotland. See EsK. North Ev'ans, a post-village of Erie co., N.Y., in Evans and Eden townships, on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 15 miles S. of Buffalo, and i mile from Lake Erie. It has 3 churches, a grist-mill, a tannery, and a cheese-factory. Pop. 150. North Ev'anston, a post-office of Cook co.. III., on Lake Michigan, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- road, 13 miles N. of Chicago. Here is a church. North Fabius, Missouri. See Fabius River. North Fair'fax, a post-office of Franklin co., Vt., about 22 miles N.N.E. of Burlington. North Fair'field, a post-hamlet in Fairfield township, Somerset co.. Me., about 30 miles N. of Augusta. It has a church and a grist-mill. North Fairlield, a post-village in Fairfield township, Huron CO., 0., about 26 miles N. by W. of Mansfield, and 10 miles S. of Norwalk. It has 4 churches, a graded school, a plough-factory, Ac. Pop. about 600. North Fal'mouth, a post-village in Falmouth town- ship, Cumberland co., Me., about 10 miles N. of Portland, It has 3 churches, an academy, and manufactures of shoes and carriages. North Falmouth, a post-village of Barnstable co., Mass., in Falmouth township, on Buzzard's Bay, and on the Old Colony Railroad, 61 miles S.E. of Boston; North Farm'ington, a post-offico of Oakland co., Mich., 4J miles N. of Farmington. North Fayette, fa-yet', a post-village in Fayetto township, Kennebec co., Me., about 20 miles N.W. of ,\ugusta. North Fayette, a township of Alleghany co.. Pa. Pop. 1482. It has abundant bituminous coal. North Fays'ton, a post-office of Washington co., Vt., IS miles W. of Montpelier. North Fen'ton, a post-hamlet in Fenton township, Broome co., N.Y., 2i miles from Willard Station, and about 12 miles N.N.E. of Binghamton. It has a church and a cheese-factory. North Fer'risburg, a post-village in Ferrisburg town- ship, Addison oo., Vt., on the Central Vermont Railroad, 2 miles E. of Lake Champlain, and 16 miles S. of Burling- ton. It has 2 churches and a woollen-factory. Pop. 450. North'field, a post-village of Litchfield co., Conn., .about 25 miles W. by S. of Hartford. It has a manufac- tory of cutlery. Northfield, a township of Cook co.. 111. Pop. 1705. It contains The Grove, South Northfield, East Northfield, Glcncoe, &c. Northfield, a post-hamlet of Boone co., Ind., about 22 miles N. by W. of Indianapolis. Northfield, a post-village of Des Moines oo., Iowa, 20 miles N. of Burlington. It has a church and a woollen- mill. Northfield, a post-township of Washington co.. Me., about 33 miles S.W. of Calais, is intersected by the Machias River. Pop. 190. Northfield, a post-village in Northfield township, Franklin co., Mass., on the E. bank of the Connecticut River, and on the New London Northern Railroad, 23 miles N. of Amherst, and about 11 miles N.N.E. of Green- field. It has 3 churches, and a public library. A bridge crosses the river near this place. The township contains a village named West Northfield. P. of the township, 1641. Northfield, township, Washtenaw co., Mich. P. 1189. Northfield, a post-village in Northfield township. Rice CO., Minn., on the Cannon River, and on the Iowa & Min- NOR 1602 NOR nesota Railroad, 39 miles S. of St. Paul, and 14 miles N.N.E. of Faribault. It is the seat of Carleton College (organized in 1866), and also of St. Olaf College. It has 6 churches, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, a national bank, a flour- mill, a foundry, a machine-shop, a saw-mill, and a planing- mill. Pop. 2140; of the township, 901 additional. IVurthfield, a township of Merrimack co., N.H. Pop. 833. It contains Northfield Depot, and has maniifactures of repellants. Northlield, a hamlet of Essex co., N..T., in Livingston township, 4 miles N.N.W. of Millburn. It has a church. Northfield, a township of Kichraond co. (Statcn Island), N.Y. Pop. 6529. Northheld, a post-hamlet in Northfield townsliip. Sum- mit CO., 0., near the Ohio Canal, 1 mile from Macedonia Station, and about IS miles S.S.E. of Cleveland. The town- ship is bounded W. by the Cuyahoga River, and contains Macedonia village. Pop. of the township, 1009. Northfield, a handsome post-village in Northfield town- ship, Washington co., Vt., in a valley among high hills, on the Central Vermont Railroad, 10 or 11 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier, and about 40 miles S.E. of Burlington. It con- tains 5 or 6 churches, a national bank, the Northfield Graded and High School, 2 newspjiper ofliees, a savings-bank, and machine-shops of the railroad. Here is .also a military school, styled the Norwich University, which was organized in 1834. Northfield has manufactures of chairs, flannel, slates, water-coolers, and paper, and quarries of good slate have been opened in this township. Pop, of township, 3410. Northfield, a township of Jackson co.. Wis. P. 877. Northfield, a village in Brant co., Ontario, lOJ miles S. of Princeton. It has a saw-mill. Pop. 150. Northfield Depot, a post-hamlet in Northfield town- ship, Merrimack co., N. II., on the Boston, Concord & Mon- treal Railroad, 13 miles N. of Concord. It has a church. Northfield Farms, a post-hamlet in Northfield town- ship, Franklin Co., Mass., on the E. bank of the Connecti- cut River, and on the New London Northern Railroad, 18 miles N. of Amherst. North'fleet, a parish of England, co. of Kent, on a railway, and on the Thames, 1^ miles W. of Gravesend. It has docks for ship-building. Pop. 6515. North Folden, fol'den.a fiord of Norw.ay, on the N.W. coast of Nordland, opening fiom the West Fiord. A little beyond its mouth it divides into two branches, called re- spectively the North and South Folden. North'ford, a post-village in North Branford township, New Haven co.. Conn., on the Boston & New York Air- Line Railroad, 8 miles N.N.E. of New Haven. It has manufactures of spoons, lumber, and Yankee notions. North Fork, a township of Trinity co., Cal. P. 481. North Fork, a township of Marion Co., 111. Pop. 822. North Fork, township, Delaware co., Iowa. Pop. 824. North Fork, Mason co., Ky. See Lewisburg. North Fork, a stiition of Mercer co., Ky., on the rail- road between Lebanon and Stanford, about 16 miles E. of Lebanon. North Fork, a post-township of Stearns co., Minn., about 44 miles W. of St. Cloud. It is drained by the North Fork of Crow River, and contains a church. Pop. 405. North Fork, a township of Barton co.. Mo. Pop. 544. North Fork, a post-office of Saline co.. Neb. North Fork, a post-township of Ashe co., N.C., on the North Fork of New River, 40 miles S.E. of Abingdon, Va. It has 3 churches. Pop. 951. North Fork, a post-office of Potter co.. Pa. North Fork, a post-office of Henry co., Tenn., on the North Fork of Obion River. North Fork, a hamlet of Lee co., Va., 36 miles from Bogersville. Tenn. North Fork, a post-office of Loudoun co., Va. North Fork, a post-hamlet of Clark co.. Wis., 32 miles E. of Chippewa Falls. It has a church and a saw-mill. North Fork, a post-office of Sweetwater co., Wyoming. North Fork of IiOup,or North Loup River, rises in the sand-hills in the N. part of Nebraska. It runs south- eastward, and unites with the Middle Loup in Howard co. Length, nearly 200 miles. North Fork of the Platte River rises in Color.ado, in the North Park, among the Rocky Mountains. It runs northwestward into Wyoming, and, turning gradually to- wards the right, flows successively northward and north- eastward through a mountainous country, turns southeast- ward through the cos. of Albany and Laramie, enters AVest- ern Nebraska, and unites with the South Fork at North Platte, in Lincoln co. Its length is estimated at 800 miles, the greater part of which is in Wyoming. After it enters Nebraska it tr not ] gable xtensive arid, treeless plai: Iti North Fox Island, Maine. See North Haven. North Fra'miiighani, a station in Middlesex co., Mass., on the Old Colony Railroad. Here is Nobscot. North Frank'lin, a post-office of New London co.. Conn., on the New London Northern Railroad, 10 miles N.N.W. of Norwich. North Franklin, a post-office of Delaware co., N.Y. North Free'dom, a post-office of Armstrong co., Pa. North Freedom, a post-village in Freedom town- ship, Sauk CO., Wis., on the Baraboo River, and on the Chicago A Northwestern Railroad, 43 miles N.W. of Mad- ison, and 6 miles W. of Baraboo. It has a church, 2 pub- lic halls, a steam saw-mill, and 4 stores. North Fryeburg, fri'bflrg, a small post-hamlet in Fryeburg township, Oxford co.. Me., on the Saco River, about 42 miles W. of Lewiston. North Gage, a post-hamlet in Decrfield township, Oneida CO., N.Y., 10 miles N.N.E. of Utica. It has 2 churches. North Galway, gawl'way, a post-office of Saratoga CO., N.Y., about 34 miles N.N.W. of Alb.Tny. North Gar'den, a post-office of Albemarle co., Va., on the Virginia Midland Railroad, 11 miles S.W. of Char- lottesville. North Gas'ton, a hamlet of Northampton co., N.C., on the Roanoke River, opposite Gaston or South Gaston. It has a church. North George'town, a post-village in Georgetown township, Sagadahoc co.. Me., on an inlet of the sea, S miles S.E. of Bath. It has a steamboat-landing and a church. North Georgetown, a post-village of Columbiana co., 0., 4 miles E. of Homeworth Station, and 22 miles E. of Canton. It has 2 churches, a. brewery, a grist-mill, &c. North Georgia, jor'je-a, a station in Franklin co., Vt., on the Central Vermont Railroad, 5 miles S. of St. Albans. North Ger'mantown, post-office, Columbia co., N.Y. North Glan'ford, a post-village in Wentworth co., Ontario, 5i miles S.W. of Hamilton. Pop. 175. North Gorham, go'ram, a post-village in Gorham and Windham townships, Cumberland co., Me., on Pre- sumpscot River, 15 miles W.N.W. of Portland. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. North Gow'er, a post-village in Carleton co., Ontario, on Stephen's Creek, 8 miles W. of Osgoode. It contains 2 churches, 3 stores, 2 hotels, and a tannery. Pop. 250. North Gran'by, a post-hamlet in Granby township, Hartford co., Conn., about 20 miles N.W. of Hartford. It has an academy. North Grant'ham,a post-office of Sullivan co., N.H., 15 miles N. of Newport. North Gran'ville, a post-village in Granville town- ship, Washington co., N.Y., 9 miles S.S.E. of Whitehall, and about 22 miles S.W. of Rutland, Vt. It contains a national bank, the Granville Military Academy, 2 grist- mills, 2 saw-mills, 3 churches, and 2 wagon-factories. North Gray, a post-office of Cumberland CO., Mo. North Greece, a post-hamlet in Greece township, Monroe co., N.Y., 1 mile from Greece Station on the Lake Ontario Shore Railroad, about 9 miles N.W. of Rochester, and 2 miles from Lake Ontario. It has a church, a furnace or foundry, and nearly 40 houses. North Green'bush, a township of Rensselaer co., N.Y. Pop. 3940. North Green'field, a post-hamlet in Greenfield town- ship, Saratoga co., N.Y., at King's Station on the Adiron- dack Railroad, 10 miles N. of Saratoga Springs. North Greenfield, a post-hamlet in Perry township, Logan CO., 0., about 42 miles N.AV. of Columbus. It hsis a church. North Green s'boroiigh, post-office, Orleans co., Xt. North Green'wich, a post-hamlet in Greenwich town- ship, Washington CO., N.Y., 5 miles N. of Greenwich, and about 9 miles S.S.E. of Fort Edward. It has a church. North Grosvenor (gro've-nor) Dale, a post-village in Thompson township, Windham co., Conn., on the Nor- wich &, Worcester Railroad, 40 miles N. by E. of Norwich. It has 2 churches and 2 cotton-mills. Pop. about 1400. North Groton, graw'ton, a post-hamlet in Groton township, Grafton co., N.H.", about 10 miles W. of Ply- mouth. It has a church. North Grove, a post-village of Miami co., Ind., on the railroad which connects Logansport with Marion, 23 miles E.S.E. of Logansport. It has 2 churches and a saw-mill. NOR K North Grove, a post-office of Page co., Iowa, about U miles N.W. of Clarinda. North Guilford, ghil'f9rd, a post-hamlet in Guilford townsliip, New Haven Co., Conn., 12 miles E.N.B. of New Haven. North Guilford, a hamlet of Chenango co., N.Y., 4 miles from Guilford Centre. It has 2 churches. North Had'ley, a post-village in Hadley township, Hampshire co., Mass., on the E. bank of the Connecticut River, about 22 miles N. of Springfield. It has a church, and manufactures of brooms, brushes, and lumber. North Ham, or Esperauce, es^pe-ranss', a post- village in Wolfe co., Quebec, 16 miles S.B. of Arthabaska Station. It has a carding-raill and 2 saw- and grist-mills. North Hani'den, a post-offlce of Delaware co., N.Y., about HO miles S. of Cooperstown. North Ham'lin, a post-hamlet in Hamlin township, Monroe CO., N.Y., 2 or 3 miles from Hamlin Kailroad Sta- tion. It has a grist-mill. North Ham'inond, a post-oflSce of St. Lawrence co., N.Y., about 20 miles S.S.W. of Ogdensburg. North Ham'monton, a stiition in Camden co., N.J., on the New Jersey Southern Railroad, about 18 miles N.E. of Vineland. North Hamp'ton, a post-village in North Hampton township. Rockingham co., N.II., on the Eastern Railroad, 7 miles S.S.W. of Portsmouth, and 49 miles N. by E. of Boston. The township borders on the Atlantic Ocean, and has a pop. of 723. North Hampton, a post-village in Pike township, Clark CO., 0., 8 miles W.N.W. of Springfield, and about 22 miles N.N.E. of Dayton. It has 2 churches. Pop. 205. North Han'cock, a post-office of Hancock co.. Me., on .an inlet of the sea, miles E. of Ellsworth. North Han'nibal, a post-hamlet in Hannibal town- ship, Oswego CO., N.Y., on the Rome, AVatertown & Ogdens- burg Railroad (at Wheeler's Station), 8 miles S. of Oswego. Pop. 150. North Han'son, a station on the Old Colony Railroad (Plymouth Line), 23 miles S. of Boston, Mass. North Harbor, a fishing-village at the head of Pla- centia Bay, Newfoundland, 33 miles from Little Placentia. North Harbor, a fishing-hamlet in the district of Placentia and St. Mary's, Newfoundland, at the head of St. Mary's Bay, 7 miles from Salmonier. North Har'persfield, a post-hamlet in HarpersSeld township, Delaware co., N.Y., about 54 miles W.S.W. of Albany. It has 2 churches and a foundry. North Harps'wcll, a post-village of Cumberland co., Me., on Casoo Bay, about 22 miles E.N.E. of Portland. It has an academy and a church. North Hartford, New York. See HAnTFORD. North Hart'land, a post-village in Hartl.and town- ship, Niagara co., N.Y., .about 35 miles N.N.E. of Buffalo. North Hartlaiid, a post-hamlet in Hartland township, Windsor co., Vt., on the Connecticut River, and on the Cen- tral Vermont Railroad, 70 miles S. of Montpelier. It hiis North Har'wich, a post-village in Harwich township, Barnstable co., Mass., on the Old Colony Railroad, 82 miles S.E. of Boston. It has 2 churches. North Hat'field, a post-haralet in Hatfield township, Hampshire co., Mass., on the Connecticut River Railroad, 24 miles N. of Springfield. North Hat'ley, apost-village in Stanstead co., Quebec, at the outlet of Massawippi Lake, on the Massawippi Val- ley Railroad. 12 miles S. by W. of Sherbrooke. Pop. 100. North Ha'ven, a post-village in North Haven town- ship. New Haven Co.. Conn., on the Quinepiac River, and on the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, 6 miles N. by E. of New Haven. It has 3 churches, and manufac- tures of brooms, farming-implements, coffins, and bricks. Pop. of the township, 1771. North Haven, a post-village in North Haven town- ship, Knox CO.. Me., on Penobscot Bay, 14 miles E.N.E. of Rockland. The township is a sm.all island (North Fox) in the bay near the ocean, and ha.s a pop. of 806. North Haven, Suffolk co., N.Y. See North Sea. North Haverhill, ha'vjr-ill, a post-village in Haver- hill township, Grafton co., N.H., on the Connecticut River, 5 miles above Haverhill, and on the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad, 89 miles N.N.W. of Concord. It has 3 churches, 3 saw-mills, 1 or 2 grist-mills, &c. North Hav'erstraw, a station in Rockland co., N.Y., on the New Jersey & New York Railroad, 1 mile S. of Stony Point, North He'bron, a post-hamlet in Hebron township. )3 NOR Washington co., N.Y., 10 miles N. of Salem. It has a church, a cheese-factory, and a slate-factory. North Hec'tor, a post-village in Hector township, Schuyler co., N.Y., on the E. shore of Seneca Lake, about 30 miles N. of Elmira, It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and-a saw-mill. North Heidelberg, hi'del-berg, a post-township of Berks oo.. Pa., about 10 miles Vv.N.Vv. of Reading. P. 979. North Hemp'stead, a township of Queens co., N.Y. Pop. 7199. North Hen'derson, a post-township in North Hen- derson township, Mercer co., 111., with a station on the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad, 16miles N.N.E. of Monmouth. Pop. of the township, 1062. North Her'mon, a post-office in Hermon township, Penobscot co.. Me., 5 or 6 miles N.W. of Bangor. North He'ro, township. Redwood co., Minn. P. 175. North Hero, a post-village, capital of Grand Isle co., Vt., is on an island in Lake Champlain, about 10 miles W. of St. Albans, and 14 miles N.E. of Plattsburg. This island constitutes the township of North Hero, and is 12 miles long. Pop. of the township, 601. North Hins'dale, a post-village in Hinsdale town- ship, Cheshire eo., N.H,, 3 miles E. of Brattleborough, Vt. It has a church and a lumber-mill. North Hol'land (Dutch, iVoo)-re. It has a hotel, a masonic hall, and 2 stores. Nottingham, a post-village in Nottingham township, Rockingham co., N.H., 14 miles W.S.W. of Dover, and 24 miles E.S.E. of Concord. Pop. of the township, 1130. Nottingham, a post-village in Euclid township, Cuya- hoga CO., 0., on the Lake Shore Railroad, 9 miles E.N.E. of Cleveland. It has 2 churches, a convent, cattle-grouuds, and an extensive railroad-yard. Nottingham, a township of Harrison co., 0. P. 921^ Nottingham, a post-hamlet of Chester co., Pa., on the Philadelphia & Baltimore Central Railroad, 56 miles W.S.W. of Philadelphia. It has a church, 2 warehouses, and a man- ufactory of phosphate. Pop. about 75. Nottingham, a township of Washington co.. Pa. Pop. 924. It has beds of coal. Nottinghamshire, England. See Nottingham. Not'ting-Hill, England, co. of Middlesex, is a sub- urban hamlet of London, on the Uxbridge road, 4i miles from St. Paul's. Not'tington, a hamlet of England, co. of Dorset, 2 miles N.W. of Weymouth. Nott'la, or Not'la, a post-township of Cherokee co., N.C., 10 miles S.W. of Murphy. Pop. 940. Not'toway, a county in the S. part of Virginia, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Nottoway River. The surface is uneven, and nearly one-third of it is covered with forests. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and tobacco are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio and Rich- mond & Danville Railroads. Capital, Nottoway Court- Ilouse. Valuation of real and personal estate, .i>2, 353,911. Pop. in 1870, 9291, of whom 9272 were Americans. Nottoway Court-House, a post-village, capital of Nottoway co., Va., on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, at Nottoway Station, 43 miles W. by S. of Peters- burg. It has 2 churches .and an academy. Pop. about 150. Nottoway Mills, a station in Southampton co., Va., on the Nottoway River, and on the Seahoard & Roanoke Railroad. It has a church and a saw-mill. Nottoway River, Virginia, rises in or near Nottoway CO., and runs in an E.S.E. direction. It intersects the cos. of Sussex and Southampton, from which it runs southward into North Carolina and unites with the Meherrin River to form the Chowan. It is about 175 miles long. Nottuin, not'tooln, a village of Rhenish Prussia, gov- ernment of Miinster. Pop. of commune, 3549. Nottweil, nott'\Vil, a village of Switzerland, canton and 10 miles N.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 1054. Nouaille, La, 13, noo'&l', a village of France, depart- ment of Creuse, 9 miles S.W. of Aubusson. Pop. 1480. Nouic, noo'eek', a village of France, in Haute-Vienne, 7i miles S.W. of Bellao. Pop. 1507. Nouh, a town of India. See Nho. Noukahiva, an island in the Pacific. See Nookaheeva. Nouko, an island of Russia. Sec Ndko. Noumea, or Num6a, noo-mi-i', also called Port- de-France, poK-d?h-froNss, a town, capital of the Fi'ench colony of New Caledonia, on the Bay of Noumea, and on the S.W. side of the island, near its S.E. extremity. It has a large and excellent harbor, government house, museum, barracks, convict-establishments, and a home for poor chil- dren sent out from Paris. Pop. 5000. Noumidia, or Nomadia, the Greek for Numidia. Noun, a river of Manchooria. See Noon. Noun, Morocco. See Noon, also Akassa. Nounivak, an island of Alaska. See Noonivak. Noura, a river of Siberia. See Noora. Nourse, noorss, a river of Southwest Africa, falls into the Atlantic near lat. 17° 20' S. It appears to be the same as the Bembaroughe. Nourunga, noo-rting'gi, Nornnga, no-riing'gi, or Aurungabad, o-riingv|.-b^d', a town of Bengal, Gaya district. Lat. 24° 45' N. j Ion. 84° 25' E. It has ajail, court-houses, distilleries, and a good trade. Pop. 3075. Nouveau, noo^'o' (feminine, Nouvelle, nooVSU'), a French word signifying " new," and forming a part of nu- merous geographical names in ditt'erent parts of the world, as Nouvelle-Obleans (New Orleans), lie. Nouveau-Brunswick. See New Brunswick. Nouveau-Me.vique. See New Mexico. Nouvelle, noo'vlll', or Meguasha, me-gwi'sha, a post-village and fishing-station in Bonaventure co., Quebec, at the entrance of a river of the same name into the Bay of Chaleurs, 12 miles from Carleton. Nouvelle-Bretagne. See New Britain. Nouvelle-Calfedonie. See New Caledonia. Nouvelle-Ecosse. See Nova Scotia. Noavelle-Galles-du-Sud. See New South AVales. Nouvelle-Guinee ("New Guinea"). See Papua. Nouvelle-Orleans. See New Orleans. Nouvelle-Zelande. See New Zealand. Nouvelle-Zemble. See Nova Zembla. Nouvion, nooS'e-6No', a town of France, in Aisue, 24 miles N.E. of Saint-Quentin. Pop. 2180. Nouzon, noo"z6N»', a town of France, in Ardennes, on NOV im NOV the Meuse, 7 miles by rail E.S.K. of Mfizierea. Pop. 5255. It h.as important iron-works, and manufactures of fire-arms, iron-ware, and agricultural machines, No'va, a post-village of Ashland co., 0., in Troy town- ship, about 24 miles N.N.E. of Mansfield. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 250. Nova Castra, an ancient name of Neuss. Nova Friburgo, no'vS, fre-booB'go, a town of Brazil, province and 120 miles N.E. of Kio Janeiro. Novaia-Kargata, a town of Kussia. See Nikolsk aia. Novaia-Ladoga, Russia. See Ladoga. Novaia-Ooshitsa, or Nowaja-Uschiza, no-v5'i oo-sbit'z4 ("New Ooshitsa"), a town of Russia, in Podolia, 25 miles N.N.E. of Ooshitsa. Pop. 4502. Novalaise, no-vi-liz', a village of France, in Savoy, 8 miles W. of Chambery. Novalesa, no-vi-li'si, a village of Italy, province of Turin, 3 miles N. of Susa. Pop. 1156. Nova Paplios, the ancient name of BaffA; Novara^ no-vi'r^, (anc. Nova'ria), a city of Italy, in Piedmont, between the Agogna and Terdoppio, at a rail- way junction, 30 miles "W. of Milan. Lat. i5° 27' N.; Ion. S° 38' E. Pop. 29,516. It is partly enclosed by ramparts and ditches, defended by a castle, and has a noble cathe- dral, with a fine baptistery, about 10 other churches, several convents, a large hospital, 2 colleges, a hall of commerce, and a theatre, with manufactures of cotton, silk, and linen fabrics, hats, and leather. It is a bishop's see. Novara, a province of Italy, in Piedmont, bounded N. by Switzerland and E. by Lombardy. Area, 2527 square miles. It is in large part an alpine region, with fertile valleys. Capital, Novara. Pop. 624,985. Novarro Ridge, California. See Navarro RiiipE. Nova Scotia, no'va sko'she-a (Fr. Nomelle-Ecoaae, nooS'Sll'-A'koss'; originally Acadie, 4'ki'deo'), a prov- ince of the Dominion of Canada, lying between 43° 25' and 47° N. lat. and between 59° 40' and 66° 25' W. Ion. It consists of a long, narrow peninsula, called Nova Scotia proper, and the island of Cape Breton, which is separated from the mainland by the Gut of Canso. It is bounded N. by Northumberland Strait (which separates it from Prince Edward Island) and by the G-ulf of St. Lawrence; N.E., S., and S.E. by the Atlantic Ocean; W. by the Bay of Fundy ; and N. by New Brunswick, with which it is connected by an isthmus only 11 miles wide, separating the Bay of Fundy from Northumberland Strait, ttreatest length, from S.W. to N.E., 350 miles; greatest breadth, about 120 miles; area, 21,731 square miles. The Cobequid Range of mountains runs through the in- terior of the province, and on each side of this range are rich, arable lands, where agricultural operations are carried on extensively. From Briar Island, at the extremity of Digby Neck, to Cape Split, a distance of 130 miles along the Bay of Fundy, extends a ridge of mural precipices, in many places from 100 to 600 feet in height, beyond which lies the rich and beautiful valley of the Annapolis. Nova Scotia is abundantly supplied with capacious har- bors, there being no fewer than 14 of sufficient depth for merchantmen between Halifax and Cape Canso, a distance of not more than 110 miles. There are also some excellent harbors on the S.W. coast, on Cape Breton Island, and on the N. side of the province. The largest lake in Nova Scotia proper is Lake Rossignol, being 20 miles in length; and among others are Ship Harbor Lake, 15 miles long; Grand Lake, discharging its waters northward through Shu- benaeadie River to Cobequid Bay ; and College Lake, in the eastern part of the peninsula. The lakes of Gape Breton are much lai'ger and more important. The great Bras d'Or Lake is a magnificent expanse of water, of great depth, about 50 miles in length, and abounding with the best quality of fish. Of the rivers of Nova Scotia the most important are the Shu- benaca.die, the Avon, and the Annapolis, flowing into the Bay of Fundy ; the St. Mary's, Musquodoboit, La Have, and Liverpool, flowing into the Atlantic. The most remarkable body of water in the province is Minas Basin, the E. arm of the Bay of Fundy, penetrating 60 miles inland, and terminating in Cobequid Bay. The tides here rush in with great impetuosity, and form what is called the hore. At the equinoxes they have been known to rise from 40 to 50 feet, while in Halifax harbor, on the opposite coast, the spring tides rise only from 6 to S feet. The other principal bays are St. George's Bay and Chedabucto Bay, in the E., connected by the Gut of Canso ; St. Mary's Bay and Town- send Bay, in the extreme W. of the peninsula; and Ma- hone and St. Margaret's Bays, on the S. coast. The province of Nova Scotia is rich in geological re- sources, all the rocks from the crystalline granites up to 102 the new sandstone series being hero met with. In the isthmus connecting the peninsuht to New Brunswiok, the underlying rocks consist of gray-, red-, and butf-colored sandstones of the coal-measures, containing seams of good bituminous coal, many of which are profitably worked. The rocks of this coal formation also furnish an abundance of excellent material for building and for grindstones. Coal is found abundantly in Pictou co. and on the island of Cape Breton. The province possesses undoubtedly rich deposits of gold and iron, besides copper, lead, silver, and other minerals. The goid-yield of Nova Scotig., from the first working of the mines in 1S60 to the close of 1S72, is valued at £948,000. Iron is a staple production; the quantity of ore is inexhaustible, and the quality of iron manufactured is equal to the best. Manganese is abundant, and gypsum is extensively worked near Windsor and in Cape Breton. The slate-hills furnish good rooting-slates, and hones of a superior quality are obtained in stmie of the slates of the coal series. Beautiful agates, amethysts, chalcedonies, jaspers, cairngorms, and the entire group of zeolite minerals abound in the amygdaloidal trap along the Bay of Fundy. The climate of Nova Scotia is remarkably temperate, considering its northern latitude. The extreme of cold is 20° below zero; the extreme of heat, 98° above, in the shade. The springs are tedious, the summer heats being for a brief season excessive ; vegetation is singularly rapid, and the autumn is delightful. Dense fogs are at certain seasons prevalent along the Atlantic coast. Wheat, rye, cats, barley, buckwheat, Indian corn, potatoes, turnips, mangel-wurzel, tomatoes, and other grains and roots grow in abundance and perfection. Apples, pears, plums, cher- ries, and other garden fruits attain the utmost perfection. In some sections of the country peaches and grapes ripen in the open air. The apple-orchards of Annapolis and Kings cos. are very productive. The manufactures include coarse cloths, called "home- spuns," flannels, bed-linen, blankets, carpets, and tweeds. Tanning is carried on to some extent ; and in the towns and villages boots, shoes, saddlery, harness, household fur- niture, and agricultural implements are made in, large quantities. In the neighborhood of Halifax, tobacco, printing- and wrapping-paper, machinery, nails, pails, gun- powder, carriages, and other articles are manufactured. If we except Newfoundland, Nova Scotia may be said to possess the finest fisheries in the world. There is no part of its coast of 1000 miles where a profitable fishery may not be pursued. Its bays and harbors and inland lakes and rivers teem with salmon, cod, halibut, haddock, mack- erel, herring, shad, lobsters, *tc. Ship-building is very extensively carried on. There are over 40D miles of railway in operation in the province. The Intercolonial proceeds from Halifax to Amherst, 138 miles, and thence to St. John, N.B., and from Truro to Pictou, 52 miles. The Windsor & Annapolis proceeds from Windsor Junction to Annapolis, 116 miles. The electric telegraph is established all over the province. The public affairs of the province are administered by a lieutenant-governor, an executive council of 9 members, a legislative council of 21 members, appointed for life, and a legislative assembly of 38 members, elected every four years. The laws are dispensed by a supreme court, com- posed of a chief and 9 assistant justices, a court of error, of vice-admiralty, and of marriage and divorce. In each county there is a court of probate, which has control of the property of deceased persons. Nova Scotia (exclusive' of Cape Breton, which see) is divided into 14 counties, as follows: Annapolis, Antigonish, Colchester, Cumberland, Digby, Guysborough, .Halifax, Hants, Kings, Lunenburg, Pictou, Queens, Shelburne, and Yarmouth. Total pop. of the province, 387,800. Halifax is the capital and chief city in Nova Scotia. Its harbor is very fine, and protected by a fortress. Small towns and villages are scattered over the province, which are accessible from the most remote districts by railway or steamboat, or by good carriage-roads. Education is free to the children of all classes. There are numerous public schools and academies, besides a nor- mal and model school, several convents, and 6 colleges. There are 2 Roman Catholic dioceses in the province, — the archdiocese of Halifax and the diocese of Arichat, — and 1 of the Church of England, that of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Nova Scotia was first visited by John Cabot and his son Sebastian in 1497, but was not colonized by Europeans until 1604, when Be Monts, a Frenchman, and some Jesuits, at- tempted for 8 years to form settlements in Port Royal, St. Croix, Ac, but were finally expelled from the country by NOV 1618 NOV the English governor and colonists of Virginia, who claimed the country by right of the discovery of the Cabots. In 1621, Sir William Alexander applied for and obtained from James I. a grant of the whole country, which he proposed to colonize on an extensive scale, and in 1623 the attempt was made ; but the proposed colonists did not think it prudent to attempt a settlement, and therefore returned to England. In 1654, Cromwell sent an armed force and took possession of the country, which remained with the English till 1667, when it was ceded to France by the Treaty of Breda. But the English from time to time attacked the French colonists at various points till 1713, when the country was finally ceded to England. In 1763 the island of Cape Breton was annexed to Nova Scotia. In 1784 the province of New Brunswick was created; and in 1867 Nova Scotia became a member of the Dominion of Canada. Novate, no-vi'ti, a village of Northern Italy, province and 6 miles N.W. of Milan. Pop. 2168. Novate, no-v4'to, a hamlet of Marin CO., Cal., in No- vato township, about 28 miles N. of San Francisco. No- vato Point, in this co., is on the Bay of San Pablo. Novawetz,no'vi-wSts\Novawesz,orNowawess, no'vi-ftSss", a town of Prussia, a suburb of Potsdam. It has cotton- and linen-weaving. Pop. 6664. Nova Zembia, no'vazem'bla (Russ. i\^o«CTia Zemlia, no-vl'i zSm'le-a,; Fr. Nouvelle-Zemble, nooV«ll-z6Mb'l), two large islands of the Arctic Ocean, belonging to Russia, and forming a dependency of the government of Archangel. Lat. 71° to 77° N. ; Ion. 53° to 77° E. They are separated from each other by the narrow strait Matotshkin Shar ; and from the Isle of Vaigats on the S. by Kara Strait, and from the mainland on the E. by the Sea of Kara. Greatest length, N.E. to S.W., 635 miles ; breadth, 170 miles. The whole territory is wild and desolate in Ihe extreme. The coasts swarm with seals, various kinds of fish, and vast (lights of water-fowl. The interior, which is partly covered with stunted shrubs, short grass, and moss, is frequented by reindeer, white bears, ermines, and Arctic foxes. Nova Zembla has no permanent inhabitants, but is visited by Russian hunters and fishers. Noveant, no'vA'4N»', a village of Germany, in Lor- raine, on a railroad, 16 miles from Nancy. Pop. 1221. Novegrad, no'v4-grid\ or Novigrad, no've-grid', a Tillage of Dalmati.a, 311 miles N.E. of Zara. Novelda, no-v^I'di, a town of Spain, province and 13 miles W. of Alicante. Pop. 5431, partly engaged in dis- tilling, and in manufactures of lace and confectionery. Novellara, no-vSl-U'ri, a town of Northern Italy, 16 miles N.W. of Modena. It has a hospitalj j30(/e«?lar and Hjelmar. Chief town, Nykoping. Area, 2516 square miles. Pop. 143,926. Nykoping, a seaport town of Sweden, capital of a laen, on an inlet of the Baltic, 58 miles S.W. of Stockholm. Pop. 4591. It has 2 castles, several churches and hospi- NYL 1623 OAK tals, mapufactures of brass-wares, woollen and cotton stuffs, hosiery, tobucco, paper, and starch, saw-mills, and ship- building docks. Nylaiid, nee'lind, a ken or province of Finland, bounded S. by the Gulf of Finland. Area, i5S4 square miles. It is the smallest and most densely peopled prov- ince of the grand duchy. Capital, Helsingfors. Pop. 185,641. Nymphenburg, nim'fjn-booRG^ a village of Bavaria, 4 miles N.N.W. of Munich. Pop. 17S3. Jiymwegen, or Nijmwegen, nim'wi'ghJn or nim'- wi'ghjn, written also STiineguen and Nymegen (Fr. Nimhjne, nee^maig' ; Ger. Niniwegcii, nim-^A'ghen ; ano. ^oviom'agus), a fortified town of the Netherlands, in Gel- derland, on the Waal, 9-V miles S. of Arnhera. Lat. 51° 51' N.; Ion. 5° 51' E. Pop. 23,859. It is irregularly built, the public edifices comprising some Koman and Carlovin- gian defensive works, with a fine old town house and some handsome churches. It is the seat of a manufactory of pale ale, with others of Prussian blue, glue, and leather. It was formerly a free imperial town, and is celebrated for the treaty of 1678. It was taken by the French in 1794. A railway connects it with Cleves. Nynarcoil, ni-nar-koil', a town of British India, pres- idency of Madras, 17 miles N.W. of Ramnad. Jfyon, or]Vioil,nee'6N<'' (ano. Noviodu'uuni), a town of Switzerland, canton of Yaud, 21 miles S.W. of Lausanne, on the N.W. shore of the Lake of Geneva. Pop. 3417. Nyoiis, xtee'bs"', a towu of France, in Drome, on the Aigues, 33 miles N.E. of Avignon. Pop. 2462. Nysa^ the supposed ancient name of Sultan-Hissar. Nyslott, nii'slott, written also Neishlot and Sawo- linna, a town of Finland, ten and 80 miles N. of Viborg. Nystad, nii'stid, a seaport town of Finland, Isen and 3S miles N.W. of Abo, on tbe Gulf of Bothnia. Pop. 3708. Nysted, or Nyested, nii'stM (i.e., "New Town"), a town of Denmark, On tbe S. coast of the island of Laaland. Nyvel, a town of Belgium. See Nivelles. 0. Oj a Hungarian word, signifying "old/* prefixed to the names of many places in Hungary, as Var (*'.«., "Old Fort"), AuAD (i.e., " Old Arad"), Ac. Oahtooak, an island in the Pacific. See Upolu. Oahu, wd'hoo, written also Wahoo and Woahoo, one of the islands of the kingdom of Hawaii, lat. 21° 20' N., Ion, 157° 37' W., 40 miles long, by 20 miles broad. It is fertile, producing indigo, cotton, sugar, and cotfee. Pop. 270,671. See Hawaii. Oajaca, or Oaxaca, w^-n&^'kk, written also Gua- xaca, a state of Mexico, comprising the S. portion of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the table-land of Mixtecapan, bounded on the N.W. by the state of La Puebla, N.E. by Vera Cruz, E. by Chiapas, S. by the Pacific, and W. by Guerrero. Length, 270 miles along the shores of the Pa- cific; breadth, at the widest part, 170 miles. Area, 33,571 square miles. It is of uneven surface, and in many parts mountainous, but is one of the most beautiful and best cultivated districts in Mexico. Its principal rivers are the Alvarado, which rises near the centre of the state, and, after a winding course, terminates in a lake in Vera Cruz, the Rio Grrande, and the Rio Verde, both of which fall into the Pacific. The climate is agreeable and salubrious, and the soil remarkably fertile. Its productions are wheat, indigo, cochineal, cotton, sugar, honey, cacao, dye-woods, timber, and fruits. Pop. 662,463, chiefly Indians. Oajaca, or Oaxaca, a city of Mexico, capital of the above state, near the Rio Verde, 210 miles S.S.E. of Mexico, 4S00 feet above the sea. Lat. 17° 3' N.; Ion. 97° 15' W. It is well built, of an oblong form, about 2 miles in length by li miles in breadth, including the suburbs, which are full of gardens and plantations of cochineal, for which this city is celebrated. Principal edifices, the bishop's palace, cathedral, 2 colleges, numerous convents, and tlie city hall. It has manufactures of chocolate, soap, and perfumery, and an active trade in sugar and cochineal. P,op. 25,000. Oak, ok, a post-ofiice of Pope co.. 111., about 14 miles N. of Golconda. Oak, Pulaski co., Ind. See Rosedale. Oak, a township of Mills co., Iowa. Pop. 8S1, Oak, or Oak Creek, a township of Smith co., Kan- sas, Pop. 402, Oak, a post-village of AVayne co., Mich., on tbe Detroit, Lansing & Northern Railroad (Redford Station), 13 miles W. by N. of Detroit. It has 2 grist-mills, 2 saw-mills, &c. Oak, a township of Stearns co., Minn. Pop. 499. See Oak Station. Oak, a post-hamlet of Nuckolls co.. Neb., 8 miles S. of Edgar. It has 2 grist-mills and a saw-mill. Pop. 150. Oakalla, Iroquois co., 111. See Loda. Oakalla, o-kal'Ia, a post-hamlet of Putnam co., Ind., on the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 28 miles E.N.E. of Terre Haute. It has lime-kilns and limestone-quarries. Oak Bar, a post-office of Siskiyou co., Cal. Oak llay, a post-village in Charlotte co., New Bruns- wick, on a fine bay of the same name, 6 miles N.W. of St. Stephen, Pop. 750. Oak Bluff, a post-hamlet of Clay co., Ark., 25 milea E. of Knobel Station. It has a church. Pop. about 100. Oak Bluffs, a summer resort (post-office. Vineyard Grove) in Edgartown township, Dukes co., Mass., on Martha's Vineyard, 8 miles by steamer from Wood's HoU, and 28 miles from New Bedford, with which places it has frequent steamboat connection in the season. It is tbe N. terminus of the Martha's Vineyard Railroad, and has annual camp-meetings of the Methodists and Baptists. Oak Bow'er, a post-ofiice of Hart co., Ga., about 50 miles N.E. of Athens. Oak Centre, sen'ter, post-office, Wabasha co., Minn. Oak Centre, a post-hamlet in Oakfield township. Fond du Lac CO., Wis., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, Hi miles S.W, of Fond du Lac. It has a church. Oak City, a post-office of Millard co., Utah. Oak Creek, Kansas, rises in Smith co., runs nearly southward, and enters the Solomon River in Mitchell co. Oak Creek, Smith co., Kansas. See Oak. Oak Creek, a post-ofiice of Douglas co., Oregon. Oak Creek, a post-village in Oak Creek township, Milwaukee co.. Wis., on Lake Michigan, and on the rail- road which connects Chicago with Milwaukee, 9 miles S. by E. of the latter. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a mill, and a basket-factory. Pop, of the township, 2206. OakMale, a post-viilagc of Stanislaus co., Cal., on the Stockton & Visalia Railroad, 34 miles S. of Stockton. Oakdale, a post-office of Yankton co., Dakota. Oakdale, a post-village of Washington co.. 111., about 42 miles S.E. of St. Louis, Mo. It contains a church, an academy, and a fiouring-mill. Pop. 116. Oakdale, a post-office of Jennings CO., Ind., on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 4 miles E. of North Vernon. Oak Dale, a township of Howard co., Iowa. Pop. 255, Oak Dale, a station in Norfolk co., Mass., on the Eastern division of the New York So New England Rail- road, 10 miles S.W. of Boston. Oakdale, a post-viliage In West Boylston township, Worcester co., Mass., on the Worcester & Nashua Railroa.dj 10 miles N. of Worcester. It has a church, and manufac- tures of cotton goods, woollen goods, and shoes. Oakdale, a post-office of Washington co., Minn., on the St. Paul, Stillwater & Taylor Falls Railroad, in Oakdale township, 9 miles E. of St. Paul. Pop. of township, 679. Oak Dale, a post-office of Shelby eo.. Mo., Oakdale, a post-village, capital of Antelope co., Neb., on the Elkhorn River, about 32 miles W. of Norfolk. It has a newspaper office. Oakdale, a post-office of Hunterdon co., N.J. Oakdale, New Y'ork. See Oakdale Station. Oakdale, a station in Putnam co., 0,, on the Dayton & Michigan Railroad, 9 miles N.N.E. of Ottawa, Oak Dale, a station in Dauphin co., Pa., on the Sum- mit Branch Railroad, 11 miles E. of Millersburg. Oakdale, a post-haralet of Delaware co.. Pa., on the West Chester it Philadelphia Railroad, 1 mile from Swarthr more Station, and about 12 miles S.W. of Philadelphia. OAK W Oakdale, a station in Fayette oo., Pa., on the Balti- more & Ohio Railroad, 49 miles S.S.E. of Pittsburg. Oakdale, a post-office of Campbell co., Tenn. Oakdale, a post-office of Rockbridge co., Va. Oakdale, a post-township of Monroe oo., Wis. It is traversed by the West Wisconsin Railroad. Pop. 71(1. Oakdale Station on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad is 48 miles B. of La Crosse. Oakdale Station, a post-village of Suffolk co., N.Y., on the Long Island Railroad, and on an inlet of the sea, 48 miles E. of Brooklyn. It has 2 churches. Oakdale Station, a post-village of Alleghany co., Pa., on the Pan-Handle or Pittsburg & Columbus Railroad, 14 miles W.S.W. of Pittsburg. It has 2 churches, a nor- mal institute, 2 planing-mills, a grist-mill, 2 eavriiige- shops, a hotel, 3 stores, and a coal-mine. It is in the town- ships of North and South Fayette. Oak'dam, a post-hamlet of Vanderburg co., Ind., about 14 miles N.N.E. of Evansville. Here is a church. Oakes, Minnesota. Sec Oak Statio.v. Oak Farm, a post-office of Brown co., Ind., about 36 miles S.S.W. of Indianapolis. Oak Farm, a post-office of Tishomingo co., Miss. Oak'field, a station in Escambia co., Fla., on the Pen- eacola Railroad, 6 miles N. of Pensacola. Oaktield, a post-village in Oakfield township, Audu- bon CO., Iowa, on the Nishnabatona River, 12 miles N.N.E. of Atlantic, and about 75 miles W. of Des Moines. It has 2 stores and a Hour-mill. Pop. of the township, 491. Oakfield, a plantation of Aroostook co., Me. Pop. 559. Oakfield Post-Office is 15 miles W.S.W. of Houlton. Oakfield, a township of Kent co., Mich. Pop. 1080. It contains Oakfield Centre. Oakfield, a post-office of Franklin co., Mo., on or near the Missouri Paci0c Railroad, about 40 miles W. by S. of St. Louis. Oakfield, a post-township of Genesee co., N.Y. Pop. 1471 . Oakfield Post-Office is at Caryville. Oakfield, a hamlet of Perry co., 0., 1 mile from Moxa- hala Railroad Station. It has a coal-mine. Oakfield, a station in Trumbull eo., 0., on the Ashta- bula & Pittsburg Railroad, 13 miles N. of Warren. Oakfield, a station in Madison co., Tenn., on the Chi- cago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad, 8 miles N. of Jackson. Oakfield, a post-village in Oakfield township. Fond du Lac CO., Wis., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 8 miles S.W. of Fond du Lac. It has 2 churches, and manu- factures of flour and window-blinds. Pop. of township, 1421. Oakfield Centre, a post-hamlet of Kentco., Mich., in Oakfield township, fi miles W. of Greenville. It has a town hall, a flouring-mill, and 3 stores. Oak Flat, a post-hamlot of Van Buren co.. Ark., 50 miles N.N.E. of Lewisburg. Here are a church and a Bteam tiour-mill. Oak Flat, a post-ofiice of Pendleton co., W. Va. Oak'ford, a post-hamlet of Menard co., HI., on the Springfield & Northwestern Railroad, 32 miles N.W. of Springfield. ■ Oakford, Howard oo., Ind. See Fairfield. Oakford, a post-hamlet of Bucks co.. Pa., about 18 miles N.N.E. of Philadelphia. Oak For'est, a post-office of Lee co.. Ark. Oak Forest, a post-hamlet of Franklin CO., Ind., about 36 miles S.S.W. of Richmond. Oak Forest, a post-office of Iredell co., N.C., 7 miles from Statesville. Oak Forest, a post-hamlet of Greene Co., Pa., in Cen- tre township, 4^ miles from Waynesburg. Oak Forest, a post-office of Gonzales co., Tex. Oak Forest, a post-office of Cumberland co., Va. Oakfuskee, ok'fils-kee, post-office, Cleburne co., Ala. Oakfuskee Creek, of Alabama, flows into Tallapoosa River near the S.W. extremity of Tallapoosa oo. Oak Glen, a post-office and station in Cook co.. III., on the Chicago, Milwaukee & Northwestern Railroad, 17 miles N. of Chicago. Oak Glen, a post-office of Lee co., Va., 5 miles W. of Jonesville. Oak Grove, a post-office of Perry co., Ala. Oak Grove, a post-office of Carroll co., Ark. Oak Grove, a post-office of San Diego oo., Cal. Oak Grove, a station in San Mateo co., Cal., on the South Pacific Railroad, 19 miles S. of San Francisco. Oak Grove, a post-office of Susse.t oo., Del., on the Dorchester & Delaware Railroad, 6 miles AV. of Sea-ford. Oak Grove, a post-hamlet of Sa.nta Rosa co., Fla., on 4 OAK Yellow River, 40 miles S.E. of Brewton, Ala. It has 2 churches and a lumber-mill. Oak Grove, a post-hamlet of McLean co., 111., about 10 miles N.W. of Bloomington. Oak Grove, a township of Benton co., Ind. Pop. 1239. Oak Grove, a post-ofiice of Poweshiek co., Iowa. Oak Grove, a post-office of Pottawatomie co., Kansas. Oak Grove, a post-office of Christian co., Ky., about 15 miles S. of Hopkinsville. Oak Grove, a post- hamlet of West Carroll parish, La., 35 miles N. of Delhi. It has a church. Oak Grove, a post-office of Prince George's co., Md., at Flawrenceville. Oak Grove, a station in Middlesex co., Mass., on the Boston & Maine Railroad, i mile N. of Maiden Station. Oak Grove, or Cliemiing'ville, a post-hamlet of Livingston co., Mich., 7 miles N. of Howell. It has a church. Oak Grove, a post-township of Anoka co., Minn. Pop. 283. Oak Grove Post-Office is on Rum River, about 25 miles N. of Minneapolis. Oak Grove, a post-village of Jackson co.. Mo., about 30 miles E.S.E. of Kansas City. It has a church. Oak Grove, a township of Oregon co., Mo. Pop. 1081. Oak Grove, a post-hamlet in Franklin township, Hun- terdon CO., N.J., 6 miles N.W. of Flemington. It has a church and a manufactory of wagons. Oak Grove, a post-office of Union co., N.C., 13 miles N. of Monroe. Oak Grove, a township of Wake co., N.C. Pop. 2075. Oak Grove, a post-office of Lucas co., 0. Oak Grove, a post-office of Marion co., S.C. Oak Grove, a post-office of Jefterson co., Tenn. Oak Grove, a post-office of Tarrant oo., Tex., 12 miles S. of Fort Worth. Oak Grove, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Va. Oak Grove, a post-hamlet in Oak Grove township, Dodge CO., Wis., 3 miles from Juneau, and 38 miles N.E. of Madison. It has a church. Pop. 80, The township con- tains Juneau, the capital of the county, and is intersected by the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Pop. 1958. Oak Grove, a township of Pierce co.. Wis. Pop. 899. Oak Groves, a ]iost-offlce of Seward co.. Neb. Oak Hall, a hamlet of Centre co.. Pa.., in College township, 11 miles S. of Bellefonte. It has a foundry and a woollen-factory. Oak Mall, a post-office of Accomack co., Va. Oakham, or Okeham, o'kam, a town of England, capital of the co. of Rutland, with a station on the East Midland Railway, 11 miles W.N.W. of Stamford. It is neatly built, and has a fine church, a grammar-school, and an old castle. Pop. 2911. Oak'ham, a post-village of Worcester co., Mass., in Oakham township, about 14 miles N.W. of AVorcester City. Pop. of the township, 873. Oak'ham, or Salmon Creek Settlement, a post- settlement in Queens co., New Brunswick, on Washade- moak River, 14 miles from Hampton. Pop. ISO. Oakhampton, or Okehampton, ok-hamp'ton, a town of England, co. of Devon, on the Ocke, 22 miles W.N.W. of Exeter. The town is irregularly built, and has ruins of a castle of the Earls of Devon. Pop. 1900. Oak Har'bor, a post-village in Salem township, Ot- tawa CO., 0., on Portage River, and on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 11 miles W. of Port Clinton, and 24 miles E. by S. of Toledo. It has 4 churches, a news- paper office, a graded sohool, and manufactures of wagons, lumber, sash, blinds, ic. Pop. about 1200. Oak Harbor, a post-h.amletof Island co., Washington, on Puget Sound, 60 miles N. of Tacoma. It has a public hall, and a deep and secure harbor. Oak Hill, a post-office of Etowah co., Ala. Oak Hill, a post-office of Carroll oo.. Ark. Oak Hill, a post-office of Volusia oo., Fla. Oak Hill (Rosefield Post-Office), a village in Rosefield township, Peoria co.. III., on the Chicago, Burlington &■ Quincy Railroad (Galesburg .fe Peoria division), 21 miles N.W. of Peoria. It has 7 churches. Oak Hill, a post-office of Clay co., Kansas, 16 miles S.W. of Clay Centre. Oak Hill, a post-office of Meroer co., Ky., i miles W. of Harrodsburg. Oak Hill, a hamlet in Otisfield township, Cumberland CO., Me., about 35 miles N.N.W. of Portland. Oak Hill, a station in Cumberland co.. Mo., on the Maine Central Railroad, 4 miles W. of Brunswick. Oak Hill, or Scar'borongh Beacli, a post-hamlet OAK 16 and watering-pliice in Scarborough township, Cumberland CO., Me., on tlie Atlantic Ocean, and on the Boston &, Maine and Portsmouth, Saco it Portland Railroads, 7 miles S.W. of Portland. It contains a ohurch and 6 summer hotels and boarding-houses, and has a mineral spring. Here is a remarkable promontory, called Prout's Neck, or Libby's Neck, also good bathing-ground. The name of its post- ofBce is Oak Hill, and of its station Scarborough Beach. Oak Hill, a post-office of Oakland co., Mich., about 40 miles N.N.W. of Detroit. Oak Hill, a post-office of Crawford co., Mo., about 75 miles S.W. of St. Louis. Pop. of Oak Hill township, 707. Oak Hill, a post-village in Durham township, Urcene CO., N.Y., on Catskill Creek, about 32 miles S.W. of Albany. It has a foundry, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, 3 stores, and 2 churches. Pop. about 350. Oak Hill, a post-township of Granville co., N.C., 25 miles W. of Henderson. It has 2 churches. Pop. 2183. Oak Hill, or Port'laiid, a post-village in Jefferson township, Jackson co., 0., on the Portsmouth Branch of the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 31 miles E.N.B. of Portsmouth. It has several churches, a bank, a furnace for pig-iron, and 2 manufactories of fire-bricks. Oak Hill, a post-hamlet in Little Britain township, Lancaster co.. Pa., about 32 miles AV. of Wilmington, Del. It has several churches near it. Oak Hill, a post-village of Lexington co., S.C., 5 miles S.S.W. of Littleton Station. Oak Hill, a post-hamlet of Overton co., Tenn., 9 miles S.W. of Livingston. It has 2 churches. Oak Hill, a post-village of Travis co., Tex., 8 miles W. of Austin. It has 3 churches and a lumber-mill. Oak Hill, a small post-village of Fayette oo., W. Va., 6 miles S.W. of Fayettoville. It has a ohnrch. Oak Hill, a post-office or hamlet of Jefferson co.. Wis., about 28 miles N.E. of Janesville. Oak Hill, a post-settlement in Charlotte co., New Brunswick, 11 miles from St. Stephen. Pop. 300. Oak Hill, a post-village in Victoria co., Ontario, 7 miles W. of Coboconk. Pop. 100. Oak Hill Land'ing, a station of the Hudson River Railroad, on the Hudson River, opposite Catskill, N.Y. Oak'iiigton, a village of Harford co., Md. Pop. 158, Oak Island, a station in Suffolk co., Mass., on Revere Beach, and on the Boston, Revere Beach & Lynn Railroad, 5i miles N.E. of Boston. Oak Island, a station of the Centra! Railroad of New Jersey (Newark A Elizabeth Branch), 4 miles S. of Newark. Oak Lake, a township of Becker co., Minn. Pop. 339. Oakland, Ok'land, a county in the S.E. part of Michi- gan, has an area of 9U0 square miles. It is drained by the Clinton River, which rises in it, and by several affluents or branches of the Flint and Shiawassee Rivers. The surface is partly undulating, and \s diversified with numerous small lakes of pure water. Nearly one-fourth of the area is cov- ered with forests, in which the oak, ash, sugar-maple, beech, elm, Ac, are found. The soil is very fertile. Wheat, In- dian corn, oats, hay, butter, wool, and potatoes are the staple products. In 1870 this county surpassed every other county of the state in the production of each of these articles, ex- cept wool: its product of wheat was 1,142,623 bushels, that of Indian corn, 1,143,443 bushels, and that of hay, 79,709 tons. It is intersected by 3 railroads, — the Detroit & Mil- waukee, the Flint & Pere Marquette, and the Detroit & Bay City. Capital, Pontiac. Valuation of real and personal estate, $28,802,457. Pop. in 1870, 40,867, of whom 34,770 were Americans; in 1874, 38,082. Oakland, a post-office of Lauderdale co., Ala., 8 miles N.W. of Florence. Oakland, a hamlet of Arkansas co., Ark., about 75 miles S.E. of Little Rock. Oakland, a beautiful city, capital of Alameda eo., Cal., is pleasantly situated on the E. shore of the Bay of San Francisco, 7 miles E. of the city of San Francisco. It is connected with Sacramento by the Central Pacific Rail- road, and is 133 miles S.W. of that cai)ital. It has a healthy and pleasant climate. It was the original seat of the University of California, which has been removed to Berkeley, about 4 miles distant. Large steam ferry-boats ply frequently between Oakland and San Francisco. The city is lighted with gas, and has wide, well-paved streets. It contains 16 churches, the California Military Academy, the Golden Gate Academy, a convent, a high school, the Female College of the Pacific, the Pacific Theological Seminary (Congregational), an institution for the deaf, dumb, and blind, a court-house which cost $200,000, 2 national gold banks, 2 savings-banks, first-class hotels, and numerous ele- 5 OALK gant and expensive dwellings. Three daily and 4 weekly newspapers are published here. The streets are provided by nature with a profusion of majestic live-oaks, which are covered with foliage all the year round. The supply of water comes from numerous streams and springs in the adjacent hills, and is pure and inexhaustible. The environs are adorned with gardens, vineyards, and beautiful scenery and drives. Oakland has a good harbor, and great advan- tages for a commercial city. It has 4 horse-railroads, 3 flouring-mills, 3 planing-mills, 2 potteries, a brass-foundry, 3 tanneries, a jute-bag-factory, &c. This town was incor- porated in 1852. Pop. in 1860, 1543; in 1870, 10,500; present pop. about 20,000. Oakland, a post-office of Meriwether co., Ga. Oakland, a post-village in East O.ikland township, Coles CO., 111., on the Illinois Midland Railroad, 17 miles E. of Areola, and 18 miles W. of Paris. It has a national bank, 3 churches, 2 drug-stores, a graded school, a news- paper office, and 2 wagon-shops. Pop. about 900. Oakland, a township of Schuyler co., 111. Pop. 1020. Oakland, a station of Marion co., Ind., on the Cleve- land, Columbus & Indianapolis Railroad, 14 miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis. Here is Oaklandon Post-Office. Oakland, a station of Putnam co., Ind., on the Louis- ville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 14 miles S. of Green Castle. Oakland, a post-hamlet in Grass township, Spencer CO., Ind., about 30 miles E. by N. of Evansville. Oakland, a township of Franklin co., Iowa. Pop. 429. Oakland, a township of Louisa co., Iowa. Pop. 552. Oakland, a township of Cloud co., Kansas. Pop. 161. Oakland, a post-office of Jewell co., Kansas, 60 miles S. of Hastings, Neb. Oakland, a post-office of Marshall co., Ky. Oakland, Warren co., Ky. See Oakland Station. Oakland, a post-office of Union parish, La. Oakland, a station in Baltimore co., Md,, on the West- ern Maryland Railroad, 5 miles N.W, of the initial station in Baltimore. Oakland, a hamlet of Carrollco., Md., on the North Branch of the Patapsoo River, 20 miles N.W. of Baltimore. It has a woollen-factory and a grist-mill. Pop. 150. Oakland, a post-village, capital of Garrett co., Md., on the Youghiogheny River, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 54 miles W.S.W. of Cumberland, and 26 miles W. of Piedmont. It is about 2700 feet above the sea-level. It is near the meadows or plateaus called the Glades, and is surrounded with beautiful mountain- scenery. It is a favor- ite summer resort of the Baltimoreans, and has 5 churches, 5 hotels, 3 newspaper offices, and manufactures of wool, flour, leather, &c. Pop. about 1200. Oakland, a post-township of Oakland co., Mich., about in miles N.E. of Pontiao, and 30 miles N. by W. of Detroit. Pop. 972. Oakland, a post-village of Freeborn co., Minn,, on the Southern Minnesota Railroad, 15 miles E, of Albert Lea. It has a church. Pop. of Oakland township, 525. Oakland, a post-village of Yalabusha co.. Miss., on the Mississippi & Tennessee Railroad, 22 miles N. of Gren- ada. It contains the Oakland Female College and 2 churches. About 5000 bales of cotton are shipped here annually. Oakland, a post-hamlet of Laclede co.. Mo., on or near the Gasconade River, 8 miles EiS.E. of Lebanon. It has a church. Oakland, a station in St. Louis co.. Mo., on the Mis- souri Pacific Railroad, 12 miles W. of St. Louis. Oakland, a post-hamlet of Burt co., Neb., is near Logan Creek, 12 miles E. of West Point. It has a flouring- mill. Pop. about 50. Oakland, a post-village in Franklin township, Bergen CO., N.J., on the New Jersey Midland Railroad, and on the Ramapo River, 11 miles N.N.W. of Paterson. It has a church, and manufactures of woollen cloth, wooden types, carriages, flour, Ac. Oakland, a station in Salem oo., N.J., on the West Jersey Railroad (S.alem Branch), 7 miles E. of Salem. Oakland, a post-village in Portage township, Living- ston CO., N.Y., about 45 miles S. by W. of Rochester, It is 1\ miles from Nunda Station. It has 2 churches, a flour- mill, a foundry, and a machine-shop. Oakland, Sullivan co., N.l'. See Oakland Valley. Oakland, a township of Chatham co., N.C. Pop. 1593. Oakland, a post-office of Halifax co., N.C. Oakland, a post-hamlet in Chester township, Clinton CO., 0., 3 miles from Ogden Station, and about 44 miles N.E, of Cincinnati. OAK OAK Oakland, a village in Clear Creek township, Fairiield CO., 0., about 30 miles S.S.E. of Columbus. Pop. 152. Here is Clear Creek Post-Offiee. Oakland, a post-village of Douglas co., Oregon, on Calapooya Creek, and on the Oregon »t California llailroud, 128 miles S. of Salem, and 19 miles N. of Roseburg. It has several stores, a flouring-mill, 08. Oatafii, South Pacific. See Duke op York. Oates (ots) Island, a post-office of Marion co., Tenn., on the Tennessee River. Oatlaiids, Ot'lanz, a post-hamlet of Loudoun oo., Va., about 34 miles W.N.W. of Washington, D.C. It has a church and a flour-mill. Oat'meal, a hamlet of Burnet co., Tex.., about 40 miles N.W. of Austin. Oats'ville, a post-office of Pike co., Ind. Oaxaca, a state of Me.\ico. See O.uaca. Ob, a river of Russia. See Obi. O'ban, a seaport town of Scotland, co. of Argyle, on Oban Bay, 20 miles N.W. of Inverary. It is a railway terminus, and has manufactures of silk and of straw hats, and exports pig-iron, whisky, wool, fish, kelp, and slates. Pop. 2413. O'ban, a post-office of Saline co., Kansas. O'ban, a post-village in Lambton co., Ontario, 3 miles from Mandamin. Pop. 175. O'Ban'non, a post-hamlet and station of Jefferson CO., Ky., on the Louisville & Cincinnati Railroad, 14 miles E. of Louisville. It has an academy and several churches. Obanos, o-B^'nooe, a town of Spain, in Navarre, S.S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 1317. Obbia, the ancient name of Teiiranova. Obdorsk, ob-donsk', or Obdorskoi, ob-doR-skoi', a station in Tobolsk, Siberia, on the Obi, near its mouth. Lat. 66° 30' N. ; Ion. 67° 20' E. Obdorsk Mountains. See Ural Mountains. Obe, a river of Siberia. See Obi. O Becse, a town of Hungary. See Becse. Obed's, or Obey's, Tennessee. See Obie's River. Obeid, o-bid' or o-bi'eed, called also El-Obeid, or Al-Obeid, the capital town of Kordofan, in Africa, 240 miles S.W. of Sennaar. Lat. 13° 11' N. ; Ion. 30° 8' E. Estimated pop. 30,000. There are 5 mosques, barracks, a hospital, governor's residence, and a market-place. Water sometimes is very scarce, the wells being nearly 100 feet deep. The exports comprise gold, silver, hides, ivory, gum arable, oil, and slaves. Ober, o'b^r (i.e., " upper"), a prefi.x to the names of numerous places in {Jermany, as Ober-Glogau ; for those not undermentioned, see additional name. Ober-Achern, o'b?r-i'K?rn, a village of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, bailiwick of Achern. Pop. 1068. Oberalp, o'ber-Alp\ a pass and small lake of Switzer- land, at the S.W. extremity of the canton of Uri. O'ber-Bre'men, a village of Auglaize co., 0., in Ger- man township, near the Miami Canal, about 54 miles N.N.W. of Dayton. Pop. 423. See also New Bremen. 0'ber-Bu'ren,a village of Switzerland, canton and 10 miles N.W. of St. Gall, on the Thur, at the mouth of the Glatt. Pop. 1627. Ober-]Jiesbach,o'ber-dces'biK, a village of Switzer- land, 11 miles S.E. of Bern. Pop. of parish, 5915. Oberdorf, o'ber-doar, a village of Bavaria, in Swabia, 37 miles N.W. of Wiirzburg. Pop. 1201. Ober-Diirnten, Switzerland. See DOrnten. Ober-Ehnheim, a town of Alsace. See Ehnheim. Ober-Elchingen, Bavaria, See Elchinsen. Ober-Florsheim, Germany. See Flousheim. Ober-Friedeberg, Germany. See FriedeBerg. Obergestelen, o'b^r-ghSs'tA-l^n, and Oberwald, o'b§r-waU\ the two highest villages in the valley of the Rhone, Upper Valais, Switzerland; the former 4360 feet above the sea. Pop. 253 and 274. Ober-Giinzburg, Germany. See GUnzburg. Ober-Hansdorf, Prussia. See Hansdokf. Ober-Hasli, Switziarland. See Hasli. Oberhausen, o'b§r-h6w"z?n, a village of Baden, on the Rhine, and on a railroad, 5 miles S.W. of Ettenheim. Pop. 2397. Oberhausen, a town of Prussia, at the junction of several railways, 6 miles N.W. of Essen. It has coal- mines, furnaces, potteries, and machine-shops. Pop. of commune, 15,476. Oberhellyen, the German name of Udvaruely. Ober-Hessen, o'ber-hes'sfn (i.e., "Upper Hesse"), the northeastern province of Hesse, Germany, Area, 1270 square miles. Pop. 254,036. Ober-Hollabrunn, o'b^r-hSI'li-brSon, a town of Lower Austria, 28 miles by rail N.W. of Vienna. P. 2223. Ober-Kaufungen, o'b^r-kCw'foong^^n, a town of Hesse, 7 miles B.S.E. of Cassel. Pop. 2120. Oberkirch, o'ber-keeRK', a town of Baden, 7 miles N.E. of Olfenburg. Pop. 2705. Oberlaa, o'b^r-lil, a town of Austria, a few miles E. of Vienna. Pop. 3087. O'berland (Ger. pron. o'b?r-lint\ the " Upper Coun- try"), in Switzerland, comprises all the canton of Bern S. of the Lake of Thun, with adjacent parts of Unterwalden and Uri. In a more restricted sense it is applied to the valleys of Hasli, Grindenwald, and Lauterbrunnen. O'berie's Corners, a post-office of Carver co., Minn. O'berlin, a post-office of the Pottawatomie Nation, In- dian Territory. Oberlin, a post-office of Decatur co., Kansas. Oberlin, a post-village of Lorain co., 0., in Russia township, on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Rail- road, 34 miles .W.S.W. of Cleveland, and 22 miles E. of Norwalk. It is the seat of Oberlin College (Congrega- tional), which was organized in 1833 and is open to both sexes. Connected with this institution is a theological school, for which a line brick building was erected in 1874. The other buildings of the college are also of brick. This college has a library of about 12,000 volumes. The average number of students that attend it is about 900. Oberlin contains 6 churches, a handsome union school-house, a national bank, a good hotel, a conservatory-of music, and 2 newspaper offices. One of the churches is a large brick building, capable of holding about 3000 persons. Oberlin has also a machine-shop, a carriage-factory, 2 saw-mills, a planing-mill, and a flour-mill. Pop. 2888. Obermbrlen, o'b^r-moii'l^n, a village of Hesse, in Ober-Hessen, 16 miles S. of Giessen. Pop. 1830. Obernai, a town of Alsace. See Ehnheim. Obernberg, o'bern-b^KG\ a town of Upper Austria, on the Inn, 12 miles N.W. of Ried. Pop. 1755. Obernburg, o'bern-bouuG\ a town of Bavaria, on the Main, 35 miles W.N.W. of WUrzburg. Pop. 1708. Oberndorf, o'bern-donf\ a town of WUrtemberg, on the Neckar, 43 miles' S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2544. Oberueunkirchen, Prussia. See Neunkirchen. Obernik, a town of Poland. See Obornik. Obernkirchen, o'bem-keeRK'en, a town of Prussia, 9 miles E. of Minden. Pop. 2754. Obernzell, a village of Bavaria. See Hafnerzell. Ober-Oderwitz, Saxony. See Oderwitz. Oberpahlen, o'ber-pdMen, a town of Russia, in Livo- nia, 52 miles E.N.E. of Pern'au. Oberpfalz, o'bjr-f^lts, or Upper Pal'atinate (Fr. HauuPalalinat, o-piM^*tee^nS,'), a district in the E. of Bavaria, bounded E. by Bohemia. Area, 3717 square miles. Capital, Ratisbon. Pop. 503,761. Oberrad, o'ber-R^t\ a village of Prussia, near Frank- fort-on-the-Main." Pop. 4609. Oberried, o'b?r-Beet\ a parish of Switzerland, canton of St. Gall, 4 miles S. of Altstatten. Pop. 3916. Oberrieden, o'beR-RceVlen, a village of Switzerland, in Zurich, on the W. side of the Lake of Zurich. Ober-Selters, o'b^r-sSl't^rs, a village of Germany, duchy of Nassau, 1^ miles S. of Nieder-Selters. Obersitzko, o'b^r-sits'ko, written also Obersitsko, Obersycko, and Oberzyko, a town of Prussia, 28 miles N.W. of Posen. Pop. 1640. Oberstdorf, o'b^rst-donr, a town of Bavaria, on the Hler, 29 miles E.S.E. of Lindau. Pop. 1749. Oberstein,o'b6r-stlne\a town of Germany, in Oldeii- burg, B miles E.N.E. of Birkenfeld. Pop. 4327. Oberstenfeld, o'ber-st^n'f^lt, a village of WUrtem- berg, circle of Neckar, S.E. of Heilbronn. Pop. 1163. Obertyn, o-ber-teen', a town of Austrian Galicia, 14 miles N.N.E. of Kolomea. Pop. 4299. Ober-TJrsel, o'ber-Sor'sel, a town of Hesse-Nassau, 8 miles N.W. of Frankfort-on-the-Main. Pop. 37112. Ober-Vatz, o'ber-vits, a village of Switzerl.and, can- ton of Grisons, near the Rhine, 11 miles S. of Chur. Oberweil, or Oberwyl, o'b?r-*iP, several places of Switzerland, particularly a village and parish, canton and 20 miles S. of Bern. Pop. 1287. Oberweissbach,o'b?r-*is"blK, avillnge of Sohwarz- burg-Rudolstadt, near Rudolstadt. Pop. 1859. Oberwcsel, o'b^r-^iVs^l, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 19 miles S.S.E. of Coblentz, on the Rhino. Pop. 2580. OBE 1629 OCE Oberwieseiithal, o'b§r-*oe'z§n-til\ a town of Sax- ony, 31 miles S.E. of Zwickau. Pop. 1980. Oberwiilter, o'b5r-*inH?r, a village of Rhenish Prus- sia, on the Rhine, 10 miles S.S.E. of Bonn. Pop. 1300. Oberwiiiterthur, o"b?r-*in't?r-toou\ a village of Switzerland, canton and 15 miles N.E. of Zurich. Pop. 2287. Ober-Zeyriiig, Austria. See Zevring. O Bessenova, o bfeh'shi"no'voh\ a market-town of Hungary, co. of Torontal, on the Aranka, 9 miles S.W. of Szent-Miklos (Nagy). Pop. 7099. Obi, Oby, Obe, o'bee, or Ob, ob, one of the great rivers of Siberia, governments of Tomsk and Tobolsk. It rises by two principal sources in the Little Altai, near lat. 51° N., Ion. 89° E., flows tortuously N.W. to Samarova, and thence generally N., in a double channel, to the Gulf of Obi, which it enters near lat. 67° N., Ion. 72° E., after a total course of 2000 miles. Tributaries, the Irtish, with the Tobol and Ishim, the Tom, and the Choolim. Its basin is situated between that of the Yenisei and the Ural Moun- tains. See Gulf of Obi. Obidos, o-beo'doce, a fortified town of Portugal, Es- tremadura, 45 miles N. of Lisbon. Pop. 3185. Obidos, o-bee'docc, a town of Brazil, province of Parii, on the Amazon. Lon. 55° 18' W. Here the river is nar- rowed in the Strait of Pauxis to about 1 mile across. It has some trade in cotton and cacao. Pop. 2000. Obie's (o'beez) River, sometimes written O'bed's or O'bey's, of the N. part of Tennessee, rises in Ij'entress CO., among the Cumberland Mountains, and, flowing north- westward, enters Cumberland River at Celina. It is navi- gable by steamboats GO miles from its mouth, and its whole length is probably above 100 miles. In the upper part of its course it passes through a deep cut in the mountain, and is remarkable for beautiful scenery. Obila, the ancient name of Avila. O'bin, a post-hamlet of Grant co., Ark., 14 miles from Bryant Station. It has 2 churches. Obion, o'be-on, a county of West Tennessee, borders on Kentucky. Area, about 530 square miles. It is intersected by the Obion River, and is bounded on the W. by Reelfoot Lake. The surface is nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests of beech, ash, cypress, gum, hickory, oak, tulip-tree, Ac. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, cot- ton, wheat, cattle, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Mobile & Ohio Railroad and the Nashville, Chattanooga ifc St. Louis Railroad. Capital, Troy. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,791,294. Pop. in 1870, 16,584, of whom 15,515 were Americans. Obion, a post-village of Obion co.. Tenn., on the Pa- ducah & Memphis Railroad, 74 miles S.S.W. of Paducah; It has a lumber-mill. Pop. about 350. Obion River, Tennessee, is formed by the North, South, dind Rutherford Forks, which unite in Obion co. It runs southwestward through Dyer CO., and enters the Mis- sissippi River about 15 miles W. of Dyersburg. The main stream, below the junction of the forks, is nearly 70 miles long, and each of the forks is about as long as the Obion itself. The North Fork rises in Henry co., and runs west- ward through Weakley bo. The South Fork drains parts of Carroll and Weakley cos. The other fork runs northwest- ward through Gibson co. Obispo, o-bees'po, a small river of the Isthmus of Pa- nama, joins the Chagres near Cruees. Obitoshnei, or Obitochnej. See Nogaisk. Obligado, o-ble-gi'do, a village of the Argentine Re- public, on the river Parana, near Buenos Ayres. Obliga'tion, a post-office of Anne Arundel co., Md. Ob'long, a post- village in Oblong township, Crawford CO., in., 9 miles W. of Robinson. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Pop. of township, 1490. Obol, o-bol', a river of Russia, in the government of Vitebsk, flows S.W., and, after a course of about 75 miles, joins the Diina 12 miles above Polotzk. Obookhov, Obonkliov, or Obuchow, oboo-Kov', a town of Russia, 25 miles S.S.E. of Kiev. Pop. 2000. Obornik, o'b9r-nik', Obernik, o'b?r-nik\ or Obor- niki, o-bor-nee'kee, a town of Prussia, 18 miles N.N.W. of Posen, on the Warta. Pop. 2396. Oboyan, Oboian,or Obojan, o-boyin', a town of Russia, government and 32 miles S. of Koorsk, at the con- fluence of the Oboyanka and Psiol. Pop. 6322. It was founded in 1650 as a bulwark against the Crim Tartars, and has several churches, schools, and charitable institutions, with a brisk trade. Obra,ob'r3,, a river of Prussian Poland, rises near Kos- min, flows W. and N.W., and joins the Warta a little W. of Schwerin. Length, 130 miles. Obrajillo, or Obraxillo, o-Bri-Heel'yo, a town of Peru, department and 50 miles N.E. of Lima, It consists of about 100 cottages, enclosed by gardens. O'Bri'en, a county in the N.W. part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is drained by the Little Sioux River, which flows through the N.E. and S.E. parts of the county, and is traversed by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is fertile. Wheat, oats, maize, and grass are the staples. Capital, Pringhar. Valuation of real and personal estate, $350,000. Pop. in 1870, 716, of whom 649 were natives and 6G were foreigners; in 1875, 2349. O'Brien, a post-village of O'Brien co., Iowa, near the Little Sioux, about 66 miles E.N.E. of Sioux City. P. 79. O'Brien Islands, South Shetland, South Atlantic Ocean, are in lat. 61° 32' S., lon. 65° 22' W. O'Brien's Bridge, a village of Ireland, co. of Clare, on the Shannon, 4 miles S.S.W. of Kilaloe. Obringa, the ancient name of the Aak. Obris, supposed ancient name of the Orb. ObroWitz, o'bro-wits", a village of Moravia, one of the suburbs of Brunn. Pop. 1050. Obscha, ob'shi, or Mega, mA'gi, a river of Russia, rises in Smolensk, flows W., and joins the Dwina 20 miles above Velizh. Length, 80 miles. Observatzii, ob-s^r-v4t'see, a cape of East Asia, Gulf of Anadeer. Lat. 64° 47' 58" N.; lon. 177° 39' 65' E. ObuchoAV, a town of Russia. See Obookhov. Obulco, the ancient name of Pohcuna. Obva, Obwa, ob'vi, or Obvinsk, ob-vinsk', a town of Russia, government and 67 miles N.W. of Perm, on the Obva, an aflluent of the Kama. Pop. 6212. Oby, a river of Siberia. See Oni. Oby, o'bee, written also tJbi, a small island in the Gulf of Siam, 16 miles S. of Cambodia Point. Lat. 8° 26' N.; lon. 104° 54' E. Oby, sometimes called False Oby, an island in the Gulf of Siam, 48 miles N. of the above, lat. 8° 66' N., lon. 104° 38' E., about 18 miles from the mainland. Oby, Great and Little, two islands of Pitt's Passage, Malay Archipelago. Lat. 1° 26' S. ; lon. 127° 17' E. Ocala, o-ki'14, a post-village, capital of Marion co., Fla., about 40 miles S. of Gainesville, and 50 miles S.W. of Palatka. It has 2 graded schools, 8 stores, a newspaper office, 4 or 5 churches, a carriage-shop, &c. Pop. 600. Ocana, o-kin'y^, a town of Spain, province and 30 miles B. of Toledo. Lat. 39° 56' N.; lon. 3° 31' W. Pop. 5500. It is enclosed by ruined walls and in decay. 'Prin- cipal edifices, 4 chui-ches, a hospital, barracks, and an aque- duct of Roman construction, Ocaiia, o-k4n'ya, a town of the United States of Colom- bia, state of Magdalena, 60 miles N.W. of Pamplona. It has a copper-mine. Pop. 5000. Ocate, o-ka't4, a post-hamlet of Mora co.. New Mex- ico, 100 miles S. of El Moro, Col. It has a church. Occhiobello, ok"ke-o-b51'lo, a town of Italy, 13 miles S.W. of Rovigo, on the Po. Pop. 4133. Oc^cident'al, a post-oflice of Sonoma co., Cal. Occimano, ot-che-m4'no, or Occimiano, ot-che- me-i'no, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 12 miles N.N.W. of Alessandria, near the Grana. Pop. 2315. Oc'conee'chee, a township of Northampton co., N.Ci Pop. 1944. Occoquan, ok'ko-kwS-n, a post-village of Prince Wil- liam CO., Va., on the Occoquan River, 6 miles from its mouth, about 95 miles N. of Richmond. Small vessels ascend to this place. It h.as water-power and a flouring- mill, also a church. Pop. 228. Occoquan River, Virginia, is formed by Broad Run and Cedar Run, which rise in Fauquier co. and unite in Prince William Co., near Bientsville. It runs nearly east- ward, and enters the Potomac River on the S. border of Fairfax co. Occupacia, ok'kn-pa'she-a, a post-hamlet of Essex CO., Va., 27 miles from Milford Station. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Ocean, o'shun, a county in the S.E. part of New Jer- sey, is bounded on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean. Area, about 650 square miles. It is drained by Toms River and Cedar Creek. A long lagoon, called Barnegat Bay, extends along the eastern border and is separated from the ocean by a narrow sand-bank. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests of pine. The soil is partly sandy. Indian corn, potatoes, lumber, and cranberries are the staple products. Marl is found here. This county is intersected by the New Jersey Southern Railroad and the Tuckerton Railroad. Capital, Toms River. Valuation of OCE 1630 OOK real and personal estate, $6,884,378.^ Pop; itt 1/870^.13,628, of whom 13,064 were Americans. Ocean, or Ocean Mines, a post-village of Alleghany CO., Md., at Ocean Station on the Cumberland &. Piedmont Railroad, 12 miles N.E. of Piedmont. Coal is mined here. The name of its post-office is Ocean. Ocean, a township of Monmouth co., N.J. Pop. 6189. Ocean, or Cure, koo-ri', an island of the Pacific. Lat. 28° 37' N.; Ion. 178° 23' 30" E, Ocean, a group of three islets, sometimes called the Catherine Islands. Lat. 1)° 14' N.; Ion. 167° 2' E. Oceana, o^she-ah'na, a county in the W. part of Michi- gan, h;is an area of about 5o0 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by Lake Michigan, and partly drained by AVhite River. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests of pine, sugar-maple, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Lumber is the chief article of export. Wheat, Indian corn, potatoes, and oats are the staple products. It is intersected by the Chicago & West Michigan Railroad. Capital, Hart. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,584,236. Pop. in 1870, 7222, of whom 5942 were Americans; in 1874, 8360. Oceana, a township of Muskegon co., Mich. Pop. 919. Oceana, a post-village, capital of Wyoming co., W. Va., about 56 miles S. of Charleston. It has a church. Ocean- Austral, a French name for Pacific Ocean. Ocean Beach, a post-village and summer resort of Monmouth co., N.J., in Wall township, on the S. bank of Shark River, and on the New York & Long Branch Rail- road, 2 miles S. of Ocean Grove, 8 miles S. of Long Branch, and about f^ mile from the ocean. It has a church, 6 large boarding-houses, and about 100 cottages and residences. The river is here nearly 2 miles wide, and affords good facilities for boating, bathing, and fishing. Here is also a good beach for sea-bathing. Ocean City, a post-village of AVorcester co., Md., on the Atlantic Ocean, and on the Wicomico & Pocomoke Rail- road, 7 miles E. of Berlin. Ocean Grove, a post-village and summer resort of Monmouth co., N.J., in Ocean township, on the New York A Long Branch division of the Central Railroad, and on the Atlantic Ocean, 6 or 7 miles S. of Long Branch, and 36 miles S. of New York City. It is separated from Asbury Park by a lake about 300 feet wide. Here is a good bath- ing-ground, with numerous cottages and boarding-houses. The place is frequented chiefly by the Methodist denomi- nation, who hold camp-meetings here, many of them living in tents during the season. It has 2 churches. OceanHouse, or. Pine Point, a station in Revere, Suffolk CO., Mass., on the Boston, Revere Beach & Lynn Railroad, 6 miles N.E. from Boston, and on the seaside. - Oceania, o-she-ah'ne-a, or Oceanica, o-she-an'e-ka (Fr. Oceanicy o^si'a^nee'),. a name given by modern geogra- phers to a fifth division of the globe, comprising West Oceania, or Malaisia (see Malay Archipelago), Central Oceania, or Australasia, or Melanesia (see Australasia), and Kast Oceania, or Polynesia (see Polynesia and MicitONESiA). Oceanic, o-she-an'ik, a post-villnge in Shrewsbury township, Monmouth co., N.J., on an inlet of the sea called Shrewsbury River, about 25 miles S. of New York, and 2 miles from the New Jersey Southern Railroad. It has 3 ch.urches, a canning-factory, and 2 summer hotels. Ocean Island, Pacific Ocean. See Paanopa, Ocean Point, a station in Queens co., N.Y., on the Long Island Railroad, near the sea-coast, 20 miles E.S.E. of Brooklyn. Oceanport, o'shun-port, a post-village in Eatontown township, Monmouth co., N.J., on South Shrewsbury River, and on the New Jersey Southern Railroad, about 27 miles S. of New York, and 3 miles W.N.W. of Long Branch. It has a church. Pop. about 400. Ocean Springs, a post-village and summer resort of Jackson co., Miss., on the Gulf of Mexico or Boy of Bilo.xi, and on the New Orleans & Mobile Railroad, 56 miles W.S.W. of Mobile, 84 miles, from New Orleans, and 4 miles E. of Biloxi. It has mineral springs and 4 churches. Pop. 560. Oceanus, o-ce'an-iis, a post-village and watering- place of Queens co., N.Y., on the. sea-coast, also on Jamaica Bay, and on a branch of the Southern Railroad, about 10 miles direct from Brooklyn. It has a steamboat-landing. Ocean View, a post-village of Sussex co., Del., near the ocean, and 10 miles E. of Frankford Station. It has 2 .churches and about 24 houses. Ocean View, a post-office of Cape May co., N.J., on the sea-ooast, 2 miles from Seaville Railroad Station. Ocean View, a post-office of Washington co., R.I. Oceanville, o'shun-vil, a post-hamlet of Hancock oo., Me., on the E. shore of Deer Isle, 25 miles E.N.E. of Rock- land. It has a church. Oceanville, a post-hamlet of Atlantic co., N.J,, in Galloway township, 3^ miles N.E. of Absecom. It has sev- eral stores and a grist-mill. Ocellodurum, the supposed ancient name of Zamora. Ocellum Dnrii, Spain. See Fermoselle. O^ceo'la, or Os^ceo'Ja, a post-hamlet of St. Joseph CO., Ind., on the St. Joseph River, 10 miles E. of South Bend, and on the Lake Shore Railroad. It has a church and a grist-mill. Oceola, or Osceola, a post-hamlet of Green co., Ky., about 22 miles N.E. of Glasgow. Pop. 89. Oceola, a township of Livingston co., Mich. Pop. 1018. Oceola, a post-village of Crawford co., 0., in Todd township, on Broken Sword Creek, 4 miles N.E. of Nevada Station, and about 8 miles W. by N. of Bueyrus. It has 2 churches, a high school, a grist-mill, . Os'terville, a post-village of Barnstable co., Mass., on the Atlantic Ocean, about 30 miles E. of New Bedford. It has a large hotel, 2 churches, a boat-yard, and a number of cottages. Osterwick, os'ter--ears to have extended from the Meuse on the W. to the Bohmer- wald Mountains on the E,, and to have included the W. part of the archduchy of Austria, The name is derived from the Teutonic ost or os(e)-, *' eastern," being from the same root as Austria {Oeeterreich : -i.e., " eastern king- dom"). In like mannei-, Neustria is supposed to be de- rived from loest (Fr. Oiieet), the initial N being prefixed perha.ps for the sake of euphony, or for more clearly mark- ing the distinction between this name and AiiHria or Os- traaia. Adj. and inhab. Ostrasian, os-tri'she-an, or AusTRASiAN, aws-tri'she-an. Ostrau, os'trow, a town of Moravia, on the Ostrawitza, 30 miles N.E. of Weisskirchen. Pop. 1803. Ostrau, or Ostrawa, Moravia. See Ostra. Ostritz, os'trits, a town of Saxony, on the Neisse, 10 miles N.E. of Zittau. Pop. 1545. Ostrog, os-trog' {i.e., a "palisaded fort'*), a town of Russia, in Voihynia, on the Gorin, 100 miles W. of Zhito- meer. It consists of an old aijd a new town, and has an ancient castle. Pop. 7910, of whom many are Jews. Ostrogoisk, Ostrogojsk, os-tro-goisk', or Ostra- gaschesk, os-tri-gi-sh^sk', a town of Russia, govern- ment and 59 miles S. of Voronezh, on the Sosna Tikhaia. Pop. 9904, It has extensi\e magazines iind cnttle-fairs. Ostrogothia, Sweden. See.Li.NKopiNG. Ostrok, os-trok', a remarkable convent of Montenegro, 22 miles N.E. of Cattaro. It is built in a spacious cavern on the side of a cliflF which rises 400 feet above it, and is the great stronghold and chief powder-magazine of tho Montenegrins. In 1768 it was defended by 30 men against 30.000 Turks. Ostroleuka, os-tro-lSn'kS., a town of Poland, govern- ment of Lomza, 86 miles N.E. of Plock, on the Narew. It has manufactures of woollen cloth. Pop. 5865. Ostrov, a town of Bohemia. See Schlackenwerth. Ostrov, or Ostrow, os-trov' (i.e., "island"), a town of Russia, government and 35 miles S. of Pskov, on an island formed by the Velikaia. Pop. 3625. Ostroviec, or Ostrowez, osHro-vStz', a town of Russian Poland, government of Radom, 15 miles N. of Opatow. Pop. 4918. Ostrovizza, os-tro-vit'si, or Ostrovitz, os'tro-vits\ a town of Bosnia, on the Unna. Ostroviio, os-trov'no. a town of Russia, government and 90 miles N.N.W. of Moheelev, on the Duna. Ostrovo, os-tro'vo, a small town of European Turkey, on a lake of its own name, 31 miles E. by S. of Monastir, Ostrow, os'trov, a town of Poland, province and 25 miles S. by W. of Lomza. Pop. 6142. Ostrowo, os-tro'wo, a town of Prussia, 67 miles by rail S.E. of Posen. It has manufactures of woollen cloth. Pop. 8339. Ostrumja, os-troom'ji, a town of European Turkey, 53 miles S.S.W. of Ghiustendil, Ostrzeszow, the Polish name of Schildberg. Ostsee, or Oestsee ("East Sea"). See Baltic Sea. Ostuni, os-too'nee, a town of Italy, province of Lecce, 24 miles by rail W.N.W. of Brindisi. It is a bishop's see, and has numerous churches and convents. Pop. 16,295. Osuiia, o-soo'nS,, or Ossuna, os-soo'na, a town of Spain, province and 43 miles E. of Seville. It stands on the declivity of a hill crowned with a castle, and has 4 hos- pitals and 2 sets of barracks. It had formerly a university, and is important as a military post. Trade chiefly in corn, oil, wine, fruit, rush-wares, and capers. Pop. 15,130. Os'waldtwisUle, a town of England, in Lancashire, 3 miles E.S.E. of Blackburn, with cotton-mills. Pop. 10,283. OSAVayo, os-wa'o, a post-village of Potter co.. Pa., in Oswayo township, on a creek of the same name, about 32 miles N.N.E. of Emporium, and 15 miles S. of Wellsville, N.Y. It has 2 lumber-mills. Pop. 300; of township, 629. OsAvayo Creek rises in Potter co., Pa., runs N.W., and enters the Alleghany River at Clean, N.Y. OsAvegatchie, os-we-gatch'e, a township of St. Law- rence CO., N.Y. Pop. 13,204. It contains Ogdensburg and Heuvelton. OsAvegatchie River, New York, rises near the N, border of Herkimer co., and soon enters or expands into Cranberry Lake, in St. Lawrence co. From this lake it runs westward to Oxbow, Jefferson co., where it abruptly changes its course to the N.E., and enters the St. Lawrence River at Ogdensburg. It is nearly 130 miles long. OsAA^e'go, a county of New Y^ork, situated at the E. end of Lake Ontario, has an area of about 970 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by Oneida Lake and Oneida River, and on the N.W. by Lake Ontario, and is intersected by the Oswego and Salmon Rivers. The surface is generally' level, and is extensively covered with forests of sugar-maple, pine, oak, ash, elm, beech, Ac. The soil is fertile, and adapted to pasturage. Hay, butter, cheese, cattle, lumber, oats, and potatoes are the staple products. The rock found next to the surface is Silurian sandstone, a good material for building. This county has extensive flouring-mills, the product of which in 1870 amounted to $7,203,571. It is intersected by the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Rail- road, the New York &, Oswego Midla.nd Railroad, and the Oswego & Syracuse Railroad, also the Oswego Canal. Cap- itals, Oswego and Pulaski. Valuation of real and personal estate, $44,094,043. Pop. in 1870, 77,941, of whom 64,686 were Americans; in 1875, 78,615. OsAVego, a post-village in Oswego township, Kendall CO., III., on the E. bank of Fox River, and on the Fox River Line of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 6 miles below Aurora, and 45 miles W.S.W. of Chicago. It has 6 churches, and manufactures of brooms, carriages, and windmills. Pop. 750; of the township, 1756. OsAvego, a post-village of Kosciusko co., Ind., on the Tippecanoe River, 3 miles from Leesburg Station, and about 8 miles N.E. of Warsaw. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Pop. 116. OsAVego, a post-town, capital of Labette co., Kansas, in Oswego township, on the W. bank of the Neosho River, osw 1669 OTI and on the HiliEsouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, at the junc- tion of the Missouri & Western Railroad, 15 miles S.S.E. of Parsons, and 9 miles N. of Chetopa. It has a college, a newspaper office, 2 banking-houses, 5 churches, 2 flouring- mills, and manufactures of furniture and soap. Coal is mined here. Pop, 1212; of the township, additional, 77S. Oswego, a city, port of entry, and semi-capital of Oswego CO., N.Y., is situated on the S.B. shore of Lake Ont-ario, at the mouth of the Oswego River, which di- vides it into two nearly equal parts. Lat. 43° 28' N. ; Ion. 76° 35' W. By railroad it is 35 miles N.N.W. of Syra- cuse, 2-t3 miles N.AV. of New York, and 182 miles W.N.W. of Albany. It is the most populous city on Lake Ontario, except Toronto, Canada. It has a good harbor, which is formed by the mouth of the river, is sheltered by long and costly piers, on one of which a light-house has been erected, and is defended by Fort Ontario. The water in the harbor is from 10 to 20 feet deep. Oswego is the northern terminus of the Oswego Canal, which connects at Syracuse with the Erie Canal, and is connected with New York City by the New York & Oswego Midhmd Railroad. The other rail- roads that converge to this place are the Lake Ontario Shore, the Oswego & Syracuse, and the Rome, AVatevtown & Ogdensburg. The site of this city is elevated and mod- erately uneven, and is bounded on the S. by a bluflF or escarpment, which is 160 feet higher than the lake and affords good situations for residences. The streets are 100 feet wide and intersect one another at right angles. Two bridges across the river connect the eastern and western portions of the city. The principal public buildings are the city hail, of stone, the court-house, the custom-house, and the post-office. A large and elegant hotel has been erected here over a medicinal spring. Oswego contains 17 churches, the Oswego City Library, a high school, the Os- wego State Normal and Training School, a public school library, 4. national banks, several other banks, and print- ing-offices which issue 2 daily and 2 weekly newspapers. The steamers of the Canadian Navigation Company ply daily between this port and Montreal, and propellers of another line depart every morning for the West. Great quantities of grain, lumber, &c., are received here by the navigation of the lake, and here are about 10 elevators for the transshipment of the grain. Within the limits of this city the river has a fall of 34 feet, affording immense hy- draulic power, and the fall is distributed by 6 successive dams built by the state for canal navigation. The numer- ous large lakes of which it is the outlet ojierate as reser- voirs, which prevent extreme variations in the height of the river, so that destructive freshets never occur here. Oswego has 20 or more large fiouring-mills, several iron- foundries, machine-shops, ship-yards, and a manufactory of corn-starch which employs nearly 500 men and is said to produce 33 tons daily. Oswego is one of the largest flour- manufacturing places in the Union. Pop. 22,455. Oswego, a post-villa.ge of Clackamas co,, Oregon, on the W. bank of the Willamette River, 8 miles S. of Port- land. It has a church, and a furnace for pig-iron. It has great water-power. Pop. about 100. Oswego Centre, a post-hamlet of Oswego co., N.Y., 3 miles S.W. of Oswego City. It has a cheese-factory. Oswego Falls, a post-village in Granby township, Oswego CO., N.Y., on the W. bank of the Oswego River, opposite Fulton (with which it is connected by 2 iron bridges), and on the Oswego & Syracuse Railroad and the Oswego Canal, 24 miles N.W. of Syracuse. It has a large lumber-mill, a paper-mill, and a manufactory of serges, prunella, or lasting, and other worsted goods. Pop. 1119. Oswego River, New York, is formed by the Seneca and Oneida Rivers, which unite near Phoenix, about 12 miles N.N.W. of Syracuse. ' It runs nearly northwestward through Oswego co., and enters Lake Ontario at the city of Oswego. It is 24 miles long, and descends about 120 feet in that distance. It carries a large volume of water, and is the general outlet of 15 lakes, among which are the Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, Canandaigua, Owasco, and Keuka. This river is connected with the Oswego Canal, and affords abundant water-power. Oswestry, oz'es-tre, a town of England, co. of Salop, at a railway junction, 20 miles N.W. of Shrewsbury. It has an ancient grammar-school, a national school, several charities, a town hall, a prison, and a theatre. Its name is derived from that of Oswald, the Christian king of North- umbria, slain here in 642. Pop. 7306. Os^wich'ee, a post-office of Russell co., Ala. Oswiecin, Austrian Galicia. See Auschwitz. Osy'ka, a post-village of Pike co.. Miss., on the Chi- cago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad, SS miles N. by W. of New Orleans. It has a newspaper office and 4 or 5 churches. Cotton is shipped here. Pop. about 450. Oszik, the Slavonic name of Eszek. Otabalo, a town of Ecuador. See Otavalo. Otago (o-t3,'go) Bay, on the S.B. side of South Island, New Zealand, is important on account of the towns of Dunedin and Port Chalmers, which are situated on its shores. It gave name to the province of Otago. Otaha, o'ti-hA\ one of the Society Islands, Pacific Ocean, N. of Raiatea. Otaheite, Society Islands. See Tahiti. Otaki, o-ti'kee, a market-town of Russia, in Bessarabia, on the Dniester, 3 miles S. of Moheelev. Pop. 1570. Otavalo, o-ta-v3.'lo, Otabalo, o-t3,-Bi'Io, or Oto- valo, o-to-va'lo, a town of Ecuador, 30 miles N. of Quito. It was ruined by an earthquake in 1868, at which time it had 7000 inhabitants, of whom 6000 perished outright, and not a building was left standing. Otchakov, a town of Russia. See Ochakot. Otea, o-ti'i, or Great Barrier Island, in the South Pacific Ocean, off the N.E. coast of New Zealand, at the E. entrance of Hauraki Gulf. It is about 20 miles long from N. to S., by 8 miles broad. Ote'go, a township of Fayette co., 111. Pop. 903. Otego, a station in Elko co., Nev., on the Central Pa- cific Railroad, 20 miles E.N.E. of Wells. Otego, a post-village in Otego township, Otsego co., N.Y., on the Susquehanna River, and on the Albany A Susquehanna Railroad, 52 miles E.N.E. of Binghamton, and about 22 miles S.E. of Norwich. It has a bank, a graded school, a flouring-mill, and 5 churches. Pop. about 800. The township contains also Otsdawa, and a pop. of 1972. Otego Creek, New Y"ork, runs southward in Otsego CO., and enters the Susquehanna River near Oneonta. Otero, o-ti'ro, a post-village of Colfax co.. New Mex- ico, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. It has a church and a newspaper office. Pop. about 500. Othel'lo, a hamlet of Olmsted co., Minn., about 12 miles N.W. of Rochester. Othello, a post-office and landing of Tunica co.. Miss., on the Mississippi River, 18 miles W. of Hernando. Othieri, a town of Sardinia. See Ozieui. O'tho, a post-office of Henry co., Ala. Otho, a post-office in Otho township, Webster co., Iowa, about 9 miles S.S.E. of Fort Dodge. The township is bounded on the N.E. by the Des Moines River, and is iu- tei'sected by the Des Moines & Fort Dodge Railroad. Pop. of the township, 479. Coal is found here. Othrys, a mountain-range of Greece. See Hellovo. O'tis, a post-village in New Durham township. La Porte CO., Ind., on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad where it crosses the Lake Shore Railroad, 49 miles E.S.E. of Chicago, and 8^ miles S. of Michigan City. It has 2 churches. Otis, a post-township of Hancock co.. Me., 18 miles S.E. of Bangor. It has a church. Pop. 246. Otis, a post-hamlet in Otis township, Berkshire co., Mass., about 22 miles S.S.E. of Pittsfleld. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 855. Otis, township. Yellow Medicine co., Minn. Pop. 148. Otis, a post-office of Hamilton co., Neb. Otis'co,a post-hamlet of Clarke co., Ind., on a branch of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 20 miles N. by E. of Jeffersonville. It has 3 churches. Otisco, a post-hamlet in Otisco township, Ionia co., Mich., on Flat River, about 22 miles E.N.E. of Grand Rapids, and 4 miles S.W. of Kiddville. It has a church and a union school. Pop. of the township, 1684. Otisco, a post-township of Waseca co., Minn. It has a church. Pop. 724. Otisco Post-Office is on the Le Sueur River, about 30 miles S.E. of Mankato. Otisco, a post-village in Otisco township, Onondaga CO., N.Y., on a high ridge, about 14 miles S. by W. of Syra- cuse. The township contains a village named Amber, has 4 churches, and a pop. of 1534. Otisco Lake, New York, is in Onondaga co., about 15 miles S.S.W. of Syracuse. It is 3 or 4 miles long, and has an average width of half a mile. Otisco Valley, a post-hamlet of Onondaga co., N.Y., about 18 miles S. by W. of Syracuse. It has a church. O'tisfield, a post-hamlet in Otisfield township, Cum- berland CO., Me., about 36 miles N.N.AV. of Portland. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 1099. O'tisville, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Iowa, on the Iowa River, 42 miles E.N.E. of Fort Dodge. It is partly in Vernon township, Wright co. It has a cheese-factory. Otisville, a post-village in Forest township, Genesee OTI 1670 CO., Mich., on the Flint Kiver division of the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, 5 miles S.W. of Otter Lake Junction, and 70 miles N.N.W. of Detroit. It has a church, a lum- ber-mill, 3 stores, a grist-mill, and a planing-mill. Otisville, a post-village in Mount Hope township, Orange co., N.Y., on the Erie Railroad, 12 miles N.E. of Port Jervis, and 9 miles W. of Middletown. It has 2 or 3 churches, a grist-mill, and 2 drug-stores. Pop. about 300. Otivar, o-te-van', a village of Spain, in Andalusia, province and about 30 miles from Granada. Pop. looS. Ot'ley, a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, on 2 railways, 9^ miles N.W. of Leeds. The town is beau- tifully situated in the vale of the Wharfe. It is well built, and has a spacious church, a small grammar-school, and manufactures of worsteds and woollens. Pop. 5855. Ot'ley, a post-village in Summit township, Marion co., Iowa, on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, about 10 miles N.W. of Pella. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and a flour-mill. Pop. 176. Ot'o, a post-office of Talladega co., Ala. Oto, a post-hamlet of Woodbury co., Iowa, on the Little Sioux River, about 32 miles S.E. of Sioux City. It has a grist-mill and a woollen-factory. Oto, a post-office of Stone co., Mo. O'toe, a county in the S.E. part of Nebraska, bordering on Iowa, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Missouri River, and is drained by the Little Nemaha River and several branches or affluents of that stream. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and groves of oak, hickory, walnut, &c. The soil is deep, calcareous, and very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, barley, potatoes, and pork are the staple products. The prairies of this county are more extensive than the woodland. Limestone is abundant here. This county is intersected by the Nebraska Railroad. Other rail- roads connect at Nebraska City, which is the capital. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $6,445,852. Pop. in 1S70, 12,345, of whom 9609 were Americans; in 1876, 11,756. Otoe Agency, a post-otfice of Gage co., Neb., on the Big Blue River, about 60 miles S. of Lincoln. Here is an Indian village of the Otoe and Missouria tribes. Otomacos. See Ottomacs. Otoo, or Otoii, New Zealand. See Cape Nouth. Otoque, o-to'ki, a small island in the Bay of Panama, Pacitic Ocean. Lat. 8° 30' N.; Ion. 80° 20' W. Otovalo, a town of Ecuador. See Otavalo. OtrantO, o-tr^n'to (Fr. Otrante, oHrONt' ; anc. Hij- dntn'titm), a seaport town of Italy, on the Strait of Otranto, opposite Cape Linguetta (in Albania), province and 22 miles by rail S.E. of Lecce. Lat. 40° 9' N. ; Ion. 18° 29' E. It has an ancient cathedral, an archbishop's palace, and some Roman antiquities. In 1480 it was sacked by the Turks. Its harbor is deep and good. Pop. 2092. Otranto, a province of Italy. See Lecce. Otran'to, a post-hamlet in Otranto township, Mitchell CO., Iowa, on the Cedar River, about 15 miles S. of Austin, Minn. It has a church. The township contains the vil- lage of Mona, and a pop. of 834. Otranto, a station in Charleston co., S.C., on the North- eastern Railroad, 14 miles N.W. of Charleston, Otranto Station, a post-office of Mitchell co., Iowa, on the Illinois Central Railroad. Otrar, ot-rar', a town of Asiatic Russia, in Ferghana, on the Jaxartes, 50 miles W. of Toorkistan. Lat. 44° N. ; Ion. 67° E. Otricoli, o-tree'KO-Ie, a village of Italy, in Umbria, 25 miles S.S.Af . of Spoleto, on a hill beside the Tiber. Near it are the remains of the ancient Ocric' nlitni. Pop, 1496. Otschakow, a town of Russia. See Ochakov. OtsMa'wa, a post-village in Otego township, Otsego CO., N.Y., about 20 miles S.W. of Cooperstown. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Otse'gfO, a beautiful lake of Otsego co., N.Y., is partly surrounded by high hills and picturesque scenery. It is about 9 miles long, with an average width of H miles, and is 1193 feet higher than the level of the sea. Cooperstown is situated at the S. end of this lake. Its outlet is the Susquehanna River, which rises in this vicinity. Otsego, a county in the N. part of Michigan, has an area of 540 square miles. It is drained by the Au Sable and Cheboygan Rivers, which rise in it. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is diversified with forests and small lakes. The soil is fertile. The census of 1870 gives no statistics of this county. It is traversed by the Jackson, Lansing it Saginaw Railroad, Pop. in 1874, 288. Otsegro, a county in the S.E. central part of New York, has an area of about 960 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Unadilla River, and is drained by the Sus- quehanna River, which rises in Otsego Lake in this county, also by Charlotte River and Butternut and Schenevus Creeks. The surface is diversified with high, broad ridges and long, deep valleys which are mostly rather wide. For- ests of the oak, sugar-maple, ash, beech, elm, and other trees cover nearly one-fourth of its area, viz., 143,817 acres. The soil is adapted to pasturage and dairy-farming. Hay, butter, oats, hops, Indian corn, cattle, and potatoes are the staple products. Sandstone and corniferous limestone (De- vonian) underlie part of this county. Among its other minerals is fine Onondaga limestone, a good building-stone. It is intersected by the Albany & Susquehanna and Coop- erstown & Susquehanna Valley Railroads. The New York & Oswego Midland Railroad touches the S.AV. corner of the county. Capital, Cooperstown. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, §30,474,171. Pop. in 1870, 48,967, of whom 46,234 were Americans; in 1875, 49,815. Otsego, a township of Steuben co., Ind. Pop. 1313. Otsego, Fayette co., Iowa.. See Oblwein. Otsego, a post-village in Otsego township, Allegan co., Mich., on the Kalamazoo River, and on the Kalamazoo di- vision of the Michigan Southern Railroad, 10 miles S.E. of Allegan, and 43 miles S. of Grand Rapids. It has 5 churches, a banking-house, 3 flouring-mills, a saw-mill, a chair-fac- tory, a woollen-mill, a hoe-factory, Ac. Pop. 994; of the township, 2118. Here are magnetic springs. Otsego, a post-haralet in Otsego township, Wright co., Minn., on the Mississippi River, 3 miles from Elk River Station, and about 26 miles N.W. of Minneapolis. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 637. Otsego, a township of Otsego co., N.Y. Pop. 4470. It contains Cooperstown, Fly Creek, Oaksville, and Toddsville. Otsego, a post-hamlet in Monroe township, Muskin- gum CO., 0., about 20 miles N.E. of Zanesville. Pop. 111. Otsego, a post-hamlet in Otsego township, Columbia CO., Wis., 2 miles from Doylestown Station of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, and about 18 miles S.E. of Portage City. Pop. of the township in 1875, 1496. Otsego Lake, a post-village in Otsego Lake township, Otsego CO., Mich., on the Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw Railroad, 107 miles N. by W. of Bay City. It has a news- paper office, a church, and 2 lumber-mills. It is on the beautiful Otsego Lake, which is 5 miles long. Pine timber abounds here. Pop. of the township (which includes the county), 238. Otse'lic, a small river of New York, rises in Madison CO., runs in a S.S.W. direction through the cos. of Chenango and Cortland, and enters the Tioghnioga River about 16 miles N. of Binghamton. Otselic, a post-village in Otselie township, Chenango CO., N.Y., on a river of the same name, and 1 mile from Otselic Station on the Auburn Branch of the Midland Rail- road, 18 miles N.W. of Norwich. It has several churches. Pop. about 125; of the township, 1567. Otselic Centre, a post-hamlet in Otselic township, Chenango co., N.Y., about 34 miles S.E. of Syracuse. It is on a branch of the Midland Railroad. It has a church. Otshakov, a town of Russia. See Ochakov. Ott, a post-office of Coos co., Oregon. Ottaiano, Ott^ano, ot-t^-yi'no, or Ottojano, ot-to-yd'no (anc. Octavin'nuin .^), a town of Italy, at the N.E. foot of Vesuvius, 12 miles E. of Naples. Pop. 4111. Ottakring, ot'tfl-kring\ written also Ottokrin, or Aderkling, a town of Austria, 3 miles W. of Vienna. Pop. 21,629. Otta Quechee, a river of Vermont. See Quechee. Ottawa, ot'ta-w^, a small river of Ohio, in Lucas co., runs E., and enters Lake Erie 6 miles N.E. of Toledo. Ottawa, ot'ta-wa, a large river of Canada, rises near lat. 48° 30' N. and Ion. 80° W. It runs nearly southeastward, and forms the boundary between Ontario and Quebec. Below the city of Ottawa it flows eastward, and enters the St. Lawrence River about 25 miles above Montreal. Its length is estimated at 700 miles. Its navigation is obstructed by rapids and cataracts, but has been improved by dams, &c. At the city of Ottawa this river presents a cataract, called Chaudiere Falls. The Ottawa is the channel of a very largo trade in lumber (which is cut on its banks), and is connected with Lake Ontario by the Rideau Canal. Ottawa, a county in the N. part of Kansas, hns an area of 720 square miles. It is intersected by the Solomon and Saline Rivers, which run southeastward. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, cattle, and hay are the staple products. This county contains extensive prairies, among which groves are dis- tributed along the rivers and creeks. Capital, Minneapolis. OTT 1671 OTT Valuation of real and personal estate, Si, 123^456. Pop. in 1870, 2127; in 1875,4429; in 1877, 5489; in 1878, 6664. Ottawa, a county in the W. part of Michigan, has an area of 550 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by Lake Michigan, and intersected by Grand River and partly drained by Black River. The surface is undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests of pine, sugar-maple, and other trees. The soil is fertile. "Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, butter, and potatoes are the staple products. Lumber is the chief article of export. This county is in- tersected by 3 railroads, — the Detroit & Milwaukee, the Chicago & West Michigan, and the Grand Haven. Cap- ital, Grand Haven. Valuation of real and personal estate, $11,123,310. Pop. in 1870, 26,651, of whom 17,447 were Americans; in 1874, 29,929. Ottawa, a county in the N. part of Ohio, borders on Lake Erie. Area, about 275 square miles. It is partly bounded on the S, by Sandusky Ray, and is intersected by Portage River. The surface is nearly level, and is exten- sively covered with forests of the ash, beech, elm, hickory, white oak, &c. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, hay, oats, and wine are the staple products. Among its minerals is Silurian limestone, which is largely exported. This county is intersected by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad. Capital, Port Clinton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,601,810. Pop. in 1870, 13,364, of whom 9889 were Americans. Ottawa, a county in the N.W. part of Quebec. Area, 5705 square miles. The Ottawa River forms its S. and S.W. boundary. This county is watered by the rivers Petit Nation, Lievre, Gatineau, and many small streams. Capi- tal, Hull. Pop. 37,892. Ottawa, a city, the capital of La Salle co., 111., is situated on the N. bank of the Illinois River, just below the mouth of the Fox River, S3 miles W.S.W, of Chicago, and 98 miles E. of Rook Island. It is on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and on the Fox River Line of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. It is also connected with Chicago by the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and has an extensive trade in grain and other products. This city is lighted with gas, and contains a court-house, 8 churches, a high school, 2 or 3 national banks, 1 other bank, several large public school-houses, and printing- offices which issue 3 or 4 weekly newspapers. It has cutlery- works, 3 flouring-mills, a glass -factory, 2 cigar-factories, 2 planing-mills, a manufactory of starch, and one of farming- implements. Pop. in 1S60, 6541 ; in 1870, 7736 ; present pop. about 10,000 J pop. of Ottawa township in 1870, 463. Ottawa, a city, the capital of Franklin co., Kansas, on the Osage River, and on the Leavenworth, Lawrence & Gal- veston Railroad, 27 miles S. of Lawrence, 25 miles N. of Gar- nett, and 53 miles S.W. of Kansas City. A branch of the railroad above named extends from this place northeast- ward to Olathe and Kansas City, and another railroad ex- tends to Burlington. It has a court-house, 6 churches, an institution called Ottawa University, large machine- sliops of the Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston Railroad, 2 newspaper offices, a high school, 2 national banks, a fine public park, 2 flouring-mills, a foundry, and manufactures of carriages, furniture, and soap. The river is here crossed by a suspension-bridge and a railroad-bridge. Coal abounds here. Pop. 2595; of township, exclusive of the city, 659. Ottawa, a township of Ottawa co., Kansas. Pop. 489, Post-office, Coal Creek. OttaAva, a post-village in Ottawa township, Le Sueur CO., Minn., on the Minnesota River, and on the St. Paul & Sioux City Railroad, 6 miles N. of St. Peter. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a grist-mili, and a saw-mill. Pop. of the township, 533. Ottawa, a post-village, capital of Putnam co., 0., in Ottawa township, on Blanchard's Fork of the Auglaize River, and on the Dayton & Michigan Railroad, 2U miles N, of Lima, and 51 miles S.S.W. of Toledo. It has a high school, 2 banks, a newspaper office, 4 churches, and manu- factories of sash, blinds, hubs, spokes, &g. Pop. 1129 ; of the township, 2837. Ottawa, a post-hamlet in Ottawa township, Waukesha CO., Wis., about 33 miles W. by S. of Milwaukee. The township has 3 churches and a cheese-factory. Pop. of the township, 893. Ottawa, formerly By'town, a city of Ontario, capital of the Dominion of Canada and of Carleton co., is beauti- fully situated on the right bank of the Ottawa River, and on the Canada Central and St, Lawrence & Ottawa Rail- ways, 126 miles AV.N.W. of Montreal, and 450 miles from Now York. It is one of the most flourishing cities of On- tario, being the entrepot of the great lumber-trade of the Ottawa River and its tributaries. It is divided into Upper and Lower Town by the Rideau Canal, which connects it with Kingston. The town was founded in 1827, under the name of By- town, was incorporated a city, and its name changed to Ot- tawa, in 1854, and made the capital of Canada in 1858. The chief attraction in Ottawa is the government buildings, which stand on Barrack Hill, 150 feet above the river. They are constructed of a light-colored sandstone, the walls and arches being relieved with dressings of Devonian sand- stone from Ohio and with red sandstone from Potsdam, N.Y. The style of architecture is the Italian Gothic, the parliament building being 500 feet in length. The two de- partment buildings are 375 feet long, containing in the aggregate 300 rooms, and are intended to accommodate all the departments of the government of the Dominion. The library, a beautiful detached circular building, with a dome 90 feet high, is in the rear of the central tower, 250 feet high. The two legislative halls are on each side of the library, but in the main building. The buildings cover nearly 4 acres, and cost about $4,000,000. Ottawa contains 17 churches, several flouring-mills and large saw-mills, and has manufactories of iron castings, mill-machinery, agricultural implements, brooms, bricks, leather, wooden-ware, &c. Five daily newspapers are pub- lished in Ottawa. The streets of the city are lighted with gas. A fine suspension-bridge spans the river just above the Chaudiere Falls. Adjacent to Ottawa are several thriv- ing villages, among others New Edinburgh and Hull. A street-railway connects these villages with Ottawa. The city returns two members to the House of Commons, and two to the provincial legislature. Pop. in 1861, 14,669 ; in 1871, 21,545. Ottawa Creek, Ohio, intersects Allen co., from which it runs N. into Putnam co., and enters the Auglaize 4 miles N.W. of Kalida. It is nearly 75 miles long. Ottawa Lake, a post-village of Monroe co., Mich., on the Michigan Southern Railroad, 17 miles S.E. of Adrian. It has a church, 2 saw-mills, and a manufactory of staves and heading. Here is a lake 2^ miles long. Ottawa Station, a post-office of Ottawa co., Mich., on the Chicago & West Michigan Railroad, about 25 miles S. of Muskegon. Ottenau, ot'teh-now^, a village of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, bailiwick of Gernsbach. Pop. 1276. Ottenbach, ot'ten-b5,K*, a village of Switzerland, can- ton and 9 miles S.W.' of Zurich, on the Reuss. Pop. 1196. Ottenheim, ot't§n-hime\ a town of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, 6 miles N.W. of Lahr, on the Rhine. P. 1523. Ottensen, ot't§n-sen, a town of Germany, in Holstein, forming a suburb of Hamburg, 2 miles W. of Altona. It contains many summer residences of Altona and Hamburg merchants. Pop. 12,406. Otteiistein, ot'ten-stine\ a town of Brunswick, on the Weser. Pop. 1315. Ot'ter, a river of England, co. of Devon, enters the English Channel W. of Sidmouth. Total length. 24 miles. Otter, a river of Rhenish Bavaria, joins the Rhine. Ot'ter, a post-office of La Salle co.. III., 7 miles N.E. of Streator. Otter, a township of AVarren co., Iowa. Pop. 909. Otter, a township of Cowley co., Kansas. Pop. 427. It is reputed to have beds of coal and of zinc ore. Otterbach, ot'ter-bS,ii^ (O'bek and Niedkr, nee'der), two contiguous villages of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Otter, S. of Landau. Pop. of Ober Otterbach, 1302 ; of Nieder Otterbach, 369. Otterbein, ot't^r-bine, a post-village of Benton co., Ind., in Bolivar township, on the Lafayette & Bloomington Railroa,d, about 18 miles W.N.W. of Lafayette, It has a church, an elevator for grain, and about 30 houses. Otterberg, ot'ter-b^RG\ a town of Rhenish Bavaria, 33 miles N.W. of Speyer. Pop. 2057. It has manufactures of woollen cloth and leather, and trade in cattle. Otterbeuren, a town of Bavaria. See OTTOBEUitEN. Ot'terbuni, a township of England, co. of Northum- berland, 20 miles N.N.AY. of Hexham. About half a mile from the village is an obelisk, marking the spot where Earl Douglas fell in the battle of Chevy Chase, in 1388. Ot'terburn, a post-village in Temiscouata co., Quebec, on the Madawaska road, and on the railroad from Freder- icton to Riviere du Loup, 60 miles from Riviereiiu Loup en ifis, and 17 miles from Edmundston, New Brunswick. Ot'ter Creek, Illinois, runs southwestward through Macoupin co., and enters Macoupin Creek. Otter Creek, Indiana, enters the AYabash River from the E. about 8 miles N. of Terre Haute. OTT 1672 OTT Otter Creek, Kansas, runs eastward, anJ enters Fall River in the S. part of Greenwood co. Otter Creek, Missouri. See Loutre. Otter Creek, Texas, flows into Trinity River from tlie N. in Anderson co. Otter Creek, Vermont, rises near the N. border of Bennington co., and runs nearly northward, with a small deviation to the W. It intersects the cos. of Rutland and Addison, and enters Lake Champlain 7 miles below Ver- gennes. It is about 110 miles long. The chief towns on its banks are Rutland, Middlebury, and Vergennes. Otter Creek, a post-office of IVIcCook co., Dakota. Otter Creek, a post-village of Levy co., Fla., on the railroad between Gainesville and Cedar Keys, 21 miles E.N.E. of the latter. It has 2 churches. Otter Creek, Jersey co.. 111. See Otterville. Otter Creek, township, La Salle co., III. Pop. 1009. Otter Creek, atownship of Ripley co., Ind. Pop. 1637. It contains Holton and Poston. Otter Creek, a township of Vigo co., Ind. Pop. 1269. Otter Creek, township, Crawford co., Iowa. Pop. 3G1. Otter Creek, a post-township of Jackson co., Iowa, 18 miles S. of Dubuque. Pop. 886. Otter Creek, a township of Linn co., Iowa. Pop. 798. Otter Creek, a township of Lucas co., Iowa. Pop. 710. Otter Creek, township, Tama co., Iowa. Pop. lOiS. Otter Creek, a township of Greenwood co., Kansas. Pop. 5SS. Otter Creek, a posfc-office and station of Hardin co., Ky., on the Louisville, Paducah A Southwestern Railroad, 38 miles S.S.W. of Louisville. Otter Creek, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Mich., 18 miles N.W. of .lackson. It has a. church and a saw-mill. Otter Creek, a jjost-hamlet of Rutherford co., N.C., 16 miles S. of Marion. It has 2 churches and a tannery. Otter Creek, a post-township of Mercer co., Pa., about 28 miles N. of New Castle. Pop. o60. Otter Creek, a post-hamlet of Eau Claire co., Wis., in Otter Creek township, 16 miles S.E. of Eau Claire. Pop. of the township, 959. Otter Creek, a post-viilage in Bruce co., Ontario, 5 miles from Walkerton. Pop. 150. Otter Hill, a post-office of Bedford co., Va., 6 miles S. of Lowry Station. Otter Lake, a post-office of Pottawatomie co., Kansas. Otter Lake, a post-village in Marathon township, Lapeer co., Mich., on the Detroit & Bay City Railroad, at its junction with a branch of the Flint A Pere Marquette Railroad, 36 miles S.S.E. of Bay City. It has a shingle- mill and a lumber-mill. Silexine, used for polishing metals, is found near this place. Otter Lake, or Pick'anock, a post-village in Pon- tiao CO., Quebec, 35 miles N. of Sand Point, Ontario. P. 500. Otter Lake Junction, a station in Genesee co., Mich., on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, at the junction of the Flint River Branch, 4 miles N. of Flint, and 15 miles S.AV. of Otter Lake. Otterndorf, ot't^rn-doiif, a town of Hanover, 28 miles N.W. of Stade. Pop. 1800. Otter Peaks, Virginia. See Pe.iks of Otter. Otter River, of Missouri. See Loutre. Otter River, Virginia, rises at the base of the Peaks of Otter, runs southeastward through Bedford co., and enters the Staunton River in Campbell co. Otter River, a post-village in Templeton township, Worcester co., Mass., on the Vermont & Massachusetts Rail- road, about 16 miles W. of Fitchburg. It has a church, and manufactures of blankets, stoves, &c. Otter River, a post-office of Campbell co., Va., on the Midland Railroad, 21 miles S. by W. of Lynchburg. Otter Run, a post-office of Lycoming oo.. Pa. Ottersberg, ot'ters-bSRG\ a village of Prussia, in Han- over, 15 miles E.N.E. of Bremen. Pop. 1325. Otter's Creek, a township of Edgecombe co., N.C. Pop. 051. Otter Tail, a county in the W. part of Minnesota, has an area of 2016 square miles. It is intersected by the Red River of the North, and also drained by the Leaf and Peli- can Rivers. The surface is undulating, and is finely di- versified with prairies, numerous lakes, and forests of the oak, ash, sugar-maple, and other trees. Near the middle of the county is Otter Tail Lake, about 12 miles long. The BOil is very fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes are the staple products. This county is intersected by the North- ern Pacific Railroad. Capital, Fergus Falls. Valuation of real and person.al estate is not reported. Pop. in 1870, 1968; in 1875, 9174. Otter Tail City, a post-hamlet of Otter Tail co., Minn., is on the E. shore of the lake of the same name, about 70 miles E.S.E. of Moorhead. Otter Tail Lake, Minnesota, near the middle of Otter Tail co., is nearly 12 miles long, and is situated in a beautiful undulating country, which is diversified by fer- tile prairies and groves of oak, ash, and maple. The water is good. Its outlet is the Red River of the North, which enters the N.E. end and issues from the S.W. extremity of the lake. Ot'tervale, a post-office of Vernon co., Wis. Otter View, a post-office of Bedford co., Va. Otter Village, a decayed village of Ripley co., Ind., in Otter Creek township, 2 miles N. of Poston. Ot'terville, or Otter Creek, a post-village of Jersey CO., 111., 7 miles S.W. of Jerseyville, and about 18 miles N.W. of Alton. It has 3 churches, a grist-mill, Ac. Otterville, a post-hamlet of Buchanan co., Iowa, 4 miles N.W. of Independence. It has a church and a mill. Otterville, apost-village in Otterville township, Cooper CO., Mo., 1 mile from the Lamine River, and on the Mis- souri Pacific Railroad, 13 miles E. of Sedalia. It has a graded school, 6 dry-goods stores, 6 churches, and manufac- tures of ploughs, furniture, and wagons. Pop. about 900. Otterville, a post-hamlet of Bedford co., Va., 8 miles N. of Liberty. Ot'terville, a post-village in Oxford co., Ontario, situ- ated on Otter Creek, 22 miles S.S.E. of Woodstock. It con- tains several grist- and saw-mills, a woollen-factory, match-, shingle-, lath-, and cheese-factories, &g., and a number of stores, and has a large lumber-trade. Pop. 750. Ot'tery Saint Mary, a town and parish of England, CO. of Devon, on the Otter, 12 miles E.N.E. of Exeter. Pop. 4110. It has a fine ancient church, a small grammar- school, and manufactures of silk and ropes. Ottiglio, ot-teel'yo, a village of Italy, province of Alessandria, 9 miles S.W. of Casale. Pop. 2162. Ottignies, otHeen^yee', a village of Belgium, in Bra- bant, 19" miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1110. Ottmachau, ott'miK-ow\ a town of Prussian Silesia, 37 miles W.S.W. of Oppeln, on the Neisse. Pop. 3484. Ot'to, a post-hamlet in Isabel township, Fulton Co., in., 7 miles Vf. of Havana. Otto, atownship of Kankakee co., 111. Pop. 1356, Otto, a post-office of Clarke co., Ind. Otto, a post-office of Cowley co., Kansas. Otto, a township of Oceana co., Mich. Pop. 128. Otto, a post-hamlet of Pope co., Minn., in a fertile prairie, 25 miles AV. of Melrose. Otto, or VVa'verly, a post-village in Otto township, Cattaraugus co., N.Y., 3 miles from Cattaraugus Station, and about 30 miles N.E. of Jamestown. It has 3 churches, a foundry, a grist-mill, a woollen-mill, and a cheese-factory. Pop. about 300; of the township, 1091. Otto, a township of McKean co.. Pa. Pop. 268. Otto, a station of the Union Pacific Railroad, 15 miles W. of Che3'enne, Wyoming. Ottobeuren, ot'to-boi'r^n, or Otterbeuren, ot'ter- boi^ren, a town of Bavaria, 40 miles S.W. of Augsburg. Ottobiano, ot-to-be-^'no, a village of Italy, 6 miles S. of Mortara. Pop. 2573. Ot'tobine, a post-office of Rockingham co., Va. Ottojano, a town of Italy. See Ottaiano. Otto'kee, a post-village in Dover township, Fulton co., 0., 4 miles N. of Wauseon, and 32 miles W. of Toledo. It has a church. The Fulton county infirmary is located here. Ottokrin, a town of Austria. See Ottakrinb. Ottomacs, or Ottomaques, ot'to-miks' (Sp. Oto- mncofi, o-to-mi'koce), a degraded and ferocious race of In- dians in the W. part of Venezuela. Ottoman Empire. See Turkey. Ottone, ot-to'ni, a town of Italy, province and 25 miles N.E. of Genoa, near the Trebbia. Pop. 4393. Ot'toville,ah.amletinMonterey township, Putnam co., 0., 6 miles N. of Delphos. It has a church, a grist-mill, a planing-mill, and a saw-mill. Here is Dog Creek Post-Office. Otts Mill, a post-offiee of Livingston parish, La. Otts'ville, a post-hamlet in Tinicum township, Bucks CO., Pa., 40 miles N. of Philadelphia. It has a church. Ottumwa, ot-tum'wa, a city, the capital of Wapello CO., Iowa, is situated on the left or N.E. bank of the Des Moines River, which aff"ords abundant water-power at this place, and on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, where it crosses the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad and the Central Iowa Railroad. 75 miles W. by N. of Burlington, 75 miles W.N.W. of Keokuk, and 86 miles E.S.E. of Des Moines, It is also the northern terminus of a branch of OTT 1673 OUG the St, Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad. An iron railroad-bridge crosses the river here. Ottumwa contains a court-house, 10 churches, a high school, 2 national banks, a business college, a woollen-mill, a manufactory of farm- ing-implements, several iron-works, and printing-offices which issue 1 daily and 3 or 4 weekly newspapers. Valu- able mines of coal have been opened near this city. Pop. in 1860, 1632; in 1870, 5214; in 1875, 7501. Ottumwa, a post-village of Coffey co., Kansas, in Ot- tumwa township, on the Neosho River, about 7 miles N.N.W. of Burlington, .and 25 miles E.S.E. of Emporia. It is nearly 3 miles N.E. of the railroad which connects those towns. It h.as a high school and a broom-factory. Pop. 263 ; of the township, 535. Ott'ville, a hamlet of Bureau co.. 111., about 9 miles W. of La Salle. Ottweiler, ott'*rier, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 33 miles S.E. of Treves. Pop. 4639. Otumba, o-toom'b4, a village of Me-iiico, state and 35 miles N.E. of Mexico. Otura, o-too'r^, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province and S. of Granada. Pop. 1304. Ot'way, a post-office of Scioto co., 0. Ot'well, a post- village of Pike co., Ind., about 32 miles E.S.E. of Vincennes. Ouachita, or Washita, woshV-taw', a county in the S.'part of Arkansas, has an area of about 730 square miles. It is intersected by the Ouachita River, is partly bounded on the N. by the Little Missouri River, and also drained by Cypress and Tulip Bayous. The surface is moderately hilly, and nearly half of it is covered with forests of the ash, beech, hickory, white oak, and yellow pine. The census states that in 1870 it had 209,523 acres of woodland. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, lumber, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Camden. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,070,547. Pop. in 1870, 12,975, of whom 12,881 were Americans. Ouachita, or Washita, a parish in the N. part of Louisiana, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is intersected by the Ouachita River, which is here naviga,ble by steamboats, and the B.ayou D'Arbonne enters the Oua- chita on the N. border of this parish. The surface is hilly, and extensively covered with forests of pine, oak, and other trees. The soil is mostly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the sta,ple products. This parish is intersected by the North Louisiana & Texas Railroad. Capital, Monroe. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,681,546. Pop. in 1870, 11,582, of whom 11,299 were Americans. Ouachita (or Washita) City, a post- village of Union parish. La., on the Ouachita River, 20 miles above Monroe. It has a hotel and 3 stores. Cotton is shipped here. Ouachita (or Washita) River rises in the W. part of Arkansas, and runs eastward to Garland co., which it in- tersects. It next flows nearly southeastward until it crosses the southern boundary of Arkansas, and enters Louisiana at the northeast extremity of Union parish. From this point it runs southward, intersects the parishes of Ouachita and Caldwell, and enters Red River about 20 miles (in a direct line) from its mouth. Its length is about 550 miles. Steambcats can ascend it to Camden, Ark., nearly 300 miles from its mouth. The part of this river which is below the mouth of the Tensas is sometimes called Black River. Ouaday, the French name of W.idav. Ouail-el-IIabid, Morocco. See Wad-ei.-Habid. Ouadi-Nouii, or Ouady-Noun. See Wadinoon. Ouad-3Iedina,a town of Egypt. See Wad-Medina. Onaine, oo*in', or Ouaiine, oo^inn', a river of France, rises in Yonne, and, after a W. course of 45 miles, joins the Loing near Montargis. Ouaiiie, or Ouaiine, a town of Prance, in Yonne, at the source of the river of the same name, 12 miles S.S.W. of Auxerre. Pop. 1182. Oualan, Ualaii, oo-^-Un', or Strong's Island, also called Kousaie and Kusai, koo-si'ee, an island in the Pacific Ocean, Carolines. Mont Crozet, 2156 feet in height, is in lat. 5° 19' N., Ion. 163° 30' E. Length, about 10 miles, by 7 in breadth. Pop. 400. Ouanlin, or Ooanlin, Manchooria. See Wanlin. Ouap, an island of the Pacific. See Yap. Ouaquaga, o-.T,-kwi'ga, a post-hamlet of Broome co., N.Y.,on the Susquehanna River, 2^ miles from East Wind- sor Station, and about 14 miles E. of Binghamton. It has a church, a saw-mill, Ac. Ouargia, waa'gli, or War'gia, a town of the Algerian Sahara, in the oasis of the same name, 92 miles E. by N. of Gardaia. Lat. 32° 6' N. ; Ion. 4° 20' E. It is surrounded by a ditch and a battlemented wall crowned by 40 two-storied forts and entered by 6 gates. It contains a citadel and several mosques, and, though very sickly and much de- cayed, is said to have a pop. of 8000. Ouba, a river of Siberia. See OoBA. Oubsa Nor, a lake of China. See Oobsa Nor. Ouch, or Ouchi, a town of Toorkistan. See OosH. Ouche, oosh (anc. Os'ca ?), a river of France, depart- ment of Cote-d'Or, flows N.E. and S.E. past Dijon, and joins the Saone near Saint-Jean-de-Losne. Length, 50 miles. The Canal of Burgundy accompanies it throughout. Ouche, an ancient district of Upper Normandy, France, now included in the departments of Eure and Orne, Ouchi, a town of China. See Oochee. Ouchitza, a town of Poland. See Ooshitsa. Ouchouganat, oo'shoo-ga,-nat' (?), or Mount Saint Augustine, sent aw'gu3-teen\ an island of the North Pacific Ocean, ofl' Alaska. Lat. 59° 22' N. ; Ion. 153° W. Ouchy, oo'shec', a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, on the Lake of Geneva, immediately S. of Lausanne. Oucques, ook, a vill.age of France, in Loir-et-Cher, 16 miles N. of Blois. Pop. 1648. Ouda, a river of Siberia. See OoDA. Oudabad, a town of Russia. SeeOnounAD. Oudai, a river of Russia. See Oodai. Oudanulla, oo-da-nul'ia,, or tldhanala, a small town of British India, Bengal, on the Ganges, 6 miles S. of Kajmahal. Lat. 24° 46' N. ; Ion. 87° 52' E. Here Cossim Ali Khan erected extensive military works, forced by the British in 1764. Ouday, a kingdom of Africa. See WadAy. Oude, owd (native, Ai/odlii/a, S,-yod'h'yi), a former kingdom of India, lat. 25° 20' to 30° N., Ion. 79° 40' to 82° 30' E., bounded N. by Nepaul, and elsewhere surrounded by the North-West Provinces. Length of the kingdom from N. to S., about 230 miles; greatest breadth, ISO miles; area, 24,069 square miles. The surface is mostly level, and highly fertile ; it is watered by the Goggra, Goomty, Hye, and other tributai-ies of the Ganges. Wheat, barley, rice, sugar, indigo, and others of the richest products of India are raised in large quantities, and in some districts a vast amount of nitre and other salts effloresce on the soil. Among the inhabitants are numerous Rajpoots, and many of the population are Mussulmans, the old ruling dynasty being Mohammedan. Oude was formerly a Mogul province. It became subordinate to the British after the battle of Kalpee, in 1765. In 1819 the Vizier threw off his nominal depend- ence on the Mogul sovereign, and assumed the title of king. In 1856, Oude was annexed to British India and made a chief commissionership, which in 1877 was merged in the North-West Provinces. Lucknow was the capital ; after which city the chief towns are Fyzabad, Oude, Bharaich, and Pertaubghur. Pop. 11,220,232. Oude, or Ayodhya, anciently the capital of the above state, extends for some distance along the S. bank of the Goggra, here crossed by an English iron bridge, 77 miles E. of Lucknow. It is large, and greatly venerated by Hindoos, but much of it is in ruins, and all its chief edi- fices are Mohammedan. It is now little more than a suburb of Fyzabad. Pop. 9949. Oudenarde, a town of Belgium. See Atidenarde. Oudenbosch, ow'd^n-bosic', a town of the Nether- lands, in North Brabant, 11 miles W. of Breda. Pop. 2780. Oudenbourg, ooMoN-'booa', a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 11 miles W.S.AV. of Bruges. Pop. 1810. Ouder Amstel, Ow'der im'stel, a town of the Neth- erlands, in North Holland, on the Amstel, 4 miles S. of Amsterdam. Pop. 2031. Ouderkerk, Sw'der-k^uk', a village of the Nether- lands, South Holland, 6 miles E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 2405. Oude SfliiUI, Netherlands. See Het Oude Schild. Outli'water, dw'd§h-w4Her, a town of the Nether- lands, in South Holland, on thi Yssel, 18 miles E.N.E. of Rotterdam. Pop. 2312. Oudeypour, India. See Odeypoou. Oudghir, owd-gheer' (anc. UdiiijufjUiri), a village of India, dominions of Hyderabad. 43 miles N.N.W. of Beeder. Lat. 18° 18' N.; Ion. 77° 16' E. Oudinsk, a town of Siberia. See Oodi.nsk. Oudon, ooM6s"', a river of France, in Mayenne, joins the Mayenne 10 miles below Segre. Length, 40 miles. Oudshoorn, owds'houn, a village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, on the Old Rhine, 7 miles E. of Leyden. Oudskoi, a village of Siberia. See Oodskoi. Oued, a village of Algeria. See El Ouad. Ouessant, island, Fr.ance. See Ushant. Oula, a river and town of Russia. See Oofa. Ougein, a city of Hindostan. See Oojei.v. OUG 1674 OUV Oughterard, in't^r-ard', a town of Ireland, co. and 16 miles N.N.W. of Galway, on the W. shore of Lough Corrib. In the vicinity are marble-quarries. Pop. 871. Oughter, Lough, Ireland. See Louen Oughteh. Ouglitch, a town of Kussia. See Ooglitch. Uugra, a river of Russia. See Oogba. Ougree, oo'grA', a village of Belgium, province and 3 miles by rail S.S.W. of Liege, on the Meuse. Pop. of commune, 5459. Oui, a river of Siberia. See Ooi. Ouisconsin, the original name of Wisconsin. Ouita, wee'ta, a station in Pope co., Ark., on the Little Rook A Fort Smith Railroad, 2 miles W. of Russellville. Ol^, a river of Russia. See Oozii, Oujak, a bay of the Pacific. See Oojak. Oiyeili, a city of Indi.a. See Oojein. Oukesima, an island of Anam. See Ookesima. Ou-Kiaug, a river of China. See Oo-Kiang. Oulan-Khoton, Mongolia. See Oolan-Khotan, Oulash, a village of Asia Minor. See Oolash. Ouleai or Oullcay (oo-le i') Group, in the Pacific Ocean, consisting of 22 islands, the S. point of the most E. of the group, Raour, in lat. 7° 20' N., Ion. 143° 53' E. Ouleout, owl'e-owt, a post-hamlet of Delaware co., N.Y., on Ouleout Creek, 22 miles S. of Cooperstown, and 8 miles N.W. of Delhi, the county seat. Ouliassoutai, Mongolia. See Ooliassootai. Oullins, ool'liNo', a village of France, in Rhone, 3i miles by rail S. of Lyons. It has manufactures of silk stuffs, steam-engines, and calico. Pop. 4886. Oultre, owl't'r or ool't'r, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, on the Molenbeek, 24 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. Oulx, 00, a village of Italy, province of Turin, 12 miles S.W. of Susa, on the Dora, near the Alps. Pop. 1629. Ouman, a town of Russia. See Ooman. Ouinnak and Ouna]aska, two of the Fo.\ Islands, North Pacific Ocean. See Oomnak and Oonalaska. Ound, oond, a town of British India, 5 miles N.W. of Poonah. It has a fine Hindoo temple. Oundle, un'del, a town of England, co. of Northamp- ton, on the Nene, and on a railway, 13 miles W.S.W. of Peterborough. The town, nearly environed by the Nene, is very neatly built, and has a fine church, 2 ancient grammar- schools, poor's hospitals, a union workhouse, a branch bank, and a good market-house. Pop. 2829. Ounga, an island of Alaska. See Oonga. Ounimak, an island of the Pacific. See Oonimak. Ounja, a river and town of Russia. See Oonzha. Ououda, a river of Africa. See Wonda. Oupa, a river of Russia. See Ooi'A. Ouraghen, Africa. See Awuigha. Oural Mountains and River. See Uhal. Ouralsk, two towns of Russia. See Ooralsk. Ouratepe, Toorkistan. See OonATEPE. Ouray, oo-ra', a county in the S.W. part of Colorado, is drained by the Rio Dolores and Rio San Miguel. The sur- face is mostly mountainous. Mount Wilson, in this county, is 14,280 feet high. Gold, silver, copper, and galena are found here, and are the chief sources of revenue. This county has forests of fir, pine, Ac., and several fertile val- leys. Capital, Ouray. Ouray, a post-village, capital of Ouray co., Col., near the base of Mount Hayden, about 15 miles N. of Silverton. It has a saw-mill, a newspaper office, a bank, and a smelt- ing-furnace. Silver is found near this place, also lead. Our Car'ter, a post-hamlet of Pratt co., Kansas, 23 miles S.E. of Larned. It has a church. Ource, oonss, a river of France, departments of Haute- Marne, Cote-d'Or, and Aube, after a N.AV. course of 40 miles joins the Seine near Bar-sur-Seine. Ourcq, oonk, a river of France, rises in the department of Aisne, and, after a S.W. course of 30 miles, joins the Marne near Lizy. From this stream flows the Canal of Ourcq to Paris, 59 miles, affording a part of its water- supply. Oureni, 6-rSw', a town of Portugal, in Estremadur.a, 15 iniles S.E. of Leiria. Pop. 2976. It is enclosed by walls. Ourein, o-r^N*^', a town of Brazil, province and 55 miles E. of Par^. Ourfa, a town of Turkey. See Oorfa. Ourga, a city of Mongolia. See Ooiiga. Ourghenj, or Ourghendj. See Ooughenj. Ourioupinsliaia, Russia. See OonioopiNSKAiA. Ourique, oo-ree'ki or 8-ree'ki, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, :J0 miles S.W. of Beja. Pop. 3380. Ourjoum, a town of Russia. See Oouziiooji. Ourloujali, a city of Asia Minor. See Oouloojah. Ourma, a town of Siberia. See OoitMA. Ourmia, or Urmiah, Persia. See Ooroomeeyah. Ouroe, oo'ro^eh, an island of Denmark, in the Ise- Fiord, an inlet of Seel.and, 29 miles W.N.W. of Copenhagen. Length, 4 miles ; breadth, 3 miles. Ouro Preto, o'ro prA'to (formerly Villa Rica), a city of Brazil, capital of the province of Minas-Geraes, 200 miles N.N.W. of Rio Janeiro. Pop. 4000. It is the resi- dence of the governor of the province and the seat of the provincial assembly, and has several churches, a governor's palace, a mint, a theatre, a colcgio, or Latin school, with a school of pharmacy and anatomy, a public library and a botanic garden, and an agricultural normal school. It is supplied with excellent water, and has an active commerce with Rio Janeiro. It was founded in 1699, and called Villa Rica, from the rich gold-mines in its vicinity. Ourouiniyah, Persia. See OonoojiEYAH. Ouroup, one of the Kooril Islands. See Ooroop. Ourthe, or Ourte, ooRt, a river of Belgium, provinces of Luxembourg and Liege, joins the Meuse after a N. course of 80 miles. Oururaptsi, a city of Chin.a. See Ooroojitsee. Ourville, ooii'veel', a town of France, in Seine-Infe- rieure, 10 miles N.W. of Yvetot. Pop. 1202. Ousa, a river of Russia. See Oosa. Ouse, ooz, a small river of England, co. of Sussex, enters the English Channel near Seaford. Ouse, a river of England, co. of York, is formed by the Swale and lire, flows S.E., and joins the Trent to form the Humber. Length, 60 miles. It is navigable for large ves- sels to York. Principal affluents, the Wharfe, Aire, and Don from the W., and the Derwent from the N. Ouse, or Great Ouse, a river of England, rises near Brackley, flows very tortuously through the cos. of Northampton, Bucks, Bedford, Huntingdon, Cambridge, and Norfolk, and enters the Wash at King's Lynn, after a course of about 160 miles, for the latter two-thirds of which it is navigable. Chief afHuents, the Ivel, Cam, Larke, Lit- tle Ouse, Stoke, and Nar, all from the E. or S. The Little Ouse, or Brandon River, joins the Great Ouse from Suffolk, at the junction of the Stoke New Bedford Canal and the Wisbeach Canal, which connects the Nene. Ouse, a river of Ontario. See Grand River. Oushuei, a town of Persia. See Ooshnei. Ousley, owz'Iee, a post-village of Lowndes co., Ga., on the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, 1 60 miles W.S.W. of Savan- nah. It has 2 churches and several mineral springs. Ousman, a town of Russia. See Oosman. Ousouri, a river of Asia. See Oosooree. Oust, a Russian prefix. See Oost. Oust, oost, a river of France, joins the Vilaine near Redon, after a S.E. course of 70 miles. Oust, a town of France, in Ariege, 8 miles S.E. of Saint- Girons. Pop. 1554. Oustioug Velikee, Russia. See Oostioog Velikee. Oustioujiia, a town of Russia. See Oostioozhna. Oust Sysolsk, a town of Russia. See Oost-Svsolsk. Outagamie, oo'ta-gam-ee or ooHa-gam'e, a county in the N.E. central part of Wisconsin, has an area of about 624 square miles. It is intersected by the Fo.-i (or Neenah) and Wolf Rivers, and also drained by the Embarras River and Duck Creek. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests of pine, sugar-maple, oak, and other trees. The soil is partly fertile. Wheat, oats, lumber, hay, and butter are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Green Bay &, Minnesota Rail- road and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Capi- tal, Appleton. Valuation of real and personal estate, 810,904,395. Pop. in 1870, 18,430, of whom 11,741 were Americans; in 1875, 25,558. Ou-Tchou, a city of China. See Oo-TcHOO. Outer Island, one of the Apostles Islands, Wis. Ou-Thou-Chan. See Oo-Thoo-Shan. Out'laAv's Bridge, a post-hamlet of Duplin co.,N.C., about OG miles N. of Wilmington. It has a church and an academy. Out'let, a station in Ontario co., N.l''., on the Ontario Southern Railroad, 3 miles S. of Newark. Outram, oo'tram, a post-village in Bruce co., Ontario, 11 miles N. of Wal'kerton. Pop. 150. Outreau, ooHru', a town of France, in Pas-de-Calais, 2 miles S.E. of Boulogne. Pop. 1625. Outville, Licking co., 0. See Kirkersville. Out'wood, a hamlet of England, co. of Lancaster, on the Irwell, and on the Manchester & Bolton Canal, 7 miles N.W. of Manchester. Ouvelka, a river of Russia. See Oovelka. OUY 1675 ovo Ouyay oo^yi', or Oyak, o^yS,k', a river of Ei'ench Guiana, flows N.N.E., and, separating the island of Cayenne from the mainland, enters the Atlantic. Length, 70 miles. Ouzbegistan, Asia, See Bokhara and Tookkistan. Ouzbeks, a people of Tartary. See Oozbeks. Ouzbin^ ooz^been', a village of Afghanistan, 35 miles E. of Cabool, in a valley of the same name. Ouzeil) two rivers of Russia. See Oozkn. Oozouer le Alarche, oo^zoo-i' l^h man^shi', several villages of France, of which the principal is in Luir-et- Cher, 17 miles W. of Orleans. Pop. of commune, 1503. Ovada, o-vi'di, a town of Italy, province and 20 miles S. of Alessandria, on the Orbe. Pop. 7053. O'val^ a post-office of Paulding co., Ga. Ovalle^ o-vi'yA, a town of Chili, province of Coquimbo, 63 miles S.S.E. of Coquimbo, to which port and to Tongoy railways extend. Pop. 4099, Ovar, o-van', a town of Portugal, in Beira, on the Ovar, at the head of its estuary, 15 miles N. of Aveiro. It is supported by fisheries and trade. Pop. 10,37'4. Ovari, Bay of, Hondo. See Bav op Ovari. Oven (iiv'n) Fork, a post-office of Letcher co., Ky. Ovens, iiv'^nz, a post-village in Lunenburg co.. Nova Scotia, at the entrance to Lunenburg Harbor, 4^ miles from Lunenburg. It was once noted for its gold-mines. A promontory 50 feet in height contains a dozen or more cavities facing the sea and resembling ovens. The name is given to a peninsula f mile wide by IJ miles long, to which the gold-mining is at present limited. Pop. 200. Ovens (uv'^nz) River, Southeast Australia, joins the Hume to form the Murray, in lat, 34° 48' S., Ion. 146° 15' E., where it is of less size than the Hume River. O'ver, a town of England, co. and 15 miles E. of Ches- ter. Pop. of township, 5038. O'veralls, a post-hamlet of Warren co., Va. Overboelaere, o'ver-boo-li'r§h, a village of Belgium, East Flanders, on the Dender, 15 miles S.E. of Audenarde. Overbrook, Butler co., Pa. See Mars. O'verbrook, a post-village of Montgomery co., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 5 miles N.W. of Philadelphia. Here is a Catholic theological seminary, which has a library of 11,000 volumes. Overbrook, a township of Wyoming co., Pa. Pop. 433. O'ver Dar'wen, a town of England, co. of Lancaster, 3i miles by rail S. of Blackburn. It is lighted with gas, and cotton-manufacture is carried on to a great extent. Paper manufacturing and staining and silk-weaving and carpet-manufacturing are also carried on. Pop. 21,278, O'verfield, a post-hamlet of Barbour co., W. Va., 10 miles N.W. of Philippi. It has a church and a flour-mill. Overflakkee, o'v^r-fl^k'k^h, an island of the Nether- lands, in South Holland, between two arms of the Rhine (or Maas), the Haringvliet and Flakkee, at their entrance into the North Sea. Length, 25 miles ; breadth, 7 miles. Overhill', a post-hamlet of Upshur co., W. Va., 30 miles S. of Clarksburg. Overijssel, Netherlands. See Overyssel. Overisel, o-v^r-i's^l, a post-township and hamlet of Allegan eo., Mich., about 24 miles S.W. of Grand Rapids. It has 2 churches. It was settled by Hollanders. Pop. 1273. Overmeire, o'ver-miVeh, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 10 miles E*. of Ghent. Pop. 3053. O'verpeck's Station, a post-office of Butler co., 0., on the Miami River, and on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad, 4 miles N. of Hamilton. Overpelt, o'ver-pelt\ a village of Belgium, in Lim- bourg, on the Donimel, 19 miles N. of Hasselt. Pop. 1550. Overschie, o'ver-skee^ a village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 3 miles N.W. of Rotterdam. Pop. 1969. Over^jlaugh, o'v§r-slaw, New York, in the Hudson River, 3 miles below Albany. The channel of the river here is obstructed by sand-bars, rendering tbe navigation difficult at low tide. O'vert, a post-office of White co.. Ark. Overton, a town of England. See Orton, O'vertou, a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, 7 miles by rail S.E. of Motherwell. It has coal-mines. Pop. 1517. Overton, a borough of Wales, co. of Flint, on the Dee, 15 miles S. of Chester. The borough unites with Flint, &c.. in sending one member to Parliament. Pop. 1329. O'verton, a county of Middle Tennessee, bordering on Kentucky, has an area of about 470 square miles. It is drained by Obie's or Obed's River, and the West Fork. The surface is hilly. The soil is fertile. Maize, wheat, oats, cattle, and pork are the staples. This county is lib- erally supplied with timber, — chestnut, ash, hickory, oak, maple, and tulip-tree. Coal is found in it. Capital, Liv- ingston. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,261,160, Pop. in 1S70, 11,297, of whom 11,293 were Americans. Overton, a post-village in Saline township. Cooper co., Mo., on the Missouri River, about 10 miles below Boon- ville. It has 2 churches, a college, a flouring-mill, and a steamboat-landing. Produce is shipped here. Overton, a post-village of Dawson co., Neb., on the Union Pacific Railroad, 220 miles W. of Omaha, and 10 miles E. of Plum Creek. Overton, a post-hamlet in Overton township, Bradford CO., Pa., about 40 miles N.N.E. of Williamsport. Pop. of the township, 550. Overton, a post-office of Shelby co., Tenn., on the Paducab & Memphis Railroad, 7 miles N.N.E. of Memphis. Overton, a post-village of Rusk co., Tex., on the Hen- derson & Overton and International ' & Great Northern Railroads, 59 miles N.E. of Palestine. It has 4 cburches, the Overton Institute, a broom -factory, and saw -mills. Overton, a post-office of Albemarle co., Va. Overyssche-Notre-Dame-au-Bois, oV?b-reesb' not'r-dim-o-bwA., a village of Belgium, in Brabant, on the Yssche, 9 miles S.E. of Brussels. Pop. of commune, 5194. Overyssel, or Overijssel, o'ver-is^sel, a province of the Netherlands, bounded on the W. by the Zuyder Zee, and enclosed landward, by the provinces of Gelderland, Friesland, and Drenthe, and by the Prussian provinces of Hanover and Westphalia. Area, 1312 square miles. Pop. 271,069. Surface almost wholly level, and in great part marshy or heath lands, but along the Yssel is some fertile soil, producing rye, buckwheat, hemp, and fruits. Cattle- rearing and digging turf are the principal branches of in- dustry. Manufactures of linen and cotton fabrics, wicker- wares, mats, and iron goods are carried on. See Yssel. Ovetum, an ancient name of Oviedo. Oviatt, o^ve-at', a post-office of Leelenaw co,, Mich., 12 miles W.N.W. of Traverse City. O'vid, a post-office of Bear Lake eo., Idaho, near Bear Lake, and about 40 miles S.E. of Soda Springs. Ovid, Madison co., Ind, See New CoLunruus. Ovid, a township of Branch co., Mich. Pop. 1101. Ovid, a post-village in Ovid township, Clinton co., Mich., on Maple River, and on the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, 10 miles W. of Owosso, 10 miles E. of St. John, and about 24 miles N.N.E. of Lansing. It has a banking-house, a news- paper office, a union school, 3 churches, a furnace with ma- chine-shop, a flour-mill, 2 saw-mills, and a planing-mill. Pop. about 1400 J of the township, 2553. Ovid, a beautiful post-village, semi-capital of Seneca CO., N.Y., in Ovid township, on a high and fertile ridge, 3 miles E. of Seneca Lake, about 4 miles W. of Cayuga Lake, and about 40 miles N. of Elmira. It contains a court-house, 4 churches, a union school, a newspaper office, a bank, and a steam-mill. The Willard Lunatic Asylum, a large and costly edifice, is located at Willard, about 2 miles from Ovid. Pop. 724; of the township, 2397. Ovid Centre, a post-hamlet in Ovid township, Seneca CO., N.Y., on the Geneva, Ithaca & Sayre Railroad, 20 miles S.S.E. of Geneva. OvidiopOl, o-ve-de-o'pol (L. Ovidiop'olis), a fortified seaport town of Russia, government of Kherson, on the estuary of the Dniester, opposite Akerman, and 20 miles S.W. of Odessa. It has a custom-house and a lazaretto, it being a station of the Russian fleet. Pop. 4687. Oviedo, o-ve-i'no (anc. Ln'ciia As'turum, afterwards Ove'tum), a city of Spain, in the N.W., capital of a prov- ince, near the confluence of the Nalon and Nora Rivers, 61 miles N.N.W. of Leon, and 57 miles E. of the Portuguese frontier. Lat. 43° 22' N. ; Ion. 5° 57' W. The chief edifices are the cathedral, one of the finest in Spain, the ex-coUege of San Vicente, now used for government offices, the con- vent of San Pelayo, the university buildings, the castle, and the general and military hospital. Its educational establishments comprise the university, a normal school, and primary schools. It has a theatre, a fortress of the tenth century, and 11 public fountains, supplied with water by 2 aqueducts. Oviedo has manufactures of arms, hats, and leather. It was the chief place of refuge for the Chris- tian clergy during the early dominion of the Moors. In its vicinity are hot mineral springs and baths. Pop. 31,880. Oviedo, a province of Spain, Asturias, bounded N. by the Bay of Biscay. Area, 4216 square miles. Pop. 605,353. Oviglio, o-veel'yo, a village of Italy, province and 7 miles AV.S.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 2835. Ovil'la, a post-village of Ellis co., Tex., 20 miles S. by AV. of Dallas. It has a church and a seminary. Ovoca, Ireland. See Avoca. Ovolau, o'vo-low\ one of the Feejee Islands, in the ovo 1676 OWE South Pacific, lat. 17° 41' S., Ion. 178° 52' W., about 8 miles long and 7 miles broad. Ovos, Ilha dos, Brazil. See Ilha nos Ovos. Ovrootch, Ovroutch, or Ovrutsch, o-vrootch', a town of Russia, in Volhynia, on the Marinna, 82 miles N. of Zhitomeer. Pop. 5947. Owan'eco, a post-hamlet of Christian co., 111., on the Springfield division of the Ohio & Mississippi Kailroad, 34 miles S.E. of Springfield. It has a church. OAvari, Bay of, Japan. See Bay of Ovari. Ovvas'ca, a post-office of St. John's co., Fla. Owas'co, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., Mo., 28 miles W. by S. of Kirksville. OAVasco, a post-village in Owasco township, Cayuga CO., N.Y., 8 miles S.E. of Auburn. It has 2. churches and a flouring-raill. Pop. about 300. The township is bounded W. by Owasco Lake. Pop. of the township, 1289. Owasco Lake, Nevv York, is in Cayuga co., about 3 miles S.E. of Auburn, and 8 miles E. of Cayuga Lake. It is 10 or 11 miles long, and more than 1 mile wide. Its outlet, called Owasco Creek, issues from the N. end of the lake, Hows through the city of Auburn, and enters the Seneca River about 3 miles N. of Port Byron. This lake is partly sup- plied by the Owasco Inlet, which rises in Tompkins co., runs northward, and enters the S. end of the lake. Owasco Lake, a post-office of Cayuga co., N.Y., on the W. shore of Owasco Lake, at Wyckofif Station on the Southern Central Railroad, 7 miles S.S.E. of Auburn. Owasso, Shiawassee co., Mich. See Owosso. OAvatonna, o-wa-ton'na, a post-town, capital of Steele CO., Minn., in Owatonna township, on Straight River, 37 miles E. by S. of Mankato, 15 miles S. of Faribault, and 90 miles W. of Winona. It is on the Winona & St. Peter Railroad where it crosses the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. It contains a court-house, a Baptist semi- nary, a high school, 2 banks, 8 churches, and 3 newspaper offices. It has 3 flouring-mills, and manufactures of car- riages and farming-implements. Pop. 2799 : of the town- ship, exclusive of the city, 562. Here is a valuable min- eral spring, which contains the bicarbonates of sodium, calcium, and magnesium. Owe'go, a post-office of Ransom co., Dakota. OAVego, a township of Livingston co., III. Pop. 800. OAVego, a handsome post-village, capital of Tioga co., N.Y., is beautifully situated on the N. bank of the Susque- hanna River, at the mouth of Owego Creek, in a township of the same name. It is 37 miles E. of Elmira, 22 miles W. of Binghamton, and 33 miles S.S.E. of Ithaca. It is on the Erie Railroad where it crosses the Southern Central Railroad, and is connected with Ithaca by a branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad. It contains a handsome court-house, 7 churches, the Owego Free Acad- emy, 2 national banks, manufactures of flour, leather, lum- ber, (fcc, and printing-offices which issue 3 weekly news- papers. Here is a bridge across the river ; and near the N. border of the village is the Evergreen Cemetery, on a hill about 200 feet high. Pop. 4756 ; of township, 9442. OAVego, a post-office of Shawano co.. Wis., about 15 miles W.N.W. of the city of Green Bay. OAA^egO Creek, New York, is formed by its East and West Branches, which run nearly southward in Tioga co., and unite about 5 miles N. of Owego. It enters the Sus- quehanna River at Owego. Owen, o'^§n. a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Lauter, 18 miles S.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1438. O'AVeil, a county in the S.W. central part of Indiana,, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by the West Fork of White River, and also drained by Mill Creek. The Eel River touches the S.W. part of the county. The surface is undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests, in which the sugar-maple abounds. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county has beds of good bituminous coal, called block coal. It is intersected by the Indianap- olis & Vincennes Railroad. Capital, Spencer. Valuation of real and personal estate, $8,223,375. Pop. in 1870, 16,137, of whom 15,758 were Americans. OAVen, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by Eagle Creek, and on the S.W. by the Kentucky River. The surface is undulating, and nearly one-third of it is covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, to- bacco, wheat, and pork are the staple products. The Tren- ton or blue limestone underlies the soil. Capital, Owenton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,671,635. Pop. in 1870, 14,309, of whom 14,198 were Americans. OAven, a township of Winnebago co., III. Pop. 929. Owen, a post-township of Clarke co., Ind. Pop. 679. Owen, a township of Clinton co., Ind. Pop. 1118. OAVen, a township of Jackson co., Ind. Pop. 1589. 0\A^en, a township of Warrick co., Ind. Pop. 1440. OAVen, a township of Cerro Gordo co., Iowa. P. 300. OAVensborough, o'enz-biir-ruh, a city, the capital of Daviess co., Ky., is situated on the Ohio River, and on the O.wensborough & Nashville Railroad, about 40 miles above Evansville, Ind., and 150 miles below Louisville. By land it is about 30 miles E. by S. of Henderson. It contains a court-house, 3 banks, a savings-bank, 3 newspaper offices, a college, 2 academies, 13 churches, 6 distilleries of whisky, 18 tobacco-stemmeries, a cigar-factory, 4 flouring-mills, 2 planing-mills, several machine-shops of the railroad, a foundry, and manufactures of chairs, furniture, and brooms. It is lighted with gas. Large quantities of tobacco and whisky are shipped here. Pop. about 7500. OAVensborough Junction, or Stroud City, a post-village of Muhlenburg co., Ky., on the Paducah & Elizabcthtown Railroad, at the S. terminus of the Owens- borough & Nashville Railroad, 35 miles S. of Owensborough, and 126 miles S.W. of Louisville. It has several coal- mines. Pop. about 200. Owensburg, o'enz-burg, a post-village of Greene co., Ind., on the Bedford,' Springville & Bloomfield Railroad, 15 miles S.E. of Bloomfield. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, and a graded school. Coal and iron ore abound here. Ow'ensbyville, a post-office of Heard co., Ga. O'AA'en's Creek, a post-office of Frederick co., Md. OAven's Cross Roads, post-office, Madison co., Ala. OAVen's Ferry, a post-hamlet of Camden co., Ga., on the Great Satilla River, 18 miles S. of Waynesville. OAven's Lake, California, is in Inyo co., at the E. base of the Sierra Nevada, and about 12 miles E. of Mount Whitney. It is nearly 18 miles long and 10 miles wide. It receives Owen's River, which enters it at its northern end, and is filled with strong alkaline and saline waters ; but it has no visible outlet. OAven's Mills, a post-office of Osage co., Mo. OAVen's Mills, a post-hamlet of Chemung co., N.Y., 4 miles N.E. of Chemung Station. It has a lumber-mill. 0\A'en Sound (formerly Sydenham), a town and port of entry of Ontario, capital of the co. of Grey, on Georgian Bay, at the outlet of the river Sydenham, and the terminus of the Toronto, Grey & Bruce Railway, 131 miles N.W. of Toronto. It contains manufactories of mill-machinery, turbine-wheels, agricultural implements, engines, sewing- machines, leather, wooden-ware, tweed and other woollen cloths, ja!ne, Paejaene, pi-yi'neh, or Paijene-Jar- wi, pi-yi'nfh-yau'vec, a lake of Finland, mostly in the province of Nyland, between lat. 61° and 62° 27' N. and Ion. 25° and 25° 50' E. Length, 90 miles ; breadth, 20 miles. Pael, or Paal, pil, a village of Belgium, province of Limbourg, U miles NIW. of Hasselt. Pop. 2580. m PAE 1683 PAI Paentipore, p4-«n-te-por', a town of India, in Oude, division of SeeUpoor. Pop. 5780. Paesaiia, pi-i-sini, a town of Italy, 13 miles W.N.W. of Saluzzo, on tlie Po. Pop. of commune, 6451. Paesi-Bassi, tlie Italian name of tlie Netherlands. PiBStanus Sinus, Italy. See Gulf of Salerno. Pajstum, an ancient name of Pesto. Paete, pi-A'tA, or Paita, pi'ti, a village of the Phil- ippines, island of Luzon, on the W. shore of Lake Bay. Pagahmiou, a town of Burmah. See Pagham-Mew. Pagaiii, pi-g4'nee, a town of Italy, province of Salerno, 22 miles by rail S.E. of Naples. Pop. 12,492. Paganico, pi-gi'ne-ko, a town of Italy, province and 5 miles E. of Aquila. Pop. 4570. Page, a county in the S.W. part of Iowa, bordering on Missouri, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is intersected by the Nodaway, Tarkio, and East Nishnabat- ona Rivers. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and woodlands. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, hay, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county is traversed by a branch of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad. Capital, Clarinda. Valuation of real and personal estate, $7,325,921. Pop. in 1879, 9975, of whom 9335 were Americans; in 1875, 14,274. Page, a county in the N. part of Virginia, has an area of about 280 square miles. It is intersected by the South Fork of the Shenandoah River. The greater part of the surface is a fertile valley, bounded on the S.E. joy the Blue Ridge. Forests cover a large portion of its area. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and grass are the staple products. Lime- stone underlies part of the soil. Copper and marble are said to be found in this county. Capital, Luray. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $3,503,840. Pop. in 1870, 8462, of whom 8424 were Americans. Page Brook, a post-hamlet of Chenango co., N.Y.. in Greene township, 5 miles N.E. of Chenango Forks. It has 2 saw-mills. Page City, a post-haralet of Page eo., Iowa, 6 miles .W.S.W. of Clarinda, and about 60 miles S.E. of Council ■JilufFs. It has a church. Page City, a post-office at Pageville Station, Lafayette CO., Mo., on the Lexington Branch of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Lexington. Page's, a station in Sonoma co., Cal., on the San Francisco & North Pacific Railroad, 49 miles N. of San Francisco. Page's Corners, a hamlet of Herkimer co., N.Y., in Warren township, 2i miles from Richfield Springs. It has a cheese-factory. Here is CuUen Post-Offlce. Page'town, a post-hamlet of Morrow co., 0., about 15 miles E.N.E. of Delaware. Page'ville, a hamlet of Grant co., Ark., about 32 miles S.S.W. of Little Rock. It has a church and a store. Pageville, a post-office of Cumberland co., III., on the Grayville & Mattoon Railroad, 13 miles S.E. of Mattoon. Pageville, a post-hamlet of Barren co., Ky., about 12 miles S.W. of Glasgow. It has 2 stores and a tobacco- warehouse. Pageville, Lafayette co.. Mo. See Page City. Pageville, Meigs co., 0. See Downington. Pag'liam, a parish of England, co. of Sussex, 5 miles S.S.E. of Chichester. An inlet of the English Channel here forms a harbor. Pagliam-Mew, or Pagahmiou, p5,'ga,m^yoo', a ruined town of the Burmese dominions, on the Irrawadd}', 110 miles S.W. of Amarapoora. Paglia, jtliVyl (anc. Pallia), a river of Central Italy, rises in the province of Siena, nnd, after a S.E. course of 30 miles, joins the 'liber at Orvieto. Paglicta, pal-j'4't4, a town of Italy, province of Chieti, 20 miles S.E. of Chieti. Pop. 4192. Paglione, pil-yo'nA, or Pail Ion, pi^yOn', a river of France, flows S.S.W., traverses the city of Nice, and falls into the Mediterranean. Pagny-sur-Moselle,p3,n*yee'-siin-mo*z^ll', a village of France, in Meurthe-et-Moselle, on the Paris & Strasburg Railroad, 12 miles from iMetz. Pop. 1040. Pago, pa'go, an island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, separated from the mainliind by the Morlacca Channel. Lat. about 44° 30' N. Length, 37 miles; breadth, 6 miles. Pop. 5000. Near its centre is the lake or inlet of Zaseha. Pago, the chief town of the above island, is on Lake Zaseha, near the E. coast. Pop. 3219. Pago'sa Peak, Colorado, a peak of the San Juan Mountains or Saguache Range, in the S. part of the state. It is of a pyramidal shape, and is 12,674 feet high. Pagosa Springs, a post-hamlet of Conejos co.. Col., on the Rio de San Juan, 115 miles W. of Alamosa. Eleva- tion, 7095 feet. Here are hot springs with a temperature of 135° Fahr. Pagsanjan, p4g-sa,n-jS,n', a town of the Philippine Islands, in Luzon, on the Pasig, above Manila. Pop. 4665. Paguenema, pi-gi-ni'm3,, a group of 5 small, low, coral islands in the Pacific Ocean. Tagaik, the largest, is in lat. 7° 4' 40" N., Ion. 167° 56° 30' E. Pagus Albinensis. See San Pierre d'Albigny. Pahang, pi-hing' (Port. Pam, pa,M ; native, Paiing), a state of the Malay Peninsula, extending along its E. coast, mostly between lat. 2° and 4° N. and Ion. 103° and 104° E. Estimated pop. 40,000, mostly Malays, negrillo hill- men, and Chinese. The products comprise gold, rattans, gutta-percha, dammar, and tin ; the latter is mostly ex- ported to Singapore. The imports thence and from Malacca consist of opium, silk, rice, tobacco, salt, cloths, and iron- wares. Principal towns, Pahang and Undowe. Pahang, the capital of the above state, is on both sides of a broad and shallow river, which divides the Malay and Chinese quarters, about 5 miles from its mouth. Lat, 3° 34' N. ; Ion. 103° 24' E. Pahaquar'ry, a post-township, forming the N. ex- tremity of Warren co., N.J., is bounded on the N.W. by the Delaware River. It comprises part of the Kittatinny Mountain. Pop. 405. Paharpoor, pd'har-poor', a considerable town of In- dia, near the Indus, 22 miles N. of Dera Ismaeel Khan. Pahlunpoor, an agency of India. See Palanpoor. Pah^poond', or Phaphund, fa-foond', also called Piiuppoond, fup'poond', and Puh'poond', a town of India, district and 35 miles S.E. of Etawah. Pop. 6536. Pah'reah, a post-office and settlement of Kane co., Utah, 40 miles from the Colorado River. Paicines, pJ-se'nSs, a post-office of San Benito co., Cal, Paige, paj, a post-office and station of Bastrop co., Texas, on the Western division of the Houston & Texas Central Railroad, 43 miles E. of Austin. Paijene-Jarwi, a lake of Finland. See P-ej^ene. Paillon, a river of France. See Paglione. Pail'ton, a hamlet of England, co. of Warwick, 5 miles N.N.W. of Rugby. Pop. 628. Paimboeuf, pisi'buf, a town of France, in Loire-In- fcricure, 30 miles W. of Nantes, on the Loire, near its mouth. Pop. 2473. It has a communal college, a school of hydrography, a harbor, and building-yards for vessels. Paimogo, pi-mo'go, a town of Spain, 42 miles N.N.W. of Huelva, on the route to Seville. Pop. 1812. Paimpol, piM'pol', a town of France, C6tes-du-Nord, 22 miles N.W. of Saint-Brieuc, on the English Channel. Painconrt, Kent co., Ontario. See Dover South. Paincourtville, piN-Mioor'veel', a post-village of As- sumjition parish, La., on Bayou La Fourche, about 66 miles W. of New Orleans. Paine's (panz) Hollow, a post-hamlet of Herkimer CO., N.Y., about 22 miles S.E. of Utica. It has 2 churches. Paine's Point, a post-hamlet of Ogle co., III., about 20 miles S.S.W. of Rockford. It has 2 churches. Paine's Prairie, a post-office of Polk co., Mo. Painestown, a post-office of Muhlenburg co., Ky. Painesville, panz'vil, a post-hamlet in James town- ship, Saginaw co., Mich., on the Saginaw Valley & St. Louis Railroad, at its junction with the Michigan Central Railroad, 4 miles S.W. of Saginaw. It has manufactures of bricks, salt, and shingles. The name of its station is Titta- bawassee Junction. Painesville, a post-village, capital of Lake co., 0., is finely situated in Painesville township, on Grand River, and on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 3 miles from Lake Erie, 29 miles E.N.E. of Cleveland, and 66 miles W.S.AV. of Erie, Pa., also the N. terminus of the Painesville & Youngstown Railroad. The Grand River here flows in a deep and picturesque valley, and is crossed by a railroad-bridge which is 800 feet long and rests on 5 piers, 75 feet high. Painesville contains 6 churches, the Lake Erie Female Seminary, a union school, a national bank, 2 other banks, 2 machine-shops, 3 sash- and blind- factories, a foundry, 2 flouring-mills, a large nursery, man- ufactures of carriages, steam-engines, mill-machinery, corn- shellers, &c., and printing-offices which issue 3 weekly newspapers. Pop. 3728 ; nf the township, 4995. Painesville, Vermont. See Essex Junction. Paineville, pan'vil, a post-hamlet of Amelia eo., Va., about 40 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. Painswick, pinz'wik, a town of England, co. and 6 miles S.S.E. of Gloucester. Pop. 4019. It has a spacious church, and manufactures of woollen cloths. \l PAI 1684 PAL Paint, a township' of Fayette co., 0. Pop. 1742. It contains Bloomingburg. - Paint, a post-hamlet in Paint township, Highhmd co., 0., 8 miles S. of Greenfield. It has a church and a distillery. The township is drained by Paint Creek, and contains New Petersburg and Kainsborough. Total pop. 2429. Paint, a township of Holmes co., 0. Pop. 1212. It contains Winesburg. Paint, a township of Madison co., 0. Pop. 955. Paint, a township of Ross co., 0, Pop. lUOl. Paiiit, a township of Wayne co., 0. Pop. 1418. It contains Mount Eaton and West Lebanon. Paint, a township of Clarion co., Pa. Pop. 346. Paint, a township of Somerset co., Pa. Pop. 923. Paint Bank, a post-hamlet of Craig co., Va., 17 miles N. of Alleghany Station. It has a flour-mill and a deposit of red paint. Paint Branch, a station in Prince G-eorge's co., Md., on the Washington Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Bailroad, 32 miles S.S.W. of Baltimore, and 1 mile S. of Branchville. Paint Creek, Oakland co., Mich., flows into Clinton Iliver at Rochester. Paint Creek, Ohio, intersects Ross co., and enters the Scioto River from the W., 2 or 3 miles below Chillicothe. It has afBuents called the North Fork, Rattlesnake Fork, and Sugar Creek, which drain Fayette co. and part of Highland co. Each of these streams is nearly 50 miles long. The North Fork runs southeastward in Ross co., and enters Paint Creek about 3 miles W. of Chillicothe. Paint Creek, West Virginia, rises in Fayette co., runs N.W., and enters the Great Kanawha in Kanawha co. Paint Creek, a township of Allamakee co., Iowa. Pop. 1120. Paint Creek, a post-office of Bourbon co., Kansas, about 14 miles S.W. of Fort Scott. Paint Creek, a post-office of Washtenaw co,, Mich., at Augusta. Paint Creek, a post-otlice of Kanawha co., W. Va., at Clifton, a village on the Kanawha River, 22 miles above Charleston, and 1 mile from Paint Creek Station. Coal is mined here. See also Lovell's. Paint'ed Post, a post-office of Barbour co., Kansas. Painted Post, a post-village of Steuben co., N.Y., on the Erie Railroad, at the confluence of the Conhocton and Tioga Rivers, 2 miles N^W. of Corning, The Rochester division of the Erie Railroad connects here with the main line. This village has 3 churches, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, a machine-shop, an iron-foundry, a flour-mill, and a lumber-mill. Pop. about 700. Painter, Mifflin co., Pa. See Paintersville. Paint'er, a hamlet of Westmoreland co., Pa., H miles from Irwin. It has a church. Coal is rained here. Painter Creek, a post-office of Darke co., 0. Paint'erhood, a post-township of Elk co., Kansas. Pop, 443. Painter's Bridge, a post-office of Chester co., Pa., about 26 miles AV. by S. of Philadelphia. Paint'er's Mill, a post-office of Preston co., W. Va. Paint'ersville, a post-hamlet of Greene co., 0., about 24 miles E.S.E. of Dayton. It has 2 churches. Paintersville, a post-hamlet in Decatur township, Mifflin CO., Pa., on the Sunbury & Lewistown Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Lewistown. It has 2 churches. Paintersville, a station in Westmoreland co., Pa,, on the Southwest Pennsylvania Railroad, 8 miles S.W. of Greensburg. Paint Fork, a post-office of Madison co., N.C. Paint Lick, a post-village of Garrard co.. Ky., on the Richmond Branch of the Louisville *fc Nashville Railroad, 19 miles N.E. of Stanford. It has a church. The village is partly in Madison co. Paint Xjick, a post-office of Tazewell co., Va. Paint Rock, a post-village of Jackson co., Ala., on the Memphis & Charlestim Railroad, near Paint Rock River, 21 miles E. by S. of Huntsville. It has 2 churches and an academy. Paint Rock, a post-office of Madison co., N.C. Paint Rock, a post-office of Roane co,, Tenn., on the Tennessee River. Hero is a steamboat-landing. Paint Rock River, Alabama, rises near the N. boundary of the state, runs southwestward through Jackson CO., and enters the Tennessee River at the S. extremity of Madison co. It is about SO miles long. Paints'ville, a post-village, capital of Johnson co., Ky., is near the West Fork of the Big Sandy River, and about 100 miles (direct) E. by S. of Lexington. It has 2 churches. Pop. 247. Paint Valley, a post-office of Holmes co., 0. Paises Bajos, Europe. See Netherlands. Paishawur, India. See Peshawer. Paisley, piz'lee, a town of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, on the White Cart, and on the Glasgow and Southwestern & Greenock Railways, from which there is a branch to Renfrew, 7 miles W.S.W. of Glasgow. Pop. of parliament- ary borough, 43,240; of the whole town, 62,624. It has numerous churches and chapels, of which the old collegiate abbey church is the most striking; an educational insti- tution, a government school of art, a grammar-school, a philosophical institution, county buildings, jail, barracks, reformatory and ragged schools, poor-houses, and infirmary. The Cart is navigable to Paisley, and a canal passes the town. The principal manufactures are those of silk and other shawls, silks, muslins, cotton thread, and ornamental or fancy goods. There are, besides, iron-foundries, tanneries, breweries, distilleries, soap-works, starch-works, and ex- tensive bleach-fields. County, sheriff", and commissary courts are held here. The borough sends one member to the House of Commons. In the vicinity of the town coal, ironstone, fire-clay, and potter's clay are raised. Professor Wilson and Alexander Wilson the American ornithologist were born here. The town occupies the site of the Roman station A''anduaria, Paisley, a post-village of Bruce co., Ontario, at the confluence of the Teeswater and Saugeen Rivers, and on the Wellington, Grey & Bruce Railway, 86 miles N."\y. of Guelph. It contains 3 churches, an iron-foundry, a brewery, a wuoUen-factory, grist- and saw-mills, a news- paper office, about 2a stores, and 2 hotels. Pop. 1000. See also Caledon East. Paita, a village of the Philippines. See Paete. Paizes Baixos,the Portuguese for the Netherlands.- Pajares de los Oteros, pd-H3,'rfis di loce o-ti'roce, a town of Spain. S.S.E. of Leon. Pop. 1145. Pjyarito, pa-ad-ree'to, a village of Bernalillo co,, New Mexico, on the right bank of the Rio Grande. Pajaro, pi'HS,-ro, a river of California, rises on th( slope of the Coast Range, and, flowing westerly, falls into^ Monterey Bay. It forms the boundary between Monterey and Santa Cruz cos. Pajaro, a township of Monterey co.. Cal. Pop. 761. Pajaro, a, station in Monterey co., Cal., on the South- ern Pacific Railroad, 11 miles N. of Castroville, Pajaro, a township of Santa Cruz co,, Cal. Pop. 3114. It contains Watsonville. Paka, a town of Bohemia. See Neu-Paka. Pak'enhain, a post-village of Ontario, co. of Lanark, on the Mississippi River, and on a railway, 61 miles from Brockville, It contains 4 churches, 2 woollen-factories, saw- and grist-mills, and several stores and hotels. P. 600. Pakia, pdk'l4, Oosop, or Usop, oo-sop', a river of Northeast Siberia, in the country of the Chookchees, after a course of about 200 miles, forms a common estuary with the Chaoon, in the bay of that name, Pak-Nani,pik^nS,m', atown of Siam, on the Menam, 4 miles from the Gulf of Siam, and 20 miles S.E. of Bangkok. Pak-Pattan, pak-pat-t^n', or Pauk-PetUein', a town of the Punjab, near a greatly-frequented ferry over the Ravee, 95 miles S.W. of Lahore. Lat. 30° 20' N. ; lafl?" 73° 13' E. P«p. 6086. Pakracz, pik'rflts', a town of Slavonia, co. and 23 miles W.N.W. of Posega, on an affiuent of the Save. Pop, 1200. It is the see of a Greek bishop. Pakrojanty, pA-kro-ya.n'tee, a town of Russia, gov- ernment and 119 miles N.W, of Vilna. Pop. 1600. Paks, poksh, a town of Hungary, co. of Tolna, 62 miles S. of Buda, on the Danube. Pop. 9070. Pakwan, p&k^v^n', a town of China, in Che-Kiang, on a river which falls into the Bay of Hang-Chow. Pakwaukee, Wisconsin. See Packwaukee. Pala, yk']k, a post-oflice of San Diego co., Cal. Palacios, or Los Palacios, loco pS,-U'the-oce, a town of Spain, province and 12 miles S. of Seville. P. 1S35. Palacios de la Valduerna,p^-li'the-oce di li \k\- doo-fiii'nS,, a town of Spain, province and 27 miles S.W. of Leon, near the Duerna. Pop. 534. PaMack'y, a post-hamlet of Ellsworth co., Kansas, 15 miles S.W. of Fort Harker. Palaj'a (na\aia) and Pala?'o (naXaio) are Greek terms signifying" ancient," and applied to numerous sites and places in the Eiist. Palscocastro, See Gulf of Pal^ocastbo. Palajopolis, p3--le-op'o-lis (i.e., "ancient city;" anc. E'lif), a town of Greece, in the Moren. near where the Feneus issues fi-om the hills, S miles E.S.E. of Gastouni. PAL 1685 PAL Palaeovouni, a mountain of Greece. See Helicon. Falaestina, the Latin name of Palestine. Palaestro, pi-li-5s'tro, a village of Italy, province of Novara, on the Sesia. Pop. of commune, 2456. Palafolls, pi-li-fols', a village of Spain, in Catalonia, province and 40 miles from Barcelona. Pop, 1033. Palafui-gerf, pa.-IA-foou-H^r, or Palafurgell (?), a town of Spain, province and 20 miles E.S.E. of Gerona, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 4597. Palagonia, p4-la-go'ne-a, a town of Sicily, 20 miles S.W. of Catania. Pop. 4909. Palais, Le, a town of France. See Le Palais. Palaiseau, piMA'^zo', a town of France, in Seine-et- Oifee. U miles S.S.W. of Paris. Pop. 2129. Palaja, pi-ld'y^, a town of Italy, province and 18 miles S.E. of Pisa. Pop. of commune, 10,119. Palalawang, pS,-lA-li-wS,ng', an important market- town of Sumatra, province of Padang. PaPamcot'ta, a town of British India, in Madras, 45 miles N.N.E. of Cape Comorin. Pop. 17,945. Palamcotta, a town of British India, presidency of Madras, 47 miles S.S.W. of Pondicherry. Falainos, piMi-moce', a fortified maritime town of Spain, province and 17 miles S.E. of Gerona. Pop. 2043. Palamow, or Palamau, paPa-mow', a region in the N.W. part of the Lohardaga district, Bengal. Area, 4260 square miles; It is a rocky tract. Pop. 366,519. Palancia, pS,-l3.n'the-i (anc. Pallan'tia), a river of Spain, in Valencia, rises about 4 miles W. of Bexis, and, after a S.E. course of 45 miles, enters the Mediterranean 4 miles E. of Murviedro. Palanka, pohMS,n'k6h\ Neij, noi, Deutsch, doitch, and Alt, 5,lt, three contiguous villages of South Hungary, co. and 12 miles S.W. of Bacs, on the Danube, with Koman Catholic and Greek churches. United pop. 8440, Pal^anpoor', PahMunpoor', or Palhanpur, p3,^- lun-poor', a British agency controlling 11 native states in the N.E. part of the province of Guzerat. Total area, 4800 square miles. Pop. 502,586. The town of Palanpoor is 80 miles N. by W. of Ahmedabad. It has active trade and manufactures. Pop. 17,189. It is the capital of a state of the same name, with 215,922 inhabitants. PaMarin', a post-hamlet of Faulkner co.. Ark., on the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad, 17i miles N.W. of Little Rock. It is on the Arkansas River. Palat'inate {Ger. P/alz, pfilts), an old division of Germany, consisting, first, of the Lower Palatinate, or Palat- inate of the Rhine, — chief towns, Mannheim, Heidelberg. Siramern, and Deux-Ponts, — and, secondly, of the Upper Palatinate, in the N. of Bavaria. The whole of the upper and part of the lower portion are now incorporated with Bavaria, forming the governments of Palatinate and Upper Palatinate; the remainder is divided among the states of Rhenish Prussia, Baden, and Hesse. Palatine, pal'a-teen^ or pal'a-tin\ a post-village of Cook CO., III., in Palatine township, on the Chicago «fe Northwestern Railroad, 26 miles N.W. of Chicago. It has 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a graded school, and manu- factures of sash, doors, and blinds. Pop. 1855. Palatine, a post-hamlet of Salem co., N.J., on the West Jersey Railroad, 9 miles N. of Bridgeton. Palatine, a township of Montgomery eo., N.T. Pop. 2713. It contains Palatine Bridge, Palatine Church, and Stone AraTSia. Palatine, a post-village of Marion co., W. Va., on the E. bank of the Monongahela River, opposite Fairmont, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 77 miles S.E. of Wheel- ing. A good suspension-bridge connects it with Fairmont. Palatine has 4 churches, a foundry, and a manufactory of threshing-machines. Pop. 558. Palatine Bridge, a post-village in Palatine township, Montgomery co., N.Y., on the N. bank of the Mohawk River, and on the New York Central Railroad, 40 miles E.S.E. of Utica. It has 2 churches, an academy, and a foundry. Pop. 493. A bridge across the river connects this village with Canajoharie. Palatine Church, a hamlet of Montgomery co., N.Y., in Palatine township, on the Central Railroad, 5 miles N.W. of Palatine Bridge. It has a church. PalatMia, or Pilat'ka, a post-village, capital of Putnam co., Fla., on the W. bank of the St. John's River, about 60 miles S. of Jacksonville, and 30 miles S.W. of St. Augustine. It has 7 churches, a newspaper office, a lumber-mill, and a moss-factory. Cotton, sugar, and oranges are shipped here in steamboats, which ply daily between Jacksonville and this place. Pop. 720. PaPaur', a river of India, rises in Mysore, flows through Arcot and Chingleput (Madras presidency), and enters the Indian Ocean 42 miles S.W. of Madras. Length, 190 miles. It separates North and South Arcot. Palawan, pi-l^-w^in', or Paragua, pi-rft-'gwi, an island of the Malay Archipelago, between Borneo and the Philippine Islands, in lat. 8° 37' to 11° 30' N., Ion. 117° to 120° E., separating the China and Sooloo Seas, and having S. the Balabac Passage. Length, about 2(50 miles ; average breadth, 30 miles. Cowries, gold, ebony, and other fine woods are among its products. Palazzago, pd-lit-sA'go, a village of Italy, in Ber- gamo, 2 miles W. by S. of Aimenno. Pop. 1691. Palazzo, pa-)4t'so, a town of Italy, province of Po- tenza, 17 miles E.S.E. of Melfi. Pop. 6896. Palazzo-Adriano, pi-lat'so-Ldre-S-'no, a town of Italy, in Palermo, 12 miles S.S.E. of Corleone. Pop. 5835. Palazzolo, pi-Ut'so-lo, a village of Italy, in Friuli, with 3 churches and an oratory. Pop. 1300. Palazzuoio, p5,-I^t-soo-o'lo, or Palazzolo, a town of Italy, in Brescia, 5 miles N.W. of Chiari. Pop. 4129. Palazznolo, a town of Italy, province of Caserta, 13 miles S. of Sora. Pop. 1969. Palazzuoio, or Palazzolo, a town of Italy, prov- ince of Syracuse, 13 miles N.W. of Noto. Pop. 10,133. Palcon'da, Palcoou'dah, or Palacon'da, a town of India, district of Vizagapatam, 25 miles N.N.W. of Chicacole. Pop. 8812. Palembang, p3,MSm*bing', a town in the E. part of Sumatra, capital of a province of its own name, extends for about 3 miles along both sides of the Palembang or Moosee River, here 200 yards across, 50 miles from its mouth in the Strait of Banca. Lat. 2° 47' S. ; Ion. 102° 26' E. Pop. 25,000, partly inhabiting houses raised on posts, and partly living on rafts moored in the river. It has a sultan's palace, and dwellings of Arab and Chinese merchants. Its port is one of the best in the Malay Archi- pelago. An active trade is carried on here with Java, Malacca, Penang, and Pi-hio. Palembang, formerly a kingdom, now a Dutch prov- ince, of the island of Sumatra, on the S. coast, bounded E. by the Strait of Banca. Area, 61,908 square miles. Pop. in 1871, 160.343. Palena, p4-li'n4, a town of Italy, province of Chieti, 21 miles S.S.W, of Lanciano. Pop. 4079. Pal encia,pa-lgn'the-4 (anc. Pa^;a?j'a'o),a city of Spain, capital of a province, 114 miles N.W. of Madrid, on the Carrion, an affluent of the Pisuerga. Pop. 13,126. It is surrounded by an old wall, is a bishop's see, aTid has a fine Gothic cathedral, and manufactures of woollens and leather. Palencia, a province of Spain, in Old Castile. It is fertile, and watered b}"^ the Carrion and Pisuerga Rivers. Area, 3128 square miles. Pop. 184,668. Palenque, pS,-lln'k4, a village of Mexico, state of Chiapas, 100 miles E.N.E. of San Cristoval. About 7 miles S.W. of it are some of the most extensive and magnificent ruins in America. The principal of these, called "the Palace," is 220 feet in length by 180 feet in breadth, with numerous sculptures, &g. Pa'lensville, or Pa'lenville, a post-village of Greene co., N.Y., in Catskill township, 10 miles W. by S. of Catskill, and 4 or 5 miles S. of the Mountain House. It is at the E, end of a ravine called tlie Cauterskill Clove, and is a favorite resort of tourists and artists. It has large boarding-houses, a church, a chair-factory, a tannery, &c. Palenzuela, pA-l^n-thwA'Ii, a town of Spain, prov- ince of Palencia, on the Arlanza, 26 miles S.W. of Burgos. Palermo, pd-l^u'mo {Fr. Pa/enne, pa^l^iim' ; anc. Paiwr'mus), a fortified city, capital of Sicily, with a port on the N. side of the island. Lat. of light-house, 38° 8' 2" N. ; ion. 13° 22' 2" E. Pop. in 1876, 228,483. It is built in the form of an amphitheatre, facing the sea, and is en- closed by an old wall. Adjoining the water is the fort of Castellamare. The city is ornamented by numerous foun- tains, and has many handsome edifices, among which may be mentioned a cathedral of the tenth century, surmounted with a modern cupola, and containing many fine sepul- chral monuments in porphyrj'-, among which are those of the Emperor Frederick II. and King Roger the Nor- man; the magnificent churches of St. Peter and St. Dom^- inic; a royal palace in the Norman and Saracenic style, and possessing, among other objects of interest and attrac- tion, the chapel of King Roger, rich in mosaics; the pic- ture-gallery, the armory, the observatory, the archiepis- copal palace, the mint, the oustom-house, public library, 3 theatres, and numerous structures of historic and archi- tectural interest. The port is enclosed by a mole 1300 feet PAL 1686 PAL in length, terminated by a light-house and a battery; a second interior port is reserved for the marine. Palermo is the residence of the military commandant of the island, and has an arsenal and ship-building yards. Its university, founded in 1394, has a fine library of 40,000 volumes and many students. The town has a botanic garden, and nu- merous learned societies. The chief benevolent institu- tions are a royal hospital and a foundling hospital. The manufactures consist chiefly of silks, cottons, oil-cloth, leather, glass, and gloves made from a material furnished by thejyii'na marina. The trade has the advantage of an excellent roadstead and harbor, and has greatly increased since the construction of railways. The principal articles of export are sumach, wine and spirits, fruit, sulphur, skins, oil, essences, linseed, cream of tartar, liquorice, and manna; of import, colonial produce, woollen, cotton, linen, and silk tissues, hardware, earthenware, 'tiN°', a town of France, in Seine, 3^ miles N.E. of Paris. Pop. 13,646. It has manufactures of chemicals, locks, lucifer matches, &c. Pau'ton, a post-hamlet in Panton township, Addison CO., Vt., 5 miles W.S.W. of Vergennes. It has 2 churches. The township is bounded on the E. by Otter Creek, and W. by Lake Champlain. Pop. of the township, 390. Pant Pradinidhi* See Punt Prithee Nidhee. Pant Sucheo, India. See Punt Sucheo. Paiitura, pin-too'ri, a village on the W. coast of Cey- lon, 12 miles S. of Colombo. Pop. 1UI9. Panuco, pS,-noo'ko, a town of Mexico, in Vera Cruz, on the Montezuma or Panuco River, 50 miles from its mouth at Tampico. Pannlcillo, pi-nool-see'yo, a town of Chili, province . of Coquimbo. Pop. 2647. Panwell, pAn^v^U', or Paunwelly, piwn-wfil'lee, a town of British India, Tanna district, 21 miles E. of Bombay, on a river which flows into its harbor. Lat. 18*^ 59' N.; Ion. 73° 15' E. Pop. 10,836. Pany, one of the Philippines. See Panay. Pao, pi'o, a river of Venezuela, flows 120 miles S.S.B., and joins the Cojedes. Piio d'Alho, p6wN« dil'yo, a town of Brazil, 40 miles AV.S.W. of Pernambuco, on the Caparibe. Pop. 1400. pao d'Assucar, pOwN^ dis-soo'kar ("sugar-loaf"), Brazil, an enormous rock of pure granite, devoid of vege- tation, rising abruptly from the sea to the height of 600 PAO 1693 PAP feet, on the W. side of the entrance into the Bay of Rio Janeiro. On this rock stands the fort of Sao Joao. Pao-Khin^, pi'o-king' or pow^-king', a town of China, in Hoo-Nan. Lat. 27° N. ; Ion. 111° 12' E. Faola, pi'o-lA, or Paula, pow'li (ano. Pati/coa or Patycus), a city of Italy, province of Cosenza, on a height, near the sea, 13 miles W.N.W. of Cogenza. Pop. 8468. It is defended seaward by a fortress and 2 towers, and has several churches and convents, 2 hospitals, and manufac- tures of woollen cloths and silks and earthenware. Pao'Ia, a city, and the ctvpital of Miami co., Kansas, in Paola township, on Peoria or Bull Creek, 43 miles S.S.W.of Kansas City, about 34 miles S.S.E. of Lawrence, and 22 miles E. by S. of Ottawa. It is surrounded by fertile prai- ries. It contains a court-house, 7 churches, 2 newspaper oflfices, a high school with a building which cost $50,000, a national bank, 2 flour-mills, an elevator, and 2 carriage- shops. It is on the Missouri River, Fort Scott & Gulf Railroad, and is the W. terminus of the Osage Branch of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad. Pop. 1523 ; of the township, exclusive of the city, 749. Pao'Ji, a post-hamlet of Madison co., Ga., about 2S miles N.E. of Athens. It has a church. Faoli, a post-village, capital of Orange co., Ind., in Paoli township, 40 miles N.W. of New Albany, and 12 miles S. of Mitchell. It contains a court-house, 2 churches, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, and the Southern Indiana Normal School, and has manufactures of flour, furniture, &Q. Pop. 628 J of the township, 2350. Paoli, a post-office and station in Chester co., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 19 miles AV. by N. of Philadel- phia. It has a hotel. Near this place General Wayne was surprised and defeated by the British in the night of Sep- tember 21, 1777. Paoli, a post-village in Montrose township, Dane co., Wis., on Sugar River, about 16 miles S.S.W. of Madison. It' has 2 churches, a high school, a cheese-factory, and a Paoli Road, a station of Chester co., Pa., on the Chester Valley Railroad, 12 miles E. of Downingtown. Pao-Ning, pa^o-ning', a town of China, province of Se-Chuen. Lat. 31° 32' N.j Ion. 106° E. Paoo, Paou, pi'oo, Paw, San'dalwood, or Tacanova, td,-k4-no'vi, one of the principal islands of the Feejee Archipelago, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 17° S. ; Ion. 179° E. It is stated to be 130 miles in circumference, and populous. Sandalwood is one of its chief products. Pao-Ting, pi^o-ting', a town of China, province of Pe-Chee-Lee, 95 miles S.W. of Peking. It is second in its province after the capital, and is the seat of the provin- cial viceroy. Papa, p§:'p6h\ a town of Hungary, co. and 26 miles N.AV. of Veszprim, on an atfluent of the Marczal. Pop. 14,233. It has a castle and grounds belonging to Prince Esterhazy, churches, synagogues, convents and hospitals, a gymnasium, and schools for the poor. Papa Adassi, or Papa l>onisia. See Prinkipos. Papaete, a town of Tahiti. See Papkiti. Papagaio, pa,-pi-ghi'o, or Papagayos, pS.-pa,- ghi'oce, a group of islets of Brazil, oil' the S.E. coast of Rio de Janeiro, between Capes Frio and Busios. Papagayo, pS,-pi-ghi'o, a gulf and volcano of Nica- ragua, S.W. of the Lake of Nicaragua, the gulf an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, and the volcano on its N.E. shore. Papagayo is also the name of the southernmost point of Lanzarote, Canary Islands. Papaka'tiiig, a post-hamlet of Sussex co., N.J., 4 miles S.W. of Deckertown, It has a flour-mill. Papandayang, p^-p^n-d3.-y^ng', a volcano of Java, 87 miles S.E. of Batavia, A violent and destructive erup- tion occurred in it August 11 and 12, 1772. Papantla, pd-pint'lfL, a village of Mexico, state of Vera Cruz, 125 miles S.S.E. of Tampico. It has a trade in maize, tobacco, red pepper, and vanilla. Papari, pi-pi-ree', a village of Brazil, province of Rio Grande do Norte, on a lake of the same name, 4 miles S. of Natal. Papas, Greece. See Cape Kalogtiia. Papasquiero,pi-p^s-ke-4'ro, a town of Mexico, state and 5U miles W.N.W. of Durango, on the Culican. Pop. about 3800. Pa'pa-Stour, one of the Shetland Islands, in Scot- land, on the S. side of the entrance of St. Magnus Bay. Length, 2A miles. Pop. 351, mostly fishermen. Another small island in Shetland bears the name of Papa. Pa'pa-Stron'sa, an island of the Orkney group, in Scotland, N.E. of Stronsa, about 3 miles in circumference. Papa-West'ray, an island of the Orkney group, in Scotland, li miles N.E. of Westray. Length, 3i miles. Pop. 370. Pap^iti, pi-pi-ee'tee, written also Papaete, a town of the Society Islands, on the N.E. coast of Tahiti, of which it is the capital. It has a fine harbor, a palace for the queen, a cathedral, a court-house, &c., with other public buildings, erected by the French. It is the great emporium of the trade of Southeastern Polynesia. Papenburg, pi'pen-booRCj', a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 21 miles S.S.E. of Emden, and united to the Ems by several canals. Pop. 6819. It has ship-building docks, and manufactures of tobacco, chiccory, and linen fabrics. Papendrecht, pA'p?n-dr^Kt\ a village of the Nether- lands, in South Holland, on the Waal, 1 mile N.E. of Bort. Pop. 2328. Pa'per Mill, a post-office of Salt Lake co., Utah. Paper Mills, a post-office of Baltimore co., Md. Pa'perville, a post-village of Sullivan co., Tenn., 3 miles from Bristol. It has 2 churches, Papevert (Fr. pron.p&pVair'), a village of St. James parish, La., 3 miles from Winchester. It has 3 churches. Paphos, an ancient city of Cyprus. See Baffa. Papia, the ancient name of Pavia, in Italy. Papil'lon, or Papil'lion, a post-village of Sarpy CO., Neb., on the Little Paj)illon Piiver, and on the Union Pacific Railroad. It is 15 miles by railroad, or 10 miles in a direct line, S.W. of Omaha. It has a newspaper office, a bank, a graded school, 4 churches, a flour-mill, and manu- factures of bricks, cheese, farming-implements, 3,-rS,-ee'ba^, a river of Brazil, province of Parahiba, to which it gives name, joins the Atlantic by an estuary in lat. 7° S' S., Ion. 34° 45' W., after an eastward course of 270 miles. In sum- mer its bed is dry beyond 20 leagues from its mouth, near which, on its S. bank, is the city of Parahiba. Parahiba, a maritime province of Brazil, intersected by the 7th parallel of S. latitude, between lat. 6° and 8° S. and Ion. 34° 40' and 38° 40' W., having E. the Atlantic Ocean, and inland the provinces of Rio Grande do Norte and Pernambuco. Area, 20,346 square miles. Pop. 376,226. The surface is mostly elevated. The principal rivers are the Parahiba and Mamanguape. The chief products are cotton and sugar, with Brazil wood, drugs, and timber. Cattle of European breeds are numerous. The principal exports are cotton, sugar, and rum. Capital, Parahiba. Parahiba, a city of Brazil, capital of a province, on the right bank of the Parahiba, near its mouth in the At- lantic, 65 miles N.N.W. of Pernambuco. Pop. 14,000. It consists of a lower and an upper town. The former is the commercial quarter; one of its chief edifices is a fine gov- ernment warehouse. In the upper town the streets are wide and well paved, the architecture antiquated. Here are Franciscan and other convents, the princijial churches, prison, governor's palace, military arsenal, and treasury, which last is built in an imposing style. The trade is chiefly in sugar, cotton, and Brazil wood. Near the city are some coffee-plantations. It has a good port. Parahiba do Sul, pS,-r4-ee'ba, do sool, or the South- ern Parahiba, a river of Brazil, provinces of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, enters the Atlantic at Sao Joao de Praya, in lat. 21° 40' S., Ion. 40° 45' W., after an E. course of 500 miles. Its chief affluents are the Pombal and Muriahe. Parahiba do Sul, a town of Brazil, province and 40 miles N. of Rio de Janeiro. Pop. 2000. Parahibuna, pS,-ra,-ee-boo'n5., a town of Brazil, prov- ince and SO miles N.E. of Sao Paulo. Pop. 2000. Parahitinga, p^-rS,-ee-tin'g3,, a town of Brazil, prov- ince and 140 miles N.E. of Sao Paulo, on the left bank of the Parahiba. Pop. 4000. Parahyba, or Paraiba, Brazil. See Parahiba. Paraiso (pS,-r3,-eeJso) Springs, a post-ofiice of Mon- terey CO.. Cal. * Paraje, p^-r^'ni. a post-hamlet of Socorro eo.. New Mexico, 8 miles S.S."\V. of Fort Craig. Par'allel, a post-office of Riley co., Kansas, about 40 miles N. of Junction City, Paralta, par-al'ta, a post-hamlet of Linn co., Iowa, on the Sabula, Ackiey & Dakota Railroad, 4 miles E. of Marion. Paramaribo, par^a-mar'e-bo, the capital town of Dutch Guiana, on the W. bank of the Surinam, 5 miles PiAR 1696 VikR from its mouth in the Atlantic, in lat. 5° 49' N"., Ion. 55° 22' W. Pop. 22,000, mostly blacks. It is regularly built, and the streets are ornamented with rows of tamarind and orange trees. It has Lutheran, Calvinistic, Roman Cath- olic, and English churches, Portuguese and German Jewish synagogues, and is the centre of the trade of the colony. Fort Zeelandia, N. of the town, is the residence of the gov- ernor. It has a hospiUil for lepers, on the right bank of the Coppenaine, where patients are maintained at the expense of the colony. It has an extensive trade by sea. Paramatta, par^a-mat'ta, a town of New South AYales, CO. of Cumberland, on the Paramatta Uiver, at a railway junction, 13 miles W.N.W. of Sydney, with which it com- municates by steamboats. Pop. 6103. It has a summer residence of the governor of the colony, is the seat of sev- eral orphan asylums, schools, barracks, and hospitals, and has manufactures of flour and woollen goods. Paramatta, a river of New South Wales, enters Port Jackson after an E. course of 12 miles. Parambakudi, India. See Parmagudi. Paramithia, a town of Turkey. See Paramythia. Paramo d'Assuay, p3.'rS,-mo d3,s-swi', a pass across the Andes, in Ecuador, between lat. 0° and 2° S. Eleva- tion, 15.528 feet. Paramo de Guanacas. See GuA^fACAS. Paramo, 3Iountaiiis of. See Andes. Paramoosheer, Paramouchir, or Paramu- schir, pS,-ri-moo-sheer', written al^o Poramiishir and Poromuschir, one of the Kooril Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, 35 miles S.of Kamchatka. Lat. 50° 50' N.; Ion. 155^ 26' E. Length, from N. to S., 60 miles; breadth, 20 miles. It abounds with wild animals, and exports large quantities of fox-, otter-, and wolf-skins. Par'amus, a hamlet of Bergen co., N.J., 2 miles from Rochelle Park. It has 2 churches, a brewery, and a mill. Paramythia, or Paramithia, pS--rLme-thee'a, a town of European Turkey, in Epirus, 30 miles S.W. of Yanina. Pop. 5000. It consists of an upper and a lower town, and has an old castle, garrisoned by Turks, and re- mains of ancient walls. It is a Greek bishop's see. Parana, pi-rS,-n^', a large river of South America, and one of the principal which contribute to form the Rio de la Plata, rises by numerous heads in the Brazilian province of Minas-Gcraes, between lat. 22° and 23° S. and Ion. ■15° and 46° W., near the sources of the rivers Doce and Sao Fran- cisco, and less than 120 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. It flows in a S.W. direction, bounding the state of Paraguay on the E. and S., and separating it, with the Brazilian prov- ince of Matto-Grosso, from Sao Paulo and the Argentine provinces of Corrientes and Missiones. Near Corrientes, in lat. 27° 25' S., it joins the Paraguay and confers its own name on the united stream. Thence its course is southward to within 50 miles of Buenos Ayres, where it unites with the Uruguay River to form the estuary of the Plata. Its total course is at least 2000 miles. In its upper part it receives numerous large affluents, as the Parana- Iba, Tiete, Pardo, Paranapaneme, and Curitiba ; but, owing to falls, it is navigable only to the island of Apipe, 100 miles above its junction with the Paraguay. Below this point it is navigable for vessels of 300 tons, and receives the considerable rivers Salado and Quarto from the W. In the Argentine Republic, Rosario, Candelaria, Itati, Corrientes, Santa Lucia, and Bajada de Santa Fe are on its banks. Paranfl is also a name of the Rio Negro (Brazil). Parana, a province in the S. of Brazil, extending from the ocean on the E. to the river Parana, which separates it from Paraguay. Area, 108,557 square miles. It is a fruit- ful region, with a fine climate and great reputed mineral wealth. Capital, Curitiba. Pop. 126,722. Parana, Argentine Republic. SeeBA.iADADESANTA Fe. Paranagua, p3,-rd-n^-gw^',a maritime town of Brazil, province of Parand, on a bay of the same name in the At- lantic, 170 miles S.W. of Santos. Pop. 7000. Its port is excellent, and is fitted for vessels of 400 tons. It has a cus- tom-house, a hospital, and extensive export of mat^. Paranahiba, Parana-Iba, or Paranahyba, pd- ra-ni-ee'bi, a river of Brazil, province of Goyaz, joins the Curumba to form the Parand, 180 miles S. of Villa Bon, after a westward course of about 500 miles. On it, near its source, is the town of Paranahiba. See also Parnahiba. Paranapaneme, p^-ri-nfl--p^-ni'mi, and Paran- nan, pa-ran-ndn', are considerable rivers of Brazil, prov- inces of Sao Paulo and Goyaz, respectively tributaries to the Paranii and the Tocantins. Parangla, pi-ring'gli, or Parang, pi^r^ng', a mountain-pass of the West Himalayas, which at its summit is 19,132 feet above sea-level. Lat. 32° 30' N.-j Ion. 7S° E. Paranpeba, p3,-r^n-pi'b3., a river of Brazil, rises in the province of Minas-Geraes, and joins the Sao Francisco on the right, about 40 miles below the junction of the Pari. Total course, about 250 miles. Parapara, pd,-rS.-pS.'rd, a town of Venezuela, state of Guarico, 20 miles N.W. of Ortiz. Pop. 7675. Parapiti, pa-r^-pe-tee', a river of Bolivia, which is- sues from the N.E. extremity of Lake Granada, flows E.N.E., and, after a course of about 80 miles, falls into Lake Ubahy on the S. Parati, pS,-ri-tee', a seaport town of Brazil, province of Rio de Janeiro, 135 miles E.N.E. of Sao Paulo, on the AY. coast of the Bay of Angra dos Reis. Pop. 10,000. It is small, regularly built, and has churches, a grammar- school, many distilleries, and an extensive commerce. Paratschin, or Parajin, p^-ri-zheen', a town of Servia, 12 miles S.E. of Jagodin. Pop. 4836. Paray-le-Monial, pan-i'-leh-rao*nee'S,l', a town of France, in Saone-et-Loire, in a rich valley, 7 miles W. of CharoUes. Pop. 2S95. It has tanneries, potteries, and dye-works, but is chiefly noted as a place of pilgrimage. Parazatu, Brazil. See Paraqatu, Parch Corn, a post-office of Scott co., Tenn. Parchelaga Creek, Georgia. See Patsaliga. Parchim , paRK'im, or Parchen, paRK'en, a town of Germany, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the Elbe, 21 miles S.E. of Schwerin. Pop. S264. It is enclosed by walls, is subdivided into an old and a new town, and has manufac- tures of woollens, leather, chiccory, straw hats, and tobacco, Parch'ment Valley, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., W. Va., 36 miles S. of Scott's Dei^ot. It has 2 churches. Parchwitz, paRK'^its, a town of Prussian Silesia, 10 miles N.E. of Liegnitz, on the Katzbach. Pop. 1370. Parcip'pany, or Parsip'pany, a post-village in Hanover township, Morris co,, N.J., 3 miles S. of Boonton, and about 7 miles N.E. of Morristown. It has 2 churches. Par'dee, a post-village of Atchison co., Kansas, 3 miles from Cummings Station, which is on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, lOA miles S.W. of Atchison. It has a normal school. Par'deeville, a post-village in Wyocena township, Columbia co., Wis., on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, S miles E. of Portage City. Ii has 2 churches. Pardo, paR'do, a river of Brazil, rises in the S. part of Matto-Grosso. After a course of about 280 miles, gener- ally S.E., it joins the Parang on the right in lat. 21° 36' S. Pardoe, par-do', a post-village in Findley township, Mercer co., Pa., on the Shenango & Alleghany Railroad, 5 miles E. of Mercer, and 20 miles E. of Sharon. It has 1 or 2 churches and a coal-mine. Pop. about 400. Pardubitz, paRMoo-bits\ a town of Bohemia, on the Elbe, and on the Northern State Railway, 61 miles E. of Prague. It has iron-forges, paper-mills, &c. Pop. 8195. Parechia, p^-r^-kee'd, Paroikia,p4-Ro-e-kee'a,or Paro, pa'ro (anc. Pa'roa), the capita! town of the island of Pares, Grecian Archipelago, on the W. side of the island. About 4 miles E. are quarries of Parian marble. Parcels, pi-ri-sees', a cordillera of Brazil, in the N.AV. part of the province of Matto-Grosso, in lat. 15° to 19° S. Paredes de Nava, p^-ri'n^s di nS,'v^ a town of Spain, province and 15 miles N.W. of Palencia. It has 4 parish churches, a hospital, and manufactures of coarse hempen cloths. Pop. 4769. Paredon, pS,-ri-don', or Great Paredon Kay, an island of the West Indies, in the old Bahama Channel, N. of Cuba. Lat. 22° 25' N.; Ion. 78° 8' W. Length, 10 miles, by 2 miles in breadth. Pareenuggur, p^-ree-niig'giir, a ruined city of India, the remains of which, near Verawow, on the peninsula of Parkur, Runn of Cutch, extend over a space of 2 miles. Parenzo, pd-r^n'zo, a town of Austro-Hungary, Istria, on its W. coast, 10 miles N. of Rovigno. Pop. 6333. Pareto, pa-ri'to, a village of Italy, province of Genoa, S. of Acqui. Pop. 1757. Par'lreyville, a hamlet of Waupaca co., Wis., 4^ miles from Waupaca. It has a church. Parga, par'g^, a fortified maritime town of Turkey, in Epirus, on a rocky height, opposite the island of Paxo, 33 miles W.N.W. of Arta. Lat. 39° 16' N. Pop. 4000, Parham, par'am, a town of Antigua, on the N.E. coast. It has a good harbor. Pop. about 800. Par'ham's, a post-hamlet of Catahoula parish. La., on Black River, 15 miles below Trinity. It has a church, Parham's Store, a post-office of Sussex co., Va. Paria, Gulf of, Venezuela. See Gulf op Paria. Par'ida, a village on the left hank of the Rio Grando, in Socorro co., New Mexico, near Socorro. PAR 1697 PAR Paridson§:, a village of Thibet. See Phari. Farigne I'Eveque, piVeen^yi' liV^k', a town of France, in Sarthe, 9 miles S.E. of Le Mans. Pop. 1068. Parilla, a town of Peru. See Santa. Parima, a river of Brazil. See Rio Branco. Parima, Sierra, se-^r'r5. pi-ree'mi, or Parime, pS,-ree'm4 (?), an irregular cluster of mountains of Vene- zuela, hit. 4° to 6° 30' N., Ion. 64° to 67° W., connected on the S.E. with the Sierra Pacaraiina, and giving rise to the Orinoco and other large rivers. Mount Maravaca, the highest point, is above 10,000 feet high. Pariiiacochas (pA-re-ni-lvo'chis), Lake of, in South Peru, department of Ayacucho, S.W. of Pausa, surrounded by high mountains. It is 20 miles in length from N.W. to S.E., traversed by the river Pausa, and is stated to be 10,000 feet above the sea. It gives name to a province of Peru. Parinaco'ta, a mountain of Bolivia, near the coast, in lat. 18° 10' S., Ion. 69° 11' W. Height, 22,030 feet. Paris, pir'ris (Fr. pron. pi'ree'; Ger. pron. pi-riss' ; It. Parigl, pi-ree'jee: Port, and Sp. Parin, p4-reece' ; anc. Zute'tia, or Liite'tia Paviiiio' rum, afterwards Parie'ii; Gr. AouTijTt'a or AouKy)Tia), the metropolis of the French Repub- lic, the great centre of European civilization and learning, and, after London, the most populous city in Christendom, is situated on both banks of the river Seine, 111 miles from its mouth, and 212 miles S.E. of London. Lat. of the Ob- servatory, 48° 50' 12" N. ; Ion. 2° 20' 22^" E. Mean tem- perature of the year, 51.3° Fahr. ; winter, 37.8°; summer, 64.0°. Mean annual fall of rain, 25 inches j average number of rainy days, 105; days on which snow falls, 12. Paris is one of the greatest, most beautiful, richest, and most indus- trious cities of the world. The work of its embellishment has been in progress for 30 years, especially since 1856. The narrow, small, unhealthy lanes have given place to long and broad streets and boulevards sided by magnificent buildings. The commune of Paris, surrounded by the for- tifications, extends on both sides of the Seine over an area of 19,278 acres. The interior circumference of the fortifi- cations, comprising two breadths of the Seine, is 21 miles in length. It is divided into 20 arrondissements, each of which is subdivided into quarters. This space comprises 2 distinct portions : 1st, that included within the old city wall, erected for the collection of the oc(/-t>/, or customs; and 2d, the comn)unes of the banlieii, comprised between the old wall and the line of the new fortifications. The first part, which forms the 12 municipal arrondissements of the commune of Paris, is in many parts covered with splen- did monuments, magnificent hotels, and gardens. The houses are generally lofty and built in a uniform style. The new streets are wide, straight, well paved, and lighted with gas ; but many of the old streets are narrow and crooked. The Rue de Rivoli, prolonged on the W. by the Avenue des Champs-Elysees and on the E. by the Rue du Faubourg St. Antoine, intersects the northern division of Paris from E. to W., within a short distance of the river. The Boulevard de Sebastopol, at right angles to the Rue de Rivoli, intersects the city from N. to S. The old and chief line of the boulevards forms a semicircle, the chord of which is the Rue de Rivoli from the Place de la Bastille to the Rue Royale. The new Boulevard Malesherbes, extending N.W. from the Madeleine, and Boulevard Prince Eugene, on the E., between the Place du Trone and the Boulevard St. Mar- tin, are very fine streets ; the Boulevard de Magenta is a continuation of the latter to the N.AV. Beyond this is the irregular line of the outer boulevards ; while a third ring is formed by the fortifications. The Seine, which traverses Paris from E. to W, for a length of 7 miles, is lined with spacious quays and bordered with trees. On it are moored washing-boats, in which from 400 to 500 women are daily engaged, and floating baths. Within the limits of the city it is crossed by 27 bridges of various kinds, eight of which have been constructed since 1852 ; on two of these payment is exacted from passengers. It receives the small stream of Bievre or the Gobelins at the Quai de I'Hopital, and the Canal of St. Martin, which joins those of the Ourcq and St. Denis. It here forms two islands, the He St. Louis and the lie de la Cite, on which last is situated the cathedral church of Notre Dame, a Gothic building in the form of a Latin cross, with a magnificent fagade, terminating by two square towers 295 feet in height, the restoration of which Wiis completed in June, 1864; the Hotel-Dieu, the Palais de Justice, and the Pont-Neuf, which latter connects the He de la Cite with both sides of the river. This is the largest bridge in Paris, and one of the oldest, having been reconstructed in 1852; in its centre is a bronze statue of Henry IV. The portion of Paris situated on the right bank 3f the river is the most extensive, and contains the' greatest 107 number of public offices. It is also the richest and most commercial, its centre being occupied by the Bourse (Ex- change) of Paris. Among the many splendid edifices of this quarter are the triumphal arch (Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel), an imitation of the arch of Septimius Severus at Rome, erected by Napoleon in 1806 to the glory of the French armies; the palace of the Louvre, appropriated to I'ich collections of paintings, sculpture, bronzes, antiquities, and prints; the new Louvre, uniting the now destroyed palace of the Tuileries with the Louvre; the Oratoire, the largest Protestant church in Paris ; the Palais Royal, still great, though partly destroyed by the Commune; the palace of the Elysee Napoleon, where Napoleon I, signed his last abdication; the Halles Centrales (central markets) ; the old Tour de la Boucherie, at the intersection of the Rue de Ri- voli and the Boulevard de Sebastopol ; the lIGtel de Ville, the municipal palace of Paris; the new Italian opera-house, opened in 1876 ; and the church of the Madeleine. Its principal streets and squares are the Place de la Concorde, an immense square, decorated with fountains and statues; the Place des Victoires, in which are the Bank of France and an equestrian statue of Louis XIV. ; the Place Ven- dome, in the centre of which stands the triumphal bronze column erected by Napoleon I., pulled down by the Commu- nists, but re-erected in 1874; the Place Bastille, with the Colonne de Juillet, a bronze monument 154 feet high, erected on the site of the Bastille, in honor of those who fell in the revolution of 1830 ; the Place du Trone, where is a tri- umphal arch erected to commemorate the prowess of the French armies between 1852-62; Rue de Rivoli, one of the finest streets of the city, nearly 2 miles long ; Rue de la Paix, and Rue Castiglione. Most of these are in the centre or W. of Paris. The finest and most fashionable prome- nades are the Boulevards and Champs-Elysees, at the W. end of which are the triumphal arch of L'Etoile and the Bois de Boulogne; the Place du Carrousel, the Garden of the Tuileries, and in the E. the cemetery of Pere-la-Chaise. The left bank of the river contains the Boulevard St. Germain, the principal residence of the oldest noblesse; the boulevards are here also planted, but the promenades are not frequented. On this side is the Pays Latin, the seat of the principal educational establishments, and the Sorbonne, College of France, colleges of St. Louis, Louis-le-Grand, Henri IV., polytechnic school, the normal school, inaugu- rated in 1846, the school of medicine, and schools of law. The principal public buildings on this side are the palace of the Luxembourg, in part appropriated to the ex- hibition of the works of living artists; the Fontaine St. Michel, a marble structure 82 feet high ; palace of the fine arts ; the Odeon and Lycee St. Louis ; Assemblee Nationale ; the palace of the Institute, containing the Mazarin Library ; the Observatory, at the end of the Boulevard de Sebastopol, with a library of 45,000 volumes; the mint, with a collec- tion of coins, dies, and medals from the time of Charles VIII.; the Pantheon, a colossal edifice, occupying the highest part of Paris, originally designed for a church, but afterwards appropriated to the remains of eminent French- men ; the Hotel des Invalides, an immense military hos- pital for 5000 men, with a library of 30,000 volumes, a collection of models of fortifications, and an elegant dome, and in the centre of which is a church containing the tombs of Napoleon I., Turenne, and Vauban ; the military school, situated in the Champ-de-Mars, where the Exhibition build- ings of 1867 were erected (and where another great inter- national exhibition took place in the summer of 1878), 1500 feet long by 1245 feet broad ; the botanic garden (Jardin des Plantes), and the celebrated tapestry- and carpet-manu- factory of the Gobelins. This quarter also contains the greater number of hospitals, the largest of which, the Sal- petriere, has upwards of 4500 inmates. Here are also the ruins of the Palais des Thermes, and the Hotel de Cluny, founded by Du Sommerard, and purchased by the state, con- taining a museum of arts, arms, and antiquities ; the abat- toirs (slaughter-houses) of Grenelle and Villejuif, and the artesian well. There are 8 prisons in Paris, including the Conciergerie in the Palais de Justice, the principal being La Force, on the Boulevard Mazas, near the Lyons railway terminus. A great portion of this quarter was built from quarries extending under the river, which formed the cele- brated catacombs used as a deposit for the bones found in the cemeteries at the time of their suppression. The space contained between the city wall and the fortified circle is composed of the communes of the banlieu, in which the population has greatly increased within a few years ; but the greater part of it is still occupied by fields or gardens. These communes comprise on the right bank Bercy, Cha- ronne, Belleville, La Vilette, La Chapelle, Montmartre, PAR 1698 PAR Les Batignolles, Passy, and Auteuil ; and on the left bank Grenelle, Vaugirard, Montrouge, and Gentilly. The ap- proach to the new walls is defended by 16 detached forts, including Romainville, Noisy, Rosny, Nogent, Charenton, and the castle of Vincennes, on tlie E. ; Bieetre, Montrouge, Vanvres, and Issy, on the S. ; Mont Valerien, on the W. ; Aubervilliers, and St. Denis with the Couronne de la Briche, and double Couronne, on the N. Considered in reference to its scientific, literary, and edu- cational establishments, Paris surpasses all other cities of the world. The headquarters of the University of Paris are at the Sorbonne, founded 1253, near the H6tel de Cluny, where degrees are granted in the faculties of sciences, letters, and theology, and where gratuitous public lectures are given; the college occupies an area of nearly three acres, and its library contains 8t),000 volumes. The Ecolede Droit (school of law) is in the Place du Pantheon. The Ecole de Mede- cine is in the street of the same name. The College Natio- nale de France, founded in 1530 by Francis I., is in the Rue St. Jacques J it has 29 professors, all the lectures being gra- tuitous. There are five lyceums, or preparatory schools, supported by government, comprising 178 professors, 1800 boarders, and 2960 dny-seholars; also three municipal col- leges for the annexed communes. Among the special schools are the Ecoles Polytechnique, Nationale, Normale, des Beaux-Arts, des Mines, and the Conservatoires des Arts and de Musique; the Observatory, containing a valuable collec- tion of astronomical and mathematical instruments; the Jardin des Plantes, a large botanic garden, with museums of natural history and a collection of living animals; and the conservatory of arts and trades, containing models and de- scriptionsof machinery. A garden of 45^ acres, with 25 hot- houses, was opened in 1860 by the Acclimatation Society in the W. part of the Bois de Boulogne, in which legions of plants of every description are reared, and afterwards transplanted to ornament the public gardens of Parin. Paris is the seat of numerous learned and other societies, among which are the society for the encouragement of national industry, societies of agriculture, geography, geol- ogy, statistics, and antiquities. There are 32 libraries in Paris, 6 of which are public; of these the great national library (Bibliotheque Nationale) is a magnificent institu- tion. It is divided into 5 sections, containing — 1, printed works and pamphlets, 1,800,000, including duplicates; 2, manuscripts, 200,000 volumes; 3, medals and antiquities, 170,000, and 10,000 gems; 4, engravings, 1,300,000: 5, maps and charts, 300,000. The charity of Paris is admin- istered by the department of Assistance Publique, whose staff numbers about 2200. There are 8 general and 7 spe- cial hospitals. The benevolent institutions comprise a deaf- mute institution, with 12 professors, a school for the blind, a government pawn bank, and numerous civil, maternity, foundling, and orphan hospitals. The principal theatres are the Opera or Academy of Music, Theatre Frangais, Opera Comique, Odeon, Italian Theatre, many minor thea- tres, an Olympic circus, panorama, diorama, and geo- rama. The industrial establishments of Paris embrace all kinds of manufactures and commerce, but it is especially distinguished for objects of taste and fashion, — furniture, jewelry, trinkets, bronzes, porcelain, mirrors, clocks and watches, painted paper, perfumery, bonnets, gloves, and carriages. There are about 30,000 master tailors, shoe- makers, hatters, furriers, dressmakers, and milliners, em- ploying 120,000 men and women, and doing business to the amount of $60,000,000 a year. The manufacture of trinkets (articles de Paris) employs about 120,000 opera- tives. The confectioners produce annually about $1 ,200,000 worth of goods. The carpets and tapestries of the Gobelins are held in high estimation, and Paris is celebrated for its mathematical and optical instruments. It is one of the chief centres in Europe for the production of works con- nected with literature and the fine arts. It has 13 prin- cipal newspapers, besides periodical sheets of journals, re- views, bulletins, and annals of politics, literature, science, arts, and fashions. The commerce of Paris is facilitated by navigation on the Seine, by its connection with many canals, and by rails to the chief towns of France. It has a cham- ber of commerce with a commercial library, an exchange which publishes daily returns, and it is the seat of all the principal financial, industrial, and commercial societies in the country. Among the eminent persons that Paris has produced may be mentioned the great Conde, Prince Eu- gene of Savoy, Rousseau the poet. Thou the historian, Moliere, Boileau, Voltaire, RoUin, D'Alembert, the painters Lebrun and David, the geographer D'Anville, Lavoisier, Madame Roland, and Madame de Stael. Paris was a place of importance in the time of Caesar; it was then confined to the island in the Seine, now called the lie de la Cite, and was capital of that part of Gaul occupied by the Parian. Under the Roman emperors it was greatly extended. Clovis fixed his empire here in 508. The establishment of the University, in the year 1200, gave it great importance ; it was surrounded by walls under Philip Augustus ; the inner or city wall (d'octroi) was built nearly as it now stands, in 1786. The new line of fortifications was commenced in 1840, and finished in 1848. Paris was delivered up to the English in 1420, and held by them for six years. The allied army entered it in 1814-15. The first revolution began July 14, 1789 ; the second, July 27, 1830 ; and the third, February 23, 1848. During the Franco-German war of 1870-71, Paris was invested by the German armies, the investment com- mencing on September 21, 1870, three weeks after the battle of Sedan. After a short and not very destructive bombard- ment, Paris surrendered February 27, 1871, and on March 1 the German troops, headed by Emperor William I., made their entry into the city, proceeding, however, under the terms of the capitulation, not farther than from the Bois de Boulogne to the Place de la Concorde. On March 18, while yet the German armies were holding the heights surround- ing Paris, looking down upon the city, a terrible insurrec- tion, known as that of the Commune, broke out, forcing the government and legislature to withdraw to Versailles. Paris was taken by storm by the " army of Versailles," May 28, 1871, the leaders of the Commune having, previous to the entrance of the troops, burnt the palace of the Tuile- ries (partially), the Hotel de Ville, and many other of the principal buildings. The Tuileries and the Hotel have not been rebuilt. Pop. in 1876, 1,988,806. Adj. and inhiib. Parisian, par-izh'an (Fr. Parisien, psLVee'ze-dN'^' (mascu- line), and Parisienne, paVee^ze-enn' (feminine). Par'is, a post-village, capital of Logan co., Ark., about 18 miles S. by E. of Ozark. Paris, a post-ofRce of Union co., Dakota. Paris, a post-haralet, capital of Bear Lake co., Idaho, about 40 miles from Franklin Station of the Utah Northern Railroad. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Paris, a post-town, capital of Edgar co.. III., in Paris township, on the Illinois Midland Railroad, and on the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad where it crosses the Paris & Danville Railroad, 19 miles W.N.W. of Terre Haute, 36 miles S. of Danville, and 170 miles E.N.E. of St, Louis, Mo. It contains a court-house, 7 churches, a normal acad- emy, 2 national banks, and 3 newspaper offices. Pop. in 1870, 3057 ; of the township, 4522. Paris, a post-village of Jennings co., Ind., on Graham's Fork, and on the Ohio A Mississippi Railroad, 12 miles S. of North Vernon, and about 16 miles W.N.W. of Madison. It has a flour-mill, 2 saw-mills, and 4 stores. Pop. 400. Paris, a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 18i miles E.N.E. of Centreville, Iowa. Paris, a township of Howard co., Iowa. Pop. 571. Paris, a post-village in Jackson township, Linn co., Iowa, on the Wapsipinicon River, 15 miles N. of Marion, and 21 miles N. by E. of Cedar Rapids. Pop. 110. Paris, a post-hamlet of Lincoln co., Kansas, 16 miles from Beloit. It has a church and a plough-factory. Paris, a township of Linn co., Kansas. Pop. 1287. It contains Mansfield and Farlinville. Paris, a city, the capital of Bourbon co., Ky., is situ- ated on Stoner Creek, and on the Kentucky Central Railroad, at its junction with the Maysville & Lexington Railroad, 19 miles N.E. of Lexington, and 80 miles S. by E. of Cov- ington. It contains a court-house, a military institute, 3 banks with an aggregate capital of $(575,000, the Bourbon Female College, the Garth Female College, 3 newspaper oflSces, gas-works, 10 churches, and manufactures of flour, rope, and whisky. Pop. 2655. Paris, or Paris Hill, a post-village, capital of Oxford CO., Me., in Paris township, about 50 miles N. by E. of Portland, and 2 miles E. of the Grand Trunk Railroad, It is on a hill about 800 feet high, and is surrounded by pic- turesque scenery. It has a court-house, 2 churches, a news- paper office, 2 or 3 hotels, and nn academy. The township contains also South Paris (which see). Mount Mica, in Paris township, is remarkable for the abundance and va- riety of rare minerals which it contains. Fine specimens of tourmaline are found here. Pop. of the township, 2765. Paris, a township of Huron co., Mich. Pop. S91. Paris, a township of Kent co., Mich. Pop. 1543. Paris, a post-village in Green township, Mecosta co., Mich., on Muskegon River, and on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, 7 miles S. of Reed City, and 60 miles N. by E. of Grand Rapids. It has a church, a lumber- mill, and a grist-mill. Pop. about 250. PAR 1699 PAR Paris, a hamlet of Lafayette co., Miss., 13 miles E. of Water Valley. It has 2 churches and a tannery. Paris, a post-village, capital of Monroe co.. Mo., is pleasantly situated in Jackson township, on the Middle Fork of Salt River, and on the Missouri, Kansas it Te.\as Railroad (Main Line), 4-t miles W.S.W. of Hannibal, and 26 miles E. by N. of Moberly. It contains a court-house, a high school, a national bank, 2 newspaper offices, 5 churches, and manufactures of furniture and woollen goods. Pop. about 1500. Paris, a post-township of Oneida co., N.Y., is inter- sected by the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Rail- road, and drained by Sauquoit Creek. Pop. of the town- ship, 3596. It contains villages named Clayville and Sau- quoit, and has manufactures of cotton goods, paper, woollens, Ac. Paris Station is 17 miles by rail S.W. of Utica. Paris Post-Office is at Paris Hill. Paris, a post-office of Anson co., N.C. Paris, a township of Portage co., 0. Pop. 691. Paris, Preble co., 0. See Nfjw Paris. Paris, a post-village in Paris township. Stark co., 0., 11 miles E. of Canton, and about 10 miles S.S.W. of Alli- ance. It has 3 churches, a tannery, and a wagon-shop. Pop. of the township, 2625. Paris, a township of Union co., 0. Pop. 2838. It contains Marysville. Paris, a post-hamlet of Washington co.. Pa., about 31 miles W. by S. of Pittsburg. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Paris, a post-office of Laurens co., S.C. Paris, a post-village, capital of Henry co., Tenn., on the Louisville & Memphis Railroad, 131 miles N.E. of Memphis, and 69 miles W.S.W. of Clarksville. It contains 4 or 5 churches, a seminary or college, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, 9 dry-goods stores, 3 hotels, 2 cotton-factories, a flour-mill, and 2 tobacco-factories. Cotton and tobacco are the chief articles of export. Pop. about 1600. Paris, a flourishing town, capital of Lamar co., Tex., is on the Tex.as & Pacific Railroad (Trans-Continental di- vision), 6-1 miles E. of Sherman. It has a court-house, 2 banks, 7 churches, the Lamar Female Seminary, a high school, 2 newspaper offices, and manufactures of brooms, furniture, ploughs, wagons, sash, blinds, Ac. Pop. -4500. Paris, a post-village of Fauquier co., Va., is at the S.E. ba«e of the Blue Ridge, and about 20 miles S.E. of Winchester. It h.as a church and a tannery. Paris, a township of Grant co.. Wis. Pop. 940. Paris, a post-office in Paris township, Kenosha co., Wis., about 15 miles S.W. of Racine. The township has 4 churches. Pop. of the township, 1018. Paris, a town of Ontario, co. of Brant, on Grand River, at the intersection of the Great Western and Bufl'iilo &, Goderich Branch of the Grand Trunk Railway, 29 miles W. of Hamilton. Here are 6 churches, a branch bank, 2 news- paper offices, 7 hotels, about 40 stores, and manufactories of woollen goods, iron castings, machinery, leather, flour, and tobacco. The town also has an oil-refinery, pottery, knitting-mills, plaster-mills, and extensive beds of gypsum in the vicinity. Paris is a port of entry. Pop. 2640. Parisburg, Virginia. See Peaiusburg. Paris Cros'sing, a post-office of Jennings co., Ind. Par'ish, a post-village in Parish township, Oswego co., N.Y., on Salmon Creek, and on the Syracuse Northern Rail- road, 11 miles S. of Pulaski, and 27 miles N. of Syracuse. It has a church, a tannery, a flour-mill, and a newspaper office. Pop. of the township, 2062. Parish Grove, township, Benton co., Ind. Pop. 193. Paris Hill, Oxford co.. Me. See Paris. Paris Hill, a post-village of Oneida co., N.Y., in Paris township, lOi miles S.W. of Utica, and 3 miles N. of Paris Station. It has 2 churches. Here is Paris Post-Office. Par'ishville, a post-village in Parishville township, St. Lawrence CO., N.Y., on the West Branch of the St. Regis River, 9 miles E.S.E.of Potsdam, and about 34 miles E. by S. of Ogdensburg. The river here descends 125 feet in the course of a mile, and furnishes abundant motive- power. Parishville has 3 churches, a cheese-factory, and a lumber-mill. Pop. 312 ; of the township, 2043. Parishville, a post-hamlet of Frederick CO., Va., 14 miles W. of Winchester. Parishville Centre, a post-hamlet of St. Lawrence CO.. N.Y., about 12 miles E. by N. of Canton. Parisii, an ancient name of Paris. Paris (or Par'ry) Island, an island of Beaufort co., S.C, 4 miles S. of Beaufort. It is bounded on the W. by Broad River, and on the S. by Port Royal Bay. The soil is fertile, and produces fine sea-island cotton. Paris Landing, a post-village of Henry co., Tenn., on the Tennessee River, 14 miles N. of Danville Railroad Station. It has a tobacco-factory. Pop. about 150. Paris Mountain, a township of Greenville co S C Pop. 690. ' ' ■ Paris Springs, a post-office and watering-place of Lawrence co.. Mo., about 25 miles W. by S. of Springfield. Here are mineral springs, a hotel, and a church. Par'isville, a post-hamlet of Huron co., Mich., in Paris township, about 60 miles N. of Port Huron. It has a church and a flour-mill. Parisville, a post-office of Portage co., 0. Parita, pi-ree'ti, agulf of the United States of Colom- bia, state of Panama, on the W. side of the Gulf of Panama, about 30 miles across, and extending 20 miles inland. Parita, a town of the United States of Colombia, on the Gulf of Parita, state and 100 miles S.W. of Panama. Pariwara (pi-re-wi'ra.) Islands, a group in the Pacific, S.E. of Papua. Lat. 9° 12' S. ; Ion. 146° 50' E. Park, a county in the central part of Colorado, has an area of about 2OO0 square miles. It is drained by the South Fork of the Platte River, which rises in it. The surface is diversified with grand mountain-scenery, and forests of pine, fir, and other trees. The Park Range of the Rocky Mountains extends along the N. and W. border of this county, which comprises the vast and fertile plain or valley called the South Park (which see). It is liberally supplied with timber and water, and produces good natural pasture, also barley, oats, butter, and potatoes. The prin- cipal sedimentary rocks found in the South Park are triassic. Among its mineral resources are silver, gold, copper, zinc, lead, limestone, and granite. The value of the silver mined in this^ county in 1875 was $618,000. Capital, Fair Play. Valuation of real and personal estate, $175,569. Pop. in 1870, 447, of whom 332 were Americans. Park, a post-office of Greene co., Ind., about 46 miles S.E. of Terre H.aute. Park, a township of Sedgwick co., Kansas. Pop. 189. Park, a post-h.amlet of Barren co., Ky., 9 miles S.E. of Horse Cave Station. It has a church. Park, a township of St. Joseph co., Mich. Pop. 1274. Park, a township of Clay co., Minn. Pop. 190. Park, a post-oflice of Kearney CO., Neb. Park, a post-office and station of Chemung co., N.Y., on the Utica, Ithaca & Elmira Railroad, 17 miles N.N.E. of Elmira. Here is a hotel. Parkany, piRMtafi', a town of Hungary, on the Dan- ube, CO. of and immediately opposite Gran. Pop. 1562. Park City, a hamlet of Sedgwick co., Kansas, on the Arkansas River, about 12 miles above Wichita. Park City, a post-office and mining-camp of Summit CO., Utah, about 30 miles E. of Salt Lake City. It has a silver-mine .and 3 quartz-mills. Park Cone, Colorado, a conical peak of the Elk Mountains, in lat. 38° 48' N., Ion. 106° 36' W. Its alti- tude is 12,021 feet above the sea-level. Park Corner, a post-village in Queens co.. Prince Edward Island, S miles from Princetown. Pop. 300. Park'dale, a post-village in Tumuli township, Otter Tail CO., Minn., 22 miles from Campbell Station. It has a church and a flour-mill. Parkdale, a station in Camden co., N.J., on the New Jersey Southern Railroad. Parke, park, a county in the W. part of Indiana, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Wabash River, and is intersected by Sugar and Raccoon Creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests of the oak, sugar- maple, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, cattle, hay, and pork are the staple products. Mines of good bituminous coal, called block coal, have been opened in this county. It is intersected by the Logansport, Craw- fordsville li, Southwestern Railroad. Capital, Rockville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $15,746,300. Pon in 1870, 18,166, of whom 17,895 were Americans. Parke, York co.. Pa. See Brogueville Station. Parke Bar, a township of Yuba co., Cal. Pop. 250 Park'er, a county in the N. part of Texas, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is intersected by the Brazos River. A large part of the surface is covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cattle and Indian corn are the staple products. Capital, Weatherford. Valuation of real and personal estate, §938,129. Pop. in 1870, 4186, of whom 4161 were natives and 25 were foreigners. Parker, a post-office of Yuma co., Arizona, on the Colorado River, 180 miles S.W. of Prescott. Here is an Indian agency. PAR 1700 PAR Parker, a township of Clark cc, 111. Pop. 863. Parker, Randolph co., Ind. See Morristown. Parker, a decayed post-village of Montgomery co., Kansas, on the Verdigris River, 3 miles below Cofifeyville, and near the Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston Railroad. Pop. of township, excluding Coffeyville, 772. Parker, a township of Morris co., Kansas. Pop. 601. It contains Parkersville. Parker, a post-office of Andrew co.. Mo., about 30 miles N. by W. of St. Joseph. Parker, a township of Butler co., Pa. Pop. 1309. Parker, a station of the Potomac, Fredericksburg & Piedmont Railroad, 17i miles W. of Fredericksburg, Va. Parker City, or Parker's Landing (former name Lawrenceburg), a post-town of Armstrong co., Pa., on the W. bank of the Alleghany River, and on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, at its junction with the Parker & Karns City Railroad, 82 miles N. by E. of Pittsburg, and 50 miles S. of Oil City. It is mainly supported by operations in oil, which abounds in the vicinity. The name of its railroad station is Pariter. It contains an opera-house, 5 churches, a bank, a savings-bank, an oil exchange, several hotels, a steam saw-mill, a flouring-mill, &c., and printing-oiRces which issue a daily and a weekly newspaper. Parker is situated at the base of a bluff about 300 feet high, and has an iron bridge over the river, which here flows through picturesque scenery. Pop. about 3500. Parker Junction, Pennsylvania. See East Parkeh. Parker's, a stLition on the Manchester tt North Weare Railroad, 10 miles N.W. of Manchester, N.H. Park'ersburg, a post-village in Richland co., III., on the Grayville & Mattoon Railroad, 10 miles S. of OIney. It has 2 churches and a plough-factory. Parkersburg, a post-hamlet in Scott township, Mont- gomery CO., Ind., 12 miles S. of Crawfordsville. It has 3 churches. Parkersburg, a post-village in Albion township, But- ler CO., Iowa, on Beaver Creek, and on the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, 118 miles W. of Dubuque. It has a newspaper oiiice, 2 churches, a bank, a flour-mill, a graded school, and a money-order post-office. Pop. about 700. Parkersburg, a post-office of Coos co., Oregon. Parkersburg, a post-office of Hardeman co., Tenn. Parkersburg, a city, the capital of Wood co., W. Va., is pleasantly situated on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Little Kanawha River, about 95 miles below AVheeling, and 12 miles below Marietta, 0. By railroad it is 384 miles W. of Baltimore, and 196 miles E. by N. of Cincin- nati. It is a W. terminus of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- road, which here connects with the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad. The railroad trains cross the Ohio River here on a noble bridge, which was erected in 1869-71 and cost more than $1,000,000. It is IJ miles long, has 6 spans over the river, and numerous approaching spans. Parkersburg contains a court-house, 12 churches, several high schools, 3 national banks, gas-works, a fine new building erected by the United States for a post-office and court-house, 5 oil-refineries, 2 large lumber-mills, 3 iron-foundries, 5 ma- chine-shops, chemical works, 2 boiter-shops, .and 2 barrel- factories. Three weekly newspapers and 2 monthly papers are published here. The city has an extensive trade in oil (petroleum), which is procured in this and adjoining counties. Pop. in 1870, 5516; present pop. about 9000. Parker's Corners, a village of Gorham township, Cumberland CO., Me. It has a church. Parker's Mead, a post-hamlet of Sag.adahoo co.. Mo., on the Kennebec River, 10 miles S. of Bath, and about 4 miles from the ocean. It has a church. Much ice is exported from this place. Parker's Lake, a post-office of Hennepin co., Minn. Parker's Landing, Pa. See Parker Citv. Parker's Prairie, a post-h.amlet and township of Otter Tail co., Minn., .about 20 miles N. of Alexandria. Pop. of Parker's Pjairie township, 658. Parker's Settlement, a post-hamlet of Posey co., Ind., Ill miles N.W. of Evansville. Parker's Station, a post-office of Scott co.. Mo., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad. Parker's Station, Pennsylvania. See East Parker. Parker's Store, a post-oifice of Pulaski co., Ark. Parker's Store, a post-hamlet of Hart co., Ga., 12 miles N. of Hartwell. It has 2 churches. Park'ersvil I e, a post-village in Parker township, Mor- ris CO., Kansas, on the Neosho division of the Missouri, Kansas &■ Texas Railroad, 24 miles S.S.E. of Junction City, and 12 miles N.W. of Council Grove. It has a steam saw- mill and a grist-mill. Pop. about 250. Parkersville, a post-village of Chester co.. Pa., 1 mile from Pocopson Station, which is 17 miles N. by W. of Wil- mington, Del. It has a church. Park'erville, a post-village in Shrewsbury township, Monmouth co., N.J., 1 mile from Shrewsbury Station, which is 40 miles g. of New York City. It has a church and a carriage-shop. Pop. about 300. Parkerville, a h.amlet of Clark co., Washington, on the Columbia River, 40 miles above Kalama. Pop. 35. Here is Washougal Post-Office. Parkesburg, parks'burg, a post-village in Sadsbury township, Chester co.. Pa., in Chester Valley, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 44 miles W. of Philadelphia. It has Iron-works, a machine-shop, a newspaper office, the Parkesburg Institute, a b.ank, and 3 churches. Pop. 700. Parkestown, parks'town,a hamlet of Burlington co., N.J., 1 mile from West Creek Station. It has 2 churches. Park'gate, a town of England, co. and 12 miles N.AV. of Chester, on the Dee. It has a quay and many good residences for the accommodation of sea-bathers. Park Hall, or Park Hill, a post-office of St. Mary's CO., Md., about 58 miles S. of Annapolis. Park'head, a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark, now forming a part of Glasgow. It has many iron-foundries and machine-shops. Park Head, a post-village in Bruce co., Ontario, 15 miles W. of Owen Sound. Pop. 150. Park Hill, a post-hamlet of Di.xon co.. Neb., 20 miles N. of Wisner. Park Hill, a post-ofiice of Burke co., N.C. Park Hill, a market-town of Ontario, co. of Middle- sex, on the Grand Trunk Railway, 128 miles W. of Toronto. It has several churches and hotels, about 30 stores, and manufactories of iron castings, mill-machinery, leather, musical instruments, &c., also grist-, saw-, and carding- mills, and a newspaper office. Pop. 1500. Park'hurst, a post-village in Lotbiniere co., Quebec, 31 miles S. of Quebec. Pop. 150. Park'ins' 3Iills, a post-village of Frederick co.,Vii., 5 miles from Winchester. It has a church, a flouring-mill, and a saw-mill. Park'inson's Landing, a post-village of Hardin CO., 111., on the Ohio River, 25 miles S. of Equality. It has 2 stores. Park'man, a post-vill.age in Parkman township, Pis- cataquis CO., Me., about 44 miles W.N.W. of Bangor. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 1105. Parkman, a post-village in Parkman township, Geauga CO., 0., on Grand River, about 40 miles E.S.E. of Cleve- land, and 18 miles N.W. of Warren. It has 3 churches, a high school, a cheese-factory, a flour-mill, &g. Pop. about 450; of the township, 953. Park Mills, a post-village of Frederick co., Md., about 48 miles W. of Baltimore. It has 3 flour-mills and several churches. Park, National. See Yellowstone National Pakk, and YosEMiTE Vallicy. Park Place, a post-office of Lee co., Ark. Park Place, a station on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad, 13 miles N. of Cincinnati, 0. Park Place, a post-h.amlet of Snohomish co., Wash- ington, on the Skywamish River, 6 miles E. of Snohomish. Park Range, Colorado, a portion of the Rocky Moun- tain system, which trends nearly N. and S. It is near Ion. 106° W., and near the W. border of the South Park. Its highest peaks are Mount Lincoln (14,297 feet). Quandary Peak (14,269 feet), and Buckskin Mountain (14,022 feet). Gold occurs* in many parts of this range. The peaks are singularly sharp, and many of them totally inaccessible. Sedimentary rocks are found on the summits of this range. Silver is mined on Mount Lincoln. Park Ridge, a post-village in Maine township. Cook CO., 111., on the Chicago &, Northwestern Railroad, 12 miles N.W. of Chicago. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, and a brick -yard; also an artesian min- eral well, 1600 feet deep, with strongly medicinal waters. Park Ridge, a post-hamlet of Bergen co., N.J., on the New Jersey & New York Railroad, 25 miles N. of Jersey City. It has 2 churches and Park Ridge Institute. Park's, a post-office of Scott co.. Ark. Park's Corners, a post-hamlet in Leroy township, Boone co.. 111., 21 miles N.E. of Rockford. It has a church. Park's Ci-eek, a post-office of Bradford co., Pn. Park's Grove, a post-hamlet of St. Clair co., Mo., 16 miles S. by E. of Clinton. Parks of Colorado. See Middle Park, North Park, &c. PAR 1701 PAR Park's Station, a post-hamlet of Maury co., Tenn., on the Duck River Valley Railroad, 10 miles S.E. of Co- lumbia. It has a steam saw-mill. Park's Store, a post-ofiice of Jackson co., Ala. Park's Store, a post-office of Edgefield co., S.C. Park Station, a station on the Los Angeles & Inde- pendence Railroad, 4 miles W. of Los Angeles, Cal. Park'stone, a northeastern suburb of Poole, England, CO. of Dorset, with many tine villas. Pop. 131S. Parks'ville, a post-village of Boyle co., Ky., on the Knoxville Branch of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 89 miles S.S.E. of Louisville. It has a church, and manu- factures of lumber, flour, and farming-utensils. Pop. 173. Parksville, New Jersey. See Parkville. Parksville, a post-village in Liberty township, Sulli- van CO., N.Y., on the New York & Oawego Midland Rail- road, 113 miles N.W. of New York. It has a church, a tannery, a flour-mill, a lumber-mill, &c. Parksville, a post-hamlet of Polk co., Tenn., about 50 miles E. of Chattanooga. Park'ton, a post-village of Baltimore co., Md., on the Northern Central Railroad, 29 miles N. of Baltimore. It has a church and 4 general stores. Parkur, par-kur', a peninsula of India, on the N. side of the Runn of Cutch. Lat. 24° 20' N. ; Ion. 70° 52' E. Parkuta, par-koo'td., a town of Asia, in Bulti, 22 miles E.S.E. of Iskardoh. Lat. 35° 3' N. ; Ion. 75° 51' E. Park Vieiv, a post-office of Rio Arriba co., New Mexico. Park View Mountain, Colorado, a peak of the Rocky Mountains, in lat. 40° 19' 12" N. and Ion. 106° 7' 12" W. It is on the N. border of the Middle Park, and has an altitude of 12,433 feet above the sea-level. Park'ville, a post-office of Shasta co., Cal. Parkville, a post-office of Hartford co., Conn., on the Hartford, Providence & Fishkill Railroad, 2 miles S.W. of Hartford. Parkville, a post-village of Champaign co., 1)1., on the Wabash Railroad, 14 miles S.S.W. of Champaign. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, a seminary, a flour- mill, &c. Parkville, or Parkeville, a post-hamlet of Parke CO., Ind., 2 miles E. of Judson Station, and 9 miles E.N.E. of Rockville. It has a church. Parkville, a post-village in Park township, St. Joseph CO., Mich., on the Portage River, 22 miles S. of Kalamazoo. It has 3 churches, a flour-mill, and a woolien-mill, Parkville, a post-village of Platte co., Mo., on the Missouri River, and on the Kansas City, St. Joseph (t Council Bluffs Railroad, about 22 miles below Leavenworth, and 10 miles N.W. of Kansas City. It has 3 churches, a college, and quarries of limestone. Pop. about 500. Parkville, or Parks'ville, a hamlet of Gloucester CO., N.J., on the Swedcsborough Branch Railroad, 3 miles S.W. of Woodbury. Parkville, a post-village of Kings co., N.Y., in Flat- bush township, 4 miles S. of Brooklyn. It has 4 churches. Park'wood, a post-hamlet of Indiana co.. Pa., 8 miles W.S.W. of Indi.ina, and 38 miles E. by N. of Pittsburg. Paria, pau'li, a village of Spain, in New Castile, prov- ince and 13 miles S. of Madrid. Pop. 1097. Par'ley's Park, a post-village of Summit co., Utah, 22 miles S. by W. of Echo Railroad SUtion. It has a church, a silver-mine, and several silver-mills, Par'lin Pond, a post-office and plantation of Somerset CO., Me. Pop. 11. Par'low, a town of the Malay Archipelago, on the W. coast of the island of Celebes, on a river which flows into Parlow Bay. Lat. 1° S. It is the residence of a rajah. Parma, par'ma (L. and It. Parma, pan'md, ; Fr. Panne, paRm), a city of Italy, capital of the province of Parma, is situated on the Parma, an affluent of the Po, 72 miles S.E. of Milan. Lat. 44° 48' 15" N. ; Ion. 10° 20' 8" E. Pop. in 1876, 42,169. It is of a circular form, surrounded by walls, and entered by 5 gates, and has a glacis forming a public promenade. The chief public edifices are a cathe- dral, with valuable paintings, the palace, with a library of 206,000 volumes, an academy of the fine arts, a museum of antiquities, a botanic garden, a public library, and a mu- sical school. It has a university, numerous scientific estab- lishments, civil and military hospitals, and a school for deaf-mutes. The manufactures comprise silk goods, cottons, woollens, lace, earthenware, swords, cutlery, glass, and musi- cal instruments. The trade is chiefly in corn, silk, cheese, pastry, wine, and salted provisions. Parma is the see of a bishop. It is said to be of Etruscan origin, but is first spoken of as a Roman colony. Parma, a province of Italy, in Emilia, bounded S. by the Apennines and N. by the Po. Area, 1251 square miles. Chief products, silk, cheese, oil, wine, marble, grain, and fruits. It was a part of the former duchy of Parma. Capi- tal, Parma. Pop. 264,381. Par'ma, a post-hamlet of Pottawattamie co., Iowa, in Centre township, about 30 miles E. of Council Bluffs. It has a church. Parma, a post-village in Parma and Sandstone town- ships, Jackson co., Mich., on the Michigan Central Rail- road, 10 miles W. of Jackson, and about 35 miles S. of Lansing. It contains a bank, 3 churches, a union school, 1 or 2 flouring-mills, a planing-mill, and a foundry. Pop. about 900; of Parma township, 1407. Parma, a post-village in Parma township, Monroe co., N.Y., 2 miles from Spencerport Station, and about 10 miles W.N.W. of Rochester. It has 2 churches, a tannery, a grist-mill, a foundry, &c. The township is bounded N. by Lake Ontario, and contains North Parma, on the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad. Pop. of township, 2963. Parma, a post-hamlet in Parma township, Cuyahoga CO., 0., about 8 miles S. by W. of Cleveland. The township has 4 churches and a pop. of 1432. Parma Centre, a post-village in Parma township, Monroe co., N.Y., U or 12 miles N.W. of Rochester. It has 3 churches and a grist-mill. Parmagudi, par-mi-goo'dee, or Parambakudi, par-^m-bfL-koo'dee, a town of India, 21 miles W.N.W. of Madura, with important native manufactures of silk car- pets, muslins, silks, &c. Pop. 6284. Parm'alee, a post-hamlet of Barry co., Mich., in Thornapple township, on the Michigan Central Railroad, 18 miles S.S.E. of Grand Rapids. It has a church, an ele- vator, and a steam saw-mill. Par'mer, a county of the Panhandle of Texas, bounded W. by New Mexico. Parmes^warpoor', a town of Bengal, district and 10 miles N. of Boglipoor. Pop. 3621. Parmitchie, par-mitch'ee, a post-hamlet of Alcorn CO., Miss., 8 miles S.W. of Corinth. It has a nursery, and manufactures of ploughs, wagons, &c. Parm'leysville, a post-hamlet of Wayne co., Ky^, 100 miles S, of Lexington. It has a church and a mill. Parnac, pau^nak', a village of France, in Indre, 22 miles S.E. of Le Blanc. Pop. 1404. Parnahiba, paR-nS,-ee'ba, a river of Brazil, rises near lat. 11° S., Ion. 47° W., flows N.N.E., separating the prov- inces of Piauhy and Maranhao, and enters the Atlantic by several mouths about lat. 2° 50' S., Ion. 41° 35' W. Total course estimated at 750 miles. It drains the whole prov- ince of Piauhy, its chief affluents from the S. and E. being the Urucahi, Piauhy, Poti, and Goroguea; from the W. it receives the Balsas. Parnahiba, near its mouth, is the chief of the towns on its banks. See also Paranahiba. Parnahiba, a town of Brazil, province of Piauhy, on the E. bank of the Parnahiba, near its mouth. It is an entrepot for cotton and leather. Parnahiba, a town of Brazil, province and 43 miles W. of Sao Paulo, on the river Tiete. Parnas'sus, or Liakhura, le-a-Koo'rS., a famous mountain of Greece, in Phocis, its culminating point in lat. 38° 35' N., Ion. 22° 27' E„ 8068 feet above the sea. Between this and an adjacent peak is a renowned rivulet, known in antiquity as the Castalian Fountain, and on the S. declivity of the mountain is the Corycian Cave, a stal- actitic grotto, 330 feet in length by nearly 200 in width. The summit of Parnassus commands a magnificent view, comprising nearly all Hellas, the Corinthian Gulf, and the N. part of the Morea. Parnas^sus, a post-village of Westmoreland co.. Pa., on the Alleghany River, and on the Alleghany Valley Rail- road, 17 miles E.N.E. of Pittsburg. It has a bank, an academy, 4 churches, a planing mill, and fine residences. Parnassus, a post-office of Marlborough co., S.C, 17 miles E. of Society Hill. Parnassus, a post-hamlet of Augusta co., Ya.., 12 miles N.N.AV. of Staunton. It has a church and a chair- factory. Par^nell', a suburb of Auckland, in New Zealand. Pop., with Newton, 8815. Par^nell', a hamlet of Atchison co., Kansas, 6 miles S.W. of Atchison, at the junction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa F4 and Central Branch Union Pacific Railroads. Parnes, par'nfiz, or Nozea, no-zee'i, a mountain of Greece, 16 miles N. of Athens. Height, 4640 feet. Paro, a large river of Peru. See Ucayale. PAR 1702 PAS Paro, 0, town on the island of Paros, See Pahechia. Paro, pa'ro, a town of Bootan, 12 miles S.W. of Tas- sisudon. It has manufactures of images and arms. ParcEtoiiium, the ancient name of BAnF.TOON. Parola, or Parolah, p3,-ro']i, a town of India, pres- idency of Bombay, 44 miles E.N.E. of Gaulna. P. 12,168. Paroo (or Paru) Khas, pi-roo' kis, a town of Ben- gal, district and 20 miles W. of Mozufferpoor. Pop. 3522. Paropamisan (p4Vo-pil-me-sin') Mountains, in Afghanistan aud East Persia, cover an extent of 350 miles in length from E. to W. by 200 miles from N. to S., sepa- l"ate the Deserts of Yezd and Toorkistan, and are connected B. with the Hindoo-Koosh, and W. with the Elbrooz Moun- tains, S. of the Caspian Sea. They are inhabited by Eimauks, Huzarehs, and other tribes, whose chief resource is in their flocks and herds. See also Hindoo-Koosh. Pa'ros, a fertile island of the Grecian Archipelago, 5 miles W. of Naxos, with which, and many smaller islands, it forms the governments of Naxos and Paros. Lat. of Mount St. Elias, 37° N., Ion. 25° 11' E. Area, 100 square miles. Pop. 6000. It produces corn, wine, oil, cotton, and marble of the finest quality. The quarries are about 4 miles E. of the chief town, Parechia. Port Nassau, on the N. side, is one of the best harbors in the archipelago. Adj. Parian, pa're-an. One and a half miles W. is the islet of Antipauos. Parowan, pi'ro-win, a post-village, capital of Iron CO., Utah, is about 200 miles in a direct line S. by W. of Salt Lake City. It has a church, 2 tanneries, a flour-mill, and several saw-mills. Iron, coal, and silver are said to be found here. Pop. about 1000. Parral, par-rir, a town of Chili, state and 30 miles S. of Linares. Pop. 5448. Par'rainore Hill, a post-oflice of Scriven co., Ga., on the Central Railroad of Georgia, 74 miles N.W. of Savannah. Parras, pan'nis, a town of Mexico, state of Durango, 32 miles E. of Mapimi, noted for its wines and brandies. Parrauntage, parrawn'taj, PuranteJ, or Pran- tej, p'rin'tej, a town of India, district and 30 miles N. of Ahmedabad, on the Sabermuttee. Pop. 8341. Par'ret, a river of England, rises near Beaminster, Dorset, flows N. and N.W. through Somerset, and enters Bridgewater Bay. Length, 40 miles. It is navigable for vessels of 200 tons. Par'rish, a post-office of Franklin co.. 111., about 25 miles E. by S. of Duquoin. Pari'isli, a post-office of Des Moines co., Iowa, about 12 miles W. of Burlington. Par'rott, a post-village, capital of La Plata co.. Col., on the Rio la Plata, 50 miles S.S.W. of Silverton. It is surrounded by high mountains, and has about 100 houses, and rich mines of gold and silver. Elevation, 8611 feet. Par'rottsville, a post-village of Cocke co., Tenn., on the French Broad River, 7 miles N.E. of Newport, and about 45 miles E. of Knoxville. It has 2 churches, a semi- nary, and a tannery. Pop. 100. Pai'rsborough,parz'bur-riih, a seaport town and port of entry of Nova Scotia, co. of Cumberland, on a strait connecting Minas Basin with the Bay of Fundy, 23 miles S.W. of Athol. It contains about 20 stores, 4 hotels, a tan- nery, and saw- and grist-mills, and has a considerable trade in lumber and shipping. Pop. 800. Par'ry, or Alauki, mow'kee, an island in the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. 20° 7' S. ; Ion. 157° 11' W. It is 2 miles in diameter. Par'ry, a station on the Cincinnati, Richmond & Fort Wayne Railroad, 2 miles N. of Richmond, Ind. Parry Island, Beaufort co., N.C. See Paris Island. Parry Islands, Arctic Ocean, is a name often applied to the small islands N. of Melville and Bathurst. Parry Islands, a number of small islands forming the N. cluster of the Bonin Islands, in the Pacific. Parry Sound, a district in the N. part of Ontario, on the E. shore of Georgian Bay, comprises an area of 2,188,580 acres. Pop. 1519. Parry Sound, a post-village of Ontario, on Parry Sound, an inlet of Georgian Bay, 70 miles N.E. of CoUing- wood. Pop. 1052. Par'ryville, a post-village of Carbon co.. Pa., on the Lehigh River, and on the Lehigh A Susquehanna and Lehigh '\'alley Railroads, 6 miles below Mauch Chunk. Here are several blast-furnaces for the production of pig-iron. Par'sa, a town of Bengal, Sarun district, 50 miles N.W. of Patna. Pop. 4932. Par'shallville,apost-hamletof Livingston CO., Mich., about 42 miles E. of Lansing. It has 2 churches. Parsippany, Morris co., N.J. See PAitcippAur. Par'sonburg, a post-hamlet of Wicomico co., Md., on the Wicomico & Pocomoke Railroad, 8 miles E. of Salis- bury. It has a church and a ste.am saw-mill. Par'sonfield, a post-hamlet in Parsonfield township, York CO., Me., about 38 miles W. by N. of Portland. It has 2 churches. The township contains also a village named East Parsonfield, and a pop. of 1894. Par'sons, a post-town of Labette co., Kansas, on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, at the S.E. terminus of the Neosho division of the same, and also on the Memphis, Kansas & Colorado Railroad, 48 miles S.S.W. of Fort Scott, 35 miles S.S.E. of Humboldt, and 32 miles N.E. of Independence. It has 5 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a national bank, a savings-bank, 2 school-buildings costing each S15,000, manufactures of furniture and ploughs, and machine-shops of the railroad. Pop. 2120. Parsons, a post-village in Plains township, Luzerne CO., Pa., on the Central Railroad of New Jersey, 2 miles N.E. of AVilkosbarre. It has 3 or 4 churches and several collieries. Pop. about 1000. Parson's Creek, township, Linn co.. Mo. P. 1118. Parsonstown, a town of Ireland. See Bmn. Partanna, par-tin'ni, a town of Sicily, province and 19 miles S.E. of Trapani. Pop. of commune, 12,467. Partel'lo, a post-hamlet of Calhoun co., Mich., about 32 miles S.W. of Lansing. Partenheim, paR'ten-liime\ a town of Hesse, in Rhein-IIessen, circle of Alzey. Pop. 1080. Partenico, pau-ten'e-ko, or Fartinico, paR-tee'- ne-ko, a city of Italy, in Sicily, 14 miles W.S.W. of Pa- lermo. Pop. 20,154. It exports wine and oil, and has manufactures of woollen and silk fabrics. Partlienay, paR'teh-nA', a town of France, in Deux- Sevres, on the Thouet, 24 miles N.N.E. of Niort. It has a hospital and a town hall, also manufactures of cloth, leather, porcelain, and farina. Pop. 4212. Farthenope, an ancient name of Naples. Far'tiek, a borough of Scotland, co. of Lanark, on the Kelvin, near its confluence with the Clyde, 2 miles N.W. of Glasgow. Pop. 23,904. It has extensive flour-mills, and yards for building iron ships, also an academy and a great hospital. Fartinico, a city of Italy. See Partenico. Fart'loAV's, a post-office of Spottsylvania co., Va., about 44 miles N.N.W. of Richmond. Far'tridge, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ala. Partridge, a township of Woodford co.. 111. Pop. 395. Partridge, a post-office of Letcher co., Ky. Partridge Island, New Brunswick, is in St. John harbor, S. of St. John. It is a quarantine station, and has a light-house and fog-horn. Partridge Island, a village and headland of Nova Scotia, CO. of Cumberland. Pop. of village, 100. Fartschendorf, paRt'sh^n-donr (Moravian, Bartos- sowice, bar-tos-so-veet'si), a town of Moravia, 38 miles E. of Olmutz. Pop. 1740. Paru, pA-roo', a river of Brazil, joins the Amazon 280 miles W. of Pari, after a S.E. course of 350 miles. Paru Khas, a town of Bengal. See Paroo Khas. Farnro, pi-roo'ro, a town of Peru, 18 miles S.S.W. of Cuzco, on the Apurimac. Parvich, paR'viK, or Parvichio, par-vee'kee-o, an island of Daimatia, in the Gulf of Quarnero, 7 miles S.AV. of Zeng. Length, 4 miles. Farys, par'is, a mountain of AVales, on the N. side of Anglesey, S. of the town of Amlwch, which owes its pros- perity to the copper-mines of the mountain. Fas^ade'na, a post-hamlet of Los Angeles co., Cal., in San Gabriel Valley, 3.V miles from San Gabriel Railroad Station. It has 2 churches. Fasages, or Fastyes, pA-sA'iiSs, a town and port of Spain, in Guipuzcoa, 3 miles E. of St. Sebastian, on the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 921. Pasargada, or Pasargadic. See Moorghaub. Fasaron,pi-si-ron',a town of Spain, in Estremadura, province and N.E. of Cacores. Pop. 1379. Pasay, p&-si', a town of Sumatra, on its N. coast, about 140 miles E.S.E. of Acheen. It has a good harbor, Pascack, Bergen co., N.J. See Paskack. Pascagoula, pas-ka-goo'la, a navigable river of Mis- sissippi, is formed by the Chickasawha and Leaf Rivers, which unite in the S. part of Greene eo. It runs south- ward through Jackson co., and enters the Gulf of Mexico after a course of nearly 85 miles. At its mouth is a small bay, called Pascagoula Bay. Pascagoula, a post-village, port of entry, and summer resort of Jackson co.. Miss., on the Gulf of Mexico, at PAS 1703 PAS the mouth of the Pascagoula Tli\'er, and on the New Orleans & Mobile Kailroad, 40 miles S.W. of Mobile, and li miles from Scranton, the county town. It has a newspaper office, 4 hotels, 2 churches, 16 saw-mills, a grist-mill, a foundry, and a tannery. Large quantities of pine lumber are shipped here. Pop. in 1870, 4-80 ; in 1875, about 3000. Pascagoula Bay, of the Gulf of Mexico, is situated at the S.E. extremity of Mississippi, and at the mouth of Pascagoula Kiver. Low, narrow islands separate it from the gulf. Pascha, a river of Russia. See Pasha. Paschall, pas'kal, a village on the Philadelphia, AVil- mington & Baltimore Kailroad, 5 miles S.W. of Philadel- phia, Pa. Fasehendaele, pisK'§n-d5,Meh. a town of Belgium, in West Flanders, &h miles N.E. of Ypres. Pop. 3200. Pasco, a town of Peru. See Ceiiko db Pasco. Pascoag, p4s-kog', a post-viUagc in Burrillville town- ship, Providence co., R.I., on the Providence & Spring- field Railroad, 23 miles W.N.W. of Providence. It has a national bank, several woollen-mills, a savings-bank, 2 churches, and a machine-shop. Pop. 1001. Pascuaro, pis-kwa'ro, written also Pasquaro and Patzquaro, a town of Mexico, state of Michoacan, 28 miles S.W. of Morelia, on the S.E. bank of the Lake of Pascuaro. Pop. 6000, partly employed in copper-mines. Fas-de-Calais, pi-d^h-kdMi', a department in the N.E. of France, formed of parts of the old provinces of Artois, Picardy, and Flanders, on the English Channel and Strait of Dover (Pas-de-Calais), between the departments of Nord and Sorame. Area, 2505 square miles. Pop. in 1876, 793,140. The surface is traversed from S.E. to N.W. by a chain of hills, which separate the basin of the North Sea from that of the Channel, and give rise to numerous rivers, the chief of which are the Scarpe and Lys, the Aa, and the Canche : these are all navigable and connected by canals. The department has several harbors, the chief of which are Calais and Boulogne. Commerce is also facili- tated by many railway lines. The soil, rich in coal and turf, is marshy in some parts, but is generally fertile in wheat, hemp, lint, tobacco, and oleaginous plants. Manu- facturing industry is very active in producing beet sugar, linen, thread, cotton, lace, woollens, paper, pottery-ware, and leather. The department is divided into the arron- dissements of Arras (the capital), Bethune, Boulogne, Saint- Pol, Montreuil, and Saint-Omer. See Strait of Dovkr. Pasewalk, pS.'zeh-w4lk\ or Passewalk, pas'seh- walk\ a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 25 miles W.N.W. of Stettin, on the Ucker. Pop. 8538. It is enclosed by walls, and has woollen-cloth- and leather-fuctories. Pasha, Pascha, or Pacha, pa'shi, a river of Rus- sia, rises in the government of Novgorod, and joins the Sveer, after a course of 130 miles. Pa^shan', a post-office of La Grange co., Ind. Pasig, p^'seed', a river of the Philippines, in the island of Luzon, issues by several branches from Lake Bay, flows W., and falls into the bay immediately below the town of Manila, after a course of IS miles. Pasig, a town of the Philippines, in the island of Luzon, on the Pasig, E. of Manila. Pop. 16,440. Pasijaii, or Pasigan, p^-se-ndn', two of the smaller Philippine Islands, between the islands of Leyte and Zebu. Pas'kack, or Pas'cack, a post-hamlet of Bergen eo., N.J., on the New Jersey & New York Railroad, 24 miles N. of Jersey City. It has 2 churches near it. Paskenta, p^s-k^n't4, a post-hamlet of Tehama co., Cal., 25 miles S.W. of Tehama. Pop. of township, 356. Pasinan, p4s-min', an ishind of Dalmatia, 6 miles S. of Zara, in the Adriatic. Length, 15 miles; breadth, 3^ miles. Principal products, oil and wine. Paso del Norte, Mexico. See El Paso del Norte. Pasode Ovejas,p^'sodio-vi'His, is on the road lead- ing from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico, about 35 miles N.W. of the former. Paso, El, a village of the Canaries. See El Paso. Paso Robles, pi'so ro'bl^s, a post-village of San Luis Obispo CO., Cal., 200 miles S.S.E. of San Francisco. It has hot springs. Paspaya, pis-pi'i, a river of Bolivia, rises W, of Po- tosi, flows S.E. , and joins the Pilcoraayo. Length, 200 miles. Pas^pebiac', a post-village in Bonaventure co., Que- bec, on the Bay of Chaleurs, 68 miles S.W. of Perce. It has extensive fisheries, a hotel, 2 churches, and 4 stores, Pasquaro, a town of Mexico. See Pascuaro. Pas'quotank, a river of North Carolina, rises in the Dismal Swamp, runs southeastward, forms the boundary between the cos. of Camden and Pasquotank, and enters Albemarle Sound. Boats can pass from this river through the Dismal Swamp Canal into Chesapeake Bav. Pasquotank, a county in the N.E. part o"f North Caro- lina, has an area of about 250 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Pasquotank River, and on the S. by Albemarle Sound, The surface is nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests of pine, «tc. The soil ig partly fertile, Indian corn, cotton, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Elizabeth City. Valuation of real and personal estate, §2,236,828. Pop, in 1870, 8131, of whom S102 were Americans, Pas Ridge, a post-hamlet of Peoria co., 111., about l-t miles W. by S. of Peoria. It has 1 or 2 churches. Passa Cavallo, Texas. See Passo Caballo. Pas^sacoii'away, a mountain of New Hampshire, near the boundary between Carroll and Grafton cos. It is the highest peak of the Sandwich group, and has an alti- tude of 4200 feet. Passaduin'kea^,a post-village and township of Pen- obscot CO., Me., on the Penobscot River, and on the Euro- pean & North American Railroad, 30 miles N. of Bangor. It has manufactures of lumber and barrels. Pop. 243. Pas'sage, a town of Ireland, co. and 6 miles E.Cs.E. of Waterford, on the estuary of the Suir. Pop. 729. It U built on a rocky height, and has a pier and a block-house. Passage, Le, a village of France. See Le Passage. Passage Fort, Jamaica, is on Hunt Bay, 6 miles E, of Spanish Town. Passage Island, West Indies. See Culebra. Passage (or Karakita) Islands, two groups of the Malay Archipelago, one off the W. coast of Sumatra, near lat. 2° 30' N., the other between Celebes and Sangir. Passage West, a seaport town of Ireland, co. and 7i miles E.S.E. of Cork, on the estuary of the Lee, opposite Great Island. Pop. 2389. It has a quay, a dock-yard, and many bathing-houses. Passa'ic, a river of New Jersey, rises in Morris co., runs northeastward, and forms the boundary between Essex CO. on the right and Morris co. on the left. It intersects Passaic co., and passes by the city of Paterson, where it falls 70 feet and forms a cataract the vertical height of which is 50 feet or more. Below this city it runs southward, and enters Newark Bay 3 miles below Newark. It is nearly 100 miles long. The largest towns on its banks are Newark and Paterson. It affords abundant water-power. Passaic, a county in the N. part of New Jersey, bor- ders oh New York. Area, about 200 square miles. It is intersected by the Passaic and Ramapo Rivers, and also drained by the Pequannoek River. The Passaic forms part of its E. boundary. The surface is partly mountainous. The soil produces hay, Indian corn, potatoes, &c. The prosperity of the county is chiefly derived from extensive manufactures of machinery, silk goods, iron, and other arti- cles. The value of the silk, including sewing-silk, manu- factured here in 1870 was $3,605,784. Among its minerals are iron ore and limestone. This county is traversed by the Morris Canal and the Erie, New Jersey Midland, and Mont- clair & Greenwood Lake Railroads. Capital. Paterson. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $43,177,638. Pop. i^ 1870, 46,416, of whom 31,068 were Americans. Passaic, a township of Morris eo., N.J. Pop. 1624. Passaic, a city of Passaic co., N.J., pleasantly situ- ated on a river of the same name, in Acquackanonck town^ ship, on the Erie Railroad, and on the Boonton Branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, 11 miles N.W. of Jersey City, and 5 miles S.S.E. of Paterson. It contains a city hall, 9 churches, 2 newspaper otfiees, 2 finp school-houses, 2 extensiv^e print-works, a woollen-mill, a bleachery, a shoddy-mill, a whip-factory, a manufactory of blankets, and 4 hotels. Pop, about 5000. Pas^samaquod'dy Bay is part of the boundary be- tween Maine and New Brunswick, and is at the mouth of the St. Croix River. It is landlocked, and affords good harbors. It encloses numerous islands. The tide here rises about 25 feet. Passama'ri Creek, or Stinking Water, Mon- tana, rises in Madison co., and runs in a N.N.AV. direction through a mountainous country. About 20 miles N.W. of Virginia City it unites with the Beaver Head River. Be- tween Passaraari Creek and the Madison River is a long range of mountains about 9000 feet high. This creek is nearly 100 miles long. Its valley is fertile. Passariano, a town of Italy. See Passeriano. Passarowan, Passaroean, Passaroewang, ox Passarouang. See Passokhoean. Passarowitz, pis-s3,'ro-wits\ or Poscharewatz, a town of Servia, 13 miles E.S.E. of Semendria. A famous PAS 1704 PAT treaty of peace was concluded here between the Imperialists and the Turks, July 21, 1718. Pop. 7829. Passau, pis'sow (ano. Bata'va Gas'tra), a fortified town of Bavaria, at the confluence of the Inn and Danube, 92 miles E.N.E. of Munich. Pop. 14,752. It is situated in a picturesque defile, and separated into three parts by the rivers which traverse it. The chief edifices are the cathedral, the church of St. Paul, and the old abbey of Sf. Nicholas. It has manufactures of tobacco and porcelain, breweries, and tanneries. The treaty of Passau, concluded in 1552, conferred religious liberty on the Protestants. Fasschendaele, Belgium. See Pa.schexi)Aele. Pass Chris'tian, a post-village of Harrison eo.. Miss., is on Mississippi Sound (a part of the Gulf of Mexico), and on the New Orleans A Mobile Railroad, 58 miles E.N.E. of New Orlenns, and 82 miles W.S.W. of Mobile. Here is the Pass Christian College (Catholic). Pop. 1951. Pass6, a village of Brazil. See Mueitiba. Passek, pis'sSk, a village of Bohemia, 4 miles from Hochstndt. Pop. 1516. Passek, a village of Austria, in Moravia, 9 miles from Littau. Pop. 1100. Passekeag, pass-keeg', a post-village in Kings co., New Brunswick, 26 miles from St. John. Pop. 150. Passenheim, pas'sen-hime', or Passymek, pjs'se- mik\ a town of East Prussia, 21 miles E.N.E. of Hohen- stein. Pop. 1909. Passeriano, pis-si-re-^'no, or Passariano, pis-si- re-i'no, a village of Italy, province and 13 miles S.W. of Udine. Pop. 3025. Passewalk, a town of Prussia. See Pasewalk. Passignano, p4s-seen-yi'no, a village of Italy, prov- ince and 14 miles N.W. of Perugia, on the N.E. shore of the Lake of Perugia. Near it was fought the famous battle of Thrasymene, B.C. 217. Pop. of commune, 3176. Pass Island, an island at the entrance to Hermitage Bay, Newfoundland, 16 miles from Harbor Briton. P. 160. Pass Manchac, man'shak, a post-hamlet of Tangipa- hoa parish, La., near Lake Pontchartrain, on the New Or- leans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 37 miles N.N.W. of New Orleans. It has manufactures of cypress shingles and Spanish moss. Many fish are caught here. Pass IVlountain, Colorado, a peak in lat. 39° 3' 26" N., Ion. 105° 31' 20" W. It has an altitude of 11,200 feet above the sea-level. Passo Caballo, p3,s'so ki-b&ryo, in Texas, is the en- trance to Matagorda Bay, 80 miles S.W. of the mouth of the Brazos. Passo 4el Norte, Mexico. See El Paso del Norte. Passo do Luniiar, pis'so do loo-mean', a town of Brazil, on the island and 20 miles E. of Maranhao. Passoeroean, p^s*soo-roo-dn', written also Passa- Toean, Passaroewang, Passarowan, Passoo- rooan, Passourouan, Passuruan, Pasuriian,or Passarouang, a province in the E. end of the island of Java, about 68 miles long from N. to S., and 40 miles broad. Pop. 641,731. Passoeroean, a town of Java, capital of the above province, on the Strait of Madura, about 30 miles S.S.E. of Soerabaya, is intersected by a river. Pass^patan'sy, a post-office of King George co., Va. Passump'sic, a river of Caledonia co., Vt., falls into the Connecticut. Passumpsic, a post-village of Caledonia eo., Vt., in Barnet township, on the Passumpsic River, and on the Pas- sumpsic Railroad, 3 miles S. of St. Johnsbury. It has a tannery, a flour-mill, and a rake-factory. Passuruan, Java. See Passoeooean. Passy, pis^see', a town of France, in Seine, and one of the western suburbs of Paris, within the fortifications, 7 miles S.S.W. of Saint-Denis. Pop. 17,594. It has an earthenware-manufactory and a sugar-refinery. Passy, a village of France, in Upper Savoy, 3 miles N.W. of Saint-Gervais. Pop. 1888. Passymek, a town of Prussia. See Passenheim. Pastaza, or Pastai^a, pis-ti'sl, a river of Ecuador, rises in the Andes, and, after a S.E. course of 400 miles, joins the Amazon 25 miles AV. of the influx of the Huallaga. Pastena, pis-ti'ni, a town of Italy, province of Ca- serta, N. of Gaeta. Pop. 2567. Pasto, pis'to, a town of Ecuador, in the table-land of the Andes, department of Cauca, 148 miles N.N.B. of Quito. Pop. 7000. It is built at the foot of a volcano, is 8577 feet above the ocean, and is in the line of the great Pass from Popayan to Quito. Pasto'ria, a post-office of Jefferson co.. Ark. Fastos, Los, South America. See Andes. Pastos-Bons, pis'tos-bAw, a town of Brazil, prov- ince of Maranhao, 292 miles S.S.W. of Sao Luiz, between the Parnahiba and Itapicuru Grande. Pastrana, pis-tr4'n3., a town of Spain, 14 miles S.E. of Guadalajara. Pop. 2308. It has manufactures of silks. Pasuruan, a town of Java. See Passoeroean. Paszto, piss'to, a town of Hungary, co. of Heves, on the Zagyva, 41 miles N.E. of Pesth. Pop. 4524. Pata, poh'toh', a town of Hungary, co. of Heves, 6 miles W.N.W. of Gyiingyos. Pop. 2448. Pata, pA'ti, an island of the Eastern Archipelago, S. of Sooloo, in lat. 6° 48' N., Ion. 121° 11' E. Pata, a town on the N. coast of the island of Luzon. Pata, an island and town of Africa. See Patta. Patagones, Argentine Republic. See Cabmen. Patagonia, pi-ti-go'ne-a (Fr. Palagonie, piHi'go'- nee'; Ger. Pntaijonien, pi-ti-go'ne-en), an extensive re- gion comprising the S. extremity of South America, from lat. 38° 64' S. to the Strait of Magellan. Length, 1100 miles. The territory on the W. side of the Andes, with the adja- cent islands S. of lat. 42°, forms the province of Chiloe in the Chilian Republic ; that on the E. to the Atlantic Ocean, with an area of about 300,000 square miles and an estimated population of 25,000 Indians, is in dispute between the Argentine Republic and Chili. The principal Chilian set- tlement is at Punta Arenas, in the colony of Magellanes ; and the chief Argentine town is Chupat. Patagonia has been little explored. The W. coast is greatly indented, and bordered by the Andes, which here rise generally to between 3000 and 6000 feet. The surface in the E. is a series of terraces, extending over 700 miles, composed of tertiary sandstone, with marine shells, clay, earth, and gravel, arid and sterile ; the W. coast is subject to excessive rains, and it is only along the Rio Negro, on its N. border, that wheat, maize, and pulse are cultivated. Guanacos, pumas, foxes, and great numbers of vizcaohas are the principal quadru- peds. The condor, hawks, vultures, American ostriches, and a few others, are among the more abundant birds. Fish are plentiful on the coasts. The Indians who are thinly scattered over this region are remarkable for their lofty stature ; they lead a wandering life, and subsist princi- pally on the flesh of wild quadrupeds, mushrooms, and fish. Patagonia was discovered by Magellan in 1519. The inhab- itants of this country are called Patagonians, a name which they received from Magellan on account of the sup- posed magnitude of their feet (patagoii, pi-ta-gon', in Spanish, .signifying a " large foot"). Pataha (pat'a-haw) City, a post-village of Columbia CO., Washington, on Pataha Creek, 48 miles N.E. of Walla Walla. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Patak, poh'tok' (Nagy, n5dj, Saros, shohVosh', or Rettel, r^tHil'), a town of Hungary, on the Bodrog, 20 miles N.E. of Tokay. Pop. 3782. Patau, towns of India. See Patun and Pattun. Patanago, pi-ti-nS,'go, a town of Burmah, on the E. bank of the Irrawaddy, 75 miles N. of Prome. North of the town are wells reported to yield annually 80,000,000 pounds of petroleum. Patany, or Patani, pi-ti'nee, the southernmost prov- ince of Siam, its principal town, of the same name, being on the river Patany, in lat. 7° N., Ion. 101° 35' E. See Cape Patani. Pataps'co, a river of Maryland, rises in the N. part of the state, drains part of Carroll co., and runs southward through Howard co. It next runs southeastward, forms the boundary between Howard and Anne Arundel cos. on the right and Baltimore co. on the left, and enters Chesapeake Bay about 13 miles below the city of Baltimore. It is nearly 80 miles long. The part of it below Baltimore is an estuary 3 miles wide, and navigable for large ships. Patapsco, a station on the Baltimore & Potomac Rail- road, in Anne Arundel co., Md., 10 miles S. of the initial station in Baltimore. Patapsco, a post-village of Carroll eo., Md., on the Western Maryland Railroad, 26 miles N.W. of Baltimore. It has a church, 2 stores, a flour-mill, Ac. Pop. about 250. Pat'ara, or Pat'cra, a ruined city of Asia Minor, celebrated in antiquity as a seat of the worship of Apollo. It is on the coast, 27 miles S.S.E. of Makree. Pataskala, pa-tas'ka-la, a post-village in Lima town- ship. Licking co., "O., on 'the Baltimore Jfc Ohio Railroad (Central Ohio division), 18 miles E. by N. of Columbus. It has 3 churches and a flour-mill. Pop. 462. Patau'la, a post-office of Stewart Co., Ga. Fataula Creek, Georgia, runs southwestward, inter- sects the COS. of Randolph, Quitman, and Clay, and enters the Chattahoochee River about 9 miles above Fort Gaines. PAT 1705 PAT Fatavium, the ancient name of Padua. Patay, p&'ti', a town of France, in Loiret, 14 miles N.W. of Orleans. Pop. 1334. Here, in 1429, Joan of Arc defeated the English under Talbot. Pataz, pi-tis', a town of Peru, 80 miles E.N.E. of Trujillo. near the Maranon, Patch Grove, a post-village of Grant co., Wis., in Patch Grove township, about 36 miles N.N.AV. of Dubuque, Iowa. It has an academy, a church, and a flour-mill. Pop. 177 ; of the township, 855. Patch'iii, a post-oflice of Santa Clara co., Cal., on the Santa Cruz Mountain, 17 miles S. of Santa Clara. Fatchin, New York. See Boston Centre. Pa-Tchiiig-San. See MADJicosistA Islands. Patchili's Mills, a hamlet in Wayland township, Steuben co., N.Y., 3 miles from Wayland Station. Patch'iiisville, a post-hamlet in Burnside township, Clearfield co., Pa., about 30 miles N.W. of Altoona. It has a saw-mill. Patchogiie, pat-chog', a post-village in Brookhaven township, SutFoIk co., N.Y., on the shore of Great South Bay, 5G miles E. of Brooklyn. It is the eastern terminus of the South Side (or Southern) Railroad, and contains 5 churches, a newspaper office, 2 or more hotels, 2 cotton-fac- tories, manufactories of paper, carpet-warp, flour, ropes, «fcc., and several boarding-houses. Large quantities of fish and oysters are exported from this place. Pop. about 3000. Pate'ley Bridge, a town of England, co. of York, on the Nidd, parish and 10 miles W.S.W. of Ripon. Pat'er, or Pem'broke Dock, a suburban town of Wales, CO. of Pembroke, on Milford Haven, 1 mile by rail N.W. of Pembroke, opposite New Milford. A government dock-yard here covers 60 acres. It has an arsenal, and is protected by a fort and jetty. The town is neatly built, is lighted with gas, has a large market-house, and carries on a thriving trade. Pop. 9622. Patera, a ruined city of Asia Minor. See Pataua. Paterna, pi-tfin'n^, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province and 20 miles N.W. of Almeria. Pop. 1505. Paterna, a town of Spain, province and 3 miles W.N.W. of Valencia, on the Guadalaviar. Pop. 2361. Paterna de la Ribiera, pi-t^R'nS, di li re-Be-i'rA, a town of Spain, province and 23 miles E. of Cadiz. Paterna del Campo, p^-tSn'nS, d^l k3,m'po, a town of Spain, province and N.E. of Huelva. Pup. 1770. Pateruae, the supposed ancient name of Pernes. Paterno, pi-t^ii'no, a town of Italy, province and 12 miles E.N.E. of Avellino. Pop. 2420. Paterno, a town of Italy, province and 5 miles S. of Cosenza. Pop. 2769. Paterno (anc. Hifh'la Ma'Jor), a city of Sicily, 10 miles N.W. of Catania, at the foot of Mount Etna. Pop. 15,178. It has hot chalybeate springs, and a trade in wine, oil, flax, hemp, and timber. Paternos'ters, Great and Little, two dangerous rocks in the Channel, between Cape Carteret, on the coast of France, and the island of Jersey. See Balabalagan, Paternuin, the ancient name of Cariati. Paternum, the ancient name of Pietro-a-Patierno. Pat'erson, a city of New Jersey, and the capital of Passaic co., is situated on the right bank of the Passaic River, 13 miles N. of Newark, and 17 miles N.W. of New York. It is the third city of the state in population and manufactures. It is on the Erie Railroad, the New Jersey Midland Railroad, and the Delaware, Lackawanna & AVest- ern Railroad. It is also connected with the Delaware River by the Morris Canal. The Passaic River here descends 50 feet in one perpendicular fall, and affords immense water-power, which is utilized in numerous mills and fac- tories. The streets are wide, straight, and lighted with gas. Paterson contains 40 churches, a public library, a high school, 2 national banks, a savings-bank, 2 hotels, and printing-offices which issue 2 daily and .3 weekly news- papers. Sixteen bridges here cross the river, which, below the picturesque cataract called Passaic Falls, flows between vertical palisades of basalt. Here is a small public park adjacent to the falls. The manufactures of Paterson are very extensive and various. It has 6 cotton-mills, several iron-foundries and machine-shops, about 30 silk-factories, 3 manufactories of locomotives, a paper-mill, a manufac- tory of linen goods, several woollen-factories, bleaching and dyeing establishments, and manufactories of velvet, carpets, jute, engines, and boilers. The silk-factories of Paterson iemploy about 8000 persons, and are the largeti^t in the United States. The value of the sewing-silk and other silk goods produced here in one year sometimes amounts to $3,600,000. The value of all the products manufactured in Passaic co. {nearly all in Paterson) reaches $20,000,000. The capital invested in these manufactories is about $10,000,000. Pop, in 1860, 19,586 ; in 1870, 33,579 ; present pop. about 50,000. Pat'erson, or Yim^mang', a river of Australia, in New South Wales, co. of Durham, joins the Hunter River about 20 miles from the sea. Its chief affluent is the Al- lya River. . Paterson, or Margaret'ta, a group of islands in Mulgrave Archipelago. Lat. 8*^ 66' N.; Ion. 167° 42' E. Paterson, Cape, in Australia, is a headland about midway between Port Phillip and Wilson's Promontory. Pates, pats, a post-village of Robeson co., N.C., on the Carolina Central Railroad, 79 miles W.N.W. of Wilming- ton. It is on or near Lumber River. It has 2 churches and 2 turpentine-distilleries. Pate's Hill, a post-office of Greene co., Tenn. Pate's Spring, a post-office of Howard co., Ark. Patesville, pats'vil, a post-hamlet of Hancock co., Ky., 9 miles S. of Hawesville. It has a church. Pateville, a post-office of Dooly co., Ga. Pathardi, pi-tS,r'dee, a town of India, Ahmednuggur district. Pop. 7117. Path-Head, a town of Scotland, co. of Fife, forming the E. suburb of Kirkcaldy. It has a handsome church, endowed and other schools, and thriving manufactures of ticks and checks. Pop. 2495. Patiaf pA'te-S,, a river of the United States of Colom- bia, rises near Popayan, flows S.W. and N.AV., and falls into the Pacific by several mouths. Length, 200 miles. Patiala, India. See Putteeala. Patigorsk, a town of Russia. See Piatigorsk. Pativilea, pi-te-veel'kS,, a village of Peru, depart- ment of Lima, on the Pacific, 30 miles N.N.W. of Huacho, Patjitan, pS,t-ye-tS,n' or p3,t-je-tin', a village of Java, at the mouth of the river and on the bay of the same name, Patjitan Bay is roomy, and open to the S. Behind its E. point is Pollux Bay, which is well sheltered from the S. wind. Pat'mos, Patmo, pit'mo, or San Giovanni di Patino, sin jo-v^n'nee de p3,-tee'no, o.n island off" the W. coast of Asia Minor, 20 miles S. of Samos. Lat. 37° 17' N. ; Ion. 26° 35' E. Pop. 4000, all Greeks, and mostly sea- faring people. It is a bare, irregularly shaped mass of rock, 28 miles in circumference, and having on its E. side a deep indentation, which forms a secure harbor.' The principal town takes the name of Patmos, and is some- times also called St. John. It stands on the edge of a mountain, consists of about 200 houses, and is reached by a steep and rugged ascent. On a height above the town stands a large convent, resembling a fortress, being sur- mounted by several irregular towers. In a grotto belong- ing to the convent is the supposed abode where the Apostle John, who had been banished by Domitian to the island, A.D. 94, saw the visions recorded in the book of Revelation. Pat'mos, a post-hamlet in Goshen township, Ma- honing CO., 0., 6 miles N. of Salem. It has a carriage- shop and a lumber-mill. Pat'na (anc. Paliboth'ra and Paiahpittra, called by the natives Az'imahttd'), a city of India, capital of Bahar, and of the Patna district and division, on the S. bank of the Ganges, and on the East Indian Railway, 285 miles N.W. of Calcutta. It is 9 miles long from E. to W., and extends 2 miles back from the river; but with the adjacent town of Dinapoor and other suburbs its extent is much greater. The city proper has a dilapidated wall, and is of small extent, but is densely peopled, and traversed by streets mostly narrow, mean, and crooked. There are few good buildings, except in Bankipoor, the European suburb. The most remarkable building is the Gola^ a great public granary. Patna has fine churches, temples, and mosques, a government college, factories for opium, rose-attar, lime, metal-wares, soap, table-cloths, Ac, but it is chiefly noted for its extensive export and import trade. Its great staples are oils, oil-seeds, grain, opium, nitre, and manufactured goods, native and European. Pop. 158,900. Patna, a district of Bengal, province of Bahar. Lat. 24° 58'-25° 42' N. ; Ion. 84° 44'-86° 5' E. Area, 2101 square miles. It is bounded N.N.E. by the Ganges, and W. by the Sone. It is, very fertile, and, except in the S., is extremely flat. Capital, Patna. Pop. 1,559,638. Patna division includes 7 districts of the province of Bahar. Area, 23.732 square miles. Pop. 13,122,743. Patna, a native state of the Central Provinces, India, now under British administration. Area, 2399 square miles. Pop. 98,636. Lat. of centre, 20° 40' N. ; Ion. 83° 15' E. Pat'na, a village of Scotland, co. and 9 miles S.E. of Ayr. Pop. 766, It has coal-mines, Patniak, pS,t^ne-ik', a town in the khanat and 50 PAT 1706 PAT miles E.S.E. of Khiva, near the left bank of the Amoo- Darya. It consists of about 100 houses. Patodi, p4-to'dee, a petty state of India, on the Sirhind Plain. Area, 50 square miles. Pop. 20,990. Pato'ka, a post-village in Patoka township, Marion CO., 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad, 15 miles S. of Vandalia, and 15 miles N. of Centralia. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a flour-mill, and 2 wagon-shops. Pop. of the township, 1294. Fatoka, a township of Crawford CO., Ind. Pop. 1253. Patoka, a township of Dubois CO., Ind. Pop. 3086. It contains Holland and Huntingburg. Patoka, a township of Gibson CO., Ind. Pop. 4397. It contains Princeton. Patoka, a post-village in White River township, Gib- son CO., Ind., on Patoka Creek, and on the Evansville & Terre Haute Railroad, 30i miles N. of Evansville, and 4 miles N. of Princeton. It has a newspaper office, several churches, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 844. Patoka, a township of Pike co., Ind. Pop. 1760. It contains Winslow. Patoka Creek, Indiana., rises in Orange co., runs westward through the cos. of Dubois, Pike, and Gibson, and enters the Wabash River nearly opposite Mount Car- mel, and 1 or 2 miles below the mouth of the AVhite River. It is 130 miles long, and is navigable during high water. Pat'on, a post-hamlet and station of Wabash co.. 111., on the Wabash River, and on the Cairo &, Vincennes Rail- road, 19 miles S.W. of Vincennes, Ind. It has a church. Patoil, a post-office of Greene co., Iowa, on the Des Moines & Fort Dodge Railroad, 9 miles X. of Grand Junc- tion. Pato'na, a station in Calhoun co., Ala.., on the Selma, Rome A Dalton Railroad, Hi miles N.E. of Jacksonville. Patones, p3,-to'n^s, a village of Spain, province of Soria, 78 miles N.N.E. of Madrid. Pop. 1234. Patoor, or Patur, p4-toor', a town of India, district and 30 miles S.E. of Akola. Pop. 6011. Patos, Lake, Brazil. See Laso de los Patos. Patras, pi-tris', Patrasso, p4-tris'so, or Balia- barda, bi-le-i-bar'd4 (anc. Pa tree), a fortified seaport town of Greece, and a principal seat of its foreign trade, in the Morea, capital of Achaia, on the Gulf of Patras, 13 miles S.W. of Lepanto. Lat. 38° 14' N.; Ion. 21° 44' E. Pop. 16,641. The ancient Patrx stood on the declivity of Mount Voidhia. The modern town occupies a portion of the low and unhealthy plain between that hill and the sea. It is regularly built, but the houses are mostly only one story in height, on account of the frequency of earthquakes. One of its churches is traditionally connected with the martyrdom of St. Andrew, and is greatly resorted to by devotees. The principal trade is in currants. Patree, or Patri, pi'tree', a town of India, district and 48 miles by rail W.N.W. of Ahmedabad. Pop. 6320. Patria, pi-tree'i (ano. Liler'na Pa'lus), a lake of Italy, 13 miles N.W. of Naples. Near it are the ruins of the an- cient Literna, and the tomb of Scipio Africanus. Patricia, an ancient name of Cordova. Pat'rick, a county in the S. part of Virginia, bordering on North Carolina, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is drained by Dan and Mayo Rivers, which rise in it, and is bounded on the N.W. by the Blue Ridge. The surface is partly mountainous, and presents picturesque scenery. A large part of it is covered with forests. Indian corn, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Patrick Court- House. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,291,131. Pop. in 1870, 10,161, of whom 10,158 were Americans. Patrick Court-House, or Taylorsville, ta'lor?.- vll, a post-village, capital of Patrick CO., Va., on the Mayo River, about 90 miles S.W. of Lynchburg. Patricksburg, Owen co., Ind. See Lancaster. Patrick Springs, a post-hamlet of Patrick co., Va., about 60 miles N.W. of Danville. It has mineral springs, a hotel, and a tobacco-factory. Pat'ricroft, a village of England, co. of L.ancaster, 5 miles W. of Manchester. There is here an extensive manu- factory of steam-engines, also a silk-mill which employs about 1000 hands, a quilt-manufactory, a spinning- and weaving-factory, and a great foundry.' Pat'rington, a town of England, co. of York, East Riding, on a creek of the Humbor, 14 miles E.S.E. of Hull. Pop. of parish, 1571. Patriot, pa'tre-ijt, a post-village in Posey township, Switzerland co., Ind., on the Ohio River, 20 miles below Aurora, and about 26 miles by land S.W. of Cincinnati. It has 2 or 3 churches, a money-order post-ofBce, and manu- factures of flour and whisky. Pop. about 400. Patriot, a post-office of Decatur co., Iowa, 10 miles N. of Leon. Patriot, a post-hamlet of Gallia co., 0., about 10 miles W.S.W. of Gallipolis. It has a church and 2 stores. Patrocinio, pi-tro-see'ne-o, a town of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, 80 miles N. of Araxas. Patrocinio (or By'er's) Island is in the North Pacific Ocean. Lat. 28° 9' N. ; Ion. 175° 48' E. Pa'tron, a post-hamlet of Butler co.. Neb., 13 miles S.E. of Columbus. It has 2 churches. Pa'tronville, a post-office of Spencer co., Ind., 6 miles from Rockport. Pa'troon', a post-hamlet of Shelby co., Tex., 30 miles S.S.W. of Mansfield, La. It has 3 churches. Patsal'iga, a small river of Alabama, runs south- westward through Pike and Crenshaw cos., and enters the Conecuh River in Covington co. Patsaliga, al.so called Parchel'aga, a creek of Georgia, flows into the Flint River from the right, about 12 miles N. of Lanier. Patschkau, pitch'kow, a town of Prussian Silesia, 44 miles W.S.W. of Oppeln, on the Neisse. Pop. 5461. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufaclures of woollens. Pat's Store, a post-office of Russell co., Va. Patsun, a town of Central America. See Patzum. Patta, pit'ti, or Pata, pa'ti, a seaport town of East Africa, in the Zanzibar dominions, on an island at the mouth of the Patta. Lat. 2° 9' S. ; Ion. 40° 60' E. It was held by the Portuguese during most part of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Pattada, pit-ti'di, a village on the island of Sardinia, 21 miles S.E. of Sassari. Pop. 3499. PatHagum'piis, a post-office and plantation of Pen- obscot CO., Me., on the Penobscot River, about 60 miles N. by E. of Bangor. Pop. 94. Pattalene, or Patalene, Asia. See Si.nde. Pat'len, a post-village in Patten township, Penobscot CO., Me., about 33 miles W.S.W. of Houlton, and 90 miles N. by E. of Bangor. It has 3 churches, an academy, and several mills. Pop. of the township, 704. Pat'tenburg, a post-hamlet in Union township, Hun- terdon CO., N.J., on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 13 miles E.S.E. of Phillipsburg. It has a church. Pattensen, pit't^n-sSn', a town of Germany, 7 miles S. of Hanover. Pop. 1588. Pat'ten's Mill, a post-office of Washington co., 0. Patten's Mills, a post-hamlet of Washington co., N.Y., 4 miles N. of Sandy Hill, and about 50 miles N. by E. of Albany. It has a church. Pat'tensville, a hamlet of Jackson co., 0., in Bloom- field township, 8 miles E. of Jackson. Pop. 50. Pat'terdale, a village and township of England, in Westmoreland, at the S. end of Ullswatcr Lake, 10 miles N. of Ambleside. It is a favorite resort of tourists. Pat'terson, or Cher'okee, a post-village of Nevada CO., Cal., near the Middle Yuba River, 12 miles N. of Ne- vada City. Gold is found here. It has a church. The name of its post-office is Patterson. Patterson, a post-office of Pierce co., Ga., on the At- lantic & Gulf Railroad, 78 miles S.W. of Savannah. Patterson, a station in Dcs Moines co., Iowa, on the railroad between Burlington and Fort Madison, 5 miles S.W. of Burlington. Patterson, a post-village in Crawford township, Madi- son CO., Iowa, on Middle River, and on the Indianola & Winterset Branch Railroad, 34 miles S.AV. of Des Moines. It has 2 churches. Patterson, a post-village of Wayne co.. Mo., about 115 miles S. by W. of St. Louis. It has a church and a flour-mill. Pop. about 130. Patterson, New Jersey. See Patersos. Patterson, a station in Essex co., N.Y., on the New York & Canada Railroad, 2 miles S. of Fort Ticonderoga. Patterson, a post-village in Patterson township, Put- nam CO., N.Y., on Croton River, and on the New York i Harlem Railroad, 62 miles N.N.E. of New York. It con- tains 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1526. Patterson, a post-village and township of Caldwell co., N.C., 20 miles N. of loard Station. It has 2 churches and a cotton-factory. Pop. 789. Patterson, a township of Orange co., N.C. Pop. 1092. Patterson, a township of Darke co., 0. Pop. 978. Patterson, a post-village in Jackson township, Hardin CO., 0., on the Cincinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland Railroad, 10 miles N. by E. of Kenton, and IJ miles S. of Forest, which is on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad. It has a tannery, a grist-mill, and a drug-store. PAT 1707 PAU Patterson, a township of Beavev co., Pa. Pop. 74. Patterson, a post-borough in Milford township, Juni- ata CO., Pa., on the Juniata River, opposite Mifflintown, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad (at Mifflin Station), 49 miles N.W. of Ilarrisburg. It has a church and a ware- house for grain. Pop. 659. Patterson, a village of Schuylkill co.. Pa., about 35 miles N.N.W. of Reading. Coal is mined here. Patterson, a post-village in York co., Ontario, Ij miles from Richmond Hill. It contains an agricultural- implement factory. Pop. oOO. Patterson Creek, a post-oflBce of Whitley co., Ky., 10 miles E. of Williamsburg. Patterson's, a station on the Cumberland k Piedmont Railroad, 7 miles N.W. of Cumberland, Md. Patterson's, a township of Alamance co.,N.C. P. 717. Patterson's Blulf, a post-village of Logan co.. Ark., on the Arkansas River, about 48 miles E. of Fort Smith. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Patterson's Bridge, a post-office of Moore co., N.C. Patterson's Creek, West Virginia, rises in Grant co., runs northeastward through Mineral CO., and enters the North Branch of the Potomac River about 8 miles S.E. of the city of Cumberland. Coal is found near this creek. Patterson's Depot, a post-hamlet of Mineral co., W. Va., on the Potomac, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- road, 8 miles S. by E. of Cumberland, Md. It has a church and a store. Patterson's Mill, a post-office of Orange co., N.C. Here is a grist-mill. Patterson's Mill, a post-office of Bedford co., Va. Patterson's Mills, post-office, Douglas co., Oregon. Patterson's Mills, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Pa., about 30 miles W.S.W. of Pittsburg. It has a church. Patterson's Store, post-office, Alamance co., N.C. Pat'tersonville, a post-hamlet of Sioux co., Iowa, in Lincoln township, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 14 miles W. of Sheldon. It has a graded school. Pattersonville, a post-village of St. Mary's parish, La., on the navigable Bayou Teche, 8 miles W. of Morgan City, and 88 miles AV. by S. of New Orleans. It has a steamboat-landing, 2 churches, a saw-mill, and a sash- and blind-factory. Pop. 300. Pattersonville, a hamlet of Tishemingo co., Miss., 26 miles from luka. It has a church. Pattersonville, a post-office of Schenectady co., N.Y. Patti, pit'tee, a city of Sicily, on a height, near the Gulf of Patti, on the N. coast of "the island. 17 miles S.W. of Milazzo. Pop. 8191. It is enclosed by dilapidated walls, and has a Norman castle, now the residence of its bishop, a cathedral, a manufactory of earthenware, and profitable fisheries. Pattialah, a town of India. See Puttee.4la. Pattie's (pat'tiz) Gap, post-office, Roane co., Tenn. Pat'tison, a station in Austin co., Te.x,, on the Te.x.as Western Railroad, 40 miles W. by N. of Houston. Pat'ton, a township of Ford Co., III. Pop. 2726. It contains Paxton. Patton, Afabash co.. 111. See Paton. Patton, a post-hamlet of Bollinger co., Mo., about 90 miles S. by E. of St. Louis. It has a church. Patton, a township of Alleghany co., P.i. Pop. 1193. Patton, a township of Centre co.. Pa. Pop. 721. Pat'ton's, a station in Jefferson co.. Pa., on the Low Grade division of the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 12 miles S.AV. of Brookville. Pat'tonsburg, a post-village of Daviess co., Mo., is near Grand River, and on the Chillieothe & Omaha Branch Railroad, 42 miles N.AA^. of Chillieothe. It has a church. Pattonsburg, a village of Botetourt co., Va., 6n the James River, opposite Buchanan, and about 45 miles W.N.AA^. of Lynchburg. It has an academy, 3 stores, and a mill. In the vicinity there are 5 churches. Patton's Home, a post-office of Rutherford co., N.C. Pat'tonsville, a post-village in South Woodberry township, Bedford CO., Pa., about 25 miles S. of Altoona. It has 2 churches and a flouring-mill. Pattonsville, a post-hamlet of Scott co., Va., 48 miles W.N.AV. of Bristol, Tenn. It has a church. Pat'tonville, a post-office of St. Louis co.. Mo. Pattonville, a post-office of Lam.ar co., Tex. Patum, the supposed ancient name of Pau. Pa'tun', or Patau, pi-tun', a town of India, 35 miles N.W. of Jubbulpoor. Pop. 4433. Patun, or Juira Patun, jul'ri pi-tun', a town of India, 53 miles S.E. of Kotah. Lat. 24° 32' N. ; Ion. 76° 16' E. Patnn, a village of India, in Rajpootana, 11 miles N.N.E. of Kotah, on the Chumbul. Patun, a village of Nepaul, 3 miles S. of Khatmandoo. Paturages, paHii'razh', a town of Belgium, in Hai- naut, 4 miles S.W. of Mons. Pop. 8500. It has steam- engine factories, and coal-mines in its vicinity. PatUx'ent, a post-village of Anne Arundel co., Md., on the Baltimore A Potomac and Annapolis & Elk Ridge Railroads, 21 miles S.S.W. of Baltimore. Patuxent River, Maryland, rises near the N.AA''. ex- tremity of Howard co., and runs first southeastward, form- ing the boundary between the cos. of Montgomery, Prince George's, and St. Mary's on the right, and Anne Arundel and Calvert on the left. In the last half of its course it runs nearly southward, and enters Chesapeake Bay at the S. extremity of Calvert co. Its length is estimated at 120 miles. Sloops can ascend it about 45 miles. Patycos, Patycus, ancient names of Paola. Patzau, pit'sow, or Paczow, pitch'ov, a town of Bohemia, 16 miles E.N.E. of Tabor. Pop. 2920. Patzizia, pit-see'se-4, a town of Guatemala. P. 8000. Patzquaro, Mexico. See Pascuaro. Patzum, pit-soom', or Patsun, pit-soon', a town of Guatemala, 40 miles AV.N.W. of the city of Guatemala. Pop. 5400. Pau, po (anc. Patum ?)^ a town of France, capital of the department of Basses-Pyrenees, 56 miles E.S.E. of Ba- yonne, on the Gave de Pau, over which is a bridge of 7 arches, remarkable for its great elevation. Pop. 27,553. It has an academie, a tribunal of commerce, a lycee, or national college, a library of 25,000 volumes,, manufac- tures of linens, cutlery, and carpets, and trade in hams and Juranpon wine, Pau was the capital of the old province of Beam. Henry IV. was born in its ancient royal castle. It is also the birthplace of Gaston de Foix, and of General Bernadotte, afterwards King of Sweden. Pau is picturesquely and beautifully situated, and has ex- cellent promenades. It is a favorite place of residence for English families. See also Gave de Pah. Paucartambo, pow-kaR-tim'bo, called also Yam- biri, yim-be-ree', a river of Peru, after a N.N.W. course of nearly 300 miles, joins the Apurimac from the right. Its chief affluent is the Vilcabamb.a. Paucartambo, a town of Peru, department of Cuzco, in a valley enclosed by the Andes, on the river Paucarfambo, 60 miles E.N.E. of Cuzco. Pauillac, pO'eervik', a town of France, in Gironde," on the Gironde, 30 miles N.N.AA'. of Bordeaux. Pop. 2044. Pauk-Pettem, Punjab. See Pak-Pattan. Paul, pawl, a post-office of Benton co., Iowa. Paula, a city of Italy. See Paola. Paul de Loanda, Saint, Africa. See Loanda. Paulding, pawl'ding, a northwestern county of Geor- gia, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is drained by the sources of the Tallapoosa River, and by an affluent of the Etowah River. The surface is diversified by high hills or ridges and forests of pine and other trees. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Indian corn, cotton, and pork are the staples. Limestone underlies part of the county. Capital, Dallas. Valuation of real and personal estate, $819,082. Pop. in 1870, 7639, of whom 7635 were Americans. Paulding, a county in the N.AA'. part of Ohio, border- ing on Indiana, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by the Auglaize and Maumee Rivers, and partly drained by Crooked Creek. It comprises part of the Black Swamp. The surface is level, and is extensively covered with dense forests, in which the beech, elm, white ash, sugar-maple, oak, and hickory abound. The soil is fertile. AVheat, Indian corn, oats, h.ay, and live-stock are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Miami Canal, the AVabash A Erie Canal, and the AVabash Rail- road. Capital, Paulding. A^aluation of real and personal estate, $4,725,000. Pop. in 1870, 8544, of whom 7890 were Americans. Paulding, a post-village, capital of Jasper eo.. Miss., 33 miles S.W. of Meridian. It has a newspaper office and 4 churches. Pop. 262. Paulding, a station on the AVest Jersey Railroad, Salem Bnaneh, lOi miles E. of Salem, N.J. Paulding, a post-village, capital of Paulding co., 0., in a township of the same name, on Crooked Creek, and on the Paulding &, Cecil Railroad, 40 miles N.AV. of Lima. It has a newspaper office, a bank, a graded school, a church, and manufactures of lumber. Pop. of the township, 448. Paulghautcherry, a town of India. See Palghaut. Paulhaguet, psri'gi', a town of France, in Haute- Loue, 9 miles S.E. of Brioude. Pop. 1467. PAt 1708 PAW Pauli Latino, pow'lee U-tee'no, or Faulelatte, pow-li-14t'ti, a, village of Italy, in Sardinia. Pop. 2705. Paulina, paw-li'na, a post-office of Warren co., N.J., on Paulinsliill River, about 11 miles S.W. of Newton. Pauline, p.xw-leen', a post-hamlet of Shawnee CO., Kansas, on the Atchison, Topeka &, Santa Fe Railroad, 6i miles S. of Topeka. PauMinskill', a small river of New Jersey, rises in Susse.K CO., runs southwestward through AVarren CO., and enters the Delaware River about 4 miles below the Water Gap. It is sometimes called Paulin's River. Pauli Pirri, pow'lee pir'ree, a village of Italy, in Sar- dinia, division of Cagliari. Pop. of commune, 2715. Paulitza, pow-lit'si (anc. Phigaliu, afterwards Phi- alia)j a village of Greece, in the Morea, district of Messenia, on a stream of the same name, N.E. of Kyparissia. Paullo, pow'lo, a town of Italy, province and 12 miles N. by W. of liodi. Pop. of commune, 1717. PauPs, pawlz, a station in Stark co., 0., on the Tus- carawas Valley Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of Canal Fulton. Paulsborough, pawlz'biir-ruh, a post-village of Gloucester co., N.J., in Greenwich township, on Mantua Creek, and on the Delaware Shore Railroad, 14 miles S.AV. of Camden, and 1 mile from the Delaware River. It has 2 churches, an academy, a foundry, and several stores. Paul's Cross Roads, a post-office of Essex co., Va. Paul's Valley, a post-office of the Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory. Paulton, pawl'ton, apost-hamlet of Westmoreland co.. Pa., about 26 miles E. by N. of Pittsburg. It has a flour- mill, a planing-mill, and fire-brick works. Pauivillc, Adair co., Mo. See Brashear. Paum'ben',Paum'bun',orPaum'baum',atown of India, district of Madura, on the W. end of the island of Raraisseram, and on Paumben P.aS3. It has a light-house and active commerce. Pop. 2500. Paumben Pass or Channel, a strait, li miles across, separating the island of Ramisseram from the main- land of India, 140 miles N.E. of Cape Comorin. Paumotu,a native name for the Low Archipelago. Pauni, a town of India. See Pownee. Paunwelly, a town of India. See Panwell. Paupac, paw'pak, a post-hamlet of Pike co., Pa., about 14 miles S. of Honesdale. Paupack, a township of Wayne co., P.a. Pop. 642. Pausa, pow'si, a town of Saxony, 24 miles W.S.W. of Zwickau. Pop. 3898. Pausa, pow'si, a town of Peru, in Arequipa, capital of the province of Parinacochas. Pausilypuin, the ancient name of Posilippo. Pautuck, paw-tuk', a hamlet of Southampton town- ship, Suffolk CO., N.Y., near Moriches Bay, and about 6 miles S. of Riverhead. Paute, pow'ti. a river of South America, rises in the S.W. of Ecuador, flows S.E., and joins the Amazon on the left, after a course of about 170 miles. Pauwaicun Lake, Wisconsin. See Poygan Lake. Pavia, pi-vee'4 (anc. Tici'num, afterwards Papin), a city of Northern Italy, capital of the province of Pavia, is situated 19 miles S. of Milan, on the left bank of the Tieino. Lat. 45° 11' N. ; Ion. 9° 10' E. Pop. 28,122. It is surrounded with walls, and has numerous public edifices, the chief of which are its old castle, the ancient residence of the Lombard kings, and the celebrated university, founded by Charlemagne at the end of the eighth century, with a library of 175,000 volumes and a botanic garden. Pavia ha? a theatre, numerous charitable institutions, a chamber of commerce, and a trade in silk, rice, wine, and Parmesan cheese. It has long been in a state of decay. In 1526, Francis I., King of France, was conquered and made pris- oner by the Imperialists near Pavia. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1745, and by the French in 1796. Pavia has given birth to many distinguished men, among whom are Pope John XIV. and Lanfranc. Adj. and inhab. Pavian, p4-vee'an. Pavia, a province of Italy, in Lombardy, watered by the Po, the Tieino, and other streams. Area, 1292 square miles. It is mostly level and fertile. Silk, cheese, and cattle are leading products. Capital, Pavia. Pop. 448,435. Pavia, pa'vi-a, a post-office of IJedford co.. Pa., about 22 miles S. by W.'of Altoona. Pavilion, pa-vil'yun, a post-hamlet of Kendall co., 111., on the S. bank of Fox River, and on or near the Chi- cago, Burlington 4s"' ; Port. Peqnim, pi-keeN«'; Sp. Pequin, pi-keen'; L. Pechi'num or Peqiii'- PEK 17U PEL hum), the capital city of China, and modern metropolis of the Chinese Empire, capital of the province of Pe-Chee- Lee, in a sandy plain, between the Pei-Ho and its affluent the Hoen-Ho, 100 miles N.W. of the mouth of the former river In the Yellow Sea, and 60 miles S. of the Great Wall of China. Lat. of imperial observatory, 39° 54' 13" N. ; Ion. 116° 28' 54" E. Mean annual temperature, 54.8° Fahr. ; winter, 26.7°; summer, 81.1°. The population has been estimated (probably much too highly) at 2,000,000. It consists of two contiguous cities, each separately encircled by lofty walls, which together are entered by 16 gates. The entire circuit is reckoned at 25 miles. The wall is 30 feet high, and 25 feet thick at the base, diminishing to 12 feet at the top. It is faced nearly throughout with large bricks, laid in a mortar of lime and clay, which in time becomes almost as durable as stone. Square towers, pro- jecting 50 feet from the outer side of the walls, occui- at intervals of about 60 yards, and the whole is surrounded by a ditch. Much of the enclosed space is occupied by gardens and enclosures, the houses seldom being more than one story in height. The S. or Chinese city, the seat of commerce and the residence of the majority of the popula- tion, is intersected througliout by four wide and regular thoroughfares, which abound with shops of all descriptions and are continually filled with a motley crowd. At the points where these streets meet each other are large arches, but except these, and a temple to the god of agriculture, there would seem to be noeditices in this quarter deserving notice. The houses are of brick, with red-tiled roofs, and the city is unpaved and undrained. The Northern, Tartar, or imperial city consists of three separate enclosures. The outer of these, formerly appropriated to the Tartar garrison, is now mostly occupied by Chinese traders; it, however, contains five of the supreme tribunals of the empire. Tiie second enclosure (llwang-Ching, "the august city") is 6 miles in circuit, and entered by 4 large and several smaller gates. In it are extensive public granai'ics, a military arsenal and seminary, the college and buildings of the Kussian embassy, an astronomical and a magnetic observa- tory, the great temples of Ancestors and of Peace, the lat- ter having attached to it an institution for Booddhist lamas ; the national college of China, and the residences of the great dignitaries of the empire. The inner enclosure, or "forbidden city," with walls 2 miles in circumference, faced with yellow tiles, and surrounded by a moat faced with masonry, is appropriated to the public and private palaces of the emperor and empress, ahil has a magnificent temple of the imperial ancestors, pavilions, gardens, a lake, and an artificial mountain. Outside of both cities are open suburbs which present all the evidences of an industrious people intent on the pursuit of gain, mercantile bustle per- vading every quarter. Peking lias religious edifices appro- priated to many forms of religion, the principle of toleration being here carried to the utmost extent. Among these are a Greek church and convent, Roman Catholic chapel, Islam mosques, Booddhist temples, and temples dedicated to Con- fucius (Koong-Foo-Tseu) and other deified mortals. In the national college, Han-lin-yuen, above mentioned, all Chinese learning and literature are concentrated, and it has professors of JIanehoo and Kussian. All religions, though some of them are proscribed, share the honor of being sanctioned within its precincts. Among the other learned and scientific institutions of note are the medical college and the astronomical board. About 10 miles AV.N.W. of the city is an imperial park, covering at least 12 square miles, and containing 30 palaces of the emperor and great olficers of the state. It was formerly a lovely spot, but was utterly demolished by the allies in 1860. Peking has a large printing and bookselling trade, and manufactories of colored glass, idols, and other articles, but its inhabitants chiefly depend for subsistence on em- ployment connected with the court. On October 30, 1860, it was taken by the allied British and French, since which date ministers of these two nations have been resident there, and subsequently American, German, and Russian legations have been established. The Pei-Ho is navigable for boats to within 20 miles of Peking, and communicates with the Grand Canal, by which most of the provisions for the supply of the city are conveyed. The principal part of the provisions required comes from the S. provinces, Or from the N. part of Pe-Chee-Lee, the adjacent plain pro- ducing but a small amount of the food demanded. A con- siderable portion of the taxes levied upon the productions of the whole empire is paid in kind, and is here stored up ; the amount of the rice alone in these granaries at one time of the year is enormous. Peking is regarded by the Chi- nese as one of their most ancient cities, but it was not made the capital of the country until its conquest by the Mongols, about 1282. Pekini, pi-kee'neo, a town of Turkey, in Albania, on the S.'bank of the Scombi, near its mouth in the Adriatic Sea, 23 miles N.N.W. of Berat. Pe'kin Junc'tion, a station of Tazewell co., 111., on the Toledo, Peoria k Warsaw Railroad, at its junction with the Chicago, Pekin A Southwestern Railroad, 13 miles E. of Peori.a, and 5 miles W. of Eureka. Pe'ko, a station in Elko co., Nevada, on the Central Pacific Railroad, 20 miles N.E. of Elko. Pelago, pA'IA-go, a town of Italy, in Tuscany, prov- ince and 13 miles E. of Florence. Pop. 9231, who manu- facture woollen fabrics. In this commune is Vallombrosa, formerly the richest convent in Tuscany. Pelagosa, pi-Iigo'si, an island in the Adriatic, mid- way between the promontory of Gargano and Dalmatia. Pel'ahat'chee Depot, a post-village of Rankin co., Miss., on the Vicksburg k Meridian R.ailroad, 25 uiiles E. of Jackson. It has a church and a school. Pelasgicus Sinus, ^Egean Sea. Sec Gulf of Volo. Pelestrina, pi,-l5s-tree'n4, or Palestrina, pi-lSs- tree'ni, an island and town of Italy, government of Venice, the island extending along the shore of the Adriatic 7i miles, and having at its S. end the town of Pelestrina, 10 miles S. of Venice, with 4000 inhabitants. Pel'etier's Mills, a post-oflice of Carteret co., N.C. Pelew' Islands, a group in the W. of Micronesia. Lat. 7° to 9° N. ; Ion. 130° to 136° E. They are about 20 in number, and are completely encircled by reefs. See also Pei.i.ew Islands. Pelham, pel'.am, a post-offlce of Shelby co., Ala., on the South & North Railroad, 18 miles S. of Birmingham. Pelham, a post-village of Mitchell co., Ga., on the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, 34 miles S. of Albany. It has a church, and manufactures of naval stores and lime. Pelham, a post-hamlet and township of Hampshire co., Mass., 22 miles N.N.E. of Springfield. It has a church, a granite-quarry, and mineral springs. Pop. of township, 633. Pelham, a post-village in Pelham township, Hills- borough CO., N.H., on Beaver River, about 8 miles S.E. of Nashua, and 7 miles N. of Lowell, Mass. It has 1 or 2 churches and manufactures of luinber. The township has granite-quarries and a pop. of 861. Pelham, or Pelhamville, a post-village in Pelham township, Westchester CO., N.Y., on the New York & New ILivcn Railroad, 15 miles N.E. of New York. It has a church. Its post-office is Pelham Station. The township borders on Long Island Sound, and contains a number of elegant country-seats. Its surface is hilly or undulating. Pop. of the township, 1540. Pelham, a post-village and township of Caswell co., N.C, on the Richmond & Danville Railrond, 9 miles S.W. of Danville, Va. It has a church. Pop. of township, 1560. Pelham, a post-ofiice of Grundy co., Tenn. Pelham Ma'nor, a beautiful village of Westchester CO., N.Y., on Long Island Sound, and on the Harlem River Branch of the New York & New Haven Railroad, 16 miles N.E. of New York. It contains a churcli, a chapel called Huguenot Memorial, and many elegant villas. Pelham Station, New York. See PELHA.it. Pelican, pel'j-kan, a township of Otter Tail co., Minn. Pop. 306. Pelican (pel'e-kan) Island, an island on the N.E. coast of Australia, in Princess Charlotte Bay. Lat. 13° 5U' S.; Ion. 143° 42' E. Pelican Lake, a post-office of Otter Tail co., Minn., on Pelican Lake, about 44 miles E.S.E. of Moorhead. Pelican Rapids, a post-office of Otter Tail co., Minn., on Pelican River. Pelican River, Minnesota, rises in Otter Tail co., runs southward, and enters the Red River of the North about 3 miles W. of Fergus Falls. It is the outlet of Peli- can Lake and several other small lakes. Peling, piMing', an island off the E. coast of Celebes. Length, 50 uiiles; breadth, 20 miles. Peling, an island of the Yellow Sea, off the W. coast of Corea. Lnt. 13° 5' N.; km. 125° E. Pe-Ling Mountains, a range in the N.W. of China proper, S. of the Upper Hoang-Ho Valley. Pelion, Mount, Thessaly. See Z.vgoba. Pelissanne, pAMee^sSnn', a market-town of France, in Eouohes-du-Rhone, 16 miles W.N.W. of Aix. Pop. 1922. Pella, pjrii, a ruined town of Macedonia, the birth- place of Alexander the Great. Its remains are traceable tj miles S.E. of Yenidje. FelMa, a post-office of Boulder co., Col. PEL 1715 PEM Fella, a township of Ford qo.,1\\. Pop, 552. Fella, a post-town in Lake Prairie township, Marion CO., Iowa, on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, 15 miles W.N.AV. of Oskaloosa, and 47 miles E.S.E. of Des Moines. Pelia contains the Central University of Iowa (Baptist), which was organized in 1854, 9 churches, a graded school, a national bank, 1 other bank, a foundry, and 3 newspaper offices. It was settled by the Dutch. Pop., including the adjacent villages of South Pella and Southeast Pella, 2536, Fella, a post-office of Wise co., Tex. Fella, a post-hamlet in Pella township, Shawano co., AVis., about 4U miles N.N.W. of Appleton. The township is drained by the Embarras River, and has a pop, of 466. Fellegrino, pSl-li-gree'no. a town of Italy, 22 miles S.W. of Parma. Pop. of commune, 4S81. Fellegrue, pSrieh-grii', a town of Franeej in Gironde, 32 miles K. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1707. Pellerin, Le, a town of France. See Le Pellehin. Fel'lew Islands (Sir Edward), a group of Australia, near the S.W. coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria. The largest- are named West Island, Southwest Island, North Island, Centre, and Vanderlin Island. Lat. 15° 30' S.; Ion. 137° 2' E. See also Pelew Islands. Pellonia, Massac co.. III. See Brooklyn. Pells'ville, a post-hamlet of Vermilion co.. 111., on the Lafayette, Muncie & Bloomington Railroad, 9 miles E. of Paxton. It has a church. PelI'ville, a post-hamlet of Hancock co., Ky., 19 miles N.E. of Owensborough. It has a church, a hotel, 2 stoves, and 4 tobacco-warehouses. Coal abounds here. Fellworm, an island of Prussia. See Pelworxt. Peloponnesus, Greece. See Morea. Feloi'iim Promontorium. See Cape Faro. Pelo'rus Sound, an inlet of South Island, New Zea- land, on the S. side of Cook Strait. It extends inland 2b miles, with many branches, and excellent harbors. Felotas, pA-lo'tas, or Sao Francisco de Paula, s6wN° frin-sees'ko di pow'li, a town of Brazil, in Rio Grande do Sul, 20 miles N.W. of Rio Grande. Pop. 2419. Pelouse River, Idaho. See Palouse River. Felso, the ancient name of Balatony Lake. Fel'ton,a station in Polk co., Iowa, on the Des Moines &. Minnesota Railroad, 14 miles N. of Des Moines. Pelton's Corners, Ontario. See South Gower. Pelu'siac Branch, an ancient arm of the Nile, at its delta, entered the sea at Pelusium (near the modern village of Tineh), after a N.E. course of 120 miles. It is now nearly or quite filled up. Felu'sium, a city of ancient Egypt, at the Pelusiac mouth (anc. Ostium Pehtsiacum) of the Nile. Its remains consist of "mounds and a few broken columns," near the Mediterranean coast, E. of Lake Menzaleh. FeI'vereh (anc. Perre?), a village of Asiatic Turkey, 45 miles S.W. of Malateeyeh. It is still, as in antiquity, a point of union of several great roads from Asia Minor, Syria, and the Euphrates. Felvoux, p^Tvoo', a mountain of France, between the departments of Hautes-Alpes and Isere; lat. 44° 53' 56" N„ Ion. C^° 24' 16" E. ; height, 13,442 feet. Pelworm, or Fellworm, p^l'^oRm, an island of Prussia, in Sleswick, in the North Sea, 5 miles N.W. of Nordstrand. Area, 15 square miles. Pop. 2224. Pemadum'cook, a lake of very irregular shape, in the E. part of Piscataquis co., Me. It is traversed by the Penobscot River below Chesuncook Lake. Pemaquid', a post-village in Bristol township, Lin- coln CO., Me., near the sea, and about 18 miles E. of Bath. It has 2 churches. An English colony was planted on Pemaquid Point, near this village, about 1630. Pemba, p^m'ba, or Huthera, hoo'tA,-rS,\ an island off the E. const of Africa, in the Zanzibar dominions, 30 miles N. of the island of Zanzibar, Lat. of E. point, 4° 54' S. ; Ion. 39° 53' E. Length, 35 miles. Pemba, a country, river, and town of Congo, in West Africa, Lat. of town, 5° S. ; Ion. 14° 30' E. Pem'berton, a post-hamlet of Dade co.. Mo., about 34 miles W.N.W. of Springfield. It has a church and a mill. Pemberton, a post-borough in Pemberton township, Burlington co., N.J., on Rancocas Creek, and on the Cam- den & Ambov and New Jersey Southern Railroads, 25 miles E. by N. of"Camden, 6 miles E. of Mount Holly, and 22 miles S, by E. of Trenton. It has 3 churches and a news- paper office. Pop. 797 ; of township, 2743. JPemberton, a post-village in Perry township. Shelby CO., 0,, on the railroad which connects Bellefontaine with Sidney, 7 miles E. of Sidney. It has 2 churches and the Pemberton Academy. Pop. 157. Pemberton, a post-hamlet of Goochland co., Va.., on the James River, 46 miles above Richmond. It has a mill. Pemberton Ferry, post-office, Hernando co., Fla. Pem'berville, a post-village of Wood co., 0., on the Port-age River, and on the Columbus & Toledo Railroad, IS miles S. of Toledo. It has 2 churches, 2 saw-mills, a grist- mill, a newspaper office, and 2 planing-mills. Pembina, pem'bee-na, a county in the N.E. part of Dakota, borders on Minnesotii. It is bounded on the E. by the Red River of the North, and also drained by the Pembina River. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is fertile. Wheat, barley, Indian corn, and live- stock are the staple products. Capital, Pembina. Pembina, a county of Minnesota, borders on Dakota. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Lake of the Woods, and on the W. by the Red River of the North. The valley of the Red River is level and fertile. Pop. in 1875, 202, Pembina, a post-village, capital of Pembina co., Da- kota, on the Red River of the North, at the mouth of the Pembina River. Lat. 49^ N. ; Ion. 97° 5' W. Pembina, Manitoba. See West Lynne. Pembina Lake is in the N. part of Dakota, about 3 miles from the southern boundary of British America. Length, about 14 miles. Its outlet is the Pembina River. Pembina River issues from Pembina Lake, runs eastward, touching at several points the northern boundary of Dakota, and enters the Red Paver of the North at the N.W. extremity of Minnesota. Pem'bridg'B, a town of England, co. of Hereford, on the Arrow, 4 miles N.N.W. of Weobley. Pop. 1535. Pembroke, p^m'brook, or Pembrokeshire, pSm'- br6ok-shir, a maritime county and the westernmost of South Wales, having W, and N. the Irish Sea, and S. the Bristol Channel. Area, estimated at 615 square miles. Pop. in 1871, 91,993, Surface in the N.E. mountainous ; elsewhere undulating. Coast-lino bold and deeply indented. Chief bays, Newport, St. Bride's, and Milford Haven. Prin- cipal river, the Teify, The soil is generally fertile. The principal crops are wheat, barley, and oats. Butter, cheese, and a tine breed of black cattle are extensivelj' exported. Anthracite coal, lime, slate, and marl are plentiful. Lead ore is also found. The fisheries are valuable. Chief towns, Haverford West, St. David's, Pembroke, and Tenby. The county, exclusive of the borough, sends one member to the House of Commons, Pembroke, a seaport town of Wales, co. of Pembroke, on a cr-Bck of Milford Haven, 210 miles W. of London. Pop. 15,450. The town was formerly enclosed by walls, a part of which still remains. On a rocky eminence in the vicinity stand the remains of a castle of unusual strength and gran- deur, founded in the eleventh century and dismantled in 1049. Pembroke is accessible by vessels of 200 tons ; but the shipping-trade is mostly carried on 1 mile N.W,, at Pater, where is its dock-yard. The borough unites with Tenby, Milford, and Wiston in sending one member to the House of Commons. Pem'broke, a post-office of Kankakee co., III., 6 miles N.E. of Saint Anne. Pembroke, a post-village of Christian co., Ky., on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 10 miles S.E, of Hop- kinsville. It contains an academy, 2 ciiurches, a tobacco- factory, 5 stores, and a nursery. Pop. 278. Pembroke, a post-village in Pembroke township, AVashington co., Me., about 20 miles S. by E. of Calais, and 10 miles N.W. of Eastport. It contains 3 churches, a high school, a savings-bank, and the works of the Pembroke Iron Company, who manufacture iron and nails. The township borders on an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean. Pop. of the township, 2551. Pembroke, a post-township and hamlet of Plymouth CO., Mass., about 25 miles S.S.E. of Boston. It has a town hall, a high school, and 3 churches. Pop. 1399. Pembroke, a post-village in Pembroke township, Mer- rimack CO., N.H., on the Merrimac River, near the mouth of the Suncook, 5 or 6 miles S.S.E. of Concord. It has an academy and a church. The township is intersected by the Concord Railroad, and contains part of a larger village, named Suncook. Pop. of the township, 2518. Pembroke, or Rich'ville, a post-village in Pembroke township, Genesee co., N.Y., on the Tonawnnda & Batavia Railroad, at Richville Station, 45 miles W.S.W. of Roches- ter. It has 1 or 2 churches, a flour-miJl, a saw-mill, Ac. Here is Pembroke Post-Office. The township is intersected by the New York Central Railroad. Pop. 2856. Pembroke, a post-office of Giles co., Va., 112 miles W. by S. of Lynchburg. Pembroke, a town of Ontario, capital of the co. of PBM 1716 PEN Renfrew, on Allumette Lake, an expansion of the Ottawa River, 15 miles N.W. of Renfrew. It contains, besides ttie county buildings, 3 branch banks, several stores, hotels, and churches, a foundry, axe-factory, saw-, grist-, and woollen- mills, and a newspaper office. The Muskrat River, which flows through the town, affords water-power. Pop. 150S. Pembroke Dock, South AVales. See Pater. Pembrokeshire, Wales. See Pkmbkoke. Pemes, a town of France. See Pesmes. Pemghan, or Pamghan. See Pughman. Pemidji Lake, Minnesota. See Tuavekse Lake. Pemigewasset, pem'e-je-wos'sit, a river of New Hampshire, rises among the White Mountains in Grafton CO., runs S. to Plymouth, and a few miles below this place unites with the Winnepesaukee to form the Merrimac River. Pem'iscot, a lake near the S.E. extremity of Missouri, lies in the S. part of Pemiscot Co., scarcely 2 miles from the Mississippi River, from which it probably receives supplies during high water. It communicates with Whitewater River by a short outlet. Length, about IS miles; greatest breadth, 5 or 6 miles. Pemiscot, the most southeastern county of Missouri, borders on Arkansas. Area, about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Mississippi River. The surface is level, and mostly occupied with forests and swamps, in which the cypress abounds. The soil is partly fertile. In- dian oorn and pork are the staple products. Capital, Ga- yoso. Valuation of real and personal estate, $350,000. Pop. in 1870, 2059, of whom 2042 were Americans. Pemiscot, a township of Pemiscot oo., Mo. Pop. 226. Pemmaquid, Maine. See PEMAQiiin. Pempelibrt, peni'pel-fo]tt\ a northern suburb of Dus- seldorf, Prussia, with a palace called Jagerhof. Pop. 4000. Pemuco, pi-moo'ko, a village of Chili, state of Nuble, 35 miles S. by E. of Chilian. Pop. 831. Pen, p^n, or Peno, pi'no, a lake of Russia, govern- ment of Tver, S.W. of Ostashkov, forming the source of the Volga. Length, from N. to S., about 15 miles. Peiiacova, pci-nJi-ko'va, a village of Portugal, in Douro. 10 miles N.N.E. of Coimbra, on the Mondego. Pop. 2728. Penafiel, pi-ni-fe-el', or Arrifana de Sousa, ur- Ee-fa'n^ di so'si, a town of Portugal, province of Minho, on the Tamego, 19 miles E.N.E. of Oporto. Pop. 4015. Peiiafiel, p5n-y^-fe-^r, a town of Spain, province and 29 miles E. S.E. of Valladolid, near the confluence of the Douro and Duraton. Pop. 3467. It has manufactures of coarse worsted stuffs and leather. Peflaflor, p^n-ya-flou', a town of Spain, 42 miles E.N.B. of Seville, oii the Guadalquivir. Pop. 2223. Peiialsordo, p5n-yal-son'do, a town of Spain, in Es- tremadur.a, province of Badajos. Pop. 2270. Penalva d'Alva, pi-nal'vi dil'vi, a town of Portu- gal, in.Reira, 20 miles K.N.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 1437. Peuamacor, pi-n!l-mS,-koB', a town of Portugal, in Beira, 28 miles N.E. of Castello Branco. It is walled, and defended by a strong castle. Pop. 2357. Pe'iiaug', Pin'iiang', or Prince of Wales' Island (native, PuoHo-Fin^nang' , or "Areca Island," from the abundance of the areea-tree on it), a British set- tlement in the Strait of Malacca, and forming one of the ''Straits Settlements." It consists of an island situated in about lat. 6° N. and Ion. 100° E., off the W. eoa«t of the Malay Peninsula^ from which it is separated by a channel from 2 to 5 miles across. Length, 16 miles; breadth, 11 miles. Area. 160 square miles. The surface is densely wooded and highly picturesque. It is mountainous in the N., elsewhere level or undulating. The climate is healthy. Temperature, from 76° to 90° Fahr. The island is well adapted to raising spices, which are exported. Cocoa- nuts, arcca., gambler,, rice, indigo, cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugar, betel, and ginger are the other principal products, and tin is found at the base of the, mountains. Its trading Connections are ehieily with the E. coast of Sumatra, Java, the ports of the Teuasserim provinces, the islands and W. side of the Malay Peninsula, and Singapore. Ponang is also the depot for the tin wrought at Junk-Ccylon and places in the Malay Peninsula. The capital of the island is George Town {itself often called Penang), which has an excellent harbor, an arsenal, good barracks, and civil and convict hospitals. Pop. of island in 1871, 61,797, mostly Malays and Chinese. Penantipode Island, Pacific. See Antipodes. Peiiaranda de Bracamonte, pJn-yi-rin'di di br^-k^-mou'ti, a town of Spain, province and 27 miles S.E. of Salamanca. Pop. 4247. It has manufactures of woollen fabriyjsi" hats, tnpe, cord, morocco, and shoes. Peiiaranda de Duero,p5n-y4-rin'd3, di doo-4'ro, a town of Spain, province and 40 miles S.S.E. of Burgos. Pen Argyl, ar'jil, a post-office of Northampton co., Pa. Penaroya, p6n-y4-ro'y4, a village of Spain, province of Aragon, 48 miles from Teruel. Pop. 1632. Peiiasco, pen-ySis'ko, a postnolfice of Taos co., New Mexico. Peiias de San Pedro, pen'yis di sin pi'Dro, a town of Spain, 12 miles S.S.W. of Albacete. Pop. 1962. PenaAva'vva, post-office. Whitman co., Washington. Pen'bualt, a hamlet of Wales, oo. of Brecon, 8 miles W.S.W. of Builth. Pop. 589. Penca'der, hundred, New Castle co., Del. Pop. 2254. Penchant, pSn^shint', a bayou of Louisiana, flows N.W. from Terre Bonne, parish into Bayou Chene. Pen'co, a town of Chili, on the Bay of Concepcion, a few miles N.E. of the town of Concepcion. Pop. 1213. Here the town of Concepcion once stood. Penco'ed, a hamlet of Wales, 4 miles E.N.E. of Bridg- end. Pop. 623. Pen'coyd', a hamlet of Montgomery co., Pa., in Lower Merlon township, on the Reading Railroad, and on the Schuylkill, opposite Wissahickon Station, Pbikadclphia. Here are the Pencoyd Iron-AVorks, consisting of 2 rolling- mills and a forge, which employ about 500 men. They manufacture car-axles, bar iron, ,tc. Pencun, p^n'koon, a town of Prussia, government and 16 miles S.W. of Stettin. Pop. 2019. Pendar'vis, post-office, Wayne co., Ga., on the Macon A Brunswick Railroad, 30 miles N.N.W. of Brunswick. Pend d'Oreille, Idaho. See Pend Oreille. Pen'dell, a post-hamlet of Butler co., Kansas, about 14milesB.N.E. of Wichita. Penden'nis Castle, England, in Cornwall, on the S. side of the entrance of Falmouth Harbor, on a height 30O feet above the sea. It was founded by Henry VIII. Pen'der, a county in the E. part of North Carolina, is drained by the Northeast Cape Fear River. The surface is nearly level, and is partly covered by pine forests. The soil is mostly sandy, and produces Indian corn, cotton, &c. It is intersected by the Wilmington &, Weldon Railroad. Capital, South Washington. This county was formed after 1870, out of part of New Hanover co. Pender'ry, a hamlet of Wales, 4 miles N.N.W. of Swansea. Pop. 1767. Pendjsheher, p^nj'sbSb'h'r, or Punisheer, ptin-e- shair', a river of Afghanistan, descends from the S. side of the Hindoo-Koosh, and, after a course of about 130 miles, joins the Cabool River on the left. Pen'dle-Hill,England, CO. of L.ancaster, 2 miles from Clitheroe. Height above the sea, 1800 feet. Pen'dleton, a town of England, co. of L.ancaster, 2 miles W.N.W. of Manchester. It is a suburb of Salford, and has collieries and manufactures of cotton and silk. Pop. 25,489. Pen'dleton, a county in the N. part of Kentucky, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Ohio River, and intersected by the Licking River. The surface is undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the ash, beech, black walnut, maple, oak, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, to- bacco, wheat, cattle, lumber, and pork are the staple ])rod- ucts. The rock found next to the surface is Trenton or blue limestone. This county is intersected by the Kentucky Central Railroad. Capital, Falmouth. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,980,342. Pop. in 1870, 14,03,0, of whom 13,214 were Americans. Pendleton, a county in the E. part of West Virginia, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is intersected by the South Branch of the Potomac River, and by the North and South Forks of the same Branch. It is bounded N.W. by the main chain of the Alleghany Mountains. The surface is also diversified by another ridge, called Jackson's Mountain, and is partly covered with i'oicsts of the oak, sugar-maple, hickory, and other trees. Maize, cattle, wheat, and hay arc the staple products. Cii-irital, Franklin. Valuation of real and personal cstiite, $2,099,950. Pop. in 1870, 6455, of whom 6449 were Americans. Pendleton, a post-hamlet of Lincoln co., .\rk.. on the Arkansas River, about 40 miles E.S.E. of Pine Elufl". It has 2 churches, 2 schools, and a steamboat-landing. Pendleton, a post-village in Fall Creek township, Madison Co.. Ind., on Fall Creek, and on the railroiid ivhich connects Indianapolis with Anderson, 28 miles E.N.E. of the, former. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, an academy, manufactures of iiour ami lumber, and a quarry of good limestone. Pop. 675. PEN 1717 PEN Pendleton, a post-hamlet of Henry oc, Ky., on the Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington Railroad, 33 miles N.E. of Louisville. Pendleton, township, St. Franfois co., Mo. Pop. 851. Pendleton, a post-hamlet of Warren co., Mo., on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Kailroad, 64 miles W. by N. of St. Louis. It has a church and 2 stores. Pendleton, a post-vina),'e in Pendleton township, Niag- ara CO., N.Y., on Tonawanda Creek and the Erie Canal, about IS miles N.N.E. of Buffalo. Pop. 214. The town- ship is intersected by the Lockport & Buffalo Railroad. Pop. of the township, 1675, Pendleton, a station in Hamilton CO., 0,, on the Lit- tle Miami Railroiid, 3 miles N.E. of Cincinnati. It is near South Pendleton Post-Office. Pendleton, a post-village in Riley township, Putnam CO., 0., about IS miles N.N.E. of Lima. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Pop. 145. Pendleton, a post-village, capital of Umatilla co., Oregon, near the Blue Mountains, and about 3(IU miles E. of Salem. It has a newspaper office, a high school, 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a sash- and door-factory. Pendleton, a post-village in Pendleton township, An- derson CO., S.C, on the Blue Ridge Railroad, 138 miles W.N.W. of Columbia, and 20 miles S.E. of Walhalla. It has 4 churches and 2 academies. Pop. 985; of the town- ship, 2115. Pendleton, or Pendleton's, a post-office and sta- tion of Louisa CO., Va., on the Ciiesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 65 miles N.W. of Richmond. Pendleton, a post-village in Prescott co., Ontario, on the South Nation River, 40 miles from Ottawa. It contains 2 stores and a saw-mill. Lead and plumbago are found in the vicinity; also sulphur and saline springs. Pop. 100. Pendleton Centre, a post-hamlet of Niagara co., N.Y,, in Pendleton township, 8 miles S,W, of Lockport. Pendleton Factory, a post-office of Anderson co., S.C, on the Blue Ridge Railroad, 3 miles S. of Pendleton. Pendleton Hill, a post-hamlet of New London CO., Conn., about 14 miles E. by S. of Norwich. It has a church. Pendleton's River, Georgia, rises near the E. border of Laurens co., runs southeastward, and enters the Great Ohoopee River in Tatnall co., 7 miles N,W. ot^ Reidsville. Pend Oreille, oVeel' (Fr. pron. p6Nd oVir),orKul'- luspelm, a lake in the northern part of Idaho, is an ex- pansion of Clarke's River, near lat. 48° N. It is about 35 miles long and 8 miles wide. Clarke's River issues from its N.W. end. Pen'dryville, a post-office of Orange co., Fla. Penedo, pi-ni'do, a city of Brazil, province and 65 miles S.W. of Alagoas, on the Sao Francisco. Pop. of the district, 14,000, mostly Inditins. Penedono, pA-ni-do'no, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 39 miles N. by W. of Guarda. Pop. 987. Penella, pi-nSI'li, a town of Portugal, in Beira, on the Deufa, 15 miles S.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 3935. Penetanguishene,Penetangueshine, or Pen- etangushene, pen'e-tang'gh^-sheen', a post-village of Ontario, co. of Simcoe, on an inlet of Lake Huron, 32 miles iJ.N.W. of Barrie. It contains the Ontario Reformatory Prison, several churches, 6 stores, 2 hotels, a tannery, and several saw-mills. It is a port of entry. Pop. 1000. Peneus, the ancient name of Salembuia. Pen'field, a post-village of Greene co., Ga., about 80 miles E. by S. of Atlanta. It contains sever.al churches, the Mercer High School, and 1 or 2 flouring-mills. P. 447. Penfield, a post-office of Champaign co.. 111. Penfield, a post-village in Penlield township, Monroe CO., N.Y., on Irondequoit Creek, about 8 miles E. by S. of Rochester, and IJ miles N. of the New York Central Railroad. It has 3 or 4 churches, 2 grist-mills, and a paper-mill. Pop. about 600. The township contains a vil- lage named East Penfield, has 5 churches, and a pop. of 2880. Penfield, a post-village in Penfield township, Lorain CO., 0., on Black River, about 32 miles S.W. of Cleveland, and 10 miles S.S.E. of Oberlin. It has a cheese-factory. Pop. about 250; of the township, 749. Penfield, or Pennfield, a post-village of Clearfield CO., Pa., on the Low Grade division of the Alleghany Val- ley Railroad, about 60 miles W. of Lock Haven, and 37 miles E. by N. of Brookville. It has an active trade in lumber, and several general stores. Pop. about 400. Penge, \>inj, a hamlet of England, co. of Surrey, now a suburb of London. Almshouses for watermen have been erected here, and here is the Crystal Palace. Pop. 13,202. Penha, p4n'yi, a vill.-ige of Br.azil, in Minas-Geraes, on the Itaguahi, 80 miles S.W. of Min.as-Novas. Pop. 1000. Penha, a village of Brazil, on the E, shore of the island of Itaparica, opposite the town of Bahia. Pen'hoolc, a post-office of Franklin co., Va. Peniche, pi-nee'shi, a fortified town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 13 miles W. of Obidos, on tlie Atlantic and the S. side of the peninsula of Peniehe. Pop. 2963. Pen'ick, a post-office and station of Marion co., Ky., on the Louisville & Nashua Railroad, 6 miles E. of Lebanon. Penicuick, or Pennycuick, pen'e-kiik', a burgh of Scotland, co. and 10 miles by rail S. of Edinburgh, on the North Esk. It is neatly built, has a fine church of Grecinn architecture, a powder-factory, and p:iper-miils. Pop. 2157. Peni'el, a post-hamlet of Roane co., W. Va., 40 miles S. by E. of Parkersburg. It has a grist- and a saw-mill. Penig, pi'niG, a town of Sa.xony, 33 miles S.S.E. of Leipsic, on the Mulde. Pop. 5960. It has a castle, a rolling- mill, and manufactures of paper, machinery, hosiery, &c. Penikese, or Penequecse, pen-e-keess', itn islet of Massachusetts, in Buzzard's Bay, S.E. of New Bedford, has an area of about 100 acres. Here the celebrated Agassiz opened a school of natural history. Peninsula (The), an abbreviation for the Iberian Pen- insula. See Spain. Penin'sula, a township of Grand Traverse co., Mich. Pop. 667. Peninsula, a post-village in Boston township. Summit CO., 0., on the Cuyahoga River and the Ohio Canal, 24 mileS S. of Cleveland, and 12 miles N. of Akron. It haS 2 churches, a lumber-mill, and a good stone-quarry. Canal- boats are built here. Peniscola, p^n-yees'ko-IS, a fortified town of Spain, province and 38 miles N.E. of Castellon de la Plana. Pop. 2506. It is perched on a rock rising 240 feet above the Mediterranean and connected with the mainland only by a narrow strip of sand. Penitas, pen-yee't4s, a post-office of Nueces co., Tex. Penitentiary, Kansas. See Lansing. Penjab, the " five rivers," of India. See Punjab. Penjdeh, a camp in Khorassan. See Punj Been. Penjina, pSn-jee'na (?), a river of East Siberia, rises on the S.E. side of the Stanovoi Mountains, flows S.E., and falls into the Bay of Penjinsk, after a course of about 160 miles. Penjinsk', a small town of East Siberia, on the Pen- jina, near its mouth in the Gulf of Penjinsk, an inlet of the Sea of Okhotsk. See Gulp of Penjinsk. Penkau, pSn'kow, or Penkum, pen'koom, a town of Prussia, in Pamer.ania, 17 miles W. of Stettin. Pop. 2019. Penk'ridge, a town of England, co. and 6 miles S. of Stafford, on the Penk, an affluent of the Trent. Pop. 2435. It is supposed to have been the Roman Pennocrucium. Penlim'mon, a name sometimes applied to a moun- tain-range of South Wales. Penllyn, pcn-lln', a post-hamlet in Gwynedd township, Montgomery co., Pa., on the North Pennsylvania Railroad, 17 miles N. of Philadelphia. It has a flour-miU. Penmaen-Mawr, p^n-mi'en-mSwn, a mountain of Wales, CO. of Carnarvon, 4 miles by rail W. of Conway. Height, 1645 feet. Its summit is crowned by ancient forti- fications. Pen'main, a hamlet of England, in Monmouthshire, 12 miles N.AV. of Newport. Pop. 2744. Penmarch, p6N=^maRsh', a village of France, in Fi- nistere, on a headland in the Atlantic, 16 miles S.W. of Quimper. Penn, a township of Shelby CO., 111. Pop. 428. Penn, a township of Stark CO., 111. Pop. 1121. Penn, a township of Jay co., Ind. Pop. 1441. Penn, a township of Parke co., Ind. Pop. 1335. It contains Annapolis. Penn, a township of St. Joseph co., Ind. Pop. 4982. It contains Mishawaka. Penn, a township of Guthrie co., Iowa. Pop. 1531. Penn, a township of Jefferson co., Iowa. Pop. 1678. Penn, a township of Johnson co., Iowa. Pop. 694. Penn, a township of Madison co., Iowa. Pop. 769. Penn, a township of Osborne co., Kansas. Pop. 448, It contains Osborne, the county seat, Penn, a post-township of Cass co., Mich., about 20 miles E.N.E. of Niles. It is intersected by the Chicago &, Lake Huron Railroad. It contains a hamlet named Penn, and 2 churches. Pop. 1462, Penn, a township of MoLeod co., Minn. Pop. 367. Penn, a township of Sullivan co,. Mo. Pop. 1744. Penn, a township of Highland eo.. 0. Pop. 1471. Penn, a township of Morgan co., 0. Pop. 1242. Penn, a township of Alleghany co.. Pa. Pop. 26S5. PEJT 1718 PEN Penn, a township of Berks oo., Pa. Pop. 1515. Penn, a township of Butler co., Pa. Pop. 837. Penn, a township of Centre co., Pa. Pop. 1158. Penn, a township of Chester co., Pa. Pop. 692. Penn Station is at the village of Kelton. Penn, a township of Clearfield co.. Pa. Pop. 639. It contains Centreville and Pine G-rove. Penn, a township of Cumherland co., Pa. Pop. 1888. Penn, a township of Huntingdon co., Pa. Pop. 1143. Penn, a post-township of Lancaster co., Pa., about 10 miles N. of Lancaster City, is intersected by the Heading & Columbia Railroad. Pop. 1972. Penn Post-OfiiGe is at Pennville, i miles N.E. of Manheim. Penn, a township of Lycoming co., Pa. Pop. 701. Penn, a township of Perry co,, Pa. Pop. 1529. Penn, a township of Snyder co.. Pa. Pop. 1415. Penn, or Penn Station, a post-borough in Penn township, Westmoreland CO., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 25 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg, and 6 miles W. of Greensburg. It has 3 churches. Pop. 820; of the town- ship, 2423. Here is Penn Station Post- Office. Penn, a township of Williamsburg co., S.C. Pop. 676. Penna di Billi, pSn'ni dee bil'lee, a small city of Italy, 20 miles W.N.W. of Urbino, near the right bank of the Marecchia. Pop. 2536. Pen'nahatch'ee Creek, of Georgia, enters Flint River near Drayton, in Dooly co. Pennar, p^n-nar', a river of India, rises in Mysore, and, after an E. course through the districts of Bellary, Cuddapah, and Nellore, enters the Bay of Bengal, 104 miles N. of Madras. Length, 270 miles. Pennautier, pSn'no"te-i', a town of France, in Aude, 3 miles N.W. of Carcassonne. Pop. 1100. Penne, pSnn, a town of France, in Lot-et-Garonne, 6 miles E.S.E. of Villeneuve-sur-Lot. Pop. 1272. Penne, a town of France, in Tarn, on the left bank of the Aveyron, 15 miles N.W. of Gaillac. Pop. 2021. Peune, a city of Italy. See Civita di Penme. Pen'nellville, a post-hamlet of Oswego co., N.Y., on the Midland Railroad, 20 miles S.E. of Oswego City. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Pop. about 200. Pennepack Creek, Pa. See Pennvpack Creek. Penn'deld, township, Calhoun co., Mich. Pop. 1132. Pennfield, Clearfield co., Pa. See Penfield. Penn For'est, a township of Carbon co., Pa. P. 504. Penn Hall, a post-village in Gregg township. Centre CO., Pa., about 15 miles S.E. of Bellefontc, and 20 miles S. by W. of Lock Haven. It has an academy, a grist-mill, and a coach -factory. Pop. about 300. Penn Ha'ven, a village of Carbon co.. Pa., on the Lehigh River, and on the Lehigh Valley and Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroads, Si miles N. of Mauch Chunk. Coal is mined near this place. Penn Haven Junction, a station of the Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroad, at its junction with the Lehigh Val- ley Railroad, 7 miles N. of Mauch Chunk, Pa. Penu Hill, a hamlet of Lancaster co., Pa., 1 mile from Goshen Station. It has a church. Pen'nigeut, a mountain of England, co. of York, West Riding, 7 miles N. of Settle. Elevation, 2270 feet. Pennine Alps, Europe. See Alps. Pen'nington, a county in the S.W. part of Dakota, comprises part of the Black Hills. It is traversed by the South Fork of Cheyenne River,, and partly bounded on the N. by the Belle Fourche or North Fork. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Gold is found here. Pennington, a post-office of Minnehaha co., Dakota. Pennington, a post-village in Hopewell township, Mercer oo., N..T,, on the Belvidere division of the Penn- sylvania Railroad, and on the Delaware & Bound Brook Railroad, 35 miles from Philadelphia, and 8 miles N. of Trenton. It contains 3 churches, the Pennington Institute, and the Pennington Seminary. Pop. about 700. Pennington, a post-village, capital of Trinity oo., Tex,, 13 miles E.N.E. of Lovehidy. It has 2 churches. Pop. 193. Pennington Point, a post-hamlet of MoDonough oo.. Ill,, about 11 miles S. of Bu.shnell. Penningtonville, Chester co.. Pa. See Atglen. Pen'niston, or Fenistone, a town of England, co. of York, on the Don, and on the Manchester & Sheffield Railway, 64 miles W.S.W, of Barnsley. Pop. 1549. Penn Line, a post-village of Crawford oo.. Pa., near the W. boundary of the state, about 22 miles AV. by N. of Meadville. It has a ehceso-factory and a tannery. Penn Mine, a village of Keweenaw oo., Mich., in Grant township, 31 miles E.N.E. of Calumet. Here is a copper-mine, which employs 200 men and produces 80 tons of copper per month. Penn Run, Indiana co.. Pa. See Gueemville. Penns'borough, a post-village of Ritchie co., W. Va., on the Baltimore «t Ohio Railroad, 42 miles E. of Parkers- burg. It is a terminus of tlie Pennsborough & Harrison- ville Railroad, which is 8 miles long. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and a tannery. Penns'burg, a post-village in Upper Hanover town- ship, Montgomery CO., Pa., on the Perkiomen Railroad, which connects with the Reading Railroad, 1 mile from East Greenville, and 20 miles S. of Allentown. It has a national bank, 2 churches, 1 or 2 brick-kilns, 2 flour-mills, a planing-mill, a pottery, and a coach-factory. One Ger- man weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. about 700. Penns'bury, a township of Chester co., Pa. Pop. 767. Penn's Creek,. Pennsylvania, rises in Centre co., runs eastward through Union co., and enters the Susquehanna River 5 miles below Sunbury. It is nearly 75 miles long. Penn's Creek, a postToffice of Snyder co.. Pa., about 13 miles S.W. of Lewisburg. Penn's Dale, Lycoming co.. Pa. See Pennsville. Penn's Grove, a station on the San Francisco & North Pacific Railroad, 4 miles N. of Petaluma, Cal. Penn's Grove, a post-village in Upper Penn's Neck township, Salem co., N.J., on the Delaware River, 29 miles below Camden, and about 4 miles E. of Wilmington, Del. It is the S. terminus of the Delaware Shore Railroad, It has 2 churches, a hotel, an academy, a steam saw-mill, a ship-yard, 2 carriage-factories, and manufactures of lime. Pop. about 2500. Penn's Neck, a village of Mercer co., N.J. , on the railroad which connects Trenton with New Brunswick, about 10 miles N.E. of Trenton; It has a church. Penn's Park, a post-village of Bucks co., Pa., 5 miles N.E. of Hartsville, and 24 miles N.N.E. of Philadelphia. It has a church, a coach-factory, and about 40 houses. Penn's Square, a hamlet of Norriton township, Montgomery co.. Pa., 2 or 3 miles N.E. of Norristown. It is i mile from Hartranft, on the Stony Creek Railroad. Penn Station, Westmoreland co., Pa. Seel'ENM. Penn's Store, a post-hamlet of Patrick co., Va., 37 miles W.N.W. of Reidsville, N.C. It has a church. Penns'ville, a post-hamlet of Salem co., N.J., on the Delaware River, opposite New Castle, Del., and about 33 miles S.W. of Camden. Here is a large hotel. Pennsville, a post-village of Morgan co., 0., 28 miles W.N.W. of Marietta. It has a grist-mill and a Friends' meeting. Pop. 1S9. Pennsville, a hamlet of Clearfield co.. Pa., 5 miles W. of Curwinsville, It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Here is Grampian Hills Post-Office. Pennsville, a post-vill.age of Fayette co.. Pa., on the Southwest Pennsylvania Railroad, near the Mount Pleasant Branch Railroad, 5 miles N. of Connellsville. It has a tannery, coke-works, and 4 stores. Pennsville, or Penn's Dale, a hamlet in Muncy township, Lycoming co., Pa., on the Muncy Creek Rail- road, about 12 miles E. of WilUamsport. It has a Friends' meeting. Pop, about 100, Here is Wolf Run Post-Office; Pennsylvania, pen-5il-vi'ne-a(Fr. Pensi/lvanie, p5n*- seervi^nee' ; Ger. Pennsylvanien, p^n-sil-v3,'ne-§n), one of the so-called Middle States of the American Union, bounded N, by Lake Erie and New York, E, by New York and New Jersey, S. by Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia, and W. by West Virginia and Ohio. Its northern line follows the parallel of 42° N. lat., except in the N.W, ; its eastern boundary is washed throughout by the Delaware River ; on the S. is " Mason &. Dixon's line," lat. 39° 43' N.; and its western limit is 80° 36' W. Ion. It is called the Keystone State, because it was the seventh or central one in order of the original thirteen states. Area, 46,000 square miles. Maximum length, E. and AV., 315 miles; breadth, 158 miles. The Face of the Country is exceedingly varied. A most conspicuous feature is presented by the parallel ranges of mountains belonging to the Appalachian system and hav- ing a quite uniform direction from N.E. to S.AV. The southeastern triangle of the state is a very beautiful and fertile region, traversed by low ridges, of which the most important have the usual N.E. and S.W. direction. Crossing the ridge known locally as South Mountain, we encounter the North, Blue, and Kittatinny Mountains, into which merge the Second, Peters, Berry's, Manch Chunk, Mahnn- tango. Sharp. Locust, Spring, Buck, Mahanoy, Shamokin, Catawissa, McCauley, Green, Peaked, Stony, Little Lick, Big Lick, Bear or Short, Broad, Beaver Meadow, Nescopcck, PEN 1719 PEN and Great Pocono Mountains, the four last-mentioned bearing flat table-lands on their summits, while many of the others are sharp ridges with rocky sides. The Pocono plateau is a cool forest-region, very scantily peopled, but it is believed to have agricultural resources of importance. The Shaw- nee, Shickshinny, and AVyoming Mountains enclose the Lackawanna coal-field. Most of the above-mentioned ranges between the Sharp and the AV^yoming Mountains lie in or traverse the anthracite region N.N,\V. of Phila- delphia. The anthracite regions are generally utterly sterile and forbidding : but the Wyoming Valley is fertile and very beautiful. Far to the southwestward, across the Susque- hanna, lies the rich Cumberland Valley, between the South and Blue Mountains. The latter mountain-ridge is broken by five water-gaps, through which flow the Beliir ware, Lehigh, Schuylkill, Swatara, and Susquehanna. To the northwestward we encounter a complex succession of marvellously uniform, low, narrow, and level-topped sand- stone mountains or ridges, separated by narrow valleys, floored with limestone and shales, and crossing the whole state in the usual direction. The upper part of the Susque- hanna Valley, on both of its main forks, presents much very beautiful scenery. To the S.W. the principal mountain- ridges westward are the Tuscarora, Shade, Sideling, AVills, Broad Top, Dunning's, Little Alleghany, Savage, Main Alleghany, and Negro Mountains, Laurel Hill, and the Chestnut and Laurel Ridges; and W. of the latter comes the very fertile valley of the Monongahela, covered with gracefully -rounded hills, winding valleys, and upland glades. Northeastward are the Mehoopany, Bald Eagle, AVistar, Towanda, and many other ridges. Northwest of this region lies the elevated forest plateau of Elk, Potter, McKean, and Forest cos., which are but sparsely peopled. To the westward the country is again rich and populous. Geolo(j}j and Mnicrah. — 'In mineral wealth Pennsylvania stands in the very first rank among the states, a rank which she occupies chiefly by reason of the abundance, accessibility, and practical usefulness of her stores of coal, iron, and petroleum. The principal geological formations are (1) an eozoic or Laurentian tract, covering the south- eastern angle of the state, limited northwestward by a line running from Trenton, N.J., to Norristown, thence nearly to Lebanon, then crossing the Susquehiinna N. of York, and reaching the Maryland line a few miles E. of Gettysburg. It also reappears at various points along the S.E, base of the South Mountain ridge. Its principal minerals of economic value are handsome serpentine for building, ores of iron and chromium combined, nickel, magnetic iron, marble, largely quarried for use in Philadelphia and by some referred to a Silurian epoch, hematite, *fec. Corundum is also found here. Unlike most Laurentian areas, this tract has very generally a fertile soil. (2) A triassic belt, affording useful red sandstone for building. At Phcenix- ville is a mine of galena, or lead-sulphide, associated with copper and with lead-phosphate, its veins also penetrating the gneiss or Laurentian strata. (3) The Silurian forma- tion, whose limestones enrich the Cumberland Valley, and whose slates are quarried for roofing-slates in the Lehigh and Delaware Valleys. This formation also atfords useful brown hematites. (4) The anthracite coal region and all the mountain and valley districts east of the main Alle- ghany ridge present a great variety of Silurian and Devo- nian strata, their original relations having been. much dis- turbed by anticlinal and synclinal folds, by denudation, and other causes. The anthracite is found in long, narrow basins, disposed mainly in three fields, — a, the Schuykill and Mine Hill field (coal area, 146 square miles); h, the Shamokin. Mahanoy, and Lehigh basins (united area, 128 square miles) ; and c, the Lackawanna and AVyoming coal- field (area, 198 square miles) ; total area of anthracite coal, 472 squji.re miles. This excellent coal is found in the coun- ties of Dauphin, Carbon, Schuylkill, and Luzerne, and to some extent in Northumberland and Columbia cos., while in Sullivan and Wyoming there are limited areas pro- ducing semi-anthracite. Bradford, Lycoming, Tioga, Hun- tingdon, Centre, Clearfield, Fulton, and Bedford cos. have (mostly detached) fields of the highly valued semi-bitumin- ous coal. Passing the main Alleghany ridge, we at once enter the great bituminous coal-fields, which cover a very large part of Pennsylvania, every county but one, after crossing the main Alleghany, yielding more or less bitu- minous coal. Erie co., and the 24 eastern and southeastern counties which we have not named, have no coal whatever. Mercer co. affords a block coal, or semi-cannel, of peculiar excellence as a furnace-coal. Southwestern Pennsylvania belongs to the upper coal measures (including the great Pitts- burg seam and the Waynesburg coal); but most of the other mines of the state are in the lower measures. It is con- ceded that the anthracites were once bituminous but have been metamorphosed under the influence of heat and press- ure. In 1873 Pennsylvania produced 22,828,178 tons of anthracite, 2,598,7U2 of semi-bjtuminous, and 9,U96,fi80 of bituminous coal; total, 34,523,560, besides some 500,000 tons of block coal. In 1874 the output was 32,147,040 tons. Other products of the coal measures are fire-clay and clay-ironstone. The Upper Devonian strata afi'ord abun- dance of petroleum, as well as of salt, which is obtained by evaporating the strong brines reached by artesian borings. Salt and petroleum are often closely associated. The greatest annual yield of petroleum was one of 9,884,719 barrels in 1873. The counties of Venango, Butler, McKean, and Clarion have aflforded most of the petroleum, and iron ore is found in nearly every part of the state. The iron product of 1S73 was 1,389,573 tons of pig and 858,946 of wrought iron and steel. The yearly salt product is not far from 1,000,000 bushels, but it has exceeded 12,000,000 in some years. Zinc is rained at Friedensville and Bethlehem. The principal medicinal springs are at Bedford, York, Doubling Gap, Ephrata, and Yellow Springs. In Western Pennsylvania the gas from natural gas-wells is utilized as a source of heat and light. Handsome black limestone is quarried at Williamspoit. Rivera, &c. — The principal rivers are the Delaware (navi- gable for large ships to Philadelphia and for smaller craft to Trenton, N.J., and to Easton ; principal branches, the Lackawanna, Lehigh, and Schuylkill, the two latter afford- ing slack-water navigation); the Susquehanna, which is adapted to the flotation of rafts and arks, and whose banks have been canalled; it is formed by the union of its East and West Branches; the Juniata is its main tributary; the Ohio, whose constituent streams are the Alleghany and Monongahela, and among their tributaries the Conemaugh and Youghipgheny are of principal importance. The Ohio and its main head-streams afford a great deal of navigation during good stages of water. Agriculture. — Pennsylvania occupies a very prominent position as an agricultural state. There is comparatively little land in the state which might not be rendered useful. The "serpentine barrens" which traverse the fertile south- eastern counties, a good part of the anthracite coal country, and many steep and inarable mountain-sides, seem hope- lessly unproductive; but the desolate "Shades of Death," or Pocono region, has been pronounced by high authority to afford the best of soils for oats, timothy, and clover, and for the grazing of long-woolled sheep. The northern up- land counties have very generally a thin, cold soil, and are liable to summer frosts, but they are well adapted to grazing and to the growth of timber. But after making all possi- ble allowances for waste lands there remains an immense body of agricultural land of the highest excellence. The Cumberland, Wyoming, and Lebanon Valleys, the beau- tiful grain-producing and wool-growing counties of the S.W., the admirable pastoral soils of the N.W., the skil- fully managed farms of Lanciister, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery, Bucks, Berks, Lehigh, and Northampton counties, and the limestone soils of most of the mountain- valleys, more than compensate for the acreage of waste lands. Pennsylvania excels in dairy and market-gar- den products, in wheat, Indian corn, oats, wool, tobacco, fruit, potatoes, hay, live-stock, and indeed in all the agri- cultural staples of the Northern states., In 1873 the state produced grain, hay, potatoes, and tobacco to the aggregate value of nearly §116,000, 000 ; and it is safe to suppose that her wool, pork, beef, fruit, milk, garden and dairy products, and the increase of flocks and herds, more than double that value. Many inarable hill-sides a,re finely adajited to vine- growing. Northern Pennsylvania affords great amounts of pine, spruce, and hemlock timber and tanners' bark. In the N.E. there are extensive beech forests. Oak of many species, the sugar and other maples, ash, hickory, elm, tulip-tree, black and white walnut, and many other useful trees abound ; and Pennsylvania ranks as one of the lead- ing states in the lumber-trade, AVilliamsport and Lock Haven are principal seats of this industry. Mannfaciures. — In this department of industry the state is one of the foremost in the Union. The iron industry centres at Pittsburg, Alleghany, Harrisburg, Beading, Scranton, Ac, but is carried on largely in many of the smaller to>¥ns and cities. Pittsburg is also one of the principal glass-making towns in the United States, and turns out immense quantities of machinery, castings, nails, hardware, etc. Philadelphia has a great variety of pro- ductive industries, and is one of the world's great manufac- turing centres. Agricultural implements, boots, shoes, PEN 1Y20' PENT brass goods, brick, beer, cars, carriages, cooperage, chemi- cals, coke, cilarcoal, cheese, cement, clothing, cutlery, car- pets, cordage, cottons, flour, fertilizers, furniture, glue, gun- powder, hats, hosiery, jewelry, leather, lumber, lime, distilled liquors, paints, paper, pottery, refined oil, refined sugar, saddlery, sewing-silk, ships, saws, soap, tobacco, woollens, and worsted goods are among the leading manufactured ar- ticles which Pennsylvania produces on a large scale. Commerce. — The Delaware River affords a channel of commerce deep enough for ships of the largest class, and Philadelphia, on that river, is one of the principal seats of foreign and coastwise trade. Grain, provisions, petroleum, tobacco, oil-cake, lumber, tallow, hides, leather, shoes, cot- ton, machinery, and coal are the principal exports. Ken- sington and Chester are important scuts of ship-building. Erie, on Lake Erie, and Pittsburg, on the Ohio, are also great commercial centres. In 1874 the customs district of Philadelphia had 934 sailing-vessels, tonnage, 146,933 ; 265 steamers, tonnage, 72,206; 1810 canal-boals, tonnage, 170,597 ; and 31 barges, tonnage, 5034. The Erie district had 22 sailing-vessels, tonnage, 8760 ; 25 steamers, tonnage, 15,159 J besides 32 barges and canal-boats. Pitt.^burg and vicinity had 159 steamers, tonnage, 37,844, and 308 barges, tonnage, 66,196. Railroads. — The "Switchback" Railroad at Mauch Chunk, opened in 1826, was followed by a number of other coal roads ; and in 1834 the Philadelphia* Columbia (82 miles) and the Portage Railroad (36 miles) were opened, having been built at the expense of the state. In 1635 there were 265 miles in the state ; in 1846,840 miles; in 1850,1240 miles ; in 1855, 1800 miles ; in 1860, 2598 miles ; in 1365, 3728 miles; in 1870, 4656 miles; in 1875, 5868 miles, ex- clusive of double and side tracks. Average cost for works per road-mile, S73,145 ; stock dividends in 1875 per mile, $3646 ; net earnings per mile, S4930. Two great corpora- tions (the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad) own, lease, or otherwise control a very large number of minor lines. In 1875 there were S3 rail- roads incorporated by this state. The Caitale of Pennsylvania, which formerly extended more than 1000 miles, have been in part abandoned, in cohsequence of the introduction of railroads. But for the transportation of coal and heavy freights the canals are still profitably employed. A large pai-t of the state debt, noticed below, was contracted in canal-construction. In 1873 there were 780 miles of canal in use. Finatices.— The state debt in 1875 amounted to 823,233,137.74, of which $10,754,321.62 is covered by sink- ing funds. In 1874 the true value of taxable property was put at §4,300,619,558, and the total state revenue was §5,871,968. Counties. — Pennsylvania has 67 counties : Adams, Alle- ghany, Armstrong, Beaver, Bedford. Berks, Blair, Bradford, Bucks, Butler, Cambria, Cameron, Carbon, Centre, Chester, Clarion, Clearfield, Clinton, Columbia, Crawford, Cumber- land, Dauphin, Delaware, Elk, Erie, Fayette, Forest, Franklin, Fulton, Greene, Huntingdon, Indiana, Jefi'erson, Juniata, Lackawanna, Lancaster, Lawrence, Lebanon, Le- high, Luzerne, Lycoming, McKean, Mercer, Mifilin, Mon- roe, Montgomery, Montour, Northampton, Northumber- land, Perry, Philadelphia, Pike, Potter, Schuylkill, Snyder, Somerset, Sullivan, Susquehanna, Tioga, Union, Venango, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Westmoreland, Wyoming, and York. The principal Cities and Bnrovyhs arc Philadelphia, the largest city in the state, and the second in the Union (pop. in 1870, 674,022) ; Harrisburg, the capital (2.3,104) ; Pitts- burg, present limits (pop. in 1870, 121,729) ; Alleghany, a city adjoining Pittsburg, present limits (53,180); Al- lentown (13,884) ; Altoona (10,610) ; Easton (10,987) ; Erie (19,646); Lancaster (20,233); Norristown (10,753) ; Read- ing (33,930) ; Pottsville (12,384) ; Scranton (35,092) ; Wil- liamsport (16,030); Wilkesbarre (10,174) ; York (11,003) ; while Ashland, Bellefonte, Bethlehem, Bristol, Butler, Car- bondale, Carlisle, Chambersburg, Chester, Columbia, Corry, D.anville, Franklin, Greensburg, Greenville, Honesdale, Huntingdon, Johnstown, Lebanon, Lock Haven, Mahanoy, Mauch. Chunk, Meadville, New Castle, Oil City, Pittston, Shamokin, Sharon, St. Clair, Tamaqua, Titusville, Towanda, Tyrone, Union City, Warren, Washington, and scores of other towns are populous and thriving business centres. Government, dec. — The present constitution was adopted in 1873. The governor is chosen for the term of 4 years. The general assembly consists of a senate of 50 members, chosen for four years, and a house of 200 representatives, chosen for 2 years. Judges are elected by the people to serve for fixed terms. Voters must have resided in the state 1 year .and in the election district 2 months next be- fore the election. The state sends 27 representatives to the lower house of Congress, and has 29 electoral votes. Public Institutions. — The state has penitentiaries at Alle- ghany, Huntingdon, and Philadelphia; a large number of county and city prisons, jails, and houses of correction ; reformatories at Philadelphia and Morganza ; insane hos- e'tals at Harrisburg, Danville, Warren, Norristown, and ixmont, besides several private and incorporated insane retreats; an institution for feeble-minded youth at Media; institutions for the blind and for deaf-mutes at Philadel- phia; and a Large number of public and private hospitals, orph.anages, dispensaries, and other charitable institutions. Education. — Although Penn's frame of government(16S2) directed the establishment of public schools, and the free education of the children of the poor was subsequently provided for by statute, the public school system of Phila- delphia was not in operation before ISIS, and the first common-school law for the state was enacted in 1834 ; and then and thereafter the system mot with much oppo- sition. At present the school system is very effective. There are state, county, city, and borough superintendents of public instruction, and district and other local super- visors and directors. Women are eligible to educational offices. Education is not compulsory. The principal cities and boroughs have high and graded schools, and in some of the towns some amount of free industrial and technical training is provided for. There are state normal schools at Bloomsburg, Edlnborough, Indiana, Kutztown, Lock Haven, Mansfield, Millersville, Sagamore, Shippensburg, and West Chester, and a large city normal school for girls at Phila- delphia. There are many px-ivate and parochial schools of all grades. Institutions of collegiate and university rank are sustained at Allentown, Annville, Carlisle, Chester, Easton, Freeland, Gettysburg, Greenville, Havorford, Lan- caster, Latrobe, Lewisburg, Loretto, Lower Oxford, Mead- ville, Mercersburg, Myerstown, New Wilmington, Phila- delphia (4), Pittsburg, South Bethlehem, Swarthmore, Villanova, Washington, and Waynesburg, not including the celebrated Girard College for orphans, at Philadelphia, or the state college in Harris township. Centre co; (free to youth of either sex), where agriculture and the mechanio arts receive special but not exclusive attention. There are also female colleges at Allentown, Chambersburg, College- ville, Meehanicsburg, Pittsburg, and York, and many pro- fessional and technical schools of high grade, including 16 or more theological seminaries. History. — Pennsylvania was colonized by William Penn, the first patentee and proprietor, in 1681. The early Quaker settlers found at Wicaco, now Phihidelphi.a, a prosperous Swedish settlement. The province until 1699 embraced what is now Delaware; and until 1776 the two colonies had the same governor. The Maryland line ("Mason and Di.xon's line'') was established in 1767, and thus closed one intercolo- nial contest; but the Connecticut charter covered Northern Pennsylvania, and for years the AVyoming Valley and its vicinity was the scene of conflicts between the adherents of the two colonies, and blood was shed on many occasions. These difficulties wore adjusted, by the aid of the general government, in 1787. Pennsylvania was the scene of many important events during the Revolution. In 1794 occurred the " whisky rebellion," which was suppressed without bloodshed. During the war of 1861-05 the important battle of Gettysburg was fought in this state (1863), and a year later Chambersburg was burned by Confederate forces. Popnlutiou.—la 1790, 434,373; in 1800, 602,365; in 181 0, 810,091; in 1820, 1,047,507; in 1830, 1,348,233; in 1840, 1,724,033; in 1850, 2,311,786; in 1860,2,906,215; in 1870, 3,521,951, of whom 65,294 were colored. Besides the original Swedish and English (Quaker) immigrations, the northeastern counties were very largely peopled from Con- necticut, and the southeastern and central sections by Swiss and Germans of the Palatinate, whose peculiar and now much modified dialect of the German is still extensively spoken, and is known as "Pennsylvania Dutch." jMany Scotch-Irish Presbyterians also settled hero in colonial times ; and of late there have been large immigrations of Germans, Irish, and others. -Inbab. Pknnsvlv.inian, p^n^sil-vA'ne-an. Pennsylvania, a township of Mason oo.. 111. Pop. 932. It contains Teheran, Pennsylvania House, a station in Warren co., Pa., on the Pittsburg, Titusville &, Buflalo Railroad, 4 miles S.S.W. of Irvine. Penn Valley, a post-office of Bucks co., Pa., and a station on the railroad which connects Philadelphia with Trenton, 3i miles S.S.W. of Trenton. PEN 1721 PEN FennviUe, Jay co., Ind. See Camden. Penu'ville, a post-hamlet of Sullivan cc, Mo., about 54 miles N.N.E. of Chillicothe. It has 2 churches. Pennville, Lancaster co., Pa. See Penn. Penii Yau, a post-village, capital of Yates co., N.Y., is situated at the outlet and northern end of Kcuka Lake, on the Northern Central Kailroad, 45 miles N. by W. of Elmira, and o'-i miles S.E. of Rochester. It is partly in Benton township and mostly in Milo. Steamboats ply daily between this place and Hammondsport, at the head of the lake. Penn Yan contains a court-housej 5 churches, an academy, 2 banks, 2 flouring-milla, 2 foundries, manu- factures of carriages, threshing-machines, lumber, sash, blinds, &c., and 3 newspaper oBices. Pop. 34SS. Pennycuick, a town of Scotland. See Penicuick. Penny Hill, a hamlet of Edgecombe co., N.C., on Tar River, 19 miles from Tarborough. Pen'nypack, a station in Pliiladelphia co.. Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 8 miles N.E. of Kensington. Pennypack (or Pennepack) Creek, in the S.E. part of Pennsylvania, liows through the N. part of Phila- delphia CO., and enters the Delaware River near Holmes- burg. It furnishes water-power for several large factories. Pen'nyviUe, a post-office of Perry co., 111. Peno, a lake of Russia. See Pen. Pe'no, a township of Pike co., Mo. Pop. 2160. Penob'scot, a river of Maine, rises in Somerset co., near the frontier of Canada, and runs eastward to Piscataquis CO., where it expands into a long lake named Chesuncook. From this lake it runs southeastward into Penobscot co. A small stream, called Seboois River, or the East Branch of the Penobscot, enters the main river near the middle of Penob- scot CO. The upper part of the Penobscot River is sometimes called the _West Branch. Below the mouth, of the Seboois its general direction is S.S.W. It intersects Penobscot co., forms the boundary between the cos. of Hancock and Waldo, and enters Penobscot Bay, a large inlot of the ocean. Its length is estimated at 300 miles. The tide ascends to Ban- gor, which is the largest town on this river and is about 60 miles from the sea. It is navigable for large vessels to Bangor, and for small Eteamboats above that place. This river is the channel of a large trade in lumber, which is pro- cured on its b:inks. Penobscot, a county of Maine, is near the middle of the state. Area, about 3250 square miles. It is intersected by the Penobscot River, and also drained by the Piscata- quis, Seboois, Jlattawamkeag, and Kenduskeiig Rivers. The surface is uneven, and is diversified with numerous lakes, and extensive forests of pine, ash, oak, sugar-maple, and other trees. The soil is partly fertile. Hay, butter, pota- toes, oats, and wool are the staple products of the farms, and lumber is the chief article of export. This county produced in 1870 more hay, more butter, and more potatoes than any other county of llaine, and the value of the lumber sawed in it in that year was S4,417,305. It is intersected by 3 railroads, — the Maine Central, the European & North American, nnd the Bangor & Piscataquis. Capital, Ban- gor. Valuation of real and personal estate, $31,688,437. Pop. in 1870, 75,150, of whom 68,183 were Americans. Penobscot, a post-village in Penobscot township, Hancock co., Me., on an inlet which opens into Penobscot Bay, about 27 miles S. of Bangor, and 9 miles N.E. of Cas- tine. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of bricks. The township is at the mouth of the Penobscot River, and pre- sents beautiful scenery. Pop. of the township, 1418. Penobscot, a station in Luzerne co.. Pa., on the Lehigh &. Susquehanna Railroad, 16 miles S. by E. of Wilkesbarre. Penobscot Bay, Maine, is an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, from which it extends N. to Belfast and to the mouth of the Penobscot River. It is 35 miles long, including the N. part, called Belfast Bay, and 20 miles wide. It encloses numerous islands and affords good harbors. Penob'squis, a post-village in Kings co,, New Bruns- wick, on the Intercolonial Railway, 51 miles from St. John. It contains 3 stores, 2 saw-milis, and several salt-wells, and has manufactories of paper, leather, carriages, ttc. Pop. 400. Peno'kee, a station in Ashland co., "Wis., on the Wis- consin Central Railroad, 27 miles S.E. of Ashland. Peno'la, a post-office and station of Caroline co., Va., on the Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Railroad, 35 miles N. of Richmond. Penomping, and Penompein. See Pnompenh. : Peiion de Velez, pen-yon' di vi'l^th, a fortified Spanish islet and town in the Mediterranean, 80 miles S.E. of Ceuta, near the African coast. It has a convict-prison, magazines, and a small and shallow harbor. Pen'pont, a village of Scotland, co. and 15 miles N.N.W. of Dumfries, on the Scaur. Pop. 632, In the parish are numerous Roman antiquities. Pen'rhyn Islands, a group in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 9° 2' S. ; Ion. 157° 35' W. They are densely wooded and populous. Penrhyn, Port, Wales. See Poht Penrhvn. Penrith (often pronounced pee'rith), a town of Eng- land, CO. of Cumberland, at the junction of several rail- ways, 15 miles S.S.E. of Carlisle. Pop. 8317. The town is neat, and has a church, a grammar-school founded by Queen Elizabeth, a county court-house, house of correc- tion, workhouse, an assembly-room, museum, subscription library, the remains of a castle built during the wars of the Roses, and manufactures of cotton, woollen, and linen goods. The vicinity is rich in striking scenery and ancient remains, comprising Brougham and Eden Halls, Dacro Castle, and various British antiquities. PenVyn', a borough of England, co. of Cornwall^ at the head of Falmouth harbor, and almost adjoining Fal- mouth on the N.W. Pop. 3679. It has a custom-house, and considerable exports of granite. The borough joins with Falmouth in sending two members to Parliament. Pen^ryn', a post-hamlet of Placer co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 6 miles from the Alabaster Cave. It has a marble-quarry. Pensa,a town and government of Russia. SeePENZA. Pensaco'la, a port of entry and the capital of Es- cambia CO., Fla., is situated on the W. shore of Pensacola Bay, about 10 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, and 50 miles in a direct line S.E. of Mobile, which is nearly 90 miles distant by water. It is the southern terminus of the Pen- sacola Railroad, which connects with the Mobile & Mont- gomery Railroad at Pensacola Junction, and is the E. ter- minus of a railroad extending to Millview, on Perdido Bay. The harbor has 20 feet of water on the bar, and is one of the safest in the Gulf of Mexico. The entrance of it is defended by Fort Pickens and Fort McRae. Pensacola has a custom-house, a convent, 8 churches, 2 newspaper offices, and several saw-mills. Steamers ply regularly between Pensacola and New Orleans and Havana. Pop. 3347. The Pensacola navy-yard is at Warrington, 7 miles to seaward of the town. Pensacola, a post-township of Yancey co., N.C., 35 miles N.N.W. of Marion. Pop. 319. Pensacola Bay, Florida, an inlet which extends from the Gulf of Mexico into Santa Rosa co. It is landlocked, and forms a safe harbor, the entrance of which has about 20 feet of water on the bar. It is sheltered, and partly separated from the gulf by Santa Rosa Island. Pensacola Junction, Alabama. See Whiting. Pensaukee, pen-saw'kee, a small river of Wisconsin, runs eastward through the S. part of Oconto co., and enters Green Bay about 4 miles S. of Oconto. Pensaukee, a post-village of Oconto co.. Wis., in Pen- saukee township, is on the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- road, and on Green Bay, at the mouth of the Pensaukee River, 5 miles S.W. of Oconto, and 24 miles N. of the city of Green Bay. It has a church, a superior hotel, 1 or 2 saw-mills, and a good harbor. Lumber is the chief article of export. Pop. of the township, 1281. Pensauken (pen-saw'ken) Creek, Now Jersey, runs northwestward, forms part of the boundary between the COS. of Burlington and Camden, and enters the Delaware River 5 miles above the city of Camden. Pens'nett, a village of England, co. of Stafford, 2 miles W.S.W. of Dudley. Pop. 5345. Pen'tecost Island, an island of the Pacific Ocean, one of the Cumberland group, off East Australia. Lat. 20° 23' 10" S. ; Ion. 148° 59' 30" E. Pentecost (or Whitsunday) Island, in the Pacific Ocean, New Hebrides. Lat. 15° o9' S. ; Ion. 168° 19' B. Pentelicus, p^n-t^l'e-kus, Penteli, p^n-ti'lee, or DIendeli, m^n-dA'lee, a mountain of Greece, in Attica, 10 miles N.AV. of Athens, rises to 3fi40 feet above the sea. It contains quarries of white marble, greatly renowned. Pentenisia, or Pentenesia, p^n tA-nee'se-&, a group of islets in the Gulf of ^gina, Greece, 10 miles N.W. of ^gina. Pentima, p^n-tee'mS,, a toivn of Italy, province of Aquila, 5 miles N.W. of Sulmona. Pop. 2416. Pent'Iand Firth, a sound dividing continental Scot- land from the Orkney Islands, and connecting the Atlantic and German Oceans. Length, from E. to W., 17 miles; breadth, from 6 to 8 miles. Its navigation is the most dangerous of the Scottish seas, its currents at the change of tides causing dangerous eddies and whirlpools. PKN 1722 PEP Pentland Hills, a range in Scotland, cos. of Peebles, Lanark, and Edinburgh, extending for about 1-4 miles N.E. to within 4 miles S.W. of Edinburgh. Pent'land Sker'ries, Scotland, comprise two islets and some contiguous rocks, the larger about 4i miles N. of Duncunsby Head. It has a light-house. Fen'tonville, a post-hamlet of Salem co., N.J., on the Salem Branch of the AVest Jersey Railroad, at Penton Sta- tion, 3i miles E. of Salem. Fentress, AVest Virginia. See New BnowNsviLLE. Peiit'water, a post-village in Pentwater township, Oceana co., Mich,, on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of a river of its own name, and at the northern terminus of the Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, 44. miles N.N.AV. of Muskegon, and about 15 miles S. of Ludington. It con- tains 3 churches, a state bank, 1 or 2 newspaper otiices, a graded school, several lumber-mills, a foundry, a planing- mill, &c., and has an active trade in lumber, fish, and other products. Pop. 1294; of the t<>wnship, 1370. Peiitz, a post-hamlet of Butte co., Cal,, 12 miles N. of Oroville. It has a store. Penvenan, pON^'veh-nftN^', a maritime village of France, C6tes-du-Nord, near the English Channel, 'A miles N,,\V. of Trcguier. Pop. 4^7. Peii'viUe, a post-village in Simcoe co., Ontario, 10 miles S.AV. of Bradford. Pop. 120. Penza, or Pensa, p^u'zS,, a government of Russia, mostly between lat. 53° and 55° N. and Ion. 42° 30' and 46° 30' E., enclosed by the governments of Nizhnee-Nov- gorod, Simbeorsk, Saratov, and Tambov. Area, 14.768 square miles. Pop. in 1S70, 1,173,186., Surface mostly level. Principal rivers, the Mokslia, Soora, and their af- fluents. Soil fertile, and corn is extensively exported. Cattle, sheep, hogs, and horses are reared. Forests very extensive. The mineral products comprise iron, chalk, sandstone, sulphur, and vitriol. The manufactures embrace coarse linens and woollen stuffs; and there arc soap-, glass-, beet-sugar-, and leather-factories, and iron-foundries. Prin- cipal towns, Penza, Nizhnee-Lomov, and Saransk. Penza, a city of Russia, capital of the above govern- ment, is situated 130 miles N.N.AV. of Saratov, on the Soora, at its confluence with the Penza. Pop. 34,331. It has a large cathedral and 12 other churches, a theological seminary, a gymnasium, extensive government oflices, and manufactures of leather and soap. • Pen^zance', a seaport, the westernmost town of Eng- land, CO, of Cornwall, on Mount's Cay, 9 miles E.N.E. of Land's End, and 65 miles W.S.W. of Launceston. Pop. 10,414. It is situated in a district noted for its fertility, fine scenery, and singularly mild, though moist, climate. It is a railway terminus, and has a spacious ohurch, a gram- mar-school, a national school, a school of industry, a guild hall and market-house, a jail, workhouse, smelting-houses for tin, the hall and valuable museum of the Cornwall Oeo- logical Society, and handsome baths. The principal exports are tin and copper ore, the produce of the neighboring mines, agricultural produce, and pilchards. The imports consist of timber, iron, and hemp. The harbor, with a pier about SUO feet long, having at its end a light-house, is accessible by vessels of a moderate burden. Penzing, p^nt'sing, a village of Lower Austria, 3 miles W. of Vienna, on the Wien. It has numerous villas, and manufactures of silk fabrics. Pop. 76S3. Penzlin, pents-leen', a town of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 43 miles E.S.K. of Giistrow. Pop. 2701. Peo'a, a post-office of Summit co., Utah. Peo'Ia Mills, a post-office of Madison co., Va. Peo'ii, or New'town, a post-village of Tuscarawas CO., 0., about 20 miles S. of New Philadelphia. It has 2 churches and a union school. The name of its post-office is Peoli. Pop. 9S. Peoples, pee'p'lz, township, Boone co., Iowa. Pop. 493. Peoples, a post-office of Cape Girardeau co.. Mo., about 10 miles W. of Cape Girardeau City. Peo'ria, a county in the N.AV. central part of Illinois, has an area of about 000 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Illinois River and Peoria Lake, and is drained by Spoon River and Kickapoo Creek. The surface is undulating, and is extensively covered with forests of the oak, maple, ash, elm, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, oats, wheat, hay, cattle, and pork are the staple products. A large part of the county is prairie. Among its mineral resources are bituminous coal and limestone. It is intersected by a number of railroads, the names of which are given in the article on the city of Peoria, the capital. Valuation of real and personal estate, $47,039,994. Pop. in 1S70, 47,540, of whom 35,867 were Americans. Peoria, a post-office of Sebastian co.. Ark, Peoria, a city, the capital of Peoria co.. 111., is pleas- antly situated on the W. bank of the Illinois River, at the lower end of Peoria Lake, about 66 miles N. of Springfield. By railroad it is 160 miles S.W. of Chicago, 53 miles E.S.E. of Galesburg, and 45 miles W.N.W. of Bloomington. It was in 1870 the third city of the state in population. It is at the junction of the following railroads : the Chicago, Pekin & Southwestern, the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville, the Peoria Branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Indianapolis, Bloomington it Western, the Peoria & Rock Island, the Illinois Midland, and the Galesburg & Peoria division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. Steamboats ply regularly between this city and St. Louis, and also navigate the upper part of the river. Peoria contains a court-house, a city hall, about 28 churches, a high school, the Peoria County Normal School, the mercan- tile library, 3 or 4 national banks, several large distilleries, breweries, iron-foundries, machine-shops, and manufactures of carriages, cabinet furniture, engines, boilers, &c. It has wide streets, wliich cross one another at right angles and are lighted with gas. Five daily newspapers, 2 of which are German, are published here; also 5 weekly newspapers. It is surrounded by fertile, undulating prairies, in which rich mines of bituminous coal have been opened, and it has an extensive trade. Pop, in 1870, 22,849. Peoria, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Ind., 10 miles E. of Brookville- Peoria, a small post-village in Richland township, Ma- haska CO., Iowa, about 15 miles N.N.W, of Oskaloosa, and 9 miles N.E. of Pella, It has 3 churches. Peoria, a post-hamlet in Peoria township, Franklin CO., Kansas, on the Osage River, 7 miles E.S.E. of Ottawa, and about 44 miles S.E, of Topeka. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 817. Peoria, a hamlet in Berne township, Albany co,, N.Y., about 25 miles W. of Albany. It has a church and a grist- mill. Pop. 100. Here is West Berne Post-Office. Peoria, a post-hamlet of Wyoming co., N.Y., about 32 miles S.S.W. of Rochester. Peoria, a post-hamlet in Liberty township, Union co., 0., on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 26 miles S.W, of Marion. Peoria, a post-village of Linn co., Oregon, in the Wil- lamette Valley, 15 miles S. of Albany. Peoria, a post-viiiage of Hill co., Tex., 30 miles N. of Waco. It has 3 churches, an academy, a newspaper ofiBce, and manufactures of farming-implements. Pop, 234. Peoria City, a post-village of Polk co., Iowa, on In- dian Creek, about 22 miles N.E. of Des Moines. Peoria JLake, Illinois, is an expansion of the Illinois River, and forms the E. boundary of Peoria co., which it separates from the cos. of Woodford and Tazewell, It is about 20 miles long, and 2^ miles wide at the broadest part. Peos'ta, a post-village in Vernon township, Dubuque CO., Iowa, on the Iowa division of the Illinois Central Rail- road, 15 miles AV. of Dubuque. It has 2 churches. Pe'ot, a post-otfice of Kewaunee co.. Wis. Pe'otone,a post-village in Peotone township. Will co., HI., on the Chicago divison of the Illinois Central Railroad, 41 miles S. by W. of Chicago, and 15 miles N.N.E. of Kan- kakee. It has a graded school and 4 churches. Pop. of the township, 1213. Peotone, a post-office of Sedgwick co., Kansas. Pepack, New Jersey. See Peapack. Pepac'ton, a post-hamlet of Delaware co., N.Y., on PopaCton River, about 55 miles E. of Binghamton. Pepacton River, New York. See Popacton Riveh. Pe'pin, a county in the W. part of Wisconsin, borders on Minnesota. Area, about 250 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Chippewa River, and is bounded on the S.W. by Lake Pepin, an expansion of the Mississippi River. The surface is undulating, and mostly covered with forests of pine, sugar-maple, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and lumber are the staple prod- ucts. Magnesian limestone (Lower Silurian) crops out on the shore of Lake Pepin, and forms bluffs and picturesque cliffs nearly 400 feet high. Capital, Durand. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,377,426. Pop. in 1870, 4659. of whom 3351 were Americans; in 1875, 5816. Pepin, a township of Wabasha co., Minn. Pop. 354, exclusive of Read's Village. Pepin, a post-village of Popin co., Wis., in the town- ship of the same name, and on the N. shore of Lake Pepin, about 8 miles above Wabasha, Minn., and 40 miles S.AV. of Eau Claire. It has 2 churches, sevonil stores, and a high school. Pop. of the township, 1400. PEP 1723 PER Pepin Lake^ an expansion of the Mississippi Hirer, forms the southwestern boundary of Pierce and Pepin cos. of Wisconsin, which it separates from the cos. of Goodhue and Wabasha in Minnesota. It extends from Ked AVing down to the mouth of the Cliippewa River, and is about 28 miles long. The greatest width is nearly 3 miles. The shores of this lake, which is perhaps the most picturesque and beautiful part of the Great River, are vertical lime- stone bluffs about -iOO feet high, and weathered into various fant-.istie forms, some of which resemble ruined oasties. Pepiuster Spa, pi\'pin-st?r spi, Belgium, a station on the railway from Brussels to Cologne, 84 miles from Brussels. Pep'perell, a post-village of Middlesex co., Mass., in Pepperell township, about 15 miles AV. of Lowell, and 1 mile AA''. of Pepperell Station of the Worcester & Nashua Railroad. It has a high school, 4 paper-mills, a machine- shop, and several churches. The township is bounded on the E. by the Nashua River, and contains other villages, named East Pepperell and North Pepperell. It has man- ufactures of wadding, pocket-knives and other cutlery, and shoes. Pop. 1927. Pepperell Station is at East Pepperell, 10 miles S.AV. of Nashua, N.II. Pepper's Store, a hamlet of Sussex co., Del., 6 miles from Laurel. It has a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a store. Pep'pertown, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Ind., about 36 miles S.S.AV. of Richmond. It has a church. Pequabuck, po-quaw'buk, a post- village in Plymouth township, Litchfield co.. Conn., on the Hartford, Provi- dence & Fishkill Railroad, 22 miles AV.S.AA^. of Hartford. It has a manufactory of malleable iron. Pequan'iiock, or Fequanac, a post-office and sta- tion of Morris co., N.J., in Pequannock township, on the Montclair &. Greenwood Lake Railroad, Ifi miles N.N.AV. of Newark. The township is bounded on the E. by the Pompton River, and on the S. by the Passaic. Pop. 1534. Pequannock Creek, New Jersey, rises in Sussex CO., runs southeastward, forms the boundary between the cos, of Morris and Passaio, and unites with the Ramapo and Ringwood Rivers at Pompton. The stream formed by the confluence is the Pompton River. Pequea, pek-wa', a township of Lancaster co., Pa., about 65 miles W. of Philadelphia, is bounded on the S.by Pequea Creek. Pop. of the township, 1276. Pequoa Sta- tion is on the Columbia & Port Deposit Railroad, 14 miles S.E, of Columbia. See also AVhite IIokse. Pequea Creek, Pennsylvania, rises near the W. border of Chester co., runs westward and southwestward through Lancaster Co., and enters the Susquehanna River about 11 miles S. of the city of Lancaster. Pequena, a river of Ecuador. See Tigre, Pequeui, pi,-ki-nee', a river of the United States of Colombia, in the Isthmus of Panama, tributary to the Chagres River. On its banks some gold-mines are wrought. Pe'quest, a station of the Delaware, Lackawanna &, AVestern Railroad, 2 miles N. of Oxford, N.J. Pequest Creek, New Jersey, rises in Sussex co., runs southwestward through AVarren co., and enters the Delaware River at Belvidero. Pequiin, or Pequin, a city of China. See Peking, Pequon'nocU, Poquan'oc, or Poquan'noc River, a small stream of Fairfield co., Conn., falls into Bridgeport Harbor. The Housatonic Railroad follows its course for nearly its whole length. Pera, pA'ri, a suburb of Constantinople, on the N. side of the *' Golden Horn," on the summit of the hill above Galata and Tophane. It is 2 miles in length, chiefly in- habited by Franks, and comprises the residences of several ambassadors, with Greek and Roman Catholic churches, a Mohammedan college, and a monastery of dervishes. Perak, pi-rS,k', a river of Malacca, rises in the S. of the territory of its own name, flows AV.S.AV., and falls into the Strait of Malacca. Total course, SO miles. Perak, a state of the Malay Peninsula, extending along its AV. coast, between lat. 3° 40' and 5° N., having N. Quedah, S. Salangore, and AV. the Strait of Malacca. Pop, 35,000. Principal products, tin, rice, and rattans. Its capi- tal, Perak, is a town on a river of. the same name. Peraleda de la Mata, pi-ra.-li'Di dA ik mi'td, a town of Spain, 5S miles E.N.E. of Caoeres. Pop. 1986. Peralta, pi-r&l'tS,, a town of Spain, in Navarre, on the Arga, 31 miles S. of Pamplona. Pop. 3503. Peral'ta, a village of Valencia co,. New Mexico, 20 miles S. of Albuquerque. It has 2 churches. Perasto, pi-r^s'to, a town of Dalmatia, 6 miles N.N.W. of Cattaro, on the Gulf of Perasto. Pop. 1800. Perc6, per's^', a post-village of Quebec, capital of the CO. of Gaspe, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 36 miles S; by E. of Gaspe Basin. It consists of 2 hamlets, called North and South Beach. The principal part of the population reside at North Beach, which also contains the court-house, jail, and a church. South Beach has important fishery- establishments, a church, and 4 or 5 stores. Pop. 1743. Perce Rock, properly Le Roclier Perce, leh ro*- shi' pfiu'si', or the Pierced Rock, a remarkable rock on the Gaspe coast, Quebec, opposite the village of Perce. It is 2SS feet high, 1200 feet in length, precipitous and bold. In it are 3 arches completely wrought by nature ; the centre one is sufficiently large to allow a boat under sail to pass through with ease. Perche, pSnsh, an ancient division of France, in the old province of Maine, now divided among the departments of Orne, Eure-et-Loir, and. Eure. Perche, porsh, a township of Boone co.. Mo. Pop. 3119. Perche, a post-office of Randolph co., Mo. Perch River, a small stream of Jeff"crson co., N.Y., runs southwestward, and enters Black River about 10 miles below AA''atertown. Perch River, a post-hamlet of Jeff"erson,co., N.Y., Hi miles from Limerick Station, and about 10 miles N.W. of Watortown. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Per'cival, a post-village in Benton township, Fremont CO., Iowa, is near the Missouri River, and on the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad, 34 miles S. of Council Bluffs, and 12 miles AV. of Sidney. It has 3 churches. Percivall's, a post-office of Brunswick co., Va. Perck, pfiuk, a village of Belgium, in Brabant, 9 miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1300. Percy, per'seeor p^ii^see'', a town of France, in Manche, 15 miles S.S.AV. of Saint-L6. Pop. 463. Per'cy, a post-village of Randolph co., 111., on the Cairo & St. Louis Railroad, at its Junction with the Chester & Tamaroa Railroad, 65 miles S.E. of St. Louis, Mo., and IS miles N.E. of Chester. It has a church, a graded school, a broom-factory,, and mines of coal. Percy, a post-office of AVashington co.. Miss. Percy, a station in Carbon co., Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 96 miles N.AV. of Laramie City. Percy, Ontario. See AVarkwortii. Per'cy Islands, a group off the E. coast of Australin. Lat. 21° 31' S.; Ion. 150° IS' E. The largest is 12 miles in circumference. Perdido, per-di'do, a small river which forms the AV. boundary of Florida and the E. boundary of Baldwin co., Ala. It runs nearly southward, and enters the Gulf of Mexico through Perdido Bay. Perdido (Sp. pron. p^R-dee'do), a post-office of Goliad CO., Tex., 16 miles AV.S.AV. of Victoria. Perdido, Monte, Spain. See Mont Perdu. Perdido Station, a post-hamlet of Baldwin co„ Ala., on the Mobile & Montgomery Railroad, 38 miles N.E. of Mobile. It has a church and manufactures of rosin, Ac. Perdinales River, Texas. See Pf.dernales RivtiR. Per'dix, a station in Perry co., Pa., on the Pennsyl- vania Railroad, 9^ miles N.AV. of Harrisburg. Perdjansk, a town of Russia. See BiiuniANSK. Per'due Hill, a post-office of Monroe co., Ala. Perdu, Mont, Spain. See Mont Pkudu, Pereaux, pe-ro', a post-village in Kings co., Nova Scotia, on Minas Basin, 10 miles from Port AA'illiams. Pere (par) Che'ney, a post-hamlet in Central Plains township, Crawford co., Mich., on the Mackinaw division of the Michigan Central Railroad (Cheney Station), 87 miles N. of Bay City. Pereiaslav, orPerejasIav,Russia. See Pereslavl. Pereira, pA-ri'e-rS., a town of Portugal, province of Douro, 6 miles AV. of Coimbra. Pop. 138S. Pereira Juzam, pA,-r4'e-r^ zhoo-'zS,m', a town of Por- tugal, 20 miles S.E. of Oporto. Pop. 1236. Perekop, pi-ri-kop', or Or-Kapi, 0R-k3,'pee (anc. Taph'roa ? or Taph'rse /), a town of Russia, government of Taurida, on the isthmus, 86 miles N.N.AV. of Simferopol. Pop, 4331. .The fortress E. of the town contains a palace, barracks, a mosque, and a Greek church. It was taken from the Turks in 1736. See Isthmus of Perekop. Perello, pi-r51'yo, a village of Spain> in Catalonia, province and 30 miles S.AV. of Tarragona. Pop. 2298. Pere Marquette, par mar^kfit', a township of Mason CO., Mich. Pop. 954. Pereniyschl,p4-ri-mish'l', a town of Russia, 19 miles S. of Kalooga, on the Oka. Pop. 2999. P^rencJiies, piV6N«''she-4', Prance, Nord, a station on the railway from Hazebrouck to Lille. Pop. 1667. PER IT34 vm Pereslavl, pgr-A-slivI', Pereiaslav, or Pereja- slav, pi-rA-ya-sliv', a town of Russia., government and 1 50 miles W.N.W. of Poltava, near the Dnieper. Pop. 9287. It has many churches, and a trade in cattle, horses, corn, Ac. Pereslavl-Zalieski, pSr-i-slivl'-zi-le-Ss'kee, a town of Russia, government and 70 miles W.N.W. of Vladimeer, on Lalce Plescheievo. Pop. 7210. Pergamino, pftn-gA-mee'no, a town of the Argen- tine Republic, 165 miles N.W. of Buenos Ayres. Pop. 3261. Pergamns, the ancient name of Bebgama. Perge, pSn'gheh, or p^r'je, a ruined city of Asia Minor, 50 miles E.S.E. of Smyrna, having extensive remains of a theatre, of the stadium, and of a large palace. About 10 miles distant are the remains, as supposed, of Isiondn, con- sisting of Cyclopean walls, a stadium, and other ruins. Pergine, p4it'ghe-n:V, or Pergen, pSu'ghen, a town of the Tyrol, 7 miles E. of Trent. Pop. 3858.' It has a castle and woollen-mnnufiictures. Pergola, p^ii'go-ia,, a town of Italy, in the Marches, 16 miles S.E. of Urbino, on the Cesano. Pop. 8953. It has manufactures of lejvther and woollen fabrics. Per'ham, a plantation of Aroostook co., Me., 64 miles N.N.W.of Houlton. Pop. 79. It has a valuable iron-mine. Perham, a post-village of Otter Tail co., Minn., on the Red River of the North, and on the Northern Pacific Rail- road, 67 miles E.S.E. of Moorhead. It has 5 stores, 3 ware- houses, several hotels, 2 churches, and manufactures of lumber, flour, blinds, and doors. Much wheat is shipped here. Perham is near several fine lakes. Periana, pi-re-4'n4, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, province and 30 miles from Malnga. Pop. 2776. Peribouaca, per*re-boo"a-k£', or Peribuca, pi-re- boo-ki'i a river of Quebec, flows S.S.W., and falls into Lake St. John. Periers, pi'rc-4', a town of France, in Manche, 9 miles N. of Coutances. Pop. 19S0. Perigord, pi'reo^gon' (anc. the country of the Petro- co'rii or Petroco'riitm), an old division of France, in Gui- enne, of which Perigueu.x was the capital. It now forms the department of Dordogne and part of Gironde. Perigneux, piVee'guh' (anc. Vemn'na, afterwards Petroco'rii), a town of France, capital of the department of Dordogne, on the right bank of the Isle, 45 miles S.E. of Angouleme. Pop. 23,290. The chief edifices are a cathe- dral of the fourth century, the church of St. Front, and a modern town hall. It has a fi/cee, or college, a normal school, and a library of 20,000 volumes. It h.as manufac- tures of cutlery, nails, serge, flannel, leather, pottery, flour, a copper-foundry, 2 lithogr.aphic printing-offices, and trade in wood, iron, paper, and liqueurs. It was the capital of the old district of Perigord, and has Roman remains. Perija, or Perixa, pi-ree'ni, a small town of Vene- zuela, 82 miles S.W. of Maracaybo, on the Perija River, 25 miles from its mouth in the Lake of Maracaybo. Perim, pi-reem', or Mekun, niA-kiin', an island off the Arabian coast, in the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, at the entrance to the Red Sea. Lat. of the S. point, 12° 38' N. ; Ion. 43° 23' E. Length, 5 miles. It is a bare rock, on which turtle-shells are taken. It belongs to Great Britain. Perim, an island in the Gulf of Carnbay, India, 10 miles S.S.E. of Gogo. Perinaldo, pi-re-n(lrdo (anc. Podium RainnMi f), a. Tillage of Italy, 26 miles E.N.E. of Nice. Pop. 1752. Perineos, pi-re-nA'oce, or Pyrenneos, pe-rSn-ni'- oce, a mountain -range of Brazil, province of Goyaz, extend- ing from E. to W., nearly in lat. 16° S. Per'ln's Mills, a post-oflice of Clermont co., 0. Perinthus, a town of Turkey. See Eueglee. Peristeria, an islet of Greece. See Sarakino. Perixa, a town of Venezuela. See Peuija. Per'kasie, a post-village of Bucks co.. Pa., in Rock- hill township, on the North Pennsylvania Railroa.d, 33 miles N. by W. of Philadelphia. It has 2 hotels, 3 stores, and about 75 houses. Per'kins, a station in Russell co., Ala., on the Mobile & Girard Railroad, 15 miles S.S.W. of Columbus, Ga. Perkins, a plantation of Fr.anklin eo., Mo. Pop. 149. Perkins, a township of Sagadahoc co.. Me., consists of Swan's Island, in the Kennebec River, 12 miles N. of Bath. Pop. 71. Perkins, a township of Erie co., 0. Pop. 1291. Perkins, a station in Erie co., 0., on the Sandusky, Mansfield tt Newark Railroad, 4 miles S. of Sandusky, Perkins, a township of Clark oo.. Wis. Pop. 73. Perkins, a post-village in Ottawa eo., Quebec, 16 miles N.N.E. of Ottawa. It has a large lumber-trade. Pop. 100. Perkins Junction, a post-otlice of Burke co., Ga. Perkins' Mills, a post-oflice of Braxton co., AV. Va. Per'kinsville, a post-village of Madison co., Ind., in Jackson township, on White River, about 32 miles N.N.E, of Indianapolis. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Perkinsville, a post-hamlet of Winston co., Miss., 19 miles W. of Macon. It has a church and a seminary. Perkinsville, a post-hamlet of Steuben co., N.Y., in Wayland township, 3 miles from Wayland Depot, about 4 miles E.S.E. of Dansville. It has 2 churches and a mill. Perkinsville, a post-hamlet of Burke co., N.C., 14 miles N.N.W. of Morganton. Perkinsville, a post-village of Windsor co., Vt., in Weathersfield township, on Black River, about 30 miles S.E. of Rutland. It has 2 churches, a cotton -factory, a grist-mill, and a lumber-mill. Perkinsville, a post-hamlet of Goochland co,, Va., about 32 miles W.N.W. of Richmond. It has 2 stbres. Perkio'men, township, Montgomery co.. Pa. P. 2056. Perkiomen Creek, Pennsylvania, rises by several branches in Berks and Lehigh cos., runs southward through Montgomery co., and enters the Schuylkill River about 7 miles W. of Norrjstown. It is nearly 50 miles long. Perkiomen Junction, Pa. See Pawling. Perkio'menville, a ]iost-hamlet of Montgomery co.. Pa., on Perkiomen Creek, and on the Perkiomen Railroad, 24 miles N.N.AV. of Norristown. Perlak, pSaMok' (Slavonian, Prclok, pri'lok), a town of Hungary, co. of Szalad, on the Drave, 13 miles E.N.E. of Warasdin. Pop. 3233. Perlas, Islas de. See Pearl Islands. Perleberg, pSii'li-bSiiG", a town of Prussia., in Bran- denburg, 69 miles N.W. of Potsdam, on the Stepnitz. Pop. 7595. It has manufactures of woollen cloth and chiceory, breweries, and distilleries. Per'lee, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co., Iowa, in Penn township, on the Chicago, Rock Island &> Pacific Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Fairfield. It has a church and 3 coal- mines. Pop. about 250. Perlepe, pSn'lA^pi, a town of European Turkey, in Macedonia, 21 miles N.E. of Monastir, on an aifluent of the Vardar. Perm (Russ. pron. pfiam or paium), a government of the Russian dominions, mostly in Europe, but partly in Asia, being separated by the Ural Mountains into two un- equal portions, between lat. 55° 40' and 62° N. and Ion. 53° 10' and 65° E., enclosed by the governments of Vologda, Viatka, Oofa, Orenboorg, and Tobolsk. Area, 129,946 square miles. Pop. in 1870, 2,198,666. Its European portion is traversed by the Kama and several of its affluents ; its E. division by affluents of the Tobol. More than three- fourths of the surface is covered by forests; the climate is very severe; and beyond lat. 60° N. the soil is hardly Ciipable of culture. Its mines produce large quantities of gold, platinum, copper, iron, and salt. The chief towns are Perm, Koongoor, and Krasno-Oofimsk in Europe, and Yekaterinboorg, Alapaevsk, and Shadrinsk in Asia. It was formerly the centre of an extensive and flourishing empire, ruined by the Mongols in the thirteenth century. Perm, a town of Russia, capital of the above govern- ment, is situated on the Kama, 240 miles E.S.E. of Viatka. Pop. 22,288. It is chiefly built of wood, is the see of an archbishop, and has several churches and hospitals, with a large market-place and numerous forges. The inhab- itants trade chiefly in metallic produce and in tea and other Chinese imports. Pernagoa, p4r!-n4'go-S,, Pernagua, pSu-ni'gwi, or Parananlia, p3,-ri-nin'y4, a town of Brazil, province of Piauhy, 260 miles S.W. of Oeiras, on the E. side of Lake Parananha or Pernagoa. Pop. 4000. Pernambuco, pSn-nim-boo'ko, a province of Brazil, consi.'iting of a long and narrow strip of territory stretch- ing from the Atlantic inland, mostly between lat. 7° and 14° 35' S. and Ion. 34'= 60' and 47° 20' W., separated by several continuous mountain-chains from the provinces of (ioyaz, Piauhy, CoarA, and Parahiba on the W. and N., and by the Rio de Sao Francisco on the S. from Bahia and Ser- gipe. Its eo.ast-line, watered by the Copibaribe, Ipojuca, and Unna Rivers, has S. the province of Alagoas. Area, 46,267 square miles. It has many rich sugar- and cotton- plantations. Other products are timber, dye-woods, hides, drugs, gold, and gems. The principal cities and towns are Recife (its capital), Olinda, and Serenhem. Pop. in 1872, 841,539. See also Olinda and Recife. Pernau, p^n'niSw (Russ. Penmv or Pcrnow, pjn-nov'), a fortified seaport town of Russia, in Livonia, at the en- trance of the Pernau into the Gulf of Riga, 99 miles N.N.E. of Riga. Pop. 9568. It is defended by a citadel, and PER comprises an old and a new town, and suburbs, with Lu- theran, Esthonian, and Russian churches, and grammar and other schools. Owing to a bar at the mouth of the river, large vessels load and unload in the roadstead. Pernel'lo, a post-village of Franklin oo., Va., 35 miles from Big Lick Station. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pernes, paian (ane. Pater'nee .-), a town of France, in Vauoluse, 4 miles S. of Carpentras., Pop. 2S01. Pernis, pSu'nis, a village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, on the Merwedo, 13 miles W.N.W. of Dort. Pop. of commune, 2004. Peroniie, piVonn', a town of France, in Somme, on the Somme, 21 miles SAV. of Cambrai. It has manufac- tures of leather, flour, sugar, Ac. Pop. 4210. Perosa, pi-ro'si, a town of Italy, 8 miles N.W. of Pinerolo, on the Clusone. Pop. 1828. Peros Banhos,pi'roce bin'yoce, a group of 27 islands in the Cliagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean, in lat. 5° 14' N., Ion. 77° E. Pe'rot', a bayou in the N.E. part of Louisiana, con- nected N. with Lake Washa, and S. with Little Lake. Perote, p4-ro'ti, a town of Mexico, state and S8 miles W.N.W. of Vera Cruz. Pop. 2500. Near it is a lofty moun- tain of the same name. See Cofre de Peiiote. Perote, pe-rot', a post-hamlet of Bullock co., Ala., 12 miles S. of Union Springs. It has 2 churches. Perou, the French name of Peru. Perouse, the French name of Perugia. Perouse (pe-rooz') Islands (Fr. Arohqyel de La Pe- rouse, aR"she*p8l' deh li pi'rooz'), a group of small islands near 10'= S. lat., between 165° and 170° E. Ion. The largest is Santa Cruz : hence the group is sometimes called Santa Cruz Islands. La Perouse, the French navigator, perished here about the year 1790. Perouse (or La Perouse), Strait of, is between the islands of Yesso and Saghalin. Perpignan,pSR"pcen'y6N»' {li.Perpuua'num), a town of France, capital of Pyrenees-Orientales, on the right bank of the Tet, 40 miles by rail S. of Narbonne. Pop. 24,379. It is situated in a fertile region. The chief edi- fices are the citadel, the cathedral, and military prison. It has a tribunal of commerce, a communal college, a normal school, a school of design, a library of 18,000 volumes, and a botanic garden. It has also tanneries, distilleries, nur- series of silk-worms, manufactures of woollen cloth, farina, candles, Ac, and a commerce in wine, wool, silk, iron, and corks. Philip the Bold died here in 1285. It w.as taken by Louis XI. in 1474, and by Louis XIII. in 1642. Perquim'ans, a county in the N.E. part of North Carolina, has an area of about 240 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by Albemarle Sound, and intersected by the Perquimans River, The surface is nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with pine forests. The soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, cotton, wheat, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Hertford. Valuation of real and personal estate, §1,892,228. Pop. in 1870, 7945, of whom 7942 were Americans. Perquimans River, North Carolina, rises in Gates CO., near the Bismal Swamp, runs southeastward through Perquimans co., and, enters Albemarle Sound, Small steamboats can ascend it about 40 miles. Perrainda, per-rin'd3,, or Paraiuda, pa-rin'dJ, a town of India, in. the Dccean, Nizam's dominions, on the E. bank of the Seena, 32 miles W.N.W. of Solapoor, in lat. 18° 18' N., Ion. 76° 54' E. Perre, the supposed ancient name of Pelveheh. Per'rin, a post-village in Platte township, Clinton co.. Mo., on the Chicago, Rook Island & Pacific Railroad, 8 miles N.N.E. of Plattsburg. It has several churches. Perrine, per-rin', a post-hamlet of Mercer oo., Pa., 5 miles S. of Sandy Lake, and 15 miles S.W. of Franklin. Perrineville, per-rin'vil, a post- village of Monmouth CO., N.J., in Millstone township, 5 miles S.E. of Hightstown, and about 20 miles B. of Trenton. It has a church. Per'rinsville, a post-hamlet of Nankin township, Wayne co., Mich,, 3. miles from Elmwood Station, and about 18 miles W. of Detroit. It has 2 churches.. Pop. about 200. Per'rinton, a township of Monroe co., N.Y. Pop. 3873. It contains Fairport and several hamlets. Perros - Guirec, pSit'itos'-ghee'r^k', a village of France, in C6tes-du-Nord, with a large port on the English Channel, 37 miles N.W. of Saint-Brieuc. Pop. 20B. Perrot, p^r^rot', an island in the river St. Lawrence, S.W. of the island of Montreal, between the Lake of Two Mountains and Lake St. Louis. It is 7 miles long. A bridge on the Grand Trunk Railway connects it with Vandreuil. !5 PER Per'rovvville, a post-hamlet of Bedford co., Va., 5i miles N.W. pf Forest Depot. Per'ry, a county in the W. central part of Alabama, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is intersected by the Cahawba River, and partly drained by Washington Creek, The surface is undulating or hilly, and is exten- sively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton, In- dian corn, and cattle are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Selma, Marion & Memphis Railroad. Ciipit.al, Marion. Valuation of real and personal estate, 86,156,480. Pop. in 1870, 24,975, of whom 24,877 were Americans, Perry, a county in the W. central part of Arkansas, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the N. and E. by the Arkansas River, and is intersected by Fourohe La Fave, The surface is hilly and mountainous, and mostly covered with forests of the oak, chestnut, black walnut, silver-maple, pine, and other trees. , Indian corn, cotton, and pork are the staple products. Marble is found in this county, which also has beds of coal. Capital, Perry- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $799,132. Pop. in 1870, 2685, of whom 2663 were Americans. Perry, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an area of about 440 square miles. It is intersected by Beaucoup Creek, and also drained by Columbo Creek. The surface is generally rolling and partly level, and a large portion of it is covered with forests of the white oak, post-oak, hickory, ash, black walnut, Ac. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county has mines of good bituminous coal, which is found near the surface or at a moderate depth and underlies the whole area. It is intersected by 3 railroads, — the Illinois .Cen- tral, the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute, and the Iron Mountain, Chester & Easton. Capital, Pinckneyville. Valuation of real and personal estate, 87,536,748. Pop. in 1870, 13,723, of whom 11,932 were Americans. Perry, a county in the S. part of Indiana, borders on Kentucky. Area, about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the S. and S,E. by the Ohio River, and on the W, by Anderson's Creek, The surface is diversified with hilly uplands, level river-bottoms, and extensive forests. The soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county has beds of coal and quarries of good sandstone. Capital, Cannelton, Valua- tion of re.al and personal estate, 85,000,000, Pop, in 1870, 14,801, of whom 12,065 were Americans, Perry, a county in the S,E. part of Kentucky, has an area of about 7.00 square miles. It is intersected by the Kentucky River. (or its North Fork), and also drained by the Middle Fork of that river. The surface is partly mountainous, and mostly covered with forests. The soil produces Indian corn and grass. Coal is found here. Capi- tal, Hazard, Valuation of real and personal estate, 8851,571. Pop. in 1870, 4274, of whom all were Americans, Perry, a county in the S.E, part of Mississippi, has an area of about 1100 square miles. It is intersected by Leaf River and Black Creek, and also drained by Bogue Homo and Tallahala Creek. The surface is undulating or uneven, and partly covered with forests of pine and other trees. Indian corn, cotton, cattle, and pork are the staple prod- ucts. Capital, Augusta. Valuation of real and personal estate, §256,338, Pop, in 1870, 2694, of whom 2688 were Americans, Perry, a county in the E,S,E, part of Missouri, hag an area of about 420 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Mississippi River, which separates it from Illinois, and is drained by Apple and Saline Creeks. The surface is moderately uneven, and mostly covered with forests of the ash, elm, hickory, white oak, tulip-tree, &a. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and pork are the staple products. Good carboniferous limestone underlies part of the surface. Lead and marble are found in this county. Capital, Perry ville. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, 84,650,000, Pop. in 1870, 9S77, of whom 8334 wei'e Americans. Perry, a county in the S.E. central part of Ohio, has an area of about 420 square miles. It is drained by Rush and Sunday Creeks. 'The surface is hilly or undulating, and is extensively cov^ered with forests, in which the oak and sugar-maple are found. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wool, wheat, oats, hay, and butter are the staple products. This county has mines of bituminous coal. It is intersected by the Cincinnati A Muskingum Valley Rail- road, and by the Strai^ville division of the Baltimore A Ohio Railroad, Capital, New Lexington. Valuation of real and personal estate, §13,247,489. Pop, in 1 870, 18,543, of whom 17,705 were Americans, PER 1726 PER Perry, a county in the S. central part of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 530 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Susquehanna River, is intersected by the Juniata River, and also drained by Sherman's Creek. A long ridge called the Blue Mountain extends along its southern border. The surface is diversified with mountains and fertile valleys, and is partly covered with forests of the oak, hickory, chestnut, Ac. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and cattle are the staple products. Among its minerals are iron ore and limestone. This county is intersected by the Pennsylvania Railroad. Capital, New Bloomfield. Valuation of real and personal estate, $9,120,400. Pop. in 1870, 25,447, of whom 25,026 were Americans. Perry, a county in the ^Y. part of Middle Tennessee, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Tennessee River, and intersected by the Buf- falo River, which runs northward and is parallel to the former river. The surface is undulating, or diversified by high ridges and valleys, and is extensively covered with forests of the hickory, oak, walnut, Ac. The soil is fertile. Maize, peanuts, wheat, buckwheat, and pork arfe the staple products. Limestone is abundant here. Capital, Linden. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,793,901. Pop. in 1870, 6925, of whom 6875 were Americans. Perry, a post-village, capital of Taylor co., Fla., 30 miles S.S.W. of Midison, and about 50 miles E.S.E. of Tallahassee. It has 3 churches. Perry, a post-village, capital of Houston co., Ga., on the Perry Branch of the Central Railroad, which connects it with Fort Valley, 41 miles by rail S. by W. of Macon. It contains a court-house, 3 churches, a female college, a newspaper office, and the Perry Male College. Pop. 836. Perry, a post-village in Perry township. Pike co.. 111., about 30 miles W. of Jacksonville, and 38 miles E.S.E. of Quincy. It has 6 churches and a money-order post-ofiice. Pop. 798; of the township, 2161. Perry, a township of Allen co., Ind. Pop. 1280. It contains the village of Iluntertown. Perry, a township of Boone co., Ind. Pop. 1109. Perry, a township of Clay co., Ind. Pop. 1340. Perry, a township of Clinton co., Ind. Pop. 1220. It contains Colfax. Perry, a township of Delaware co., Ind. Pop. 1163. Perry, a township of Lawrence co., Ind. Pop. 982. Perry, a township of Marion co., Ind. Pop. 2452. Perry, a township of Martin co., Ind. Pop. 1760. Perry, a township of Miami co., Ind. Pop. 1667. Perry, a township of Monroe co., Ind. Pop. 1513. Perry, a township of Noble co., Ind. Pop. 3133. It Perry, a township of Tippecanoe co., Ind. Pop. 1481. Perry, a township of Vanderburg co., Ind. Pop. 1719. Perry, a township of Wayne co., Ind. Pop. 876. It contains Economy. Perry, a township of Buchanan co., Iowa. Pop. 1525. Perry, a post-village of Dallas co., Iowa, in Spring A''alley township, near the Raccoon River, on the Des Moines & Fort Dodge Railroad, 34 miles W.N.W. of Des Moines. It has a newspaper office, a bank, 3 churches, a graded school, 2 grist-mills, and a nursery. Pop. about 700. Perry, a township of Davis co., Iowa. Pop. 699. Perry, a township of Jackson co., Iowa. Pop. 847, ex- clusive of Andrew. Perry, a township of Marion co., Iowa. Pop. 491. Perry, a township of Plymouth co., Iowa. Pop. 565. Perry, a township of Tama co., Iowa. Pop. 778, ex- clusive of Traer. Perry, a post-village in Kentucky township, Jefferson CO., Kansas, near the Kansas River, on the Delaware River, and on the Kansas Paeific Railroad, 16 miles E. of Topeka, and 13 miles N.W. of Lawrence. It has a church and a carriage-shop. Pop. 403. Much grain is shipped here. Perry, a township of Woodson co., Kansas. Pop. 349. Post-oflice, Centre Ridge. Perry, a post-village in Perry township, Washington CO., Me., on Passamaquoddy Bay, 7 miles N.W. of Eastport, and about 20 miles S.S.E. of Calais. It has a church and a saw-mill. Pop. of the township, 1149. Perry, a post-hamlet in Perry township, Shiawassee CO., Mich., about 14 miles S. of Owosso, and 20 miles E.N.E. of Lansing. It has a church and a carriage-fac- tory. Pop. of the township, 1016. Perry, a post-village of Ralls co., Mo., about 27 miles S.W. of Hannibal. It has a church. Perry, a township of St. Franyois co., Mo. Pop. 1361. , Perry, a post-village in Perry township, Wyoming co., N.Y., at the outlet of Silver Lake, and on a short railroad which connects with the Erie Railroad at Gainesville, about 8 miles E.S.E. of Warsaw, and 40 miles S.S.AV. of Roches- ter. It contains 3 or 4 churches, an academy, a bunk, a newspaper office, several flouring-mills, &c. Silver Lake is a summer resort. Pop. 867. The township contains a vil- lage named Perry Centre, and a pop. of 2421. Perry, a township of Allen co., 0. Pop. 1235. Perry, a town.ship of Ashland co., 0. Pop. 1452. Perry, a township of Brown oo., 0. Pop. 3016. It contains Fayetteville. Perry, a township of Carroll co., 0. Pop. 932. Perry, a township of Columbiana co., 0. Pop. 4388. It contains Salem. Perry, a township of Coshocton co., 0. Pop. 932. It contains East Union. Perry, a township of Fayette co., 0. Pop. 1194. It contains Martinsburg. Perry, a township of Franklin co., 0. Pop. 1297. Perry, a township of Gallia co., 0. Pop. 1514. Perry, a township of Hocking co., 0. Pop. 1745. It contains Buena Vista and South Perry. Perry, a post-village in Perry township. Lake co., 0., on the Lake Shore Railroad, 34 m'iles E.N.E. of Cleveland, and 6 miles E. of Painesville. It has several churches and a cheese-factory. Pop. about 250. The township borders on Lake Erie, has 5 churches, and a pop. of 1208. Perry, a township of Lawrence co., 0. Pop. 2215. Perry, a township of Licking co., 0. Pop. 897. It contains Eliz.abcthtown. Perry, a township of Log.an oo., 0. Pop. 922. It con- tains East Liberty. Perry, a township of Monroe co., 0. Pop. 1116. It contains Greenville and Antioch. Perry, a township of Montgomery co., 0. Pop. 2029. Perry, a township of Morrow co., 0. Pop. 1044. It contains Johnsville and North Woodbury. Perry, a township of Muskingum co., 0. Pop. 991. It contains Bridgeville and Sonora. Perry, a township of Pickaway co., 0. Pop. 1415. It contains New Holland. Perry, a township of Pike co., 0. Pop. 748. It con- tains Cynthiana. Perry, a township of Putnam CO., 0. Pop. 637. Perry, a township of Richland co., 0. Pop. 686. Perry, a township of Shelby co., 0. Pop. 1208. It contains Pemberton. Perry, a township of Stark co., 0. Pop. 1736, exclu- sive of Massillon. Perry, a township of Tuscarawas co., 0. Pop. 1089. It contains Westchester. Perry, a township of Wood co., 0. Pop. 1323. Perry, a township of Armstrong co.. Pa. Pop. 3877. It includes Parker City and Queenstown. Perry, a township of Berks co., Pa. Pop. 1680. Perry, a station in Berks co.. Pa., on the Reading Rail- roa.d, 13^ miles N. of Reading. Perry, a township of Clarion co.. Pa. Pop. 1568. Perry, a township of Fayette co.. Pa. Pop. 1445. Perry, a post-hamlet of Forest CO., Pa., about 9 miles E. by S. of Titusville. It has a church. Perry, a township of Greene co.. Pa. Pop. 1292. Perry, a township of Jefferson co.. Pa. Pop. 1222. Perry, a township of Lawrence co.. Pa. Pop. 806. Perry, a township of Mercer co., Pa. Pop. 914. Perry, a township of Snyder co.. Pa. Pop. 1016. Perry, a post-office of McLennan co., Tex., near the Brazos River, and on the Waco & Northwestern Railroad, 25 miles N.W. of Bremond. Perry, a post-hamlet of Dane CO., Wis., in Perry town- ship, about 28 miles S.W. of Madison. The township has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 974. Per'ry-Barr, a hamlet of England, co. of Stafford, on the London & Northwestern Railway, 3V miles N.W. of Birmingham. Pop. 1683. Perry Centre, a post-village in Perry township, Wyo- ming CO., N.Y., about 37 miles S.S.AV. of Rochester, and 7 miles E. of Warsaw. It has a church. Pop. 183. Perry City, a post-h.amlet in Hector township, Schuy- ler CO., N.Y., 11 miles W.N.W. of Ithaca. It has a church. Perrydale, a post-hamlet of Polk co., Oregon, about 15 miles N.W. of Salem. Perry Hall, a post-office of Baltimore co., Md. Per'rymansville, a post-village of Harford co., Md., on the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, 27 miles E.N.E. of Baltimore. It has 2 churches and several general stores. Perryop'olis, a post-village in Perry township. Fay- PER 1727 PER ette CO., Pa., on the Youghiogheny River, about 40 miles by railroad S. by E. of Pittsburg, and li miles from Layton Station of the Pittsburg, AVashington & Baltimore Railroad. It has a church and a tannery. Pop. about 600. Perry's, a station in Santa Clara co., Cal., on the South- ern Pacific Railroad, 16 miles S.S.E. of San .Jose. Perry's,a station in Edgefield co., S.C., on the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 40 miles W. of Columbia. Perry's Bridge, a hamlet of Vermilion parish, La., on Vermilion Bayou, 40 miles from Franklin. It has a church. Pop. about 76. Per'rysburg, a post-hamlet of Miami co., Ind., 15 miles N.E. of Log.tnsport. It has 2 churches. Pop. 150. Perry sburg, a post-village in Perrysburg township, Cattaraugus Co., N.Y., on the Erie Railro.ad (Western di- vision), 19 miles E. of Dunkirk. It has a church, nearly 30 houses, and a lumber-mill. Pop. of the township, 1393. Perrysbnrg, Ashland co., 0. See Albion. Perrysburg, a post-village in Perrysburg township, Wood CO., 0., on the right or S.E. bank of the Maumce River, at the head of navigation, and on the Dayton & Michigan Railroad, about 9 miles S. W. of Toledo. A bridge crosses the river here and connects Perrysburg with South Toledo. It contains 8 or 9 churches, a union school, 2 newspaper offices, and a bank, and has extensive water- power and manufactures of flour, furniture, paper, hoes, staves, Jbc. Large quantities of ship-timber and staves are exported. Pop. about 3000; of the township, 4100. Perry's Corners, Ontario. See Cookstows. Perry's Lauding, a post-ofiioe of Brazoria co., Tex., on the Brazos River, 10 miles below Brazoria. Perry's Mill, a post-hamlet of Waupaca co., Wis., 28 miles N.N.W. of New London. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Perry's Mills, a post-ofl5cc of Tatnall co., Ga. Perry's Mills, a post-village in Champlain township, Clinton co., N.Y., on tbe Chazy River, and on the Ogdcns- burg & Lake Champlain Railroad, 7i miles W. of Rouse's Point. It has 1 or 2 lumber-mills. Pop. 276. Perry Springs, Brown co.. 111. See Spring.s Station. Perry Springs, a post-hamlet of Pike co., III., on the Wabash Railroad, 4i miles N.W. of Mercdosia. Perrysville, Ala. and Ark. See Perryville. Per'rysville,orPer'ryville,a post-village in High- land township, Vermilion co., Ind., on the W. bank of tbe Wabash River, and on the Evansville, Terre Haute & Chi- cago Railroad, 12 miles E.S.E. of Danville, III., and 44 miles N. of Terre Haute. It is the largest village in the county, and has 3 churches, a foundry, a flour-mill, and a woollen-factory. Pop. 690. Perrysville, New York. See Perryville. Perrysville, or Perryville, a post-village in Green township, Ashland co., 0., on the Black Fork of the Mo- hican River, and on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 14 miles S.E. of Mansfield. It has a money- order post-office, 3 churches, an academy, 2 flour-mills, and a foundry. Pop. about 500, Perrysville, Carroll co., 0. See Lamarti.ve. Perrysville, a post-village in Ross township, Alle- ghany CO., Pa., 7 miles N.W. of Pittsburg. It has 3 churches. Perrysville, Pennsylvani.a. See Port Royal. Perrysville, a village in Perry township, Jefferson co.. Pa., on Mahoning Creek, about 20 miles S. of Brookville. It has 2 churches and a carriage-shop. Pop. about 300. Here is Hamilton Post-Office. Perrysville, a village of Westmoreland co.. Pa., near the Pennsylvania Railroad, 2S miles E.N.E. of Pittsburg. Perrysville, a post-hamlet of Washington co., R.I., about 18 miles S.W. of Newport. It has a church and a woollen-mill. Pop. 80. Perryton, Licking co., 0. See Elizabethtown. Per'ryton, a township of Mercer co.. III. Pop. 1085. Per'rytown, a post-village in Durham co., Ontario, on the Midland Railway, 9 miles N. of Port Hope. It con- tains a woollen-factory and several saw-mills. Pop. 200. Per'ryville, a post-village of Perry co., Ala., about 20 miles N.N.W. of Selma. It has 2 churches and an academy. Perryville, a post-village, capital of Perry co.. Ark., on the Fourche La Fave River, about 40 miles W.N.W. of Little Rock. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Perryville, Indiana. See Perrysville. Perryville, Kansas. See Perry, Perryville, a post-village of Boyle co., Ky., about 12 miles W. of Danville, and 40 miles S.W. of Lexington. It contains Harmonia College and 5 churches. Pop. 479. On the 9th of October, 1S62, a battle was fought here between a part of General Buell's army (Union) and a portion of General Bragg's army. The total Union loss in this action was 4348; the Confederates lost about 2500. Perryville, a post-village of Cecil co., Md., on the Susquehanna River, at its mouth, and on the Philadelphia, Wilmington A Baltimore Railroad, 37 miles N.E. of Balti- more. The trains here cross the river on a noble bridge, which connects Perryville with Havre de Grace. Perryville, a post-village, capital of Perry CO., Mo., in Cinque Hommes township, about 76 miles S.S.E. of St. Louis, 10 miles from the Mississippi River, and 14 miles S. of Chester, 111. It has a court-house, 2 newspaper offices, and 3 churches. Pop. about 700. Perryville, a' post-hamlet in Union township, Hunter- don CO., N.J., 1 mile from Midvale Station, and about 33 miles N.N.W. of Trenton. It has 2 churches. Perryville, a post- village in Fenner and Sullivan town- ships, Madison co., N.Y., on the Cazenovia & Canastola Railroad, about 20 miles E.S.E. of Syracuse. It has 2 churches, a cheese-factory, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 400. Perryvil le, Ohio .and Rhode Island. See Perrysville, Perryville, a hamlet of Potter co.. Pa., on the Genesee River, 1 mile from Genesee Fork Post-Office, and about 40 miles N.N.E. of Emporium. It has a woollen-mill and a lumber-mill. Perryville, a post-vill.age of South Kingstown township, AVashington co., R.I. It has a church and- manufactures of woollens. Pop. 80. Perryville, a station in Oconee co., S.C., on the Blue Ridge Railroad, 10 miles S.E. of Walhalla. Perryville, a post-hamlct of Decatur co., Tenn., on the W. bank of the Tennessee River, about 100 miles W.S-W. of Nashville. Persaim, a town of India. See Basseis. Persante, pJu'sin-ti, a river of Prussi.a, Pomerania, rises near the village of Persanzig, and, after a N.W. course of 70 miles, enters the Baltic at Colberg. Persepolis, per-s5p'o-lis, the ancient capital of Persia, the traces of which exist in a fine plain, on an affluent of the Bundeineer River, from 25 to 30 miles N.E. of Sheeraz. Its ruins cover a wide surface, and on a terraced platform, 1430 feet in length and from 800 to 900 feet in width, are large gateways, numerous columns, and bas-reliefs, the whole supposed to be the remains of the palace of Darius, destroyed by Alexander. The walls are covered with in- scriptions in arrow-headed characters, and numerous tombs are cut in the adjacent mountains. Perserin, a town of Turkey. See Prisrexd. Per'shore, a town of England, co. and 8i miles S.E. of Worcester, on the navigable Avon. The town is well built, and has a large cruciform church, originally a part of an abbey, of which some other remains exist. P. 2826. Persia, per'she-a (.Arabic and Persian, Ira}i, ee'rin' ; Fr. Perse, p:iins; Ge'r. Persien, p^R'se-en ; L. Per'aia; Gr, nepo-15, PersU), a country of Asia, comprising in its widest acceptation the region between the Caspian Sea and the In- dian Ocean, from the Amoo-Darya and Indus to the Persian Gulf. But AVestern Toorkistan, Afghanistan, and Beloo- chistan (called collectively by some writers " East Persia") have been for centuries independent of Persia proper. Per- sia proper lies between lat. 26° and 40° N. and Ion. 44° and 01° E., having AV. Asiatic Turkey, N. Russian Transcau- casia, the Caspian Sea, Transcaspian Russia, and the Desert of Khiva, E. Afghanistan and Beloochistan, and S. the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf. Area, 450,000 square miles. Persia m.ay be described as consisting of a plateau from 2500 to 3500 feet in elevation, a series of mountain-chains encircling the plateau on all sides except the E., and an outer border of more or less width, consisting for the most part of gentle slopes, low valleys, and level plains. The E. part of the plateau forms the great salt deserts of Khorassan and Kerman. It is comprised in that sterile zone which extends from the Atlantic through Africa, Arabia, Central Asia, and Mongolia to the N. frontier of the Chinese em- pire. The mountains which enclose the plateau generally have their slopes clothed with a rich and varied vegetation, except the S. mountains, the S. exposure of which is so ex- tremely hot as to be scarcely fit for human habitation. It also applies only in part to the plains of the AV'., where moisture is often in excess and forms extensive swamps. Tbe provinces bordering on the Caspian, however, are as beautiful as wood, water, and mountains can make them, and olfer a strong contrast to other districts. Of the mountains, the AY. chain, branching from the Hin- doo-Koosh, by which it becomes linked to the Himalayas, traverses Afghanistan, and enters Persia on its N.E. fron- PER 1728 PER tier, near Ion. 61° E., N. of the town of Herat, where it forms a mountain- region, in some parts 200 miles wide. tinder the name of the Mountains of Khorassan, it pro- ceeds in a W.N.W. direction across the N. part of the prov- ince of that name, where its height nowhere exceeds 4500 feet; but as the Caspian is approached, it rises to a much greater elevation. The chain here takes the name of the Elbrooz Mountains, and on the borders of the provinees of Irak-Ajemee and Mazanderan attains, in Mount Bema- vend, the height of 21,000 feet. From this mount, which is the culminating point of the range, the Elbrooz stretches "W.N.W. in three separate lofty ranges, still maintaining an elevation so great that several of its ridges continue covered with snow till the beginning of June. The Elbrooz chain, ■which many consider as terminating nearly opposite to the S.W. corner of the Caspian, is succeeded by the Massula Mountains, and then by Mount Sevellan, which, attaining the height of 12,000 feet, throws out ramifications, by which it becomes linked with Mount Ararat. This cele- brated mountain, situated on the borders of Russia, Persia, and Turkey, possesses the loftiest summit of West Asia, and forms the link between the N. and W. ranges of Persia. Granite and crystalline schists form a great part of the mountains which extend across the S. of Kerman, but these rocks are more largely developed in the mountain-ranges of the N. In the Elbrooz, the effects of remote volcanic agency are strongly manifested; and the rocks'which bound the alluvial plains of Lake Ooroomeeyah on the W. are also volcanic. A celebrated mineral peculiar to Persia is the turquoise, the most valuable mines of which are in the vi- cinity of Nishapoor, to the AV. of Meshed. Among the metals, iron, argentiferous lead, copper, and antimony are said to be abundiint. Rock salt may be obtained in almost every quarter, and sulphur is dug almost solid from the crumbling cone of Mount Demavend. Naphtha is found in many phices ; a bitumen, called mumea, ia collected in Fars; and marble of the finest quality is quarried. The absence of sufficient water is one of the great disad- vantages suffered in Persia. Except the Aras, forming the N.W. frontier, the Sefeed Rood and Goorgaon, which enter the Caspian Sea, the Kerah, Karoon, Jerahi, Ac, affluents of the Tigris and Shat-el-Arab, in Khoozistan, and the Bundemeer, in Fars, the rivers are quite insignificant, and by far the greater portion of the country is arid and unpro- ductive. From the S. slopes of the mountain -ranges which rise from its N. edge, much water, partly the produce of perpetual snow, descends in streams which soon reach the borders of deserts and are absorbed. The N. slopes are so near the basin of the Caspian, to which they all belong, that the water which they supply has too short a course to allow it to accumulate into rivers. The principal excep- tion is furnished by the Sefeed Rood, which has found or worn for itself a channel, usually several hundred and sometimes 1000 feet below the general level of the table- laud, till it breaks through the mountains of Massula into a long valley, and finally reaches the Caspian Sea by the Rudbar Pass in the Elbrooz, after a course of about 350 miles. In Persia there are more than 30 salt lakes which have no outlets. Lake Ooroomeeyah, 70 miles long by 32 miles broad, receives 14 rivers, yet its waters are so bitter and saline that no fish can live in them. Lake BaUhtegan is 60 miles long, and receives all the waters of the Bunde- meer and Moorghaub. On the central plateau the climate is intensely cold in winter and excessively hot in summer. The dryness of the atmosphere, however, makes the air generally pure and the sky cloudless. The shores of the Persian Gulf are scorched up in summer by a burning heat, and become so unhealthy that all the inhabitants who have the means retire to the adjacent mountains. On the S. side of the N. mountain- ranges, snow falls early in November. In such situations as at Teheran, ice is seen iip to the middle of March ; cold winds from the N. prevail in April, and even during sum- mer great and sudden changes of temperature are not un- common. On the N. side of the mountains, in the plains of Ghilan and Mazanderan, a dry and a rainy season regu- larly alternate, and vegetation has a luxuriance not often met with in much lower latitudes. The long belt of sandy shores which line the Persian Gulf is barren, except where it is interspersed with planta- tions of date-trees, which here grow to great perfection. Among the mountains of Khoozistan, Bakhtiyari, and Loo- ristan, forests of oak and other trees are not uncommon, though in general they are stunted in their growth. But on the N. side of the lofty ranges which overlook the Cas- pian. Sea are raagnifieprit forests of oak, beech, elm, walnut, ■box,^'oypi;fi33^. an'd'cbda;^. E^tensiy© o])eu'klMos often occixr. on which numerous herds of cattle are reared. Lower down, though still at some thousand feet above sea-level, wheat and barley are extensively cultivated. In the level and rich plains below, the sugar-cane and orange come to perfection, the pomegranate grows, the cotton-plant and mulberry are extensively cultivated, large tracts are occu- pied by the vine, and orchards with exquisite fruits occur. In the low plains, the only grain under extensive culture ia rice ; and the principal auxiliary crops are cotton, indigo, sugar, madder, and tobacco. Jjx Azerbaijan, large rice-fields occupy the low flats which surround Lake Ooroomeeyah. The remarkable wild animals are the lion; leopards, in- cluding the chetah, used for hunting; tigers, lynxes, bears, wild boars, hyenas, wolves, jackals, porcupines, and moun- tain sheep and goats. Among tlie birds are pheasants, pelicans, bustards, b]ackbir(Js, thrushes, and other well- known songsters, but more especially the bulbul. Locusts often commit fearful ravages. Fish abound in the Caspian and on the shores of the Persian Gulf. The manufactures of Persia are more numerous than im- portant., though in a few articles they continue to retain some of the celebrity which they acquired in early times. Among them may be mentioned various kinds of silk goods, as taffetas, velvets, and brocades, made extensively at Ispa- han, Astrabadj Yezd, and other places, not only for home consumption, but for export ; carpets, rugs, and felts in many of the central districts; cloaks and woollen stuffs; shawls, made of the wool of the goats of Kerman ; fire-arms, swords, daggers, cutlery, copper-ware, and gold brocades. Commerce. — The commerce of the country is extensive, notwithstanding the absence of any roads except such as are traversed by caravans of mules. The principal articles imported from the East are muslins, leather, lambs'-skins, stuffs of camel's-hair, shawls, nankeen, china, glass, hard- ware, amber, coral, precious sto'hes, saffron, indigo, spices, &G. The exports to the East are velvets, silk and cotton stuffs, &c.., articles in gold and silver, bronze lamps, copper- ware, tfec, mats, lacquered ware, ivory ornaments, dates, lemons, tobacco, and shawls and some other articles. The traffic of the Caspian, carried on chiefly at the ports of Eri- zellee, Balfurosh, and Astrabad, is almost entirely monopo- lized by Russia ; that of the Persian Gulf employs a consid- erable number of vessels, owned for the most part by Britis"^, Armenian, Arab, and Indian traders. The foreign trade is chiefly with Great Britain, Russia, and India. The sovereign or shah of Persia is an absolute despot. His principal ministers are the vizier azem, or grand vizier, and the ameer-a-doulah, or lord high treasurer. Both ministers, though the mere slaves of their master, are, iii regard to all other persons, as absolute as himself. Each province is governed by a prince of the blood or high noble, who appoints his lieutenants or hakims, under whom there is a long series of subordinates. For the administration of justice there are two classes of courts, — one called sherrah, which decides according to the Koran ; the other called lu'f, deciding according to customary law. The population is very mixed. The Parsees, who appear to preserve more fully than the rest a purity of descent from the ancient Persians, are now nearly confined to the city of Yezd and some towns in Kerman, where they still retiiin fire-worship. The inhabitants of the towns and set- tled districts generally are descended from Persians, Turks, Tartars, Georgians, Armenians, Arabs, and others who have at different periods held sway in the country. They are Mohammedans of the Sheeah sect, between -whom and the Turks, Arab's, and' most other Mussulmans there is a per- petual feud. Others of the Persians are Babists, and others again Nestorian, Armehia:n, or Chaldivan Christians. The nomadic tribes consist of Arabs in thcS., Toorkomans, Mon- gols, and Oozbeks in the E. and N.E., and Koords in the AV. They live in tents, subsisting on the produce of their herds and on plunder; an.l they furnish most of the armed force. The Persians are a handsome, active, and generally warlike people. Their complexion varies from fair to dark olive, having straight, jet-black hair, a quick, lively imagi- nation, and agreeable address. The intellectual qualities of the Persians are nnturally of a high order, and enabled them at a very early period to take a lead in civilization. The Persian forms one of the principal branches of the great family of Indo-European laliguagcs. It is remark- able for its softness and harmony, which admirably adapt it to the lighter forms of poetry. The Persians possess nu- merous works both in literature and in science: those in the former bear a high reputation; those in the latter are mainly of a very puerile deseription. Population. — The population of Persia is variously given. The following estimate is probably not far from the truth. PER 1729 PER Modern Persians, comprising a mixture of ancient Per- sians, Tartars, Arabs, and Georgians, 10,000,000; Parsees, 100,000 ; Afghans, 500,000 ; Uhelaliy, 60,000 ; Armenians, 70,000; Jews, 35,000; Sabians, 10,000; nomadic or wander- ing tribes, 239,500; Arabian tribes and Arab fishermen, 140,000; andKoords, 155,000: total, 11,299,500. Divisions. — The ancient and modern divisions of Persia, and their chief towns, are exhibited in the subjoined table : Modern Karnes. Ancient Names. Chief Towns. Azerbaijan. Media Atropatene. Tabreez. Irak-Ajemee. Media Magna. Tehei-an. Ardelan. Elymaia. Sinna. Looristan. Syro-Media. Khoozistan. Susiana. Shooster. Fai-s. Persia. Sheeraz. Laristan. Mesambria. Lar. Kerman. Carmania. Kerman. Ghilan. Country of Gelse. Reshd. Mazanderan. Country of Japyri. Balfurosh. Astrabad. Hyrcania. Astrabad. Khorassan. Aria. Nishapoor. Yezd. Artacene. Yezd. At almost the earliest period of authentic history we find Persia occupying a conspicuous place among the surround- ing nations. Cyrus the Great, the most renowned of all the sovereigns who have swayed the Persian sceptre, in 560 d.c. came into possession of the united crowns of Persia and Media, and soon extended his dominions over the whole of Western Asia. He was succeeded, 529 B.C., by his son Cam- byses, who conquered Egypt. About the year 490 B.C., Xerxes, fourth king in succession from Cambyses, marched into Greece at the head of a gigantic armament; but after a succession of disasters he escaped the hands of his enemies by an almost solitary flight. From this period may be dated the decline of the Persian power ; its downfall was completed by Alexander the Great in 333 B.C. After un- dergoing various vicissitudes, the Persian power again rose under the Sassanian dynasty in the early part of the third century of our era, and attained the highest prosperity under the celebrated Kosroo Noushirvan. In the seventh century the armies of Mohammed had overrun not only Persia, but the greater part of Central and AVestern Asia. The Sassanian dynasty was overthrown, and other changes still more important were effected, among which was the extirpation of the ancient religion of the Persians and the general adoption of Mohammedanism. In the eleventh century the Setjookian Turks succeeded in placing the Sul- tan Togrul Beg upoq the Persian throne. In the early part of the thirteenth century Jengis Khan made his appearance at the head of 700,000 Mongols, and, crushing all opposition, ruled Persia with a rod of iron. A century and a half later, Tamerlane, with his Tartar myriads, overran Persia, spread- ing desolation. The Sofee dynasty, founded by Ismaeel Sh&,h in 1502, reached its greatest prosperity during the reign of Abbas the Great, from 1586 to 1627. The sceptre of Persia was held from 1736 to 1747 by Nadir Shah, a gen- eral whose prowess and military talents had raised him to the throne. One of his most memorable exploits was the invasion of India in 1739, when he took Delhi an.d ob- tained a booty estimated at more thon $150,000,000. In 1795, Aga Mohammed, the founder of the present Kajar dynasty, ascended the throne. Before he had reigned two years he was murdered by his attendants in 1797. He was succeeded by his nephew, Fateh-Alee Shah. The most re- markable events of his reign were t\vo disastrous wars with Russia, the one ending in 1813, with the loss of extensive territories on the Caspian, the other in 1828, with the loss of Erivan and all the country N. of the Aras (Araxcs). Until the close of the last century Persia had no diplomatic relations with Western Europe; but since that period the sovereigns of Great Britain and Persia have been for the most part in friendly alliance, the troops of the shah have been disciplined by British officers, and large subsidies have been paid to the Persian government. Adj. and inhab. Persian, p^r'shan or per'she-an (L, Per'sicus). Persia^ p^r'she-a, a post-township of Cattaraugus co., N.Y., about 24 miles' E.S.E. of Dunkirk, is intersected by the Western division of the Erie Railroad. It contains part of Gowanda village. Pop. 1336. Persia, a post-office of Hawkins co., Tenn. Persian Gulf (anc. Per'sicus Si'mis^ or Per'aicum Ma're), an arm of the Indian Ocean, between Arabia and Persia. Lat. from 24° to 30° N. ; Ion. from 48° to 56° 30' E. Length, 550 miles; greatest breadth, 220 miles. At its 109 N.AV. extremity it receives the Shat-el-Arab (formed by the union of the Euphrates and Tigris) and the Karoon. It communicates E. with the Arabian Sea by a strait 50 miles across. It contains numerous islands, the principal being Kishm, Ormus, Busheab, and Karak off its N. or Persian coast, and the Bahrein Islands on its Arabian side; around the last-named an extensive pearl-fishery exists. The shores are almost everywhere sterile; on them are the cities of Basssorah and Bushire, and the towns of Congoon, Nakilo, Gombroon, Zabarah, EI Katif, and Grane. Per'sifer, a township of Knox co.. 111. Pop. 853. Persim'mon Creek, post-office, Cherokee co., N.C. Per'singer, a station on the railroad from Columbia to Centralia, 4 miles E. of Columbia, Mo. Persis. See Faus and Persia. Pers'Jey, a post-hamlet of Navarro co., Tex., 14 miles S. by W. of Corsicana. Per'son, a county in the N. part of North Carolina, borders on Virginia. Area, about 400 square miles. It is drained by the Hycootee and Flat Rivers. The Dan River touches its N.W. corner. The surface is moderately hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the oak, hickory, pine, &c. The soil is mostly fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, tobacco, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Roxborough. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,588,642. Pop. in 1870, 11,170, of whom 11,166 were Americans. Per'sonville, a post-village of Limestone co., Tex., about 47 miles W.S.W. of Palestine. Pertaubghur, Pe^tabgurh,per-tawb-gur',orP^a- tabgarh, pri-tS,b-giir', a town of India, capital of Per- taubghur district, 90 miles S.E. of Lucknow. Pop. 11,544. Pertaubghur, or Pratabghur, a district of the North-West Provinces, India, in the S.E. part of Oude. Area, 1458 square miles. Pop. 784,156. Pertaubghur, a fortified town of India, province of Malwah. Lat. 24° 2' N. ; Ion. 74° 51' E. Perth, or Perthshire, p^rth'shir, a large county in the centre of Scotland, E. of the Firth of Tay. Area, 2601 square miles. Pop. in 1871, 127,768. This county com- prises both a highland and a lowland region, the Gram- pians extending through it in a N.E. direction. The prin- cipal mountains are Benlawers, 3945 feet in height, and Ben- More, 3S19 feet in height. The principal lochs are Lochs Tay, Earn, Rannoch, and Ericht. Perthshire is wholly drained by the Tay and its affluents, except in its S. part, which is watered by the Teith, Allan, and Devon. The soil in the mountain-districts is mostly light, and chiefly adapted for pasturage, sheep- and cattle-breeding being extensively followed. Wheat, barley, oats, beans, potatoes, turnips, and fruits are raised for exportation. Some coal is raised in the S.E. ; limestone, sandstone, marble, and slate are generally abundant, and lead is found in some places. Railways traverse the E. part of the county, and communicate with ELlinburgh, Stirling, Perth, and Dundee, extending N. to Aberdeen. Chief towns, Perth, Crieff, and Dumbliine. It sends one member to the House of Commons. Perth, formerly St. Johnstown {h. Per'thia or Ber'- tha), a city, the capital of the above county, formerly the metropolis of Scotland, in a plain on the right bank of the Tay, here crossed by a noble bridge, 33 miles N.N.W. of Edinburgh. Lat. 56° 23' 50" N. ; Ion. 3° 26' 20" W. Pop. in 1871, 25,585. It is substantially built, and has altogether an elegant appearance. On its N. and S. sides are 2 spacious parks, called Inches. The principal public edifices are the church of St. John, supposed to have been originally erected in the fifth century, with a square tower 155 feet in height, and divided into 3 distinct places of worship, numerous other churches and chnpels, the public reservoir, county buildings, central model prison for Scotland, county in- firmary, lunatic asylum, large barracks, the Marshall Mon- ument, appropriated to the public, with a library of 6000 volumes, the museum, the town hall, and King James VI.'s Hospital. Perth has an educational seminary, — an elegant structure, — a grammar-school, an academy, public schools, several newspaper offices, local and branch banks, and a custom-house. The Tay is navigable to the city for vessels of considerable burden. The junction of several railways — an elegant building — is situated in the western suburbs; and the Dundee Railway crosses the Tay by a bridge. The principal manufactures are those of colored cotton stuffs, ginghams, shawls, &c. ; and here are flax- spinning-mills, bleach-fields, several distilleries, breweries, mills, iron-foundries, rope-walks, tanneries, and dye-works. Ship-building is an extensive interest, and the salmon- fisheries in the Tay are very valuable. The foreign exports are trifling, but the coastwise exports include, besides fish, PER 1730 PER large quantities of potatoes, chiefly to London, corn, tim- ber, and slates. Perth appears to have been an important station under the Romans. It was also the scene of many historical events. The burgh sends one member to the House of Commons. Perth, a post-office of JefiFerson co., Miss., 30 miles W. of Brookhaven. Perth, or Perth Centre, a post-hamlet of Fulton CO., N.Y., in Perth township, 6 miles N. of Amsterdam, and about 36 miles N.W. of Albany. It has a church. Here is Perth Post-Office, Pop. of the township, 936. Perth, a city, capital of Western Australia, and of the CO. of Perth, on the Swan River, 10 miles above its mouth in the Indian Ocean. Lat. 31° 57' S.; Ion. 115° 53' E. It has a city hall, barracks, and governor's palace. It is the seat of Catholic and Anglican bishops. Pop. 5007. Perth, a post-village of Victoria co., New Brunswick, on the river St. John, 45 miles N.of Woodstock. Pop. 500. Perth, a town of Ontario, capital of the co. of Lanark, on the river Tay, which has been rendered navigable to the Rideau Canal, and on the Brockville & Ottawa Rail- way, 40 miles N.AV. of Brockville. It contains the county buildings, 6 churches, 2 branch banks, 2 printing-offices issuing weekly newspapers, about 40 stores, saw- and grist- mills, and manufactories of machinery, woollens, leather, furniture, &c. Near it are large mineral deposits. P. 2375. Perth Am^boy', a city and port of entry of Middlesex CO., N.J., is situated in a small township of the same name, on Raritan Bay, at the mouth of Raritan River, and at the S. end of Staten Island Sound, or Kill van Kull, opposite Tottenville, N.Y. It is 21 miles S.W. of New York, and 2 or 3 miles N.E. of South Amboy. A steam ferry connects it with Tottenville. Its harbor is good, and easily acces- sible to all vessels. Perth Amboy contains S churches, a state bank, a savings-institution, 2 newspaper offices, a seminary for young ladies, a custom-house, a cork-factory, 2 large brick public school-houses, and manufactures of fire-bricks, other bricks, white-ware, and drain-pipes. Here are large deposits of tire-clay and kaolin. This town is the S. ter- minus of a branch railroad which connects it with Rahwaj', and is on the New York & Long Branch Railroad. Incor- porated in 1784, Pop., including the township, about 4000. Perth Centre, New York. See Pkrth. Perthois, paiuHwil', a former district of France, now forming parts of the departments of Marne and Haute- Marne. Vitry-le-Fran^ais was the capital. Perthshire, a county of Scotland. See Perth. Pertuis, p^u^twee', a town of France, in Vaucluse, near the Durance, 44 miles E.S.E. of Avignon. It has manufactures of woollen, alcohol, madder, &c. Pop. 4905. Pertuis Breton, pSnHwee' bri^tAN«', and Pertuis d'Antioche, p^iiHwee' dflNo^te-osh', straits of France, which separate the island of Re from the department of Charente-Inferieure and from the island of Oleron. Peru, pe-roo' (Sp. pron. pi-roo', written also in ancient chronicles Pir^, pe-roo' ; Fr. Perou, piVoo' ; L. Peru'via), a republican state of South America, between lat, 3° 25' and 22° 15' S. and Ion. 67° 30' and 81° 20' W.. having N. the republic of Ecuador, E. the territories of Bolivia and Brazil, and W. the Pacific Ocean. Length, 1320 miles ; breadth, 760 miles. It is divided into departments, and these again into provinces. Area, 503,350 square miles. Departments. I Pop. (1S76). Piura Caxamarca . Amazonas... Loreto Libertad Ancaclis Callao Huancavelic Huanuco.... Iga Ayacucho Cuzco Puno Arequipa Moquegua. Tarapacfi Apurimac Tacna Lambayeque.. Total pop 2,699,062 Capitals. Piura. Caxamarca. Chachapoyas. Movobamba. Triijillo. Huaraz. Huancavelica, Hniinuco. Cerro tie Pasco. Iija. Ayacucho, Cll7,C0. Puno. Arequipa. Moquegua. Abancay. Tacna. Chiclayo. Callao and Tarapac: xtra-departmental provinces. The double Cordillera of the Andes traverses Peru from S.E. to N.W., separating it into three great natural regions, — I. " La Costa," on the coast, between the base of the Andes and the shores of the Pacific, mostly an arid desert (except in the N.W.), and intersected at intervals by fer- tilizing mountain-streams, extending 1500 miles in length and rarely more than 60 miles in breadth. II. "La Sierra," or Andine division, embracing all the valleys on the Pacific side of the W. Andes, above the level of 7000 feet, in- cluding the hills and valleys between the double Cordillera chains. From a little below the crest of the eastern moun- tains is " La Ceja," or brow of the Montana, and here begins the fertile region called — III. "La Montaiia," from the Spanish word " monte," meaning a wood or thicket. A few miles beyond the eastern crest of the Cordillera is the warm and steaming woodland, which stretches into the Brazilian territory and contains the head-streams of the Peruvian River navigation, flowing into the bed of the Amazon. Principal rivers, the Maraiion, Huallaga, Ucayale, Apu- rimac, and Javary, all having a N. course, and tribu- taries to the Amazon, which forms a great part of the N. frontier. About half of Lake Titicaca is comprised in Southern Peru. The whole coast region is arid and destitute of timber; and only the Piura River, in this division, is at all navigable. Rain rarely falls in the coast valleys of Peru W. of the Andes, but fogs, called the garua, are fre- quent. The amount of rain diminishes gradually from the southern tropics to the N. borders of Peru. The climate on the coast is sultry and unhealthy, but higher up it is mild and salubrious. Temperature at Lima in summer, 80° to 84° j minimum in winter, 60° to 64° Fahr. On the E. slopes of the Peruvian Andes rain falls copiously. The soil in the valleys of the upland region is highly fertile, and the grains of Europe are successfully rai'sed. The domestic animals generally bred are the same as in the United States; but the llama is still employed in some mountain-districts as a beast of burden, and the alpaca is bred for its wool. Here are extensive pastures, where sheep introduced by Euro- peans have been acclimatized and multiply with amazing rapidity. The vast plains E. of the mountains, as already noted, are in great part covered with dense ftn-ests. In the hotter portions of the country, sugar, wheat, maize, cotton, indigo, tobacco, yams, sweet potatoes, cacao, and fine fruits, with cinchona bark, sarsaparilla, copaiba, vanilla, and other drugs, and valuable timber, are principal products. One cause which prevents the Peruvians from fully availing themselves of the productiveness of these rich valleys is the prevalence in them of intermittent fevers. Cholera morbus is a very common disease, for which the standing remedy is ice. Yellow fever appeared on the shores as an epidemic for the first time in 1851, Goitre is the chief endemic disease of the dry mountain climate, but cretinism is unknown. The country is e.x:tremely rich in natural resources, es- pecially in minerals, and those are being gradually devel- oped. The mines of Peru are the principal source of its wealth ; but this branch of industry continues in great de- cadence, owing to the absence of capitalists and roads. The silver-mines of Cerro de Pasco are the richest in the re- public. The Cordillera of the Andes contains veins of gold, copper, lead, bismuth, tin, &c. The only coal-mine partially worked is that of Mureo, in Caillonia ; at Huan- cavelica is a celebrated mine of quicksilver, 'fhe llama, alpaca, guanaco, and vicuna are natives of the country, and the first especially is used as a beast of burden ; mules are, however, mostly employed for travelling. Coarse cot- ton, woollen cloths, and leather goods are generally made, with fine cloaks and blanketing at Tarma; ironwares at Caxamarca; gold and silver articles and jewelry at Lima, Arequipa, and Cuzco ; but in general manufactured goods are imported from Europe and North America, in return for raw produce. The chief wealth of Peru consists in the immense deposits of guano on the islands and coasts of the republic; and there are very valuable deposits of saJiter, an impure nitrate of soda. The want of roads interposes great obstacles to internal traffic ; but several railways are in oper- ation, connecting the interior districts with the ports, which, in connection with steamers launched on Lake Titicaca, will greatly facilitate the trade of the interior. Among the railways already opened are those from Pimentol to Ferri- nafe; Eten to Ferrifiafe; Pacasmayo to Caxamarca; Sala- verry to Ascopo ; Chiinbote to Recuay ; Cerro de Pasco to tiio mines; Lima to Oruro, Callao, and Chorillos; Pisco to I^a; Arequipa to Puno; Mollendo to Arequipa; Ilo to Moquegua; Arica to Tacna; Pisagua to Sal de Obispo; Iquique to Noria, E.\ports, guano, wool, nitre, copper, Peruvian bark, tin, archil, hides, cotton, silver, &c. Imports, cottons, wool- lens, iron, linens, hardwares, apparel, coals, machinery, PER 1731 PES leather, wine, opium, &c., to the value of about £5,000,000. The maritime trade is chiefly with the ports on the W. side of America, but that with Europe is considerable. The sea- ports are numerous, but, except Callao, most of them are email and have scanty natural harbor advantages. Scarcely' any Peruvian coinage exists, that in circulation being from the mint of Bolivia. The constitution was framed in 1S28, on the basis of that of the United States. The legislative body consists of a senate and a chamber of deputies. The executive government is vested in a president, popularly chosen for four years, and assisted by a ministry chosen by himself, and a council of state chosen by the legislature. Each department is commanded by a prefect, who resides in the capital; the provinces by a sub-prefect; the districts by governors of an inferior rank ; and the minor villages by lieutenant-governors. In each capital of the depart- ments there is a superior court, composed of a chief judge, four assistant judges, and a fiscal. There are also three or more judges of civil law, and an agente fscal (deputy attorney-general). In each province there is a judge of civil law, and in each district one or two justices of the peace. Every village entitled to name an elector of depu- ties has a municipal body. With a few exceptions, every Peruvian enjoys the rights of citizenship. The Roman Catholic is the state religion, and no other is tolerated. In each of the principal departments is a diocese or bishop- ric. Public instruction has made little progress, and in the interior not more than two per cent, ot the youth receive education. It is better in the chief towns, and there are 3 universities, — at Cuzco, Arequipa, and Puho, — 12 boys* and 6 girls' schools, and 45 schools of primary instruction, mostly supported by the state. Standing army (1872), 13,000 men ; navy, 6 iron-clads and other steamers, and 16 sailing-vessels; in all, 22 ships, with SS guns. The chief ports are Callao, Islaj^, Arica, Iquique, Payta, Huanchaco, and San Jose. Peru was conquered from the dynasty of the Incas by the troops of Pizarro in 1532, from which time it remained one of the most important foreign possessions of Spain until its independence in 1821. Adj.and inhab. Peruvian, pe-roo've-an (Sp. Peruano, pi-roo-3.'no; L. Peruvia'nus; Fr. Peruvies, pi^riiS'e-^N°')* Peru, p§-roo', a city of La Salle co.. 111., in Peru town- ship, on the N. bank of the Illinois Kiver, at the head of natural navigation, 100 miles W.S.W. of Chicago, I or 2 miles W. of La Salle, and 17 miles S. of Mendota. It is on the Chicago, Rock Island lazza, p^s'ko Id m^t'sA, a town of Italy, 15 miles W.N.W. of Ariano. Pop. 2460. Pesco Lanciano, pSs'ko Un-chd'no, a town of Italy, in Campobasso, 9 miles N.E. of Isernia. Pop. 1797. Pesco Pagaiio, pSs'ko pd-gS,'no, a town of Italy, in Basilicata, 17 miles S.W. of Melfi. Pop. 3677. Pesco Pennataro, p^s'ko p&n-n3,-td'ro, a town of Italy, in Campobasso, N.N.E. of Isernia. Pop. 1361. Pesco Sansonesco, p^s'ko sin-so-n5s'ko, a town of Italy, in Teramo, S. of Civita di Penne. Pop. 1594. Pesco Solido, p^s'ko so'le-do, a town of Italy, prov- ince of Caserta, 3 miles N.E. of Sora. Pop. 2350. Pesei, or Pesey, pd*zi', written also Peisey, a com- mune of France, 16 miles E.S.E. of Moutiers. Pop, 14S0. Peseqneiro, pi-stV-ki'e-ro, an islet of Portugal, off the coast of Alemtojo, 40 miles W. of Ourique. Peshaw' (or Clear) Creek, of Missouri, flows N.E. through Bates co., and enters the Osage in St. Clair co. Peshawer, Peshawur, Peichaouer, Peschau- er, p^sh'ow'er, written also Paishawur andPeishore (" the advanced post"), a fortified town of India, capital of the Peshawer division and district, Punjab, 40 miles by rail W. of Attock, and on the Afghan frontier, 12 miles E. of the Khyber Pass. It is the N.W. terminus of the Indian railway system, and an important strategic point. It is a Uoslemtown. Pop. 58,555. Peshawer, a division in the extreme N.W. of India, in the Punj;ib, bounded W. by Afghanistan, and N. by Cashmere and some native hill states. Area, 8171 square miles. It consists of the districts of Peshawer, Kohat, and Huzareh, Pop. 1,035,789. The district of Peshawer is the northwesternmost of the three districts in the division, and is fertile and well cultivated. Area, 2497 square miles. Capital, Peshawer. Pop. 523,152. Pesh'tigO, a post-village in Peshtigo township, Oconto CO., Wis., on a river of the same name, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 13 miles N.N.E. of Oconto, and 9 miles S.W. of Menominee, Mich. It has a flouring-mill, several saw-mills, and an active trade in lumber; also 4 churches. Pop. about 1000. Pop. of the township, 2520. Peshtigo River, Wisconsin, rises in Oconto co., runs southeastward, and enters Green Bay about 12 miles N.E. of the town of Oconto. It is nearly 150 miles long, and runs through extensive pine forests. Pesmes, or Pemes, paira, a town of France, in Haute-Sa6ne, 10 miles S. of Gray. Pop. 2755. Pe-Sooee-Shan, or Pe-Soui-Chan, pi-soo'ee- sh^n', a mountain of China. Lat. 28° 26' N. ; Ion. 108° 34' E. It is covered with perpetual snow. Peso'tum, a post-hamlet of Champaign co., 111., in Pe- sotum township, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 14 miles S. of Champaign. Pup. of the township, 919. Pespire, pes-pee'ri, a town of Honduras, 80 miles N.N.W. of Leon. It is the seat of a large trade. P. 2000. Pesqueira. See Sao Joao de Pesqueira. Pesqueira Grande, p^s-ki'e-ri grin'di, a village of Mexico, state of Nuevo Leon, 20 miles N.N.W. of Mon- terey. It was formerly celebrated for its silver-mines and salt-works. Pesth, pfist (Hun. pron. p^sht), a royal free city of Hungary, on the left bank of the Danube, immediately opposite Buda, on the railway from Vienna to Szolnok, 136 miles E.S.E. of Vienna. Pop. in 1870, 200,476; in 1876, including Buda, 309,208. It is situated on level ground, is regularly laid out, and generally handsome, except the old town. The principal edifices are the new theatre, the national casino, county hall, the Nengehdnde, a vast struc- ture, used as an artillery depot, the grenadier barracks, Jesuits' and several other convents, an art academy, the Esterhazy Gallery of Art, the Redoute Buildings, Roman Catholic, Greek, Lutheran, Calvinist, and other churches, several synagogues, hospitals, a custom-house, a national museum, a landhaus, and a university. The venerable an- cient structures of the Hungarian capital are all in Buda ; and Pesth is the "new city," boasting most of its modern conveniences, as good hotels, coffee-houses, and handsome private residences. The university has a library of 60,000 volumes, and is attended by over 2600 students. Here are also a botanic garden, a veterinary hospital, a Hungarian academy of sciences, Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and nor- mal schools, an English conventual and various charitable institutions. The town has manufactures of flour, spirits, leather, tobacco, hats, pipes, cloth, silk, oil, and machinery. Pesth is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Transa- cincnm. The old town was enclosed by walls in the thir- teenth century. It was held by the Turks for 160 years. Pesth is a station for steam packets, and is connected by railways with the chief towns of Austro-Hungary. PestO, p4s'to, or Pestuni, p^s'tQm (anc. Pfestum, ori- ginally Posido'nin), a ruined town of Italy, province of Sa- lerno, 19 miles S.S.W. of Campagna, in a plain on the Gulf of Salerno. It was first a Greek colony, and fell under the power of the Romans n.c. 275. After the fall of the Empire it continued to flourish, but was ultimately destroyed by the Saracens towards the end of the ninth century. Among the buildings are a temple of Neptune, the four sides of which have a range of 36 pillars, surmounted by an architrave and frieze of the Doric order; and a large edifice called the basilica, but supposed to have been a temple of Ceres. Petalida, or Petalidha, Crete. See Sorhi. Petalies, pA'ti-Ieez\ a group of islandsin the Channel of Eubcea, near its S. extremity. Petaluma, p5t-a-loo'ma, a city of Sonoma co., Cal., is on Petaluma Creek, at the head of navigation, and on the San Francisco & North Pacific Railroad, 42 miles N. by W. of San Francisco, 16 miles S. of Santa Rosa, and about 10 miles N. of San Pablo Bay. It contains 6 or 7 churches, a large graded school, a national bank, a savings-bank, sev- eral large stone and brick warehouses, 4 carriage-shops, 2 or 3 flouring-mills, a woollen-mill, and a printing-oflice which issues a daily and a weekly newspaper. This is the most populous town in the county. Steamboats ply daily between it and San Francisco. Wheat, barley, dairy -prod- ucts, lumber, and oats are the chief articles of export. Pop., including the precinct, 4588. Petaluma Creek, California, rises in Sonoma co., and enters San Pablo Bay 10 miles below the town of Petaluma. Petare, pi-ti'ri. a town of Venezuela, capital of the state of Bolivar, 10 miles E. by S. of Caracas. Petchora, or Petschora, p5tch'o-rS,, a river of European Russia, rises in the Ural Mountains, flows N.W. through the governments of Vologda and Archangel, and enters the Arctic Oceiin by a wide estuary containing numer- ous islands, about lat. 68° N., Ion. between 53° and 54° E. Total course, probably 900 miles. Its principal affluents are the Izhma from the S. and the Oosa from the E, Peteghem, pi'teh-ghSin', a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 15 miles S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 2100. Peten, pi-t^n', a lake and island of Central America, state and 190 miles N. of Guatemala. The lake is about 65 miles in circumference, and 30 fathoms in depth. It con- tains several islands, the principal of which, called Peten, is steep and lofty. It was once the seat of the Itza Indians. Pe'ter, a post-ofiice of Pike co. Ky. Peterborough, or Peterburgh, pee't^r-bur-ruh, a city and episcopal see of England, co. and 37 miles N.E. of Northampton, at the junction of several railways, on the navigable Nene. Pop. of city, 11,264. The cathedral is one of the finest in England. Ita AV. front, which forms PET 1733 PET a square 150 feet in height and breadth, consists of three magnificent pointed arches, 80 feet high, surmounted bj pediments and pinnacles, and flanlced by turrets with spires and pinnacles. It is surrounded by old and interesting monastic edifices, the whole constituting a magniiicent pile. The parish church has a beautiful monument by Flaxman. The town hall, market-house, infirmary, union workhouse, j.ail, house of correction, and a small theatre, are the other chief edifices. Corn and malt are exported by the Nene. It sends two members to the House of Commons. Peterborough, pee'ter-bur-ruh, a post-village in Peterborough township, Hillsborough CO., N.H., on the Contoueook Kiver, and on the Monadnoek Railroad, about 33 miles S.W. of Concord, and IS miles E. by S. of Kecne. It has a newspaper office, a national bank, a savings-bank, 5 churches, and manufactures of cotton and woollen goods and thermometers. Pop. of the township, 2236. Peterborough, a post-village inSmithfield township, Madison co., N.Y., 25 miles E.S.E. of Syracuse. It has 3 churches, an academy, and .an orphans' home. Pop. 368. Peterborough, a county near the central part of On- tario, comprises an area of 2485 square miles. It contains numerous lakes which give rise to the Otonabee River and many smaller streams. A railway connects its capital, Peterborough, with Lake Ontario on the S. and Georgian Bay on the N. Pop. 30,473. Peterborough, a town of Ontario, capital of the co. of Peterborough, on the navigable Otonabee River, with a station on the Midl.and Railway, 31 miles N.B. of Port Hope, and 94 miles N.E. of Toronto. It contains, besides the county buildings, 6 churches, 4 branch banks, 2 newspaper offices, about 70 stores, several saw- and grist-mills, and manufactories of iron castings, steam-engines, machinery, agricultural implements, leather, woollens, wooden-ware, (fee, and has a large export trade in grain, pork, and lum- ber. The streets are well laid out and lighted with gas, and a handsome bridge connects the town with Ashburn- ham, on the opposite bank of the Otonabee. Pop. 4611. Pe'ter Botte (bott) Mountaiu, a remark.able pre- cipitous rock in the island of Mauritius, in lat. 20° 12' S., Ion. 57° 37' E., and 2600 feet in height. Peterburg, Russia. See Saint PETEnsntinc. Peterburgh, England. Sec Peterborough. Peter Cave, a post-office of Martin co., Ky. Peter Da'na's Point, an Indian village of Wash- ington CO., Me., on Big Lake, 4 miles from Princeton. Peterhead, pee't§r-h5d, a seaport town of Scotland, CO. and 27 miles by rail N.N.E. of Aberdeen, on the point of a flat rocky promontory projecting into the North Sea, in lat. 57° 30' 1" N., Ion. 1° 46' 0" W. Pop. of the town, 8168; of the municipal burgh, 11,506. It is regularly and well built ; the houses are mostly of red granite. The prin- cipal public edifices are the parish church, the town house, and a handsome granite cross. It has a scientific associa- tion, chalybeate springs, a valuable museum, 2 public libraries, and 4 branch banks. Its harbor is one of the best on the E. coast of Scotland. Rope-making and ship- building are carried on. The products of the extensive fisheries of whale, seal, and herring form a considerable portion of the exports, which also comprise large quantities of fish, oil, and granite ; the latter is quarried in the vicinity. The burgh unites with Elgin, Bans', Cullen, Inverary, and Kintore in sending one member to the House of Commons. Peterhof, pi'ter-hor, a town of Russia, on the S. shore of the Gulf of Finland, 16 miles by rail W. of St. Petersburg. Here is an imperial palace. Pop. 7875. Peterlingen, the German name of Payer.ve. Pe'ters, a station in San Joaquin co., Cal., on the Stockton &, Copperopolis Railroad, at the junction of the Stockton & Visalia Railroad, 15 miles E. of Stockton. Peters, a township of Franklin co.. Pa. Pop. 2603. Peters, a township of Washington co.. Pa. Pop. 943. Peter's, a station of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 15i miles E. of Covington, Va. Pe'tersburg, a mining-camp of Siskiyou co., Cal., 100 miles N.E. of Eureka. Gold is mined near this place. Petersburg, a post-hamlet of Kent co., Del., about 11 miles S.W. of Dover. Petersburg, a post- village, capital of Menard co.. III., on the Sangamon River, and on the Chicago &, Alton Rail- road where it crosses the Springfield & Northwestern Rail- road, 23 miles N.W. of Springfield, and 28 miles N.E. of Jacksonville. It has 2 banking-houses, 7 churches, and manufactures of bricks, machinery, and woollen goods. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. 1792. Petersburg, a hamlet of Washington co., HI., in Venedy township (nearest post-office. Lively Grove). P. 35. Petersburg, a post-village, capital of Pike oo., Ind., in Washington township, about 20 miles S.E. of Vincennes, and 44 miles N.N.E. of Evansville. It is situated on ele- vated ground 1 mile S. of the White River. It has 3 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a state bank, a large brick school-house, and manufacturesof carriages, chairs, ploughs, and furniture. Pop. 923. Petersburg, a post-hamlet of Delaware co., Iowa, about 35 miles W. of Dubuque. It has a church. Petersburg, Leavenworth co., Kansas. See Lansing. Petersburg, a post-village of Boone co., Ky., on the Ohio River, near the Ohio & Mississippi ILailroad, 25 miles below Cincinnati, and about 2 miles from Lawrenceburg, Ind. It has a good landing, 2 churches, a flouring-mill, a distillery, and manufactures of cigars and tobacco. P. 400, Petersburg, a village of Kentucky, on the line be- tween Christian and Hopkins cos., and on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 19 miles N. of Hopkinsville. It has 2 churches and a hotel. Coal is mined here. Pop. about 125. The name of its post-office is Williams. Petersburg, a hamlet of AVebster co., Ky., 2 miles from the Evansville & Nashville Railroad. Petersburg, a post-village in Summerfleld township, Monroe co., Mich., on Raisin River, and on the Lake Shore k Michigan Southern Railroad, at its junction with the Canada Southern Railroad, 16 miles E. of Adrian, and 17 miles W. of Monroe. It has a graded school, 3 churches, a money-order post-office, and m.inufactures of flour, woollen goods, paper-pulp, and staves. Pop. about 1200. Petersburg, a post-township of Jackson co., Minn., about 65 miles S.W. of Mankato, is intersected by the Des Moines River. Pop. 167. Petersburg Post-Offlce is 8 miles S.E. of Jackson. Petersburg, a hamlet of Boone CO., Mo., about 32 miles N.E. of Boonvillc. Petersburg, a station in Cooper co.. Mo., on the Boonville Branch of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 12 miles S. of Boonville. Petersburg, a post-village in Upper township. Cape May CO., N.J., 3 miles from Mount Pleasant Station, which is 19 miles S.E. of Millville. It has 2 churches, a steam saw-mill, a grist-mill, &c. Petersburg, a hamlet in JelTerson township, Morris CO., N.J., 4 miles S.W. of Oak Ridge Station. It has a grist-mill, a distillery, and a saw-mill. Petersburg, a post-village in Petersburg township, Rensselaer co., N.Y., on the Harlem Extension Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Bennington, Vt., and about 18 miles E. of Troy. It has 3 churches, nearly 40 houses, and manufac- tures of carriages and shirts. 'The township is drained by the Hoosic River, and intersected by the Troy A Boston Railroad. Pop. of the township, 1718. See also North Petersburg. Petersburg, Ashland co., 0. See Mifflin. Petersburg, a hamlet of Jackson co., 0., in Scioto township, 8 miles S.W. of Jackson. It has 2 churches. Here is Weber Post-Office. Petersburg, a post-village in Springfield township, Mahoning co., 0., about 15 miles S.S.E. of Youngstown, and 12 miles S.W. of New Castle, Pa. It has 3 churches, a tannery, and several stores. Pop. 218. Petersburg, Oregon. See Looking Glass. Petersburg, a post-borough of Huntingdon co.. Pa., on the Juniata River, at the mouth of Shaver's Creek, in West township, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of Huntingdon. It has 3 churches and an iron- foundry. Pop. 381. See also Y'ork Sulphur Springs. Petersburg, a village in East Hempfield township, Lancaster co.. Pa., on the Lancaster Branch of the Read- ing &, Columbia Railro.ad, 5 miles N.W. of Lancaster. It has 4 churches. Here is East Hempfield Post-Offlce. Petersburg, a post-borough in Penn township. Perry CO., Pa., on the W. bank of the Susquehanna River, at the mouth of Sherman's Creek, 1 mile below the mouth of the Juniata River, and 14 miles N.W. of Harrisburg. It con- tains 6 churches, a newspaper office, a rolling-mill, a nail- factory, and manufactures of chairs and farming-tools. Pop. 960. The name of its post-office is Duncannon, and here is Duncannon Station on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Petersburg, Somerset oo.. Pa. See Addison. Petersburg, a post-village of Lincoln co., Tenn., 12 miles N. of Fayetteville, and about 60 miles S. by E. of Nashville. It has 2 churches and an academy. Petersburg, a deserted village of Lavaca co., Tex., on the Lavaca River, about 95 miles S.E. of Austin. Petersburg, a post-village of Millard co., Utah, 90 miles S. by W. of Y'ork Station. It has a church. PET 1734 PET Petersburg, a city and port of entry of Dinwiddle co., Va., is situated on the right or S. banli of the Appomattox Kiver, 10 miles from its mouth, 23 miles S. of Richmond, and 81 miles W.N.W. of Norfolk. Lat. 37° 14' N. ; Ion. 77° 21' W. It is the third city of the state in population. It is on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, and is the N. terminus of the Petersburg Railroad, which connects here with the Richmond & Petersburg Railroad. Another railroad extends from this place to City Point on the James River. Vessels of 100 tons can ascend the Appomattox to Petersburg, and larger vessels discharge their cargoes at City Point or Port Walthall. Tobacco is the chief article of export. Petersburg contains 16 churches, 3 national banks, a custom-house, a public library, the iSouthern Female College, the Petersburg Female College, and print- ing-offices which issue 2 daily and 2 or 3 weekly news- papers. It has also several cotton-factories, flouring-mills, gas-works, 2 iron-foundries, a paper-mill, several machine- shops, and numerous tobacco-factories. The falls of the river, which arrest the ascent of the tide immediately above this city, furnish extensive water-power. Pop. in 1860, 18,266; in 1870, 18,950. Petersburg, a post-village of Grant co., W. Va., on the South Branch of the Potomac River, 40 miles S. of Keyser. It has 2 churches and a woollen-factory. Petersburg, a hamlet of Crawford co., Wis., on Kiok- apoo River, 16 miles N.W. of Roscobel. It has a church and a flour-mill. Petersburg, a post-village in Waterloo co., Ontario, on the (irand Trunk Railw.ay, 68 miles W. of Toronto. It has a tannery, 2 stores, and 2 hotels. Pop. 150, Petersburg, Ontario. See HoMBEnsxoNE. Peter's Creek, a post-township of Stokes co., N.C., 40 miles N. of Salem, is drained by the Dan River. It has 2 churches. Pop. 1491. Peter's Creek, Pennsylvania. See Peach Bottom. Peter's Creek, a post-office of Patrick co., Va. Pe'tersfield, a town of England, co. of Hants, 17 miles N.N.E. of Portsmouth, at a railway junction. Pop. of the town, 1587; of the borough, 6104. Petersliagen, pi'ters-h4"Gh?n, a town of Prussia, in Westphali.i, 7 miles N.jSt'.E. of Minden, on the Weser. Pe'tersham, a post-village in Petersham township, Worcester co., Mass., 9 miles S. by E. of Athol, and about 28 miles N.W. of Worcester. It has 3 churches, the High- land Institute, and a manufactory of powder-kegs. Pop. of the township, 1203. Pe'ter's Island, an island in the South Pacific, in lat. 68° 57' S., Ion. 90° 46' W. Peters Islands, two small islands on the S. coast of Australia, in lat. 32° 21' S., Ion. 133° 39' E. Peter's Land'ing, a post-office of Perry co., Tenn., on the Tennessee River. Pe'ter's Monut'aiu, in Virginia, is situated on the boundary between Monroe and Giles cos. Pe'terson, a post-hamlet in Clay township, Clav co., Iowa, on the Little Sioux River, about 74 miles W.N.W. of Fort Dodge. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill, Peterson, a township of Emmett co., Iowa. Pop. 216. Peterson, a post-hamlet in Rushford township, Fill- more CO., Minn., on Root Kiver, and on the Southern Min- nesota Railroad, 40 miles W. of La Crosse, Wis. It has a church and a flour-mill. Peterson, a post-office of Cuming co., Neb. Peterson, a post-office of Morgan co., Utah, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 16 miles S.E. of Ogden. Peterson's, a station in Santa Clara co., Cal., on the South Pacific Railroad, 2 miles S. of San Jose. Peterson's, a station in Miami co., 0., on the Dayton &, Michigan Railroad, 4 miles S. of Piqua. Peterson's Point, a post-office of Chchalis co., Wash. Peter's Road, a post-village in Kings co.. Prince Edward Island, 10 miles from Georgetown. It contains a hotel, a saw-mill, and a grist-mill. Pop. 200. Peters-Swift, Hanover. See Nouthen. Petersthal, pA'ters-tir, a village of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, 13 miles E^ of OB'enburg. Pop. 1583. Pe'terstown, a post-village of Monroe co., AV. Va., on Rich Creek, near New River, 23 miles S. of Talcott Station. It has several tanneries and 2 churches. Pe'tersville, a post-hamlet of Bartholomew co., Ind., in Clay township, 6 miles E. of Columbus. It lias a church. Petersville, a post-hamlet of Lewis co., Ky., 14 miles E. of Johnson Junction. It has 2 stores and a grist-mill. Petersville, a post-village of Frederick co., Md., 2 miles from the Potomac River, and about 13 miles S.W. of Frederick. Pop. 159. Petersville, Butler co.. Pa. See Conoquenessing. Petersville, a post-hamlet in Lehigh township, North- ampton CO., Pa., about 12 miles N.N.W. of AUentown. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, &c. Pop. 75. Petersville, a hamlet of Oconto co., Wis., 3 miles from Little Suamico. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Pe'tersville, a post-village and suburb of London, Ontario, on a branch of the river Thames, opposite the foot of Lichfield street. Blackfriars' bridge connects it with the city. Pop. 400. Petersville, a post-village in Queens co., New Bruns- wick, 10 miles from Welsford. It contains 6 stores and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 200. Peterswald, pi't?rs-wait\ or Peterswalde, pi'- ters-*a,IMeh, a frontier village of Bohemia, 20 miles N.N.W. of Leitmeritz, in the Erzgebirge. Pop. 2607. Peters waldau, pi't§rs-- (Fr. pron. ikVikn'hm'), a town of Alsace, 7 miles S.W. of Colmar. Pop. 1665. Pfaffenhofen, pfif'fen-ho'fen (Fr. pron. fiffSn'o'- f6N°'), a market-town of Alsace-Lorraine, on the Moder, 12 miles N.E. of Zabern. Pap. 1459. PfatTenhofen, a town of Upper Bavaria, on the Ilm, 28 miles N. of Munich. Pop. 2448. Pfaffers, Switzerland. See Pfeffers. Pfalfikon, pf«f'fe.kon>, Pfeliiken, pfSf'fe-ken, Pfeffikon, or Pfaffiken, a village of Switzerland, can- ton and 11 miles E. of Zurich, on the N. shore of the small lake of Pfaflikon. Pop. 2755. Pfalfnau, pfdff'now, a village of Switzerland, canton and 24 miles N.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 1762. Pfalz, an old division of Germany. See Palatinate. Pfalzburg, pfilts'boouG (Fr. Phalsbourg, fils'booR'), a town of Germany, in Lorraine, 8 miles N.W. of Zabern. Pop. 2425 ; or, with adjacent villages, 3857. Pfalzdorf, pfilts'donf, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 44 miles N.W. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 2471. Pfalzel, pfilt'sel, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 3 miles N. of Treves, on the Moselle. Pop. 1944. Pfarrkirch, pfan'kinic, or Pfarrkirchen, pfaR'- keeRK^^n, a market-town of Lower Bavaria, 26 miles W.S.W. of Passau. Pop. 2235. Pfeddersheim, pfWd^rs-hime', a town of Hesse, in Rhcin-Hesscn, 4 miles W.N.W. of Worms. Pop. 1884. Pfetfers, PfatTers, pfeffers, or Pvitvers, pvS'vers, a watering-place of Switzerland, ca.nton of St. Gall, 5 miles S.E. of Sargans. The waters have a temperature of 98° Fahrenheit, and the place is much frequented. On an ad- jacent height is a Benedictine monastery. Pfeliiken, or Pfetiikon. See Pfaffikon. Pforing, pfo'ring, a market-town of Bavaria, circle of Upper Palatinate, on the left bank of the Danube, 13 miles E.N.E. of Ingolstadt. Pop. 1078. Pforte, pfoR'teh, or Schulpforte, shool'pfoRHeh, a village of Prussia, province of Saxony, 18 miles S.W. of Merseburg, with a celebrated school, at which about 200 scholars are maintained and educated gratuitously. P. 462. Pforzheim, pfouts'hime (ano. Pur'ta Hcrolii'iief), an ancient city of the grand duchy of Baden, at the confluence of the Enz and Nagold, 16 miles S.E. of Oarleruhe. Pop. PFO 173Y PHI 23,692. The city has a castle atid a fine church, with old grand-ducal vaults and severable charitable institutions. It is the principal manufacturing town of the grand duchy, having manufactures of jewelry employing 900 hands, and of woollen cloth, leather, and chemical products, with cop- per- and iron-forges, and trade in timber, oil, and wine. Pfout's (fowtz) Valley, a post-hamlet of Perry co., Pa., 30 miles N. by W. of Harrisburg. It has a church. Pfreiint, or Pfreimdt, pfrlmt, a town of Bavaria, 16 miles E.N.E. of Amberg. Pop. 1346. Pfullendorf, pfool'l^n-doRp, a town of Baden, on Lake Ilmen, 20 miles N.E. of Constance. Pop. 2331. Pfullingen, pfo6i'ling-?n, a town of WUrtemberg, circle of Black Forest, on the Echaz, 3 miles S.E. of Reut- lingen. Pop. 4o28, mostly employed in paper-mills and brush-factories and in the cultivation of fruit and wine. Pfungstadty pfoong'st&tt, a market-town of Hesse, province of Starkenberg, 5 miles S. of Darmstadt. It has manufactures of m.adder and sugar. Pop. 4412. Pfyn, pfin, a village of Switzerland, canton of Thurgau, on the Thur, 10 miles S.W. of Constance. Pop. 1194. Phal'anx, a post-office of Trumbull co., 0., on the At- lantic & Great Western Railroad, 13 miles N.AV. of Niies. Phalasarua, fd-ld-sau'ni, a ruined city of Crete, near the W. end of the island, its chief remains being walls and towers on an acropolis, close to the shore. Phalata, an ancient name of Fulta. Phalgoo, or Phalgu, fil'goo, a river of Bengal, is formed by the junction of the Mehanee and Lilajun, in lat. 24° 44' N., Ion. Sb° 3' E. It flows through Behar and Patna, and enters the Ganges in lat. 25° 11' N., Ion. 8G° 10' E. Total course, 246 miles. PhaMia, a small buyou of Tammany parish, Louisiana, flows into the Chefonte River. Phalsbourg, Germany. See Pfalzburg. Phaltan, or Fultaii, ful-t^n', one of the Sattarah states of India. Area, 397 square miles. Pop. 59,124. Phana^oria^ the supposed ancient name of Taman. Pharaoh (fa'rii-o) Mount, New York, is in the S. part of Essex co., about 5 miles E. of Schroon Lake. It is sometimes called Bluebeard Mountain. Phari, fi'ree, or Paridsong, p&-rid-song', a fortress of Thibet, near Bootan, in lat 27° 48' N., Ion. 89° 14' E. Pharis, a commune of Greece, in Laconia. Pop. 3708. Pharisburg, fil-ris-burg, a post-village in Leesburg township. Union co., 0., 4^ miles from Broadway Station. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 200. Pharos, fd'ros, a peninsula, and anciently an island, of Lower Egypt, on which stands a famous light-house. It forms the site of the modern city of Alexandria. Pharos (or Pharus) Insula. See Lksina. Pharpar, a river of Syria. See Barkada. Pharsalia, a town of Thessaly. See Satalge. Pharsalia, far-s4'le-a, a post-hamlet in Pharsalia township, Chenango co., N.Y., 33 miles N. by E. of Bing- hamton. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1106. Phaselis, the ancient name of Tekrova. Pha'sis, Riou, Rhiou, ree-on', or Faz, fS^z, a river of Asiatic Russia, anciently regarded as the boundary be- tween Europe and Asia, rises in a spur of the Caucasus, traverses Kootais, and, after a W. course, enters the Black Sea at its E. extremity, near Poti, 34 miles N. of Batoom. Pha-Tua-Tien, Cochin China. See Hue. Phauga, fow'gi, a populous seaport of Lower Siam.on the W. coast of the Malay Peninsula, N. of Junk-Ceylon. Lat. 8° 8' N. ; Ion. 98° 17' E. Phazauia, or Phasaula, Africa. See Fezzan. Pheasant (fez'ant) Branch, a post-hamlet of Dane CO., Wis., on Lake Mendota, about 6 miles W.N.W. of Mad- ison. Pop. 173. Pheas'ant Island, in the Bidassoa River, between France and Spain, is the place where the treaty of the Pyrenees was concluded, September 7, 1659. Pheleche, island in the Persian Gulf. See Feludsh. Phelps, f^lps, a county in the S.E. central part of Mis- souri, has an area of about 675 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Gasconade River, and also drained by the Maramec River and Bourbeuse Creek. The surface is un- even or hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the ash, oak, hickory, maple, walnut, &c, Indian corn, wheat, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Among its minerals are iron ore and lead. It is intersected by the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad. Capital, RoUa. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,000,000. Pop. in 1S70, 10,506, of whom 9692 were Americans. Phelps, a county in the S. part of Nebraska, has an area of about 560 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Platte River. The surface is nearly level, and almost destitute of timber. Pop. 151. Phelps, a post-hamlet of Lawrence co.. Mo., about 36 miles W. of Springfield. It has 2 stores. Phelps, a post-oftice of Phelps co.. Neb. Phelps, a post-village in Phelps township, Ontario co., N.Y., on the Oannndaigua Outlet, at the mouth of Flint Creek, 8 miles N.W. of Geneva. It is also on the Sodus Point *t Southern Railroad where it crosses the Auburn Branch of the New York Central Railroad, 33 miles W. of Auburn. It has 5 churches, a classical school, a newspaper office, a bank, and manufactures of gloves, mittens, malt, ploughs, and plaster. Pop. 1355 ; of the township, 5267. Phelps, a post-hamlet of Walker co., Tex., on the In- ternational & Great Northern Railroad, 66 miles N. of Houston. A branch railroad, 8 miles long, extends from Phelps to Huntsville. Phelps City, a post-village in Templeton township, Atchison co.. Mo., near the Nishnabatona River, on the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council BlutFs Railroad, about 2 miles E. of the Missouri River, and 65 miles N.W. of St. Joseph, It has 2 churches and a private bank. Pop. 252. Pheng-Hoo,f^ng-hoo', Pescadores, p5s-kS,-do'r^s, or The Fish'er's Islands, an island group in the channel of Fo-Kien. China Sea, between the island of For- mosa and the mainland. The town of Makung is on the largest island. Pop. of the group, 80,000. Phenix, or Phcenix, fe'nix, a post-village in War- wick township, Kent co., R.I., on Pawtuxet River, and on the Pawtuxet Valley Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Providence, and 1 mile N. of the New York & New England Railroad. It has a national bank, a savings-bank, 3 churches, and manufactures of cotton goods and machinery. Pop. 868. Phereh, a town of Turkey. See Feiikd. Phiala, fe-S-'li, a small lake of Palestine, 10 miles E.N.E. of Banias. It is 1 mile in circumference, sur- rounded by wooded hills, and supposed to be the source of a subterranean aflluent of the Jordan. Phigaleia, or Phigalia, fe-gi-lee'yi (called after- wards Phialia, fe-^-lee'A), a ruined city of Greece, in Morea, government of Messenia. Its remains, on a pre- cipitous height, 16 miles N.E. of Kyp:irissia, consist of walls, towers, and a citadel, presenting one of the most an- cient and curious specilnens of Grecian military architec- ture. Within its walls is a part of the village of Paulizza; and 4 miles E. are the ruins of a famous temple of Apollo. Philadelphia, Asia Minor. See Ala-Shehr. Philadelphia, Syria. See Amman. Philadelphia, a county of Pennsylvania, is coexten- sive with the city of Philadelphia (which see). Philadelphia, a hamlet of Cass co., 111., in Lancaster toAvnship, on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 27 miles W^. by N. of Springfield. It has a church. Here is Lancaster Post-Office. Philadelphia, a post-hamlet of Hancock co., Ind., on the Pan-Handle Railroad, which connects Indianapolis with Richmond, 17 miles E. of the former. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Philadelphia, a post-village, capital of Neshoba co.. Miss., 34 miles N. of Newton, and about 80 miles E.N.E. of Jackson. It has 2 churches and several stores. Philadelphia, a post-village of Marion co., Mo., about 26 miles W.N.W. of Hannibal. It has a church and several stores. Philadelphia, a post-village of Jefferson co., N.Y',, in Philadelphia township, on the Indian River, and on the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Raihoad where it crosses the Utica & Black River Railroad, 18 miles N.N.E. of Watertown, and 13 miles N.N.W. of Carthage. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of leather, flour, lumber, and plaster. Pop. 384; of the township, 1709. Phiradel'phia (Fr. Philadelphie, feeMiMfirfee' ; Sp. and It. Filadeljia, fe-l3,-d5rfe-a), a port of entry, the second city of the United States, the metropolis of Pennsylvania, and coextensive with the co. of Philadelphia, is situated on the W. bank of the Delaware, 9fi miles (by the ship- channel) from the open sea, 87 miles by rail S.W. of New York, and 136 miles N.E. of Washington. D.C. Lat. 39° 57' N.; Ion. 75° 10' W. The river Schuylkill traverses the city, dividing the part known as West Philadelphia from the older portion of the town. Along the Delaware the water-front measures 23 miles, extending from the mouth of Poquessing Creek (which enters the Delaware near Tor- resdale on the N.E.), southwestward and southward, to the embouchure of Bow Creek, at Tinicurn Island. The area of the municipality is more than 129 square miles, of which a considerable part, especially in the N., is rural in character, PHI •173S PHI while other portions are occupied by suburban districts, embracing several places which have almost the character of separate towns, — such as Germantown, Chestnut Hill, Frankford, Manayunk, Falls of Schuylkill, Bridesburg, and Holraesburg, with many minor villages and hamlets, the principal of which are Taeony, Torresdale, Byberry, Som- erton, Bustleton, Sandiford, Olney, Oxford Church, Cres- centville, Roxborough, Milestown, Fox Chase, Verreeville, and Wheat Siieaf. The natural features of the site are varied, much of the land near the rivers, especially south- ward, being flat and low ; but in the N., W., and central districts the ground is high and easily drained, the deep subsoil being mostly a dry gravel, resting upon gneiss and granite, but it is in part composed of a tough clay; and much of the subsoil is auriferous to a slight degree. The city is remarkable for the regularity of its plan, the streets mostly crossing one another at right angles and dividing the town into uniform squares. The streets running N. and S. are named by the ordinal numbers from the Delaware west- ward, thus : Front street, Second street, Third street, Ac, up to Sixty-Fifth street in the extreme W.; these are divided by Market street, the principal E. and W. thoroughfare, into portions named respectively North Front and South Front, North Second and South Second, Ac. Between Front and Second streets the iiouses have the cardinal numbers between 100 and 200 ; at Second street the numbering is from 200 up; at Third street, from 300 up; and a similar arrange- ment of numbers prevails on the streets running N. and S. Market street is 100 and Broad street llli feet wide ; while the other principal streets are mostly 50 or 66 feet in breadth, some of the " avenues" being much wider. There are about 800 miles of paved streets. A great part of the city is built of the excellent bricks for which Philadelphia is noted; but many of the public and private buildings are of marble, granite, sandstone, and other material. The older parts of the city present many streets of remarkably uniform and somewhat monotonous aspect, with door-steps and window- and door-trimmings of white marble, and shutters of wood painted white ; but latterly this uniformity has been much broken by the construction of buildings in every variety of style. Philadelphia, known aa the " city of brotherly love" and the " city of homes," is more re- markable for the abundance of domestic comforts and con- veniences than for architectural display ; though the last is by no means wanting. No city of any considerable size in the world equals it in the home comforts it affords for people of the middle class, many of whom occupy houses of their own. A large part of the city is built upon rented ground, the ground-rent plan, as here developed, offering excellent advantages to the builder. The construction of houses is also greatly stimulated by building-associations, of which there are many in the city. The city has 2 parks and 13 public squares, one of which, Fairmount Park, contains 2740 acres and takes rank, for extent, natural capabilities, and artificial improvements, among the very first in the world, being traversed by the fine river Schuylkill and by Wissahickon Creek, the latter being noted for the romantic wildness of this part of its course. Several of the cemeteries are distinguished for excellent landscape effects and costly monumental decoration, notably that of Laurel Hill, on the E. bank of the Schuylkill. Other cemeteries of note are West Laurel Hill, on the W. bank of the Schuylkill, near Pencoyd Station of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, Mount Vernon Cemetery, on the E. side of Ridge Avenue, opposite Laurel Hill Cemetery, Monument Cemetery, on North Broad Street. Woodlands, in West Philadelphia (en- trance at Thirty-Ninth street and Darby Road), Glenwood, at Ridge Avenue and Islington Lane, Mount Moriah, on the Darby Road, near Sixtieth street, Mount Peace, adjoin- ing Mount Vernon, Greenwood (Knights of Pythias), in Frankford, Cedar Hill, in Frankford, the Cathedral, on Lancaster Avenue from Forty-Eighth to Fifty-First streets, New Cathedral, at Second street and Nieetown Lane, Odd- Fellows', on Islington Lane, and Mechanics', adjoining the Odd-Fellows'; besides these there are many minor burial- grounds, some of them not now used. The educational institutions of the city are numerous. At the head of the public-school system are the boys' high school, at Broad and Green streets, with about 600 pupils, and the girls' normal school, occupying a fine building of green- stone, at Seventeenth and Spring Garden streets, which cost with equipments $270,000 and affords accommodations for about 1000 pupils. The public schools employ 2000 male and female teachers, and occupy more than 200 houses, of which the city owns 190, together valued at over $6,000,000, the amount paid yearly for salaries exceeding $1,000,000. Over 100,000 pupils are in attendance at the schools, and the annual expenses are about $1,500,000. There are also many private and parochial schools, many of the latter being Roman Catholic. The University of Penn- sylvania, at Thirty-Fourth street and Darby Road, has spacious and elegant buildings, includes medical, scientific, legal, and art schools, and has under its management a commodious hospital. The Jefferson Medical College, on Tenth street above Walnut, with a new hospital, affords instruction to more students than any other medical school in the country. In this department of instruction Phila- delphia hius special pre-eminence, — the Woman's College, the 2 homoeopathic schools, and the 2 eclectic colleges being also well patronized. There are, besides, 2 colleges of pharmacy, 3 of dentistry, a polytechnic college, and several Catholic colleges, of which La Salle College is the largest. Girard College, occupying spacious buildings of marble, in the Corinthian style of architecture, affords instruc- tion and support to a great number of orphan boys, and has very large funds. The cost of its grounds and build- ings was about $2,000,000, This institution, founded by Stephen Girard, was opened in 1S48. Its main build- ing is regarded as the finest Grecian structure of modern times. Other important schools are the Episcopal Acad- emy, on Locust street east of Broad, the Germantown Acad- emy, the Friends' Central School, at Fifteenth and Race streets, and the Academy of Notre Dame, West Rittenhouse Square. Among art schools are the Academy of Fine Arts, at Broad and Cherry streets (with admirable collections and a fine edifice), and the School of Design for Women. Several religious denominations have here schools of divin- ity, those of the Catholics, Episcopalians, and Lutherans being especially important. Among scientific institutions are the Academy of Natural Sciences, at Nineteenth and Race streets, with grand coUeqtions, the College of Phy- sicians, the Zoological Society (with well-kept gardens in Fairmount Park), the Franklin Institute, on Seventh street below Market, the Wagner Free Institute, the Horticultural Society, the Philosophical Society, and the Entomological Society, with a very fine library and a large collection of insects. The Philadelphia Library, with a new edifice on Locust street east of Broad, and a branch institution, with an elegant building, known as the Ridgway Branch, on South Broad street, has a large and choice collection of books. Other large libraries are the Mercantile Library, on Tenth street above Chestnut, the Southwark Library, the Friends' Library, the Athenseum, the Apprentices' Library, and the libraries of the Law Association and the Pennsylvania Historical Society. The Mechanics' Institute, the Spring Garden Institute, the Moyamensing Institute, the Wagner Free Institute, the Catholic Philopatrian Institute, the Kensington Institute, the German Society, the Odd- Fellows, the Numismatic & Antiquarian Society, the His- torical Societies of the Friends, Baptists, Methodists, Pres- byterians, and the principal institutions of learning, have all valuable libraries. Among the public buildings not already mentioned the largest is the new city hall, in the French Renaissance style, at the intersection of Broad and Market streets, which occupies a larger area (nearly 4^ acres, exclusive of court-yards) than any other public building in America, and whose tower, when completed to the pro- posed height of 450 feet, will be the highest in the world. This building was begun in 1871, and its cost will probably exceed $12,000,000. Other prominent buildings are the new post-office, an elegant granite structure, with fronts on Chestnut, Ninth, and Market streets (which will probably cost $4,000,000), the historic Independence Hall, the United States custom-house, the masonic temple (a splendid build- ing in the Norman style, which cost $1,300,000 and is among the finest structures of its class in existence), the United States Mint, the Merchants' Exchange, the Com- mercial Exchange, the naval asylum and hospital, the United States arsenals, the Philadelphia hospital and alms- house, the Pennsylvania hospital, the Eastern penitentiary, Moyamensing prison, the house of correction, the house of refuge, the Academy of Music, the numerous theatreg, the Permanent Exhibition building (which was the largest of the buildings of the great Centennial Exhibition of 1876), and Memorial Hall and Horticultural Hall, fine structures which were also erected for use in that exhibi- tion. Few cities have so many and excellent charities, such as hospitals and asylums for the poor, the insane, the blind, &c. Besides those already noticed, there may be mentioned the Episcopal and Presbyterian hospitals, the (Catholic) hospitals of St. Joseph and St. Mary, homes for the aged (mostly private and denominational, and some 25 in number), the Municipal, Geruifin, Wills, Christ Church, Pennsylvania Insane, Charity, Jewish, Orthopedic, PHI 1739 PHI Children's, Women's, Homoeopathic, State, and other hos- pitals, Friends' Insane Asylum, the Preston Retreat, and more than 20 orphanages and children's homes, besides a large number of dispensaries and organized societies for the relief of distress, poverty, and sickness, many of them under public and others under ecclesiastical supervision. The number of churches and places of worship is about 550, those of the Methodists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Baptists, and Roman Catholics being most numerous in the order named. Among the handsomest and most remark- able are the cathedral church of St. Peter and St. Paul (Roman Catholic), on Eighteenth street above Race; the synagogue of Rodef Shalom, at Broad and Mount Vernon streets ; the Beth Eden, Fifth, Tabernacle, First, and Memo- rial Baptist churches; the Lutheran church of the Holy Communion, at Broad and Arch streets; the Central Con- gregational church, at Eighteenth and Green streets; the Methodist church at Broad and Areh streets; the Second, "West Arch Street, Alexander, Bethany, North Broad, and Tabernacle Presbyterian churches; the Episcopalian churches of the Incarnation (at Broad and Jefferson streets), Holy Trinity (at Walnut and Nineteenth streets), St. Mark's (Sixteenth and Locust streets), St. Stephen's (Tenth street above Chestnut), St. Jude, St. James (Twenty-Second and Walnut streets), Gloria Dei, St. Peter's (Third and Pine streets), Christ Church (Second street above Market), and St. James (Frankford), the four last having much historic interest; the First (Dutch) Reformed ; St. Bonifacius' church (Roman Catholic^, and the church of the Restoration (Uni- versalist). Philadelphia is the seat of an Episcopalian bishop and of a Roman Catholic archbishop. Several of the religious and benevolent societies of the country have their headquarters here, and some of them occupy handsome buildings. Many of the hotels and private club-houses are of good architecture, and possess every means of comfort and convenience. There are numerous buildings of historic interest from their association with persons and events prom- inent in the colonial and Revolutionary periods. In the older parts of the city there remain several curious old market-houses: but the newer structures of the kind are commodious and excellent. There are published in the city 19 daily, 50 weekly, and 48 monthly and other periodicals. Philadelphia is also an active centre of the book-trade. Besides the art collections contained in the Academy of Fine Arts and other public institutions, there are in the city some of the best private galleries in the United States ; and Philadelphia is one of the acknowledged- centres of literary, dramatic, and artistic culture. There are many musical, art, and literary societies, some of.them influential and important. The Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art has a valuable collection in Memorial Hall, Fairmount Park. Of the theatres the largest and finest is the Academy of Music, above mentioned. Besides the public parks, there are in the environs of the city numerous private pleasure- grounds, riding-parks, and the like. There are also nu- merous athletic, boating, yachting, fishing, and sportsmen's clubs and societies, some of which are probably older than any others now existing in this country. The suburban district is an extensive one, reaching (in some directions) far beyond the city limits into the adjoining counties of Bucks, Montgomery, and Delaware, and into the state of New Jersey. To the W. of the eity, along the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, is a fine succession of charm- ing half-suburban, half-country villages, of which Bryn- Mawr is perhaps the finest. The western suburbs are the seat of several noted schools (such as Haverford, Swarth- more, and Villanova colleges), and of many charitable insti- tutions founded and sustained by PhiUidoIphians. Accessible from the sea by the largest merchant steamers, connected by navigable waters and by linos of railway with the anthracite coal regions of the state, and being the ob- jective point of many railways (among which are the Penn- sylvania Railroad, the Philadelphia & Reading, the United Railways of New Jersey, the Philadelphia, AVilmington & Baltimore, the North Pennsylvania, the Camden & Atlantic, the Philadelphia & Atlantic City, the Philadelphia & Ches- ter, the Philadelphia & Baltimore Central, the West Chester & Philadelphia, and the Philadelphia, Newtown & New York), Philadelphia takes a high rank as a seat of foreign, domestic, and coastwise trade. Leading articles of export are anthracite and gas coals, petroleum, iron and iron goods, machinery and other goods manufactured here, cotton (raw and manufactured), grain and provisions, live-stock, lumber, fertilizers, and tobacco. Girard Point, on the Schuylkill, is the greatseatof grain- and provision-shipment, and Port Richmond, on the Delaware, of the anthracite -trade, while Gibson's Point, on the Schuylkill, and Greenwich Point, on the Delaware, have costly appliances for loading vessels with petroleum and coal. Lines of steamers connect the city with Liverpool, Antwerp, the West Indies, and nearly all the important ports of the United States. The steamers of the American line, plying between Philadelphia and Liverpool, are the only transatlantic steamers carrying the American flag, and Philadelphia and the cities of Chester, Pa., and Wilmington, Del., all situated on the Delaware, are the only American ports where the building of iron ships has been carried on to any noteworthy extent. At League Island, in the S. portion of the city, is one of the largest of the United States navy-yards, and near it is Fort Mif- flin, the principal defensive military work near the eity. The total value of exports from the port for the year end- ing December 31, 1S7S, was $48,370,031, and of imports, $21,048,197 ; for the year ending December 31, 1879, the ex- ports were $50,685,838 (increase, $2,306,807), and imports, $27,224,549 (increase, $6,176,352). The amount collected for duties on imports was, in 1878, $7,595,705.90, and in 1879, $10,196,636,40, showing an increase of nearly 40 per cent. The city has 31 national and S state banks, with an aggregate capital of nearly $20,000,000. Many of the banks and mercantile institutions occupy buildings of great cost and fine architectural proportions. No city in the United States has latterly made such re- markable advances in the extent and value of foreign trade as Philadelphia. The advancement here noticed is due partly to the extension of her railroad connections, and partly to the development of the great mineral fields of Pennsylvania. Commercial operations are facilitated by a board of trade, a commercial exchange, a clearing-house, several business exchanges, a number of warehousing com- panies, brokers' and other boards, &q. There are excellent dry-docks, marine railways, and yards for the construction and repair of shipping. Philadelphia is a great seat of the lumber-trade, the main supplies being drawn from the north- ern part of the state and from Virginia and the Carolinas. A large business is done in supplying merchandise to the West and Southwest, to the interior of Pennsylvania, and to the Middle Atlantic States. The business of fire, marine, and life insurance is extensively carried on, employ- ing a large amount of capital. Institutions for savings are not numerous, but most of them are financially strong. The canals which run along the Schuylkill and Delaware transmit very considerable amounts of coal and bulky freight to the city. The principal fishery carried on from the port of Philadelphia is that of shad and river herring, extensively taken in the Delaware in the spring of the year. There is a large oyster-trade, the supply being largely from the waters of Chesapeake Bay and the New Jersey coast. For peaches and small fruits, Philadelphia is one of the principal markets in the Union ; and in the importation of tropical and Mediterranean fruits it is ahead of all other American seaports. The ship-channel is thor- oughly lighted and buoyed, and has 25 feet of water at high and 19 at low tide. The manufactures of Philadelphia constitute its largest business interest, and afford occupation and support to by far the majority of persons employed at wages. Some of the outer wards (formerly the suburban villages and dis- tricts of Manayunk, Kensington, &g.), and the 5th, 6th, and 11th wards of the original city, are largely occupied by manufacturing establishments, many of them of im- mense extent, not only in the area taken up by their build- ings, but in the amount of capital invested, the number of hands employed, and the amount and value of their prod- ucts, some of the mills and factories of this city being in- deed among the most extensive in the world, though there are also a great number of workshops of less extent, down to those wherein the owner is the sole worker. Since the census of 1870 there has been an unprecedented growth and development in manufactures, especially in some branches, as, for example, in all the branches of the group of tex- tile fabrics. These have considerably more than doubled in every particular, while the manufacture of clothing has so greatly increased that its production for 1878-79 was valued at $45,000,000 ; it was less than $18,000,000 in 1869-70. We are indebted to the Hon. Lorin Blodget, of this city, for the following statement of the extent of the manufactures of Philadelphia at this time (March, 1880); the figures of the textile fabrics are based upon a thorough and critical investigation just completed by him, and the others upon the best data available : aggregate capital in- vested, $250,000,000; hands employed, 220,000; amount paid in wages, $88,000,000; value of a year's product, $500,000,000, The textile industries employ more than P»I 1740 PSI 70,000 persons, and produce more than $85,000,000, dis- tributed about as follows: carpets, $18,000,000; hosiery, $16,000,000; worsted and woollen yarns, $10,000,000; silk and mixed goods, $5,000,000 ; cotton fabrics, $18,000,000 ; ■woollen and mixed fabrics, $18,000,000. The other lead- ing manufactures, taking $500,000,000 as the aggregate production, are as follows : iron and steel, $30,0(JO,000 ; machinery, $10,000,000 ; sugar refined, $18,000,000 ; house- building materials, $10,000,000; boots and shoes, chem- icals, and brewery-products, $12,000,000 each; hardware and tools, household furniture, and gold- and silver-ware, each $8,000,000. A great number of other branches of manufacture produce respectively from $8,000,000 to $0,000,000 each. The public health has improved in late years, since the great extension and improvement of the sewerage system, and the city takes a high rank in a sanitary point of view. The water-supply is good, being principally derived from the Schuylkill at Fairmount by hydraulic pumping, por- tions of the city being supplied by steam pumping-works on the same river and on the Delaware. Of the numerous public drinking-fountains several are highly ornamental works of art. Street travel is facilitated by one of the most extensive and complete systems of street railways in the world. The Schuylkill is crossed within the city limits by numerous bridges, several of them very handsome and ex- pensive, the Girard avenue, Callowhill street, and Chestnut street bridges being the finest, the first-named having a width of 100 feet. Seven lines of steam ferry (besides freight railway-car transfer lines) cross the Delaware, con- necting the city with Camden and Gloucester, N.J. An important feature in the social life of Philadelphia is the great number of benevolent, protective, temperance, and friendly associations, a class of organizations which here attain a development greater than in any other American city. The Freemasons, Odd-Fellows (of three or more orders). Knights of Pythias, Red Men, Good Templars, Huragari, Druids, Good-Fellows, and many other societies of somewhat similar character have here strong and nu- merous lodges. There are many private charities, organ- ized and unorganized ; and in times of public distress there are always a number of special organizations for the relief of the needy. In this respect it would be hard to find a city which surpasses Philadelphia, liberal and unques- tioning charity being one of the traditional and inherited characteristics of the place. Alwa3's the seat of great busi- ness enterprise, the commercial character of the town is now, as formerly, one of solidity and financial strength. The city government is vested in a mayor and in a select and a common council. The mayor is elected for a term of three years, with the right of veto or approval of ordi- nances passed by the councils. The city is divided into 31 wards, each of which sends one member to the select council, the members of which serve for terms of three years. The common council is a larger body, whose mem- bers are chosen for terms of two years. The more impor- tant city officers mostly are elected by the people, though some are chosen by the mayor, and still others by the courts and the councils. Besides the city officers proper, there is a sheriff, with other officers connected with the county or- ganization. The city maintains an effective police force, under the direct control of the mayor; besides a distinct!}'- organized river and harbor police. The judiciary of Phila- delphia is conspicuous for ability and integrity. There are four courts of common pleas and an orphans' court; and courts of quarter sessions and oyer and terminer are held by the common pleas judges, of whom there are twelve, three constituting each court of common pleas. The orphans' court also consists of three judges. Besides these courts there are twenty-four minor courts, designated magistrates' courts, distributed so that one is held in each of 24 districts into which the city is divided. Philadelphia is also the seat of the United States district court for the Eastern Dis- trict of Pennsylvania; and the United States circuit court of the Third Circuit, and the supreme court of the state, sit here at stated times. The revenue of the city is derived partly from taxation and partly from the rent of wharves, markets, and other city property, from water and gas bills, and the like. Taxes are levied almost entirely upon real property. The debt of the city is large, but the public credit is good, and the city bonds find ready purchasers. The principal social element in colonial days was composed of the Friends, many of whose descendants are still found here. The original Swedish colonists were settled chiefly in the quarter now called Southwark. Germantown was settled by Francis Pastorius, with a colony of Germans hold- ing opinions similar to those of the Quakers ; and from that time on the German element in Philadelphia and vicinity has always been large. At present there is a large number of German-speaking residents, chiefly of foreign birth ; and many of the operatives are of English and Irish origin. There are also considerable numbers of French- and Italian-speaking citizens; but there are no great colo- nies or neighborhoods where the Italian, French, Polish, and Bohemian languages prevail, as in New York, the tend- ency here being towards the rapid Americanization of these elements. From 1870 to 1875 the growth of Phila- delphia was very rapid, large areas (especially in the north- western and southern parts of the city ) having been covered during that time with substantial and handsome buildings ; but in many quarters great numbers of houses (usually of somewhat inferior character) have been put up by a cheap co-operative plan known as the "bonus" system. Hlatory. — In X638 the Swedes of Delavvare settled to some extent within the present limits of Philadelphia, then called by the native name of Wicaco. In 1682, Philadel- phia was founded and named by William Penn as the capital of his new colony of Pennsylvania, after a regular purchase from the Indians, ratified (It is iaid) by treaty in due form ; but the evidence of this treaty having ever been made is traditional rather than documentary, and the fact is sharply questioned. A stone monument marks the place where the treaty is said to have been made by Penn. The name of Philadelphia (brotherly love) was given by Penn both in reference to the ancient city of that name in Asia Minor and from its embodying principles he had so much at heart. The object of this celebrated man in planting this new colony was, to use his own words, " to afford an asylum to the good and oppressed of all nations, to frame a government which might be an example to show men as free and as happy as they could be." From 1723 to his death, in 1790, Ben- jamin Franklin lived in Philadelphia, and made a strong impression upon the public and social afi"airs of the town. In this city met most of the Congresses of the Revolution, and from hence went forth, in doubt and forebodings on the part of many and in confident reliance on the part of others, that world-renowned instrument, the Declaration of Inde- pendence, which was read from a stand in the State-House yard by Captain John Hopkins, July 4, 1776. The conven- tion that formed the present constitution of the United States met in Philadelphia, May, 1787. Here resided the first President of the United States (in a building which stood in Market street, one door E. of Sixth street, S. side), and here Congress assembled for nearly ten years after the adoption of the present constitution. In consequence of the disastrous battles of Brandywine and Germantown, the British army had possession of this city from September, 1777, to June, 1778. In 1790 the steamboat of John Fitch began to make regular trips on the Delaware. In the autumn of 1793 the yellow fever visited Philadelphia, and carried off more than 4000 persons out of a population of a little over 40,000, of whom half, it was thought, had fled the city. This pestilence again visited Philadelphia in 1798, but was not so fatal as in 1793. The Asiatic cholera ravaged the city in the summer of 1832, and swept off 771 victims. In 1849 and 1854 it renewed its ravages, but was less fatal than on its first occurrence. In 1838 the Pennsylvania Hall, belong- ing to the Abolitionists, was attacked by a mob and burned, the Shelter for Colored Orphans fired, and the negro quarters attacked. In 1844 the city was disquieted by riots in the northern and southern suburbs, caused by jealousies be- tween the Protestants and Catholics, in which several Cath- olic churches were burned. On both occasions the military wore called out and several lives were lost. In 1854 the districts of Moyamensing, Southwark, Kensington, North- ern Liberties, Spring Garden, and West Philadelphia, and the boroughs and townships of the entire county, were consolidated with the city proper. In 1S64 a great fair was held in Logan Square, under the auspices of the Philadel- phia branch of the United StJites Sanitary Coniniission, affording more than a million dollars for the relief of sick and wounded soldiers. In 1872 the city was visited by a great epidemic of smallpox. In 1876 (one hundred years after the Declaration of Independence was issued) the Cen- tennial Exhibition was held on grounds at the S.W, ex- tremity of Fairmount Park. This was the best-attended and in many respects the most successful of all tho great international expositions yet held, and is believed to have materially advanced the commercial and industrial interests of the city, -Inhab. Philadelphian, fil-a-d6l'fe-an. The population of Philadelphia was 4500 in the year 1700; in 1760. 12,500; in 1800, 70,287; in 1840, 220,523; in 1860, 568,034; in 1870, 674,022; in 1879 (by estimate), 950,000. PHI 1741 PHI Philadelphia^ a post-office of Darlington co., S.C., about 100 miles (direct) N. of Charleston. Philadelphia, a post-village of Loudon co., Tenn., on the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad, 35 miles S.W. of Knoxville. It has 4 churches, a flour-mill, &c. Philadelphia Road, a village of Baltimore co., Md., 1 mile from Bayview Station, and about 7 miles E. of Baltimore. It has 2 churches and a college or seminary. Philadelphia Road, a station in Harrison co., 0., on the Pan-Handle Railroad, 4 miles E. of Dennison. Philadelphia Station, a station in Tuscarawas co., 0., on the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleveland Railroad, 2 miles S. of Canal Dover. Phi'lJC, an island of Upper Egypt, in the Nile, above the first cataract, close to the Nubian frontier, 6 miles S.S.W. of Asswan. Length, only 400 yards, but it contains some of the finest Egyptian remains extant, comprising 4 temples, a long colonnade, several obelisks, ora, Sesia, ttc, it is wholly drained. Its E. part forms a portion of the great plain of Lombardy, is carefully irrigated, and of high fertility ; much of it is in pasturage, and large herds of cattle are reared. A surplus of corn over home consumption is produced. Wheat, maize, barley, rice, hemp, and fruits are the principal crops ; wines are of inferior quality, and oil is produced only in small quantities; the silk is among the best in Italy. The min- eral products comprise iron, lead, copper, marble, sulphur, manganese, cobalt, and small quantities of the precious metals. The principal manufactures are silk fabrics and org.anzine, hosiery, woollen and linen goods, brandy and liqueurs, gla.ss and iron wares. The inhabitants are nearly all Roman Catholics, except about 20,000 Vaudois Protest- ants in the Alpine valleys. The chief towns are Turin, Alessandria, Asti, Coni, Novara, Vercelli, Pinerolo, and Aosta. The great routes of the Siraplon, Mont Cenis, St. Bernard, and the Col de Tenda cross the Alps into Pied- mont. Pop. in 1871, 2,8y9,564. Adj. and inhab. Pied- MONTESR, peed^mon teez' (It. Pieaiontese, pe-i-mon-ti'sA). Piedmont, peed'mont, a hamlet of Alameda co., Cal., in Oakland township, 3 miles from Oakland Station. It is on high ground, which affords fine sites for residences. Piedmont, a post-villa.ge of Wayne co.. Mo., near the Big Black River, and on the St. Louis A Iron Mountain Railroad, 39 miles S. of Ironton. It has a newspaper office. Piedmont, a post-office of Greenville CO., S.C., on the Greenville & Columbia Railroad, lOi miles S. of Greenville. Piedmont, Virginia. See Delaplaine. Piedmont, a post-village of Mineral co., W. Va., on the North Branch of the Potom.ae River, 28 miles S.W. of Cumberland, Md., and 206 miles W. of Baltimore. It is at 110 the foot of the Alleghany Mountain, is on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and is a terminus of the Cumberland rk are the staple products. Bituminous coal is found in this county. Capital, Piketon. Valuation of real and personal estate, §1,1^88,208. Pop. in 1870, 9562, of whom 9557 were Americans. Pike, a county in the S. part of Mississippi, borders on Louisiana. Area, about 700 square miles. It is intersected by BogueChitto, and also drained by the Tangipahoa River. The surface is nearly level, and is partly covered with for- ests, in which the cypress and magnolia are found. The soil is mostly sandy. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. This county is traversed by the New Orleans, St. Louis k Chicago Railroad. Capital, Magnolia. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,838,888. Pop. in 1870, 11,303, of whom 10,895 were Americans. Pike, a county of Missouri, bordering on Illinois, has an area of about 630 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Mississippi River, is intersected by Salt River, and also drained by Copper River and Spencer's Creek. The surface is undulating or hilly, and is extensively cov- ered with forests of the oak, ash, elm, walnut, hickory, sugar-maple, itc. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, cattle, hay, pork, and tobacco are the staple products. Lower Silurian rocks crop out in this county, which has also extensive deposits of carboniferous limestone. It is inter- sected by the Chicago & Alton Railroad. Capital, Bowling Green. Valuation of real and personal estate, $15,550,000. Pop. in 1870, 23,076, of whom 22,233 were Americans. Pike, a county in the S. part of Ohioj has an area of about 450 square miles. It is intersected by Scioto River, and also drained by Beaver and Sunfish Creeks. The sur- face is hilly, and nearly one-third of it is covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Maize, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Ohio Canal and the Scioto Valley Railroad. Capital, Wa- verly. A^aluation of real and personal estate, $9,660,000. Pop. in 1870, 15,447, of whom 14,548 were Americans. Pike, a northeastern county of Pennsylvania, borders on New Jersey and New York. Area, about 660 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. and S.E. by the Delaware River, and is drained by the Lackawaxen and Shohola Creeks. The surface is hilly and rugged. The soil is mostly poor. Forests of scrubby oaks and other trees cover a large part of the county. Lumber, potatoes, hay, and Indian corn are the staple products. The Erie Railroad passes along its N.E. border. Capital, Milford. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,863,728. Pop. in 1870, 8436, of whom 6940 were Americans. Pike, a township of Livingston co.. 111. Pop. 847. Pike, or Qniiicy Junction, a station in Pike co., 111., on the Quincy, Alton A St. Louis Railroad, at its junc- tion with a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, on the E. bank of the Mississippi River, opposite Louisiana, Mo., with which it is connected by a fine iron railroad-bridge. Pike, a township of Jay co., Ind. Pop. 1585. Pike, a township of Marion co., Ind. Pop. 2206. Pike, a township of Muscatine co., Ind. Pop. 840. Pike, a township of Ohio co., Ind. Pop. 921. Pike, a township of Warren co., Ind. Pop. 941. Pike, a township of Lyon co., Kansas. Pop. 710. It contains Plymouth. Pike, a township of Stoddard co.. Mo. Pop. 1421. Pike, a post-village in Pike township, Wyoming co., N.Y., on Wiscoy Creek, about 45 miles E.S.E. of Buffalo, and 13 miles S. of AA''arsaw. It has 4 churches, a seminary, a bank, a newspaper office, a foundry, 2 saw-mills, a woollen- mill, and 2 cheese-factories. Pop. 551. The township con- tains another village, named East Pike. Total pop. 1727. Pike, a post-office of Cumberland co., N.C. Pike, a township of Brown co., 0. Pop. 1314. Pike, a township of Clark co., 0. Pop. 1581. It con- tains Dialton and North Hampton. Pike, a township of Coshocton co., 0. Pop. 773. It contains West Carlisle. Pike, a township of Fulton co., 0. Pop. 878. Pike, a township of Knox co., 0. Pop. 1301. Pike, a township of Madison co., 0. Pop. 394. It contains Liverpool. Pike, a township of Perry co., 0. Pop. 2319. It con- tains New Lexington. Pike, a post-office of Pike co., 0,, is at Bethel, a hamlet 22 miles N. of Portsmouth'. Pike, a township of Stark co., 0. Pop. 1333. Pike, a township of Berks co., Pa. Pop. 925. Pike, a township of Bradford co., Pa. Pop. 1814. Pike, a township of Clearfield co., Pa. Pop, 1138. Pike, a township of Potter co., Pa. Pop. 184. Pike City, a post-village of Sierra co., Cal., about 16 miles N.E. of Nevada. Pike Creek, a township of Shannon co.. Mo. P. 155. Pike Five Corners, a hamlet of Wyoming co., N.Y., 2 miles from Pike Village. Pike'Iand, a station in Chester co.. Pa., on the Picker- ing Valley Railroad, 7 miles W. by S. of Phcenixville. Pike Mills, a post-hamlet in Pike township. Potter CO., Pa., on Pine Creek, about 40 miles N. by AV". of Lock Haven. It hns a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Pike Pond, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., N.Y., 8 miles E. of Callicoon Depot. It has a church, a tannery, and a lumber-mill. Pike River, of Oconto co.. Wis., runs southeastward, and enters the Menomonee River. Length, 50 miles. Pike River, a post-village in Missisquoi co., Quebec, 2 miles from Des Rivieres. Pop. 200. Pike Road, a post-office of Montgomery co., Ala., on a railroad, 16 miles E. of Montgomery. Pike Run, Washington co., Pa. See Greenfield. Pike's Corners, Ontario. See Harhowsmith. Pike's Peak, Colorado, a peak of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, in El Paso co., about 10 miles W. of Colorado "Springs. Lat. 38° 50' 27" N. ; Ion. 105° 2' 2G" W. Its altitude is 14,147 feet above the sea-level, and its top is covered with perpetual snow, while its sides are partly covered with forests of pine and fir. On its summit is a government signal station, which commands a magnificent view of a region 200 miles in circuit. Pike's Peak, apost-hamlet of Brown co., Ind., about 14 miles W.S.AV. of Columbus, Pike's Peak, a hamlet in Nankin township, Wayne CO., Mich., 2 miles from Livonia Station. It has a mill. Pike's Peak, a post-office and mining-camp of Doer Lodge CO., Montana, about 50 miles AV. of Helena. It has placer-mines of gold, 2 stores, Ac. Pike Station, a post-villnge in Canaan township, Wayne co., 0., on the Atlantic it Great Western Railroad, 25 miles AV.S.W. of Akron. It has a church. Pikesville, piks'vil, a post-village of Baltimore co., Md., on the Western Maryland Railroad, 8 miles N.W. of Baltimore. It has 5 churches and a Catholic seminary for boys. Here is a United States arsenal. Pikesville, Ohio. See Pikeville. Pikesville, a post-hamlet in Pike township, Berks co., Pa., 7 miles N.W. of Boyerstown. It has a church and a fiouring-mill. Pike'ton, or Pike'ville, a post-village, capital of Pike CO., Ky., on the West Fork of Big Sandy River, about 135 miles E.S.E. of Lexington. It has a church and a grist-mill. Pop. 140. Piketon, a post-hamlet of Stoddard co., Mo., 20 miles PIK 1749 PIL S.S.W. of Allenville Station, and about U miles W. of Cairo, 111. It has a church. Piketon, a post-village in Seal township, Pike co., 0., on the E. bank of the Scioto River, 20 miles S. of Chilli- cothe, and 4 miles S. of Waverly. It contains a bank, 6 churches, a high school, and a furniture- factory. P. 638. Fike'ville, a post-village, capital of Marion co., Ala., about 70 miles S. by W. of Florence. It h.xs a church. Pikeville, a post-ot6ce of Pike co., Ind, Pikeville, Pike oo., Ky. See Piketon. Pikeville, a post-hamlet in Pikeville township, Wayne CO., N.C., on the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad, 8 miles N. of Goldsborough. It has 2 churches and 2 stores. Pop. of the township, 1720. Pikeville, a post-village in Greenville township, Darke CO., 0., on the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Rail- road, 20 miles W. of Piqua. It has a grist-mill and a saw- mill. Pop. 356. Pikeville, a post- village, capital of Bledsoe co., Tenn., in the Sequatchie Valley, near the Cumberland Mountain, about 60 miles N. of Chattanooga. It has 3 churches and a college. Pop. 188. Pildo Arcado, pe-lowN»' an-ki'do, a town of Brazil, province of Bahia, on the river Sao Francisco. Lat. 11° 30' S. ; Ion. 42° -10' W. Pop. 5000. Pilar, pe-lau', a town of Brazil, province of Parahiba, on the left bank of the Parahiba, and 50 miles W. of the city of Parahiba. Pop. 3400. Pilar, pe-laB', a town of Brazil, province and 170 miles N, of Goyaz, almost encircled by the Uruhu and Vermelho, tributaries to the Almas. Pop. 1500. Pilar, a village of Brazil, province of Rio de Janeiro, on the Pilar. Pop. 3000. Pilar, a town of Paraguay. See SJeembucu. Pilares, Capo de los, kA'po d4 loce pe-li'r8s, the N.W. extremity of Terra del Fuego. Pilas, pee'lis, a town of Spain, province and 18 miles W.S.W. of Seville. Pop. 2S97. Pilas, one of the Sooloo Islands, in the Malay Archi- pelago. Pilate, peeMit', amountainof France, in the Cevennes chain, between the departments of Rhone and Loire. Pilate, Pilat (peeMaf), or Pilatus (pee-li'toos). Mount, a branch of the Alps, between the Swiss cantons of Lucerne and Unterwalden. Pilatka, Putnam CO., Fla. See Palatka. Pilaya, pe-li'i, or Tupiza, too-pee'si, a river of South America, rises near the S.W. frontiers of Bolivia, flows E.N.E. under the name of San Juan, and then under that of Pilaya, and, after a course of nearly 300 miles, joins the right branch of the Pilcomayo, about 20° 30' S. Pilcher, Belmont co., 0. See New Castle. Pilcomayo, pil-ko-mi'o, or Araguai, 4-ri-gwi', a river of Bolivia and the Argentine Republic, rises near Chuquisaca, flows S.E. through the Llanos, and joins the Paraguay nearly opposite Assumption, by two branches. The N. (or main) branch is called Pilcomayo or Araguai Guazu, the S. Araguai Mino. Total course estimated at 1000 miles. Its chief affluents are the Pilaya and Paspaya. In its lower course it forms part of the boundary between the Argentine Republic and Paraguay. Piles Grove, a township of Salem co., N.J. P. 3385. Pilgram, pil'griin, a town of Bohemia, 25 miles E.N.E. of Tabor. Pop. 3909, who manufacture woollens. Pilgramsdorf, pil'grims-donr, a village of Prussia, in Sile«ia, government of Liegnitz. Pop. lOSO. Pil'grim Port, a hamlet of Wayne co., N.Y., 2 or 3 miles from Lyons. Pil'grim's, four islands lying ofi' the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, below L'Islet. Pilgrim's Rest, a post-office of Fayette co., Ala., 40 miles N.N.W. of Tuscaloosa. Pilica, pe-leet'si, or Pilit'za, a town of Poland, in Kielce, on the Pilica, an affluent of the Vistula, 33 miles N.N.W. of Cracow. Pop. 3000. Pilkallen, pil'kil-len, a town of East Prussia, 18 miles N.E. of Gumbinnen. Pop. 2386. Pil'lar Point, a post-village of Jefferson co., N.Y., in Brownville township, at the mouth of Black River, which here enters Lake Ontario, about 12 miles W. of Watertown. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Pillau, pil'low, a town of East Prussia, at the entrance of the Frische-Haff, 25 miles by rail W. of Konigsberg, of which, and of Elbing and Braunsberg, it is the port. Pop. 3196. Pilleebheet, or Pilibhit, pll-lee-beet', a town of India, district and 35 miles N.E. of Bareilly. It is a great mart for trade in all kinds of produce, timber, wa.\, wool, honey, bora.x, and metals. Pop. 29,840. Pillow, Dauphin co.. Pa. See Uniontown. Pil'low's, a post-office of Phillips co., Ark. Pillsbury, pilz'ber-re, a post-office of Todd co., Minn. Pill'town, a town of Ireland, co. of Kilkenny, 4 miles E. of Carrick-on-Suir. Pi'lot, a township of Kankakee co.. 111. Pop. 1140. The post-office is called Ilerscher, and is on the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles S. of Kankakee. Pilot, a post-township of Vermilion co., 111. Pop. 1332. Pilot Post-Office is at Newtown. Pilot, a township of Cherokee co., Iowa. Pop. 462. It contains Pilot Rock. Pilot, a township of Iowa CO., Iowa. Pop. 720. Post- office, West Pilot. Pilot, a township of Surry co., N.C. Pop. 1311. Pilot, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Va„ 9 miles S.S.E. of Christiansburg. It has flour- and saw-mills. Pilot Centre, a hamlet in Pilot township, Kankakee CO., 111., 11 miles S.W. of Kankakee. Pilot Grove, a townshipof Hancock co.. III. P. 1217. Pilot Grove, a post-hamlet of Newton co., Ind., about 45 miles N.W. of Lafayette. Pilot Grove, a post- hamlet of Lee co., Iowa, about 13 miles S. of Mount Pleasant. It has 2 churches. Pilot Grove, a township of Montgomery co., Iowa. Pop. 838. Pilot Grove, a post-township of Faribault co., Minn., about 10 miles S.W. of Blue Earth City. Pop. 329. Pilot Grove, a post-village in Pilot Grove township. Cooper CO., Mo., on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, 11 miles W.S.W. of Boonville. It has 3 churches and a plough-factory. Pop. of the township, 1086. Pilot Grove, a township of Moniteau co., Mo. P. 1024. Pilot Grove, a post-village of Grayson co., Tex., about 15 miles S.E. of Sherman. It has 3 churches. Pilot Hill, a post-village of El Dorado co., Cal., 10 miles S.E. of Auburn, and about 34 miles N.E. of Sacramento. It has gold-mines, a flour-mill, and a masonic hall. Pilot Hill, a post-office of Washington co., Tenn. Pilot Island, Red Sea. See Fisherman's Rock. Pilot Knob, nob, a post-hamlet of Crawford co., Ind., about 32 miles W. of New Albany. It has 3 churches. Pilot Knob, a post-office of Todd co., Ky. Pilot Knob, a post-village in Arcadia township, Iron CO., Mo., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Rail- road, 86 miles S. by W. of St. Louis, and 5 miles S. of Iron Mountain. Here is a remarkable hill, which is almost a solid mass of excellent iron ore. The village is mainly supported by operations in iron. It has 3 churches and an iron-smelting furnace. Pop. 581. Pilot Knob, a post-office of Greene co., Tenn. Pilot Knob, a post-office of Denton co., Tex. Pilot Knob, a post-office of Adams co.. Wis., about 33 miles N.N.W. of Portage City. Pilot Mound, a post-village in Pilot Mound township, Boone CO., Iowa, on the Des Moines River, about 10 miles N.W. of Boone, and 30 miles S. by E. of Fort Dodge. Here is a mound about 100 feet high. Pop. of the town- ship, 697. Pilot Mound, a post-village in Pilot Mound township, Fillmore co., Minn., about 24 miles S.W. of Winona, and 12 miles W. of Rushford. The township is intersected by Root River, and has a pop. of 1023. Pilot Mountain, North Carolina, is a prominent land- mark in Surry CO., about 5 miles N. of the Yadkin River. Pilot Mountain, a post-office of Stokes co., N.C, 25 miles N.N.W. of Salem. Pilot Oak, a post-office of Graves co., Ky. Pilot Peak, California, a pe,ak of the Sierra Nevada, in Plumas eo., about 15 miles S. of Quincy, and near lat. 39° 55' N. It has an altitude of 7605 feet. Pilot Peak, a volcanic peak in the N. part of Wyo- ming, 1 mile S. of Index Peak. Its height is estimated at 10,500 feet. Silver-mines have been opened very near this mountain^ which is on the divide between Clarke's Fork and the East Fork of the Yellowstone River. Pilot Point, a post-village of Denton co., Tex., about 45 miles N. by W. of Dallas, and 28 miles S.W. of Sherman. It has a newspaper office, 4 churches, 2 flouring-mills, and a broom-factory. Pop. about 1000. Pilot Rock, a post-hamlet in Pilot township, Chero- kee CO., Iowa, on the Little Sioux River, about 50 miles E.N.E. of Sioux City. Pilot Rock, a post-office of Umatilla co., Oregon, 50 miles S. of AValla Walla. pm 1750 PIN Pilot Town, a hiimlet and summer resort of Duval CO., Fla., on the N. bank of the St. John's River, near the ocean, 20 miles E. by N. of Jaclisonville. Pilot Town, a post-hamlet of Plaquemines parish, La., near the Gulf of Mexico, on one of the mouths of the Mississippi. Pilsen, pil'sen, Pilzen, pilt'sfn, or Pilsna, pils'ni (Nec, noi), i.e., New Pilsen, a town of Bohemia, on the Bo- raun, 52 miles W.S.W. of Prague. Pop. 23,681. It is one of the most important commercial towns in Bohemia, and has a fine Gothic church, town hall, gymnasium, theatre, mili- tary and other schools, flourishing manufactures of woollen goods, morocco leather, iron and horn wares, beer, and pot- tery, a large annual fair, and a considerable transit trade with Bavaria. Alt, lit (or " Old"), Pilsks is 5 miles S.E. of the above town. Pop. 1326. Pilsno, pils'no, a town of Austrian Poland, in Galicia, 12 miles E. of Tarnow, on the Wisloka. Pop. 1430. Pilten, pil'ten, a town of Russia, in Courland, on the Vindau, 92 miles' W.N.W. of Mitau. Pop. 1496. Pil'zen, a post-office of Saunders CO.. Neb. Pima, pee'ma, a large county in the S. part of Arizona, borders on Mexico. It is partly bounded on the N. by the Rio Gila, is intersected by the Rio Santa Cruz, and is also drained by the Kio San Pedro. The surface is diversified by table-lands and mountain-ridges. The soil is partly fer- tile. Barley, wheat, Indian corn, and grass are the staple products. Gold, silver, and copper are found in this county. Capital, Tucson. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,702,196. Pop. in 1870, 5716; in 1876, 8117. Pimblemere, a lake of Wales. See Bala Lake. Pimentel, pe-men-tel', a seaport of Peru, province of Chiclayo, 10 miles N. of Eten. It is the terminus of a rail- way to Lambayeque, is a sea-bathing place, and has con- siderable trade, with several warehouses and railroad shops. Pimento, Vigo co., Ind. See H.iitTFOBD. Pim'lico, a suburb of the British metropolis, co. of Middlesex, immediately W. of St. James's Park, 2i miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's, London. It comprises many elegant streets and squares, with Buckingham palace and gardens, and occupies the districts between AVestminster and Chelsea. Pina, pee'nA, a town of Spain, province and 23 miles S.E. of Saragossa. Pop. 2900. Pina de Campas, pee'ni di kira'pds, a town of Spain. 14 miles N.N.E. of Paleneia. Pop. 1177. Pin'ahat Re'ha Burren'da, a town of India, Agra division. Pop. 5349. Pinal, pe-nil', a county in the S. part of Arizona, is in- tersected by the Gila Kiver. The surface is partly moun- tainous. Gold and silver are found in this county. Capi- tal, Florence. Pop. in 1876, 1600. Pinaleno (pe-na,-lA'no) Mountains, a range in the S.E. part of Arizona, a few miles S. of the Rio Gila. Gra- ham Peak, of this range, is said to be 10,400 feet high. Pinal Mountains, a range in the S. central part of Arizona, between the Gila and Salado Rivers. Pinang, an island of India. See Penang. Pinarejo, pee-ni-ri'no, a town of Spain, in New Cas- tile, province a.nd S. of Cueuca. Pop. 1264. Pinarolium, the Latin name of Pinebolo. Pinasca, pe-n3,s'ki, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 7 miles N.W. of Pinerolo, on the Clusone. Pop. 2960. Pin'chard's Island, an island near Newfoundland, in Bonavista Bay, 8 miles from Green's Pond. Pop. 316. Pinch'back's Mills, a post-hamlet of Dorsey co.. Ark., 38 miles from Pine Blufi'. Pinck'liey, a post-village in Putnam township, Liv- ingston CO., Mich., on a branch of Huron River, near Por- tage Lake. 19 miles N.W. of Ann Arbor. It has a graded school, a flouring-mill, and 3 churches. Pop. 446. Pinckney, a post-hamlet of Warren co., Mo., on the Missouri River, about 58 miles W. of St. Louis. Pinckney, a post-township of Lewis co., N.Y., about 12 miles S.E. of Watertown. It has 4 churches. Pop. 1145. Pinck'neyville, a post-office of Clay co., Ala., about 64 miles N.N.E. of Montgomery. Pinckneyviile, a village of Gwinnett co., Ga., on the Chattahoochee River, about 32 miles N.N.E. of Atlanta. Pinckneyviile, a post-village, capital of Perry co.. 111., near Beaucoup Creek, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad where it crosses the AVabash, Chester & Western Railroad, 10 miles W.N.W. of Duquoin. It has 7 churches, a bank, a high school, a newspaper office, 2 flour-mills, and manufactures of carriages, ploughs, and lumber. Mines of coal have been opened near this place. Pop. 773. Pinckneyviile, a post-hamlet of Livingston co., Ky., on the Cumberland River, 15 miles from its mouth. Pinckneyviile, a hamlet of Union co., S.C., on Broad River, about 70 miles N.N.W. of Columbia. Pinion, a bay of Brazil. See Pinzon. Pincon'ning, a post-village and township of Bay co., Mich., on the Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw Railroad and the Glencoe, Pinconning & Lake Shore Railroad, 20 miles N. of Bay City. It has a lumber-mill. Pop. 453. Pinczow, pin'chov, a town of Poland, province and 24 miles S.S.W. of Kielee, on the Nida. Pop. 5290. Pindamonhangaba,pin-di-mon-&n-ga'bJl, atownof Brazil, province and 190 miles N.E. of Sao Paulo, on the Parahiba. Pop. of the district, 6000. Pind-Daduu-Khan, pind-d4'diSn'-Kin, a town of the Punjab, near the Jhylum. 110 miles N.W. of Lahore, in lat. 32° 36' N., Ion. 72° 52' E. The houses are mostly built of earth, in cedar framework. It is a depot for salt, raised from adjacent mines. Pop. 13,340. Pindigheb, pin-de-gheb', a town of India, Punjab, division of Rawil-Pinde. Pop. 8223. Pindus, pin'diis (Gr. IIii'Soj), a mountain-chain of Europesin Turkey, between Albania and Thessaly, connected on the N. with the Dinario Alps, and on the S. with Mount Othrys, on the frontier of Greece. Mount Mezzovo, the highest point, has an estimated height of 8950 feet. Pine, a county in the E. part of Minnesota, borders on Wisconsin. It is intersected by Kettle River, bounded on the S.E. by the St. Croix River, and also drained by the Snake and many minor streams. The surface is extensively covered with forests of pine and other evergreen trees. The soil is mostly uncultivated. Lumber is the chief article of export. This county is intersected by the Lake Superior & Mississippi Railroad. Capital, Pine City. Valuation of real and personal estate, §486,184. Pop. in 1870, 648, of whom 324 were Americans ; in 1875, 795. Pine, a township of Bentoh co., Ind. Pop. 523. Pine, a station in Lake co., Ind., on the Lake Shore »& Michigan Southern Railroad, 23 miles S.E. of Chicago. Pine, a township of Porter co., Ind. Pop. 474. Pine, a township of Warren co., Ind. Pop. 1032. Pine, a township of Montcalm co., Mich. Pop. 233, Pine, a post-office of Linn co., Oregon. Pine, a township of Alleghany eo.. Pa. Pop. 718. Pine, a township of Armstrong °co.. Pa. Pop. 1642. Pine, a township of Columbia co., Pa. Pop. 751. Pine, a township of Crawford co., Pa. Pop. 343. Pine, a township of Indiana co., Pa. Pop. 921. Pine, a township of Lycoming co.. Pa. Pop. 527. Pine, a township of Mercer co., Pa. Pop. 1235. Pine Apple, a post-village of Wilcox co., Ala., on the Selma A Gulf Railroad, 40 miles S. of Selma. It has 3 churches. Pine Bank, a post-office of Greene co.. Pa. Pine Bar'ren Creek, Alabama, flows N.W., and enters Alabama River on the boundary of Wilcox and Dallas COS. Pine Bend, a post-hamlet of Dakota co., Minn., on the Mississippi River, 15 miles S. of St. Paul. Pine Bloom, a post-office of Ware co., Ga., on the Brunswick ', a post- village in Compton co., Quebec, 7 miles from Lake Megan- tic. Pop. 200. Piossasco, pe-os-sS-s'ko, a village of Italy, province and 13 miles S.W. of Turin. Pop. 3SU5. Piotrkow, a town of Poland, See Petrikau. Piove, or Piove di Sacco, pe-o'vi dee sak'ko, a town of Italy, in Padua, on the Brenta Canal, 17 miles S.W. of A''enice, with many country residences of Vene- tians. It has manufactures of silk, willow-work, &o. Pop. 8221. Pipaix, pee^pi', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 9 miles E. of Tournay. Pup. 1930. Pipe Creek, Indiana, rises in Grant co., runs north- westward through Miami co., and enters the Wabash River 7 miles E. of Logansport. Pipe Creek, of Madison co., Ind., runs southwest- ward, and enters the West Fork of White River. Pipe Creek, Maryland, rises in Carroll co., runs in a W.S.W. direction, and enters the Monocacy River on the line between Carroll and Frederick cos. Pipe Creek, of Erie co., 0., flows into Sandusky Bay near Sandusky. Pipe Creek, township, Madison co., Ind. Pop. 2300. Pipe Creek, township, Miami co., Ind. Pop. 1227. Pipe Creek, a post-olhce of Ottawa co., Kansas, 45 miles S.W. of Clay Centre. Pipe Crfeek, a station in Carroll co., Md., on the Western Maryland Railroad, 8i miles W. of Westminster. Pipe Creek, a post-office of Bandera co., Tex. Pi'per City, a post-village in Brenton township, Ford CO., III., on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, 76 miles E. of Peoria, and 10 miles AV. of Gilman. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, 3 elevators, &c. Pop. about 600, Pi'per Islets, i'lets, off the N.E. coast of Australia, in Temple Bay. Lat. 12° 12' S. ; Ion. 143° 5' E. Piperno, pe-p^ii'no, a town of South Italy, on the Amaseno, 15 miles S.W. of Frosinone. Pop. 5066. Pi'per's Gap, a post-office of Carroll co., Va. Piper's Run, a post-office of Bedford co., Pa., on the Huntingdon & Broad Top Railroad, 36 miles S.S.W. of Huntingdon. Pipersville, pi'p^rz-vil, a post-hamlet of Bucks co., Pa., about 35 miles N. of Philadelphia. It has a flour-mill. Pipersville, a p:>st-hamlet of Jefferson co., Wis., on Rock River, 6 miles S.E. of AVatertown. Pipe Stone, a county in the S.W, part of Minnesota, bordering on Dakota, has an area of about 350 square miles. It is partly drained by Rook River. The surface is mostly undulating prairie. Capital, Pipo Stone. Pipestone, a post-township of Berrien co., Mich, It has a church and manufactures of flour and lumber. Pop. 1405. Pipestone Post-Office is 9 miles S.E. of Benton Harbor. Pipe Stone, a post-hamlet, capital of Pipe Stone co., Minn., on the Southern Minnesota Railroad, 60 miles W. by N. of Heron Lake. Pipesville, pips'vil, a post-office of Knox co., 0. Pipriac, pee'pre-^k', a village of France, in lUe-et- Vilaine, 13 miles N.E. of Redon. Pop. 412. Piqua, a suburb of Columbus, 0. Pop. in 1870, 2364. Piqua, pik'wa or pik'way, a city of Miami co., 0., is beautifully situated on the right (W.) bank of the Miami River, and on the Miami Canal, 28 miles N. by W, of Day- ton, 43 miles S. of Lima, and 73 miles W. by N, of Colum- bus. It is the most populous town in the county, is regular in plan, and has wide streets which are lighted with gas. The site is a level plateau, which ,is. separated by the river from higher ground on the opposite bank. It contains 14 churches, a town hall, a high school, 2 national banks, manu- factures of flour, carriages, furniture, wool, &g., and printing- offices which issue 3 weekly newspapers. The products of many fertile farms are shipped at this place, which is on the Dayton &> Michigan Railroad where it crosses the Co- lumbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroad. Piqua has 2 bridges across the river, which here affords abundant water- power. Pop, 5967. Piquiri, pe-ke-ree', a river of Brazil, rises in the S.E part of Matto-Grosso, flows AV., and joins the Sao Lourongo. Length, 120 miles. Piracruca, pe-ra.-kroo'ka, a town of Brazil, in Piauby, 85 miles S. of Parnahiba. Pop. 2000. Piracnnau, pe-ri-koo-nan', a river of Brazil, province of Maranhao, flows N.E., and falls into the Bay of Cuma. Length, 100 miles. Pirceus, or Pirseeus, pi-ree'us (Gr. neipauys, Pirai- eu8; It. rorto Leone, poK'to li-o'ni, or Porto Braoone, poR'to dri-ko'ni; Fr. PlrSey pee^ri'), a town of Greece, in Attica, is the port of Athens, and 5 miles S.W. of that city, with which itcommunicates by a railway. The modern town, wholly built since 1834, is on an isthmus connecting with the mainland a hilly peninsula, on which are the remains of the tomb of Themistocles. It has a hirge trade, exten- sive machine-shops, and cotton-mills. On its N.W. side is its principal port {anc. Aphrodisinm), and on the S.E. side of the peninsula are two other harbors. Pop. 11,047. Pirahi, pe-r^-hee', a town of Brazil, province and 52 miles W.N.W. of Rio de Janeiro, on the river Pirahi, an affluent of the Parahiba. Pop. 3000. Piraino, pe-ri'no (anc. Pyracminm), a town of Sicily, on the N. coast, 40 miles AV.S.W. of Messina. Pop. 3605, who export oil, wine, and corn. Piranha, pe-r^n'gi, a town of Brazil, in Minas-Geraes, on the Piranga, 20 miles S.E. of Mariana. Piranhas, pe-rS,n-y£ls', a river of Brazil, rises in Para- hiba, flows N.E. and N., and enters the ocean by 3 mouths, — the Amaragosa, the Conchas, and the Gavallos, Total course, 200 miles. Pirano, pe-r^'no, a seaport town of Austro-Hungary, in Istria, 13 miles S.W. of Triest. Pop. 7691. It has a convenient harbor, citadel, cathedral, and an export trade in salt, wine, oil, and olives. Pirara, pe-rd'r4, a village of British Guiana, at the E. end of Amicu Lake. Lat. 3° 40' N.; Ion. 59° 12' W. Pirary, a river of Bolivia. See Piray. Pi'rate Har'bor, a post-village in Guysborough co.. Nova Scotia, on the Gut of Canso, 3 miles from Port Hawkesbury. Pop. 120. Pi'rate Islands, a group in the Gulf of Tonquin, in the Chinese Sea, Lat. 21° N. ; Ion. 108° 10' E. Pirate Isle, an island of Africa. See Bobia. Piratinim, pe-rS.-tee-neeN"', a town of Brazil, prov- ince of Rio Grande do Sul, on the river Piratinim, 75 miles W.N.AV. of Rio Grande. Pop. 3673. Piratiny, pe-ri-tee-nee', a river of Brazil, province of Rio Grande do Sul, flows N.W., and falls into the Uruguay about lat. 28° 10' S. Length, 140 miles. Piray, pe-ri', or Pirary, pe-ri-ree', a river of Bolivia, flow N.W., and, after a course of 140 miles, joins the Guapai. In the lower course it sometimes takes the name of Flores. Pire Cheney, Michigan. See Pere Cheney. Piretibbi, or Piretibbe, pee^re-tib'bee, a small lake of British America, near lat. 51° 30' N., Ion. 69° AV. Pire'way Ferry, a post-office of Columbus co., N.C. Piriateen, or Piriatin, pe-re-A-teen', a town of Russia, government of Poltava, on the Oodai, 26 miles N.W. of Loobny. Pop. 4987, Piristina, a town of Turkey, See Pristina. PiritU, pe-re-too', a maritime town of Venezuela, 22 miles S.W. of Barcelona. Nearly opposite to it are the Piritu Islands, in the Caribbean Sea. Pir- Jelalpoor, peer^-j^l-il-poor' (?), a town of the Punjab, near the confluence of the Sutlej and Chenaub, 40 miles S. of Mooltan. Pirmasens, or Pirmasenz, peen'mi-sSnts^. a town of Rhenish Bavaria, in the Vosges, 13 miles E.S.E. of Deux-Ponts. Pop. 10,044. It is enclosed by walls, and has 2 churches, a synagogue, a high school, and manufac- tures of tobacco, straw hats, musical instruments, and glass, Pima, peeR'ni., a town of Saxony, on the left bank of the Elbe, and on the railway from Dresden to Prague, 11 miles S.E. of the former. Pop. 10,581. It has a hospital, and manufactures of earthenware, tobacco, cotton, linen, and woollen stuffs. Pirnitz, pcoR'nits, a town of Moravia, 7 miles S.E. of PIR 1755 PIS Iglau. Pop. 3361. It has an ancient castle, and manu- factures of linen and woollen stuffs. Piron, pe-rOn't an island of the Louisiade Archipelago. Lat. 11" 20' S.; Ion. 153° 26' B. Pir-Paiyal, peer^pin-jil' (?), a lofty range of moun- tains, forming part of the S. \V. boundary of Casliuiere, and separating it from the Punjab. Length, 40 miles. Highest point, 15,000 feet above the sea-level. At the S.W. ex- tremity is the Pir-Panjal Pass, about 12,000 feet high. Pir-Putta, peer-put'ti, a place of pilgrimage in Sindo, on one of the arms of the Indus, S.W. of Tatta. Lat. 24° 34' N. ; Ion. BS° 10' E. Pisa, pee'zi or pee'si (ano. Pi' ax and Al'phie ; Fr. Pise, peez), a walled city of Italy, capital of a province of its own name, on the Arno, 7 miles from its mouth, and 12 miles N.N.E. of Leghorn, at a railway junction. Lat. 43° 43' 11" N.; Ion. 10° 23' 58" E. Pop. 50,331. It is about 5 miles in circumference, its streets are wide, and it has many noble edifices. The Arno within the city is bor- dered by line quays and crossed by bridges. In one of its squares is the famous Campanile, or leaning tower, built of white marble, and fronted with 207 columns; it is 178 feet in height, and 50 feet in diameter, the topmost story overhanging the base about 13 feet. There are also in the same square the celebi'ated cemetery of Campo Santo, con- taining a huge mound of earth brought from the Holy Land in the twelfth century ; the baptistery, a polygonal building, 160 feet in diameter; and the cathedral, — all of which are striking marble edittces. The cathedral is richly adorned without and within, and surmounted by a lofty dome. Among its interior ornaments are some magnificent bronze doors, numerous fine columns brought from Ureece, and a remarkable pulpit, the work of Nicolo Pisano, the founder of the Pisan school of sculpture. There are also numerous churches. The other principal editices are the town hall, palace, the palace of the academy of fine arts, extensive buildings of the university, the city hall, custom- house, prisons, hospitals, the theatre, and an aqueduct, 4 miles in length, which brings water from Asciano. The ancient university of Pisa is still a great centre of educa- tion, and it has also a college of nobles, episcopal scminai-y, many other public schools, and some manufactures of soap, glass, and vitriol. Three miles S. of Pisa are extensive dairy-farms, where 1500 cows and 200 camels are kept. Three and a half miles N. are the Bagiu' di Pina, medicinal baths, frequented by many visitors. Pisa was one of the 12 principal cities of Etruria, and from the tenth to the fourteenth century it was the capital of a republic. It is an archbishop's see. Adj. and inh;ib. Pisan. Pisa, a province of Italy, in Tuscany, having Vf. the Gulf of Genoa, N. Lucca, E. Florence, Siena, and Grosseto, and S. the Tyrrhenian Sea. Capital, Pisa. Area, 1180 squ.are miles. Pop. 265,959. Pisagua, pee-s&'gwi, a seaport of Peru, lat. 19° 27' S. A railway extends hence 35 miles to Sill de Obispo. Pisaus^un, pe-sin-goon', a town of India, in Ajmere, 20 miles W. by S. of the city of Ajmere. Pop. 5055. Pisailia, pe-zan'e-a, a village and British factory of West Africa, on the Gambia, 200 miles from its mouth. Pisarzow, a town of Moravia. See ScnrtEiBESDonF. Pisaurum, the ancient name of Pesako. Pisaurus, a river of Italy. See Foglia. Piscaria, an ancient name of Peschieka. Piscas'sick River, a small stream of Rockingham and Strafford cos., in the S.E. part of New Hampshire, falls into Lamprey River. Piscat'aqua River is formed by the Cocheoo and Salmon Rivers, which unite about 3 miles S.E. of Dover, N.H. It runs nearly southeastward, forms part of the boundary between Maine and New Hampshire, and enters the Atlantic Ocean at Portsmouth, for which its mouth forms a good harbor. Piscat'aquis, a county in the N. central part of Maine, has an area of about 4000 square miles. It is in- tersected by the Penobscot River, and also drained by the Piscataquis River and other streams. The surface is mostly undulating, and is diversified with numerous lakes, the largest of which are Moosehead and Chesuncook Lakes. In the E. part of this county stands Mount Katahdin, which has an altitude of 5385 feet and is the highest point in the state. A large part of this county is covered with forests of pine and other trees. Potatoes, hay, cattle, lum- ber, oats, and butter are the staple products. Quarries of slate have been opened in it. It is partly traversed by the Bangor & Piscataquis Railroad. Capital, Dover. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $6,545,030. Pop. in 1S70, 14,403, of whom 13,942 were Americans. Piscataquis River, Maine, drains the S. part of Pis- cataquis CO., runs eastward, and enters the Penobscot River in Penobscot co., about 30 miles N. of Bangor. It is nearly 75 miles long. Piscat'aquog (or Squog) River, Hillsborough oo., N.ll., runs southeastward, and enters the Merrimac River 1 mile below Manchester. Piscat'away, a post-hamlet of Prince George's co., Md., on a creek, near the Potomac River, about 14 miles S. of Washington. It has a church. Pop. 120. Piscatavvay, township, Middlesex co., N.J. P. 2757. Fiscataway, a post-offlce of Essex co., Va. Fisciotta, pe-shot't3., a town of Italy, 9 miles S. of Vallo, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 3589. Pisco, pees'ko, a maritime town of Peru, department and 130 miles S.S.E. of Lima, lat. 13° 43' S., Ion. 76° 17' W., near the mouth of the Pisco River in the Pacific. A railway connects it with I^a, and another with Lima. Piscopi, pis'ko-pe, an island off the W. coast of Asia Minor, 21 miles N.W. of Rhodes. Piscopi, a maritime village of Cyprus, on its S. coast, 24 miles E. of Baffa. Pis'co River, Washington, rises on the eastern slope of the Cascade Range, runs eastward, and enters the Ya- kima River near lat. 46° 21' N. Length, 100 miles. Pise'co Lake, New York, is in the S. part of Hamil- ton CO., and is the chief source of the Sacondaga River. It is 5 or 6 miles long. Pisek, pee's^k, or Piseca, pee-zi'ki, a town of Bo- hemia, on the Wotawa, 24 miles W.S.W. of Tabor. Pop. 9181. It is well built, and has a gymnasium, a high school, several churches, a military academy, some woollen- cloth- and nitre-factories, and a brisk transit trade. Pisgah, piz-'giv, a mountain of Palestine, situated N.E. of the N. extremity of the Dead Sea. Pisgah, piz'ga, a post-office of Jackson co., Ala. Pisgah, a post-office of Morgan co.. III., on the rail- road between Jacksonville and Virden, 7 miles S.E. of the former. Pisgah, a post-hamlet of Charles co., Md., about 28 miles S. by W. of Washington, D.C. Pisgah, a post-hamlet of Cooper oo.. Mo., 30 miles W.N.W. of Jefferson City. It has 2 churches and a mill. Pisgah, a post-ofiice of Randolph co., N.C. Pisgah, a post-hamlet in Union township, Butler co., 0., about 20 miles N. by E. of Cincinnati. It is 2 miles from Chester Railroad Station. Pisgah, a post-hamlet of Giles co., Tenn., 8 miles E. of Pulaski. It has a church, a seminary, and 2 stores. Fish'elville, a post-office of Knox co.. Neb. Fish'on's Ferry, a post-hamlet of Kennebec co., Me., on the Kennebec Kiver, and on the Maine Central Rail- road, 30 miles N. by E. of Augusta. It has a church. Pishtaka (pish-tah'ka) JJake, Illinois, is about 12 miles N.E. of Woodstock, and is partly in Lake co. It is an expansion of Fox River, and is nearly 7 miles long. Pishtaka River, Wisconsin. See Fox Ritek. Pisino, pe-see'no (Ger. Mitterburij, mit'ter-booRG^), a town of Austro-Hungary, capital of Istria, 34 miles S.E. of Triest. Pop. 2909. It has a trade in fruit and wine. Pisogiie, pee-sAn'yi, a village of Italy, 23 miles E.N.E. of Bergamo, at the N.E. extremity of Lake Iseo. P. 3477. Pisou, pe-zoo', written also Pissoil, a river of Li- beria, reaches the Atlantic near lat. 6° 40' N., Ion. 11° 30' W. Fis'quid Bridge, a post-village in Queens co.. Prince Edward Island, on the Prince Edward Island Railway, 21 miles from Charlottetown. Pop. 150. Fisquouse River, Wash. See We.nachee River. Fissa, pis'si, a river of Prussia, issues from Lake Wistitten, on the frontier of Poland, flows N.W., and unites with the Angerap in forming the Prugel. Length, 70 Fissevache, peess'vish', a famous waterfall of Switzer- land, canton of Valais, on the Sallenche River, 4 miles N. of Martigny. Total height, 280 feet. Fisticci, pis-tee'chee, or Fisticcio, pis-tee'cho, a town of Italy, in Basilicata, 19 miles S. of Matera, with 7540 inhabitants, 3 churches, a large convent, 2 hospitals, and some manufactures of woollen cloths. Pistoja, pis-to'yS, (Fr, Piatoie, pees^twi' ; anc. Piti- to'ria, or Pinto'rinm), a tiown of Italy, in Tuscany, province of Florence, at a railway junction, on the left bank of the Ombrone, 21 miles N.W. of Florence. Pop. 12,966. It is enclosed by ramparts and bastions, defended by a strong citadel, and well built, having wide streets, lined by antique houses. Principal public buildings, a cathedral and sev- eral churches, an episcopal palace, several convents, and a PI'S 1756 PIT fine old town hall. It has an academy, a museum of nat- ural history^ 2 public libraries, and a theatre, with manu- factures of woollen cloth, siik twist, leather, iron wire, and bars, some trade in cattle, raw silk, and straw hats, and considerable manufactures of fire-arms, fine cutlery, and surgical instruments. Pistolet (peesHoHi') Island, an island in a bay of the same name, on the French shore of Newfoundland, 7 miles from Cape Norman. Pistyil, pis-teen', a town of Austrian Galicia, 10 miles S. of Kolomea. Pop. 28S8. Pisuerga, pe-sw^R'gA, a river of Spain, in Old Cas- tile, rises in the Oantabrian Mountains, flows mostly S.S.W., and joins the Douro 10 miles below Valladolid. Length, 140 miles. Pit, pit, a river of Siberia, rises in the government of Yeniseisk, near lat. 60° N. and Ion. 97° E., flows W.S.W., and joins the Yenisei on the right, 70 miles below the town of Yeniseisk. Length, 240 miles. Pitangui, pe-tAng-ghee', a town of Brazil, in Minas- Geraes, 110 miles N.W. of Ouro Preto. Pit'cairn, a post-hamlet in Pitcairn township, St. Lawrence co.. N.Y., on the Oswegatchie River, about 40 miles S. by E. of Ogdensburg. Pop. of the township, 868. Pit'cairn Island, a solitary island in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 25° 3' 6" S. ; Ion. 130° 8' W. It is 2i miles in length. It is of volcanic origin, its shores rising almost perpendicularly. In the whole island there is but one land- ing-place, at Bounty Bay. The cocoa-nut, plantain, banana, pandanus, orange, and bread-fruit trees flourish ; and maize, sweet potatoes, yams, sugar-cane, and other tropical plants are cultivated. The climate is healthful, with the ther- mometer ranging from 59° to 89° Fahrenheit. Here a re- markable colony was founded in 1790 by the mutineers of the English ship Bounty, and consisting originally of 9 British sailors, 6 native Tahitian men, and 12 women. In 1825 Captain Beechey found here a colony of 66 persons. Under the patriarchal superintendence of one of the original mutineers, an Englishman named Adams, the children had been reared and educated. They have a church, school, and comfortable cottages, forming a village. They speak and read the English language, are of an active, robust frame of body, and dark complexion, with pleasing counte- nances. A part of the descendants of the original colony now live at Norfolk Island. Pitch'er, a township of Cherokee co., Iowa. Pop. 326. Pitcher, a post-village in Pitcher township, Chenango CO., N.Y., on Otselic Creek, about 34 miles N. of Bing- hamton, and 18 miles W. by N. of Norwich. It has 2 or 3 churches and a woollen-mill. Pop. 148. The township has 5 churches and a pop. of 1082. Pitcher Springs, a post-office in Pitcher township, Chenango co,, N.Y., about 40 miles S.S.E. of Syracuse. Pitch'erville,a post-oflSceof Jo Daviess co., 111., about 24 miles E. by S. of Ualena. Pitchin, Iroquois co., Illinois. See Glenwood. Pitch'in,a hamlet of Clark co., 0., in Green township, 5 miles S.S.E. of Springfield. It has a church. Pitch Land'ing, a post-office and shipping-point of Hertford co., N.C., on an affluent of the Chowan liiver, 50 miles direct S.AV. of Norfolk, Va. Pite^, pit'e-o, a river of North Sweden, liens of Wes- terbotten and Norrbotten, enters the Gulf of Bothnia near PiteA, after a S.E. course of 180 miles. Pitea, a seaport town of North Sweden, capital of Norr- botten, on the Pited, near its mouth in the Gulf of Bothnia, 110 miles N.N.E. of Umed. Pop. 2064. It has a convenient harbor and several ship-building docks. See Noriibotten. Piteccio, pe-t^t'cho (anc. Piticcium.?), a village of Italy, near the Ombrone, 5 miles N. of Pistoja. Pop. 1600. Piteglio, pe-til'yo, a village of Italy, 20 miles N.W. of Pistoja. Pop. of commune, 3314. Pitesti, pe-tes'tee, or Pitescht, pe-t^sht', a town of Roumania, 65 miles by rail N.W. of Bucharest. Pop. 13,000. Pithecusa, an ancient name of Ischia. Pithiviers, pee'tee've-i.', a town of France, in Loiret, 25 miles N.E. of Orleans. Pop. 4899. It has manufac- tures of almond-cakes, hemp, candles, leather, &c., and a trade in saff'ron, silk, and honey. Pit'hole City, a decayed post-borough of Venango co., Pa., 15 miles N.E. of Oil City, and 10 miles S.E. of Titus- ville. It has several oil-wells, one of which formerly yielded 7000 barrels in a day. It once contained more than 10,000 inhabitants, but it is now nearly deserted. It has 2 churches. Piti, pee'tee, a district of Thibet, among the Himalayas, belonging to Great Britain, and bounded E. by the Chinese territories, from which it is separated by the Parang. Pitic, pee-tik', or Petic, p?-tik', a town of Mexico, state of and on the Sonora, 95 miles S.W. of Arispe. Pop. 5000. Piticcinm, the supposed ancient name of Piteccio. Pitigliano, pe-teel-yA'no, a town of Italy, province of Siena, 29 miles E.S.E. of Grosseto. Pop. 3970. Pitles'sie, a village of Scotland, co. of Fife, 4 miles S.S.W. of Cupar-Fife. Pitlaud, a town of India. See Petlaub. Pitlochrie, pit-loK'ree, a village and watering-place of Scotland, co. of Perth, 16 miles by rail N.N.W. of Dun- keld, near Killieerankie. It has mineral springs. P. 510. Pit'man, a post-office of Randolph co., Ark. Pitman, a post-office of Schuylkill co., Pa. Pitman Grove, a post-village in Mantua township, Gloucester co., N.J., on the West Jersey Railroad, at Pit- man Station, 15^ miles S. of Camden. Pop. about 200. Pitre, peet'r, an islet in the Little Cul-de-Sac, a bay of Guadeloupe, French West Indies, S. of La Pointe-a- Pitre. Pitschen, pitch'en, a town of Prussian Silesia, 33 miles N.N.E. of Oppeln, Pop. 2230. Pi-Tse-Wo'a, or Pi-Tse-Wo, a seaport town of Chinese Manchooria, on the Yellow Sea. Lat. 39° 18' N. ; Ion. 122° 18' E. Its port is well sheltered and never icy, but much of it is rather shallow. Pitt, a county in the E. part of North Carolina, has an area of about 860 square miles. It is intersected by Tar River, is bounded on the S. by the Neuse River, and also drained by Grindle Creek. 'The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests of pine and other trees. The soil is sandy and partly fertile. Cot- ton, Indian corn, cattle, lumber, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Greenville. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, «3,898,274. Pop. in 1870, 17,276, of whom 17,268 were Americans. Pitt, a township of Wyandot co., 0. Pop. 991. Pitt, or Makin, m^-keen', an island of the Pacific Ocean, one of the Gilbert Islands, in lat. 3° 20' N., Ion. 172° 57' E. Pit^tenweem', a seaport town of Scotland, co. of Fife, on the N. shore of the Firth of Forth, and on a railway, 24 miles N.N.E. of Edinburgh. Pop. 1760. Pitthem, pitt'em, a town of Belgium, in West Flan- ders, 15 miles S.E. of Bruges. Pop. 5450. Pitt, Mount, Oregon. See Mount Pitt. Pitt River, California, issues from Goose Lake, in Modoc CO., and runs southwestward. It intersects Lassen CO., and enters the Sacramento River in Shasta co. It trav- erses a rugged and mountainous region. Pitts, a post-office of Warren co., Mo., about 32 miles W. of St. Charles. Pitt's Archipelago, ar-ke-pel'a-go, in the Pacific Ocean, off" the coast of British Columbia, is mostly between lat. 52° and 54° N., Ion. 130° W. Pitt's Island, the largest of the group, is about 75 miles in length from N.AV. to S.E. Several other islands in the Pacific have this name. Pittsborough, pits'bur-ruh, a post-village in Middle township, Hendricks co., Ind., on the Indianapolis, Bloom- ington k Western Railroad, 18 miles W.N, W. of Indianap- olis. It has several churches, a flour-mill, 7 stores, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 700. Pittsborough, a post-village, capital of Calhoun co.. Miss., about 65 miles W.N.W. of Columbus, and 30 miles E.N.E. of Grenada. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, and a saw-mill. Pop. 186. Pittsborough, a post-village, capital of Chatham co., N.C., about 34 miles W. by S. of Raleigh. It contains a court-house, 4 churches, and the Locust Hill Seminary. Pop. about 700. Pitts'burg:, a post-village of Carroll co.. Ind., in Tip- pecanoe township, on the W. bank of the Wabash River, IJ miles W. of Delphi, and about 18 miles N.E. of Lafayette. It has water-power, a flour-mill, an iron-foundry, a wool- len-mill, a high school, and 2 churches. Pop. 320. Pittsburg, a post-hamlet of Van Buren co., Iowa, on the Des Moines River, 1^ miles above Keosauqua. It has a church and a grist-mill. Pop. 150. Pittsburg, a post-hamlet in Pittsburg township, Mit- chell CO., Kansas, 40 miles N. of Wilson. Pop. of town- ship, 286. Pittsburg, a post-hamlet in Bennington township, Shiawassee co., Mich., about 24 miles E.N.E. of Lansing. It has a church. Pittsburg, a post-hamlot of Hickory oo., Mo,, about 48 miles N. of Springfield. It has a church. Pittsburg, a post-hamlet in Pittsburg township. Coca CO., N.H., on the Connecticut River, about 45 miles N. by E. of Lancaster. It has a church, a starch-mill, and sev- PIT 1757 TIT eral saw-mills. The township is the northernmost in the state, and also the largest in area. It has a pop. of 400. Pittsburg, or Pittsburgh, a city and the capital of Alleghany co., Pa., and a port of delivery, is 354 miles W. by N. of Philadelphia, 14S miles S. of Erie, and 193 miles E. of Columbus. Lat. 40° 26' 34" N. ; Ion. 80° 2' 38" W. Within the angle formed by the rivers Alleghany and Mon- ongahela where they meet and give birth to the Ohio (the three rivers forming a water-line which, viewed from the W., resembles a letter Y, except that the Ohio trends some- what to the N.) lies the original Pittsburg, the inner point being the site of the old Fort Du Quesne of the French, later of Fort Pitt, the nucleus of the cityj looking inland from the point the land widens rapidly and at the same time rises slowly, but quite perceptibly, from the high-water level to an elevation of from 400 to 500 feet. Mostly upon this slope lies the closely-built-up portion of the city, with river-frontage on both the N.W. and the S.W., extending about 8 miles, with but a slight inclination northward in the Alleghany line, and two slight curves, first northward then southward, in that of the Monongahela. Until 1872 the city was bounded by the two rivers, but during that year it crossed the S.W. boundary by the, annexation of the extensive manufacturing district formerly comprised in the boroughs of Temperanceville, Union, West Pittsburg, Allen- town, Mount Washington, Birmingham, East Birmingham, Lower St. Clair, South Pittsburg, and Ormsby. In 1S74 the city was further enlarged by annexing Wilkins township on the E. Efforts have been made to consolidate Alleghany City with Pittsburg, but without success. The territory on the S.W. of the Monongahela is almost entirely occupied by extensive manufacturing establishments, the few resident^ within its limits being almost all workers therein ; so, too, within the old city the tendency has long prevailed to cen- tralize the vast mills and furnaces at and about the point, and, while some of the largest establishments are situated along the banks of the river miles above, '* the smoky city" is chiefly within the triangle W. of Wood street. The banks, insurance companies, newspapers, and wholesale merchants mostly occupy a belt along Wood and Smithfield streets and the intersecting avenues. The homes of " the iron city" are almost all on the highlands E. of the line noted, many of the " iron kings," .and not a few of more limited means, residing still farther E., beyond the city line, the Pennsyl- vania and Counellsville Railroads affording every facility, by frequent local trains and moderate fares, to those desiring suburban homes. The growing manufactures of Pittsburg are steadily extending their area more and more eastward. The various parts of Pittsburg and its suburbs are connected by numerous substantial bridges and horse-railways ; among the bridges which cross both rivers at short intervals, one across the Monongahela at its mouth is a massive iron viaduct, and is considered a noble triumph of modern engineering and a strong testimonial to the value of iron in combining strength with elegance. Among the notable buildings of Pittsburg are the new city hall, a handsome and substantial edifice of white sandstone, with a mas- sive central tower, containing a clock which is connected by ingenious electric apparatus with the stellar clock of the Alleghany Observatory; the custom-house, where are also the post-office and United States courts; the county court-house; a number of large, handsome church edifices (among them the Roman Catholic cathedral is one of the largest, while Trinity Protestant Episcopal church is one of the handsomest, in the United States, and St. Peter's Prot- estant Episcopal, Christ Methodist Episcopal, the First and Third Presbyterian, the First and Fourth Baptist, and sev- eral others, are very handsome edifices) ; the United States arsenal ; a considerable number of public and private school buildings, libraries, ifec. ; several of the bank, insurance, and other business edifices ; and a number of the leading hotels. Though pre-eminently the manufacturing city of this continent, Pittsburg has a large and varied com- merce, not only domestic but foreign ; it gathers bitumi- nous coal and petroleum from the rich country around, and sends the former by thousands of bushels to all parts of tlie hemisphere, and the latter by millions of gallons to all parts of the world ; it makes coke to the amount in a single year (1878) of more than a niilUon tons, which it sends in all directions, and its vast iron and steel and glass products are sent into every section of the civilized world. The Alleghany and Monongahela afford excellent natural channels for the reception of iron and coal from the mines, oil from the wells, and lumber from the forests, and the Ohio for the transport of coal and oil and the products of the iron-, steel-, and glass-works to the various markets and distributing points along its shores and those of the Mississippi River. Pittsburg's grandest outlets and inlets are, however, supplied by a complete system of rail- roads running out in all directions; the Pennsylvania and Baltimore &. Ohio Railroads eastward, the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago and Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St, Louis Railroads westward, the Cleveland & Pittsburg, the Ashtabula & Pittsburg, and the Erie & Pittsburg (the last three being branch lines of the Pennsylvania) northward, and the Alleghany Valley Railroad and numerous local and branch lines, complete a perfect net-work of rails, connect- ing this great mining and manufacturing centre with the rich supply-districts and with the markets and seaboard of the entire continent. As a commercial city, Pittsburg is a port of delivery of the district of New Orleans, and a con- siderable proportion of its foreign traffic is thus made dif- ficult of identification ; but it is sufficient to note that year after year Pittsburg's domestic and foreign trade is steadily growing, while as a manufacturing city its progress is rapid and its attained position the first on the continent. The city ia divided into 37 wards, and is governed by a mayor and two chambers of council ; it has excellent police and fire departments, an ample supply of pure water, and is one of the best lighted cities of the country, with the price of gas only $1 per thousand cubic feet. Pittsburg has a most satisfactory public-school system, and several ad- mirable private and denominational schools, among which the Pittsburg Female College, controlled by the Methodist Church, has long been a flourishing institution. It is also the seat of the Western University of Pennsylvania, an institution which was founded in 1819, and which holds high rank among the educational establishments of the United States ; it has an excellent library, a cabinet of more than 10,000 specimens in geology, conchology, zoology, Ac, and an astronomical observatory. Pittsburg has 3 libraries and about 200 churches. There are 10 daily and 20 weekly papers published here. History. — Fort Du Quesne, a French trading-post, erected in 1754, formerly occupied the site where Pittsburg now stands. After repeated attempts, the British took the place in 1758, and erected a fortification on the site of Du Quesne, which they called Fort Pitt, in honor of William Pitt, then prime minister of England. The town of Pittsburg began to be settled in 1765, It became a county town in 1791, was incorporated a borough in 1804, and was chartered as a city in 1816. Pop. in 1810, 4768; in 1S20, 7248;- in 1830, 12,542; in 1810, 21,115; in 1860, 49,217; in 1870, 86,076, of whom 29,854 were returned as engaged in various occu- pations, 12,.370 being employed in manufactures. In the same year the Birmingham district had a pop. of 35,723, which, added to that of the old city, made a total of 121,799. Present pop. about 150,000. Pittsburg, a post-village, capital of Campbell co., Tex., on the East Line & Red River Railroad, about 50 miles N.W. of Jefferson. It has Z churches, a newspaper office, and an Odd-Fellows' college. Pop. about 700. Pittsburg Landing, a post-office of Hardin co., Tenn., on the AV. bank of the Tennessee River, about 10 miles above Savannah. A great battle was fought here between General Grant and General A. S. Johnston, April 6 and 7, 1862; often called the battle of Shiloh. Here is a national cemetery. Pitt's Cross Roads, post-office, Bledsoe co., Tenn. Pitts'field, a post-village, capital of Pike co.. 111., in Pittsfield township, about 40 miles S.E. of Quiney, and 40 miles W.S.W. of Jacksonville. It is 6 miles S. of the Wabash Railroad, with which it is connected by the Pitts- field Branch. It contains a court-house, a national bank, 1 other bank, 9 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a woollen-fac- tory, and a graded school with a school-building which cost $45,000. Pop. 1621 ; of the township, 2799. Pittsfield, a beautiful city, the capital of Berkshire CO., Mass., in Pittsfield township, on the Housatonic River, about 30 miles (direct) E.S.E. of Albany. Lat. 42° 26' 55" N. ; Ion. 73° 15' 36" W. By railroad it is 50 miles from Albany, 151 miles W. of Boston, and 53 miles W.N.W. of Springfield. It is delightfully situated on ground which is more than 1000 feet above the level of the sea, and is sur- rounded by high hills. In the central part of the city is the park, on which are several handsome churches and a white marble court-house which cost nearly $400,000. Near the court-house is the Berkshire Athenneum, in which is a library of about 7000 volumes. Among the other note- worthy buildings are the First Congregational church, of stone, the marble church of St. Joseph, and the build- ing of the Berkshire Life Insurance Company. Pittsfield contains about 11 churches, the Maplewood Institute for young ladies, which is surrounded by spacious ornamented TTT lTo8 ■pm grounds, a mercantile library, 2 national banks, and print- ing-offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers. It is sup- plied with water from Lake Ashley, and is lighted with gas. Near the western border of the city is the Pittsfield Pleasure Park. This city is on the Boston & Albany Rail- road, and is the northern terminus of the Housatonic Rail- road, which connects here Avith the Pittsfield & North Adams Railroad. It has extensive manufactures of cotton goods, paper, machinery, woollen goods, tfec. Pop. of the township in 1860, 8045; in 1870, 11,112; in 1875, 12,267. Pittsfield, a post-village in Pittsfield township, Somer- set CO., Me., on the Sebasticook River, and on the Maine Central Railroad, 41 miles N.N.E. of Augusta, and 34 miles W. of Bangor. It contains 2 churches, the Maine Central Institute, a newspaper office, a woollen-mill, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. of the township, 1813. Fittsfteld, township, Washtenaw co., Mich. P. 1121. Pittsfield, a post-viilage in Pittsfield township, Mer- rimack CO., N.H., on the Suncook River, 15 miles E.N.E. of Concord. It contains 5 churches, a national bank, a savings-bank, a newspaper office, an academy, and manu- factures of cotton goods and of boots and shoes. It is the northern terminus of the Suncook Valley Railroad, 20 miles N.N.E. of Hookset. Pop. of the township, 1600. Pittsfield, a post-hamlet in Pittsfield township, Otsego CO., N.Y., 3 miles from New Berlin Station, and about 50 miles N.E. of Binghamton. It has manufactures of butter- tubs, blinds, &c. The township is bounded on the W. by the Unadilla River, and has a pop. of 1521. Pittsfield, a post-village in Pittsfield township, Lo- rain CO., 0., on the West Branch of the Black River, 4 miles S. of Oberlin. It has 2 churches and 4 cheese-factories. Pop. of the township, 980. Pittsfield, a post-village in Pittsfield township, War- ren CO., Pa., on Brokenstraw Creek, on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, and on the Dunkirk & Alleghany Valley Railroad, 17 miles S.B. of Corry, and 23 miles N.E. of Titusville. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a saw-mill, and 3 stores. Pop. about 400 ; of the township, 1260. Pittsfield, a post-village in Pittsfield township, Rut- land CO., Vt., about 14 miles N.N.E. of Rutland. It has 2 churches and a lumber-mill. Pop. of the township, 482. Pittsfield, a township of Brown co., AVis. Pop. 719. Pitts'ford, a township of Butler co., Iowa. Pop. 528. Pittsford, a post-village in Pittsford township, Hills- dale CO., Mich., on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 24 miles W. of Adrian, and 10 miles E.S.E. of Hillsdale. It has 2 churches and 1 or 2 flour-mills. Pop. about 400; of the township, 1577. Pittsford, a post-village in Pittsford township, Mon- roe CO., N.T., on the Erie Canal, and on the Auburn Branch of the New York Central Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Roch- ester. It has 3 or 4 churches, a union school, a flouring- mill, and manufactures of malt, sash, blinds, &c. Pop. 505. The township has 7 churches, and a pop. of 2215. Pittsford, a post-village and summer resort in Pitts- ford township. Rutland co., Vt., on Otter Creek, and on the Central Vermont Railroad, 10 miles N.N.W. of Rutland, and 7 miles S. of Brandon, It has 4 churches, a high school, manufactures of paper, marble, iron, &c., and a summer hotel. Pop. of the township, 2127. Pittsford Quarry, a post-hamlet in Pittsford town- ship, Rutland co., Vt., on the Central Vermont Railroad, 12 miles N.N.W. of Rutland. Here is a marble-quarry. It is sometimes called North Pittsford. Pitts'grove, a post-township of Salem co., N.J., about 26 miles S. of Camden, is intersected by the West Jersey Railroad. It contains Elmer and Daretown. Pop. 1667. Pitt's Island. See Pitt's Archipelago, and Vani- KORO. Pitt's Lake, in the S. part of Oregon, near 118° AV. Ion. and 42° 10' N. lat. Length, 40 miles ; breadth, 10 miles. Pitt's Point, a post-hamlet of Bullitt co., Ky., on Salt River, about 25 miles S. by W. of Louisville. Pop. 9S. Pitts'ton, a post-village in Pittston township, Kenne- bec CO., Me., on the E. bank of the Kennebec River, oppo- site Gardiner, and about 6 miles below Augusta. A bridge across the river connects Pittston with Gardiner and with the Maine Central Railroad. It has 2 churches, a shoe- factory, and a steam saw-mill. Pop. of township, 2353. Pittston, a post-borough in Pittston township, Luzerne CO., Pa., in the Wyoming Valley, on the E. bank of the Sus- quehanna River, at the mouth of the Lackawanna, and on the Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania Coal Company's, and Lackawanna & Bloomsburg Railroads, 9 miles N.E. of Wilkesbarre, and 9 miles S.W. of Scranton. A bridge across the North Branch connects this place with West Pittston. Pittston contains 2 newspaper offices, a national bank, and mines of anthracite coal, which is the chief article of export. Pop. 6760 ; of the township, additional, 4447. Pitts'town, a post-village of Hunterdon co., N.J., about 30 miles N.N.W. of Trenton. It has a public hall, a machine-shop, a foundry, and a flour-mill. Pop. 150. Pittstown, Salem co., N.J. See Elmer. Pittstown, a post-village in Pittstown township, Rens- selaer CO., N.Y., about 13 miles N.E. of Troy. The town- ship is traversed by the Troy & Boston Railroad, and con- tains other villages, named Johnsonville, Valley Falls, and Tomhannoc. Pop. of the township, 3967. Pitt Strait, Malay Archipelago, is between Salawatty and Batanta. off the N.W. end of Papua. Pitts'ville, a post-hamlet of Wicomico co., Md., on the Wicomico & Pocomoke Railroad, 10 miles E. of Salisbury, Pittsville, a post-hamlet in Jackson township, John- son CO., Mo., 10 miles N. of Holden. It has a church. Pittsville, a post-hamlet in Rockland township, Ve- nango CO., Pa. It is li miles from Rockland Station, and about 13 miles S. of Oil City. It has a church. Pittsville, a post-village of Fort Bend co., Tex., 37 miles by rail W. of Houston. It has a church. Pittsville, a post-hamlet of Wood co., Wis., on the Yellow River, 5 miles N. of Dexter Station. It has a church, a saw-mill, and a quarry of granite. Pitts Wharf, a post-office of Accomack co., Va. Pittsylva'nia,acounty in the S. part of Virginia, bor- dering on North Carolina, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Staunton River, and is drained by the Banister and Dan Rivers, the latter of which crosses the southern boundary five times. The sur- face is moderately hilly. The soil is fertile. Tobacco, wheat, Indian corn, oats, cattle, and pork are the sta,ple products. In 1370 this county produced 4,282,511 pounds of tobacco, and more than any other county of the state. Limestone underlies part of the soil. It is intersected by the Richmond & Danville Railroad. Capital, Chatham. Valuation of real and personal estate, $6,182,572, Pop. in 1870, 31,343, of whom 31,287 were Americana. Pittsylvania Court-House, Va. See Chatham. Pitt'vilie, a post-hamlet of Shasta co., Cal., on Pitt River, 40 miles N. of Lassen's Peak. It has a store. Pitt'wood, a post-office and station of Iroquois co., III., on the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, 5^ miles N. of Watseka. Pityusa, the ancient name of Formentera. Pitzthal, pits'tS,!, a village of Tyrol, near Imst, in a long and bleak valley of the same name. Piunhi, pe-oon-yee', or Livramento, le-vri-m5n'to, a town of Brazil, 58 miles W.S.W. of Formiga. Piura, pee-oo'rS,, a river of Peru, enters the Pacific after a W. course of about 120 miles. Piura, or San Miguel de Piura, s^n mee-ghSr di pee-oo'rS., a town of Peru, capital of the department of its own name, is on the Piura, 120 miles N.N.W. of Lambaye- que. Pop. 12,000. The department of Piura has an area of 13,931 square miles and a pop. of 135,502. Pi Ute, pi yut, a county of Utah, borders on Colorado. It is drained by the Colorado River and its branches the Grand and Green Rivers, which unite in the eastern part of this county, and is intersected by the Sevier River. It comprises a part of the Wahsatch Mountains. The soil of the plains requires irrigation to render it fertile. Capital, Junction. Pop. in 1870, 82, of whom 54 were Americans. Pi Ute, a station in Humboldt co., Nev., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 55 miles S.E. of Winnemucca. Piverone, pe-vi-ro'nA, a village of Italy, province of Turin. Pop. 1597. Pivniczna, or Pivvniczna, piv-neets'nd, a village of Austrian Galicia, on the Poprad, 13 miles S. of Neu- Sandec. Pop. 4339. Pix'ley, a township of Clay co.. Ill, Pop. 1517. Pizarra, La, li pe-thaR'ni, a village of Spain, in An- dalusia, about 15 miles from Malaga. Pop. 2331. Pizeco, or Pizeeco, New York. See Piskco. Pizzighettone, pit-se-gh^t-to'ni, a fortified town of Italy, in Lombardy, 12 miles W.N.W. of Cremona, on the Adda. Pop., including the suburb of Gerra, on the right bank of the river, 4327. It is enclosed by an old wall, Pizzo, pit'so, a city of Italy, in Catanzaro, 5 miles N.E. of Monteleone, on the Gulf of Santa Eufeniia. Pop. 8239. Fizzoferrato, pit-so-f^R-nil'to, a town of Italy, prov- ince of Chicti, 23 miles S.S.W. of Lanciano. Pop. 1605. Pizzoli, pit-so'lee, a town of Italy, province and 6 miles N.N.W, of Aquila. It has 3 cturches, a large mon- astery, and 4062 inhabitants. PJA 1759 PLA PJatigorsk, a town of Russia. See Piatigorsk. Flacanica, pli-ki'ne-ki, a town of Italy, province of Reggio di Calabria, 16 miles N.E. of Geraoe. Pop. 1439. Placencia. See Plasescia. Placentia, pla-sen'she-a, a seaport town and port of entry of Newfoundland, on the W. coast of the peninsula, extending from the S.E. side of the island, in about lat. 47° 11' 30" N., Ion. 63° 56' W. It was first settled by the French in 1626. Pop. 400. Flacentia Bay, a deep inlet on the S. coast of New- foundland, 76 miles in length, and nearly 60 miles in breadth at its entrance between Capes St. Marie and Cha- peau Rouge. Placer, pll-sain', or Placel,pli-s^r, a Spanish word, signifying literally a *' layer of sand, pebbles, Ac, in the bottom of the sea or of a river." More frequently, however, it is used to denote the layers of sand, earth, &c., formed by the washings of a river, and containing deposits of gold or other metal. Pla'cer, a county of California, borders on Nevada. Area, about 1500 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Lake Tahoe, on the N.W. by Bear River, on the S. by the Middle Fork of the American River, and is also drained by the North Fork of the American. These rivers run in narrow cafions or ravines which are in some places 2000 feet deep or more. The Sierra Nevada, which occupies the eastern part of this county, presents grand mountain- scenery. The surface is extensively covered with noble forests of pine and other coniferous trees. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Wheat, barley, wine, fruits, and wool are the staple products of the farms, and gold is the chief article of export. The reported value of the gold mined in this county in 1870 was $536,232, of which ,$247,180 was obtained in pljicer-mines. Among its minerals are granite, serpentine, quartz, and slate. This county is in- tersected by the Central Pacific Railroad and the Oregon division of that road. Capital, Auburn. Valuation of real and personal estate, $6,318,325. Pop. in 1870, 11,357, of whom 6167 were Americans. Placer (or Placiere) Mountain, New Mexico, is near Gallisteo, about 25 miles S. by W. of Santa Fc. Coal, gold, and iron are found in it. It is reported rich in gold, and the outcroppings of coal are of great interest. Pla'cerville, a post-town, capital of El Dorado co., Cal., is situated in a hilly country, about 50 miles E.N.E. of Sacramento, and 1 mile S. of the South Fork of the American River. It is 10 miles from the Pl.acerville k Sacramento Valley Railroad. It contains 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, an academy. 2 banking-houses, a flour- mill, a foundry, and a machine-shop. Gold is found here. Pop. 1562. Placerville, a post-office and mining-camp of Ouray CO., Col., on the .San Miguel River, at the mouth of Leopard Creek, about 200 miles AV.N.W. of Alamosa. Gold and silver are found here. Placerville, a post-village of Bois6 co., Idaho, in the Boise Basin, 14 miles N.W. of Idaho City. It is on a small affluent of the Boise River. Gold is found here. Pop. 318. Pla'ces, a station of the Boston & Maine Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Rochester, N.H. Placiere Mountain. See Placer Mountain. Placita, pl4-see'ti, a village of Lincoln co., New Mex- ico, 9 miles from Fort Stanton. Plad'da, or Plada, a low, rocky island of Scotland, in the Firth of Clyde, S. of the island of Arran. Plain, a township of Kosciusko co., Ind. Pop. 1490. Plain, a township of Franklin co., 0. Pop. 1293. It contains New Albany. Plain, a township of Stark co., 0. Pop. 2225. It con- tains New Berlin. Plain, a post-township of Wayne co., 0. Pop. 1837. It contains Jefferson (Plain Post-Office) and Reedsburg. Plain, a township of Wood co., 0. Pop. 1719. It con- tains a part of Bowling Green. Plain, a post-ofiice of Sauk co.. Wis. Plain City, a post-village of Madison co., 0., in Darby township, on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati &. St. Louis Rail- road, 18 miles W.N.W. of Columbus (Pleasant Valley Sta- tion). It has 2 banks, a newspaper office, 4 churches, a graded school, a flour-mill, a planing-mill, ,kc. Pop. 467. Plain City, a post-vilLage of Weber co., Utah, is 1 mile N. of Weber River, and about 12 miles N.W. of Ogden City. It has a church. Pop. about 600. Plainc, pl5n, a river of France, in Vosges, joins the Meurthe. Length, 15 miles. Plaine, a village of France, in Vosges, 13 miles N.E. of Saint-Di6. Pop. of commune, 1660. Ptaine-Haute, pl«n hot, a village of Prance, in C6tes-du-Nord, near Saint- Brieuc. Pop. 1768. Plainfaing, pl^N-'fiNo', a village of France, in Vosges, on the Meurthe, near Saint-DiS. Pop. 590. Plain'field, a post-hamlet of Yolo co., Cal., 7J miles S.W. of Woodland Station. It has a church. Plainfield, a post-village of Windham co.. Conn., in Plainfield township, on the Hartford, Providence & Fish- kill Railroad, at its junction with the Norwich &. Worcester Railroad, 16 miles N.N.B. of Norwich, and 23 miles E. by S. of Willimantic. It contains an academy and several churches. Plainfield Junction is 1 mile from this village. The township has some manufactures of cotton goods, and contains other villages, named Moosup and Wauregan. Pop. of the township, 4521. Plainfield, a post-village in Plainfield township. Will CO., III., on the Du P.age River, 9 miles N.W. of Joliet, and 36 miles S.W. of Chicago. It has 5 churches and a money-order post-office. Pop. 723 ; of the township, 1750. Plainfield, a post-village in Guilford township, Hen- dricks CO., Ind., on White Lick Creek, and on the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, 14 miles W. by S. of Indianapolis. It contains a reform school, or house of refuge, founded by the state, a graded school, 1 or 2 news- paper offices, and 4 churches. Pop. 795. Plainfield, a post-vill.age in Polk township, Bremer CO., Iowa, on Cedar River, and on the Cedar Falls & Min- nesota Railroad, 19 miles S.S.E. of Charles City, and 28 miles N. by W. of Waterloo. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Pop. about 300. Plainfield, a post-hamlet in Plainfield township, Hampshire co., Mass., about 22 miles N.W. of Northamp- ton. It has a church and a woollen-mill. The township presents beautiful scenery. Pop. of the township, 481. Plainfield, a township of Iosco co., Mich. Pop. 122. Plainfield, a township of Kent co., Mich. Pop. 1499. It contains Belmont. See AliSTERLlTZ. Plainfield, a post-haralet of Livingston eo., Mich., in Unadilla township, S.W. of Howell. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and manufactures of barrels, sash, &c. Plainfield, a post-office of York co.. Neb. Plainfield, a post-hamlet in Plainfield township, Sulr livan CO., N.H., fi miles N.N.E. of Windsor, Vt., and about 60 miles W.N.W. of Concord. It has 2 churches. The township is bounded on the AY. by the Connecticut River. Pop. of the township, 1589. Plainfield, a city of Union co., N.,T., is pleasantly situated on Green Brook and the Central Railroad, 24 miles W.S.W. of New York, 11 miles N. of New Brunswick, and 12 miles W.S.W. of Elizabeth. It has increased rapidly in consequence of its attractions as a place of suburban resi- dence for persons who do business in New York City. It contains 14 churches, a large and handsome public school building, a seminary for young ladies, a fine hotel, 2 na- tional banks, irnd manufactures of clothing, hats, and ma- chinery. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Pop. about 10,000, including the suburb of North Plainfield, which is separated from the city by Green Brook. Plainfield, a township of Otsego co., N.Y. Pop. 1182. It contains Unadilla Forks, Plainfield Centre, and part of Leonardsville (the greater part being in Madison co.). Plainfield, a post-village in Linton township, Coshoc- ton CO., 0., on Wills Creek, 4 miles S. of West Lafayette Station, and about 24 miles N.N.E. of ZanesvillC. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Plainfield, a post-village of Cumberland co.. Pa., on Conedogwinit Creek, and near the Cumberland Valley Rail- road, 5 miles W. of Carlisle. It has 2 churches. Plainfield, township, Northampton co.. Pa. P. 1988. Plainfield, a post-village in Plainfield township, Wash- ington CO., Vt., on the Winooski River, and on the Mont- pelier & Wells River Railroad, 9 miles E. of Montpelier. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of butter-tubs, Ac. Pop. of the township, 726. Plainfield, a post-village in Plainfield township, Wau- shara CO., Wis., 50 miles N. of Portage City. It is on the Southern division of the Wisconsin Central Railroad. Pop. of the township, 910. Plainfield, a post-vill.age in Pictou co., Nova Scotia, 15 miles from Pictou. Pop. 100. Plainfield, originally Lat'ta's Mills, a post-village in Hastings eo., Ontario, 10 miles N. of Belleville. P. 200. Plainfield Centre, a post-hamlet in Plainfield town- ship, Otsego CO., N.Y., 20 miles S. of Utica. It has a church. Plainfield Junction, a station of the Norwich &, AVorccstcr Railroad where it crosses the New York & New England Railroad, 10 miles N.N.E. of Norwich, Conn. PLA ■1T60 PLA Flainfield Springs, a post-office of WaBhington CO., Vt. Plain Grove, a post- village in Plain Grove township, Lawrence co., Pa., about 13 miles E. by N. of New Castle. It has 3 churches and an academy. Pop. of the town- ship, 775. Plainpalais, pliN°'pi"U', a southern suburb of Ge- neva, Switzerland. Pop. 8S2S. Plains, a post-village in Plains township, Luzerne co., Pa., on the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, on the Central Railroad of New Jersey, and on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 44 miles N.E. of Wilkesbarre. It has 3 churches and a graded school. Coal is mined here. Pop. of the township, 4018. Plains, Fauquier co., Va. See The Plains. Plains'berg,or Plains'burg, a post-village of Mer- ced CO., Cal., 2 miles from the Central Pacific Railroad (Vi- salia division), and 77 miles S.S.E. of Stockton. It has a church and 3 general stores. Plaius'borough, a post-haralet of Middlesex co., N.J., on a branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 14 miles N.E. of Trenton, It has a church and a carriage-shop. Plains of A'braham,a table-land immediately S.IV. of the city of Quebec. Here Generals Wolfe and Montcalm, the respective commanders of the British and French forces, were killed in the action of the 18th of September, 1759. Plains of Du'ra, a post-hamlet of Sumter co., Ga., n miles W. by S. of Americus. It has 2 churches. Plain Store, a hamlet of East Baton Rouge parish. La., 19 miles from Baton Rouge. It has a church and 3 stores. Plainsville, Ontario co., N.Y. See Gypsum. Plains'ville, a post-village of Luzerne co.. Pa., on the Susquehanna River, and on tbe Lehigh Valley Railroad, about 5 miles N.E. of Wilkesbarre. Plain'view', a post-village of Macoupin co.. 111., on the Chicago & Alton Railro.ad, 23 miles N.N.E. of Alton. It has 2 churches, a fine school-house, and manufactures of flour and farm-machinery. Plainview, a township of Saline co.. III. Pop. 450. Plainview, a post-oflfice of Scott co., Iowa. Plainview, a post-village of Wabasha co., Minn., on a branch of the Chicago A Northwestern Railroad, 16 miles K. of Eyota. It contains a graded school, 3 churches, a money-order post-office, a bank, and a school-house which cost $15,000. Pop. 696; of the township, 701 additional. The township has a soil adapted for wheat. Plainview, a post-office of Pierce co., Neb. Plainview, a post-office of Adams co., Pa. Plain View, a post-hamlet of King and Queen co., Va., 8 miles S.E. of West Point. It has a church. Plain'ville, a post-village of Hartford co., Conn., in a township of the same name, on a small affluent of Farm- ington River, and on the Hartford, Providence &. Fishkill Railroad where it crosses the New Haven & Northampton Railroad, 14 miles S.W. of Hartford. It contains 5 or 6 churches, a newspaper office, a high school, a brass-foundry, and manufactures of clocks, woollen goods, carriages, &c. Pop. about 1200; of the township, 1433. Plainville, a post-office of Gordon co,, Ga., on the Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad, 12 miles N.E. of Rome. Plainville, a post-hamlet of Daviess co., Ind., 24 miles E.N.E. of Vincennes. It has a church. Plainville, a post-office of Rooks co., Kansas. Plainville, a post-village in Wrentham township, Norfolk CO., Mass., abimt 32 miles S.S.W. of Boston. It has manufactures of jewelry. Plainville, a post-village in Montgomery township, Somerset co., N.J., 1 mile from Van Aken Railroad Sta- tion, and about 18 miles N. of Trenton. Plainville, a post-village in Lysander township, On- ondaga CO., N.Y., on the Seneca River, about IS miles W.N.W. of Syracuse. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Pop. Ifil. Plainville, a post-village in Columbia township, Ham- ilton CO., 0., on Little Miami River, and on the Little Miami Railroad, 94 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. It has the Plainville Academy, a planing-mill, &c. Plainville, a village in Burrillville township, Provi- dence CO., R.I., 4 mile from Oakland Station. It has a woollen-mill. Pop. 143. Plainville, a village of Washington co., R.I., in Rich- mond township. Pop. 135. Plainville, a post-haralet of Adams co.. Wis., on the Wisconsin River, 6 miles above Kilbourn, and 23 miles W.N.W. of Portage City. Plain'well, a post-village in Gunplain township, Al- legan CO., Mich., on the Kalamazoo River, at the mouth of Gun River, on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, and on the Kalamazoo division of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 11 miles N. of Kalamazoo, and 13 miles E.S.E. of Allegan. It has a bank, 4 churches,. 2 newspaper offices, a union school, 2 ilouring-mills, a paper-mill, a saw- mill, a sash- and blind-factory, 2 foundries, 2 planing-mills, and manufactures of fanning-mills, handles, ut 33 miles N. of Portland. The Grand Trunk Railway passes through the E. part of the township, which contains part of the village of Mechanic Falls. Pop. of the township, 2436. . t. , j Poland, or Poland Centre, a post-hamlet in Poland township, Chautauqua co., N.Y., on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, about 8 miles E.N.E. of Jamestown. The name of its post-office is Poland Centre. The town- ship is traversed by the Cjnewango Creek, and contains a larger village, named Kennedy. Pop. of the township, 1973. Poland, a post village in Russia township, Herkimer CO., N.Y., on West Canada Creek, 14 miles N.E. of Utica. It has 2 churches, a bank, a graded school, and manufactures of axes, leather, sash, doors, furniture, Ac. Pop. 450. Poland, a post-village in Poland township, M.ahoning CO., 0., 6 miles S. of Youngstown, 2i miles from Struther's Station, and about 14 miles \V. of New Castle, Pa. It is mostly in Poland township, and partly in Boardman. It contains a bank, 2 churches, a seminary, a foundry, a grist- mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 453. Coal and iron are found in the vicinity. The township is intersected by the Maho- ning River and the Asht.abula & Pittsburg Railroad. Pop. 2481. It contains a large village, named Lowellville. Poland Centre, Chautauqua co., N.Y. See Poland. Polangen, po'13.ng-5n, a town of Russia, in Courland, on the Baltic, 42 miles W. of Telsh. Pop. 1414. Po'lar Re'gions, the zones included within the Arc- tic and Antarctic Circles. The North Polar Regions have obtained an interest from the several attempts to find a passage through, either from the N.E. or the N.W. The nearest approach to the North Pole was by Captain Parry, who reached lat. 82° 45' N., Ion. 19° 25' E. Captain Cook penetrated towards the South Pole as far as lat. 67° 30' S., Ion. 39° E., and to lat. 71° 10' S. in Ion. 110° W. Sir James Ross penetrated to lat. 78° 10' S. in Ion. 170° B., and dis- covered Victoria Land. See Arctic and Antarctic Ocean. Polaun, po'lown, a village of Bohemia, 60 miles N.E. of Prague. Pop. 4311. Polcenigo, pol-chA-nee'go, a town of Italy, province of Udine, 7 miles N. of Sacile. Pop. 4327. Polch, polK, or Pollich, pol'liK, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 13 miles W.S.W. of Coblentz. Pop. 2529. Pole Creek, a post-office of Laramie co., Wyoming. Polen, and Pole, Europe. See Poland. Poleocastro, a town of Italy. See Policastro. Polesella, po-li-sSl'li, a town of Italy, on the left bank of the Po, 7 miles S.S.W. of Rovigo. Pop. 3574. Polesine, po-li-see'ni (L. PolexVnum Santhi'ti), a village of Italy, on the Po, 24 miles N.W. of Parma. Pop. of commune, 3264. Pole Tavern, a hamlet of Salem co., N.J., in Pitts- grove township, 1 mile from Newkirk Station. It has 2 stores. Here is Pittsgrove Post-Office. Poletown, Brown co., 0. See Brownsville. Polia, po'le-i, a town of Italy, province of Catanzaro, S. of Nicastro. Pop. 2580. Policandro, pol-e-k3,n'dro (ano. Pholegan'dros), an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 16 miles E. of Milo. Area, 20 square miles. On its N. coast is a village of tho same name. Total pop. 1038. Policastro, po-lc-kjis'tro (anc. Pyx'us, afterwards Buxen'lum), a town of Italy, province of Salerno, on the N. shore of the Gulf of Policastro, 22 miles S. of Diano. It is a bishop's see, and has a cathedral and a fishery. Policastro, or Poleocastro, po-li-o-kis'tro, a town of Italy, in Catanzaro, 18 miles W.N.W. of Cotrone. P. 5501. Police, a town of Bohemia. See Politz. Policzka, po-leech'ki, a town of Bohemia, 28 miles S.E. of Chrudim. Pop. 4414. Folignano, po-leen-y3,'no, a town of Italy, 26 miles E.S.B. of Bari, near the Adriatic. Pop. 8564. Poligny, poMeen'yee', a town of France, in Jura, 14 miles N.E. of Lons-le-Saulnier. Pop. 4783. It has a communal college, and manufactures of earthenware, salt- petre, leather, edge-tools, wine, oil, *&c. Polillo, po-lil'lo or po-leel'yo, one of the Philippine Islands, in the Malay Archipelago, E. of Luzon. Lat. 15° 5' N. ; Ion. 122° 6' E. Length, 30 miles ; breadth, 20 miles. Soil fertile. In its centre is Mount Malolo. The village of Polillo is on its W. side. Polistina, po-lis-tee'ni, a town of Italy, province of Reggio di Calabria, 13 miles E.N.E. of Palmi. Pop. 9591. Politz, po'lits, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 9 miles N. of Stettin on the Oder. Pop. 3997. Politz, or Police, po-leet'si, a town of Bohemia, 28 miles N.E. of Koniggriitz. Pop. 2387. Polizzi, po-lit'see, a town of Sicily, province of Pa- lermo, 17 miles S.W. of Cefalil. Pop. 6724. Polk, pok, a county in the W. part of Arkansas, has an area of about 950 square miles. It is drained by the Brushy Fork of the Ouachita River, by Saline Bayou, and by Cos- satot River. 'The surface is hilly or mountainous, and mill- stone grit underlies part of it. The soil produces some cotton and Indian corn. Slate, iron, and lead are said to be found in this county. Among the forest trees are the hickory, white oak, yellow pine, red elm, and walnut. Cap- ital, Dallas. Valuation of real and personal estate, $294,887. Pop. in 1870, 3376, of whom 3372 were Americans. Polk, a county of Florida, is near the middle of the POL 1774 POL peninsula. Area, about 1900 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Kissiinmee Lake and Kissimmee River, and contains several lakes. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests. Cattle, maize, and sweet potatoes are staples. Capital, Bartow. Valuation of real and personal estate, $349,028. Pop. in 1870, 3169, of whom 3157 were Americans. Polk, a county in the N.W. part of Georgia, bordering on Alabama, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is drained by Euharlee Creek and a small affluent of the Coosa River. The surface is hilly, and extensively covered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and wheat are the staples. Slate-quarries have been opened in this county. Capital, Cedar Town. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,562,945. Pop. in 1870, 7822, of whom 7790 were Americans. Polk, a county in the S. central part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Des Moines and South Skunk Rivers, and is also drained by Raccoon River and Beaver Creek. The surface is undu- lating, and is diversified with prairies and woodlands. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, hay, oats, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Mines of bituminous co.al have been opened in this county. It is intersected by the Keokuk & Des Moines, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and Des Moines & Minnesota Railroads. Capital, Des Moines, which is also the capital of the state. Valuation of real and personal estate, $18,943,280. Pop. in 1870, 27,857, of whom 23,944 were Americans; in 1875, 31,558. Polk, a large county in the N.W. part of Minnesota, borders on Diikota. It is bounded on the W. by the Red River of the North, and is intersected by Red Lake River and Wild Rice River. The surface is level or undulating, and a large portion of it is prairie. The Red River flows through a wide and fertile valley or plain, which is remark- ably level. This county is traversed by the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad. Capital, Crookston. Pop. in 1875, 937. Polk, a county in the S.W. central part of Missouri, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is intersected by the Poinme de Terre River, and also drained by the Little Sae, or East Fork of the Sac River. The surface is hilly or undulating, and presents picturesque scenery. A large part of it is covered with forests of the white ash, elui, oak, hickory, black walnut, &o. The soil is fertile. Maize, wheat, oats, cattle, and pork are the staples. Among its minerals are Lower Silurian limestone and lead. Capital, Rolivar. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,5011,000. Pop. in 1870, 12,445, of whom 12,364 were Americans. Polk, a county in the E. central part of Nebraska, has an area of about 440 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Platte River, and is drained by the North Fork of the Big Blue River. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is mostly destitute of forest trees. The soil is fertile. The staple products are wheat, Indian corn, oats, and grass or hay. Capital, Osceola. Pop. in 1870, 136, of whom 122 were Americans; in 1876, 3356. Polk, a county of North Carolina, borders on South Carolina. Area, about 200 square miles. It is drained by Green River. The surface is hilly, and mostly covered with forests. Indian corn, grass, and pork are the staple prod- ucts. Capital, Columbus. Valuation of real and personal estate, $851,756. Pop. in 1870, 4319, of whom 4316 were Americans. Polk, a county in the N.W. part of Oregon, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Willamette River, and is partly drained by the Rickreal and the South Fork of the Yam Hill River. The Coast Range of mountains extends along the W. border of the county. The surface is diversified by high mountains, ver- dant hills, .and large forests of fir and other trees. The Willamette Valley is very fertile. Wheat, oats, cattle, hay, wool, and lumber are the staple products. Capital, Dallas. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,500,000. Pop. in 1870, 4701, of whom 4573 were Americans; in 1875, 5062. Polk, a county of East Tennessee, bordering on Georgia, has an area of about 440 square miles. It is intersected by the Hiawassee .and Ocoee Rivers. The surface is hilly or mountainous, and is extensively covered with forests. In- dian corn, wheat, grass, and pork are the staple products. This county has copper-mines the annual product of which in 1870 was valued at $310,000. Capital, Benton. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $1,541,204. Pop. in 1870, 7369, of whom 7153 were Americans. Polk, a county in the E. part of Texas, has an area es- timated at 800 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by Trinity River, and also drained by Sandy and other creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton, cattle, and Indian corn are the staple products. Capital, Livingston. Valuation of real and personal estate, $761,518. Pop. in 1870, 8707, of whom 8678 were Americans. Polk, a county in the N.W. part of AVisconsin, borders on Minnesota. Area, about 950 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the St. Croix River, and also drained by Apple River. The surface is uneven, and is diversified with small lakes and extensive forests of the pine, sugar-maple, and other trees. Wheat, oats, hay, lumber, and butter are the staple products. Capital, Osceola Mills. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,950,365. Pop. in 1870, 3422, of whom 2249 were Americans ; in 1875, 6736. Polk, a township of Huntington eo., Ind. Pop. 960. It contains part of Mt. Etna. Polk, a township of Marshall eo., Ind. Pop. 1812. Polk, a township of Monroe eo., Ind. Pop. 843. Polk, a township of Washington eo., Ind. Pop. 920. Polk, a township of Benton co., Iowa. Pop. 1279. Polk, a township of Bremer CO., Iowa. Pop. 1172. Polk, a township of Jefi'erson co., Iowa. Pop. 1096. It contains Abingdon. Polk, a township of Marion co., Iowa. Pop. 879. Polk, a township of Shelby co., Iowa. Pop. 181. Polk, a township of Taylor co., Iowa. Pop. 893. Polk, a township of Wapello co., Iowa. Pop. 998, Polk, a township of Adair co.. Mo. Pop. 769. Polk, a township of Atchison co.. Mo. Pop. 662. Polk, a township of Cass co.. Mo. Pop. 1307. Polk, a township of Christian co.. Mo. Pop. 1243. Polk, a township of Dade co.. Mo. Pop. 1453. Polk, a township of De Kalb co.. Mo. Pop. 957. Polk, a township of Madison co.. Mo. Pop. 320. Polk, a township of Nodaway co.. Mo. Pop. 3427. It contains Maryville. Polk, a township of Ray co.. Mo. Pop. 1368. Polk, a township of St. Clair CO., Mo. Pop. 316. Polk, a township of Sullivan CO., Mo. Pop. 1415. It contains Milan. Polk, a post-village in Jackson township, Ashland co., 0., on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 7* miles N.E. of Ashland. It has 3 churches and a graded school. Polk, a township of Crawford eo., 0. Pop. 4369. It contains Gallon. Polk, a township of Jefferson co., Pa. Pop. 256. Polk, a township of Monroe co.. Pa. Pop. 1076. Polk, or. Wat'erloo, a post-village of Venango co.. Pa., in French Greek township, on the Franklin Br.anch of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 9 miles W. of Franklin. It has 2 churches, 2 stores, a grist-mill, and 35 families. Here is Polk Post-Oflice. Polk, a township of Washington co.. Wis. Pop. 1756. Polk Bayou, bi'oo, a post-otiice of Sharpe co., Ark., 18 miles N. of Batesville. Polk City, a post-village of Polk co., Iowa, on the Des Moines it Minnesota Railroad, 17 miles N. by W. of Des Moines. It has 3 churches, a graded school, a flour- mill, and a money-order post-oflice. Pop. about 350. Polk City, a post-ofiice of Polk co., Minn. Polk Patch, Warrick eo., Ind. See Tayi.orsville. Polk Run, a post-office of Clarke co., Ind. Polk Station, a post-hamlet of Obion co., Tenn., on the P.aducah & Memphis Railroad, 68 miles S.S.W. of Pa- ducah. Polksville, pi>ks'vil, a post-office of Hall co., Ga., about 75 miles N.N.E. of Atlanta. Granite abounds here. Polkton, pok'ton, township, Ottawa co., Mich. P. 2416. Polkton, a post-village in Lanesborough township, Anson^co., N.C., on the Carolina Centriil Railroad, 44 miles E.S.E.' of Charlotte. It has an academy, 2 churches, a newspaper office, 2 steam saw- and grist-mills, 9 stores, &a. Pop. about 250. Polkville, pok'vil, a post-hamlet of Smith co.. Miss., about 34 miles E.S.E. of Jackson. It has 3 churches near it. Polkville, a post-hamlet of Warren CO., N.J., 3 miles N.E. of Portland, Northampton Co., Pa. Polkville, Onondaga eo., N.Y. See Little Utic.-i. Polkville, a post-office of Cleveland co., N.C. Polkwitz, polk'*its. a town of Prussian Silesia, 20 miles N. of Liegnitz. Pop. 2142. Polla, poI'lS (ano. Fo'rtim Popi'lii), a town of Italy, province of Salerno, in the Val di Diano, on the Tanagro, 10 milesN.N.W.of Sala. Pop. 6046. It has manufactures of sewing-silk, woollen cloths, and caps. PolMacas'ty Creek, of North Carolina, flows into Moberrin River a few miles above Winton, in Hertford co. Pol'lard, a post-village, capital of Escambia co., Ala., POL 1775 POL on the Mobile & Montgomery Railroad, 64 miles E.N.E. of Mobile. It has 2 churches and a newspaper office. Ship- timber is exported from this place. Pollard, a post-office of Clay co., Ark. Polle, pol'l^h, a village of Prussia, in Hanover, on the Weser, 3S miles S.S.W. of Hanover. Pop. 1164. Pollenza, pol-lSnd'zi, a town of Italy, province and 4 miles AV. of Macerata. Pop. of commune, 5342. Pollenza, pol-l^n'zi (anc. Pollen'tia), a town of the island of Majorca, on its N. side, 28 miles N.E. of Palma. Pop. 74S6. It is near the Bay of Pollenza, and has a hand- some church, a Jesuits' college, and active manufactures of fine black woollen cloth. The bay is formed by two penin- sulas, called Capes Formentor and del Pinar. Pollerskircheii, poI'lers-keeRK^en, a town of Bohe- mia, circle of Czaslau. Pop. 1180. Polleur, poPUiR', a village of Belgium, province and 16 miles E.S.K. of Liege. Pop. 1861). PoUica, pol-lee'kL a town of Italy, in Salerno, on the Mediterranean, 14 miles W. of Vallo. Pop. 3246. Pollich, a town of Prussia. See Polch. Pollina, pol-lee'nS,, a town of Sicily, 10 miles E.S.E. of Cefaia. Pop. 1955. Polliiow, poll'nov, sometimes written Pollno and Poino, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 20 miles E.S.E. of Coslin. Pop. 2460. PolMock, a village of Sullivan ec. Mo., on the Bur- lington & Southwestern Railroad, 12 miles N. of Milan, It has 3 stores. Pop. about 125. Pollock, Clarion co., Pa. See East Parker. PolMockshaws', a town of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, on the AVhite Cart, 2A miles S.W. of Glasgow. Pop. 8921. It has a neat church, a town hall, and a branch bank. Weaving silk and cottons, cotton spinning and bleaching, calico-printing, and fancy dyeing are carried on. The Pol- lock & Govan Railway connects the coal-fields, 3 miles S. of Glasgow, with that city. PolMocksville, a post-township of Jones co., N.C., on the Trent River, lo miles S.W, of New-Berne. It has 3 churches. PoPlokshields', a borough of Scotland, eo. of Ren- frew, forming a S.W. suburb of Glasgow. Pop. 3314. PoMoiie, pol-lo'n^, a village of Italy, province of No- vara, near BielJa. Pop, of commune, 1538. Pollutl'O, pol-loo'tro, a town of Italy, province of Chicti, 5 miles W.N.W. of Vasto. Pop. 3327. PoI'mont, a village of Scotland, co. of Stirling, at a railway junction, 4 miles E. by S. of Falkirk. Pop. 455. Poliia, pol'ni, a twvn of Bohemia, 33 miles S.S.E. of Czaslau. P. 5159, employed in weaving and in iron-mines. Polno, a town of Prussia. See Pollnow. Polo, po'lo, an island of the Philippines, in the Malay Archipelago, off the W. coast of Luzon. Lat. 15° N. ; Ion. 122° 20' E. Po'lo, a post-office of Carroll eo., Ark, Polo, a post-village in Buffalo township, Ogle co., 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad, 22 miles S. of Freeport, and 13 miles N.N.W. of Dixon. It is the largest village in the county. It contains a national bank, 1 other bank, 2 newspaper offices, a graded school with 500 scholars in one building, 7 churches, and manufactures of harvesters. Pop. 1805. Polo, a post-office of Cowley co., Kansas, 40 miles S.E. of AVichita. Polo, a post-hamlet of Caldwell co.. Mo., in Grant township, 15 miles S. of Hamilton. It has a church and 2 stores. Polochic, po-lo-cheek', a river of Guatemala, rises in the district of Coban, flows mostly E.S.E., and enters the Golfu Dulce. Length, 120 miles. Polock, a town of Russia. See Polotzk. Pologne, or Polonia. See Poland. Poloiigkera, po-lon-gi'r3,, a village of Italy, about 11 miles N.N.E. of Saluzzo. Pop. 1626. Polo'nia, a post-hamlet of Portage co., Wis., 3 miles N. of Custer Station, which is 7i miles E. of Stevens Point, It has a church. Polonka, po-lon'ki, a town of Russia, government of Grodno, 18 miles E.N.E. of Slonim. Pop. 1530. Polonoe, po-Io'no-i, a town of Russia, in Volhynia, 51 miles VV. of Zhitomeer. Pop. 1760. Polop, po-lop', a town of Spain, in Valencia, province and N.E. of Alicante. Pop. 1537. Polopos, po-lo'poce, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, about 4 miles from Granada, near the Mediterranean. Polotzk, po-lotsk', written also Polok, a town of Russia, government and 60 miles by rail W.N.W. of Vitebsk, on the Diina. Pop. 11,928. It has a citadel, numerous ancient churches and monasteries, a Jesuits' college, and a school for nobles. Polpenazze, pol-pi-nit'si, a village of Italy, prov- ince of Milan, 6 miles S. of Salo. Pop. 1174. Polper'ro, a town of England, co. of Cornwall, 9i miles S.S.W. of Liskeard. Pop. 699. Pol'pis, a hamlet on the W. coast of the island of Nantucket, Mass. Pols'grove, a post-hamlet of Carroll co.. 111., 6 miles N.AV. of Mount Carroll. It has a flour-mill. Polska, the Polish name of Poland. Poltava, pol-ti'vS,, also written PultOAva and Pul- tawa, a government of South Russia, between lat. 48° 25' and 51° 6' N. and Ion. 30° 45' and 36° 40' E., enclosed by the governments of Chernigov, Koorsk, Kharkov, Yekateri- noslav, Kherson, and Kiev, from which last two the Dnieper separates it on the W. Area, 19,040 square miles. Pop. 2,102,614. The surface is a level plain, watered by the Soola, Psiol, and Vorskla, affluents of the Dnieper. The soil is excellent. Hemp, flax, red pepper, tobacco, and fruits are also raised. Live-stock is reared in large num- bers, and honey and silk are important products. Manu- factures have latterly made some progress, and linen, wool- len, and cotton fabrics, leather, and candles are made. Poltava, the capital of the above government, is situ- ated on the Vorskla, 70 miles W.S.W. of Kharkov. Pop. 33,979. It stands on an eminence, and is enclosed by planted walks on the site of its former ramparts. It has a cathedral, a college, a convent, and 3 large annual fairs. In its principal square is a monument to Peter the Great, who here, on the 27th of June, 1709, gained a decisive victory over Charles XII. Polvadera, or La Polvadera, U pol-vi-dA'ri, a village of Socorro co.. New Mexico, on the Rio Grande, 11 miles N. of Socorro. It has a church and a wine-press. Polybotus, the ancient name of Bulavadeen. Polynesia, poPe-nee'she-a [i.e., "many islands"), in- cludes the multitude of islands scattered over the Paeitio Ocean, and comprehends a belt chiefly within 30 degrees on each side of the equator, and from Ion. 135° E, to 135° AV. The boundary extends S. of the equator to lat. 47° S. The islands are distributed into numerous groups, having a general direction from N.W. to S.E. The principal groups to the N. of the equator are the Pelew, Ladrones, Caroline, Radack, Ralick, Marshall, Gilbert, and Hawaiian Islands, all of which, except the hist, belong to what is called Micro- nesia. S. of the equator are the Eeejee, Friendly, Samoan, Solomon, Society, Marquesas, Low Archipelago, Austral, Cook, and other minor groups, besides numerous detached islands, as Easter and Pitcairn Islands. It is customary with late writers to exclude Micronesia, and with nearly all to exclude Melanesia, from the Polynesian limits, chieHy for linguistic and ethnological reasons. With the exception of Hawaii, the largest island of Polynesia, the most con- siderable of the others range from 20 to 60 and 100 miles in circumference. These islands are all, more or less, of coral formation, the Low Archipelago, Society Islands, Marshall, and Carolines presenting the regular atoll form, with circular reefs and lagoons. The Friendly, New Heb- rides, Solomon, and Sandwich Islands present fringed reef's, and have active volcanoes, — the summits of the mountains varying from 2000 to 13,000 feet in height. In the lower coral islands the elevations do not exceed 500 feet. The temperature of Polynesia is comparatively moderate, and the climate is delightful and salubrious. Mean annual temperature of the Hawaiian Islands, 77° ; temperature of -the Society Islands, from 70° to S0°, and rarely 90° Fahren- heit. The S.E. tropical wind generally prevails, but N.AV. and S.W. winds are not uncommon. Thunder-storms and waterspouts are common. Hurricanes are rare, and earth- quakes slight and not of frequent occurrence. The refresh- ing coolness of the trade-winds, and a regular but not ex- cessive supply of moisture, are favorable to a luxuriant vegetation. There are, however, many uninhabited islands, where vegetation is scanty and the water-supply very de- ficient. The soil in the valleys and in the river-courses is often a rich volcanic mould; on the mountains it is less fertile. The bread-fruit, native to this region, the cocoa, banana, plantain, banyan, sugar-cane, yam, cotton-plant, paper mulberry, etc., are indigenous. Other trees and plants of tropical climates flourish ; and arrow-root, sweet potatoes, the common potato, and maize are abundant. There are several species of timber-trees, especially sandal- wood, also a few spices, and ornamental flowers, which, how- ever, have little odor or decided color. Land birds are not numerous, owls, paroquets, pigeons, and some paasennx POL 1776 POM forming the most remarkable; wild-ducks and other water- fowls are more plentiful. Turtles resort in great numbers to many localities, and fish are plentiful on the coasts. Guano is obtained on many of the drier islands. The natives of Polynesia are in general a well-formed, tall, active, and intelligent people. They consist of 3 dis- tinct races, apparently of Malay affinities. They are spread over all the central and E. portion of Polynesia, and speak one common language, varying in dialects j but in Micro- nesia the languages are of a diiitinct character, and in the S.W. the people and languages approximate to the Melane- sian, if not to the negrillo type. Some of the islands, as the Ladrones, were discovered by Magellan in 1521, and the Marquesas by Mendaiia in 1595 ; but it was not till 1767 that Wallis, and subsequently Cook, explored and described the leading islands of this region. Soon after this, missionaries began to settle here, and, after many discouragements, have succeeded in promoting Chris- tianity and civilization in the principal islands ; though cannibalism still prevails in some groups. The population of these islands varies continually, from wars, migrations, and pestilence; but no proper data exist for affording even an approximation to the real numbers. Probably the popu- lation of the whole of Polynesia in its widest sense does not exceed a million and a half. (For further information see the individual groups and islands.) Adj. and inhab. PoLYXESiAN, pol-9-nee'she-an. Polzin, polt-seen', a town of Prussia, in Poraerania, 31 miles S.W. of Coslin. Pop. 4+75. It has a castle, baths, and manufactures of woollen cloth, leather, and tobacco. Pomabamba, po-mi-bdm'bi, a town of Bolivia, de- partment and 70 miles S.E. of Chuquisaca. Pomarance, a village of Italy. See Pomerance. Pomarape^ po-m^-ra'pi, a mountain-peak of the Andes, in Bolivia. Lat. 18° 8' S. Height, 21,700 feet, Poma'ria^ a post-village of Newberry co., S.C., on the Greenville & Columbia Railroad, 31 miles N.W. of Colum- bia. It has an academy and 3 stores. Pomarico, po-mi're-ko, a town of It.aly, in Basilicata, 11 miles S.S.E. of Matera. Pop. 6301. Pomaro, po-mi'ro, a town of Italy, 18 miles S.W. of Piacenza. Pop. 2010. Poraata, po-mi'ti, a village of Bolivia, 97 miles W.N.W. of La Paz, on the S.W. shore of Lake Titicaca, 13,040 feet above sea-level. Pomaz, po'maz', a village of Hungary, 12 miles N. of Pesth. Pop. 31S5. Pomba (poin'bil) Bay, one of the finest harbors on the E. coast of Africa, in lat. 12° 27' S., Ion. 40° 25' E., tf miles in length, by 6 miles across. Pombal, pom-bil', a town of Portugal, in Estrema- dura, near the Sora, 20 miles N.E. of Leiria. Pop. 4270. It has 3 churches, a provincial asylum, manufactures of hats, and large weekly markets. Fombal, pom-bai', a town of Brazil, province and 140 miles N.N.W. of Bahia. Pombal, a town of Brazil, on the Piauco, province and 250 miles W. of Parabiba, Pop. 4000. Pombeiro, pom-bi'e-ro, a town and parish of Portu- gal, in Beira, near Cea. Pop. 1130. Pombia, pom'be-3,. a village of Italy, province of Novara, near Borgo Ticino. Pop. 1109. Pomerance, po-mi-rin'chi, Pomarance, po-mi- rin'chi, or Ripomoraiice, re-po-mo-ran'chA, a vill.age of Italy, province of Pisa, in the Maremma, 7 miles S. of Volterra. Pop. of commune, 7314, Pomerania, pom-e-ri'ne-a {i.e., " upon the sea ;" Ger. Pommern, poin'm^rn), a province of Prussia, mostly N. of lat. 53° N., and stretching along the Baltic from Ion. 12° 30' to 18° E., having landward the provinces of West Prus- sia and Brandenburg, and Mecklenburg. Area, 11,629 square miles. Pop. 1,461,980, chiefly Protestants. The surface is level, and in many parts marshy. The principal rivers are the Oder, Persante, and Stolpe, — the Oder di- viding it into two parts, known as Hinterpommern and Vor- pommern, i.e., Farther and Hither Pomerania, the former of which is W. of the river. The coasts are low, sandy, defended by dikes, and bordered by numerous inlets. The island of Riigen is com])rised in the province. The prin- cipal crops are wheat, barley, rye, oats, potatoes, flax, hemp, and tobacco. Agriculture and the rearing of cattle ami poultry, ship-building, manufactures of linen and woollen stuffs, iron and glass wares, tanning, brewing, and distill- ing, are the principal branches of industry. The salmon- and sturgeon-lisherics are very productive, and smoked geese are important articles of trade. The province con- sists of the governments of Stettin, Stralsund, and Coslin. Pomeraug (pom-e-rawg') River, Connecticut, rises in Litchfield co., runs southward, and enters the Housatonic Iliver in the W. part of New Haven co. Pora'eroon', the northernmost river of British Guiana, enters the Atlantic 40 miles N.W. of the estuary of the Essequibo. Poin'eroy, a village of Ireland, co. of Tyrone, 9 miles N.W. of Dungannon. Pop. 526. Pomeroy, pum'e-roi, a post-village of Ciilhoun co., Iowa, on the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, 26 miles W. of Fort Dodge, It has a money-order post-office. Pomeroy, a post-village of Wyandotte co., Kansas, on the Missouri River, and on the railro.ad which connects Leav- enworth with Kansas City, 13J miles S.S.E. of Leaven- worth. It has a church and a steam flour-mill. Pop. 135. Pomeroy, a city, the capital of Meigs co.,0., is on the Ohio River, about 66 miles below Parkersburg, and 18 miles above Gallipolis. By land it is nearly 40 miles S.W. of Marietta, and 56 miles E.S.B. of Chillicothe. Its site is a narrow strip of land which is enclosed between the river and a range of rugged and precipitous hills. It contains a high school, 2 national banks, a newspaper office, a wool- len-factory, and 6 salt-furnaces. Its prospei-ity is chiefly de- rived from the manufacture of salt and operations in coal, which is mined here. About 10,000,000 bushels of coal were mined in the county in 1872. A capital of about $750,000 is invested here in the manufacture of salt, which is obtained by boring deeply into the earth. Pomeroy has 8 churches, 1 or 2 iron-foundries, a rolling-mill, 2 flour-mills, and manufactures of machinery, bromine, &c. Pop. 5824. Pomeroy, a post-village in Sadsbury township, Chester CO., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 44 miles W. of Philadelphia. It is the N. terminus of the Delaware AVestern Railroad. It has a public hall and a woollen- factory. Pomeroy, a post-village of Columbia co., Washington, 60 miles E. of Walla Walla. It has several churches, a high school, and a flour-mill. Pop. about 400. Pomeroy Peak, Wyoming, is a high mountain in the National Park of the Yellowstone, near the Yellowstone Lake, one of a number of seemingly huge volcanic cones composed of compact trachyte. Pomfret, a town of England. See Pontbfract. Pom 'fret, apost-village in Pomfret township, Windham CO., Conn., 4 miles S.W. of Putnam, about 26 miles N. by E. of Norwich, and 20 miles N.E. of AVillimantie. The township is bounded on the E. by the Quinebaug River, and intersected by the New York & New England Railroad. It is celebrated as containing the cave in which Gen. Putnam killed a wolf. Pop. 1488. Pomfret Station is at Pomfret Centre. Pomfret, a township of Chautauqua co., N.Y., on Lake Erie. Pop. 4493. It contains Fredonia, Laona, &e. Pomfret, a post-hamlet in Pomfret township, Windsor CO., Vt., about 25 miles E.N.E. of Rutland. The township has a hilly surface and a fertile soil, and contains 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1251. Pomfret Centre, a post-village in Pomfret township, Windham co.. Conn., on the New York A New England Railroad, at Pomfret Station, 20 miles N.E. of Willimantic. Pomfret J-iand'ing, a post-hamlet in Pomfret town- ship, Windham CO., Conn., on the Quinebaug River, about 20 miles N.E. of Willimantic. Pomigliano d'Arco, po-meel-yi'no dan'ko, a town of Italy, province and 8 miles N.E. of Naples, with 2 hand- some churches, and a hospital. Pop. 10,045. Pomme de Terre, pom deh tair, a river of Minne- sota, rises in Grant co., runs southward through the cos. of Stevens and Swift, and enters the Minnesota River about 3 miles S.W. of Appleton. It is nearly 1 00 miles long. Pomme de Terre, a post-hamlet of Grant co;, JVIinn., on the Pomme do Terre River, about 30 miles N.W. of Alexandria. It has a grist-mill. Pomme de Terre River, Missouri, drains part of Greene CO., runs nearly northward through the cos. of Polk and Hickory, and enters the Osage River 5 or 6 miles S.S.W. of Warsaw. It is about 120 miles long. Pommern, a province of Prussia. See Pomerania. Pommerceul, pom^meh-rul', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, on the Haine, 11 miles W. of Mens. Pop. 2390. Po'mo, a post-hamlet of Mendocino co., Cal., about 50 miles N. of Cloverdale. It has a church and 3 stores. Pomo'na, or RIain'land, the largest of the Orkney Islands, and nearly in their centre. Its sh.ape is very irregular, and it is divided by bays into two portions, re- spectively IG and 9 miles in length, breadth varying to 7J miles. Total area, 150 square miles. Pop. 36,084. It has POM 1777 PON -several good harbors ; and that of Stromness is the best in North Scotland. The towns of Kirkwall and Stromness are respectively on its E. and S.W. coasts. Poino'ua, a post-office and station of Los Angeles Co., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad (Yuma division), 33 miles E. of Los Angeles. Pomona, a post-village of Jael^son co.. 111., on the Cairo & St. Louis Railroad, 46 miles N. of Cairo. It has a church, a grist-mill, and several stores. Pomona, a post-village of Franklin co., Kansas, 10 miles W. of Ottawa. It has a steam flouring-mill. Pomona, a post-hamlet of Ivent co., Md., 4 miles S. of Chestertown. It has a church. Pomona, a station of the Camden & Atlantic Railroad, 5 miles N.W. of Absecom, N.J. Pomona, a post-office of Rockland co., N.Y., on the New Jersey & New York Railroad, 36 miles N. of New York. Pomona, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co., Tenn., on Cumberland Mountain, 54 miles N.E. of McMinnville. Pomona, a post-office of Mason co., W. Va. Pomonkey, po-mung'kee, a post-hamlet of Charles co., Md., about 42 miles S.W. of Annapolis. Pomorzany, po-nioR-zi'nee, a town of Austrian Gali- cia, 49 miles E.S.E. of Lemberg. Pop. 3572. Pompadour, p6«rpa'dooR', a village of France, in Cor- reze, 20 miles N.W. of Tulle, with a national stud, and a chateau given by Louis XV. to Madame de I'Etoile, whence she took the title of Marquise de Pompadour. Pom^panoo'suc, a post-village of Windsor co., Vt., in Norwich township, on the Connecticut River, and on the Passumpsic Railroad, 10 miles N.N.E. of White River Junction. Copperas (sulphate of iron) is exported from this place. Pompeii, pom-pi'yee, an ancient city of Italy, near the se.a, 15 miles by rail S.E. of Naples. In the year 79 A.D. it was overwhelmed, together with Herculaneum and some other towns, by an eruption of Vesuvius, from the crater of which it is distant about 5 miles. For more than sixteen centuries its existence appeared to be un- known and its name almost forgotten. But in 174S some peasants employed in cutting a ditch met with the ruins of Pompeii, which soon became an object of attention. Ex- cavations were commenced in 1755, and have been con- tinued to the present time. It appears that the city was enclosed by w.alls, entered by several gates, and had nu- merous streets paved with lava, low, terraced houses of one story, with shops, and shop-signs still plainly visible, several mansions of a superior order, a chalcidicum, or market-place, 2 theatres, temples, baths, &c. Not only statues, medals, jewels, and nearly every kind of house- hold furniture have been found almost unaltered, but even books and paintings may be seen, far less injured than might have been supposed, when we take into considera- tion the violent catastrophe which destroyed the town and the subsequent lapse of so many ages. Pompeii not having been buried by lava, but with tufa, ashes, and scoriae, the excavations are much more easily effected here than at Herculaneum. Many of the smaller objects, statues, urns, utensils, and manuscripts, have been deposited in the Museo Nazionale of Naples, the palace of Portiei, and the local museum. Pompeii, pom-pi'yee (local pron. pom'pe-i), a post- hamlet of Gratiot CO., Mich., 6 miles S. of Ithaca. It has a lumber-mill. Pompeiopolis, or Pompelon. See Pamplona. Pompey, pom'pee, or Porapey Hill, a post-village in Pompey township, Onondaga CO., N.Y., on a high ridge, about 12 miles S.S.E. of Syracuse. It contains 4 churches and an academy. The name of its post-office is Pompey. The township is traversed by the Syracuse &, Chenango Railroad, and contains a village named Delphi, a hamlet named Gran, and a pop. of 3342. Pompey Centre, a post-hamlet in Pompey township, Onondaga CO., N.Y., about 13 miles S.E. of Syracuse. It has a church. Pompey Smash, a mining-village of Alleghany co., Md., 3 miles from Frostburg. Coal is mined here. Pompiany, or Pompiani, pom-pe-3,'nee, a town of Russia, in Vilna, )3 miles N. of Poneviezh. Pop. 1500. Pomponesco, pom-po-n^s'ko, a village of Italy, prov- ince of Mantua, 3 miles E. of Viadana, on the left bank of the Po. Pop. of commune, 1834. Pomptina; Paludes, Italy. See Poxtise Marshes. Pomp'ton, a post-village in Pompton township, Pas- saic CO., N.J., at the confluence of the Pequannock Creek and Ringwood River, which. form the Pompton, on the 112 New Jersey Midland Railroad where it crosses the Mont- clair & Greenwood Lake Railroad, 14 miles N.W. of Pater- son, and 20 miles N.N.W. of Newark. It has 3 churches. The township contains Bloomingdale village, and has man- ufactures of iron, car-springs, and files. Pop. 1S40. Pompton Plains, apost-haralet in Pequannock town- ship, Morris co., N.J., and on the Montolair & Greenwood Lake Railroad, 17 miles N. by W. of Newark, and S miles N.W. of Paterson. It has a church. Pompton River, New Jersey, is formed by the Ring- wood River and Pequannock Creek, which unite near Pomp- ton. It runs southward, and enters the Passaic River about 6 miles above Paterson. Pomquet (poM'ki') Chapel, a post-village in An- tigonish co.. Nova Scotia, on St. George's Bay, 44 miles from New Glasgow. Pop. 200. Pomquet Forks, a post-hamlet in Antigonish co.. Nova Scotia, 45 miles from New Glasgow. Pop. 400. Pomuk, a town of Bohemia. See NepoStuck. Ponagan'sett, a village in Scitu.ate township. Provi- dence CO., R. r., 6 miles from Hope, and 13 miles from Provi- dence. It has some manufactures. Pop. 134. Ponany, po-ni'nee, a town and seaport of India, Mala- bar district, at the mouth of the Ponany River, 38 miles S.E. of Calicut. Its population is mostly of Arab descent, and it has numerous mosques. It exports teak, cocoa-nuts, iron, and rice. Pop. 11,472. Ponany River, of India, traverses the Palghaut Pass, to within 15 miles of which it is navigable in the rainy season. Total course, from E. to W., 100 miles. Ponapi, Pacific Ocean. See Pouinipete. Ponarutty, a town of India. See Poonrutty. Pon'ca, or Pon'ka, a small river, rises in the S. part of Dakota, runs in an E.S.E. direction through Gregory and Todd cos., and enters the Missouri about 14 miles above Niobrara. Pon'ca, a post-village, capital of Dixon eo.. Neb., is about 20 miles W.N.W. of Sioux City, Iowa, and 2 miles from the Missouri River. It has a newspaper office, 3 churches, and a money-order post-office. Pon'ca Agency, a post-office of Todd eo., Dakota, on the Missouri River, 40 miles above Yankton. Ponce, pon'si, a town of Porto Rico, 1^ miles N. of the S. coast of the island. It has a tolerable roadstead, and on the beach stand the custom-house and warehouses. The town is built of wood, but has good public edifices and a large export trade in sugar, coffee, and molasses, with some cot- ton and tobacco. Poj). 18,000. It has gas-works and a hospital, and is capital of the province of Ponce. Pon'cean'nah, a post-office of Orange co., Fla. Ponce de Leon, ponss deh le'on (Sp. pron. pAn'thi di Ii-6n'), a post-office of Walton CO., Fla., about 90 miles E.N.E. of Pensacola. Ponce de Leon Bay, an inlet on the W. coast of Monroe co,, Fla. It contains a group of islets known as the Thousand Islands. Ponchatoula,pon'sha-too'la, a post-village of Tangi- pahoa parish. La., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 48 miles N.N.W. of New Orleans. It has 3 churches. Here are forests of magnolia, &c. Pop. 320. Pon'cho Creek, Colorado, rises in the Saguache Mountains, near the Poncho Pass, runs nearly northward, and enters the Arkansas River in Fremont CO., about 25 mites above Canon City. Poncho (or Pun'cho) Pass, Colorado, is near lat. 38° 30' N., and is a depression in the main or Snowy Range of the Rocky Mountains. It leads from the valley of the Arkansas into the N. part of San Luis Park. Its altitude is said to be 8600 feet. Poncho (or Puncho) Springs, a post-hamlet of Lake CO., Col., 65 miles W.N.W. of Cafion City. It is near the Poncho Pass. It has a church. Pond, a post-office of St. Louis co.. Mo. Pond Creek, a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 29 miles W. of La Salle, 111. Pond Creek, a village of Campbell CO., Ky., about 17 miles S. by E. of Cincinnati. It has 3 churches. Pond Creek, a township of Greene co.. Mo. Pop. 882. Pond Creek, a post-oflice of Cheatham co., Tenn. Pond Creek, a hamlet of Washington co., Tex., 12 miles from Brenham. It has a store, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pond Creek Mills, a post-office of Knox co., Ind. Pond Ed'dy, a post-village of Sullivan co., N.Y., on the Delaware River, and on the Erie Railroad. 99 miles N.W. of New York. It h.as 2 churches. Pond Eddy Station is across the river, in Pike CO., Pa., at Crescent. PON 1778 PON PonderanOf pon-di-ri'no, a village of Italy, province of Turin, and near Biella. Pop. 147B. Pond Fork, a post-office of Jackson co., Ga. Pond Fork, a post-office of Jackson co., Ky. Pondicherry, ponMe-sMr'ree (Fr. PonrficAery, p0N°*- dee^sliAVee'), sometimes called Pututsheri, a maritime town and the capital of the French settlements in India, on the Coromandel coast, 83 miles S.S.W. of Madras. Lat. 11° 55' N. ; Ion. 79° 49' E. It stands on a sandy plain, and is divided by a canal into a European and a native town. It is enclosed by planted boulevards, and in its centre is a handsome square, in which are the government house, &c. It has a European college, an Indian school, a botnnio gar- den, and the high court for the French possessions in India. It has no port, but only an open roadstead, with a light- house. 'The territory around the town, 5 miles in length from N. to S., by i miles in breadth, is partly watered by the Gingee River. Some rice, indigo, tobacco, betel, cotton, and cocoa-nuls are raised, which, with guinees, or fine cot- ton cloths dyed blue, India handkerchiefs, and cotton yarn, form the chief exports. Pop. of the territory, 135,286; of the town, 43,341. Pond Island, at the entriinoe of Kennebec River, Me.' On it is a fixed light, 52 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 43° 42' N. ; Ion. B9° 44' W. Pond River, Kentucky, rises in Todd co., runs north- ward, forms the W. boundary of Muhlenburg co., and en- ters Green River 5 miles \Y. of Calhoun. Length, 60 miles. Pond Run, a post-hamlet of Scioto co., 0., in Nile township, on the Ohio River, S miles below Portsmouth. Here is a quarry of freestone. Pond's Gap, a post-office of Augusta co., Va., on the Chesapeake A Ohio Railroad, 19 miles W.S.W. of Staunton. Pond Spring, a post-office of Walker eo., Ga. Pond Spring, a post-office of AVilliamson co., Tex. Pond Town, a post-h.amlet of Miller co., Ga., 15 miles from Bainbridge. It has a church. Pond'ville, a post-offiee of Bibb co., Ala. Pondville, a hamlet of Worcester co., Mass., in Auburn township. It has a satinet-factory. Pondville, a post-office of Sumner eo., Tenn. Pondville, a hamlet in New Fane township, Windham CO., Vt., about 12 miles N.W. of Brattleborough. It has a church, 2 saw-mills, and a flour-mill. Poneviezh, or Poneviej, po-nA-ve-Szh', written also Poneviesch, a town of Russia, government of Kovno, 84 miles N.N.W. of Vilna, on an affluent of the Niemen. Pop. 7224. Po'ney HoI'low, a post-hamlet in Newfield township, Tompkins co., N.Y., about 20 miles N.N.E. of Elmira. It has 2 lumber-mills. Ponferrada, pon-f^R-n^'ni, a town of Spain, province and 47 miles W. of Leon. Pop. 2400. Pong, or Bong, the northernmost province of the Bur- mese dominions, between lat. 26° and 27° N. and Ion. 96° and 99° E., having E. China, N. Thibet, and W. Upper Assam. Chief town, Moonkhom. Ponga, pong'gi, a maritime town of Lower Siam, on the W. coast of the Malay Peninsula, N. of the island of Junk-Ceylon. Lat. 8° 8' N.; Ion. 98° 17' E. Pongas, pong'g^s, or Pongo, pong'go, a river of Senegambia, enters the Atlantic near lat. 10° S., Ion. 14° W. Between its mouths are the Pongas Islands. Pong-Hou, or Pescadores. See Pheng-Hoo. Ponikia, po-nik'li. a village of Bohemia, 27 miles N.E. of Bidschow, on the Iser. Pop. 1800. Ponkapoak, punk'a-pSk, or Ponkapog, punk'a- pog, a post-hamlet of Norfolk eo., Mass., 13 miles S. by W. of Boston. It has a manufactory of Cardigan jackets. The post-office name is Ponkapog. Ponka River, Dakota. See PoscA. Ponola, Mississippi. See Panola. Ponon'a, a post-office of Plymouth co., Iowa, 14 miles W. of Leuiars. Ponorgo, po-non'go, a town of Java., 92 miles S.E. of Pons, pANo, a town of France, in Charente-Inferieure, on the Seugne, 12 miles S.S.E. of Saintes. Pop. 3440. It consists of an old and a new town, and ha.s an old castle, 2 churches, tanneries, stone-quarries, and an active trade in wines and brandy. Ponsacco, pon-sik'ko, formerly Ponte di Sacco, pon'tA dee sik'ko, a town of Italy, 16 miles S.E. of Pisa. Pop. 3110. Pons yElii. See Newcastle-iipon-Tvne. Pont {i.e., ''bridge"), a prefix to the names of numer- ous towns and villages of France. See Ponte and Puente. Pontac, p6NoHS,k', a town of France, in Basses-Pyre- nees, 15 miles S.E. of Pau. Pop. 2198. Pont-a-Celles, p6st-4-s411, a village of Belgium, in Namur, with a station on the Brussels & Namur Railway, N.W. of Charleroi. Ponta Delgada,pon'tidJl-ga,'d4, improperly written Ponte Delgado, the largest town, though not the capi- tal, of the Azores Islands, on the island of Sao Miguel. Lat. 37° 40' N.; Ion. 25° 36' W. Pop. 15,885. It is a well-built town, defended on the seaside AV. by the castle of St. Braz, and about 3 miles to the E. by the forts of Sao Pedro and Rosto de Cao. The principal buildings are 6 churches, a cathedral, 8 monasteries, a convent, and a neat English chapel. The anchorage in the roadstead has been much improved by the construction of a breakwater, and the trade is considerable. The chief exports are wheat, maize, and oranges, and the imports cotton and silk tissues, hard- wares, &G. Ponta de Pedras, pon'ti dS, pi'dr^s, in Brazil, prov- ince of Pard, is a projecting point on the Rio Negro, where the rocks form curious corridors and chambers. Pontadera, a town of Italy. See PoNTEnERA. Ponta do Caju, pon'tA, do ka-zhoo', a salidy promon- tory of Brazil, which projects into the Bay of Rio, about 4 miles N.W. of Rio J.ineiro. Pontailler, p6.NoH4h"yl,' or pAN»H3,l"yi', a town of France, in Cote-d'Or, on an island in the Saono, 17 miles E. of Dijon. Pop. 1215. Pontaipret, a town of Siam. See Camboma. Pontal, pon-til', a small town of Brazil, province of Goyaz, near the AV. bank of the Tocantins. Pont-a-Mousson, p6Nt-3,-moos"s4N"', a town of France, in Mourthe-et-Moselle, 15 miles N.N.W. of Nancy, on the Moselle. Pop. 9904. It has a communal college, bl.ast-furnaces, tanneries, oil-mills, and potteries. Pontarlier, pAN»^tau"le-i', a town of France, in Doubs, 36 miles S.E. of Besanpon, at the entrance of a mountain- pass into Switzerland. Pop. 6163. It has a communal college, 10 saw-mills, 5 flour-mills, and manufactures of cheese, absinthe, nails, &c, Pontassieve, pon-t5,s-se-i'vi, or Ponte-a-Sieve, pon'ti-i-se-i'vi, a town of Italy, 12 miles E. of Florence, on the Sieve. Pop. of commune, 10,192. Pont-Audemer, pAst-o'd^h-maii!', a town of France, in Eure, 42 miles by rail N.W. of Evreux, on the Rille. It has ma.nufjictures of leather, cotton, p.aper, hardware, Ac, and a large trade in leather, grain, and cloth. Pop. 6182. Pont-Aven, pANt-i'vON"', a town of France, in Finis- tere, with a port on the small river Aven, 9 miles AV. of Quimperle. Pop. 1030. Ponta Verde, pon'ti vSii'di {i.e., " Green Point"), or Ponta de Jaragua, pon'ti di zhi-ri'gwi, a promon- tory of Brazil, province of Alagoas, having the port of Pa- jussara on its N. and that of Jaragua on its S. side. Pontcharra, pAw'sh^iORS,', a village of France, in Isere, arrondissement of Grenoble. Pop. 1289. Near it is a ruined castle, the birthplace of Chevalier Bayard. Pontchartrain (pon^char-tran') Lake, Louisiana, is about 6 miles N. of New Orleans, and 2 or 3 miles E. of Lake Maurepas, with which it is connected. It is 40 miles long and 25 miles wide. It is navigable by steamboats, which pass from this lake through the Rigolets into Lake Borgne and the Gulf of Mexico. It is connected with the Mississippi by a canal which extends to New Orleans. Pont Chateau, p6N" shaHo', a town of France, in Loire-Inferieure, 8 miles N.W. of Savenay. Pop. 841. Pont Chateau, a post-village in Soulanges co., Que- bec, 5 miles from Coteau Station. It contains a tannery and 2 stores. Pop. 120. Pontehy, p6N»'shee', a village of France, in Savoy. Pop. 1099. Pont-Croix, piN"-kuw3.', a town of Franco, in Finis- tere, 18 miles W.N.W. of Quimper, on an inlet of the sea. Pont-d'Ain, piN^-diN"', a town of France, in Ain, 11 miles S.E. of Bourg, on the Ain. Pop. 1480. Pont d'Armenteril, pent daiv-mSn-tA'ri, a village of Spain, province and N.N.E. of Tarr.agona. Pop. 1180. Pont-ae-Beauvoisin,p6N»-d?h-bo'vwi"/.4N-o',a town of France, in Isere, 11 miles E.S.E. of La Tour du Pin, on the Guiers. Pop. 1873. Pont-de-Bellegarde,pANo-d?h-bJlPgand', a hamlet of France, in Ain, arrondissement of Nantua, with a cus- tom-house. Near it is the celebrated Perte tfii lihune. Pont-de-Camares, France. Sec Camaues. Pont-de-l'Arche, p6N°-d?h-la«sh, a town of Fraivce, in Eure, 7 miles N. of Louviers, on the Seine, and on the railway to Rouen. Pop. 1643. PON 1779 PON Pont de Alaskinonge, mas'ke-nonj', or Alaski- nonge Bridge, a post-village of Quebec, co. of Maski- iionge, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 27 miles above Three Rivers. It has 4 stores, and saw-, grist-, and card- ing-mills. Pop. 350. Pont-de-Koide, pAN=-deh-nwJ,d, a village of France, in Doubs, on the Doubs, 11 miles S. of Montb61iard. It has a copper-foundry, a blast furnace, and manufactures of steel, hardware, t-ONo-roi*yos»', a town of France, in Isere, 5 miles S. of Saint-Marcellin. Pop. 1140. Ponte San Pietro, pon'ti sin pe-i'tro, a village of Italy, province and 5 miles E. by S. of Bergamo, on the Breiubo. Pop. 1504. Ponte Stura, pon'ti stoo'ri, a village of Italy, prov- ince of Alessandria, 5 miles W.N.W. of Casale, on the Po, at the inHu.x of the Stura. Pop. 2024. Pontevedra, pon-ti-vi'dri (ane. Pons Ve'lus?), a town of Spain, capital of the province of Pontevedra, on the Lerey, near the B.ay of Pontevedra, and 13 miles N.N.E. of Vigo. Pop. 6718. It is surrounded by walls, and has manufactures of woollen cloth, Ac. It has a brisk coasting-trade and an extensive pilchard-fishery. The province has an area of 1739 square miles. Pop. 469,439, Pontevico, pon-ti-vee'ko, a town of Italy, 19 miles S.S.W. of Brescia, on the Oglio. Pop. 62U2. Pont-Faverger, p6N»-fi'vei!"zhi', a town of France, in Marne, 12 miles E.N.E. of Reims. Pop, 2208. Pont-Gibaud, pAso-zhee'bo', a town of France, in Puy-de-Dome, 13 miles S.W. of Riom. Pop. 1106. Ponthiamus, Cochin China. See Cancao. Pontia and Pontiae InsuhB. See Ponza. Pontiac, pon'te-ak, a city, capital of Livingston eo., Ill,, in Pontiac township, on the Vermilion River, 93 miles S.S,W. of Chicago, 33 miles N.N.E. of Blooraington, and about 35 miles S. by E. of Ottawa. It is on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, near its junction with the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, which also passes through Pontiac. It contains a court-house, 2 newspaper offices, 2 national banks, 1 other bank, the Illinois State Reform School, and 7 churches. Pop. 1657: of the township, 2458. Pontiac, a post-hamlet of Butler co., Kansas, 6 miles E. by N. of El Dorado. Pontiac, a city, the capital of Oakland co., Jlich., on Clinton River, and on the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, 26 miles N.N.W. of Detroit, 38 miles S.S.E. of Flint, and about 34 miles N.E. of Ann Arbor. It contains a court- house, 2 high schools, 8 churches, 2 national banks, 1 other bank, printing-offices which issue 2 or 3 weekly newspapers, and a reform school founded by the state in 1871. Here is a large .asylum for the insane, erected about 1877 at a cost of nearly $500,000; also several iron-foundries, brick -ya.rds, 5 fiouring-milis, and 2 pla.ning-uiills. It has a high-school building which cost $70,000. Large quantities of wool, wheat, iiour, and butter are shipped here. This city is surrounded by many small and beautiful lakes. Pontiac was incorporated in 1861. Pop. in 1870,4867; in 1874, 3651 ; of the township, excluding the city, 1021. Pontiac, a post-village in Evans township, Erie co., N.Y., on Big Sister Creek, 22 miles S. by W. of Buff'alo. It ' has a tannery, 2 saw-mills, and a flour-mill. Pop. 100. Pontiac, a post-oftice of Huron co., 0., and a station on the Sandusky, Mansfield & Newark Railroad, 19 miles S. of Sandusky. Here is a church. Pontiac, Shelby co., 0. See Kirkwood. Pontiac, a post-village in Warwick township, Kent CO., R.I., on the Hartford, Providence & Fishkill and Pon- tiac Branch Railroads, 8 miles S.S.W. of Providence. It has a church and a cotton-factory. Pop. 687. Poutianak, pon-te-i-nik', a town, capita] of the Dutch settlements on the W. coast of Borneo, and of a kingdom of its own name, is situated on the river Kapuas, near its mouth. Lat. 0° 3' S. ; Ion. 109'^ 20' E. It has a fort, and exports diamonds, pepper, gold-dust, and edible birds'-nests. Ponticelli, pon-te-ch§l'lee, a village of Italy, province and 4 miles E. of Naples. Pop. 6593. Pontifical States. See Italy. Pontine (pon'tin) Marsh'es (It. Palndi Pontine, -pi,- loo'dee pon-tee'ni; Fr. Maraia Pontius, mi^ri' p6N'*HiN'*' ; anc. Pontpti'nm Paln'des), a marshy tract of Italy, in the S. portion of the Carapagna di Roma, extending along the coasts of the Mediterranean, from Cisterna on the N. to Terracina on the S., a distance of 25 miles. These marshes existed during the time of the Romans, who, by the con- struction of the Appiaa Way, and cutting numerous canals through them, had la.id a considerable portion dry : but the general neglect of the work during the latter yeai-s of the empire, and the subsequent confusion, allowed them to re- turn almost to their original condition. Several of the popes made many elforts to drain them, and partially suc- ceeded ; but large tracts still rem.ain almost uninhabited. The region is highly fertile, but extremely pestilential. Pontita,pon-tee'ti, or Pontida, pon-tee'di, a village of Italy, province of Bergamo, 1 mile W. of Caprino. Pop. of commune, 2033. Pontivy, pis^'teeVee', a. town of France, in Morbihan, on the Blavet, 30 miles N.N.W, of Vannes. Pop. 6402. It has marble-quarries, forges, and manufactures of cloths, leather, and iron tools. It was tlie capital of the ancient duchy of Rohan, and for some time bore the name of Napoleonville. POX 1780 POO Poirt-l'Abbe, p6N»-!4b'bi', a town of France, in Finistere, on an inlet of the sea, 10 miles S.S.W. of Qiiim- per. Pop. 3S27. It has manufactures of chemical prod- ucts and farina. Pont-1'Eveque, piiV-liV^k', a town of France, in Calvados, 26 miles E.N.E. of Caen. Pop. 2373. Pontlieue, p6No'le-uh', a village of France, in Sarthe, 2 miles S. of Mans, on the Huisne. Pop. 3903. Pontoglio,pon-t61'yo, or Ponte all' Oglio, pon'ti all ol'.yo, a village of Italy, province of Brescia, 4 miles N.W. of Chiari, on the OgUo. Pop. 1916. Poutoise, p6NoHwa,z/, a town of France, in Seine-et- Oise, 19 miles N.W.of Paris, on the right bank of the Oise, near the Northern Railway. Pop. 6301. It has manufac- tures of chemical products and leather. Many of the kings of France resided here. Pontoo'suc, a post-village in Pontoosuc township, Hancock co.. 111., on the Mississippi River, 2 miles below Dallas City, about 15 miles below Burlington, Iowa, and 22 miles N.N.E. of Warsaw. It has a church, a banking-house, a mill, &e. Pop. about 300; of the township, 19415. Pontoosuc, a village in Pittsfield township, Berkshire CO., Mass., 2 miles N. of Pittsfield. It has a manufactory of blankets. PonHotoc', a county in the N. part of Mississippi, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is drained by the Loosascoona and Tallahatchee Rivers. The surface is un- dulating, and mostly covered with forests. The soil is fer- tile. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Pontotoc. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $3,701,079. Pop. in 1S70, 12,525, of whom 12,509 were Americans. Pontotoc, a post-village, capital of Pontotoc co.. Miss., about 65 miles N.N.W. of Columbus, and 50 miles S.S.E. of Holly Springs. It contains a newspaper otiice, a female seminary, and 5 churches. Pop. about 700. Pontremoli, pon-tr8m'o-Ie, a town of It.aly, province of Massa e Carrara, at the S. declivity of the Apennines, 23 miles N.W. of Carrara. Pop. 12,625. It is divided into an upper and a lower town : the former is enclosed by mass- ive fortifications and defended by an old castle; the latter is modern, and contains many handsome mansions. It has a cathedral, and manufactures of silks, linens, and wine. Pout-Saint- Esprit, p6N<'-sist-Ss'pree', a town of France, in Gard, 24 miles N.N.B. of Uzes, on the Rhone. 'Pop. 3882. It has a citadel, built by Louis XIII., an active trade, and manufactures of edge-tools, thread, combs, Ac. Pont-Saint-Ma.xence, p6N"-s4N'»-mix'6sss', a town of France, in Oise, 7 miles N. of Sonlis, on the Oise. Pop. 2225. It has tanneries and manufactures of chemical products, etc. Pont-Scorff, p6N°-skorff, a town of France, in Morbi- han, 6 miles N.N.W. of Lorient. Pop. 1681. Ponts-de-Ce, p6N°-deh-si, a town of France, in Maine-et-Loire, 3 miles S.S.E. of Angers. Pop. 1876. Pont-sur- Yonne, p6N»-sUR-yonn', a town of France, in Yonne, 6 miles N.N.W. of Sens, on the Yonne, and oa the Paris & Lyons Railway. Pop. 1903, Pont-Vaiain, p6n°-v5,"14n»', a town of France, in Sarthe. 12 miles E.N.E. of La Fleche. Pop. 1862. Pon'typool, a town of England, co. of Monmouth, at a railway junction, 8 miles N.N.W. of Newport. Pop. 4834, employed in large coal- a.nd iron-works. Pont-y-Pridd, pont-e-prirH', a villiige of Wales, co. of Glamorgan, on the Taf River, near Lantwit. It has coal- and tin-works, manufactures of chains and cables. Po'ny, a post-ofiice of Madison co., Mont.Tna. Ponza, pon'za, (anc. Pon'tia), the chief of a group of small islands (anc. In'sulie Pon'tisc) in the Mediterranean Sea, province of Caserta, Italy, 29 miles S.W. of Terracina. Lat. 40° 53' N. ; Ion. 12° 57' 5" E. It has a commodious and well-defended harbor, and a governor's house. Pop. 3145. The other islands are uninhabited. Ponzone, pon-zo'nA, a town of Italy, province of Ales- sandria, 9 miles S. by E. of Acqui. Pop. 3390. Poo-Ching-Hien, or Pou-Ching-Hien, poo'- ehing'-he-Sn', a town of China, province of Fo-Kien, on a tributary of the Min. It is surrounded by walls and ram- parts, apparently of a very ancient date, and by e.xtensive suburbs. Pop. above 10,000. Poo-Choo, Pou-Tchou, or Pu-Chn, poo-choo', a city of China, province of Shan-See, on an aflluent of the Hoang-Ho. Lat. 34° 64' N. ; Ion. 110° 5' E. Poo'diac, a post-village in Kings co., New Brunswick, 9 miles from Sussex. Pop. 100. Poodoocottali, or Pudiikota, poo' doo-kot'ta, called also 'ron'dinian and Rajah Tondiman's Country, a tributary state of India, Madras presidency, about lat. 10° 6'- 10° 46' N., Ion. 78° 33'-79° 16' E. Area, 1380 square miles. Capital, Poodoocottah, a handsome, pop- ulous, and regularly-built place, 28 miles S.E. of Triohi- nopoly. It has a fine mosque, a palace, and some temples. Total pop. 316,695. Pool, a post-office of Lapeer co., Mich. Pool, a post-ofiice of Rowan co., N.C. PooMajee', a town of Beloochistan, province of Cutch- Gundava, on the route between the Indus and the Bolan Pass. Lat. 29° 3' N.; Ion. 68° 30' E. Poole, pool, a seaport of England, and a county of itself, in Dorset, on a peninsula at the N. side of Poole Harbor, 6i miles S. of Wimborne Minster, on the London &, South- west Railway, 18 miles E. of Dorchester. Pop. 10,097. The principal buildings are the church, a chapel of ease, and some dissenting chapels, the guild hall with the jail, the exchange, museum, custom-house, public library, and workhouse. The town is bordered by spacious quays, close to which vessels drawing 14 feet of water can anchor. The port has an extensive commerce with thecolonies, a coasting- trade, and exports of corn, Purbeck clay, timber, A,c. Poole returns two members to the House of Commons. Poole, a post-village in Perth co., Ontario, 12^ miles N.N.E. of Stratford. Pop. 200. Poole Har'bor, an inlet in the English Channel, 6 miles in length, having S. the Isle of Purbeck. The tide here ebbs and flows twice in the 12 hours, owing to geo- graphical peculiarities in the position of the harbor. Poole Island, Chesapeake Bay, 17i miles E. by N. of Baltimore. On it is a light-house, exhibiting a fixed light. Poole's Mill, a post-office of Webster co., Ky. Poolesville, poolz'vjl, a post-village of Montgomery CO., Md., abodt 30 miles N.W. of Washington, D.C. It has 5 churches. Poolewe, pool-yu', a village of Scotland, on the W. coast of Ross-shire, at the head of Loch Ewe, 60 miles AV. by N. of Dingwall. Poolo, Poulo, or Pulo, poo'Io, a word signifying ''island," prefixed to the names of many Malay-islands, as PooLO Dammar, Ac. For those not undermentioned, see additional name. Poolo Anna, Pacific Ocean. See Current Island. Poolo Aur, Malay Peninsula. See AoR. Poolo Ay, or Poolo Way, one of the Banda Islands. Poolo Baniak, poo'Io b4-ne-ik', an island off the S.W. coast of Sumatra, in lat. 2° 30' N., Ion. 90° 50' E. Poolo Bintain, Malay Archipelago. See Bingtang. Poolo Brasse, poo'Io brass, an island off the N.W. extremity of Sumatra, 22 miles W.N.W. of Acheen. Poolo Cambing, Flores Sea. See Goat Island. Poolo Canton, poo'Io kinHon', an island in the China Sea, off Anam. L.it. 15° 20' N. ; Ion. 109° E. Poolo Ciecer de Bier, poo'Io se-i*saiii' deh maiR, an island in the China Sea, 60 miles S. of Cape Padaran. Poolo Condor, poo'Io konMon', a cluster of islands in the China Sea, 120 miles E. of Point Cambodia, the prin- cipal island being 12 miles in length. It belongs to France. Poolo Uammer, poo'Io dam'mer, an island off the S. extremity of Gilolo. Circumference, about 30 miles. Poolo Dattoo, poo'Io datHoo', an island off the W. coast of Borneo, in lat. 0° 7' N., Ion. 10S° 37' E. Poolo Kalamantin, or Poolo Klemmantin. See BORNKO. Poolo lira Islands. See Khaw. Poolo Labuan, Borneo. See Labhan. Poolo Lancavi, poo'Io lin-ka'vee, an island off the AV. coast of the Malay Peninsula, at the mouth of the river Queda. Pop. 3000. Poolo Laut, poo'Io lowt, an island off the S.E. ex- tremity of the island of Borneo. Length, 60 miles; greatest breadth, 35 miles. Little Poolo Laut is a group bb miles S.W. of the above. Poolo Lontar, Indian Ocean. See Lostar. Poolo Mego, Sumatra. See Tristb. Poolo Nan'cy, an island oft" the W. coast of Sumatra, W. of Acheen. Poolo Oby, o'beo (or Ubi, oo'bec), .an island in the China Sea, 20 miles S. of Point Cambodia. Poolo Pinang, Strait of Malacca. See Pknang. Poo'loroon' and PooMoAvay', two of the Banda Islands, Malay Arcftipelago, W. of Banda. Poolo Sambillong. See Nicobar Islands. Poolo Se Pora, a Malay island. See Pora. Poolo Way, oneof tlie Banda Islands. Sec Poolo Av. Pools, a station of the Pnducah & Elizabethtown Rail- road, 14 miles E.N.E. of Princeton, Ky. POO 1781 POP Pool's Island, in Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland, 2 miles from Gieen's Pond. Pop. 524. Pools'ville, a hamlet of Warren CO., Ind., 7 miles N.N.E. of Independence. It has 2 churches and a seminary. Poolvasli Bay, Isle of Man. See Balvash Bay. Pool'ville, a post-village in Hamilton township, Madi- son CO., N.Y., on the Utica, Chenango & Susquehanna Val- ley Railroad, 19 miles N. of Norwich. It has a church and a tannery. Pop. 163. Poolville, a station in Galveston co., Tex,, on the Gal- veston, Houston & Henderson Railro.ad, 4^ miles W. of Galveston. Pooiiah, or Puna, poo'nJl, also written Punai, a district of India, Bombay presidency, having Ahmednuggur district on the N.E., Sattarah on the S., and the Western Ghauts on the AV. Area, 4280 square miles. Capital, Poonah. Pop. 792,352. Poouah, a city of India, capiLal of the above district, on a tributiiry of the Beemah, 75 miles by rail S.E. of Bom- bay. Pop. 90,43B ; of the cantonments, additional, 28,450. It stands about 2000 feet above the sea. Here are several native palaces, a Hindoo college, the church, a good library, military bazaar, civil hospital, barracks, arsenal, and the government offices. E. of the city is a cave-temple of Seeva. Poo'namal'lee, a town of India, Chingleput district, 15 miles W.S.W. of Madras. Pop. 7155. Poon'poon, a river of India, rises about lat. 24° 30' N., Ion. 84° 20' E., and after an indirect N.E. course of 130 miles joins the Ganges near Futwa. It is very serviceable in irrigation. Poon'rut'ty, or Pon'arut'ty, also called Panu- rutti, a town of India, in South Arcot, 110 miles S.S.W. of Madras. Pop. 6932. Poonukka, Pounukka, Punukka, poo-niik'lji, written also Poonaka, a town and the second capital of Bootan, in the great chain of the Himalayas, 17 miles N.E. of Tassisudon. Lat. 27° 58' N. ; Ion. 89° 64' E. Poopo Choro, a lake of Bolivia. See Aullagas. Poor, Pour, or Pur, poor, a river of Siberia, rises in the N. of the government of Y.akootsk, flows E.N.E., and joins the Olenek in lat. 69° N. Length, about 130 miles. Poor, Pour, or Pur, a river of Siberia, rises in the government of Tobolsk, about lat. 64° N., and flows N. by E. to the Bay of Tazovsk (see Taz). Length, 200 miles. Poor, or Fur, a town of India, Azimghur district. Pop. 5213. Poora, poo'ri, a town of Beloochistan, in the desert, 110 miles E.N.E. of Bunpoor. Pop. 2000. Poorakaad, poo'ra-kad', a town of India, on the Malabar coast, 39 miles S, by E. of Cochin. It has been in part buried by the sea, but is still populous. Poorally, poo-ril'lee (anc. Ar'abin), a river of Beloo- chistan, province of Loos, enters Sunmeanee Bay, Indian Ocean, 60 miles N.E. of Kurrachee, after a S. course of 100 miles. The towns of Bela and Lyaree are on its banks. Poorateen, Pouratin, or Puratin, poo-r4-teen', a town of Russia, 103 miles N.W. of Poltava. Poorbunder, poor-bun'djr, a maritime town of In- dia, Baroda dominions, on the S.W. coast of the Kattywar Peninsula. Lat. 21° 39' N. ; Ion. 69° 48' E. It is the commercial emporium of the peninsula. Pop. 14,563. Pooree, or Puri, pooVee', the southwesternmost dis- trict of Orissa, India, bounded on the S.E. by the Bay of Bengal, and W. by Madras presidency and the Cuttack Mehals. Lat. 19° 27.6'-20° 26' 20" N. ; Ion. 85° 26'-86° 28' E. Area, 2472 square miles. Capital, Juggernaut. Pop. 769,674. See also .Tuggeiinaut. Poore's (poorz) Mills, a post-office of Colquitt co., 6a. Poor Fork, a post-office of Harl.an co., Ky. Poor's Ford, a post-office of Rutherford co., N.C., on Broad River. Poor's Mills, a post-office of Waldo co.. Me. Poortvliet, pout'tiect', a village of the Netherlands, in Zealand, 4 miles W.N.W. of Tholen. Pop. 1549. Poorwa, or Purwa, poor'w^, a town of India, 35 miles S. by W. of Lucknow. Pop. 10,880. Pooshkur, a town of India. See Pokur. Poost- (Poust- or Pust-) Ozersk, poost-o-zaiRsk' (Samoyed, Yotigofie, yon-go'ree), the northernmost town of the Samoyed country, in European Russia, government of Archangel, on the Petchora, near the Northern Ocean. Poo-Teon-Shan, an island of China. See Pooto. Pootivl,Poutivl, or Putivl, poo-teev'l', written also Putyvl and Putiwl, a town of Russia, government and 100 miles W.S.W. of Koorsk, on the Sem. Pop. 7046. It has nearly 20 churches, extensive charitable institutions, vitriol-factories, brick-kilns, and a brisk trade. Pooto, Pouto, Puto, poo'to, or Poo-Teon- Shan, a small rocky island off the E. extremity of Chusan, coast of China. Lat. 30° 25' N. ; Ion. 122° 40' E. It has numerous temples and monasteries, Popa, po'pi, an island of the Malay Archipelago, 100 miles S.E. of Gilolo, 50 miles in circumference. Lat. 1° 12' S. ; Ion. 129° 52' E. Popacton, New York. See Pepacton, Popac'ton (or Pepac'ton) River, the E.-vst Branch of the Delaware, rises in New York, near the base of the Catskill Mountains. It runs in a W.S.W. direction through Delaware co., and unites with the other branch of the Dela- ware at Hancock, a station on the Erie Railroad. It is nearly 90 miles long. Popalote, pop-a-lo'ti, a post-hamlet of Bee co., Tex., on Popalote Creek, 60 miles S.W. of A'ictoria. It has a church and 4 stores. Popayan, po-pa-yin', a city of the United States of Colombia, in the state of Cauca, near the Cauca River, 6000 feet above the ocean. Lat. 2° 28' N. 5 Ion. 76° 36' W. Pop. 20,000. It has a cathedral, numerous public edifices, and a mint. Its inhabitants are mostly muUittoes and negroes. A great commercial road, nearly 1000 miles in length, ex- tends S. from Popayan past Quito to Trujillo, in Peru. Po payan was founded in 1537, being the first city built by Europeans in this region. In 1834 it was nearly destroyed by an earthquake. Pop Corn, a post-office of Osage co., Kansas, about 24 miles S, by W. of Topeka. Pope, a county in the N,W. central part of Arkansas, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Arkansas River, and is intersected by Illinois Bayou and Big Piney Creek. The surface is hilly or undu- lating, and extensively covered with forests, 'Ihe soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple prod- ucts. This county is intersected by the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad. Capital, Dover. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,256,179. Pop. in 1870, 8386, of whom 8330 were Americans. Pope, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an area of about 380 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Ohio River, and is drained by Big Bay and Lusk Creeks. The surface is hilly or undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests, in which the oak, cypress, hickory, walnut, ash, and tulip-tree abound. The soil is partly fer- tile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. Carboniferous limestone is found hero. Capital, Golconda. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,286,392. Pop. in 1870, 11,437, of whom 10,991 were Americans. Pope, a county in the W. central part of Minnesota, has an area of 720 square miles. It is drained by the Chippewa River, and contains numerous little lakes, some of which have no visible outlet. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes are the staple products. A large portion of this county is prairie. 'Ihe St. Paul & Pacific Railroad trav- erses the S.W. part of it. Capital, Glenwood. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,111,052. Pop. in 1870, 2691; in 1875, 4078. Poperinghe, po'p^R'iNg'', or Poperingen, pop^^r- ing'H^n, a town of Belgium, in West Flanders, near the French frontier, 6 miles W.S.W. of Ypres. Pop. ] 1,160. It has manufactures of lace, linens, and woollen cloths. Pope's Creek, a hamlet of Charles co., Md., on the Potomac River, 40 miles S. of W.ashington. D.C. It is the S. terminus of the Pope's Creek Branch of the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad, 74 miles S. by W. of Baltimore. Pope's Depot, a post-village of Panola co.. Miss., on the Mississippi & Tennessee Railroad, 66 miles S. of Memphis. It has a church, a seminary, and a grist-mill. About 2000 bales of cotton are annually shipped here. Pope's Mills, a post-hamlet in Macomb township, St. Lawrence co., N.Y., 8 miles S.E. of Morristown Station. It has a church. Pop. 76. Pope Valley, a post-hamlet of Napa co., Cal., about 75 miles N.N.E. of San Francisco. Here is a mine of cin- nabar or mercury. It has a church. Popular, a suburban parish of the metropolis of Eng- land, CO. of Middlese-x, 4 miles E.S.E. of St. Paul's, Lon- don. Pop. 48,611. Pop'lar, a station in Worcester co., Md., on the Wor- cester Railroad, 2^ miles S.W. of Berlin. Poplar, Crawford co., 0. See Benton. Poplar, a township of Orangeburg co.. S.C. Pop. 730. Poplar Blufl', a post-hamlet of Ashley co.. Ark., on Bayou Bartholomew, about 40 miles S.S.W. of Arkansas City. It has 2 churches and an academy. POP 1782 POR Poplar Bliitr« a post-village, capital of Butler co., Mo., on the Big Black River, and on the St. Louis & Iron Mountain Railroad, 166 miles S. of St. Louis, and 74 miles W.S.W. of Cairo. It is at the junction of the Cairo division with the Arkansas division of that railroad, and is in Pop- lar Bluff township. It has a seminary, a newspaper office, and 2 churches. Pop. about 1200; of the township, ad- ditional, 840. Poplar Branch, a post-township of Currituck co., N.C., on Currituck Sound, 56 miles S.S.E. of Norfolk, Va. Pop. 1140. Poplar City, a post-hamlet of Mason co., II!., on the Indianapolis, Bloomington »fc Western Railroad, 7 miles E. of Havana. Poplar Creek, of Tennessee, rises in Anderson co., and enters Clinch River in Roane co. Poplar Creek, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Miss., 15 miles S.E. of Winona. Poplar Flat, a post-office of Lewis co., Ky. Poplar Grove, a post-village of Phillips co-, Ark., on the Arkansas Central Railroad, 18 miles W. of Helena. It has a church. Poplar Grove, a post-village in Caledonia township, Boone'co., 111., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 16 miles E.N.E. of Roekford. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a cheese-factory. Pop. about 450. Poplar Grove, a post-hamlet of Howard co., Ind., about 15 miles S. of Logansport. Poplar Grove, a station in Marion co., Ind., on the Indianapolis, Cincinnati & Lafayette Railroad, 6i miles S.E. of Indianapolis. Poplar Grove, a post-village of Owen co., Ky., about 44 miles S.S.W. of Cincinnati. It has a church and a tobacco-factory. Pop. about 200. Poplar Grove, a post-office of Huron co., Mich. Poplar Grove, a post-office of Polk co., N.C., 12 miles N.W. of Columbus. Poplar Grove, a post-office of Pike co., 0. Poplar Grove, a post-office of Mason co., W. Va. Poplar Hall, a post-office of Lawrence co.. Ark. Poplar Hill, a post-office of Dickinson co., Kansas. Poplar Hill, a post-hamlet of Casey co., Ky., 20 miles S. by W. of Stanford, It has manufactures of lumber, wool, and farming-implements. Poplar Hill, a post-office of Anson co., N.C., about 59 miles E.S.E. of Charlotte. Poplar Hill, a post-village of Giles co,, Va., about 110 miles W. by S. of Lynchburg. Poplar Hill, a post-village in Pictou co., Nova Scotia, 10 miles from Pictou. Pop. 100. Poplar Marshes, England. See Isle of Dogs. Poplar JHount, a post-office of Greenville co., Va., about 50 miles S. of Richmond. Poplar Plains, a post-village of Fleming co., Ky,, about 56 miles E.N.E. of Lexington, and 22 miles S. by E. of Maysville. It has 3 churches, a high school, and a tan- nery. Pop. 1565. Poplar Point, on the W. side of Narragansett Bay, about Ik miles N.W. of Newport, R.I. Poplar Ridge, a post-office of Madison co., Ala., 6 miles S. of Paint Rock. Poplar Ridge (sometimes called Smith's Corners), a post-hamlet in Venice township, Cayuga co., N.Y., 15 miles S. by W. of Auburn. It has a steam saw-mill and a Friends' meeting. Poplar Ridge, a post-office of Darke co., 0. Poplar Run, a post-hamlet in Freedom township, Blair co., Pa., 4 miles S.W. of Newry, which is 12 miles S. of Altoona. Poplar Springs, a post-office of Haralson co., Ga. Poplar Springs, a post-office of Howard co., Md., about ;iO miles W. by S. of Baltimore. Poplar Springs, a post-village of Pontotoc co., Miss., 16 miles N.W. of Tupelo. It has 2 churches, 2 stores, and a steam grist-mill. Poplar Springs, a post-office of Henderson co., Tenn. Poplar Tent, township, Cabarrus co., N.C. P. 12S0. Pop'lin, a station of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 11^ miles E. of Poplar Bluff, Mo. Po'po, or Great Po'po, a town of Guinea, situated between the sea and a backwater or inlet, 15 miles W. of Whydah. Lat. 6° 16' N. ; Ion. 1° 54' E. Pop. 5000. Popoagie, po-po-a'ghce, a small river of Wyoming, rises in the Wind River Mountains, runs northeastward, and enters the Wind River about lat. 43° N. Popocatepetl, po-po-k^-t^-p^tl' (Mexican, "smoking mountain"), an active volcano of Mexico, state and 35 miles S.W. of Puebla. It rises 17,784 feet above the sea, with a crater 3 miles in circumference and 1000 feet deep. Forests cover its base, but its summit is a desert of volcanic sand and pumice, mostly covered with snow. Po'po Isles, Malay Archipelago, are between Gilolo and Papua. Lat. 1° 15' S. ; Ion. 129° 45' E. The largest island, Popo, is 50 miles in circumference, and produces sago, cocoa-nuts, and salt. Popoli, pop'o-le, a town of Italy, province of Aquila, 8 miles N.N.W. of Sulmona, on the Pescara. It has two handsome churches. Pop. 670S. Poppelau, pop'peh-16w*, a village of Prussian Silesia, 14 miles N.W. of Oppeln, on the Prinitza. Pop. 2315. Poppelsdorf, pop'p^ls-doitf, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 1 mile S.W, of Bonn, and having the botanic gar- den, museum, and laboratory of the University of Bonn ; also porcelain- and carpet-factories. Pop. 2266. Poppenlauer, pop'pen-low^^r, a village of Bavaria, 4 miles E.S.E. of Miinnerstadt. Pop. 1515. Poppi, pop'pee, a town of Italy, province and 26 miles E. of Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 6414. It has a hand- some palace, formerly of the Guidi family, a celebrated abbey, 3 churches, a hospital, a public library, and a theatre. Poprad, po'prS-d', a river of Hungary, co. of Zips, an affluent of the Dunajec, which flows across Galicia into the Vistula. Length, 35 miles. Poprad, a town of Hungary. See Deutschendorf. Poquetan'uck, or Poquetan'ocic, a post-hamlet in Preston township. New London co.. Conn., 4 miles S.S.E. of Norwich. It has a church and a large woollen-mill. Pop. nearly 200. Poquiock, po^ke'^ok', a post-village in York co.. New Brunswick, on the river St. John, 40 miles above Frederic- ton. Pop. 150. Poquon'nock, or Poquon'ock, a post-village in Windsor township, Hartford co.. Conn., on the Farmington River, 11 miles N. of Hartford. It has 2 churches, a paper- mill, and a woollen-niill. Poquonnock Bridge, a post-village in Groton town- ship, New London co,, Conn., near Long Island Sound, and on the Stonington & Providence Railroad, 9 miles W. of Stonington. It has a church and a manufactory of fish oil. Pora, po'rS,, two islands of the Malay Archipelago, ofi" the W. coast of Sumatra, between lat. 1° and 2° 30' S. and Ion. 98° 30' and 100° E. The southernmost, or Poolo Se Pora, is 40 miles in length by 15 miles in breadth; North ■ Pora, or Se Beero, is 60 miles in length by 30 miles across. Poramuschir, Kooril Islands. See Paramoosheer. Porca, poR'ki, a town of India, in Travancore, on the Malabar coast, 70 miles N.W. of Trivandrum. Lat. S° 16' N. J Ion. 76° 24' E. It is populous, and inhabited by many Mohammedan, Hindoo, and Christian merchants. Porce, pon'si, a river of the United States of Colombia, rises in the Andes, flows N.N.W., and joins the Nechi 30 miles E.S.E. of Caceres. Length, 130 miles. Porchester, a village of England. See Portchester. Porchov, a town of Russia. See Porkhov. Porcia, pon-che'^, a town of Italy, province of Udine, 2 miles S.AV. of Pordenone. Pop. 3412. Por'co, a mountain-knot of the Bolivian Andes, in lat. 19° 45' S., Ion. 65° 30' W. Height, 16,000 feet. Here was the first silver-mine wrought by the Spaniards after the conquest of Peru. Near it is the town of Porco, 20 miles S.W. of Potosi. Porcos, Ilha dos, Brazil. See Ilha dos Porcos. Porcuna, poR-koo'nS, (anc. Obulco), a town of Spain, province and 21 miles W.N.AV. of Jaen. Pop. 7497. It has a palace belonging to the Order of Calatrava, and manu- factures of woollen cloths, serges, and soap. Por'cupine, a post-oflice of Custer co., Montana, on the Yellowstone River. Porcupine, a post-office of Pepin co., Wis. Porcupine Mountain, Michigan, on or near Lake Superior, is in Ontonagon co. Pordenone, pon-dA-no'ni, a town of Italy, 28 miles W.S.W. of Udine. Pop. 8269. It has an active trade. Pore, po'ri, a town of the United States of Colombia, state of Boyaca, on an affluent of the Meta, 114 miles N.E. of Bogota. Porentruy, po*r6Na'trwee', or Porrentrui (Ger. Brunfmt, broon'troot), a town of Switzorliind, canton and 38 miles N.W. of Bern, near the French frontier. P. 5341. Poretchie, po-rSteh'yA, written also Porietche and Poretschie, a town of Russia, government and 40 miles N.N.W. of Smolensk. Pop. 4998. Poretta, po-r^t'ti, a village of Italy, in Emilia, 30 miles S.W. of Bologna. Pop. of commune, 2976. POR 1783 POR Poretta, Italy. See Bagni Bella Pouetta. Poretz, a, town of Prussia. See Piieez. Porkhov, PorchoVjor PorkhoAV, poR^Kov', a town of Russia, 43 miles E.S.E. of Pskov. Pop. 3399. Porlezza, pon-l^t'si, a town of Italy, 16 miles N. of Como, at the N. extremity of Lago di Lugano. Por'lock, a town of England, co., of Somerset, on the British Channel, 5i miles W. of Minehead. Pornassio, poR-n4s'se-o, a village of Italy, 12 miles N.N.W. of Oneglia. Pop. 1152. Pornic, poR'neek', a town of France, in Loire-Infcri- eure, on the ocean, 30 miles A7.S.W. of Nantes. Pop. 1S30. It has a port and a ship-yard. Poio, or Poolo Se Pora. See Pora. Foroinuscliir, Kooril Islands. See Paramoosheer. Poros, po'ros (anc. Sphss'ria), a small island of Greece, at the W. entrance of the gulf and 7 miles S. of the island of vEgina. Pop. 6035. PorphyriUs Mons. See Geb-el-Dokhan. Porpoise, Cape, Maine. See Cape Porpoise. Porquerolles, poitMieh-roU', one of the Ilyeres Islands, in France, department of Var, in the Mediterranean. Length, 5 miles. Porrentrui, a town of Switzerland. See Porentruy. Porrera, poR-ui'ri, a town of Spain, province and 23 miles AV.N.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 1799. Porreras, a town of Majorca, 21 miles E.S.E. of Palma. Porrudos,pon-noo'doee, or Rio de S3lo ]Louren«;o, ree'o di sown** 16-r^n'so, a river of Brazil, rises in the E. part of the province of Matto-Grosso, flows S.W., and joins the Paraguay on the left, in lat. 17° 20' S. Largest tribu- tary, the Cu3^aba. Porseiitina, an islet of Italy. See Bisentina. Poi'Sgrund, pons'groont, a town of Norway, 91 miles N.E. of Christiansand, on an inlet of the Skager-Rack. Portachuelo de Tucto, pon-ti-choo-i'lo di took'to, one of the loftiest passes over the Andes, in North Peru, between Tarma and Lima, and 15,760 feet in elevation. Porta Claudia, supposed ancient nameof Schaunitz. Portacomaro, poB-ti-ko-mi'ro, a village of Italy, province of Alessandria, 4 miles N.E. of Asti. Pop. 1793. Port Adelaide, Australia. See Adelaide. Porta Dibull, poR'ti dee-nool', a seaport of the United States of Colombia, state of Magdalena, 44 miles S.W. of Rio Hacha. Port'adown', a town of Ireland, co. and 10 miles E.N.E. of Armagh, on the Bann, and on the Ulster Rail- way. Pop. 6735. It has manufactures of linen and cotton goods, and a large distillery. PorHafer'ry, a seaport town of Ireland, co. of Down, near the entrance of Lough Strangford, 7i miles E.N.E. of Downpatrick. Pop. 1938. Port'age, a county in the N.E. part of Ohio, has an area of 500 square miles. It is intersected by the Cuya- hoga River, and is partly drained by the Mahoning River. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests of the sugar-maple, oak, ash, beech, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Hay, butter, cheese, oats, Indian corn, flax, and cattle are the staple products. Among its mineral resources is bituminous coal. This county is intersected by the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, the Mahoning division of that road, and the Cleveland & Pittsburg Rail- road. Capital, Ravenna. Valuation of real and personal estate, $19,919,420. Pop. in 1870, 24,584, of whom 22,131 were Americans. Portage, a county of Wisconsin, is near the middle of the state. Area, 792 square miles. It is intersected by the Wisconsin River, and also drained by the Plover and Wau- paca Rivers and Mill Creek. The surface is uneven or un- dulating, and is 'extensively covered with forests of pine and other trees. The soil is fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, pota- toes, and cattle are the staple products, and lumber is the chief article of export. This county is intersected by the Green Bay & Minnesota and Wisconsin Central Railroads. Capital, Stevens Point. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,022,646. Pop. in 1870, 10,634; in 1875, 14,856. Portage, a township of Porter co., Ind., on Lake Micliigan. Pop. 728. Portage, a township of St. Joseph co., Ind. Pop. 777, exclusive of South Bend. Portage, a township of Houghton co., Mich. P. 1540. Portage, a post-hamlet in Portage township, Kala- mazoo CO., Mich., on a branch of the Michigiin Southern Railroad, 7 miles S. of Kalamazoo. Pop. of township, 1004. Portage, a hamlet in Onekaina township, Manistee co., Mich., ou a small lake, 45 miles N. of Ludington. It has a church and a lumber-mill. The Chicago steamboats stop at this place. Portage, Missouri. See Portage des Sioux. Portage, a township of Livingston co., N.Y. Pop. 1172. It contains Hunt's, Oakland, and Portage Station (near Portngeville, or Genesee Falls) on the Buffalo di- vision of the Erie Railway. Portage, a township of Hancock co., 0. Pop. 899. Portage, a township of Ottawa co., 0. Pop. 1246. It contains Port Clinton. Portage, a township of Summit co., 0. Pop. 1594, exclusive of Akron. Portage, a post-village of Wood co., 0., on the W. boundary of Portage township, and on Portage River, 3i miles S. of Bowling Green, and about 25 miles S. by W. of Toledo. It has a church and a graded school. Pop. of the township, 1U69. Portage, a post-village in Washington township, Cam- bria CO., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 22 miles S.W. of Altoona. It has a church, a steam lumber-mill, and about 75 families. Good coal is mined at this place, which is supported by the lumber-business and mining coal. Portage, a township of Cameron co., Pa. Pop. 99. Portage, a post-village of Box Elder co., Utah, on the Malade River, about 40 miles N. of Corinnc. It has a church and manufactures of bricks and cheese. Portage, or Portage City, a city of Wisconsin, and the capital of Columbia co., is on the Wisconsin River, at the head of navigation, 30 miles N. of Madison, 47 miles W.N.AV. of Watertown, and 104 miles E.S.E. of La Crosse. It is at the junction of three branches of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, and is on the ship-canal which connects the Wisconsin and Fox Rivers. The Fox River flows along the northeast border of the city. This place was formerly called the Winnebago Portage. Steam- boats ply regularly between this town and Green Bay. Portage contains a court-house, 9 churches, a high school, a bank, 2 banking-houses, 3 newspaper offices, 2 grain- elevators, the Portage Iron-Works, a tannery, Ac, and has manufactures of clothing, shoes, sash and blinds, Ac. It 13 the S. terminus of the Southern division of the Wisconsin Central Railroad. Pop. 4337. Portage Centre, a post-otBce of Hancock oo., 0., about 36 miles N.E. of Lima. Portage Creek, Michigan, rises in Kalamazoo co., and enters the St. Joseph at the village of Three Rivers. Portage Creek, a post-hamlet of McKean co.. Pa., at Liberty Station on the Buffalo, New York & Philadel- phia Railroad, 16 miles N. of Emporium. It has a steam saw-mill. Portage des Sioui (Fr. pron. pon'tAzh' di soo), a post-hamlet of St. Charles co., Mo., in a township of the s.ame name, on the Mississippi River, 14 miles N.E. of St. Charles, and about 30 miles above St. Louis. It is some- times called Portage. It has a church. Pop. 160 ; of the township, 1861. Portage du Fort, poK^tizh' dii foa, a village of Quebec, co. of Pontiac, on the river Ottawa, 60 miles N. of Ottawa. It has several saw- and grist-mills, 4 hotels, and marble-quarries. Pop. 652. Portage Falls, New York. See Genesee River. I'ort'age Island, an island of New Brunswick, about 5 miles in length, lying at the entrance of Miramiohi Bay, about 3 miles from the mainland. It is at present granted to the British Admiralty for naval purposes. There is a light-house at the S.E. extremity. Portage Lake, a lake of Michigan, on the boundary between Livingston and Washtenaw cos., about 10 miles N.W. of Ann Arbor. Length, nearly 7 miles. It receives Portage River, and dischai'ges its surplus water by the Huron River. Portage Lake, a lake of Michigan, in Houghton co., and touching the town of Houghton. A narrow channel called Portage Entry connects the S. part of the lake with Keweenaw Bay. The lake is nearly 20 miles long and 2 or 3 miles wide, and is navigable by large vessels. A ship- canal nearly 2i miles long and 100 feet wide has been opened from the N. end of Portage Lake to Lake Superior. Steamboats navigating Lake Superior can thus pass through a route shorter than around Keweenaw Point. Portage Lake, a plantation of Aroostook co.. Me. Portage Lake, a station on the Grand Rapids & In- diana Railroad, 17 miles S. of Kalamazoo, Mich. Portage River, of Michfgan, a small stream which flows through Livingston co. into Portage Lake and Huron River. See also Portage Creek. Portage River, of Ohio, rises in Hancock co., and POR 1784 POR runs northeastward through Wood co. It finally runs east- ward through Ottawa CO., and enters Lake Erie at Port Clinton. Length, about 100 miles. Port'ageville,a post-hamlet of New Madrid co., Mo., on land which was sunk by earthquake in 1812, about GO miles S.W. of Cairo, 111. It has a church. Portageville, New York. See Genesee Falls. Portal bera, pon-til-bi'ri, a village of Italy, district of Voghera, near the Po. Pop. of commune, U9-1. Port Al'bert, a maritime village of Victoria, Aus- tralia, adjacent to the villages of Palmerston and Alberton, and 2 miles W. of Tarraville. Pop. 185. Port Al'bert, a post-village in Huron co., Ontario, on Lake Hunm, 10 miles N. of (Joderich. Pop. 200. Portalegre, poii-t4-li.'gr4, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 49 miles N.N.E. of Evora. Pop. 6525. It has an episcopal palace, 2 hospitals, a seminary, a college, and manufactures of druggets. Port Alexan'der, a harbor of Africa, in Benguela, on the Atlantic, 40 miles N. of Great Fish B.ay. Port Al'fred, a seaport village of Cape Colony, at the mouth of the Kowic, 30 miles S.E. of Graham's Town. Port Allegha'iiy, a post-village in Liberty township, MoKean co.. Pa., on the Alleghany River, and on the Buf- falo, New York &, Philadelphia Railroad, 25 miles N. of Emporium. It has a graded school, a newspaper ofl&ce, a church, a tnnnery, and manufactures of lumber. Port Al'len, or Pow of Er'rol, a harbor of Scot- land, CO. of Perth, on the N. bank of the Firth of Tay, li miles S. of Erroi. Port Al'len, a post-hamlet of Louisa co., Iowa, on the Iowa River, and on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & North- ern Railroad, 44i miles N. by W. of Burlington. It has a church. Port Allen, a post-vill.age, capital of West Baton Rouge parish. La., on the Mississippi River. See Allain. Port An'drew, a post-village in Richwood township, Richland co., Wis., on the Wisconsin River, U miles from Blue River Railroad Station, and about 50 miles N. of Du- buque, Iowa. It has a church. Port Angeles, an'j?h-l^/., a post-village of Clallam CO., Washington, on Fuca Strait, 15 miles W. of New Dun- geness, and about 90 miles N.N.W. of Olympia. Port Anto'nio, a seaport village of Jamaica, co. of Surrey, on the N. coast, 25 miles N.W. of Morant Point. It has a line of steamers to Philadelphia. Porta Ombriano, poa'ti om-bre-i'no, a village of Italy, province of Lodi, and so near to Crema as to be almost its suburb. Pop. of commune, 1165. Port a Paix, pont 4 p4, a town of Hayti, on the strait between that island and Toituga, 35 miles W. by N. of Cape Haytien. It is a bishop's see. Portar'l ington, a town of Ireland, King's and Queen's COS., on the Barrow, and on the Great Southern & Western Railway, 40 miles W.S.W. of Dublin. Pop. 2424. It has 2 handsome churches, 2 Roman Catholic chapels, a hand- some market-house, and small ma.nufactures of leather, tobacco, soap, and candles. It sends one member to the House of Commons. Port au Basques, Newfoundland. See Channel. Port au Bras, o bri, a Ashing settlement on the W. side of Placentia Baj', Newfoundland, 1 mile from Burin. Port au Choix, 5 shw4, a port of the \V. coast of New- foundland, in lat. 50° 48' N. Port Augusta, aw-gus'ta, a port of South Australia, at the head of Spencer Gulf. Port au Persil, 5 p^a'seel', or Saint Sini'eon, a post-village in Charlevoix Co., Quebec, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 18 miles N.E. of Murray Bay. Pop. 350. Port au Prince, port o prlnss (Fr. pron. poii-to- priNs.s'), or Port Repub'lican (Fr. Port Repnblieain, poR ri^piibMecMidNo'), the capital city and principal seaport of Hayti, on its W. coast, at the head of the Bay of Gonaives. Lat. 18° 35' N. ; Ion. 72° 18' W. Pop. about 20,000. It is partially fortified, irregularly built, and chiefly of wood. It is an archbishop's see. The principal edihces are the palace of the state, which has some architectural e.vcellence, the church, arsenal, mint, lyceum, military hospital, and courts of law. The vicinity is marshy, and the climate unhealthy. It is the seat of all the superior courts in Hayti, and of the most part of its foreign trade. The an- nual value of the imports is about $1,200,000. Port au Port, pout pop., an excellent harbor of New- foundland, 30 miles N.E. of Cape St. George. Port Ans'tin, a post-village of Huron co., Micb., in Port Austin township, on Lake Huron, 58 or 60 miles E.N.E. of Bay City, and about 130 miles N, of Detroit. It has a newspaper office, 4 churches, .and manufactures of lumber and salt. Lumber is the chief article of export. Pop. of the township, 905. Port Bail, pon bal, a town of France, in Manche, on the English Channel, 15 miles S.W. of Valognes. Port Ban'natyne, a village of Scotland, co. and on the island of Bute, IJ miles N.N.W. of Rothesay. Pop. 575. It is much frequented in summer for sea-bathing. Port Bardiali, Egypt. See Baretoon. Port Bar're, a ])ust-office of St. Landry parish, La. Port Beaufort, bo'font', a h.arbor of South Africa, in Cape Colony, district and 50 miles S.E. of Zwcllendam, at the mouth of the Breede River. Port Ben'jamin, a village of Ulster co., N.Y., on the Delaware & Hudson Canal, 3i miles from EUenvillc. Boats are built here. Pop. about 200. Port Blauch'ard, a post-hamlet in Jenkins town- ship, Luzerne co., Pa., on the Lehigh Valley Railroad and the Susquehanna River, about 7 miles above Wilkesbarre. Port Bowen, bo'en, British North America, is on Prince Regent Inlet, iii lat. 73° 13' N., Ion. 88° 54' W. Here the Hecia and Fury wintered, 1824-6. Port Bowen, a harbor on the N.E. coast of Australia. Lat. 22° 30' S.; Ion. 151° E. Port Bruce, a post-vill.age in Elgin co., Ontario, on Lake Erie, 14 miles from Port Burwell. Pop. 200. Port Bur'well, a post-village and port of entry of Ontario, co. of Elgin, at the mouth of Otter Creek in Lake Erie, 137 miles S.AV. of Toronto. It contains saw- and grist-mills, a tannery, a. broom-factory, and several churches, stores, and hotels. Pop. 1300. Port By'ron, a post-village and small township of Rock Island co.. III., on the Missis.5ippi River, and on the Western Union Railroad, 16 miles E.N.E. of Rock Island City, and about 16 miles above'Davenport, Iowa. It has 3 churches and 1 or 2 banks. Pop. of the village, 576 ; of the township, 832. Port Byron, a post-village in Ment?, township, Ca- yuga CO., N.Y., on the Erie Canal and the New York Central Railroad, 25 miles W. of Syracuse, and 10 miles N. by W. of Auburn. It has 4 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, a paper-mill, an academy, a barrel-factory, ke. Pop. 1089. Port Byron Junction, a station of the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad, at the junction of the Western Union Railroad, 7 miles E. of Rook Island, III. Port Caledo'nia, or Big Glace Bay, a post-vil- lage in Cape Breton co., Nova Scotia, on the Atlantic coast, 19 miles from Sydney. Pop. 150. Port Canning, a town of India. See Canning. Port Car'bon, a post-borough of Schuylkill co.. Pa., on the Schuylkill River, and on the Schuylkill Valley Rail- road, 3 miles N.E. of Pottsville, and 14 m'iles W.S.W.' of Ta- maqua. It is the N.W. terminus of the canal of the Schuyl- kill Navigation Company. Here are rich coal-mines and some iron-works. It has 5 churches. Pop. 2251. Port Car'ling, a post-village in Victoria co., Ontario, on Lake Muskoka, 21 miles W.N.AV. of Bracebridge. Port Castries, West Indies. See Castries. Port ChaI'mers, a town of New Zealand, on a bay of the E. side of South Island, 9 miles by rail N.E. of Dunedin, of which it is the principal port. It has docks, ship-yards, gas-works, stone-quarries, several churches, a grammar- school, &c. Pop. 2887. Port Charlotte, shar'lijt, a village of Scotland, co. of Argyle, in the island of Islay, Pop. 484. Portclies'ter, or Por'chester, a village of England, eo. of Hants, on the N. side of Portsmouth Harbor, 3A miles N.N.W. of Portsmouth. Pop. of parish, 779. It was the ancient Caer Peris, one of the principal cities of Britain before the Roman conquest. Port Ches'ter, a post-village in Rye township, AVest- chester CO., N.Y., on Long Island Sound, and on the New York & New Haven Railroad, 26 miles N.E. of New York, and 30 miles W.S.W. of Bridgeport, Conn. It has 5 churches, a national bank, a newspaper office, a high school, and man- ufactures of stoves and iron bolts. Pop. 3797. Port Clar'ence, a maritime village of England, co. of Durham, on the Stockton & Hartlepool Railw.ay, near .Stockton. Port Clin'ton, a st,ation on the Port Jervis & Mon- ticcllo Railroad, 7 miles N. of Port Jervis, N.Y. Port Clinton, a post-village, capital of Ottawa co., 0., in Portage township, on Lake Erie, at the mouth of Portage River, and on the Lake Shore Railroad, 14 miles W.N.AV. of Sandusky, and 35 miles E.S.E. of Toledo. It has a good harbor, 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a bank, a iiour-mill, and 1 or 2 saw-mills. Pop, 543. POR 1785 POR Pott Clinton, a post-borough in West Brunswick township, Si^huylkill co., Pa., is on the Schuylkill River, at the mouth of the Little Schuylkill, 20 miles N. by W. of Reading. It is on the Philadelphia ifc Reading Railroad, and is the S. terminus of a branch railroad which extends to Tamaqua, 20 miles distant. It has 3 churches, a high school, a chair-factory, and a rolling-mill. Pop. 578. Port Col'borne, a village and port of entry of On- tario, CO. of AVelland, on the N. shore of Lake Erie, at the outlet of the Welland Canal, and at the junction of the Grand Trunk &. Welland Railways, 56 miles E.S.E. of Brantford. It contains several churches, stores, and hotels, a grain- elevator, saw-mill, flouring-mill, brewery, &c. Pop. 1500. Port CoI'deu, a post-village of AVarren co., N.J., on the Morris Canal, 1 mile from Washington, and about 9 miles S.E. of Belvidere. It has a church. Canal-boats are built here. Port Con'way, a post-hamlet of King George co., Va., on the Rappahannock River, about 50 miles N. by E. of Richmond. It has a chui'ch. Port Cortez, Honduras. See Caballos. Port Crane, a post-village in Fenton township, Broome co., N.Y., on the Chenango River, and on the Al- bany & Susquehanna Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Bingham- ton. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Port Cred'it, a post-village in Peel co., Ontario, on the N.W. shore of Laiie Ontario, at the mouth of the river Credit, and on the Great Western Railway, 14 miles AV. of Toronto. It contains 3 stores and 2 ship-yards. Pop. 375. Port Cres'cent, a post-village in Hume township, Huron co., Mich., on Saginaw Bay, near Lake Huron, at the mouth of Pinnebog River, 60 miles E.N.E. of Bay City, and 3 miles S.W. of Port Austin. It has a graded school, a grist-mill, and 3 lumber-mills. Here are forests of pine, fir, and oak. Portcros, poR^kros', one of the Hyeres Islands of France, department of Var, 5 miles E. of PorqueroUcs. It is defended by several forts. Port Cur'tls, a harbor on the E. coast of Australia. Lat. 24° S.; Ion. 151° 30' E. Port Dalhousie, dal-hoo'zee, a village of Ontario, co. of Lincoln, on the S. shore of Lake Ontario, near its W. end, at the entrance of the Welland Canal, and on the AVel- land Railway, 5 miles N.AV. of St. Catharines, and 31 miles S. of Toronto (by water). It contains several churches, stores, and hotels, 2 tiouring-mills, a saw-mill, and 2 ship- yards. Pop. 1000. Port Dan'iel, a post-village in Bonaventure co., Que- bec, on the Bay of Chaleurs. It contains a saw-mill and 5 stores. Pop. 200. Port Darlington, Canada. See Bowwasville. Port Darwin, Australia. See Palmeuston'. Port Dauphin, Ilayti. See Four Libeutk. Port-de-Bouc, France. Sec Bouc. Port-de-France, New Caledonia. See Noumea. Port de Grave, deh griv, a fishing settlement in the district of Brigus, Newfoundland, 51 miles from St. John's. Port-de-la-Montagne, France. See Port Louis. Port Den'ison, an excellent harbor on the E. coast of Queensland, in lat. 20° S. Port de Paix, Le, Hayti. See Port a Pais. Port Deposit, de-poz'it, a post-village of Cecil co., Md., on the E. bank of the Susquehanna. 5 miles from its mouth, and 41 miles E.N.E. of Baltimore. It is on the Philadelphia & Baltimore Central and Columbia & Port Deposit Railroads, and is the N. terminus of the Port De- posit Branch Railroad. Much lumber, which has been rafted down the river, is transshipped here. Port Deposit has a national bank, 6 churches, a foundr^^, a grist-mill, 3 hotels, and valuable quarries of granite. Pop. 1839. Port Desire, de-zir', a river of Patagonia, rises near lat. 49° S., Ion. 75° AV., flows N.E., and falls into a bay of its own name, in the South Atlantic, S. of Cape Blanco. Total course, above 200 miles. Port Desire, a bay or harbor of Patagonia, on the E. coast, in kit. 47° 45' S., Ion. 65° 55' 30" AV., formed by a river of its own name. Port Dick'inson, a post-village in Binghamton township, Broome CO., N.Y., on the Susquehanna River, 2ir miles from Binghamton. It has a paper-mill, a Houring- mill, and manufactures of brooms, whips, &c. Port Discov'ery, a post-village of Jefferson co., AVashington, on Puget Sound, about SO miles N. of Olympia. Pop. 152. Port Do'ver, a post-village and port of entry of On- tario, CO. of Norfolk, on the N. shore of Lake Erie, at the mouth of the river Lynn, 37 miles S.AV. of Hamilton, and 9 miles S.E. of Simcoe. It contains several churches, 4 hotels, a number of stores, an iron-foundry, saw-, grist-, and woollen-mills, and a newspaper ofiiee. Pop. 1100. Port Dun^das', a portion of the city of Glasgow, in Scotland, at the end of the Forth & Clyde Canal. Port Durban, South Africa. See Durban. Port Kads, eedz. a post-office of Plaquemines parish. La., is at the mouth of the South Pass, one of the outlets of the Mississippi River. Here are a light-house, and' jetties for deepening the entrance of the river. Port Easy, Essie, or Easie, es'see, a fishing vil- lage of Scotland, co. of Banff, 4 miles N.E. of Port Gordon. Port Ed'gar, on the S.E. coast of AVost Falkland Isl.nnd. Lat. 52° 0' 42" S. ; Ion. 60° 13' 15" AV. Port Ed'wards, a post-hamlet of AVood co.. Wis., on the AVisconsin River, and on the AVisconsin Valley Railroad, 5 miles S. of Grand Rapids. It has a lumber-mill and a planing-mill, also large cranberry-marshes. Pop. of Port Edwards township, 310. Port Eg'mout, AVest Falkland Isl.and, off its N. coast, between Keppel and Saunders Islands, in lat. 51° 21' S, Portel, poR-tSl', a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 20 miles E.S.E. of Evora. Pop. 2008. Portel, Le, l^h ponHM', a village of France, in P.as-de- Calais, on the ocean, 2i miles from Boulogne. Pop. 3938. Port Elgin, Sl'ghin, a post-village in AVestmoreland CO., New Brunswick, on Bale Verte, 30 miles from Shediac. Pop. 150. See also Normanton and Edwardsburg. Port Eliz'abeth, a town of South Africa, Cape Col- ony, at the W. extremity of Algoa Bay, IS miles S.E. of Uitenhage. It has no harbor except an open roadstead, but its export trade far surpasses that of all the other ports of the colony. It is the terminus of two railways, and has many handsome warehouses, factories, and villas, and a large market-squ.are where wool, skins, and ivory are sold. Port Elizabeth is the seat of the Grey Institute, a school of some celebrity. Near the town is a valuable salt-pan. A breakwater is building here. Pop. 13,049. Port Elizabeth, a post-village in Maurice River township, Cumberland Co., N.J., on the Maurice River, 2 miles from Manamuskin Station of the AVest Jersey Rail- road, and 6 or 7 miles S. by E. of Millville. It has 4 churches, a manufactory of glass, and a newspaper office. Port El'len, a seaport village of Scotland, on the E. side of the island of Islay. Port El'lesmere, a village and port of England, in Cheshire, on the Mersey, 8i miles S. by E. of Liverpool. Port Elms'ley, a post-village in Lan.ark co., On- tario, on the river Tay, 6 miles from Smith's Falls. Portendic, or Portendik, poR'tON='deek', a French trading-station on the AV. coast of Africa, in the Sahara, 160 miles N. of St. Louis. Lat. 18° 19' N. ; Ion. 16° 2' W. Por'ter, a county in the N.AV. part of Indiana, has an area of about 420 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Lake Michigan, and on the S. by the Kankakee River, and is drained by the Calumet River. The surface is un- dulating. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, hay, cattle, and oats are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, Pitts- burg, Fort AA^ayne & Chicago, Baltimore & Ohio, and Chi- cago & Lake Huron Railroads. Capital, A^alparaiso. A'al- uation of real and personal estate, S14, 828,895. Pop. in 1870, 13,942, of whom 11,103 were Americans. Porter, a township of Porter co., Ind. Pop, 1006. Porter, a post-village in Porter township, Oxford CO., Me., on the Ossipee River, about 40 miles AV.N.AV. of Port- land. It has 3 churches and a saw-mill. Pop. of the township, 1104. Porter, a township of Cass co., Mich. Pop. 1933. Porter, a post-village of Midland co., Mich., in Porter township, on Pine River, 11 miles N.E. of St. Louis, and about 55 miles N. by E. of Lansing. It has several lum- ber-mills. Pop. of the township, 122. Porter, a township of Van Buren co., Mich. P. 1315. Porter, a township of Christian co.. Mo. Pop, 959. Porter, a township of Niagara co., N.Y. Pop. 2102. It contains Youngstown, Bansomville, Fort Niagara. Ac. Porter, a township of Delaware co., 0. Pop. 819. Porter, or Pine Grove, a hamlet of Gallia co., 0., about 16 miles S.AA'. of Pomeroy. It has a church. Here is Pine Grove Post-Office. Porter, a township of Scioto co., 0. Pop. 1965. Porter, a township of Clarion co,, Pa. Pop. 1546. Porter, a township of Clinton co., Pa. Pop. 1101. Porter, a township of Huntingdon co.. Pa. Pop. 1253. Porter, a post-township of Jefferson co.. Pa., about 54 miles N.E, of Pittsburg. Pop. 625. POR 1786 POR Porter, a township of Lycoming CO., Pa. Pop. 650. Porter, a townstiip of Pilie co., Pa. Pop. 102. Porter, a townsliip of Schuylkill oo., Pa. Pop. 1167. Porter, a township of Rocli co., Wis. Pop. 1155. Por'terfield, a post-hamlet of Venango co.. Pa., in Richland township, about 14 miles S.E. of Franklin. It has a grist-mill and a woollen-factory. Porter's, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., Md., about 22 miles N.W. of Baltimore. It has 2 churches. Porter's, Saginaw CO., Mich. See Randall. Porter's, a station of Rock co.. Wis., on the Western Union Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Beloit. Porter's Corners, a post-hamlet of Saratoga co., N.Y., U miles from King's Station, which is 10 miles N. of Saratoga Springs. It has 2 churches, a tannery, 2 grist- mills, and a saw-mill. Porter's Falls, a post-hamlet of Wetzel co., W. Va., 20 miles S.W. of Littleton Station of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. It has a flour-mill and a woollen-mill. Porter's Lake, a post-office of Pike co., Pa. Porter's Mills, a post-office of Eau Claire co., Wis. Porter's Precinct, a post-office of Albemarle co., Va. Porter's Ranch, a post-office of Smith co., Kansas. Porter's Side'ling, a post-office of York co.. Pa., on the railroad between Hanover and Hanover Junction, 5 miles E.N.E. of Hanover. Porter's Springs, a post-village of Houston co., Tex., 9 or 10 miles W. of Crockett. It has 2 churches, an academy, and a grist-mill. Porter's Store, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Va. Porter Station, a post-village of Porter co., Ind., on the Michigan Central Railroad where it crosses the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 4i miles S.E. of Chicago, and 3 miles from Lake Michigan. It has a church and a brick-yard. Porter Station, Henry co., Tenn., on the Louisville & Memphis Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Paris. Portersville, por'terz-vil, a post-village of Tulare Co., Cal., on the Tule River, 25 miles S.E. of Tulare Station. It h.as 2 churches, a graded school, and a flouring-mill. Portersville, a post-hamlet of Dubois co., Ind., on the East i'ork of White River, 9 miles N. of Jasper. It has a church and a saw-mill. Portersville, a post-hamlet of Perry co., 0., about 20 miles S. of Zanesville. Portersville, a post-village in Muddy Creek township, Butler CO., Pa., about 12 miles E.S.E. of New Castle. It has 4 churches. Pop. 198. Porterville, por'ter-vil, a post-village of De Kalb co., Ala., near Wills Creek, and on the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad, 61 miles S.S.W. of Chattanooga. It has a church, an institute, and a flour-mill. Porterville, Illinois. See Eaton. Porterville, a post-hamlet of Erie co., N.Y., on Buf- falo Creek, 21) miles S.E. of Buffalo. It has a cheese-fac- tory and a flour-mill. Port Esperance, Tasmania. See -\damson's HAnnoit. Port Es'sington, a bay of North Australia, on the side of Coburg Peninsula. Its shores are low and destitute of vegetation. The climate is unhealthy. Port Essington,a village in British Columbia, on the Pacitic, at the entrance to the Skeena, in lat. 54° 75' N. Port Etcli'es,of Alaska, in Prince William's Sound. Lat. 60° 21' 12" N. ; Ion. 146° .32' W. Port Ew'en, a post-village in Esopus township, Ulster CO., N.Y., on the Hudson River, at the mouth of the Ron- dout, 4 miles S.E. of Kingston, and 1^ miles from Rondout. It was built by the Pennsylvania Coal Company, and is mainly supported by operations in coal, which is brought hither on the Delaware &, Hudson Canal. It has 3 churches and a brick-kiln. Pop. 1251. Port Felix, Nova Scotia. See Molassbs HAnnoR. Port Frank, or Golden Creek, a village in Lamb- ton CO., Ontario, on the River au.\ Sables, 5 miles from Widder. Pop. 100. Port Fran'ko, a name sometimes given to Charlotte Amalie, the capital of the island of St. 'Thomas. Port Gal'lant, a cove of South America, in the Strait of Magellan. Lat. 53° 41' 45" S.; Ion. 72° 0' 51" W. Port Gam'ble, a post-village of Kits.apoo., W.ashing- ton, on Puget Sound, about 22 miles N.W. of Seattle. Port Genesee, New Y'ork. See CiiAnLOTTE. Port George, a post-village in Annapolis CO., Nova Scotia,, on the Bay of Fundy, 16 miles from Lawrenoetown. Port Gib'son, a post-vill.age, capital of Claiborne co.. Miss., on Bayou Pierre, 20 miles from its mouth, .about 32 miles S. by W. of Vicksburg, and 40 miles N.E. of Natchez. It is connected by railroad with Grand Gulf, 8 miles distant. It has a newspaper office, 7 churches, 2 academies, a masonic hall, a court-house, and a jail. Pop. about 2000. Port Gibson, a post-village in Manchester township, Ontario oo., N.Y., on the Erie Canai, about 28 miles E.S.E. of Rochester. It contains a church and a barrel-factory. Port Glas'gow, a town of Scotland, co. of Renfrew, on the left bank of the Clyde, 3 miles E. of Greenock, and 16 miles by rail W.S.W. of Glasgow. Pop. 9912. It has endowed and other schools, public libraries, several branch banks, two large harbors with good quays, and a large graving-dock. Ship-building is carried on, and the town has important manufactures of sail-cloth, coarse linens, and ropes, with sugar-refineries and flax-mills. It was formerly the seaport of Glasgow, and is the chief port on the Clyde for imports of timber. Port Glas'gow, a post-hamlet of Wayne co., N.Y'., on Sodus B.ay, 3 miles from Alton. It has a saw-mill. Port GlasgOAV, a village in Elgin co., Ontario, on Lake Erie, 15 miles from Newbury. Pop. 100. Port Glenone, gISn'on', a town of Ireland, co. of Antrim, on the Bann, 8 miles W. of Ballymena. Pup. 697. Port Gor'don, a village of Scotland, col of Banff, 4 miles E.S.E. of the month of the Spey. Pop. 970. Port Grace, Newfoundland. See Harbok Guace. Port Gran'by, a post-village in Durham co., Ontario, on Lake Ontario, with a station on the Grand Trunk Rail- road (called Newtonville), 54 miles E. of Toronto. P. 100. Port Greville, grev'il, or Ratch'ford River, a post-village in Cumberland Co., Nova Scotia, on Greville Bay, 15 miles from Parrsborough. Pop. 250. Port Ilack'ing, a beautiful harbor of New South Wales, 18 miles S. of Port Jackson. Port Har'ford, a hamlet -of San Luis Obispo co., Cal., on the Pacific, 10 miles by rail S. of San Luis Obispo. Port Har'relson, a post-hamlet of Horry co., S.C., on Bull Creek, 50 miles E. of Kingstree. It has a church. Port Hast'ings, or Plaister (plas'ter) Cove, a sea- port town of Nova Scotia, co. of Inverness, on the Gut of Canso, 72 miles E. of New Glasgow, a repeating-station of the ocean telegraphs. It h.as large fisheries and trade. Port Hawkesbury, hawks'ber-e, a seaport town of Nov.a Scotia, co. of Inverness, on the Gut of Canso, 75 miles E. of New Glasgow. It has 2 marine railways and several stores. A large trade is done in fish and general produce. Port Hay'wood, a post-hamlet of Matthews eo., Va., near Chesapeake Bay, 2 miles from a steamboat-landing. Porth Ceri, a town of Wales. See Porth Kerry. Port Hen'ry, a post-oflice of Nassau oo., Fla. Port Henry, a post-village in Moriah township, Essex CO., N.Y., on the New York & Canada Railroad, 40 miles N. of Whitehall, and about 35 miles S. by W. of Bur- lington, Vt. It is picturesquely situated on Lake Cha.m- plain, about 2 miles from Mount Bulwagga. It contains a graded school, a national bank, 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 2 blast-furnaces, and several bloomeries. It exports much magnetic iron ore. Pop. about 1000. Port Henry, a spacious harbor on the W. coast of Patagonia, near Cape Tres Puntas. Lat. 50° S. Port Her'bert, a maritime hamlet of Nova Seotia, 3 miles from Port Joly. Port Hill, a post-village in Prince co., Prince Edward Island, on Richmond B.ay, 16 miles by rail W. of Summer- side. It has a saw-mill, 2 grist-mills, and several ship- yards. Pop. 350. Porth Kerry, or Porth Ceri, porth kfir'ree, a sea- port town of Wales, co, of Glamorgan, 10 miles S.W. of Cardiff. Porth'leven, a seaport village of England, in Corn- wall, 2 miles S.W. of Helstone. Pop. 1562. Port Ho'mer, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co., 0., on the Ohio River, and on the Cleveland & Pittsburg Rail- road, 14 miles N. of Steubenville. Coal and fire-clay are found here. Port Hood, or Jes'tico, a seaport towtj of Nova Scotia, capittil of the co. of Inverness, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 28 miles N. of Port, Hastings. Its harbor is safe, it has good anchorage, and it is a rendezvous for the mack- erel-fleet, of which as many as 500 sail ca,n sometimes be seen at one time. The town contains a hotel and half a dozen stores. There are rich coal-mines in the vicinity- PoTj. 700. Port Hood Island lies off the harbor. Port Hoo'ver, a post-village in Victoria co., Ontario, on Scugog Lake, 9 milos S. of Oakwood. Pop. 100. Port Hope, a post village and shipping-point in Rubi- con township, Huron oo., Mich., on Lake Huron, about 70 POR 1787 POR miles N. by W, of Port Huron. It ha? a church, and manu- factures of leather, lumber, and salt. Port Hope, a post-hamlet of Columbia co., AVis., on Fox River, 6 or 7 miles N. of Portage City, and 1 mile from Corning Station. Port Hope, a town and port of entry of Ontario, capi- tal of the CO. of Durham, on Lake Ontario, at the S. ter- minus of the Midland Railway, and on the Grand Trunk Railroad, 63 miles B. of Toronto. It commands tine views of the lake, and has 5 or 6 churches, 3 branch banks, 2 news- paper offices, several hotels, 5 flouring-mills, a phister-^mill, a planing-mill, a distillery, 2 breweries, and manufactories of woollens, buttons, leather, steam-engines, machinery, iron castings, &c. The streets are lighted with gas, and the harbor is one of the best on the lake. Pop. 5114. Port HoAVe, how, a landing-place on the E. coast of Cat Island, in the Bahama Islands. Port Hucl'son, a post-village of Enst Feliciana parish. La., on the E. bank of the Mississippi River, and on the Clinton & Port Hudson Railroad, about 22 miles above Baton Rouge. It htis a church and a plough-factory. The product of many plantations of cotton is shipped here. General Banks took this place, with about 6000 prisoners, July 9, 1S63. Port Hudson, a post-office of Franklin co., Mo., about 62 miles W. by S. of St. Louis. Port Hun'ter, an inlet of New South Wales, 75 miles N.N.E. of Sydney. Lat. 32° 55' S. ; Ion. 151° 4S' E. It receives the Hunter River, and on the S. side of its entrance has tiie town of Newcastle. Port Hil'ron, a city of Michigan, a port of entry, and the capital of St. Clair co., is on the St. Clair River where it issues from Lake Huron, and is opposite Sarnia, Canada. By railroad it is 62 miles N.N.E. of Detroit, and 66 miles E. of Flint. It is on the Grand Trunk Railroad, and is the E. terminus of the Chicago & Lake Huron Railroad. It is at the mouth of Black River, on which large quantities of pine timber are transported to this city. Steam ferry-boats ply hence to Sarnia, and steamboats ply daily (except in winter) between this port and Detroit. It contains a city hall, a court-house, 9 churches, a high school, a national bank, a savings-bank, an opera-house, gas-works, water- works, ship-yards, 3 flouring-mills, several saw-mills, 2 grain-elevators, 3 dry-docks, printing-offices which issue 1 daily and 2 weekly newspapers, and extensive car-shops and repair-shops of the railroads. It is supplied with water from Lake Huron by the Holly System. Here is a new and fine building for custom-house and post-office, which cost $250,000 and was finished in 1S77. Port Huron was incorporated in 1857. Pop. in 1S74, 8240 j of Port Huron township, 1007 additional. Portici, poii'te-che, a town of Italy, on a railway, and on the Bay of Naples, 4 miles S."E. of Naples, at the N. foot of Vesuvius. Pop. 11,792. It is beautifully situated, and has a large royal palace, adorned with pictures and frescoes from the walls of Pompeii, a museum of antique statues, bronzes, arms, and furniture taken from the buried cities, and a magnificent park and garden. It has also several other fine residences, a large church, a monastery, ribbon -manufactures, an active fishery, and a coasting- trade. Portico, pou'te-ko, a village of Italy, 36 miles N.E. of Florence, on the Montone. Pop. 2757. Portillo, poH-teel'voT a- town of Spain, 13 miles S.E. of Valladolid. Pop. 1115. Portillo, a town of Spain, in New Castile, province and 19 miles N.W. of Toledo. Pop. 1650. Portillo, poR-teel'yo, a mountain-pass of the Andes, in Chili. Lat. 33° 40' S. Height, 14,365 feet. Portim£lo, Portugal. See Villanova de Portimao, Port'ishead, a village of England, co. of Somerset, on the Bristol Channel, 7i miles by rail W.N.W. of Bristol. It has a large floating pier, or breakwater, for the shelter of ocean steamers. Port Jack'son, a post-village in Florida township, Montgomery co., N.Y., on the Erie Canal, and on the Mo- hawk River, opposite Amsterdam, and 33 miles by railroad "W.N.W, of Albany. It has a church, a foundry, a broom- factory, and a sash-factory. Pop. 446. Port Jackson, Ulster co., N.Y, See Acconn. Port Jack'son, an inlet of New South Wales, co. of Cumberland, in lat. 33° 51' S., Ion. 151° IS' E. It extends 15 miles inland, and forms one of the finest harbors known. The city of Sydney is on its S. side. Port Jefferson, a post-village in Brookhaven town- ship, Suffolk CO., N.Y., on Long Island Sound, and on a branch of the Long Island Railroad, 60 miles E.N.E. of Brooklyn. It has a good harbor, a large summer hotel, 3 churches, and 1 or 2 newspaper offices. Ship-building is carried on here, A steam ferry-boat daily crosses the Sound from this place to Bridgeport, Conn., which is about 20 miles distant. Pop. about 1800. Port Jelferson (Pratt Post-Office), a village of Shelby CO., 0., in Salem township, on the Miami River, and on a feeder of the Miami & Erie Canal, about 18 miles N.N.E. of Piqua, and 5 miles N. of Sydney, It has 3 churches, a flour-niili, and 6 stores. Pop. 410. Port Jer'vis, a post-town in Deer Park township, Orange co., N.Y., on the Delaware River, A mile above the mouth of the Neversink River, 88 miles N.W. of New York, and 21 miles W.S.W. of Middletown. It is on the Erie Railroad, at the junction of its Monticello Branch, and on the Delaware & Hudson Canal, and is surrounded by attractive scenery. It contains 7 churches, a union school, 2 national banks, a savings-bank, extensive workshops ami round-houses of the railroad, an iron-foundry, and several factories. One daily, one tri-weckly, and 2 weekly news- paper;? arc published here. Pop. 6377. Port Jol'ly, a post-hamlet in Queens co., Nova Scotia, on the Atlantic coast, 25 miles from Liverpool. Pop. 200. Port Ken'nedy, a post-village in Upper Merion town- ship, Montgomery co., Pa., on the Schuylkill River, and on the Reading Railroad, 4i miles above Norristown. It has an iron-furnace, 2 lime-kilns, and a church. Pop. 516, Port Kent, a post-village of Essex co., N.Y., on Lake Champlain, and on the New York & Canada Railroad, 13 miles S. by E. of Plattsburg, and about 10 miles AV, by N. of Burlington, Vt. It is connected with tlie latter by a steam ferry. Large quantities of iron are exported from this place. It has a church. Port Knock'ie or Nock'ie, a fishing village of Scot- land, CO. of Banff, 2 miles W.N.W. of Cullen. Pop. 1235. Port La Mar, a seaport of Bolivia. See Cobija. Port Lambton, Ontario. See LA>fBTON. Portland, England. See Isle op Poiitland. Port'land, a post-office of Dallas co., Ala., on the Ala- bama River, about 24 miles S.S.W. of Selma. Portland, a post-office of Ashley co., Ark. Portland, a post-village of Ouray co., Col., about 300 miles from Garland Railroad Station. It has smelting- works for silver, which is mined here. Pop. about 300. Portland, a post-village in Portland township, Mid- dlesex CO., Conn,, opposite Middletown, on the Boston & New York Air-Line Railroad, and on the E. bank of the Connecticut River, 14 miles S. of Hartford. It contains a national bunk, a savings-bank, a high school, and several churches. Here are valuable quarries of red sandstone (freestone), an excellent material for building, of which many fine edifices in New York and other cities have been built. Nearly 1200 men are employed in these quarries. Portland has a manufactory of engine-governors, and a fine railroad-brid.ge over the river. Pop. of the township, 4693, Portland, a township of Whitesides co,, 111. It is bounded N.AV. by Rock River. Pop. 986. Portland, a post-village, capital of Jay co., Ind., in Wayne township, on Salamonie River, and on the Cincin- nati, Richmond & Fort Wayne Railroad, 43 miles N. of Richmond, and about 30 miles N.E. of Muneie. It has 2 newspaper offices, 2 banks, and 3 churches. Pop. 462. Portland, a village in Kankakee township. La Porte CO., Ind., on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Rail- road, 7 miles N.E. of La Porte. It has 3 churches, a grist- mill, and a saw-mill. Here is Rolling Prairie Post-Office. Portland, a post-hamlet in Portland township, Cerro Gordo CO., Iowa, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 4 or 5 miles E. of Mason City. Pop. of the township, 397. Portland, a township of Kossuth co., Iowa. P. 469, Portland, a township of Plymouth co., Iowa. P. 249. Portland, a village of Van Buren co., Iowa, on the Des Moines River, about 24 miles S.E. of Ottumwa. Portland, the commercial metropolis of Maine, a port of entry, and seat of justice of Cumberland co., on Caseo Bay, 60 miles S.S.W. of Augusta, 105 miles N.E. of Bos- ton, 292 miles S.E, of Montreal, and 317 miles from Quebec. Lat. 43° 39' 27" N.; Ion. 70° 15' 40" W. It is pleasantly situated on a narrow peninsula or tongue of land projecting from the W. shore of Casco Bay. This peninsula is about 3 miles in length from E. to W., and rises at each extremity into considerable elevations, giving the city a beautiful appearance as it is approached from the sea. Its breadth averages about three-quarters of a mile, though it is much wider than this at its eastern terrnination and also at its junction with the mainland. The harbor is one of the best on the Atlantic coast, the anchorage being protected POR 1788 POU on every side by land, the communication with the ocean easy and direct, and the depth sufficient for the largest ships. Although in a northern latitude, it is never entirely closed by ice, even in the very coldest weather. The prin- cipal entrance lies between the mainland on the S.W. and House Island on the N.E.; it is defended by Fort Preble on the former. Fort Scaramel on the latter, and Fort Gorges. The city, with but few exceptions, is regularly laid out, and handsomely built, chiefly of brick. Many of the streets are remarkable for their elegance. Congress street is the prin- cipal thoroughfare, and extends from Munjoy Hill on the E. to Bramhall's Hill on the W., following the ridge of the peninsula throughout its length. Among the public buildings of Portland are a splendid city ball, built in 1859, of drab-colored sandstone, sur- mounted by a lofty dome; a spacious granite custom-house, a post-office of marble, the Maine general hospital, the home for aged women, the female orphan asylum, and a granite mechanics' hall. The churches are 30 in number, viz., 9 Trinitarian Congregationalist, 3 Unitarian, 2 Uni- versalist, 3 Baptist, 3 Protestant Episcopal, 6 Methodist Episcopal, 2 Roman Catholic, 1 Swedenborgian, 1 Quaker. It is the seat of a Catholic bishop, and of the Protestant Episcopal bishop of Maine. Portland has several scientific and literary institutions, among which are the Portland Society of Natural History, the Portland Athenaeum, incorporated in 1826, the Portland Institute and Public Library, the law library, the Maine Charitable Mechanic Association, and about fiO other literary, scientific, and charitable societies, some of them of more than local importance. Near the city limits are a state re- form school and the United States marine hospital. Portland enjoys excellent facilities both for ocean com- merce and for inland trade. In addition to its excellent harbor advantages, it has railway communication with the seaboard for many hundred miles, and with the various important sections of the interior. The Grand Trunk Railway connects Portland with Montreal and Detroit, thereby forming a direct channel for the rich commerce of the river St. Lawrence and of the great lakes. Port- land is also the terminus of the Boston & Maine, Ports- mouth, Saco & Portland, Portland & Rochester, and Port- land & Ogdensburg Railroads, and of 2 important divisions of the Maine Central Railway. The city has an extensive foreign and coastwise trade, the annual value of exports in recent years averaging $22,000,000, and of imports $20,000,000. The value of the shipping owned in the customs district of Portland is very great, the tonnage exceeding 126,000 in the year 1877. There are excellent facilities for the transfer of freight from the railways to the shipping, such as warehouses and grain-elevators. There are also 2 dry-docks, and other facilities for the repair of ships. Lines of steamers ply regularly hence to many of the coast cities of the United States and Canada, and there is in winter a regular steam communication with Liverpool. Portland has 6 national banks (total capital, §3,050,000), and 2 savings-banks, with §8,000,000 in de- posits. There are 3 horse-railroads in the city, aff"ording also communication with some of the suburban villages. The town is lighted by gas, a part of the gas company's capital being owned by the city corporation; and it is abundantly supplied with pure water, brought 17 miles from Sebago Lake. There are extensive manufacturing inter- ests, largely of a character such as is peculiar to a com- mercial city. Ship-building was long a leading pursuit. Railroad-cars, locomotives, marine and other engines, heavy forged iron goods, and railway iron are important articles of manufacture. The refining of petroleum and of sugar, and other minor industries, are extensively carried on. There are 20 public schools, including a high gchool and a school for the deaf and dumb. Portland has 3 daily, 10 weekly, and several other newspapers and periodicals. It is much visited as a watering-place, and in its immediate vicinity are many fine seaside summer resorts. The city is considered remarkably healthy, never having been visited by the cholera, even when that disease raged fearfully in other neighboring cities. Portland was settled by an English colony in 1632. Its Indian name was Machigonne. Daring the wars in which the colonies were involved with the Indians, the French, and the mother-country, this town suff"ered the severest dis- asters; three times it was entirely destroyed. Since the Revolution it has steadily increased in wealth and popula- tion. The city charter was granted in 1832. In 1866 a large part of the city was destroyed by fire. Pop. in 1830, 12,601 ; in 1840, 15,218 ; in 1850, 20,815 ; in 1860, 26,342 ; in 1870, 31,413; in 1876, 35,031, exclusive of several con- tiguous villages, the city proper covering only 1666 acres of land. Portland, a post-village in Portland township, Ionia CO., Mich., on the Grand River, at the mouth of the Louk- ing-Glass River, and on the Detroit, Lansing & Northern Railroad, 24 miles AV.N.W. of Lansing, and 14 miles S.E. of Ionia. It contains 5 churches, 2 banking-offices, a newspaper office, a union school, 2 fiour-mills, and 2 foun- dries. Pop. 1060 ; of the township, 2596. It has exten.-;ivc water-power, and manufactories of woollen goods, sash, and blinds. Portland, a post-village of Callaway co., Mo., on tlie N. bank of the Missouri River, 30 miles below Jeiferson City. It has a good landing, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Portland, a post-township of Chautauqua co., N.Y., is bounded on the N.W. by Lake Erie, and traversed by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad. It con- tains post-villages named Brocton and Portland. Portland is on the railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Dunkirk. It has 2 churches and a manufactory of grape-wine. Pop. about 350 ; of the township, 2048. Portland, a township of Erie co., 0. Pop. 681, ex- clusive of Sandusky. Portland, a post-village in Warren township, Jefferson CO., 0., on the Ohio River, and on the Cleveland & Pitts- burg Railroad, 9 miles above Wheeling, and 13 miles N. of Bellaire. It has a church. The name of its post-office is Portland Station. See also Oak Hill. Portland, a post-village in Lebanon township, Meigs CO., 0., on the Ohio River, about 15 miles E. of Pomeroy. Portland, the most populous city of Oregon, a port of entry, and the capital of Multnomah co., is situated on the left (W.) bank of the Willamette River, 12 miles from its mouth (which is 100 miles from the ocean), and about 640 miles by water N. of San Francisco. Lat. 45" 30' N. ; Ion. 122° 27' 30" W. By railroad it is 53 miles N.N.E. of Salem. Portland is the N. terminus of the Oregon & California Railroad, and is at the head of ship navigation. Steam- boats ply regularly between this port and San Francisco, Olympia, and other places on Puget Sound and the Colum- bia River. It is also on the Oregon Central Railroad. It contains a court-house, 14 churches, a custom-house, a high school, 3 grammar-schools, a seminary for girls, called St. Helen's Hall, a national bank with a capital of $250,000, 2 other banks, an asylum for the insane, gas-works, 3 iron- foundries, several machine-shops, flour-mills, breweries, manufactories of engines, boilers, clothing, leather, car- riages, brooms, brushes, furniture, &q,, and numerous hand- some residences and business houses. Here are printing- offices which issue 3 daily and S weekly newspapers and 2 weekly religious papers. Wheat, oats, flour, wool, and lumber are the chief articles of export. Portland commands a fine view of Mount Hood, which is 30 miles distant. Pop. in 1860, 2874; in 1870, 8293. Portland, a post-village in Upper Mount Bethel town- ship, Northampton co,, Pa., on the Delaware River, and on the Delaware, Lackawanna & AVestern Railroad, at the junction of a railroad to Bangor, 3 miles S. of the Water Gap, 5 miles S. of Water Gap Station, 9 miles from Belvi- dere, and about 20 miles N. by E. of Easton. It has 2 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, a foundry, a machine- shop, 2 saw-mills, 3 hotels, 4 quarries of limestone, 2 plan- ing-mills, a graded school, a flour-mill, and manufactures of school slates, lime, and leather. The product of the great Bangor slate-quarries is shipped here. Portland, Preston co., W. Va. See Cranberry. Portland, a hamlet in Portland township. Dodge co., AVis., near Crawfish River, and 1 mile from Waterloo Station. It has a flour-mill. Pop. of the township, 1321. Portland, a township of Monroe co., Wis. Pop. 886. It contains Portland Centre Post-Office. Portland, a post-village in Leeds co., Ontario, on Rideau Lake, 50 miles N.E. of Kingston. Pop, 200. Portland, a post-town and parish of St. John co.,. New Brunswick, adjoining the city of St. John. Its streets arc lighted with gas, and are well built. It contains a number of large steam saw-mills, and several ship-yards and iron-foundries. A rich plunibago-mine is worked near the Falls, and sulphate of barytes is also found in the neigh- borhood. A handsome suspension-bridge connects this parish with Lancaster. Pop. 12,520. See Saint John. Portland, a village in Ottawa co., Quebec, 12 miles from Buckingham. Pop. 100. Port'land, a borough of Australia, in Victoria, on Portland Bav, 170 miles W.S.AV. of Melbourne. P. 2372. Portland Bay, a wide inlet of Australia, lat. 38° 25' S., Ion. 142° E., bounded W. by Cape Nelson, POR r Portland Bill. See Isle of Portland. Portland Centre, Monroe co., Wis. See Portland. Portland Channel, off the W. coast of North Amer- ica, stretches inland, in hit. 55° N., Ion. 130° W., and sepa- rates Alaska from British America. Port Lan'dis, a post-office of Norton co., Kansas, on the North Fork of Solomon River. Portland Islands, a small group in the Pacific, TV. of New Hanover. Lat. 2° 3S' S.; Ion. 149° 29' E. Portland Mills, a post-village of Parke co., Ind., on Raccoon Creek, about 32 miles N.E, of Terre Haute. Portland Station, Jefferson co., 0. See Portland. Port'landville, a post-village of Plymouth co., Iowa, on the Sioux River, and on the Sioux City & Pembina Railroad, 30 miles N. of Sioux City. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Portlandville, a post-village in Milford township, Otsego CO., N.Y., on the Susquehanna River, and on the Cooperstown & Susquehanna Railroad, 12^ miles S. of Cooperstown, and 68 miles W. by S. of Albany, It has 3 churches, a flour-mill, 2 carriage-shops, 2 saw-mills, &c. Port La Tour, IS, toor, a post-settlement in Shelburne CO., Nova Scotia, 8 miles from Rarrington. Port Lavaca, or Lavaca, Id-vi'kS,, a post-village of Calhoun co., Tex., on the W. shore of Lavaca Bay, about 22 miles from" the Gulf of Mexico, and 125 miles W.S.AV. of Galveston. It is near the mouth of the Lavaca River, and 2 miles from Lavaca Station on the Gulf, Western Texas & Pacific Railroad. It has 2 churches and a factory fur canning beef. Pop. 76S. PortMaw', a town of Ireland, co, and 9 miles W.N.AY. of Waterfurd, on an affluent of the Suir. Pop. 3774, mostly employed in cotton-factories. Port Lew'is, a post-village in Huntingdon co., Que- bec, on Lake St. Francis, B miles N.W. of Huntingdon. Port Leyden, li'den, a post- village of Lewis co., N.Y., on Black River, and on the Utica & Black River Railroad, 42 miles N; of Utica, and 16 miles S. by E. of Lowville. It is mostly in Leyden township, and is on the Black River Canal. It contains 4 churches, an iron-furnace, several large tanneries, and saw-mills. Near this place are re- markable waterfalls and rapids. Pop. about 1200. Port Lincoln, link'on, a village of Australia, on the W. side of Spencer Gulf. * Lat. 34° 45' S. j Ion. 135° 50' E. Port Louis, purt loo'is (Fr. pron. poR loo^ee'), a sea- port town of France, in Morbihan, 2^ miles S. of Lorient, on a peninsula at the entrance of its bay. Pop. 3262. It is defended by a citadel on a neighboring rock, and has an arsenal. The fishery and trade in pilchards form the chief occupation of the poorer classes. It was founded by Louis Xni., in 1635. Port Louis, Falkland Islands. See Stanley. Port Lou'is, or Port North-west', the capital town of the island of Mauritius, at the head of a bay, on it^s N.W. side. Lat. 20° 9' S. ; Ion. 57° 28' E. Pop. 74,525. It has a citadel, good barracks, a bazaar, a theatre, a public library, and a hospital. The town and harbor are strongly fortified, but the entrance to the latter is difficult. Port Louis is the seat of Anglican and Roman Catholic bishops, has 9 churches and chapels, a mosque, Hindoo and Chinese temples, 2 colleges, and 5 daily newspapers, and is the ter- minus of two lines of railway. Port Louis, a maritime town of Guadeloupe, West Indies, on the Great Cul-de-Sac, 12 miles N. of La Pointe- a-Pitre. It has a small harbor, defended by forts. Port Louisa, loo-e'za, a post-hamlet in Port Louisa township, Louisa co., Iowa, on the Mississippi River, about 15 miles below Muscatine. It has a lumber-mill. Pop. 75. The township is bounded on the S.W. by the Iowa River, and has a pop. of 721. Port Lud'low, a post-village of Jefferson co., Wash- ington, on Puget Sound, about 16 miles S. of Port Town- send. It has 1 or 2 lumber-mills. Pop. 259. Port Lyttelton, New Zealand. See Lytteltos. Port Macquar'ie, an inlet of New South Wales, at the mouth of Hastings River; lat. of entrance, 31° 25' S., Ion. 152° 57' E. It is visited regularly by steamers. At high water there is a depth of 9 feet on the bar. Port Macquarie is a town on the same bay. Pop. 514. Port J>lad'ison, a post-village, capital of Kitsap co., Washington, on Bainbridge Island, and on the W. shore of Puget Sound, about 65 miles N.N.E. of Olympia, and 14 miles N.W. of Seattle. It has several saw-mills. Lumber is the chief article of export. Pop. 249. Portmad'oc, a small seaport town of Wales, co. of Carnarvon, at the N.E. extremity of Cardigan Bay, at a railway junction, 4 miles E.N.E. of Crickeith. It is 3 59 POR feet below the level of the sea, but is protected by embank- ments. The harbor admits vessels of 300 tons' burden, and has a thriving trade in slates from the quarries of Festiniog, in Merionethshire. Port Maholmack, port mi-ho'mak, a village and seaport of Scotland, cos. of Ross and Cromarty, on the S. side of Dornoch Firth, 14 miles N.N.E. of Cromarty. Port lUahon, mi-hon' (Sp. Puerto Mahon, pwSn'to nii-hon' ; anc. Por'tus Magn'nia), a fortified town of Spain, capital of Minorca, one of the Balearic Islands, on its S. side, in lat. 39° 62' N., Ion. 4° 20' E. Pop. 18,588. It is the residence of the military governor and of the Bishop of Minorca, and has e.\tensive manufactures of shoes for the Cuba trade. Its port is one of the best and most com- modious in the Mediterranean. Port Mait'land, or Broad Creek, a post-village in Monck co., Ontario, on Grand River, near its entrance into L.ake Erie. Pop. 100. Port Mari'a, a seaport village of Jamaica, co. of Middlese.K, on its N. coast, 25 miles E. of St. Ann's. Port Mary, a creek of Scotland, 6 miles E.S.E. of the entrance to Kirkcudbright Bay, where Mary Queen of Scots embarked in her flight to England. Port MatiI'da, a post-village in Worth township, Centre co.. Pa., on the Bald Eagle Valley Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 28 miles N.E. of Altoona. It has 2 churches, a tannery, 2 lumber-mills, and a grist-mill. Port 3Iatoun, mi-toon' (or Monton) Island, at the W. entrance to Port Matoun, Queens co.. Nova Scotia. Port Medi'iia, a town and port of entry, capital of the Bay I.slands, Honduras, on the isla.nd of Ruatan. It has a large tra.de with the United States and Great Britain. Port Med'way, or Mill Vil'Iage, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, in Queens co., at the head of a capacious harbor, 96 miles S.W. of Halifax. It has several stores, mills, and ship-yards. Pop. 600. Port Mer'cer, a hamlet of Mercer co., N.J., on the Morris Canal, 2\ miles from Lawrence Station. Port 3Iliaddra, Egypt. See Bahetoon. PortMoii'moutli, a post-vilhige in Middletown town- ship, Monmouth co., N.J., on Sandy Hook Bay, 20 miles S. of New York, and 7 or 8 miles N. of Red Bank. It is the N. terminus of the New Jersey Southern Railroad. It con- tains 2 churches. It is mainly supported by trade and the fisheries, and has manufactures of tish oil and guano. Port Monte, a town of Chili. See Puerto Montt. Port Mo^rant', a seaport on the S. coast of Jamaica, 6 miles E. of the town of Morant. Port Moresby, morz'be, a town and English mission on the S. coast of Papua. Port Mor'ris, a post-village of Morris co., N.J., in Roxbury township, on the Morris k Essex Railroad, 8 miles W. of Dover. It has 2 churches. Port Mul'grave,a harbor on the E. side of Admiralty Bay, Alaska. Lat. 59° 33' N. ; Ion. 149° 43' W. Port Mulgrave, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, co. of Guysborough, on the Gut of Canso, opposite Port Hawkes- bury. This is one of the most important fishing-stations in the province. Pop. 400. Port Mur'ray, a post-village in Mansfield township, Warren co., N.J., on the Morris Canal, and on the Morris k Essex Railroad, 17i miles E.N.E. of Easton, Pa. It has a church. Pop. about 100. Portnalia'ven, a fishing village of Scotland, co. of Argyle, on the island of Islay. Pop. 411. Port Naranjo, Cuba. See Puerto Nakanjo. Port Natal, Africa. See Df bban. Port Nel'son, a post-village of Ontario, co. of Halton, on Lake Ontario, 33 miles S.S.W. of Toronto. Pop. 200. Portneuf, port'nuf (Fr. pron. poR'nuf), a county of Quebec, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, has an area of 7255 square miles. It is watered by the river St. Mau- rice. Capital, Cap Sante. Pop. 23,216. Portneuf, a post-village of Quebec, co. of Portneuf, at the entrance of the Portneuf River into the river St. Lawrence, 36 miles above Quebec. It has 2 paper-mills, saw-, flour-, and carding-mills, a nail-factory, 2 hotels, and 7 or 8 stores. Pop. 800. Portneuf, a village in Saguenay co., Quebec, on the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Portneuf River, 45 miles below Tadousac. Pop. 500. Port Jfeuf River, Oneida co., Idaho, runs westward, and enters the Snake River near lat. 42° 56' N. It is about 110 miles long. Basalt abounds in the cafion of this river. Port Nicholson, nik'yl-son, a harbor of New Zea- land, in Cook Strait, at the S. extremity of North Island, with Wellington on its W. side. POR 1790 POR Port Nix'on, a hiimlet of Ulster co., N.Y., in Wawar- sing township, 8 miles from Ellenville. Port Nockie, Scotland. See Port Knockie. Port Nol'loth, a seajmrt town of Cope Colony, on tiie W. coa-st, and on Robbe Bay, a small inlet 50 miles S.E. of the mouth of the Orange lliver. It is the terminus of a railway extending into the interior of Namaqua Land for transporting the copper ores which form the chief article of export. Port IVor'ris, a post-village of Cumberland eo., N.J., on the Maurice Kiver, about 2 miles from its mouth, and 20 miles S.E. of Bridgeton. It is a terminus of the Bridgeton & Port Norris Railroad. It has a church and a trade in oysters. Pop. about 500. Port Northwest, Mauritius. See Port Lotris. Porto, poR'to (anc. Por'tue Traja'mis), a ruined city and port of Italy, 14 miles S.W. of Rome, on the Tiber. Here are the basins formed by Claudius and Trajan, with other remains and traces of the ancient city. Porto, a city of Portugai. See Oporto. Porto, poR'to, a village of Spain, province and about 65 miles from Zamora. Pop. 1060. Porto Alegre, poR'to S,-li'gri, a city of Brazil, capi- tal of the province of Rio Grande do Sul, 160 miles N.N.E. of Rio Grande, at the N. end of Lago de los Patos. It has a hospital and schools. Pop., with suburbs, 12,000. Porto Alegre, a small maritime town of Brazil, prov- ince of Bahia, 120 miles S.S.W. of Porto Seguro. Porto Alegre, a town of Brazil, province of Rio Grande do Norte, 190 miles W. of Natal. Pop. 4000. Porto Atacaines, poR'to J-ti-ki'm^s (Sp. Puerto Atacamca, pweit'to 4-ti-ki'm^s), a harbor of Ecuador, on the Pacific, 100 miles N.W. of Quito. Por'to Bel'lo, a seaport town and summer resort of Scotland, CO. of Edinburgh, on the Firth of Forth, at a railway junction, 3 miles E. of Edinburgh. It has assembly- rooms, a branch bank, brick-works, potteries, and glass-, soap-, lead-, and mustard-factories. The burgh unites with Leith and Musselburgh in sending one member to the House of Commons. Pop. 5481. Porto Bello, poR'to bjl'lo, or Garoupas, g4-ro'- p3,s, a town of Brazil, province of Santa Catharina, on a bay of the same name, 25 miles S. of Desterro. Lat. 27° 8' S. See also Puerto Bello. Porto Cabello, Venezuela. See Puerto Cabello. Porto Calvo, poE'to kil'vo, formerly Bom-Suc- cesso, b6N»-soo-sis'5o, a town of Brazil, province and 50 miles N.E. of Alagoas. Porto Civitanuova, poR'tocheVe-ti-noo-o'v&, a vil- lage and railway station of Italy, on the Adriatic, at the mouth of the Chienti, 1 mile E. of Civitanuova. Porto da Estrella, pon'to AK hi-iriV\i., a maritime village of Brazil, on the Bay of Rio de Janeiro, 16 miles N. of the city of Rio Janeiro. Porto d'Anzio, poa'to din'ze-o, a small seaport on the Mediterranean, 34 miles S.S.E. of Rome. On a prom- ontory overlooking the port are the ruins of the Roman Antinm, the birthplace of Nero and Caligula. Porto das Caixas, poa'to dis ki'shas, a town of Brazil, province of Rio de Janeiro, with a port on the Rio Aldeia, an afHuent of the Macacu, 37 miles S. of Macacu. Porto das Pedras, pon'to d4s pi'dris, a town of Brazil, province and 47 miles N.E. of Alagoas, on the sea- eoast. Pop. 3000. Porto de Moz, a town of Brazil. See Moz. Porto di Brondolo, poR'to dee bron'do-lo (anc. Por'- tus Bruii'diiliis), a spacious bay of Italy, in the Adriatic, at the mouth of the Baechiglione. See also Brondolo. Porto di Fermo, poR'to dee f^R'mo, or Porto San Giorgio, pou'to s^n jou'jo, a small seaport of Italy, on the Adriatic, near Fermo. Pop. of commune, 3214. Porto Dracone or Leone. See Piraeus. Porto Empedocle, pou'to Sm-ped'o-kl4, called also Molo di Girgenti, mo'lo dee jin-jSn'tee, a town of Sicily, on the S. coast, 4 miles by rail S.S.W. of Girgenti, of which it is the port. It is the seat of a large tra.de. Porto Ercole, poa'to ^R'ko-14 (anc. Her'culia Por'tiis). a town of Italy, 26 miles S. of Grosseto, on the E. side of the peninsula of Mount Argentaro. Porto Feliz, poa'to fA-lees', a town of Brazil, 50 miles W.N.W. of Sao Paulo, on the Tiete. Porto Ferrajo, poa'to fSre-ni'yo, the chief town of Elba, province of Pisa, on the N. side of the island of Elba. Pop. 5779. It stands at the extremity of a tongue of land enclosing a fine harbor, enclosed within fortificaiions, and defended by several batteries. It has a government house, 2 large churches, a seminary, town hall, barracks, and military hospital, with a few manufactures, and an export trade in iron from mines in the vicinity. It was the resi- dence of Napoleon from May, 1814, till February, 1815. Porto Fino, Italy. See Fino. Port of Monteith, Scotland. See Mosteith. Port-of-Spain, a town of the West Indies, capital of the island of Trinidad, on its W. coast. Fort St. David being in lat. 10° 38' N., Ion. 61° 32' W. Pop. 20,000. It is one of the handsomest towns in the West Indies, having wide thoroughfares, Protestant and Catholic churches, Presby- terian and Methodist chapels, a good harbor, and an active trade. It is the see of a Roman Catholic archbishop. Porto Grande, poR'to grin'di, a seaport town of the Cape Verd Islands, on the N.W. side of the island of St. Vincent. It has a fine harbor. Porto Grande, a town of the Turkish island of Scar- panto, on its W. coast. Portogruaro, poR'to-groo-i'ro, a town of Italy, prov- ince of Venice, 27 miles S.W. of Udine. Pop. 9067. Porto Imperial, poR'to eem-pi-re-^l', a town of Bra- zil, 40 miles N.N.E. of Goyaz, on the Tocantins. Porto Lago, pon'to 13.'go, a small town of West Africa, in a detached portion of British territory, oi) the Sierra Leone River, 50 miles E.N.E. of Freetown. Portole, poR'to-li, a town of Austria, government and 20 miles S.S.E. of Triest. Pop. 2825. Porto Longone, poR'to lon-go'ni, a port and small town of the island of Paxo, on its N.W. side. Porto Longone (anc. Por'tus Loii'i/iib), a town of the island of Elba, on its E. side, 5 miles S.E. of Porto Ferrajo. Porto Maggiore,poii'to mad-jo'ri, a village of Italy, formerly on the Adriatic, but now 22 miles W. of the coast- line at Comacchio. Pop. of commune, 15,133. Porto Maurizio,poR'tomow-rid'ze-o, atownof North Italy, on the Mediterranean, province of Porto Maurizio, 2 miles by rail W.S.W. of Oneglia. Pop. 7038. Porto Maurizio, a province of Italy, in Liguria, bounded S. by the sea and AV. by France. Area, 467 square miles. It is mostly mountainous, being traversed by the Ligurian Alps. Capital, Porto Maurizio. Pop. 127,053. Portone, poR-to'ne, a village of Italy, 1 mile from Pisa, of which it may be called a suburb. Port Oneida, o-ni'da, a hamlet of Leelenawco.,Mich., in Glen Arbor township. It has a store, and a wood-dock on Lake Michigan. Porto Novo, poK'to no'vo, also called Feringliibet, Paraiigipetta, and Mahmood Bender, a maritime town of India, on the Coromandel coast, 30 miles S. of Pon- dicherry. Lat. 11° 30' N. ; Ion. 79° 50' E. It has iron- works. Pop. 7182. Port Onta'rio, a post-village of Oswego co., N.Y., on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of Salmon River, 4 miles W. of Pulaski, and 18 miles E.N.E. of Oswego. It has a church. Porto Plata, pon'to pli'tS,, a seaport of Santo Do- mingo, on its N. coast, 12 miles N.N.E. of Santiago. Porto Praya, pon'to pri'4, also called Praia, and Villa da Praia, a town of the Cape Verd Islands, on the S.E. coast of the island of Santiago. It has some good public buildings, and a trade chiefly in salt and archil. Porto Principe, Cuba. See Puerto Principe. Port O'ram, a post-village of Morris co., N.J., in Randolph township, on the Morris & Essex Railroad, at the junction of the Mt. Hope Branch and the High Bridge Railroad, 3fi miles W.N.W. of Newark. It has a church, a blast-furn.ace, and mines of iron ore. Pop. about 1000. Port Or'ange, a post-village of Volusia co., Fla., on the Atlantic Ocean, 60 miles S. by E. of St. Augustine. It has a fine beach and several orti.nge-groves. Porto Re, pou'to r4, a town of Croatia, on the Gulf of Quarnero, 8 miles S.E. of Fiume. Pop. 12011. Porto Real, a town of Brazil. See Porto I.mperi.il. Porto Recanati, poR'to rA-ki-ni'te, a decayed port of Italy, province of Maoerata, on the Adriatic, at the mouth of the Potenza, near Loreto. Port Or'ford, a post-village of Curry co., Oregon, on the Pacific Ocean, about 90 miles S.W. of Eoseburg. It has a good harbor and a lumber-mill. Porto Rico, poR'to ree'ko (Sp. Puerto liico, pwSR'to reo'ko, i.e., "rich port"), one of the Spanish West India Islands, the fourth in size of the Antilles, E. of Hayti and W. of the Virgin Isl.ands, Int. (S.W. point) 17° 56' N., Ion. 67° 10' W., ,90 miles long from E. to W., and 36 miles broad. A range of mountains runs through the island from E. to W., its loftiest peak being 367S feet high. In the interior are extensive savannas, on which numerous herds are pastured, and along the coasts are tracts of level, fer- tile land. Nearly the whole of the N. coast is lined with POR 1791 POR navigable lagoons, some of them 1-0 miles long, and many of the rivers can be navigated a distance of 5 or 6 miles. There are numerous bays and creeks, deep enough for vessels of considerable burden; but the N. coast is subject to tremendous ground seas, which beat against the clitfs with great violence. Only three harbors are safe, namely, Guaniea and Hova«, on the S. coast, and San Juan, on the N. There are no serpents or other reptiles on the island, but rats abound. The climate is generally salubrious. Gobi is found in small lumps and in dust in the streams flowing from the heights. Copper, iron, lead, and coal have also been found, and there are two salines or salt-ponds worked by the government. Porto Kico is wholly an agri- cultural island ; its products are sugar, rum, molasses, cof- fee, cotton, excellent tobacco, hides, live-stock, dye-woods, lignum-vitfe, timber, ground provisions, rice, salt, &g. The work on the farms is effected by free labor, slavery having been here abolished. The trade of Porto Rico is chieHy with the United States, Great Britain, Spain, Cuba, and Germany. The total value of produce exported from Porto Rico in 1846 was $5,797,200; in 1851, $5,761,974; and in 1874, £2,564,490, or $12,822,450. The total num- ber of vessels that arrived in 1873 was 1923 ; tonnage, 397,211. Porto Kico is governed by a captain-general, who is president of the royal audiencia and is assisted by a junta of military officers. It is divided into 7 departments. Principal towns, San Juan de Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Ponce, Arecibo, Aguadilla, and Guayama. Porto Rico was dis- covered by Columbus in 1493, It 1509 it was invaded by the Spaniards from Hayti, who in a few years exterminated the natives, numbering'about 700,000. Present pop. 635,677. Inhab. Puertouiqukno, pwen-to-re-kin'yo; plural, PuKRrouiQUCNOS, pw^R-to-re-kin'yoce. Port Orleans, New York. See Fisher's Landing. Port Orotava, Canaries. See Puerto de Orotava. Porto Sal Rey, poR'to sil ri, a town of Boavista, in the Cape Verd Islands, on its W. coast. Pop. 1000. Porto San Giorgio, Italy. See Porto di Fermo. Porto San Stefano, poR'to sin stM'4-no (anc. Por'- tus Doimtia'niis), a seaport town of Italy, on the N.W. coast of the peninsula formed by Mount Argentaro, about 6 miles W.S.W. of Orbitello. Pop. 3515. Porto Santo, poR'to sin'to, one of the Madeira Islands, 26 miles N.B. of Madeira. Lat. 33° 5' N. ; Ion. 10° 19' W. Length, 8 miles ; breadth, 3 miles. Surface mountainous; soil parched, and destitute of timber; prin- cipal products, limestone, wine of inferior quality, maize, barley, and fruits. On its E. coast is Porto Santo, its capi- tal, with a pop. of 1425. Porto Seguro, pon'to si-goo'ro, a maritime town of Brazil, province of Espirito Santo, lat. 15° 26' S., on the Buranhen, at its mouth in the Atlantic. It has several hospitals and schools and a church, and is defended by a fort. Porto Tolle, pon'to tol'li, or San Niccolo, s^n necMiO-lo', a town of Italy, province of Rovigo, on the Po, a few miles from the sea. Here the Po delle Tolle leaves the main stream. Pop. 5350. Porto Torres, pon'to ton'r^s (anc. Tur'rin Libi/sso'- nie), a seaport near the N.W. angle of the island of Sar- dinia, 13 miles by rail N.W. of Sassari. It abounds in Roman antiquities, and exports many cattle. Pop. 2698. Porto Veccliio, pon'to v4k'ke-o, a fortified town of the island of Corsica, on its E. coast, 15 miles N.N.E. of Bonifacio. Pop. 1196. It has the best port in the island. Porto Venere, pon'to vJn'i-ri (anc. Veu'eris Por'- tus), a town and port of Italy, 44 miles S.E. of Genoa, at the S. extremity of the promontory forming the W. bound- ary of the Gulf of Spezia. Pop. 3770. It has a small port and an active anchovy-fishery. Port Pat'rick, a seaport town of Scotland, co. of Wig- town, on the Irish Channel, 6* miles by rail S.S.W. of Stranraer. It derives importance from being the nearest port to Ireland. It has a light-house. Port Patrick was long famous as the " Gretna b6k'; L. Quebeciim), a city and port, and, after Montreal, the most populous city in the Dominion of Canada, capital of the province of Que- bec, is situated on the left bank of the river St. Lawrence (which here receives the St. Charles), iOO miles from its mouth, 180 miles N.E. of Montreal, and 328 miles N.N.W. of Portland, Me. Lat. 46° 49' B" N. ; Ion. 71° 13' 45" W. Mean temperature in winter 10°, in summer 68° Fahren- reit; mean of the year, 39°. The city has a remarkably picturesque situation between the two rivers, at the N.E. extremity of an elevated table-land which forms the left bank of the St. Lawrence. Cape Diamond, the extremity of the table-land, is 333 feet above the level of the river, to which it presents a nearly precipitous face. Quebec is divided into two parts, called Upper and Lower Towns. The upper town occupies the highest part of the promontory, and is surrounded with walls and otherwise fortified, having an ancient citadel, which crowns the summit of Cape Dia- mond and covers with its numerous works an area of 40 acres. From its position it is probably the strongest fortress In America. The chief ascents to the upper town are by a steep and narrow winding street and by a flight of steps. The lower town, which is the seat of commerce, is built around the base of Cape Diamond, where, in many places, the rock has been cut away to make room for the houses. On the side of the St. Charles the water at flood-tide for- merly washed the very foot of the rock, but from time to time wharf after wharf has been projected towards low- water mark, and foundations made sufficiently solid on which to build whole streets where vessels of considerable burden once rode at anchor. The banks of both rivers are now lined with warehouses and wharves. The streets are generally irregular and narrow. The houses are principally of stone and brick, 2 or 3 stories high, the older ones with steep and quaint-looking roofs. In the upper town are several squares and public walks commanding views of varied and picturesque beauty. In one stands a monument to Generals Wolfe and Montcalm, the English and French commanders who fell at the taking of Quebec in 1759. A monument 40 feet in height marks the spot where General Wolfe fell on the Plains of Abraham. Among the public buildings may be mentioned the Par- liament buildings, the Roman Catholic cathedral (capable of containing 4000 persons, and covering, with the univer- sity attached, an area of 8 acres), the English cathedral, and St. John's Free Scotch church. There are in all 1 9 churches in Quebec, and a synagogue. Of the churches, 7 are Koman Catholic and 7 Church of England. The educational in- stitutions comprise Laval University, with faculties of law, medicine, and arts ; the Grand Seminary and the Minor Seminary; the Ursuline Convent; several nunneries; Morrin College, with 10 professors ; Laval Normal and Model School ; the Quebec High School ; and a number of academies and private and public schools. There are, in addition, the Canadian and Mechanics' Insiitutes, with libraries and reading-rooms ; the Literary and Historical Society, founded in 1824, and possessing valuable records and a large collection of historical manuscripts ; the En- tomological Society, St. Patrick's Literary Institute, Ad- vocates' Library, Board of Trade, and Merchants' Ex- change. Six daily newspapers are published in Quebec, 3 of which are in the French language. The principal be- nevolent institutions are the Marine Hospital, the Hotel- Dieu, the General Hospital, and the lunatic asylum af Beauport. Quebec has the head oflices of 3 banks, viz., Quebec Bank, Banque Nationale, and Union Bank of Lower Canada, besides which there are 2 savings-banks, and agencies of the Bank of Montreal and Bank of British North America. Ship-building is the chief manufacturing industry. There are also manufactories of iron castings, machinery, cutlery, nails, leather, musical instruments, boots and shoes, paper, india-rubber goods, rope, tobacco, steel, &o. The great staple of export is timber, which is furnished principally by the Ottawa and St. Maurice Rivers, and is brought !1 QUE hither in rafts, and collected into cowe* which extend along the left bank of the St. Lawrence for a distance of 6 miles above the town. Here are extensive timber- and deal-saw- ing establishments on the right bank of the St. Lawrence. Quebec returns three members to the House of Commons and three to the provincial legislature. It is the seat of the see of a bishop of the Church of England and of an archbishop of the Church of Rome. Pop. in 1832, 27,562 ; in 1852,42,052; in 1871, 59,699,-52,337 of whom were Roman Catholics, chiefly French Canadians. Quebec was first visited by Jacques Cartier in 1535. It then consisted of an Indian village called Stadacona. In July, 1608, Champlain founded the city, giving it its pres- ent name. In 1629 it fell into the hands of the English, but, with the whole of Canada, was restored to the French in 1632, and in 1663, when the colony was made a royal government, it became the capital. In 1690 the English attempted to recapture it, but met with defeat; but in 1759 it was captured by General Wolfe, and has since been under the British crown. An unsuccessful attempt was made by the Americans to carry the city by assault on the night of ■ December 31, 1776, when General Montgomery was slain. Quebec, a county in the S.W. part of Quebec, com- prises an area of 2598 square miles. This county is drained by the Bostonnais, Batiscan, St. Charles, Montmorency, and other streams. It has the St. Lawrence for its S.E. bound- ary. Capital, Charlesbourg. Pop. 19,607. Quebec, a province of the Dominion of Canada, bounded on the N. by Labrador and Hudson's Bay; on the E. by Labrador and the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; on the S. by the Bay of Chaleurs, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hamp- shire, Vermont, and New York ; and on the S.W. by the river Ottawa and the province of Ontario. Length, from Lake Temiscamingue, in the Strait of Belle Isle, about 1000 miles on a due E. and W. course, and from the above- named lake to Cape Gaspe, about 700 miles; breadth, about 300 miles. Area, 193,355 square miles. The principal mountain-ranges consist of the Notre Dame or Green Mountains, which, from the latitude of the city of Quebec, follow nearly the whole course of the St. Lawrence on its S. side, and terminate on the gulf of the same name, between the Bay of Chaleurs and Gaspe Point. On the N. side of the river are the Laurentian range, about 1000 feet in elevation, the Mealy Mountains, stretching from about lat. 75° W. to Sandwich Bay, and computed to be about 1500 feet high, and the Wotchish Mountains, a short range of crescent form, between the Gulf of St. Law- rence and Hudson's Bay. In the GaspS district numerous and beautiful specimens of quartz have been obtained. The limestone formation extends over 30,000 square miles ; the dip is moderate, and the strata of limestone are gener- ally undisturbed. Earthquakes have been very frequent in the province, and some of them of considerable violence. The province of Quebec possesses ores of gold, copper, iron, &a. Gold is found chiefly on the banks of the ChaudiSre. Copper is found in large quantities in the eastern townships. Iron is found almost everywhere, and is of superior quality. Lead, silver, zinc, platinum, use of Commons. Queens'ferry, South, a seaport town of Scotland, co. of Linlithgow, on the S. shore of the Firth of Forth, 9 miles W.N.W. of Edinburgh. Pop. 945. North Queknsferry is on the Firth of Forth, opposite the above, in the co. of Fife. Pop. 342. Queen's Foreland, for'land, an island of British North America. Lat. 62° 30' N."; Ion. 65° W. Queen's Lake, a post-office of Clinton co., 111. Queens'laud, a British colony of Australia, occupying all the N.E. of that continent. Lat. 10° 40' (Cape York) to 28° S' S. (Point Danger); Ion. 138° to 153° 33' E. The Moreton Bay district was known formerly as the N. part of New South Wales, and was a penal settlement till 1842. From that colony it is now divided by a line from Point Danger, following for the most part the parallel of 29° to 141° Ion. E., then N. to the 26th parallel, then W. to Ion. 138°, and then N. to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Area, 678,600 square miles, nearly six times as large as the United Kingdom. Pop. in 1874, 163,517. A large part of the coast is shut off from the open sea by the Great Barrier Reef. The seaboard is 2250 miles in e.vtent, and well suited for commerce, having many noble bays, among which are Moreton Bay (65 miles long by 20 miles wide), Wide Bay, Hervey Bay, Port Curtis, Port Bowen, Shoal Water Bay, Broad Sound, Whitsunday Passage, Edge- oumb. Upstart, Bowling Green, Cleveland, Halifax, and Rockingham Bays. Ranges of mountains run parallel with the E. coast at a distance of 60 or 70 miles, and give rise to numerous streams and rivers (many of which are navigable), as the Brisbane, Burnet, Fitzroy, Mary, Burdekin, &a. The chief seaport towns are Brisbane (the capital and seat of government), Ipswich, Maryborough, Rockhampton, Cooktown, Mackay, Bowen, Townsville, and Somerset. Chief inland towns, Toowoomba, Warwick, Dalby, and Clermont. Lines of railway are being rapidly con- structed, and telegraphs radiate all over the colony. In 1874 the number of miles of railway open was 249. Steamers ply between its several ports. The principal items of ex- port are wool, tallow, hides, sheepskins, preserved meats, ^old and copper, cotton, rum, sugar, and arrowroot. The climate is warm, and favorable to Europeans. The N. half «f the country is in the torrid zone. The distinguishing feature in the climate of Queensland is the absence of hot winds and the extreme dryness of the atmosphere. Hot days are invariably accompanied by cool nights. In the more northern parts of the colony the rainfall is very vari- able and droughts are extremely prevalent. Gold has been found in Peak Downs, at Rockhampton, Cape River, Calli- ope, and Gympie Creek, at which latter place are quartz reefs of surpassing richness. Copper is found scattered over many parts of the colony, and the Peak Downs mines «mploy a large number of miners. In consequence of the distance of this mine from the seaboard, the ore is smelted, a^nd the copper forwarded in its pure state in bars. Tin, mangamese, and iron are also abundant. Coal-mines are worked near Ipswich and Maryborough. Sugar-cane has been grown with success, and is equal to the best. The mulberry tree has been successfully reared, and silk of good quality obtained. Queensland is famed for its sheep-walks and cattle-runs, many of them of great extent. These tracts QUE are held on lea^e from the crown for periods varying from five to nineteen years, at rents varying from 10 shillings to 25 shillings per annum per square mile. Education is well attended to. The government is vested in a governor and two houses of legislature. The legislative council is nomi- nated by the crown, while the house of assembly is elective. Religion is entirely supported by voluntary aid. The land- laws of the colony are framed in a great measure on the principle of the Homestead Act of the United States, with the additional privilege of deferred payments. Queen's River, a small stream of Washington co., R.I., falls into Charles River. Queens'ton, a post-village in Niagara co., Ontario, on the Niagara lliver, 5 miles N. of the Falls, and on the Canada Southern Railway, 8 miles from Clifton. It has several stores and hotels. Queenston is associated in his- tory with the battle on the adjacent heights in the war of 1812. A monument to General Brock, 185 feet high, has been erected on Queenston Heights. Pop. 350. Queens'town, a seaport town of Ireland, co. and 10 miles E.S.E. of Cork, on the S. side of Great Island, in Cork Harbor. Pop. 10,340. It occupies a steep slope, its houses being disposed in successive terraces. The principal edifices are a parish church, chapel, national school, hospital, dis- pensary, bridewell, club-house, and market-house. At the E. end of the town are a pier, quays, and a station-house for pilots and officers of the port of Cork. Queenstown is protected by batteries, and opposite it are several islets, with additional fortifications, barracks, magazines, Ac. American steamers bound for Liverpool usually call at Queenstown. It was formerly called the Cove of Cork. Queens'town, in the District of Columbia, is a station on the Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- road, iii miles N.W. of Washington. Queenstown, a post-hamlet of Queen Anne co., Md., on Chesapeake Bay, about 20 miles E. of Annapolis. It has 3 churches. Queenstown, a borough in Perry township, Armstrong CO., Pa., 1 mile N.W. of Brady's Bend. It contains a flour- ing-mill, several stores, and a church. Pop. 201. Queens'ville, a post-hamlet of Jennings co., Ind., on the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis Railroad, 28 miles N.N.W. of Madison. Pop. about 100. Queensville, a post-village in York co., Ontario, 9i miles from Newmarket. It has 5 stores, and saw- and grist- mills. Pop. 300. Queich, kwiK, a river of Rhenish Bavaria, after an E. course of 30 miles joins the Rhine near Germersheim. Quei-Choo, or Quei-Tchou, China. See Koei-Choo. Quei-Iiing, or Qnei-Lin, China. Sec Kwei-Lin. Queimada (ki-e-mi'dS.) Islands, two islets of Bra- zil, province of Sao Paulo, off the coast, 40 miles S.W. of Santos. Lat. 24° 28' S. Queiss, kwice, a river of Prussian Silesia, government of Liegnitz, after a N. course of 65 miles joins the Bober 6 miles W. of Sprottau. It passes Greifenberg and Lauban. Quel, kSl, a town of Spain, province and 28 miles; S.E, of LogroSo. Pop. 1727. Quelaines, ki^lin', a village of France, in Mayenne, 8 miles N.W. of Cbateau-Gontier. Pop. 2028. Quelpaert, kw^l'part^ (?), an island at the entrance of the Yellow Sea, 60 miles S. of Corea. Lat 33° 29' N. ; Ion. 126° 53' E. Length, 45 miles; breadth, 12 miles. The island is subordinate to Corea, and is a penal settlement. Queluz, ki-loos', a town of Brazil, province of Minas- Geraes, 20 miles S.S.W. of Ouro Preto. Quemada, ki-m3,'d4, a ruined city of Mexico, state of Zacatecas, with massive remains, covering about 6 acres. Quem^aho'ning, township, Somerset co.. Pa. P. 1213. Quemahoning Creek, of Somerset co., Pa., flows into Stony Creek. Qu^meueven, ki^mVneh-v5N°',a village of France, 8 miles N. of Quimper. Pop. '1453. Queniiues, ki'meen', an islet off the N.W. coast of France, in Finistere, 17 miles W. of Brest. Quend, kiu", a village of France, in Somme, 17 miles N.N.W. of Abbeville. Pop. 1848. Quenenio, ken-ee'mo, a post-hamlet of Osage co,, Kan- sas, on the Osage River, at the mouth of Salt Creek, 30 miles S.S.W. of Lawrence. It has 2 churches and 3 stores. Queniutt Lake, Washington. See Qdinaiutt Lake. Quenu, ki-noo', an island on the S. coast of Chili, and N.E. of the island of Chiloe. Lat. 41° 46' S. Que'pec, a station in Madison parish. La., on the Vicks- burg & Shreveport Railroad, 25 miles W. of Vicksburg. Queponco, Worcester co., Md. See Newark. Quequay, ki-kwi', a river of Uruguay, after a W. QUE 1824 QUI course of 100 miles joins the Uruguay Kiver 26 miles N. of Concepcion de la China. Principal afSuent, the Quebracho, Querasco, a town of Italy. See Cherasco. Querbach, kw^B'biic, a village of Prussian Silesia, government anil 35 miles S.W. of Liegnitz. Pop. 1240. Quer'cus Gvove, a post-hamlet of Switzerland co., Ind., 17 miles S. of Aurora. It has a church and 2 stores. Quercy, kaiR^see', an old district of France, comprised in Guienne. Its capital was Cahors. It forms most of the department of Lot and a portion of Tarn-et-Garonne. Queretaro, ki-rii'ti-ro, a state of Mexico, enclosed by the states of Mexico, Michoacan, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, anil Hidalgo. Area, 3205 square miles. It is wholly on the Anahuac table-land. Its products are maize and cotton, with grain and fruits, and it has mines of silver, copper, lead, and iron, with manufactures of woollen cloth, soap, pottery, and iron-wares. Chief towns, Queretaro and Cadereita. Pop. 171,666. Queretaro, the capital of the above state, is in a fine valley, 110 miles N.W. of Mexico. Lat. 20° 36' N.; Ion. 100° 10' W. It is well built, and is supplied with water by a fine aqueduct 10 miles in length. The principal build- ings are mostly of a religious character, and comprise a large convent and a Franciscan monastery with extensive gardens. Queretaro possesses numerous factories of coarse woollens for army clothing, Ac. The peace between Mexico and the United States was ratified here by the Mexicjin Congress in 1848, and here Maximilian was shot, June 19, 1867. Pop. 47,570. Querfurt, kw^R'fooRt, or Quernfurt, kwjRn'fooRt, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, 18 miles W. of Merse- burg, on the Quern, an affluent of the Saale. Pop. 4412. Qu^rieux, a river of France. See Hallue. Querimba (ki-reem'bi) Islands, a chain of islands extending along the E. coast of Africa, between lat. 10° 30' and 11° 30' S., near Ion. 40° 30' E., comprised in the Por- tuguese territory of Mozambique. They are formed of coral, the principal being Aswatada, Ibo, Matemmo, Favno, and Querimba. Quero, kwi'ro, a village of Italy, on the Piave, 7 miles S. of Feltre. Pop. 2114. Quero, ki'ro, a town of Spain, province and 47 miles E.S.B. of Toledo. Pop. 1621. Querqueville, k^BkVeel', a village of France, in Manche, on its N. coast, 4 miles N.W. of Cherbourg. P. 917. Que'ry's, a post-office of Mecklenburg co., N.C., on the Carolina Central Railroad, 9 miles B.N.B. of Charlotte. Quesada, ki-si'nS,, a town of Spain, on the Sierra de Cazorla, 40 miles E. of Jaen. Pop. 4127. Quesalteuango, America. See Quezaltenango. Quesaltepeque, ki-sHI-ti-pi'ki, a town of Central America, state and S3 miles E.N.E. of Guatemala. Qnesnoy, Le, a town of France. See Le Qoesnoy. Quesnoy-sur-Deule, k&'nwi' siiR dcjl, a town of France, Nord, 6 miles N.W. of Lille, on the Deule. Pop. 2269. It has a communal college, distilleries, flour-mills, ttc. Quessoy, k^s^swS,', a village of France, in C5tes-du- Nord; S miles S.E. of Saint-Brieuc. Questembert, k^s^toM'baiR', a town of France, in Morbihan, 13 miles E.S.E. of Vannes. Pop. 1328. Quetta, a town of Beloochistan. See Shawl. Quettehou, kStt^hoo' or kStHeh-hoo', a town of France, in Manche, near the Channel, 9 miles N.E. of Valognes. Quevaucamps, kiVo^kSs"', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 12 miles W. by N. of Mons. Pop. 1700. Queven, kehVdNo', a village of France, in Morbihan, 4 miles N.W. of Lorient. Pop. 2661. Quevilly, Grand, grdN° k^h-vee^yee', a village of France, in Seine-Inferieure, near Rouen. Pop. 1548. See also Le Petit Quevilly. Quewhifile, kwee'whif-f'l, a township of Cumberland CO., N.C. Pop. 954. Queyrac, kiVrik', a village of France, in Gironde, 4 miles N. of Lesparre. Pop. 1928. Quezaltenaugo, or Quesaltenaiigo, ki-s3,l-ti- n^n'go, a city of Central America, state and 115 miles W.N.W. of Guatemala. Pop. 25,000, who manufacture cotton and woollen fabrics and carry on an active trade. It is handsomely built and well paved, and has a richly dec- orated cathedral, several other churches, and a noble city hall. In its vicinity are numerous interesting antiquities and remarkable volcanic appearances. Quiabon, ke-i-bon', commonly called Cliabon, chi- bon', a village of Santo Domingo, at the E. end of the island of Hayti, 90, miles E. by N. of the city of Santo Do- mingo. It is a small place, at the mouth of a stream of the ?ame name, which is partially navigable. Quia (kee'i) Country, a territory of West Africa, immediately E. of Sierra Leone, between the Eokelle and Casamanza Rivers, and comprising about 1300 square miles of rich alluvial land. Quib'by Creeli, of Sumter co., Ala., flows into the Tombigbee River from the right. Quibdo, a town of America. See Citara. Quiberon, kee'b§h-r6no' or kee\br6Ka', a peninsula of France, in Brittany, department of Morbihan, S.S.E. of Lorient, and N.N.E. of Belleisle. Lat. 47° 26' N. ; Ion. 2° 4' W. It is 7 miles in length, and united to the continent by a low isthmus, defended by Fort Penthievre. The town of Quiberon, at its S. end, has a small port. Pop. 720. Quibo,kee'bo, improperly written Quibdo, an island of the United States of Colombia, in the Pacific, at the en- trance of Montijo Bay. Lat. 7° 26' N. ; Ion. 81° 64' W. Length and breadth, 20 miles each, Quibor, keeWor', a town of Venezuela, state and 40 miles S.S.W. of Barquesimeto. Pop. 7727. Quii^am^o, kee-s5.-m6wMa', a town of Brazil, province of Rio de Janeiro, 21 miles S. of Campos. Pop. 2500. Quicara, ke-k4'ri, or Hicaron, ee-k^-ron', a group of small islands of the United States of Colombia, in the North Pacific, S. of Quibo, and near the W. entrance of Montijo Bay. Lat. 7° 10' 50" N. ; Ion. 81° 46' 18" W. Quicatlan, ke-kit-lin', a town of Mexico, state and 44 miles N. of Oajaca. Quiche, kee'chi, a town of Central America, state and 25 miles N.W. of Guatemala. Pop. 2500. Quick Sand Mills, a post-office of Breathitt eo., Ky. Quiclcs'burg, a post-office of Shenandoah co., Va. Quick'silver, a post-office of Yolo co., Cal. Quid'nick, a village of Kent co., R.I., in Coventry township, on the New York & New England Railroad. 12 miles S.S.W. of Providence, It has a cotton-mill. Pop. 750. Quieppe, ke-ep'pi, an island and fort of Brazil, prov- ince and 7U miles S.S.W. of Bahia, at the entrance of Ca- mamu Bay. Quierzy, ke-ain^zee', a village of France, in Aisne, on the Oise, 20 miles W. of Laon. It was formerly an im- portant city, and had a palace of the Carlovingian kings. Qui'et Dell, a post-hamlet of Harrison co., W, Va., 5 miles S. of Clarksihurg. It has a flour-mill and a tannery. Quievrain, ke-iVr&No', a town of Belgium, in Hainaut, on the French frontier, 12 miles W.S.W. of Mons, at the junction of the Belgian and French Railwa,ys. Pop. 2S04. Qili^vy, ke-iVee', a village of France, in Nord, 11 miles E. of Cambrai, with breweries and manufactories of linen and cotton goods. Pop. 3467. Qui-Foo, a town of Cochin China. See Phu-Y'en. Quilabamba, a river of Peru. See Vilcabajiba. Quiliano, kwe-le-a'no, or Quigliano, kweel-yi'no, a village of Italy, province of Genoa, near Savona. Pop. of commune, 3694. Quilimane, ke-le-mi'ni, or Quillimane, a town of East Africa, capital of a government of the Portuguese colony of Mozambique, on the left bank of the Quillimane lliver, the North Branch of the Zambezi, 15 miles from its mouth, and 12 miles from the sea. Lat. 17° 51' S. ; Ion. 37° 1' E. It is very unhealthy. The principal edifices are the fort, a church, and some brick houses. It has a trade in gold, ivory, ground-nuts, sesame, and wax. Qui-Lin, a city of China. See Kwei-Lin. Quillan, kee^yflN"' or keeryitf', a town of France, in Aude, 13 miles S. of Limoux. Pop. 2286. Quilleboiuf, keeFbuf, a town of France, in Eure, on the left bank of the Seine, at the commencement of its es- tuary, with a light-house, 7 miles N. of Pont-Audemer. Pop. 1441. Here are a pilot-station and a salvage-depot. Quillota, keel-yo'ta, a town of Chili, province of Val- paraiso, 50 miles N.W. of Santiago, on the Aconcagua, 20 miles from the Pacific. The houses are of sun-dried brick, only one story in height. Pop. 11,369. Quiloa, kee'lo-a, or Keel'Wa, written also Kilivah, a town of East Africa, on an island off the coast, 6 miles in length, and between which and the mainland is a secure harbor. Lat. S° 67' S. The fort, which is strong and en- closed by a moat, is the residence of the governor under the Sultan of Zanzibar. Quilon, kweeMon', or Coulan, kooMan', a seaport town of India, in Travancore, on the Malabar coast, 37 miles W.N.W. of Trivandrum, with an active export trade in pepper, cotton, cardamoms, &c. It has several churches, and an ancient temple of Seeva. Quim'by, a hamlet and station of Barry oo., Mich., on the Michigan Central Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of Hastings. QUI 1825 QUI Quimper, kiM'paiK', or Quiraper Corentln, kiji'- paiii' ko^roNoHiN°', a town of France, capital of the depart- ment of Finistere, on the Odet, 10 miles from the Atlantic, and 3G miles S.S.E. of Brest. Pop. 13,879. It is divided into an old and a new town ; the former, on the river-side, is fortitied, and has quays flanked by ancient houses. ■ The public buildings are a town hall, hospital, and barracks. It has a communal college, a seminary, public library of 25,000 volumes, theatre, and baths. Chief industries, manufactures of leather, crockery, cordage, and flour, ship-building, and a trade in wheat, wa.x, linen and hempen fabrics, butter, horses, and pilchards, of which last it has a fishery. Quiinpeii^, kiM^pSiOli', a town of France, in Finis- tere, at the confluence of the File and Isole, 34 miles by rail E.S.E. of Quimper. Pop. 4080. Quinaiutt, kwe^ni-nt' (or Que'niutt' ), Lake, Washington, is in -Tefferson co., about 12 miles S.W. of Mount Olympus. It is nearly 10 miles long. Its outlet is the river of the same name, which runs southwestward and enters the Pacific. Qui'naii, a post-ofHce of Wharton co., Tex. Quince, or Squince, a small island off the S.W. coast of Ireland, co. of Cork, about 5 furlongs S.W. of the en- trance to (Jlandorc Harbor. Quincetto, kwin-ch^t'to, or Quiiicinetto, kwin- ohS-nSt'to, a village of Italy, 8 miles N.W. of Ivrea. Quiiicy, kiNo'see', a town of France, in Seine-et- Marne, 4 miles S. of Meau.\. Pop. 1711. Quiii'cy, a post-village, capital of Plumas co., Cal., in Plumas township, about 85 miles N.N.E. of Marysville, and at an elevation of nearly 3600 feet above the sea-level. It is surrounded by high mountains, and has a court-house and a newspaper office. Gold is found here. Pop. 208. Quilicy, a post-village, capital of Gadsden co., Fla., on the Jacksonville, Pensacola &, Mobile Ilailroad, 24 miles W.N.W. of Tallahassee. It contains 2 or 3 churches, a newspaper ofiice, 2 hotels, and a money-order post-office. Cotton and tobacco are exported hence. Pop. 743. Quiucy, a beautiful city, capital of Adams co.. III., on the Mississippi Iliver, 170 miles above St. Louis, 18 miles above Hannibal, and 104 miles W. of Springfield. It is situated on a limestone binfl*, 125 feet .above the river, of which it commands an e.\tensive view. It has n fine court-house which cost §300,000, 32 churches, 2 opera- houses, several academies, 15 public halls, 4 handsome public parks, 2 armories, 2 hospitals, a national bank, and 6 other banks. Four daily and 5 weekly newspapers and 2 monthly periodicals are published here. Quincy is a ter- minus of 5 railroads, styled the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Wabash, the Quincy, Missouri & Pacific, the Hannibal & St. Joseph, and the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis. The citizens of Quincy own 2 lines of steam-packets. Two steamboats run daily from this place up the river, and 2 others run down to St. Louis. This city has 12 steam flouring-milis, 5 carriage-factories, 7 machine-shops, 7 foundries, 2 steam saw-mills, 4 planing-mills, and exten- sive manufactures of beer, cigars, tobacco, sash, blinds, stoves, furniture, bricks, steam-engines, liquor, ploughs, &c. Here is a tobacco-factory which employs 900 hands. Quincy has a good system of water-works, 5 steam fire- engines, 2 lines of street railways, and gravelled streets extending S miles into the country. This was in 1870 the second city of the state in popul.ation. A fine railroad- bridge crosses the river here, and connects Quincy with the St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern Railroad. It is the seat of a Protestant Episcopal bishop. Pop. in 1860, 13,718 j in 1870, 24,052 ; present pop. about 40,000. Quincy, Madison CO., Ind. See Elwood. Quincy, a post-village in Taylor township, Owen co., Ind., on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 17 miles S.S.E. of Greencastle. It has 2 churches, a flour- ing-mill, and a \voollen-factory. Pop. about 350. Quincy, a post-village in Quincy township, Adams co., Iowa, about 80 miles W.S.W. of Des Moines, and 4 or 5 miles N. of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad. It has a bank and 2 churches. Coal is mined here. Pop. 265 ; of the township, excluding the village, 552, Quincy, a post-hamlet of Greenwood co., Kansas, on the Verdigris River, 28 miles S.S.W. of Burlington. Quincy, a post-hamlet of Lewis co., Ky., on the Ohio Eiver, 10 miles below Portsmouth, 0. It has 2 churches. Quincy, a handsome post-village in Quincy township, Norfolk CO., Mass., on the Old Colony Railroad, 8 miles S. of Boston, and about 1^ miles from the s^. It contains about 7 churches, a fine granite town hall, 2 national banks, a savings-bank, a newspaper office, a high school, a public library, and the well-endowed Adams Academy, founded in 115 1872. The township is bounded on the N.E. by Massachu- setts Bay. It contains quarries of the celebrated Quincy granite, which is exported to nearly all parts of the Union. Quincy was the birthplace of John Hancock, of John Adams, second president of the United States,, and of his son, John Quincy Adams. Pop. of the township, 9155. Quincy, a post-village in Quincy township, Branch co., Mich., on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern -Railroad, 6 miles E. of Coldwater, and 37 miles S.W. of Jackson. It has a graded school, 5 churches, a newspaper office, a bank- ing-house, 2 saw-mills,, and manufactures of staves, head- ing, sash, doors, Ac. Pop. 1092 ; of the township, 2497. Quincy, a township of Houghton co., Mich. Pop. 1282. It has a copperrmine. Quincy, a post-hamlet, in Quincy township, Olmsted CO., Minn., 25 miles. W. of Winona. Pop. of township, 741. Quincy, a post-hamlet of Monroe co.. Miss., 14 miles N.E. of Aberdeen. It has a church. Quincy, a post-hamlet of Hickory co.. Mo., about 54 miles S. by W. of Sedalia. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 80. Quincy, Chaytauqua co., N.Y. See Ripi.ey. Quincy, or Kidd's Mines, a village of Belmont co., 0., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 4J miles W. of Bel- laire, at the junction of the Bellaire Pacific Railroad (Marshall &, Shreveport division), 4 miles S.W. of Shreveport. Rachecourt, rish'kooK', a village of Belgium, in Luxembourg, 5 miles S.S.W. of Arlon. Pop. 1300. Rache-'rchurin, ri-shi-choo-reen' (?), a city of Mon- golia, 360 miles W. of Peking. It consists of 3 elegant and majestic Booddhist temples and other large edifices, sur- rounded by a great number of small houses. Raclilin, an island of Ireland. See Rathlin. Rachoor, a town of India. See llAicHon. Rachova, a village of Greece. See Aeakhova. Raciborz, a town of Silesia. See Ratibor. Racine, ra-seen', a county in the S.E. part of Wiscon- sin, has an area of about 340 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Lake Michigan, and is intersected by the Fox and Hoot Rivers. The surface is nearly level, and is di- versified with prairies and oak openings, in which the oak and hickory abound. The soil is calcareous and fertile. A\''heat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and cattle are the staple products. Silurian (Niagara) limestone underlies part of the soil. This county is inlfersected by the Chicago &, Northwestern Railroad and the Western Union Railroad. Capital. Racine. Valuation of real and pers(mal estate, ?20,827,105. Pop. in 1S70, 26,740; in 1875, 28,702, of whom 17,119 were Americans. RAC 1828 RAD Racine, a post-hamlet of Arkansas co., Ark., on the N. bank of the Arkansas River, 4 nviles N. of Varner Sta- tion. It has a saw-mill and a grist-mill. Racine, a post-hamlet of Mower eo., Minn., 5 miles from Grand Meadow Station. It has a church. Racine, Newton co., Mo. See Dayton. Racine, a post-village in Sutton township, Meigs co., 0., on the Ohio River, 9 miles above Pomeroy. It contains an academy or high school, 3 churches, 2 flour-mills, 2 car- riage-shops, a woollen-mill, Jtc. Coal is mined near this place. Pop. 560. Racine, a city of Wisconsin, and county se.at of Racine CO., is situated on the W. shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Root River, 25 miles S. by E. of Milwaukee, and 62 miles N. of Chicago. It is the second city of the state in population and commerce, and has one of the best har- bors on the lake. The city is handsomely laid out, with wide streets crossing at right angles, and contains the court- house, St. Luke's Hospital, the Taylor Orphan Asylum, the new post-office, and the massive buildings of the " Univer- sity of the West and Northwest" (Protestant Episcopal), formerly known as Racine College. R.acine has 26 churches, extensive gi-ain-elevators, largo thresbing-machine-works and wooUen-mills, 2 extensive wagon-factories, a steel- plough-factory, 11 fanning-mill-factories, 9 tanneries, sil- ver-plate-works, linseed-oil-works, foundries, machine- shops, wire-works, 3 pump-factorios, 5 glove- and mitten- factories, and manufactories of pianos, cotton batting, and flax. Two national banks have a paid-up capital and sur- plus of S500,000. Its educational advantages are un- surp.as3ed W. of L.ake Michigan; besides the university, there are St. Catharine's Academy for young ladies, the McMurphy Home School for young ladies, and the McMynn Academy. The public schools are graded, embracing a high school, 5 grammar, 5 intermediate, and 22 primary schools, requiring a corps of 40 teachers. Racine's manu- facturing enterprises require corresponding shipping facil- ities, and these are supplied by the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad and by the Western Union Railroad, extending from Racine (with a branch to Milwaukee) to Savanna, 111., on the Mississippi River. On the lake, the AVest Shove steam- boat line makes daily trips each way between Chicago and northern ports ; the lines of lower lake propellers and two Lake Superior lines make regular stops at this port. In addition to these,' there are owned at the port of Racine 46 sailing-vessels, of 8681 aggrega-te tonnage. Racine was first settled in 1835 ; incorporated as a city in 1S4S. Pop. in 1850, 5111 ; in 1860, 7820; in 1870, 98S0; and by the local census of February, 1878, 17,430. Racine Junction, a station of the Western Union Railroad, at the junction with the Chicago & Milwaukee Railroad, 2 miles from Racine, Wis. Racisburg, a town of Prussia. See Ratzeburg. Rack'et (or Raquette) Lake, New York, is in Ham- ilton CO., among the Adirondack Mountains, 1731 feet above the level of the sea. It is about 14 miles in extent, and is irregular in form. Its surplus water passes through a short outlet into Long Lake. Racket River, New York, rises in Hamilton co., and is the outlet of several lakes, the largest of which are Racket and Long Lakes. It runs first northwestward, and drains part of Franklin co., from which it passes into St. Lawrence co. Turning gradually to the right, it flows northward and northeastward, and enters the St. Lawrence River on the boundary between Neiv York and Canada. Length, about 140 miles. Racket River, a post-hamlet in Massena township, St. Lawrence CO., N.Y., on the Racket River, about 25 miles W.N.W. of Malone. Raconigi, a town of Italy. See Racco.mgi. Racoon. See Raccoon. Racz, a town of Hungary. See Brcse. Racz-Keve, n\ts-ki'vi\ an island in the Danube, 28 miles long, and from 1 to 2 miles broad. Its N. point is immediately S. of Pesth. Racz-Keve, a town of Hungary, co. .and 22 miles S.S.W. of Pesth, on the above island. Pop. 5672. Radack, ri'dik, (or Radak) Chain, an island-chain in the Pacific, having a general N.N.W. and S.S.E. course, eastward of and nearly parallel to the Ralick chain of Micronesia, the two chains, with some sporadic islands, forming the Marshall Archipelago. Radania, ri'di-mi, a small island and bay of Mada- gascar, on the N.W. coast. Rada-nel-Chianti,r3,'di-n31-ke-Jn'tee, or Castel- di-Rada, kis-tSl'-dee-ri'di, a village of Italy, 16 miles N. of Siena. Pop. 2S78. Radautz, r^'dowts, a town of Austria, in Bukowina, 10 miles S.W. of Sereth. Pop. 7249. Radeberg, r^'d^h-b^RG^ a town of Saxony, 9 miles N.E. of Dresden, on the Roder. Pop. 5894. It has im- portant manufactures of ribbons, gloves, and linen fabrics. Radeburg, r^'deh-booRG^, a town of Saxony, on the Riider, about 12 miles N. of Dresden. It has manufactures of pottery, starch, Ac. Pop. 2658. Radenin, riVieh-neen', a village of Bohemia, 9 miles S.S.E. of Tabor. Pop. 1080. Ra'der's, a station in Greene co., Tenn., on the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad, 6 miles W. of Greeneville. Ra'dersburg, a post-village, capital of Jefferson co., Montana, is about 35 miles S.S.E. of Helena, and 5 miles W. of the Missouri River. Gold is found here, and is the chief article of export. Pop. 311. Radevormwald,riVieh-voRm-w3,ld',orRade vorm Walde, riMeh voum wal'deh, a town of Prussia, govern- ment of Dusseldorf, about 9 miles S.E. of Barmen., It.has manufactures of cotton, linen, and woollen fabrics, leather, hardware. Ac. Pop. 8976. Rad'ford, a hamlet of Christian co.. III., in Prairieton township, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 19 miles S. of Decatur. Radford Furnace, a post-office of Pulaski co., Va., 11 miles S. c)f Dublin. Here is a charcoal-furnace. Rad'fordsville, a post-office of Perry co., Ala., about 26 miles N.N.W. of Solma. Rad'hunpoor'jor Rad'humpoor',atown of India, capital of the native state of the same name, in the Pah- lunpoor agency, Guzerat, Lat. 23° 28' N. ; Ion. 71° 30' E. Pop. 13,910. The state has an area of 800 square miles, and a pop. of 91,579. Rad'ical, post-office, Stone oo.. Mo., on White River. Radical City, a post-village in Sycamore township, Montgomery co., Kansas, on Elk River, 7 miles N.W. of Independence. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Radicena, ri-de-ohi'n4, a town of Italy, province of Reggie di Calabria, U miles E. of Palmi. Pop. 4974. Radicofani, ri-de-ko-fjl'nec, a town of Italy, 36 miles S.S.E. of Siena, on the slope of a volcanic mountain of the same name. Pop. 2SS4. Radicondoli, ra-de-kon'do-le, or Ridicondoli, re- de-kon'do-lee, a village of Italy, province of Sien.a, 13 miles S.E. of Volterra. Pop. 3962. Radimin, r3,-de-meen', or Radzimin, rid-ze-meen', a town of Russian Poland, province and 12 miles N. by E. of Warsaw. Pop. 3866. Radkersburg, r3,d'kers-booRG\ a town of Styria, 37 miles S.E. of Gr'atz, on the Mur. Pop. 2055. Radmansdorf, rid'mans-doRf, written also Ro- dolza and Radoulza, a town of Austri.a, 26 miles N.W. of Laybach, on the Save. Pop. 1120. Radna, rod-noh', written also Rodna, a village of Transylvania, 23 miles N.N.E. of Bistvitz, on the Szamos. Pop. 2160. Radnau, Transylvania. See Radnoth. Radnitz, rid'nits, a town of Bohemia, 14 miles N.E. of Pilsen. Pop. 3024. Rad'nor, or Radnorshire, rad'nor-shir, a county of South Wales, having N. the cos. of Montgomery and Salop. Area, 432 square miles. Pop. 25,430. The surface, except in the S.E., is bleak and mountainous. Princij^al rivers, the Wye, Arrow, and Lugg. Sheep and cattle are the staple products of the county. Chief towns, Presteign, New Radnor, and Knighton. The county sends one mem- ber to the House of Commons. It gives the title of earl to the Bouverie family. Radnor, New, a borough of South AVales, capital of the 00. of Radnor, 13 miles N.N.E. of Brecon. Pop, of parliamentary borough, 2190. Rad'nor, a township of Peoria co., 111. Pop. 948. Radnor, a post-township of Delaware co.,0.. is hounded W. by the Scioto River. Pop. 1255. Radnor Post-Offico and Station are at Delhi. Radnor, a post-village in Radnor township, Delaware CO., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 12 miles W.N.W. of Philadelphia. It has 3 churches. P. of township, 1431. Radnor Forges, Quebec Sec Fermont. Radnorshire, England. See Radnor. Radnoth, rid'not, Radnau, rid'now, or Jernot, ySr'not, a village of Transylvani.a, on the Maros, 44 miles N. of Hermannstadt. Pop. 1200. Radoch Kovitchi, Russia. SeoRAnosii Kovitchi. Radokala, ra-do-ki'l4, or Rimski-KorsakotT, rim'skee-kor-si-koff', a group of islands of the North Pa- RAD 18 cifio, in Marshall's Archipelago. Lat. 11° 8' and 11° 26' N. ; Ion. 166° 26' and 167° 14' E. The islands are principally two, — a larger, about 26 miles long, and a less, situated to the S. of it, and 14 miles long. Radolfszell, ri'dolf-tsSir, a town of Baden, on the Unter See, 17 miles N.W. of Constance. Pop. 1803. Radom, ri'dom, a town of Poland, capital of a prov- ince, on the Radomka, 67 miles from Warsaw. Pop. 11,339. It is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, and has Roman Catholic churches and Piarist and Lutheran colleges. Radoni, a province or government of Russia, in Poland, bounded S.E. by Austrian Galicia. Area, 4768 square miles. Capital, Radom. Pop. 541,993. Ra'dom, a post-village of Washington CO., 111., in Ashley township, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 2 miles S. of Ashley. It has a church and a money-order post- office. Radom was settled by Poles in 1873. Radomir, ri-do-meer', a town of Eastern Roumelia, 20 miles N.N.E. of Ghiustendil. Radomsk, r4-donisk', or Radoinsko, ri-dom'sko, a town of Poland, province and IS miles S.E. of Kalisz, on the railway to Warsaw. Pop. 3708. Radoinysl, r3,'do-mis'r, a town of Russin, government and 59 miles W.N.W. of Kiev, on the Teterev. Pop. 6905. Radomysl, a town of Austrian Galicia, 18 miles N.E. of Tarnow. Pop. 1831. Radosh Kovitchi, Radoch Kovitchi, or Ra- dosch KovUschi, ri-dosh' ko-vit'chee, a town of Russia, 24 miles N.W. of Minsk. Pop. 1361. Radoulza, a town of Austria. See RArMANSDOBF. Radovitz, ri'do-vits\ a town of Turkey, in Macedonia, 60 miles S, of Ghiustendil, on the Radovitz River. Radstadt, rad'stit, a village of Austria, in Salzburg, on the Enns, 35 miles S.E. of Salzburg. RadAVan, r&d'A'&n, a town of Hungary, co. of Sohl, on the Gran, 2 miles S.W. of Neusohl. Pop. 134S. Radzimin, a town of Russian Poland. See Badimin. Radzyn, rid'zin, a town of Poland, province and 30 miles S.S.E. of Siedlec. Pop. 4361. Rae Bareli, India. See Roy Bakeilly. Rae'ville, a post-office of Boone co., Neb. Rafa, ri'li (anc. lia'phia), a town of Palestine, near the frontier of Egypt, 4 or 5 miles from the Mediterranean. Raffles Bay, an inlet on the N. coast of the Coburg Peninsula, in North Australia, 13 miles E. of Port Essing- ton. Lat. 11° 10' S. ; Ion. 132° 20' E. R^fsund, rSf'soond, a lake of Sweden, lien and 26 miles S.E. of Ostersund. Greatest length, from N.W. to S.E., 24 miles; breadth, about 9 miles. It has a large island, and a village of the same name on its E. shore, and discharges itself at the S.E. into the Njurunda. Raft Creek, Idaho, runs northward through Owyhee CO., and enters Snake River near lat. 113° 10' W. Rafting Creek, township, Sumter co., S.C. Pop. 1585. Raft River Bridge, post-office, Owyhee co., Idaho. Ragatz, rA'gits, a town and parish of Switzerland, canton and 30 miles S. by E. of St. Gall, at the mouth of the gorge through which the Tamina rushes to the Rhine. It is noted for its mineral springs. Pop. 1826. Ragendorf, ri'ghen-doiif, or Rajka, ri'kSh, a town of Hungary, co. and 11 miles N.N.W. of Wieselburg, on the Danube. Pop. 2621. Ragersville, Tuscarawas co., 0. See Rogersville. Rag'ged Island, a post-hamlet in Shelburne co.. Nova Scotia. 21 miles from Shelburne. Pop. 359. Ragged Island (East Side), a post-hamlet, 3 miles from the above. Pop. 150. Rag'ged Mountains, a range on the border between Grafton and Merrimack cos., N.H. Height, 2000 feet. Raghib, rl'gheeb', a village of Arabia, on its S.E. coast, 12 miles N.E. of Makallah. Raghooghur, or Rahgoogurh. See Ragooghue. Raghunatlipoor, India. See Rogonauttoor. Ragian, r4-ghe-4n', or Rhugian, riig'e-4n', a town of Persia, in Fars, 3 miles AV. of Behbehan. RagMan, a township of Harrison co., Iowa. Pop. 375. Rag'lan, a post-village in Ontario co., Ontario, sj miles N. of Oshawa. Pop. 100. Raglesville, ra'ghelz-vil, a post-office of Daviess co., Ind., about 34 miles E.N.E. of Vincennes. Ragnit, rig'nit, a town of East Prussia, 30 miles N. of Gurabinnen, on the Niemen. Pop. 3857. Ragol, ri-gol', a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province and 18 miles from Almeria. Pop. 1376. Ragooghur, Ragooghur, r4-goo-gilr', or Rah- googurh, a town of India, province of Malwah, 133 miles S.S.W. of Gwalior. 9 RAI Rags'dale, a post-office of Fannin co., Tex. Raguhn, ri'goon, a town of Germany, in Anhalt, on the Mulde, 8 miles S. of Dessau. Pep. 1785. Ragusa, ri-goo'si, a river of Sicily, flows S., and enters the Mediterranean 12 miles S.S.W. of Modica. Ragusa, ra-goo'sa, or Raiigia, r^-oo'ji or row'ji (Slav. Dubromiik, doo-brov'nik ; Turk. Pn^rot))n7c, p5,-prov- nik' or pil-prov-neek'), a seaport city of Dalmatia, on a peninsula of the Adriatic. 38 miles W.N.W. of Cattaro. Lat. of the mole fort, 42° 38' N. ; Ion. 18° 7' B. Pop. 8823. It is partly enclosed by old walls, and has a cathe- dral, with fine works of art, a large Gothic custom-house, a palace of the former rectors of the republic, a guard- house, barracks, a lyceum, a lazaretto, a theatre, and in its vicinity numerous elegant villas. The port, immediately S. of the city, is fitted only for small vessels, and its trade, once important, has greatly declined. It is frequently visited by earthquakes. It has manufactures of silks, leather, and rosoglio, which, with oil, anchovies, and the products of Herzegovina, constitute the chief exports. Ra- gusa, founded about the middle of the seventh century, continued to be a republic, under the successive protection of the Greeks, Venetians, and 'Turks, until 1806, when it was erected by Napoleon into a duchy for Marmont. Adj. and inhab. Ragusan, r4-goo'san. Ragusa, a town of Sicily, 3 miles W. of Modica, on the W. bank of the Ragusa. Pop. 28,370. It has manur factures of woollens and silks, with a trade in corn, oil, wine, and cheese. Near it stood the ancient Hijbla Herasa. Ragusa Vecchia, ri-goo'sa, vSk'ke-i (" Old Ra- gusa"), a village on the Adriatic, 7 miles S.E. of the above town, was the ancient EpidanruB, destroyed by the Croats in 656. It has many vestiges of antiquity. Rahabeh, ri-hi'beh, a castle of Asiatic Turkey, on the W. bank of the Euphrates, between Rakka and Anah. Rahad, ri-h^d', a river of Abyssinia and Nubia, joins the Bahr-el-Azrek, or Blue Nile, 67 miles N. of Sennaar, after a N.W. course of 260 miles. Rahdunpoor, a town of India, See Radhunpoor. Raheia^ r^-hi'a, a town of India, in Bundelcund, 14 miles S.E. of Jaloun. Rahmaneeah, or Rahmanieh, rllH-mirnee'^h, a town of Egypt, province of Bahari, 25 miles S.S.E. of Rosetta, on the Rosetta branch of the Nile. Rahn, rihn, township, Schuylkill co.. Pa. Pop. 1227. Rahn's, a hamlet of Montgomery eo., Pa., on the Perkiomen Railroad, 7i miles N. of Perkiomen Junction. It has a foundry and a grist-mill. Pop. about 200. Raho, ri'ho\ a village of Hungary, 18 miles N.E. of. Szigeth. Pop. 2110. Rahoon, or Rahun, r^-hoon', also called Rhan, rhin, a town of India, in the Punjab, 13 miles N.E. of Loodianah. Pop. 14,394. Rahova, ri-ho'va, or Orava, o-r5,'vi, a town of Bul- garia, 56 miles E.S.E. of Widdin, on the Danube. Rahway, raw'wA, a small river of New Jersey, rises in Essex CO., runs southward through Union CO., and enters Staten Island Sound 6 miles S. of Elizabeth. Rahway, a city of Union co., N.J., is on the Rahway River, 4 miles from its mouth, and on the New York di- vision of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and the N. terminus of the Perth Amboy & Woodbridge Railroad, 19 miles S.W. of New York, 5 miles S.W. of Elizabeth, and 12 miles N.E. of New Brunswick. Schooners can ascend the river from Staten Island Sound to this place. It contains 17 churches, 2 national banks, 2 savings-banks, gas-works, extensive manufactures of carriages, clothing, shoes, printing-presses, woollen goods, springs, axles, and wheels, and printing- offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers. Many business men of New York City reside here. Pop. in 1870, 6258 ; present pop. about 9000. Raiatea, ri-4-ti'i, or Laiatea, li-3,-t3,'i (the Ulitea of Cook), one of the Society Islands, in the Pacific, 130 miles N.W. of Tahiti. Lat. 16° 50' S. ; Ion. 161° 24' W. Principal products, arrow-root and cocoa-nuts. Rai Bareli, India. See Roy Bareilly. Raib's, rabz, a station and hamlet of St. Clair eo.. 111., on the St. Louis, Alton &, Terre Haute Railroad, 2i miles W. of Belleville. Coal is mined here. Raichor, ri^ohor', Raichoor, rrchoor', or Ra- choor, ri^choor', a town of India, in the Nizam's domin- ions, 110 miles S.W. of Hyderabad. Lat. 16° 12' N.; Ion. 77° 26' E. Raidah, ri'd^, a seaport town of Arabia, on its S.E. coast. Lat. 15° N. ; Ion. 60° 30' E. Pop. 700. Principal exports, frankincense, aloes, ambergris, and shark-fins. Raidrug, a town of India. See Rydroog. RAI 1830 RAL Raif (raf) Branch, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Ala., 2S miles S. by E. of Montgomery. It has a church. Raigarh Baigarh, India. See Ryghur. Rai-Koke, li-ko'kA, written also Rau-Koko and Rach-Koke, one of the Kooril Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 48° 16' N. ; Ion. 153° 15' E. Raikot, ri-kot', also written Raiekote, a town of India, 25 miles S.W. of Loodianah. Pop. 9165. Rail Road, a township of Starke co., Ind. Pop. 532. Rail'road, a post-borough of York co., Pa., in Shrews- bury township, on the Northern Central Railroad, 17 miles S. of York. It has a tannery, 2 grist-mills, a distillery, a brewery, and a manufactory of phosphate. Railroad Flat, a post-village of Calaveras co., Cal., 40 miles from Milton. It h.is a church, a hotel, a quartz- mill, Ac. Gold is mined near this place. Rain'bow, a post-village in Windsor township, Hart- ford CO., Conn., on the Farmington River, 13 miles N. of Hartford, It has a church and several paper-mills. Raiiieburg, a town of Russia. See Ouanienburg. Raiiie (rin) Islet, an islet in the Great Barrier Reef, in Australasia. Lat. 11° .30' S.; Ion. 144° 2' E. Rainham (ran'am) Centre, a post-village in Haldi- mand co., Ontario, 12 miles from Dunnville. Pop. 100. Rainier, ra'neer, a post-village of Columbia co., Ore- gon, on the Columbia River, nearly opposite Monticello, and 50 miles N. by W. of Portland. It has a steam saw-mill. Rainier, Mount. See Mount Rainieii. Rains, ranz, a county in the N.E. part of Texas, is bounded on the S.W. by the Sabine River, and also drained by the Lake Fork, 'fhe surface is undulating or hilly. The soil is fertile. The Texas & Pacific Railroad passes through the S. part of it. Capital, Emory. Rainsborough, ranz'bur-ruh, a post-village in Paint township, Highland CO., 0., about 30 miles W.S. W. of Chil- licothe. It has 3 churches and a carriage-shop. Pop. 220. Rainsburg, ranz'burg, a post-village of Bedford co.. Pa., in Colerain township, 8 miles S. of Bedford Springs, and about 46 miles S. of Altoona. It has 2 churches, a seminary or normal school, a carriage-shop, and 2 tanneries. Rainsto wn , ranz'town, a post-village of Hendricks co., Ind., on the Indianapolis, Bloomington &, Western Kail- road, 20 miles W.N.W. of Indianapolis. It has 3 churches, an academy, and m.anufactures of lumber, tin-ware, tiles, pumps, Ac. Rainsville, ranz'vil, a post-hamlet of Warren Co., Ind,, on Pine Creek, 22 miles W. of Lafayette. Rainy (ran'^) Lake (Fr. Lnc de la Pluie, lik deh li plii^ee'), in North America, 160 miles AV. of Lake Superior, forms part of the boundary between Canada and the IFnited States. It discharges its waters by Rainy River into the Lake of the Woods. Its banks are covered with forests. Rainy River, the outlet of Rainy Lake, forms part of the boundary between Minnesota and Canada. It runs westward and northwestward, and enters the Lake of the Woods. Length, 1 00 miles. It is navigable. Raipoor, or Raipur, rrpoor', also written Rye- poor, a town of India, capital of Raipoor district, 174 miles E. of Nagpoor, Pop. 16,fi45. Raipoor, or Raipur, a district of India, Central Provinces, Chutteesgurh division. Are.l, 11,885 square miles. It is a part of a low sandstone plateau. Capital, Raipoor. Pop. 1,093,405. Raira-Khol, ri'ra-k'hol', a native state of India, Cen- tral Provinces. Area, "833 square miles. Pop. 12,660. Raisin (ra'z'n) Centre, a post-hamlet in Raisin town- ship, Lenawee co., Mich., on the Raisin River, about 32 miles S.E. of Jackson. It has a flour-miil, a lumber-mill, o', or Ab'erdeen', a post-village in Ponti.ac co., Quebec, on the Ottawa River, 46 miles above Pembroke, Ontario. It has 3 stores. Pop. SO. Rapid River, township, Kalkaska co., Mich. P. 235. Rap'ids, a township of Linn co., Iowa. Pop. 1332, exclusive of Cedar Rapids. Rapids, a post-village of Niagara co., N.Y., on the Tonawanda River, 5 miles N. of Clarence Centre, and about 22 miles N.E. of Buffiilo. It has a church. Rapids, a post-hamlet in Hiram township. Portage co., 0., on the Cuyahoga River, about 33 miles E.S.E. of Cleve- land. It has a church. Rapids City, a post village in Hampton township, Roek Island co.. 111., on the Mississippi River, and on the Western Union Railroad, 14 miles E.N.E. of Rock Island. It has a church, a graded school, a flouring-mill, and ex- tensive coal-mines. Pop. about 800. Rapino, ri-pee'no, or Rapini, ri-pce'nee, a town of Italy, province and S. of Chieti. Pop. 2309. Rapolano, ri-po-li'no, a village of Italy, 18 miles from Siena. Pop. 3962. Rapolia, ri-pol'lA, a town of Italy, in Basilicata, IJ miles S.E. of Melfl. Pop. 3511. Rapozos, ri-po'zoce, a village of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, 50 miles N.N.W. of Ouro Preto. Rap'pahan'nock, a river of Virginia, rises near the base of the Blue Ridge, and runs southeastward. The part of it above the mouth of the Rapidan is sometimes called North River, or the North Fork, and forms the boundary between the cos.' of Culpeper and Fauquier. It meets the tide at Fredericksburg, where it becomes navigable. It subsequently forms the N.E. boundary of Caroline, Essex, and Middlesex cos., and enters Chesapeake Bay between Stingray and Windmill Points. It is about 125 miles long. Rappahannock, a county in the N. part of Virginia, has an area of about 230 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Blue Ridge, and is drained by Hazel River, the North Fork of the Rappahannock. The surface is di- versified by hills and fertile valleys. Indian corn, wheat, cattle, and grass are the staple products. Capital, Wash- ington. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,200,000. Pop. in 1870, 8261, of whom 8236 were Americans. Rappahannock Academy, a post-office of Caroline CO.. Va. Rappahannock Station, a post-office of Fauquier CO., Va., on the Virginia Midland Railroad, 11 miles E.N.E. of Culpeper. Rapperschwyl, rip'p^r-shwil', or Rappersweil, rSp'p§rs-wir, a town of Switzerland, canton of St. Gall, on the Lake of Zurich. Pop. 2574. Rappersweil, rip'p^rs-^iP, a village of Switzerland, canton and 9 miles N. by W. of Bern. Pop. 1915. RappoisAVeiler, the German name of Riueauville. Rapp's Mills, a post-hamlet of Rockbridge co., Va., IS miles S.E. of Clifton Forge Station. It has a tannery and a grist-mill. Rapri, ri'pree, a large town of Siam, on the Me-Kong, 40 miles AV. of Bangkok. Raptee, or Rapty, rip'tee, a river of India, rises in Ncpaul, flows S.E., and joins the Goggra. Length, 370 miles. Raquette I^ake and River. See Racket. Ra'ra A'vis, a post-office of Itawamba co.. Miss. Raraka, ra-ri'ka, an island of the Pacific Ocean, Low Archipelago. Lat. 16° 6' S. ; Ion. 144° 57' W. Rarapia, the ancient name of Fehueira. Raratonga, ra'ri-tong'gi, or Rorotonga, ro'ro- tong'gi, an island in the Pacific Ocean, belonging to the group of Cook Islands, in lat. 21° 13' S., Ion. 160° 6' 33" W. It is about 30 miles in circuit. The inhabitants, about 4000, have been converted to Christianity. They live chiefly in the three villages of Avarua in the N., Atania in the S.E., and Arognaui in the S.W. Rarden, Scioto co., 0. See Galena. Rar'din, a post-village in Morgan township. Coles co., 111., 22 miles W. of Paris. It has 2 churches and 3 .=aw -mills. Raritan, rir'it-an, a small river of New Jersey, is formed by its North ,ind South Branches, which unite 4 or 5 miles W. of Somerville. It runs eastward through Som- erset CO., then southeastward to New Brunswick, and finally enters Raritan Bay at South Amboy. Steamboats can ascend it to New Brunswick, about 15 miles from its mouth. The North Branch of the Raritan rises in Morris co. and runs southward ; the South Branch drains parts of Morris and Hunterdon cos., running first southwestward and finally northeastward. Raritan, a post-village in Bedford township, Hender- son CO., 111., about 32 miles S.W. of Galesburg, and 18 miles E.S.E. of Burlington, Iowa. It has a money-order post- office. Pop. 201. Raritan, a township of Hunterdon co., N.J. P. 3664. Raritan, a township of Middlesex co., N.J. Pop. 3460. Raritan, a townshipof Monmouth co., N.J. Pop. 3443. Raritan, a post-village in Bridgewater township, Som- erset CO., N.J., on the Raritan River, and on the Central Railroad of New Jersey, 1 mile W. of Somerville, and 37 miles W.S.W. of New York. It has a bank, 3 churches, the Raritan Institute, 2 iron-foundries, 2 machine-shops, 2 grist-mills, a woollen-mill, and a braid-mill. Pop. 1009. Raritan Bay, New Jersey, is an inlet of the sea, at the mouth of the Raritan River. It separates the southwest part of Staten Island from Middlesex CO., N.J. Ras, ris (i.e., a "head" or "headland"), the prefix to the names of numerous capes of Africa and AVest Asia. Ras-Aconada (Aconatter). See Cape Caximes. Ras-Adder, Africa. See Cape Bos. Ras-al-Had, r4s'4l-hid', a cape at the E. extremity of Arabia, in lat. 22° 33' N., Ion. 59° 66' E. Ras-Arubah, ris-i-roo'bi, or Oremar'rah, a head- land on the coast of Beloochistan, in the Arabian Sea, in lat. 26° 8' N., Ion. 64° 35' E. Rasay, ri'si, or Black Water, a river of Scotland, CO. of Ross, flows S.E., and joins the Conan. RAS If Rasay, ri'si (or Raasay) Island, an island of the Inner Hebrides, Scotland, co. of Inverness, between Sliyc and the mainland, 1 mile N.E. of Skye. Length, 12 miles. Area, 28 square miles. Pop. 389. Rasbach, a village of Bohemia. See Rossbach. Ras-Bagashoo, or Ras-Bagashu, r^s-ba-gi- shoo',arocltyci\iieof Arabia. Lat. 14° 49' N. ; Ion. 50° 9' B. Ras-Bardistan, Persia. See Cape BAnnisTAN. Ras-Bernass, ris-bSr-niss', or Cape Nose, a head- land on the W. side of the Red Sea, 20 miles N.E. of the ruins of Berenice. Raschau, ri'show, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, 18 miles S.E. of Griinhain. Pop. 2300. Rascia, ras'se-a, a name formerly given to what is now the southern part of Servia, but now properly re- stricted to a part of Bosnia, comprising the districts of Novi-Bazar and Tashlidje. or Plevia. The name Jiascian, in its widest use, is almost synonymous with Servian. Ras-el-Abiad, ras-^l-A'be-ad" ("white cape"), a promontory of Palestine, 7 miles' S.S.W. of Tyre. Ras-el-Hamrah, Algeria. See Capr HAJtnAH. Ras-el-Khyma (or -Khima), ris-Sl-kee'm4 (?), a fortified town of Arabia, on the Persian Gulf, S.E. of El Katif. Lat. 25° 48' N. ; Ion. 56° 4' E. Ra'sen-Mar'ket, a town of England, co. and 14 miles N.E. of Lincoln. Pop. 2815. Rasgrad, rfc'grSid', a town of the principality of Bul- garia,, 33 miles S.E. of Roostchook. Rasheed, the Arabic name of Rosetta. Ras-Jerdaffoon, Africa. See Cape Guardafui. Ras-Moarree, Asia. See Cape Mosze. Ras-Mohamiiied, ras-mo-h^ni'm^d, the southern- most point of the peninsula of Sinai, in the Red Sea, be- tween the Gulfs of Suez and Akabah. Lat. 27° 50' N. Ras-Mussendoin, Arabia. See Mussendom Cape. Ras-Noo, Belooohistan. See Cape Gwadel. Raspenau, ris'p^h-now", a village of Bohemia, 39 miles N. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1909. Rass, El, i\ riss, a town of Arabia, in Nedjed, 230 miles W.N.W. of Derayeh, and E.N.E. of Medina. Rassegoo, Rassegu, ris-s?h-goo', or Rashaii, ri'- show, one of the Kooril Islands. Lat. 47° 60' N. ; Ion. 153° 30' E. Length and breadth, about 20 miles each. Rassein, r&s-sin', a lake of Roumania, in the Do- brudja, between the Danube and the Black Sea, with which latter it is connected by two mouths. Length, 25 miles. Rasselwitz, Deutsch, doitch ris'sel-*its\ a village of Prussia, province of Silesia, government of Oppeln, on the Hotzenplotz. Pop. 2839. Ras-Sidi-Ali-al-Shusha, See Cape Zibeeb. Rassova, ris-so'vi, a town of Roumania, on the Dan- ube, 40 miles W. of Kustendji. Rastadt, ris'titt, a strongly fortified town of Baden, 14 miles S.S.W. of Carlsruhe, near the right bank of the Rhine, and on the railway from Mannheim to Basel. Pop. 12.219. It h.as manufactures of hardware, arms, tobacco, Ac, Rastenburg, ris'ten-booRG\ a town of East Prussia, 64 miles S.E. of Konigsberg. Pop. 6102. It has a castle, and manufactures of linen and woollen goods and leather. Ras'trick, a town of England, co. of York. AVest Riding, 3 miles N.N.W. of Huddersfield. It has silk-, cot- ton-, and woollen-mills. Pop. 6896. Ratae, the ancient name of Leicester. Rataiipur, a town of India. See Buttunpoor. Ratchford River, Nova Scotia. See Port Greville. Rath, rat, a village of Rhenish Prussia, near Dussel- dorf. Pop."l717. Rathangan, rath-ang'gan, a town of Ireland, co. and 5 miles N.N.W. of Kildare, on Blackwood River. P. 682. Rath'bone, a township of Steuben co., N.Y. P. 1393. Rath'boneville, a post-village of Steuben co., N.Y., in Rathbone township, on the Canisteo River, and on the Erie Railroad, 33 miles W. of Elmira. It contains a church, a flouring-mill, and 1 or 2 saw-mills. Rath'biin, a hamlet of Elk eo.. Pa., on the Philadel- phia & Erie Railroad, 11 miles W. of Emporium. Rathbun, a post-hamlet of Sheboygan co., Wis., 9 miles W. of Plymouth, and about 17 miles E. of Fond du Lac. It has 2 churches. Rathcon'nel Bog, Ireland, on the N. side of the Grand Canal, has an area of 2505 acres. Rath'coii 'rath, a village of Ireland, co. of Westmeath, Si miles W. of Mullingar. Pop. of parish, 1475. Rathcor'mack, a town of Ireland, co. and 15 miles N.N.E. of Cork, on the river Bride. Pop. 454. RathMown' Castle, a ruin on the E. coast of Ire- land, CO. of Wieklow, 4 miles S. of Bray. Rathdow'ney, town of Ireland, Queen's co. P. 1186. Rath'drum', a town of Ireland, co. and 8 miles W.S.W. of Wicklow, on the Avonmore. Pop. 929. RathenoAV, ri'teh-nov\or Rathenau, rS,'t?h-now', a town of Prussia, iri Brandenburg, 34 miles W.N.W. of Potsdam, on the Havel. Pop. 9949. It comprises an old and a new town, the latter enclosed by walls. It has man- ufactures of linen and woollen fabrics, gloves, leather, and optical instruments. Rathfarn'ham, a village of Ireland, co. and 3 miles S. of Dublin. It comprises numerous handsome residences, a neat church, and a castle. Pop. of parish, 6779. Rathfri'land, a town of Ireland, co. of Down, 9 miles E.N.E. of Newry. Pop. 1827. Rath'gar', a village of Ireland, co. and 2 miles S. of Dublin. It has muslin-, calico-, and print-works, and lime- stone-quarries. Rathkeale, rath^ail', a town of Ireland, co. and 17 miles W.S.W. of Limerick, on the E. bank of the Deel, a tributary of the Shannon. Pop. 2517. RathMin', Rachliii, raKMin', or Raghery, rah'- gh^r-ree, an island off the N. coast of Ireland, co. of An- trim, in the North Channel, 3 miles N.W. of Fairhead. Rathlin O'Birne, rithMin' o-birn', a group of islets in Ireland, on the N. side of the entrance to Donegal Bay. Rathmelton, a town of Ireland. See Ramelton. Rath'new', a village of Ireland, co. and 4 miles by rail W. of Wicklow. Pop. 696. Ratho', a village of Scotland, co. and 8 miles S.W. of Edinburgh, on the Union Canal, and on the Edinburgh & Glasgow Railway. Pop. 717. Ratho', a post-village in 0.\ford co., Ontario, on the Grand Trunk Railway (Buffalo division), 15 miles from Stratford. Pop. 100. Rath'o'wen, a village of .Ireland, co. of AVestmeath, 12 miles N.N.W. of Mullingar. Pop. 319. Rathvil'ly,a village of Ireland, CO. and 10 miles E.N.E. of Carlow. Pop. 415. Ratibor, r&'te-boR\ written also Raciborz, rit'se- bouz\ a walled town of Prussian Silesia, government and 44 miles S.S.E. of Oppeln, on the Oder, a,nd on the railway from Breslau to Vienna. Pop. 17,213. It has a castle, and manufactures of woollen and linen stuffs, porcelain, tobacco, hosiery, and leather. Ratingen, ri'ting-en, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 6 miles N.E. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 5310. It has manufactures of paper, hats, pottery, &c. Rat'isbon (Ger. Jteijensburg, ri'ghjns-boonG' ; Fr. Eatiehoniie, ra^tees~bonn' ; anc. liegi'niim, or Cas'lra Jle- gi'na), a town of Bavaria, 67 miles N.N.E. of Munich, on the right bank of the Danube, opposite the mouth of the Regen, and at a railway junction. Pop. 30,937. The chief edifices are a cathedral, a fine town house, the old episcopal palace, in which is a monument to Kepler, and a fine stone bridge over the Danube. Near it is a splendid building called the Walhalla. It has considerable com- merce on the Danube, and manufactures of porcelain, to- bacco, leather, steel goods, paper, silk goods, chemicals, beer, stone-ware, Ac. Ratisbon was long the capital of Bavaria, and was afterwards a free imperial city till 1806. Rat (or Kreesa or Kryci, kree'sa) Islands, agroup in the Aleutian Archipelago, comprising five islands of con- siderable size, namely, Semisopochnoi, Amchitka, Kryci or Rat Island, Kiska, and Boulder, with 10 smaller ones. Rat Island is in lat. 61° 46' N., Ion. 180° 40' W. Ratmanoflf Island. See Imaklit. Ratnageri, Indi.a. See Rutnagherry. Ratnapoora, rit-ni-poo'rJ (the "city of gems"), a town of Ceylon, on a navigable river, 45 miles S.E. of Co- lombo. It has a barracks. Ratnest Island, Australia. See Rottnest Island. Ratomagus, or Rotomagus. See Rouen. Raton, ra-ton', a post-office of Las Animas co.. Col., on Purgatory River, 20 miles E.N.E. of Trinidad. Ratoueau, riHo^no', a fortified island off the S. coast of France, in Bouches-du-Rhone, N. of the island of Po- megue, and 2 miles W.S.W. of Marseilles. Raton (ri-ton') Mountains, a range which is partly in Southern Colorado and extends into Colfax co.. New Jlexico. It is the watershed between the Cimarron and Purgatory Rivers. Fisher's Peak, the highest point, has an altitude of 9460 feet. Coal or lignite is found in these mountains. Rattenberg, rit't?n-bjRG\ a town of the Tyrol, on the right bank of the Inn, 28 miles E.N.E. of Innspruck. Rafter's Corners, a post-village in Kings co., New Brunswick, 8 miles from Sussex Vale. Pop. 160. EAT 1837 RAV Rat'tle Run , a post-offico of St. Clair co., Mich. Rat'tlesnake Creek, of Owen oo., Ind., flowa into White River. Rattlesnake Fork, Ohio, runs southward through Fayette co. and southeastward through Highland co., and enters Paint Creek about 7 miles N.W. of Bainbridge. Rat'tray Head, a dangerous promontory of Scotland, CO. of Aberdeen, 7 miles E. of Kinnaird's Head. Ratz Almas, r8,ts irmosh\ a village of Hungary, co. of Stuhlweissenburg, near Adony. Pop. 1900. Ratz Boszormeny, Hungary. See Boszormeny. Ratzebuhr,rJt'seh-booii\ written also Ratzebulie, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 51 miles S.S.E. of Coslin. Pop. 2248. Ratzeburg, rit'seh-booRG\ written also Racisburg, a town of Prussia, in Lauenburg, 12 miles S.E. of Lubeck, on a small island in the Lake of Ratzeburg. Pop. 4227. Although it is the seat of administration of Lauenburg, the N. quarter belongs to the principality of Ratzeburg, a dependency of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Ratzeburg, a principality of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, has an area of 144 square miles and a population of 16,343. Ratzeburg, Lake of, a lake of Mecklenburg, 6 miles long. Its surplus waters are carried by the navigable Wackenitz to the Trave. Raub, rawb, a post-hamlet of Benton co., Ind., on the Cincinnati, Lafayette &, Chicago Railroad, 40 miles N.W. of Lafayette. It has a church. Raub's, a station in Tippecanoe co., Ind., on the Louis- ville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 10 miles S. of La- fayette. Here is South Raub Post-Office. Raub's Mills, a station in Snyder co.. Pa., on the Lewistown division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 20 miles E.N.E. of Lewistown. Ranch's (rawch'iz) Gap, a post-hamlet of Clinton CO., Pa., about 12 miles E. by S. of Lock Haven. It has 3 churches and a saw-mill. Rancourt, ro^koon', a village of France, in Ardennes, 15 miles S.E. of Mezieres. Pop. 1604. Raudnitz, rowd'nits, a town of Bohemia, on the Elbe, Ifi miles S.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 4937. It has a castle. Raudten, rowd'ten, or Rauden, row'den, a town of Prussia, in Silesia, 43 miles N.W. of Breslau, on the Schwarzwasser. Pop. 1342. Ranght's (rawts) mills, a post-office of Elk oo.. Pa. Rangia, a city of Dalmatia. See Ragusa. Rau-Koka, or Rach-Koke. See Rai-Koke. Raumo, row'mo, a seaport town of Finland, on a bay of the Kulf of Bothnia, 55 miles N.W. of Abo. Pop. 3305. Rauneburg, a town of Bohemia. See Ro.\rBUKG. Rauranuni, the ancient name of Rom. Raiiris, row'ris, a town of Austria, 40 miles S. of Salz- burg, on an affluent of the Salzach. Pop. 1590. Rauscha, row'shi, a village of Prussian Silesia, on a railway, 16 miles N.AV. of Buntzlau. Pop. 1060. Rauschenberg, row'shen-bSiiG', a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, 9 miles E.N.E. of Marburg. Pop. 1298. Rausium, or Rausia, Dalmatia. See Ragusa. Rant, a town of India. See Raat. Rautschka, riiwtsh'ki, or Hruska, h'roos'ki, a vil- lage of Austria, in Moravia, 30 miles from Weisskirchen. Ravana-Hrada, r4-vi'ni-h'ri'di, or Rakas-Tal, ri'kis-tir, one of the sacred lakes of Thibet, at the source of the Sutlej River, lat. 30° 40' N., Ion. 81° 10' E., a few miles W. of the other saered lake, Manasarowar, the waters of which it receives. Length, 20 miles; breadth, 5 miles. Ravan'na, a post-hamlet of Mercer co.. Mo., in Ra- vanna township, 7 miles N.E. of Princeton, and about 50 miles N. of Chillicothe. It has 2 churches and a manufivc- tory of bee-hives. Pop. of the township, 1129. Ravanusa, ri-v4-noo'si, a town of Sicily, 21 miles E.S.E. of Girgenti. It has' a trade in oil, almonds, and pistachio-nuts. Pop. 7652. Ravee, ri'vee^ (ane. Hi/drao'tes), one of the " five rivers" of the Punjab, rises near Chumba, lat. 32° 30' N., Ion. 76° E., flows S.W., and joins the Chenaub 35 miles N. of Mooltan. Estimated length, 370 miles. The city of Lahore and the towns of Chumba and Meanee are on its banks. Ravel ganj, a town of India. See Godna. Ravelio, rl-viVla, a town of Italy, province and 11 miles E.N.E. of Salerno. Pop. 1803. Ra'ven Creek, a post-offloe of Columbia co.. Pa., in Benton township. Rav'enell's, or Rav'enel's, a station on the Savan- nah & Charleston Railro.ad, 17 miles W. of Charleston, S.C. Ra'venglass', a town and seiiport of England, co. of Cumberland, 42 miles S.S.W. of Carlisle, "with a station on the Whitehaven & Furness Railway. It has a good harbor and valuable oyster-fisheries. Ravenna, ri-ven'nS, (Fr. Ravevne, ri^'ten' ; anc. Jiaven'mi), a city of Central Italy, in Emilia, capital of a province of its own name, in a marshy plain, on the Mon- tone, 5 miles from its port on the Adriatic, and 16 miles N.E. of Forli. Lat. 44° 25' N. ; Ion. 12° 11' E. Pop. 58,904. It is enclosed by walls about 3 miles in circuit, and entered by 5 handsome gates. It is richer in antiqui- ties of the early Middle Ages than any other Italian city, having been the residence of the Emperors of the West from the time of Honorius, and the capital of Italy under Odoa- cer, Theodoric, and the succeeding Gothic kings, the Byzan- tine monarcbs, and the Lombards. Its ancient monuments are nearly all Christian. The cathedral, founded in the fourth century, has fine paintings by Guido, and remark- able antiquities. The other churches, the baptistery, and the mausoleum of Placidia, containing the tombs of that em- press, of Honorius, and of Valentinian III., are all richly ornamented with mosaics. The other objects of interest are the archbishop's palace, communal hall, a rich library with 40,000 volumes, the museum, academy of fine arts, hospital, theatre, the leaning tower fortress, remains of the palace of Theodoric, the tomb of Odoacer, King of the Ileruli, and the tomb of Dante. About 1 mile N. of the city is the tomb of Theodoric, now the church of Santa Maria della Rotonda. A pillar, also outside the city, com-" memorates the death of Gaston de Foi.t, and the victory of Louis XII. of France and the Duke of Ferrara over Pope Julius II. and the Spaniards in 1512. Ravenna has some manufactures of silks, and a trade in wine and agricultural produce, facilitated by a large canal connecting it with the Adriatic. In the time of the ancient Romans, Ravenna was the chief port of the empire on the Adriatic. Adj. and inhab. Ravf.nnese, ra,-vfe-neez' (It. Ravennese, r^-v5n-ni'si, or Ravennate, rd-v§n-n3,'ti). Ravenna, a province of Italy, bordering on the Adri- atic. Capital, Ravenna. Area, 742 square miles. Pop. 221,115. RaVen'na, or Ra'ven'a, a post-office and mining- camp of Los Angeles co., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 51 miles N. of Los Angeles. Here are mines of gold, silver, and copper. Ravenna, a post-village of Muskegon co., Mich., in Ravenna township, on or near Crockery Creek, 18 miles S.E. of Muskegon, and 24 miles N.W. of Grand Rapids. It has a church, a flour-mill, a lumber-mill, and about 6 stores. Pop. about 200 ; of the township, 934. Ravenna, a township of Dakota co., Minn. Pop. 220. Ravenna, Mercer co.. Mo. See Ravasna. Ravenna, a post-village, capital of Portage co., 0., in Ravenna township, on the Pennsylvania & Ohio Canal, and on the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad where it crosses the Atlantic A Great Western Railroad, 38 miles S.E. of Cleve- land, and 16 miles E.N.E. of Akron. It contains a court- house, 6 churches, 2 national banks, 1 other bank, 2 news- paper offices, a graded school, manufactories of carriages, furniture, window-glass, mowing-machines, and woollen goods, 2 flour-mills, several planing-mills, &c. Large quantities of cheese, butter, wool, and flax are shipped here. Pop. about 3000 ; of the township, 3423. Raven'na, a post-village in Grey co., Ontario, 7 miles from Thornbury. Pop. 100. Ra'ven Rock, a post-hamlet of Hunterdon co., N..I., on the Delaware River, and on the Belvidere Delaware Rail- road, at Bull's Island Station, 23 miles N.W. of Trenton. Raven Rock, a post-office of Pleasants co., W. Va. Raven Run, a post-hamlet of Schuylkill co., Pa., on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, lOi miles E. of Mount Carmel, and about 12 miles N. of Pottsville. It has a church and coal-mines. Ravensburg, ri'vens-booRG\ a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Sohussen, and on the Wiirtemberg Railway, 22 miles E.N.E. of Constance. Pop. 9078. It has manufac- tures of cotton and woollen stufts, paper, and sealing-wax, and a considerable transit trade. Ra'ven's Eye, a post-hamlet of Fayette co., W. Va., 10 miles E. of Sewell Depot. It has a church and a store. Ravensteiu, ri'ven-stine", or Ravestein, ri'veh- stine\ a town of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, on the Mouse, 5 miles N.W. of Grave. Ra'ven Stream , a post-office of Scott co., Minn., about 24 miles N.E. of St. Peter. Ra'venswood, a village in Beardstown township, Cass CO., III. Pop. 55. RavensAVOod, a post-village in Lakeview township, RAV 1 Cook CO., III., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 6 miles N. of Chicago, and about i mile from Lake Michi- gan. It has 2 churches and a broom-factory. Ravenswood, a former post-village of Queens Co., N.Y., on the East River, now the 3d ward of Long Island City. It has a church, and numerous costly residences, occu- pied by men who do business in New York City. P. Ib'M. Ravenswood, a post-village of Jackson co., W. Ya.., on the Ohio River, 3o miles below Parkersburg. It baa a newspaper office, 5 churches, a graded school, a steam flour- ing-mill, and an active trade in produce, Jcc. Pop. 362. Ravestein, Netherlands. See Ravenstein. Ravieres, riVe-ain', a town of France, in Yonne, 13 miles S.E. of Tonnerre. Pop. 1283. Ravinia, ra-vin'e-a, a post-hamlet in Deerfield town- ship. Lake co.. III., on the Chicago & Milwaukee Railroad, 21 miles N. of Chicago. Ravnagora, riv-ni-go'ri, a town of Croatia, S.W. of Agram. Pop. 1610. Rawa, ri'wa, a town of Austrian Galiciii, 32 miles N.N.W. of Lemberg. Pop. 4639. Rawa, ri'\Vd, a town of Poland, government and 45 miles S.W. of Warsaw, on the Rawka. Pop. 5527. Rawak, ri-wik', an island of the Eastern Archipelago, off the N. side of the island of Waigeoo. Lat. 0° 1' 14" S. Rawdoii, Ontario. See Stirli.ng. Rawdoii, a post-village in Hants co.. Nova Scotia, 9 'miles from Newport. Pop. 250. RaAV'don (South), or Ash'dale, a post-village in Hants CO., Nova Scotia, 9i miles from i^Iount Uniake. Rawdoii (Upper), a post-village in Hants co., Nova Scotia, 16 miles from Elmsdale. Pop. 800. Rawdon, a post-village in Montcalm co., Quebec, on the river Lac Ouareau, 48 miles N. of Montreal. It con- tains 3 churches, 3 saw-mills, and 3 grist-mills, and has a large trade in lumber, flour, and potash. Pop. 600. Raw'hide, a post-office of Lauderdale co., Ala. Raw Hide Butte, post-office, Laramie co., Wyoming. Raw'il-Pin'de, Raw'al-Pin'dee, or Rawal- pindi, raw^al-pin'dee, a fortified town of India, capital of Rawil-Pinde division and district, 47 miles by rail E.S.E. of Attock. Pop. 19,222. Rawil-Pinde, a division or commissionership of India, in the Punjab, consisting of the districts of Rawil- Pinde, Jhylum, Gu.ierat, and Shahpoor. Area, 16,857 square miles. Pop. '2,197,387. It has the Indus on the W., the Chenaub on the S.E., and the Cashmere dominions on the N.E. Rawil-Pi^jde district is in the N.W. part of the division. Area, 6218 square miles. Capital, Rawil- Pinde. Pop. 711,256. Rawitsch, or Rawicz, ri'Aitch, a town of Prussia, 55 miles S. of Posen. Pop. 11,141. It has manufactures of woollen cloth, linens, leather, tobacco, and salt. Rawles, rawlz. a township of Mills co., Iowa. P. 819. Raw'ley Springs, a po.st-office and summer resort of Rockingham CO., Va., 11 miles W. of Harrisonburg. Raw'ling's Station, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co., Md., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 13 miles S.W. of Cumberland. It has 2 churches. Raw'lins, or Raw'lings, a county in the N.W. part of Kansas, bordering on Nebraska, has an area of about 1050 square miles. It is intersected by Beaver Creek. Rawlins, a post-village, capital of Carbon co., Wyo- ming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 136 miles W.N.W. of Laramie, an! 710 miles from Omaha. Elevation, 6540 feet. Here are a sulphur spring which possesses medicin.a! properties, some machine-shops of the railroad, and quarries of limestone and good building-stone. Rawlins has a bank and 2 churches, and is the base of supplies for the mining country N. and S. of the railroad. Pop. 612. Raw'linsville, a post-hamlet in Martio township, Lancaster co.. Pa., about 15 miles S. of Lancaster. It has a church and 2 stores. Raw'son, a post-h,amlet of Cattaraugns co., N.Y., 7 miles N. of Cuba, and about 50 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo, It has a church. Rawson, a post-hamlet in Union township, Hancock CO., 0., on the Lake Erie & Louisville Railroad, 8 miles S.W. of Findlay. It has 2 churches and 2 steam saw-mills. Raw'sonville, a post-village of Wayne co., Mich., on the Huron Hiver, 4i miles from Ypsilanti, and about 26 miles W. by S. of Detroit. It has a Hour-mill, a woollen- mill, a line brick school-house, and a church, RaAVSonville, Lorain co., 0. See Grafton. Rawsonville, a post-hamlet in Jamaica township, AVindham co., Vt., 14 miles E.S.E. of Factory Point. It has manufactures of lumber and chair-stock. RAT Ray, a northwestern county of Missouri, has an area of about 570 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Missouri River, and is drained by Crooked and Fishing Rivers. The surface is diversified with undulating prairies and forests of hard timber, which is here abundant. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, horses, and pork are the staple products. Mines of bituminous coal have been opened in this county, which has also abundance of limestone. It is intersected by the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, and by the St. Joseph Branch of that road. Capital, Richmond. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 18,700, of whom 18,135 were Americans. Ray, a post-village in Oakland township, Schwyler co., 111., on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 8 miles N.E. of Rushville. It has a church and a barrel-factory. Co.al abounds here. Ray, a township of Franklin co., Ind. Pop. 2070. Ray, a township of Morgan co., Ind. Pop. 761. Ray, or State Line, a post-hamlet of Steuben co., Ind., on the Fort Wayne, Jackson & Saginaw Railroad, at State Line Station, 12 miles N.N.E. of Angola. It has a church and 2 stores. Here is Ray Post-Office. Ray, a post-office of Pawnee co., Kansas. Ray, a township of Maeomb co., Mich. Pop. 1495. Ray Centre, a post-office of Macomb co., Mich., about 33 miles N. by E. of Detroit. Raygunge, ri-gunj', or Rayaganj, ri-a-giinj', a town of Bengal, district of Dinagepoor. Raymertown, ra'mer-tSwn, a post-hamlet of Rens- selaer CO., N.Y., 10 miles N.E. of Troy. Ray'inilton, a post-village of Venango co.. Pa., on Sandy Creek, and on the railroad between Franklin and Jamestown, 13 miles W.S.W. of Franklin. It has a flour- mill, a coal-mine, oil-wells, and an oil-tank which is said to hold 100,000 barrels. Pop. 100. Raymond, ra'mond, a hamlet of Champaign co.. 111., in Raymond township, about 30 miles W.S.W. of Danville. Pop. of the township, 323. Raymond, a post- village in Raymond township, Mont- gomery CO., 111., on the Wabash Railroad, 50 miles S.AV. of Decatur. It has 3 churches and a money-order post-office. Pop. about 500. Raymond, a post-village of Black Hawk co., Iowa, on the line between Poyner and Barclay townships, and on the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad, 86 miles W. of Dubuque, and 7 miles E. by S. of Waterloo. It has 2 churches. Raymond, a post-hamlet of Rice co., Kansas, in Ray- mond township, on the Arkansas River, and on the Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 63 miles W.N.W. of Newton. It has a church. Pop. of township, 414. Raymond, a post-village in Raymond township, Cum- berland CO., Me., about 24 miles N.N.W. of Portland. The township is bounded S.W. by Sebago Lake. It has 3 churches, a high school, several saw-mills, and a pop. of 1120. Raymond, a township of Stearns co., Minn., 14 miles W. of Melrose. It has 2 churches. Pop. 310. Raymond, a post-village, capital of Hinds co.. Miss., about 15 miles W.S.W. of Jackson. It has an academy, a newspaper office, and 6 churches. Raymond, a post- village in Raymond township, Rock- ingham CO., N.H., on Lamprey River, and on the Concord & Portsmouth Railroad, IS miles E. by N. of Manchester, and 23 miles W. of Portsmouth. It contains 3 churches and the Raymond High School, and has manufactures of shoes, &c. Pop. of the township, 1121. Raymond, a post-hamlet of Potter co.. Pa., 33 miles N.E. of Emporium. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Raymond, a post-township of .Racine co., Wis., about 16 miles S.S.W. of Milwaukee. Pop. 1534. Raymond City, a post-village of Putnam co., W. Va., on the Great Kanawha River, at the mouth of the Poco- taligo, 16 miles W.N.W. of Charleston. It has a church, a saw-mill, 2 tobacco-warehouses, and 3 dry-goods stores. Raymond's, a station of the Manchester & North Weare Railroad, 15 miles N.W. of Manchester, N.U. Raymond's, Union co., 0. See Newton. Raymondville, ra'mond-vxl, a post-office of Texas co., Mo., 30 miles S.W. of Salem. Raymondville, a post-village of St. Lawrence co., N.Y., in Norfolk township, on the Racket River, about 12 miles N. of Potsdam. It has a church, a woollen-mill, a saw-mill, 3 brick-yards, and a tub-factory. Ray'more, a post-hamlet of Cass co.. Mo., on the St. Louis, Lawrence A Western Railroad, Hi miles W. of Pleasant Hill. It h.is 2 churches. Rayne, a township of Indiana CO., Pa. Pop 1735. RAY Raynham^ rain'am, a post-village in Raynham town- ship, Bristol CO., Mass., on the Old Colony Railroad, 31 miles S. of Boston, and 3 miles N.N.E. of Taunton. The township is bounded on the S.E. by the Taunton River. Pop. of the township, 16S7. Itayiiolds Pass, Idaho. See Madisos Pass. Ray's, Ohio. See Raysvillr. Ray's Crossing, a post-office of Shelby co., Ind., on the railroad between ShelbyviUe and Rushville, 6 miles from the former. Ray's Hill, a small mountain-ridge extending across the Maryland line into the S, part of Bedford co., Pa. Ray's Hill, a post-liaralet of Bedford co.. Pa., about 36 miles W. of Chambersburg. Ray's ]>Iills, a post-office of Berrien co., Ga. Rays'towii Branch of the Juniata rises in the main range of the Alleghanies, near the E. border of Som- erset CO., Pa., runs through the middle of Bedford co., and enters the Juniata River 2 or 3 miles below Huntingdon, after a nortlieastward course of about 120 miles. Rays'ville, a post-village in AVayne township, Henry CO., Ind., on Big Blue River, and on the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroad, 35 miles E. of Indianapolis, and I mile E. of Knightstown. It has 2 churches. Raysville, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., 0., on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 19 miles E.S.E. of Chilli- cothe. It has 3 churches and several mills. Here is Ray's Post-Office. Ray'town, a hamlet of Taliaferro co., Ga., on the Washington Branch Railroad, 13 miles S. of Washington. Raytown, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Mo., 12 miles S.E. of Kansas City. Ray'ville, a post-village, capital of Richland parish, La., on the Vicksburg, Shreveport & Texas Railroad, 21 miles E. of Monroe, and 52 miles W. by N. of Vicksburg. It has a newspaper office, a church, and a steam grist-mill. Pop. iibout 4U0. Rayville, a post-hamlet of Baltimore co,, Md., 3 miles from Parliton, and about 28 miles N. of Baltimore. Here is Rayville Academy. Rayville, a post-hamlet of Ray co.. Mo., is at Sheridan (or Foote), on the St. Louis, Kansas City, and Nebraska Railroad, 10 miles N.W. of Richmond. It has a church. Rayville, a hamlet in Chatham township, Columbia CO., N.Y., H miles from Rider's Mills. It has a church. Rayville, a hamlet in Wayne township, Warren co., 0., 5 miles from Corwin. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Ray'wick, a post-village of Marion co., Ky., on the Rolling Fork of Salt River, about 56 miles S. by E. of Louisville. It has 2 churches and a tannery. Pop. 160. Ray'wood, a post-office of Union co., N.C. Raz, Lr, France. See Bec-du-Raz. Raza, ra'z^, or Gato, gi'to, an island of Brazil, at the entrance of the Bay of Rio Janeiro. Razes, r5,^zi', a former district of France, a dependency of the old province of Languedoc, and having Limoux for it* capital. It consisted of Razes proper, and Sault, now included in the department of Aude; and of Fenouillades, now in Pyrenees-Orientales. Razo, ri'zo, or Raza, r3,'z3,, one of the Cape Verd Islands, in the Atlantic, S.E. of Branco. Lat. 16° 38' N. ; Ion. 24° 37' W. Re, or Rhe, ri, an island off the W. coast of France, in the Gulf of Gascony, separated on the N. from the de- partment of Vendee by the strait called Pertuis Breton (p^rt'twee' bri-t^N"'), and on the S. from Oleron by that of Pertuis d'Antioche (p^iiHwee' d6NoHe-osh'). Length, 18 miles; breadth, 4 miles. Rea, ri, a post-office of Andrew co.. Mo. Reaburn's (ri'burnz) Creek, of Laurens co., S.C, flows into Reedy River from the left. Read, reed, a post-township of Clayton co., Iowa. Pop. 1040. Read Post-Office is at Clayton Centre. Readheld, reed'feeld, a post-village in Readfield town- ship, Kennebec co.. Me., 11 miles VV.N.AV, of Augusta, and 2 miles W. of Readfield Depot. It has 3 churches, a woollen- factory, and manufactures of oil-cloths, carriages, and sash and blinds. The township is intersected by the Lewiston division of the Maine Central Railroad. It contains also Readfield Depot and Kent's Hill. Pop. of township, 1456. Readfield, a post-hamlet of Waupaca co., Wis., about 18 miles N.W. of Menasha, and I mile N. of the Wisconsin Central Railroad. Readfield Depot, a post-hamlet of Kennebec co., Me., in Rendfield township, on the Maine Central Railroad, 25 miles N.E. of Lewiston. It has a church. Reading, r^d'ing, a borough of England, capital of the county of Berks, on the Kennet, near its junction with the Thames, and at a railway junction, 38 miles W.S.W. of London. It has spacious streets and many handsome residences, 3 ancient parish churches, a grammar-school, founded in the reign of Henry VII., a blue-coat school, founded in 1646, a national school, almshouses, a county hospital, a spacious county jail and house of correction, town hall, jail, workingmen's hall, freemasons' hall, library and news-room, museum, mechanics' institute, several learned societies, a small theatre, baths, and some remains of a magnificent abbey founded by Henry I. Reading has some manufactures of silk and velvets, large flour-mills, breweries, foundries, bakeries, and exports of corn, malt, timber, wool, cheese, &c. It sends two members to the House of Commons. Parliaments were held here in the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. Pop. 32,324. Reading, Fairfield co.. Conn. See Rrdding. Reading, r^d'ing, a post-hamlet in Reading township, Livingston co.. 111., on the Chicago, Pekin & Southwestern Railroad, 20 miles S. of Ottawa, a.nd 4 miles S. of Streator. Pop. 70. The township is drained by the Vermilion River, contains Ancona, and has a pop. of 1503. Reading, or Redding, a village of Lawrence co., Ind., on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 6 or 7 miles S. of Bedford. Reading, a township of Sioux co., Iowa. Pop. 288. Reading, a post-village in Reading township, Lyon CO., Kansas, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa F6 Railroad, 15 miles N.E. of Emporia. It has 2 churches. Pop. of township, 347. Reading, a post-village in Reading township, Mid- dlesex CO., Mass., on the Boston & Maine Railroad, 12 miles N. by W. of Boston, and 15 miles S.E. of Lowell. It has 1 or 2 weekly newspapers, a bank, and manufactures of cabinet-ware, boots, shoes, &c. Pop. of township, 3186. Reading, a post-village in Reading township, Hills- dale CO., Mich., on the Fort AVayne, Jackson &, Saginaw Railroad, 36 miles S.S.W. of Jackson, and about 10 miles S.W. of Hillsdale. It has a newspaper office, a bank, a union school, 4 churches, 2 pump- factories, a cheese-fac- tory, a flouring-mill, a glove-factory, and a pianing-mill. Pop. about 1100 ; of the township, 1928. Reading, a post-office of Pike co., Mo. Reading, a post-township of Schuyler co., N.Y. Pop. 1715. It is bounded on the E. by Seneca Lake, and is con- tiguous to Watkins. It contains Reading Centre. Reading, a village of Columbiana co., 0., 2 miles E. of Homeworth. It has a church. Reading, a post-village of Hamilton co., 0., in Syca- more township, at Lockland Station, 10 miles N.E. of Cin- cinnati. It has 4 churches, a convent, a money-order post-office, a bank, a tannery, 4 breweries, and a large grain-warehouse. Pop. 1575. Reading, a township of Perry co., 0. Pop. 3334. It contains New Reading and Somerset. Reading, a city of Pennsylvania, capital of Berks co., on the E. bank of the Schuylkill, and on the main line of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, at the junction of the East Pennsylvania, Reading & Columbia, Berks & Lehigh, and other railroads, and at the junction of the Schuylkill and Union Canals, 58 miles N.AV. of Philadelphia, and 55 miles E. by N. of Harrisburg. It is compactly and regularly built, and the picturesque mountains near it fur- nish a copious water-supply and an abundnnce of iron ore. The city has some elegant buildings, among which are several fine churches (there being in all 33), a court- house, opera-house, jail, academy of music, public library, normal, high, and other public and private schools, besides a Catholic academy and hospital, an orphanage, and other public and private charities. It is the seat of the Prot- estant Episcopal bishop of Central Pennsylvania. Among the industries of Reading the production and working of iron and steel take the first rank. The city has 3 national banks, a savings-bank, many forges, furnaces, foundries, rolling-mills, nail-works, machine-shops, &c., also shoe-fac- tories, breweries, tanneries, and manufactures of cigars, hats, paper, bricks, lumber, Ac. Many of the people are of Pennsylvania-German stock, and of the 3 daily and 8 weekly papers more than half are in the German language. Reading was founded in 1748, made a borough in 17S3, and a city in 1847. Pop. in 1870, .33,030; in 1873, 38,156. Reading, a post-hamlet in Reading townshio, Windsor CO.. Vt.. about 23 miles E.S.E. of Rutland. Pop, of the township (which contains Felchville), 1012. Reading Centre, a post-village of Schuyler co., N.Y., in Reading township, about 5 miles N.W, of Watkins, and 2 miles W. of Seneca Lake. It has 2 churches. REA 1840 REC Readingtoily a post-hamlet in Keadington township, Hunterdon CO., N.J., about 25 miles N. of Trenton, and 7 miles W. of Somerville. It has a church. The township is bounded on the S.W. by the South Branch of the Raritan Kiver, and is intersected by the Central Railroad of New Jersey. Pop. of the township, 3070. It contains villages named Stanton and White House. Readsborough, reeds'bQr-riih, a post-village in Readsborough township, Bennington co., Vt., on the Deer- field River, about 15 miles E.S.E. of Bennington, and 10 miles N.E. of North Adams, Mass. It has 2 churches, a summer boarding-house, and a lumber-mill. Pop. of the township, S2S. Readsborough Falls, a post-ofiice of Bennington CO., Vt., about U miles S.E. of Bennington. Read's Land'ing, or Read's Village, a post- village of Wabasha co., Minn., in Pepin township, on the Mississippi River, at the lower end of Lake Pepin, and opposite the mouth of the Chippewa River. It is on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 2 miles N.W. of Wabasha, and 27 miles E.S.E. of Red Wing. It has an active trade in grain and lumber, which latter is brought down the Chippewa River. It has a newspaper office, 2 churches, a graded school, and a boat-yard. Pop. 6()5. Readstown, reedz'town, a post-hamlet of Vernon co., Wis., on the Kickapoo, 3S miles S.E. of La Crosse. Readsville, reedz'vil, a post-hamlet of Callaway co., Mo., ',Vi miles N.E. of Jefferson City. It has a chureli. Readsville, Kansas. See Reedsville. Readville, reed'vil, or Readville Station, a post- village of Norfolk CO., Mass., in Hyde Park township, on the Neponset River, and on the Boston & Providence Rail- road, at the junction of a branch to Dedham. It is also on the IJoston, Hartford & Erie Railroad, 9 miles S. of Boston. It has a church, a machine-shop, and a cotton-factory. The name of its post-office is Readville Station. Ready (red'e) Branch, a post-office of Wilkes co., N.C. Readyville, red'e-vll, a post-village of Rutherford co., Tcnn., 2 miles E. of Murfreesborough, and 31 miles S.E. of Nashville. It has 3 churches, a mill, and a seminary. Reagan, ra'gan, a post-village of Falls co., Tex., on the AVaco ifc Northwestern Railroad, S miles E.S.E. of Marlin. Reagan's, a station on the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad, 9 miles N.E. of Athens, tenn. Real, ri-^1', a river of Brazil, flows E., and forms the boundary between the provinces of Bahia and Sergipe. Length, 160 miles. Its mouth, about 25 miles N.E. of the Itapicuru, is in lat. 11° 28' S. Real del Monte, rA-il' dSl mon'ti, a town of Mexico, 56 miles N.N.E. of the city of Mexico. A few miles N.E. is the celebrated cascade of Regla. Realejo, or Realexo, ri-i-li'no, a seaport town of Nicaragua, on a bay of the Pacific Ocean, 20 miles N.W. of Leon. Lat. 12° 27' N.; Ion. 87° 9' W. Pop. 5000. The harbor is capacious and safe. Exports, mahogany, cedar, and other timber, sugar, cotton, indigo, and Brazil-wood. Realejo de Abajo, ri-i-li'no di 3,-bi'Ho ("Lower Realejo"), a village of the Canaries, island of Teneriffe, 3 miles W. of Puerto de Orotava, and 2 miles from the sea. It has a town house, a prison, an elementary school, a gran- ary, a church, 2 flour-mills, and a distillery. Realejo de Arriba, ri-i-li'no di an-Rce'Bi ("Upper Realejo"), a village of the Canaries, island of Teneriffe, at the foot of a high chain of hills. It has a church, several primary schools, and 2 flour-mills. Realmont, ri'irmiN"', a town of France, in Tarn, 10 miles S. of Alby. It has a coal-mine, and manufactures of tricot and other woollen cloth, and of leather. Pop. 2337. Realyille, ri^&rveel', a town of France, in Tarn-et- Garonne, 8 miles N.N.E. of Montauban, on the Aveyron. Ream's Station, a post-village of Dinwiddle co., Va., on the Petersburg Railroad, 10 miles S. of Petersburg. It has 2 churches. Here occurred a battle, September, 1864. Reams'tOAVn, a post-village in East Cocalico town- ship, Lancaster co.. Pa., on a branch of the Conestoga Creek, 2 miles from Reamstown Station. It has 2 churches, a coach-factory, and a cigar-factory. ReamstOAVn Station, a hamlet of Lancaster co.. Pa., on the Reading & Columbia Railroad, 18 miles S.W. of Reading. Here is Stevens Post-Office. Reasnor, reez'nor, a post-village in Palo Alto town- ship, Jasper co., Iowa, on the Newton & Monroe Railroad, about 6 miles S. of Newton. It has 4 stores and 2 elevators. Reavesville, Grayson co., Tex. See Reevesville. Reaville, ra'vil, a post-hamlet of Hunterdon co., N.J., 4 miles S.E. of Flemington, and about 20 miles N. of Tren- ton. It has a church. Rebais, reh-bi', a town of France, in Seine-et-Marne, 6 miles E.N.E! of Coulommiers. Pop. 1224. Rebaix, r^h-bi', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, on the Dendre, IS miles E.N.E. of Tournay. Pop. 1200. Rebec'ca, a station of Terre Bonne parish. La., on the Houma Branch Railroad, 11 miles N. of Houma. Rebecq-Rognon, r?h-bSk'-ron'y6N'>', a village of Belgium, in Brabant, on the Senne, 16 miles S.S.W. of Brussels. Pop. 3020. Re'bersburg, a post-village in Miles and Brush Val- ley townships. Centre CO., Pa., 15 miles S. of Lock Haven. It has 4 churches and a graded school. Pop. 450. Rebrisora, rA-bre-so'ri, or Kis-Rebra, kish-ri'- br6h\ a village of Transylvania, 16 miles from Bistritz. Pop. 2371. Rebstein, rfip'stine, a village of Switzerland, canton and S.E. of St. Gall. Pop. 1601. ' Re'buck's, a post-hamlet of Northumberland CO., Pa., about 20 miles S. by W. of Danville. Reeanati, ri-k^-na'tee, a town of Italy, in Macerata, on the Musone. 4 miles S.W. of Loreto. Pop. 4345. It has a cathedral, a town hall rich in works of art, and an aqueduct by which water is supplied to Loreto. Rccca, rSk'ki, or Reka, ri'ka, a river of Austria, rises in the government of Laybach, flows westward, and at Canziano, IS miles E.N.E. of Triest, plunges into a chasm and entirely disappears. Total course, about 30 miles. Recco, rSk'ko, a town of Italy, province and 11 miles E.S.E. of Genoa, on the Mediterranean. Pop., with sub- urbs, 5128, who export oil and fruits and build small vessels. Recey-sur-Ource, reh-si'-sUn-ooRss, a village of France, in Cote-d'Or, on the Ource, 14 miles E.S.E. of Ch;\tillon-sur-Seine. Pop. 955. Rechau, a town of Bavaria. See Rehau. Recherche (reh-shairsh') Archipelago, off the S.W. coast of Australia, is mostly between lat. 34° and 35° S., Ion. 122° E. Recherche Bay, near the S. extremity of Tasmania. Lat. 43° 35' S. ; Ion. 147° 5' E. Recherche Island, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 11° 40' 3" S.; Ion. 106° 45' E. Rechicourt le Chateau, reh-shee'kooR' leh sha'to' (Ger. Mixingeii, rix'ing-cn), a village of Germany, in Lor- raine, 11 miles S.W. of Saarburg, on the railway from Paris to Strasburg. Rechitza, a town of Russia. See Rezeitsa. Rechnitz, r^K'nits, or Rohoncz, ro'honts', a town of Hungary, in Eisenburg, 8 miles S.W. of Giins. P. 3989. Recife, ri-see'fi, or Arrecife, aR-n4.see'fi {i.e., "reef;" or Cidade do lieci/e, se-di'di do ri-see'fi, ).e., "City of the Reef"), called also Pernambuco, p^R- nim-boo'ko, a city of Brazil, capital of the province of Pernambuco, on the Atlantic. Lat, 8° 3' 6" N. ; Ion. 34° 51' 7" W. It consists of three distinct quarters : 1, the town of San Pedro Gonfalves, on a sandy peninsula; 2, the village of Sao Sacramento, on the island of Santo An- tonio, between the rivers Biberibe and Capibaribe, and con- nected with the continent by two bridges; 3, the village of Sacramento or Boa Vista. The town is a railway ter- minus, and the landing-place of a telegraph cable to Lisbon. The port is defended by 4 forts, and the harbor is pro- tected by an extensive reef of rocks. It is only fit for vessels drawing less than 12 feet of water. The chief buildings are the governor's palace, the episcopal palace, and the new hospital. It has 2 Latin and several other schools, and a considerable trade with European ports. The chief exports are cotton, sugar, and dye-wood. Pop. 116,671. Olinda, 4 miles N. of Recife, was formerly the capital of the province of Pernambuco. See also Olinjia. RecUem, rSk'kem, or Reckheim, rek'hime, a town of Belgian Limbourg, 5 miles N.N.E. of Maestricht. Reckem, a frontier village of Belgium, in West Flan- ders, on the Lys, 5 miles S.W. of Courtrai. Pop. 2257. Reck'lesstown, a post-h.amlet of Burlington co., N.J., 5 miles S.E. of Bordentown. It has a church. Recklinghausen, rSk'ling-how'z^n, a town of Prus- sia, in "Westphalia, 31 miles S.W. of Miinster. , It has manufactures of woollen cloth, beer, &c. Pop. 4858. Recoaro, ri-ko-i'ro, a village of Italy, 19 miles N.W. of Vicenza. Pop. 5639. It has^ chalybeate springs, the waters of which are exported. Recov'ery, a township of Mercer co., 0. Pop. 1118. Rec'tortoAvn Station, a post-village of Fauquier oo., Va., on the railroad between Manassas and Front Royal, 19 miles E. of Front Royal, and 62 miles W. of Wash- ington, B.C. Rectorville, Hamilton co., 111. See Broughton. REO 1841 RED Rec'torville, a post-offioa of Mason co., Ky., 8 miles from Muysville. Reculet, r?hkUHi', the loftiest point of the Jura Mountains, in France, department of Ain, 10 miles W.N. W. of Geneva. Redang, ri-ding', an island in the Gulf of Siam, E. of the Maliiy Peninsula. Lat. 5° oO' N. ; Ion. 103° E. Red Apple, a post-office of Marshall oo., Ala. Red Bank, a village of Gloucester co., N.J., on the Delaware River, (i miles below Camden. It has a church. Here a battle was fought between the Americans and the Hessians, October 21, 1777. Red Bank, a post-town of Monmouth co., N.J., in Shrewsbury township, on the Shrewsbury River, and oo the New Jersey Southern Railroiid, 28 miles S. of New York, and about 7 miles N.W. of Long Branch. It is said to be the most flourishing town in Monmouth co. Steamboats run daily from New York to Red Bank. It contains 6 churches, 2 national banks, several academies or graded schools, a fine hotel, a newspaper ofiice, an iron-foundry, 2 steam saw-mills, a brush-factory, «fec. Oysters and fish are abundant here. Pop. about oOOO. Red Bank, a township of Armstrong co., Pa. P. 1341. Red Bank, a post-office of Hamilton co., Tenn. Red Bank, a post-hamlet of Halifa.\ co., Va., 13 miles W.S.W. of Clarksville. Red Bank Creek, Mississippi, enters Cold water River in Dc Soto CO. " Red Bank Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in Jeiferson CO., and runs first southwcstward, then runs westward, forms the boundary between the cos. of Armstrong and Clarion, and enters the Alleghany River about 3 miles below Brady's Bend. It is nearly SO miles long. Red Bank Fur'nace, a post-village of Clarion co., Pa., in Madison township, at the mouth of Red Bank Creek, 64 miles by rail N.N.E. of Pittsburg. Here is Red Bank Station on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, also the W. terminus of the Low Grade division of that road. Red Batiks, a post-hamlet of Marshall co.. Miss., 9 miles W.N.W. of Holly Springs. It has a church. Red Banks, a post-office of Robeson co., N.C., on the Carolina Central Railroad, 84 miles M'.N.W. of Wilmington. Red Beach, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Me., on the St. Croix River, 8 miles S.E. of Calais. Red Bird, a post-oBice of Bell co., Ky. Red Bird, a post-office of Holt co.. Neb. Red Blutt', a post-office of Jefferson co.. Ark. Red Blutf, a post-village, capital of Tehama co., Cal., on the Sacramento River, at the head of navigation, and on the Oregon division of the Central Paciflo Railroad, about 230 miles by water, or 135 miles by rail, above Sacra- mento. Steamboats can ascend the river to this place in all seasons. It has 3 churches, 2 newsp.aper offices, a bank, and manufactories of lumber and flour. Pop. 992. Red Bluff, a post-office of Montgomery co., Ga. Red Bluff, a post-office of Madison co., Montana. Red Bluff, township, Marlborough co., S.C. P. 1308. Red Bluff, a post-haralet of Wythe co., Va., 9 miles S. of Max Meadows. It has a church. Red Boil'ing Springs, a post-hamlet and mineral spring of Macon co., Tenn., 30 miles E.N. E. of Gallatin. Red Branch, a post-otfice of Bullock oo., Ga. Red Bridge, a station in Hampden co., Mass., on the Springfield, Athol & Northeastern Railroad, 13 miles E.N.E. of Springfield. Red Bud, a post-office of Etowah co., Ala. Red Bud, a station of the Mobile & Alabama Grand Trunk Railroad, 3oi miles N. of Mobile, Ala. Red Bud, a post-office of Gordon co., Ga. Red Bud, a post-village of Randolph co.. 111., on the Cairo & St. Louis Railro.ad, 37 miles S.S.E. of St. Louis, Mo., .and about 21 miles S. of Belleville. It has 4 churches, a bank, a graded school, a newspaper office, 2 flour-mills, and a carriage-factory. Pop. 880. Red Bud, a post-office of Cowley co., Kansas, 29 miles S.E. of Wichita. Red Bud, a post-office of Pike co., Ky. Red Buttes, but, a post-office of Albany oo., Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 9 miles E. of Laramie. Red'car, a town and sea-bathing-place of England, co. of York, North Riding, 6 miles N. of Guisborough, on the Stockton & Darlington Railway. Pop. 1943. Red Ce'dar, a post-office of Hamilton co., Iowa. Red Cedar, a township of Dunn co., Wis. Pop. 662. Red Cedar Lake, Wisconsin, is in the N.E. part of Barron co., and is one of the sources of Red Cedar River. It is about 6 miles long. 116 Red Cedar (or Menomonee) River is the outlet of several small lakes which lie in Chippewa and Barron COS., AVis. It runs southward, intersects the cos. of Barron and Dunn, and enters the Chippewa River about 12 milSs S. of Menomonee. Length, about 125 miles. See alio Cedar River. Red Clay, a post-village of Whitfield co., Ga., on the railroad which connects Dalton with Cleveland, about 13 miles N. of Dalton. It has 2 churches and an academy. The station at this place is called State Lino, and is on the N. boundary of the state. Red Clay Creek rises in Chester co.. Pa., runs nearly southward into New Castle eo., Del., and unites with White Clay Creek about 6 miles S.W. of Wilmington. Red Cloud, a post-office of Kno.x co., Ind., about 18 miles S.S.W. of Vincennes. Red Cloud, a post-village, capital of Webster co.. Neb., on the Republican River, and on the Republican Valley Railroad, 41 miles S. of Hastings, and 28 miles E. of Blooiuington. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, a car- riage-shop, and a grist-mill. Red Cloud Agency, an Indian agency of Nebraska, on the head-waters of the White River, 130 mileS N. of Sidney, and 2 miles from Camp Robinson. Redclyffe, red'klif, a post-office of Forest co., Pa. Red Creek, Mississippi, rises in Marion co., runs south- eastward through Harrison co., and enters Black Creek about 3 miles S.W. of Americus. Red Creek, a post-office of Barbour co., Kansas. Red Creek, a post-village in Wolcott township, Wayne CO., N.Y., on Red Creek, and on the Lake Ontario Shore Railroad, 21 miles S.W. of Oswego. It has 2 or 3 churches, a seminary, 2 grist-mills, 2 saw-mills, Ac. Pop. 529. Red Creek, a post-office of Tucker oo., W. Va. Red Cross, a hamlet of Leflore co.. Miss., on the Tal- lahatchee River, 35 miles W.S.W. of Grenada. Here is a steamboat-landing. Red Cross, a post-office of Randolph co., N.C. Red Deer, a river of British America, rises on the E. side of the Rocky Mountains, expands into a lake of the same name, flows S.E., and, after a course of 80 miles, joins the Saskatchewan in lat. 50° 40' N., Ion. 110° 5' W. Red'den, a post-office of Sussex co., Del., on the Junc- tion & Breakwater Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Georgetown. Redden, a post-office of Butler co., Kansas, 8 miles S. of Peabody. Red Desert, dez'^rt, a station of the Union Pacific Railroad, 52 miles S. by W. of Rawlins, Wvoming. Reddie's (red'diz) River, post-office, Wilkes co., N.C. Red'ding, a post-village of Shasta co., Cal., on the Sacramento River, .and on the Oregon division of the Cen- tral Pacific Railroad, 35 miles N. of Red Bluff. Redding, or Read'ing, a post-village of Fairfield CO.. Conn., in a township of its own name, about 14 miles N.W. of Bridgeport. It is on the Saugatuck River, 4 miles E. of Reading Station, which is on the Danbury & Norwalk Railroad, 6^ miles S. of Danbury. It has 2 churches. The township contsiins a hamlet named West Redding, at Red- ding Station, and a pop. of 1624. Redding, a township of Jackson co., Ind. Pop. 1525. Redding, Lawrence co., Ind. See Readi.vo. Redding, a post-office of Ringgold co., Iowa, about 10 miles S.W. of Mt. Ayr, Redding Ridge, a post-haralet in Redding township, Fairfield cc. Conn., 9 miles S.E. of Danbury. It has a church, the Redding Institute, and manufactures of horn buttons and combs. Red'dington, a post-hamlet in Redding township, Jackson oo., Ind., 4 miles S.E. of Joncsville. It has a church. Red'ditch, a town of England, co. of Worcester, 12 miles by rail S.S.W. of Birmingham. Pop. 6135, mostly employed in the manufacture of needles and fish-books. Red El'ephant, a post-office and mining-village of Clear Creek co.. Col., 6 miles N.E. of Georgetown. R^den^, ri'd^h-ni', a village of France, in Finistere, 34 miles E.S.E. of Quimperle. Pop. 1338. Redesis, the ancient name of the RoNCO. Red Falls, a post-village in Prattsville township, Greene co., N.Y., on the Batavia Kill, about 42 miles S.W. of Albany. It has a cotton-factory, a flouring-mill, a saw- mill, and a creamery. Red'lield, a post-village in Union township, Dallas co., Iowa, on the Middle Coon River, about 32 miles W. of Des Moines. It has a church, a woollen-factory, and 2 flouring- mills. Coal abounds here. Redfield, a post-office of Bourbon co., Kansas, 9 miles W. of Fort Scott. RED 1842 RED Redfielil, a post-offiee of Cass oo., Mioh., 5 miles S.E. of Cassopolis. Redneld, or Centre Square, a post-village in Red- field township, Oswego CO., N.Y., on the Salmon River, about 30 miles N.W. of Rome. It has 3 chmohes, 2 tanneries, a cheese-factory, and a grist-mill. Pop. of the township, 1304. The Salmon River falls 100 feet near this village. Red'ford, a post- village in Redford township. Wayne CO., Mich., on the Rouge River, 3 miles from Redford Sta- tion of the Detroit, Lansing &, Lake Michigan Railroiid, and 12i miles W.N.W. of Detroit. It has a flour-mill, a saw- mill, 2 churches, a cheese-factory, a broom-factory, and o brick -yard. Pop. about 300; of the township, 1877. See also Oak. Redford, a post-village of Clinton eo., N.Y., in S.ara- nac township, on the Saranac River, about 20 miles W.S.W. of Phittsburg. It contains 2 or 3 churches and several saw-mills. Pop. about 300. Red Fork, a post-village of Desha co., Ark., on the Arkansas River, about 6 miles N. of Watson, and 2 miles fi-om the Little Rock, Pine Bluff & New Orleans Railroad. It has 2 churches. Red Gap, a post-office of Eastl.and co., Tex. Red Haw, a post-hamlet in Perry township, Ashland CO., 0., about 15 miles N.W. of Wooster. It has 2 stores and a tannery. Red Hili, a post-ofBoe of Marshall co., Ala., about 38 miles S. by E. of Huntsville. Red Hill, a post-office of Franklin co., G.a., 6 miles N. of Garnesville. Here is a church. Red Hill, a post-office of Hardin Co., Ky., on the Pa- duoah & Elizabethtown Railroad, 32 miles S.S.W. of Louis- ville. Red Hill, a post-hamlet in Moultonborough township, Carroll CO., N.II., 6 miles from Meredith Village. Red Hill, post-township, Mitchell co., N.C. Pop. 299. Red Hill, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co.. Pa., on the Perkiomen Railroad, 23 miles S. of Allentown, and J of a mile from Hanover Station. It has a flour-mill and a cigar-factory. Red Hill, a post-township of Marlborough co., S.C. Pop. 1505. Red Hill, a post-hamlet of Cass eo., Tex., 12 miles from Queen City, It has a church and an academy. Red Hill, a post-hamlet of Albemarle co., Va., on the Virginia Midland Railroad, near the Blue Ridge, 9i miles S.W. of Charlottesville. Red Hook, a post-village in Red Hook township, Dutchess CO., N.Y., about 2i miles B. of the Hudson River, 22 miles N. of Poughkeepsie, and 46 miles S. of Albany. It contains 3 churches, a national bank, a newspaper office, and a tobacco-factory. Pop. 861. The township contains villages named Barrytown, Annandale, Madalin, and Ti- vdliv all on or near the Hudson River Railroad. Red Hook Station of the Rhinebeck A Connecticut Railroad is 7i miles N.E. of Rhinecliff. The banks of the Hudson River on the W. border of Red Hook are adorned with numerous elegant mansions and villas. Pop. of the township, 4229. Red House, a post-office of Morgan co., Ind. Red House, a post-office and station in Red House township, Catt.araugus co., N.Y., on the Alleghany River, an 1 on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 27 miles E. of Jamestown. Here is an Indian reservation. Pop. of the township. 453. Red House, a post-hamlet of Charlotte co., Va., about 25 miles S.E. of Lynchburg. It has a church. Red House Shoals, a post-village of Putnam co., W. Va., on the Kanawha River, 8 miles N. of Scott's Depot. It has 2 or 3 churches. Red'ing:ton,a post-village in Lower Saucon township, Northampton Co., Pa., on the Lehigh River, and on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Easton. It has a church and a furnace for pig-iron. Redinha, ri-deen'yi, a village of Portugal, province of Estreraadura, 8 miles N.N.E. of Pombal. Pop. 2037. Red Island, a large island in Placentia Bay, New- foundland, 12 miles from Little Placentia. Pop. 227. Red Island, a post-village in Richmond co., Nova Scotia, on an island on the E. side of Bras d'Or Lake, 55 miles from Port Hawkesbury. Pop. 776. Red Island, a small isl.and off the S. coast of New- foundland, 6 miles from Burgeo. Pop. 52. Red Island, in the river St. Lawrence, 9 miles N. of Green Island, and opposite the mouth of the Saguenay. Red Jack'et, a village of Houghton co., Mich., in Calumet township, adjacent to the Calumet and Hecla mine (copper). It has several stores. Red Jacket, a post-offlee of Erie co., N.Y^. Red Key, a post-village in Richland township, Jay co., Ind., on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati k St, Louis Railroad, 14 miles S.E. of Hartford. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a brick-yard. Pop. about 350. It was for- merly called Mount Vernon. Red Lake, Minnesota, Is in the N. part of Beltrami CO., and is intersected by the 4Sth parallel of N. latitude. It is about 35 miles long, and from 2 to 13 miles wide. The surplus water is discharged through Red Lake River, which issues from the western end of the lake. Red Lake, a post-office and Chippewa Indian village of Beltrami co., Minn., on Red Lake, 100 miles N. of De- troit, It has a church, a boarding-school, and a saw-mill. Pop. of Reservation, 1163. Red Lake Falls, a post-office of Polk co., Minn., 20 miles N.E. of Crookston. Red Lake River, Minnesota, is the outlet of Red Lake. It runs westward through Polk CO., traverses ex- tensive undulating or level pr.airies, and enters the Red River of the North .about lat. 47° 49' N. It is about 100 miles long, and itp lower part is navigable. Red Land, a post-hamlet of Pike oo., Ark., 40 miles W.N.W. of Arkadelphia. It has 3 churches. Red Land, a village of Bossier parish, La., about 36 miles N. by E. of Shreveport. It has 3 churches, a car- riage-shop, and a seminary. Red'land, a post-office of Montgomery co., Md. Red Land, a post-hamlet of Pontotoc co., Miss., about 56 miles N.N.W. of Columbus. It has a church. Red Land, or Whitehall, a post-village of Adams CO., Pa., about 7 miles E.S.E. of Gettysburg. It has a church and a carriage-shop. Red Lev'el, a post-office of Covington co., Ala, Red Lick, a post-office of Metcalfe co., Ky. Red Lick, a post-village of Jefferson co., Miss., 9 miles N.E. of Fayette. It has 3 churches. Red Li'on, a post-hamlet of New Castle co., Del., in New Castle hundred, on a creek at the head of tide, 1 mile from the Delaware Railroiid, and about 12 miles S.W. of Wilmington. It has a church, a hotel, and a wagon-shop. Red Lion, a post-hamlet of Burlington co., N.J., 3i miles S. of Vincentown. Red Lion, a post-village in Clear Creek township, Warren CO., O.,.20 miles S. of Dayton. It has 2 churches. Red Lion, a station in Berks co., Pa., on the Cotasau- qua A Fogelsville Railroad, 19 miles S.S.W. of Catasauqua. Red Lion, a post-village in AVindsor and York town- ships, Y^orkco., Pa., on the Peach Bottom Railroad, 10 miles S.E. of York. It has 2 churches and 3 cigar-factories. Red Mills, a village in Midland township, Bergen oo., N..J., 1 mile from Rochelle Park. It has a church, a. manu- factory of blankets, and a saw-mill. Red Mills, a village in Lisbon township, St. Lawrence CO., N.Y., on the St. Lawrence River, about 7 miles below Ogdensburg. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and a saw- mill. The name of its post-office is Lisbon. The rapids of the river here afford immense water-power. Red'nion, a post-hamlet of Edgar co.. 111., on the Illinois Midland Railroad, 9 miles W. by N. of Paris. It has a church, a grist-mill, and 3 stores. Pop. about 150. Red'mond, a post-office of Scott co., Tenn., on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, 14 miles S. of Huntsville. Red Mound, a post-office of Vernon co., AVis. Red Mount'ain, a range or group in AVyoming, near Yellowstone Lake, the culminating point being Shkri- DAN Mount (which see). A large part of this mountain is formed of purplish-pink porphyry, which is ferruginous and after exposure to the weather acquires a dark-red tint. Red Mountain, a post-office of Orange co., N.C. Red Mountain City, a post-village of Deer Lodge CO., Montana, about 70 miles S.S.AV. of Helena. It has mines of gold and silver. Red'nersville, a post-village in Prince Edward CO., Ontario, on the Bay of Quinte, 3 miles from Belleville. Rednitz, rSd'nits, a river of Bavaria, after a N. course of 50 miles joins the Pegnitz at FUrth to form the Regnitz. Red Oak, a post-office of Campbell co., Ga. Red Oak, a post-village of the Choctaw Nation, In- dian Territory, 46 miles S. of Fort Smith. It h.as 2 churches. Red Oak, a township of Cedar oo., Iowa. Pop. 496. Red Oak, or Red Oak Junction, a post-village, capital of Montgomery co., Iowa, is finely situated in Red Oak township, on the East Nishnabatona River, and on the Burlington Muskingum Valley Railroad, at Crooksville,liJ miles S. by W. of Zanesville. Reeds'burg, a post-hamlet in Plain township, Wayne CO., 0.. 10 miles W. of Wooster. It has 2 churches. Reedsburg, Clarion co., Pa. See Reidsbuhg. Reedsburg, a post-village in Reedsburg township, Sauk CO., Wis., on the Baraboo River, and on the Chicago &> Northwestern Railroad {Madison division), about 15 miles W.N.W. of Baraboo, and 32 miles W. of Portage, It has 2 banks, a newspaper office, a graded school, 5 churches, and manufactures of flour and lumber. It is noted as a market for hops. Pop. 547; of the township, 2242. Reed's Comers, a hamlet in Sparta township, Liv- ingston CO., N.Y., 4 miles N. of Dansville. It has a church. Reed's Corners, a post-hamlet of Ontario co., N.Y., near Canandaigua Lake, and about 5 miles S.E. of Canan- daigua. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 100. Reed's Creek, a post-hamlet of Sharp co., Ark,, about 20 miles N.E. of Batesville. Reeds'dale, a post-village in Megantic co., Quebec, on the river Thames, 14 miles E.S.E. of Becancour Station. Reed's Ferry, a post-vilhage of Hillsborough co., N.H., in Merrimac township, on the Merrimac River, and on the Concord Railroad, at Reed's Station, 9 miles N. of Nashua. It has a church, and manufactures of bricks, fish- barrels, iuraber, &c. Reed's Gap, a post-hamlet of Juniata co.. Pa., near a gap in Shade Mountain, 14 miles S.W. of Mifflintown. It has a church and a tannery. Reed's Landing, a post-office of Pulaski go.. Ark., on the Arkansas River. Reed's Lauding, Minnesota. See Read's Landing. Reed's Ranch, post-office, Donna Anaco., New Mex. Reed's Ridge, a post-office of Allamakee co,, Iowa, on the Upper Iowa River, 9 miles N.N.W. of AVaukon. Reed's Springs, a post-office of Stone co., A^o, Reed's Station, a post-office of Delaware co., Ind., on the Lafayette, Muncie & Bloomington Railroad, 7 miles W. of Muncie. Reed's Store, a post-office of Williamson co,, Tenn. Reedsville, Georgia, North Carolina, and New York. Sec Reidsville. Reeds'ville, a post-hamlet of Marshall co., Kansas, in Centre township, 7 miles S.E. of Marysviile, and 7 miles N.W. of Frankfort. It has 2 churches. Reedsville, a post-village in Olive township, Meigs CO., 0., on the Ohio River, about 20 miles below Parkers- burg, W. Va, It has a church and a manufactory of oil- barrels. Pop. 129. Reedsville, a post-village in Brown township, Mif- flin CO., Pa., on Kishacoquillas Creek, and on the Miffiin &, Centre County Branch Railroad, 6 miles N. by W, of Lewistown, It has a church, a flour-mill, and an axe-fac- tory. Pop. about 400. Reedsville, a post-hamlet of Preston co., W. Va., 6 miles N.AV. of Kingwood. It has 2 churches. Reedsville, or Reedville, a post-hamlet of Mani- towoc CO., Wis., on the Milwaukee, Lake Shore &, Western Railroad. 17 miles W.N.W. of the city of Manitowoc. Reed'town, a post-hamlet in Reed township, Seneca CO., 0., 4^ miles N. of Attica Station. It has a church and a saw-mill. Reed'ville, a station in Hancock eo., Ind., on the Cin- cinnati, Hamilton et-Vilairie, 7 miles N.E. of Red(m. Pop. 1478. Renage, r^h-nA/.h', a village of France, in Isere^ 14 miles N.N.E. of Snint-Marcellin. Pop. 187U. -^ Renaix, reh-ni' (Flemish, Ronse, ron's^h), a town of Belgium, in East Flanders. 21 miles by rail S.S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 12,000. It has a ruined castle, 3 public squares, each adorned with a fountain, 3 churches and 2 chapels, a town house, a hospital, an orphan asylum, several communal and private schools, a musical society, and dif- ferent benevolent institutions. There are also breweries, distilleries, tanneries, salt-refineries, dye-works, bleneh- fields, thread-mills, brick- and tile-workSj manufactures of REN linen, cotton, and woollen fabrics, yarn, tobacco, and chic- cory, and a large trade in linens. Renaix dates from the ei^th century. Re'nault, a post-township of Monroe co., III. Pop. 1617. Renault Post-Offiee is at Glasgow City. Renchen, rgns'en, a town of Baden, on the Rench, 9 miles N.N.E. of OfFenburg, on the Basel &, Mannheim Rail- way. Pop. 2263, Rencum, a village of the Netherlands. See RKNKU>r. Rende^ rSn'd9h, a town of Italy, province of Cosenza, 6 miles N.W. of Cosenza. Pop. 52S6. Ren'der, a station in Ohio co., Ky., on the Paducah & Elizabethtown Railroad, 111 miles S.S.W. of Louisville. Rendezvous (ren'd?h-voo^) Island, off the S.W. coast of Borneo, in lat. 2° 40' S., Ion. 110° 9' E. Rendsbur^, r^nds'booRC (Dan. Rendshorg, r^nds'- boRG), a town of Prussia, in Holstein, on an island in the Eider, at the commencement of the Kiel Canal, 18 miles by rail W. of Kiel. Lat. b\° 19' N. ; Ion. 9° 40' E. Pop. 11,416. It is divided into an old and a new town. The principal public edifices are the church, of St. Mary, arsenal, military provision depot, and large barracks. It has gnrri- son and numerous otiier schools, several houses of charity, a house of correction, workhouse, manufactures of stock- ings, earthenware, and tobacco, and a brisk trade in timber. Ren'frew, or Renfrewshire, rSn'fm-shir (formerly Strathgryfe, str5,th'grif ), a maritime county of Scotland, having N. and W. the river and Firth of Clyde. Area, 254 square miles. Pop. 216,947. The surface is mostly flat, except in the AV. The principal rivers are the White Cart, Black Cart, and Gryfe. Coal, limestone, and freestone abound. The manufactures are important, chiefly of cot- ton stuffs and shawls at Paisley, Pollockshaws, Neilston, &c. The principal towns are Renfrew (the capital), Pais- ley, Greenock, and Port Glasgow. The county sends one member to the House of Commons. Renfrew, a burgh of Scotland, capital of the above county, on the left bank of the Clyde, 5 miles by rail W,N.\V. of Glasgow. Pop. 5004. The principal edifices are the parish church, town hall, and jail. It was con- nected with the Clyde by a canal in 1786, and in 18.S5 a commodious quay was built. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in weaving silks and muslins, in a bleach-field, distillery, starch-works, and in the extensive foundry and ship-building yards on the Clyde. The burgh unites with Port Glasgow, Dumbarton, Rutherglen, and Kihnarnock in sending one member to the House of Commons. Ren'frew, a county of Ontario, bordering on the Ot- tawa River, has an area of 17,040 square miles. Capital, Pembroke. Pop. 29,768. Renfrew, a post-village in Hants co., Nova Scotia, 7 miles from Enfield. Gold is found here. Pop. 300. Renfrew, a village of Ontario, co. of Renfrew, on the Bonnechere River (which here forms a magnificent fall), and at the terminus of the Canada Central Railway, oS miles W. of Ottawa. It has unlimited water-power, 3 churches, 2 branch banks, a foundry, a tanner^', woollen-,' saw-, and flour-mills, and exports large quantities of potash. Pop.SOo. Ren'frow's Station, a post-village of Lincoln co., Tenn., 4 miles N. of Fayetteville. It has a church, a flour- mill, a woollen-mill, and a seminary. Rengersdorf, rfing'ers-donP, a village of Prussian Silesia, government of Breslau, near Glatz. Pop. 2176. Ren'gO, a town of Chili, province of Colchagua, 15 miles by rail S. of Rancagua, Pop. 3896. Reni, or Reny, ri'nee, a town of Russia, in Bessara- bia, at the confluence of the Pruth and the Danube, 106 miles S.S.W. of Kishenev. Pop. 7600. Ren'ick, a village of Randolph co.. Mo., on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 6 miles S.S.E. of Moberly. It has a church. Here is Randolph Post-Office. Ren'ick's VaI'ley, post-oflSee, Greenbrier co., W.A''a. Reningelst, ri'ning-H^lst\ a town of Belgium, in West Flanders, 3:j miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 2150. Reninghe, r4'ning-H?h, a town of Belgium, in West Flanders, 8 miles N.W. of Ypres. Pop. 2240. Renkum, or Rencum, r^nk'kum, a village of the Netherlands, in Gelderland, 8 miles W. of Arnhem, near the Rhine. Pop. of commune, 4741. Ren'nel Island, in the Pacific Ocean, S. of the Solo- mon Islands, in lat. 11° 30' S., Ion. 160° 30' E. Rennerod, rfin'neh-rot\ a village of Prussia, about 40 miles N. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 1383. Rennes, rSnn (anc. Conda'te), a city of France, capi- tal of the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, agreeably situated on the acclivity and at the foot of a hill, on the Canal of Ille and Ranee, at the confluence of the Ille and Vilaine, REN 60 miles N. of Nantes. Lat. 48° 7' N. ; Ion. 1° 41' W. It is traversed from E. to AV. by the Vilaine, which divides it into the high and the low town and is crossed by 3 bridges. The latter, the smaller of the two, on the left bank, is so low as often to suffer from inundation. It is very poorly built. The houses in it are mostly of wood, and the streets are narrow and winding. The high town lies between the right bank of the Vilaine and the left bank of the Die, and strikingly contrasts with the low town by the elegance of its buildings, and its spacious, regular streets. It owes its present improved condition to a conflagration in 1720, which raged 7 days and laid the greater part of the high town in ashes. The same event, however, which has thus given it the ap- peni-ance of a handsome modern town has deprived it of much of its historical interest, by destroying almost all its ancient edifices. It has a cathedral, academic, a botanic garden, a school of artillery, an arsenal, a seminary, schools of law and medicine, a national college or lycie, a normal school, and a library of 45,000 volumes. It has a tribunal of commerce, an extensive trade in butter, honey, wax, and linen goods, tanneries, and manufactures of gloves, paper, sail-cloth, hats, farina, &c. Du Guesclin and Lanjuinais were born here. Pop. 57,177. Renningen, r^n'ning-^n, a village of AViirtemberg, 13 miles W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1838. Reno, ri'no (iinc. Rhe'nua), a river of Italy, provinces of Bologna and Ferrara, rises, in the Apennines, and, after a N, course of about 75 miles, past Poretta, Vergato, and Cento, joins the Po di Primaro 14 miles S. of Ferrara. Reno, the Italian name of the Rhine. Re'no, a county in the S. part of Kansas. Area, 1260 square miles. It is intersected by the Arkansas River and the Good River. The surface is undulating. The soil is fertile, nearly the whole of it being prairie. It is trav- ersed by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. Cap- ital, Hutchinson. Pop. in 1875, 5112; in 1878, 11,528. Reno, a post-hamlet of Hendricks co., Ind., on the In- dianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 27^ miles W. of Indianap- olis. It has a church. Reno, a post-village in Edna township, Cass co., Iowa, on Nodaway River, 19 miles S.E. of Atlantic. It has a flour-mill. Reno, a post-village in Reno township, Leavenworth CO., Kansas, on the Leavenworth Branch of the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 8 miles N.N.E. of Lawrence. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 812. Reno, a township of Reno co., Kansas. Pop. 195. Reno, a township of Pope co., Minn. Pop. 268. Reno, a post-village, capital of Washoe co., Nevada, on the Truckee River, and on the Central Pacific Railroad, 149 miles N.E. of Sacramento, Cal., about 20 miles direct or 51 miles by rail N.W. of Virginia City, and 3 miles E. of the Sierra Nevada. It has 2 banks, 5 churches, a female seminary, printing-offices which issue 2 daily newspapers, a powder-mill, manufactories of carriages, wagons, and brooms, and the large mill and reduction-works of the Nevada Land and Mining Company. The state prison is located here. The Truckee is a rapid river and affords ex- tensive motive-power at this place. Reno is the N. termi- nus of the Virginia *fc Truckee Railroad, and is the dis- tributing point for a large section of country. Pop. 1035. Reno, a station of Iredell eo., N.C., on the Western North Carolina Railroad, 7 miles S.W. of Statesville. Reno, a post-village of Venango co., Pa., in Sugar Creek township, on the Alleghany River, on the Franklin Branch of the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, and on a branch of the Lake Shore Railroad, 3 miles AV. of Oil City, and 5 miles N.E. of Franklin. It has a church, sev- eral oil-wells, and a refinery. Reno Centre, a post-hamlet of Reno eo., Kansas, 12 miles S.W. of Hutchinson. It has a church. Re'noe, a post-office of Lake co., Mich., on the Flint &. Pere Marquette Railroad, 27 miles E. of Ludington. Reno'vo, a post-borough and summer resort in Chap- man township, Clinton co., Pa., on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, and on the Philadelphia & Erie Rail- road, 27 miles N.AV, of Lock Haven. It contains a good hotel, a newspaper office, 3 churches, a graded school, a bank, and machine-shops of the railroad. Railroad-cars are manufactured here. Bituminous coal is found near this place. Lumber is the chief article of export. Pop. 3000. Renowse, re-now'se, a post-town and port of entry of Newfoundland, 54 miles S. of St. John's. It is a place of considerable trade. Pop. 859. Ren'rock, a post-hamlet of Noble co., 0., 24 miles S.E, of Zanesville. It has a church and a woollen-mill. Rensalier, Ralls co., Mo. See Rensselaer. re:;; 1850 KES Ren'shaw, a post-hamlet of Brookings co.. Dakota, 45 miles S.W. of Oanby, Minn. Rensselaer, rte's^l-^r, a county in the E. part of New York, bordering on Massachusetts, has an area of about 050 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Hudson River, and is drained by the Hoosac River and Kinderhook Creek. The surface is mostly hilly and partly mountainous. The eastern part of it is occupied by the rocky and rugged Taghanic Mountains, which present pic- turesque scenery. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Hay, oats, butter, potatoes, flax, and Indian corn are the staple products. Among its minerals are Silurian limestone, quartz, and roofing-slate. This county has extensive manu- factures of iron, farming-implements, and many other articles. It is intersected by 3 railroads, — the Hudson River, the Troy & Boston, and the Harlem Extension. Other railroads connect with these at Troy, which is the capital of this county. Valuation of real and personal estate, $110,9.S9,126. Pop. in 1870, 99,549, of whom 73,923 were Americans; in 187.'), 105,053. Rensselaer, a post-village, capital of Jasper co., Ind., in Marion township, on the Iroquois River, and on the In- dianapolis, Delphi A Chicago Railroad, 46 miles W.N.W. of Logansport. It has 2 newspaper offices, a bank, an orphan asylum, 4 churches, and manufactures of flour, &c. P. 617. Rensselaer, a post-hamlet of Rails co.. Mo., on the Missouri, Kansas A Texas Railroad, at Rensalier Station, 12 miles AV.S.W. of Hannibal. It has a church and the Van Rensselaer Academy. Rensselaer Falls, a post-village in Canton township, St. Lawrence co., N.Y., on the Osweg.atohie River, and on the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, 12 miles S.E. of Ogdensburg. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of carriages, lumber, Ac. Pop. 395. Reusselaerville, ren's^l-l^r-vil, a post-village of Al- bany CO., N.Y., in a township of its own name, about 24 miles W.S.W. of Albany. It contains a newspaper office, 4 churches, an academy, a flour-mill, and a woollen-factory. Pop. 52(1. The township is drained by Catskill Creek, and contains a village named Preston Hollow. Pop. 25S2. Rentchler, rench'ler, a post-hamlet of St. Clair co., 111., on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 20 miles E. of St. Louis, Mo. It has a church and a coal-mine. Renteria, r^n-t4-ree'i, a town of Spain, in Guipuzcoa, on the Oyarzun, near Pasages. Pop. 2538. Ren'ton, a town of Scotland, co. and 2 miles N. of Dumbarton, on the Leven. Pop. 3087. Ren'ton, a post-hamlet of King co., Washington, on the Seattle A Walla WaUa Railroad, 14 miles S.E. of Se- attle. It has a coal-mine. Rentsch, rSntch, or Hochrentsch, hoK'rSntch, a village of Bohemia, circle of Rakonitz. Pop. 1424. Renville, ren'vil, a county in the N. part of Dakota, bordering on the British possessions. It is drained by the Mouse River. Area, estimated at 1600 square miles. Renville, a county in the S.W. central part of Min- nesota, is bounded on the S.W. by the Minnesota River. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is almost destitute of forests. The soil is fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, jnaize, and potatoes arc the staple products. It is trav- ersed by the Hastings A Dakota Railroad. Capital, Beaver Falls. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,209,252. Pop. in 1870, 3219; in 1875, 6876. Renville, a post-hamlet of Renville co., Minn., near the Minnesota River, 20 miles N.W. of New Ulm. It has a church and a grist-mill. Renville Station, a post-village in Emmett town- ship, Renville co., Minn., on the Hastings A Dakota Rail- road. It has 6 stores and a grain-elevat<»r, P. about 150. Reny, a town of Russia. See Reni. Reole, La, a town of France. See La Reolk. Repaupo, re-paw'po, a post-hamlet in Woolwich town- ship, Gloucester co., N..J., near the Delaware River, about 16 miles S.W. of Camden. It h.as a church. It is 1 mile from Repaupo Station of the Delaware Shore Railroad, and 9i miles W. of Woodbury. Repentigny, r?h-p6N»'teen"yee', a post-village in L'As- sompti Indianapolis Railroad, 41 miles N. of Louisville, Ky. Retreat, a post-hamlet of Grimes co., Tex., 7 miles E. of Courtney Station. It has a church and a steam mill. Retreat, a post-office of Franklin co., Va., about 50 miles W.N.W. of Danville. Retreat, a post-office of Vernon co.. Wis., 15 miles N.E. of Lansing, Iowa. Retreat, a town of Jamaica, on the N. coast, 10 miles E. of Richmond. Pop. 4014. Retschitza, Russia. See Retchitsa and Rezhitsa. Retz, r^ts, an old district of France, in Brittany, now comprised in the department of Loire-Inferieure. Retz, r^ts, or Rots, rots, a town of Austria, 43 miles N.E. of Vienna, near Moravia. Pop. 2744. Retza, a town of Austria. See RoTZ. Reu, a town of France. See Riez. Reuben, ru'b^n, a tribe of Israelites, who took their portion of the promised land E. of the Jordan, between Ammon on the S. and the tribe of Gad on the N., and having the desert on the E. Reu^ny, run'yee', a village of France, in Indre-et- Loire, 10 miles N.E. of Tours. Pop. 1212. Reuilly, ruh^yee' or ruryee', a town of France, in Indre, on a railway, 10 miles N.E. of Issoudun. Pop. 1640, Reunion, re-yfm'yun, formerly Rourbon, boor'bon (Fr. He de la Reunion, eel d^h 14 ri^ii'ne-6No'), an island in the Mascarene group, Indian Ocean, forming a French col- ony. Lat. 20° 51' S. ; Ion. 55° 30' E. Area, 970 square miles Pop. 209,688, including Indians, Chinese, negroes, and mixed races. The island is of volcanic origin, and is traversed from N. to S. by a chain of mountains which divides it into two portions, viz., en the E., partie du vent (windward), and on the W., partie sous le vent (leeward). The chief summits are the Piton des Neiges, an extinct volcano, 10,100 feet high ; Grand Bernard, 9500 feet; Cimandef, 7300 feet; and Piton de la Fournaise, an active volcano, 7218 feet. 'There are no extensive plains, but the mountains are separated by narrow valleys; it is watered by numerous streams, all of which are rapid and none navigable. The climate, formerly very salubrious, has undergone a great change, and is very unhealthy for Europeans. Capital, Saint-Denis. Reunion has no natural port, and its anchorages are insecure. The soil is fertile near the coast. The products are sugar, cof- fee, cloves, maize, rice, and tobacco. The corn raised is insufficient for consumption, and is used only by Europeans, manioc being the chief food of others. Principal exports, sugar, coffee, cloves, dye-woods, and saltpetre; imports, wheat, oil, wine, cattle, timber, salt, glass, and manufac- tured goods. The island was discovered in 1545 by the Portuguese, who called the group MascarenJias, Reus, ri'ooce, a manufacturing town of Spain, prov- ince and 9 miles W. of Tarragona. Pop. 28,171. It con- sists of an older portion, founded in the twelfth century, and a regularly built quarter, which rose up about the end of the last century. It has good inns and coffee-houses, nu- merous churches, hospitals, barracks, a theatre, and manu- factures of silk, cotton, and linen fabrics and twist, soap, leather, glass, spirits, &q. A canal connects it with its port. Salon, 5 miles distant. Reusch, roish, Alt, ilt, and Next, noi, two contiguons towns of Moravia, 17 miles S. of Iglau. United pop. 1400. Reuss, roiee, a river of Switzerland, canton of Uri, rises N.W. of Mount St. Gothard, and enters the Lake of Lucerne after a N. course of 30 miles, during which it de- scends 4500 feet. Reuss, ruce (Ger. pron. roice or roiss), two principalities of the German Empire, somewhat intermingled with other territories, but lying between Saxony, Bavaria, and the Saxon duchies, and belonging to an older and a younger line of princes. The territory of the older line, usually called the principality of Reuss-Greitz, has an area of 122 square miles. The territories of the younger line form the princi- pality of Reuss-Schleitz, having an area of 220 square miles. These territories are, on the whole, fertile and well wooded. The most important crops are potatoes and flax ; hops also are considerably grown; great numbers of cattle and sheep are reared. They possess among their minerals RED 1852 iroiij which is partially worted, and roofing-plateSj which are extensively quarried. The two principalities, though belonging to two different branches, rank only as one state. Both lines, as well as the great majority of their subjects, are Protestants. Pop. of Keuss-Greitz, 46,985; of Ileuss- Schleitz, 92,375, lleusSy Ascension parish, La, See Hohen Solms. Reussendorf, rois'sen-doar, a village of Prussia, government and S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 3370. Reuss-Greitz and Reuss-Schleitz. See Reuss. Reutlingeii, roit'ling-^n, a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Eschatz, 20 miles S. of Stuttgart. Pop. 15,246. It has several churches (one with a tower 320 feet high), a town hall, a well-endowed hospital, an orphan asylum, and man- ufiictures of leather, lace, paper, clocks, and watches. Reveille, rev-el-ee',a post-office of Nye coi, Nevada. Revel, r^h-v^r, a town of France, in Haute-Garonne, 31 miles E,S.E. of Toulouse. Pop, 3782, It has manufac- tures of linen, leather, hosiery, pottery, liqueurs, and oil. Revel, rfiv'^l, or Reval, rSv'4I (Russ. Koli/van, ko-le- vkn' ; Esthonian, Talline, til'le-ni), a fortified town of Russia, capital of Esthonia, on a small bay on the S. side of the Gulf of Finland, 200 miles by rail AV.S.W. of St. Peters- burg. Lat. of cathedral, 59° 26" N. ; Ion. 2-1° 45' E. Pop. 31,259. The city proper, enclosed hy ancient bastioned walls and defended by a strong castle on a height, is irregu- larly built aijd small ; but the suburbs extend for some distance. The principal edifices are an imperial palace, the admiralty, a town hall, churches, a theatre, club-houses, a gymnasium, an episcopal seminary, &c. Revel has numerous schools, and 3 or 4 public libraries; and it is much resorted to as a watering-place. The harbor has been materially improved, and its roadstead is well sheltered. Large quan- tities of corn, spirits, hemp, flax, timber, and other Baltic goods are exported, in exchange for colonial produce, salt, cheese, wine, tobacco, fruits, herrings, dye-stutfs, cotton yarn, nnd other manufactured goods. The town and castle were founded by Waldemar II. of Denmark in 1218. The Russians took it from the Swedes in 1710. Revel lo, rA-v5rio, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, prov- ince and 20 miles N.N.W. of Coni. Pop. 5339. Revere, ri-vi'ri, a town of Lombardy, 17 miles E.S.E. of Mantua, on the Po. Pop. 4043. Revere, ro-veer', a post-village of Suffolk co., Mass., on Massachusetts Bay, on the Eastern Railroad, at the junc- tion of the East Boston Branch, and on the Boston, Revere Beach & Lynn Railroad, 4 miles N.E. of Boston. Here are several hotels on Revere Beach, which is frequented by citizens of Boston on holidays. Revere Post-Office is a branch of the Boston post-offiee. It is on the street railroad from Boston to Lynn. Pop. of Revere township, 1603. Revere House, a station and seaside resort in Suffolk CO., Mass., on the Boston, Revere Beach ; Sp. Jiln, reen ; It. Reno, ri'no; anc. Rhe'ims), a river of Europe, formed in Switzerland by the union of two small streams, the Hinter. and Vorder Rhein. The first springs from, the glacier of Rheinwald, and the second rises on the N. side of Mount St. Gothard, at a height of 7650 feet; these meet at Reiqh- enau, in the canton of Grisons. The united stream flpwS; generally N. past Mayenfeld, and enters the Lake of Con- stance on the S.B., near Rheineck ; at Stein it quits the lake, flowing W. past Schaffhausen and Lauffonburg, sepa- rating Switzerland from Bavaria. At Basel, where the Upper Rhine terminates, it turns to the N., and flows past Breisach and Strasburg, Speyer and Mannheim, between the terri- tories of Baden on the E. and Alsace and Rhenish Bavaria on the W. At Mentz it receives the Main, and flows W. to Bingen, where it turns to the N,W., passing Coblen|;z, Bonn, Cologne, Dusseldorf, Wesel, and Emmerich, below which it divides into two principal arms, the larger :0f which, the Waal, joins the Mouse (or Maas). The other, which retains the name of Rhine, falls into the North Sea at Katwyk-aan-Zce, in the Netherlands. The principal affluents are, on the right, the Kinzig, Neokar, Main, Lahn, Ruhr, and Lippe; and on the left, the Thur, Aar, III, and Moselle. The total length of the Rhine, following its wind- ings, is about 960 miles, and its b.asin comprises an area of 65,280 square miles. The Rhine abounds with fish, including salmon and salmon-trout, but more especially sturgeon, lampreys, pike, and carp. Wild fowl also abound on its banks and countless islands. The Rhine first becomes navigable at Chur, in the Gri- sons, but the navigation is not continuous till below Schaff- hausen. In the Netherlands it is connected by canals with its several branches and with the sea. The great North Canal unites it with the Meusc and the Nethe, .nffluents of the Scheldt, and the Canal of the Rhone and Rhine in France connects it with the Rhone by the Saone. A canal also connects it with the Seine. In Bavaria it communi- cates with the Danube by means of the Main and the Altuiiihl & Ludwigs Canal. The navigation is rendered dangerous by waterfalls, especially those of Schaffhausen, Zurzaeh, Lauffenburg, and Rheinfelden ; also by the Binger- loch.near Bingen, where the stream becomes suddenly nar- rowed and confined between lofty precipices. The Rhine is distinguished alike by the beauty of its scenery and the rich fields and vineyards which clothe its banks. No river in Germany attracts so many tourists. On the river itself much additional variety and beauty are given to the scenery by the recurrence of picturesque and verdirnt islands and of ruined castles. Adj. Rhkn'ish. Rhine, rin, a post-hamlet in Rhine township, Sheboy- gan CO., Wis., on the Sheboygan River, about 21 miles S.W. of Manitowoc. It has a monument to soldiers who fell in the civil war. The township has 5 churches, and manufac- tures of cheese and wagons. Pop. of the township, 1569. Rhinebeck, rin'bek, a post-village in Ehinebeck town- ship, Dutchess CO., N.Y., 2 miles E. of the Hudson River, and 15 miles N. of Poughkeepsie. It contains 6 churches, RHI 1854' RIIO a niitional baiikj the Be Garmo Institute, a newspaper office, and manufactures of sewing-machines and carriages. Pop. 1322; of the township, 3777. Rhinebeok Station on the Hudson River Hailroad is at Rhinecliff, in this town- ship, 54 miles S. of Albany. U hill eel iff, rin'klif, a post-village of Dutchess co., N.Y., on the E. bank of the Hudson River, 2 miles E. of Rondout, and 15 miles above Poughkeepsie. Here is Rhinebeck Station on the Hudson River Railroad. A steam ferry con- nects it with Rondout. Rhineclitf is the terminus of the Rhinebeck & Connecticut Railroad, the machine-shop of which is located here, and it is connected with Kingston by a steam feiry-boat. Pop. about 600. Rhilielandy rin'Iand, a posfc-hamlet of Montgomery CO., Mo., on the Missouri River, 6 miles above Hermann. Rhine Province, Prussia. See Rhenish Prussia. Rhinns (rinz), Rhyns, or Rinns of GalMoway (anc. Chersone'aiia Nmmn'tnm), a peninsula of the S.W. coast of Scotland, co. of Wigtown, mostly separated from the rest of the county by Loch Ryan and Luce Bay. Length, 28 miles; breadth, from 2 to 5 miles. Area, 116 square miles, Rhinocolura, the ancient name of El-Areesh. Rhio, Rio, ree'o, or Riouw, re-ow^', a province of the Dutch possessions in the Malay Archipelago, comprises the Rhio Archipelago and Lingen Island. It is bounded on the N. by the Straits of Singapore and Malacca, and on the E. by the China Sea. Pop. 63,540. Rhio, Rio, or Riouw, an island group of the Malay Archipelago, in the Dutch possessions, lying chiefly S. and E. of Singapore, The chief island is Bingtang, sometimes also called Rhio, besides which the group includes Galang, Gampang, and Battara, and numerous smaller islands. Rhio, Rio, or Riouw, a seaport town of the Malay Archipelago, 50 miles S.E. of Singapore, on the small islet of Rhio or Poolo Pinang, which lies in an indentation on the S. side of Bingtang. It is defended by a fort, and has the governor's house, a stone church, and a school. Its haven is spacious and well frequented. Rhiwabon, a town of Wales. See Ruabon. Rho, or Ro, a town of Italy, 8 miles W.N.W. of Milan. Pop. 2000. Rhoadesville, rOdz'vil, a post-hamlet of Orange co,, Va., on the Potomac, Fredericksburg & Piedmont Railroad. It has 2 stores and a lumber-mill. Rhoda, or Rhodope. See Rosas. Rhodanus, an ancient name of the Rhone. Rhodda, rod'di, or Rodda, an island of Egypt, in the Nile, immediately opposite Cairo, 2 miles in length. It contains the Khedive's gardens, pleasure-grounds, a powder- magazine, and the famous ancient Nilometer. Rhode Hall, a hamlet of Middlesex co., N.J., 2 miles from Jamesburg. Rhode Island, rod i'land, one of the New England States, and one of the original thirteen members of the Amer- ican Union, bounded on the N. and E. by Massachusetts, S. by the Atlantic, and W. by Connecticut. Its coast-line is deeply indented by Narragansett Bay, which receives the estuaries of the Taunton and Providence Rivers. Within the bay lie Aquidneck or Rhode Island (which gives name to the state), Ciinonicut, Prudence, Patience, Hope, Perry, Dutch, and other islands; and otF the coast lies Block Island, which constitutes the town of New Shoreham. The area of the state is but 1306 square miles (or, according to the state census of 1875, 1055 square miles) ; and it is there- fore the smallest state in the United States in area. Face of the Country. — The country is very generally rough, hilly, and stony, especially in the N.W. ; but to- wards the sea-shore there are somie level pine plains and cedar swamps. Strictly speaking, there are no mountains in the state. The ishvnd of Aquidneck is for the most part very fertile, and has been called " the Eden of America." Block Island is also very productive. Rhers, &c. — The so-called Providence River is an arm of Narragansett Bay, and is also an estuary for the waters of the Blackstone, Pawtucket, or Seekonk River, which is navigable to Pawtucket, large vessels coming up to Provi- dence, where the Woonasquatucket and Mooshassuck dis- charge their waters. Mount Hope Bay is the eastern arm of the Narragansett, and the estuary of the Taunton River. The Pawtuxet, Pawcatuck, Wood, and nearly all the other rivers afford water-power, which is extensively utilized. GeoloffT/y Mhicralsj <£•(-. — The great part of the state is underlaid by Laurcntinn or eozoic rocks; but the island of Aquidneck, and a strip reaching northward and north- eastward far into Massachusetts, are of carboniferous age, and in the extreme N. there is a small area doubtfully re- ferred to the Devonian. The limits of the carboniferous are hard to determine, for they are very generally buried deeply in the drift. There are thick local developments of the coal, which is a very hard and much metamorphosed anthracite or semi-graphite. At Cumberland it has been found to be from 15 to 23 feet thick ; at Valley Falls, 6 to 9 feet ; at Providence, 10 feet j and on the island of Aquid- neck, from 2 to 20 feet ; but the coal is difficult to burn, and the beds are irregular and unreliable. This coal has been mined at Portsmouth, Cumberland, and Valley Falls. At present its chief employment is as a facing material for iron-moulders' use, and as a fuel in copper-smelting. For these purposes it is highly prized^ At Westerly there are extensive granite-quarries. At Lime Rock lime is quarried and burned. Rhode Island is an interesting field for the scientific mineralogist. Iron ores have been found at sev- eral points, and some ores of copper, with small amounts of native copper. On the islands are highly metamorphic slates or shales. Objects of Interest to Touriete, — Newport, Rocky Point, Wickford, Narragansett Pier, Vue de I'Eau, Nayatt, Watch Ilili, and Block Island are favorite places of summer resort. At Kingston are the remains of nn aboriginal stone fort, and scanty relics of Indian earthworks remain near Wor- den's Pond, on the site of the " great swamp tight" of 1675, when the Narragansett tribe was destroyed. At Newport stands the " old mill," a stone tower, concerning the origin of which there has been much dispute. Agriculture. — The soil of Aquidneck Island is mostly ex- cellent, and its butter is in high repute. Before the Revolu- tion the island had a famous breed of pacing horses, which were largely exported to the West Indies. The large num- ber of manufacturing towns has rendered market gardening, dairying, and milk-farming profitable employments. Most of the soil is better adapted for grazing than for tillage. Oats, maize, potatoes, and hay are the leading farm crops. Maritime Pursuits. — Providence had once a great West India and China trade, and Newport was in colonial times a seat of the African slave-trade. But for many years the foreign commerce of the state has been comparatively un- important, and in its stead has grown up a heavy coasting business. Providence receives great amounts of coal and cotton for the neighboring states, as well as for the home supply, and ships heavily the manufactured goods of New England. Much merchandise is landed and shipped here for the Boston trade. Providence, Newport, Bristol, and Warren have good harbors. The fisheries employ a large number of vessels of light tonnage, chiefly in ta.king fresh fish (cod, haddock, blue-fish, , a village of the Nether- lands, in South Holland, in the island of Y''sselmonde, 6 miles S.E. of Rotterdam. Pop. of commune, 6149. Rid'dicksville, a post-office of Hertford co., N.C. Riddles, rid'd^lz, a station in Halifa.x co., N.C, on the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad, 13 miles S. of Weldon. Riddlcsburg, rid'd^lz-burg, a post-village of Bedford CO., Pa., on the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River, and RID 1863 RID on the Huntingdon & Broad Top Kailroad, 30 miles S.S.W. of Huntingdon. It has a church. Co.al is found here. Kiddle's Cross Roads, post-office, Butler co., Pa. Riddletou, rid'del-t9n, post-office, Smith co., Tenn. Riddleville, rid'del-vil, a post-village of Washington CO., Ga., 6 miles S.W. oi' Davisborough. It has 2 churches and a seminary. Pop. about 200. Riddleville, a post-village of Karnes co., Te.":., 40 miles S. of Luling. Rideau (ree'do') Lake, in Leeds co., Ontario, is the summit-level of the Rideau Canal. It is about 24 miles long, averages 6 miles in breadth, and is about 2S3 feet above the waters of the Ottawa on one side, and 154 feet above the surface of Lake Ontario on the other, and has its outlet in the Ottawa through Rideau River, and in Lake Ontario through the Cataraqui. Rideau River and Canal, in Ontario, connect Kingston on Lake Ontario with the Ottawa River, below the Chaudiere Falls. The canal is partly formed by the Cataraqui River, which flows to Kingston from Lake Rideau, in lat. 44° 40' N., Ion. 70° 15' W. Ri'der, a post-haralet of Baltimore eo., Md., on the Northern Central Railroad, 9J miles N. of Baltimore. It has a church. Rider's Mills, a post-hamlet of Columbia co., N.Y., on Kinderhook Creek, IJ miles from Rider's Mill Station of the Harlem E.'itension Railroad, and about 18 miles S.S.E. of Albany. Rider's Mill Station, New York. See Green Brook. Ridge, rij, a post-office of Fayette co., Ala. Ridge, a township of Jackson eo.. 111. Pop. 1050. Ridge, a township of Shelby eo.. 111. Pop. 1139. Ridge, a township of Union co.. 111. Pop. 940. Ridge, a township of Dickinson co., Kansas. P. 495. Ridge, a post-hamlet of St. Mary's co., Md., about 6 miles N.N.W. of Point Lookout. Ridge, a post-office of Pipe Stone co., Minn. Ridge, a post-hamlet of Livingston co., N.Y., 3 miles from Mount Morris, and about 40 miles S. by W. of Roches- ter. It has a church. Ridge, a post-hamlet of Noble eo., 0., in Jackson town- ship, 8 miles W.S.W. of De.'iter City. Ridge, a township of Van Wert co., 0. Pop. 1406. Ridge, a township of Wyandot co., 0. Pop. 584. Ridge, Edgefield co., S.C. See Ridge Sprung. Ridge, a township of Williamsburg eo., S.C. P. 1426. Kidgebury, rij'b§r-re, a post-hamlet of Fairfield co., Conn., 4 or 5 miles S.AV. of Danbury. It has a church. Ridgebury, a post-village of Orange co., N.Y., in Wawayanda township, about 4 miles S. of Middletown. It has 2 churches. It is 2i miles from the New Jersey Mid- land Railroad. Ridgebury, a post-hamlet of Bradford eo.. Pa., in Ridgebury township, about 12 miles S. by E. of Elmira, N.Y. Pop. of the township, 1476. Ridgedale, rij'dal, a post-hamlet of Polk eo., Iowa, on the Des Moines River, 10 miles N.N.W. of the city of Des Moines. It has 2 churches, a high school, a flour-mill, and a woollen-mill. Ridge Farm, a post-village in Elwood township, Ver- milion CO., 111., on the Paris & Danville Railroad, 17 miles S. of Danville. It has several stores. Ridgefield, rlj'feeld, a post-village in Ridgefield town- ship, Fairfield eo.. Conn., on the Danbury & Norwalk Rail- road, 11 miles S.W. of Bethel, and 15 miles N. of Norwalk. It has several churches, a savings-bank, and manufactures of spring beds, carriages, and leather. Pop. of the township, 1919. Ridgefield, a post-village in Dorr township, McHenry CO., 111., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 46 miles N.W. of Chicago, and 54 miles S.E. of Woodstock. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Ridgefield, a post-hamlet of Bergen eo., N.J., on the Northern Railroad, 9i miles N. of Jersey City. It has a large summer hotel and 2 churches. Ridgefield, a station of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (Chicago division), 4 miles W. of Fostoria, 0. Ridgefield, a township of Huron co., 0. Pop. 2533. Ridgefield Park, a station of the New Jersey Mid- land and Jersey City & Albany Railroads, Hi miles N.N.W. of Jei-sey City. Ridge Hill, a post-hamlet of Plymouth co., Mass., in South Scituate township, 17 miles S. of Boston. It has manufactures of shoes. Ridgeland, rij 'land, a hamlet of Cook co.. 111., in Cicero township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 74 miles W, of Chicago, and 1 mile from Oak Park Post-Office. Ridgeland, a post-office of Henry co., 0., about 12 miles N. of Ottawa. Ridgeley , rij'le, a post-hamlet of Platte eo.. Mo., 3 miles from Edgerton Station, and about 30 miles N. of Kansas City. It has 2 churches, a plough-factory, and a furniture- factory. Pop. 121. Ridgeley, a post-office of Dodge co., Neb., about 20 miles N.W. of Fremont. Ridgely, rij'le, a post-office of Sangamon co.. 111. Ridgely, a post-village of Caroline co., Md., on the Maryland & Delaware Railroad, 16 miles N.E. of Easton. Ridgely, a township of Nicollet co., Minn. Pop. 361. Ridge Mills, a post-hamlet of Oneida co., N.Y., in Rome township, 2 miles from Rome. It has a saw-mill. Ridgeport, rlj'port, a hamlet of Boone co., Iowa, in Dodge township, 8 miles N. of Boone. It has 2 churches. Coal is found here. Ridge Post, a post-office of Davidson eo., Tenn. Ridge Prairie, pva'ree, a post-hamlet of St. Clair CO., 111., about 16 miles E. of St. Louis, Mo. Ridge Prairie, a post-hamlet of Saline eo.. Mo., about 20 miles W. of Boonville. It has 2 stores. Ridge Road, a post-hamlet of Niagara eo., N.Y., 6i miles N.N.E. of Lockport. Ridge's Creek, a post-office of Montgomery co., N.C. Ridge Spring, a post-office of Pitt co., N.C. Ridge Spring, a village and station of Edgefield eo., S.C, on the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 43 miles W.S.W. of Columbia. Here is Ridge Post-Office. Ridgetown, rij'town, a post-village in Bothwell co., Ontario, 11 miles S.S.E. of Thamesville. It contains 15 stores, a woollen-factory, a flouring-mill, several churches and hotels, 2 saw-mills, a soap-factory, &.c. Pop. 500. Ridge Val'ley, a post-village of Floyd co., Ga., li miles from the Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad. It has 3 churches and an iron-furnace. Ridge Valley Station is 8 miles N. by E. of Rome. Ridge View, a post-hamlet of Westmoreland eo., Pa., 6 miles N.E. of Mount Pleasant, and about 35 miles S.E. of Pittsburg. Ridgeville,rij'vil, a post-office and station of Iroquois CO., 111., on the Oilman, Clinton & Springfield Railroad, 5 miles S.W. of Gilman. Ridgeville, a post-village in Franklin township, Ran- dolph CO., Ind., on the Mississinewa River, and on the Cin- cinnati, Richmond A Fort Wayne and Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroads, 9 miles N. of Winchester, and 59 miles S. of Fort Wayne. It has 2 churches, 2 flour-mills, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 716. Here is Ridgeville College (Free- will Baptist), which was organized in 1867. Ridgeville, a post-office of Swift co., Minn. Ridgeville, a hamlet of Brookhaven township, Sufiblk CO., N.Y., 5 miles E. of Coram. Ridgeville, a post-office of Caswell co., N.C. Ridgeville, a township of Henry co., 0. Pop. 764. It contains Ridgeville Corners. Ridgeville, or Ridgeville Centre, a village of Lorain co., 0., in Ridgeville township, on the Lake Shore Railroad, 20 miles W.S.W. of Cleveland. It h.as several churches. Pop. of the township, 1477. It contains North Ridgeville. Ridgeville, a post-hamlet of Warren co., 0., about 18 miles S. of Dayton. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 100. Ridgeville, a post-hamlet of Colleton eo., S.C, on the South Carolina Railroad, 31 miles N.W. of Charleston. It has a church and 4 stores. Pop. about 100. Ridgeville, a hamlet of Moore co., Tenn., 10 miles from Tullahoma. It has a church, a flour-mill, and an academy. Ridgeville, a post-hamlet of Mineral co., W. Va., 8 miles S.S.E. of Keyser. It hiis a church. Ridgeville, a post-h.amlet in Ridgeville township, Monroe co.. Wis., about 36 miles E. of La Crosse. The township is intersected by the Chicago Jd Northwestern Railroad. It contains Norwalk. Pop. of township, 1146. Ridgeville, rij'vil, a post-village in Monck co., On- tario, Si miles W. of Port Robinson. Pop. 100. Ridgeville Corners, a post-hamlet in Ridgeville township, Henry CO., 0., about 9 miles N.W. of Napoleon. It has 2 churches. Ridgeway, rij'wa, a post-village of Winneshiek co., Iowa, in Lincoln township, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Riiilroad, 9 miles S.E. of Cresco, and 10 or 11 miles W. of Deeorah. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, &c. Pop. about 350. Ridgeway, a post-hamlet of Osage co., Kansas, in Ridgeway township, on the St. Louis, Lawrence & Western RID 1864 RIG Railroad, 26 miles W.S.W. of Lawrence, and about 15 miles S.S.E. of Topeka. It has 2 churches. Coal abounds in the township. Pop. of the township, 1407. Ridgewav, a post-vill.age of Lenawee co., Mich., on the N. boundary of Ridgeway township, 4 miles E. of Te- cumseh, and about 10 miles N.E. of Adrian. It has 3 churches and 3 saw-mills. Pop. 250; of township, 1059. Ridgeway, or Ridgeway Station, a village in Leno.\ township, Macomb CO., Mich., on the Grand Trunk Railroad, at its junction with the St. Clair & Chicago Air- Line, 41 miles N.N.E. of Detroit, and 21 miles S.W. of Port Huron. It is a terminus of the Michigan Air-Line Rail- road, and is an important shipping-point. It has several churches, an elevator, a flour-miil, Ac. The name of its post-office is Lenox. Ridgeway, a post-hamlet of Winona co., Minn., in Pleasant Hill township, about 12 miles S. by E. of Winona. RidgeAVay, a post-village in Ridgeway township, Or- leans CO., N.Y., on the Ridge Road, near the Erie Canal, about 40 miles N.E. of Buffalo. It has a church. It is sometimes called Ridgeway Corners. Pop. 118. The town- ship is drained by Oak Orchard Creek, and contains the greater part of the large village of Medina. Pop. of town- ship, 5548. Here are valuable quarries of sandstone. Ridgeway, a post-village of Warren co., N.O., on the Raleigh & Gaston Railroad, 57 miles N. by E. of Raleigh. It has 3 churches and a large hotel. Ridgeway, a post-village in Hale township, Hardin CO., 0., on the railroad which connects Marion with Belle- fontaine, 16 miles N.N.E. of the latter. It has a church, a carriage-shop, and several stores. Pop. 177. Ridgeway, a post- village of Fairfield co., S.C., on the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 26 miles N. of Columbia. It has 4 churches and a banking-house. Ridgeway, a post-village of Henry co., Va., 23 miles N.W. of Reidsville Station, N.C. It has 3 churches and 2 tobacco-factories. Ridgeway, a post-township of Iowa co., Wis., about 28 miles W.S.W. of M.adison. Pop. 2473. Ridgeway, Ontario. See Point Abino. Ridgewood, rij'wood, a post-village of Bergen co., N.J., on the Erie Railroad, 5 miles N.N.E. of Paterson, and 22 miles from New York. It has 2 churches. Ridgewood, a post-hamlet of Queens co., N.Y., on the Long Island Railroad, 27 miles E. of Brooklyn. Here are the Brooklyn Water-Works. Ridgway, rij'wa, a post-village of Gallatin co.. 111., on the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern Railroad, 11 miles N.W. of Shawneetowu. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Pop. about 300. Ridgway, a post-village, capital of Elk co.. Pa., in Ridgway township, on the Clarion River, and on the Phila- delphia & Erie Railroad, 118 miles S.E. of Erie, and 31 miles W.S.W. of Emporium. It contains 4 chui-ches, 2 newspaper offices, 2 banks, and 2 tanneries. Leather, lumber, and coal are the chief articles of export. Pop. of the township, 800. Ridicondoli, a village of Italy. See Radicondoli. Rid'ley Park, a post-village in Ridley township, Delaware co.. Pa., on the Philadelphia, Wilmington ifc Bal- timore Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Philadelphia. It eon- tains 2 churches, a Large summer hotel, and numerous hand- some villas and residences. Pop. of township, 1142. Ridley's Station, Vermont. See North Duxbcry. Rid'Ieyville, a post-village of Delaware co.. Pa., in Ridley township, at Moore's Station, 9 miles S.W. of Phila- delphia. It has 2 churches. Ridott', a post-village of Stephenson co.. 111., in Ridott township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad (Free- port Line), 7i miles E. of Freeport, and 20i miles W. of Rockford. It has a church, 5 stores, and an active trade in grain, &a. Pop. about 400 ; of the township, 1915. Riduna, the ancient name of Aldkiinev. Ried, reet, a town of Upper Austria, 25 miles S. of Passau. Pop. 4044. It has manufactures of linens and woollens, and a brisk transit trade. Riedlingen, reet'ling-en, a town of Wilrtemberg, on the Danube, 28 miles S.W. of Ulm. Pop. 2144. Riegel, ree'ghel, a town of Baden, on the Eltz, and on the Mannheim & Basel Railway, 11 miles N.N.W. of Frei- burg. Pop. 1462. Riegelsville, ree'gh§ls-vil, a post-village of Warren CO., N.J., on the Delaw.are River, and on the Belvidore Dela- ware Railrcad, 9 miles S. of Phillipsburg. It has a paper- mill, a grist-mill, 1 or 2 saw-mills, and 2 churches. It is connected with Riegelsville, Pa., by a bridge. Riegelsville, or Reiglesville, a post-village in Durham township, Bucks co.. Pa., on the Delaware River, about 9 miles below Easton. It has 2 churches and a car- riage-shop. It is i mile from the Belvidere Delaware Railroad, .at Riegelsville, N.J. Pop. about 300. Riegerschlag, ree'gh^rs-shlio', a village of Bohemia, about 24 miles S.E. of Tabor. Pop. 1107. Rielieu, ree'en, a village of Switzerland, canton and 3 miles N.E. of Basel. Pop. 1799. Rieka, re-i'ki, a town of Montenegro, on a small stream which falls into the N.W. extremity of Lake Scutari, 11 miles S.E. of Cattaro. Rienzi, re-en'ze, a post-village of Alcorn eo.. Miss., on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 12 miles S. of Corinth, and about 50 miles E. of Holly Springs. It has a money-order post-office, 4 churches, a foundry, and 2 steam grist-mills. Pop. estimated at 500. Riesa, ree'zi, a. town of Sa,xony, circle of Dresden, on the Elbe, and on the Dresden Railway, 12 miles N.W. of Meissen. Pop. 5707. It has ship-yards and a manufac- tory of tapestry. Riesenburg, rce'zen-booiiG^ (Polish, Prabiitha, prJ- boo't^), a town of West Prussia, II miles E. of Marien- werdcr. Pop. 3542. Riesen-Gebirge, ree'zen-gheh-beenG'?h ("giant mountains"), a mountain-range separating Bohemia from Prussian Silesia, continuous E. with the Sudeten-Gebirge, and W. with the Erz-Gebirge. Length, from N.W. to S.E., 50 miles. Principal height, the Schneckoppe, 5394 feet in elevation. The Elbe rises on its S. side. Riesenkoppe, Germany. See Schneekoppe. Riesi, re-4'see, a town of Sicily, 14 miles S. of Caltani- setta. Pop. 11,548. Near it are some sulphur-mines. Rietberg, reet'binG, or Rittberg, ritt'bSiiG, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 40 miles S.S.W. of Minden, on the Ems. Pop. 1912. Rieti, re-i'te (anc. jRca'te), a town of Italy, in Umbria, on the Velino, 42 miles N.N.E. of Rome. Pop. 14,148. It w.as erected into a bishopric in the fifth century, and its principal edifices are ecclesi.astical. Rieuines,re-um', a town of France, in Haute-Garonne, 10 miles W.S.W. of Muret. Pop. 1190. Rieupeyroux, re-nh^pih-oo', a town of France, in Aveyron, 15 miles W.S.W. of Rodez. Rieux, re-uh', a town of France, in Haute-Garonne, 26 miles S.S.W. of Toulouse. Pop. 1452. Rieux, a market-town of France, in Morbihan, on the Vilaine, 30 miles E. of Vannes. Pop. 1794. Rieux, a village of France, in Nord, arrondissement of Cambrai. Pop. 2206. Riez, re-a' (anc. Ren), a town of France, in Basses- Alpes, 20 miles S.S.W. of Digne. Pop. 2370. Ri'fle River, Michigan, runs southward in Ogemaw CO., and southeastward through Bay Co., and enters Saginaw Bav about 5 miles E. of Arenac. It is nearly 70 miles long. Rif'ton Glen, a post-hamlet of Ulster eo., N.Y., in Esopus township, on the Wallkill, 2i miles from Rosendale. It has 1 or 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a woollen-mill. Riga, ree'gi, a city and commercial port of Russia, capital of Livonia, on the Diina, here crossed in summer by a temporary bridge of boats, 2400 feet in length, about 5 miles above its mouth in the Gulf of Riga, and 312 miles S.W. of St. Petersburg. Lat. 56° 57' N. ; Ion. 24° 6' 30" E. A railway 138 miles in length extends from Riga to Dilnaburg, where it connects with the great line of railway from St. Petersburg to AVarsaw. The city is situated on a sandy flat, surrounded by hills, on which numerous fine villas make a showy appearance. It consists of the town proper, and suburbs more extensive than the town itself. The more modern parts of the town are well built. Along the river, on both sides, are spacious quays, which afford ex- cellent promenades ; and the esplanade and gardens, toth within and near the town, are well laid out. The principal structures are the cathedral, rebuilt in 1547 ; the church of St. Peter, with a tower 440 feet in height ; the castle, with a chancery and residence of the general and civil governors, hall of the provincial states, town house, exchange, arsenal, and a magnificent column with a colossal bronze statue of Victory, erected in 1817. It has several colleges, a school of navigation and various other schools, a public library, a cabinet of natural history, an observatory, a society of Lithuanian literature, manufactories , of cotton cloth and rugs, sugar-refineries, tobacco-factories, and brew- eries. The inner harbor does not admit vessels drawing more than from 12 to 15 feet of water; ships of larger burden load and unload outside of the bar at the mouth of ,the Diina, where is the custom-house. Its principal mer- chants are of German descent. Grain, flax and flaxseed, RIG 1865 RIM hemp, wool, hides, tallow, timber, tobacco, spars, and feathers are the chief exports. Pop. 98,892. Ri'ga, a post-village in Riga township, Lenawee Co., Mich., on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 12 miles S.E. of Adrian. It has several churches and a manufactory of staves. Pop. of the township, 1800. Riga, or Riga Centre, a post-hamlet in Riga town- ship, Monroe oo., N.Y., 13 miles S.W. of Rochester. It has a church and about 30 houses. Here is Riga Post-Offioe. The 'township contains Churchville, which is on the New York Central Railroad. Pop. of township, 1999. Rigaud, ree'go', a village of Quebec, co. of Vaudreuil, on the Riviere a la Graisse, 45 miles W.S.W. of Montreal. It is the seat of Rigaud College and of a convent. P. 250. Rig'don, a post-village of Madison and Grant cos., Ind., in 4 townships, about 22 miles N.N.W. of Anderson. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a flour-mill. Pop. about 200. Riggs, a post-office of Clinton co., Iowa, on the Sabula, Ackley & Dakota Railroad, o miles E. of Delmar. Riggs'bee's Store, a post-offlee of Chatham oo., N.C. Riggs'ton, a post-office of Scott co., III., on the Rock- ford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad, 5 miles N. of Win- chester. Riggs'ville, a hamlet of Stone co.. Ark., about 30 miles W. by N. of Batesville. Righi Culm, ree'ghee koolm, or Rigi, ree'ghee, a mountain of Switzerland, canton and 8 miles W. of Schwytz, between the lakes of Zug and Lucerne, 5905 feet above the sea. It is ascended by a steam railway, and commands magnificent views ; on its summit is an inn, and on its E. side, a chapel, resorted to by numerous pilgrims. Rigiiac, reen'yik', a town of Pr.ance, in Aveyron, 14 miles W.N.W. of Rodez. Pop. 1850. Rigliano, reen-yi'no, a village of Italy, province and 11 miles E.S.E. of Florence, on the Arno. Pop. 4538. Rignano, a village of Italy, Naples, province of Foggia. Pop. 2067. Rigny le Feroii, reen'yee' leh feh-rAN»', a village of France, in Aube, 21 miles W.S.w! of Troves. Pop. 1291. Rigolato, re-go-ia.'to, a town of Italy," 38 miles N.N.W. of Udine. Pop. 14U7. Rigolet de Bon Dieu, re'go'li' d?h bow d?-uh', Louisiana, is one of two channels into which Red River divides, about 5 miles above Natchitoches. It runs south- eastward nearly 45 miles, and reunites with the other channel, or main river, at Colfax. Rigolets, re^goMi', a post-office of Orleans parish, La., on the New Orleans, Mobile & Texas Railroad, 31 miles E.N.E. of New Orleans. Rigolets Bayou, bi'oo, of Jefferson parish. La., flows between Lake Washa and Little Lake. Rigolets Bayou, of Rapides parish. La., unites with Red River a little ;ibove Alexandria. Rigolets Pass, Louisiana, a narrow navigable channel or outlet by which Lake Pontchartrain communicates with Lake Borgne and the Gulf of Mexico. Rigyicza, rid*yeet'soh\ or Hari Leygen, ha'ree li'ghen, a village of Hungary, co. of Bics. Pop. 3200. Riha, a village of Palestine. See Jericho. Rihursi, re-hiir'see, a town of India, in the Punjab, on the Chenaub, 90 miles N.N.E. of Lahore. Near it is one of the strongest forts in the country. Rijanovka, re-yi-nov'ki, a market-town of Russia, government and 91 miles S. of Kiev. Pop. 1600. Rijn, a river of Europe. See Rhine. Rijp, a vill.age of the Netherlands. See Ryp. Rijsbergen, Netherlands. See Rysbergen. Rijssel, a town of France. See Lille. Rijssen, a town of the Netherlands. See Ryssen. Rijswijk, a village of the Netherlands. See RvswicK. Rika, a town of Hungary. See Fiume. Ri'ker's HoI'low, a post-office of Steuben co., N.Y., about 42 miles N.W. of Elmira,. Ri'ley, a county in the N.E. central part of KansaSj has an area of .about 570 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Big Blue River, and on the S.E. by the Kan- sas River. Tlie Republican River touches the S.W. part of the county. The surface is undulating, and diversified by upland prairies and groves of trees. The soil is very fer- tile. Indian corn, wheat, hay, oats, and cattle are the staple products. Among its mineral resources is limestone. This county is intersected by the Kansas Pacific Railroad. Capital, Manhattan. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,267,980. Pop. in 1870, 5105; in 1878, 7419. Riley, a hamlet and township of McHenry co., III., about 24 miles W.N.W. of Elgin. Pop. 882. Riley, a post-hamlet in Riley township, Vigo co., Ind., 9 miles S.E. of Terre Haute. Pop. of the township, 1492. Riley, a township of Ringgold co., Iowa. Pop. 320. Riley, a plantation of Oxford co., Me. Pop. 32. Riley, a post-township of Clinton co., Mich., about 13 miles N.W. of Lansing. Pop. 1163. Riley, a township of St. Clair co., Mich. Pop. 1576. Riley, Butler co., 0. See Reiley. Riley, a township of Putnam co., 0. Pop. 1084. Riley, a township of Sandusky co., 0. Pop. 1461. Riley Centre, a post-ofiice of Riley co., Kansas, 20 miles N.W. of Manhattan, Riley Centre, a post-hamlet of St. Clair co., Mich., on Belle River, about 20 miles W. by S. of Port Huron. Riley's, a station on the Owensborough & Nashville Railroad, 15 miles S. of Owensborough, Ky. Riley's Cross Roads, post-hamlet, Franklin co., N.C. Riley's Station, a post-hamlet of Marion co., Ky., on the Knoxville Branch of the Louisville & Nashville Rail- road, about 12 miles E. of Lebanon. Ri'leyville, a post-office of Saline co.. 111., 33 miles W. by N. of Shawncetoivn. Rileyville, a post-hamlet of Wayne co.. Pa., 11 miles N. of Honesdale. It has 2 churches .and a lumber-mill. Rillaer, ril'lar, a village of Belgium, in Brabant, 25 milesN.E. of Brussels. Pop. 2000. Rilie, reel, a river of France, departments of Orne and Eure, joins the estuary of the Seine on the left, after a N. course of 75 miles. Rilsk, a town of Russia. See Rvlsk. Rimac, re-mik', a river of Peru, enters the Pacific at Callao, 4 miles W. of Lima, which city it traverses. Total course, about 75 miles. Ri'man, a post-office of Archer co., Tex. Rima Szombatli, ree'mi som'bot^ or Gross Stef- felsdorf, groee stSf'f?ls-doRf\ a town of Hungary, 72 miles N.E. of Pesth, on the Rima. Pop. 4664. Rimbach, rim'ba.K, a town of Hesse, province of Stark- enburg, about 15 miles S.E. of Darmstadt. Pop. 1703. Rimer, Armstrong co., P.a. See Reimerto.n. Ri'mersburg, or Rei'mersburg, a post borough of Clarion co.. Pa., in Toby township, on the Sligo Branch Railro.ad, 5 miles S. of Sligo, and about 30 miles S.S.E. of Franklin. It has 3 churches, a savings-bank, and a coal- mine. Pop. 324. Rimini, ree'me-ne, or Rimino, ree'me-no (ane. Ari- miiuiin), a city of Italy, on the Adriatic, about 28 miles E.S.E. of Forli, at the junction of the Flaminian and ^milian Ways. Lat. 44° 41' N. ; Ion. 12° 33' E. Pop. 9747. It is enclosed by walls and well built ; its principal edifices are a cathedral (one of the finest in Italy), and other churches, with good paintings, town hall, government palace, theatre, Gambalunga palace, with a library open to the public, a decaying castle of the Malotesta, and several remains of antiquity, including a triumphal arch, and a bridge over the Mareechia, both built under Augustus, and portion of an .amphitheatre. It has an active trade in fish, and manufactures of silk, glass, and earthenwares. Rimini is a bi5hf)p's see. Rimitara, re-ine-ti'r.\, orRimitera, re-me-ti'ri, an isl.and in the Pacific Ocean. S. of the Society Islands. Lat. 22° 37' S. ; Ion. 115° 30' W. Rim'mon, or Rum'mon, a village of Palestine, 13 miles N.N.E. of Jerusalem. Rimmon of Zcb'ulon, or Rum'maneh, a village of Palestine, 6 miles N. of Nazareth. Rimnik, rim'nik, also called Rymnic, Slani-Rim- nik,andRomniculu- (or Romnicui-) Sarat, a town of Roumania. on the Rimnik, 65 miles N.E. of Bucharest. Pop. 6870. Rimnik, or Romniou, a town of Roumania, on the Aloota, 100 miles N.AV. of Bucharest, and 48 miles N. of Slatina. Pop. 5750. Rimont, ree^m6No', a town of France, in Ariege, on a height, 10 miles W. of Foix. Pop. 1952. Rimouski, nee^moos^Kee' or re-moos'kee, a county of Quebec. Area, 4931 square miles. The St. Lawrence forms its N. boundary. Capital, Rimouski. Pop. 27,418. Rimouski, a town and watering-place of Quebec, capi- tal of the above county, on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, and on the Intercolonial Railway, 54^ miles below Riviere du Loup en Bas. It contains the county buildings, a cathe- dral, a number of stores, several hotels, Ac. Vessels of the largest tonnage load here with timber for foreign ports. The sea-bathing facilities here induce a large number of health- seekers to visit it during the hot season. It is a Catholic bishop's see. Pop. 1185. RIM 1866 KIO Rimski-Korsakoif, Pacific Ocean. See Radokala. Rin, the Spanish name of the Rhine. Rinardy ri'nnrd, a post-village in Bedford township, Wayne CO., III., on the Springfield division of the Ohio A Mississippi Railroad, 7 miles S. of Flora. It has a church and a graded school. Rinard's Mills, a post-office of Monroe co., 0. Rin'con', a post-village of San Miguel oo.. New Me.i- ico, about 160 miles from El Moro, Col. Elevation, 7418 feet. It has a saw-mill. Pop. about 500. Rincon de Soto, rin-kon' di so'to, a town of Spain, 17 miles S. of Logrono, on the Ebro. Pop. 1415. Rinde, rind, a river of India, rises in the division of Agra, 45 miles N.E. of the town of that name, flows S.S.E., and, after a course of 166 miles, joins the Jumna 12 miles W. of Futtehpoor. Rindge, rinj, a post- village in Rindge township, Chesh- ire CO., N.H., 2 miles from RinJge Station of the Monadnoek Railroad, 11 miles S. of Peterborough, and about 16 miles N.W. of Fitchburg, Mass. It has 2 churches, and manufac- tures of boxes, wooden-ware, Ac. Pop. of the township, 1107, Rindge Station is at West Rindge. Ri'neyville, a post-hamlet of Hardin co., Ky., on the Louisville, Paducah k Southwestern Railroad, 41 miles S. by W. of Louisville. Ring, a post-office of Winnebago CO., Wis. Ringars'ga, or Dunnegal', a small island of Ire- land, CO. of Cork, 4 miles S.W. of Skibbereen. Riiigelsdorf, ring'^ls-donf, a village of Austria, 40 miles N.E. of Vienna, where the Thaya joins the March. Ringelshain, ring'els-hin\ a village of Bohemia, 5 miles from Gabel. Pop. i218. Ringgenberg, rink'«jn-b5itG\ a village of Switzerland, canton and 27 miles S.E. of Bern, on the S.W. shore of Brienzer-See. Pop. 1141. Ring'gold, a southern county of Iowa, bordering on Missouri, has an area of about 550 square miles. It is in- tersected by the Platte River, and also drained by two or three forks of Grand River. The surface is undulating. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and cattle are the staple products. The greater part of this county is prairie. Capital, Mount Ayr. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $3,866,745. Pop. in 1870, 5691, of whom 5401 were Americans: in 1875, 7546. Ringgold, a post-office of Cherokee co., Ala., about 75 miles E.S.E. of Huntsville. Ringgold, a post-village, capital of Catoosa co., Ga., on the Western &. Atlantic Railroad, 15 miles N.N.W. of Dalton, and 24 miles S.E. of Chattanooga. It has a news- paper office, ^ churches, and a masonic Institute. Pop. 316, Ringgold, a post-hamlet of La Grange co., Ind., about 18 miles E. of Goshen. Ringgold, a post-office of Ringgold co., Iowa. Ringgold, a post-village of Bienville parish. La., about 40 miles E.S.E. of Shreveport. It has a church and a seminary. Ringgold, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Md., 9 or 10 miles E.N.E. of Ilagerstown. It is near the W. base of the Blue Ridge. Pop. 156. Ringgold, a post-hamlet of Morgan oo., 0., in Union township, about 27 miles S. of Zanesville. It has a church and several stores. Pop. 79. Ringgold, a village in Walnut township, Pickaway CO., 0. about 7 miles N.E. of Circlevillo. Pop. 121. Post- office, East Ringgold. Ringgold, a post-hamlet in Ringgold township, Jeffer- son CO., Pa., 44 miles S.E. of Oil City. It has a church, a foundry, and a wagon-shop. Pop. of township, 1006. Ringgold, Schuylkill co., Pa. See New Ringgold. Ringgold, a post-office of Montgomery co., Tenn., 6 miles N.N.W. of Clarksville. Ringgold, a post-hamlet of Pittsylvania co., Va., on the Richmond &■ Danville Railroad, 5^ miles E, of Dan- ville. It has 2 churches. Ringkiiibing, or Ringkjobing, ring'k'yo^bing, a seaport town of Denmark, on the W. co.ast of Jutland, and on the E. side of Ringkiobing-Fiord, 56 miles N.W. of Rihe. It has manufactures of tobacco, leather, and sugar, and a good general trade. Pop. 1546. Ringkiobing-Fiord, ring'k'yo'bing-fe-ord', a lagoon of Denmark, 28 miles in length by 9 miles in bre.adth. It is separated from the North Sea by a narrow strip of land. Ringoes, ring'gOz, a post-village in East Ainwell town- ship, Hunterdon co., N.J., on the Fleiuington Branch of the Belvidere Delaware Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Lambert- ville. It has 2 churches and an academy. Ringo's (ring'goz) JUills, a post-village of Fleming CO., Ky., 13 miles from Flemingsburg. It has a church, a flour-mill, a woollen-mill, and a saw-mill. Ringo's Point, a post-hamlet of Adair co., Mo., 18 miles W. of Kirksville. Ringsend, ring'z^nd, a suburb of Dublin, Ireland, 1^ miles E. of Dublin Castle. It adjoins Irishtown, and has a bridge across the Dodder, and various docks. Ring's Point, a hamlet of Essex co., Mass., on the Eastern Railroad, and on the Merrimac River, opposite Newburyport. Ringsted, ring'st^d, a town of Denmark, on the island of Seeland, 36 miles W.S.W. of Copenhagen. Pop. 1869. Ring'town, a post-village in Union township, Schuyl- kill CO., Pa., on Catawissa Creek, and on the Catawissa «fc Williarasport Railroad, 25 miles W.N.W. of Tamaqua. It has 3 churches and a graded school. Ring'ville, a post-hamlet in Worthington township, Hampshire co., Mass., about 27 miles N.W. of Springfield. Ringvilte, a post-office of Sullivan co.. Pa. Ring'wood, a town of England, co. and 18 miles W.S.W. of Southampton, on the Avon, and on the Dor- chester Branch of the Southwestern Railway. Ring'wood, a post-hamlet in McHcnry township, McHenry CO., 111., on the Chicago 5r), a town of Germany, in Alsace, 6 miles N.N.W. of Colmar. Pop. 1777. Ris, ree, a town of France, in Puy-de-D6me, 10 miles N. of Thiers. Pop. 1449. Ris, a village of France, with a station on the Paris & Corbeil Railway, 15 miles from Paris. Pop. 1101. Risano, re-si'no, a village of Dalmatia, 7 miles N.N.W. of Cattaro, on the Gulf of Cattaro. Pop. 3200. Risborough, Princes, a town and parish of Eng- land, CO. of Bucks, 7 miles S.S.W. of Aylesbury. P. 2549. Riscle, reek'l, a town of France, department of Gers, 26 miles W.N.W. of Mirande. Pop. 2010. Ris'don, a post-office of St. Clair co., III., about 22 miles S. by E. of Belleville. Rish's Store, a post-office of Lexington co., S.C. Ri'sing City, a post-village of Butler co.. Neb., on the Omaha & Republican Valley Railroad, at Rising's Station, 10 miles W. of David City. It has 7 general stores, 2 warehouses for grain, and 35 dwellings. Rising Fawn, a post-hamlet of Dade co., Ga., on the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad, 25^ miles S.S.W. of Chattanooga. It has 2 churches and an iron-blast-furnace. Rising (ri'zing) Sun, a post-office of Walker co., Ala. Rising Sun, a post-town, capital of Ohio co., Ind., in Randolph township, on the Ohio River, 36 miles by water (or 20 miles direct) below Cincinnati, and 8 miles S. of Aurora. It is finely situated on high ground, and contains a court-house, 7 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a national bank, a graded school, a tannery, 2 steam flouring-mills, and manufactures of furniture and ploughs. Pop. 1700. Rising Sun, a post-hamlet of Polk co., Iowa, near Des Moines River, 7 miles E. of Des Moines. It has 2 churches. Rising Sun, a post-village of Cecil co., Md., on the Philadelphia & Baltimore Central Railroad, 52 miles N.E. of Baltimore. It has a bank, a church, a high school for girls, a foundry, a machine-shop, a coach-factory, a bank- ing-house, and 6 stores. Pop. 277. Rising Sun, a post-hamlet in Montgomery township. Wood CO., 0., on the Columbus & Toledo Railroad, 27 miles S. by B. of Toledo. It has a church. Rising Sun, a village included within the limits of Phil.adelphia, Pa., 5 miles N. of Independence Hall. Rising Sun, a post-village of Crawford co.. Wis., 33 miles S.S.E. of La Crosse. It h.as a church and a furnace. Ri'singville, a post-hamlet of Steuben co., N.Y., 34 miles N.E. of Cameron Mills, and about 15 miles N.W. of Corning. It has a church. Risley, riz'lee, a post-office of Marion co., Kansas, 14 miles N.N.W. of Peabody. Pop. of township, 503. RitcU'ey, a post-village of Newton co.. Mo., on the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad, 13 miles E.N.E. of Neosho. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Pop. about 150. Ritchie, rich'ee, a county in the N.W. part of West Virginia, has an area of about 330 square miles. It is in- tersected by the North Fork of Hughes River, and bounded on the S. by the South Fork of that river. The surface is hilly, and mostly covered with forests of the ash, hickory, oak, sugar-nuiple, iind other trees. Indion corn, wheat, oats, and grass are the staple products. Among its min- erals are a variety of asphaltuin called Grahamite, coal, and petroleum. It is intersected by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (Parkersburg division). Capital, Harrisville. Valuation of real and personal estate, S2, 454,267. Pop. in 1870, 9055, of whom 8747 were Americans. Ritchie Court-House. See Hariusville. Ritchieville, rich'e-vil, a post-office of Dinwiddie co., Va., about 16 miles S. by W. of Petersburg. Rithyinna, the ancient name of Retimo. Rito Alto, ree'to dl'to, Colorado, a mountain of the Sangre de Cristo Range, has an altitude of 12,876 feet above the sea-level. Lat. 38° 13' 7" N.; Ion. 105° 45' 7" W. ■Rito Alto, a post-office of Saguache co.. Col. Rittberg, a town of Prussia. See Rietbebg. Rit'tenhouse Gap, a station in Berks co.. Pa., on the Catasaqua & Fogelsville Railroad, 20 miles S.S.W. of Catasauqua. Rit'ter, a township of Moore co., N.C. Pop. 1524. Rittcr, a station in Northampton co.. Pa., on the Le- high & Lackawanna Railroad, 5 miles N. of Bethlehem. Rit'ters, a post-office of Fulton co., 0., on the Canada Southern Railroad, 5 miles AV.S.W. of Morenci, Mich. Rit'tersville, a post-hamlet of Lehigh co.. Pa., 2 or 3 miles N.E. of Allentown. It has 4 or 5 houses. Ritzebiittel, rit'zeh-bilt't^l, a town of Germany, in Hamburg, at the mouth of the Elbe in the North Sea. Riudoms, re-oo-donis', a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 10 miles W.N.W. of Tarragona. Pop. 347S. Riva, ree'vi, a village of Switzerland, canton of Ticino, 8 miles S. of Lugano, and on the S. extremity of its lake. Riva, ree'vi, or Reif, rife, a town of the Tyrol, 10 miles W.S.W. of Roveredo, at the N. extremity of Lago RIV 1871 wv di Garda. Pop. 50S2. It has a oastle, a fine church, and some monasteries. Its port is the largest on the lalte, its fisheries are productive, and its vicinity furnishes in abun- dance olives, oranges, and lemons. Rivadeo, re-vi-Di'o, a seaport of Spain, on the E. boundary of Galioia, 37 miles N.E. of Lugo, at the mouth of the Eo. Pop. 2920. Riva di Chieri, rce'vS, dee ke-i'ree, a village of Italy, 10 miles E.S.E. of Turin. Pop. 3092. Rivafrecha, re-va,-fri'cha,, a town of Spain, 7 miles S.S.E. of Logrono, on the Leza. Pop. 1463. Rivalta di Acqui, re-vil'ti dee ik'kwee, a village of Italy, 4 miles N.E. of Acqui, on the Bormida. Pop. 2112. Rivalta di Torino, re-vil'ti dee to-ree'no, a village of Italy, 8 miles W.S.W. of Turin. Pop. 1948. Rivaiiazzano, re-vi-nit-si'no, a village of Italy, province of Pavia, near Voghera. Pop. of commune, 2329. Rivan'na, a small river in the E. central part of Vir- ginia, rises at the foot of the Blue Ridge, in Albemarle co.. Hows S.E. through Fluvanna co., and enters the James River at Columbia. Rivara, re-vaVi, a village of Italy, 22 miles N.N.W. of Turin. Pop. 1700. Rivarolo, re-vi-ro'Io, a town of North Italy, in Pied- mont, 19 miles N. of Turin. Pop. 3441. Rivarolo, a town of Italy, 3 miles N.N.W. of Genoa. Pop. of commune, 6S5S, Rivarolo-Fuori, re-vi-ro'Io-foo-o're, a village of Northern Italy, 18 miles W.S.W. of Mantua. Pop. 3034. Rivas, a town of Central America. See Nicaragua. Rive de Gier, roev dob zhe-i', a town of France, in Loire, on the Gier, an affluent of the Rhone, at the head of the Canal of Givors, 12i miles by rail N.E. of Saint-Etienne. Pop. 14,518. It has extensive manufactures of glass-wares, steel, and hardwares, and steam-engine factories. Near it are silk-mills, distilleries, and extensive coal-fields. Riveira, re-vi'e-ri, a seaport of Spain, province and 67 miles S.S.W. of Corunna, surrounded by the Bay of Arosa and the sea. Rivello, re-v5rio, a town of Italy, in Basilicata, 4 miles S. of Lagonegro, on the Trecchina. Pop. 29G1. Riv'er, a post-office of Huntington co., Ind. River, a township of Warren co., N.C. Pop. 1500. River, Warren eo., Vn.. See Rivkrton. River, a post-office of Dane co.. Wis. River Aux Vases (Fr. o viz), a post-office of St. Gen- evieve CO., Mo., on the river of the same name. River Bank, a hamlet of Rockingham oo., Va., on the Shenandoah River, 13 miles E. of Harrisonburg. It has a church, a flouring-mill, and a saw-mill. River Beandette, bo'd^t', a post-village in Soulanges CO., Quebec, at the outlet of a river of the same name in the St. Lawrence, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 43t miles W. of Montreal. Pop. 100. River Bend, a post-office of Bibb co., Ala., on the Cahawba River. River Bend, a post-hamlet of Elbert co.. Col., on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, S3 miles E.S.E. of Denver. River Bend, a post-office of Clinton co., Mich., on Grand River, about 14 miles W. by N. of Lansing. River Bend, township, Gaston co., N.C. Pop. 2248. River Bend, a post-office of Jefferson co., Tenn. River Bourgeois, boorV.hwi', a post-village in Rich- mond CO., Nova Scotia, 31 miles from Port Hawkesbury. Riv'erdale, a post-office of Fresno co., Cal. Riverdale, a post-office of Cook co., 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad, 17 miles S. of Chicago. Riverdale, a station in Greene co.. 111., on the Chicago k Alton Railroad, 4 miles S. of Carrollton. Riverdale, a post-hamlet of Clay co., Kansas, on the Republican River, 44 miles N.N.W. of Junction City. River Dale, a post-oflice of Caddo parish, La. Riverdale, Essex co., Mass., is a part of Gloucester City, and is 2 miles from Gloucester Station. Riverdale, a post-office and station of Gratiot co., Mich., on the Chicago, Saginaw & Canada Railroad, 12 miles W. of St. Louis. Riverdale, township, Watonwan co., Minn. Pop. 217. Riverdale, a station of the Montclair ita, on the S. shore of the St. Law- rence, at the junction of the Grand Trunk and Intercolonial Railways, 127 miles below Quebec. It has 2 churches, about 20 stores, several hotels and mills, ,2 foundries, and a tannery. Pop. 1541. Riviere du Loup en Haut, reeVe-ain' dii loo p6N» ho, a post-village of Quebec, capital of Maskinonge co., on the N. shore of Lake St. Peter, 22* miles above Three Rivers. It has a church, a foundry, 2 tanneries, and sev- eral mills and stores. Pop. ].>00. Riviere du Sud, Quebec. See Hesryville. 118 Riviere Quelle, reeVe-aiR' oo-Sl', a post-village of Quebec, co. of Kamouraska, on the S. shore of the St. Law- rence, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 92 miles below Quebec. It contains a church, a saw-mill, and 4 stores. Riviere Pilote, reoVe-ain' pee'lot', a town on the S. coast of Martinique. Pop, 5402. Riviere Raisin, reeH-e-aiu' ri^ziN"', orNewLanc'" aster, a post-village of Ontario, co. of Glengarry, on the river St. Lawrence, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 54^ miles W. of Montreal. It contains 4 hotels and several stores. Pop. 350. Riviere Rouge, the French name of the Red River. Riviere Saint Louis. See Saint Stanislas de KOSTKA. Riviere Salee, reeH-e-ain' siMi', the strait which separates Guadeloupe into two islands. Riviere Salee, a town on the S.W. coast of Marti- nique. Pop. 2577. Rivisondoli, re-ve-son'do-Ie, a town of Italy, in Aquila, S.E. of Sulmona. Pop. 1309. Rivoli, ree'vo-le, a town of Italy, 8 miles W. of Turin. Pop., with environs, 5540. It has a palace, numerous villas, and a tine botanic garden, with manufactures of silks and woollen fabrics. Rivoli, a village of Italy, 12 miles N.W. of Verona, on the Adige. Pop. io67. Rivolta, re-vol'ti, a village of Lombardy, near the .Adda, 15 miles E. of Milan. Pop. 3977. Riwaree, re-w4-ree', a town of India, 50 miles S.W. of Delhi. Pop. 24,503. Rix'eyville, a post-hamlet of Culpeper co., Va., about 60 miles S.W. of Washington, D.C. Rix'ford, a post-village of Suwanee co., Fla., on the Florida Branch of the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad, 86 miles W. of Jacksonville, and 4 miles N. of Live Oak. It con- tains 2 churches, several steam flouring-mills and saw-mills, and a manufactory of naval stores. It is surrounded by forests of pine, magnolia, hickory, oak, &c. Pop. 1000. Rixford, a post-hamlet of McKean co.. Pa., in Otto township, 2 miles from Summit City. Rixheim, rix'hime (Fr. pron. reex'em'), written also Rexen, a village of Germany, in Alsace, on the Strasburg A Basel Railway, 3J miles E. of Miilhausen. Pop. 3115. Rix's Mills, a post-hamlet of Muskingum co., 0., about 15 miles E. of Zanesville. It has 2 churches. Rizah, or Rizeli, Asiatic Turkey. See Reezah. Rjasan, Russia. See Riazan. RJhev, a town of Russia. See Rzhev. Roa, ro'i, a town of Spain, province and 49 miles S.S.W. of Burgos, on the Douro. Pop. 2861. It has re- mains of a palace, in which Xiraenes died in 1517. Roachester, Warren co., 0. See Rochester. Roach's Point, or Kes'wick, a post-village in York CO., Ontario, on Lake Siraeoe, 2 miles from Bell Ewart. Roach'ton, a post-offioe of Wood co., 0., on the Day- ton & Michigan Railroad, 12 miles S.S.W. of Toledo. Roadhouse, Illinois. See Roodhouse. Road'side, a post-hamlet of Rockingham co., Va., 18 miles from Harrisonburg. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Roads'town, a post-village of Cumberland eo., N.J., 6 miles W. by N. of Bridgeton. It has 2 churches and about 40 dwellings. Road'ville, a post-offioe of Charleston co., S.C, 110 miles S.E. of Columbia. Roag, Loch, Iok rog, a large and intricate inlet of the se.a, on the W. coast of Lewis Island, Hebrides, Scot- land, about 12 miles in length and 8 miles in breadth. Roane, rOn, a county of E.^st Tennessee, has an area of about 530 square miles. It is intersected by the Clinch and Holston Rivers, which unite at Kingston and form the Tennessee River, which is here navigable. The. surface is hilly or mountainous, and mostly covered with forests of the oak, hickory, pine, and other trees. This county com- pi-ises a part of the Cumberland Mountain. The soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, oats, grass, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Among its mineral resources are bitumi- nous coal, iron ore, and limestone. It is traversed by the Cincinnati Southern Railroad. Capital, Kingston. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, $6,029,190. Pop. in 1870, 15,622, of whom 15,451 were Americans. Roane, a county in the W. part of West Virginia, has an area of about 360 square miles. It is drained by the Pocotaligo River, which rises in it, and several afiluents of the Little Kanawha. The surface is hilly or undulating, and is mostly covered with forests, in which the sugar- maple is found. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, ROA 1874 ROB oats, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Spencer, Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,469,196. Vop. in 1S70, 72.''.2, of whom 7220 were Americans. Roane's Mill, a post-otEce of Macon co., N.C. Roan Mountain, North Carolina, is near the N. bor- der of Mitchell co., and near the line of East Tennessee. Its altitude is about 6307 feet. Its summit commands a view of nearly 400 mountain-peaks. Roan Mountain, a post-office of Carter co., Tenn. Roann, ro-an', a post-village of Wabash co., Ind., on Eel River, and on the Detroit, Eel River & Illinois Rail- road, 27 miles E.N.E. of Logansport. It has a graded school and 1 or 2 churches. Roanne, roMnn' (anc. Bodum'na), a town of France, in Loire, 40 miles by rail N.W. of Lyons, on the left bank of the Loire, which here becomes navigable. Pop. 21,472. It has a chamber of arts and manufactures, and a com- munal college. Situated at the head of the Canal of the Loire, Roanne is the entrepot of an extensive commerce. It has manufactures of cottons, muslins, paper, leather, oil, crockery, &c., and noted mineral springs. Roanoke, ro^an-6k', a county of Virginia, has an area of about 300 square miles. It is intersected by the Staunton River, and also drained by Craig's Creek. The Blue Ridge extends along the S.E. border of this county, which is part of the Great Valley of Virginia. The soil is mostly fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, cattle, and pork are the sta.ple products. This county has an abundance of good limestone. It is intersected by the Atlantic, Mississippi k Ohio Rail- road. Capital, Salem. Valuation of real and personal es- tate, $3,725,047. Pop. in 1870, 9350, of whom 9328 were Americans. Roanoke, a post-village of Randolph co., Ala., about 85 miles N.E. of Montgomery, and 40 miles N. of Opelika. It contains 2 churches, and the Roanoke Male and Female College. Roanoke, a post-hamlet in Roanoke township, AVood- ford CO., 111., on the Chicago, Pekin & Southwestern Rail- road, 120 miles S.W. of Chicago, and 61 miles N.E. of Eureka. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, 2 drug-stores, and 2 warehouses. Pop. of the township, 998. Roanoke, a post-village in Jackson township, Hun- tington CO., Ind., on the Wabash A; Erie Canal, and on the Wabash Railroad, 15 miles S.W. of Fort Wayne. It has a newspaper office, 3 churches, and a seminary. Pop. 627. Roanoke, a post-village in Prairie township, Howard CO., Mo., about 16 miles S.W. of Moberly. It has 2 churches, an academy, 2 tob.acco-factories, and 2 broom- factories. The village is partly in Randolph 00. Pop. 220. Roanoke, a hamlet in Stafford township, Genesee co., N.Y., 3 miles from Stafford Station. It has a church. Roanoke, township, Northampton co., N.C. P. 1778. Roanoke, Putnam co., 0. See Leipsic. Roanoke, a station of Charlotte co., Va., on the Rich- mond *fc Danville Railroad where it crosses the Staunton or Roanoke River, 90 miles W.S.W. of Richmond. Here is Talcott Post-Office. Roanoke, a post-vill.age of Lewis co., W. Va., 33 miles S. of Clarksburg. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Roanoke Island, North Carolina, is in the channel which connects Albemarle Sound with Pamlico Sound. It is a part of Dare co., and is separated from the mainland by Croatan Sound. It is 12 or 13 miles long. Roanoke River is formed by the Dan and Staunton Rivers, which rise in Virginia, and unite at Clarksville, in Mecklenburg co. of that state. After it has intersected that county, it passes into North Carolina, in which it runs nearly southeastward, forms the boundary between the cos. of Halifax and Martin on the right and Northampton and Bertie on the left, and enters the W. end of Albemarle Sound. Its length from Clarksville to its mouth is nearly 230 miles. Steamboats can ascend it to Weldon, about 130 miles, and above that point it is navigated by bateaux. Roan's Prairie, a post-office of Grimes co., Tex. Roapoa, ro-4-po'a, Treven'nen, Houapoou, hoo'- &-poo-oo', Uapoa, or Adams Island, one of the Mar- quesas Islands, in the Pacific, 58 miles W. of Tahuata. Lat. 9° 20' S. ; Ion. 14° 6' W. Length, 10 miles. On its W. side is Port Jarvis. Pop. 900. Roar'ing Branch, a post-village in Mclntyre town- ship, Lycoming co.. Pa., on the Northern Central Railroad, 28 miles N. of Williamsport. It has a lumber-mill. Coal is found near this place. Roar'ing Creek, of North Carolina, enters the Yad- kin from the N., in Wilkes co. Roaring Creek, of Pennsylvania, falls into the North Branch of the Susquehanna a few miles above Danville. Roaring Creek, a township of Columbia co.. Pa., about 14 miles E. by S. of Danville. Pop. 486. Roaring Creek, a post-hamlet of Columbia co.. Pa., in Locust township, 5 miles S. of Catawissa. Roaring Creek, a post-office of Randolph co., W. Va. Roaring Creek, a post-hamlet of Jackson co.. Wis., 10 miles S.W. of Black River Falls. Roaring Falls, Shelby co., Tenn. See Glencoe. Roaring Gap, a post-offlce of Wilkes co., N.C, 50 miles N. of Statesville. Roaring River, a post-office of Barry co.. Mo. Roaring River, a post-office of Wilkes co., N.C. Roaring Run, a post-offlce of Botetourt co., Va. Roaring Spring, a post-village of Trigg co., Ky., about 18 miles S.W. of Hopkinsville. It has a church. Roaring Spring (formerly Spang's Mills), a post- village in Ta.ylor township, Blair co.. Pa.., on the Morrison's Cove Branch of the Pennsylvania Raili-oad, 17 miles S. of Altoona. It has 3 churches, a paper-mill, a flour-mill, 2 iron-furnaces, Ac. Roaring Water Bay, of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Cork, extends inland for 9 miles behind Cape Clear. Ro^ark', a township of Gasconade co.. Mo. Pop. 3033. Roasio, ro-a'se-o, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 18 miles N.N.W. of Vercelli. Pop. 2235. Roatan, a West India island. See Ruatan. Ro'bard's Station, a post-office of Henderson eo., Ky., on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 13 miles S. of Henderson. Robb, a township of Posey CO., Ind. Pop. 1781. Rob'ben Island, an islet off the Cape of Good Hope, at the entrance of False Bay. Lat. 33° 48' S. ; Ion. 18° 22' E. It has a lunatic asylum and a leper colony. Robbiate, rob-be-5,'ti or Robiato,ro-be-S,'to, a vil- lage of Italy, province of Como. Pop. 1272. Rob'bins, a post-office of Sussex eo., Del., on the Junction A Breakwater Railroad, 10 miles S. of Milford. Bobbins, a station of Pike co., 0., on the Springfield, Jackson & Pomeroy Railroad, 9 miles E. of Waverly. Robbins, a post-office and station of Barnwell co., S.C, on the Port Royal Railroad, 28 miles S.E. of Augusta, Ga. Robbins Cross Roads, post-ofliee, Jefferson co., Ala. Robbins Plantation, a township of Washington co.. Me. Pop. 4. Rob'binston, a post-village in Robbinston township, Washington co.. Me,, on Passamaquoddy Bay, at the mouth of the St. Croix River, 10 miles S.E. of Calais. Pop. 926. Rob'binsville, a post-hamlet of Mercer co., N.J., on the Camden k Amboy Railroad, at Newtown Station, 7 miles N.E. of Bordentown. It has a church. Robbinsville, a post-village, capital of Graham co., N.C, 65 miles S.S.E, of Mary ville, Tenn. It has 2 churches and a Peabody school. Robbio, rob'be-o, a town of Italy, 11 miles S.W. of Novara. Pop. 4477. Robbs'ville, a post-hamlet of Roane co.. Tenn., on the Cincinniiti Southern Railroad. It has a church, a flour- mill, and an iron-forge. Robe, rob, a river of Ireland, co. of Mayo, rises near Clare, and, after a W. course of 26 miles, enters Lough Mask, 2 miles W. of Ballinrobe. Robecco, ro-bSk'ko, a town of Lombardy, on the Oglio, 7 miles N. of Cremona. Pop. 2703. Robecq, ro'bSk', a village of France, in Pas-de-Calais, 5 miles N.W. of Bethune. Pop. 1465. Riibel, ro'bSl, a town of Mecklenburg-Sohwerin, 34 miles S.E. of Gustrow, on Lake Muritz. Pop. 3523. Robella, ro-b41'la, a village of Italy, province of Ales- sandria. Pop. 1344. Robella, Alleghany CO., Pa. See Bellevue. Roberson (rob'er-sijn) Fork, a post-hamlet of Mar- shall CO., Tenn., 6 miles E. of Lynnville Station. It has a church. Roberson's Cross Roads, a post-hamlet of Bledsoe CO., Tenn., 44 miles N. of Chattanooga. It has a church. Rob'ersonville, a post-village of Martin co., N.C, 20 miles E. of Tarborough. It has a church. Robert, Le, l^h ro^bain', a town on the E, coast of the island of Martinique. Pop. 5853. Robert Bayou, bi'oo, of Louisiana, is connected with Red River near Alexandria. Robert Islands, Pacific Ocean. See MAnQFESAs. Rob'erts, a county of the Panhandle of Texas, trav- ersed by the Canadian River. Area, 900 square miles. Roberts, a station of Jones co., Ga., on the Georgia or Macon &, AugustaRailroad, 9 miles N.E. of Macon. Roberts, a post-village in Lyman township, Ford CO., ROB 1875 ROB 111., on the Gilman, Clinton & Springfield Eailroad, 50 miles E.N.E. of Bloomington. It has a church, a graded Bchool, and a bank. Pop. about 300. Roberts, a township of Marshall co.. 111. Pop. S8.S. Roberts, a station of Mecklenburg co., N.C., on the Carolina Central Railroad, 5 miles S.E. of Charlotte. Roberts, a township of Hampton co., S.C. Pop. 1771. Roberts, a hamlet of St. Croix co., Wis., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, Hi miles E. of Hudson. Rob'ertsdale, a post-village of Huntingdon co., Pa., in Carbon township, on the East Broiid Top Railroad, 30 miles S.W. of Mount Union. Coal is mined here. Robert's Island, a post-village in Yarmouth co., Nova Scotia, 15 miles from Yarmouth. Pop. 150. Roberts Land'ing, post-office, San Joaquin co., Cal. Roberts' lianding, a post-hamlet of St. Clair co., Mich., on the St. Clair River, 36 miles N.E. of Detroit. Here are 2 stores, 3 wharves, and a manufactory of handles for .axes, picks, &c. Fish and firewood are shipped here. Rob'ertson, a small county in the N.E. part of Ken- tucky. It is bounded on the S. and W. by the Licking River, and also drained by the North Fork of that river. The surface is undulating or hilly. The soil is fertile. In- dian corn, tobacco, and grass are the staple products. Lime- stone is found here. Capital, Mount Olivet. Valuation of real and personal estate, 81,025,147. Pop. in 1870, 6399, of whom 5363 were Americans. Robertson, a county of Middle Tennessee, borders on Kentucky. Area, about 500 square miles. It is drained by Red River and Sulphur Creek or Fork. The surface is undulating or hilly, and nearly half of it is covered with forests of the ash, gum, oak, walnut, and poplar or tulip- tree. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, to- bacco, superior whisky (of which a large xjuantity is made here), and pork are the staple products. Limestone crops out in many places. This county is intersected by the St. Louis *fc Southeastern Railroad. Capital, Springfield. Val- uation of real arid personal estate, $4,517,051, Pop. in 1871), 16.166, of whom 16,088 were Americans. Robertson, a county in the E. central part of Texas, has an area of about 800 square miles. It is bounded on the B. by the Navasota River, and on the S.W. by the Bra- zos River. The surface is undulating, and is extensively covered with forests of good timber. The soil is fertile. Cotton, cattle, and Indian corn are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Houston & Texas Central Railroad and the International & Great Northern Railroad. Capital, Calvert. Valuation of real and personal estate, §999,245. Pop. in 1870, 9990, of whom 9577 were Amer- icans. Rob'ertson's, a station in Fairfield co., S.C, on the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 36 miles N. of Columbia. Robertson's, a post-office of Anderson co., Tenn. Robertson's, a post-office of Bedford co., Va. Robertson's Mill, a post-office of Stone co.,.Mo. Robertson's Mills, Ontario. See Dalkeith. Robertson's (or Robinson) Station, a post-ham- let of Harrison co., Ky., on the Kentucky Central Railroad, 42i miles N.N.E. of Lexington. Robertson's Store, a post-office of Gordon co., Gii. Robertsonville, Hardin co., Ky. See Colesbuhg. Rob'ertsonville, a post-office of Coahoma co., Miss. Robertsonville, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co.. N.Y'., about 33 miles N. by W. of Port Jervis. It has a church and a saw-mill. Rob'erts Run, a station in Venango eo., Pa., on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 19 miles S. of Franklin. Rob'ertsville, a post-hamlet of Litchfield co., Conn., 4i miles N. of Winsted. It has a church and a chair- factory. Robertsville, a post-hamlet of Franklin Co., Mo., on the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad, 43 miles W.S.W. of St. Louis. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Robertsville, a hamlet of Monmouth co., N.J., 5 miles from Marlborough Station. Robertsville, a post-hamlet of Stark co., 0., about 10 miles E.S.E. of Canton. It has 2 churches. Robertsville, a hamlet of Indiana co., Pa., in Canoe township, 22 miles N.E. of Indiana. It has a church. Robertsville, a post-hamlet of Hampton co., S.C, about 75 miles W. by S. of Charleston. It has a church. Robertsville, a post-hamlet of Anderson co., Tenn., lOi miles E. of Clinton. Roberval, ro'ber-vil', or Lac Saint Jean, lik sau" zhfl:*o^ a post-village in Chicoutimi co., Quebec, on Lake St. John, 78 miles W. of Chicoutimi. Pop. 300. Robeson, ro'b^-sjn, a county in the S. part of North Carolina, borders on South Carolina. Area, about 1000 square miles. It is intersected by Lumber River, and is partly drained by the Little Pedee River and Rockfish Creek, The surface is nearly level, and mostly covered with forests of hickory, oak, pine, and other trees. The soil is sandy. Cotton, Indian corn, sweet potatoes, pork, tar, and turpentine are the staple product.s. This county is intersected by the Carolina Central Railroad. Capital, Lumberton, Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,942,362. Pop. in 1370, 16,262, of whom 16,221 were Americans. Robeson, North Carolina. See Brinkley's. Robeson, a township of Berks co.. Pa., about 6 miles S. of Reading, is bounded on the N. by the Schuylkill River. Pop. 2458. Robeson Station on the Wilmington & Reading Railroad is in this township, 6^ milesS. of Reading. Ro^beso'nia, a post-village in Heidelberg township, Berks co,, Pa,, on the Lebanon Valley Railroad, 12 miles W. of Reading. It has a church and iron-furnaces. The name of its post-office is Robesonia F'urnnces. Ro'beystown, a hamlet of Prince George's co., Md., 4 miles W. of Cheltenh.am. Robiac, ro'be-ik', a town of France, in Gard, 12 miles N. of Alais. Pop. 4290. Robiato, a village of Italy. See Robbiate. Robideaux, ro-be-do', a township of Pulaski co., Mo. Pop. 677. Robideajix Creek, Missouri, See RorBmoux Cheek, Robilante, ro-be-lin'ti, a town of Italy, 7 miles S.S.W. of Coni. Pop. 2677. Rob'in, a post-office of Benton co., Iowa. Robin Hill, a post-office of Cumberland co., N.C Rob'in Hood's Bay, an inlet of the sea, on the E. coast of England, co, of York, 6 miles S,S,E. of Whitby, Rob'in's Nest, a post-village in Jubilee township, Peoria co,. III,, about 14 miles N,W. of Peoria. It is the seat of Jubilee College (Episcopal), organized in 1847. Rob'inson, a station in Bent co., Col., on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 14 miles W. of Las Animas. Robinson, a post-village, capital of Crawford eo., 111., in Robinson township, on the Paris & Danville Railroad, 44 miles S, of Paris, and 25 miles N,N,W, of Vincennes, Ind, It contains 2 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a graded school, and a bank. Pop. of the township, 1851. Robinson, a township of Posey eo., Ind. Pop. 1683. Robinson, or North Robinson, a post-village of Brown co., Kansas, on Wolf River, and on tlie St. Joseph & Denver City Railroad, 34 miles W. of St. Joseph, and 9 miles E,S,E, of Hiawatha. It has 3 churches, 2 banks, a Hour-mill, a broom-factory, *fec. Coal abounds here. Pop, about 400 ; of the township, 1362, Robinson, Kentucky, See Robertson's Station. Robinson, a post-office and station of Ottawa co., Mich,, in Robinson township, on the Chicago &■ Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, 23 miles S. by E, of Muskegon, Pop, of the township, 528, Robinson, a township of Greene co., Mo. Pop. 2419. Robinson, a station of the Carolina Central Railroad, 20 miles W.N.W. of Wilmington, N.C. Robinson, Crawford co., 0, See North Robin'SON, Robinson, a township of Alleghany co., Pa. Pop. 2275. Robinson, township, Washington co., Pa. Pop. 937. Robinson, a post-village of McLennan co., Tex., 6 miles S. of Waco, It has 2 churches, a steam cotton-gin, and a grist-mill, ■ Robinson, a post-hamlet of Brown co., Wis,, about 13 miles N.E. of Green Bay. Robinson, a post-village in Compton co., Quebec, on Sahnon Creek, 21 miles N.E. of Lennoxville. Pop. 300. Robinson Creek, a post-hamlet of Shelby co., 111., in Rose township, on the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 5 miles W. of Shelbyville. Robinson Creek, a post-office of Pike co., Ky. Robinson's, a station in Merrimack co., N.H., on the Concord Railroad, 5 or 6 miles S. of Concord. Robinson's Head, a fishing hamlet on the S. side of St. George's Bay, Newfoundland, 10 miles from Sandy Point. Pop. 125. Robinson's Mill,apost-hamlet of Wetzel co.,W.Va., 11 miles from Mannington. It has a church. Robinson's River, a small stream of Madison co., Va., runs nearly southeastward, and enters the Rapidan River about 6 miles N. by E. from Orange Court-House. Rob'isonville, a post-office of Grant co., Oregon. Robisonville, a post-hamlet of Bedford oo.. Pa., about 20 miles S.S.E. of Bedford. ROB 1S76 ROC Rob'ious, a post-office of Chesterfield co., Va., on the Richmond & Danville Railroad, lOi miles W.S.W. of Rich- mond. Robleda, ro-Eli'D3,, a village of Spain, province of Salamanca, 16 miles S. of Ciudad Rodrigo. Pop. 1469. Robledo de Chavela,ro-Bli'Do di cha-v4'lil, a town of Spain, province and 21 miles AV. of Madrid. Pop. 1227. Rob'lin, a post-village in Lennox co., Ontario, 10 miles from Napanee. Pop. 150. Roblin's Mills, Ontario. See Ameliasrurg. Rob Roy, a post-office and shipping-point of Jefferson CO., Ark., on the Arkansas River, 6 miles below Pine Blutf. Rob Roy, a post-hamlet of Fountain co., Ind., on the Indiana North k South Railroad, 4 miles S. of Attica, and about 25 miles S.W. of Lafayette It has 2 churches and 2 flour-mills. Rob'son's Landing, a post-office of Coahoma co.. Miss., on the Mississippi River. Robureiito, ro-boo-r§n'to, a village of Italy, province of Cuni. It has a fine palace and 2 churches. Pop. 1372. Ro'by's Corner, a post-hamlet of Merrimack co., N.II., on the Concord & Claremont Railroad, 23 miles W. by N. of Concord. Ro'ca, a post-office of Lancaster co., Neb., on the At- chison . Pop. 16i6. Roca Partida, ro'ki paR-tee'Di, the westernmost of the Revilla-Gigedo Islands in the North Pacific. Rocas, ro'kis (i.e., "rocks"), an island of the Atlan- tic, 125 miles N.E. of Cape St. Roque. Lat. 3° 55' S. ; Ion. 33° 43' W. Rocca, rok'k^, an Italian word signifying "rock" or " fortress," forming the name or a part of the nnme of nu- merous small towns of Italy and Sicily. Rocca, rok'kjl, a town of Sicily, 10 miles W. of Mes- sina. Pop. 2677. Rocca Bianca, rok'ki be-4n'ki ("white rock," or "white fortress"), a town of Italy, 16 miles N.N.W. of Parma. Pop. of commune, 5326. Rocca Bruna, rok'kS, broo'ni (i.e., "brown rock"), a town of Italy, 1 3 miles W.N.W. of Coni. Pop. 3103. Rocca Casale, rok'ki ki-s^'li, a town of Italy, 5 miles N.N.W. of Sulmona. Pop. 1772. Rocca d'Arazzo, rok'ki di-rit'so, a town of Italy, 20 miles W. of Alessandria. Pop. 2162. Rocca d' Aspide, rok'ki dJis'pe-di, a town of Italy, in Salerno, 16 miles S. of Campagna. Pop. 5434. Rocca de Baldi, rok'ka, di bil'dee, a town of Italy, 4 miles N.W. of Mondovi. Pop. 2664. Rocca d'E vandro, rok'ka d4-vS,n'dro, a town of Italy, 26 miles S.S.E. of Sora, on the Garigliano. It has a castle, 3 churches, and a hospital. Pop. 3242. Rocca di Corio, rok'kS, dee ko're-o, a town of Italy, 18 miles N.N.W. of Turin. Pop. 2779. Rocca di Mezzo, rok'kS, dee mM'zo, a town of Italy, 13 miles S.E. of Aquila. Pop. 2268. Rocca di Neto, rok'ki dee ni'to, a town of Italy, in Calabria, 13 miles N.W. of Cotrone. Pop. 1168. Rocca di Papa, rok'ki dee pi'pi, a village of Italy, 1 5 miles S.E. of Rome, on the site of the ancient Fahia. Pop. 3022. Rocca Forte, rok'ki fon'ti (i.e., " strong fortress"), a village of Italy, province of Coni, near Novi. Pop. 3568. Rocca Gloriosa, rok'ki glo-re-o'si, a town of Italy, in Salerno, S.E. of Vallo. Pop. 2814. Rocca Grimalda, rok'ki gre-mil'di, a town of Italy, 18 miles S, of Alessandria. Pop. 1886. Rocca Imperiale, rok'ki ira-pi-re-i'lA, a town of Italy, in Calabria, on the Gulf of Taranto, 7 miles N. of Roseto. Pop. 2164. Rocca Mandolfi, rok'kS, min-dol'fee, a town of Italy, 6 miles W. of Bojano. Pop. 2966. Rocca Monfiiii, rok'ki mon-fee'nee, a town of Italy, 23 miles N.W. of Caserta. Pop. 4754. Rocca Montepiaiio, rok'ki mon-ti-pe-4'no, a town of Italy, S.S.W. of Chieti. Pop. 2224. Rocca Nova, rok'ki no'vl, a town of Italy, in Basili- cata, E.N.E. of Lagonegro. Pop. 2136. Rocca Palomba, rok'ki pi-lom'bi, a town of Italy, in Sicily, 27 miles S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 3023. Rocca Piemonte, rok'ki pe-i-mon'tij a town of Italy, 7 miles N.N.W. of Salerno. Pop. 3H82. Rocca Rasa, rok'ki ri'si. a town of Italy, in Aquila, S.E. of Sulmona. Pop. 1853. Rocca Romana, rok'ki ro-mi'ni, a town of Italy, N.N.W. of Caserta. Pop. 1883. Rocca San Casciano, rok'ki sin ki-shi'no, a vil- lage of Italy, 37 miles N.E. of Florence, at the confluence of the Ridazzo with the Montone. Pop. 3943. Rocca San Felice, rok'ki sin fi-lee'chi, a town of Italy, 2 miles N. of Sant' Angelo dei Lombardr. Near it is Lago di Amsanoto. Pop. 1611. Rocca San Giovanni, rok'ki sin jo-vin'nee, a town of Italy, E. of Lanciano, near the Adriatic. Pop. 2171. Rocca Secca, rok'ki sSk'ki, a town of Italy, 12 miles S. of Sora. Pop. 5476. Rocca Sparvera, rok'ki spaR-vi'ri, a village of Italy, in Coni, ne.ar the Stura. Pop. 1165. Rocca Strada, rok'ki stri'di, a walled town of Italy, 17 miles N.N.E. of Grosseto. Pop. 8127. Rocca Vione, rok'ki ve-o'ni, a town of Italy, 6 miles S.W. of Coni. Pop. 2639. Roccella, rot-oh^l'li, a town of Sicily, 37 miles S.W. of Messina, at the foot of Mount Etna. Pop. 1934. Roccella, a town of Sicily, S miles W.S.W. of Cefalil, on the Mediterranean. Pop. 2000. Roccella, La, li rot-chSl'li, a town of Italy, on the Mediterranean, 9 miles N.E. of Gerace. Pop. 5088. ■Rocchetta, rok-kSt'ti ("little rock," or "little for- tress"), a town of Italy, province of Avellino, 18 miles N.E. of S.ant' Angelo dei Lombardi. Pop. 3949. Rocchetta del Tanaro. See Rochetta del Ta- NAno. Rocchetta tigure, rok-kSt'ti lee-goo'ri, a town of Italy, 22 miles N.N.E. of Genoa. Pop. 1238. Rochdale, rotch'del, a borough of England, in Lanca- shire, at a railway junction, 10 miles N.N.E. of Manches- ter, on botti sides of the Roch, on the Rochdale Canal, and Caldor A Hebble Navigation. It is irregularly built, but nearly all the streets are well paved and lighted with gas, and an abundant supply of water is obtained. Most of the houses are built of brick or of stone obtained from quarries in the vicinity. The origina.l parish church is a venerable structure of the twelfth century, finely situated on a lofty height, and approached from the lower part of the town by a flight of 122 steps. The staple manufactures are woollen goods, chiefly baize, flannels, blankets, and kersey.s, and cot- ton goods, chiefly calicoes. 'There are also various cotton- mills, at which warps and yarn are spun. Other manu- factures of importance are hats, machines, Ac. In the vicinity are freestone-quarries, iron-mines, and extensive collieries. Rochdale is a place of considerable antiquity, and had a Roman station in its vicinity. Its woollen man- ufactures appear to have been introduced by the Flemings in the reign of Edward III. It sends one member to Par- liament. Pop. 63,485. Roch'dale (formerly Clapp'ville), a post-village in Leicester township, Worcester co., Mass., on the Boston &. Albany Railroad, 9 miles S.W. of Worcester. It has 2 churches and 2 flannel-mills. Roche, rosh, a French word (like the Italian Rocca), signifying "rock" or " fortress," forming a prefix to nu- mcT-ous names of communes, towns, and villages of France. Roche, La, France. See La Roche. Roche-a-Cri, rosh-i-kree. post-office, Ad.amsco., Wis. Roche a Gris, rosh-i-gre', a small river of Adams CO., Wis., flows southwestward into the Wisconsin River. Roche-Chalais, La, France. See La Roche-Chalais. Rochechouart, rosh^shoo^an', a town of France, in Haute-Vienne, on an affluent of the Vienne, 20 miles W. of Limoges. Pop. 1754. Roche-de-Glun, rosh deh gluN", a town of France, department of Drome, near Valence. Pop. 1949. Rochefort, rosh Ton' or rotch'fort, a town of France, near its W. coast, department of Charente-Inferieure, 20 miles S.S.E. of La Rochelle, on the Charente, 7 miles from its mouth. Lat. of the hospital, 45° 56' 6" N. ; Ion. 0° 57' 7" W. Pop. 25,454. Rochefort is fortified, and forms the third military port of France. It is surrounded by ramparts planted with trees, and has a tribunal of commerce, a school of hydrography, a national college, a botanic garden, and a maritime museum. In the military port the largest vessels float at all times. Attached to it are a prison and a naval hospital. The commercial port admits vessels of 800 tons close to the quays. The arsenal, one of the largest in France, has immense magazines, cannon-foundries, and ship-building docks. Rochefort was only a small town when Louis XIV. commenced its extension in 1666. It has manufactures of chronometers and farina, and exports wine, brandy, grain, &c. Rochefort, rosh'foit', a town of Belgium, province and 27 miles S.E. of Namur. Pop. 1720. Rochefoucauld, La. See La Rochefoucauld. ROC 1S77 ROC Roche-PAbeille, roshMi'bil', a town of France, in Haute-Vienne, 6 miles N.N.E. of Saint- Yricix. Pop. 1382. Rochelle, a town of France. See La Rochelle. Rochelle, ro-sh^l', a post-village in Flagg township, Ogle CO., III., on the Chicago & Iowa Railroad where it crosses the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 75 miles W. of Chicago, 23 miles E. by N. of Dixon, and 27 miles S. of Rockford. It contains 1 or 2 newspaper offices, 2 national banks, 5 churches, a flouring-mill, and 2 foundries. It is connected with Ilockford by a branch railroad. Rochellef a post-office of Madison co., Va. Rochelle, or Sainte Anne de StukleVf a post- village in Shettord co., Quebec, 8 miles N.E. of Waterloo. Rochelle Park, a post-office of Bergen co., N.J., on the New Jersey Midland Railroad, 4^ miles E. of Paterson. Rocheinauref rosh^moR', a town of France, in Ar- deche, near the Rhone, 12 miles S.E. of Privas. Pop. 1195. Roche Perc^e (rosh per-si') Creek, Missouri, runs southward through Boone co., and enters the Missouri 9 miles S.W. of Columbia. It is nearly 50 miles long. Hocheport, rosh^port, a post-village in Slissouri township, Boone co., Mo., on the N. bank of the Missouri River, 10 miles below Boonville, and about 12 miles W. of Columbia, It has a savings-bank, 2 large steam mills, and 5 churches. Pop. 823. Roche-Posay, La. See La Roche-Posay. Roch'ester, a city of England, co. of Kent, at a rail- way junction, 28 miles E.S.E. of St. Paul's, London, and 7 miles S.E. of Gravesend. It is situated on the Medwa.y, and, with Chatham on the E. .and Stroud on the W., it pic- turesquely surrounds Chatham Harbor. It has a cathedral, one of the finest specimens of Norman and early English architecture, a grammar-school founded in 15'42, St. Cath- erine's Hospital for Poor AVomen, founded in 1315, Watt's Hospital, Hayward's House of Industry, a town hall, a cus- ■ torn-house, theatre, assembly-room, two modern forts, sev- eral remains of ancient walls, gateways, and monastic structures, and, on a roqk rising from the river, majestic ruins of a Norman castle. Coal is extensively imported, and hops are exported. It sends two members to the House of Commons. Pop. 18,352. Roch'ester, a post-village in Rochester township, San- gamon CO., Ill,, on the South Fork of the Sangamon River, and on the Springfield division of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 7i miles S.E. of Springfield. Pop. of the town- ship, .1440. Rochester, a post-village, capital of Fulton co., Ind., in Rochester township, on the outlet of a small hike, and on the Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago Railroad? 50 miles S.S.E. of Laporte, and 24 miles N. by E. of Logansport. It con- tains a court-house, 7 churches, a national bank, 2 news- paper offices, and a graded school, and has manufactures of woollen goods, sash, doors, and blinds. Pop. 1528; of the township, 3726. The township is bounded on the N. by the Tippecanoe, River. Rochester, a hamlet of Noble co., Ind., on the Elk- hart River, about 15 miles W. of Kendallville, and 2 miles S.E. of Ligonier. It has extensive water-power. Rochester, a post-village in Rochester township, Cedar CO., Iowa, on the E. bank of the Cedar River, about 20 miles N. of Muscatine, and 7 miles S. of Tipton. It has a church. Pop. 174; of the township, 726. Rochester, a post-village of Butler co., Ky., on Green River, about 33 miles N.W, of Bowling Green. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of flour, lumber, and tobacco. Rochester, a post-office of Jackson parish, La., about 68 miles E.S.E. of Shreveport. Rochester, a post-village in Rochester township, Ply- mouth CO., Mass., about 9 miles N.E. of New Bedford, 3 miles from Buzzard's Bay, and 3 miles W. of the Cape Cod Railroad. It contains an academy, lumber-mills, and 5 churches. Pop. of the township, 1001. Rochester, a post-village in Avon township, Oakland CO., Mich., on the Clinton River, at the mouth of Paint Creek, 10 miles E. of Pontiac, and on the Detroit & Bay City Railroad, 30 miles N. by W. of Detroit, It contains 4 churches, 2 or 3 flour-mills, a foundry, 2 paper-mills, and 2 woollen-mills. Pop. about 1100. Rochester, a city, the capital of Olmsted co., Minn., is on the South Fork of the Zumbro River, and on the AVinona & St. Peter Railroad, 50 miles W. of Winona, 40 miles E. of Owatonna, and about 40 miles S. of Red Wing. It con- tains a court-house, a high school, a school-house which cost $80,000, 3 national banks, 2 newspaper offices, 11 churches, 3 or 4 fiouring-mills, a machine-shop, a furnace, and extensive manufactories of furniture, pumps, and wagons. Pop. 4344. Rochester, a post-village in Rochester township, An- drew CO., Mo., on the Platte River, 15 miles N.N.E. of St. Joseph. It has a church, a flour-mill, a woollen-mill, and a cheese-factory. Pop. 218; of the township, 2672. Rochester, a village of Madison co., Montana, about 80 miles S. by W. of Helena. Rochester, a post-village in Rochester township, Straflbrd co., N.H., near the Cocheco River, 10 miles N.N.W. of Dover, 78 miles N. of Boston, and about 30 miles E. by N. of Concord. It is on a branch of the Boston & Maine Railroad, is the terminus of the Nashua & Rochester and Portland & Rochester Railroads, and is on the Portsmouth, Great Falls & Conway Railroad. It has several churches, a high school, a national bank, 1 or 2 other banks, a news- paper office, and extensive manufactures of flannel, blankets, shoes, itc. The township contains other villages, named Gonic and East Rochester. Pop. of the township, 4103. Rochester, a city, the county seat of Monroe co., N.Y., and a port of entry, is situated on both sides of Genesee River, 7 miles above its mouth in Lake Ontario (where is Charlotte, its lake-port), 81 miles AV. by N of Syracuse, and 76 miles E. of Suspension Bridge. Lat. 43° 8' 17" N.; Ion. 77° 51' W. The city is divided into two almost equal, parts by the Genesee, which here falls 226 feet within 3 miles and has 3 perpendicular falls of 96, 26, and 84 feet respectively; the first of these afi"ords vuit mense water-power, the second adds but little to this, and the third occurs in a deep ravine and cannot be utilized. From the middle falls almost to the lake the river flows between precipitous walls of rock from 100 to 210 feet high, presenting some extremely picturesque views, especially in ascending the stream, which is navigable by small craft to the N. border of the city. Rochester covers an area of 17i square miles. The site is quite elevated, the tracks of the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad crossing the city at the height of 280 feet above lake-level {or 512 above sea-level), and from this the altitude ranges to 440 feet, the highest points being in Mount Hope Cemetery. The city is mostly laid out in squares, with streets gen- erally shaded and from 66 to upwards of 100 feet in width; there are but 2 streets that run obliquely, and not more than 2 or 3 others deviate from the direct lines sufficiently to detract from the rectangular plan. The principal business thoroughfare, Main street, is in the centre, and crosses the river at right angles over a handsome, substantial bridge. The most remarkable structure in the city or county is a grand aqueduct of cut stone (848 feet long, with a channel 45 feet wide, supported by 9 arches), by which the Erie Canal crosses the Genesee River. Among the buildings of Rochester the more noteworthy are the city hall, a hand- some edifice of blue limestone, with a tower 175 feet high ; the county court-house, of brick, trimmed with limestone, with a tall Ionic portico; the new high school, or Free Academy, of brick, with, sandstone trimmings; the Ar- cade, roofed with glass, and containing a number of retail stores, (fee. ; the Powers Building, an immense structure, 7 stories high, of stone, glass, and iron, containing retail stores, offices, .fee, and in the upper floors a fine collection of paintings, steel-plate prints, &c., and a fine tower at the top (there are nearly 1000 tenants) ; the Rochester Savings- Bank building; a number of imposing— some elegant — church edifices : numerous libraries, hospitals, asylums, homes for children, old women, &c., an industrial school, a house of refuge for boys (with an excellent farm attached), a reformatory for girls, and a number of commodious, well-appointed school-houses, besides the buildings of the Rochester University and of the Theological Seminary. Rochester has 59 churches, of which one is French and sev- eral are German. It has a liberal pubUc-schooI system, including the several grades from the Free Academy (or high school) down to primary schools. The University of Rochester, founded in 1846 and still controlled by the Baptist church, is well endowed, has spacious grounds and buildings, a fine library, and the Ward Cabinet, one of the best geological collections in the United States. The Roch- ester Theological Seminary is also a flourishing Baptist institution, established in 1850 ; its library is exceptionally valuable, including the entire collection (4600 volumes) of the ecclesiastical historian Neander. Rochester is connected by a net-work of railways with every eity of importance in this country and Canada ; the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad crosses the city at the Upper Falls, and has branches N. to Charlotte (where it connects with the Rome, AVatertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, and with the lake steamers to Toronto, &c.), AA^ to Suspension Bridge, and S.E, to Canandaigua (where it connects with the Northern Central), and thence to Auburn (where it connects with the ROC 1878 ROC Southern Central); it is the N. terminus of the Rochester A Genesee Valley division of the Ne^Y York, Lake Erie & Western Raih-oad and of the Rochester k State Line Rail- road, and the S. terminus of the Rochester & Lake Ontario Railroad. Rochester also has two important channels of trade in the Erie and Genesee Valley Canals, the latter here uniting with the former, which crosses the river on the aqueduct above noticed. The foreign commerce of Rochester, carried on chiefly by the lakes, though some of it goes and comes by way of New York, is quite large, and its domestic trade is still larger; but its vast water-power makes it naturally a manufacturing city, and, while it holds rank as one of the greatest iiour-producers in the world, its manufactures are extensive in other branches, among which the leading are the manufacture of ready-made clothing (annual product, about $6,000,00j), boots and shoes (about $4,000,000), tobacco, cigars, rubber goods, furniture, steam- engines, carriages (the largest carriage-factory in the Uni- ted States is located here), agricultural machinery and implements, optical instruments, bank-locks, glassware, &c., and there are, besides, blast-furnaces, breweries, the Leighton Iron-Bridge Works (the annual product of which exceeds $1,000,000), and 2 immense establishments for packing farm- and garden-seeds. There are 16 large flour- mills, with about 75 run of stone, grinding nearly .3,000,000 bushels of wheat per year. The favorable climate and soil of Rochester and its environs have led to the development of an immense trade in garden-seeds, fruits, plants, and trees, the annual shipments exceeding $2,000,000 in value. The business of Rochester sustains 6 banks of deposit and dis- count, 4 savings-banks, and 6 private banking-houses: and there are 5 daily, 1 tri-weekly, 2 semi-weekly, and 8 weekly newspapers, and 6 monthly periodicals, published here. The city is divided into 16 wards, and its government is intrusted to a mayor and a board of aldermen, with various heads of departments and a board of education ; it has an etEcient police system, a paid fire department, a fire and police telegraph, &c. ; its streets, stores, and houses are lighted with gas, and it is fully supplied with water by two systems, separate, but capable of being consolidated into one upon occasion, one of which (operated under the Holly patent) draws its water from the river, the other from Hemlock Lake, 29 miles S. of and 400 feet higher than the city. The first settler came to the site of Rochester as early as 1788, but the settlement did not actually begin until 1810, and it grew very slowly until after the war of 1812; in this year, Colonel Nathaniel Rochester com- menced the permanent improvements by the erection of a mill at the Upper Genesee Falls, and partly laid out a village; in 1817, Rochesterville was incorporated, and the city of Rochester in 1834, since which time it has steadily prospered and grown in population, wealth, and importance. Pop. in 1815, 331 ; in 1820, 1502 ; in 1830, 9207 ; in 1840, 20,191: in 1850,36,403; in 1860,48,204; in 1870,62,386; in 1875, 81,813. Rochester, a township of Ulster eo., N.Y. Pop. 3938. Rochester, Columbiana co., 0. See E.isT Rochkster. Rochester, a village of Lorain co., 0., in Rochester township, on the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Kail- road, 42 miles S.W. of Cleveland, and 20 miles N. of Ash- land. The name of its post-oflBce is Rochester Depot. Pop. of the township, 691. Rochester, a hamlet of Noble co., 0., in Noble town- ship, 1 mile from Rochester Station of the Marietta, Pitts- burg &, Cleveland Railroad, about 32 miles N. of M.arietta. It has a church. Pop. 40. Rochester, Stark co., 0., is now a part of Navarre. Rochester, or Roachester, a village in Salem town- ship, Warren co., 0., near the Little Miami River, and on the railroad which connects Cincinnati with Wilmington, 2i miles N. of Morrow. It has 2 churches. Pop. 155. Rochester, a post-borough in Rochester township, Beaver co.. Pa., on the N. bank of the Ohio River, and the E. bank of the Beaver River, at its mouth, 26 miles N.W. of Pittsbui-g. and 2 miles S. of New Brighton. It is on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, at its junc- tion with the Cleveland &, Pittsburg Railroad. A bridge over the Beaver River connects Rochester with Bridge- water. It has 2 banks, 8 churches, and manufactures of carriages, eofiins, tumblers, Ac. Pop. 2091 ; of the town- ship, 620. Rochester, a post-village in Rochester township, Windsor oo., Vt., among the Green Mountains, on a branch of the White River, about 20 miles N.N.E. of Rutland. Pop. of the township, 1444. Rochester, a post-village in Rochester township, Ra- cine 00., Wis., on the Fox River, at the mouth of the Mus- kego River, 24 miles W. of Racine, and about 26 miles S.W. of Milwaukee. It has water-poTver, and contains 2 churches, the Rochester Seminary, 2 flouring-mills, a foun- dry, and 2 carriage-fiictories. Pop. 392; of township, 844. Roch'ester, or Belle River, a post-village in Essex CO., Ontario, on the Great Western Railway, 208 miles S.W. of Toronto. It has grist- and earding-mills, several hotels, and stores. Pop. 300. Rochester Depot, Lorain co., 0. See Rochester. Rochester Mills, a post-village of Indiana co.. Pa., in Canoe township, about 40 miles N.W. of Altoona. It has a flour-mill and a lumber-mill. Rochetta del Tanaro,ro-ket'ti dSl tJ.nS,'ro, atown of Italy, 9 miles E.S.E. of Asti. Pop. 3270. Roch'ford, a town of England, co. of Essex, 15i miles S.E. of Chelmsford. Pop. of parish, 1589. Roch'ford, a post-office and mining-camp of Lawrence CO., Dakota, in the Black Hills, on Rapid Creek. It has mines of gold and silver. Rochlitz, roK'lits, a town of Saxonv, on the Mulde, 16 miles N.N.W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 5769. It has manu- factures of merinoes. Rochlitz, a town of Bohemia, 34 miles N. of Bid- schow. Pop. 2067. Rock, the southwesternmost county of Minnesota, borders on Iowa. Area, about 480 square miles. It is drained by Rock River and by Beaver and Channarambe Creeks. The surface is undul.ating. The soil is fertile. The staple products are Indiancorn, wheat, oats, and grass. The greater part of this county is prairie. It is traversed bv a branch of the Sioux City & St. Paul Railroad. Capi- tal, Luverne. Pop. in 1870, 138; in 1875, 1861. Rock, a county in the S. part of Wisconsin, bordering on Illinois, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is intersected by Roek River, which divides it into nearly equal parts, and is also drained by Sugar and Turtle Creeks. The surface is undulating, and diversified with beautiful scenery. The soil is very fei'tile. This county contains extensive prairies, and is liberally supplied with hard tim- ber. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, butter, cattle, and pork are the sta])le products. Good Silurian limestone underlies part of the soil. This county is intersected by 3 railroads, — the Chicago & Northwestern, the Western Union, and the Milwaukee & St. Paul. Capital, Janesville. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, 840,900,000. Pop. in 1870, 39,030, of whom 30,712 were Americans; in 1875, 39,039. Rock, a post-ofilce of Yolo co., Cal. Rock, a post-office of Pope co.. 111. Rock, a post-hamlet in Lincoln township, Cerro Gordo CO., Iowa, on Lime Creek, about 11 miles N.W. of Mason City. It has 2 churches. Rock, a township of Lyon oo., Iowa. Pop. 197. It contains Rock Rapids. Rock, a township of Mitchell co., Iowa. Pop. 628. Rock, a township of Sioux co., Iowa. Pop. 88. Rock, a township of Woodbury eo., Iowa. Pop. 84. Rock, a post-office of Cowley co., Kansas, 30 miles S.E. of Wichita. Rock, a township of Marshall co., Kansas. Pop. 323. Rock, a post-hamlet of Plymouth co., Mass., on the Old Colony Railroad, 14 miles S.W. of Plymouth. It has a church, and manufactures of lumber, packing-boxes, staves, &c. Rock, a township of Jefferson co.. Mo. Pop. 2896. Rock, a post-office of Hamilton co., Neb. Rock, a post-oflice of Schuylkill co.. Pa., on the Schuyl- kill A Susquehanna Railroad, 47 miles N.E. of Harrisburg. Rock, a township of Rock co.. Wis. Pop. 1019. Rock'abe'ma, a post-office of Aroostook co., Me., on Rockabema Lake, 26 miles W. by N. of Houlton, Rock'all, a lofty and rocky islet of the Atlantic, 150 miles AV. of St. Kilda, in lat. 57° 36' N., Ion. 13° 41' W. It is inhabited only by sea-birds, and is surrounded by breakers, but is visited by fishermen. Rock'alo, a post-office of Heard co., Ga. Rock'away, a post-village in Rockaway township, Morris CO., N.J., on a river of the same name, on the Morris Canal and the Morris A Essex division of the Delaware, Lackawanna A Western Railroad, 9 miles N. by W. of Mor- ristown, and 3 miles N.E. of Dover. It has 3 churches, a rolling-mill, an iron-foundry, a forge, and a grist-mill. The township contains valuable mines of' iron and a village named Mount Hope. Pop. of the township, 6445. RockaAvay , a fashionable watering-plaoe in Hempstead township. Queens oo., N.Y., on the Atlantic, and on the Southern Railroad of Long Island, 18 miles from Brooklyn. It contains numerous hotels and 4 churches. The name of its post-office was changed from Rookaway to Lawrence ROC 1879 ROC Station in 1876. Near here is Koolsaway Beach, a long, narrow sand-bar or peninsula, which separates Jamaica Bay from the sea. Steamboats ply between Kockaway and New York City. RockawaVf a post-office and station of Seneca go., 0., on the Mansfield, Coldwater &, Lake Michigan Railroad, 7 miles S.E. of Tiffin. Rockaway Beach, a station of the Long Island Rail- road, 26i miles E. of Urooklyn. Rockaway Beach. See RocKaway. Rockaway River, New Jersey, intersects Morris oo. with a very sinuous course. It runs eastward and south- eastward, passes Dover and Boonton, and enters the Passaic River about 10 miles N.AV. of Newark. Rock Bluff, a post-village of Cass co., Neb., on or near the Missouri River, about 40 miles below Omaha. It is 7 miles S. of Plattsmouth. It has 2 churches. Rock Bot'toin, a post-hamlet in Stow township, Mid- dlesex CO., Mass., on the Assabet River, and on the Marl- borough Branch of the Fitehburg Railroad, about 25 miles "VV. by N. of Boston. It has a church and a manufactory of flannel. Rock Branch, a post-office of Woodbury oo., Iowa. Rock'bridge, a county in the W. central part of Vir- ginia, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is a part of the Great Valley of Virginia, and is bounded on the S.E. by the Blue Ridge. It is drained by the North, Calf Pasture, South, and James Rivers, The surface is diversi- fied, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the chestnut, maple, oak, tulip-tree, *fcc. Among its physical features is the celebrated Natural Bridge, which is near the James River and crosses Cedar Creek by a rocky arch about 200 feet high. The soil is fertile, and is partly based on good Silurian limestone. AVheat, Indian corn, oats, and cat- tle are the staple products. The James River Canal passes through the southern part and the Chesapeake & Ohio Rail- road traverses the northern part of this county. Capital, Lexington. Valuation of real and personal estate, 87,258,604. Pop. in 1870, 16,058, of whom 15,943 were Americans. Rockbridge, Greene eo., III. See Sheffield. Rockbridge, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., Ky., 20 miles S.S.E. of Glasgow. It has a church. Rockbridge, a post-hamlet of Ozark co.. Mo., 60 miles S.E. of Marshfield. It has 2 churches and a lumber-mill. Rockbridge, Hocking co., 0. See Millville. Rockbridge, a post-hamlet in Pi,ockbridge township, Richland eo.. Wis., on Pine River, about 60 miles W.N.W. of Madison, and 9 miles S. of Richland Centre. It has a lumber-mill. The township has a remarkable natural bridge and a tunnel or arch where Pine River passes through a hill. The top of the bridge is about 60 feet above the water. Pop. of the township, 1132. Rockbridge Alum Springs, a post-office and water- ing-place of Rockbridge CO., Va., 38 miles S.W. of Staun- ton, and 6 miles S. of Goshen Station. Here are medicinal springs. Rockbridge Baths, a post-office and summer resort of Rockbridge co., Va,, 10 miles S. of Goshen. It has 2 churches, a hotel, and a flour-mill. Rockbridge Mills, a post-hamlet of Boone co., Mo., 5 miles S. of Columbia. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Rock Camp, a post-hamlet of Lawrence co., 0,, 9 miles E. of Ironton. It has a church and a grist-mill. Rock Camp, a post-office of Monroe co., AV. Va. Rock Castle, k.^s'sel, a county in the S.E. central part of Kentucky, has an area of about 280 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Rock Castle River, and also drained by Dick's River. The surface is hilly and mostly covered with forests. Indian corn, grass, and pork are the staple products. This county has beds of bitu- minous coal. It is intersected by the Knoxville Branch of the Louisville k Great Southern Railroad. Capital. Mount Vernon, Valuation of real and personal estate, §1,033,551, Pop, in 1870, 7145, of whom 7130 were Americans, Rock Castle, a post-hamlet of Trigg CO., Ky., on the Cumberland River, about 44 miles E.S.E. of Paducah. Rock Castle, a post-hamlet of Patrick co., Va., about 54 miles W.N.W. of Danville. Rock Castle, a post-office of Mason co,, W, Va,, about 32 miles N.W. of Charleston. Rock Castle River, Kentucky, drains part of Jack- son CO., runs in a S.S.W. direction, and forms the bound.ary between the cos. of Laurel and Pulaski until it enters the Cumberland River. It is nearly 65 miles long. Rock Castle Springs, a post-office and summer re- sort of Pulaski CO,, Ky,, on Rook Castle River, 23 miles E. of Somerset, Rock Cave, Upshur co,, W, Va, See Centretille, Rock City, Stephenson co,. III, See Rock Run, Rock City, a station in Cattaraugus co,, N.Y,, on the Olean, Bradford & Warren Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Olean. Near this place is a group of rocks arranged by nature like the buildings of a town, with regular streets, *and covering about 100 acres. , Rock City, a post-hamlet of Dutchess co,, N.Y,, in Milan township, about 20 miles S. of Hudson. It has a church, and manufactures of flour, shoes, and wagons. Rock City Falls, a post-village of Saratoga co., N.Y'., on Kayaderosseras Creek, 6 miles N.W. of Ballston, and about 32 miles N. by W. of Albany, It has 2 churches, and 3 paper-mills which manufacture manila and printing papers. Rock Cliff, a post-office of Saguache co,. Col, Rock Creek, California, runs S,W, between Butte and Tehama cos,, and enters the Sacramento River, Rock Creek, Illinois, rises in Carroll co,, runs south- westward in Whitesides oo,, and enters Rock River, Rock Creek, Indiana, rises in Cass co., runs westward, and enters the Wabash River in Carroll co. Rock Creek rises in Montgomery co.,Md., runs south- ward through the District of Columbia, and enters the Po- tomac River at the upper part of Washington, forming the boundary between that city and Georgetown. Rock Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in Adams co., runs southward into Maryland, and enters the Monocacy Piiver, Rock Creek, Wyoming, runs northwestward through the Laramie Plains, and enters the Medicine Bow River in Carbon co. Its source is near Rock Creek Station on the Union Pacific Railroad. Length, about SO miles. Rock Creek, a post-office of Colbert co., Ala, Rock Creek, a post-village of Pike co,. Ark,, 35 miles S,W. of Hot Springs, It h.is 2 churches and an academy. Rock Creek, a hamlet of Murray eo., Ga., lor miles E. of Dalton. Rock Creek, a post-office of Owyhee co., Idaho. Rock Creek, a post-township of Carroll co.. III. It contains a village named Lanark. Pop. of township, 2056. Rock Creek, township, Hancock co., III. Pop. 1201. Rock Creek, a township of Hardin co.. III. Pop. 856. Rock Creek, a township of Bartholomew co., Ind, Pop. 1203. Rock Creek, township, Carroll co., Ind. Pop. 1316. Rock Creek, a post-hamlet in Rock Creek township, Huntington co., Ind., 10 miles S.E. of Huntington. It has 2 churches, a pump-factory, and a saw-mill. The township is drained by the Wabash River. Pop. 1639. Rock Creek, a township of Wells co., Ind. Pop. 1326. Rock Creek, a township of Jasper co., Iowa. P. 576. Rock Creek, a post-office of Mitchell co., Iowa, about 15 miles N.E. of Mason City. Rock Creek, township, Butler co., Kansas. Pop. 437. Rock Creek, township, Coffey co., Kansas, Pop, 312. Rock Creek, township, Cowley co., Kansas. Pop. 659. Rock Creek, a post-offlce of Jefferson oo., Kansas, in Rock Creek township, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 15 miles N,N,E, of Topeka, Pop, of township, 504. Rock Creek, a township of Nemaha co., Kansas. Pop. 1135. It contains Sabetha. Rock Creek, a township of Pottawatomie co., Kansas. Pop. 714. It contains Westmoreland. Rock Creek, township, Wabaunsee co., Kan. P. 133. Rock Creek, a post-office of Pine co., Minn., on the Lake Superior & Mississippi Railroad, 59 miles N. of St. Paul. Pop. of Rock Creek township, 69. Rock Creek, a station in Jackson co., Mo., on the Wyandotte, Kansas City &, Northwestern Railroad, 6 miles E. of Kansas City. Rock Creek, a post-office of Alamance co., N.C. Rock Creek, township, Guilford co., N.C. Pop. 1082. Rock Creek, a township of Wilkes co., N.C. P. 960 Rock Creek, Ashtabula co., 0. See Morgan. Rock Creek, a post-office in MoMinn co., Tenn. Rock Creek, a post-office of Stevens co., Washington. Rock Creek, a township of Dunn co.. Wis. P. 531. Rock Creek, a post-office of Albany co., Wyoming, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 50 miles N.N.W. of Laramie. Rock Cut, a post-office of Iredell co., N.C. Rock'dale, a county in the N. central part of Georgia, has an area of about 180 square miles. It is drained by the Ocmulgee River. The surface is hilly or uneven. The soil is partly fertile. This county is intersected by the Georgia Railroad. Capital, Conyers. The census of 1870 gives no statistics of this county, which was formed after that date. Rockdale, a post-office of Randolph co., Ala. ROC Rockdale, a post-hamlet of Dubuque co., Iowa, on the Mississippi River, 2 miles below Dubuque. It has a church and a flour-mill. Rockdale, a post-hamlet of Owen co., Ky., 16 miles N. of Franlifort._ It has a church and a distillery. Rockdale, a post-office of Baltimore co., Md. Rockdale, a post-village of Chenango CO., N.Y.,'on tha Unadilla River, and on the New Berlin Branch of the New York k Oswego Midland Railroad, about 32 miles E.N.E. of Binghamton. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, a saw-mill, and a creamery. Rockdale, a hamlet of Chester co., Pa., about .37 miles W. by N. of Philadelphia. Rockdale, a township of Crawford CO., Pa. Pop. 1664. Rockdale, a village in Aston township, Delaware co.. Pa., on the Philadelphia & Baltimore Central Railroad, and on Chester Creek, 20 iniles S.W. of Philadelphia. It has 2 churches, a cotton-mill, and a woollen-mill. Rockdale, a station on the Southern Pennsylvania Railroad, 6 miles E.N.E. of Mercersburg, Pa. Rockdale, a post-hamlet of Lehigh co.. Pa., on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, and on the Lehigh River, 12J miles above Allentown. Rockdale, a post-village of Milam co., Tex., on the International k Great Northern Railroad, 61 miles E.N.E. of Austin. It has several churches, a bank, a newspaper office, and a seminary. Pop. about 1500. Rockdale Mills, a post-hamlet of Berkshire co., Mass., on the Housatonic Railroad, about 7 miles S.W. of Lenox. It has a flour-mill. Rockdale Mills, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co.. Pa., about 15 miles E. by N. of Brookville. It has several stores, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, Ohio Railroad, 33 miles E. of Grafton. It has 2 churches, a tannery, and a grist-mill. Rodano, a river of Burope. See Rhine, Rodan'the, a post-office of Dare co., N.C. Rodas, an island of Turkey. See Rhodes. Rodbournville, Chemung co., N.Y. See Ems. Rodbye, or Rodby, rod'bii, a town of Denmark, on the S. coast of the island of Laaland, 7 miles S.S.W. of Maribo. Pop. 1553. Rodda, an island in the Nile. See Rhodda. R6delheim,ro'del-hime^, a town of Prussia, in Hesse- Nassau, 4 miles W.N.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 39U3. Roden, Rhoden, ro'd^n, or Roon, ron, a village of the Netherlands, in Drenthe, 12 miles N.W. of Assen. Pop. of commune, 2381. Roden, ro'd^n, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 30 miles S. of Treves, near the Saar. Pop. 3290. Roden, a village of Transylvania. See Radna. Rodengo, ro-d^n'go, a village of Italy, province of Brescia, 3 miles N.E. of Ospedaletto. Pop. 1350. Rodensleben, ro'dens-14'b?n (Gross, groce, and Klein, klin), a village of Prussia, province of Saxony, government of Magdeburg. Pop. 2250. Ro'dentown, a post- hamlet of De Kalb co., Ala., about 50 miles S.E. of HunUville. Rode's Corners, a post-office of Pierce co.. Wis. Rodewald, ro'd?h-w41t\ a village of Prussia, in Han- over, 11 miles N. of Neustadt-am-Rubenberge. Pop. 2038. Rodez, or Rhodez, roMi' (anc. Segodu'num),a, town of France, capital of the department of Aveyron, 85 miles N.W. of Montpellier, on the right bank of the Aveyron. Pop, 12,881. It has a national college with a library, a priests' seminary, a de,af-mute school, a Gothic cathedral, a trade in wool and cheese, and manufactures of serges and linens. Rodheim-vor-der-Hohe, rod'hJme-von-d^R-ho'- ?h, a village of Hesse, circle of Friedberg. Pop. 1567. Rodi, an island of Turkey. See Rhodes. Rodi, ro'dee, a town of Italy, on the N. coast of the Ga.rganian Promontory in the Adriatic Sea. Pop. 5100. Rodigo, ro-dee'go, a village of Northern Italy, 9 miles N.W. of Mantua. Pop. 3153. Ro'ding, a river of England, co. of Esse.v, rises near Dunmow, flows S.S.W. , and near Barking joins the Thames. Rodiiig, ro'ding, a village of Bavaria, Upper Palatinate, on the Regen, 23 miles N.E. of Ratisbon, Pop. 1329. Rod'man, a post-village in Rodman township, Jeffer- son CO., N.Y., on Sandy Creek, 9 miles S. of Watertown, It has 2 churches, a tannery, and about 45 houses. Pop. of the township, 1468. Rodman, a station on the railroad between HolUdays- burg and Roaring Spring, 16 miles S. of Altoona, Pa. Rod'ney, a hamlet of New Castle co., Del., at Dela- ware Junction, 2 miles S.W. of Wilmington. Rodney, a post-village of Jefferson co., Miss., on the Mississippi River, 40 miles above Natchez, and 25 miles by land N.E. of that city. It has several stores and warehouses at which cotton is shipped, also 3 churches. Pop. 573. Rodney, a post-office of Gallia co., 0., about 7 miles W.N.W. of Gallipolis. Rodolza, a town of Austria. See Radsiansdorf. Rodomnm, a city of France. See Rouen. Rodondesco, a village of Italy. See Redondesco. Ro'dophil, a post-office of Amelia co., Va. Rodosto, or Rliodosto, ro-dos'to, written also Ro- dosjig (Turk. Tekeer-Dngk ; anc. Biaan'the, afterwards Rhsedeatiiiii or Jihmdestiis), a fortified maritime town of Turke3', in Roumelia, 60 miles N.E. of Gallipoli, on the Sea of Marmora, and on the great route W. of Constantinople. It has large caravansaries and khans, 5 Greek and 2 Ar- menian churches, and is the seat of important trade by sea. Rodrigues,orRodrigue,iVdreeg' (Port. Modrignez, ro-dree'gh^s), an island of the Indian Ocean, 330 miles E.N.E. of Mauritius, of which it is a dependency. Lat. 19° 4' S.; Ion. 63° 25' E. Length, 27 miles. Area, 43 square miles. Surface mostly mountainous. Pop. 1108. Rodtimna, the ancient name of Roanne. Roe'bucU, a post-office of Leflore co.. Miss. Roe'buck, a post-village in Grenville co., Ontario, 4^ miles from Spencerville. Pop. 100. Rflcdiee, or Riidoe, rii'do'^h, an island off the coast of Norway, in lat. 66° 40' N., Ion. 13° 10' E. Roedskioer, rod'ske-o^^r, a small island in the Gulf of Finland. Roer, a river of Germany. See Ruhr. Roerinond, rooii-m6nt', or Roermonde, roon-mftn'- iRiOG deh (Fr. Ruremonde, rUn^mftsd'), a town of the Nether- lands, in Limburg, on the Meuse, at the influx of the Ruhr, 27 miles by rail N.E. of Maestricht. Pop. 9256. It has manufactures of woollen stufts, soap, leather, beer, and vin- egar, and a considerable trade. Roeskilde, or Roskilde, riis'kird^h, a town of Den- mark, island of Seeland, with a port, 19 miles by rail W.S.W. of Copenhagen, at the head of the Ise-Fiord. Pop. 6221. It was the residence of the Danish kings in the Middle Ages, and has a royal castle and a cathedral. Roesville, roz'vil, a post-hamlet of Queen Anne co., Md., about 34 miles E. of Annapolis. Roeulx, ruh, a town of Belgium, in Hainaut, 8 miles E.N.B. of Mens. Pop. 2804. Rofrano, ro-fr4'no, a town of Italy, province of Sa- lerno, 13 miles S.S.W. of Diano. Pop. 2376. Rogasen, ro'ga-z?n, Rogazno, ro-giz'no, or Ro- goz'no, a town of Prussia, 24 miles N. of Posen, on a lake, and on the Welna, an affluent of the Warta. P. 51126. Rogatchev, or Rogatschew, ro-gi-ch^v', a town of Russia, government and 60 miles S.S.W. of Moheelev, at the confluence of the Droots and the Dnieper. Pop. 7009. Rogers, roj'erz, a station of Bartow co., Ga., on the Western A Atlantic Railroad, 3 miles N.W. of Cartersville. Rogers, a township of Ford co.. 111. Pop. 593. Rogers, Baltimore co., Md. See Greenwood. Rogers, Genesee oo., Mich. See Rogersville. Rogers, a station of the Union Pacific Railroad, on Platte River, 7 miles E. of Schuyler, Neb. Rogers, Ritchie co., W. Va. See Petroleum. Rogers City, a post-village, capital of Presque Isle CO., Mich., in Rogers township, on Lake Huron, about 34 miles N.W. of Alpena, and 130 miles N. of Bay City. It has a court-house, 2 churches, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, a machine-shop, a newspaper office, a brewery, a planing- mill, and an active trade in cedar, timber, and firewood for steamboats. Pop. about 600. Rogers Ferry, a station of Beaver oo., Pa., on the Ohio River, and on the Cleveland &, Pittsburg Railroad, 35 miles N.W. of Pittsburg. Roger's Hill, or Scots'burn, a post-hamlet in Pic- tou CO., Nova Scotia, 11 miles from Pictou. Pop. 300. Rogers Park, a post-village of Cook co.. III., in Evanston township, on the Chicago St. Paul Railroad (Northern division), 5 miles E. of Bea.ver Dam, and 5 miles W. of Horicon. It has a church, a cheese- factory, and a money-order post-office. Pop. about 400. Rolling Stone, a post-hamlet in Rolling Stone town- sliip, Winona co., Minn., 9 or 10 miles W.N.W. of Winona. It has 2 churches. The township is bounded N.E. by the Mississippi, contains Minnesota City, and has a pop. of 775. RolMington,a hamlet of Oldham co., Ky., 1 mile from Pewee Valley Station. It has a church, RoTlins, a post-office of Lake co.. 111. Rol'linsburg, a post-village of Summers co., W. Va., on Greenbrier River, and on the Chesapeake A Ohio' Rail- road (at Talcott Station), 106 miles S.E. of Charleston. It has 3 churches. Rol'iinsford, a township of Strafford co., N.H. Pop. 1500. It contains Salmon' Falls (which see). Rollinsford Station on the Boston & Maine Railroad is at the junction of the Great Falls Branch, 1 mile W. of Salmon Falls. RolMins Fork, a post-office of King George co., Va. Rol'linsville, a post-village of Gilpin co.. Col., near the Rocky Mountains, 10 miles N. of Black Hawk. It has 2 churches. Gold is mined here. Rollo, rol'yo, a mountain of Spain, in Andalusia, prov- ince of Alicante, between Novelda and Aspe, composed ea- ROL 18 tirely of variegated marble. On the S.E. it is blood-color, . with dull white veins; on the N.\V., yellow, with generally daric veins, beautifully intertwined,; and in other places it has cords of livid hue, and very beautiful black spots. Rollo, rol'lo, or Rolo, ro'lo, a town of Italy, 18 miles E.S.B. of Mantua. Pop. 2264. Rom, rAw (ano. Raiira'num), a village of France, in Deux-Sevres, 13 miles E.N.E. of Melle. Pop. 1S08. Rom, or Roma, a city of Italy. See Ilo^fE. Roma, ro'mJ, an island of the Malay Archipelago, in the Banda Sea, 50 miles N.E. of Timor, 40 miles in circuit. Lat. 7° +2' S.; Ion. 127° 26' E. Ro'ma, a post-village of Starr co., Tex., on the Rio Grande, 15 miles W. of Rio Grande City. It has a church. Romagna, ro-min'yi, a former province of Central Italy, and one of the earliest possessions of the Roman bishops, on the Adriatic, between Venetia and the March of Ancona, and now forming the provinces of Bologna, Fer- rara, Ravenna, and Forli. Romagiiano, ro-min-y3.'no, a town of Italy, in Pied- mont, IS miles N.W. of Novara, on the Sesia. Pop. 2452. Romagnano, a village of Italy, province of Salerno, 20 miles ,E. of Campagna. Pop. 1048. Romagnat, ro"m4n"yi', a village of France, in Piiy- de-Dome, near Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. 1894. Romagnese, ro-min-yi's4, a village of Italy, prov- ince of Pavia, 6 miles N.N.W. of Bobbio. Pop. 1956. Romagnieu, ro'min'yuh', a village of France, in Isere, arrondissement of La Tour du Pin. Pop. 1894. Roman, ro'min, or.Romanu, ro'mi-noo, a town of Roumania, at the eonfluenee of the Moldava and Sereth, 36 miles S.W. of Yassy. It is on the Roumanian Railway, is a Greek bishop's see, and has some Roman antiquities. Pop. 16,920. Ro^mance', a post-hamlet of Johnson oo., Kansas, 4 miles W. of Gardner St.i,tion. It has 2 churches. Romance, n post-office of Vernon co., Wis., about 16 miles S.S.E. of La Crosse. Romanche, ro'mA.vsh', a small river of France, in Hautes-Alpes, flows W., and joins the Drac. Roman'coke, a st.ation in King William eo., Va., on the Richmond, York River 4 Chesapeake Railroad, 34 miles E. of Richmond. Romanenso, ro-mi-n8n'go, a village of Northern Italy, 21 miles "^N.W. of Cremona. Pop. 1894. Romano, ro-m3.'no, a. town of Italy, 13 miles S.S.E. of Bergamo. Pop. 4663. It has an old castle, a college, and several churches. Romano, a village of Italy, in Piedmont, near the Serio. Pop. 2542. Romano Key, West Indies. See Cayo Romano. Romanov, or Romanow, ro-mi-nov', a walled town of Russia, government and 24 miles N.W. of Yaroslav, on the Volga. Pop. 5571. Romans, ro^rndso', a town of France, in Drome, on the right bank of the Isere, across which it communicates with Bourg-du-Peage, 10 miles N.E. of Valence. It has a communal college, manufaeturesof silk goods, hosiery, shoes, cotton, and leather, and an active trade. Pop. 11,024. Romanshorn, ro'm4ns-hoRn\ a village of Switzer- land, canton of Thurgau, on the S.W. side of the lake and 11 miles S.E. of the town of Constance. Pop. 3141. Romansville, ro'manz-vil, a hamlet of Chester oo.. Pa., in West Bradford township, 7 miles W. of West Chester, and li miles from Embreeville Station. It has a Friends' meeting. Pop. about 75. Romanzoff, ro-min'tsof (or Romanzov, ro-m3,n'- tsov). Mountains, in the N.E. of Alaska. Lat. 68° to 69° N.; Ion. 141° to 144° 30' W. See also Cape Romanzoit. Romanzov, or Romanzoff, several islands in the Low and Mulgrave Archipelagos. Romanzov, a bay of Yesso, in Japan. Romblon, rom-blfm', one of the smaller Philippine Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, E. of Tablas. Rom'bo, or Rombos, roni'booe, one of the Cape Verd Islands, N. of Brava, and W. of Fogo. It is unimportant. Rome, rom (L., It., Sp., and Port. liMiia, ro'mi; Fr. Rome, rom ; Ger. Rnm, rom ; Dutch, Home, ro'meh ; Turk. Room; Gr. 'Poinri, Rome), the most celebrated city of the world, either in ancient or modern times, the capital of Italy, is situated on the Tiber, 17 miles N.E. of its mouth in the Mediterranean. Lat. of St. Peter's, 41° 54' 6" N.; Ion. 12° 27' 14" E. Elevation of the site of St. Peter's above the sea, 95 feet; of the Roman College, 193 feet. Pop. (1871) of circle, 420,875; of commune, 244,484; of the city, 229,357. The city is built on ra.arshy ground, at the foot of a range of low hills, and is separated by the Tiber into 8 ROM two unequal portions, which are divided into 14 rioni or quarters ; of these, 12 are in Rome proper, or the space on the E. or left bank of the river, and only two, called Borgo and Trastavere, on the W, or right bank j in this part are the Vatican and the castle of Sant' Angelo. The quarters W. of the Tiber form the Leonine town, or cittd Leomna. The walls are, 12 miles in circumference, with nearly 300 towers, and 50 feet high on the outside; they are pierced for 16 gates, four of which are built up ; the finest are the Porta del Popolo, the ancient Porta Flamima, on the N. ; the Porta San Giovanni, on the S. of the city ; and the Porta San Pancrazio, by which the French effected a breach in 1849. Little more than one-third of the area within its walls is inhabited. N. of the capitol is modern Rome, all S. of it ruins and vineyards. The most populous part of the mod- ern city occupies the site of the ancient Cnnipus Marti'ua, a plain extending between the Capitoline, Quirinal, Pincian, and Viminal hills, and the river. The Tiber, within the walls, hiis a winding course of 3 miles. It is navigable for large boats and river-steamers ; after heavy rains it fre- quently rises 20 or 30 feet and inundates a groat part of the city. Near the middle of its course the Tiber forms an island, called San Bartolomeo, 900 feet long and 300 feet broad, connected with the mainland by 2 bridges, the Ponte di Quattro Capi and the Ponte San Bartolomeo; besides which are Pons Sublicius, the oldest of the Roman bridges, the Ponte Sisto, the Ponte Rotto, now converted into a sus- pension-bridge, and Pons JElius, now the Ponte Sant' Angelo, the latter connecting the city with the castle of Sant' Angelo, which serves for a state prison, and which has a covered way to the Vatican. Only four of these bridges are now in use. The three principal thoroughfares of Rome diverge from the Piazza del Popolo, an irregular open space at its N. extremity ; the central of these, the Corso, extends in a direct line S.S.E. for about a mile. There are in all 506 streets, 275 lanes, and 148 squares; many of these are or- namented with richly-sculptured fountains, of which there are in Rome 150. These are supplied with excellent water by 4 principal aqueducts ; the finest is that called Aqua Vergine; the others are Aqua Felice, Aqua Paola, and Aqua Marcia. The water-supply for the city is about the best in Europe. The police of Rome is entirely under the director- general of police, whose residence and offices are in, the palace of Monte Citorio. The Carnival, the great public festival of Home, begins after New Year's day, and continues until the beginning of Lent. Notwithstanding its architectural and artistic riches, modern Rome has a sad and desolate aspect. Most of the streets are narrow, and paved with cubes of lava : in these the finest palaces and the most wretched hovels are often seen side by side. Since 1870 an immense amount of repair, reconstruction, and improvemeht has been carried on, largely at the public expense. The situation of Rome is unhealthy, from the effects of malaria, especially in summer; but from the mildness of its winter climate it is a favorite resort for in- valids. Mean temperature, January, 47.3°; July, 78.4° Fahr. The iramoniana, or N. wind, is often attended by severe storms. The sirocco, or S. wind, is debilitating in summer. Frost seldom lasts over the night, and snow falls on an average only 1^ days in the year. Rome has 354 churches, with 7 basilicas, many of which are remark- able for their architecture and their decorations ; of these the cathedral of St. Peter's is the largest and most sump- tuous in the world. Founded a.d. 1450, its building occu- pied 176 years; it was planned and commenced by Bra- mantc, and carried on by Raphael, Peruzzi, Sangallo, and Michael Angelo. Length of the cathedral, 613 feet; width, 286 feet ; height to top of cross, 434J feet. The space cov- ered by the buildings of St. Peters is 240,000 square feet ; and the cost, exclusive of the sacristy, bell-towers, t&c, was £10,000,000. The church of St. John Lateran, founded by Constantino, in which the popes were crowned, is the mother church of Rome, and contains the gorgeous Corsini chapel. The five general councils known as the Lateran councils have given celebrity to this basilica, which also contains the Scala Santa, consisting of 28 marble steps, with the Sancta Sanctorum, a Gothic chapel, at the summit. The basilica of SantaMaria Maggiore, and theancient church of Ara Coeli, were built about the sixth century. The palace of the Vatican, adjoining St. Peters, is said to contain 4422 halls, chapels, and other apartments ; it became the perJuanent residence of the popes after their return from Avignon in 1377, and has extensive gardens. Its galleries and halls, the Sala Regia, or ambassadors' hall of audience, and the Sistine chapel, decorated by Raphael and Michael Angelo, contain the most choice paintings and statues, including the great fresco of the " Last Judgment," and that portion of ROM 1889 ROM those carried off by the French which was restored in 1815. A series of its galleries, splendidly decorated with statues and marbles, contains the famous library of the Vatioan, founded a.d. 1447. Its museum of sculpture, the richest in the wurld, contains tlie Apollo Belvedere and the LaoQoon. The superb palace of the Quirinal, or palace of Monte Ciivallo, is surrounded by extensive gardens; at- tached to this is the palace called the Datnn'a Apoatolicn, whence the pontilical bulls are issued. In the square of the Quirinal is the palace of the Consulta, seat of the supreme tribunal. The palace of Salviati contains the archives of Rome. In thcCampidoglio, or modern cnpitol, forming three sides of a square, are the palace of the sen- ators of Rome, that of the Conservator!, and the Capitolino museum, rich in objects of art and antiquities ; between these is placed the famous bronze st;ituo of Marcus Aurelius. There are upwards of 60 splendid private palaces; the finest of these are the Barberini palace ; the IJoria palace, remarkable for its extent and its gallery of paintings; the Colonna palace, for its gardens; the Kospigliosi and Far- nese palaces, the latter celebrated for its architecture; the Borghese palace, with colossal statues, and one of the richest picture-galleries in Rome; and the Cenci palace, scene of the tragedy of which Beatrice Cenci was the victim. The villas or residences of the Roman nobles, in the suburbs of the city, are situated amidst orange- and citron-groves and ornamented with fountains and statues ; the most magnificent of these is the Villa Borghese, on the Pincian hill, outside of the Porta del Popolo, with gardens 3 miles in circuit, which were much injured during the revolution of 1849. The Villa Medici, formerly celebrated for its Venus, now belongs to the French government, and an an- nual exhibition of pictures by French artists is held here. The Villa Albani is rich in ancient sculptures and archi- tectural treasures. Of the many scientific and literary establishments the university of Rome biis the first rank. It was founded a.d. 1244, as a school for the canon and civil law. Succeeding popes enlarged it and added new chairs. There are now 42 professors, and it is well attended. The chief of the others are the Roman college, founded by the Jesuits, with a rich library and museums of natural history and antiquities, and a celebrated observatory, and the college of the Propaganda, in which natives from all parts of the world are trained as missionaries, and to which a cele- brated printing-establishment is attached. Next to the library of the Vatican, the chief public libraries are the Casanatense, in the convent of Minerva, with 120,000 vol- umes and 4500 MSS., the Angelica library, with 84,820 printed volumes and 2945 MSS., and the Corsini library, with 60,000 printed books and a large collection of engrav- ings. Besides the museums of the Vatican and the Capitol, the public collections comprise museums of anatomy, natu- ral liistory, mineralogy, antiquities, and mosaics, and there are numerous and valuable private collections. Rome has 8 theatres, a deaf-mute institution, numerous hospitals and benevolent institutions, orphan hospitals, and homes of industry, the chief of which are San Sjnrito, contain- ing a foundling hospital and lunatic asylum, the Holy Trinity, and Santissimo Salvatore. In the hospital of San Michele, 800 children are instructed in arts and trades. This institution contains also numerous schools of paint- ing, sculpture, and architecture, a house of correction for juvenile offenders and women, and an asylum for old people. The chief industry of the inhabitants of Rome is connected with the production of articles of art, and the supply of the numerous artists, invalids, and other visitors; its manufac- tures are confined to woollen and silk fabrics, hats, gloves, strings for musical instruments, artificial feathers, false pearls, mosaics, jewelry, velvets, leather, stockings, glass, and pottery. The remains of ancient Rome comprise the Cloaca Maxima, a great subterranean tunnel, still in good repair, the aqueducts, the circus of Romulus, the circus Maximus, the Coliseum, remains of the theatres of Marcellus and of Pompey, the palace of the Caesars, the temple of jEscula- pius, the temples of Concord, of the Sun, and of Vesta, the mausoleum of Augustus, in the Campus Martius, the tomb of Caecilia Metella, the Columbaria, on the Appian way, the Tarpeian rock, the Mamertine prisons, the Praetorian camp, the fountain of Egeria, the Pantheon, a part of the Thermas of Agrippa, those of Caracalla, Diocletian, Nero, Titus, &c., the triumphal arches of Titus, Constantine, and Septimius Severus, the columns of Antoninus and Trajan, several Egyptian obelisks, and the Roman forum, now called Campo Vaccino. According to the popular account, Rome was founded by Romulus in 754 B.C. In the two centuries preceding the Christian era its dominion extended over all the countries of the Mediterranean ; its territories 119 were further extended by the first emperors; but in the fifth century the barbarians of the N. and E. deprived it of several provinces. The city was taken by Alaric in 410, and by Genserio in 455. It passed successively under the domination of the Ostrogoths and the Emperors of the East ; it was given to the j)ope3 by Pepin and Charlemagne in the eighth century, and then became the capital of the States of the Church. From 1S09 till 1814 it was the capital of the department of Rome in the French Empire under Napoleon I., and at the latter date was given baok to tho PontiH'toforni the ciipital of the States of the Church. It was garrisoned by French troops from 1849 till 1870, when, after the withdrawal of the garrison, it was, on Sep- tember 20, 1870, occupied by Italian troops, since which time it has been the capital of the kingdom of Italy. Adj. Ro'man (It., Sp., and Port. Romano, ro-m^'no, fem- inine, Rom ana, ro-md'nS.; Fr. RoMAiN, ro'miNo', feminine, RoMAiNE, ro^mAn'; Ger, Romisch, ro'mish ; Dutch, Room- scHh::, rom'sk^h); Inliab. — In English, French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese the adjective is also used for the inhabitant (Ger. Romer, ro'm^r; Dutch, Romein, ro-min'). RomCy a province and compartimento of the kingdom of Italy, comprising the S.W. portion of the former States of the Church, annexed by royal decree, October 9, 1870, between lat. 41° 12' and 42° 50' N., Ion. 11° 27' and 13° 33' E., bounded N.W. by Tuscany, N.E. by Umbria and the Abruzzi, E, and S. by the Campagna, S. and W, by the Mediterranean Sea. Area, 4553 square miles. Pop. (1871) 836,704. The territory is watered by the Tiber, which forms part of its N.E. boundary and crosses it nearly in the centre of the province. The principal lakes are those of Bolsena, Bracoiano, and Albano. The territory is trav- ersed by the lower ramifications of the Apennines ; in the W. and S.W. the undulating plain called the Campagna di Roma terminates in the Pontine marshes in the S., noted for insalubrity. The climate is very mild, and the region of the Campagna of Rome would be a garden but for the fatal miasma, which forces the cultivators of the soil to seek refuge at night in the scattered towns near its borders. The soil is generally fertile, but neglected ; much of the surface aflbrds excellent pasturage, which is occupied by great herds of buffaloes. Considerable flocks of sheep and many horses are reared. The chief crops are wheat, maize, pulse, hemp, wine, oil, and tobacco ; and in the ex- treme S., sugar, indigo, and cotton are cultivated to a small extent, and cork trees are numerous. The wines are of inferior quality. Chestnuts form a considerable article of food. Salt is made in the lagoons. The manufacturing industry is confined to articles for home consumption, com- prising silks, leather, gloves, paper, strings for musical instruments, iron and glass wares, and a few cotton goods, at Rome. Rome, rom, a post-office of Covington co., Ala. Rome, a post-hamlet of Clarke co.. Ark., about 20 miles S.W. of Arkadelphia. It has a church and an academy. Rome, a city and the capital of Floyd co., Ga., on the Coosa River, at the confluence of the Etowah and Oos- tenaula Rivers, 80 miles N.W. of Atlanta, 39 miles S. by W. of Dalton, and 196 miles N.E. of Selma. It is on the Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad, and is the W. terminus of the Rome Railroad, which connects at Kingston with the AVcstern & Atlantic Railroad. Its site is hilly and com- mands an extensive view of mountain-scenery. It contains 3 banks, the Rome Female College, a male high school, 10 churches, a rolling-mill, an iron-foundry, a nail-factory, a plough-factory, ttc. One daily and 3 weekly newspapers are published here. Large quantities of cotton are shipped here. Rome was incorporated as a city in 1847. It com- prises corporations or suburbs called De Soto, South Rome, &,Q. Pop. in 1870, 274S ; present pop. about 5000. Rome, a hamlet of Jefferson co., 111., 13 miles E.S.E. of Centralia. It has 2 churches. Here is Dix Post-Office. Rome, a post-hamlet of Peoria co., 111., on the Illinois River, and on the Peoria Branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 15 miles N.N.E. of Peoria. Rome, Noble co., Ind. See Rome City. Rome, a post-village in Tobin township, Perry co., Ind., on the Ohio River, about 90 miles below New Albany, and 14 miles by land E. of Cannelton. It has a church and the Rome Academy. Pop. 221. ■ Rome, a post-village in Tippecanoe township, Henry CO., Iowa, on the Skunk River, and on the Burlington >"seh-vo'), a frontier village of Spain, in Navarre, province and 22 milos N.E. of Pamplona, in a gorge of the Pyrenees. Pop. 240. Hero, it is traditionally said, the rearguard of Charlemagne's array, under Roland, was defeated and destroyed in 778. Rouceverte, ronss' vert, a post-village of Greenbrier CO., W. Va., on the Greenbrier River, and on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 11 miles W. of the White Sulphur Springs. Jtonce vei'te is the French for *' green brier." It has exten- sive manufactures of lumber, and a mineral spring. Ronchamp, rftN^^shftNo', a town of France, in Haute- Saone, 8 miles E. of Lure. Pop. 1895. Ronci^lione, ron-cheel-yo'nA, a town of Italy, 11 miles S.S.E. of \'iterbo, on the Lake of Vico. Pop. 5641, engaged in paper-mills and iron-works. Ronco, ron'ko, or Bidente, bo-dSn'ti (ane. Redesi»), a river of Italy, rises in Tuscany, flows N.N.E., and enters the Adriatic 5 miles E. of Ravenna. Length, 50 miles. Ronco, ron'ko, a village of North Italy, in Venice, 14 miles S.E. of Verona, on the Adige. Pop. 2000. Ronco- Biellese,ron'ku-be-51-li'si, a village of Italy, province and 7 miles E. of Biell.a. Pop. 1373. Ronco-iQ-Canavese, ron'ko-in-ki-ni-vi'si, a vil- lage of Italy. 17 miles W. of Ivrea. Pop. 1873. Roncq, rA.sk, a village of France, in Nord, 7 miles N. of Lille. Pop. 2320. Ronda, ron'dd, a city of Spain, province of Malaga, at the foot of the Sierra Ronda, 42 miles N. of Gibraltar. Pop. 19,334. It occupies precipitous heights on the Guadiaro, across the bed of which, from 200 to 300 feet above the river, are three bridges. The old city, encircled by Moor- ish fortificivtions, has a ruined Moorish palace. The new town, enclosed by cliffs, is regularly laid out, and has nu- merous churches, manufactures of woollen cloths, flannel, leather, and silk stuffs, many water-mills, and an active trade. In the fourteenth century it was the capital of the Moorish chief Aboo-JIelik. Ron'deau, or Blen'heim, a post-village in Kent CO., Ontario, 12 miles S.E. of Chatham. It has 2 churches, and several stores, hotels, mills, and factories. Pop. 850. Rondeau Harbor, a lake-port of Ontario, co. of Kent, on Lake Erie, 18 miles S.E. of Chatham. Pop. 150. Rondissone, ron-dis-so'ni, or Rondizzone, ron- dit-so'ni, a town of Italy, IS miles N.E. of Turin, near the Dora Baltea. Pop. 1953. Ron'do, a post-ofiice of Conway co.. Ark. Rondo, a village of Miller co.. Ark., about 7 miles E. of Texarkana. Rondo, a post-office of Polk co.. Mo., about 40 miles N. by W. of Springfield. Rondout, ron'dowt, a post-village of Ulster co., N.Y., in Kingston township, on the Hudson River, at the mouth of Rondout Creek, 28 miles above Newburg, 3 miles S.E. of Kingston, and 90 miles N. of New York. It is the S.E. terminus of the Ulster & Delaware Railroad, and is a ter- minus of the Delaware & Hudson Canal. It contains about 10 churches, 2 national banks, the capital of which amounts to S500,000, 2 newspaper offices, several machine-shops, and a large manufactory of cement. It has an extensive trade in coal, which is brought hither from Pennsylvania on the canal. Many steamboats, barges, and sailing-vessels are employed in transporting coal, cement, and stone from this place. A steam ferry connects Rondout with Rhine- cliff on the Hudson River Railroad. Pop. in 1870, 10,114. Rondout was annexed to Kingston in 1872. Rondout Creek, New York, rises in Sullivan co., runs nearly northeastward through Ulster co., and enters the Hudson River near Rondout. The Wallkill and Ron- dout unite about 6 miles from the Hudson River; and the stream below the junction is sometimes called the Wallkill. The Delaware & Hudson Canal extends along this river from Rondout to Ellenville. 1 ROO Ro'ney, a post-ofRce of Hickory co.. Mo., about 55 miles S. of Sedalia. Roney's Point, a post-village of Ohio co., W. Va., on the Wheeling A Pittsburg Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 9 miles E.N.E. of Wheeling. It has a church and a carriago-shop. Pop. 131. Ro'ney's Store, a post-oCBce of Spottsylvania co., Va. Ron^y, r6N°^zhee', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, on the EInon, 7 miles S. of Tournay. Pop. 1450. Ronkonko'ma, a post-village of Sufi'olk co.. N.Y., on Ronkonkoma Lake, 1 mile N. of Lakeland Station on the Long Island Railroad, and 50 miles E. of Now York. Ronne, rbn'n^h, a seaport town of Denmark, on the W. coast of the island of Bornholm, of which it is the capital. Pop. 5435. It has a town hall, grammar-school, hospital, ship-building docks, and manufactures of woollen cloth and tobacco. Ronneburg, ron'n9h-booRG\ a town of Saxe-Alten- burg, 4 miles E.S.E. of Gcra. Pop. 5700. It has a ducal palace, and manufactures of woollen cloth, porcelain, earth- enware, and leather. In the vicinity are mineral baths. Ronneby, ron'neh-bii*, a town of Siveden, lain and 12 miles N.W. of Carlscrona, on the Ronneby-Aa, near its mouth in the Baltic. Pop. 2000. Ronnow, ron'nov, or Hronow, h'ro'nov, a market- town of Bohemia, 16 miles E. by S. of Czaslau. P. 1475. Ro'no, a post-hamlet of Perry co., Ind., on the Ohio River, 22 miles E.N.E. of Cannelton. It has a church. Ronqnieres, rAjjo^ke-aln', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, on the Somme, 16 miles N.E. of Mons. Ronqnillo Settlement, La. See Happy Jack. Ronsberg, rons'bSiiG, or Ronssperg, ronss'pjns, a town of Bohemia, 23 miles W.N.W. of Klattau. P. 1899. Ronsdorf, rons'donf, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 3 miles S.E. of Elberfeld. It has manufactures of hardware and of cotton, silk, and linen fabrics. Pop. 9573. Ronse, a town of Belgium. See Renaix. Ronseco, ron-sA'ko, a village of Italy, 34 miles N.E. of Turin. Pop. 1514. Roodbar, Roudbar, or Rudbar, rood'bar', a town of Persia, province of Ghilan, 35 miles S. of Reshd, on the Rood, by which it exports oil, olives, and soap to Russia. Rood'house, or Road'house, a post-village of Greene co.. III., on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, at the junction of two branches, 21 miles S. by W. of Jackson- ville. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, a foundry, and repair-shops of the railroad. Roo^durpoor', a town of India, 26 miles S.E. of Goruckpoor. Pop. 5535. Rooks, a county in the N". part of Kansas, has an area of 900 square miles. It is intersected by the South Fork of Solomon River. The surface is undulating prairie. Capital, Stockton. Pop. in 1878, 2100. Rooks Centre, a post-office of Rooks co., Kansas. Rook's Creek, a post-township of Livingston co., 111., 32 miles N.N.E. of Bloomington. Pop. 945. Rook's Island, Pacific Ocean, is between Papua and New Britain, in hit. 5° 29' S., Ion. 147° 46' E. Room, a Turkish name of Gukece. Room, a vilayet of Turkey. See Seevas. Roomahieh, or Roumahieh. See Roonyah. Room-Elee. See Roumeeia. Room-Kalah, Roum-Kalah, or Rum-Kalah, room-k4'li(i.e.," Castle of Rome"), a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Euphrates, 50 miles S.S.E. of Someisat. The name Room, " Rome," is often loosely applied by the Turks to places anciently Roman or Byzantine colonies. Roon, a village of the Netherlands. See RonEN. Roonyah, Rounyah, roon'yi, Roomahieh, or Roumahieh, roo-m^-hee'yeh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, pashalic and about 120 miles S. of Bagdad, on an affluent of the Euphrates. It consists of about 400 houses. Roop, the northwesternmost county of Nevada, borders on California. The surface is mountainous, and the soil is mostly sterile. Among the remarkable objects in this county is Pyramid Lake, which is about 30 miles long, and is near the base of the Sierra Nevada. Timber and running water are scarce in this county. Pop. in 1870, 133. Roor'kee, a town of India, Seharunpoor district, 20 miles S.W. of Hurdwar, on the Ganges Canal. It has a school of engineering. Pop. 10,778. Roosa, Rousa, or Rusa, roo'si, a town of Russia, government and 56 miles W. of Moscow, on an affluent of the Moskwa. Pop. 3991. Roosebeke, Oost, ost ro's^h-biMv^h, a village of Bel- gium, in West Flanders, on the Lys, 8 miles N.N.E. of Courtrai. Pop. 4280. ROO 15 Roosebeke, West, wSst ro'seii-bi'keh, or Rosbecq, ros'Mk', a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, U miles N.W. of Courtiai. Roosevelt, Oswego oo., N.T. See Rosevelt. Roostchook, Roustchouk, or Rustschuk, roos^- ohook', written also Routchook, Ruscziik, and Rust- schuk, a city of Bulgaria, on the river Danube, opposite GiurgieTo, 139 miles by rail N.W. of Varna. Pop. 30,000. It has some trade and manufactures. It is a Greek arch- bishop's see, and has been the scene of many sieges and battles in the Russo-Tarkish wars. Roos'ter Rock, a post-office of Multnomah co., Ore- gon, on the Columbia River. Root, a township of Adams co., Ind. Pop. 1252. Root, a post-hamlet of Allen co., Ind., on St. Mary's Kiver, about 13 miles S. by E. of Fort Wayne. Root Creek, a post-office of Milwaukee co.. Wis., about 7 miles S.W. of Milwaukee. Root River, Minnesota. See Hokah Riveu. Root River, Wisconsin, rises in the E. part of Wau- kesha CO., runs southeastward through Milwaukee and Ra- cine COS., and enters Lake Michigan at the city of Racine. It is nearly 40 miles long. Root River, a post-office of Mower co., Minn., near the source of Hokah River, 22 miles E.N.E. of Austin. Roots'tOAvn, a post-village of Portage co., 0., in Roots- town township, H miles from Rootstown Station, which is on the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad, 42 miles S.E. of Cleveland, and 4 miles S. of Ravenna. It has a church, a cheese-factory, and a flour-mill. Pop. of township, 11(59. Rootstown Station, a village of Rootstown town- ship, Portage CO., 0., on the Erie & Pittsburg Railroad, 4 miles S.S.E. of Ravenna. It has a church, and manufac- tures of flour, carriages, cheese, lumber, and shingles. Here is New Milford Post-Office. Root'ville, a post-office of Antrim co., Mich. Ropequiz, Indian Ocean. See RoQUEPiz. Ro'perville, a post-village of Gage co., Neb., on the Big Blue River, about 34 miles S. by W. of Lincoln. Ro^pur', a town of India, district and 45 miles E. of Loodianah, on the Sutlej, at a ferry. Pop. 7110. Roque, La, France. See La Roque. Roqucbrou, La, France. See La RoQUEBnou. Roquebrune, rok^br'un', a town of France, depart- ment of Var, 5 miles W. of Frljjus. Pop. 1484. Roquebrus.sane, La. See La Roquebrussane. Roquecourbe, rok'koonb', a town of France, in Tarn, 19 miles S.S.E. of Alby. Pop. 1846. Roquefort, rok^fon', a town of France, in Landes, on the Douze, 13 miles N.E. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 1753. It has manufactures of earthenwares. Roquemaure, ro"kfh-moB' or rok'mon', a town of France, in Gard, near the Rhone, 25 miles N.E. of Nimes. Pop. 2315. Roquepiz, ro-k^h-peez', erroneously written Rope- quiz, an island in the Indian Ocean. Lat. 9° 56' N. ; Ion. 65° 14' E. Roques, Los, loee ro'kSs, a group of about 100 small islands in the Caribbean Sea, belonging to Venezuela. Lat. 11° 57' 40" N.; Ion. 67° 40' W. Chief islands. El Gran Roque, Salt Key, Great Spar Key, and Long Key. The islands afford salt, phosphates, and tanners' bark. Roquetas, ro-ki'tis, a village of Spain, province and 11 miles S.W. of Almeria, on the Bay of Almeria, with salt-works. Pop. 2238. Roque- Timbaut, rok-tS.N»~b6', a village of France, in Lot-et-G.aronne, 8 miles N.E. of Agen. Pop. 1370. Roquevaire, rok^via', a town of France, in Bouches- du-Rhone, U miles E.N.E. of Marseilles. Pop. 1719. Roraas, ro'ros, a mining town of Norway, stift and 67 miles S.E. of Trondhjem. Pop. 3000. It yields a great amount of copper ore. Roraima, ro-ri'm^, a mountain of British Guiana. Lat. 5° 30' N. ; Ion. 61° 10' W. It gives origin to rivers tribu- tary to the Orinoco, Amazon, and Essequibo, and which form magnificent falls from 1400 to 1500 feet in height. Ro'ree, also called Loh'ree, io'huree, Buk'kur, and Ro'ree Buk'kur, a town of India, in Sinde. on the E. bank of the Indus (here crossed by the Indus Valley Railway), opposite Sukkur, and 20 miles S.S.E. of Shikar- poor. It has important manufactures of paper, jewelry. Bilks, leather, cottons, and metal wares. Pop. 8580. Rorotonga, an island in the Pacific. See RAn.iTOSGA. Rorschach, rou'shS,K, a town of Switzerland, at a railway junction, canton and 7 miles N.E. of St. Gall, on the Lake of Constance. Pop. 3493. Ros, ros, or Rossa, ros's.'l, a river of Russia, rises in 12 ROS the government of Kiev, and joins the Dnieper a little above Cherkasee. Length, 160 miles. Ro'sa, a post-village in Northumberland co., Ontario, a miles N.W. of Trenton. Pop. 100. Rosalia, ro-za'le-a, a post-township of Butler co., Kan- sas, about 30 miles S.E. of Peabody. Pop. 375. Rosalia, a post-office of Whitman oo., Washington, 28 miles from Colfax. Rosalie (roz'a-le) Peak, or Mount Rosalie, Colo- rado, a peak of the Front Range, near lat. 39° 35' N., and about 10 miles S. of Georgetown. Height, 14,340 feet. Rosalind, roz'a-lind, post-office. Republic eo., Kansas. Rosamond, Illinois. See Rosemond. Rosa Morada, ro'sS, mo-rS,'D4, a town of Mexico, state of Cinaloa, S.E. of Culiacan. Pop. about 5000. Around it coffee, citron, and indigo grow wild. Rosario, ro-si're-o, a small island of the Bonin group, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 14° 5' S.; Ion. 141° W. Rosario, ro-s^'re-o, a river of Mexico, state of Cinaloa, falls into the Pacific Ocean about 30 miles below Mazatlan. Rosario, ro-si're-o, or Sanamaro, s4-ni-ma'ro, a village in the island of Teneriffe, on a beautiful plain, not far from Lnguna. Pop. 1609. Rosario, ro-si're-o, a town of the Argentine Republic, province of Santa Fe, 230 miles by water N.W. of Buenos Ayres, on the W. bank of the Parana. It is the E. termi- nus of an important railway system, .and hns direct com- merce with Europe and North America. It has a national college, also manufactures of bricks, flour, lumber, &c. Its streets are traversed by tramways and lighted with gas. Rosario is one of the chief commercial towns in the republic. Pop. 23,160. Rosario de Cucuta,ro-sS.'re-o di koo-koo'ti, a town of the United States of Colombia, state of Boyaca, on the river Zulia. It is the depot for the produce of the surround- ing country. Pop, 5000. Rosarno, ro-saR'no, a town of Italy, province of Reg- gie di Calabria, 6 miles N.E. of Gioja. Pop. 2063. Ro'saryville, a post-hamlet of Prince George's oo., Md., 1 mile from Linden Station. It has a church. Rosas, ro'sis (ano. llhoda, or Ehodope f), a seaport town of Spain, province and 27 miles N.E. of Gerona, on the N. shore of the Gulf of Rosas. Pop. 2732. Rosate, ro-sJ'ti, a town of Italy, 13 miles N.W. of Pavia. Pop. 2363. Rosay-en-Brie, France. See Rozoy-en-Bbie. Rosbach, ross'b^K, a hamlet of Plymouth co., Iowa, on Perry Creek, 16 miles N. of Sioux City. It has a church. Rosbecq, a village of Belgium. See Roosebeke. Rosber'con, or Roseber'con,a village of Ireland, CO. of Kilkenny, on the Bai'row, opposite New Ross. Pop. 959. It has extensive stores and quays, a distillery, and the remains of a monastery. Ros'borough, a station in Randolph co., 111., on the Cairo &, St. Louis Railroad, 4i miles S.E. of Sparta. Ros'by's Rock, a post-hamlet of Marshall co., W. Va., on the Baltimore A Ohio Railroad, 17 miles S. of Wheeling. It has a church, a flour-mill, and 3 stores. Roschitz, ro'shits, or Respitz, rSs'pits, a town of Austria, 30 miles N.W. of Korneuburg. Pop. 1243. Rosciano, rosh-i'no, a town of Italy, province of Teramo. S.E. of Civita di Penne, on the Pescara. Pop. 2838. Roscianum, Roscia Navalis Thuriorum, the ancient names of Rossano. Rosci$;no, ro-sheen'yo, a town of Italy, province of Avellino, S.E. of Camp.agna. Pop. 1265. Roscoe, ros'ko, a post-village of Moody co., Dakota, 40 miles from Sioux Falls. It has a newspaper office, a flour- mill, and a machine-shop. Roscoe, a post-village in Roscoe township. Winnebago CO., 111., on Rock River, 1 mile from Roscoe Staticm of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, So miles W.N.W. of Chicago, and 5 miles S. of Beloit, Wis. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a plough-factory. Pop. about 350 ; of the township, 1135. Roscoe, a township of Davis co., Iowa. Pop. 629. Roscoe, a post-office of Des Moines co., Iowa. Roscoe, a post-ofiice of Graham co., Kansas. Roscoe, a post-township of Goodhue co.. Minn., 14 miles from Kasson, and about 22 miles N.W. of Rochester. It has a cheese-factory. Pop. 1014. Roscoe, a post-village in Roscoe township, St. Clair CO., Mo., on the Osage River, 65 miles N.N.W. of Springfield. Pop. 302 ; of the township, 922. It has 3 churches. Roscoci a station in Keith co.. Neb., on the Union Paoiflo Railroad, 10 miles E. of Ogalalla. Roscoe, a post-village in Jackson township, Coshocton ROS IJ CO., 0., on the Muskingum River, opposite Coshooton, and on the Ohio Canal, about 2a miles N. of Zanesville. Roscoc has 2 churches, a tlouring-niill, a wooMen-Iactory, a saw- mill, and a Ibuntlry. Vop. about 750. Roscue Centre, a post-hauilot in Roscoe township, Goodhue CO., Minn., about 26 miles S.S.W. of Red Wing. RoscodT, ros^kolF, a village of Franco, in Fiuistere, on a tongue of land extending into the English Channel, 13 miles N.W. of Morlaix. Pop. 12S2. Koscom'inon, a county of Ireland, in Connaught, bounded on the E. by the river Shannon, and by the Suck on the W. Area, 960 square miles. The surface is mostly undulating; mountainous in the N.. and flat in the E. The soil is generally fertile. Pop. 140,670. The principal towns are Roscommon, Boyle, C;u3tle-Rea, Strokestown, and a part of Athlone. It sends two members to Parliament. Itoscoinmon, a town of Ireland, capital of Roscom- mon CO., on the Dublin & Mullingar Railway, 17 miles N.N.AV. of Athlone. Pop. 2376. The principal editiccs are the parish church, chapel, court-house, jail, and county infirmary, with remains of a castle and a fine abbey of the thirteenth century. Its manufactures comprise woollens, flannel, shoes, and earthenwares. Roscom'mon^ a county in the N. central part of Michigan, has an area of 57ti square miles. It is drained by the Muskegon River and the South Branch of tbe Au Sable River. It contains Lake Houghton, about 11 miles long. The surface is mostly covered with forests of pine and other trees. It is intersected by the Jackson, Lansing «fc Saginaw Railroad. Capital, Roscommon. P. in 1S74, 276. Roscom'mon, a post-hamlet, capital of Roscommon CO., Mich., on the Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw Railroad, 87 miles N.N.W. of Bay City. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Roscommon, a hamlet of Monroe co., Pa., 14 miles N.W. of Easton. Roscrea, ros-kri', a town of Ireland, co. of Tippcrary, near its N.W, extremity, 7 miles W. of Borris-in-Ossory. Pop. 2992. It is finely situated, and has a barracks, court- and market-house, bridewell, fever hospital, and workhouse. Rose, a township of Shelby co.. III. Pop, 1494, Rose, a post-otfice of Woodson co., Kansas, 12 miles W. of Humboldt. Rose, a post-hamlet of Oakland co., Mich,, in Rose township, about 44 miles N.W. of Detroit. The township is intersected by the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad. Pop. of the township. 1084. Rose, a township of Ramsey co,, Minn. Pop. 710. Rose, or Rose Valley, a post-village in Rose town- ship, Wayne co., N.Y., on the Lake Ontario Shore Rail- road, 31 miles S.W. of Oswego, and 6 miles N. of Clyde. It contains 3 churches, a graded school, a steam saw-mill, and a. grist-mill. The name of its post-office is Rose. Pop. of the township, 2216, Rose, a township of Carroll eo., 0. Pop. 1106. Rose, a township of Jeff"erson co.. Pa. Pop. 1058. Rose, a township of Waushara co., Wis. Pop. 378. Roseau, ro-zo' (formerly Charlotte Town), atown of the British West Indies, capital of the island of Domi- nica, near its S.W. point, with an arsenal and a good harbor. It is a Roman Catholic bishop's see. Near the town are hot springs. Pop. 5000. Rose Rank, a post-hamlet of Dickinson co., Kansas, 20 miles from Enterprise. Rose Bay, a post-office of Hyde co,, N.C. Rosebercon, a village of Ireland. See Rosbercon. Roseberry, a post-office of Knox co., Tenn, Rose Blanche, a post-town and port of entry of New- foundland, 225 miles W. of St. John's (by steamer). It has a small but safe harbor, and a good trade. Pop. 452. Rose Blutf, a post-office of Calcasieu parish, La. Roseboom, rOz'boom, a post-village in Roseboom township, Otsego co., N.Y., 4 miles S.W. of Cherry Valley, and about 36 miles S.E, of Utica. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. of the township, 1433. Roseborough, roz'biir-ruh, a post-hamlet of Laurens CO., S.C, 12 miles S.W. of Santuck Station. It has a church. Rose BoAV'er, a hamlet of De Soto co,. Miss., 4 miles from Horn Lake, and about 17 miles S. of Memphis, Tenn. It contains a church and an academy. Rose Bower, a post-office of Appomattox co., Va. Rose'bud, a post-office of Wilcox co., Ala. Rose Bud, a post-hamlet of White eo., Ark., 28 miles W, of Kensett Station. It has 2 stores. Rose'bud, a post-office of Meyer co., Dakota, 215 miles W. by N. of Yankton. Here is an agency of the Spotted Tail Sioux Indians: also a church. 13 ROS Rose Bud, a post-hamlet of Pope co., III., is on or near the Ohio River, about 10 miles below Golcondu. It has 2 churches. Rosebud Creek, Montana, rises in Big Horn co., runs northward, and enters the Yellowstone in hit. 40° 38' N. Rosebud Land'ing, post-office, Lyman co., Dakota. Roseburg, roz'burg, a poat-uffice of Grant co., Ind., about 24 miles E. of Kokomo. Roseburg, a hamlet of Union co., Ind., 2i miles from Liberty. Roseburg^, a post-office of Sanilac co,, Mich. Roseburg, a post-village, capital of Douglas co., Oregon, on the South Fork of the Umpqua River, and on the Oregon & California Railroad, 200 miles S, of Port- land, and 76 miles S. of Eugene City. It contains a court- house, 2 newspaper offices, 5 churches, nnd a flouring-mill. It is the principal market of the large and fertile Umpqua Valley, of which grain and wool are the staple products. A daily paper is published here. Roseburg, a post-office of Perry eo,. Pa. Rosecrans, ro'ze-krunz, a post- hamlet of Lake co,, 111., 7 miles N.AV. of Waukegan. It has 3 stores. Rosecrans, a post-office of Clinton co.. Pa., 6 or 7 miles S.E. of Lock Haven. Rosecrans, a post-office of Manitowoc co.. Wis. Rose Creek, a post-office of Monroe co., Ind. Rose Creek, township, Republic co,, Kansas. P. 375. Rose Creek, a post-village of Mower co., Minn., in AVindom township, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Austin. It has a church and a money-order post-office. Rose Creek, a post-village of Thayer co., Neb., on Rose Creek, 14 miles S.W. of Fairbury, and about 68 miles S.S.W. of Lincoln. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a plough-factory. Rose Creek, a hamlet of McNairy co,, Tenn., 6 miles W. of Bethel Railroad Station. It has a church. Rosedale, roz'dal, a post-office of Hanson eo., Dakota. Rosedale, a post-village of Jersey co., 111., on the Illinois River, 16 miles W. of Jerseyville. It has a church, a seminary, and a flour-mill. Rosedale, a post-hamlet of Parke co., Ind., on the Logansport, Crawfordsville & Southwestern Railroad, 13 miles N.N.E. of Terre Haute, It has 2 churches, a car- riage-shop, Ac. Rosedale, a hamlet and station of Pulaski co., Ind,, on the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroad, 16 miles N.AV. of Logansport. It has 2 churches. Pop. 88, Here is Oak Poet-Office. Rosedale, a post-office of Wright co., Iowa. Rosedale, a post-village of Wyandotte co., Kansas, near the Kansas River, and on the Missouri River, Fort Scott & Gulf Railroad, 4 miles S.W. of Kansas City. It has a church, a rolHng-mill which employs about 300 men, and a manufactory of car-wheels. Pop. about 1500. Rosedale, a post-office of Letcher co., Ky. Rosedale, a post-hamlet of Iberville parish, La., on a railroad, 20 miles W. of Raton Rouge. It has 3 churches. Rosedale, a post-village of Baltimore co., Md., 5^ miles N.E. of Baltimore. It has a church. Rosedale, Mississippi. See Floreyville. Rosedale, a station of the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 3 miles from the initial station in St. Louis, Mo. Rosedale, a post-office of Adams co., Neb. Rose Dale, a post-hamlet of Pasquotank co., N.C, about 40 miles S. of Norfolk, Va. Rosedale, a post-hamlet of Madison co., 0., 4 miles S.E. of Irwin Station, which is 23 miles N.E, of Springfield. Rosedale, a station of the Philadelphia & Baltimore Central Railroad, 2^ miles E. of Kennet Square, Pa. Rosedale, a post-office of Greene oo., Pa., about 60 miles S, of Pittsburg. Rosedale, a post-office of Davidson co., Tenn, Rosedale, a post-office of Hardin co., Tex. Rosedale, a post-office of Russell co., Va. Rosedale, a post-village in Victoria co., Ontario, 7 miles N.W. of Fenelon Falls. Pop. 150. Rosedene, roz'deen, or Vienna, a post-village in Monck CO., Ontario, 10 miles from Beamsville. Pop. 100. Rosefield, roz'feeld, a post-township of Peoria co., 111. It is intersected by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, and contains Langdon and Oak Hill, and a pop. of 1108. Rosefield Post-Office is at Oak Hill. Rosefield, a post-office of Catahoula parish. La. Rose Grove, a post-township of Hamilton co., Iowa, 60 miles N. of Des Moines. Pop. 107. ROS 1894 KOS Rosehearty, roz^har'tee, a village of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, on Moray l^'irth, 4 miles W. of Fraserburgh. Pop. 1206. Rose Hill, a post-office of Covington co., Ala., 35 miles S.W. of Troy. Rose Hill, Cook co.. 111. See Havelock. Rose Hill, Jasper co., III. See HAnuisuuRG. Rose Hill, a post-office of Kosciusko co,, Ind., is at County Line Railroad Station, 16 miles S. of Warsaw. Rose Hill, a post-office and station of Mahaska co., Iowa, on the Oskaloosa Branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 10 miles E. of Oskaloosa. It has a church and an academy. Rose Hill, a post-office of Butler co., Kansas. Rose Hill, a post-village of Mercer co., Ky., 4 miles W. of Harrodsburg. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Rose Hill, a post-office of Caddo parish, La., 7 miles S. of Shreveport. Rose Hill, a post-hamlet of Amite co., Miss., about 50 miles S.S.E. of Natchez, and 14 miles N. of Clinton, La. Rose Hill, a post-village in Rose Hill township, John- son CO., Mo., on Big Creek, about 45 miles S.E. of Kansas City. Pop. 199; of the township, 1439. Rose Hill, a station in St. Louis co., Mo., on the Mis- souri Pacific Railroad, 14 miles W. of St. Louis. Rose Hill, a post-office of Saunders co., Neb., 20 miles N. of Lincoln. Rose Hill, a post-hamlet of Duplin oo., N.C., on the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad, 42 miles N. of Wilmington. Rose Hill, a post-hamlet of Darke co., 0., about 30 miles W.N.W. of Piqua. Rose Hill, a hamlet of Montgomery co., Tenn., about 17 miles from Clarksville. Rose Hill, a post-office of Harris co., Tex., about 14 miles N.N.AV. of Houston. Rose Hill, a post-office of Lee oo., Va. Rose Island, an island of the Bahamas, E. of New Providence. Rose Island, in the Pacific Ocean, one of the Navi- gators' Islands. Lat. 14° 32' 47" S. ; Ion. 169° W. Rose Lake, a post-hamlet of jMartin oo., Minn., in Pairmont township, 16 miles S.W. of Winnebago. Rose Lake, township, Otter Tail oo., Minn. Pop. 104. Roseland, roz'iand, a post-hamlet of Cook co.. 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad, about 14 miles S. of Chicago. It has a church. Roseland, a post-office of Adams co., Neb., 8 miles from Juniata. Roseland, a post-village in Livingston township, Es- sex CO., N.J., at the base of the Second Mountain, 5 miles W. of Orange, and 9 miles W.N.W. of Newark. It has a church, an academy, and a shoe-factory. Roseland, a post-office of Nelson co., Ya. Roselle, ro'zel', a post-village in Bloomingdale town- ship. Du Page CO., 111., on the Chicago & Paoitic Railroad, 24 miles W. by N. of Chicago. It has a manufactory of linen. Roselle, a post-township of Carroll co., Iowa. P. 321. Roselle, a post-village in Linden township, Union co., N.J., on the Central Railroad of New Jersey, 3 miles W. of Elizabeth, and 17 miles from New York. It has several churches and schools. Rosello, ro-sel'lo, a town of Italy, province of Chieti, 24 miles S. of Lanciano. Pop. 1323. Rosel'ma, a post-hamlet of Boone co., Neb., about 10 miles S.W. of Albion. Rosemary, roz'mi-re, a township of Barnwell co., S.C. Pop. 618. Rosemary Island, Dampier Archipelago, West Aus- tralia. Lat. 20° 2S' 15" S. ; Ion. 116° 30' E. Rose Mills, a post-hamlet of Amherst co., Va., Smiles W. of Tye River Depot. It has a flour-mill. Rosemond, roz'mSnd, or Ro'samond, a post-vil- lage in Rosemond township. Christian co., 111., on tlie In- dianapolis A St. Louis Railroad, 4 miles W. of Pana, and 42 miles S.E. of Springfield. Pop. of township, 1107. Rosemont, roz'mont, a station in Montgomery co.. Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 10 miles W.N.W. of Philadelphia. Rosemont, a post-village in Simcoe co., Ontario, 18 miles W. of Gilford. It contains several stores. Pop. 150. Rose Mount, a post-villago in Rose Mount township, Dakota co., Minn., on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 19 miles S. of St. Paul, and about 16 miles W. of Hastings. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 853. Rose Mount, a post-office of Warren co., Iowa. Rosenau, ro'zeh-now^, or Roznawa, roz'nfl-^& (Hun. Rosnyohanya, ros'n*yo*b^n'yoh^), a town of Hun- gary, on the Sajo, 15 miles N.E. of Gomor Sajo. Pop. 4855. It is the see of a bishop, and has an episcopal seminary, a convent, 2 colleges, high schools, and manufactures of woollen cloth and linen, stone-ware, leather, and paper. Rosenau (Hun. liosnyo, ros'n'yo"), a town of Transyl- vania, on an aftluent of the Aloota, 7 miles S. of Kronstadt. Pop. 4023. It has a strong castle, and Roman Catholic and Greek churches. Rosenberg, ro'zen-b4RG\ a town of Bohemia, 22 miles S.S.W. of Budweis. Pop. 1469. Rosenberg (Hun. liozmberk, rozm^b^RK'), a town of Hungary, co. of Liptau, at the confluence of the Waag and Revueza, 23 miles N.N.E. of Neusohl. Pop. 2997. Rosenberg, ro'z^n-bSnG', a town of Prussian Silesia, 25 miles E.N.E. of Oppeln. Pop. 3343. It has manufac- tures of leather, linens, woollens, &c. Rosenberg (Polish, Siisz, soosh),atown of West Prus- sia. 17 miles E. of Marienwerder. Pop. 3081. Rosenburg, ro'zen-booR6\ Gross, groce, and Klein, kline, two nearly contiguous villages of Prussian Saxony, 16 miles S.S.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 2351. Rosendale, ro'z^n-dal, a post-office of Berrien co., Ga. Rosendale, a post-office of Meeker co., Minn. Rosendale, a township of Watonwan CO., Minn. P. 208. Rosendale, a post-village in Benton township, An- drew CO., Mo., on the One Hundred and Two River, and on the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Blue's Railroad, 21 miles N. of St. Joseph. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a woollen-factory. Rosendale, a post-village in Rosendale township, Ulster CO., N.Y., on Rondout Creek, the Delaware &. Hud- son Canal, and the Wallkill Valley Branch of the Erie Railroad, 94 miles N. of New York, and 8 miles S.S.W. of Kingston. It contains 2 or 3 churches, and manufactures of hydraulic cement, about 1,500,000 barrels of which are exported in a year. Pop. about 600. The township is bounded E. by the AVallkill River, and N.W. by Esopus Creek. It has a group of lakes called Binnewaters, and valuable quarries of limestone. Pop. 4359. Rosendale, a post-village in Rosendale and Spring- vale townships. Fond du Lac co.. Wis., on the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad, 12 miles W. of Fond du Lac, and 8 miles E.S.E. of Ilipon. It has 3 churches, a graded scnool, and a cheese-factory. Pop. of the township, 1200. Rosendorf, ro'z?n-doRf, a village of Bohemia, 20 miles from Aussegg, .at the foot of the Rosenberg, above the Elbe. Pop. 1600. Roseneath, roz'neeth, a post-village in Northumber- land CO., Ontario, 20 miles N.N.E. of Cobourg. Pop. 100. Rosenhayn, ro'z^n-hine\ a post-hamlet of Cumber- land CO., N..I., on the Vineland Railroad, 5 or 6 miles N.E. of Bridgeton. It has a graded school. Rosenheim, ro'zen-hime\ a town of Bavaria, on the Inn, 32 miles S.E. of Munich. Pop. 7501. It has salt- works, mineral baths, and manufactures of brass and copper. Rosenthal, ro'zen-ti\r, a town of Prussia, in Hesse- Nassau, 12 miles N.N.E. of Marburg. Pop, 1150. Rosenvick, ro'z^n-vik, a post-hamlet in Highland township, Chester CO., Pa., i mile from Doe Run Station, and 42 miles W. of Philadelphia. It has a cotton-factory. Rose Point, a post-hamlet of Lawrence Co., Pa., on Slippery Rock Creek, 8 miles E. by S. of New Castle. It has 2 churches. Rose's Bar, a township of Yuba co., Cal. Pop. 1191. Rose's Cabin, a post-hamlet of Hinsdale co., Col., 100 miles N.W. of Alamosa Station. Rose's Point, a station in Orange oo., N.Y., on the Port Jervis & Monticello Railroad, 9 miles N. of Port Jervis. Rose's Station, a post-office of Kern co., Cal., 30 miles S. of Sumner. Rose's Valley, a post-hamlet of Lycoming co.. Pa., 4 miles E. of Trout Run Station. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Roseto, ro-si'to, a town of Italy, province of Foggia, 11 miles W. of Troja. Pop. 5349. Roseto, a town of Italy, pi-ovince of Cosenza, on the Gulf of Taranto, 21 miles N.E. of Cassano. Pop. 1304. Rosetta, ro-z4t't4 (Arab. Raahccd or Er-Rasheed,TKs.- sheed' ; Fr. Rosette, ro'zStt' ; It. Rosetta, ro'sSt'ti). a town of Lower Egypt, on the AV. arm of the Nile. 6 miles from the sea, and 40 miles N.E. of Alexandria. Lat. 31° 25' N. ; Ion. 30° 28' E. Pop. about 15,000. It has a thriving general trade, and manufactures of sail-cloth, leather, and iron goods. The town is pleasantly situated and neatly built ; it is in repute for salubrity, and attracts many sum- ROS 1895 KOS mer visitors. It wivs founded in 870, near the site of the ancient Bo/bitiuum ; and here in 1799 whs discovered the famous '• Uosetta stone/' which furnished the key to the Egyptian hieroglyphics. Rusette^ ru-zdt', a. post-hamlot of Lincoln cc, Kansas, in Grant township, 18 miles from Wilson. Rosevale, rojs'vul, a post-office of Clay co., Kansas, 5i miles from Chty Centre. Rosevale, a post-hamlet in Albert co., Now Brunswick. 20 miles from Salisbury, llure are inexhaustible beds of oil-shale. Pop. 100. Rose Valley, a post-oflice of Pratt co., Kansas. Rose Valley, Wayne co., N.Y. See Rose. Rose Valley, a post-village in Queens co., Prince Ed- ward Island, 50 miles from Charlottetown. Pop. 200. Rosevelt, ro'ze-velt, or Roosevelt, a hamlet of Os- wego CO., N.Y., 2 miles from Pennellville. It has 2 churohos. RosevUle,roz'vil, a post-village of Franklin co., Ark., on the y. bunk of the Arkansas River, about 40 miles E. of Fort Smith. It has a church and an academy. Roseville, a post-village of Placer co., Cal., on the Central Paoific Railroad, at the junction of the Oregon division, IS miles N.E. of Sacramento. It has a church. Roseville, a post-village in Rosovillo township, War- ren CO., III., on the Rockford, Ruck Island & St. Louis Rail- road, 12 J miles S. of Monmouth, and about 22 miles S.W. of Galesburg. It contains a bank, a money-order post- office, 4 churches, and agricultural works. Coal is mined here. Pop. of the township, 1153 ; of the village, about 650. Roseville, a post-hamlct of Parke co., Ind., on Rac- coon Creek, about 18 miles N.N.E. of Terre Haute. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Coal is found here. Roseville, a post-hamlet of Barren co., Ky., 7 miles S. from Glasgow. Roseville, a hamlet of Hancock co., Ky., 14 miles from Cloverport. It has 1 or 2 churches and a tobacco- factory. Pop. about 5(1. Roseville, a post-village of Macomb co,, Mich., in Erin township, near the Grand Trunk Railroad, 11 miles N.N.E. of Detroit. It has several churches. Roseville, a post-township of Kandiyohi co., Minn., 16 miles from Atwater Station. Pop. 236. Roseville, a hamlet of Sussex co., N.J., in Byram township, 5 miles N. of Stanhope. Roseville, a post-village in Clay township, Muskingum CO., 0., on the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley Railroad, lOi miles S. by W. of Zanesville. It has 5 churches, a bank, and a manufactory of stone-ware. Pop. 426. Roseville, a post-village in Waterloo co., Ontario, 8 miles S. of Berlin. Roseville, Ontario. See MoNTAcaB. Rosewood, roz'wood, a post-office of Cleburne co., Ala., 18 miles S. of Tecumsch Station. Rosewood, a post-hamlet of Levy co., Fla., on the railroad between Gainesville and Cedar Keys, 10 miles N.E. of Cedar Keys. It has a church. Oranges and other fruits are raised here. Rosewood, a post-office of Harrison co., Ind., on the Ohio River, IS miles S.AV. of Louisville, Rosewood, a hamlet of Muhlenburg co., Ky., 12 miles S.W. of Greenville. It has a church and 2 stores. Rosewood, township, Chippewa co., Minn. Pop. 318, Rosheim, roz*fira', a town of Alsace, at the foot of the Vosges Mountains, 14 miles S.AV. of Strasburg, Pop. 3503. Ro'sielare, or Rose Clare, a post-village of Hardin CO., 111., in a township of its own name, on the Ohio River, 3 miles below EHzabethtown, and about 12 miles above Golconda. It has a church, and mines of lead and fluor- spar. Pop. of the township, 533. Rosienna, a town of Russia. See Rossiena. Rosiere, ro-zeer', or Rossier, ros-seer', a post-ham- let in Cape Vincent township, Jefferson co., N.Y., on a branch of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, 20 miles N.W, of Watertown. It has a church. Rosiere, ro-zhair', a post-hamlet of Kewaunee CO., Wis., in Lincoln township, 30 miles N.E, of Green Bay (city). It has a church. Rosieres, ro^ze-aiR', a town of France, in Haute-Loire, 8 miles N.N.E. of Le Puy. Pop. 61)9. Rosieres, a town of France, in Somme, IS miles E.S.E. of Amiens. Pop. 2437. Rosieres aux Salines, ro^ze-ain' zo sVleen', a town of France, in Meurthe-et-Moselle, 9 miles by rail S.E. of Nancy, on the left bank of the Meurthe. Pop. 2094. Rosicrs, Les, li ro*ze-A', a town of France, in Maine- et-Loire, on the right bank of the Loire, and on the Nantes & Tours Railway, 18 miles S.E. of Angers. Pop. 917. Rosigrnano, ro-seon-yi'no, a town of Italy, 16 miles N.W. of Alessandria. Pop. 2632. Rosigiiaiio, a vilUigo of Tuscany, 17 miles from Leg- horn. Pop, of commune, 6346. Rosi'lia, a post-office of Ionia co., Mich. Rosiliar, a town of Transylvania. See Resinar. Rosinburg, roz'in-bfirg, a hamlet of Wake co., N.C., about 22 miles E.N.E. of Raleigh. It has a church. Hero is Wakefield Post-Offico. Rosindale, roz'in-dul, a post-hamlet and station of Bladen co., N.C., on the Carolina Central Railroad, 38 miles W.N.W. of Wilmington. Rosine, ro-zeen', a post-hamlet of Ohio co., Ky., on the Paducah & Elizabethtown Railroad, 99 miles S.W. of Louis- ville. It has 4 stores and a hotel. Pop. about 100. Rosita, ro-zee'ta, a post-office and mining-town, capi- tal of Custer co.. Col., is 30 miles S. of Caiion City, and at an altitude of 9154 feet above the level of the sea. It con- tains 4 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, and 2 works for the reduction of silver. It has rich silver-mines. The place was first settled in 1S73. Pop. 1650. Roskilde, a town of Denmark, See Roeskilde. Roslau, ros'low, a town of Anhalt, on the Elbe, 4 miles N. of Dessau. Pop. 3772. Ros'lavJ, or Ros'lovl,a town of Russia, government and 69 miles S.S.E. of Smolensk. Pop. 6638. Roslea, ros'lA, or Royslea, rois'li, a village of Ire- Uvnd, CO. of Fermanagh, 4 miles N.N.E. of Clones. Ros'lin, a village of Scotland, co. and 7 miles S.E. of Edinburgh. It has the celebrated Roslin Chapel, containing the tombs of many of the Earls of Orkney and Roslin. Ros'lin, a post-office of Cumberland co., N.C. Ros'liii, a post-village in Hastings co., Ontario, 14 miles N. of Belleville. Pop. 200. Roslindale, a post-hamlet of Norfolk co., Mass., on the Boston & Providence Railroad, 6 miles S.S.W. of Boston. Roslovl, a town of Russia. See Roslavl. Ros'lyn, a post-village of Queens co., N.Y., in North Hempstead township, at the head or S. end of Hempstead Harbor (a long narrow inlet of Long Island Sound), and on the Long Island Railroad, 23 miles E.N.E. of Brooklyn. It has 5 churches, a savings-bank, a newspaper office, a paper-mill, a grist-mill, and a planing-mill. Pop. 655. Rosmaniiihal, ros-mS.-neen-y£Lr, a fortified town of Portugal, in Bcira, &5 miles S.S.E. of Guarda. Pop. 1503. Rosiiau, ros'now, or Roziiow, roz'nov, a town of Moravia, 20 miles E.S.E. of Weisskirchen. Pop, 3109. Rosiiy,- ros^nee', a village of France, with a detached fort, 2 miles E. of Paris. Rosiiyo, a town of Transylvania, See Rosenau. Rosny-sur- Seine, ros^nee'-siiR-s^n, a village of France, in Seine-et-Oise, 4 miles W. of Mantes, on the Seine, and on the railway from Paris to Rouen. Pop. 1402. Rosolini, ro-so-lee'nee, a town of Sicily, S miles S.W. of Noto. Pop. 6367. Ross, a town of England, co. and 12 miles by rail S.S.E. of Hereford. Pop. 3586. It has a church, a work- house, market-house, bank, mechanics' institute, ic. Ross, in Ireland, the largest island in the lower Lake of Killarney, 2 miles S. of Killarney. Ross, a harbor of Ireland, co. of Mayo, on the E. side of Broadhaven. Ross, or Ross-Car'bery, a town and episcopal see of Ireland, co. of Cork, 7 miles W.S.W. of Cionakilty. Pop. 714. It has a cathedral, chapel, bridewell, market- and court-houses, &c. The Anglican see is now merged in that of Cork, and the Roman see has its seat at Skibbereen. Ross, New, a borough of Ireland, co. of Wexford, on the Barrow, 13 miles N.N.E. of Waterford, and 17 miles S.S.W. of Enniscorthy. Pop. 6772. It is enclosed by old walls, and has a quay 650 yards in length. Principal edi- fices, the churches and chapels, an infirmary and vari- ous hospitals, market-houses, sessions-house, barracks, jail, custom-house, &,c. The exports comprise corn, flour, wool, butter, cattle, and bacon. It sends one member to the House of Commons. Ross, a county in the S. part of Ohio, has an area of about 681) square miles. It is intersected by the Scioto River, and also drained by Paint Creek, the North Fork of Paint Creek, and Sugar Creek. The surface is diversified by verdant hills, and is extensively covered with forests, in which the sugar-maple, buckeye, and oak are found. The soil is fertile. The valley of the Scioto is remarkable for its beauty and fertility. Indian corn, wheat, cattle, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Ohio Canal, the Scioto Valley Railroad, and tho ROS 1.' ROS Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad. Cnpitiil, Chillicothe. Valuation of real and personal estate, 832,824,329. Pop. in 1870, 37,097, of whom .13,939 were Americans. Rosjs, a township of Edgar co.. 111. Pop. 731. Ross, a township of Vermilion oo., III. Pop. 1738. Ross, a township of Clinton co., Ind. Pop. 1741. Ross, a post-hamlet in Ross township. Lake co., Ind., on the Joliet division of the Michigan Central Railro.ad, 35 miles S.S.E. of Chicago. It has a church. Pop. about 100 ; of the township, 1625. Ross, a township of Fremont co., Iowa. Pop. 1064, e.\clusiv'e of Tabor. Ross, a township of Taylor co., Iowa. Pop. 626. Ross, a township of Cherokee oo., Kansas. Pop. 741. Ross, a township of Osborne co., Kansas. Pop. 383. Ross, a township of Kalamazoo CO., Mich. Pop. 1673. Ross, a post-office of Kent co., Mich., on the Grand Rai)ids & Indiana Railroad, 13 miles S. of Grand Rapids. Ross, or Venice, a post-village in Ross township, Butler CO., 0., J of a mile AV. of the Miami River, 18 miles N.N.W. of Cincinnati, and 9 miles S.W. of Hamilton. It has 2 churches and 3 stores. Pop. 300. The township is bounded S.E. by Miami River. Pop. of township, 1705. Ross, a township of Greene co., 0. Pop. 1076. Ross, a township of Jefferson co., 0. Pop. 685. Ross, a township of Alleghany co.. Pa. Pop. 1623. Ross, a township of Luzerne oo., Pa. Pop. 990. Ross, a township of Monroe co.. Pa. Pop. 734. Ross, Colleton co., S.C. See Ross Statiok. Rossa, a river of Russia. See Ros. Rossaua, ros-si'ni, a village of Italy, 8 miles S.S.W. of Saluzzo. Pop. 2336. Ross-aiid-Crom'arty, a county extending across the N. part of Scotland, from sea to sea, between the Minsh on the W. and the Moray Firth on the E., and including, in detached portions, Cromarty and the islands of Skye, Lewis, Ac, in the Hebrides, it.s mainland portion having N. Sutherland and S. Inverness-shire. Area, 3151 square miles, of which 560 square miles are in the Hebrides, 344 belong to Cromarty, and 9t to Nairn. Pop. 80,955. Crom- arty, Reauly, and Dornoch Firths indent it on the E., and Lochs Broom, Greinord, Ewe, Gairloch, Torridon, and Alsh on the W. Granite and schists form the N. and middle parts of the county. It is in the centre of a wild region of mountains, moors, and lakes, traversed by small rivers, along which are tra.cts of fertile soil. In some parts much good wheat is raised, but the greater part of the county is appropriated to sheep- and cattle-farming. Principal towns, Dingwall, Tain, and Cromarty. It sends one mem- ber to the House of Commons. See CllOMAUTV. Rossano, ros-si'no (anc. Ruscla'uum or Roa'cia Nava'- lis Thurio'rum), a city of Italy, province of Cosenza,, near the Gulf of Taranto. 17 miles'W.N.W. of Cariati. It has a cathedral, and is the see of an archbishop. It is remark- able as the birthplace of three popes, viz., St. Zosimus, John VII., and John XVII. It is a very ancient place, and is said to have been founded by the (Enotrii. It was taken by assault and pillaged by Totila, King of the Huns. Rossano has long been noted as an abode of learning, and especially as tlie seat of the fiimous academy of Spetisieraii. It h.as marble-quarries. Pop. 14,341. Rossbach, ross'b3,K, or Rasbach, ris'baK, a village of Bohemia, 27 miles W.N.W. of Elbogen. Pop. 3045. Rossbach, a village of Germany, in Prussian Saxony, government of Merscburg, 1 7 miles S. of Ilalle- Rossberg, a mountain of Switzerland. See Goldau. Ross'burg, a hamlet of Decatur co., Ind., 1 mile from Newpoint Railroad Station. It has a church. Ross-Carbery, a town of Ireland. See Ross. Rosscommon, Monroe co.. Pa. See Roscommo.v. Ross' Corners, a post-hamlet of York eo.. Me., on the E. border of Shapleigh township, about 32 miles W. by S. of Portland. It has a church. Rosseau, ros-so', .a post-h.amlet of Morgan eo., 0., about 28 miles S. of Zanesville. Pop. 49. Rosseau, a post-village in Victoria co., Ontario, on Lake Rosseau, 35 miles from Bracebridge. Pop. 200. Rosset, ros'sel, a town of East Prussia, 52 miles S.E. of Konigsberg. Pop. 3557. Ro$^sel,an island of the South Pacific Ocean, in Loui- siade Archipelago, !at. 11° 22' S., Ion. 154° 20' E., 22 miles long from E. to W., and 10^ miles in greatest breadth. Ross Fork, a post-office of Oneida co., Idaho, on Ross Fork, an affluent of the Snake River, and on the Utah & Northern Railroad, about 70 miles N. by W. of Franklin. Ross Grove, a post-office of De Kti.lb co.. III. Rossie, ros-see', a post-village in Rossie township, St. Lawrence CO., N.Y., on Indian River, at tlie head of navi- gation, 6 miles S.S.E. of Hammond Station, and about 26 miles S. by W. of Ogdensburg. It has .an iron-furnace, a flour-mill, and 2 churches. Pop. 149. The township is in- tersected by Oswegatchie River, and contains Wegatchie, and mines of iron and lead. Marble, graphite, satin-spar, spinel, zircon, «tc., are found here. Pop. 1765. Rossie, a station of the Utica & Black River Railroad, 15 miles S. of Morristown, N.Y., and about 4 miles W. of the village of Rossie. Rossie Island, Scotland. See Inch-Brayock. Rossiena, ros-se-i'ni; or Rosienua, ro-se-5n'nS, (Polish, Rossienip, ross-y^n'yi), a town of Russia, govern- ment of Kovno, 100 miles W.N.W. of Vilna, on the Dubissa. Pop. 10,732. It is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, and has several churches and a Piarist college. Rossier, Jefferson co., N.Y. See Rosiere. Rossiglione, ros-seel-yo'ni, a village of Italy, 18 miles N.W. of Genoa, on the Stura Rossiglione. Pop. 2753. Rossignol Lake, Nova Scotia. See Lake Rossignol. Rossinar, a vill.age of Transylvania. See Resinar. Rossiya. See Russia. Rossia, ross'14, a town of Prussian Saxony, 10 miles AV. of Sangerhausen. Pop. 2316. Ross'land,a post-office of Monroe co., Pa., about 20 miles N.N.W. of Easton. Rosslaii, a town of Anhalt. See Roslau. Rossleben, ross'lA^ben, a town of Prussian Saxony, 25 miles W. of Merscburg, on the Unstrut. Pop. 2133. Ross'lyn, a post-offlce of Chippewa co., Minn. Ross Mills, a post-office of Chautauqua co., N.Y., on the Dunkirk, Alleghany Valley & Pittsburg Railroad, 29 miles S. of Dunkirk. Rosso, ros'so, a village of Italy, province of Genoa, on the Bisagno. Pop. of commune, 2899. Ross (ross) Station, a post-office of Colleton co., S.C, on the South Carolina Railroad, 37 miles N.W. of Charles- ton. Here are 2 turpentine-distilleries. Ross'ton, a post-hamlet in Manor township, Armstrong CO., Pa., on the Alleghany River, and on the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 5 miles S. of Kittanning. Rosston, a post-hamlet of Cook co., Tex., 60 miles W. of Sherman, It has a church. Ross'town, a post-village of Knox co., 0., in Union township, near Danville Station, 13 miles E.N.E. of Mount Vernon. It has a church, a flour-mill, a steam saw-mill, &q. Rosstrevor, a seaport of Ireland. See Rostrevob. Ross View, a post-office of Montgomery co., Tenn. Ros Seville, a post-village in Grant and Ross townships, Vermilion CO., 111., on the North Fork of Vermilion River, and on the Chicago, Danville &, Vinoennes Railroad, 18 miles N. of Danville. It has 3 churches, a money-order post- oflBce, a banking-house, a newspaper ofiice, a flour-mill, a graded school, an elevator, and 12 stores. Pop. 1000. Rossville, a post-village in Ross township, Clinton CO., Ind., on the Middle Fork of Wild Cat River, about 17 miles E. of Lafayette. It has a graded school, 4 churches, and manufactures of carriages, flour, pumps, &c. Pop. 389. Rossville, a post-village of Allamakee co., Iowa, about 14 miles S.S.W. of Lansing. It has 3 churches. Rossville, a post-village in Rossville township, Shaw- nee CO., Kansas, on Cross Creek, and on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 16 miles W.N.W. of Topeka. It has a church and a flouring-mill. Pop. of the township, 847. Rossville, a post-hamlet of Baltimore co., Md., on the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, about 9 miles E.N.E. of Baltimore. Rossville, a post-village in Westfield townsliip, Rich- mond CO., N.Y., on Staten Island Sound, about IS miles S.W. of New York, and 5 miles S.E. of Rahway, N.J. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 300. Rossville, a village of Spring Creek township, Miami CO., 0., adjoining Huntersville, and J mile from Piqua. It has a church. Pop. 91. Rossville, a post-hamlet in Warrington township, York CO., Pa., 14 miles N.W. of York. It has a church and a coach-factory. Rossville, a post-hamlet in Rossville township, Chester CO., S.C, about 44 miles N. of Columbia. The township, which is bounded E. by the Catawba River, has 6 churches. Pop. of the township, 1600. Rossville, a post-village of Fayette co., Tenn., on the Memphis & Charleston Railroad, 31 miles E. of Memphis. It has a church. Pop. 125. Rossville, a post-office of Atascosa Co., Tex. Ross'ville, a village at the S.E. extremity of Play Green Lake, 2 miles E. of Norway House, North-WestTern- ROS 1897 ROT tories, Canada. It is composed of wooden houses surrounded by gardens, inhabited nnd cultivated by Christian Indians. It is the centre of a Wesleyan mission. Ross'way, a post-settlement in Digby co.. Nova Scotia, on Digby Neck, U uiiles from Digby. Pop. Hid. Rossweill, ross'^in, a town of Saxony, on the Mulde, 5 miles W.N.W. of Nossen. Pop. 69t5S. It has manufac- tures of woollen cloth. Rost, a township of Jackson co., Minn. Pop. 104. Rostak, ros*lA.k', an inland town of South Arabia, do- minion and 68 miles W.S.W, of Muscat. Rosterschiitz, the German name of Wlatiislawow. Ros'tock,acity ofGermnny, in Mecklenburg-Sehwerin, on the Warnow, 9 miles from its mouth in the lialtio, and at the terminiition of a branch railway, 44 miles N.K. of Schwerin. Lat. 54° 5' N. ; Ion. 10° 14' E. Pop. 34,172. It consists of an old, a middle, and a new town, with sev- eral suburbs. The principal ediiioes are a palace of the grand duke, numerous churches, several hospitals, a town hall, and a theatre. It has a university founded in 1410, with a library, theological and other schools, an anatomical theatre, laboratory, butanic garden, and various scientific collections. Here are also a society of natural history and other associations, and a commercial institute. It has nu- merous manufactories of woollen cloth, soap, and chiccory, with extensive breweries, distilleries, vinegar-, color-, and chemical-factories, and sugar-refineries. Its trade is ex- tensive; the exports consist principally of superior red wheat, barley, pease, rape-seed, oats, wool, rags, oil-cake, rape oil, bones, flax, horses, cattle, and provisions; the imports comprise colonial produce, wines, and manufactured goods. The depth of water in the river is from S to 9 feet, and vessels above that draught load and unload at Warne- miinde, its outport. Rostock is mentioned in history as early as 1161, and was long one of the Ilanse Towns. Ros'tok, a village of Bohemia, 4 miles from Starken- bach. Pop. 1050. Rostov, or Rostow, ros-tov', written also Rostoff, or Dmitria-Rostofskago,d*me'tre-3,-ros-tofs-ki'go, a townuf Russia, government and 225 miles E.S.E. of Yeka- ■terinoslav, on the Moscow-Caucasus Railway, and on the right bank of tho Don, 22 miles above its mouth in the Sea of Azof, Pop. 44,453. It is well built, and defended by a strong fortress. It has depots of provisions for the army, and is a principal entrepot for the trade of the vast countries traversed by the Don. It has a large annual fair. Rostov, Rostow, or Rostotf, a town of Russia, government and 37 miles S.S.W. of Yaroslav, on Lake Nero. Pop. 9683. It is enclosed by earthen ramparts, and is the sec of a Greek archbishop. The principal edifices are an ancient cathedral, several convents, episcopal palaces, and a seminary. It has manufactures of linens, vitriol, and colors, and an active commerce. Its annual fair is often frequented by about 45,000 persons. See also Nero. Rostra'ver, a post-office or hamlet in Rostraver town- ship, Westmoreland co.. Pa., about 28 miles S.S.E. of Pitts- burg. The township is bounded on the E. by the Youghio- gheny River, and on the W. by the Monongahela. It contains a small village named AVebster, and has 7 churches. Pop. of the township. 2786. Coal is mined here. Rostreiieu, rosHr§h-n6N«', a village of France, in C6tes-du-Nord, 25 miles S.S.W. of Guingamp. Pop. 1626. Rostrevor, or Rosstrevor, ros-tree'vor, a town of Ireland, co. of Down, on the N. side of Carlingford Bay, 8 miles E.S.E. of Newry by railway. Pop. 627. Roswell, roz'well, a post-village of Cobb co., Ga., on the Chattahoochee River, at the mouth of Vickcry's Creek, 13 miles N.E. of Marietta, and about 22 miles N. of At- lanta. It has 3 or 4 churches, a high school, a cotton-fac- tory, and a woollen-factory. Roswell, a post-offiee of Lincoln co.. New Mexico. Rota, ro'ti, an island of the Pacific. Lat. 14° 9' N.; Ion. 145° 18' E. It is 12 miles long and 5^ miles broad. Rota, ro'tS.. a town of Spain, province and 6 miles N.N.W. of Cadiz. Pop. 6972. It has a castle and a harbor. Rotello, ro-t^rio, a town of Ittily, province of Campo- basso, 7 miles S.E. of Larino. Pop. '2290. Rotenbnrg, a town of Germany. See Rothenburg. Rotenburg, ro't?n-booRG\ a town of Prussia, province and 62 miles N.N.W. of Hanover. Pop. 1770. Roterodamum, the Latin name of Rotterdam. Roth, rot, a river of Wiirtemberg, joins the Danube on the right, 7 miles S.S.W. of Ulm. Length, 38 miles. Roth, a town of Bavaria, on the Rednitz, 15 miles by rail S. of Nuremberg. Pop. 2604. It has a castle, a high school, and manufactures of cutlery, gold and silver lace, and glass. Ro'tha, or Ro'thay, a small stream of England, in Wc!>ttnoreIand. a tributary of Windermere, near Ambleside. Rotha, ro'ta. a town of Saxony, 10 miles S.S.E. of Lcinsie. on the Pleisse. Pop. 2029. Rothalbcil, a village of Bavaria. See Rodaldrn. Rothbury, roth'bijr-o, a town of England, co. of Northumberland, on the Coquet, and on a railway, 11 miles W.S.W. of Alnwick. Pop. 1074. Roth-Dobrawitz, Bohemia. See DonnAwiTZ. Rotheiiburg,ro't9n-booRG\ a town of Prussian Silesia, 54 miles W. of Licgnitz, on the Ncisse. Pop. 1225. Rotheiibiir^, ro't^n-biirg or ro'ttjn-boonG^ or Ro- tenburg, ro't^n-booito^ a town of Prussia, in Hcsso-Nas- sau. on the Fulda, 24 miles S.S.E. of Cassel. Pop. 3229. Rothcnburg, a town of Prussian Saxony, 23 miles N.N.W. of Morseburg. Pop. 1225. Rotheiiburg, ro'tenb6oRG\ a village of Switzerland, canton and 3 miles N.AV. of Lucerne. Pop. 1312. Rothciibiirg-au-(lcr-Tauber, ro't§n-bo6itG^-in- d^ii-tuw'b^r, a town of Bavaria, on the Tauber, 31 miles S.S.E. of Wurzburg. Pop. 5241. It has a high school, and manufacture?* of woollen cloth. RotUcnfels^ ro't^n-ffils*, a town of Baden, on the Murg. 6 miles E.S.E. of Rastadt. Pop. 1569. Rotheiifcis, a town of Bavaria, in Lower Franconia, 17 miles \V.N.W. of Wurzburg. Pop. 90S. Rotheitmaiin, a town of Styria. See Rottbnmann. Rothenthurm, ro't^n-toonm^ {i.e., "red tower"), a pass of Europe, between Transylvania and Boumania, 17 miles S.S.E. of Hermannstadt. Rothcr, roTn'or, a small river of England, in Sussex, enters the English Channel at Rye. Rother, a rivulet of England, co. of Surrey, enters the Thames at Rotherhithe. Rotherhain, roTii'er-am, a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, on the*Don, 6 miles N.E. of Sheffield, at a railway junction. It has various churches, many chapels, a court-house, a market-house, a public library, a college of the Independents, a literary institution, a gram- mar-school, almshouses, a workhouse, and on its old bridge is an ancient chapel, now used for a prison. Rotherham has manufactures of all kinds of iron goods, including cannons, machinery, and bridge-work, also of starch, rope, twine, glass, and soap, large breweries, and flax-mills ; its industry and trade being facilitated by abundant supplies of coal in the vicinity, and by the navigation of the Don. Pop. 25,892. Rotherhithe, roTH'er-hiTH, often pronounced and written Red'riff, a parish of England, a S.E. suburb of the metropolis, co.- of Surrey, on the Thames, 2^ miles S.E. of St. Paul's, London. It consists mostly of inferior streets, and of dock-yards for ship-building, Ac, in which, and- in ship-chandlery, its population is chiefly employed. Here is the S. entrance to the Thames Tunnel. Pop. 27,096. Roth'erwood, a post-hamlet of Hawkins co., Tenn., on the Holston River, 1 mile from Kingsport, and 26 miles E.N.E. of Rogersville. It has a woollen -factory and a flour-mill. Rothes, roth'§s, a village of Scotland, co. and 9 miles S.S.E. of Elgin. Near here is Rothes Castle. Pop. 1319. Rothesay, roth'sA, a burgh of Scotland, capital of the CO. of Bute, at the head of a beautiful bay on the E. side of the island, 30 miles W. of Glasgow. It is much resorted to by invalids. The principal public edifices are 2 churches and numerous chapels, a ruined castle of the eleventh cen- tury, excellent schools, county and town halls, and custom- and excise-offices. It has public libraries and reading- rooms, banks, insurance companies, large cotton-mills, some ship-building docks, and important herring-, salmon-, had- dock-, whiting-, and sole-fisheriet;. Pop. 7760. Rothes Meer, the German name of the Red Sra. Rothhaar- Gebir^e, rot'hflr-gh^h-becu'gheh, a mountain-range in the E. part of the Rhenish Province, Prussia, stretches nearly 45 miles, from S.AV. to N.E. Rothmiihle, rot'mii^I§h, a village partly in Bohemia and partly in Moravia, near Policzka. Pop. 3267. Roth'say, or Maryborough, a post-village in Wel- lington CO., Ontario, on the river Conestogo, IS miles N.AV. of Elora. It contains 3 churches, a woollen-factory, asaw- and grist-mill, and several stores. Pop. 250. Rothsay, a post-village in Kings co., New Brunswick, on the Kennebaccasis River, and on the Intercolonial Rail- way, 9 miles N. of St. John. Pop. 150. Rothsville, rots'vil, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co., Pa., about 10 miles N. of Lancaster, and 1 mile S. of Roth- viUe Station of the Reading & Columbia Railroad. It has a coach-shop, a flour-mill, and a cigar-factory. ROT 18 Roth'ville, a post-hamlet of Chariton co., Mo., 10 miles S. of Brookfield. It has 1 or 2 churches. Rothville^a station in Lancaster co., Pa., on the Read- ing & Columbia Railroad, 21 miles N.E. of Columbia. Rothwasser^ rot'was*s?r. a village of Moravia, 33 miles N.W. of Olmutz. Pop. 2990. Rothwasser, a village of Bohemia, 10 miles N.N.E. of Landskron. Pop. 3339. Rotomagus, an ancient name of Rouen. Rotonda, ro-ton'di, a town of Italy, in Basilicata, 19 miles S.E. of Lngancgro. Pop. 2861. Rotondella, ro-ton-d41'14, a town of Italy, in Basi- licata, adjacent to the above. Pop. 3S83. Rotschcnsalm, rot"shen-sihu', a fort and naval sta- tion of Russia, N. side of the Gulf of Finland, 12 miles S.S.W. of Frederickshamn, on one of the small islands which stud the mouth of the Kymmene. Rotselaer, rot"seh-lir', a village of Belgium, in Bra- bant, on the Dyle, 17' miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 2100. Rottee, Rotti, Rotte, rot'tee, or Rot'to,an island of the Malay Archipelago, otf the S.W. extremity of Timor. Lat. 10° 40' S. ; Ion. 123° E. Length, 60 miles ; breadth, 20 miles. The Dutch have an establishment on the island, at the N.E. end of which is the village of Rangong. Some geographers regard this as the southernmost island of Asia. Rottenburg, rot'ten-bo5ttG\ a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Neckar, 12 miles W. of Reutlingen. Pop. 61oo. It is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, and has manufactures of leather and paper. Rot'tenmanu^ or Rotheiimann, ro't^n-minn', a town of Styria, on an affluent of the Enns, 20 miles N.W. of Judenburg. Pop. loSl. Rotterdam, rot'tfr-dlm' (Dutch pron. rot'ter-dim' ; L. Itoteroda'mnm), a city of the Netherlands, in South Hol- land, at the confluence of the Rotte with the Maas, and at a railway junction, iO miles S.S.W. of Amsterdam. Lat. 51" 55' 3" N.; Ion. 4° 29' 5" E. Pop. in 1371, 123,097. It is built in the form of an isosceles triangle, the base and longest side of which is ne.'it the river. The city has as many canals as streets, across which communication is maintained by innumerable drawbridges. It is also trav- ersed by the Rotte, a small stream, at the junction of which with the Meuse there is a large dike or dam, whence the name. The river opposite the town is from 30 to 40 feet deep, and bordering it is a fine quay. Many of the houses are quaint gabled edifices, overhanging their founda- tions. 'The principal buildings are along the chief canals. 'The city has several market-places, a town hall, court- house, house of correction, the exchange, the old East India House, the government dock-yards, arsenal, rope-walks, Ac. The Grootekerk ("Great Church"), or church of St. Lau- rens, founded in 1414 and finished in 1472, contains mon- uments to De Witt, Kortenaar, and De Brakel, and has one of the finest organs in the world, having 90 stops and 6500 pipes. 'The benevolent institutions include a hospital for aged women and another for old men, 2 orphan hospitals, and a general hospital. It is the seat of the central prison of the Netherlands, has an exchange with a library and a collection of philosophical instruments, a Latin school called the Erasmus Gymnasium, schools of medicine and n.avigation, societies of the fine arts, of science, of litera- ture, and of music. Rotterdam is more favorably situated for trade than Am- sterdam ; its canals admit the largest vessels ; a ship-canal has been cut through the Hook of Holland, and it commu- nicates by canals and railways with every part of the king- dom. Since 1830 its commerce has increased more rapidly than that of any other town in the Netherlands. It sends to the Dutch Eastern possessions, and to the West Indies, provisions, spirits, wines, mineral waters, and manufactured goods, in return for ooffeo, sugar, spices, cotton, dye-woods, &e. 'To England and Scotland, with which it carries on an extensive and lucrative trade, it sends cheese, butter, llax, madder, seeds, fruits, ducks, and large numbers of sheep and cattle. With America and with France, Spain, Portu- gal, and. the northern states of Europe, it has also a con- siderable trade. Along the Rhine it sends to Germany and Switzerland sugar, coffee, cotton, dye-woods, indigo, spices, Dutch tobacco, rape-seed, madder, butter, cheese, fish, &c., in return for wheat, rye, Moselle and Rhine wine, pipe- clay, pottery-ware, chemical stuffs, Ac. Besides its extensive commerce, Rotterdam has many dis- tilleries, breweries, vinogar-works, tan-works, candle-works, dye-works, sugar-refineries, bleach-fields, corn-, oil-, trass-, snuff-, and saw-mills, and ship-building yards. It has likewise steam communication with London, Leith, Hull, Yarmouth, Dunkirk, Havre, Antwerp, Ac. 8 ROU Rotterdam is the birthplace of the celebrated Erasmus, and of the naval hero Cornells Van 'Tromp, Rot'terdam, a post-office of Osborne co., Kansas. Rotterdam, a township of Schenectady co., N.Y. Pop. 2355. Rotterdam Island, Pacific Ocean. See Ansamooko. Rotti, or Rotto, Malay Archipelago. See Rottee. Rott'iiest (Rat-Nest) Island, West Australia, co. of Perth, is opposite the mouth of Swan River. Lat. 31° 57' S.; Ion. 115° 25' E. Length, 10 miles. Rottum, rot'tiim, or Rotturaeroog, rot'tiim-eh-rog', an island of the Netherlands, province of Groningen, in the North Sea, 4 miles S.W. of Borkum. Rottum, a river of Wiirtemberg, joins the Danube, on the right, about 7 miles above Ulm. Length, 32 miles. Rottweil, rot'Ail, a town of Wiirtemberg, on a height beside the Neckar, 14 miles S. of Sulz. Pop. 4596. It is enclosed by walls, and has a gymnasium, a hospital, an exchange, schools, and a considerable trade. Rotuma, Rotumah, ro-too'nul, Rotuam, ro-too'- iin, or Gren'ville Island, an island of the Pacific Ocean, N.W. of the Friendly Islands. Lat. 12° 30' S. ; Ion. 177° 30' E. Circumference, 18 miles. Pop. 2680. Rotz, rcits, Retz, rits, or Retza, rkV-ii,, a town of Austria, on the Thaya, 43 miles N.N.W. of Vienna. P. 3206. Rotz, a town of Bavariji, on the Sohwarzaeh, 30 miles N.E. of Ratisbon. Pop. 1182. Roubaix, roo'bi', a town of France, department of Nord, on the Canal of Roubaix, and on the Northern Rail- way, 6 miles N. of Lille. Pop. 83,664. It has a chamber of manufactures, and is one of the most industrious and thriving towns in France. It is abundantly supplied with water by artesian wells. Its manufactures comprise wool- len and cotton fabrics, velvets, bareges, cloaks, mohair, fur- niture, cloth, carpets, and twist. Roubaix has also many dye-works, tanneries, distilleries, and machine-shops. Its workpeople are in better circumstances than those of most other manufacturing towns in the country. Roubidoux, roo^be-doo', a post-otfice of Texas co., Mo., in Upton township. Roubidoux, or Robideaux, a township of Texas CO., Mo., about 44 miles S.S.W. of Rolla. Pop. 617. Roubidoux (Robideaux, or Robidoux) Creek, Missouri, rises in Texas co., runs northward, and enters the Gasconade River in Pulaski co., 1 mile below Waynesville. Roubion, roo'be-6N»', a small river of France, in Dr6me, flows W., and joins the Rhone at Montelimar. Roudbar, a village of Persia. See Roodbar. Rouen, roo'en (Fr. pron. rwiN; anc. Ratom'agua or Rotom'agm), a city of France, capital of the department of Seine-Inferieure, on the right bank of the Seine, 84 miles N.W. of Paris, and 56 miles E.S.E. of Havre, with which it is connected by railway. Lat. 49° 26' N. ; Ion. 1° 6' E. Pop. in 1876, 104,902. It stands on a gentle ac- clivity facing the S., and is built in the shape of an irregu- lar oval, the contour of which is marked out by the site of the old ramparts, which have been levelled down and con- verted into finely-planted boulevards. In addition to the town proper there are several suburbs, of which that of St. Sever, on the left bank of the river, is the most extensive. Viewed from the adjoining heights, no provincial town in France presents a more magnificent and venerable aspect. Among the public edifices the first place is due to the cathedral, a vast and imposing structure, with its front flanked by two lofty towers, and almost covered with images and sculptures. Its interior is 435 feet long, 104 feet broad, and 894 feet high. The choir has on its pavement small lozenge-shaped tablets of marble, marking the spots where the heart of Richard Coeur-de-Lion and the bodies of his brother Henry and his uncle Geoffrey Plantagenet were interred. The other principal edifices are the archbishop's palace, adjoining the cathedral, the abbey of St. Ouen, with a church, the church of St. Maclou, the h5tel-de-ville, con- taining, in addition to the municipal buildings, a public library and a picture-gallery, the Palais de Justice, the museum, and the Halles, a vast edifice containing a series of halls, in which the principal manufactures of the town are weekly exposed for sale. In the Place de la Pueello is a monument erected to the Maid of Orleans, on the spot where the heroine was committed to the flames. 'The staple manufaeturos are cottons, in a great variety of forms, produced to such an extent as to make Rouen the Manchester of France. It is also famous for its confec- tionery. The other principal articles are broadcloth, combs, fine liqueurs, chemical products, Ac. There are also tanneries, sugar-refineries, copper- and iron-foundries, forges, and rolling-mills. The situation of the town on the ROU 1S99 ROU railway from Paris to Havre, and on an important naviga- ble river, accessible by large vessels, is very tavurablo for trade. The principal articles are grain, flour, wine, brandy, salt, provisions, oil, wool, and the various articles of its manufacture, particularly a species of striped and cheokod cotton goods oulled rotiennerien. Kouen is the seo of an arohbishop, the seat of courts of primary jurisdiction and commerce, and of a court of appeal for the departments of Seino-Inferioure and Eure. It has a chamber of commerce and exchange, couaeil de prttW- hommen, mint, li/cee or college, diocesan seminary, school of hydrography, academy of science and art, a school of painting, sculpture, and architecture, a botanic garden, a public library of 120,000 volumes, a theatre, and a custom- house. It is a place of great antiquity, and existed before the conquest of Gaul by the Romans, under whom it took the name of Rotomagns. In the ninth century it was pil- laged by the Normans, who made it their capital. After the Norman conquest it long continued in the possession of the English, who finally lost it in 1419, IS years after their inhuman sacrifice of Joan of Arc. Corneille, Fontenelle, and other eminent men were born here. Rouergue, roo-aiitg' or rw^ug, an ancient district of France, in the E. part of the province of Guiennc. It was divided into Haute-Marche, Basse-iMarche, and Comte. Rodez was its capital. It is now included in the depart- ment of Aveyron. Rouflach, a town of Alsace. Seo Ritach. llou^e, roo*zhi', a town of France, in Loire-Inferieure, 6 miles N.AV. of Chriteaubriant. Pop. 25S. Rouge RayoU) roozh bi'oo, Louisiana, drains part of Avoyelles parish, and joins the Atchafaluya in St. Lan- dry parish. Rouge Hillf a post-village in Ontario co., Ontario, on Lake Ontario, 17 miles E. of Toronto. Pop. 100, Rougemout, roozh'm6No', or Rctclimuiid« r^tch*- muN"', a town of France, in Doubs, 22 miles N.E. of Be- san^on. Pop. 1334. Rougemoiit, roozh^m^No', a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, on the Saane, 2S miles E. of Lausanne. Rougemont, rouzhMii6No', a post-village in Rouville CO., Quebec, U miles E. by S. of Chambly Basin. Pop. 500. Rouge (roozh) River, Michigan, rises in Newaygo eo., runs southward into Kent co., and enters Grand River about 10 miles above Grand Rapids. Rouge River, Michigan, is formed by 3 branches which rise in Oakland and Washtenaw cos, and unite at Dearborn, AVayne co. It runs eastward, and enters Detroit River 5 miles below the city of Detroit. Rough and Ready, a station in Lee co., Ala., on the Western Railroad of Alabama, at the junction of the East Alabama & Cincinnati Railroad, 4 miles N. of Opelika. Rough and Ready, a post-village of Nevada co., Cal., 4 miles N.W. of Grass Valley, and about 25 miles E. by N, of Marysville. It has a quartz-mill for gold, which is found liere. Rough and Ready, a village of Anderson co., Ky., 9 miles S. of Frankfort. It has 3 churches, an academy, and manufactures of carriages, cigars, &c. Pup. 160. Rough and Ready, a station in Huntingdon co., Pa., on the Huntingdon & Broad Top Railroad, 17 miles S.S.W. of Huntingdon, Rough and Ready, a post-hamleC of Schuylkill co., Pa., abuut 22 miles S. of Danville. Rough and Ready 3IiUs, a post-hamlet of Henry co., Va., 40 miles N.W. of Danville. It has a tobacco-factory. Rough Creek, Kentucky, drains part of Grayson and Hardin cos., runs westward and southwestward through Ohio CO., and enters Green River about 9 miles above Cal- houn. It is nearly lOU miles long. Rough Creek, a post-hamlet of Charlotte co., Va., 9 miles N.W. of Smithville, and about 2S miles S.S.E. of Lynchburg. It has a church, a grist-mill, and 3 stores. Pop. about 100. Rough Creek Springs, a summer resort of Hardin CO., Ky., 7 miles W.N.W. of Big Clifty. Here is a mineral spring with a hotel surrounded by picturesque scenery, Ronjan, roo'zh6iNo', a town of France, in Uerault, 13 miles N.N.E. of Beziers. Pop. 1S75. Rouk, Pacific Ocean. See Hogoles Islands. Roulers, rooM4' (Flemish, Ronsaelaer, rows^seh-lin'), a town of Belgium, in West Flanders, on an affluent of the Lys, at a railway junction, 13 miles by rail N.W. of Cour- trai. Pop. 11,500. It has a gymnasium, and manufac- tures of linens. Roulet, or Roulette, roo-lSt', a post-township of Potter CO., Pa., on the Alleghany River, 7 miles E.S.E. of Port Alleghany. It has manufactures of bricks and lum- ber. Pop. 525. Rouni, a vilayet of Asiatic Turkey. See Seevas. Rouinania, roo-ma'ne-a, a principality of Europe, comprising the former principalities of Moldavia and Wal- laohia, with the Dobrudja. Roumania proper is bounded E. and N. by the Pruth, separating it from Russia; S. by the Danube, separating it from Bulgaria; W. and N.W. by the Carpathian Mountains, which separate it from the Austrian empire. {See also Douriid.ia.) Area, 49,202 square miles. Total pop. 5,376,000. Moldavia is 230 miles in length N. to S., and 85 miles in breadth. Surface mountainous in the W,, where it is traversed by the Carpathians and their branches; level towards the E. Chief rivers, the Pruth, Sereth, Birbal, and Bistritz, all flowing S. It is covered with forests and pasture-lands, in which vast numbers of horses and cattle are reared. Soil fertile in grain, fruit, and wine. Climate variable and unhealthy ; hot in summer, excessively cold in winter. It has almost no manufactures or practicable roads. It is divided into 13 districts, and has ;'G towns and about 2000 villages. Chief town, Yassy. Wnllachia is bounded S.E., S., and S.W. by the Danube, which separates it from Bulgaria and Servia, N. by Mol- davia and Austro-Hungary. Length, E. to W., 270 miles; mean breadth, 120 miles. Chief town, Bucharest. Sur- face mountainous in tiio N., low and marshy in the S, It is well watered by the Danube and its affluents the Aloota, Schy], Jalomnitza, and Dimbovetza, and generally very fertile. Climate extreme; hot and moist in summer, and very cold in winter. Chief crops, wheat, barley, rye, hemp, and tobacco. The vine thrives well. Forests are extensive, and pasturage excellent. Cattle and sheep are extensively reared, and fine wool is exported. The inhab- itants are chiefly Wallachians, with a mixture of gypsies, Jews. Armenians, and Greeks, mostly of the Greek church, speaking a dialect of Latin origin. This country formed part of Dociii in the Roman empire. It was afterwards under the dominion of the Goths and Huns; it formed a separate kingdom in 1290; in 1479 it was conquered by Mohammed II.; it regained its independence for a short time, and afterwards formed a province of the Ottoman empire till 1S29. By the treaty of Adrianople, in 1S30, it was placed under the protection of Russia and its vassalage to Turkey became nominal. Moldavia was subjected to the Turkish empire in 1529, but since 1S29 it has been only tributary to the Ottoman Porte. The prince or hospodar was nominated for life by the Sultan and the Emperor of Russia conjointly. On July 2, 1853, a Russian army, com- manded by Prince Gortschakoff, invaded the Danubian principalities. In October the hospodars resigned their government to an extraordinary council of administration. November 8 an ukase of the Emperor of Russia conferred the administration on Baron de Budberg. On July 31, 1S54, the Russians evacuated Bucharest, and in terms of the treaty of Paris, in 1856, the Moldavians took possession of Bolgrad, Ismail, and Reni in February, 1857- Prince Charles of Ilohenzollern-Sigmaringen was elected Prince of Roumania in 1801). Roumania assisted the Russians in the Turkish war of 1877-78, was declared an independent monarchy in 1878, and in the same year received Dobrudja, in lieu of Western Bessarabia, reclaimed by Russia. Roumelia, roo-mee'le-a, Room-£lee, or Rumili) room'e-lee^, a province of European Turkey, formerly com- prising the whole country S. of the Balkans and E. of Macedonia. In 1878 a portion of this territory was given to Bulgaria, and a larger portion was formed into the prin- cipality of Eastern Roumelia. The present Roumelia in- cludes the Turkish territory E. of Albania. Chief cities, Constantinople and Adrianople. See Eastkrn Roumelia, Roum-Kalah, Asiatic Turkey. See Roosr-KALAH. Round'away Bayou (bi'oo), of Louisiana, traverses Madison parish a few miles W. of the Mississippi, with which it communicates in high water. It is connected to- wards the S. with Bayou Vidal. Round Bot'tom, a post-office of Monroe co., 0. Round Bottom, a post-hamlet of Wayne co., W. Va., 10 miles from Huntington. It has a church. Round Glade, a post-office of Raleigh co., AV. Va. Round Grove, township, Livingston co.. Ill, P. 640; Round Grove, a post-hamlet of AVhitesides co.. 111., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 9 miles W- of Ster- ling. It has a church. Round Grove, post-township, White co., Ind. P. 401. Round Grove, a post-hamlet of Scott eo., Iowa, about 20 miles N.W. of Davenport. Round Grove, a post-township of McLeod co., Minn., 16 miles S.W. of Glencoe. It has 2 churches. Pop. 242. ROU ROV Round Grove, a post-hamlet of Lawrence co., Mo., 20 . miles N.E. of Sarcoxie. It has a church. Round Grove, Macon co., Mo. See Beverly. Round Grove, township, Marion co.. Mo. Pop. 1379. Round'hay, a township of England, co. of York, West Riding, 3 miles N.E. of Leeds. It has a picturesque church and almshouses, and consists almost entirely of handsome mansions with gardens and spacious grounds. Round'head, a post-hamlet of Hardin Co., 0., in Roundhead township, on the Scioto River, about 22 miles S.E. of Lima, and Id miles S.W. of Kenton. Pop. 117; of the township, 759. Round Hill, a post-office of Dallas co.. Ark. Round Hill, a post-hamlet of Fairfield co., Conn., about 45 miles W.S.W. of New Haven. Round Hill, a post-office of Montgomery co., Ind. Round Hill, a post-hamlet of Adams co.. Pa., about 14 miles N.E. of Gettysburg. It has a coach-factory. Round Hill, a post-office and station of Loudoun co., Va., at a terminus of the Washington & Ohio Railroad, 18 miles W. of Leesburg. Round Hill, a post-village in Annapolis co., Nova Scotia, on the Western Counties Railway, 8 miles E. of Annapolis. Pop. 200. Round Hill, a post-village in Kings co., New Bruns- wick, on St. John River, 23 miles above St. John. P. 100. Round House, a post-office of Vigo co., Ind. Round Island, a post-hamlet of Clinton co., Pa., on Sinnemahoning Creek, and on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, 45 miles W.N.W. of Lock Haven.' Round Knob, nob, a post-hamlet of Putnam co., W. Va., about 28 miles N.W. of Charleston. Round Lake, a small lake of Hamilton co., N.Y., has its outlet into Lake Pleasant. Round Lake, a post-township of Jackson co., Minn., 12 miles S.E. of Worthington. Pop. 104. Round Lake, a post-office and watering-place in Malta township, Saratoga co., N.Y., is on a small lake, and on the Rensselaer A Saratoga Railroad, 13 miles S. of Saratoga Springs. It has 2 churches. Camp-meetings are held here. Round Mound, a post-office of Osborne co., Kansas. Round Mountain, a post-hamlet of Cherokee co., Ala,, about 70 miles S.E. of Huntsville. It contains the iron-works of the Round Mountain Coal and Iron Co. Round Mountain, a post-hamlet of Shasta co., Cal., about 30 miles N.E. of Redding. Gold is found here. Round Mountain, post-offiee, Socorro co.. New Mex. Round Mountain, a post-hamlet of Wilkes co., N.C., 50 miles from Statesville. Round Mountain, a post-village of Blanco eo., Tex., 50 miles W. of Austin. It has a church and a seminary. Round Oak, a post-office of Jones co., Ga'. Round Peak, a post-office of Surry co., N.C. Round Plains, a post-village in Norfolk co., Ontario, i miles N.W. of Waterford. Pop. 150. Round Pond, a post-office of St. Clair eo., Ala, Round Pond, a post-village in Bristol township, Lincoln co.. Me., on a small inlet of the sea, about 22 miles E. of Bath. It has 2 churches, and a manufactory of fish oil. Here is a steamboat-landing. Round Prairie, pra'ree, a township of Jefferson co., Iowa. Pop. 1047. Round Prairie, a post-township of Todd co., Minn. Pop. 359. Round Prairie, a township of Callaway co., Mo. Pop. 1211. Round Prairie, a post-office of Douglas co., Oregon. Round Rock, a post-village of Williamson co., Tex., on or near the International &, Great Northern Railroad, 18 miles N. of Austin. Round Rock has a money-order post- office, a church, a bank, a grist-mill, a newspaper office, &a. Round Spring, a post-office of Mitchell co., Kansas, 36 miles N. of Ellsworth. Round Spring, a post-office of Shannon co., Mo. Round Stone, a post-office of Rook Castle eo., Ky. Round Tiin'ber, a post-office of Baylor co., Tex. Round Top, a post-hamlet of Tioga co.. Pa., on the Corning, Cowanesque *fe Antrim Railroad, 4 miles S. of Wellsborough. It has a church, a cheese-factory, and 2 saw-mills. Round Top, a post-hamlet of Wilson co., Tenn., 20 miles S.E. of Lebanon. It has a church and an academy. Round Top, a post-village of Fayette co., Tex., 9 miles S.E. of Ledbetter, and 66 miles E.S.E. of Austin. It has 2 churches, a steam saw-mill, Ac. Round Top, a station in Morgan eo., W. Va., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 26 miles N.W. of Martinsburg. Round Valley, a post-office of Inyo co., Cal. Round Valley, township, Mendocino co., Cal. P. 444. Rounyah, a town of Asiatic Turkey. See Roonyah. Roup, roop, a station in Alleghany CO., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 4 miles E. of Pittsburg. Rouphia, roo-fee'a (anc. Alphe'us), a river of Greece, in the Morea, is formed by the junction of the Carbonaro, Ladon, and Dogana Rivers, drains Arcadia, and enters the Mediterranean on the W. coast of the Morea, near Cape Katacolo. Length, about 100 miles. Roure, roor, a village of Italy, 18 miles N.W. of Pi- nerolo, on the Ciusone. Pop. of commune, 3025. Rouroutou, Pacific Ocean. See OnKTunoA. Rousa, a town of Russia. See RoosA. Rousay, roo'sA, one of the Orkney Islands, in Scut- land, 5i miles S. of the headland of Skea, in Westray. Length, from E. to W., 4 miles; breadth, 3 miles. Pop. 860. Rouse's (rowss'iz) Point, a post-office of Custer co., Montana. Rouse's Point, a post-village in Champlain township, Clinton co., N.Y., on Lake Champlain, at its outlet, 24 miles N. by E. of Plattsburg, and 24 miles N.W. of St. Albans. It is on the Canadian frontier, at the N. terminus of the New York «& Canada Railroad, connected with Montreal by the Grand Trunk Railway, and on the Ogdensburg & Lake Champlain Railroad, which here connects with the Vermont Central Railroad. The trains of this road here cross the lake on a bridge, about 1 mile long. The village contains 3 churches, large repair-shops of the railroad, and manufac- tures of lumber, tobacco-pipes, Iills, a post-office of Rowan co., N.C. Rowau'ta, a post-office of Dinwiddle co., Va. Rowayton, Connecticut. See Five Mile Rivkr. Rowe, ro, a post-village of Livingston co., III., in Es- men township, on the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, 6^ miles N.W. of Pontiac. It has 3 churches. Rowe, a post-hamlet in Rowe township, Franklin co., Mass., about 12 miles E. of North Adams. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of satinet, leather, &g. The township is bounded on the W. by the Deerfield River. Pop. of the township, G61. ROAVell, ro'el, a township of Marion eo., S.C. P. 891. Rowe'na, a post-office of Russell co., Ky., on the Cum- berland River, opposite Lairsville. Rowensko, ro-w^n'sko, a town of Bohemia, IS miles N.E. of Runtzlau. Pop. 2212. Ro'wer, a village of Ireland, co. of Kilkenny, 4 miles N. of New Ross. Pop. of parish, 1950. Rowesville, roz'vil, a post-hamlet of Orangeburg eo., S.C, on the South Carolina Railroad, 71 miles N.W, of Charleston. ,, It has a church. Rowland, ro'land or row'land, a post-office of Lime- stone CO., Ala. Rowland, a post-hamlet of El Dorado co., Cal., on Tahoe Lake. It has a steamboat-landing. RoAvland, a post-office of Isabella co., Mich. Rowland, a post-hamlet in Bristol township, Morgan CO., 0., 10 miles S.W. of Cumberland Station. Rowland, a post-viliage of Pike co., Pa., on the Dela- ware & Hudson Canal, the Lackawaxen Creek, and the Honesdale Branch of the Erie Railroad, 21 miles E.S.E. of Honesdale. It has a church, a high school, and a steam aaw-mill. Rowland Mills, apost-hamletof Hunterdon co., N.J., in Readington township, 1 mile from Stanton Station. Rowlandsville,ro'lanz-vil, a post-village of Cecil co., Md., on the Susquehanna River, and on the Philadelphia & Baltimore Central Railroad, 4i miles N. of Port Deposit. It has 2 churches, a mill, and a manufactory of sheet-iron. Rowlesburg, rolz'burg, a post-village of Preston co., W. Va., on tho Cheat River, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 27 miles E. of Grafton. It has 2 churches and a lumber-mill. Rowletta, row-lct'ta, a post-offioo of Pettis co.. Mo,, 20 miles N.W. of Sedalia. Rowlett's (row'lets) Depot, a post-hamlot of Hart CO., Ky., on tho Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 75 miles S. of Louisville. It has a tobacco-factory. Rowley, row'le, a post-hamlet in Homer township, Buchanan co., Iowa, on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad, 8 miles S. of Indoponduncc. It has 2 churches. Rowley, a post-village in Rowley township, Essex co., Mass., on the Eastern Railroad, 31 miles N. N.E. of Boston. It has 2 churches, a hotel, and manufactures of boots, shoes, ifco. The township is bounded E. by the Atlantic, and con- tains extensive salt-marshes. Pop. of township, 1162. Rowley's Ray, a post-office of Door co., AVis., on a bay of Lake Michigan. Rowley's Landing, a shipping-village of Crittenden CO., Ark., on the Mississippi, 3 miles from Hulburt. It has 2 stores, several ootton-gins and corn-mills, and a broom-factory. In the vicinity are 3 churches. RoAV'ner, a hamlet of England, co, of Hants, 3 miles S. of Farcham. Rowno, rov'no, a town of Russia, in Volhynia, near several lakes, 115 miles W.N.W. of Zhitomeer. Pop. 6390. Rows, or Rowsbur^, rowz'burg, a post-village in Perry township, Ashland co., 0., 9 miles E. of Ashland, and about 14 miles N.W. of Wooster. It has 3 churches and about 50 houses. Pop. 450. Its post-office is Rows. Row'serah, or Rus'era, also called Rus'ra and Rus'ara, a town of Bengal, on the Little Gunduck. Lat. 25° 45' N. ; Ion. 86° 4' E. Pop. 9441. It is the seat of a hirge trade. Rowzah, row'zS., a town of India, in the Deccan, N.AV, of Aurungabad, near the caves of Elora. Row'zersville (formerly Pikesville), a post-village in Washington township, Franklin co., Pa., i mile from the Blue Ridge, li miles from the Western Maryland Railroad, and about 20 miles S.S.E. of Chambersburg, It has 2 churches and a distillery. Pop. about 500. Rox'abel, a post-village in Concord township, Ross co., 0., on the North Fork of Paint Creek, and on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 13 miles W.N.W. of ChilUcothe. It has a church and a wagon -factory. Ro.vala'na, a post-office of Roane co., W. Va. Roxales, a town of Spain. See Rojales. Rox^an'a, a post-village of Sussex co., Del., in Balti- more Hundred, 4 miles N.E. of Selbyville Station. It has a church, an academy, a lumber-mill, a factory for canning fruit, and several stores. Pop. about 200. Roxana, a post-township of Eaton co., Mich., about 17 miles W. of Lansing. Pop. 1354. See Needmere. Roxborough, rox'bur-ruh, a post-village, capital of Person co., N.C, in Roxborough township, 55 miles N.N.W. of Raleigh. It has a church and a tobacco-factory. Pop. of the township, 1117. Roxborough, formerly a township of Philadelphia CO., Pa., now included within the limits of the city of Philadelphia, about 7 miles N. by W. of Independence Hall. It lies ~W. of the Wissahickon, and adjoins Manayunk on the N. Many fine residences are located here. Roxburg, Warren co., N.J. See Rocksburg. Roxburgh, rox'bur-ruh, or Roxburghshire, rox'- bur-ruh-shir, a county of Scotland, having E. and S. the English counties of Northumberland and Cumberland. Area, 670 square miles. Pop. 53,974. Principal rivers, the Teviot, which intersects it throughout, and the Tweed in the N. Coal, lime, marl, and freestone are the chief mineral products. The principal manufactures are of woollens. The county is intersected by the North British Railway and branches. Principal towns, Jedburgh, the cap- ital, Kelso, Hawick, and Melrose. It sends one member to the House of Commons. Roxburgh, a village and parish of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, at a railway junction, 4 miles S.W. of Kelso. Pop. 1053. It was anciently a place of importance. Roxbury, rox'ber-e, a post-village in Roxbury town- ship, Litchfield co., Conn., about 14 miles W. of Waterbury, and 2 miles E. of the Shepaug Railroad. It has 3 churches. The township is drained by the Shepaug River. Pop, of the township, 919. See Roxbury Station. Roxbury, a post-hamlet of McPherson co., Kansas. Roxbury, a post-township of Oxford co., Me., about 44 miles N.N.W. of Lewiston. Pop. 162. Roxbury, or Boston Highlands, a former city of ROX ROZ Norfolk CO., Mass., on Massachusetts Bay, 3 miles S.S.W. of Boston. The site is elevated and uneven, 'and aifords fine views of picturesque scenery. Here are many elegant residences, with gardens and ornamented grounds. In 1867 Roxbury was annexed to Boston, of which it forms the 13th, 14th, and 15th wards. It has 20 churches, 2 banks, a high school, 2 newspaper offices, manufactures of steam- engines, boilers, fire-engines, chemicals, carpets, clocks, leather, paper, cordage, fringes, tassels, Ac, and is con- nected with the city proper by lines of horse-cars. Pop. in 1S70, 34,772; in 1875, 50,429. Roxbury, a township of Cheshire co., N.H. Pop. 174. Roxbury, a township of Morris co., N..I. Pop. 3320. Roxbury, or Rocks'bury (formerly Youngs'ville), a village of Warren co., N.,J., 4 miles S. of Belvidere, and 1 mile E. of the Delaware River and the Belvidere Dela- ware Railroad. It has a foundry, a plough-factory, and nearly 50 houses. Pink-colored limestone is found here. Roxbury, a post-village in Roxbury township, Dela- ware CO., N.Y., on the East Branch of the Delaware River, and on the Ulster & Delaware Railroad, 59 miles N.W. of Rondout, and about 22 miles E. of Delhi. It has 2 or 3 churches, a sash- and blind-factory, and 3 dry-goods stores. Pop. about 300 ; of the township, 2211. Roxbury, a post-hamlet of Morgan co., 0., in Windsor township, on the Muskingum River, about 20 miles W.N.W. of Marietta. Roxbury, a post-village in Lurgan township, Franklin CO., Pa., 12 miles N. of Chambersburg. It has 3 churches. Roxbury, a post-village in Roxbury township, Wash- ington CO., Vt., on the Central Vermont Railroad, 15 miles S.S.W. of Montpelier. It has 2 churches, several stores, and manufactures of lumber. Verd-antique marble is found near this place. Pop. of the township, 916. Roxbury, a post-hamlet in Roxbury township, Dane CO., Wis., on the Wisconsin River, about 24 miles N.W. of Madison. Pop. of the township, 1151. Roxbury Falls, a station of Litchfield co.. Conn., on the Shepaug River, and on the Shepaug Railroad, 14+ miles N.N.E. of Bethel. Roxbury Mills, a post-office of Howard co., Md. Roxbury Station, or Chalybes (local pron. ki'libs), a post-village in Roxbury township, Litchfield co.. Conn.. on the Shepaug Railroad,"l8 miles N. of Bethel. It has a furnace, a grist-mill, &c. Rox'Uain, a post-village in St. Johns co., Quebec, 5 miles from Hemmingford. Pop. 150. Roxit'icus, a hamlet of Morris co., N.J., on the North Branch of the Raritan River, 5 miles E. of Chester Station. It has 2 flour-mills. Rox'obel, or Rox'ibel, a post-hamlet of Bertie co., N.C., ia Roxobcl township, about 90 miles E.N.E. of Raleigh. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 13S4. Rox'ton, a post-hamlet of Lamar CO., Tex., 6 miles S. of Brookston Station. It has a church and a seminary. Roxton Falls, a village in Shefford co., Quebec, on Black River, 16 miles N.E. of Granby. It contains 2 tan- neries and several stores and mills. Pop. 1200. Roxton Pond, a post- village in Sheiford co., Quebec, 9 miles N. of Granby. Pop. 125. Roy, a post-office of Sumner co., Kansas. Roy'al Centre, a post-village in Boone township. Cass CO., Ind., on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati &, St. Louis Railroad, 11 miles N.W. of Logansport. It has a church. Pop. 306. Royal Milton, England. See Milton. Royal Oak, a post-village of Talbot co., Md., on the Eastern Shore of Chesapeake Bay, 8 miles W. of Easton. It has 3 churches. Pop. 126. Royal Oak, a post-village in Royal Oak township, Oakland co., Mich., on the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, 13 miles N.N.W. of Detroit, and 13 miles S.S.E. of Pontiac. It has a graded school, a newspaper office, 4 churches, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. about 400 ; of township, 1542. Royal Oak, a post-hamlet of Paulding co., 0., on the Miami Canal, 17 miles S. of Defiance. Much timber is shipped here. Roy'alston, a post- village and township in Worcester CO., Mass., about 24 miles W.N.W. of Fitchburg. It has 2 churches, and is surrounded by hills and beautiful scenery. Pop. of the township, 1260. It has 3 saw-mills, and man- ufactures of cassiuiere, chairs, Ac. Royalston Station, in this township, is at South Royalston, on the Vermont & Massachusetts Railroad, 26 miles W. by N. of Fitchburg. Roy'alton, a post-hamlet of Boone co., Ind., about 15 miles N.N.W. of Indianapolis. It has 2 churches. Royalton, a post-hamlet of Russell co., Ky., about 20 miles W. of Somerset, Royalton, a post-hamlet in Royalton township, Ber- rien CO., iMich., on the St. Joseph River, 8 miles N.W. of Berrien Springs, and 1 mile from Lake Michigan. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 959. Royalton, a post-office of Morrison co., Minn. Royalton, a post-township of Niagara co., N.Y., about 26 miles N.E. of Bufl"alo, is bounded on the S. by Tona- wanda Creek, and intersected by the Erie Canal and the New York Central Railroad. Pop. 4990. It contains the villages of Middlcport, Gasport, and Royalton. Royalton, or Royalton Centre, a post-village in Royalton township, Niagara co., N.Y., 10 miles E. of Lock- port, and 2 miles S. of the New York Central Railroad. It has a church, a hotel, and a tannery. Royalton, a township of Cuyahoga eo., 0. P. 1089. Royalton, a post-village in Amanda township, F.air- field CO., 0., about 22 miles S.E. of Columbus. It has a church, a carriage-shop, a drug-store, Ac. Pop. 158. Royalton, a township of Fulton co., 0. Pop. 871. Royalton, a post-office of Crawford co., Pa., about 16 miles N. of Sharon. Royalton, a post-village in Royalton township, Wind- sor CO., Vt., on White River, and on the Central Vermont Railroad, 42 miles S. of Montpelier, and about 25 miles E.N.E. of Rutland. It has 2 churches, a national bank, and an academy. The township contains another village, named South Royalton. Total pop. 1679. Royalton, a post-village in Royalton township, Wau- paca CO., Wis., on the Waupaca River, and on the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad, 6i miles W. of New London, and about 33 miles N.N.W. of Oshkosh. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a grist-mill, Ac. Pop. of township, 1006. Royan, ro^yONo', a town of France, in Charente-Infe- rieure, at the mouth of the Girondc, 20 miles S.W. of Saintes. Pop. 4198. It has a small harbor, defended by a fort, fisheries, and bathing-establishments. Roy Bareilly, roi b4-ri'lee, or Rai Bareli, ri hi,- ri'lee, a town of India, 50 miles S.E. of Lucknow. It is the capital of Roy Bareilly district and division. P. 11,544. Roy Bareilly, a division or commissionership of the North-West Provinces, India, in Oude, consisting of the districts of Roy Bareilly, Sultanpoor, and Pertaubghur. Area, 4911 square miles. Pop. 2,773,211. The district of Roy Bareilly is bounded S.W. by the Ganges. Caj>ital, Roy Bareilly. Area, 1752 square miles. Pop. 988,719. Roybon, rw5,'b6No', a town of France, in Isere, 22 miles W. of Grenoble. Pop. 2128. Roye, rwi, a town of France, in Somme, on the Arve, 26 miles E.S.E. of Amiens. Pop. 3810. It has manufac- tures of beet sugar, woollen hosiery, and flannel. Royer, Blair co.. Pa. See Mines. Royere, roi^aiu', a village of France, in Creuse, 23 miles S. of Gueret. Pop. 323. Roy'er's Ford, a post-village of Montgomery co.. Pa., in Limerick township, on the Schuylkill River, opposite Spring City, and on the Philadelphia A Reading Railroad, 15 miles W.N.AV. of Norristown. It has a hotel, a stove- foundry, and a sad-iron foundry. Pop. about 400. Roy'erton,a post-hamlet of Delaware co., Ind., on the Fort Wayne, Muncie A Cincinnati Railroad, 5J miles N. of Muncie. It has a church. Royse, rois, a hamlet of Fleming co., Ky., 1 mile from Hillsborough. Roys'lield, a post-bamlet of Somerset co., N.J., in Hillsborough township, on the South Branch Railroad, 3 miles S. of Somerville. Royslea, a village of Ireland. See Roslea. Roys'ton, a town of England, cos. of Cambridge and Herts, 13 miles S.S.AV. of Cambridge. Pop. ISOl. It has a venerable church, originally part of a priory, a union workhouse, and a market-house, under which is a curious jLncient cave. Roys'ton, a village of Pike co.. Ark., 3 miles N. of Murfreesborough. It has a church, a cotton-factory, and a grist-mill on Little Missouri River. Royston, a post-village of Franklin co., Ga., on the Elberton Air-Line Railroad, 31 miles S.S.E. of Toccoa. Roy'ville, a village of Lafayette parish. La., 10 miles S. by E. of Vermilionville. It has a church. Roza, or Rowzah, ro'zi (" a tomb"), a town of India, in the Nizam's dominions, 6i miles W.N.W. of Dowletabad. Rozdialowitz, roz-de-i-lo'wits, a town of Bohemia, 36 miles E.N.E. of Prague. Pop. 1393. Ro^zel', a station in Box Elder co., Utah, on the Cen- tral Pacific Railroad, 36 miles W. of Corinne. Rozell'ville, a post-office of Marathon co.. Wis. Rozenburg, ro'z^n-bHuG, a fertile island of the Neth- ROZ 1903 RUF eriands, province of South Holland, in the Meuse, 8 miles g.W. of Rotterdam. Length, 6 miles; breadth, U miles. Ro'zet'ta, a post-villuge of Henderson co.. III., 5 miles E. of Oqunwka, and about 27 miles W. of Galesburg. It has a nursery and 4 churches. Pop. about 30U. Rozmberk, a town of Hungary. Sec Rosexderg. Rozmittnl, a town of Bohemia. See Ro.sesthal. Roziiawii, a town of Hungary. See RosENAV. Roznow, or Roznau, Moravia. See Rosnau. Rozoy- (or Rosay, ro"z4') en-Brie, ro'zwi'-fiNo-bre, a town of France, in Seino-et-JIarne, 17 miles N.E. of Melun. Pop. 1464. Rozoy- (or Rosay-) sur-Serre, ro'zi'-sUn-sain, a town of Franco, in .\isne, 25 miles N.E. of Laon. P. 1297. Rshev, a town of Russin. See RzHEV. Rtiiia, a village of Bohemia. See Heiitis. Riiabon, or Rhiwabon, ru-i'bon, a town of Wales, CO. of Denbigh, at a railway junction, 5 miles S.S.W. of Wre.-iham. The town is small, but the parish contains great iron-works and collieries, and a pop. of lo, 150. Ruatl, roo'id' (ane. Aracliie and Arvnd), a small forti- fied island otf the coast of Syria, S.W. of Tortosa, anciently the site of the city of Aradus. Ruatail, roo.4-tin', or Roatan,ro-i-tin', one of the Bay Islands, Honduras, in lat. 16° 24' N., Ion. 86° 19' W. Length, 3U miles; breadth, 8 miles. Pop. 3000, mostly negroes. The surface is moderately elevated and well wooded, but in the W. consists of gi'assy plains ; the shores abound with turtles and fish. The island has 22 good harbors, of which Port Jledina is the chief. Riibenach, rii'b?h-niK\a village of Rhenish Prussia, government and W.N.W. of Coblentz. Pop. 1465. Ru'beiis, a post-office of Jewell co., Kansas. Ru'bermont, a post-office of Lunenburg co., Va. Rubi, roo-bee', a village of Spain, province and about 10 miles from Barcelona. Pop. 2995. Rubiana, roo-be-i'ni, a town of Italy, province of Turin, IS miles E. of Susa. Pop. 3214. Ru'bicani, a station on the Northeast Pennsylvania Railroad, 13 miles N. of Philadelphia, Pa. Ru'bicon (It. II Rnbicone, il roo-be-ko'ni), a river of Central Italy, rises on the borders of Tuscany, between Mounts Tilfi and Sarsina, and flows E. to the Adriatic, which it enters 9 miles N.W. of Rimini. Length, 20 miles. It was anciently regarded as the boundary between Italy proper and Cisalpine Gaul. It is celebrated in history on account of Ctesar's passage across it at the head of his army, by which act he declared war against the republic. Ru'bicon, a small river of Wisconsin, rises in Wash- ington CO., runs nearly westward, and enters Rock River in Dodge CO., about 10 miles N.E. of Watertown. Rubicon, a township of Huron co., Mich. Pop. 734. Rubicon, a post-village in Rubicon township. Dodge CO., Wis., on tho Chicago, Milwaukee &■ St. Paul Railroad (Northern division), 41 miles N.W. of Milwaukee, and 12 miles S.E. of Horicon Junction. It has a church, several stores, and a steam saw-mill. The township is drained by the Rubicon River, and has a pop. of 1868. Rubielos, roo-Be-i'loce, a town of Spain, province and 19 miles S.E. of Teruel. Pop. 1863. Rubieszoiv, Russian Poland. See Grubeschow. Rubinsk, a town of Russia. See Rybinsk. Rubruni Mare, an ancient name of the Red Sea. Ru'by, a post-oflice of Sedgwick co., Kansas. Ruby, a post-village in Clyde township, St. Clair co., Mich., on Black River, at the mouth of Mill Creek, 11 miles W.N.W. of Port Huron. It has 2 grist-mills, a saw- mill, a church, and a plough-factory. Pop. about 200. Ruby City, a post-office of Ouray co., Col. Ruby Hill, a post-office and mining-village of Eureka CO., Nev., 2t miles from Eureka Station. It has rich silver- mines. Pop. about 700. Ruby Valley, a post-village of Elko co., Nov., about 60 miles S.E. of Elko. Pop. 153. Riickersdorf, rUk'kers-doRr, a village of Bohemia, circle of Buntzlau, on the Rasnitzbach. Pop. 1660. Riickersdorf, a village of Prussian Silesia, 43 miles N.W. of Liegnitz, on the Bober. Pop. 1140. Ruck'ersville, a post-hamlet of Elbert co., Ga., about 45 miles E.N.E. of Athens. Ruckersville, a post-village of Tippah co., Miss., about 22 miles W.S.W. of Corinth. It has an academy and 3 churches. Ruckersville, a post-hamlet of Greene co., Va., about 16 miles N. of Charlottesville. Ruck'erviHe, a post-village of Clark co., Ky., about 32 miles E. of Lexington. It has 2 churches and 3 stores. Riicks'ville, a post-village of Lehigh co.. Pa., in North Wfiitehall township, 1 mile from Soipol's Station, and about 6 miles N.W. of Allcntowu. It has a church and a coach-factory. Rudauli, roo-d3w'lee, a town of India, Bara Bankeo district. Pop. 12,517. Rudbar, a village of Persia. See RoonBAn. Rudd, a post-village of Floyd co., Iowa, on tho Chi- cago, Milwaukee &, St. Paul Railroad, 12 miles W. by N. of Charles City. It has 2 churches. Rud'dell's lUills, a post-village of Bourbon co., Ky., on the South Licking River, at tlie mouth of Hinkston Creek, and near the Kentucky Central Railroad, about 24 miles N.E. of Lexington. It has 2 churches, 2 distilleries, and a Bour-mill. Pop. 238. Ruddervoorde, rud'd^r-voRM^h, a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 7 miles S. of Brages. Pop. 4320. Rudd's Mills, a post-villago in Lincoln township, Monroe co.. Wis., on the West Wisconsin Railroad, at Rudd's Station, 17 miles S.E. of Black River Falls. It has a largo steam saw-mill. Pop. about 200. Rudelstadt, roo'd^l-stitt', a town of Prussian Silesia, 24 miles S. of Liegnitz, on the Bober. Pop. 1250. Ruden, roo'den, a small island of Prussia, in the Baltic, 36 miles E.S.E. of Stralsund. See also RiIthen. Riiderswyl, rii'd?rs-*ir, or Riidersweil, rii'd^rs- ftir, a village of Switzerland, 13 miles E.N.E. of Bern, on the Emmen. Pop. 2611. Riidesheim, rii'des-himo\ atown of Prussia, in Hesse- Nassau, on the right bank of the Rhine, opposite Bingen, 15 miles S.W. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 3455. Rudgeley, or Rugeley, ruj'lee, a town and parish of England, co. and 8 miles E.S.E. of Stafford, on the Trent, here crossed by the Trunk Canal, and on the London & Northwestern Railway. The town has an ancient church, a grammar-school, almshouses and other charities, manu- factures of felt and hats, chemical works, iron-forges, and collieries. Pop. 3375. Rudiano, roo-de-4'no, a village of Northern Italy, 5 miles S.W. of Chiari. Pop. 1543. Rudig, roo'diG, or VVruteck, vroo'tSk, a town of Bo- hemia, S.S.W. of Saatz. Pop. 1198. Rudisholz, Switzerland. See Les Bois. Rudkiobing, Rudkjoblng,rood'k'yo*bing, or Laf- vindskjobing, I4f vinds-k'yo'bing, a town of Denmark, on the W. coast of Langeland, 9 miles S.E. of Svendborg. Rudolfstadt, roo'dolf-stJltr, a village of Bohemia, 4 miles from Budweis. Pop. 1171. Ru'dolph, a post-office and station of Le Sueur co., Minn., on the Minnesota River, and on the St. Paul & Siou.'i City Railroad, 58 miles S.W. of St. Paul. Rudolph, a post-office and station of Wood co.. Wis., in Rudolph township, on the Wisconsin Valley Railroad, 7 miles N. of Grand Rapids. Pop. of the township, 472. Rudolphswerth. See Neustadtl-Rudolphswerth. Rudolstadt, roo'dol-stitt", a town of Germany, capital of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, on the S.aale, 18 miles S. of Weimar. Pop. 7638. It has a castle, the residence of the prince, a library, a normal school, a gymnasium, a cathedral, a picture-gallery, and manufactures of woollen cloth, por- celain, pianos, bells, and shoes. Rue, rii, a river of France, in Cantal, flows N.W., and joins the Dordogne near Bort. Length, 25 miles. Rue, a town of France, in Somme, on the Paris & Bou- logne Railway, 14 miles N.W. of Abbeville. Pop. 1361. Ruecas, roo-i'kis or rwi'kis, a river of Spain, in Es- treraadura, flows S.W., and joins the Guadiana near Me- dellin. Length, 40 miles. Rueda de Medina, rwi'D4 d4 mi-nec'ni, a town of Spain, 25 miles S.W. of Valladolid. Pop. 3883. Rueglio, roo-il'yo, a village of Italy, province of Tu- rin. 7 miles W. of Ivrea. Pop. 1803. Rueil, rw4l, or Ruel, a village of France, in Seine-et- Oise, at the foot of the vine-clad Mont-Val6rien, near the Seine, 5 miles W. of Paris, on the railway to Saint-Germain. It has a starch-factory and a distillery. Pop. 7980. Here is Malmaison, the residence of the Empress Josephine. Ruelle, rwel, a village of France, in Charente, 5 miles N.E. of Angouleme, with a cannon-foundry. Pop. 1733. Rufa'ch, roo'faK (Fr. Souffaeh, rooffik'), a town of Germany, in Als.ace. 9 miles S. of Colmar. Pop. 3467. Rutfano, roof-fi'no, a town of Italy, province of Lecce, 16 miles E.S.E. of Gallipoli. Pop. 3296. Ruff and Ready, a post-office of Randolph co.. Ark. Ruff Creek, a post-hamlet of Greene co.. Pa., 5 miles N. of Waynesburg, and about 40 miles S. by W. of Pitts- burg. It has a church. RUF 1904 RUM Ruflec, riif-f^k', a town of France, in Charente, on the railway from Tours to Bordeaux, 26 miles N. of A'ngouleme. Pop. 3155. It has an active trade in agricultural produce. Ruffey, riif'fi', a village of France, in Jura, arron- dissement of Lons-le-Sauinier. Pop. 1318. Rutfiac, riirfe-ik', a village of France, in Morbihan, 7 miles S.S.E. of Ploermel. Pop. 1763. Rutiign^, riiffeen'yi', a village of France, in Loire- Infeiieure, 5 miles N.W. of Chateaubriant. Pop. 1191. Riif fin, a post-village of Rockingham co., N.C., on the Kichuiond & Danville Railroad, 15 miles S.W. of Danville, Va. It lias a church and several stores. Ruff's Dale, a post-otfice of Westmoreland CO., Pa. Rufisque, rii'feesk' (Port. liiifisco), a maritime town of West Africa, 10 miles E. of Cape Verd. Pop. 5280. It belongs to France. Rug, Pacific Ocean. See Hogoles Islands. Rug'by, a town of England, co. of Warwick, at the junc- tion of several railways, 80 miles N.N.W. of London. It is situated on an eminence S. of the Avon, and has an ancient church, also a celebrated public school, founded in the time of Queen Elizabeth, and consisting mostly of a line quad- rangle with cloisters and an elegant detached chapel. It is distinguished as the scene of the educational labors of the late Dr. Arnold. The town has little trade beyond its rail- way trafiic and the supply of the school. Pop. 8385. Rugeley, a town of England. See Rijdgklev. Riigeii, rii'ghen, an island in the Baltic, belonging to Prussia, separated from the mainland by a strait from i mile to 2 miles broad. Lat. of light-house at its N. ex- tremity, 53° 41' 12" N.; Ion. 13° 31' 27" E. Area, 361 square miles. Pop. 45,699. It is very irregular in shape, and indented by bays and creeks, but possesses no good harbor. The soil is of remarkable fertility, and grain and cattle are exported to a considerable amount. The fislieries, also, are very valuable. In early times Riigen was held sacred to the goddess Hertha. During the Thirty Years' War the Swedes gained possession of the island, and re- tained it till 1815. Capital, Bergen. Among its antiqui- ties .are mounds termed the Hunnergraber, or " Tombs of the Iluns." Riigenwalde, ru'ghen-Ml\i§h, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 19 miles N.N.E. of Coslin, on the Wipper, near its mouth in the B.altic. Pop. 5174. It has a castle, 2 hospitals, and sea-bathing establishments, with manufac- tures of linen, woollen, and sail-cloths, distilleries, and docks for building coasting-vessels. Riiggisberg, rUg'ghis-bSKG\ a village of Switzerland, canton and 9 miles S. of Bern. Pop. 3002. Ruggles, riig'gelz, a post-hamlet in Ruggles township, Ashland co., 0., on the Vermilion River, 4 miles S. of New London, and about 48 miles S.W. of Cleveland. Pop. of the township, 758. Ruggles, a post-office of Luzerne co., Pa. Rugles, riig'l, a town of France, in Eure, on the Kille, 24 miles S.W. of Evreux. Pop. 1867. Ruhia, roo'li, a village of Saxe- Weimar and Saxe-Co- burg, on the Suhlbach, 7 miles S.S.E. of Eisenach. Pop. 4398. It has extensive manufactures of cutlery, pipes, gloves, &c. Ruhland, roo'I^nt. a town of Prussian Silesia, on the Elster. 18 miles W.N.W. of Hoyerswerda. Pop. 1660. Ruhme, roo'meh, a river of Germany, rises in Prussinn Saxony, flows N.N'.W., and joins the Leine a little N.W. of Nordheim. Length, 30 miles. Ruhr, or Roer, roore, a river of West Germany and the Netherlands, joins the Meuse on the right at Roermond. Total course, 90 miles. Ruhr, roou, a river of Prussia, in Westphalia, flows W., and joins the Rhine at Ruhrort, 15 miles S. of Wescl. Length, 130 miles. Ruhrort, roon'oRt, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 16 miles N. of Dusseldorf, on the railway to Minden, and at the confluence of the Ruhr with the Rhine. Pop. 9051. It has manufactures of cotton fabrics, machinery, and hardware, steam-ship docks, coal-mines, and a transit trade. Ruille-sur-Ijoire,rwee^yi'-(orrweeryi'-) siiR-lwan, a village of France, department of Sarthe, 13 miles S.S.W. of Saint-Calais. Pop. 1309. Ruinen, roi'n^n, or Runen, rii'n^n, a village of the Netherlands, province of Drenthe, 17 miles S.S.W. of Assen. Pop. of commune, 2933. Iluinerwold, roi'ner-*olt\ a village of the Nether- lands, in Drenthe, 24 miles S.S.W. of Assen, on the Wold- Aa. Pop. of commune, 2009. Rniviles, roo-e-vi'^NS, a village of Portugal, in Tras- os-Montes, 24 miles from Chaves, Pop. 1225. Rule, a post-office of Carroll co.. Ark. Ru'io, a post-village of Richardson co., Neb., on the Missouri River, at the mouth of the Big Nemaha, about 90 miles below Nebraska City. It is on the Atchison & Ne- braska Railroad, 45 miles N. by W. of Atchison, and 10 miles E. of Falls City. It has 5 churches, a bank, a foundry, a flour-mill, and a lumber-mill. Pop. 611. Riilsk, a town of Russia. See Rvlsk. Rum, riim, an island of the Inner Hebrides, in Scot- land, CO. of Argyle, 16 miles N.N.W. of Ardnamurchan Point. Length, 8 miles; breadth, 7 miles. Rnma, roo'mi, a town of Hungary, 35 miles N.W. of Belgrade. Pop. 7779. Ru'ma, a post-village of Randolph co.. 111., about 27 miles S. of Belleville. It has a Roman Catholic college, a mill, and 2 or 3 stores. Pop. about 200. Rumbarger, Clearfield co., Pa. See Dubois. Rum'barger's,ahamlet of Monroe co., Ind., on AVhite River, and on the Louisville, New Albany &, Chicago Rail- road, 2 miles S. of Gosport. It has a saw-mill. Rumbeke, rum'bii'k^h, a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 16i miles S. of Bruges, on the Mandel-Beke. Pop. of commune, 5479. RumboAve, or Rambau, rum'bCw, an inland state of the Malay Peninsula, lat. 2° 49' N., Ion. 102° 30' E., en- closed by Naning, Johole, and Salangore. Area, 400 square miles. Estimated pop. 10,000. Rumburg, room'booKG, or Rauneburg, row'n^h- booRG^, a town of Bohemia, 42 miles N.N.W. of Buntzlau. Pop. 9090. It has a castle, and manufactures of woollen, linen, damask, and cotton fabrics, and pipe-sticks. Rum Cay, an island of the Bahamas, a few miles S.W. of Watling's Island. Pop. 654. Rume, or Rumes, riim, a village of Belgium, in Hai- naut, 6 miles S.W. of Tournay. Pop. 2881. Rum'ford, a post-township of Oxford co.. Me., on the Androscoggin River, about 38 miles N.N.W. of Lewistown. It contains Ruuiford (or Runiford Corner), Rumford Centre, and Rumford Point. Pop. 1212. Rumford, or Rumford Corner, a post-village in Rumford township, Oxford co.. Me., on the Androscoggin River, about 20 miles N. by W. of Paris. It has a church. Rumford, a village of East Providence, Providence co., R.I., on the India Point Branch of the Boston k Providence Railrojid, 3 miles N. by E. of its terminal station in Provi- dence. It has 2 churches, 2 manufactories of chemicals, fertilizers, "Ho'niN»', a town of France, department of ,Tarn-et-Garonne, 21 miles N.E. of Muntau- ban, on the Aveyron. It has tanneries, linen-manufac- tories, and dye-works. Pop. 2520. Saint Antonin, siNt dxoHo'nis"', a post-village in Temiscouata co., Quebec, 15 miles W. of Armand. It has a flour-mill, a saw-mill, and 2 stores. Pop. 150. Saint Antony, Brazil. See Saxto Antonio. Saint Antony, Cape Verd Islands. Sue San Antonio. Saint Apollinaire, siNt i'porie-naiR', a post-village in Lotbinicre co., Quebec, 7 miles from Blaolc River Sta- tion. It contains a church, 5 saw-mills, a carding-inill, and several stores. Pop. JOO. Saint Ar'mand, a township of Essex co., N.Y. Pop. 414. It contains IJloomingdale. Saint Armand Centre, a post-village in Missisquoi CO., Quebec, S miles from St. Armand Station. Pop. 100. Saint Armand Station (formerly Moore's Cor- ners), a post-village in Missisquoi co., Quebec, on the Cen- tral Vermont Railroad, 52 miles S.S.E. of Montreal. Saint>Armel, sixt an'm^r, a village of Franco, in Morbihan, \vith a small port on the coast. It exports salt. Saint- Arnoult-en-Iveline, six t an'noo' ON" eeS'^h- leen', a town of France, in Seine-et-Oise, 8 miles S.E. of Rambrmillet. Pop. 1395. Saint Arsfene, s4xt ar'san', a post-village in Temis- couata CO., Quebec, on the Intercolonial Railway, 7 miles N.E. of Riviere du Loup en Bas. Pop. 800. Saint Asaph (az'af), an episcopal city of Wales, co. of Flint. 5 miles by rail N. of Denbigh. The only building of note is the cathedral. Pop. 1900. Saint A'saph Junction, a station of the Alexandria & Fredericksburg Railroad, IJ miles N. of Alexandria, Va. Saint-Astier, saxt iste-4', a town of France, in Dor- dogne, 9i miles S.W. of Pfirigueux. Pop. 18S0. Saint Athanase, sixt i'ti'niz', or Iberville, rb?r- Til (formerly Christieville), a town of Quebec, capital of the CO. of Iberville, on the river Richelieu, opposite St. John's. It has 2 churches, several hotels and stores, an iron- foundry, a tannery, grist-mills, &c. Pop. 2000. Saint Aubert, sixt o'bair', a village of France, in Nord, 10 miles from Cambrai. It has manuftietures of batiste, &c. Pop. 2505. Saint Au'bert, a post-hamlet of Callaway co., Mo., in St. Aubert township, on the N. bank of the Missouri, about 20 miles below .lefferson City. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1139. St. Aubert Station on the Missouri Pacific Railroad is in Osage co., 105 miles W. of St. Louis, and on the ri\er, opposite this hamlet. Saint Aubert, sdxt o'bair', a post-village in L'Islet CO., Quebec, on the river Trois Saumons, 2 miles from St. Jean Port Joli. It has 2 stores and a grist-mill. Pop. 250. Saint- Aubin, s4xt o'biN»', is the name of many vil- lages in Friinee. Saint Aubin, a town and fortress in the island of Jersey, on the W. side of St. Aubin's Bay, 5 miles by rail W. of St. Helier. Pop. 2070. Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier, sixt o^biNo' dii koR'- me-i', a town of France, department of lUe-et-Vilaine, 11 miles S.W. of Fougeres. Pop. 1150. Saint Augusta, aw-gus'ta, a post-village of Stearns CO., Minn., in St. Augusta township, on the W. bank of the Mississippi River, 6 miles below St. Cloud. It has a church. Pop. of township, 714. Saint Augus'tin, a river and bay of Labrador, in British North America, near the S. entrance of the Strait of Belle Isle. Lat. 51° 15' N. ; Ion. 59° W. Saint Augustin de Montreal, sixt o'gUsHiw' deh ni6xo'tri'ir, a post-village of Quebec, co. of Two Moun- tains, on the river Petit Chicot, 27 miles W. of Montreal. Pop. 200. Saint Augustin de Quebec, siNt o'gUsHix"' d?h ki'bjk', a post-village of Quebec, co. of Portneuf, 13 miles above Quebec. Pop. 200. Saint Augustine, a bay on the S.W. coast of Mada- gascar. Lat. 23° 35' S. ; Ion. 43° 45' E, Saint Augustine, sent aw-giisl'in (or aw'gus-teen*), a city, port of entry, and capital of St. John's co., Fla., on Matanzas Sound, 2 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, and about 36 miles in a direct line S.S.E. of Jacksonville. The site is a plain only a few feet higher than the level of the sea. It contains a court-house, a Catholic cathedral, 5 churches, a 121 !1 SAI convent, 2 newspaper offices, the Poabody Institute, and a large hotel. It has a safe and cornmoilious harbor, de- fended by Fort Marion, which was built by the Spaniards more than 100 years ago; but the bar at the entrance pro- vents the approach of vessels drawing more than 9 or 10 feet of water. The mildness of the climate renders it an attractive place of winter residence for invalids. St. Au- gustine was settled by the Spaniards about 1565, and is the oldest town in the United States. It is a Catholic bishop's see, and the terminus of a railroad to 'I'ocoi. Pop. 1717. Saint Augustine, a post-village of Knox co., 111., in Indian Point township, and on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, lot miles S. of Galcsburg. It has 2 churches and a brick-yard. Saint Augustine, a post-hamlet of Cecil oo., Md., about 10 miles S. of Elkton. It has a church. Saint Augustine, a post-hamlet of Cambria co.. Pa., about 14 miles W.N.W. of Altoona. It has a church. Saint Augustine, Texas. See San Augustink. Saint Augustine, Brazil. See Cape Saint Augustine. Salnt-Aulay, sixt o'li', a town of France, in Dor- dogne, on the Dronne, 10 miles S.W. of Riberac. Pop. 1451. Saint Aus'tell, a town of England, in Cornwall, 13 miles by rail N.N.E. of Truro. Pop. 3S03. It has some manufactories of woollens, but the chief trade is the exporta- tion of tin and copper from the mines in the vicinity. The pilchard-flshery is also extensively carried on in the Bay of St. Austell. Saint- Avoid, a town of Germany. See Sanct Avold. Saint-l}arbant, sAn" ban"b6N°', a village of France, in Ilaute-Vienne, 9 miles W.N.W. of Bellac. Pop. 1320. Saint Barnabe, sin" ban'ni'bi', a post-village in St. Hyacinthe co., Quebec, on the river Yamaska, 9 miles N. of St. Hyacinthe. Saint Barnabe, a post-village and parish in St. Maurice co., Quebec, 12 miles N.W. of Yamachiche. The village contains several saw- and grist-mills and 5 or 6 stores. Pop. 500. Saint Barthelemi, six" han'ti'leh-mce', a post-vil- lage in Berthier co., Quebec, 56 miles N.E. of Montre.al, and 10 miles from Berthier en Haut. It has several stores, and a large trade in lumber and flour. Pop. 800. Saint-Bartheleniy, sis" ban'ti'leh-mee', a town of France, in Lot-et-Garonne, near Marmande. Pop. 1299. Saint-Barthelemy, a village of France, in Maine- et-Loire, arrondissement of Angers. Pop. 1266. Saint-Barthelemy-de-Vals, sis" baR'tiMeh-mee' d^h vil, a village of France, in Drome, arrondissement of Valence. Pop. 1425. Saint-Barthelemy-le-Pin, s4n" baR"tiMeh-inee' leh piN", a village of France, in Ardeehe, near Tournon. Saint Bartholomew (Sw. Bariulomlius, bar-to-lo- mi'iis ; Fr. Saint-Barthelemy), an island of the West Indies, 30 miles W. of St. Christopher. In 1878 it was ceded by Sweden to France. Lat. of E. point, 17° 63' N. ; Ion. 62° 52' W. Area, 35 square miles. Pop. 2374. Its shape is very irregular. The soil is fertile, though the island is remarkably destitute of fresh water. The products are sugar, tobacco, cotton, and cacao. Being surrounded by rocks and shoals, it is difficult of access, but the Careenage, on its AV. side, is a good harbor, and near it is Gustavia, the capital of the island. Saint Basil, sktu" ba^zeel', a post-village in Portneuf CO., Quebec, 7 miles N. of Portneuf. Pop. 300. Saint-Bauzille-de-Putois, siN» bo'zeel' dfh pii- twi', a town of France, in Herault, 32 miles N.N.W. of Montpellier. Pop. 1829. Saint-Beat, siN" bi'i', a town of France, in Haute- Garonne, on the Garonne, near its source, 17 miles S. of S.aint-Gaudens. Pop. 1091. Saint Beatenberg. See Sanct Beatenberg. Saint Bees, a village of England, co. of Cumberland, on the coast, and on a railway, 3 miles W.N.W. of Egre- mont. A monastery founded here by St. Bega about 650 was destroyed by the Danes, and rebuilt in the thirteenth century. St. Bees College (a divinity school) and the grammar-school are institutions of note. The village is very ancient, and stands on the side of the bay formed by St. Bees Head. Lat. 54° 30' N.; Ion. 3° 38' W. Saint Ben'edict, a post-office of Scott co., Minn. Saint Benedicto, island of the Pacific. Sec Nudlada. Saint Benoit, six" bi-nw4', a town of the island of Reunion, one of the Mascarene group, on its N.E. side, 23 miles S.E. of Saint-Denis. Pop. 20,000. Saint Benoit, siN" bi-nw4', a post-village of Quebec, CO. of Two Mountains, 33 miles W. of Montreal. It has a church, and several stores and mills. Pop. 250. SAI 1922 SAI Saint-B6noit-de-Leyssieu, s^n" bi-nwV deh Us'se-uh', a village of France, in Ain, 7 miles S.E. of Belley, Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire, s^n^ bi-nwi' sur Iwan, a town of France, Loiret, arrondissement of Gien. P. 1648. Saint-Bernard, s§nt b?r-nard' (Fr. pvon. s^n° b§R^- naR' ; anc. Mons Jo'vist), a mountain-pass in the chain of the Alps, between Piedmont and the Valais. It owes its modern name to the great celebrity of the Hoapice, said to have been founded by Bernard de Menthon in 862 for the succor of travellers. The hospice, a strong stone building, is situated on the summit of the pass, 11 miles N.N.W. of Aosta, and 17 miles S.S.E. of Martigny, at an elevation of 8150 feet above the level of the sea. It is the highest habi- tation in the Alps, and the cold is so intense that a small lake in its vicinity is frozen over nine months in the year. During the whole year the monks of St. Augustine, with their valuable dogs, hold themselves in readiness to assist travellers arrested by the snow, which in winter accumu- lates to a depth of from 10 to 40 feet. In the chapel is a monument to General Desaix, erected by Napoleon in 1805. This gorge, which was traversed by Roman armies, by Charlemagne, and by Frederick Barbarossa, is chiefly cele- brated for the passage of Bonaparte at the head of the French army, from the 15th to the 21st of May, 1800. Saint Bernard, Little, a mountain of the Graian Alps, S. of Mont Blanc. Elevation of convent, 7076 feet. Saint Ber^nard', a parish in the extreme S.E. part of Louisiana, has an area, of about 650 square miles. It is a peninsula, bounded on the S.E. by the Gulf of Mexico, on the W. by the Mississippi River, and on the N.W. by Lake Borgne. The surface is level. The soil is partly fertile. Sugar, molasses, and sweet potutoes are the staple products. Capital, St. Bernard. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,295,483. Pop. in 1870, 3553, of whom 3273 were Amer- icans. Saint Bernard, a post-office of Livingston co., Ky., on the Tennessee River, and on the Louisville, Padacah & Southwestern Kailroad, 22 miles E. of Paducah. Coal is shipped here in barges. Saint Bernard, a small post-village, capital of St. Bernard parish, La., is near the E. bank of the Mississippi River, 14 miles below New Orleans. It has a church. Saint Bernard, a post-office of Platte co.. Neb. Saint Bernard, a post-village in Dorchester co., Que- bec, 18 miles S. of St. Henri de Lauzon. Pop. 600. Saint Bernardin, and Saint Bernardino, See San Bbrnardino. Saint Bernice, b^r'niss, a post-office of Vermilion co., Ind., at Jonestown, a hamlet about 20 miles N. of Terre Haute. Pop. 102. Saint Bethlehem, Tennessee. See Cherry's. Saint Bias, a town of Mexico. See San Blas. Saint Bias, Florida. See Cape San Blas. Saint Bonaventure, six" bo^ndVfiNo'tuR', a post- village in Drummond co., Quebec, 30 miles from St. Hya- cinthe. Saint Bon'iface, a post-village of Manitoba, on Red River, opposite Winnipeg. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishop, and of a college, seminary, convent, academy, &c., also a hospital and orphan bouse. Saint Boniface, Quebec. See Shawenegan. Saint Bonifacius, bon^e-fa'sh§-us, a post-office of Hennepin co., Minn., about 35 miles W. of St. Paul. Saint Bonifacius, a post-hamlet of Cambria co., Pa., about 20 miles N.W. of Altoona. It has a church. Saint-Bonnet-le-Chateau, sS^n^ bon^ni' l?h shS,^- to', a town of France, in Loire, 13 miles S. of Montbrison. Pop. 2351. Saint Brelade (Fr. pron. s^n^ br^h-lid'), a village of Jersey, on St. Brelade's Bay, on the S.W. coast of the island, and Ih miles S.W. of St. Aubin. Saint-Brice, sS.n" breece, a village of France, in Haute- Vienne, near Rochechouart. Pop. 1307. Saint Bride's Bay, Wales, an inlet of the Irish Sea, nt the W. extremity of the county of Pembroke, having at its entrance Ramsey and Skomer Islands. St. David's is the principal place on its shores. Saint Bridget, brij'et, a post-hamlet of Marshall co., Kansas, about 16 miles N.W. of Seneca. It has a church and a steam saw-mill. Saint Bridget, Quebec. See Sainte Brigide. Saint-Brieuc (or -Brieux), s^N" bre-uh' (nnc. Brio- cmn .?), a town of France, C6tes-du-Nord, 238 miles W.S.W. of Paris, on the Gouet, 21 miles from its mouth in the Bay of Saint-Brieuc. Lat. 48° 31' 1" N. ; Ion. 2° 45' 6" W. Pop. 13,683. It has an old cathedral, a statue of Du Gues- clin, a lijc^e or college, a public library, and a chamber of commerce. Its port is at the village of Legue, 1 mile lower on the Gouet, where there are a custom-house, building-yards for ships, and an extensive export and import trade. Grain, hemp, butter, cider, and cattle nre exported hence. It has granite-quarries, tanneries, cotton-mills, and manufactures of paper, woollen cloth, d'c. Saint Bru'no (formerly Boucherville Station), a post-village in Chambly co., Quebec, on the Grand Trunk Railway, 15 miles E. of Montreal, It has a saw-mill and several stores. Pop. 309. Saint Cajetan, Quebec. See Armagh. Saint-Calais, sax^ kS,'li', a town of France, in Sarthe, 26 miles E.S.B. of Le Mans, on the Anille. Pop. 3000. It has manufactures of woollen and cotton stuffs, serges, and leather. Saint Camiile, sS-n" ki^meel', a post-village in Wolfe CO., Quebec, 17 miles S.E. of Danville. Pop. of parish, 600. Saint Canute, ka-nut', a post-village in the co. of Two Mountains, Quebec, 39 miles N. of Montreal. Saint Casimir, s^n« kS.^see^meeR', a post-village in Portneuf co., Quebec, on the river Ste. Anne, 6 miles from Ste. Anne de la Perade. It contains saw- and grist-mills and 6 stores, and has a large trade in lumber. Pop. 350. Saint Catharine, kath'a-rin, a post-villnge of Linn CO., Mo., in Yellow Creek township, on the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, 30 miles E. of Chillicothe, and 30 miles AV. of Macon. It has an academy, a money-order post- office, 2 churches, 2 flour-mills, and manufactures of wool, tobacco, and wagons. Pop. about 600. Saint Catharines, kath'a-rinz, a town of Ontario, capital of the co. of Lincoln, on the Welland Canal, and on the Great Western and Welland Railways, 32 miles E. by S. of Hamilton, and 12 miles N.W. of Niagara. It is the centre of a large and rapidly increasing business, and eon- tains 7 churches, 3 branch banks, a commercial college, grammar-school, convent, general hospital, 4 printing- offices, from which 2 daily and several weekly newspapers are issued, 5 or 6 large tiouring-mills, several saw- and planing-mills, foundries and machine-shops, sewing-ma- chine-factories, soap- and candle-factories, tanneries, wool- len-mills, breweries, &c. Ship-building is also extensively engaged in. St. Catharines is celebrated for its mineral springs. Pop. 7864. Saint Cath'erine, an island of Liberty co., Ga., in the Atlantic Ocean, about a mile from the mainland. Length, nearly 15 miles. Pop. 127. Saint Cath'erines, a post-village in Portneuf co., Quebec, near Lake St. Joseph, 25 miles W. of Quebec. Saint Celestin, siN" siMesHS,No', a post-village in Nicolet CO., Quebec, on the Three Rivers Railway, 25^ miles from Arthabaska. It contains 5 or 6 saw-mills, 2 grist- mills, and 9 or 10 stores. Pop. 600. Saint-Cere, s^n" seh-ri', a town of France, depart- ment of Lot, 35 miles N.'E. of Cahors. Pop. 3087. Saint-Cesaire, s^n" s^VAr', a town of Quebec, co. of Rouville, on the river Yamaska, 33 miles N. of Montreal. It has 2 foundries, an agricultural-implement factory, a boot- and shoe-factory, several saw-, grist-, and carding- niills, a college containing an observatory and museum, and a large trade. Pop. 937. Saint-Chamas, siN** sh3.^m3.s', a town of France, in Bouches-du-llhone, on the N. bank of the Etang de Berre, and on the railway of Avignon, 24 miles N.AV. of Mar- seilles. Pop. 2534. It is divided into two parts by a hill, through which runs a tunnel 200 feet in length. It has a handsome church, a large powder-magazine, whence Toulon is supplied, and a trade in oil and olives. Near it is the Pont Flavien, a Roman bridge, at each end of which is a triumphal arch. Saint-Chamond, siiNo sh3,^m6N°', a town of France, in Loire, at the confluence of the Gier and Janon Rivers, 7 miles by rail N.E. of Saint-Etienne. Pop. 14,420. It is well built and thriving, and has a handsome church, good public baths, a chamber of manufactures, numerous looms for cotton and silk fabrics, ribbons, braids, galloons, *tc., tan- neries, a large iron-forge, and nail-works. In its vicinity are many coal-mines. Saint Charles, a southeastern parish of Louisiana, has an area of about 360 square miles. It is intersected by the Mississippi River, and bounded on the N. by Lake Pontchartrain, and on the S.E. by Lake Wnsha. The sur- face is level, and scarcely higher than the river. The soil is fertile. Sugar-cane, cotton, and rice are the staples. It is traversed by the Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Rail- road and the Louisiana k Texas Railroad. Capital, St. Charles. Valuation of real and personal estate. S2, 363,566. Pop. in 1870j 4867, of whom 4766 were Americans. SAI 1923 SAI Saint Charles, a county in the E. puit of Missouri, borders on Illinois. Area, about 540 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Copper and Mississippi Rivers, and on the S.E. by the Missouri, which enters the Missis- sippi at the E. extremity of the county. It is also drained by Dardenne Creek. The surface is partly hilly and partly level, and a large portion of it is covered with forests of oak, hickory, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, cattle, oats, and pork are the staple products. Among its mineral resources are bituminous coal and lime- stone. This county is intersected by the St. Louis, Kansas City A Northern Railroad. Capital, St. Charles. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, $15,650,000. Pop. in 1870, 21,304, of whom 15,783 were Americans. Saint Charles, a post-village of Arkansas oo., Ark., on White River, about 36 miles W.S.W. of ilclcna. It has a church. Pop. 200. Saint Charles, a post-hamlet of Pueblo co., Col., on the Greenhorn River, about 12 miles S. of Pueblo. Saint Charles, a post-village of Bear Lakeco., Idaho, 70 miles N.W. of Evanston, Wyoming. It has a church, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a machine-shop. Saint Charles, a post- village in St. Charles township, Kane co., III., on Fox River, and on the Chicago & North- western Railroad, 38 miles W. of Chicago, and 8 miles S. of Elgin. It is situated on both sides of the river, which is a beautiful and rapid stream about 300 feet wide and affords extensive water-power at this place. The village contains a national bank, a newspaper office, 6 churches, a paper-mill, 2 flouring-mills, a foundry, and a machine- shop. Pop. about 2500; of the township, 2281. Saint Charles, a township of Floyd co., Iowa. Pop. 3093, exclusive of Charles City. Saint Charles, a post-village in South township, M.adison co., Iowa, about 25 miles S.S.W. of Des Moines. It has 3 churches, a drug-store, and a grist-mill. Pop. about 200. Saint Charles, a post-hamlet of Hopkins co., Ky., on the Paducah & Elizabethtown Railroad, 156 miles S.W. of Louisville. It has 2 churches. Saint Charles, a post-village, capital of St. Charles parish. La., on the S. bank of the Mississippi, and on the New Orleans & Texas Railroad, 23 miles W. of New Orleans. Saint Charles, a post-village in St. Charles town- ship, Saginaw co., Mich., on Bad River, near the mouth of Beaver Dam Creek, and on the Jackson, Lansing & Sagi- naw Railroad, 22 miles N. of Owosso, and 14 miles S.W. of Saginaw City. It has 3 large saw-mills, a stave-factory, a shingle-mill, and 3 churches. Pop. about 1000 ; of the township, 1341. Saint Charles, a post-village of Winona co., Minn., in St. Charles township, on the Winona & St. Peter Rail- road, 28 miles W. by S. of Winona, and 22 miles E. by S. of Rochester. It has a bank, a graded school, a newspaper office, and 6 churches. Pop. 1202 ; of township, 820. Saint Charles, a city and the capital of St. Charles CO., Mo., is situated on the left or N. bank of the Missouri River, 22 miles from its mouth, and 22 miles by railroad N.W. of St. Louis. It is on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, and is 44 miles by water from St. Louis. It is built on an elevated site near rocky bluffs which com- mand beautiful views of the river. The Mississippi River approaches within 5 or 6 miles of this city. St. Charles contains about 8 churches, a national bank, 2 savings-banks, Lindenwood College for young ladies, St. Charles College for males, and printing-offices which issue 3 or 4 weekly newspapers (1 in German). It has a woollen-factory, manu- factures of railroad -cars and flour, and a large establishment for building bridges, which employs over 300 men and a capital of §1,600,000. Pop. 5570. Quarries of limestone and mines of coal have been opened near this place. Saint Charles, a post-township of St. Charles co.. Mo., is contiguous to the city of the same name, and is bounded on the S. by the Missouri River. Pop. 3479. Saint Charles, a post-village of Cuming co.. Neb., on the Elkhorn River, about 32 miles N.N.W. of Fremont. Saint Charles, a post-otBce of Butler co., 0. Saint Charles, a post-village of Manitoba, on the Assiniboine River, SS miles from Winnipeg. It contains a church, a public school, and 2 stores. Pop. 400. Saint Charles, a post-vill.age of Quebec, co. of Belle- chasse, on the river Boyer, and on the Grand Trunk Rail- way, 26 miles below Quebec. It contains a church, 7 stores, and several mills. Pop. 400. Saint Charles, a post-village in St. Hyacinthe co.. Quebec, on the river Richelieu, 8 miles N. of St. Hilaire Village, It h.as 6 stores and several mills. Pop. 800. Saint Charles, a village on the N. side of the river St. Charles, opposite the city of Quebec. Pop. 200. Saint Charles lie Stan'bridge, a post-village in Missisquoi co., liuebcc, 3 miles from Dus Rivitires. Saint Charles du Lac, Quebec. See Laciienaie. Saint Charles Lake, Quebec, 12 miles N.N.W. of the city of Quebec, is 5 miles in length, and gives rise to the St. Charles River, which joins the St. Lawrence at Quebec. Saint-Chely, siN" sheh-leo', a town of Prance, in Lozere, 22 miles W.N.W. of Mende. Pup. 1678. Saint-Chely-d'Aubrac, sin" sh^h-lee' do'brik', a town of France, Aveyron, 25 miles N.E. of Rodez. P. 1809. Saint- Chi nian, silN'' 6hee*ne-6N»', a town of France, in Il^rault, 60 miles W.S.W. of Montpcllier. It has ex- tensive manufactories of woollen cloth. Pop. 2690. Saint-Christophe, saN" krecs'tof, numerous villages of France, the principal in Indre-et-Loire, 18 miles N.N.W. of Tours. Pop. 1234. Saint Christophe d'Arthabaska, s3,n» kreesHof dar-ta-bis'ka, or Arthabas'kaville, an incorporated village of Quebec, capital of the co. of Arthaba«ka, 3 miles from Arthabaska Station. It contains, besides the county buildings, a church, a printing-office, 2 hotels, several stores, a potash-factory, 3 saw-mills, and 2 flouring-mills. Pop. 730. Saint Christopher (kris'to-fer), or Saint Kitt's, one of the British West India Islands, in the Leeward group, lat. 17° 17' N., Ion. 60° 42' W., 46 miles W.N.W. of Antigua. Length, from N.W. to S.E., 23 miles. The island is traversed from N. to S. by a mountain-ridge of volcanic origin, from which the land gradually and uni- formly slopes to the sea. It has a rich, fertile, and highly cultivated soil ; pasture and woodlands ascend almost to the mountain-summits. Four rivers water this island, and there are ponds producing abundance of salt. The climate is dry and healthy. The scenery, especially the vale of Basse-Terre, is rich and beautiful. The soil is particularly adapted for sugar-plantations. The chief towns are Basse- Terre (the capital) and Sandy Point. The island belongs to the colony of Leeward Islands, but has also a local gov- ernment and legislature. It was discovered by Colum- bus in 1493, .and was then densely peopled by Caribs. In 1625 it was simultaneously taken possession of by colonies of English and French, and divided into upper and lower portions. From that period it became the scene of frequent and bloody contests between the two n.ations, till at last it was finally ceded to the British in 1783. Pop. 28,169. Saint-Ciers, s1n<= se-i', several villages of France, the principal of which is Saint-Ciers-la-Lande, department of Gironde, 13 miles N.N.E. of Blaye. Pop. 619. Saint Clair, a county in the N.E. central part of Ala- bama, has an area of about 660 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Coosa River, and is partly drained by the Cahawba River. The surface is hilly or mountainous, and is mostly covered with forests of the oak, hickory, and other trees. The soil produces cotton, grass, and Indian corn. Bituminous coal is found in this county. It is inter- sected by the Ala,bama & Chattanooga Railroad. Capital, Ashville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $841,937. Pop. in 1870, 9360, of whom 9353 were Americans. Saint Clair, a county in the S.W. part of Illinois, has an area of about 660 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Mississippi River, which separates it from St. Louis, Mo., is intersected by the Kaskaskia River, and is also drained by Richland and Silver Creeks. The surface is generally undulating, and is extensively covered with forests of the hickory, white oak, red oak, elm, ash, black walnut, maple, honey-locust, and wild cherry. The level bottoms of the Mississippi River are here nearly six miles wide. The soil is very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, pork, and wine are the staple products. In 1870 this county produced 1,562,621 bushels of wheat, and more than any other county of the state. Subcarboniferous limestone and sandstone, both good materials for building, crop out in this county, which has also an abundance of bituminous coal. The product of its coal-mines in 1870 was 798,810 tons, valued at 81,366.245. It is intersected by several rail- reads, — the Ohio & Mississippi, the St. Louis & South- eastern, the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute, and others. Capital, Belleville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $37,622,084. Pop. in 1870, 61,068, of whom 32,747 were Americans. Saint Clair, a county in the E. part of Michigan, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Lijke Huron and the St. Clair River, and on the S. by Lake St. Clair. It is intersected by the Belle and Black SAI 1924 SAI Rivers, and also drained by Mill Creek. The surface is undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the oak, sugar-maple, pine, Ac. The soil is partly fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, butter, lumber, and Indian corn are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Chicago & Lake Huron Railroad and the Grand Trunk Railway. Capital, Port Huron. Valuation of real and personal estate, $13,890,174. Pop. in 1870, 36,661, of whom 21,694 were Americans ; in 1874, 40,688. Saint Clair, a county in the W.S.W. part of Missouri, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is intersected by the Osage River, and is also drained by Sac River, which enters the Osage near the middle of the county, and by Weaubleau (or Warbleau) Creek. The surface is diversified with prairies and woodlands. Indian corn, oats, cattle, and pork are staples. The Missouri, Kansas &, Te.xas Railroad passes through the N.AT. part of this county. Capital, Os- ceola. Valuation of real and personal estate, S4,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 6742, of whom 6591 were Americans. Saint Clair, a post-office of Lowndes co., Ala. Saint Clair, a township of Benton co., Iowa. P. 817. Saint Clair, a post-ofiice of Monona co., Iowa. Saint Clair, township, Jewell co., Kansas. Pop. 310. Saint Clair, a city of St. Cl.air co., Mich., on a river of the same name, at the mouth of Pine River, and on the border of St. Clair township, about 12 miles S. of Port Huron, and 48 miles by water N.E. of Detroit. It contains a union school, a national bank, 1 other bank, a newspaper office, a tannery, a foundry, 2 breweries, 2 ship-yards, a saw-mill, 4 brick-yards, and 5 churches. Pop. 2003; of the township, excluding the city, 2031. Saint Clair, a post-village of Franklin co.. Mo., on the Atlantic & Pacific Railro.ad, 56 miles S.W. of St. Louis, and 1 mile W. of the Maramec River. It has 3 stores. Saint Clair, a post-office of Antelope co.. Neb. Saint Clair, a post-ofiice of Churchill co., Nevada. Saint Clair, a post-village of Columbiana co., 0.. in St. Clair township, 7 miles N. of East Liverpool. It has 2 stores and a mill. Pop. of the township, 1156. Saint Clair, a village of Beaver co.. Pa., in South Beaver township, 36 miles N.W. of Pittsburg. Pop. 232. Saint Clair, a township of Bedford co.. Pa. P. 2219. Saint Clair, a post-borough of Schuylkill eo., Pa., in New Castle township, on a branch of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, 3 miles N. of Pottsville, and about 10 miles S.E. of Ashland. It derives its prosperity chiefly from rich mines of anthracite coal. It has 8 churches, a newspaper office, and 3 public schools. Pop. 5726. Saint Clair, a hamlet of Westmoreland co.. Pa., and a station on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 2 miles E. of Greens- bur"-. It has a church. Here is Bradenville Post-Office. Saint Clair, township, Westmoreland co., Pa. P. 777. Saint Clair, a post-village of Hawkins co., Tenn., 5 miles N.E. of Whitesburg Station. It has a church, an academy, and a tannery. Pop. about 300. Saint Claire, a post-village of Quebec, co. of Dor- chester, 12 miles S.E. of St. Henri de Lauzon. It has 6 saw-mills and 5 grist-mills. Pop. 600. Saint Clair, Lake. See Lake St. Clair. Saint Clair River is the outlet of Lake Huron, and forms the boundary between St. Clair co., Mich., and the British province of Ontario. It issues from the southern end of Lake Huron, runs nearly southward about 44 miles, and enters Lake St. Clair. It is nearly a mile wide, and is navigable by large steamboats. The chief towns on its banks are Port Huron and Sarnia. Saint Clair's Bottom, apost-officeof Smyth co., Va. Saint Clair Springs, a hamlet and summer resort of St. Clair co., Ala., H miles from St. Clair Station, which is on the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad. It has a church and a mineral spring. Saint Clairs'ville, a post-village, capital of Belmont CO.. 0., in Richland township, on the National Road, 11 miles W. of Wheeling, W. Va., and on the Bellaire & St. Clairsville Railroad, 11 miles N.W. of Bellaire. It con- tains 3 churches, a national bank, 2 newspaper offices, and a union school. Pop. 1056. Saint Clairsville, a post-village of Bedford co.. Pa., in St. Clair township, 4 miles from Cessna Station, and about 26 miles S. of Altoona. It has 3 churches. P. 144. Saint Clairtown, Scotland. See SiNcLAinrowN. Saint-Clar, six" klaR, a market-town of France, in Gers, 8 miles E.S.E. of Loctoure. Pop. 1658. Saint Cla'ra, a post-office of Doddridge co., W. Va. Saint-Clande, s4n» kind, a town of France, in Jura, 25 miles S.E. of Lons-le-Saulnier, at the confluence of the Bienno and Tacon. Pop. 6632. It is well built, is orna- mented with fountains, and has a communal college and a chamber of manufactures and arts. The manufactures com- prise articles in horn, ivory, and wood, buttons, snuff- boxes, toys, jewelry, watches, hardwares, leather, paper, and cotton fabrics. Saint Clear's, or Saint Clare's, a borough and parish of Wales, 9 miles by rail S.W. of Carmarthen. Pop. 1043. It has a small port on the Taff. Saint-Clement, s&n- kli'mSN-', a village of France, in Correze, 6 miles N.N.W. of Tulle. Pop. 1560. Saint-C16ment, a village of France, in Manche, 2i miles N.E. of Mort,ain. Pop. 1061. Saint- Clement -de-Montagne, s3,n» k!i'ni6is»' d?h m6»«Ha,n', a village of France, in Allier, 13 miles S.S.E. of La Palisse. Pop. 1522. Saint-CI6ment-des-Levees, sks' kli'm6N"' di leh-vA', a village of France, in Maine-et-Loire, on the Loire, 7 miles N.W. of Saumur. Pop. 1593. Saint Clem'ents, a post-vill.ige in Waterloo co., On- tario, 10 miles N.W. of Berlin. Pop. 200. Saint Clem'ent's Bay, a post-hamlet of St. Mary's CO., Md., on a creek or inlet which opens into the estuary of the Potomac, about 44 miles S. by E. of Washington, D.C. Saint Clere, kleer, a post-hamlet of Pottawatomie co., Kansas, 35 miles N.W. of Topeka. It has 2 churches. Saint Clet, s4w> kli, a post- village and parish in Soulanges CO., Quebec, 7 miles from Coteau Station. Saint-Cloud, sent klowd (Fr. pron. sS,s° kloo),atown of France, in Seine'-et-Oise, near the left bank of the Seine, 5i miles by rail W. of Paris. Pop. 4747. The fine chateau of Saint-Cloud, originally the property of the Duke of Orleans, was long the favorite residence of the kings of France. It has an extensive park and eleg.ant fountains. The fair or f§te of Saint-Cloud is one of the most frequented in the environs of Paris. Saint Cloud, klowd, a city and the capital of Stearns CO., Minn., in St. Cloud township, on the W. bank of the Mississippi River, and on the St. Paul A Pacific Railroad, 2 miles below the mouth of Sauk River, 75 miles by railroad N.W. of St. Paul, and 3 miles S. of Sauk Rapids. It is partly built on a high bluff. It contains a court-house, 6 churches, a state normal school, 2 banks, 2 flouring-mills, a foundry, and printing-offices which issue 3 weekly news- papers. It has also novelty-works, and manufactures of lumber, wagons, Ac. Pop. 2080 ; of the township, ad- ditional, 592. The river affords abundant water-power. Saint Cloud, Scott eo.. Mo. See Syltania. Saint Cloud, a post-office of Monongalia co., W. Va. Saint Cloud, a post-village in Marshfield township. Fond du Lao co., Wis., on the Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad, 17 miles E. of Fond du Lac. It has a church, and manufactures of flour, lumber, and wooden-ware. Saint Colomb, Quebec. See Sillehv Cove. Saint Colomban de Villars, s5,n= ko'ldMMjJx'"' deh vee'yan', a village of France, in Savoy, 6i miles N.W. of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, on the Glandon. Pop. 1551. Saint Columban, siN» ko'liiji'bONo', a post-village in the CO. of Two Mountains, Quebec, on the river Ottawa, 40 miles from Montreal. Saint Colnmb Major, kol'um mi'jor, a town of England, in Cornwall, 32 miles S.W. of Launceston. P. 1115. Saint Come, s4n» kom, a post-village in Joliette co., Quebec, on the river L'Assomption, 33 miles from Joliette. Pop. 150. See also Marlow. Saint Constant, siw> k6N"*st6N<'', a post-village in Laprairie co., Quebec, on Little River St. Pierre, 6 miles from Laprairie. Saint-Cosme, sJin" kom, a town of France, depart- ment of Sarthe, 7 miles S.E. of Mamers. Pop. 1770. Saint Cristoval de la liagiina, also called La- guna, a town of Teneriffe. See San Ckistoval. Saint Croix, a West India island. See Saxta Cnnz. Saint Croix, sent kroi', also called Pas'sama- quod'dy and Schoodic, skoo'dik, a river which rises from (irand Lake, on the border between Maine and New Brunswick, and, flowing in a general S.S.E. direction, but in a very winding course, falls into Passamaquoddy Bay. It forms the boundary for its whole course between the United States and New Brunswick. Length, 76 miles. Saint Croix, a river of Wisconsin, rises in Douglas CO., near the W. end of Lake Superior, and flows S.W. until it reaches the E. line of Minnesota. From this point it pursues a general S. course, forming the boundary be- tween Minnesota and Wisconsin, and falls into the Missis- sippi River 33 miles below St. Paul. The whole length is about 200 miles, and it is 100 yards wide at its mouth. St. Croix Lake, an expansion of this river, is 36 miles long SAI 1! and 3 or 4 miles wide ; it is not more than 1 mile from the mouth of the river. Several fulls occur in the St. Croix about the middle of its course. Saint Croix, a county in the W. part of Wisconsin, bordering on Minnesota, has an area of about 720 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the St. Croix River, and also drained by Apple, Willow, and Rush Rivers. The surface is undulating or hilly, and is partly covered with forests of pine, sugar-maplo, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and luuiber are the staple products. This county is intersected by tlie M'est Wisconsin and North Wisconsin Railroads. Capital, Hudson. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $7,7yt>,5ol. Pop. in 1870, 11,035; in 1875, 14,96(>. Saint Croix {Fr. pron, sun^ krwl), a post-village in Hants CO., Nova Scotia, on the St. Croix River, li miles from Newport Station. It contains 2 saw-mills, a grist- mill, a carding-mill, and gypsum-quarries. Pop. 120. Saint Croix, a post-village in York co., New Bruns- wick, on the European & North American Rjiilway, 1 mile from Vanceborough, Me. It contains a large tannery. Saint Croix, a post-village in Lotbiniere co., Quebec, on the S. bank of the St. Lawrence, 33 miles above Quebec. It contains a church, an academy, 6 saw-mills, 2 grist-mills, a carding-mill, and 4 or o stores. Pop. 750. Saint Croix Falls, a post-village of Polk co.. Wis., on the St. Croix River, about 33 miles N. by E. of Hudson. It is nearly opposite the village of Taylor's Falls, in Min- nesota, and is at the head of navigation. It has a church, 2 flouring-mills, and a newspaper office. The river affords great water-power here. Pop. 406. Saint Croix Lake, an expansion of the St. Croix River, forms part of the boundary between Minnesota and Wisconsin. It extends from Stillwater, or Hudson, south- ward nearly to Prescott, and is about 2 miles wide. Saint Cuth'bert, a post-village in Berthier co., Que- bec, on a river of the same name, 7 miles N.W. of Berthier en Haut. It has 4 saw-mills, a carding-mill, and several stores. Saint Cyprian (sip're-an) Bay, an inlet of the At- lantic Ocean, on the W. coast of Africa, immediately N. of Cape Barbas. Lat. 22° 35' N. ; Ion. 17° W. It receives the river St. Cyprian, 50 miles in length. Saint-Cyprien, s^n° see'pre-5-N^', a village of France, in Hordogne, 9 miles W. of Sarlat. Pop. 1527. Saint-Cyprien, a village of France, in Aveyron, 16 miles N.N.W. of Rodez. Pop. 1800. Saint Cyprien, Quebec. See Napierville. Saint-Cyr, saN'> seen, a village of France, in Seine-et- Oise, 2^ miles W. of Versailles. Its famous militia school, established in 1803, occupies part of the royal abbey founded by Louis XIV. in 1686. Pop. 2308. Saint- Cyr, a village of France, department of Seine-et- Marne, arrondissement of Coulommicrs. Pop. 1452. Saiht-Cyr, a village of France, department of Var, arrondissement of Toulon. Pop. 2015. Saint-Cyr-au-Mont-d'Or, s3,n» seen o m^N^ doR, a village of France, in Rhone, near the Saone, 3 miles N. of Lyons. Pop. 1769. Saint-Cyr-du-BailleuI, siN<» seen dii bah^yuh', a village of France, in Manche, near Mortain._ Pop. 1754. Saint-Cyr-en-Pail, s4n« seed 6n° p4l, a village of France, in Mayenne, canton of Prez-en-Pail. Pop. 1213. Saint Cyrille, six" see^Reel', a post-village in L'Islet CO., Quebec, 7 miles from L'Islet. Pop. 150. Saint Damase, sIn^ di^m3,z', a post-village in St. Hyacinthe co., Quebec, on the Yamaska River, 7i miles S. of St. Hyacinthe. Saint Damien de Brandon, s^n= dS-^me-S-so' deh br6NGM6s«', a post-village in Berthier co., Quebec, 27i miles N.W. of Berthier en Haut. Pop. 100. Saint Da'vid, a seaport on the S.W. coast of Prince Edward Island, Queens co., in lat. 46° 23' N. Saint David, one of the Bermuda Islands. Lat. 32° 10' N, : Ion. 64° 20' W, Saint Da'vid, a post-office and station of Fulton co., 111., on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 4i miles S. of Canton. Saint Da'vids, a decayed city of Wales, co. of Pem- broke, near its W. extremity, on the Allan, near its mouth, on the N. side of St. Bride's Bay, 15 miles W.N.W. of Haver- ford-AVest. Its cathedral, 307 feet in length internally, has a lofty tower, a fine Gothic chapel, and rich decorations. Near it are the ruined college of St. Mary, founded in 1377, and the decayed episcopal palace. Pop. about 1000. Saint Da'vids, a post-village in Niagara co., Ontario, on the Great Western Railway, 5 miles W. of Clifton. It 25 SAI eontttins a church, a tannery, and several stores, hotels, and flouring-mills. Pop. 270. Saint David's Head, the westernmost point of Wales, in lat. 51° 5(1' N., Ion. 5° 15' W. Saint Day, a town of Englaml, eo. of Cornwall, 7 miles W. of Truio. Pop. 2700, chiclly cni|iloyeil in mining. Saint-Den'ig (Fr. pron. sJn- doh-neo'), a town of Franco, department of Seine, with a station on the liaiUvay du Nord, 5i miles N. of the centre of Paris. Pop. 2'J,500. It has a theatre, public library, and several annual fairs; but it is chiefly celebrated for its chureli, which from the seventh century was the prinei|iiil burial-pliice of the kings of France. This is a noble Gothic editice, -tlSJ feet in length, KKU feet in breadth, with 2 towers and a spire. Saint-Denis has nurseries, tanneries, and nianufuctures of chemical products, cards, starch, candles, machinery, *tc. Saint-Denis, a village of France, in Charcnte-Infii- ricure, in the island of Olerctn, with a port. Pop. 1659. Saint- Denis, siN° d?h-neo', the capital town of the French island of Reunion, in the Indian Ocean, on the N. coast of the island, at the mouth of the river Saint-Denis. Lat. 20° 52' S. ; Ion. 55° 30' 24" E. Pop. 40,000. It is the residence of the governor of the island, tlie seat of a high court, and has a college, hospital, botanic garden, a bank, and an active general trade. It is situated on an exposed roadstead, the best in the island. Saint Den'is, a post-village of Baltimore co., Md., at Relay Station on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 9 miles S.W. of Baltimore. Pop. about 300. Saint Denis, s4m» deh-nee', a post-village of Quebec, CO. of St. Hyacinthe, on the river Richelieu, 14 miles N. of St. Hilaire Village. It contains 7 or S stores, and saw-, grist-, and carding-mills. Saint-Denis-de- Jouhet, sJn" d^h-nee' d?h zhoo^i', a village of France, in Indre, 7 miles S.W. of La Chatre. Saint Denis de la Boutelleric, s4n° d^h-nee' d^h \Sl boo^t^n^h-ree', a post-village in Kamouraska co., Quebec, on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 97 miles below Quebec. It contains 4 stores. Saint-Denis-d'Orques, s4no deh-nee' doRk, a vil- lage of France, 21 miles W. of Le Mnns. Pop. 2371. Saint-Denis-le-Chevasse, siso deh-nee' leh sh^h- viss', a village of France, in Vendee, canton of Poir€-sur- Vie. Pop. 1603. Saint-Denis-le-Gast, s4k° deh-nee' l§h gist, a vil- lage of France, in Manche, 10 miles S.S.E. of Cout.anees. Saint-Denis-le-Vetu, siN= deh-nee' leh vi'tii', a village of France, in Manche, 4 miles S. of Coutances. Saint-Denis-sur-Saithon,s4No deh-nee' siiRsan'- IAn'o', a village of France, in Orne, 6 miles N.W. of Alen^on. Saint Den'nis Bayou, bi'oo, of Louisiana, traverses the parish of Jeffei-son, and flows into Barataria Bay. Saint De'roin', a post-village of Nemaha co.. Neb., on the Missouri River, about SO miles E.S.E. of Lincoln. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a wugon-shop. Saint Didace, s^n" deeMiss', a post-village in Mas- kinonge co., Quebec, on the river Maskinonge, 48 miles W. of Three Rivers. Saint-Didier-au-JMont-d'Or, s4no dee"de-i' o m^No doR, a village of France, department of Rh6ne, 5 miles N. of Lyons. Pop. 1308. Saint-Didier-de-Clialaronne, sAno deeVle-4' deh shi^liVonn', a village of France, in Ain, 16 miles N. of Trevoux. Pop. 2673. Saint-Didier-de-la-Tour, siu" deeMe-A' deh \i, tooR, a village of France, in Isere, arrondissement of La Tour du Pin. Pop. 1550. Saint-Didier-la-Seauve, sJno dee'de-i' li si^ov', a town of France, in Haute-Loire, 14 miles N.E. of Yssin- geaux. Pop. 2219. Saint-Didier-sur-Doulon,siN''dee'de-i'6UR doo"- 16n°', a village of France, in Haute-Lolre, 8 miles E. of Brioude. Pop. 1694. Saint-Didier-sur-Rochefort, sixo dee"de-i' siiR roshYoR', a village of France, in Loire, 16 miles N.W. of Montbrison. Pop. 1433. Saint-Die, s3,Na de-i', a town of France, department of Vosges, 32 miles E.N.E. of Epinal, on the Mcurthe. Pop. 12,020. It has a communal college, cotton-mills, tan- neries, paper-mills, iron-forges, and manufactures of ma- chinery, carpets, hosiery, &c. In its vicinity are iron- and copper-mines and marble-quarries. Saint-Dizier, siN° dee^ze-4', a town of France, in Haute-Marne, on the right bank of the Marne, where it becomes navigable, 10 miles N. of Vassy. Pop. 9453, It is handsome, and was formerly fortified ; it has a college, a fine town hall, a hospital, a ruined castle, docks for building SAI 1926 SAI vessels, iron-furnaces, forges, manufactures of cutlery, locks, chains, nails, &c., and an active export trade in iron and timber. In 1544 it sustained a siege by Charles V. ; and in 1814 the French troops here twice defeated a part of the allied army. Saint Domingo. See Santo Domingo. Saint Dominique, saN^ do^ine^neek', a post-village in Bagot co., Quebec, 8 miles S.E. of St. Hyacinthe. Saint Dominique des Cedres, s4n» do'me^neek' dA sid'r, a post-village in Soulanges co., Quebec, 7i miles N. of Cedars. Saint Donat, siN" do^nS,', a post-village in Rimouski CO.. Quebec, on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, 10 miles N.E. of St. Anaclet. Saint-Donat-le-Roman, s3,n= do'ni' leh ro'mftso', a town of France, in DrGme, 13 miles N. of Valence. Saint Dona'tuSy a post-village of Jackson co., Iowa, in Tete des Morts township, 14 miles S.S.E. of Dubuque. It has 2 churches, a convent, a flour-mill, &c. Sainte Agathe, siNt i"g4t', a po.st-village in Lot- biniere co., Quebec, 25 miles S.E. of Lotbiniere. Pop. 325. Sainte Agathe des Monts, s5,st i'git' di mAs", or Ber'esford, a post-village in Terrebonne co., Quebec, on the North River, 60 miles N. of Montreal. It has a church, 4 stores, 4 hotels, 4 saw-mills, and 2 grist-mills. Sainte Agnes, sist iN'ySs', a post-village of Quebec, CO. of Charlevoix, 10 miles from Murray Bay. Sainte Agnes de Dundee, siNt ix^ySs' d§h dun*- dee', a post- village in Huntingdon co., Quebec, on tlie river St. Lawrence, 12 miles above St. Anicet. Sainte Anastasie de Nelson. See Lyster. Sainte Angele, sixt dNo^zhil', a post-village in Rou- ville CO., Quebec, 6 miles from Ste. Marie de Monnoir. It contains 5 stores. Pop. 600. Sainte Angele de ILaval, sJist fiNo^zhir d?h 14"v5,r, or Dou'cett's Land'tng, a post-village and parish in Nieolet co., Quebec, on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, at the N.W. terminusof the Three Rivers Branch of the Grand Trunk Railway, 2 miles from Three Rivers. Pop. 150. Sainte Angelique, saNt bs'^hli'ieek' , a post-village in Ott.awa co., Quebec, 5 miles from Papineauville. Sainte>Anne, saNt ^nn, a mountain of France, de- partment of Orne, 8 miles from Alenpon. Sainte Anne (Fr. pron. sjNt inn), a river of Quebec, after a S.W. course estimated at 120 miles, joins the St. Lawrence on its N. banL, .about 50 miles W.S.W. of Quebec. At its mouth it is 1200 feet across. Shallows and numerous rapids impede its navigation. Sainte-Anne, s3.Nt 3.nn, a maritime village of Guade- loupe, on the S. coast of Grande-Terre, 12 miles E.S.E. of La Point-ii-Pitre. Pop. of commune, 7239. Sainte-Anne, a vill.age of Martinique, near the S. extremity of the island. Pop. of commune, 2865-. Sainte Anne Bout de I'Isle, s^Nt inn boo deh leel, a thriving post-village of Quebec, co. of Jacques Cartier, at the confluence of the rivers Ottawa and St. Lawrence, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 21 miles W. of Montreal. It is a favorite resort during the summer months. Sainte Anne de Beaupre, slmt inn deh bo'pri', a post-village in Montmorency Co., Quebec, on the N. sliore of the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Ste. Anne, 22 miles below Quebec. It contains a church and a dozen stores. There .are very picturesque falls near the village. Pop. 300. Sainte Anne de la Perade, d§h li p^h^nid', a post- village of Quebec, co. of Cliamplain, on the river Ste. Anne, 55 miles W. by N. of Quebec. It contains a church, sev- eral saw- and grist-mills, and about 12 stores. Pop. 1000. Sainte Anne de la Focatiere, deh li po'kiHe- aiR', a post-village of Quebec, co. of Kamouraska, on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 86 miles below Quebec. It contains, besides a church and several hotels, a college, one of the most ex- tensive in the province, usually attended by about 200 stu- dents. Pop. of parish, 3134. Sainte Anne de Restigouche, d^h uSs'tee'goosh', a village in Bonaventure co., Quebec, on the river Resti- gouche, 1 mile from Cross Point. It is chiefly inhabited by Indians of the Micmac tribe. Pop. 200. Sainte Anne des Monts, di m6N°, a post-village of Quebec, co. of Gaspc, on the S. bank of the St. La\vrence, at the mouth of the river Ste. Anne, lS4i miles below Riviere du Loup en Bas. There are several rivers of the same name in this district. The village contains a saw-mill, a grist-mill, and 2 stores, and has a good fishery. Sainte Anne des Plaines, dipUn, a post-village in Terrebonne co., Quebec. 28 miles N. of Montreal. Sainte Anne de Stukely, Quebec. See Rochelle. Sainte-Baume, siNt bom, a mountain in the S.E. of France, Var, canton of Saint-Maximin. Height, 2850 feet. Sainte Beatrix, siNt bi'i'treeks', a post-village in Joliette CO., Quebec, 18 miles N.N.W. of Joliette. Sainte Brigide, s^Nt bre^zheed', a post-village in Iberville CO., Quebec, on the Stanstead, Shefl'ord *fc Chambly Railway, 10 miles E. of St. John's. Pop. 400. There are extensive peat bogs in the vicinity. Sainte Brigide des Saults, siNt bre^zheed' di so, a post-village in Nieolet co., Quebec, on the river Nieolet, 60 miles below Montreal. Sainte Brigitte de Laval, Quebec. See Laval. Sainte-Croix, sist krwi, a village of Switzerland, in Vaud, on the French frontier, 7 miles W. of Grandson. Principal industries, watch- and lace-making. Pop. 4788. Sainte Croix, West Indies. See Santa Cruz. Sainte-Croix-de-Volvestre, siNt krwi d^h voP- vJst'r', a village of France, 9 miles N. of Saint-Girons. Saint Edmundsbury. See Bury St. Edmund's. Sainte Dorothee, siNt doVoHi', a post-village in Laval CO., Quebec, 15 miles from Montreal. Saint £douard, saNt iMoo'aR', a post-village in Na- pierville co., Quebec, on Riviere La Tortue, 4 miles from La Pigeonniere. Pop. 600. See also Rivikre Bois Clair, and Frampton. Saint Ed'ward, a post-hamlet of Boone co., Neb., about 30 miles W.N.W. of Columbus. It has a flour-mill. Sainte Elzear, sitxt ^1-zi-aR', a post-village in Beauce CO., Quebec, 27 miles S. of St. Henri de Lauzon. It con- tains 4 saw-mills, 2 grist-mills, and 4 stores. Pop. 600. Sainte Emelie, Quebec. See Leclercville. Sainte Emilie de I'Energie, siNt i^meeMee' d?h li^n^R^zhee', a post-village in Joliette Co., Quebec, on the Black River, 42 miles N. of Montreal. Pop. 200. Sainte Famille d'Orleans, siNt fi'meel' doR'li"- 6n°', a post- village in Montmorency co., Quebec, on the Isle of Orleans, in the St. Lawrence, 17 miles below Quebec. Sainte Flavie,siNtfliVee', a post-village in Rimouski CO., Quebec, on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, and on the Intercolonial Railway, 87 miles below Riviere du Loup en Bas. Pop. 450. Sainte- Foy, saNt fwi, a town of France, in Gironde, on the left bank of the Dordogne, 42 miles E. of Bordeaux. It has manufactures of hosiery and wine. Pop. 3916. Sainte-Foy, a town of France, in Rhone, 2 miles S.S.W. of Lyons. Pop. 4337. Sainte-Gemme- (orGemmes-)d'Andigne,siNt zhSmm dfiNoMeen', a village of France, in Maine-et-Loire, 20 miles N.W. of Angers. Pop. 1180. Sainte-Gemme- (or Gemmes-) le-Robert, siNt zhSmm leh ro'baiu', a village of France, in Mayenne, 20 miles N.E. of Laval. Pop. 415. Sainte-Gemme- (or Gemmes-) sur-Iioire, s^Nt zh^mm siiR IwaR, a village of France, in Maine-et-Loire, arrondissement of Angers. Pop. 1883. Sainte- Genevieve, siNt zheh-neh-ve-iv', a village of France, in Aveyron, 19 miles N. of Espalion. Pop. 1735. Sainte-Genevieve, a village of France, in Oise, 11 miles S.S.E. of Beauvais. Pop. 1519. Sainte Genevieve, siNt zheb-n^h-ve-aiv', a post- village of Quebec, co. of Jacques Cartier, on Riviere des Prairies, 20 miles W. of Montreal. It has a church, a con- vent, and 6 stores. Pop. 1B72. There are excellent mineral springs in the vicinity. Sainte Genevieve de Batiscan. See Batiscan. Sainte Germain, Quebec. See Lake Etchemin. Sainte Gertrude, Canada. See Saint Gertrude. Sainte-Helene, sa.st iMJn' or i'lain', several villages of France, departments of Morbihan, Lozere, Seine-Infe- rieure, Vosges, Gironde, &c., and one in Savoy, 6 miles S.S.W. of Albort-Ville. Sainte-Helene, the French name of Saint Helena. Sainte Helene,si!it i'lain', a post-village in Kamou- raska CO., Quebec, on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 108 miles below Quebec. Sainte Helene de Bagot, deh bi'go', a post-village in Bagot co., Quebec, 7 miles N.W. of Upton. Pop. 100. Sainte Henedine, sAst i^nohMeen', a post-village of Quebec, capital of the co. of Dorchester, 16 miles S.E. of St. Henri de Lauzon. It has a church, the county buildings, several saw- and grist-mills, and potash-factories. Sainte-Honorine-la-Chardonne, siNt o"no"- reen' li shaii'donn', a village of France, in Orne, 17 miles N.N.E. of Domfront. Pop. 1245. Sainte Irenee, siNt eeS-i"ni', a post-village in Charle- voix CO., Quebec, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 78 miles below Quebec. Pop. about 1000. SAI 1927 SAI Sainte Julie de Somerset, siNt zhUMeo' d^h som*- 4r"set', a post-village in Megiintic co., Quebec, li miles from fiecancour Station. It contains several saw- and grist- mills, and 6 stores. Pop. 30U. Sainte Julie de VerchereSjslst zhiiMeo' d^h v4n*- shain', a post-village in Verehiires co., tjuebeo, at the foot of Boueherville Mountain, 4^ miles from St. Bruno. Sainte Julienne, s'ixt zhUMe-in', a post-village of Quebec, capital of the eo. of Montcalm, on the river St. Esprit, 2S miles N.W. of L'Assomption. It has 4 or 5 stores anil several saw- and grist-mills. Pop. 400. Sainte Justine, Quebec. See La.sgevin. Sainte Justine de Newton, saNt zhiis'tcen' deh new'ti,")n, a post-village iu Vuudrouil Co., Quebec, 14 miles N.W. of Coteau Station. Saint Eleanors, s^nt ^I'^-nurz, a post-village in Prince co., Prince Edward Island, on the Prince Edward Island Railway, 2A miles from Summerside. Pop. 40U. Saint Ele'na (Sp. Sanla EUiia, s&n'tiL i-U'nd). a point and maritime village of Ecuador, province of Manabi ; the point in hit. 2° 12' S., Ion. Sl° W., and the village on the Bay of St. Elena, 30 miles S.E. Saint Elias, Mount. See Mount Saint Euas. Saint Elie de Caxton, fXsl ^'lee' d^h kd.x'tfn, a post-village in St. Maurice co., Quebec, on the Yamachiche River, 24 miles N.W. of Throe Rivers. It has a church, 2 stores, and 2 saw-mills. Saint Eliz'abeth, a post-hamlet of Miller co., Mo., on the Osage River, 2o miles S. of Jeiferson City. It has a church. Saint Eliz'abeth, a post-village in Joliette co., Que- bec, on the river Bayonne, 45 miles N.E. of Montreal. It has an agricultural-implement factory, a tannery, and sev- eral stores. Pop. 460. Saint El'nio, a post-village of Mobile co., Ala., on the New Orleans & Mobile Railroad, 20 miles S.S.W. of Mobile. It has a church and 2 free schools. Turpentine and other products are shipped here. Saint Elmo, a post-otJice of Schley co., Ga. Saint Elmo, a post-village of Fayette co., 111., in Avena township, on the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, 14 miles E. by N. of Vandalia. It has a church and a can-iage-shop. Coal is found near this place. P. 27.^. Saint Elmo, a post-village of Claiborne co.. Miss., 14 miles E. of Port Gibson. It has a church and a store. Saint Elmo, a post-office of Travis co., Te.\. Saint Eloi, siNt AMwi', a post-village in Temiscouata CO., Quebec, 8 miles N.E. of Isle Verte. P. of parish, 1134. Sainte Louise des Aulnaies, sixt loo'eez' diz o- ni', a post-village in L'Islet co., Quebec, i mile from St. Roch des Aulnaies. Pop. 150. Sainte-Luce, sSst liiss, a town on the S. coast of the island of Martinique, 13 miles S.E. of Fort-de-France. Pop. 1569. Sainte-Lucie, West Indies. See Saint Lucia. Sainte Marguerite, siNt raan^gheh-reet', a river of Quebec, joins the Sagueuay 14 miles from its mouth. Sainte Marguerite, a post-village in Dorchester eo., Quebec, 8 miles N.W. of Frampton. It has saw-, carding-, and fulling-mills, and several stores. Pop. 400. Iron and copper are found in the vicinity. See also Lac Masson. Sainte-Marguerite. See Lebins Isles. Sainte-Marie, or Sainte-Marie-de-Madagas- car, saNt mi'ree' deh mi'di'gdsHtaa' (native name, Nossi Ibruldm, or Nusai Burrah), a French island on the E. coast of Madagascar, lat. 17° S., divided by a narrow channel into two islets. Area, 67 square miles. The soil is of vol- canic origin, but rocky and poor, and the climate sickly and damp. It is chiefly important as the seat of an active commerce. Chief town, Sainte-Marie, a free port, with a good harbor. Pop. 6948, mostly of Malagassy race. Sainte-Marie, siNt miVee', a town of the island of Martinique, on its N.E. side. Pop. 5865. Sainte-Marie, a commune in the island of Reunion, on its N. coast. Pop. 1425. Sainte-Marie-Audenhove, sist miVee' o'd^n^ov', a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 8 miles E. of Aude- narde. Pop. 2025. Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. See Markirch. Sainte Marie de la Beauce. See La Beauce. Sainte Marie de Monnoir, siNt mi'ree' d^h mon*- nwaR', or Marieville, a village of Quebec, capital of the CO. of Rouville, on the Montreal, Chambly k Sorel Railway, 21 miles S.E. of Montreal. It has a church, college, 5 stores, tannery, &c., and a large trade in produce. Pop. 723. Sainte Marthe, siNt mant, a post-village in Vau- dreuil co., Quebec, 13 miles from Coteau Station. Pop. 300. Sainte Martine, s^Nt manHeon', a post-villago of Quebec, capital of the co. of Chnteauguay, on the river Cha- teauguay, 13i miles S. of Caughnawaga. It bus the county buildings, a church, several hotels, stores, mills, and tan- neries. Pop. 700. Sainte-Maure, slNt mon, a town of Franco, in Indro- ct-Loire, on the Manse, 18 miles E.S.E. of Chinon, on tho railroad from Bordeau.\ to Paris. Pop. 1684. Sainte Melanie, Quebec. See Daillebout. Sainte-Menehould, silNtiudnUioo', a town of Franco, in Marne, on the Aisne, at the influ.x of the Auve, 26 miles E.N.E. of Chalons. Pop. 3376. It has a forest board, a communal college, and manufactures of glass, hosiery, and leather. It was formerly fortilied, and was taken by Louis XIV. in 1653. Sainte-Mere-Eglise, siNt min i^gleez', a town of France, in Manche, miles S.E. of Valognes. Pop. 1474. Sainte-Monique, siNt mo'neek', a post-village in Nicolet CO., Quebec, 8 miles from Nioolet. Pop. 500. Sainte Philoniene, siNt fceMo'min', a post-village and parish in Chateauguay Co., Quebec, 8 miles from Caugh- nawaga. It contains a church and sovcral stores. P. 1548. Saint Epiirem de Tring,siNt i-fr^m' d^h treeng, a post-village in Beauce co., Quebec, 70 miles S. of Quebec. It contains saw-, grist-, and carding-mills, and 3 stores. Pop. 200. Saint Ephrem d'Upton, si.vt i,-frim' dup'tnn, or tJl)ton, a post-village in Bagot co., Quebec, on the Grand Trunk Railway, 48 miles E. of Montreal. It contains 7 or 8 stores, 2 saw-mills, a manufactory of extract of hemlock bark, and a tannery. Pop. 350 ; of parish, 1392, There are valuable copper-mines in the vicinity. Saint Epipltanie, Quebec. See Viger. Sainte Rosalie, siNt rO'zi'lco', a post-village in Bagot CO., Quebec, 4:^ miles N.E. of St. Ilyacinthe. Pop. 100; of parish, 1591. Sainte-Rose, siNt roz, a town of Guadeloupe, on its N. coast, 10 miles S.W. of Port Louis. Pop. 6033. Sainte-Rose, a toivn of the island of Reunion, on its E. coast, 31 miles S.E. of Saint-Denis. Pop. 2700. Sainte Rose, siNt roz, a post-village of Quebec, cap- ital of the CO. of Laval (Isle Jesus), on the S. shore of tho river Jesus (a branch of the Ottawa), and on the Montreal Northern Colonization Railway, lOJ miles N.W. of Mon- treal. It contains a church, a tannery, and 6 stores. Pop. 736; of parish, 1816. Saintes, siNt (anc. Mediola'nuni), a town of France, in Charente-Inferieure, 42 miles S.E. of La Rochelle, on the left bank of the Charente. Lat. 45° 45' N. ; Ion. 0° 38' W. Pop. 11,150. It has a fine cathedral, a communal college, a public library, a tribunal of commerce, an extensive trade in cognac brandy, and manufactures of leather, crockery, bolting-doth, candles, &c. Salutes was the capital of the old province of Saintonge. Saintes, Les, French West Indies. See Les Saintes. Sainte Scholastique, siNt skoMis'teek', .an incor- porated village of Quebec, capital of the co. of Two Moun- tains, on Belle Riviere, 36 miles W. of Montreal. It con- tains, besides the county buildings, a church, a tannery, 3 hotels, and 6 stores, and has a large trade in grain and country produce. Pop. 707; of parish, 2811. Saintes-Maries, Les. See Les Saintes-Maries. Sainte Sophie de Halifax, siNt so'fee' djh hiMce'- fix', a post-village in Megantic co., Quebec, 7 miles S.E. of Somerset. Pop. 200. Sainte Sophie de Lacorne, siNt so'fee' deh li"- koRn', a post-village and parish in Terrebonne co., Quebec, 34 miles N.W. of Montreal. Pop. 1311. Saint-Esprit, siNt Ss'pree', a seaport town of France, on the Adour, opposite Bayonne, of which it is a suburb. It has a citadel, commanding the town and port of Bayonne. Saint Esprit, siNt ^s^pree', a post-office in Richmond CO., Nova Scotia, on the sea-coast, 25 miles from St. Peters. Saint Esprit, a post-village and parish in Montcalm CO., Quebec, on the river St. Esprit, 17 miles N.W. of L'As- somption. Pop. 1537. Sainte-Terre ("Holy Land"). See Palestine. Sainte Therese de Blainville, siNt ti'raiz' d§h bliNo*veel', a village of Quebec, co. of Terrebonne, on the Riviere aux Chiens, 20 miles N.N.W. of Montreal. It has 3 churches, a college, a convent, 3 hotels, 8 stores, a tannery, a distillery, a brewery, and several grist-mills. Pop. 914. Saint-Etienne, siNt i'te-4nn' (i.e., " St. Stephen"), a town of France, in Loire, on the Furens, a small affluent of the Loire, in the centre of one of the most valuable coal- fields of France, 32 miles by railway S.W. of Lyons. Pop. in 1876, 126,019. It contains several spacious streets, SAI 1928 SAI formed of lofty and substantial houses of freestone. The town is lighted with gas. The jirincipal edifices are the hotel-de-ville, comprising the town hall, exchange, and a museum of the local manufactures, a court-house, a theatre, a public library, a h.andsome obelisk fountain, and the termini of the two railways to Lyons and Roanne. The town has a court of first resort and commerce, a consulting chamber of manufactures, a national college, a school of mines, a chemical laboratory, a public library, and numer- ous iron-works. It has acquired prosperity in the manu- facture of iron-wares, silk ribbons, hardware, fire-arms, cutlery, files, nails, cast iron, and steel. The number of looms is estimated at 20,000, and the value of the annual produce of ribbons, $1.3,000,000. It has also manufactures of other silk goods, lace, embroidery, muslins, cotton yarn, glass, leather, paper, and lampblack. The coal, to which Saint-Etienne is indebted for the main source of its pros- perity, forms a very important branch of trade, furnishing fuel for blast-furnaces and other iron-works, and for export. Saint Etieiine. See CuAiiDiiiiiE Junction. Saint-Etieiiiie-de-Baigorry, sist i"te-^nn' deh bi'goR'uee', a town of France, in Basses-Pyrenees, on the Spanish frontier, 23 miles S.S.B. of Bayonne. It has iron- mines and marble-quarries. Saint Etienne de Beauharnois, siyt iHe-^nn'd^h bo\iR^nw3,', a post-village and parish in Beauharnois Co., Quebec, on the river St. Louis, 5 miles from Beauharnois. Pop. 1097. Saint Etienne de Bolton. See Grass Povd. Saint-Etienne-de-Lugdares, siNt i'te-^nn' d^h l!igM5,his', a town of France, in Ardeche, 31 miles W. of Privas. Pop. 15S6. Saint-Etienne-de-Montluc, s4st i^.te-Snn' deh mftw^HUk', a town of France, in Loire-Inferieure, 10 miles N.W. of Nantes. Pop. 1129. Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, sist i"te-Snn' deh roov'ri', a town of France, in Seine-Inferieure, near the Seine, i miles S. of Rouen. Pop. 2788. Saint-Etienne-de-Saint-Geoirs, sS,Nt iHe-3nn' deh siNo zhwaR, a town of France, in Isere, 20 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. 1836. Saint Etienne des Gres, sast iHe-Jnn' di gri, a post-village in St. Maurice co., Quebec, on the river St. Maurice, 15 miles N.W. of Three Rivers. It contains a church, a tannery, and several stores. Pop. 300. Saint Eufemia, Italy. See Santa Eufemia. Saint Eugene, sANt xih^zhin', a post-village in Pres- cott CO., Ontario, 9 miles S.W. of Pointe Fortune. It con- tains a tannery, a potash-factory. &c. Pop. 400. Sainte UrsuLe, s^Nt iiu^siil', a post-village in Mas- kinonge co., Quebec, on the Little Riviere du Loup, 5 miles from Three Rivers. Pop. 400. Saint Eustache, s3,Nt uh^stish', a village in the co. of Two Mountains, Quebec, on Riviere du Chene, 21 miles S.W. of Montreal. It contains a church, a convent, an academy, 3 hotels, a pottery, and several mills and stores. Pop. 859. Saint Enstatius, u-sti'she-Qs, or Saint Eustache, one of the Dutch West India Islands, 12 miles N.W. of St. Christopher. Area, 190 square miles. Pop. 1809. It is mountainous, and has two extinct volcanoes. The climate is healthy, but earthquakes and hurricanes arc frequent. Capital, St. Eustatius, or Orange, on the S.W. coast. Saint Evaviste de Forsyth, sS,Nt i'vi'reest' d?h for'stth', a post-village in Beauce co., Quebec, 24 miles S.S.W. of St. Franfois, and 7S miles S. of Quebec. P. 150. Sainte Victoire, saNt vikHwan', a post-village in Richelieu co., Quebec, 9 miles from Sorel. Saint Fabien, sis' fa'be-iN"', a post-village in Ri- mouski CO., Quebec, on the river St. Lawrence, 464 miles below Riviere du Loup en Bas. Pop. 250. Saint-Fargeau, siN" faR^zho', a town of France, in Yonne, 26 miles E.S.E. of Auxerre, on the Loing. Here is a fine old castle, once the residence of Mademoiselle Mont- pensier, cousin of Louis XIV. Pop. 2030. Saint Felicite, s4s<> fiUee'seeHi', a post-village in Rimouski co., Quebec, on the river St. Lawrence, 9 miles below Matane. Saint Fe'lix, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, W. of Copiapd, in Chili. Lat. 26° 21' S. ; Ion. 79° 35' W. Saint Fe'lix, a post-village in Prince co., Prince Ed- ward Island, 60 miles from Summerside. Saint Fe'lix, a cape on the S. coast of Mad.agascar. Saint Felix dc Valois, siN» fAMeeks' d?h va.Mwi', a post-village in Joliette CO., Quebec, on the river Bayonne, 51 miles N.N.E. of Montreal. It has an iron-foundry, a tannery, saw- and flouring-mills, and 5 stores. Pop. 600. Saint Fer'dinand, a township of St. Louis co., Mo. Pop. 7214. Saint Ferdinand de Halifax, s4n» fSRMe-nSso'dfh hS,MeeH'i.\', a post-village in Megantic co., Quebec, on Lake AVilliam, 17 miles S.E. of Somerset. It has several stores and saw-mills. Pop. 400. Saint Fereol, sJno fiVi'ol', a post-village in Mont- morency CO., Quebec, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 30 miles below Quebec. In the vicinity are attractive waterfalls. Saint Fidele, s4n" fee'dir, a post-village in Charle- voix CO., Quebec, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 9 miles E.N.E. of Murray Bay. Saint'Aeld, a town of Ireland, co. of Down, 9 miles S.S.E. of Belfast. Pop. 904. Saint Flavien, silNo fliVe-iN"', a post-village in Lotbiniere co., Quebec, 30 miles S.W. of the city of Quebec. It has 4 stores and several saw-mills. Pop. 300. Saint Flore, s4n" Aoh, a post-village in Champlain CO., Quebec, 31 miles N.N.W. of Three Rivers. Saint-Florent, .saNo floh-ON"' (It. San Fiorenzo, san fe-o-r^n'zo), a fortified seaport town of Corsica, on its N. side, on the Gulf of St.-FIorent, 7 miles AV. of Bastia. Saint-Florent, sis« flo'rfin"', a village of France, department of Cher, on the Cher, 9 miles S.W. of Bourges. Saint - Florentin, sku" flo"r6N»H4N»', a town of France, in Yonne, at the confluence of the Armance and Arman^on, and on the Paris A- Lyons Railway, 15 miles N.N.E. of Auxerre. Pop. 2256. Saint-Flour, saN" Aoor (rhyming with poor), a town of France, in Cantal, 33 miles E.N.E. of Aurillac. Pop. 4848. It stands on a rock near the right bank of the Au- zon, and has a communal college, a public library, trade in corn, and manufactures of glue, blankets, pottery, «tc. Saint Foy, sAn^ fwa, a post-village and parish in Quebec co., Quebec, 4 miles S.W. of Quebec. It contains a store, 3 hotels, and an inebriate asylum. Pop. 1625. Saint Francis, France. See SAiNT-rRAN90is. Saint Fran'cis, a headland of Africa, in Cape Colony, W. of St. Francis Bay. Lat. 34° 10' S.; Ion. 24° 53' E. Saint Francis, a lake of Canada, formed by the St. Lawrence, 35 miles S.W. of Montreal. Length, 28 miles. Saint Fran'cis, a county in the E. part of Arkansas, has an area of about 625 square miles. It is intersected by the St. Francis River, and also drained by the Languille River. The surface is nearly level, or undulating. The soil is partly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. The county is intersected by the Memphis & Little Rock Railroad. Capital, Forrest City. Valuation of real and personal estate, 81,923,491. Pop. in 1870, 6714, of whom 6608 were Americans. Saint Francis, a township of Effirigham co., III. Pop. 509. Saint Francis, a post-office and pl.mtation of Aroos- took CO., Me., on the river St. John, 15 miles above Fort Kent. Pop. 253. Saint i rancis, a post-village of Anoka co., Minn., in St. Francis township, on Rum River, 15 miles N. of Anoka, and about 30 miles N. of Minneapolis. It has a grist-mill, a lumber-mill, ttc. The township has several lakes. Pop. of township, 231. Saint Francis, a township of Butler co.. Mo. Pop. 246. Saint Francis, a township of Madison CO., Mo. P. 386. Saint Fran'cis, a post-village in Victoria co., New Brunswick, 36 miles from Edmundston. Pop. 1752. Saint Francisco, California. See San Francisco. Saint Francisco, Brazil. See Sao Francisco. Saint Francis Islands, a group of islands off the S. coast of Australia, in the Nuyts Archipelago. Lat. (N. extremity) 32° 32' S. ; Ion. 133° 17' E. Saint Francis Mills, Quebec. See Brompton Falls. Saint Francis River, Missouri, rises in St. Pranyois CO., runs southward to the N.E. corner of Arkan.sas, inter- sects the COS. of Craighead, Cross, and St. Francis with a sinuous course, and enters the Mississippi about 9 miles above Helena. Length, about 450 miles. Saint Francis River, Quebec, rises in Lake St. Francis, Wolfe co., flows N.E., and enters the St. Lawrence at Lake St. Peter. Length, 100 miles. Saint Francis Station, a post-village of Milwaukee CO., Wis., on Lake Michigan, and on the Chicago & North- western Railroad, 4 miles S. of Milwaukee. Here are a Catholic seminary and an institute for the deaf and dumb. Saint Fran'cisville, a post-hamlet of Lawrence co., III., on the Wabash River, and on the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Vincennes. It has a church. Pop. 131. SAT 1 Saint Francisville, a post-viIIa;^e, capital of West Feliciana parish, La., on the West Feliciana Kailroad, about 30 miles N. by W. of Baton Rouge, and 1 mile N.E. of the Mississippi River. It is adjacent to the river-port called Bayou Sara. It contains 1 or 2 newspaper otficcs, a money- order post-office, an acjidemy, and 2 churches. A large quantity of cotton is shipped here. Saint Francisville, a post-village in Dcs Moines township, Clarke co.. Mo., on the Des Moines River, 12 miles W.N.W. of Keokuk. Iowa, and 3 miles from Vin- cennes, Iowa. It has 3 churches, a seminary, and a car- riage-factory. Pop. 408. Saint Fran'cis \avier, za've-^r, a hamlet of Ham- ilton CO., III., about 40 miles S.E. of Centralia. It has a church and an academy. Saint Fran9ois, s^nt fran'ses (Fr. pron. saN^ frdx"*- swi'), a southeastern county of Missouri, has an area of about 440 square miles. It is drained bv the St. Francis River, which rises in it, and also by Big River. The sur- face is hilly, and extensively covered with forests of pine, oak, maple, and other trees. The soil is moderately fertile. Maize, oats, wheat, and pork are the staples. The chief article of export is iron, a rich deposit of which is found in the famous Iron Mountain. The value of the iron ore mined hero in 1S70 was $434,646. Mines of lead have been opened in this county. It is intersected by the St. Louis, Iron Mountain &, Southern Rjiilroad. Capital, Farmington. Valuation of real and personal estate, $12,550,000. Pop. in 1S70, 9742, of whom S453 were Americans. Saint Francois, a township of St. Franfois co.. Mo. Pop. 1614. Saint Francois, township, Wayne co.. Mo. P. 1755. Saint-Fran^ois^s^No fr6N°*swil',atownof the French AVest Indies, on the S.E. coast of Grande-Terre, IS miles E. of La Pointe-a-Pitre. Pop. 5714. Saint-Francois, a commune of the island of Mar- tinique, with a good port on the E. coast. Pop. 7797. Saint Fran> zhos" deh lUz, a town of France, in Basses-Pyrenees, on the seii, 12 miles by rail S.W. of Bayonne. defended by 3 forts. Pop. 3131. Saint Jean de Matha, siw zhis" deh mi'ti', a post- village in Joliette co., Quebec, on the river L'Assomption, 21 miles N. of Joliette. It has 7 saw-mills, 3 grist-mills, a carding- and fulling-mill, and several stores. Pop. 400. Saint- Jean-de-Maurienne, sas" zhON" d^h moVe- 5nn', or San Giovanni di Aloriana, sin jo-v^n'nee dee mo-re-i'n3., a town of France, in Savoy, on the Arc, at the influ.K of the Arran, 44 miles by rail S.E. of Chambery. Pop. 2623. Saint-Jean-de-Mont, sis" zhow deh mfts", a vil- lage of Fr.ince, in Vendue, near the Atlantic, 33 miles N.N.W. of Les Sables. Pop. of commune, 4024. Saint Jean d'Eschaillons, s3.n» zhftu" d8sh^i~- ybs"', a post-village in Lotbiniere co., Quebec, on the river St. Lawrence, 57 miles S.W. of Quebec. It has 3 saw-mills, 3 grist-mills, and 7 or 8 stores. Pop. 400. Saint Jean d'Orleans, saN» zhfts" donMi'ON"', a post-village in Montmorency co., Quebec, on the Isle of Orleans, 22 miles below Quebec. Saint- Jean-du-Gard, six-" zh5Ni' dil gan, a village of France, in Gard, on the Gordon d'.Anduze, arrondisse- ment and 9 miles W. of Alais. Pop. 2741. It has manu- factures of silk gloves and silk hosiery. Saint-Jean-en-Royans, siy zhfts" Jn" roi'6N»', a village of France, in Drome, 19 miles E.N.E. of Valence, on the right bank of the Lionne. Pop. 1534. Saint- Jean-Molenbeek, Belgium. See Molenbeek. Saint Jean Port Joli, s4n» zhfts" pon zhoMee', a post-village of Quebec, capital of the co. of L'Islet, on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 71 miles N.E. of Quebec. It contains a church, a tannery, and about 10 stores. Pop. 400. SAI Saint J6r6me, sAs" zhA'rom', a post-village of Que- bec, capital of the co. of Terrebonne, on the North River, 33 miles N. of Montreal. It has the county buildings, a church, a woollen-factory, several saw- and grist-mills, and a number of stores. Pop. 1159. Saint Jerome du liae Saint Jcan,sAN° zhiVom' dii lik sdN" zh6N°. a village in Chicoutimi co., Quebec, 55 miles from Chicoutimi. Pop. 120. Saint-Jeure, or Saint-Jeurre, sino zhun, a vil- lage of France, in llaute-Loire, 4 miles E. of Yssingoaux. Pop. of commune, 2704. Saint Jo, a post-village of Montague oo., Tex., 65 miles W. of Sherman. It has 4 churches. Saint-Joachim, siN° zho'il'kiN"', a village of France, in Loire-Inf6rieure, 12 miles "W.N.W. of Savenay. Saint Joachim, saiic zho'iMiiN"', a post-village in Montmorency co., Quebec, on the N. shore of the St. Law- rence, 27 miles N.E. of Quebec. It contains a church and 5 or 6 stores. See also Ch.iteaugijay. Saint Joachim, Paraguay. See San Joaquin. Saint Joachim de Sheiford, sSn" zho^i'kSs"' deh sherfoii', a post-village in Shefford co., Quebec, 9 miles N. of Waterloo. Saint Joe, a post-office of Searcy co.. Ark. Saint Joe, De Kalb co., Ind. See Blair. Saint Joe, a station of Minnesota. See Saint Joseph. Saint Joe, a post-hamlet of Hamilton Co., Neb., 8 miles from Grand Island. Pop. 50. Saint Joe, a post-village of Butler co.. Pa., in Done- gal township, on the railroad between Butler and Karns City, 8i miles S. of the latter. It has several oil-wells and 3 gas-wells. Oil was struck here in August, 1874, and 300 buildings were erected, which were destroyed by fire in No- vember of that year. Saint John, in France. See Saint-Jean. Saint John, in Germany. See Sanct Joiiann. Saint John (Ger. ,S'o;ic( Jb/»oii)i, sinkt yo-h4nn' ; Hun. Szent Jauoa, s^nt yi'nosh^), a village of Hungary, co. and 31 miles N. of Presburg. Pop. 1700. Saint John, in Italy. See San Giovanni. Saint John, in Portugal and Brazil. See Sao Joao. Saint John, in Spain. See San Juan. Saint John, a post-hamlet of Dorsey co., Ark., 25 miles S. of Pine Bluff. Saint John, a post-hamlet of Colusa co., Cal., about 2 miles W. of the Sacramento River, and 48 miles N.W. of Marysville, It has 2 churches. Saint John, a post-village of Perry co.. 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad, 1 or 2 miles N. of Duquoin. It is supported by the manufacture of salt, and operations in coal, which is mined here. Pop. 356. Saint John, a post-hamlet in St. John township. Lake CO., Ind., about 34 miles S. by E. of Chicago. It h.as a church. The township is intersected by the railroad which connects Chicago with Logansport. P. of township, 1442. Saint John, township, Harrison co., Iowa. P. 1210. Saint John, Hardin co., Ky. See Bkthlehem. Saint John, a station of the Now Orleans & Texas Railroad, near Edgard, 33 miles W. of New Orleans. Saint John, a plantation of Aroostook co., Me., 7 miles W. of Fort Kent. Pop. 127. Saint John, township. New Madrid co.. Mo. P. 403. Saint John, a post-villiige of Putnam co., Mo., 12 miles from Seymour, Iowa, and about 60 miles N. by E. of Chillieothe. It has a church, a saw-mill, Ac. Pop. 130. Saint John, a post-office of Hertford co., N.C. Saint John, a village of Mercer co., 0., in Marion township, about 22 miles N.W. of Sidney. It has a church and a convent. Pop. 105. Here is Maria Stein Post-Office. Saint John, a post-village of Tooele co., Utah, 10 miles S.W. of Stockton, and about 45 miles S.W. of Salt Lake City. It has a church. Pop. about 250. Saint John, a post-hamlet of Calumet co.. Wis., in Woodville township, 3 miles from Hilbert Railroad Station. Saint John, or Saint Jan, s^nt yin, an island of the Danish West Indies, E.N.E. of St. Thomas. Area, 42 square miles. Chief exports, cattle and bay rum. Capital, Crux Bay. Pop. 1054. Saini John, a river of Quebec. Sec Richelieu. Saint John, a lake of Quebec, about 120 miles N. of the city of Quebec. It receives numerous rivers, and con- tains many islands. Saint John, a city and seaport of New Brunswick, the commercial metropolis of the province, and capital of the CO. of St. John, is picturesquely situated at the mouth of a river of its own name, on a rocky ])eninsula projecting into the harbor, 190 miles N.W. of Halifax, and 761 miles SAI 1934 SAI S.E. of Montreal. Lat. 45° 14' 6" N. ; Ion. 66° 3' 30" W. The city is regularly laid out and well built. The buildings are chiefly of brick and stone, the principal public edifices being St. Mary's cathedral (Roman Catholic), lunatic asy- lum, city hospital, court-house and jail, marine hospital, penitentiary, almshouse, male orphan asylum, academy of music, dramatic lyceum, mechanics' institute, skating-rink, barracks, and the 34 places of worship. The educational institutions comprise a grammar-school, a Madras school, and a number of public and private schools. St. John has a number of religious and charitable societies, a public library, 2 banks and 2 branch banks, a savings-bank, an efficient fire-brigade, fire-alarm telegraph, 4 daily and sev- eral weekly newspapers, and a number of hotels. (The thriv- ing suburb of Carleton, on the opposite side of the harbor, is included within the city corporation.) The harbor of St. John is capacious, safe, and never obstructed by ice. Its entrance, about 2 miles S, of the city, is protected by Partridge Island, on which are a quarantine hospital and a light-house. On the E. side of the channel below the town a breakwater has been constructed to intercept the , violence of the waves occasioned by southerly gales. The entrance of the river St. John into the harbor, about Ih miles above the city, is through a rocky gorge 90 yards wide and 400 yards long, occasioning very remarkable falls, and spanning the gorge about 100 feet above low water is a suspension-bridge 640 feet long. St. John is the entrepot of a wide extent of country abounding in agricultural re- sources, minerals, and valuable timber, and its situation at the mouth of a large river, with a harbor open all the year round, with railways running from it in every direction, with extensive maritime and manufacturing interests, indi- cates its great commercial importance. St. John has manu- factories of iron castings, steam-engines, machinery, edge- tools, nails, cotton and woollen goods, boots and shoes, leather, wooden-ware, soap and candles, carriages, locomo- tives, agricultural implements, lumber, psiper, sugar-boxes, &c., and its most important branch of industry is ship- building. Between 600 and 900 men are yearly engaged in the fisheries in the harbor of St. John. Salmon, shad, herrings, alewives, halibut, and haddock are taken in large quantities. The streets are lighted with gas, and the city is well supplied with water from a lake 4 miles distant. The railway system of New Brunswick centres at St. John. The great Intercolonial Railway connects the city with Nova Scotia and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the European & North American Railway connects it with Bangor, Me. St. John was created a town by royal charter in 1785. The city and county return three members to the House of Commons and six to the provincial legislature. Pop. of city in 1871, 28,805. Saint John, a maritime county of New Brunswick, bordering on the Bay of Fundy, and intersected by the river St. John, which at its mouth forms one of the finest harbors on the coast. It is also drained by the Kenne- baccasis and other rivers. The surface is diversified with hills and valleys. The soil is fertile, and agriculture has made some advances ; the chief industry of the inhabit- ants, however, is directed to commerce, ship-building, nnd the fisheries. St. John is the most populous county in the province. Area, 535 square miles. Capital, St. John. Pop. 52,303. Saint John Bap'tist, a small parish in the S.E. part of Louisiana, is bounded on the N. by Lake Maurepas, and on the E. by Lake Pontchartrain, and is intersected by the Mississippi River. The surface is very level, and scarcely as high as the adjacent river. The soil is fertile. Sugar, molasses, and Indian corn are the staples. Capital, Bonnet Carre, Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,217,236. Pop. in 1870, 6962, of whom 6606 were Americans. Saint JohnMand,a post- village and colony in Smith- town township, Suffolk, co., N.Y., on Long Island Sound, and on the Long Island Railroad, 4 miles E. of Northport. Here is a charitable institution designed for the education of crippled children, the support of indigent old men, Ac. St. Johnland has a church, a stereotype-foundry, a school, the Old Man's Home, and a printing-office. Saint John River, of New Brunswick, rises in the highlands in the N. of Maine, flows N.E. 150 miles under the name of the Walloostook, and, after forming part of the boundary between Maine and the provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick, turns in a general S.E. direction, inter- sects the latter province, and enters the Bay of Fundy. Length, 450 miles. Saint John's, a county in the N.E. part of Florida, has an area of about 750 i-quare miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the W. by the St. John's River. The surface is level, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is sandy and mostly poor. Cattle and sugar-cane are the chief prodHcts. Capital, St. Augustine. Valuation of real and personal estate, $752,598. Pop. in 1870, 2618, of whom 2483 were Americans. Saint John's, a station in Shelby co., Ind., on a rail- road, 4 miles S. of Shelbyville. Saint John's, a post-village, capital of Clinton co., Mich., in Bingham township, on the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, and on a branch of the Pinconning Railroad, 98 miles W.N.W. of Detroit, and 22 miles N. of Lansing. It has 7 churches, a national bank, 2 newspaper offices, a union school, an iron-foundry, a steam flour-miil, and manufac- tures of carriages, farming-implements, &c. Pop. 2300. Saint John's, a post-hamlet of Kandiyohi co., Minn., in St. John's township, on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 6 miles W.N.W. of Willmar. Pop. of the township, 88. Saint John's, a post-hamlet of Auglaize co., 0., 5^ miles E. of Wapakoneta. It has 2 churches. Saint John's, Mercer co., 0. See Saint John. Saint John's, a post-office of Multnomah co., Oregon. Saint Johns, a county in the S.W. part of Quebec, bordering on the Richelieu River. Area, 175 square miles. It is intersected by the Grand Trunk Railway (Rouse's Point division). Capital, St. Johns. Pop. 12,122. Saint John's, a seaport and city, capital of New- foundland, near the extremity of the easternmost of the peninsulas which project from the E. portion of the island, 1655 miles W. by S. of Galway, Ireland, this being the shortest distaiwe between any two seaports of Europe and America, and 1076 miles N.E. of Montreal. Lat. 47° 33' 6" N. ; Ion. 52° 3' W. The harbor is one of the very best. It is enclosed by two mountains, between the E. points of which is the entrance, called "the Narrows," which is de- fended by fortifications. It has 12 fathoms of water in mid-channel, but only one vessel can pass at a time. Within there is ample space for shipping in good anchorage with perfect shelter. There are no perceptible tides. The town consists chiefly of one street, about 1^ miles in length. It is lighted with gas and well supplied with water. The public buildings, exclusive of the churches, are the govern- ment house, house of assembly, hospital, penitentiary, poor- house, and banks. There are S places of worship, one of which is a fine cathedral erected for the Roman Catholics at a cost of $800,000. The Episcopal cathedral is also a fine edifice. It cost over $120,000. The educational institu- tions comprise 2 schools in connection with the Church of England, one belonging to the Wesleyan Church, and 2 to the Roman Catholic Church. There are several religious and benevolent societies, a mechanics' institute, an agricul- tural society, foundries, breweries, tanneries, a rope-factory, a block-factory, a boot- and shoe-factory, a cabinet-shop, a saw-mill, 3 biscuit-factories, several oil-refineries, and a large factory for making nets. The trade of St. John's consists chiefly in supplying the fishermen with clothing, provisions, and fishing and hunting gear. Pop. 22,553, Saint John's, Ontario. See Ottawa. Saint Johns (formerly Dor'cliester), a town of Quebec, capital of the co. of St. Johns, on the river Riche- lieu, 27 miles S.E. of Montreal, at the junction of the Grand Trunk, Vermont Central, Shefford mSsi'di', a village of France, de- partment of Seine, near the Wood of Vinccnnes, 4 miles E.S.E. of Paris, and close to its walls. Pop. 7499. Saint Marc, s3,n» mank, a town of Hayti, on its W. coast, 44 miles N.N.W. of Port au Prince. It has distil- leries, and exports coffee and logwood. Pop. 3000, Saint Marc, a post-village in Vercheres co., Quebec, on the river Richelieu, 31 miles N.E, of Montreal. It has a foundry and several stores. Pop. 500. Saint Marcel , siN" maR-sM', a post-village in Richelieu CO., Quebec, on the Yamaska, 18 miles N. of St. Ilyacinthe. Saint-Marcellin,sS,N»maR^s51MaNo', a town of France, in Isere, near the Isere, 32 miles by rail W.S.W. of Greno- ble. Pop. 2839. It is well built, and has planted walks, a large central square, a communal college, a silk-mill, and manufactures of cheese, liqueurs, and pottery. Saint-Marcouf, 64n» maR^koof, two islets off the N. coast of France, department of Manebe, in the English Channel, 8 miles S.S.E. of Cape La Hogue, and defending its roadstead. Saint Mar'garet's, a post-hamlet of Anne Arundel CO., Md., on Chesapeake Bay, 5 miles N.E. of Annapolis. It has 2 churches. Saint Mar'garet's Bay, a post-village in Halifax co., Nova Scotia, on St. Margaret's Bay, 22 miles W. of Halifax. It contains 2 stores and 3 hotels. Pop. 500. Saint Maria Audenhove. See Sainte-Marie- AUDENUOTE. Saint Marie, sent raa'ree', a post-village of Jasper co., 111., in St. Marie township, on the Embarras River, about 15 miles N. by E. of Olney, and 32 miles W.N.W. of Vin- cennes. It has a church and a saw-mill. Pop. of the town- ship, 1452. Saint Marie, township. Green Lake co.. Wis. P. 726. Saint Mark, a post-office of Sedgwick co., Kansas. Saint Mark's, a post-village and shipping-port of Wakulla co., Fla., on St. Mark's River, near the Gulf of Mexico, and on a branch of tho Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroad, 21 miles S. of Tallahassee. Saint Mark's, a post-office of Meriwether co., Ga., 6 miles S.E, of Hoganville Station. Saint Mark's, township, Clarendon co., S.C. P. 480. Saint Mark's River, a small stream which rises near the N. boundary of Florida. It runs in a S.S.W. direction, and enters Appalachee Bay. Saint-Mars-d'Outille,sAN» man dooHee'yi'or doo'- teePyi', a village of France, department of Sarthe, arron- dissement of Le Mans. Pop. of commune, 2066. Saint Mar'tin,.an island of England, in the N.E. part of the Scilly group, about 2 miles long. Pop. 158. Saint Mar'tin (Fr. pron. sis- nianHaN"'), one of the West India Islands, the N. part belonging to the French and the S. to the Dutch, between Anguilla .and St. B.arthol- omew. Lat. of Le Marigot (French), 18° 4' N. ; lor. 63° 10' W. Area, about 30 square miles. The surface is hilly, well watered, and in its S. part are some lagoons, from SAI 1940 SAI irhioh the Dutch obtain large quantities of salt. Of the Trench portion, about one-third part is under culture. The chief products are sugar and rum. Many cattle are reared. The S. part is less fertile and wooded ; the principal prod- ucts are sugar, rum, and salt. The French and I>utch made a settlement on this island in 1638 ; they were ex- pelled by the Spaniards, who themselves abandoned it in 1650. The French and Dutch subsequently resumed pos- session, and divided it between them. Pop. of the N. or French division, 3365 ; of the Dutch or S. division, 3101. Saint Martin (Sp. San Martin, sin inaB-teen'), an islaud off the W. coast of Patagonia. Lat. 50° 40' S. Saint Martin, township, Stearns co., Minn. Pop. 410. Saint 3Iartin, stm maitHiN"', a post-village in Laval CO., Quebec, on Isle Jesus, 12 miles W. of Montreal. Saint-Martin-d'Auxigny, s^n" mait'tiM"' dox^een'- yee', a town of France, department of Cher, on the Moulon, arrondissement of Bourges. Pop. of commune, 2581. Saint-Martin-de-Re,siN" manHiw' deh rS,,atown of France, in Charente-Inferieure, 11 miles N.N.W. of La Eoohelle, on the E. coast of the island of Re, in the At- lantic, having a good port and roadstead, a citadel, arsenal, hospital, and prison. Pop. 2645. Saint-Martin-de-Seignaux, siy man'tiN"' deh sin^yo', a town of France, department of Landes, 20 miles S.W. of Dax. Pop. of commune, 2740. Saint-Martin -de-Valamas, siu" manHiN»' deh v4H4'm4s', a town of France, in Ardeche, 17 miles N.W. of Privas. Pop. of commune, 2149. Saint-Martin-en-Haut, saN" manHiN"' 5no ho, a town of France, department of RhGne, 14 miles S.W. of Lyons. Pop. of commune, 2662. Saint-Martin-Ijantosqne,s4K»maRHlN"'lin'tosk', a town of France, in Alpes-Maritimes. Pop. 1956. Saint Mar'tin's, a parish in the S. part of Louisiana, is partly bounded on the S. by Chetimaches Lake, and on the E. by Atchafalaya Bayou. It is also drained by Bayou Teche. The surface is nearly level, and is partly cov- ered with forests of cypress, live-oak, &c. The soil is fer- tile. Cotton, cattle, Indian corn, and sugar arc the staple products. Capital, St. Martinsville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,747,378. Pop. in 1870, 9370, of whom 9134 were Americans. This parish comprises part of the great cypress swamp, which is annually inundated. Saint Martin's, a post-hamlet of "Worcester co., Md., on the Wicomico & Pocomoke Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Berlin. It has a church. Saint Martin's, a post-hamlet of Morgan co., Mo., 10 miles S. of Tipton. Saint Mar'tin's, a post-hamlet of Brown co., 0., 36 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. It has a church, an academy, and an Ursuline convent. Saint Martin's, a post-hamlet of Milwaukee co.. Wis., about 12 miles S.W. of Milwaukee. Saint Martins, New Brunswick. See Qctaco. Saint Martins, a post-village in St. John co.. New Brunswick, 3 miles from Quaco. Pop. 400. Saint Mar'tin's Keys, islands of Florida, in the Gulf of Mexico, in lat. 28° 42' N., Ion. 83° 30' W. Saint Martin's River, a stream in the S.E. part of Maryland, traverses part of Worcester co., and flows into Sinepuxent Bay. It is navigable for sloops 12 miles. Saint Mar'tinsville, a post-village, capital of St. Martin's parish. La., on Bayou Teche, about 50 miles W.S.AV. of Baton Rouge. Steamboats can ascend from the Gulf of Mexico to this place. It has a newspaper office. Saint Mary, France and colonies. See SAiNTE-MAniE. Saint Mary, in Italy, Spain, and Portugal. See Santa Maiiia. Saint Mary, a cluster of small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the S. coast of Labrador. Saint Mary (Port. Santa Maria, sin'ti mi-ree'i), the southernmost of the Azores, in lat, 36° 58' N., ion. 25° 6' W., 7 miles long, and 5 miles broad. It contains the small town of Villa do Porto, and several hamlets. Pop. 7500. Saint Mary, an island in Delagoa Bay. See Inyack. Saint Mary, a group of long flat isles of India, between lat. 13° 28' and 13° 17' N., about 5 miles from the shore. Saint Mary, a small island of Madagascar, at the head of Antongil Bay, on the N.E. coast. Lat. 15° 30' S. Saint Mary, Iroquois co.. III. See Beaverville. Saint Mary, a township of Mills co., Iowa. Pop. 204. Saint Mary, a post-office of Pointe Couple parish. La., at New Roads, 6 miles from Bayou Sara. Saint Mary, a township of Waseca co., Minn. P. 783. Saint Mary, a post-hamlet of Platte co.. Neb., 20 miles N. of Columbus. Saint Mary, a post-office of Campbell co., Tenn. Saint JIarylebone, England. See Maki'lebose. Saint Mary's, the largest of the Scilly Islands, off the coast of Cornwall. Pop. 1383. On it is Ilughtown. Saint Mary's, a parish in the S. part of Louisiana, borders on the Gulf of Mexico. Area, about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by Chetimaches Lake, on the S.W. by Cote Blanche Bay, and on the E. by Atchafalaya Bayou. It is intersected by the navigable Bayou Teche. The surface is level, partly subject to inun- dation, and extensively covered with forests and swamps. The soil is fertile. Molasses, sugar, and Indian corn are the staple products. The cypress, gum, hickory, and live- oak abound here. Capital, Franklin. Valuation of real and personal estate, 84,114,761. Pop. in 1870, 13,860, of whom 13,349 were Americans. Saint Mary's, a county in the S. part of Maryland, has an area of about 350 square miles. It is the most southern part of the division called the Western Shore, and is a peninsula, bounded on the N.E. by the Patuxent River, on the E. by Chesapeake Bay, and on the S.W. by the wide estuary of the Potomac River. Navigable inlets pene- trate nearly to the middle of the county. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. Tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Leonardtown. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $2,936,834. Pop. in 1870, 14,944, of whom 14,860 were Americans. ^ Saint Mary's, a post-office of Huerfano co.. Col. Saint Mary's, a post-village and port of entry, capital of Camden co., Ga., on the St. Mary's River, at its con- fluence with Cumberland Sound, 9 miles from the ocean, about 32 miles S. of Brunswick, and 9 miles N.W. of Fer- nandina, Fla. It has 5 churches, a harbor which admits large vessels, a hotel, and 2 large saw-mills. Pop. 702. Saint Mary's, a post-hamlet in St. Mary's township, Hancock co.. III., 3 miles W. of Colmar Station. It has a church. The township contains Plymouth village, and has a pop. of 1650. Saint Mary's, township, Adams co., Ind. Pop. 925. Saint Mary's, a post-village of Vigo co., Ind., on the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Terre Haute. It has 2 churches, and an academy for young ladies, conducted by sisters of Providence. Saint Mary's, township, Mills co., Iowa. Pop. 204. Saint Mary's, a post-office of W.irren co., Iowa, about 27 miles S. by V[. of Des Moines. Here is a church. Saint Mary's, a post-village of Pottawatomie co., Kansas, is near the Kansas River, and on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 23 miles W.N.W. of Topeka. Here is St. Mary's College (Catholic). The village has 2 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, and manufactures of flour and lumber, and near it coal has been mined. Pop. of the township, 735. Saint Mary's, a post-village of Marion co., Ky., on the Knoxville Branch of the Louisville & Nashville Rail- road, 5 miles W. of Lebanon. It contains St. Mary's Col- lege (Catholic) and a church. Pop. 113. Saint Mary's, a township of Perry co., Mo. P. 1940. Saint Mary's, a post-hamlet of St. Genevieve co.. Mo., on the Mississippi River, 72 miles below St. Louis, and 8 miles from Chester, 111. It has a church and a flour-mill. Saint Mary's, a township of Wake co., N.C. P. 2124. Saint Mary's, a post-village in St. Mary's township, Auglaize co., 0., on a river of the same name, on the Miami Canal, and on the Lake Erie & Louisville Railroad, 22 miles S.S.W. of Lima, and U miles E. of Celina. It has 4 or 5 churches, a newspaper office, a union school, and a woollen- factory. Pop. 1370 ; of the township, 2420. Saint Mary's, a hamlet in Warwick township, Chester CO., P.a., about 15 miles S.S.E. of Reading. It has a church, and mines of iron ore. Here is Warwick Post-Office. Saint Mary's, a post-borough in Benzinger township. Elk CO., Pa., on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, 10 miles E. of Ridgway, and 95 miles W.N.W. of Lock Haven. It contains a priory and a convent of Benedictine nuns, a bank, a newspaper office, 2 or 3 breweries, a hotel, and sev- eral saw- and grist-mills. Coal is mined near this place. Pop. about 2500. Saint Mary's, a post-village and seaport of Refugio CO., Tex., on Aransas Bay, about 50 miles S. of Victoria, It has a church, a bank, an academy, and an active trade in lumber, which is brought hither in vessels from Florida, Louisiana, &c. Pop. about 500. Saint Mary's, a post-village, capital of Pleasants co., W. Va., on the Ohio River, about 20 miles above Marietta, and 22 miles by land E.N.E, of Parkorsburg, SAI V. Saint Mary's, a post-hamlet of Monroo co., Wis., about 33 miles E. of La Crosse. Saint Mary's, a station of the Union PaciOo Railroad, 29 miles E. of Rawlins, Wyoming. Saint Marys, a town of Ontario, co. of Perth, on a branch of the river Thames, and on the tSrand Trunk Kail- way, 9Si miles W.S.W. of Toronto, and 22 miles N. of Lon- don. It has churches of 6 denominations, a branch bank, 2 newspaper offices, several hotels, a number of stores, and manufactories of iron eastings, agricultural implemouts, leather, woollens, Ac, also saw-, grist-, and planing-miils, and limestone-quarries. Pop. 3120. Saint Marys, an island in Lake St. Clair, 25 miles from Windsor, Ontario. Saint Marys, a post-village in Kent co.. Now Bruns- wick, on the Buctouohe River, 7 miles from Buotouohe. It has 2 churches, 5 stores, 6 saw-mills, and 2 grist-mills. Saint Marys, a post-town and port of entry of New- foundland, 65 miles from St. John's. It has a fine harbor and a court-house, and is a fishing-station. Pop. 050. Saint Mary's, Lincoln co., Ontario. Sec Jordan. Saint Mary's Bay, a post-village in Digby co.. Nova Scotia, on St. Mary's Bay, 13 miles from Digby. Pop. 300. Saint Mary's City, a post-hamlct of St. Mary's co., Md., on St. Mary's River, 60 miles S. of Annapolis. It has a church and a seminary for girls. Saint Mary's Fer'ry, a post-village in York co., New Brunswick, on the river St. John, and on the New Brunswick Railway, opposite Fredericton, with which it is connected by steam ferry. It has a lumber-mill and a fine church. Pop. 150. Saiut Mary's Loch (Iok), a fine lake of Scotland, co. and 13 miles W.S.W. of Selkirk. Length, 15 miles; breadth, 1 mile. The Yarrow flows from its E. end. Saint Mary's River rises near the S. border of the Okefinokee Swamp. It forms the boundary between Nassau CO., Fla., and the cos. of Charlton and Camden, of Georgia, It runs northward and eastward, and enters the Atlantic about 3 miles N. of Fernandina. Length, 175 miles. Saint Mary's River (of the Maumee) rises in Ohio, and drains parts of Augliiize and Mercer cos. in that state. It enters Indiana, runs northwestward through Adams co., and unites with the St. Joseph River at Fort Wayne to form the Maumee. It is about 110 miles long. Saint Mary's Strait, or River, the outlet of Lake Superior, forms part of the boundary between Ontario, Canada, and the upper peninsula of Michigan. It issues from the E. end of the lake, runs southeastward about 60 miles, and enters Lake Huron by several channels. It en- closes or winds around numerous islands of considerable size. Its navigation was obstructed by rapids at Saut Sainte Marie, where the river falls about 20 feet in the course of a mile. A ship-canal, on the Michigan side, connects the navigable waters of this strait. Saint Ma'rysville, a hamlet of Clarke co.. Mo., 13 miles from Canton. It has a church. Saint Mathi'as, a post- village in Rouville co., Ontario, on the Richelieu River, S miles S. of St. Hilaire Station. Pop. 260. Saint-Mathien, sIn" miHe-uh', a town of France, in Haute-Vienne, on the Tardoire, S miles S.S.W. of Roche- chouart. Pop. of commune, 2360. Saint Mathieu, saN" m^He-uh', a post-village and parish in Rimouski co., Quebec, 42 miles below Riviere du Loup en Bas. Pop. 896. Saint-Mathurin, siU-» mi'tu'ras"', a town of France, in Maine-et-Loire, on the Loire, 14 miles by rail E.S.B. of Angers. Pop. of commune, 2509. Saint Matthew, math'u, an island of the Mergui Archipelago, British Burmah, off the W. coast of the Isth- mus of Kraw. Lat. 10° N. ; Ion. 9S° E. Length, 18 miles. On its N. side it has a large harbor. Saint Mat'thew Islands, a group in Behring Sea, Alaska, consisting of St. Matthew (or Bear Island), Hall, and Pinnacle Islands. They are uninhabited. Lat. 60° 30' N. ; Ion. 173° W. Saint Mat'thew's, a post-ofiice of Jefferson co., Ky., at Oilman's Station on the Louisville, Cincinnati, and Lex- ington Railroad, 3t miles from Louisville. Saint Matthew's, a township of Wake eo., N.C. Pop. 2192. Saint jMatthew's, South Carolina. See Lewisthxe. Saint- Maur, sis" mon, a commune of France, depart- ment of Seine, 1 1 miles N.E. of Sceaux, with a village, near the Canal of Salnt-Maur, J of a mile in length, mostly under ground, which shortens by 9 miles the navigation of the Marne. Pop. of village, 2520; of commune, 8433. H SAI Saint- Maurice, sAn» mo'roess', a town of Franco, in Seine, on the Marne, 4 miles from Paris. It has iron-forges and manufactures of porcelain, chemicals, &o. Pop. 4577. Saint-Maurice, Savoy. See Bouiio-SAiNT-MAiinicE. Saint Maurice (anc. Ai/numtm ?), a town of Switzer- land, canton of Valais, on the left bank of the Rhone, 14 miles S.E. of the Lake of Geneva. Pop. 1666. It has a council-house, a hospital, and an abbey founded in tho fifth century and containing many curiosities. Saint Maurice, s^nt mawVeess', a post-hamlet of Decatur Co., Ind., 44 miles S.AV. of Richmond. It has 2 churches. Saint Maurice, a post-village of Winn parish. La., on Saline Bayou, 80 miles S.W. of Monroe. It has 2 churches. Saint Maurice (Fr. pron. sSn» moVeess'), a river of Quebec, rises in a chain of lakes, lat. 48° 40' N., Ion. 74° 30' W., Hows S.E., and joins the St. Lawrence at Three Rivers, after a course of 400 miles. Its principal affluents are the Ribbon and Vermilion Rivers from the W., and the Windigo and Croche from tho E. It expands into numer- ous lakes. Its banks are generally high, and it has a great variety of falls and cascades. Saint Maurice, a county of Quebec, bounded on the S. by the expansion of the St. Lawrence known as Lake St, Peter. Area, 7300 square miles. Capital, Three Rivera. Pop. 11,144. Saint Maurice, a post-village in Champlain co., Quebec, on the river St. Maurice, 10 miles N. of Three Rivers. It contains 3 saw-mills, 2 grist-mills, and 2 stores. Pop. 250. Saint-Maurice-de-Ijignon, siN» moVeess' d?li leen^y6No', a village of France, in Haute-Loire, 5 miles N. of Yssingeaux. Pop. of commune, 2060. Saint-Maurice-en-Gourgois, sis" moVcess' 6n" gooR^gwS,', a village of France, in Loire, 15 miles S.S.E. of Montbrison. Pop. of commune, 2005. Saint Maurice Forg'es, a post-village in St. Maurice CO., Quebec, on the river St. Maurice, 8 miles N.W. of Three Rivers. It contains a stove-foundry. Pop. 80O. Saint Mawe's, a seaport town of England, co. of Cornwall, near Falmouth. Pop. 1001. Saint-Maxiinin, saN" mi.\Ve'm3,H»', a town of Fr.anco, in Var, 11 miles W.N.W. of Brignoles. Pop. 3150. It is enclosed by walls, and has a handsome church, and manu- factures of woollen cloth, brandy, leather, *tc. Near it are extensive marble-quarries. Saint-M6dartl-en-JalIe, saN" mi'dan' on» zhill, a village of France, in Gironde, near the Jalle, 8 miles N.W. of Bordeaux. Pop. 1916. Saint-M^en, sJno mh^bts^', a village of Franco, in Ille- et-Vilaine, 10 miles W.N.W. of Montfort. Pop. 1734. Saint Meinrad,sent min'rad, apost-village of Spencer CO., Ind., on Anderson's Creek, 16 miles N. of Troy, and about 22 miles N. of Cannellton. It has a church, a flour- mill, and an organ-factory. Here are St. Meinrad's College (Catholic) and a Benedictine abbey. Pop. about 300. Saint Michael, in France. See Saint-Michel. Saint Michael, South America. See San Miguel. Saint Michael, sentmi'ki-el or mi'kel (Port. Sao Mi- guel, s6wn° me-gh^r), the largest of the Azores, in the Atlan- tic Ocean. Lat. 37° 44' N. ; Ion. 25° 30' AV. Length, from E. to W., 50 miles. Area, 350 square miles. Pop. 105,404. The surface is mountainous, the soil is volcanic, and the island has often suffered from earthquakes. It contains many mineral springs and several lakes. Leading products are maize, wheat, beans, oranges, grapes, and wine. The manufactures are confined to druggets and coarse pottery ; articles of clothing are mostly imported. The coast is studded with towns and villages. Saint Michael, a town of Finland, capital of tho Isen of St. Michael, 80 miles S. of Kuopio. Pop. 1264. Saint Michael, a province or lien of Finland, in the S.E. Area, 8818 square miles, of which a large part is occupied by lakes. Capital, St. Michael. Pop. 160,694. Saint Michael, Quebec. See Athelstan. Saint Michael's, sent mi'kels, a post-village of Tal- bot CO., Md., on a peninsula, and on a navigable inlet of Chesapeake Bay^ about 22 miles S.E. of Annapolis, and 12 miles W. of Easton. It has a newspaper ofiice, a high school, a brick-yard, a saw-mill, and 4 churches. Pop. 1095. Here are many vessels engaged in tho oyster-trade. Saint Michael's, a post-hamlet of Wright co., Minn., about 28 miles N.W. of Minneapolis, and 1 mile N. of the Crow River. It has a church and a grist-mill. Saint Michael's, township, Madison co.. Mo. P. 1325. Saint Michael's, a post-office of Washington co., Wis. SAI 1942 SAI Saint Michael's Bay, on the E. coast of Labrador. Lat. 52° 56' N. ; Ion. 55° 30' W. Saint Michael's Mount, a granite rock in Mount's Bay, CO. of Cornwall, England, | of a mile S. of Marazion. Lat. 50° 7' N. ; Ion. 5° 2S' Vf. It rises in a pyramidal form, and is surmounted by a chapel founded in the fifth century. On it a priory was founded by Edward the Con- fessor, and it was once a fortified post of importance. Pop. of the village, 127. See also Mont-Saint-Micuel. Saint Michael's River, of Talbot co., Md., flows first S.S.W., and then, curving, takes a N. course to Ches- apeake Bay nearly opposite the S. end of Kent Island. Saint-Michel, sIn" mee'shSl', a town of Savoy, 7 miles E.S.E. of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, on the Arc. P. 1266. Saint Michel, siNomee'shSl', a post-village of Quebec, capital of the co. of Be'Uechasse, on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 16 miles be- low Quebec. It contains the county buildings, a church, convent, college, tannery, saw-mill, and several stores, and has a large lumber-trade. Pop. 700. Saint Michel Archange. See La Pigbonniere. Saint fliichel des Saints, sino mee'sh^l' di siN", a post-village in Berthier CO., Quebec, on the Mantawa, 60 miles N. of Jolietto. It has saw- and grist-mills. Pop. 100. Saint-Michel-en-l'Herm,saN= mee^shSl'SNo liRm, a village of France, in Vendee,. 22 miles W.S.W. of Fon- tenay-le-Comte, with a port. Pop. 2640. Saint-Mihiel, siN" mee'e-Sl', a town of Franco, in Meuse, on the Meuse River, 11 miles N.N.W. of Com- mercy. Pop. 5146. It was formerly enclosed by walls and defended by a castle. It has several old churches, a com- munal college, a copper-foundry, and manufactures of hosiery, lace, and leather. Saint Modeste, sIn" mo'dSst', a post- village and par- ish in Temiscouata co., Quebec, 9 miles E. by S. of Cacouna. Saint Moritz, mo'rits, or Sanct Moritz, s^nkt mo'rits (Romansch, &« Murezzan), a village of Switzer- land, with celebrated mineral baths, in the Upper Engadine, 2S miles S.E. of Chur. Saint Moj'gan, a hamlet of Madison co.. 111., about 20 miles N.E. of Belleville. Saint Narcisse, sAija nau'seess', a post-village in Champlain CO., Quebec, 9 miles W. of Batiscan. It has a church, 2 stores, and a saw-niill. Saint Na'than's, a post-haralet of Oconto co.. Wis., G miles W. of Little Suamico. It has a church and a saw-mill. Saint-Nazaire, sSuj" ni^zin', a town and seaport of France, in Loire-Infcrieure, at the mouth of the Loire, on its N. side, 37 miles by rail W. of Nantes. It has a large and commodious harbor, a custom-house, and a valuable lishery. It is the starting-point of packets which cross the ocean to Mexico and the West Indies. Pop. 14,761. Saint-Nazaire, a village of France, in Var, 6 miles W. of Toulon. Pop. 1537. Saint Nazian, na^ze-an', a post-hamlet of Manitowoc iCO., Wis., about 15 miles S.W. of the eity of Manitowoc. Saint-Nectaire, sis" n^kHiu', a town of France, in Puy-de-Dome, IS miles W. of Issoire. It is celebrated for its mineral springs. Saint Neots, sent neets, a town of England, co. and S miles S.W. of Huntingdon, on the Great Northern Railway, and on the E. bank of the Ouse, here crossed by a hand- some stone bridge. Pop. of the parish, 3200. Saint Nicholas, England. See Drake's Island. Saint Nicholas, in Italy. See Sa.n Niccolo. Saint Nicholas, nik'o-las, or Port Saint Nich- olas, a harbor on the N.W. side of the island of Zea, in the Grecian Archipelago, 3 miles from the town of Zea. It admits vessels of the largest size. SaintNichoIas {Povt. Sdo Nicolao, sowk" ne-ko-13,'o), one of the Cape Verd Islands, situated between Santa Luzia and Santiago. Lat. 16° 35' N. ; Ion. 24° 15' W. Length, 30 miles ; breadth, 13 miles. The surface is mountainous. Area, 115 square miles. Pop. 6000. It has a harbor on its S. side, near which is a small town, the residence of a governor and a bishop. Saint Nicholas, sent nik'o-las, a post-hamlet of Du- val CO., Flo ., on the St. John's River, 2 miles from Jackson- ville. It has a church, a saw-mill, and orange-groves. Saint Nicliolas, a post-office of Stearns eo., Minn. Saint Nicholas, a village in Barr township, Cambria CO., Pa., 11 miles N.N.W. of Ebensburg. It has a church and several lumber-mills. Here is Nicktown Post-Office. Saint Nicholas, a post-village of Schuylkill co.. Pa., in Mahanoy township, on a branch of the Philadelphia &, Reading Railroad, 2 miles S.W. of Mahanoy City. It has a church, a coal-mine, and several coal-breakers. Saint Nicholas, nik'o-las, a post-village in Levis co., Quebec, on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, 15 miles above Quebec. It contains saw- and grist-mills and 6 stores. Saint Nicholas Channel, on the N. side of Cuba, 60 miles in length by 33 miles in breadth. Saint Nicholas Harbor, Quebec, on the N. side of the St. Lawrence estuary, in lat. 49° 18' N., Ion. 67° 40' W. Saint Nicholas Point, the N.W. extremity of the island of Java, on the Strait of Sunda, in lat. 5° 52' S., Ion. 106° 2' E. Saint-Nic'olas (Fr. pron. sin" nee'ko'Ii') or Nico- laas, a town of Belgium, in East Flanders, 20 miles by rail E.N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 25,165. It has a fine town hall, a church with good paintings, a hospital, several orphan asylums, a prison, a large market-place, a tribunal of com- merce, Latin and other public schools, manufactures of cotton, woollen, and silk fabrics, hosiery, hats, soap, leather, and tobacco, dye-houses, salt-refineries, breweries, and pot- teries, a large market for flax, and a large annual fair. Saint-Nicolas, a village of Belgium, province and 3 miles W. of Liege. Pop. of commune, 3066. Saint Nicolas, a headland and village of Hayti, on the N.W. side of the island. Saint-Nicolas-dii-Port, s^n" nee^ko'13,' dii poH, a town of France, in Meurthe-et-Moselle, 7 miles E.S.E. of Nancy, on the left bank of the Meurthe. Pop. 4109. Saint Ninians, nin'e-ans (commonly called Saint Rin'gans), a parish of Scotland, co. and 2 miles S. of Stirling. It contains the villages of St. Ninians and Ban- nockburn, which have manufactures of carpets, tartans, leather, nails, h booViin', a village of Franco, department of Vendfio, 20 miles N. of Pontivy. Pop. of commune, 2107. Saint-Philbert-de-Grandlieu, siN" firbain' d^h gvix»Me-uh', a village of France, department of Loire-In- fericuro, 13 miles S.S.W. of Nantes. Pop. 1122. Saiut Philip, Italy. See San Filiito. Saint Philip, Spain and colonies. Sco Sa.s Felipe. Saint Phil'ip, a post-hamlet of Posey eo., Ind., in Marrs township, on tho St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, Si miles W. of EvansviUe. It has 2 churches. Saint Philip, Texas. See San Felipe. Saint Philip, a post-office of Crawford co., Wis. Saint Philip de Bengnela. See New Benguela. Saiut Philippe, eIn" feMeep', a post-village in La- prairie CO., Quebec, 6 miles S. of Laprairie. It contains 3 stores and 2 hotels. Pop. 300. See also Muddy Branch. Saint Philippe de Neri, deh niVcc', a post-village in Kamouraska co., Quebec, 3^ miles from St. Denis. Saiut Pie, s^n^ pec, a post-village in Bagot co., Que- bec, on the river Yamaska, 11 miles S. by E. of St. Hya- cinthe. Pop. 600. Saint Pie de Deguire, siN» pee deh di^gheer', a post- village in Yamaska co., Quebec, on Riviere La Vache, 7 miles from River David. It has extensive iron-works and foundries. In the vicinity arc valuable iron-mines. P. 225. Saint-Pierre, saN° pe-ain', an island in Bienne Lake, Switzerland, canton of Bern, and celebrated as the residence of Rousseau in 1765. Saint Pierre, sIn" pe-ain', an isltind of North Amer- ica, off the S. coast of Newfoundland. The surface is rocky, and vegetation scanty. It forms, with the Miquelon Islands, immediately N.W., a colony belonging to France. It is crossed by 3 ocean telegraphs. Permanent pop. of colony, 47-lS, of whom 3473 were on St. Pierre, 776 on Miquelon and Langley, and 499 on Isle-aux-Chiens. Saint Pierre, a town, capital of the French colony of St. Pierre and Miquelon, on the S.E. side of the island of St. Pierre. It is compactly built of stone, has a convent, a newspaper, and a good harbor, and is an important fishing- station. Pop. 31S7. Saint Pierre, sis" pe-aiR', the principal town of the island of Martinique, on its W. coast, 12 miles N.W. of Fort-de-France. Pop. 25,270. It is the largest town of the French West Indies, and the chief entrepot of those islands. It is divided into two quarters by a rivulet, over which are some handsome bridges. It has numerous public buildings and schools, a handsome theatre, and a botanic garden. Its roadstead is defended by several forts. The Empress Josephine was born here in 1763. Saint Pierre, sJn" pe-ain', an island in the Indian Ocean, 240 miles N.E. of Madagascar, and dependent upon the British colony of Mauritius. On the S.E. side of the island is a small town of the same name. Saint-Pierre, sas" pe-aiii', a town of the island of Reunion, in the Indian Ocean, 34 miles S. of Saint-Denis, with an artificial port. Pop. 30,000. Saint Pierre, Guernsey. See Saint Peter-le-Port. Saint Pierre Baptistejsis" pe-aiR' bVteest', a post- village in Megantic co., Quebec, 7 miles from Inverness. Saint-Pierre-d'Allevard, sIn" pe-ain' d5,rich- vaR', a town of France, department of Isere, 17 miles N.E. of Grenoble. Pop. of commune, 2004. Saint Pierre de Broughton. See Broughton. Saint-Pierre-de-Plesguen, s5,No pe-aiR' deh plSs^- gfiNo', a town of France, in lUe-et-Vilaine, 14 miles S.S.E. of Saint-Malo. Pop. of commune, 2512. Saint-Pierre-d'Oleron, saw pe-ain' doMiVftN"', a town of France, department of Charente-Inferieure, on the island of Oleron, 17 miles S.S.W. of La Rochelle, having a small port. Pop. 1545. Saiut Pierre d'Orleans, s4n-o pe-ain' doR'14'0N>>', a post-village in Montmorency co., Quebec, on the island of Orleans, in the St. Lawrence, 9 miles hielow Quebec. It has a flouring-miU, a saw- and carding-mill, and 3 stores. Saint Pierre du Sud, s3,n° pe-ain' dii slid, a post- village in Montmagny CO., Quebec, on the Grand Trunk Railway, 44 miles N.E.of Quebec. Pop. 350. Saint-Pierre-le-Moutier, s4no pe-ain' leh moo*- te-i', a town of France, in Nievre, on the railway to Cler- mont, 18 miles N.W. of Moulins. Pop. 2326. Saint Pierre le Port, See Saist-Peter-le-Port. Saint Pierre les Bec preest, a town of France, in Isere, 6 miles S.E. of Lyons. Pop. 1585. Saint Prosper, sim pros^ain', a post-village in Champlain co., Quebec, 10 miles N. of Batiscan. Pop. 120. Saint-Quay, st,s« ki, a village of France, in Cotes- du-Nord, on the English Channel, 11 miles N.N.W. of Saint- Brieuc. Pop. of commune, 2595. Saint-Quentin, siN" k6N»HiN"' (anc. Augns'ta Vero- manduu'rum), a town of France, in Aisne, on the Somme, on the Canal of Saint-Quentin, and at the terminus of the railway from Creil, 30 miles N.W. of Laon. Pop. 37,980. It has a noble cathedral, town hall, court-house, hospitals, public library of 14,000 volumes, chamber of manufactures, theatre, a lijcee, and extensive manufactures of striped and spotted muslins, lace, batiste, calico, merino, percale, cash- mere, barege, shawls, cotton yarn, table-linens, leather, and soap. The Canal of Saint-Quentin is 5S miles in length, and forms a communication between the Oise, the Somme, and the Scheldt. Here the French were defeated by the Spaniards, August 10, 1557. Saint-Quentin, a town of France, department of Gard, near Uzes. Pop. 1770. Saint-Rainbert, sSIno rSji^bain', a town of France, in Ain, 20 miles S.E. of Bourg. Pop. 1571. Saint-Rambert, a town of Franco, in Loire, 10 miles S.E. of Montbrison, on the Loire. Saint-Raphael, siN» ri'fi'Sl', a maritime village of France, department of Var, 1^ miles E.S.E. of Frcjus. Saint Raphael, s3in° rk"W&\', a post-village in Glen- garry CO., Ontario, 7 miles N.W. of Riviere Raisin. Saint Raphael de Bellechasse, s4n r^h-mee', a town of France, de- partment of Bouohes-du-Rh5ne, 13 miles N.E. of Aries. Pop. 3490. It has stone-quarries, nurseries of silk-worms, and manufactures of paper, mailder, leather, and pottery. About 1 mile distant are remains of the ancient Giannm. Saint-Remy, a town of France, in Puy-de-Dome, 35 miles E.N.E. of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. of commune, 5572, It has manufactures of fine cutlery. Saint-Rion, sS,n« re-6N=', an islet of France, Brittany, in C6tes-du-Nord, S.E. of the island of Brehat. Saint Robert, s5,n<> r6'baiu', a post-village in Riche- lieu CO., Quebec, 9 miles S.E. of Sorel. It contains 2 stores. Saint Roch de I'Achigan, sis" rosh deb l^'shce'- gflN°', a post-village in L'Assomption CO., Quebec, on the river Achigan, 11 miles W. of L'Assoipption. It contains a church, a convent, a model school, 8 stores, and several saw-, grist-, and carding-mills. Pop. 400. Saint Rochde Richelieu, sit,™ rftsh d?h rishM^-uh', a post-village in Richelieu CO., Quebec, on the river Riche- lieu, 1 mile from St. Ours. It contains 3 stores. Pop. 800. Saint Roch des Aulnaies, sS.n" r6sh diz o"ni', a post-village in L'Islet co., Quebec, on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 78 miles below Quebec. It contains 6 stores. Pop. 100. Saint Rochs, .s4no r6sh, a suburb of the city of Que- bec, 1\ miles from the post-office. Saint RomainCjsiso rohnin', a post- village in Comp- ton CO., Quebec, 51 miles N.E. of Lennoxville. Pop. 150. Saint-Romainville, s4x° ro"m4N°S'eer, a village of France, department of Seine, near the N.E. extremity of Paris, 4 miles S.E. of Saint-Denis, with a fine cbilteau and park, and a wood resorted to by the inhabitants of Paris. Saint Roniuald de Farnhain. See WestFarnham. Saint Romnald d'Etchemin. See New Liverpool. Saint Roque, a town of Spain. See San Roque. Saint Ro'sa, a post-hamlet of Mercer co., 0. It has a Ruman Catholic church and large school. Saint Rose, a post-hamlet of Clinton co.. 111., 6 miles N. of Breese Station. It has a church. Saint Rose, a post-hamlet of Grant co.. Wis., on the Ga- lena & Southern Wisconsin Railroad, 20 miles N. of Galena. Saint- Saens, siN« s6k«, a town of France, in Seine- Inferieure, IS miles N.N.E. of Rouen. Pop. 1830. Saint Salvador, Brazil. See Bahia. Saint-Saturnin-les-Avignon, six» si'tiiR'nis"' liz 5,^'een"y6N"', a village of France, in Vaucluse, arron- dissement of Avignon. Pop. of commune, 2224. Saint- Sand, sis" so, a village of France, in Dordogne, arrondissement of Nontron. Pop. of commune, 2332. Saint-Saulge, sis" solzh.a town of France, inNievre, IS miles E.N.E. of Nevers. Pop. 1429. Saint-Sauveur, sis" soViir', a village of France, de- partment of Hautes-Pyr^nees, on a cliff beside the Gave de Pau, having mineral springs of nearly the same quality as those of Barreges, 4 miles N.E. Saint Sanveur, sis» boVur', a post-village of Terre- bonne CO., Quebec, on Riviere du Nord, 12 miles N.W. of St. JerOme. Pop. 300. Saint Sanveur, a suburb of the city of Quebec, IJ miles from the post-office. Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, leh vee'kist', a town of France, in Manche, 9 miles S. of Valognes. Pop. 2464. Saint-Savin, saNo s3,S'i!lN'*', a town of France, in Gironde, 10 miles E. of Blaye. Pop. of commune, 2126. Saint-Savin, a town of France, in Isere, 8 miles N.AV. of La Tour du Pin. Pop. 1083. Saint Se'bald, a post-hamlet of Clayton co., Iowa, about 50 miles W.N.W. of Dubuque. Saint Sebastian, sent so-bast'yan (Sp.-S'aii Sebastian, sin si-BS,s-te-in'), a fortified city of Spain, province of Guipuzcoa, on a small peninsula in the Bay of Biscay, in- sulated at high water by the Urumea,here crossed by a long wooden bridge, 10 miles W. of Fontarabia by rail. Lat. 43° 19' 2" N. ; Ion. 2° 0' 5" W. Pop. 9047. It is enclosed by walls, and commanded by its citadel of Mota, on the ad- jacent height. Mount UrguU. Since its destruction by fire and siege in 1813, it has been mostly rebuilt on a uniform plan. It has handsome squares, several churches and con- vents, civil and military hospitals, and is, with its citadel, abundantly supplied with water. Its harbor, protected by a mole and well defended, is small, but the city has a large import trade, and an export trade in corn, &c. It was taken by the French in 1719, 1794, and 1808, from which year they held it till August 31, 1813, when it was stormed and taken by the British. Saint Sebastian, s4ko si-bisHe-jN"', a post-village in Iberville co., Quebec, 6 miles S.W. of Des Rivieres. Saint Sebastian d'Aylmer. See Valletort. Saint-Servan, s^no sSr*v6m»', a seaport of France, de- partment of Ille-et-Vilaine, on the right bank of the Ranee, close to its mouth in the English Channel, about 1 mile from Saint-Malo. Pop. 9912. It has two harbors, one adapted for frigates, the other appropriated to commerce, separated from each other by the rock and castle of Solidor, founded by William the Conqueror j besides which another strong fort defends Saint-Servan. It has a communal college, a massive church, an English chapel, reading-rooms, and bathing-accommodations. It has ship-building docks and an active trade, Saint-Sever, s3no seh-vaiB', a town of France, in Landes, on the left bank of the Adour, 11 miles S.S.W. of Mont-de-Marsan. Pop. 2225. It has a communal college, and trade in corn, wine, and brandy. Saint Severe, sisoseb-vaiR', a post-village in St. Mau- rice CO., Quebec, 6^ miles N.W. of Yamachiche. It con- tains a saw- and grist-mill. Pop. 175. Saint Shotts, a hamlet in the district of Placentia and St. Mary's, Newfoundland, 4 miles from Cape Pine. This place has been the scene of many shipwrecks. Saint Simeon, Quebec. See Ponx Au Persil. Saint Simon de Rimouski, sis" see^mis"' deb ree'- moosMvce', a post-village in Rimouski co., Quebec, on the S. shore of the St. Lawrence, and on the Intercolonial Rail- way, 37 miles below Riviere du Loup en Bas, It contains a tanner}' and 4 stores. Pop. 200. Saint Simon de Yamas'ka, a post-village inBagot CO., Quebec, 9 miles N.E. of St. Hyacinthe. It contains 2 saw-mills and a grist-mill. Pop. 250. Saint Si'mon's Island, in Georgia, Atlantic Ocean, S. side of the entrance to the Altama,ha. On its S. point is a fixed light. Lat. 31° 8' N.; ion, 81° 36' W. Saint Simon's Mills, a post-offlce of Glynn co., Ga. Saint Simon's Sound, on the coast of Georgia, forms the entrance to Brunswick Harbor. Saints John, a post-office and mining-camp of Sum- mit CO., Col., 22 miles S.W. of Georgetown. Here is a silver- mine with smelting-furnaco and a quartz-mill. Saint Sophia, a town of Russia. See Sophia. Saint Sophie, sent so^fee', a post-village of Plaque- mines parish, La., on the Mississippi River, about 35 miles below New Orleans. Sugar is made here. Saint-Souplet, s^N" soo'pli', a village of France, ar- rondissement of Cambrai. Pop. 1654. Saint's Store, a post-office of Colbert co., Ala., 12 miles S. of Leighton Station, Saint Stanislas de Batiscan, s4no sti'necsMls' deb bi^teesHidN"', a post-village in Champlain co., Quebec, on the river Batiscan, 8 miles N.W. of Batiscan. Pop. 300. Saint Stanislas de Kost'ka, a post-village in Beau- harnois co., Quebec, on the river St. Louis, 7 miles from Valleyfield. Pop. 250. Saint Stephen, France. See Saint-Etiexxe. Saint Stephen, in Italy and Italian-speaking coun- tries. See Santo Stefaxo. Saint Stephen (Ger. Sanct Slephnn, sinkt sti'fin), a village of Switzerland, canton and 29 miles S. by W. of Bern, on the Simmen, with a church, one of the oldest in the Simmenthal. Pop. 1530. Saint Stephen, sent ste'ven, an island of Alaska, Kadiak Archipelago, lat. 56° 10' N., Ion. 155° 22' W. Saint Stephen, a post-office of Seneca co., 0. Saint Stephen, sent ste'vjn, a seaport town of New Brunswick, co. of Charlotte, at the entrance of Deny's River into the St. Croix, opposite Calais, Me., and 86 miles W. of St. John by road, 116i miles by rail. Calais and St. Stephen are united together by a bridge, and the latter town is lighted with gas. St. Stephen contains 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 2 banks, a telegraph office, and a number of stores. It is a port of entry, and the S.W. terminus of the St. Stephen Branch Railway. Pop. 3000. Saint Stephens, ste'v^nz, a village and parish of England, co. of Cornwall, near Launccston. Pop. 929. Saint Stephens, a post-village, capital of Washing- ton CO., Ala., on the W. bank of the Tombigbee Rivor, about 100 miles by water above Mobile, and 65 miles by land N, of that city. It has a churoh. SAI 1947 SAI Saint Stephen's Church, a post-haiulet of King and Queoii CO., Va., about 30 miles N.E. of Hiolimond. It haa a church. Saint Stephen's Depot, a post-office and station of Charleston oo., S.C., on the Northcaslein Kailroad, 4a miles N. of Charleston. Saint-Sulpice, sls" sUrpeess', a village of France, denaitmcntof Tain,arronJissoment of Lavaur. Pop. 14+9. Saint Sulpice, sas» siirpeess', a post-village in L'As- soniptiun CO., Quebec, on the J^. shore of the St. Lawrence, 29 miles below Montreal. Pop. 300. Saint Sylvestre, six» seervest'r', a post-village in Lotbiniere oo., Quebec, 35 miles S. of Quebec. It has saw-, grist-, and carding-mills, an agricultural-implement factory, a furniturc-fivctory, and 12 stores. Pop. 400, S.iiNT SvLVESTRE East is 3 miles from here. Pop. 150. Saint Symphoi'ien, siNo soem*foh-ee"iN>>', a village of France, in Indre-et-Loire, on the Loire, 1 mile from Tours. Pop. 2169. Saint Tam'niany, a parish in the S.E. part of Loui- siana, has an area of about SSO square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Pearl River, and on the S.W. by Lake Pont- cbartrain. It is also drained by the Bogue Chitto and Chefonte River. The surface is extensively covered with forests of small pine trees. The soil is inferior. Lumber is one of the chief products of this parish. Capital, Cov- ington. Valuation of real and personal estate, $447,698. Pop. in 1S"0. 5586, of whom 5110 were Americans. Saint Tammany's, a post-hamlet of Mecklenburg CO., Va., on the Roanoke River, 65 miles S.S.M'. of Petersburg. Saint- Thegounec, six" ti^gon'n^l;', a village of France, in Finistere, 6 miles W. of Morlai.^. Pop. of com- mune, 354S. Saint The'odore, an islet in the Mediterranean, off the N. coa«t of Crete, 5 miles N.^V'. of Khania. Saint Theodore (Fr. pron. sis" ti'oMou'), a post- village and parish in Bagot CO., Quebec, i miles from Aeton Vale. Pop. 1236. Saint Theodore de Chertsey, djh shSr.t'see', a post-village in Montcalm co., Quebec, 14 miles N.W. of Rawdon. Pop. of parish, 1619. Saint Theresa, te-ree'sa, a post-office and watering- place of Franklin co., Fla., on' the Gulf of Mexico, 40 miles S.W. of St. Mark's. Saint Thomas, tom'as, post-office, Crittenden oo., Ark. Saint Thomas, a post-hamlet of Le Sueur co., Minn., about 7 miles N.E. of Le Sueur. It has a church, a saw- mill, and a chair-factory. Saint Thomas, a post-hamlet of Cole co., Mo., on the Osage River, 18 miles S. by W. of Jefferson City. It has a church, a flour-mill, and 2 general stores. Pop. about 150. Saint Thomas, a post-village of Lincoln oo., Nev., on the Rio Virgen, about 30 miles from its mouth, and 110 miles S. of Pioche. Pop. 252. Saint Thomas, a post-village of Franklin co.. Pa., in St. Thomas township, 7 miles W. of Chambersburg. It has 4 churches, an iron-furnace, and a wagon-shop. Pop. 389 ; of the township, 1902. Saint Thomas (formerly Meliapoor, or Meli- poor), a S. suburb of Madras, in India, with large canton- ments. It is a Roman Catholic bishop's see. Pop. 15,480. Saint Thomas. See Montmagsy and Piehreville. Saint Thomas, sent tom'as, one of the Virgin Islands, "West Indies, belonging to Denmark, 3S miles E. of Porto Rico. Lat. 18° 20' N. ; Ion. 65° "W. Length, 17 miles; breadth, about 4 miles. It has a rugged and elevated surface, which attains its greatest height towards the centre. The soil is sandy, and the far greater part of it remains uncul- tivated. The whole island enjoys the privileges of a free harbor, and the trade is extensive. It has its central lo- cality at the capital, Charlotte Amalie. Pop. 14,007. See CUAULOTTE AWALIE. Saint Thomas, or S5o Thome, sSwNo'to-mi', an island of the Gulf of Guinea, belonging to the Portu- guese, immediately N. of the equator, in Ion. 6° 3' E. Area, 145 square miles. In its centre the peak of Santa Anna rises to 7020 feet in height. The valleys are highly fertile. The products comprise maize, dates, manioc, sweet potatoes, cotton, sugar, indigo, cocoa-nuts, and medicinal barks. Live- stock is plentiful. Capital, Chaves. Pop. 29,441. Saint Thomas East, a post-village in Joliette oo., Quebec, on the St. Lawrence & Industry Railway, 4 miles from Joliette. Pop. 200. Saint Thomas' iUount, a town and extensive mili- tary cantonment of British India, 8 miles S.S.W. of Madras. Saint Thomas West, a town of Ontario, capital of the CO. of Elgin, on Kettle Creek, and on the Great West- cm, Canada Southern, Credit Valley, St. Clair Branch, and London & Port Stanley Railways, 15 miles S. of London, and 9 miles from Port Stanley. It contains churches of 6 denominations, 2 branch banks, 2 newspaper ollices, about 100 stores and 30 hotels, o saw-mills, 2 grist-mills, 2 largo foundries, 3 tanneries, a block- and tackle-factory, a car- wheel foundry, car-shops employing about 500 men, and a large number of factories of various kinds. Tho publiu buildings are the town hall and market, court-house, and music hall. The town has advanced very rapidly during the past few years, on account of the railways running through it. Pop. 7000. Saint Timothee, si\n» te^mo'ti', a post-village in Beauharnois co., Quebec, on the Beauharnois Canal, 9 miles S.W. of tho town of Beauharnois. It has a church, a col- lege, a convent, and several stores. Pop. 400, Saint Tite, saN" teet, a post-village in Champlain co., Quebec, 33 miles N, of Three Rivers, It has a grist-mill and 3 saw-mills. Pop. 150, Saint Tite des Caps, sin" teet dA kip, a post-village in Montmorency co., Quebec, 34 miles below Quebec, Saint-Trond, sis" trAso, a town of Belgian Limbourg, on the branch railway from Mechlin to Liege, 12 miles W.N.W. of Tongres, Pop. 11,039. It has breweries, dis- tilleries, and manufactures of soap, tobacco, and lace. Saint-Tropez, siN" tro^pi' (anc, Heracha t), a mari- time town of France, department of Var, on the Gulf of Grimaud, an inlet of the Mediterranean, 37 miles E.N.E, of Toulon. Pop. 3236. It has sea-baths, manufactures of brandy, and fisheries of sardines and anchovies. Saint Ubes, a town of Portugal. See Setubal, Saint Ulric, Quebec, See Tessierville, Saint Urbain,5ist iiB'biNo',a post-village in Charle- voix CO., Quebec, 9 miles N. of St. Paul's Bay. Saint Urbain, a post-village in Chateauguay co., Que- bec, 15 miles N. by E. of Lachine, It has 2 hotels and 2 stores. Pop. 600. Saint- Vaast, sInq vist, a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 9 miles E. of "Mens, Pop. 5667. Saint- Vaast, sJno vilst, a town of France, in Manchc, on the English Channel, near Cape La Hogue, 10 miles N.E. of Valognes. Pop. 3014. Saint Valentine, sIn" vi'16N"Heen', a post-village in St. John's CO., Quebec, on the Richelieu, near Stottvillc. Saint Valerie de Bui strode. See Bulstrode. Saint Valerien, siso viMi^re-iN°', a post-village in Shefford co., Quebec, 5 miles S. of Upton. Pop. 100. Saint-Valery-en-Caux, siN" vaMeh-ree' bjf> ko, a town on the N. coast of France, department of Seine-In- ferieure, 17 miles W.S.W. of Dieppe. Pop. 4030. It has sea-baths, ship-yards, and an active fishery. Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, sJn" viMeb-ree' siiR somm, a town of France, department of Somme, on the left bank of the Somme, near the English Channel, 11 miles N.W. of Abbeville. Pop. 3406. It has a school of naviga- tion, fisheries, rope-walks, and docks for building vessels. Saint Valier, 53,no viMe-i', a post-village in Belle- ehasse co., Quebec, on the St. Lawrence, and on the Grand Trunk Railway, 36 miles below Quebec. Pop. 300. Saint Vallier, siN» virie-i', a market-town of France, in Drome, on the Rhone, and on the railway from Lyons to Avignon, 19 miles N. of Valence. Pop. 3035. It has an old Gothic castle, manufactures of era.pe, silks, tulle, gauze, twist, and chemical products, and a trade in wine. Saint Veit, a town of Austria. See Sanct Veit. Saint-Venant, sas" veh-nONo', a fortified town of France, Pas-de-Calais, on the Lys, near Bethune. P. 1385. Saint Venant, Quebec. See Paquette. Saint-Victor, s4n» veekHon', a village of France, in Ardeche, 8 miles W.N.W. of Tournon. Saint Victor de Tring, s4n» veek'toR' d?h treeng, a post-village in Beauce co., Quebec, 60 miles S. of Quebec. It has saw-, grist-, and carding-mills, and potash-factories. Saint Vin'cent, one of the British West India Islands, 100 miles W. of B.arbadoes, lat. (Kingston) 13° 13' N., Ion. 61° 15' W., 17 miles long and about 10 miles broad. Area, 132 square miles. A ridge of high, well-wooded, volcanic hills stretches through the island from N. to S., and sends off subordinate masses, which extend to the sea. In the N.W. is a volcano called the Soufriere, in which tremendous eruptions have occurred. Its height is 3000 feet above sea-level, and its crater is 3 miles in circuit and 500 feet deep. The soil in the valleys is usually a rich, te- nacious, and occasionally fine black loam. The climate is exceedingly humid, having an average annual fall of rain of nearly SO inches, but is not unhealthy. The principal products are sugar, rum, molasses, arrow-root, and cotton. SAI 1948 SAL The island has a local government, subject to that of the Windward Islands. The capital, Kingston, is near the S.W. extremity of the island. Pop. 35,688. Saint Vincent (Port. Sao Vicente, sown" ve-sSn'ti), one of the Cape Verd Islands, in the Atlantic, S.E. of San Antonio. Length, ISmiles; greatest breadth, 9 miles. The surface is mountainous. The Porto Grande is one of the safest bays in these islands. The products comprise cotton, archil, and live-stock. Corn and fruits are supplied from San Antonio. Area, 70 square miles. Pop. 1700. Saint Vincent, in Spain. See San Viceste. Saint Vin'cent, a post-village, capital of Kittson co., Minn., on the Red River of the North, opposite Pembina, Dakota, and 2 miles from the boundary of Manitoba. It is the N. terminus of the St. Vincent E.xtension of the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, and is on a branch of the Canadian Pacific Railroad. Pop. about 400. Saint Vincent, Brazil. See Sao Vicente. Saint Vincent, Ontario. See Meaford. Saint Vin'cent de Paul (Fr. pron. siN» vtif^sbn^' dijh pol), a post-village of Quebec, co. of Laval, on Isle Jesus, and on the Riviere des Prairies, 12 miles N.N.W. of Montreal. It contains the provincial penitentiary, several stores, and hotels. Pop. 1000. Saint Vin'cent Gulf, of South Australia, is between lat. .34° and 35° 40' S., and about Ion. 138° E., bounded E. by the mainland, and W. by Yorke Peninsula, separating it from Spencer Gulf. Length, 90 miles; breadth, 35 miles. It receives the Torrens and Gawler, and communicates by Investigator Strait with Spencer Gulf, and by Backstairs Passage with Encounter Ray. Jcrvis Cape forms its S. limit, and Ports Gawler and Adelaide are on its E. side. Saint Vital de Lambton. See L.a.mbton. Saint-Vivien, sSn" vee*ve-S,N»', a village of France, in Girondc, 10 miles N.W. of Lesparre. Saint Vrain, a hamlet of Weld co.. Col., on the South Platte River, at the mouth of St. Vrain Creek, about 45 miles N. by E. of Denver. It is on the Denver Pacific Railroad. It has 2 churches. Saint Vrain Creek, Colorado, is formed by two branches, the North and South, which rise in the Rocky Mountains near Long's Peak, and unite in Boulder co. It runs northeastward, and enters the South Fork of the Platte about 15 miles above Evans. Saint Wenceslas, saN" v6x°^s5sMS,s', a post-village in Nicolet CO., Quebec, 10 miles S.E. of St. Cclcstin. It con- tains 4 stores. Pop. 150. Saint Wen'dall (or AVen'del), a post-township of Stearns CO., Minn. Pop. 471. Saint Wendel, Prussia. See Sanct Wendel. Saint Wen'del, a post-office of Manitowoc co.. Wis. Saint Wen'dell's, a post-hamlet of Posey co., Ind., about 12 miles N.N.W. of Evansville. Saint Wen'tel, a hamlet of Clay co., III., in Pixley township, 3 miles E. of Ingraham. It has a church. Saint Williams, or VVal'singham, a post-village in Norfolk eo., Ontario, on Lake Erie, 17 miles S. of Sim- coe. Pop. 150. Saint Xavier, zav'e-er (Sp. San Xavier ot Javier, sin H^-ve-aiR'). an island off the W. coast of Patagonia, in the Gulf of Peilas. Lat. 47° 4' S. ; Ion. 74° 27' W. Saint Xavier, of South America, Mexico, &c. See San XAViEn. Saiut-Ybars, s^Nt ee^ban', a town of France, in Ariege, 14 miles N.W. of Pamiers. Pop. of commune, 2148. Saint-Yrieix, sist eeVe-^', a town of France, in Haute-Vienne, on the Loue, 27 miles S. of Limoges. P. 3542. Saint Zenon, s&m ze-ndN"', or Saint Louis de Mantawa, sS,n° loo^ee' d?h minH4'wi\ a post-village in Joliette CO., Quebec, on a tributary of the St. Maurice, 57 miles N.N.W. of Joliette. See also Piopolis. Saint Zephirin, s4n= zi^fe'riN"', a post-village in Yamaska co., Quebec, 21 miles E. of St. Francois du Lac. Pop. 400. Saint Zotique, saN° zoHeek', a post-village in Sou- langes co., Quebec, on the St. Lawrence, 2^ miles from Coteau Landing. Pop. 200. Saison, si^z^N"', a river of France, rises in Basses- Pyrenees, flows N.N.W. past M.auleon, below which it some- times takes the name of Gave de Maul6on, and, after a course of about 45 miles, joins the Gave d'Oloron. Saj, a town of Spain. See Sax. Sajo, shoh^yo' (/.e., " salt"), a river of North Hungary, rises in the Carpathians, 7 miles N.W. of Dobschau, flows S.E., and joins the Hernad at Onod. Length, 80 miles. Sajo-Kaza, a village of Hungary. See Kaza. Sajonia and Sajon. See Saxony. Sajteny, shi^tin', a village of Hungary, on the Maros, 22 miles W.S.W. of Arad. Pop. 3944. Sa'jur, a considerable river of Syria, rises in the Taurus, and flows S.E. past Aintab to the Euphrates. Sak, sS,k, a salt lake of Russia, near the W. shore of the Crimea, 12 miles E.S.E. of Eupatoria. It is about 3 miles long. Near it is a village of the same name. Sakaing, sinking', a town of Burmah, on the N. side of the Irrawaddy, opposite Ava. Sakair, or Sak^, a town of Japan. See Osaka. Sakara, a village of Egypt. See Sakkara. Sakareeyah, or Sakariyah, si-ki-ree'y3,, often written Sakaria, or Aiala, i-S,'15, (anc. Sangariua), a river of Asia Minor, rises S. of Angora, and, after a rapid N.E. and N. course, estimated at 230 miles, enters the Black Sea 90 miles E.N.E. of Constantinople. Sakatal, sa-ki-til', or Sakataly, si-ki-tal'e, a dis- trict or government of Russia, in Transcaucasia, in the N. part of the old kingdom of Georgia, and bounded N.E. by the crest of the Caucasus, which divides it from Daghestan. Area, 1620 square miles. Pop. 56,802. Capital, Sakatal, situated on a small stream about 75 miles N. by E. of Yelisavetpol. Sakatu, a town of Africa. See Saccatoo. Sakayt, si-kit', or Sekket, s6k-k8t', a large village of Egypt, in the S.E., having the remains of a temple. Lat. 24° 35' N. ; Ion. 34° 47' E. A few miles northeast- ward are the ancient emerald-mines of .Teb-el- Zabara. Sakhalien, an island of Asia. See Sagualin. Sakit, a town of India. See Sukeet. Sakka, sik'ki, or Sak'a, a town of Abj'ssinia, capital and principal commercial emporium of Enarea, on the river Gibbi, near lat. 8° N., Ion. 37° E. Sakkara, or Saccara, sik-k3,'r3, written also Sa- kara, a village of Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, 12 miles S. of Gheezeh, remarkable for the pyramids near it. Sakkh-ar, a state of India. See Sukkur. Sakmara, sik-mi'rS,, a river of Russia, government of Orenboorg, rises in the Ural Mountains, flows mostly S., and joins the Ural River 18 miles W. of Orenboorg. Length, 350 miles. Sakoora, or Sakoura, si-koo'ri, an island of Japan, in a large bay of the island of Kioo-Sioo. It contains a lofty mountain, called Mitake. SakoT, a town of Siam. See LiGOR. Sakti, a state of India. See Suktee. Sal, sil, a river of Russia, in the Don Cossack country, joins the Don near Novo-Cherkask, after a W. course of 250 miles. Sal, sil, a river of Peru, rises not far from the town of Cangallo, flows N.N.E., and near Iluanta unites with the Jauja to form the Mantaro. Length, about 130 miles. Sal, sal, or Sel, sel, one of the Cape Verd Islands, N.N.W. of Boavista. Lat. 16° 45' N. ; Ion. 23° W. Length, 20 miles ; breadth, 9 miles. Pop. 750. It produces salt. Sala, the ancient name of the Saalb. Sala, si'la, or Sala Consilina, sS,'l.^ kon-se-lee'ni, a town of Italy, province of Salerno, in the Val di Diano, 10 miles S.W. of Potenza. Pop. 7772. Sala, a village of Northern Italy, 9 miles S.W. of Parma. It has an old castle in a ruinous state, and near it is the beautiful Casino de' Boschi. Pop. 3095. Sala, si'li, a town of Sweden, Ia;n of Westmanland, 21 miles W. of Westeris. Near it are silver-mines. P. 4556. Sala Biellese, si'lS, bc-Sl-li'si, a village of Italy, near Biella. Pop. 1296. Salacia, Portugal. See Alcacer do Sai. Saladasburg, Lycoming co.. Pa. See Salladyburg. Saladillo, sa-la-Deel'yo (the "Little Salt River"), the name of several small streams of the Argentine Republic. One of these falls into the Rio Salado near 35° 30' S. lat. Salado, sa-li'do, a post-village of Bell co., Tex., 9 miles E. of Belton, and about 50 miles N. by E. of Austin. It has 4 churches and several flour-mills, and a manufac- tory of farm-implements. It is the seat of Salado College (non-sectarian), which was organized in 1S69 and has about 200 pupils. Salado was founded for educational purposes. Pop. about 1500. Salado (si-li'do) Bay, of Chili, province of Coquimto, is an inlet of the Pacific, S. of Copiaprt. Salado (si-li'do) Creek, Texas, runs southward in Bexar co., and enters the San Antonio River about 16 miles S.S.E. of San Antonio. Salado de Tarifa, si-li'no di ti-ree'fi, a small river of Spain, province of Cadiz, celebrated for the battle fought on its banks in 1340, in which the Moslems wore defeated. Salado, Rio, Argentine Republic. See Rio Salabo. SAL V. Salaheeyah, or Salahiyah, si-U-heo'ft, a ruined town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Euphrates, 15 miles S,B. of Ilahabeh, about hit. 34° 3U' N., Ion. 40° 30' E. Salahich, si-Ii-hee'^h, or Salhieh, sil-hce'^h, writ- ten also Selahich, a town of Lower Egypt, near the Pelusiac arm of the Nile, 37 miles N.E. of lielbeys. Pop. 6000, mostly Arabs. It is surrounded by palm trees, and has a large mosque. Salaiiia, si-U\'ni&, a town of Central America^ state and 65 miles X. of Ountemalu. Pop. 5000. Salamanca, sA-14-mAng'kA (ane. Sulaman'tica), a city of Spain, capital of a province, extending up rocky heights on the right bank of the Tormcs, 45 miles N.E. of Ciudad Kodrigo, in lat. 45° 5' N., Ion. 5° 43' W. Pop. 15,906. A great part of the city within the walls is in ruins ; it streets are mostly narrow, steep, crooked, and dirty. It has, however, some tino large residences, venerable edifices in all styles of architecture, and the largest public square in Spain, surrounded with arcades, and serving for a. bull-ring. It is a bishop's see, and has a florid Gothic cathedral of the sixteenth century, with a richly-decorated interior, 25 other churches, and a foundling as^'lum. Salamanca is the Ox- ford of Spain, and previous to the French occupation in 1S12 it had 25 colleges, of which 20 are said to have been ruined by the French. Since then the suppression of the convents ha^ struck at the root of the prosperity of its university, which in the fifteenth century had 12,000 students, and is still important. Hero is an immense Jesuit college, now used as a clerical seminary, also an Irish mission school, and manufactures of hats, woollen cloths, shoes, leather, earthenware, starch, and glue. The battle of Salamanca, in which the allies, under Welling- ton, totally defeated the French, under Marmont and Clusel, July 22, 1S12, was fought on the heights of Arapiles, 4 miles S.E. of the city. Adj. and iuhab. (Sp. Salaman- QUES, si-li-min-k§s'). Salamanca, a province of Spain, in Leon, bounded W. by Portugal. Area, 4S8S square miles. It is watered by the Douro, the Tormes, and the Alagon. Pop. 281, 5U. Salamau'ca, a township of Cherokee co., Kansas. Pop. 1150. It contains part of Columbus. Salamanca, a post-village in Salamanca township, Cattaraugus co., N.Y., on the Alleghany Kiver, and on the Erie Railroad, 46 miles E.S.E. of Dunkirk, lOS miles S.W. of Kochester, and 34 miles E. of Jamestown. It is the N.E. terminus of the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, and the S.W. terminus of the Rochester & State Line Rail- road. It has a graded school, a bank, a newspaper oflice, a tannery, and several saw-mills, and is mainly supported by the lumber-business. Here are machine-shops of the railroad companies. Pop. about 2000 ; of township, 2827. Salamanca, sS,-l3,-ming'k3,, a town of Chili, province of Coquimbo, 50 miles E. by S. of Illapel. Pop. 2072. Salamanca, sS.-l5,-mang'ki, a town of Mexico, state and 20 miles S. of Guanajuato, in a plain 5500 feet above the sea. Pop. 15,500. Salamanca, a long and narrow island of the United States of Colombia, off the mouth of the Magdalena, 20 miles S.W. of Santa Marta. Salamanca de Bacalar, Yucatan. See Bacalar. Salambrla, a river of Thessaly. See Salemeeiia. Salamis, sara-mis, orKolouri, ko-loo'ree, an island of Greece, government of Attica, in the Gulf of iEgina, 10 miles W. of Athens. Area, 30 square miles. Its shape is very Irregular; the surface is mountainous, wooded in some parts, and on the coast small quantities of cotton, wine, and olives are raised. It has several villages and convents. Pop. 3950. In the channel between it and the mainland the Greeks under Themistocles gained a memorable naval victory over the Persians, B.C. 480. Solon and Euripides were natives of Salamis. Salamo'nia, a post-office of Jay co., Ind., about 40 miles N. of Richmond, is at a hamlet named Lancaster. Salamo'nie, township, Huntington co., Ind. P. 1485. Salamonie River, Indiana, rises in Jay co., runs northwestward, intersects the cos. of Blackford, Wells, and Huntington, and enters the Wabash River at Lagro. It is nearly 90 miles long. Salandra, sS,-lan'dr3,. a town of Italy, in Basilicata, 12 miles S.E. of Tricarico. Pop. 2562. Salandrclla, si-lan-dr6rii, a river of Italy, flows S.E., and enters the Gulf of Taranto 6 miles S.W. of the mouth of the Basicnto. Length, 50 miles. At its mouth is a village of the same name. Salang, an island, Indian Ocean. See JuNK-CEyLOX. Salan^a, s3.-l3.ng'gi, a point and island off the coast of Ecuador, 80 miles N.W. of Guayaquil. to SAL Salangore, sA-lAn-gOr'. a petty atiito of the Malay Peninsula, stretching for about 120 miles along its W. side, having on the N. Perak and on the S. Kumbowe. Pop. estimated at 12,000. The products comprise dammar-wood, oil, and rattans. Salangore, the capital of the above Btato, on a river near the sea, has a fort and a shallow harbor. Lut, about 3° 20' N.; Ion. 101° 30' E. Salara, sh-Wvh, a village of Italy, on the Po, province and 19 miles S.S.AV. of Rovigo. Pop. 1525. Salaria, the ancient name of Chinchilla. Salaria, the ancient name of Sax. Salas, s3,'lds, a town of Spain, province and 46 miles N.N.E. of Lerida. Pop. 1305. Salas-y-Gomez, si'lAs-ee-go-m5th', a small island of the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 20° 28' S., Ion. 105° 26' W. It is composed of rocks, and is said to have n<) vegetation. Salat, sS,Md', a river of France, in Arifige, rises in the Pyrenees, flows N.N.W., and joins the Garonne. Length, 62 miles. Salatdere, a river of Turkey. See Chalatdeue. SalaAvatty,si-l^-wit'tee, or SalAVat'ty,an island of the Malay Archipelago, off the W. extremity of Papua, in lat. 1° S., Ion. 131° E. Length, 35 miles; breadth. 25 miles. Salayer, or Salcyer, sd-li'^r, a group of islands in the Malay Archipelago, off the S. coast of Celebes, forming part of the Dutch possessions. It consists of the islands of Salayer or Great Salayer, Kalaura, Boneratta, Hog Island, and the Boegerones. Salayer Island, about 30 miles long from N. to S., by 8 miles broad, in lat. {N. point) 5° 47' S., Ion. 120° 28' E., is separated from Celebes by the Strait of Salayer, 13 miles broad. Pop. of the group, 60,000. Salazar de las Palmas, sd-ld-thau' d^ Iks pS,rmS,s, a town of the United States of Colombia, state of Boyacd, 40 miles N. of Pamplona, on the Venezuelan frontier. Salcito, sM-chee'to, a town of Italy, on the Trigno, province and 14 miles N.N.W. of Carapobasso. Pop. 3295. Saldaiia, sdl-din'yd, a town of Spain, 37 miles N.N.AV. of Palencia, on the Carrion. Pop. 1347. Saldanha (sil-d4'na or s4l-dS,n'yi) Bay, of South Africa, in Cape Colony, 60 miles N.N.W. of Cape Town, in lat. 33° 1' S., Ion. 17° 54' E. Length, 15 miles. Saldao, sM-doww^', or Sad&o, s3.-dowN«', a river of Portugal, in Alemtejo and Estremadura, flows N., and enters the Bay of Setubal 9 miles E.S.E. of Setubal, Sal de Obispo, sil di o-bees'po, a town of Peru, 35 miles W. of Pisagua, with which it is connected by rail. Sale, sfL'lA, or Sale di Tortona, sS.'li dee ton-to'nA, a town of Italy, province of Alessandria, 10 miles N.N.W, of Tortona. Pop. 5850. Sale, a village of Italy, 15 miles N.W, of Brescia, on the E. shore of Lake Iseo. Pop. 1896. Sale, sVU', written also Sallec, Salee, and Sla, a seaport town of Morocco, 106 miles W. of Fez, on the Medi- terranean, at the mouth of the Boo-Regreb, opposite Rabatt. Lat. 34° 2' N.; Ion. 6° 46' W. Pop. estimated at 10,000. Sale, sail, a town of Victoria, Australia, capital of Tanjil CO., 140 miles E.S.E. of Melbourne. Pop. 2105. Sale-Castelnuovo, sd'li-kdsHM-noo-o'vo, a village of Italy, province of Turin, a little N. of Castellamonte, on a tributary of the Orca. Pop. 1902. Sale (or Sail) Creek, a post-office of Hamilton co., Tenn., on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad. Salee, a town of Morocco. See Sale. Saleen, Ireland. See Binghamstown. Sa'lem, a town of India, capital of Salem district, 170 miles by rail S.W. of Madras. Cotton and silk are here manufactured. Pop. 50,012. Salem, a district of India, Madras presidency, having Mysore on the N.W. and the Cavery River on the AV. and S.W. Area, 7384 square miles. Capital, Salem. Timber, cotton, rice, coffee, tobacco, indigo, &c., are largely pro- duced, and iron is mined and wrought. Pop. 1,963,243. SaMem, a county in the S.W. part of New Jersey, has an area of about 370 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Maurice River, and on the W. by the Delaware River, and is drained by Muddy River and Old Man's and Salem Creeks. The surface is level. The soil is partly sandy and mostly fertile. Indian corn, wheat, hay, butter, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and grass-seed are the staple prod- ucts. This county has extensive deposits of marl. It is connected with Philadelphia by the West Jersey Railroad. Capital, Salem. Valuation of real and personal estate, $32,392,190. Pop. in 1870, 23,940, of whom 22,884 were Americans. Salem, a post-village of Lee co., Ala., on the Western Railroad of Alabama, 19 miles W.N.W. of Columbus, Ga., "SAX 1950 SAL and 11 miles B. of Opelika. It has several stores and 2 • churches. Pop. about 450. Saleni) a small post-village, capital of Fulton co., Ark., about 130 miles N. by E. of Little Rock. Salem, a village of Sebastian co., Ark., 21 miles S. of Fort Smith. It has several churches and stores. Salem, a post-village in Salem township, New London CO., Conn., 10 or 11 miles W.S.W. of Norwich. It has 2 churches and a seminary for ladies. It is in a valley, surrounded by hills and beautiful lakes. Pop. of the town- ship, 717. Salem, a post-ofiice of Taylor eo., Fla. Salem, a township of Carroll CO., 111. Pop. S.39. Salem, a township of Edw.ards co.. 111. Pop. 1582. Salem, a township of Knox co.. 111. Pop. 1906. It contains Yates City, Summit, and Uniontown. Salem, a post-village, capital of Marion co., 111., in Salem township, on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 65 miles E. of St. Louis, and 13 miles N.E. of Centralia. It contains a court-house, 7 churches, a national bank, 2 news- paper offices, a flouring-mill, and a graded school, the building of which cost $30,000. Pop. 1182; of the town- ship, 3132. Salem, a hamlet of Ad.ams co., Ind., 6 miles from Monroe Station. It has a church. Pop. .about 75. Salem, a township of Delaware co., Ind. Pop. 1413. Salem, a township of Pulaski co., Ind. Pop. 567. Salem, a township of Steuben co., Ind. Pop. 1385. Salem, a post-village, capital of Washington co., Ind., in Washington township, on a branch of Blue River, and on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 35 miles N.N.W. of New Albany. It contains a court-house, 5 churches, a newspaper office, a graded school, a national bank, 2 flour-mills, a machine-shop, a foundry, a woollen- factory, and several handsome residences. Pop. 1294. There is a quarry of oolitic limestone near Salem. Salem, a post-village in Salem township, Henry co., Iowa, 10 miles S. by W. of Mount Pleasant, and about 30 miles W. of Burlington. It contains 4 churches and Whit- tier College, which was organized in 1873 and is under the direction of the Friends. This college is open to both sexes. Salem has a tannery, a carriage-shop, and 2 drug-stores. The township is drained by Cedar Creek, and has mines of bituminous coal. Pop. of the village, 479 ; of the town- ship, additional, 1262. Salem, a township of Allen co., Kansas. Pop. 398. Salem, a township of G-reenwood co., Kansas. Pop. 327. Salem, a post-village in White Mound township, Jew- ell CO., Kansas, about 90 miles N.N.W. of Salina. It is on White Rock Creek, 15 miles S. of Red Cloud, Neb. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of carriages, lumber, &c. Two miles from Salem is a remarkable chalk mound, which is of a conical form and 70 feet high. Salem, a township of Sedgwick co., Kansas. P. 331. Salem, a post-hamlct of Livingston co., K3'., about 30 miles N.E. of Paducah. It has a church and Salem Col- lege. Pop. 50. Salem, a h,amlet of Pendleton co., Ky., near the Lick- ing River, about 30 miles S.S.E. of Covington. Salem, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Me., in Salem township, about 20 miles N. by W. of Farmington. Pop. of the township, 307. Salem, a post-hamlet of Dorchester co., Md., 11 or 12 miles E. by S. of Cambridge. It has a church. Salem, a city, port of entry, and one of the capitals of Essex CO., Mass., is pleasantly situated on a peninsula formed by two inlets of the sea, called North and South Rivers, of which the former separates it from Beverly, 14 miles N. by E. of Boston, with which it communicates by the Eastern Railroad. It is also connected by branch rail- roads with Marblehead, Lawrence, Lowell, and Wakefield. It has a good harbor, defended by Fort Pickering. The town had formerly an extensive trade with India, China, Africa, and South America ; but at present the foreign tr.ade is small, although the coasting-trade is extensive, the shipment of ice and the reception of coal for distribution by rail being loading interests. The principal manufactures are of cotton goods, white lead, lead pipe, jute, railroad- cars, cordage, eastings, leather, boots and shoes, &c. The city has an almshouse, a hospital, an orphanage, 20 churches, a high school, a state normal school for girls, a city hall, a court-house, a reformatory, a custom-house, an East India marine society with a museum, a marine hall, the Peabody Academy of Sciences, the Salem Athenaiura, and the Essex Institute (the last two occupying a fine building called Plummer Hall). The town has many fine old mansions dating from the colonial period and the times of its mercan- tile supremacy. It is closely connected with the neighbor- ing towns of Beverly and Peabody by horse-railroad. Pop. 25,958. Salem was founded in 1628 by John Endicott, and in 1692 the famous " Salem witchcraft" delusion broke out, during which 20 persons were here executed as witches on what is called Gallows Hill. Salem, a township of Alleg.an co., Mich. Pop. 1172. Salem, a post-township of Washtenaw co., Mich., about 8 miles N.E. of Ann Arbor, is intersected by the Detroit, Lansing & Northern Railroad. Salem Station on that road is 29 miles W. of Detroit. Here is a hamlet named Salem, which has a church, a saw-mill, and about 100 in- habitants. Pop. of the township, 1202. Salem, a township of Olmsted CO., Minn. Pop. 1007. Salem, a post-hamlet of Benton co.. Miss., about 15 miles E.N.E. of Holly Springs. It has 2 churches. P. 85. Salem, a township of Daviess co.. Mo. Pop. 986. Salem, a post-village, capital of Dent eo., Mo., is on the St. Louis, Salem & Little Rock Railroad, 131 miles S.W. of St. Louis, and about 25 miles S.S.E. of Rolla. It has 2 newspaper offices, 2 churches, and manufactures of car- riages and ploughs. Iron ore abounds here. Pop. 280. Salem, a township of Dunklin co., Mo. Pop. 470. Salem, a post-village of Richardson co., Neb., on the Big Nemaha River, at the mouth of the South Fork, and on the Atchison & Nebraska Railroad, 85 miles S.E. of Lincoln, and 6 miles W. of Falls City. It has a graded school, 3 churcheSj 3 brick-yards, a flour-mill, and 4 lime- kilns. Pop. 304. Salem, a post-village in Salem township, Rockingham CO., N.H., about 14 miles E.N.E. of Nashua, and about 7 miles W.N.W. of Haverhill, Mass. It is nearly 2 miles E. of Salem Depot, which is on the Manchester & Lawrence R.ailroad. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of shoes. Pop. of the township, 1603. Salem, a city, the capital of Salem co., N.J., is situated on a creek of the same name, 3J miles from its entrance into the Delaware River, 44 miles by railroad S.S.W. of Camden, and about 14 miles S. by E. of Wilmington, Del. It is on a branch of the West Jersey Railroad, which connects it with Camden and Bridgeton. It contains many beautiful residences, a court-house, 10 or 11 churches (2 colored), a national bank, a high school, a collegiate insti- tute, 2 newspaper offices, 2 manufactories of glass-ware, an iron-foundry, 2 large flouring-mills, a manufactory of oil- cloth, and an establishment for canning fruits. It is sur- rounded by a rich farming country, the produce of which is shipped in steamboats and other vessels which ply between Salem and Philadelphia. Pop. 4555. Salem, a post-village, one of the capitals of Washing- ton CO., N.Y., in Salem township, on the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad, 41 miles N.N.E. of Troy, and about 25 miles S. of Whitehall. It contains 5 churches, a national bank, an academy, and a newspaper office. Pop. 1239. The township is bounded on the S.AV. by the Batten Kill River, and contains a village named Shushan. Pop. 3716, Salem, a post-village of Forsyth co., N.C., is on a small affluent of the Yadkin River, 109 miles W.N.W. of Raleigh, and i mile S. of Winston. It is on the Salem Branch of the Piedmont Air-Line Railroad. It contains a church, the Salem Female Academy, a Moravian school (occupying 4 brick buildings), a male college, a newspaper office, a national bank, a cotton-factory, a tannery, 2 car- riage-shops, a flour-mill, a woollen-factory, and a steam saw-mill. Pop. about 1100. Salem, a township of Pasquotank co., N.C. Pop. 1314. Salem, a township of Auglaize co., 0. Pop. 877. Salem^ a station in Brown co., 0., on the Cincinnati & Eastern Railroad, 36 miles E. of Cincinnati. Salem, a township of Champaign co., 0. Pop. 1854. Salem, a handsome post-town in Perry township, Co- lumbiana CO., 0., on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 13 miles E. of Alliance, and about 20 miles S.S.W. of Youngstown. It is the largest town in the county, and is surrounded by a rich farming community. It contains 2 Friends'.meeting-houses, 5 other churches, 2 national banks^ the capital of which amounts to S325,000, a public hall, a high school, 2 newspaper offices, several flour-mills and machine-shops, galvanized-iron-works, and manufactures of engines, stoves, *c. Pop. 3700. Salem, Guernsey co., 0. See North Salek. Salem, a township of Highland CO., 0. Pop. 1029. Salem, a township of Jefferson eo., 0. Pop. 1708. Salem, a township of Meigs co., 0. Pop. 1718. It contains Salem Centre. Salem, a township of Monroe co., 0. Pop, 2106. SAL 1951 SAL Salem, a village of Montgomery co., 0., in Randolph township, 12 miles N.W. of Dayton. It has a church, a distillery, a grist-mill, and 4 stores. Pop. 312. }Iere is Clayton Post-Office. Salem, a township of Muskingum CO., 0. Pop. 941. Salem, a township of Ottawa co., 0. Pop. 1687. Salem, Ross co., 0. See South Salesi. Salem, a township of Shelby co., 0. Pop. 1428. Salem, a township of Tuscarawas co., 0. Pop. 1725. Salem, a township of Warren co., 0. Pop. 2102. Salem, a village of Washington co., 0., in Salem town- ship, on Duck Creek, 1 mile from Warner Station, which is on the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleveland Railroad, IS miles N. of Marietta. It has 2 churches, a tannery, and a steam flour-mill. Pop. 1S7; of the township, 1610. Here is Lower Salem Post-OfBce. Salem, Wayne co., 0. See West Salew. Salem, a township of Wyandot co., 0. Pop. 1103. Salem, a city, the capital of the state of Oregon, and of Marion CO., is situated on the E. or right bank of the Willamette River, and on the Oregon & California Rail- road, 53 miles S. by W. of Portland, 2S miles N.of Alljany, and about 700 miles N. of San Francisco. Lat. 44° 56' N. ; Ion. 123° 1' W. Small steamboats can ascend the river to this place during high water, or about 8 months of the year. The streets are all straight, and are 99 feet wide. Salem is the most populous town of Oregon except Portland. It is the seat of Willamette University (Methodist Episcopal), which was organized in 1851. Salem contains a state prison, 12 churches, an academy, 2 banking-houses, a fine brick court-house, completed in 1874, an institution for the deaf and dumb, founded by the state in 1870, the Oregon School for the Blind, founded in 1873, a state library of about 7000 volumes, a large flouring-mill, a foundry, a machine-shop, and manufactures of lumber, oil, woollen goods, sash and doors, leather, and farming-implements. Two daily and 3 weekly newspapers are published here; and here is the new state Capitol, which is 264 feet in length by 75 feet in width, with wings extending 100 feet. Pop. about5000. Salem, a village in Salem township, Clarion co., Pa., 1 mile from State Road Station of the Emlenton A Shippen- ville Railroad, which is 5 miles from Emlenton. It has 3 churches. Here is Lamartine Post-Oflice. Pop. of town- ship, 949. Salem, a township of Luzerne CO., Pa. Pop. 1525. Salem, Mercer co.. Pa. See Leech's Corners. Salem, a townsiiip of Mercer co.. Pa. Pop. 6S6. Salem, a post-village of Snyder co., Pa., li miles W. of Selin's tjrove. It has a church, a planing-mill, and a sash-factory. Salem, a township of Wayne co.. Pa. Pop. 2607. Salem, a township of Westmoreland co.. Pa. Pop. 2124. See New Salem. Salem, a post-hamlet of Cocke co., Tenn., 7 miles N. of Bridgeport Station. It has a church and a flour-mill. Salem, a village of Franklin co., Tenn., on the Win- chester & Alabama Railroad, about 6 miles S.W. of Win- chester. It has an academy. Salem, a post-office of Newton co., Tex., on the Sabine River, 40 miles from Orange. Salem, a post-hamlet of Utah co., Utah, 4i miles from Payson. It has a church. Salem, a township of Orleans co., Vt. Pop. 693. Salem, a post-village of Fauquier co., Va., on the rail- road between Manassas and Front Royal, 52 miles W. of Alexandria. It has 4 churches and a seminary. The name of its post-office is Salem Fauquier. Salem, a post-village, capital of Roanoke co., Va., on the Staunton River, and on the Atlantic, Mississippi cx. There are copious salt springs here, from which salt is made. Pop. 150. Salt Springs, Nova Scotia. See Mount Thom. Saltsprings Island. See Admihal Island. Salt Spring Valley, post-office, Calaveras co., Cal. Salt Spring'ville, a post-hamlet of Otsego oo., N.Y., 5 miles N. of Cherry Valley. It has a church, a cheese- fuctory, a steam suw-mill, and a grist-mill. Salt Sul'phur Springs, a post-office and summer resort of Monroe co., W. Va., about 20 miles S, of Lewis- burg. It is surrounded by attractive mountain-scenery, and has medicinal springs which contain salts of magnesia, soda, and lime. It has a church and a girls' seminary. Salt Trace, a post-office of Harlan co., Ky. Salt'ville, a post-office of Mitchell co., Kansas, about 60 miles N.W. of Salina. Here is a great salt spring. Salt'ville, a post-village of AVashington co., Va., 1 mile from the North Fork of the Holston River, and about 17 miles E.N.E. of Abingdon. It is the terminus of a branch of the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Kailroad, and has 2 churches and a free academy, also manufactures of salt and plaster. Here are mines of rock salt which is as- sociated with gypsum. Saltwedei, a town of Prussia. See Salzwedel. Salt Well, a post-office of Nicholas co., Ky. Salt Wells, a station of the Union Pacific Railroad, 28 miles E. of Green River City, Wyoming. Saltzbarg, a city of Austria. See Salzbuug. Salu'bria, a post-office of Ada co., Idaho. Salu'brity, a post-hamlet and township of Pickens co., S.C, about 18 miles AV. by S. of Greenville. Pop. 1367. Saluces, the French name of Saluzzo. Salu'da, a post-office of Lamar co., Ala. Saluda, a station in Knox co.. 111., on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 5 miles S. of Galesburg. Saluda, a post-township of Jefferson co., Ind., about 10 miles S.W. of Madison. It is bounded on the E. by the Ohio River. Pop. 16S2. Saluda, a post-village and station of Polk co., N.C., on the Spartanburg & Asheville Railroad. It has 3 churches. Saluda, a township of Greenville co., S.C. Pop. 1761. Saluda, a township of Lexington co., S.C. Pop. 79^. Saluda, a post-village, capitJil of Middlesex co., Va., near the Rappahannock River, about 50 miles E. by N, of Richmond. It has a church and an academy. Saluda Old Town, a post-hamlet of Newberry co., S.C, on the Saluda River, and on the Greenville & Columbia Railroad, 59 miles W.N.W. of Columbia. It has 4 stores and a hotel. Saluda River, South Carolina, rises in the Blue Ridge, near the N. border of Pickens co. It runs first in a S.S.E. direction, and forms the boundary between the cos. of An- derson, Abbeville, and Edgefield on the right, and Green- ville, Laurens, and Newberry on the left. Its general di- rection is southeastward, and it unites with the Broad River to form the Congaree River at Columbia. It is about 200 miles long. Saluen, British Burmah. See Salwin. Saluggia, s5,-lood'ji, a town of Italy, 20 miles W.S.W. of Vercelli. Pop. 3960. Salunga, sa-lung'ga, a post-village of Lancaster co., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 8 miles N.AV. of Lan- caster City. It has 2 general stores and 1 or 2 flour-mills. Sa^lur', a town of India, district and about 55 miles N. of Vizagapatam. Pop. 10,633. Salu'ria, a post-village of Calhoun co,, Tex., on Mata- gorda Island, very near the Gulf of Mexico, and about 120 miles W.S.W. of Galveston. Salurn, s^-Ioonn', or Salorno, s3,-loR'no, a town of the Tyrol, Austria, 19 miles S.S.W. of Botzen. Pop. 1778. Salu'via, a post-office of Fulton co,. Pa. Saluzzo, si-loot'so {Fr. S'lluces, siHUss'), a city of North Italy, province of Coni, on a railway, and on an affluent of the Po, 17 miles N.W. of Coni. Pop. 9796, It consists of an upper town, on a height crowned by a magnifi- cent castle, now used as a prison, and a lower town, with a handsome cathedral. It has manufactures of silk, leather, hats, and hardwares. Saluzzola,si-loot'so-li, a town of Italy, 32 miles N.E. of Turin, on the Elvo. Pop. 2139. Salvador, San, America. See San Salvador. Salvage (sal'vaj) Island, one of the Falkland group, in South America, is in lat. 51° 1' S., Ion. 61° 6' \V. Salvages, sil-vi'n^s, a group of rocky islandB in the Atlantic Ocean, between the Canary and Aladcira Islands, about lat. 30° N., Ion. 1G° W. The Great Pituu or Great Salvage yields orchii. Salvaleon, sil-vi-li-on' (anc. Interamni .?), a town of Spain, 20 miles S.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 2876. Salvaterra dc Magos, sil-vd-t^u'itA di mi'gnce, a town of Portugal, province of listreuiadura, near the left bank of the Tagus, 31 miles N.K. of Lisbon. Pop, 2400. Salvaterra do £xtremo,s^l-v4-tdu'udd^d\-tr;l'iuo, a town of Portugal, province of Beira, oji the, Spanisli frontier, 2S miles E. of Castello Branco. Pop. 11S7. Salvatierra, s^i-vA-te-^u'itiL, a town of Spain, in Es- tremadura, province and 18 miles S.S.E. of Cacores, on a mountain-slope near the Tanuja. Pop. 1152. Salvatierra de los Barros, s^l-v^-te-Sn'iti tU locc baR'iioce, a town of Spain, province and 23 miles S.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 2876. Salve, sil'vA, a town of Italy, provinoo of Lecce, S.E. of Gallipoli. Pop. 2369. Salvetat, La, France. See La Salvetat. Salviac, siPve-ik', a village of France, in Lot, 9 miles S.W. of Gourdon. Pop. 1055. Salvi'sa, a post-village of Mereer co., Ky., 20 miles S. of Frankfort. It has 4 churches. Pop. 153. Salwiu, siPwin', SaPween', Sal' weu', or Saluen, siPwin', called also Thanl weng, th^n-lw^ng', or Than- lyeng, a large river of British Burmah, rises near the border of Thibet, flows S., and enters the Gulf of Marta- ban by a broad mouth, on opposite sides of which are the towns of Martaban and Maulmain. It is a noble stream, flowing through a richly-wooded country, and navigable to a considerable distance from the sea. Salwin, Salwen, or Salween, a district in the N. part of Tenasserim, British Burmah. Area, 4646 square miles. Pop. 26,117. Salyersville, sal'y§rz-vil, a post-village, capital of Magoffin CO., Ky., on the Licking River, about 90 miles E. by S. of Lexington. It has 2 churches. Pop. 106. Salympria, a river of Thessaly. See Salehbria, Salzach, silt'sS-K, or Salza, silt'si, a river of Aus- tria, rises in the Alps, 18 miles W. of the Gross Glockner, flows E. and N., and joins the Inn 6 miles N.E. of Burg- hausen. Length, 130 miles. Salzbrunu, silts'broon, New, Lower, and Upper, 3 contiguous villages of Prussian Silesia, 35 miles S.W. of Breslau. United pop. 6639. Salzburg, or Saltzbur^, silts'biirg (Ger. pron. silts'boouG ; anc. Juva'vum, or Juva'vki), a city of Austria, capital of the duchy of Salzburg, on the Salzach, 156 miles W.S.W. of Vienna. Lat. 47° 48' N. ; Ion. 13° 1' E. It stands in a narrow defile, half encircled by the Noric Alps, through an opening in which the Salzach passes out to join the Inn. The town is divided by the Salzach into two un- equal parts, the greater of which is on the left bank, where it is overtopped by a lofty height, crowned by a magnificent old castle. The superabundance of marble employed in the construction of the houses has a striking etFect, but the older streets are narrow, crooked, and gloomy. It has two fine squares, adorned respectively with a beautiful statue of white marble, 45 feet high, and a noble bronze statue of the Virgin, by Hagenau. Between the two squares stands the cathedral, a heavy Italian structure, 410 feet long by 250 feet broad, and adjoining it is the archbishop's palace, an extensive edifice, now partly used as public offices. In the same neighborhood is the collegiate church of St. Peter, with a monument to Haydn, and a cemetery remarkable for the number of curious ancient tombs which it contain^. The castle, long since dismantled, was once the residencte of the archbishops, who were princes of the German Empire and had temporal sovereignty. The town is on one of the railway lines from Vienna to Munich, The manufactures of the town consist chiefly of leather, ironware, cotton goods, and majolica. Salzburg is the see of an archbishop, the seat of superior courts and oflices, and possesses a lyceum, with an extensive and valuable library, a gymnasium, several industrial and other schoole, a physical and zoological museum, botanical garden, deaf and dumb institution, lunatic asylum, large house of cor- rection, theatre, and several hospitals. It is a place of great antiquity. The Roman town was destroyed by Attila in 448, and was rebuilt by the dukes of Bavaria. A succession SAL 1958 SAM. of archbishops continued to govern it til! 1S02, when U was secularized and passed to Austria in 1S14. Pop. 20,336. Salzburg, a crown-land and duchy of Austria (Cislei- thania). Area, 2757 square miles. It is a rugged, moun- tainous country, intersected by numerous valleys, of which that of the Salzach is the principal. The minerals are very valuable, and include gold, silver, lead, copper, cobalt, iron, salt, and marble. Pop. 153,169. Salzburg (Fr. Chateau- Sallns, shaUo'-saM^N"'), a town of Germany, in Lorraine, 20 miles N.E. of Nancy. P: 2149. Salzburg", sawlz'burg, a post-village of Bay co,, Mich., on the Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw Hailroad, 1 mile S. of West Bay City, and 12 miles N. of East Saginaw. Salzderhetden, sS-ltsMer-h^rd^n, a town of Prussia, Hanover, on the Leine, 2 miles S.E. of Eimbeck, P. 1100. Salzdettfurth, s^lts'dett-fo6ut\ a village of Prussia, in Hanover, 7 miles S.S.E. of Hildesheim, on the Lamme. Pop. 1113. Salze, Gross, grooe s^lt'si, a town of Prussian Saxony, 10 miles S.S.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 2932. Salzgitter, sS,lts'ghit-tijr, a village of Prussia, in Han- over, 20 miles E.S.E. of Hildesheim. Pop. 1848. Salzgrub, a town of Transylvania. See Kor.os. Salzkammergut, s^lts-kim'mer-goot, a district of Upper Austria and Styria. Area, 336 square miles. Pop. 17,500. The soil is unprofitable, but valuable salt-mines are wrought here on account of the government. Capital, Gmunden. SalzkotteUy s3,lts'kotH§n, a town of Prussia, in West- phalia, 45 miles S.S.W. of Minden. Pop. 2067. Salzutlen, sS.lt'soo-flen, a town of Germany, in Lippe- Detmold, 11 miles N.W. of Betmold. Pop. 2474. Salzungen, sS,lt's66ng-§n, a town of Saxe-Meiningen, on the Werra, 19 miles N.N.W. of Meiningen. Pop. 3724. It has salt-works, and manufactures of woollen cloth, linens, and leather. Salzwedel, s^lts'^^iM^l, or Saltwedel, silt'wiM^I, a town of Prussian Saxony, 54 miles N.N.W. of Magde- burg, on the Jetze, in lat. 52° 51' N., Ion. 11° 17' E. Pop. 8344. It has a gymnasium, and manufactures of woollen, cotton, and linen fabrics. Samadang, sd-m^L-d^ng', a town of Java, 125 miles S.E. of Batavia. Samadura, an island of India. See Sivana. Samaeil, s^-m^-il', a town of Arabia, in Oman, 45 miles W. of Muscat. Samaipata, s^-mi-p3,'tS,, a small town of Bolivia, 70 miles S.S.W. of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Samakov, sa,-mi-kov', a town of Bulgaria, 30 miles S.S.E. of Sophia. Pop. 7000. It is enclosed by substantial walls, and has iron-works. Samalood, Samaloud, si-m^i-lood', or Same- lood, si-meh-lood', a town of Egypt, province of Beni- Sooef, on the Nile, 15 miles N. of Minieh. Samambaia, s^-mdm-bi'i, a village of Brazil, prov- ince of Rio de Janeiro, district of Cantagallo. Samaiia, sS,-mi-nd', a peninsula on the N.E. coast of the island of Hayti, republic of Santo Domingo, stretching from W. to E. 32 miles. It is 11 miles across at its greatest breadth, and is terminated at its E. end by Cape Samana. Lat. 19° IS' N.; Ion. 69° 8' W. There formerly existed a water communication across its west end, separating it from the island of Hayti, so that what is now a peninsula was once an island. Its soil is extremely fertile; to a great extent it is covered with timber, suited both for ship-build- ing and cabinet-work. It contains cupper, gold, and bitu- minous coal. Samana^ a name of Atwood's Key, Bahamas. Samaua, or Santa Barbara de Samaua, s^n't^ bar'b^-r4 di sS,-mi-nA', a town of Santo Domingo, on the N. side of Samana Bay, 15 miles N. of Savana la Mar. It ■exports tobacco, cacao, wax, honey, hides, and mahogany. .Pop. 1000. Sainana Bay, Santo Domingo, on the S, side of the peninsula of Samana, is about 43 miles in length from E. to W., by about 8 miles broad, and at its W. end receives the Yuma, the largest river in the Dominican Kepublic. It forms one of the finest harbors in the world, and may bo regarded as a most important maritime position in roforenoe to the trade of the Gulf of Mexico and the inter-oceanic routes across Central America, both in a commercial and a military point of view. Samanco, s^-uiin'ko, a bay on, the coast of Peru, be- tween the bays of Casma and Forrol, in lat. 9° 15' 30" S., Ion. 78° 32' 45" W. It extends about 6 miles from N.W. to SiE., with a width of 3 miles, and is the most extensive harbor on the Peruvian coast N. of Callao. Saman'tha, a post-hamlet of Highland co., 0., 4 miles S. of Lexington Station, and about 36 miles Wi of Chilli- cothe. It has 2 churches. Samanud^ a town of Egypt. See SEsrENOOD. Saniar^ si-maa', an island of the Malay Archipelago, forming a province of the Philippines. It is washed on the E. by the Pacific, and is separated on the N. from Luzon by the Strait of Bernardino, and on the S. from Leyte by the narrow channel of San Juanico. Length, 147 miles ; breadth, about 50 miles. It is thickly wooded, has rivers of considerable size, and lofty and rugged mountains. In those latter iron-stone and gold are found and copper is said to exist. The people cultivate cocoa palms for oil, rice, and cacao. Samar produces also manihi hemp, wax, mother-of-pearl, Ignatius beans, pearls, tortoise-shell, in- digo said to equal that of Guatemala, and trepang. The inhabitants are mostly descendants of Spaniards by Indian mothers; they trade with the other Philippines and. the Pelew Islands. Capital, Catbalogan. Pop. 110,103. Samara^ the ancient name of the Somme. Samara, si-md-rS.', a river of Russia, flows W., and joins the Dnieper 4 miles S.E. of Yekaterinoslav. Length, 150 miles. Samara, a river of Kussia, governments of Orenboorg and Samara, after a W. course of 280 miles joins the Volga at Samara. Principal affluents, the Tok and Kinel. Samara, a town of Russia, capital of a government of the same name, 100 miles S.E. of Simbeersk, on a height, at theconfl.uence of the Samara with the Volga. Pop. 51,247. It was founded in 1591, and is a bishop's see. It has a cathedral, and an extensive trade in cattle and sheep, salt fish, caviare, skins, leather, and tallow. Samara, a government in the E. of European Russia, having the Volga on the AV,, and extending E. to hills which are the S-W. extension of the Ural Mountains. Area, 60,198 square miles. Capital, Samara. Pop. 1,837,081. Samarabriva, the ancient name of Amiens. Samarang, s3,-m£L-ring', a fortified seaport town of Java, capital, of a province, on its N. coast, near the mouth of the Samarang lliver, 210 miles E.S.E. of Batavia. Lat. 6° 57' S. ; Ion. 110° 27' E. A railway connects it with Djokjokarta. Pop. 60,000, including many Chinese. It is well built, and has a large church, town hall, military school, hospital, theatre, and an extensive trade. Its har- bor is not good, and the town is unhealthy from contiguous morasses, and owes its importance solely to the adjacent country, which yields large quantities of coff"ee, pepper, rice, sugar, and tobacco. Samarang is the residence of a Dutch governor, and the seat of one of the three principal law courts of Java. Pop. of residency, 1,596,896. Samarate, si-m^-ra'ti, a village of Italy, province of Milan, 2 miles E. of Gallarate. Pop. 2726. Samarcandy sA-maR-k3.nd' (anc. Maracan'da), a city of Asiatic Russia, capital of the province of Zerafshan, 130 miles E. of Bokhara, on the Zerafshan. Lat. 39° 50' N. ; Ion. 66° 50' E. Pop. about 30,000. It has greatly declined in importance J the area within its walls is mostly occupied with gardens, and of the 40 colleges which it formerly had, only 3 remain perfect. This city is regarded with great veneration in Central Asia, and it possesses the tomb of Tamerlane, under whom it was the capital of one of the largest empires ever known, and the centre of Asiatic learn- ing and commerce. It has several bazaars and large khans, and many elegant though decayed public edifices, and it is still an entrepot for caravan trade. Its climate, abun- dance of fruit and water, and the beauty of its vicinity, have caused it to be highly eulogized by Asiatic poets. Samaria, sS.-mA,'re-a, an ancient province of Palestine, between the river Jordan and the Mediterranean, having on the N. Galilee, and on the S. Judea. It comprised the towns of Sebaste, Neapolis, Ginueo, and Seythopolis, with Mounts Gilboa and Little Hernion. The ancient city of Samaria, built by Omri, King of Israel, about 925 B.C., was the capital of the ten tribes. After its destruction by John Hyrcanus it was rebuilt by Herod, and called Sebaste. See also Sebustikh, Samaria, sa-ma're-a, a post-hamlet of Johnson co,, Ind., on the Cincinnati '& Martinsville Railroad, 9i miles S.W. of Franklin. It has a ohureh. Samaria, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., Mich., on the Toledo & Ann Arbor Railroad, 11 miles N. of Toledo, 0. It has a store. Samarrah, sl-mar'ri, a town of Asiatic Turkey, 65 miles N.N.W. of Bagdad, on the left bank of the Tigris, and consisting of about 250 houses. It has twO handsome Mo- hammedan tombs with cupolas, one particularly venerated by the Sheeah sect and visited annually by at least 10,000 SAM 1959 SAM Mohainoiediins. About h milo N. is a curious spiral tower, also the remains of a college and traces of a palace. The whole neighborhood is covered with ruins. Samassiy si-m^'seof a village of Sardinia, 22 miles N.N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 2:J0;i. Saraatnn, si'raiH&N»', a town of France, in Gors, on the Save, I mile N.E. of Lombcz. Pop. of commune, 2463. Samava, si-mi'vi, a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Euphrates, 38 miles S.E. of Lomloom. Sambai-Contai, sim'bi-kon'ti, a village of West Africa, in Bondoo, in hit. 14° 41' N., hin. 12° 25' W. Sambas, s&m^b&s', a river of the island of Borneo, rises near the S, frontier of the state of Sambas, flows N.W. for 50 miles, then turns S.W., and enters the Strait of Cari- mata. Length, about 100 miles. It contains a good deal of gold in its sands. SambaSf a state on the "W. coast of Borneo, forming a dependency in the Dutch residency of Pontianak. It is in the shape of a triangle, each side of which measures about 100 miles, and is separated from Sarawak by the Krim- bang Mountnius, It is watered by the Sambas, its prin- cipal stream, the Selakoo, Siakawan, &o. It contains the richest gold-mines in Borneo, and produces coffee and cotton. The state is very populous, and is nominally governed by a Mohammedan sultan. Sambas, a town of the island of Borneo, on a low marshy site, near the left bank of the Sambas, about 30 miles from the sea, about lat. 1° 15' N., Ion. 109° 20' E. It is the seat of the sultan and of a Dutch assistant resident. The houses are raised above the ground on piles, and the sultan's palace is a large building, surrounded by a fortifica- tion. Pop. 10,000. Sambatikila,sim-bi-te-kee'Ii, atown of West Africa, in the Mandingo country. Lat. 10° N.; Ion. 6° 50' W. Sam-Baudillo-de-lilobregat, sim-bow-DcePyo- di-lo-bri-git', commonly called Sanboy, sin-boy', or Semboy, s5m-boy', a village of Spain, in Catalonia, 6 miles W. of Barcelona, on the Llobregat. Sambaya, a river of Java. See Solo Bengawan. Sam'ber, Sambhara, sim-bi'r§,, or Sacambhari, si-kim-b^-'ree, a town of India, 44 miles N.N.E. of Ajmeer, in lat. 26° 53' N., Ion. 74° 57' E. On its N.E. side is a large salt lake. Sambiase, s3,m-be-3.'si, a town of Italy, province of Catanzaro, 6 miles W. of Nicastro. Pop. 7253. Sambilan,sim-be-Un', orSambi]ang,sim-be-ling', or Nine Islauds, a group of islands in the Strait of Ma- lacca, in lat. 4° 5' N., Ion. 100° 35' E. Samboanga, s4m-bo-ing'gi, Samboangan, s4m- bo-ing-gJLn', orNuestra Senora del Pilar de Zara- goza, nw^s'trS. sSn-yo'ri dk\ pe-lait' di thi-ri-go'thi, a town of the Philippine Islands, on the S.W. extremity of the island of Mindanao, in lat. 6° 54' 30" S., Ion. 122° 8' E. It occupies a low site on the shore, at the mouth of a small stream, and is an important fortress. Sambor, sim'boR, a town of Austria, in Galicia, on the Dniester, 40 miles S.W. of Lemberg, in lat. 49° 32' N., Ion. 23° 17' E. Pop. 11,749. It has a mining intendency, and a gymnasium, with manufactures of linens, bleach-fields, and extensive salt-works. Stary (sti'ree) Samboh is on the Dniester, 10 miles S.W. of Sambor. Pop. 2849. Sam'bouril, a hamlet of England, co. of Warwick, 3S miles N.N.W. of Alcester. Pop. 583. Sambracitanus Sinus* See Gulf of Grisiaud. Sambre, simb'r (Fr. pron. sftMb'r; anc. Sa'bi8),a, river of France and Belgium, rises in the French department of Aisne, flows E.N.E., and joins the Meuse at Namur, in Bel gium. Total course, TOO miles. Its affluents arc the Heipe and Solre. In Belgium the Sambre communicates by canals with the Senne and Scheldt, and the Canal of the Sambre, France, connects it with the Canal of Saint-Quentin. Sambro, sAm'bro', a post-hamlet in Halifax co.. Nova Scotia, on the Atlantic, 20 miles from Halifax, Pop. 200. Sambuca, s^m-boo'ki, a town of Sicily, province and near Girgenti. Pop. 8673. Sambucca, sim-book'ki, a village of Central Italy, in Tuscany, 27 miles N.N.W. of Florence. Pop. 5703. Samcori, Gulf of Siam. See Koh-Phaxg. Sameanda, the native name of Lapland. Samelood, a town of Egypt. See Samalooh. Samer, si^maiu', a town of France, in Pas-de-Calais, 8 miles S.E. of Boulogne. Pop. 1494. Sam Francisco, Brazil. See Sao Francisco. Samliood,or Samhoud,s^m-hood', atown of Egypt, province and 15 miles S.E. of Girgeh. Sami} si'mee, a town of West Africa, in Bambarra, on the Joliba, 22 miles W.S.W. of Sego. Sa'mish, a po^t-hanilet of Whatcom oo., Washington, on Bollingham Bay. about 70 miles N. of Seattle. Sam JoAo. See Sao Joao; and so with all other ^ftf- tuguese names with the prefix Sam or San. Samlensk, a town of Bussiu. See Semliansk. Samminiato, a town of Italy. See San Miniato. Sam'mons Land'ing, post-office, Oceanu co., Mich, Sam'monsville, a post-village of Fulton co., N.Y., about 44 miles W.N.W. of Albiiny. It has a church, a grist-mill, a deer-skin-mill, a saw-mill, and 4 stores. Pop, about 250. Sammy Swamp, a township of Clarendon co., S.C. Pop. %0. Samo'an or Xav'igator's Islands, a group in tho Pacific Ocean, between lat. 13° 30' and 14° 30' S. and Ion. Ifi8° and 173° W., comprising 9 inhabited islands, with several islets. Area, 1125 square miles. Pop. 36,800. The soil is rich, and the surface densely wooded. The products comprise cocoa-nut oil, arrowroot, cotton, castor bean, gin- ger, eoff"ec, tortoise-shell, and vegetables. The inhabitants are superior in bodily and mental endowments to those of many other parts of Polynesia. They are Christians, and are mostly Presbyterians. The country is under the pro- tection of the United States. Chief ports, Apia, the capital, and Pango-Pungo. Samoens, si^mo-6N«', a village of France, in Haute- Savoie, 15 miles E. of Bonneville. Pop. of commune, 2585. Samogitia, si-mo-jish'§-a (Polish, Zmudz)^ a former duchy of Poland, now forming a large part of the Russian government of Kovno. Its capital was Kossiona. The Samogitian language, still spoken by some 250,000 people, is one of the Lettic tongues. Samogy, a county of Hungary. See SUsiegh. Samoieds, samVi-5dz', Samoyeds, or Samo- yedes, a people inhabiting the shores of the Arctic Ocean, from the mouth of tho Petchora, in the N.E, of the govern- ment of Archangel, Russia, to the Gulf of Khatangskee, in the N.E. of the government of Yeniseisk. They consist of three principal tribes, speaking different dialects. They are nomadic, live chietiy by fishing and keeping reindeer, and are supposed to be of Finnish stock. Samokhvalovitchi, or Samochwalowitschi, si-moK-v3,-lo-vitch'ec, a market-town of Russia, govern- ment and 10 miles S. of Minsk, Pop. 1000. Sa'mos, or Soosam- (Sousam- or Susam-) Adassi, soo^s4m'-i-dfl,s'see, an island ofi" the W. coast of Asia Minor, on the S. side of the Uulf of Scala Nova, 42 miles S.W. of Smyrna. Length, E. to W., 27 miles ; greatest breadth, 10 miles. Area, 213 square miles. Pop. 36,4fi5, Two ranges of rocky limestone mountains traverse the island, their slopes partly covered with pine woods, vine- yards, and olive-groves. The valleys are fertile, and this is one of the most productive islands of the Archipelago, ex- porting raisins, oil, fruits, skins, mastic, corn, and excellent Muscadine wines. The mineral products comprise marble, iron, lead, silver, and emery. The principal towns are Vathi, on its N. side, with a good harbor, and Cora, near the S. coast, on a portion of the site of the ancient Samos. The island had in ancient times a famous temple of Juno, of which few, if any, vestiges remain. It was the native country of Pythagoras and the sculptor Theodorus. The Samiots were among the first to join the Greek war of independence, throughout which they successfully held the island against the Turks. Since 1832 the island has been an autonomous principality, or beylic, paying a small tribuTe to Turkey. The people are Greeks in language and religion. Capital, Vathi. Adj. and inhab. Samian, si'- me-an, or Samiot or Samiote, si'me-ot. Samos, an ancient city of Cephalonia, on the E. coast of the island. It is now a village, with ancient remains. Samosat, or Samosata, Turkey. See Someisat. Samothraki, si-mo-thri'kce {ixna. Samothra* ce ; Gr. ■ZafxaSpaKTi ; Turk. Semendrek, si-m^n-drSk'), an island be- longing to Turkey, in the .^gean Sea (Grecian Archipelago), 14 miles N.N.W. of Imbros. Area, 30 square miles. Pop. 1500. It is mountainous. On its N. side are the ruins of the ancient town of Samotkrace. Samotraki, s^-mo-tr&'kee, one of the smaller Ionian Islands, 5 miles W. of Corfu. Samoycd, or Samoyede. See Samoieds. Samozcro, s^Hno-zi'ro, a lake of Russia, government of Olonets, 40 miles W.N.W. of Petrozavodsk, about 20 miles in length from W. to E., and 8 miles in breadth. Its superfluous wnters are carried S. and E. by the river Shooya into Lake Onega. Samper de Calanda, sS-m-pain' di ki-lin'di, a town of Spain, in Teruel, 44 miles S.S.E. of 'Saragossa. P. 2S60, SlM 1960 SA'N Sampeyre, s&ni-pi'ri, a town 6f Itally, inPiedlDotit, 15 miles W.S.W. of Saluzzo. Pop. 5503. ' Sam'pit, a township of Georgetown co., S.C. P. 960. Samp'sel Station, a post-office of Livingston co., Mo., on the Brunswick & Chillicothc Railroad, 9 miles W. of Chillieothe. Samp'son, a county in the S.E. central part of North Carolina, has an area of about 800 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by South River, and also drained by Black River. The surface is nearly level, and is mostly cov- ered with forests of pitch-pine and other trees. In 1870 it had 323,429 acres of woodland. The soil is sandy. Indian corn, cotton, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Cap- ital, Clinton. Valuation of real and personal estate, §2,570,222, Pop. in 1S70, l(i,436, of whom 16,419 were Americans. Sampson, or Sam'son, a village of Darke co„0., in Neave township, 33 miles N.W. of Dayton, Pop. 346. Sampson Creek, a post-office of Harrison co., Mo., at Hamptonville, 20 miles N.N.W. of Pattonsburg. Samp'sondale, a hamlet of Rockland Co., N.Y., 1 mile from llaverstraw. It has a church and a roiling-mill. Sampson's Whatf, a post-office of Northumberland CO., Va. Sarap'town, a hamlet of Middlesex co., N.J., 9 miles N. of New Brunswick. It has a church. Sam's Creek, a post-office of Frederick co., Md. Samsoe, siras'o^^h, or Sams, sS.ras, an island of Den- mark, in the Great Belt, between Seeland and Jutland. Length, 15 Inilcs j greatest breadth, 5 miles. Pop. 5360. Samson, shiim'shon\ ia town of Hungary, co. of Bihar, 8 miles N.E. of Debreczin. Pop. 3370. Sam'sonville,a post-village in Olive township, Ulster CO., N.Y., about 20 miles W. of Rondout. It has a church, a lumbor-mill, and nearly 30 houses. Samsonville, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., 0.,on the Marietta & Cinciunati Railroad, at Washington Station, 2S miles N.E. of Portsmouth. Samsoon, Samsoun, or Samsun, s^m^soon', writ- ten also Samsoom or Samsum (anc. Ami'ans), a sea- port town of Asia Minor, on the Black Sea. Lat. 41° 18' N. ; Ion. 36° 22' E. The population is wholly Turkish, and comprises about 450 families. The town is a busy entrepot for the copper, timber, tobacco, and agricultural produce of the interior, exported honce to Constantinople, and it" is a station for steam navigation. Sam's Val'Jey, a post-office of Jackson co., Oregon. Sams'ville, a post-hamlet of Edwards co., 111., about 16 miles S. of Olney. It has 2 churches and a wagon-shop. Samter, sim'ter, or Szamotuly, shi-mo-too'Iee, a town of Prussia, 20 miles by rail N. W. of Posen. Pop. 4316. Samtiago, Cape Verd Islands. See Santiago. Samtiago de Cacem, sowNo-te-a'go di ka-sSN^', a town of Portugal, in Aigarve, 36 miles N.W. of Ourique, on the Atlantic. Sam'uePs Depot, a post-hamlet of Nelson co., Ky., on the Bardstown Branch Railroad, 33 miles S. by E. of Louisville. It has a distillery of whisky. San, sin, Saan, s|n, or Sana, s£l'nS,, a large rivor of Austrian Galicia, rises in the Carpathians, flows N.N.W., and joins the Vistula 4 miles N.E. of Sandomier. Total course, 250 miles. Affluents, the Wislok and Lubaczow. San, sin, a river of Styria, after an E. and S. course of 50 miles, joins the Save 11 miles S. of Cilly. San, sin (anc. Ta'nie), a ruined town of Egypt, oe an arm of the Nile, 15 miles S.S.W. of Menzaleh. Sana, or Sanaa, si-ni', the capital city of Yemen, in Arabia, in a fine valley, 4000 feet above the sea, 110 miles E.N.E. of Hodeida. Pop. estimated at 40,000. It is en- closed by walls 5t miles in circumference and mounting some cannons, is built mostly of brick, and has 2 stone palaces of the imam, about 20 richly-decorated mosques, and public baths. The principal commerce is in coffee and in its husk, which latter article here brings the higher price. Imports comprise piece-goods, Persian tobacco, diites, twist, and glass-wares. SaAa, sin'yi, or lUiraflores, me-ri-flo'r^s, a town of Peru, province of Chiclayo, 32 miles S.E. of Lambayeque, once a fine city, but now mostly in ruins. Pop. 2000. Sanak Island, Pacific Ocean. See Halibut Island. Sanamaro, a village of Teneriffe. See RosAitio. Sa^nand% a town of India, in Ahmedabad. Pop. 7229. San An'ders, a post-office of Milam co., Te.v., about 56 miles N.E. of Austin. San Andrea. See Sant' Andrea. San Angelo. See Sant' Angelo; and so with other Italian names in which San is followed by a name beginning with a vowel. San An'dreas, a post-village, capital of Calaveras co., Cal., is near the Calaveras River, about 56 miles S.E. of Sacramento, and 40 miles E.N.E. of Stockton. It has a newspaper office, 2 churches, a banking-house, and a large hotel. It is surrounded by mountains, or "foot-hills." Gold is found here in placer-mines, which were once rich. It is mainly supported by mining, the culture of fruit, and raising cattle and sheep. Pop. about 700. San Andres de Palomar, sin in-drSs' di pi-lo- man', a town of Spain, province and 5 miles N.N.E. of Barcelona. Pop. 8447. San Andres y San Luis de ProvidenciaVs3.n in-drfis' e sin loo-ees' d4 pro-ve-d^n'se-il, a national ter- ritory of the United States of Colombia, comprising Old Providence, San Andres, and other islands of the Caribbean Sea. Pop. 3530. San Angel, skn ang'H^l, a town of Mexico, 6 miles S. of the capital. San Antonio, sin in-to'ne-o, or Puerto lUagno, pw^u'to mig'no, a Spanish seaport town, on the W. coast of the island of Ivi^a, 10 miles N.W. of Ivi^a, with a small fort, and an anchorage for large vessels. Lat. 39° 0' 4" N.; Ion. 1° 14' E. Pop. 1192. San Antonio, a town of Sicily. See Cianciana. San Antonio, sin in-to'ne-o, a township of Marin co., Cal. Pop. 451. San Antonio, a post-village of Monterey co., Cal., 23 miles S, of Soledad. It has a church. Pop. 701. San Antonio, a post-village of Buchanan co.. Mo., 4 miles N.W. of Easton. It ha* 2 churches. San Antonio, a post-hamlet of Nye co., Nevada, 135 miles from Eureka. It has a quartz-mill. San Antonio, a post-ofiice of Socorro co.. New Mex. San Antonio, a city, the capital of Bexar co., Tex., is on San Antonio River, SO miles S.W. of Austin. It is near lat. 29° 30' N., Ion. 9S° 25' W. It was in 1S70 the most populous town of the state except Galveston. It con- tains a court-house, a United States arsenal, a national bank, 4 other banking-houses, a large Roman Catholic col- lege or seminary, a Roman Catholic cathedral, 11 churches, and many fine residences. Three daily and 3 or 4 weekly newspapers are published here. San Antonio is supported mainly by trade. It is surrounded by a fertile country, of which cattle, cotton, wool, and hides are the staple prod- ucts. It is on the Galveston, Harrisburg & Sun Antonio Railroad, 213 miles W. of Harrisburg, and 256 miles W. of Galveston. Here are military head-quarterS, with a quar- termaster's depot. San Antonio has extensive water-power, several flouring-mills, breweries, and tanneries. It is built on the site of Fort Alamo, celebrated in the history of Texas. It has a large public park, called San Pedro. Pop. in 1860, 8235; in 1876, 17,314. San Antonio, sin in-to'ne-o, a town of Mexico, 15 miles S.E. of La Paz. San Antonio, sin in-to'ne-o, a town of Venezuela, on an affluent of the Apure, 110 miles E. of Barinas. San (or Santo) Antonio, a town on the E. coa-st of Prince's Island, in the Gulf of Guinea. Its situation is one of extreme beauty. San Antonio, Cape Verd Islands, and Brazil. See Santo Antonio. San Antonio, a cape of Brazil, at the entrance to All- Saints Bay. Lat. 13° 0' 7" S. ; Ion. 38° 31' 7" W. There is a light on this point 140 feet high. San Antonio, a cape of the Argentine Republic, at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, S. side. Lat. 36° 19' S. ; Ion. 56° 45' W. San Antonio, a large port or bay of Patagonia, Lat, 40° 49' S. ; Ion. 65° 54' W. San Antonio, Cape. See Cape San Antonio. San Antonio Creek, a small stream of Marin co., Cal., flows into the Pacific Ocean. San Antonio de Areco, sin in-to'ne-o^di i-ri'l^o, a town of the Argentine Republic. 60 miles W.N.W. of Buenos Ayres. Pop. 17U0. San Anto'nio de Gibral'tar (Sp. prou. sin in- to'ne-o di He-Dril-taii'), a town of A'enezuela, state of Zulia, on the E. shore of Lake Maracaybo, 50 miles N.W. of Trujillo. Pop. 3000. San Antonio de Laguna, sin in-to'ne-o di li-goo'- ni, a town of Ecuador, on the Huallaga, near its junction witli the Amazon. San Antonio de los Cues, sin in-to'ne-o di loce koo'fis, a town of Mexico, state and 70 miles N. of Oajaca. It has ruins of Aztec forts. San Antonio de Praia, sin in-to'ne-o di pri'i, a small town on the N. coast of Annobon. i SA^f 1 San Anto'nio River, Texas, is formod by the Medina River and Leon Creek, wliicli unite in the S. part of Bexar cu. It runs soutlietistward tlirough the cos. ol' Wilson, Karnes, and Goliad, and enters Kspiritu Santo Bay. Xiengtti, about 175 miles. Saiiato'ga, a station in Montgomery co., Pa., on tlio Reading Railroad, 21 miles E.S.E. of Heading. San Augustin, sin ow-goos-tcen', a town of Mexico, 12 miles S. of the city of Mexico. San Augustin de las Cuevas. Sea Tlalpas, Sun Augustine, skn aiv-gus-tccn'. or Saint An* gustine, s§nt aw'giis-teen^ (Sp. Sail Atif/ttatht, sin 6w- goos-teen'), a county in the K. part of Texas, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the \V. by the Attoyac, and on theS.U''.by the Angelina River. The surface is e.xtensivcly covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle,' and. pork are the staple products. Capital, San Augustine. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,210, ()1». Pop. in 1870, il96, of whom 4176 were natives and 20 wore foreigners. San Augustine, sin ow-goos-teen', a post-office of Donna Ana co.. New Mexico. San Augustine, a post- village, capital of San Augus- tine CO., Tex., 75 miles S. by E. of Marshall. It has 3 churches and a seminary. Pop. 250. San Bartholotne, sin baa-to-lo-mi', a village of Mexico, state and 215 miles N. of Durango, San Bartholome, sin ban-to-lo-mi', a town of the United States of Colombia, on the Magdalena, at the influx of the San Bartholome, 6U miles S.E. of Remedios. Sau Bartholome, an island in tho PaciSo Ocean. Lat. 15° 10' N.; Ion. 163° 52' E. San Bartolom^ de Tirajana, sin ban-to-lo-mi' di to-ri-iii'ni, a town of the Canaries, on trran Canaria. San Bartolomeo in Galdo, sin baii-to-lo-mi'o in gil'do, a town of It.xly, province and 28 miles W. by S. of Foggia, on an elevated hill. It has a diocesan seminary, with a collegiate and other churches. Pi>p. 3276. San Basilio, sin bi-see'le-o, a village of Sardinia, province and 23 miles N. of Oagliari. Pop. 1142. San Benedetto del Tronto, sin bi-ni-d^t'to d^l tron'to, a town of Italy, province of Ascoli-Piceno, on the Adriatic, 13 miles by rail N.N.W. of Giulia. It has a port, and is a sea-bathing place. Pop. 6112. San Benedetto Po, or Polirone, po-le-ro'ni, a town of Italy, on the S. bank of the Po, province and 12 miles S.E. of Mantua. Pop. 10.319. San Benedicto,'Pacilic Ocean. See N(iblad.\. San Benito, sin bi-nee'to, a county in tho W. part of California, is about 60 miles long, and is comparatively narrow, the Coast Range of mountains extending along its eastern border. It is irrigated by the San Benito River. The soil is partly fertile. It is intersected by the Southern Pacific Railroad. Capital, HoUister. San Benito, a post-hamlet of San Benito co., Cal., on the Salinas River, about 60 miles S.E. of Monterey. San Benito River, California, rises in the Coast Range, runs northwestward through San Benito co., and joins the Pajaro River. San Bernard', a small river of Te.xas, rises near the N. extremity of Colorado co., and flows S.E. into the Gulf of Mexico, 10 miles S.W. of the mouth of Brazos River. San Bernardino, sin bSn-nau-dee'no, a village of Switzerland, canton of Grisons, in the valley of Misoceo, 15 miles N. of Roveredo, with mineral springs. The Pass of Bkrnaiidino or Bkunharihn (bfia^naiiMaNo') is traversed by the route from Chur to Bellinzona. Elevation, 6970 feet. San Bernardino, sin bSn-nan-dee'no, a large county in the S.E. part of California, borders on Nevada. It is bounded on the E. by the Colorado River, and is partly traversed by the Santa Ana and Mohave Rivers, the latter of which sinks into the alkaline soil near the middle of the county. The surface is occupied by volcanic moun- tains and vast deserts or arid plains and valleys destitute of timber and fresh water. In the northern part of it is the " Death Valley," which is said to be sunk nearly 200 feet below the level of the sea. It is destitute of vegeta- tion and animal life. There is some fertile soil in tho S.W. part of this county. Barley, wheat, wool, and wine are the staple products. Forests of pine, cedar, and other trees grow on the mountains. It is traversed by the Southern Pacific Railroad. Among the minerals are gold, silver, granite, quartz, tin. and marble. The tin is found in the Temescal Mountains, in the S.W. part. Capital, San Ber- nardino. Valuation of real and personal estate, :?2, 302,315, Pop. in 1S70, 3988, of whom 3328 were Americans. San Bernardino, a post-village, capital of San Ber- SAN nardino co., Cal., is in n fertile vnUeyy in ft townshipof the same name, 4 miles N. of Colton Railroad Station, and about 60 miles E. of Los Angeles. It contains a court- house, 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 2 hotels, 2planing- uiills, 2 fiour-mills, and a graded school. Pop. about 2500 j of the township, 3064. Mt. San Bernardino ia 20 miles W. of this village. See Mount San Be:iinaiii>i.vo. San Bernardo, sin bdii-naii'do, a group of islets of the United States of Colombia, near the catrance of the Bay of Morrosquillu, and off the Point of Sau Bernardo, 50 miles S. of Cartagena. San Bernardo, sin b^a-nau'do, a town of Chili, prov- ince and 10 miles by rail S.W. of Santiago. Pop. 2702. San Biase, sin be-i'si, or San Biagio,.sin be-i'jo, a town of Italy, in Catanzaro, 3 miles W. of Nieastro. Pop. 6037. Sau Bias, sin blis, or Saint Bias, a seaport town of Mexico, state of Jalisco, on an island at the embouchure of the river Santiago in the Pacific, about 37 miles W.S.W. of Tcpic, of which it is the port. Lat. 21° 32' 34" N. ; Ion. 105° 16' 24" AV. The climate is very unhealthy) and tho harbor bati, with an open roadstead. Its commercial -im- portance is considerable. Pop. about 2000. . i' - San Bias, Caribbean Sea. See Mandinoo. • ■; San Bias Point. See Cape San Blas. : •: San Bonifacio, sin bo-nofi'cho, a town of Italy, province and 14 miles E. of Verona. Pop. 5653. San'born, a post-office of Bent co.. Col. Sanborn, a post-office of Barnes co., Dakota. Sanborn, a post-village of O'Brien co., Iowa, in Franklin township, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 11 miles E. of Sheldon, and 25 miles W. of Spen- cer. It has a bank. Pop. about 200. Sanborn, a post-village in Lewiston township, Niagara CO., N.Y., on the Rochester & Niagara division of the New York Central Railroad, about 20 miles N. of Buffalo, and 10 miles W. of Lockport. It contains 2 churches, 2 hotels, 2 stores, a grist-mill, and a cheese-factory. Pop. about 160. San'born's Mills, a post-hamlet in Wakefield town- ship, Carroll co., N.H., on the Portsmouth, Great Falls A Conway Railroad, at Wolfborough Junction, 18^ miles N. of Rochester. It has 2 saw-mills, a church, a stave-fac- tory, Ac. San'bornton, a post-village in Sanbornton township, Belknap co., N.H., 22 miles N. of Concord, and 4 miles N. of Tilton Station. It has several ohurches and a manufac- tory of refrigerators. The township is bounded on the E. by Lake Winnesquara. Pop. of the township, 1236. Sanboy, Spain. See SAM-BAtJi)iLi.o-DE-LLOBKEGAT. San Bruno, sin broo'no, a post-office of San Benito CO., Cal. ' San Bruno, a station in San Mateo co., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 14 miles S. of San Francisco. San Buenaventura, sin bwi-ni-vSn-too'ri, a post- village of Ventura co., Cal., on the Pacific Ocean, about fiO miles AV.N.W. of Los Angeles. It has a newspaper office, a money-order post-office, a high school, 4 churches, a bank, and a flour-mill. Pop. estimated at 800. San Buenaventura River. See Salinas River. San Buenaventura River, a small stream of Ven- tura CO., Cal., falls into the Pacific in 34° 20' N. lat. San'burn, or San'born, a post-village of Johnson CO., 111., on the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad, 43 miles N.E. of Cairo. It has a church and a flour-mill. Sancara, the Hindoo name of Soonkaur. San Carlos, sin kar'loce, a post-office of Pinal co., Arizona. Here is an Indian agency and reservation. San Carlos, a st.ation of Pueblo co.. Col., on the Den- ver & Rio Grande Railroad, 10 miles S. of Pueblo. San Carlos, sin kan'looe, a town of Chili, province of Nuble, 15 miles N. by E. of Chilian. Pop. 5B09. San Carlos, a town of Venezuela, capital of the state of Cojedes, 130 miles S.W. of Caricas. Pop. 10,420. San Carlos, sin kau'loce, a port on the N.W. doast of East Falkland Island, near the N. entrance of Falkland Sound, with anchorage for large vessels. Lat. (Fanning Head, S.W. summit) 51° 27' 12" S. ; Ion. 59° 7' 15" W. San Carlos de Ancud, Chili. See Ancub. San Carlos de la Rapita, sin kau'loce di li ri- pee'ti, a seaport town of Spain, province of Tarragona, on the Mediterranean, about 20 miles from Tortosa. It owes its foundation to Don Carlos III., who intended to make it a great commercial emporium ; but the extensive works iiom- meneed during his reign were abandoned, and Rapita is now insignificant. San Casciano, sin ki-shi'no, a town of Italy, prov- ince and Si miles S.W. of Florence. Pop. 2374. SAN 1:962 SASr-: San Casciano dei Bagiii,s^n kil-sh^'no di'e b3,n'- yee, a village of Italy, province of Siena, 17 miles S.E. of Pienza. Pop. 35S3. Saucassey s3.n-kis'sA, an island in the Indian Ocean, off Nareenda Bay, N.W. of Madagascar. San Cataldo, sin ki-til'do, a town of Sicily, in the valley of Mazzara, 6 miles W.S.W. of Caltanisetta. Pop. 12,727. In its vicinity are extensive sulphur-mines. Sancerre, sANo'sain', a town of France, in Cher, on a vine-clad hill on the Loire, 26 miles N.E. of Bourges. Pop. 2S30. It has a communal college, several tanneries, and an active trade in wine, and in marble quarried in its vicinity. San Cesario, sin chi-si're-o, a town of Italy, prov- ince and 4 miles S. of Lecce. Pop. 4091. San Chirico Nuovo, sin kee're-ko nwo'vo, a town of Italy, in Basilicata, province of Potenza, 5 miles N.W. of Tricarico. Pop. 2.327. San Chirico Raparo,sin kee're-ko ri-pVro, a town of Italy, province of Potenza, 22 miles S.E. of Marsico Nuovo. Pop. 3045. Sancho, san'ko, a post-office of Tyler co., W. Va. San Christoval, the name of various places in Span- ish America. See San Cristoval. San Cliristoval, Brazil. See Sao CHnisTOvIo. San Clemente, sin kli-mSn'ti, a town of Spain, 48 miles S.S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 3860. San Clemente, sin kli-m^n'ti, an island in the Pa- cific, otf the coast of California, 15 miles S. of the island of Santa Catalina. SailcoinSy s6No^kwiNo', a town of France, in Cher, 30 miles S.E. of Bourges. Pop. 2970. San Colombano, sin ko-lom-bi'no, a town of Italy, 9 miles S. of Lodi, on the Larabro. Pop. 5567. Sancori, an island. Gulf of Siam. See Koh-Phang. Sanco'ty Head, the S.E. point of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, has a fixed light 150 feet above the level of the sea. Lat. 41° 17' N. ; Ion. 69° 59' W. San Cristobal, sin krees-to'vil (formerly Ciudad Real and Ciudad de Las Casas), a town and bish- op's see of Mexico, capital of the state of Chiapa, 285 miles S.E. of Vera Cruz. Its chief industries are beef- packing, weaving, and pottery. Pop. 12,000. San Cristoval, sin krees-to'vil, a town of Venezuela, capital of the state of Tachira, 96 miles S.S.W. of Merida. Pop. 11,903. It was overthrown in 1875 by an earthquake. San Cristoval or Christoval, sin kris-to'vil, Lakb, Mexico, 12 miles N.N.E. of Mexico, is 10 miles in length. It has on its S. side a village of its own name. San Cristoval or Christoval, a small town of Gua- temala, S.W. of Vera Paz. San Cristoval de la Laguna (also called Lagu- na), sin kris-to'vil di li li-goo'ni, a town of Tenerilfe, near its N. coast, on a high plain, 18 miles W. of Santa Cruz de Teneriff'e. Pop. 4675. Sanct Antonien, sinkt in-to'ne-en, a village of Switzerland, 15 miles N.E. of Chur. This village gives its name to the adjacent valley of Sanct Antonienthal, Sanct Avoid, sinkt i'f61t (Fr. Saint-Avoid, sist- iVo'), a town of Germany, in Lorraine, 18 miles W. of Saargemiind. Pop. 2715. Sanct Bartholmii, Austria. See Babtholma. Sanct Beatenberg, sinkt bi-i'ten-bdRG\ a mountain of Switzerland, canton of Bern, on the S.E. side of the Lake of Thun. On the slope of the mountain stands the Alpine village of the same name, abont 3500 feet above sea-level. Sanct Fiden, Switzerland. See Tablat. Sanct Gallen, town, Switzerland. See Saint Gall. Sanct Georgen, sinkt gi-on'ghen, a town of Croatia, 18 miles N.E. of Bellovar. Pop. 4630. Sanct Georgen, a village of Austro-Hungary, on the Adriatic, 5 miles S. of Zengg. Pop. 540. - Sanct Goar, sinkt go'ar, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 15 miles S.S.E. of Coblentz, on the Rhine. Pop. 1384. Sanct Goarshausen, sinkt go'ars-how'z^n, a village on the Rhine, opposite to the above. Pop. 1359. Sanct Ingbert, Bavaria. See Ingbebt. Sanct Jakob, town, Switzerland. See Saint Jakob. Sanct Johann, sinkt yo-hinn', a town of Rhenish Prussia, on the Saar, opposite Saarbriick. Pop. 10,941. Sanct Johann, a village of Upper Austria, on the Salzach, 33 utiles S. of Salzburg. Pop. 1078. Sanct Johann, village, Hungary. See Saint John. Sanct Xieon, sinkt li'on, a village of Baden, near Philipsburg. Pop. 1573. Sanct Leonhard, sinkt li'on-haat' ("Saint Leon- ard"), a town of Upper Austria, 26 miles S. of Steyer. Sanct Lorenziluss, See Saint Lawrence. Sanct liUdwig, a town of Alsace. See Saint-Loots. Sanct Moritz, Switzerland. See Saint Mokitz. Sanct Polten. See Saint-Polten. Sanct Stephen, Switzerland. See Saint Stephen. Sanct Tonys, sinkt to'nis, a town of Rhenish Prus- sia, 15 miles N.W. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 5500. Sanct Veit, sinkt vit (" Saint Vitus"), a town of Aus- tria, in Carinthia, on the Glan, 11 miles N. of Klagenfurth. Pop. 4322. It has manufactures of paper, hardware, Ac. Sanct Veit, a town of Lower Austria, 11 miles S. of St. Piilten. Pop. 2877. See also Fiume. Sanct Wendel, sinkt wSn'del, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 30 miles S.E. of Treves. Pop. 3696. San Cugat del Valles, sin koo-git' d41 vil'ySs, a town of Spain, 9 miles N. of Barcelona. Pop. 2173. Sancy, Pic de, France. See Mont Dor. San'da, or San'day, an island of Scotland, in the Orkneys, 2| miles S. of North Ronaldshay. Length, 12 miles. 'The principal harbors are Kettleloft, on the S.E., and Otterswick, on the N.E. coast. Pop. 2053. Sanda, or Sanday, an island of Scotland, in the In- ner Hebrides, eo. of Argyle, on the E. side of Canna. Sanda, or Sanday, a small island of Scotland, at the AV. side of the entrance of the Firth of Clyde, 5 miles E. of the Mull of Kintyre, 3 miles in circumference, and noted in the Middle Ages as a station of the Scandinavian fleets. San'dalwood Island, or Jeendaua, jeen-di'ni, an island of the Malay Archipelago, S. of the island of Flores and the Straits of Sapy and Mangerye, in lat. 10° S., Ion. 119° E. Length, about 120 miles; greatest breadth, 60 miles. It is fertile and very populous. On its N. side is the port of Padewawy, where the Dutch have settlements. Sandalwood, Feejee group. See Pago. San Daniiauo d'Asti, sin di-me-i'no dis'tee, a town of Italy, 6 miles W.S.W. of Asti. Pop. 2711. San Damiano di Coni, sin di-me-i'no dee ko'nee, a town of Italy. 6 miles W.S.W. of Coni. Pop. 2752. San Uaniele, sin dine i'li, a town of Italy, 13 miles N.W. of Udine, on the Tagliamento. Pop. 4471. Sandanoua. See Mount Santanoni, Sandarlee, Sandarli, or Sandarlie, sin-dar-Iee' (anc. Ci/me ; Gr. Ku/nj), a small town of Asia Minor, near the head of the Gulf of Sandarlee, in lat. 38° 54' N., Ion. 26° 55' E. The Gulf of Sandarlee {Cumts'ua Sl'nua) is sometimes called the Gulp of Fouges. See also Fouges. Sandau, sin'dSw, or Ziandou (?), a town of Bohe- mia, circle of Leitmeritz, near Politz. Pop. 1687. Sandau, sin'dow, or Sandow, sin'dov, a town of Prussian Saxony, 49 miles N.N.E. of Magdeburg, on the right bonk of the Elbe. Pop. 2164. Sanday, an island of Scotland. See Sanda. Sandbach, sand'batch, a town of England, co. and 24 miles E.S.E. of Chester, and 4 miles by rail N.N.E. of Crewe, near the river Wheelock. Pop. 5259, employed in the manufacture of silk. Sand'bank,a post-village in Albion township, Oswego CO., N.Y., on Salmon River, about 26 miles E. of Oswego. It is also on the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, 36 miles W.N.W. of Rome. It has 2 churches, 2 large tan- neries, a flour-mill, and several saw-mills. Pop. about 600. Sand Beach, a post-village in Sand Beach township, Huron co., Mich., on Lake Huron, about 62 miles N. of Port Huron. It has a church, manufactures of lumber and salt, a flour-mill, and a planing-mill. Here is a harbor of refuge, with a pier and a breakwater. Pop. about 350 ; of the township, 638. Sand'born, a post-hamlet of Knox co., Ind., on the Indianapolis & Vincennes Railroad, 26 miles E.N.E. of Vincennes. Sand Brook, a post-hamlet of Hunterdon co., N.J., about 22 miles N.N.W. of Trenton. It has a church. Sand'burg, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., N.Y., on the New York & Oswego Midland Railroad, 23 miles N. by W. of Middletown. It has a church. Sandchoo, sind^choo', a town of Chinese Toorkistan, 150 miles S.E. of Y^arkand, said to contain 1000 families. Sand Creek, Indiana, rises in Decatur co., runs S.W. through Jennings co., and enters the Driftwood Fork of White River about 13 miles below Columbus. Sand Creek, a station of the Southern Pacifie Rail- road, 14 miles S. of Mojave, Cal. Sand Creek, township, Bartholomew co., Ind. P. 1149. Sand Creek, township, Decatur oo., Ind. Pop. 2029. Sand Creek, township, Jennings co., Ind. Pop. 930. Sand Creek, a station in Parke co., Ind., on the Lo- gansport, Crawfordsvillo & Southwestern Railroad, 27 miles N.N.E. of Terre Haute. SAN 1963 SAN Sand Creek, a township of Union oo., Town. P. 402. Sand Creek, a township of Soott co., Minn. P. 1SS5. Sand Creek, a post-ofBco of Adair oo., Mo., 11 miles W. of MillarU Station. Sand Creek, a post-officjo of Saundors oo., Nob., about 42 miles N. of Lincoln. Sand Creek, a post-villago of Dunn oo., Wis., on the Red Cedar River, 22 miles N. of Rusk Station. It has 2 churches, a Hour-mill, and a wagon-shop. Sand Cut, a station of the Southern Pacific Railroad, 14 miles S.AV. of Gilroy, Cal. Sand Cut, a post-hamlet of Wayno oo.. Pa., on the Delaware, Laokawanna & AVcstern Railroad, 21 miles S.E. of Soranton. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Sandec, Alt, < s&n'ddts, a town of Austrian Galicia, 6 miles S.W. of Neu-Sandec. Pop. 31 93. Sandec, ffeu, noi sin'djts, a town of Austrian Qa- lioia, 49 miles S.E. of Cracow. Pop. 7079. San Demetrio, sin di-mi'tre-o, a town of Italy, province and 12 miles S.E. of Aquila. Pop. 2B74. San Demetrio, a town of Italy, province of Cosenza, 17 miles W. of Rossano. Pop. 2421. Sau'dera Island, one of the Outer Hebrides, in Scot- land, CO. of Inverness, 3} miles S.W. of Barra. San'ders, a post-office of Barnwell oo., S.C. See Camp- BELLTOWN. San'dersdale, a station in Worcester co., Mass., on the New York & New England Railroad (Southbridge Branch), 2 miles S.E. of Southbridge. Sandersleben, sin'ders-li'b^n. a town of Germany, in Anhalt, on the AVipper, S.W. of Bernburg. Pop. 2760. San'derson, a post-vill.age. capital of Baker co., Fla., on the Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Railroad, 37 miles W. of Jacksonville. It has a distillery of turpentine and 3 general stores. Pop. 696. Sanderson, a station in Dane co., Wis., on the Madi- son & Portage Railroad, 7 miles N.N.E. of Madison. Sanderson's Hoop, a prominent headland on the W. coast of Greenland, S. of Upernavik. The cliff is about 2000 feet high, and is noted for an extensive loonery. San'der's Store, a post-ofiico of Carteret co., N.C. Sander's Store, a post-office of Maury oo., Tenn. San'dersville, a post-office of Fulton co.. Ark. Sandersville, or Saundersville, a post-village, capital of Washington co., Ga., on the ridge between the Oconee and Ogeechee Rivers, about 70 miles S.AV. of Au- gusta, and 3 miles N. of the Central Railroad. It is on the Sandersville & Tennille Railroad. It has a court-house, 2 newspaper offices, 7 churches, 2 academies, 5 public schools, and a uionument to Governor Irwin. Pop. 4132. Sand'Iield, a post-village in Glengarry co., Ontario, on Riviere la Graise, 27 miles N. of Riviere Raisin. Sandford, san'ford, or San'ford, a post-villago of Vigo CO., Ind., on the Indianapolis ifc St. Louis Railroad, 8 miles N.W. of Terre Haute. It has several churches and a saw-mill. Sandford, North Carolina. See Sanford. Sandford, a post-village in Ontario co., Ontario, 7 miles W.N.W. of U.xbridge. Pop. 100. Sandford Lake, Essex oo., N.Y., lies among the Adirondack Mountains, and is one of the sources of the Hudson River, whioh issues from its S. end. It is about 10 miles long, is very narrow, and is 1S26 feet above the level of the sea. It is connected with other small lakes, and is surrounded by sublime scenery. Sand Fork, a post-hamlet in Walnut township, Qallia CO., 0., 14 miles S.W. of Gallipolis. Sand Fork, a post-office of Gilmer oo., W. Va. Sand'gate, a town of England, eo. of Kent, on the English Channel, 2 miles W.S.W. of Folkestone. P. 1S40. Sand'gate, a post-hamlet in Sandgate township, Ben- nington CO., Vt., about 20 miles N. of Bennington, and 4 miles W. of Equinox Mountain. It has a church, and manufactures of clothes-pins. Pop. of township, 705. Sand Gates, a post-office and shipping-point of St. Mary's co., Md., on the Patuxent River. Sandham, a summer resort of England. See Sandows, Sand Hill, a post-office of Conecuh co., Ala. Sand Hill, a post-office of Jackson co.. Ark. Sand Hill, a post-office of Carroll co., Ga., at a place called Five Points, 8 miles E. of Carrollton. Sand Hill, a post-hamlet of Lewis co., Ky., 1 mile from the Ohio River, and 12 miles E. of Maysville. It has a church and a nursery. Sand Hill, a post-hamlet in Sand Hill township, Scot- land CO., Mo., on the Middle Fabius River, 12 miles S. of Memphis. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 784. Sand Hill, a post-office of Franklin.co., Neb. Sand Hill, a hamlet of Oswego co., N.V., on the Oswego i. Rimio Railroad, 4 miles S.W. of Pulaski. It has a church. The name of the post-office is Daysvillo. Sand Hill, a township of Lenoir co., N.C. Pop. 400. Sand Hill, a township of Moore co., N.C. Pop. 268. Sand Hill, a station of Richmond co., N.C, on the Carolina Central Railroad, 7 miles S.E. of Rockingham. Sand Hill, a post-office of Hampton co., S.C, at Alt- man's Station on the Port Royal Railroad. Sand Hill, a post-office of Marshall co., W. Va., 10 miles from AVheeling. Sand'hill, a post-village in Cardwell co., Ontario, about 14 miles W. of Toronto. Pop. 200. Sand Hole, a post-hamlet of Oneida co., Idaho, 130 miles from Oneida Station. Sand HoI'low, a post-hamlet of Morgan co., 0., 9 miles S.S.W. of Cumberland Station. Sand'hurst, a village of England, co. of Berks, 5 miles S.S.E. of Wokingham. Sandhurst Royal Military College is near it, also Wellington College, the Staff College, and tlie Broadmoor asylum for lunatic criminals. Sand'hurst, a town of Victoria, Australia, on the Mel- bourne & Echuca Railway, 100 miles N.N.W. of Melbourne. It is noted for beer, and also for the gold-mines near it. It is a Catholic bishop's see. Pop. 21,987; or, with its suburb Eaglehawk, 34,634. San Diego, sdn do-i'go, the most southern county of California, borders on Mexico. Area, estimated at 14,500 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Pacific Ocean, and on the E. by the Colorado River. The surface is di- versified by high mountains, canons, fertile valleys, and desert plains. The mountains are covered with forests of the oak, pine, fir, and cedar. The highest point is Mount San Jacinto, about 5500 feet. The eastern part of the county is a Baked, sterile, sandy plain, called the Great Colorado Desert, which is one of the hottest regions in the world. The mercury here rises to 122° Fahr. in the shade. Between the mountains and the sea the soil is generally fertile. Wheat, barley, and cattle are the staple products, and many hides are exported. The orange, olive, date palm, and other tropical fruit trees flourish here. Gold and silver are said to be found in this county. Capital, San Diego. Valuation of real and personal estate, S4,4S0,456. Pop. in 1870, 4951, of whom 3743 were Americans. San Diego, a post-town, port of entry, and capital of San Diego co., Cal., on a beautiful bay of the Pacific Ocean, 450 miles S.S.E. of San Francisco, about 120 miles S.S.E. of Los Angeles, and 15 miles from the Mexican frontier. Lat. 32° 41' N. It has a good harbor, formed by San Diego Bay, which is nearly 6 miles long. There is a depth of 22 feet of water on the bar at low tide. It contains a court- house, 2 banks, 5 hotels, 5 churches, 2 female seminaries, an academy, and printing-offices which issue 2 daily and 2 weekly newspapers. Hides, whale oil, and wool are the chief articles of export. San Diego hjis a mild and genial climate, in whioh the orange, the fig, and the olive flourish. The equable temperature and balmy atmosphere render this city an excellent place for a sanitarium and resort for invalids. A daily sea-breeze tempers the summer air, and the nights are a.greeably cool. The maximum tempera- ture is about 85° Fahr., the entire range of the thermom- eter being only about 50°. San Diego will probably be a terminus of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Pop. 2300. Four miles N. stands the town of Old San Diego, within the city limits, the new town having mostly grown up since 1867. San Diego, a post-village, capital of Duval co., Tex., about 55 miles W. of Corpus Christi. It has 2 churches and 15 stores. Pop. about 2000, mostly Mexicans. The staple products of this county are cattle and horses. San Diegnito, sin de-d-gwee'to, a post-office of San Diego CO., Cal. San'diford, a post-office of Philadelphia co.. Pa., 'is a branch of the Philadelphia post-office, at a hamlet 2 miles from Ilolmesburg. San'dige's, a post-hamlet of Amherst co., Va., 7 miles N. of Amherst Depot. It hiis a church and a flour-mill. Sanding, Poolo, poo'lo sin-ding', two islands off the S.W. coast of Sumatra, near the S.E. extremity of the Poggy Isles, in whioh group they are sometimes included. San'disfield, a post-hamlet in Sandisfield township, Berkshire oo., Mass., about 30 miles W. of Springfield. The township is bounded on the E. by the Farmington River, and has manufactures of furniture, leather, Ac. It contains Montville and New Boston. Pop. of the township, 1172. Sand Lake, a post-office of Lakeco., 111. SAN 1964 SAN Sand Lake, » post-village in Nelson township, Kent CO., Mich., on the Grand IlapiUs &, Indiana Ilailroad, 26 miles N. by E. of Grand Rapids. It has a church and manufactures of lumber. Pop. about 600. Sand Lake, a post-hauilet of Kandiyohi co., Minn., 25 miles N. of Willmar. It has a church. Sand Lake, a post-village in Sand Lake township, Rensselaer co., N.Y., about 10 miles E. of Albany, and 12 miles S.E. of Troy. It contains several churches, a cotton-mill, an iron-foundry, the Sand Lake Collegiate Institute, and a hosiery-factory. Pop. 600. The township contains a village named West Sand Lake, and has a pop. of 2576. Sand Lick, a post-ofRce of Colbert co., Ala. Sand Lick, a post-office of Buchan.an co., Va. Sand Mountain, a post-office of De Kalb co., Ala. Sand'ues, a township of Yellow Medicine co., Minn. Pop. 339. Sandoe, one of the Fiiroe Islands. See Faroe. San Domenico, Adriatic. See San Domino. Sandomier, or Sandomir, sin-do-meen' (Polish, Sa7idomiei-z, s^n-do'me-aiRzh*), a town of Poland, govern- ment of Radom, at the confluence of the San and Vistula, 51 miles S.W. of Lublin. Pop. 4749. It was formerly the residence of the kings of Poland. Sandomil, sin-do-meel', a town of Portugal, province of Beira, 27 miles S. of Viseu. Pop. 1577. San l)omingo. See Santo Domingo. San Domingo River. See Kio San Domingo. San Domino, sin do-inee'no, or San Domenico, sin do-mSn'e-ko, the largest of the Tremiti Islands, in the Adriatic Sea, 14 miles N, of the promontory of Gargano. Length, 2 mites ; breadth, 1 mile. San Dona, sin do'ni, a town of North Italy, 18 miles N.E. of Venice, on the left bank of the Piave. Pop. 5525. San Donato, san do-ni'to, a town of Italy, province of Caserta, 11 miles E. of Sora. Pop. 3112. Sandooklee, or Sandukli, sin-doo'klee, a town of Asia Minor, 67 miles S. of Kutaieh ; 8 miles S. are exten- sive ruins of an ancient city. Sando'val, a post-village of Marion co., 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad where it crosses the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railroad, 6 miles N. of Centralia, and 9 miles W. of Salem. Here are large repair-shops of the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railroad. It has 3 churches and a graded school. Pop. of Sandoval township, 958. Sand'over, a post-offioe of Abbeville co., S.C. Sandoway, or Sandowy, sinMo-wI', a town of Brit- ish Burinah, in Aracan, 40 miles S.E. of the island of Che- duba. Lat. 18° 10' N. : Ion. 94° 5' E. Pop. 1508. Sandoway, a district of Aracan, bounded W. by the sea, and E. and S. by the Pegu division, British Burmah. Area, 3667 square miles. Capital, Sandoway. P. 54,725. San'down, or Sandham, a town of England, Isle of Wight, on its E. coMt, 2 miles by rail S. of Brading. The fine sands and beauty of the bivy attract visitors. P. 2320, San'down, a post-hamlet in Sandown township, Rock- ingham CO., N.H., on the Nashua & Rochester Railroad, 19 miles N.E. of Nashua. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 496. San'doz Knob, or Black Brother, North Carolina, a peak of the Black Mountjiins, is in Yancey co., about 4 miles N. of Clingman's Peak. Its altitude is 6619 feet. Sand Patch, a post-village in Larimer township, Somerset CO., Pa., on the Pittsburg, Washington & Balti- more Railroad, 34 miles N.W. of Cumberland, Md. It has a church. Sand Point, a hamlet of Volusia co., Fla., on Indian River, 12 miles W. of Cape Canaveral. Sand Point, a post-village in Renfrew oo., Ontario, on the river Ottawa, and on the Brockville & Ottawa Rail- road, 74^ miles N.N.AV. of Brockville. It contains several stores. Pop. 250. Sand Prairie, pra'ree, a township of Tazewell co., 111. Pop. 1046. Sand Prairie, a station in Lee co., Iowa, on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, 15 miles N.W. of Keokuk. Sand'ridge, a southern suburb of Melbourne, Australia, with docks and quays. Pop. 6388. Sand Ridge, a post-office of Jackson co.. 111., on the Grand Tower «fc Carbondaie Railroad, 17 miles W. of Car- bondale. Sand Ridge, a post-office of Union co., Oregon. Sand River, Capo Colony. See KoiissiE Rivek. Sand Rock, a post-office of Cherokee co., Ala. Sand Run, a post-office of Upshur oo., W. Va. Sands, a post-offico of Marquette CO., Mich^ Sand Spring, a post-village in South Fork township, Delaware co., Iowa, on the Dubuque Southwestern Railroad, 37 miles W.S.W. of Dubuque. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a broom-factory, and a cheese-factory. Pop. 250. Sand Spring, a post-office of Jackson co., Ky. Sand Spring, a post-hamlet of Webster co., Mo., about 22 miles N.E. of Springfield. Sand'stone, a post-village in Sandstone township, .Tackson co., Mich., about 33 miles S. of Lansing. The Michigan Central Railroad passes through the S. part of the township. Pop. of the township, 1476. Sandstone, a post-office of Vernon co., Mo., 10 miles S.E. of Nevada. Sand Town, a post-office of Campbell co., Ga. Saud'town, or Wood'bury, a hamlet of Meriwether CO., Ga., 18 miles W.N.W. of Thomaston. It has a church. Pop. 75. Here is Woodbury Post-Office. Sandtown, a hamlet of Burlington co., N.J., 3 miles from Medford. Sandt's Eddy, a post-office of Northampton co.. Pa., on the Delaware River, 5 or 6 miles above Easton.^ Sand Tuck, a post-office of Elmore co., Ala. Sandukli, a town of Asia Minor. See Sandooklee. Sandur, a state of India. See Sundoor. Sandus'ky, a county in the N. part of Ohio, has an area of about 430 square miles. It is partly bounded ou the N. by Sandusky Bay of Lake Erie, is intersected by the Sandusky River, and is also drained by Portage River and <]ireen and Muddy Creeks. It comprises part of the tract called the Black Swamp. The surface is mostly level, and extensively covered with forests of the white oak, ash, beech, hickory, sugar-maple, elm, black walnut, and other trees. The soil is deep and fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, cattle, hay, and butter are the staple products. This county has quarries of Upper Silurian limestone. It is in- tersected by 3 railroads, — the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, the Toledo, Tiffin & Eastern, and the Cincinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland. The Lake Erie & Louisville Rail- road connects with the first-named road at Fremont, which is the capital of this county. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $17,353,597. Pop. in 1870, 26,503, of whom 21,544 were Americans. Sandusky, a post-office and station of Alexander co., 111., on the Cairo & St. Louis Railroad, 14 miles N. of Cairo. Sandusky, a post-hamlet of Lee co., Iowa, on the Mis- sissippi River, and on the Burlington &. Keokuk Railroad, 5 miles N. of Keokuk. It has 2 churches. Sandusky, a post-village in Freedom township, Cat- taraugus co., N.Y., about 40 miles S.E. of Buffalo. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, *fcc. Pop. about 300. Sandusky, a township of Crawford co., 0. Pop. 665. Sandusky, a city, port of entry, and the capital of Erie co., 0., is pleasantly situated on the S. shore of San- dusky Bay, near its E. end, 5 miles from Lake Erie, 110 miles N. by E. of Columbus, 49 miles E.S.E. of Toledo, .about 56 miles by water W. of Cleveland, and 211 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati. Lat. 41° 27' N. ; Ion. 82° 45' W. In all seasons except winter the wharves are thronged with steamboats and other vessels taking in and discharging their cargoes. The ground on which the city stands rises gradually from the shore, and commands a beautiful view of the bay, enlivened with the -arrival and departure of vessels. The city is built on an inexhaustible bed of the finest limestone, a good material for building. It contains many elegant residences and churches constructed of stone and brick. The streets are lighted with gas. Sandusky has a court-house, 22 churches, a high school, a publio library, 5 union schools, 3 national banks, the capital of which amounts to S350,000, a custom-house, and printing- offices which issue 1 daily, 1 tri-weekly, and 3 weekly news- papers. One of the weekly papers is German. It has also several machine-shops, and manufactures of railroad cars, engines and boilers, cutlery and edge-tools, wine, beer, and turned and carved wood. Among its chief articles of ex- port are cured fish, wool, wheat, flour, ap[»les, gr.apes, and other fruits, and wine. This city is on the line of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, and is the northern terminus of the Sandusky, Mansfield & Newark and Cin- cinnati. Sandusky & Cleveland Railroads. Pop. 13,000. Sandusky, a township of Richland co., 0. Pop. 682. Sandusky, a township of Sandusky co., 0. P. 1570. Sandusky, a post-office of Grayson oo., Tex. Sandusky, a post-village in Washington township, Sauk CO., Wis., 14 miles S. of Lavalle Staiion, and about 50 miles N.W. of Madison. It has 3 churches, a plough factory, and a wagon-shop. Sandusky Bay, Ohio, is a part of Lake Erie, extend- SAN 19C5 SAN ing inland between Erie and Ottawa cos. to the mouth of Sandusky River. It is about 15 miles long by 5 miles wide, and forms an excellent harbor, in which vessels eon Ho in safety during storms. On its shore is the city of Sandusky. Sandusky Jnuction, a station of the Lake Shore Railroad, at the junction of two branches, 3 miloa E. of Sandusky, 0. Sandusky River, Ohio, rises near the W. border of Richland co., and riins westward through Crawford oo. to Upper Sandusky. Below this place it runs nearly north- ward, intersects the cos. of Seneca and Sandusky, and enters the AV. end of Sandusky Bay. It is about 150 miles long. Sandwich, sand'wich or sand'wij, a cinque port and town of England, oo. of Kent, on the S. bank of the Stour, 2 miles from its mouth in Pogwell Bay, on the Southeastern Railway, 4 miles N. of Deal. The streets are irregular and the houses antique. It has 3 parish churches, a guild hall, a jail, 2 hospitals, several chapels, and a free grammar- school. The town was formerly the seaport of London, but at present it has little trade, the chief exports being agri- cultural produce, wool, malt, bark, leather, and ashes, and the principal import coal. It returns two members to the House of Commons. Near it is Richborough, the ancient Hhtttupinm, on the decline of which Sandwich arose in the sixth century. Pop. 3060. Sand'wich, a post-town in Somonauk township, De Kalb CO., 111., on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- ro.id, IS miles W.S.W. of Aurora, ond 57 miles W.S.W. of Chicago. It has 6 churches, 2 banks, 2 newspaper offices, and manufactures of corn-shellers, windmills, harvesters, reapers, ploughs, cheese, and flour. Pop. about 2400. Sandwich, a post-village in Sandwich township, Barn- stable CO., Mass., on Cape Cod Bay, and on the Cape Cod di- vision of the Old Colony Railroad, B2 miles S.S.E. of Bos- ton. It has an academy, 4 churches, a newspaper office, a savings-bank, and manufactures of glass-ware, jewelry- boxes, .and tacks. The township (which contains villages named Monument, North Sandwich, West Sandwich, and South Sandwich) is bounded on the W. by Buzzard's Bay. Pop. of the township, 3417. SandAVich, a post-village of Carroll co., N.H., in Sand- wich township, about 48 miles N. of Concord. It has a church and a steam saw-mill, and is surrounded by fine mountain-scenery. The township is bounded on the S.W. by Squam Lake, and contains villages named Centre Sand- wich and North Sandwich. Pop. of township, 1854. Sand'wich, a post-village of Ontario, capital of the CO. of Essex, on the Detroit River, opposite the city of De- troit. About 2 miles N.E. of the village is Windsor, the terminus of the Great Western Railway. Sandwich con- tains 2 churches, a newspaper office, a brewery, a number of stores, and several mills. Here are Assumption College and a house of Basilian monks. Pop. llfiO. Sand'wich Bay, the name of an inlet of Labrador, and also of one in the island of Mallicollo, in the Pacific. Sandwich Dome, a mountain of New Hampshire, is partly in Sandwich township, on the boundary between Carroll and Grafton cos. Height, 4000 feet. It commands one of the grandest panoramas in New England. Sandwich Island is the name of two islands in the Pacific Ocenn, respectively in the New Hebrides group, lat. 13° 52' S., Ion. 168° 35' E., and S.W. of New Ireland, lat. 2° 55' S., Ion. 15U° 44' E. Sandwich Islands. See Hawait. Sand'y, a town of England, co. of Bedford, at a railway junction, 3 miles N.W. of Biggleswade. Pop. 2117. Sand'y, a township of Stark co., 0. Pop. 1116. Sandy, a township of Tuscarawas co., 0. Pop. 1163. Sandy, a township of Winston co., 0, Pop. 302. Sandy, a post-office of Clackamas co., Oregon. Sandy, a post-office of Blanco co., Tex. Sandy, a post-village of Salt Lake co., Utah, on the Utah Southern Railroad, 13 miles S. of Salt Lake City. It has several mills and furnaces. Sandy, Jackson co., W. Va. See Sandyville. Sandy Bay, a post-hamlet in Carlton township, Ke- waunee CO.. Wis., on Lake Michigan. Sandy Bay, a village of Tasmania, on the Derwent, CO, of Buckingham. Sandy Bay, New Zealand, is near the N. extremity of New Ulster (North Island). Sandy Bay, a post-village in Rimouski co., Quebec, on the river St. Lawrence, 9 miles from Metis. Pop. 250. Sandy Beach, a post-village in Gasp6 co., Quebec, 4 miles from Gaspe Basin. Pop. 100. Sandy Beach'es, a post-settlement in Lunenburg co.. Nova Scotia, 41 miles W. of Halifax. Pop. 120. Sandy Bot'toni,n post-hamlet of Middlesex co., Ya., 30 miles from West Point, and 1 or 2 miles from a steam- boat-landing on the Rappahannock. Sandy Bridge, a post-office of Jefferson eo., Mo., 30 miles S.W. of St. Louis. Sandy Cove, a maritime village of Nova Scotia, co. of Digby, on Digby Neck, 18 miles S.W. of Digby. P. 400. Sandy Cove, a settlement in Queens co.. Nova Sootia, li miles from Liverpool. Pop. 100. Sandy Creek, Alabama, rises in Chambers co., runs westward, and enters the Tallapoosa River in Tallapoosa co. Sandy Creek, Col. and Neb. See Bic Sandy Crebe. Sandy Creek, Morgan co., Ga., unites with Labor Creek a few miles from its mouth. Sandy Creek, Georgia, runs southeastward through Wilkinson Co., and enters the Oconee River. Sandy Creek, Jefferson co., N.Y., is formed by its North and South Branches, which run southwestward and unite near Ellisburg. It enters Lake Ontario about 2 miles from the junction of the branches. Sandy Creek, New York, rises in Orleans co., runs northeastward, and enters Lake Ontario in Monroe co. Sandy Creek, Randolph co., N.C., enters Deep River from the N. a few miles E. of Ashborough. Sandy Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in Mercer co., runs nearly eastward, and enters the Alleghany River in Ve- nango CO., about 5 miles S. of Franklin. Sandy Creek, Ohio, drains parts of Carroll and Stark COS., runs in a W.S.W. direction, and enters the Tuscarawas River at Bolivar. Sandy Creek, Texas, rises in Gillespie co., and enters the Colorado River from the W. in Llano co. Sandy Creek, of Texas, an affluent of the Navidad, enters that river from the N., in Jackson co. Sandy Creek, in the S. part of Virginia, enters Ban- ister River from the right, near Meadville, in Halifax eo. Sandy Creek, a post-hamlet of Cumberland CO., Me., in Bridgeton township, 2 miles from Bridgeton. It has a church and a saw-mill. Sandy Creek, or Mur'ray, a hamlet of Orleans co., N.Y., in Murray township, on Sandy Creek, 25 miles W.N.W. of Rochester. It has a church and a flour-mill. Here is Murray Post-Office. Sandy Creek, a post-village in Sandy Creek township, Oswego CO., N.Y., near the Syracuse Northern Railroad and the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, 44 miles N. of Syracuse, and 31 miles N.E. of Oswego. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, a tannery, several saw-mills, and a high school. Pop. 986. The township (which contains also the village of Lacona, at which is Sandy Creek Station) is bounded on the W. by Lake On- tario. Pop. 2736. Sandy Creek, township, Franklin co., N.C. P. 1453. Sandy Creek, a post-office of Randolph co., N.C. Sandy Creek, township, Warren co., N.C. P. 2753. Sandy Creek, a station of Alleghany eo., Pa., on the Alleghany Valley Railroards motive-power. Pop. 2347. Sandy Hill, a post-office of Perry co.. Pa. Sandy Hook, a narrow sandy peninsula of Monmouth CO., N.J., extending northward. It is about 6 miles long, and lies between the Atlantic Ocean and Snndy Hook Bay, nearly 16 miles S. of New Y'ork City. On the N. point is a fixed light 90 feet high. Sandy Hook, a post-village in Newtown township. SAN 1966 ;SAN Fairfield co., Conn,, on the Housatonic Railroad, 20 miles N. by W. of Bridgeport, and about 10 miles E. of Danbury. It has 2 churches, and the factory of the New York Belting & Packing Company. Sandy Hook, or Alar'tiiisburgy a post-village, cap- ital of Elliott CO., Ky., 26 miles S.W. of Grayson, and about 80 miles. E. of Lexington. It has 2 churches. Sandy Hook, a village and station of Washington co., Md., on the Potomac River, opposite Harper's Ferry, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 80 miles W. of Balti- more. It has a church. Pop. about 300. The name of its post-office is Keep Tryst. Sandy Hook, a post-office of Rappahannock co., Va. Sandy Hook Pier, a station in Monmouth co., N.J., on the New Jersey Southern Railroad, 20 miles S. of New York. It is on the ocean, and on a low, sandy peninsula. Sandy Lake, a post-borough of Mercer co., Pa., 1 mile from a small lake of the same name, 14 miles (direct, or 20 miles by rail) W.S.AV. of Franklin, and 22 miles S. of Meadville. It is on the Franklin division of the Lake Shore Railroad. It has 7 churches, a bank, a savings- bank, a graded school, a newspaper office, a machine-shop, a foundry, and a flour-mill. Pop. about 800, Sandy JLev'el, a post-office of Pittsylvania co,, Va. Sandy Mount, a village of Ireland, in Leinster, co. and 2i miles S.S.E. of Dublin, on Dublin Bay. Sandy Mountain, a post-office of Llano co., Tex. Sandy Mush, a post-township of Buncombe co,, N.C., 40 miles from Old Fort. Pop. 894. Sandy Neck, on the W. side of the entrance to Barn- stable Bay, Mass., has a fixed light. Lat. 41° 44' N.; Ion. 70° 15' W. Sandy Plains, a post-hamlet of Polk co., N.C., 5 miles from Landrum's Station, S.C., and 2 miles S.E. of Columbus. Sandy Plains, a post-office of Patrick co., Va. Sandy Point, a post-hamlet of AValdo co., Me., at the mouth of the Penobscot River, 4 miles S. of Bucksport. It has a church. Sandy Point, Massachusetts. See Great Point. Sandy Point, a post-office of Brazoria co., Tex., on the International & Great Northern Railroad, 28 miles S. by W. of Houston. Sandy Point, a town on the S.W. coast of the island of St. Christopher, 10 miles N.W. of Basse-Terre. Sandy Point, a post-settlement and fishing-station in Shelburne co., Nova Scotia, 9 uiiles from Shelburne. P. 500. Sandy Point, a village on the French Shore, New- foundland, the chief settlement in St. George Harbor. It chiefly depends upon the spring herring-fisheries, the schooners going north for the Labrador herring in the fall of the year. The trading is principally carried on with Halifax, Nova Scotia. There is an English church on Sandy Point, also a Catholic church. Pop. 405. Sandy Kidge, a post-village of Lowndes co., Ala., 7 miles E. of Calhoun Station. It has 2 churches, an acad- emy, and a steam grist-mill, Sandy Ridge, a post-hamlet of Henry co., Ga., about a8 miles S.E. of Atlanta. It has 2 churches. Sandy Ridge, a post-office of Stokes co., N.C. Sandy Ridge, township, Union co., N.C. Pop. 1690. Sandy Ridge, a post-office of Centre co.. Pa., on the Tyrone Sd Clearfield Branch Railroad, 29 miles N. by E. of Altoona. Here are coal-mines. Sandy Ridge, a post-offiee of Jefi'erson co., Tonn. Sandy (or Big Sandy) River, an affluent of the Ohio, is formed by the Tug Fork and West Fork, which unite at Louisa, Ky. It runs northward, forms part of the boundary between Kentucky and West Virginia, and enters the Ohio River at Catlettsburg, 18 miles (direct) N. of Louisa. The Tug, or East Fork, rises in West Vir- ginia, runs nearly northwestward, and forms part of the boundary between Kentucky and West Virginia. The West Fork, sometimes called Louisa Fork, rises in the southwest part of Virginia, and soon passes into Kentucky. It runs northwestward through Pike and Floyd cos., and northward through Johnson co. Each of these forks is about 160 miles long. Small steamboats can ascend the river and its West Fork nearly 100 miles. It is sometimes called Chatterawah. Sandy River, Maine, rises in Franklin co., and runs southenstward to Farmington. It finally runs northeast- ward, and enters the Kennebec River in Somerset co., about 6 miles above Norridgewock. Sandy River, Michigan, a small stream which rises in the W. part of the peninsula, and, flowing W,, enters Lake Michigan in Mason co. Sandy River, Oregon, rises in Clackamas oo., runs northwestward through Multnomah co., and enters the Co- lumbia River about 14 miles E.N.E, of Portland. Sandy River, South Carolina, a small stream which enters Broad River at the S.W. extremity of Chester co. Sandy River, plantation, Franklin co.. Me. Pop. 111. Sandy River, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Va. Sandy Run, township, Cleveland co., N.C. P. 1191, Sandy Run, a mining and post-village in Foster town- ship, Luzerne co.. Pa., on the Pond Creek Branch of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, 10 miles E. by N. of Hazle- ton. It has a coal-breaker, a colliery, and 70 dwellings, Sandy Run, a station in Montgomery co.. Pa., on the North Pennsylvania Railroad, 14 miles N. by W, of Phila- delphia, with large quarries and lime-kilns. Sandy Run, township, Lexington co., S.C. Pop. 643. Sandy Spring, a post-village of Montgomery co., Md., 18 miles N. of Washington, D.C. It has a Friends' meet- ing, a savings-institution, a steam flouring-mill, a boarding- school for girls, 3 stores, and a saw-mill. Sandy Springs, a post-office of Grant oo., Ark. Sandy Springs, a post-office of Polk co., N.C. San'dyston, a township of Sussex co., N.J, Pop. 1230. San'dy VaI'ley, a post-village in Winslow township, Jefferson co., Pa., on the Low Grade division of the Alle- ghany Valley Railroad, 17 miles E. of Brookville. It has 2 churches and a lumber-mill. San'dyville, a post-village of Warren co., Iowa, in Union township, 9 miles E. of Indianola, and about 22 miles S.S.E. of Des Moines. It has 2 churches and 3 gen- eral stores. Sandyville, a post-village in Sandy township, Tus- carawas CO., 0., on Sandy Creek, 12 miles S. of Canton. It has 3 churches, a flour-mill, and 3 stores. Coal is found here. Pop. 227. Sandyville, a village of Jackson co., W. Va., on Sand Creek, 8 miles N. of Ripley. It has a church, a tannery, a flour-mill, a saw-mill, 3 stores, and tobacco-works. Here is Sandy Post-Office. San'dywoods, a township of Scott co.. Mo. Pop. 777. San'el, a post-office of Mendocino co., Cal., on the Rus- sian River, about 95 miles N.N.W. of San Francisco^ Pop. of Sanel township, 371. San Elizario, s4n A-le-z^'re-o, a post-village of El Paso CO., Tex., on the Rio Grande. It has a church, a manufactory of Mexican blankets, and a flour-mill. Pop. about 500. San Fele, s3,n fA'ii, a town of Italy, province of Po- tenza, 3 miles from Melfi. Pop. of commune, 10,536. San Felice, sdn fi-lee'ch4, a town of Italy, 12 miles W. of Terracina, near the sea, and not far from the site of the ancient Circseum, San Felice, s^n fi-lee'chi, a village of Italy, 16 miles N.E. of Brescia, on the W. bo.nk of Lago di Garda. P. 1030. San Felice, a village of Italy, 4 miles E.S.E. of Mi- randola. Pop. of commune, 8429. San Felice a Cancello,san fA-lee'chi 5, kS.n-ch5i'lo, a town of Italy, province .and 6 miles S.E. of Caserta, with mineral springs. Pop. 7375. San Felices de los Gallegos, s3,n fi-lee'thSs di loce gil-v^'goce, a town of Spjiin, province and 56 miles S.W. of 'Salamanca. Pop. 1993. San Felipe, sin fi-lee'pi, a post-offiee of Santa Clara CO., Cal. San Felipe (Sp.pron. sin fA.-lee'p4, usually pronounced by the Texans san fil'ip), a post-village of Austin co., Tex., on the Brazos River, about 50 miles W. of Houston. It is 18 miles N. of East Bernard Station. It has a qhurch. Pop, in 1870, 238 J now about 500. San Felipe, a village of Kinney co., Tex. Pop. 161. San Felipe, sin fi-lee'pi, a town of Venezuela, capi- tal of Yaracuy, 60 miles W.N.W. of Valencia. Pop. 6350. San Felipe, a fort of Honduras, on the Golfo Dulce. Lat. 15° 38' N.; Ion, §9° 1' 45" W. San Felipe, a town of Mexico, state and 40 miles N. of Guanajuato. San Felipe de Aconcagua, sin fi-lee'pidii-kon- ki'gwi, a town of Chili, capital of Aconcagua, in a tine valley, about 15 miles from the Andes, and 40 miles N. of Santiago. Pop. 9422. It is regularly built, and has hand- some public walks, and a central square, in which are the chief public buildings. Near it are copper-mines. San Felipe de Austria, Venezuela. See Cariaco. San Felipe de Bacalar, Yucatan. See Bacalar. San Felipe de Jativa, sin fi-lee'pi di iii'te-vi (ane. Sivt'ahis or ScVabia)^ a city of Spain, near the con- fluence of the Albayda and the Guadamar, province and 43 miles S.S.W. of Valencia. Pop. 15,631. It has manufac- SAN 1967 SAN turo8 of woollens and linens, Homan ruins, and magnificent remains of Moorish architecture. San Felipe de Linares. See Linaues. San Fcliu de Guixols, s4n fi-lo-oo' di gho-nols', a town of Spain, province and 18 miles N.N.E. of Gerona, on the sea. Pop. 6515. San Feliii de Torello, sin fA-Io-oo' d& to-ril'yo, a village of Spain, 38 miles N.E. of Barcelona, on the Tcr. Pop. 2396. San Fernando^ shn fdn-nin'do, a town of Chili, cap- ital uf the province of Colchagua, 8U miles by rail S. uf Santiago. Pop. 5177. San FernandOf a town of the Argentine Republic, on the La Plata, 15 miles by rail above Uuenos Ayres. San Fernando, Sicily. Sco Nizza di Sicilia. San Fernando, Spain. Sec Isla dg Lbon. San Fernando, sAu f5n-nin'do, a post-village of Los Angeles co., Cal., on the Los Angeloa division of the South- ern Pacific Railroad, 21 miles N.N.W. of Los Angeles, San Fernando de Apure, siVn f6n-nAn'do di A- poo'ri, a town of Venezuela, capital of the state of Apure, on the river Apure, near the mouth of the Portuguesa, 70 miles S. of Calabozo. Pop. 3053. San Fernando de Catamarca. See Catamarca. San Fernando, Serra de, sSk'rA dA sAn f^n-nin'- do, or Doirados, doi-ri'doce, a mountain of South Amer- ica, separates the Brazilian province of Matto-Grosso from the Bolivian territory of Chiquitos. Lat. 1S° S.; Ion. 69° to 60° AV. San Fernan'do Tun'nel, a station in Los Angeles CO., Cal„ on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 26 miles N.N.W. of Los Angeles. Here is a tunnel 6957 feet long. San Filippo d'Argiro, Sicily. See Agiua. San Fla'ris, post-office, San Miguel co.. New Mexico. SanTord, a post-village of Orange co., Fla., on Lake Monroe, an expansion of St. John's River, 124 miles above Palatka, and 1 mile from Mellonville. It has a church, a hotel, a money-order post-office, and a newspaper office. Sanford, Vigo co., Ind. See Sandfohd. Sanford, a post-village in Sanford township, York co., Me., on the Mousara River, about 35 miles W.S.W. of Portland, and i mile S. of Springvale Station, which is on the Portland & Rochester Railroad. It has 2 churches, a graded school, and 2 or 3 woollen-mills, in which carriage- robes and blankets are made. It is often called Sanford Corner. The township contains a larger village, named Springvale, which has a cotton-factory. Mousam River affords water-power for many mills. Pop. of township, 2397. Sanford, a post-village of Midland co., Mich., in Je- rome township, on Tittabawassee River, and on the Flint A Pere Marquette Railroad, 28 miles N.W. of East Saginaw. It is mainly supported by the lumber-business. P, nbout 200. Sanford, a post-township of Broome co., N.Y., is in- tersected by the Erie Railroad. It contains a large part of the village of Deposit, and a hamlet named Sanford, which is 7 miles N.W. of Deposit, and has a church. Pop. 3659. Sanford, a post-village of Moore co., N.C., on the Raleigh & Augusta Railroad, at its junction with the West- em Railroad of North Carolina, 44 miles S.S.W. of Raleigh, and 38 miles N.W. of Fayetteville. Sanford's Corners, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co., N.Y., on the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of Watertown. It has a church and a cheese- factory. Sanford Station, a post-hamlet of Fairfield co.. Conn., on the Danbury & Norwalk Railroad, 8^ miles S. of Dan- bury. It is mostly in Ridgefield township. San'fordville, a hamlet of St. Lawrence co., N.Y., on the St. Regis River, 1 mile from AVest Stockholm. It has a church, a saw-mill, 2 shingle-mills, and 9 houses. Sanfordville, a post-office of Accomack co., Va; San Francis'co, the most populous county of Cali- fornia, has an area of about 40 square miles. It is the northern part of a peninsula which is bounded on the N. by the Golden Gute, on the E. by the Bay of San Francisco, and on the W. by the Pacific Ocean. The surface is diver- sified with hills, valleys, and ravines. This county is co- extensive and identical with the city of San Francisco (which see). San Francisco, sin frin-sis'ko, the commercial me- tropolis of California, is situated on the W. shore of the magnificent bay from which it derives its name, about 6 miles from the ocean. Lat. 37° 47' 35" N. ; Ion. 122° 24' 15" W. It stands on a plain about half a mile wide, gently inclined towards the bay, with numerous hills behind it. The soil on which the city is built is very sandy, and in the vicinity, particularly towards the N., a,re a number of sand-hills. It is regularly laid out, the streets crossing one another at right ongles. The houses are mostly built of wood, which is preferred because it is less liable to injury by earthquakes; but since the destructive fires that have occurred several times, laying the greater part of the city in ruins, brick and iron aro becoming more extensively used. It now contains many well-built firo-proof stores and banking-houses. The better class of frame houses aro painted white, with green blinds, presenting the appearance of the houses in New England. The climate is mild, healthy, and peculiar. The mean temperature of January is 49° Fahr., of July 57°, and of the year about 56°. The summer here is so cool that people come to this city from the interior to escape the heat. There is but one road lending out of San Francisco, which is surrounded by water on nearly every side except the S. The city was originally built around a 8emiciroular bay having Rincon Point on the S. and Clark's Point on the N., these two points being about a mile apart. All the space between is now built up, the warehouses and wharves being supported by piles driven into the water. Clark's Point is the termination of Telegraph Hill, from the sum- mit of which a very extensive view may be had of the sur- rounding country. Directly in front of the city, but dis- tant 5 or 6 miles, is Goat Island, which is nearly a mile in length. It is a barren, rocky place, except on the E. side, where there is some cultivation among the valleys. The wholesale business part of San Francisco is towards the city front. Market street, a broad thoroughfare running S.W. from the bay, may be said to divide the older from the newer portions of the city. Most of the new buildings have been erected S. of Market street, but all parts of the city have improved greatly within a few years. Several of the prin- cipal streets in the business part have passenger railways through a portion of their extent. Montgomery street is a wide, handsome thoroughfare, and a fashionable promenade. On Stockton and Dupont streets, towards the southern part of the city, are many fine residences built of brick; west of Stockton street, and on the surrounding hills, are many handsome houses of wood, but, being separated from the rest of the city, they are com- paratively secure in case of fire. Most families have their residences in the outskirts, or in the rear of the town. The principal streets are paved with Belgian blocks, cobble- stones, or planks. The most remarkable buildings are the new city hall, the custom-house, the grand opera-house, merchants' exchange, the Palace Hotel, which cost $1,750,000, the Occidental Hotel, the Lick House, the California theatre, the mint, the Bank of California, the Safe Deposit Bank, the Mercantile Library, and the Baldwin Hotel. The city contains 80 churches (of which 14 are Catholic), a large marine hos- pital, a city hospital, an almshouse, 2 medical colleges, an academy of sciences, several theatres, literary colleges, many public libraries, and several orphan asylums. Twelve daily and numerous weekly newspapers are published here. San Francisco has 14 savings-banks, 20 other banks, a pub- lic park of 1050 acres, and many other public squares. Steam ferry-boats ply between this metropolis and Oakland, Saucelito, Donahue, Vallejo, and San Quentin, which are termini of important railroads traversing the state in various directions. San Francisco possesses the only large, deep, and secure harbor on the Pacific coast between Victoria and Mazatlan, a distance of 2000 miles, except that of San Diego. In consequence of this advantage, and of its ready communi- cation with the interior, it enjoys a monopoly of the com- merce of the Pacific slope, and is distinguished by its im- mense accumulation of capital, its large financial opera- tions, and its speculation in mining stocks. Aboiit 50 ocean steamers run in regular lines from this port to China, Aus- tralia, Japan, Panama, Mexico, Puget Sound, and Victoria. The harbor has an entrance 35 feet deep at low tide, and is connected with the ocean by a strait called the Golden Gate. The chief articles of export are the precious metals, wheat, flour, wine, quicksilver, wool, barley, lumber, and hides. The total value of the articles exported from this port in a year, including gold and silver, is about $75,000,000. Many of the gold- and silver-mines of California, Nevada, Colorado, Wyoming, and Arizona are owned by citizens of San Francisco, which is the home of many millionaires. The number of sea-going vessels that arrived at this port in 1875 was 4350, measuring 1,590,000 tons. This city has manufactures of silk goods, cigars, furni- ture, boots, shoes, carriages, glass, caudles, iron castings, woollen goods, soap, leather, cordage, brushes, sash, doors, &c. It is the seat of a Catholic archbishop. It is supplied SAN 1968 SAJf with water brought from Pilarcitos Creek by a conduit nearly 25 miles long. At Hunter's Point, 4^ miles from the city hall, is a dry- dock, hewn out of solid rock ; it is said to be one of the best in the world. At the branch mint of San Francisco, from the time of its establishment until and including 1879, nearly two-thirds of ail the money coined by the United States was produced ; but, while the annual amount coined here is not reduced, more is now coined at the Philadelphia mint and other branches. The entrance of the harbor is defended by Fort Point, which is on the S. shore of the Golden Gate, 4 miles W. of the city hall. Another fort has been constructed on Alca- traz Island, 2 miles N. of the city. The names of the rail- roads that terminate on the Bay of San Francisco are the Central Pacific, the California Pacific, the North Pacific Coast, the San Francisco & North Pacific, and the Southern Pacific, of which the last-named alone terminates in San Francisco, while the others are directly connected with the city by steam ferries. Horse-railways run in all directions, and these are supplemented by omnibus-lines to some of the suburbs. At its N. end, Montgomery street cannot be ascended by vehicles, on account of a steep hill, but a flight of easy steps is provided for foot-travellers. The top of the hill is a favorite resort, on account of the fine view it affords of the city and bay. One of the most remarkable — though by no means attractive, except to the curious — parts of the city is the Chinese quarter, where about 20,000 Chinese are crammed into tenements which would not hold 5000 Americans. This place, originally called Yerba Buena (" good herb"), was settled by Spaniards about 1777. Its name was changed to San Francisco in 1 847, at which time the population of the place was about 450. The discovery of gold in 184S attracted emigrants and adventurers to California from nearly every country of the globe, and caused a rapid in- crease in the population and prosperity of San Francisco. From April 12. 1S49, to January 29, 1S50, 39,S8S emigrants arrived at this port by sea. San Francisco was incorporated as a city in 1850. Pop. in 1860, 56,802; in 1870, 149,473, of whom 75,754 were natives of the United States and 11,703 were Chinese. In 1879 it was estimated by local authorities as not far from 290,000, of whom at least 20>000 were Chinese. San Francisco, a port on the "\V. coast of Lower Cali- fornia. Lat. 30° 45' N.; Ion. 113° 40' W. San Francisco, township. Carver co., Minn. P. 760. San Francisco Bay, California, is a landlocked por- tion of the t*acific Ocean contiguous to the city of the same name. It forms the W. boundary of the cos. of Alameda and Contra Costa, and extends from Sonoma co. in a S.S.E. direction to Alviso. Its length is about 55 miles, includ- ing the northern part, called San Pablo Bay. The width varies from 3 to 12 miles. This bay forms an excellent harbor, which is large enough to admit nil the navies of Europe at once. The entrance to the bay is a channel called the Golden Gate, which is about 2 miles wide. See San Pablo Bay. San Francisco de la Montana, s^n fr^n-sis'ko d^ Ml mon-t^'n^, a town of the United States of Colombia, on the Isthmus of Panama, N.E. of Santiago, San Francisco de Limache, sin fran-sis'ko di le-md,'ch^, a town of Chili, province and about 60 miles S.E. of Valparaiso. Pop. 2999. San Francisco de Selva, Chili. See Copiap6. San Francisco de Tisnador, sin frin-sis'ko di tees-ni-doR', a town of Venezuela, state of Guarico, 20 miles S.W. of Ortiz. Pop. 9612. San Francis'co 3Iountain, the highest peak in Arizona, is 85 miles N. by E. of Prescott, and on the Col- orado plateau, near its S. border. Height, 12,561 feet above sea-level. Lat. 35° 10' N.j Ion. 111° 45' W. It is largely of volcanic origin, and rises 5000 feet above the plateau. Near it are many extinct volcanic cones. San Francisquito (sin frin-sis-kee'to) Creek, a small stream of California, running in a general E. course between San Francisco and Santa Clara cos,, falls into San Francisco Bay. San Fratello, sin fri-tftl'Io, a town near the N. coast of Sicily, province of Messina, 8 miles E. of Santo Stephano di Camastra. Pop. 7489, Sanfront, sin frdnt', a village of Italy, province of Coni, 8 miles W, of Saluzzo. Pop. 4900. San, Frnctuoso, sin frook-too-o'?o, one of the prin- cipal towns of Uruguay, about 110 miles N.E. of Paysandli. It has a considerable trade in hides, wool, and skins. Pop. 3000. San^a, sin'gi, a town of Japan, Island of Kioo-Sioo, on the Gulf of Simabara, 55 miles N.E, of Nagasaki. It is well and regularly built, and intersected by canals. It has a fine palace and a manufactory of porcelain. San Ga'briel {Sp. pron. sin gi-bre-fil'), a small river of Los Angeles co., Cal., runs S., and enters the Pacific near Wilmington. San Gabriel, a small river of Texas, rises near the W. extremity of Williamson co., and, flowing E., enters Little River in Milam co., a few miles S.W. of Cameron. San Gabriel^ a post-village of Los Angeles co., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 9 miles E. of Los Angeles. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, and manufactures of wine, brandy, and raisins. Near it is the old Spanish mis- sion San Gabriel. San Gabriel, a post-office of Milam co., Tex, San Gabriel, sin gi-bre-^l', a small island of South America, in the estuary of the La Plata, 22 iniles N.E, of Buenos Ayros, in lat. 34° 30' S. San Gabriel, one of the Admiralty Islands, in the South Pacific. Lat. 2° 11' S,; Ion. 147° 28' E. San Gabriel, sin gi-bre-^l', a fort of Brazil, in Pari, on the Rio Negro, in lat. 0° 7' 30" S., Ion. 67° 20' W. Sangai, a volcano of Ecuador. See Sangay. Sangal hos, sin-gil'yoce, a town of Portugal, province of Douro. 12 miles E. of Aveiro, on the Agueda. P. 2293. Sangani'nair, or Sangam'ner, a town of India, district and 55 miles N..W, of Ahmednuggur. Pop. 9978, San'gamon, a county of Illinois, is near the middle of the state. Area, about 950 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Sangamon River, :ind is also drained by the South Fork of the same, and by Spring, Brush, and Sugar Creeks. The surface is nearly level. The soil is very fer- tile, a large portion of it being prairie. Indian corn, wheat, hay, oats, cattle, pork, and butter arc the staple products. In 1870 this county produced 4,388,763 bushels of Indian corn, a greater quantity than was raised in any other county of the United States. It hiis mines of bituminous coal, the annual product of which is about :75, 000 tons. It is inter- sected by 3 railroads, — the Chicago &. Alton, the AVabasb, and the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern. Capital, Springfield, which is also the capital of the state. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $51,133,532. Pop. in 1870, 46,352, of whom 38,675 were Americnns. Sangamon, a township of Piatt co., 111. Pop. 1380. Sangamon, a station in Sangamon co., 111., on the Ohio Si Mississippi Railroad, 5 miles S.E. of Springfield. Sangamon River, Illinois, is formed by the North and South Forks, the former of which is the main or longest branch. It rises near Gibson, and drains part of Champaign CO., from which it runs southwestward to the city of De- catur, It next flows westward through Sangamon co., forms the N. boundary of Cass co., and enters the Illinois River about 9 miles above Beardstown. The Sangamon is nearly 240 miles long, including the North Fork. The South Fork intersects Christian co., runs northwestward into Sangamon co., and joins the North Fork about 6 miles E, of Springfield. Sangamon Station, a post-hamlet of Macon co., 111., on the Wabash Railroad, 6 miles E. of Decatur. Sangar, sin-gar', or Tsoogar (Tsugar), tsoo-gar', a strait communicating between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, and separating the island of Hondo on the S. from that of Yesso on the N. Matsmai, the cap- ital of Yesso, is situated on a bay at the N.W. entrance. Sangarius, the ancient name of Sakareeyah. San Gaudenzio, sin gow-d^n'ze-o, a town of Italy, 21 miles E.N.E. of Florence. San Gavino, sin gi-vee'no, a viUage of the island of Sardinia, 29 miles N.N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 2846. Sangay, sin-ghi', a remarkable volcanic mountain of the Andes, in Ecuador, about lat. 2° 7' S. It has a height of 17,120 feet, and, having been in a state of almost constant activity since 1728, has covered the surrounding district with lava and ashes. Sangerlield, sang'gher-feeld, a post-village in Sanger- field township, Oneida co., N.Y., on the Utica, Chenango & Susquehanna Valley Railroad, atSangerfield Centre Station, 23 miles S.S.W. of Utica. It has a church. The township also contains Waterville. Pop. of township, 2921. Sangerhausen, sing'^r-how^zen, a town of Prussian Saxony, 31 miles AV.N.W. of Merseburg, at the foot of the Harz Mountains, Pop. 8475, It has manufactures of woollens and linens, San German, sin Hfin-min', a town in tho S.W. part of the island of Porto, Rioo, Spanish AVest Indies. San GermanOy sin jia-mi'no, a town of Italy, prov- SAN 19 inco of Casertn, 11 miles W. of Venafro. Pop. 8766. It is supposed to be the ancient Ottsinnm Aqulitutm. San Geroiiiino, sin nA-run'c-mo, n small stream of Marin eo., Ciil., flows into the Pueific. It is noted for its salmon-flsheries. San Gcroninio, sJn nA-ron'e-mo, a town of tlio United States of Colombia, 16 miles S.E. of Antioquia. San Geroniino, sin iiA-ron'o-mo, a village of Mex- ico, 15 miles S. by Vf. of the capital. San Geronimo de lea, Peru. See I(A. ' Sangerville, sang'gh?r-vxl, a post-hamlet in Sanger- ville township, Piscataquis co.. Me., on the Piscataquis River, and on the Bangor & Piscataquis Railroad, 7 miles yf. of Pover. It has 1 or 2 churches, a woollen-factory, and a lumber-mill. Pop. of the township, 1140. Snn^erville, a post-village of Augusta oo., Va., about 20 miles N. of Staunton. It has a church. San Giacomo, sin ji'ko-mo, a village of Italy, prov- ince of Salerno, 3 miles S. of Diano. Pop. SI OS. San Giacomo di Lusiana, sin ji'ko-mo dee loo- se-i'ni, a villiige of Italy, government of Venice, 17 miles N. of Vieonza. Pop. 2500. San Gil, sin Heel, written also Saint Giles, a town of the United States of Colombia, department of Boyaca, 61 miles S.W. of Pamplona. It was founded in 1690. It has a college, manufactures of tobacco and cotton cloth, and an extensive trade in agricultural produce. Pop. 6000. San Gimigiano, sin je-mee-ji'no, a town of Italy, province and 24 miles S.W. of Siena. Pop. 2706. San Gines de Agudells de Horta. See Hobta. San Ginesio, sin je-ni'se-o, a town of Italy, 15 miles S.S.W. of JIacerata, near the Fiastrella. Pop. 5979. San Giorgio, sin joK'jo, a town of Italy, 10 miles W.S.W. of \'^erona, with a fortress on the Adige. San Giorgio, a town of Italy, province of Cosenza, 12 miles \V. of Rossano. Pop. 1874. San Giorgio, a town of Italy, province of Salerno, 8 miles N.N.W. of Salerno. Pop. 4470. San Giorgio, or San Giorgio Morgeto, sin jon'jo mor-gi'to, a town of Italy, province of Ueggio di Cala- bria, 10 miles S.E. of Palrai. Pop. 5258. San Giorgio, a town of Italy, province of Lecce, 9 miles E. of Taranto. Pop. 2316. . San Giorgio, a town of Italy, province of Asooli-Pi- ceno, 10 miles W. of Fermo. Pop. 3000. San Giorgio Canavese, sin jon'jo ki-nl-vi's4, a town of Italv, in Piedmont, 10 miles S.S.W. of Ivrea, near the Orca. Pop. 2917. San Giorgio di liOmellina, sin jon'jo dee lo-mil- lee'ni, a town of Italy. 211 miles S.E. of Novara. P. 2544. San Giorgio Maggiore, sin joit'jo miJ-jo'ri, an ishind of the Adriatic, 3^ miles S.S.E. of Venice. San Giovanni, sin jo-vin'nee, a town of Sicily, 22 miles N. of Girgenti. Pop. 3311. San Giovanni a Teduccio, sin jo-vin'nee i ti- doo'chee-o, a village of Italy, on the sea. province and 3 miles S.E. of Naples, of which it is a suburb. P. 11,1 16. San Giovanni di Bettola, sin jo-vin'nee dee hit- to'li, a town of Northern Italy, about 20 miles S. by W. of Piacenza, on the Nura. It contains' a church. San Giovanni di JHoriano. See Saint-Je.vn-de- M.\tTRIENNE. San Giovanni di Patino. See Patmos. San Giovanni Ilarione, sin jo-vin'nee e-li-re- o'ni, a town of Italy, 12 miles W. of Vicenza. Pop. 3290. San Giovanni in Croce, sin jo-vin'nee in kro'chi, a town of Italy, 16 miles E.S.E. of Cremona. Pop. 2044. San Giovanni in Fiore, sin jo-vin'nee in fe-o'ri, a town of Italy, 25 miles B. of Cosenza. Pop. 9176. San Giovanni in Galdo, sin jo-vin'nee in gil'do, a, town of Italy, 5 miles N.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 1761. San Giovanni in Medua, sin jo-vin'nee in rai'- doo-i, a harbor of Albania, immediately N. of the mouth of the Drin. San Giovanni in Persiceto, sin jo-vin'nee in p^n- se-chi'to, a town of Italy, in Emilia, 10 miles N.N.E. of Bologna. Pop. 3290, or, with suburbs, 4678. San Giovanni Rotondo, sin jo-vin'nee ro-ton'do, a town of Italy, 19 miles E.N.E. of Foggia. Pop. 735S. Sangir, or Sanguir, sin-gheer', an island of the Ma- lay Archipelago, midway between Celebes and Mindanao, in lat. 3° 28' N., Ion. 125° 44' E. Length, 30 miles; average breadth, 10 miles. The surface is mountainous, and in its centre is a volcano. San Giuliano, sin jool-yi'no, or Saint Ju'lian, a village and bay of Malta, H miles N. of Valetta. San Giuliano di Sepino, sin jool-yi'no dee si- 121 SAN peo'no, a village of Italy, province of Campobasso, 9 miles S.S.E. of Liirino. Pop. 3t>01, San GiuliOfS&n joo'le-o, an island and village of Italy, in the Lake of Orta, with a collegiate ehiiruh ami 1400 in- habitants. It is fiimous for its heroic defence in the tentii century by Villa, wife of Berongarius. San Giuseppe Jato, sin joo-,x5p'pi jd'to, a town of Sicily, province and IS miles S.W. of Piilermo. Pop. 5081. Sau Giustino, sin joos-tco'no, a town of Italy, in Umbria, 26 miles S.W. of Urbino. Pop. 4;».'J8. Sang-Koi, sAng-koi', Song-Ca, song-kS,', or Ton- qilin (ton-keen') River, rises in the Chinese province of Yun-Nan, flows S.W., and enters the Gulf of Tonquin by many mouths, between hit. 20° and 21° N. and Ion. 10ti"° and 107° E. Its total course is estimated at 600 miles. In its upper part it is called the Ho-Ti-Kiang. SangOy sin'go, a river of Madagascar, flows N,W., and falls into the Channel of Mozambique about lat. 21° S., after a course of nbout 160 miles. Sangora, sin-go'rl, a town of Siara, on a bay on the W. side of the Gulf of Siam, 90 miles S.E. of Ligor, in lat. 7° 15' N., Ion. 101° E. It is divided into Siamese, Chi- nese, and Malay quarters, is partly built of brick, and on the heights around it are numerous pagodas. San Gorgonio, sin goii-go'ne-o, a station of San Ber- nardino CO., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad (Yuma division), 80^ miles E, of Los Angeles. San Gorgonio, Mount, California, is a peak of the Coast Rfinge, near lat. 33° 48' N, Its altitude is estimated at 7000 feet above the level of the sea. Sangre de Cristo, sin'gri di krees'to, a mountain- range of Colorado, which forms the E. boundary of the San Luis Park, trending nearly N. and S. This range is one of the finest and best defined in Colorado, and presents many remarkable peaks, the highest of which is Blanea Peak, having an altitude of 14,464 feet above the sea-level. ■'The highest mountains of the range," snys Prof. Endlich. "are formed by metamorphics, among which granites and gneissoid schists are the favorites. The Trenchara group, however, the highest peak of which is over 13,000 feet above the sea-level, shows sedimentary beds to the very summit." Sangre de Cristo, a post-office of Snguache co., Col. San Gregorio, sin gri-go're-o, a village of Italy, province of Catanzaro. Pop. 2243. San Gregorio, a town of Italy, province of Salerno, 17 miles E. of Campagna. Pop. 4732. An ishxnd of Dal- matia and a bny of Patagonia have this name. San Gregorio, sin gri-go're-o, a post-hamlet of San Mateo CO., Cal., in a valley of its own name, near the ocean, 24 miles S.S.W. of Redwood City. It has a church. Sangro, sin'gro (anc. Sa'griis), a river of Italy, prov- inces of Chieti and Aquila, rises S.E. of the Fucine Lake, and, after an E. and N.E, course of 65 miles, enters the Adriatic 12 miles S.E. of Ortona. Sanguesa, sin-gwi'si, a town of Spain, province and 25 miles S.E. of Pamplona, on the Aragon. Pop. 3312. Sanguinetto,sin-gwee-n5t'to (the "rivulet of blood"), a rivulet of Italy, in Umbria, flows into the Lake of Pe- rugia on its N. side. Its banks are supposed to have been the chief scene of slaughter in the battle of Thrasymene, whence its name. Sangwin, sing'gwin' or sing^ween', a river of Liberia, enters the Atlantic 120 miles N.W. of Cape Palmas. At its mouth is a village of the same name, San Ignacio de Agaiia, See Aqana. San'ilac, a county in the E. part of Michigan, has an area of about 940 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Lake Huron, and is drained by Black and Cass Rivers, which rise in it. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests of pine, oak, sugar-maple, Ac. The soil is partly fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes are the staple products of the farms, and lumber is the chief article of export. Capital, Lexington. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,547,074. Pop. in 1870, 14,502, of whom 6852 were Amerlcansj in 1874, 16.292. Sanilac, a township of Sanilac co., Mich. Pop. 1988. San Ildcfonso, sin eel-di-fon'so, or La Granja, li gring'Hi, a town of Spain, province and 6 miles S.E. of Segovia, and 40 miles N.N.W. of Madrid. Pop. 1815. The celebrated palace of La Granja, 3840 feet above the sea, was built by Philip V. It contains a rich church, and many fine apartments and works of art, and is enclosed by grounds with splendid water-works. San Ildefonso, sin eel-di-fon'so, a group of islets in the South Atlantic, 80 miles W. of Cape Horn. San Ildefonso, sin eel-di-fon'so, o. pueblo or Indian SAN IS town of New Mexico, in Santa Fe co., 24 miles N.W.of Santa F6. It has a church. San Isabel, sin e-si-bSl', a post-office of Saguache CO., Col. San Isidro, sin e-see'dro, a town of the Argentine Republic, 12 miles N. of Buenos Ayres. Pop. 1200. San Jacinto, sin ja-sin'to, a county in the S.E. part of Texas, is bounded on the N.E. by the Trinity River. It is partly drained by the Bast Fork of San Jacinto River. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is partly covered with forests of oak, pine, &c. The soil is fertile. Corn, cotton, and cattle are the staple products. Capital, Cold Spring. The census of 1S70 gives no statistics of this county, which was formerly part of Polk co. San Jacinto, a post-office of San Diego co., Cal. San Jacinto, a post-hamlet of Jennings co., Ind., on Graham's Creek, 18 miles N. by W. of Madison. It has 2 churches, a steam saw-mill, and a grist-mill. San Jacinto, a village of Harris co., Tex., on Galves- ton Bay, at the mouth of the San Jacinto River, about 20 miles E.S.E. of Houston. It has a ship-yard and a saw- mill. It was destroyed by the cyclone of September, 1S75. In April, ISSfi, the Texans here gained a victory which decided the independence of Texas. San Jacinto River, Texas, rises a few miles W. of Huntsville, runs in a S.S.E. direction through Montgomery and Harris cos., and enters Galveston Bay about 20 miles E.S.E. of Houston. San Jaime, sin Hi'mi, a town of Venezuela, on the Portuguesa, 30 miles N.N.W. of San Fernando de Apure. San Javier de Loncomilla, sin Hi've-ain' di lon- ko-meel'yi, a town of Chili, province of Linares. Pop. 471 5. San Joaquin, sin wah-keen', a river of California, rises in the Sierra Nevada, near the N.E. extremity of Fresno co., runs southwestward to Millerton, and, turning gr.Tdually to the right, enters the great central valley of California, in which its general direction is N.N.W. It intersects the cos. of Merced, Stanislaus, and San Joaquin, and unites with the Sacramento River near its mouth, which is at the E. end of Suisun Bay. Its length is esti- mated at 400 miles. In San Joaquin co. it is divided into three channels, which are bordered by extensive tide marshes. The valley of this river is fertile and nearly des- titute of forests. The San Joaquin is navigable for steam- boats of moderate size. Its largest affluents are the Merced, Tuolumne, and Stanislaus Rivers. The North Fork of the San Joaquin runs in a caiion more than .3000 feet deep. San Joaquin, a county of California, is a part of the great central valley which lies between the Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada. Area, about 1300 square miles. It is partly bounded on the S. by the Stanislaus River, and is intersected by the San Joaquin, Calaveras, and Mokel- umne Rivers. The surface is mostly a level plain, desti- tute of forests, except narrow fringes of oak trees growing on the banks of several rivers. The soil is deep and very fertile. Wheat, barley, hay, cattle, and wine are the staple products. This county produced in 1870 more wheat and more barley than any other county of the state. The quantity of wheat was 2,360,925 bushels, and that of bar- ley was 1,027,016 bushels. The northwestern part of the county presents a vast expanse of marsh, called tale land, which is overgrown with a species of rush called tufe and is submerged during high water. The area of this marshy tract is said to be 200,000 acres. In the San Joa- quin valley the deposit of alluvium or drift is so thick that an artesian well was bored to the depth of 1000 feet before any stratum of rock was reached. This county is intersected by a branch of the Central Pacific Railroad and b}' the Stockton «t Copperopolis Railroad. Capital, Stockton. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $23,472,805. Pop. in 1870, 21,050, of whom 14,824 wore Americans. San Joaquin, a township of Sacramento co., Cal. Pop. 1073. San Joaquin, a post-hainlet of San Joaquin co.. Cat., on San Joaquin River, 77 miles E. by S. of San Francisco. San Joaquin, township, Stanislaus co., Cal. P. 1015. San Joaquin, sin no-i-keen', a village of Paraguay, 100 miles E.N.E. of Assumption. Sanjore, sin-jor', or Sachore, si-chor', a town of India, 130 miles W. of Odeypoor. San Jorge, sin HoR'ni (i.e., " Saint George"), a river of the United States of Colombia, joins the Cauca 30 miles S.W. of Mompox, after a N.E. course of 180 miles. San Jorge d'Olancho, sin noii'iii do-lin'cbo, a town of Honduras, 80 miles S.S.AV. of Trujillo (Truxillo). San Jose, sin Ho-si', one of the Pearl Islands, in the Gulf of Panama, 8 miles S.AV. of Isla del Rey. SAN San Jos6, an island in the Gulf of California, 100 miles S.E. of Loreto. Length, 25 miles. San Jos6, sin Ho-si', a town of Bolivi.a, province of Chiquitos. Lat. 17° 40' S. ; Ion. 64° 40' W. Pop. 2000. Near it is a chain of hills called the Sierra de San Jose. San Jos6 (Port. Sao Joze, sown" zho-zi'), a town of Brazil, province of Para, on the Rio Negro. Pop. 800. San Jose, sin Ho-sa', a township of Los Angeles co., Cal. Pop. 474. San Jos6, a city, the capital of Santa Clara co., Cal., is situated on the Guadalupe River, in the beautiful and fertile valley of Santa Clara, 7 or 8 miles S.E. from the Bay of San Francisco, and 48 miles S.E. of the city of San Francisco. Lat. nearly 37° 22' N. ; Ion. 121° 64' 30" AV. It is on the Southern Pacific Railroad, and is the southern terminus of the San Jose Branch of the Cen- tral P.acific Railroad, which connects it with Oakland. It has a dry and delightful climate, and is noted for its beau- tiful gardens and excellent fruits. The streets are wide, cross one another at right angles, and are lighted with gas. The city is supplied with water by artesian wells. It con- tains a city hall, about 12 churches, a state normal school, 2 high schools, the Catholic College of Notre Dame (for girls), a fine court-house which cost about .'5200,000, a good hotel, a national bank, the Commercial and Savings Bank (which has a capital of SI, 000,000), and 2 or 3 other banks, a silk-factory, a woollen-mill, several flouring-mills, lumber- mills, tanneries, machine-shops, and iron-foundries. Three daily and 3 weekly newspapers are published here. The University of the Pacific is 2 or 3 miles from this place. (See Santa Claka.) Pop. in 1870, 9089; of San Jose township, exclusive of the city, 3420. San Jos6 (local pron. san joce), a post-village of Mason CO., III., in Allen's Grove township, on the Jacksonville di- vision of the Chicago &, Alton Railroad, and on the Havana A Rantoul Railroad, 8^ miles N. of Mason City, and 22^ miles S. of Pekin. It has 3 churches, a banking-house, a graded school, and a plough-factory. San Jos6, or San Jose del Interior, sin Ho-si' dfil een-ti-re-oR', a town, capital of Costa Rica, 15 miles by rail W.N.W. of Cartago. Pop. 18,000. Since the in- dependence of Costa Rica, it has succeeded to the impor- tance of Cartago, the former capital. Chief buildings, the national palace, president's house, cathedral, and college. It has several machine-shops and manufactories. San Jose, sin no-si', a town of Uruguay, about 45 miles by rail N.W. of Montevideo. Pop. 5000. San Jos6 de Buenavista, sin Ho-si' di bwi-ni- vees'ti, a town of the Philippines, on the W. coast of the island of Pan.ay. Pop. 7000. San Jose de Flores, sin no-si' di flo'nSs, a town of the Argentine Republic, 6 miles from Buenos Ayres. San Jos6 del Parral, sin no-si' dSlpau-iiil', a town of Mexico, state and 200 miles N.W. of Durango. Pop. 5000, partly employed in the adjacent mines. San Jose de Oruna, sin no-si' di o-roo'ni, a town of Trinidad, 5 miles E. of Port-of-Spain. San Jos6 do Ribeir&o, Brazil. See RiBEinAO. San Juan, sin Hoo-in', a river of the Argentine Re- public, flows from the Andes through the province of San Juan E. into the Guanacache lagoon. San Juan, a river of Bolivia, Chiquitos Territory, trib- utary to the Aguapehi. San Jnan, a river of Bolivia, joins the Pilcoma3'o S.W. of Cinti, after a N.E. course estimated at 300 miles. San Juan, a river of Mexico, states of Cohahuila, New Leon, and Tamaulipas, joins the Rio Grande after an E. course of about 150 miles. San Juan, sin noo-in', a river of Nicaragua, forming the outlet for Lake Nicaragua into the Caribbean Sea, which it enters at the port of Grey 'Town, 80 miles S. of the mouth of Blucfields River. Course, E. Length, esti- mated at from 90 to 100 miles. Its current is gentle, and, although in some places impeded by short rapids, it is navi- gable throughout by boats of from S to 10 tons, and by ves- sels of a much larger burden for a considerable distance. In its lower part it sends off several branches, the chief being the Colorado, of importance in connection with the scheme for uniting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by a ship-canal. San Juan, a river of the United States of Colombia, state of Cauca, enters the Pacific 35 miles N.W. of Buena- ventura, after a S.\V. course estimated at 150 miles. San Juan, a town of Cuba, 15 miles S.S.W. of Havana. San Juan, a town of Cuba, 42 miles W.N.W. of San- tiago de Cuba. San Juan, a village of Mexico, state and 105 miles W. of Chihuahua. SAN 1971 SAN r the centre San Juan, sin noo-in', a town of Ilayti of the island, 80 miles N.W. of Santo Domingo. San Juan, a village of Venezuela, state of Zulia, 24 miles W. of Merida. Near it is a lake abounding in car- bonate of soda. San Juan, Nicaragua. See San Juan del Sur, and Grey Town. San Juan, Pacific Ocean. See Guahan. San Juan (Sp. pron. sin Hoo-in'), a county in the S.W. part of Colorado, is drained by the Animas Kiver, the Un- compahgrc River, and other small streams. Tlie surface is very mounbiinous, and is partly covered with forests of ever- green trees. It comprises Mount /Eolus and Sultan Moun- tain, peaks of the San Juan Mountains. It has rich mines of silver. Copper, galena, coal, and granite are also found here. Capital, Silverton. San Juan, a county in the N.W. part of Washington, comprises the island of San Juan and other islands in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Gulf of Georgia, near the north- ern end of Puget Sound. Capital, Friday Harbor. Pop. in 1870, 554. San Juan, sin Hwin, a township of Los Angeles oo., Cal. Pop. 445. San Juan, a township of Monterey co., Cal. P. 2638. San Juan, a post-village of San Benito co, Cal., is in a fertile valley on the San Benito River, about 44 miles S.S.E. of San Jos4, and 6 miles from Hollister. It has 3 or 4 churches, a brewery, and a drug-store. San Juan,apost-hamletof Hinsdale CO., Col., 120 miles from Canon City. San Juan, sin noo-in' (or Hwin), a post-ofBce of Rio Arriba co., New Mexico. San Juan, a post-village of San Juan co., Washington, on the island of San Juan, about 125 miles N. of Olympia. It has 2 churches, a lime-kiln, and a valuable fishery in Puget Sound. San Juan, or San Juan de la Frontera, sin Boo-in' di li fron-ti'ri, a province of the Argentine Re- public, between hit. .30° and 32° S. and Ion. 68° and 70° W., having W. the Andes, N. the province of Rioja, and S. the province of Mendoza. Area, 23,285 square miles. Capi- tal, San Juan de la Frontera. Pop. 60,319. San Juan, Patagonia. See Sedgek. San Juan, a town of Peru. See Chachapoyas. San Juan Bautista, sin noo-in' bow-tees'ti, or San Juan Baptista del Pao, sin noo-in' bip-tees'ti di\ pi'o, a town of Venezuela, 110 miles S.W. of Caracas, on the Pao, an affluent of the Portuguesa. San Juan Bautista (or Baptista) (formerly Villa Hermosa), a town of Mexico, capital of the state of Ta- basco, on the river Tabasco, about 70 miles from its mouth. San Juan Bautista (or Baptista) del Rio Grande, sin noo-in' bow-tees'ti ddl ree'o grin'di, a town of Mexico, 85 miles N.N.E. of Cobahuila. San Juan Chinameca, sin noo-in' ehe-ni-mi'ki, a town of San Salvador, 15 miles N. of San Miguel. San Juan de Fuca, North America. See Fuca. San Juan de Juebal, sin noo-in' di nwi-oil', a town of the Argentine Republic, 60 miles N. of San Juan de la Frontera. San Juan de la Frontera, a town of the Argentine Republic, capital of the province of San Juan, on the Rio San Juan, 120 miles N. of Mendoza. Pop. 8353. San Juan de la Frontera, Peru. See Chachapoyas. San Juan de los Llanos, sin noo-in' di looe li'- noee, a town of the United States of Colombia, state of Cun- dinamarca, on the Guaviare, 65 miles S.S.E. of Bogota. San Juan de los Remedies, Cuba. See Remedtos. San Juan del Puerto, sin noo-in' del pwin'to, a town of Spain, province and 5 miles N.E. of Huelva, near the Rio Tinto. Pop. UI51. San Juan del Rio, sin noo-in' HI ree'o, a town of Mexico, state and 30 miles S.E. of Queretaro, on the route to Mexico. Pop. 10,000. It has silver-mines. San Juan del Sur, sin noo-in' del soor, a port of Nicaragua, on the Pacific, 24 miles S.W. of the city of Nica- ragua, and the maritime harbor nearest to that city. San Juan de Mieres, sin Hoo-in' di me-i'r^s, a town of Spain, 9 miles S.E. of Oviedo. Pop. 1819. San Juan de Nicaraftua. See Grey Town. San Juan de Puerto Rico, sin noo-in' di pwSn- to ree'ko, the principal city and seaport of the island of Porto Rico, capital of the colony, and of the province of Bayamon, on a small island off its N. coast. Lat. 18° 29' N. ; Ion. 66° 7' 2" W. Pop. 27,000. It is fortified and walled, regularly laid out, well drained, and one of the best and healthiest towns in the West Indies. The principal edifices are the bishop's palace and seminary, the royal military hospital, old government house, a largo cathedral, custom-house, town house, with a fine hall, a handsome theatre, arsenal, and jail. The town is the (-eat of the gov- ernment and superior courts of the island and of many schools. The harbor is defended by forts, and is very safe. San Juan de Ulna, sin ju'an (or sin noo-in') di oo- loo'i, often called San Juan de IMloa, sin noo-in' di ool-yo'i, a castle, defending the harbor of \'era Cruz, Mex- ico, on an islet a little N.E. of that city. San Juan Mountains, or Sierra San Juan, se- iit'ri sin Hoo-in', Colorado, a range of the Rocky Alountain system, is bounded on the E. by the San Luis Park. The Rio Grande del Norte, Rio Animas, and Rio San Miguel rise in this range, which is sometimes called Sierra Mim- bres, and is composed mainly of volcanic rocks. Rich silver- mines have been opened in these mountains. Among the highest peaks of tnis range are Mount Snefi'ols, Mount Wilson (14,280 feet). Mount Canby, Mount Kendall, .and Uncorapahgre Peak (14,235 feet). San Juan Orotava, Canaries. See Ohotava, and Puerto de Orotava. San Juan River. See Rio de San Juan. San Julian, Patagonia. See Saint Julian. San'kasseer', or San'keshwar', a town of India, district and about 50 miles N.E. of Belgaum. Pop. 8905. Sankt Gotthard, Switzerland. See Saint Gothard. San Lazzaro, sin lid'zi-ro, a town of Italy, 1 mile N.E. of Placentia. It has a college, founded by Cardinal Alberoni, with a library of 20,000 volumes and some good collections. Pop. of commune, 7383. San Lazzaro, an islet in the lagoons of Venice, 2 miles S.E. of the city, famous for its Armenian monastery. San Leandro, sin )i-in'dro, a post-village of Ala- meda CO., Cal., is on a creek of its own name, and on the Central Pacific Railroad, 16 miles E. by S. of San Francisco. It has 3 churches, a newspaper ofiice, a graded school, and a manufactory of farming-implements. Pop. in 1870, 426. San Leo, sin li'o, a town of Italy, in the Marches, 7 miles S.W. of San Marino. Pop. of commune, 3849. San Leonardo, sin li-o-nan'do, a fort in the harbor of the island of Favignana, off the W. coast of Sicily. San Lorenzo, sin lo-r^n'zo (Sp. pron. sin lo-rin'tho), a town of the Canaries, on the S.E. shore of Gran Canaria, 5 miles from Las Palmas. San Lorenzo, sin lo-rin'zo, a seaport village of Aus- tro-Hungary, in Istria, on the Mediterranean, 22 miles S.S.W. of Triest. San Lorenzo, sin lo-rln'tho, a river of the Argentine Republic, joins the Vermejo from the W., 55 miles N. of Corrientes. Length, 120 miles. San Lorenzo, a town of the Argentine Republic, 32 miles from Santa Fe. San Lorenzo, a village of Paraguay, IS miles from Assumption. San Lorenzo (Sp. pron. sin lo-rjn'tho), a post-village of Alameda co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, about 20 miles E.S.E. of San Francisco. It has manufactures of salt, ploughs, wagons, and canned or preserved fruits. San Lorenzo de la Frontera, sin lo-ren'tho di li fron-ti'ri, a town of Bolivia, near Santa Cruz de la Sierra, on the Guapai. Pop. 4000. San Lorenzo de la Muga, sin lo-rin'tho di li raoo'gi. a walled town of Spain, in Catalonia, 21 miles N. of Geron.a. Pop. 1119. San Lorenzo Maggiore, sin lo-rSn'zo mid-j6'ri, a village of Italy, province of Benevento, 15 miles S.E. of Piedimonte. Pop. 1978. San Lucar lie Barrameda, sin loo'kar di baR-pi- mi'ui, a city and seaport of Spain, province and 18 miles N. of Cadiz, on the left bank of the Guadalquivir, at its mouth. Lat. 36° 45' N. ; Ion. 6° 21' W. Its streets are broad and straight, and it is a fine town, although dull and decaying. The principal buildings are the prison, barracks for the garrison, the town house, a hospital, house of refuge, foundling hospital, and poor's school. Agriculture and fishing are the chief occupations. At Bonanza, a short distance from San Lucar, are the pier and custom-house. It was here that Columbus embarked on his third voyage, May 30, 1498. M,agellan also started from hence August 10, 1519, for the first voyage in which the world was cir- cumnavigated. Pop. 18,130. San Lucar la Mayor, sin loo'kar li mi-on' (anc. Luciferi Forum /), a town of Spain, province and 11 miles W. of Seville. Pop. 3381. San Luis, or San Luis de la Pnnta, sin loo-ces' di li poon'ti, a city of the Argentine Republic, capital of a, SAN 1972 SAN province of its own name, on the "W. slope of one of tbe knolls of the Sierra de Cordova, 2417 feet above the sea- level, 42S miles W.N.AV. of Buenos Ayres. Pop. 374S. San Luis, sS,n loo'is (Sp. pron. s^n loo-ees'), a village on the S. side of the island of Minorca. Pop. 1938. San Luis, a central province of the Argentine Repub- lic. Area, 3426 square miles. Its surface is diversified, and in part unpeopled, though adapted to pasturage. Gold, copper, and salt abound. Capital, San Luis. Pop. 53,294. Sau Lu'is, a post-village, capital of Costilla co., Col., is in the San Luis Park, about 100 miles S.W. of Pueblo, and 14 miles E. of the Rio Grande. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of blankets and Hour. Pop. about 400. San Luis de la Paz,sdn loo-ees' di li p4z, a town of Mexico, state and 45 miles E.N.E. of Guanajuato. Some villages named San Luis are in the Mexican state of Puebla. San Liiis de Potosi, Bolivia. See Potosi. San Lu'is Obis'po (Sp. pron. s^n loo-ees' o-bees'po), a southwestern county of California, has an area of about 2800 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Coast Range, on the S. by the Santa Maria River, and on the S.W. by the Pacific Ocean. It is drained by a branch of the Salinas River and the Arroyo Grande. The surface is partly mountainous, and extensively covered with forests of the oak, pine, and other trees. This county contains Beveral fertile valleys and much hilly land adapted to graz- ing. The staple products are cattle, wool, hides, barley, and cheese. Among its minerals are copper, cinnabar, and limestone. Capital, San Luis Obispo. Valuntion of real and personal estate, $3,389,016. Pop. in 1870, 4772, of whom 3833 were Americans. San Luis Obispo, a post-village, capital of San Luis Obispo CO., Cal., is about 8 miles from the Pacific Ocean, and 90 miles N.W. of Santa Barbara. It was incorporated as a city in 1874, and has a bank, a newspaper office, and 5 churches. Wool and dairy-products are the chief exports. A railroad 10 miles long connects it with Port Harford. San Luis Park or Valley is mostly in Colorado, and partly in Taos co., New Mexico. It is bounded on the E. and N.E. by the Sangre de Cristo Range, and on the W. and N.AV. by the San Juan Mountains iind the Saguache Range. The Rio Grande runs southward through the middle of this park, which is irrigated by numerous moun- tain-streams which are lost in the sand after a short course. This is the largest of the parks of Colorado, and is about 140 miles long and averages 60 miles in width. The area is estimated to be S400 square miles, and the surface is ele- vated about 7000 feet above the level of the sea. The soil is partly fertile, but is not well watered, and requires arti- ficial irrigation. The surface is diversified by basaltic vieaas or plateaus. Forests of fir and pine cover the slopes of the mountains which environ the park on all sides ex- cept the S. It presents a vast expanse of level land on which sand and atkali abound. San Luis Potosi, sS,n loo-ees' po-to-see', a state of Mexico, bounded on the N. by New Leon, E. by Tamauli- pas, S.E. by Vera Cruz, S. by Queretaro and Guannjuato, and E. by Zacatecas. Greatest length, from N. to S., 200 miles; greatest breadth, near the S. frontier, 165 miles. Area, 27,494 square miles. In the W. it is mountainous, but towards the E. becomes only broken and hilly, and in the S.E. spreads out into plains. The only important rivers are the Santander, which traverses the state from W. to E., and the Tampico or Panuco, which forms part of the boundary between it and Tamaulipas. The mountainous districts abound with excellent pastures, on which great numbers of cattle are reared ; and the arable districts are remarkable for their fertility. Manufactures have made some progress, and include woollen and cotton fabrics of excellent quality, glass, leather, pottery, and metallic wares. Many valuable mines have been discovered, and are worked to some extent. Pop. 525,110. San Luis Potosi, a city of Mexico, capital of the above state, is situated near the sources of the Tampico and Rio Grande Rivers, 70 miles N.N.E. of Guanajuato. Pop. 31,389. It is regularly built and clean. The houses in the best streets are of stone, and two stories in height; in the suburbs they are of sun-dried brick. The chief edifices are a noble government house and many fine churches. Its markets are well supplied, and it has an active trade in its home-manufactured goods and foreign imports, which com- prise French brandy, wines, silks, and woollens, English printed cottons and liardwares, North American cottons, &c. It is a bishop's see. San Lu'is Rey, rA,, a post-hamlet of San Diego co., Cal., on the San Luis Rey River, about 90 miles S.E. of Los Angeles, and 3 miles from the ocean. It has 2 churches. San Marcello Pistojese, s£Ln man-chSl'lo pis-to- yi'sA, a town of Italy, province of Florence, 18 miles N. of Pistoja. Pop. of commune, 4508. San Marcial, s^n maR-the-aK, a post-village of So- corro CO., New Mexico, on the Rio Grande, 170 miles S.S.W. of Santa Fe. It has a church. Pop. 300. San Marco, san mau'ko, a town of Italy, 17 miles N.N.W. of Cosenza. It is the see of a bishop. Pop. 2738. San Marco, a town of Sicily, province of Messina, 15 miles W.S.W. of Patti. Near it are the ruins of a Roman bridge. Pop. 2253. San Marco in Catola, s3,n man'ko in kd-to'l^, a town of Italy, province of Foggia, 22 miles S.W. of San Severo. Pop. 4290. San Marco in Lamis, sin mau'ko in li'mis, a town of Italy, province of Foggia, 12 miles E.N.E. of San Se- vero. Pop. 14,540. San 31arcos, sJin maR'koce, a small post-village of San Luis Obispo co., Cal., 73 miles S.S.E. of Soledad. It has a church, 2 public schools, and 3 saloons. San Marcos, a post-village, capital of Hays co., Tex., on the San Marcos River, about 30 miles S. by W. of Aus- tin, and 44 miles N.E. of San Antonio. It contains a court-house, a newspaper office, 1 or 2 banks, the Coronal Institute (Methodist), 4 churches, and several mills. P. 742. San Marcos River, Texas, drains part of Hays co., runs S.E., forms the boundary between Caldwell and Gua- dalupe COS., and enters the Guadalupe at Gonzales. San Marino, sd^n mS,-ree'no, or Saniniarino, sim- mi-ree'no, a town and republic of Italy, forming one of the smallest and most ancient states in Europe, enclosed on all sides by the provinces of Italy, in lat. 43° 58' N., Ion. 12° 21' E. Area, 22 square miles. It consists of a craggy mountain about 2200 feet in height, on which is the town, and some circumjacent territories, with 4 or 5 villages. The town, built around a hermitage founded in 441, is ac- cessible by only one road, is surrounded by walls, and has 3 forts. The principal edifices are the governor's palace, the town hall, 6 churches, one having the tomb and statue of Marinus (or San Marino), schools and museums, a theatre, 2 convents, and 2 vast cisterns for the use of the public. The more wealthy citizens reside in the suburb called the Borgo. The inhabitants are chiefly occupied in rural in- dustry and silk-manufactures. The legislature of the re- public is a senate of 60 members, elected for life, equally from the ranks of nobles, citizens, and peasants. Two ca2n~ taiii i-eggenti, or presiilents, are chosen every six months. Two legal functionaries and two secretaries of state are the other public officers. The military consists of 950 men, forming the guard of the regency. Total pop. 7816, of whom 6000 are in the town. San Marino, san ma-ree'no, a post-hamlet of Din- widdle CO., Va., 12 miles S. of Ford's Depot. It has 2 churches. San Martin, sKn maR-teen', a river of Spain, in Ara- gon, after a N.E. course of 70 miles, joins the Ebro 10 miles E.N.E. of Hijar. San Martin, sdn maR-teen', a village of the Argentine Republic, province and 30 miles E.S.E. of Cordova. San Martin, a national territory of the United States of Colombia, between the limits of Cuhdinamarca and the Brazilian fr(mtier. It is mostly a forest-region. P. 405G. San Martin deAcayucan, Mexico. SeeAcAYucAN. San Martin de Trevcjo,sa,nniaR-teen'ditrA-vA'Ho, a town of Spain, province and 37 miles S.W. of Salamanca. It has oil-mills and woollen-manufactures. Pop. 1797. San Martin de Unx, san man-teen' di ounk, a town of Spain, in Navarre, 14 miles S.E. of Pamplona. P. l.'U]. San Martin de Va! de Iglesias, sAn man-teen' di\ v^l di ee-gli'se-S,s, a market-town of Spain, province and 10 miles N.W. of Madrid. Pop. 345S. San Martine, sAn mar-teen', a station in Santa Clara CO., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 6 miles N. of Gilroy. San 3Iartinho, See Sao Martinho. San Martinho dos Mouros. See Sao Martinho DR MoUROS. San Martin, Patagonia. See Saint Mahtin. San 3Iartino, sSn man-tee'no, a village of Austria, district of Tricst, 5 miles N.N.W. of Goritz. San Martino, sin maR-tee'no, a town of Italy, prov- ince of Campobasso, 8 miles E.N.E. of Larino. Pop. 4026. San Martino, a town of Italy, 14 miles W.S.W. of Mantua, near the Oglio. Pop. 2661. San Martino, a village of Sicily, 6 miles W. of Pa- lermo, has a Benedictine abbey, with a rich library, and museums of natural history, coins, and antiquities. SAN 1973 SAN Sau Martino de Iiupari,s&n maR-teo'nodi. loo-p&'- rco, a town of Italy, provinuo of I'luUia, 10 miles from Civitolla. Pop. 2096. San Mateo, tin mi-ti'o, a western county of Califor- nia, has an area of about SOU square miles. It is bounded on tlie N.E. by the Bay of Sau I'Vunoiseo, and on the W. by the Pacific Ocean. The northern part is contiguous to San Francisco. The surface is diversified by valleys, hills, and mountains, some of which are about 3000 feet high, and are covered with forests of oalc and redwood, an excel- lent timber tree. The soil is nrostly fertile, and the climate very mild and healthy. Many of the inhabitants are 0])u- lent citizens of San Francisco who have elegant country- seats and gardens in this county. Butter, cheese, hay, bar- ley, lumber, oats, and potatoes are the stiiple products. This county is intersected by the Southern Pacific Railroad. Capital, Redwood City, Valuation of real and personal estate, $23,286,825. Pop. in 1870, 6635, of whom 3497 were Americans. Sail Mateo, sin mi-ti'o, a mountain-pass of South America, in lat. 11° 48' S. Height, 15,760 feet. Sau Mateo, sin mi-ti'o, a town of V^cnczuola, 50 miles S.S.W. of CumanS. See Sao M.itiikos. San Mateo, sin mi-ti'o, or Vega de San Mateo, vi'gi di sin mi-tA'o, a town of the Canaries, on the island of tjran Canaria. San Mateo, a post-village of San Mateo co., Cal., on the W. side of San Francisco Bay, and on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 21 miles S. of San Francisco. It has a newspaper oifice. San Mateo, a post-hamlet of Putnam co., Fla., on the E. bank of St. John's River, 5 miles S. of Palatka. It has a union chapel, a free school, and several orange-groves and sulphur springs. San Mateo, a post-office of Valencia co.. New Mexico. San Mauro, san mow'ro, a small town of Italy, in Basilici\tiX, 22 miles S.W. of Matera. Pop. 2896. San Mauro Castelverde, sin mow'ro kis-t^I-vSn'- di, a town of Sicily, province of Palermo, 19 miles S.E. of Cefaia. Pop. 5036. San Miguel, sin me-gh5r, a small river of Texas, rises in Medina co., and, flowing S.E., falls into Rio Frio. San Sliguel, sin me-ghiV, a gulf of the United States of Colombia, forms an indentation of the Bay of Panama, on the E. side, about lat. S° 10' N., Ion. 78° 20' W. San Miguel, sin me-gh^l', a large county in the N.E. part of New Mexico. It is partly bounded on the N. by the Canadian River, and is drained by the Pecos River, which rises in it. A range of high mount.ains extends along the AV. border of the county, which also contains extensive table-lands or valleys. 'The soil is fertile, if irrigated, and produces pasture for many sheep and cattle. Wool and Indian corn are the staple products. Am(»ng its minerals are granite and limestone. Capital, Las Veg.as. Valu.ation of real and personal estate, $4,250,000. Pop. in 1870, 16.058, of whom 15,804 were Americans. San Miguel, a post-office of San Francisco co., Cal., on the Southern Pacific PUiilroad, 7 miles S, of San Francisco. San Miguel, a hamlet of San Luis Obispo co., Cal., 75 miles from Soledad. It has a church. San Miguel, a post-office and mining-camp of Ouray CO., Col., 40 miles S.W. of Ouray. Gold and silver are found here. It has 2 stamp-mills. San Miguel, a village of San Miguel co.. New Mexico, on the Pecos, 25 miles S. by W. of Las Vegas. It has a church. Pop. 1500. San Miguel, sin me-gh^l', a village of Bolivia, prov- ince of Chiquitos, 160 miles N.E. of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Pop. about 3000. See Magdalena. San Miguel, a town of Brazil, province and 35 miles N. of Parahiba. San Miguel, a town of Brazil, province of Rio Grande do Sul, ISO miles W.N.W. of Porto Alegre. San Miguel, sin me-gh^l', a town of San Salvador, on a river of the same name, sometimes called the Sirana, 80 miles B.S.E. of the city of San Salvador. It has many substantial houses, partly constructed of lava. The vol- cano of San Miguel stands at some distance S.W. of the town. Trade is chiefly in indigo. Pop. 9000 to 10,000. San Miguel, a volcano of San Salvador, which rises from low level ground to the height of about 5000 feet, has a base of several leagues in circuit, and has sent forth re- peated discharges of volcanic matter at intervals. San Miguel, a harbor of the United States of Colom- bia, an inlet in the Gulf of San Miguel, having an entrance about 6 miles wide, and extending about 8 miles inland, with soundings in from 8 to 15 fathoms. It. communicates at its inner part with Darien Harbor, through two pas- sages. Daricn Harbor has a depth of from 9 to 14 fathoms at low water, is about 16 miles long by 6 miles broad, and completely sheltered. These two harbors have been jiointed out as furnishing an eligible termination to a tidal inter- oceanic canal between the Atlantic and Pacific. San Miguel de Palina. See Palma. San Miguel de Piura, Peru. See Piuba. San Miguel de Tuviiman. See Tucuman. San Miguel el Grande, sin me-ghSI' il grin'di, a town of Mexico, state and 40 miles E. of Guanajuato. Pop. about 10,000. It has mineral springs and a largo trade in cotton. San Miguel Kiver. See Rio San Migukl. San Miuiato, sin me-ne-i'to, or Saniniiniato, sim-mo-ne-i'to, a town of Italy, 21 miles AV.S.W. of Flor- ence, on the Arno. It is a bishop's see, and has a cathedral. Pop. 2213. Sauna, sin'ni, a river of Europe, rises in Bosnia, flows first S.E., then circuitously N.W. to Novi, where it joins the Unna, after a course of 75 miles. Sannagli Island, Pacific. See llAumiT Island. Sun'neinin, or Sau'neinin, a post-hamlet of Liv- ingston CO., III., in Sannemin township, 10 miles E. of Pon- tiae. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 974. San Nicaiidro, sin ne-kin'dro, a town of Italy, prov- ince and 10 miles S.W. of Bari. Pop. 5297. San Nicaiidro, a town of Italy, in the peninsula of Gargano, 10 miles E. of Lesina. Pop. 7695. San Niccolo, a town of Italy. Sec Porto Tolle. San Nicola, sin ne-ko'li, a village of Italy, province and district of Caserta. Pop. 3214. San Nicolas, sin nee'ko-Iis (Port. Sao Nieolao, soWH» ne-ko-li'o), one of the Cape Verd Islands, in the Atlan- tic, nearly in the centre of the group, in lat. 16° 35' N., ion. 24° 15' W. Length, 30 miles; breadth, 15 miles. Pop. 6000. The surface is mountainous. The chief town. San Nicolas, has 1400 inhabitants, and is the residence of the bishop of the Cape Verd Islands. San Nicolas, sin nee'ko-lis, a city of the Argentine Republic, on the Parani, 60 miles by rail below Rosario. San Nicolo, sin ne-ko'lo, one of the Tremiti Islands, is a volcanic island in the Adriatic Sea. San Nicolo, sin ne-ko'lo, a town of the island of Tinos, Grecian Archipelago, on the S.E. coast of the island. Pop. 4000. It is a bisiiop's see, and has a cathedral. San Nicolo, a small seaport on the E. coast of the Grecian island of Cerigo. San Nicolo, a small town of the Grecian island of Paxo, opposite which there is good anchorage. San Nicolo, a port of the Grecian island of Santorini, below the town of Epanomeria. It is a fine harbor of the shape of a half-moon, but too deep for anchoring. Saniiio, a province of Italy. See Campobasso. Saiinois, san'nwi', a village of France, in Seine-et- Oise, 12 miles N.N.E. of Versailles. Pop. 2687. Saiiok, sa'nok, a to^vn of Austrian Galicia, 38 miles S.W. of Jaroslaw. Pop. 2809. San Pablo, sin pi'blo, a post-village of Contra Costa CO., Cal., in a valley near the S. shore of San Pablo Bay, about 15 miles N.N.E. of San Francisco, and 12 miles N. by W. of Oakland. It has 3 churches. Pop. 1075. San Pablo Bay, California, is the northern part of San Francisco Bay, and touches tlie cos. of Sonoma, Contra Costa, and Marin. It is connected with Suisun Bay by the Strait of Carquinez, the only outlet of all the water which is collected in the great central valley of the state. San Pancrazio, sin pin-kr4d'ze-o, a village of Italy, 2 miles W. of Parma. Pop. of commune, 4279. San Pantaleo, sin pin-ti-li'o, an islet oif the W. coast of Sicily, 5 miles N. of Marsala, with ruins of the ancient Motija. San Pantaleo, a village of Sardinia, division and 11 miles N.N.E. of Cagliari. Pop, 1476. San Paolo de Loanda. See Saint Paul de Loanda. San Pa8qual,sin pis-kwil', a post-office of San Diego CO.. Cal. San Patricio, sin pi-tree'se-o, a county in the S. part of Texas, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of about 550 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Aransas River, on the S. by Corpus Christi Bay, and on the S.W. by the Rio Nueces. The surface is low and nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil produces pasture for large numbers of cattle, which are the staple products. Capital, San Patricio. Valuation of real and personal estate not reported. Pop. in 1870, 602, of whom 497 were Americans. SAN 1974 SAN San Patricio, a post-village of Sabine parish, La., about 60 miles S. of Shreveport. It has 2 ehurohes. San Patricio, a small post-village, capital of San Patricio Co., Tex., on the Rio Nueces, about 20 miles from its mouth, and 30 miles W.N.W. of Corpus Christi. It has a convent and a church. San Paulo, Brazil. See Sao Paulo. San Pedro, s3,n pi'dro, a post-office of Pima co., Arizona. San Pedro, a post-office of Houston co., Tex. San Pe'dro (Sp. pron. sin pi'dro), a bay and inlet of the Pacific Ocean, in California, 105 miles S.E. of Santa Barbara, in lat. 33° 48' N. San Pedro, sin pi'dro, a river of Mexico, state of Tabasco, tributary to the Usumasinta, which it joins near its mouth in the Tabasco Kiver. " San Pedro, sin pi'dro, a town of the Argentine Re- public, 2oS miles by rail N. of Cordova. San Pedro, a town of Bolivia, on the Mamore River, in lat. 14° S., Ion. 64° 48' W. San Pedro, a town of the United States of Colombia, state of Cundinamarca, 25 miles S.E. of Antioquia. San Pedro, sin pee'dro (Port. Sao Pedro, sown» pi'- dro), a town of Portuguese India, 2 miles W. of Goa (Old). San Pedro Carcha, Guatemala. See Cakcha. Sau Pedro de Buena Vista. See Buenavista. San Pedro de Ribas, sin pi'nro di ree'sis, a town of Spain, province and about 24 miles from Barcelona. San Pedro y San Pablo, Rio de, ree'o di sin pi'dro e sin pi'bjo ("River of St. Peter and St. Paul"), Mexico, enters the Caribbean Sea 10 miles N.E. of the mouth of the Tabasco. San Pete, a large county of Utah, borders on Colorado. It is intersected by Green River, and is also drained by White and San Pete Rivers. The Wahsatch Mountains extend through this county in a N. and S. direction. Near the western base of this range is the San Pete Valley, which is about 44 miles long and is said to be beautiful and fertile. It is watered by the San Pete River. Wheat, wool, lumber, and potatoes are the staple products. Among its mineral resources is bituminous coal. Capital, Manti. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,134,987. Pop. in 1870, 6780, of whom 3890 were Americans. San Pier d'Areiia, sin pe-Sn' di-ri'ni, a town of Italy, province and 2 miles W. of Genoa. Pop. 15,509. It has iron-foundries, sugar-refineries, and an extensive trade. San Piero a Sieve, sin pe-i'ro i se-i'vi, a town of Italy, 14 miles N.E. of Florence. Pop. 2079. San Pierre, san p?-air', a post-village of Starke co., Ind., in Railroad township, on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 36 miles S. of Michigan City. It has 2 churches and a high school. Pop. 105. San Pierre d'Albigny, sin pe-aia' dil'been'yee' (anc. Pagiis Albineunis:'), a village of Savoy, near the Isere, 11 miles E.S.E. of Chambery. Pop. of eoDimune, 3262. San Pietro, sin pe-i'tro, an island off the S.W. coast of Sardinia, 5 miles N.W. of Antioco. Length, 7 miles; breadth, 5 miles. San Pietro, a town of Sicily, province and 13 miles W. of Messina. Pop. 4761. San Pietro, a town of Sicily, province of Messina, in a ravine of the mountain above Patti. Pop. 2388. San Pietro in Casale, sin pe-i'tro in ki-si'li, a village of Italy, province and 15 miles by rail N.E. of Bologna. Pop. of commune, 8480. San-Poo, sin-poo' or sin-po', written also Dzanbo and Dzanvo, a large river of Thibet, rises near lat. 30° 40' N., Ion. 82° E., hows eastward, receiving numerous af- fluents, and has been traced as far as Ion. 93° E., beyond which point it is believed to be continuous with the Dihong, a chief arm of the Brahmapootra. See Brahmapootha. San Quen'tin (Sp. pron. sin Uwdn-teen'), a post-vil- lage of Marin co., Cal., is on the W. shore of the Bay of San Francisco, 11 i miles N. of San Francisco. Here is the state prison of California. The village is on a branch of the North Pacific Coast Railroad, and has manufactures of furniture, shoes, harness, and saddles. Sanquhar, sank'k^r, a town of Scotland, co. and 26 miles by rail N.N.W. of Dumfries, on the Nith. Pop. 1252. It has a handsome parish church, town hall, several schools, a subscription library, and manufactures of woollen and cotton fabrics, hosiery, carpets, and embroidery. The burgh unites with Dumfries, Annan, Lochmaben, and Kirkcud- bright in sending one member to the House of Commons. Coal-mines are wrought in the vicinity. Immediately S.E. of the town, on a steep bank overlooking the Nith, is the pioturesquo oastlo of Sanquhar. San Quintin de Mediona, sin keen-teen' di mi- ne-o'ni, a vill.age of Spain, in Catalonia, province and 35 miles from Barcelona. Pop. 2302. San Quirico, sin kwee're-ko, a village of Italy, a little W. of Genoa. Pop. of commune, 2517. San Quirico in Val d'Orcia, sin kwee're-ko in vil doR-chee'i, a village of Tuscany, 6 miles from Picnza. San Ra'fael (Sp. pron. sin ri-fi-SI'), a post-village, capital of Marin co., Cal., is situated in a small valley on the North Pacific Coast Railroad, at the junction of the San Quentin Branch, 15 miles N. by W. of San Francisco, near the northern end of the Bay of San Francisco. It has 2 newspaper offices, 2 academies or semin.aries, many hand- some residences, and 4 churches. It is surrounded by ver- dant hills adapted to pasturage. Pop. 841. San Rafael, a village of Valencia co., New Mexico, near lat. 35° N. It has a church. San Ramon, ri-mon' (or San Ra'moon'), a post- hamlet of Contra Costa CO., Cal., in San Ramon Valley, 9 miles E. of Haywood. San Remo, sin ri'mo, a village of Italy, on the Med- iterranean, 14 miles S.W. of Oneglia. Pop. 7927. It is well built, and has a small harbor, where coasting-vessels load with oil, dried fruits, oranges, and fish. San Roque, sin ro'ki, or Saint Roque, s^nt rok, a city of Spain, in Andalusia, province and 56 miles S.E. of Cadiz, and 7 miles N.W. of Gibraltar. The public buildings and institutions consist of a granary, a foundling hospital, an asylum for the poor, various schools, with a church, a Franciscan monastery, now converted into a prison, and an oratory. San Roque was built in 1704 by the Spaniards, after the loss of Gibraltar. It is very healthy, and is much resorted to by patients from Gibraltar. Pop. 6458. San Saba, sin si'bi, a county in the central part of Texas, has an area of about 930 square miles. It is bounded on the N. and N.E. by the Colorado River, and is inter- sected by the San Saba River. The surface is undulating or hilly, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. Cattle, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capital, San Saba. Valuation of real and personal estate, $498,922. Pop. in 1870, 1425, of whom 1414 were Americans. San Saba, a post-village, capital of San Saba co., Tex., on a river of the Siime name, about 7 miles from its entrance into the Color.ado River, and 90 miles N.W. of Austin. It has a newspaper office, a bank, and a high school. Pop. 168. San Saba River, Texas, rises near the W. border of Menard co,, runs eastward through Mason and San Saba COS., and enters the Colorado River. Length, 150 miles. San Salvador, sin sil-vi-doR', or Saint Sal'vador, a republic of Central America, bounded N. and N.E. by Honduras, N.W. by Guatemala, from which it is separated by the Rio Paza, E. by Nicaragua, S.E. by the Bay of Fon- seoa, and S. by the Pacific Ocean. Area, 7335 square miles. Its coast-line extends 200 miles, and is deeply indented, particularly in the S.E., with several good harbors, of which the most frequented are La Union, the roadstead of Liber- tad, and Acajutla. The surface from the shore N. for about 15 miles is moderately low and level, but it shortly after becomes broken and rugged and is traversed by mountain-groups, giving it a wild appearance. This is in- creased by no fewer than 11 volcanoes. The most active is Izalco, but the loftiest are Snn Vicente and San Salvador, each about 9000 feet high. The largest river is the Lempa, which, issuing from the Lake of Guijar, flows S.E., forming part of the boundary between San Salvador and Honduras. The next in magnitude are the Paza and the San Miguel. Other smaller streams are numerous and important, as fur- nishing the means of irrigation. Besides Lake Guijar, al- ready mentioned, which is about 15 miles long by 5 miles broad, there is another, called the Ilopango, 5 miles E. of the town of San Salvador, 9 miles long by 3 miles broad. Numerous mineral and thermal springs occur in many quarters. The variations of temperature are considerable; but, on the whole, the country is healthy. The soil possesses great fertility, and the state is the best cultivated in Central America. The most important crop is indigo, which is generally grown, and is of an excellent quality. Maize, sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, Ac. thrive well, but fruits are not so abundant as in the state of Gua- temala. The dairy-produce is chiefly confined to cheese, which forms a main article of subsistence. The part of the coast between Acajutla and Libertad is famous for pro- ducing the balsam of Peru. Of the so-called cedar large quantities are cut for timber. The mineral deposits, once the chief wealth of the state, appear to be exhausted. Iron of excellent quality has been wrought. The republic of SAN 1975 SAN San Salvador is among the most advanced in Central America, and is the most densely peopled. Pop. 434,521). San Salvador, s&n s&Uvi-doR', or Saint Sal'va- dor^ a city of Central Amerioa. capital of the above, is situated on a small stream which tlows into the Paeitie Ocean, 105 miles S.E. of Guatemala. Lnt. 13° 44' S. ; Ion. 89° S' W. It stands between wooded hoi«;ht8, in a well- watered vale, several thousand feet above tlio Pacific, and about 3 miles S.E. of the volcano of San Salvador. The city of San Salvador was founded in 1623 by Spanish omi- grunts. In 1854 it was removed to a now site, on a(;count of the prevalence of destructive earthquakes : but it has twice since been partially destroyed by them. The town is regu- larly built, contains several churches and convents, and is the seat of a bishop. It is a depot for sugar and indigo, and haa manufactures of iron wares and cotton goods. Pop. 16,000 : before the earthquake of 1873, 40,000. San SaPvador',a post-village of San Bernardino co.. Gal., b(t miles E. of Los Angeles. It has a church. Pop. of township, 5fiO. San Salvador, skn sAl-vi-dor', a name given by Co- lumbus to one of the Bahamas, the first land seen by him in the New World. It was for many j'ears identilied with Cat Island, but is now generally conceded to have been Watling Island, which has indeed been othclally named San Salvador. San Salvador, s^n sil-v^-don', or Banza, b^n'zi, also called Congo Grande, a town of Africa, capital of Congo, KiO miles S.E. of Loango. Pop. 10,000. San Salvador, Brazil. See Bahia. San Salvador, a village of Ecuador, on an affluent of the Napo, 20 miles E. of Avila. San Salvador, a town of Cuba. See Bayamo. Sau Salvador dos Campos, See Campos. San Salvador PequeAo, s^n sdl-v^-don' p^-kan'yo, an island on the W. side of Cat Island^ Bahamas ; also called Little San Salvador, San Salvatore, sin sil-vi-to'ri, a town of Italy, 7 miles N.N.W. of Alessandria, Pop. 4725. Sansan, sin'sin', a town of Central Africa, in Houssa. Lat. 12° 20' N. ; Ion. 12° E. Sansanding, sin'sinMing', or Sansandig, a town of Africa, state of Bambarra, on the Joliba, 20 miles N.E. of Sego. It is a place of extensive trade, and has from 30,000 to 40,000 inhabitants. Here Mungo Park embarked in his schooner to descend the river, in 1805. Sausaria, sin-si're-i, a town of Central America, state and E. of Guatemala. San Saturnino de Noya, sin si-tooR-nee'no di no'yi, a town of Spain, province and IS miles from Barce- lona. Pop. 1299. San Sebastian, Spain. See Saint Skbastian. Sau Sebastian, sin si-bis-te-in', the capital town of the island of Gomera, in the Canaries, on its E. coast. It is well built, and has a harbor defended by forts. San Sebastian de los Reyes, sin si-bis-te-in' di loce ri'^s, a town of Venezuela, state of Guzman Blanco, 50 miles S.S.W. of Caracas. Pop. 7790. San Secondo Parniese, sin si-kon'do pir-mi'si, a town of Italy, province and 10 miles N.W, of Parma. Pop. 5246. Sansego, sin-si'go, an island of Austria, in the Adri- atic, 5 miles S.W. of the island of Lossini. Pop. 640. Sansellas,sin-s^riis, a town of the island of Majorca, 15 miles E.N.E. of Palma. Pop. 1784. San Sepolcro, Italy. See Borgo San Skpolcro. San Severino, sin si-vi-ree'no, a town of Italy, prov- ince and 15 miles W.S.W. of Macerata, on the Potenza. It is a bishop's see. Pop. 3062. San Severe, sin sLvi'ro, a town of Italy, province and 17 miles N.W. of Foggia. Pop. 16,545. It is large, and has a cathedral, several parish churches, a diocesan seminary, and a trade in cattle. San Sim'eon (Sp.pron, sin see-mi-on'), a post-village of San Luis Obispo co., Cal., on the Pacific Ocean, 20 miles S. of Jolon. It has a good harbor, several mines of cinna- bar, and 2 churches, also a cheese-factory, and furnaces for smelting quicksilver. Sau Sol'omon, a post-office of Presidio eo., Texas. Sans Souci, a palace of Prussia. See Potsdam. " Sans Souei, sin soo'se. a post-bamlet of Bertie co., N.C., on the Cashie River,' 8 miles N.W. of Plymouth. Produce is shipped here in steamboats. San Stefano, Italy and Sicily. See Santo Stefano. Santa, sin'ti, a river of Peru, has a N.W. course of 200 miles, and enters the Pacific about 75 miles S.E. of Trujiilo. Opposite its mouth are the islets of Santa. Snn'ta, a post-office of Jackson co., Ala. Santa, sin'ti, or Parilla, pi-reol'yi, a town of North Peru, department of Trujiilo, on thu river Santa, near the Pacific. Santa Ana, sin'ti i'ni, a lake of Mexico, state of Ta- basco, 154 miles S.E. of Vera Cruz. Santa Ana, sin'ti i'ni, a northwestern county of New Mexico, borders on Arizona. It is intersected by the Rio Grande, and is also drained by the Rio Puerco and Rio de Chaco. The surface is partly mountainous, and is exten- sively covered with forests. The soil of the table-land re- quires irrigation to render it fertile. The valley of the Rio Grande produces pasture. Wool is the chief article of export. Valuation of real and personal estate, $750,000. Pop. in 1870, 2599, of whom 2587 were Americans, Santa Ana, a post-village of Los Angeles eo., Cal., 6 miles S. of Anaheim. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, 2 drug-stores, and 6 other stores. Pop. about 350. Santa Ana, sin'ti i'ni, a town of the republic and 40 miles W.N.W. of the town of San Salvador. Pop. 9000. Santa Ana de Tamanlipas. See Tampico Pukblo NUKVO. Santa Ana River, a small stream of Los Angeles co., in the S.S.E. part of California, falls into the Pacific. San'ta An'na, township, De Witt co.. 111. P. 1276. Santa Anna, a post-office of Coleman co., Tex. Santa Anna, sin'ti in'ni, a small island of Brazil, province and 40 miles E.N.E. of Maranhao, near the coast. Santa Anna or Ana, i'ni, a town of Bolivia, on the Yacuma, at the influx of the Rapula. Santa Anna, an island of Brazil. See Bananal. Santa Anna, a town of Brazil, province of Matto- Grosso, 30 miles E.N.E. of Cuyab.4. Pop. 4000. Santa Anna, a town of Brazil, province of Sao Pedro do Rio Grande, on the Sino, N. of Porto Alegre. P. 1400. Santa Anna, a village of Brazil. See Silves. Santa Anna, a town of Brazil. See Villanova. Santa Anna, sin'ti in'ni, a town of Peru, 80 miles N.W. of Cuzco, in a picturesque valley 50 miles in length. Santa Anna de Chaves. See Chaves. San'ta Bar'bara, a strait of the Pacific Ocean, 15 miles across, between the mainland of California and the island of Santa Cruz, 190 miles S^E. of Monterey. San'ta Bar'bara, a county in the S.W. part of Cali- fornia, has an area of about 3500 square miles. It is bounded on the S. and W. by the Pacific Ocean, and on the N. by the Santa Maria River. It is partly watered by the Santa Clara and Santa Inez Rivers. The surface is diver- sified by mountains and fertile valleys. A long range called Santa Inez Mountains traverses the county in an E. and W. direction. The climate is mild and almost tropical. Rain seldom falls here between May and November. Wool, barley, Indian corn, and cattle are the staple products. In 1870 this county produced 990,200 pounds of wool. The orange, lemon, fig, olive, and grape flourish in it. Among its mineral resources arc sulphur, asphaltum, salt, and pe- troleum. A little gold has been found here. Largo quan- tities of asphaltum have been exported from it. This county comprises several islands in the ocean, which are frequented by seals and otters. Capital, Santa Barbara. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,896,021. Pop. in 1870, 7784, of whom 6538 were Americans. Santa Barbara, a post-town, seaport, and capital of Santa Barbara co., Cal., is on the Pacific Ocean, about 90 miles W.N.W. of Los Angeles. Two daily and 3 weekly newspapers are published here. The town contains 2 or 3 colleges, 7 churches, 2 banks, a flouring-mill, and2planing- mills, and has extensive exports of wool. Santa Barbara, a village of Taos co., New Mexico, 6 miles S. by E. of Picuries. It has a church. Santa Barbara, sin'ti bau'bi-ri, a town of Brazil, in Minas-Geraes, 30 miles N.N.E. of Ouro Preto. P, 4000. Santa Barbara, sin'ti ban'bi-ri, a town of Chili, province of Biobio, about 60 miles S.E. of Los Angeles. Santa Barbara, a town of Venezuela, on the S. bank of the Orinoco, opposite the influx of the Ventuari. Santa Barbara Islands. These islands, S in num- ber, consist of San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Ana- capa, Santa Barbara, Santa Catalina, San Clemente, and San Nicolas. They lie along the S. coast of California, and opposite to the shores of Santa Barbara, Los Angeles, and San Diego cos., extending in a direction from N.W. to S.E. about 175 miles, and at a distance from the land of from 20 to 65 miles. Several harbors have been examined by officers of the United States Coast Survey. The principal of these are Prisoners' Harbor, on the N. side of Santa Cruz, Cuyler's Harbor, on the N.E. side of San Miguel, SAN 1976 SAN and Catalina Harbor, on the W. side of the isUmd of Santa Catalinrt. The four first-named isliinds are separated from the mainland by Santa Barbara Channel, a sound from 20 to 30 miles wide. Santa Barbara de Samaiia. See Sakaka. Santa Catalina, s^n'ta kfL-t^-lee'nS,, an island of the Pacific Ocean, separated from California by the Channel of Santa Barbara. Santa Catalina, a cape of Central America, state and 70 miles S.S.AV. of Nicaragua. Santa Catalina, an islet of the Caribbean Sea, 90 miles E. of the Mosquito coast, and immediately, N. of Old Providence Island. Santa Catarina, sin'td ka-t^-ree'nS,, a town of Sicily, 7 miles N.N.W. of Caltanisetta, near the W. bank of the Salso. Pop. ^646. ' Santa Caterina, s^n'td, kk-tk-ree'nk, a town of Italy, in Calabria, 26 miles S. of Catanzaro. Pop. 2(Jlo. Santa Caterina, the northernmost headland of the island of Corfu. Santa Catharina, sin'ti ki-t&,-ree'nS-, a fortified island of Brazil, forming the superb bay of the same name, off" the coast of the province of Santa Catharina, between lat. 27° and 28° S. Length, from N. to S., 30 miles; breadth, 8 miles. Pop. 12,000. The surface is mountain- ous, well watered, and covered with forests, and the island abounds with natural cariosities. On its \V. coast is the town of Desterro. Santa Catharina, sS,n'ti ki-ti-ree'na., a province of Brazil, situated between lat. 26° and 30° S., Ion. 49° and 51° W., having E. the Atlantic, and on other sides the provinces of Parang and Rio Grande do Sul. Area, 18,924 square miles. Pop. 159,802. The coast is low ; surface elsewhere mountainous, traversed by the Serra Catharina on the W., and well watered. From the fertility of the soil and the mildness of the atmosphere, it is called the " paradise of Brazil." The principal crops are rice, manioc, millet, sugar, cofl'ee, and cochineal, with a little cotton. Principal towns, Desterro, Sao Francisco, and Laguna. Santa Christina, Marquesas Islands. SeeTAUUATA. Santa Clara, s^n'ti klA'i-i, an islet of Ecuador, in the Gulf of Guayaquil, 13 miles S.E. of the island of Puna. Santa Cla'ra, a county in the W. part of California, has an area of about 1150 square miles. The northern part of it is washed by the Bay of San Francisco. It is drained by the Guadalupe River and Coyote Creek. The surface is finely diversified with grassy hills and heavily-timbered mountains. The most prominent point is Mount Hamilton (a, peak of the Coast Range), which is 4449 feet high. Among the forest trees are the fir, pine, redwood, and Otak (Quercua lobata). The soil is mostly fertile, especially in the beautiful valley of Santa Clara, which is about 20 miles wide. Wheat, barley, hay, cattle, lumber, and wine are the staple products. This county has a genial and equable climate, and abundance of good fruit. The valley of Santa Clara is supplied with water by nearly 1000 arte- sian wells. Among its mineral resources are cinnabar (or quicksilver), copper, asphaltum, and petroleum. It has a rich mine of cinnabar at New Almaden, The quantity of cinnabar exported from it in 1875 was 31,106,200 pounds. This county is intersected by the Southern Pacific Rail- road. The San Jose Branch of the Central Pacific Rail- road terminates at San Jose, which is the capital. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, $39,877,413. Pop, in 1870, 26,246, of whom 17,251 were Americans. Santa Clara, a post-village in Santa Clara township, Santa Clara co., Cal., is in a fertile valley of its o\vn name, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 46 miles S.S.E. of San Francisco, and 3 miles W. by N. of San Jos6. It is the seat of the University of the Pacific (Methodist Episcopal, organized in 1852), and contains also the Santa Clara Col- lege (Catholic), a high school, 6 churches, a bank, a news- paper office, 2 tanneries, a lumber-mill, and a brewery. Pop. of the township, 3469, Santa Clara, a post-ofiice of Huerfano co.. Col., on the Denver zho-owNo' dis doo'is baR'Ris, a town of Brazil, in Goyaz, at the confluence of the Ara.guay and Tocantins. sao Joao (or Joam) das Iiampas,sowN"' zho-6wN»' dis lira'pis, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, near Alemquer. Pop. 2700. sao Joao (or Joam) del Rei, sowk» zho-owN"' dJl ri'e, a city of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, SO miles S.W. of Ouro Preto. Pop. 5000. Sao Joao (or Joam) de Pesqueira, sown" zho- owN°' di p^s-ki'e-ri. a town of Portugal, in Beira, 22 miles E. of Lamego, on the Douro. Pop. 268S. sao Joao (or Joam) do Principe, sows" zho-owK»' do preen'se-pi, a town of Brazil, province of CearA, on the Jaguaribe. Lat. 6° 5' S. sao Joao (or Joam) do Principe, sown" zho-owNo' do preen'se-pi, or Marcos, man'koce, a town of Brazil, province and 60 miles W.N.W. of Rio de Janeiro. P. 6000. Sao Jorge, sown» zhon'zhi, or Saint George, one of the Azores Islands, in the Atlantic, W. of Terceira. Lat. of S.E. point, 38° 32' 5" N. ; Ion. 27° 46' W. Length, 29 miles; breadth, 5 miles. Soil fertile, and it contains good pastures and extensive woods. Principal town. Villa das Velhas. Pop. 18,000. sao Jorge dos Alamos, Brazil. See Vigia. sao Jorge dos Ilheos, sown" zhoK'zhi doce eel-yi'- oce, a town of Brazil, province and 130 miles S.W. of Bahia, at the mouth of the Rio dos Ilheos in the Atlantic. It has a good harbor, and is one of the oldest settlements in Bra- zil, having been founded in 1536. Pop. 3000. sao Jose (or Joze), s6ws« zho-zi', a b.ay of Brazil, E. side of the island of Maranhao, formed by the mouths of the Moni and Itapicuru. It is about 24 miles long. Sao Jose (or Joze), a town of Brazil, in Minas- Geraes, near the Rio das Mortes, 260 miles S.W. of Ouro Preto. sao Jos6 (or Joze), a town of Brazil, province of Santa Catharina, on a creek in the Bay of Santa Catharina, 4 miles W. of Desterro. Sao Jose (or Joz6), a town of Brazil, province and 60 miles N.E. of Sao Paulo, near the Parahiba, Lat. 23° 12' S. ; Ion. 46° W. It was originally founded by the JeSr uits, who established a college here, in which they educated a great number of Indians. Pop. of the district, 4000. sao Jose (or Joz6) do Norte, sown» zho-zi' do noii'ti, a town of Brazil, province and 5 miles N. of Rio Grande do Sul, between the Atlantic and Lago de los Patos. Pop. of the district, 3000. Sa© Leopoldo, SOWN" li-o-pol'do, a town of Brazil, province of Rio Grande do Sul, between the Sine and Cahi, 30 miles N. of Porto Alegre. It was founded in 1824 by a colony of Germans under the patronage of the Empress Leopoldina. Pop. of the district, 15,531. sao IjOuren<;o do Bairro, sown" lo-rSn'so do bin'- Ro, a town of Portugal, province of Douro, IS miles E.S.E. of Aveiro. Pop. 1702. sao Luiz, Brazil. See Maranhao. sao Mamede, sown° mi-nii'di, a town of Portugal, in Tras-os-Montes, on the Douro, 20 miles N.E. of Lamego. sao Martinho, or Sao Martinho do Porto, s6wn« mau-teen'yo do poR'to, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, on the Atlantic, 8 miles S.W. of Alcobafa. Pop. 1234. sao Martinho de Mouros, sown» maii-teen'yo diV SAO 1< mO'roce, or Si\o Martiiiho dos Moiiros, suwno iiiau- teen'yo doce uiu'roee, a towQ of Portugal, province oi' Ueira, miles N.W. of Luiuego, near tlie Douro. Pop. 1993. Sfto Matheos, sown* iu&-ti'oco ("Saint Matthew"), sometimes written Matlieits, a town of Braxil, province of Espirito Santo, 16 miles from the Atlantic. It has a church, a Latin and 2 primary schools, and a considerable export trade in manioo flour, sugar, and millet. Sdo Matheos, a town of Brazil, province and 190 miles S.S.W. of Cearii, on the Jaguaribe. SAoiHiguelySuwNo me-ghdl' ("Saint Michael"), atown of Brazil, province of SanUiCatharina, in a bay of the same name, lo miles N.W, of Desterro. It has a church, a pri- mary school, numerous sugar-works, a pottery for making glazed earthenware, and a tannery. S£io iUi^uelt a town of Brazil, province and 25 miles S.S.W. of Ahvgoas, on a river of its own name. Silo Miguel, a town of Brazil, province and 36 miles N. of Parahiba. Silo Miguel, one of the Azores. See Saint Michael. Sao Miguel d'Acha, sown" me-ghel' di'shA, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 9 miles E. of Castollo Branco. Sfllo Miguel das Areas, Brazil. See Areas. sao Miguel de Piracicaba, s6wn<» me-gh^I' di pe- ri-se-ki'bi, a village of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, E.S.E. of Cahete. It is built in the form of an amphi- theatre, and presents a very pleasing appearance, the houses being provided with gardens. It has 4 churches. Saona, si-o'ni, an island off the S.E. extremity of Hayti, and separated from it by a shallow channel, 10 miles across. Length, 15 miles; breadth, 5 miles. Saone, son (anc. A'rar), a river of France, rises in the S. part of the department of Vosges, passes Port-sur-Saone and Gray, and enters the Rhone on the right at Lyons. Length, 31G miles. It communicates by canals with the Rhine, Yonne, and Loire. Saoue-et-Loire, son-i-Iwan, a department in the E. part of France, formed of part of the old province of Burgundy. Area, 3270 square miles. Pop. in 1S76, 614,309. It is traversed from S. to N. by the mountains of the Cote- d'Or, which separate the basins of the Saone and Rhone, and \s watered by the Saone, Loire, and Arroux, all navi- gable, and connected by the Canal du Centre. One-fifth of it is covered with forests. Corn is raised, and the wines of Maconnois and of Chalonnois are esteemed. It has rich mines of coal and iron. The most important are those of Le Creuzot; and the mineral springs of Bourbon- Lancy are celebrated. The chief industry of the population is in mining and cattle-rearing. The department is divided into the arrondissements of Macon, Autun, Chalon, Cha- rolieSt and Louhans. Capital, Macon. Sao Nicolao* See Saint Nicholas. Silo Nicolao, s6wn° ne-ko-li'o, a village of Brazil, province of Rio Grande do Sul, on the Piratiny. Sao Paulo, s6wn° pow'Io, a city of Brazil, capital of a province of the same name, between two tributaries to the Tiete, 220 miles W.S.U'. of Rio Janeiro, and 40 miles by rail N.W. of Santos. It is built with little regard to regu- larity. The streets are narrow, but have both centre and side pavements, and the houses are of earth, plastered over, and of clean, comfortable, and cheerful appearance. They are all roofed with tile, and for the most part two stories high, with occasional balconies. The environs are still more at- tractive than the town, being generally laid out in hand- some villas and gardens. The principal edifices are the cathedral and other churches, monasteries and convents, the governor's and the bishop's palace, town house, prison, in- firmary, and military hospital. The educational establish- ments include a school of law, an ecclesiastical seminary, a Latin school, a school of philosophy, and several primary schools, Sao Paulo, as the capital of the province, is the seat of several important courts, the place where the pro- vincial assembly holds its sittings, the residence of the presi- dent, and the see of a bishop. It also possesses a public library and an extensive botanic garden. Its vicinity is picturesque and interspersed with numerous villas. It is one of the oldest cities in Brazil, having been founded in 1554. Pop. 25,000. S£lo Paulo, a province of Brazil, bounded on the N. and N.E. by Minas-Geraes and Rio de Janeiro, E. by the Atlantic, S, by Parand, and W. by Matto-Grosso. Lat. 20° to 26° S.; Ion. 44° 30' to 55° "W. Area, 90,541 square miles. The coast-line stretches from N.E. to S.W. for above 400 miles. Part of it in the N.E. is bold and rocky, but the rest is generally low. A mountain-chain, composed of the serras do Mar and Cubatao. divides the narrow coast- line from the wide inlana region traversed by the Rio SAP Grande and Igua^u, besides several other tributaries of the Parana, which form respectively its N. and S. boundaries. The Iguape is the only river of consequence flowing into the Atlantic. This is one of the richest provinces of Bra- zil. The products common to South Europe are intermixed with those of tropical climates. Live-stock of many kinds are numerous; gold, silver, iron, sulphur, and gems are au)ong the mineral products. The province is well sup- plied with means of communication both by land and by water. Chief towns, Sao Paulo (the capital) and Santos. Silo Paulo de Loanda. See Saint Paul de Loanda. Sfto Pedro, a town of India. See San Pediio. Silo Pedro d' Alcantara, sown^ pi'dro dil-kln'- ti-ri, a town of Brazil, province of Goyaz,on the Tocantins, SO miles S.S.E. of Sao Joao das Duivs Barras. Silo Pedro do Rio Grande, or Silo Pedro do Sul, See Rio Grande do Sul. Saorgio, si-on'jo, a town of France, in Alpes-Mari- times, 25 miles N.E. of Nice. SflLo Romflo, sowN° ro-mowN«', a town of Brazil, prov- ince of Minas-Geraes, on the Sao Francisco. Lat, 15° 22' S. Pop, 3000, Silo Roque, sowN» ro'ki, a town of Brazil, province and 32 miles W,S.W. of Sao Paulo. Pop. 4000. Sao Roque, Cape. See Cape Saint Roque. Sfio Salvador, a city of Brazil. See Bahia. S3io Sebastiiio, sown'' s^-bis-te-6wNo*, a maritime town of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, opposite an island of the same name, in lat. 23° 48' 20" S. Pop. of the district, 6000. The island is separated from a peninsula of the mainland by a narrow channel. It is 12 miles long and 6 miles broad. Pop. 3000, See also Fort Saint Sebastian. SaouU, si-ook', a river of Russia, rises in Livonia, flows S.S.W., and, forming a junction with the Pernau, falls into the Gulf of Livonia. Length, 45 miles. Saoune, simoon', a riverof France, rises in the S. part of the department of Lot, flows S.W., and joins the Garonne on the right, 4 miles S.E. of Agen, after a course of about 45 miles. sao Vicente, Cape Verd Islands. See Saint A'incent. sao Vicente, sown° ve-s^n'ti (*' Saint Vincent"), a town of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, on the sea, 5 miles E. by S. of Santos. This was the first city founded by the Portuguese in America, and was long the capital of South Brazil. Its port is obstructed by sand. It is a sea-bathing place. Pop. 800. Saowlee, si-6w'lee, a town of India, dominions and 18 miles N. of Baroda. Pop. 5952. Sapa do RibeirSo, a town of Brazil. See Ribeirao. Sapan Tagh, s4~p^n' tAg, a mountain of Asiatic Tur- key, 40 miles N.W. of Van, on the N. side of its lake. Estimated elevation, from 9500 to 10,000 feet. Saparooa, Saparoua, si-pi-roo'S., or Honimoa, ho-ne-mo'^, an island of the Moluccas, off" the S.W. coast of Ceram, in lat. 3° 30' S., Ion. 128° 34' E. Sapata, or Poolo Sapata, poo'lo si-pi'ti, an island of the China Sea, 135 miles E. by S. of Cape St. James (Cochin China), in lat. 10° 4' N.. Ion. 109° 10' E. Sapata, an island ofiT the W. coast of Borneo. Sapello, sl-p5rio, a post-office of San Miguel co., New Mexico. Sape'lo Island, on the coast of Georgia, forms a part of Mcintosh GO. It is about 12 miles long by from 4 to 6 in breadth. It lies between Sapelo Sound on the N. and Doboy Sound on the S. Lat. of light-house on Doboy Sound, about 31° 33' N. Saphar, or Saphar-Regia. See Dhofar. Saphet, a town of Palestine. See Saped. Sapienza, sa-pe-^n'z^, one of the Greek islands, oft the S.W. coast of the Morea, 2 miles S. of Modon. Sapis, the ancient name of the Savio. Sapo do Ribeir&o, Brazil. See Ribeirao. Saponara, si-po-n^'rJt, a town of Italy, province of Basilicata, 11 miles S.E. of Marsico Nuovo. Pop. 3400. Sapozhok, or Sapojok, sa-po-zhok', written also Saposchok, a town of Russia, government and 50 miles S.E. of Riazan. Pop. 2817. Sap'pa Creek rises in the W. partof Kansas, and runs nearly northeastward through extensive treeless plains. It crosses the N. boundary of Kansas, and enters the Repub- lican River in the S. part of Nebraska. Its length is esti- mated at 200 miles. Sappah River, Wisconsin. See Black River. Sappemeer, sip'peh-maiu', or Sapmer, sAp'main', a village of the Netherlands, 11 miles E.S.E. of Groningen, on the Winsehoten Canal. Pop. of commune, 3915, Sapphara, a city of Yemen. See Dhofar. SAP 1984 SAR Sap'plngton, a post-office of Anne Arundel co., Md., .about 16 miles S. by W. of Baltimore. ■ Sappington, a post-hamlet of St. Louis co., Mo., 12 or 1.3 miles W.S.W. of St. Louis. Sapri, sa'pree, a town of Italy, in Salerno, 6 miles E. of Policastro, and with a harbor on its gulf. Pop. 2353. Saptagram, Bengal. See Satgoong. Saptin Indians. See Nez Perce. Saptin River, Oregon. See Snake RivEn. Sapucahi, si-poo-ki-ee', a river of Brazil, in the S. part of the province of Minas-Geraes, flows N.W., and joins the Paranil, after a. course of 200 miles. Sapucahi, a town of Brazil, on the Sapucahi River, 180 miles S.W.,of Ouro Preto. Pop. 3000. Saqqara, a village of Egypt. See Sakkara. Sa«iuarema,si-k.wi-ri'mi, or Sequarema,si-kwi- ri'ma, a town of Brazil, province and 29 miles E. of Kio de .Janeiro, near the Atlantic, and on L.ike Saquareraa. Sarabat, sa-ri-biit', Kedoos, Kedous, Kedus, ke-doos', written also Kodus and Geduz (anc. Hcr'nnu), a river of Asia Minor, after a W. course of ISO miles, en- ters the Gulf of Smyrna by several mouths, 8 miles W. of the city of Smyrna. Sara Bayou, si'ra bi'oo, Louisiana, a small stream which runs southward through West Feliciana parish and enters the Mississippi Biver at the village of Bayou Sara. Sarabita, si-ri-nee'ta, or Suarez, swSi-rSs', a river of the United States of Colombia, rises near the centre of the country, flows N.N.B. nearly parallel to the Magdalena, and, after a course of about 160 miles, joins the Galinazo, or Sogamoso, an aflluent of the Magdalena. Saracena, si-r^-chA'ni (anc. Ses'tum), a town of Italy, in Calabria, 8 miles W.S.W. of Cassano. Pop. 3827. Sarafshan, a province of Russia. See Zerafshan. Saragossa, sa,-r3,-gos's3, (Sp. Zaragoza, th5,-ri-go'th4 ; Fr. Saragos9e, si^rA^goss' ; anc. Csesarangua'ta), a city of Spain, capital of the province of Saragossa, and of Aragon, on the Ebro, which separates it into two portions, 176 miles N.E. of Madrid. Pop. 67,428. It is neatly built of brick, and previous to 1808-9 its churches were the most magnifi- cent in the peninsula. Among the principal edifices are the 2 cathedrals, the chapter residing in each alternately for six months, — the one an ancient severe Gothic church, raised to the Saviour, and the other a modern temple, called Nuestra Senora del jPilar ; the vast archiepiscopal palace, which was plundered by the French ; the remains of the parliament house, built in 1437-40, whose magnificent saloons contained the rich national archives, an excellent library, and the portraits of the Aragonese worthies, — all utterly destroyed by the invaders : the exchange, built in 1551, a square brick edifice with projecting enriched soffit towers, covered with green and white tiles, and having a noble interior ; the Torre Nueva, or Tower of San Felipe, an oc- tangular olook-tower for the city, which leans considerably (about 9 feet) out of the perpendicular ; the old irregular citadel called the Aljaferia, built by the Moors, which Suchet converted into a barrack, after having damaged it with his bombs. There are, besides, a hospital (Casa de Mi- sericordia), which takes in from 600 to 700, old .and young; a general hospital, one of the largest in Spain ; various other benevolent institutions, and numerous churches, among which one of the best is that of San Pablo, with its fine fa9ade and columns and grand picturesque high altar. The University of Saragossa, founded in 1474, ranks as the third in the kingdom. Among its other educational estab- lishments are an episcopal seminary, an academy of the fine arts, and. a public library. Its manufactures of silks, woollens, and leather have greatly declined ; but it has still a considerable trade in agricultural produce by the Ebro, as well as by canal and by the railways. Sariigossa is very ancient, and numerous vestiges of Ro- man remains attest its former importance. Sara.gossa early renounced Paganism. It was captured by the Moors in the eighth century, and was wrested from them in 1118 after a siege of five years, when the stubborn population had almost all perished of hunger. Below the hill of Torero, General Stanhope, on the 20th of August, 1710, defeated Philip v., flying from his defeat at Lerida. In 1808 it sustained two memorable sieges. The first was raised by the defeat of the French at Bailen ; but, being again in- vested, it resisted most heroically for 62 days, but ultimately capitulated, February 20, 1809. This defence is reckoned among the most heroic of modern times. Adj. and in- hab. Sauagos'san (Sp. Zakagozano, thi-ri-go-thi'no)i Saragossa (Sp. Zaragoza), a province of Spain, in Aragon, bounded on the N. and AV, by Navarre. Area, 6607 square miles. Capital, Saragossa. PQp. 401;894. Sarah, Blair co.. Pa. See Ci.AysBnRG. Sarah Fur'nace, a station of the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 4 miles N. of Brady's Bend, Pa. Sa'rahsville, a hamlet of Williamson Co., III., about 24 miles E. by S. of Carbondale. Sarahsville, a post-village in Centre township, Noble CO., 0., about 30 miles N. of Marietta. It is on Wills Creek, near its source. Coal is found near this place. It has 2 churches. Pop. 256. Saraisk, or Zaraisk,za-risk', a town of Russia, gov- ernment and 35 miles W.N.W. of Riazan, on the Oster. Pop. 5037. Sarakino, s4-r3.-kee'Tio, or Peristeria, pi-ris-ti- ree'i, an islet of the Grecian Archipelago, in the Sporades, immediately E. of Kilidromi, 6 miles long. Saramaca, si-ra-ma'ka, a river of Dutch Guiana, after a N. course of 200 miles enters the Atlantic 30 miles W. of the mouth of the Surinam. Saran, Bengal. See Sarun. Saranac, sir-a-nak' or sir'a-nak, the name of two connected lakes in Franklin CO., N.Y., in the Adirondack Wilderness. The Upper Saranac lake, is about 8 miles long, 2 miles wide, and is 1567 feet higher than the sea-level. The Lower Saranac is inferior in size, is about 5 miles E. of the upper lake, and 8 miles N. of Mount Seward. Saranac River issues from this lake, which derives a supply of water from Round Lake and the Upper Sara.nac. Saranac, a post-village in Boston township, Ionia co., Mich., on the Grand River, and on the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, 25 miles E. by S. of Grand Rapids, and 81 miles S.W. of Ionia. It has a bank, a graded school, 5 churches, a newspaper office, a stave-factory, 2 flour-mills, 4 saw- mills, a. tannery, a foundry, &c. Pop. 724. Saranac, a post-village in Saranac township, Clinton CO., N.Y., on a river of the same name, 16 or 17 miles W. by S. of Plattsburg. It has a church, about 50 houses, and a starch-factory. The township contains a village named Redford, and has some iron-works. P. of township, 4110. Saranac Hollow, a hamlet of Clinton co., N.Y., 3 miles from Saranac. Saranac Lake, a post-haralet of Franklin co., N.Y., is on the Saranac River where it issues from a lake of the same name, about 40 miles S. of Malone. It is surrounded by beautiful scenery, and has a church, a graded school, and a lumber-mill. Saranac River, in New York, is the outlet of the Saranac Lakes, in Franklin co. It runs northeastward through a mountainous country, intersects Clinton co., and enters Lake Champlain at Plattsburg. It is nearly 100 miles long. At Cadyville, 9 or 10 miles W. of Plattsburg, it descends 45 feet in passing through a gorge li miles long. Sarangarh, Bengal. See Sariingurh. Saransk, s5,-rinsk', or Zaransk', a town of Russia, government and 70 miles N. of Penza, at the confluence of the Saranga and Insara. Pop. 9369. It is built mostly of wood, and has 2 cathedr.als, salt-magazines, and manufac- tures of soap and leather. Sarapilly, si-ri-pil'lee, a town of India, presidency of Madras, 10 miles S. of Nellore. Sarapiqiii, si-rj-pc-kee', a river of Costa Rica, tribu- tary to the San Juan, and a principal channel of commu- nication between the interior of Costa Rica and the Carib- bean Sea. Sarapool, Sarapou), or Sarapul, si-ri-pool', a town of Russia, government and 195 miles S.E. of Viatka, on the Kama. Pop. 7688. The town, commanded by a fort on an adjacent height, has a cathedral, a large salt- magazine, manufactures of soap and leather, and a trade in timber and masts. Sarare, sA-r^-ri', a river of Brazil, province of Matto- Grosso, joins the Guapore in lat. 14° 51' S., Ion. 60° 30' W. At one place it passes within 4 miles of the .Sucuriu. Sarasota, si-rd-so't3,, a post-hamlet of Manatee co., Fla., on the Gulf of Mexico, 110 miles S. of Cedar Keys. It has a church. Sarasota Bay, in Manatee co., Fla., is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, cut off from the open gulf by Sarasota Island. North of this island, between it and Long Kej', is Sarasota Pass, the main entrance of the bay. Saras'sa, a post-office of Arkansas co.. Ark., on the Arkansas River. Saraswati, si-ris-wi'tee, a river of India, rises rear Aboo, in Joodpoor dominion, flows S.W. past Radhunpoor, and enters the head of the Gulf of Cutch. Length, 100 miles. It is held sacred by the Hindoos. Saratof, or Saratoff^ Russia. See SAHATor. Saratoga, sir-a-to'ga, a county in the E. part of New SAR li York, has an area of about 850 square miles. It is bounaed on the E. by the Hudson River, and on the S. by the Mo- hawk, and is intersected by the Sttcondaga River. The surface is moderately hilly or undulating, except the north- ern part, whicli is mountainous. It is extensively covered with forests of the oak, hickory, ash, beech, elm, chestnut, Bugar-maple, Ac. The soil is fertile. Hay, butter, potatoes, oats, Indian corn, lumber, and rye are the staple products. Among the minerals found in it are slate, Silurian (Tren- ton) limestone, and Potsdam sandstone, a good mntcriiil for building. This county is intersected bv the Rensselaer & Saratoga Riulrond, the Cbaniplain Ci.nal, and the Adi- rondack Railroad. The hirgest town of this county is Saratoga Springs, the fashionable watering-place. Cap- ital, Ballston. Valuation of real and personal estate, 836,797,898. Pop. in 1870, 51,529, of whom 43,820 were Americans; in 1875, 55,233. Saratogn^ a post-office of Jefferson co., Ala. Saratoga, a post-ofhee and mineral spring of Johnson CO., Ark., 13 miles from Clarksvilie. Sarato^Hf a post-village of Santa Clara co., Cal., 8 miles S.S.W. of Santa Clara village, and 10 miles S.W. of San Jos6. Here is a mineral spring which is a popular place of resort. The village has 2 churches, a paper-millj a flour-mill, and a tannery. Pop. about 400. Saratoga, a hamlet of Putnam co., Fla., on the St. John's River, 9 miles above Palatka. Here is a sulphur spring. Saratoga, a township of Grundy co.. III. Pop. 1233. Saratoga, post-township, Marshall co,, 111. P, 1163. Saratoga, a post-hamlet of Randolph co., Ind., on the railroad which connects Hartford with Union City, about 30 miles N. of Richmond. It has a church. Pop. about 200. Saratoga, a post-oflace of Howard co., Iowa, in Sara- toga township, on Crane Creek, about 20 miles W. of Cresco. Pop. of the township, 179. Saratoga, a post-hamlet of Pratt co., Kansas, 55 miles from Hutchinson. It has a church and a flour-mill. Saratoga, Lyon co., Minn. See Cobukg. Saratoga, a post-village in Saratoga township, AVi- nona co., Minn,, about 22 miles E.S.E. of Rochester, and 26 miles W.S.W. of Winona. It has a church, a graded school, and about 30 dwellings. Pop. of the township, 998. Saratoga, a hamlet and township of Wilson co., N.C, 10 miles E.^'of Wilson. Pop. 1108. Saratoga, a station of Champaign co., 0., on the Cin- cinnati, Sandusky A Cleveland Railroad, 3 miles N. of Urbana. Saratoga, a post-township of Wood co.. Wis., about 5 miles S. of Grand Rapids, is bounded on the W. by the Wis- consin River. Kaolin is said to be found here. Pop. 303. Saratoga Lake, a beautiful lake in Saratoga co., N,Y., about 5 miles S.E. of Saratoga Springs. It is 6 or 7 miles long and nearly 2 miles wide. Its outlet is Fish Creek, which enters the Hudson River. Saratoga Springs, a post-village and fashionable summer resort of Saratoga co., N.Y., in a township of its own name, on the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad, at the S. terminus of the Adirondack Railroad, 38 miles N. of Al- bany, and about ISO miles N. of New York City. Besides being one of the most fashionable summer resorts in the world, Saratoga is visited by many persons for its medicinal advantages. Here are over 20 mineral springs, some of which are of great celebrity, the waters of which, in addi- tion to the local consumption, are bottled in large quantities for exportation. The village contains 2 national banks, churches belonging to the Baptists, Catholics, Congregation- alists. Episcopalians, Methodists, and Presbyterians, and printing-offices which issue 1 daily and 3 weekly news- papers. It has numerous hotels, some of great elegance and capable of accommodating more than 1000 guests each. Several of the leading hotels sustain excellent orchestras, and the season is further enlivened by regattas upon Sara- toga Lake (4 miles distant), races upon the track of the Saratoga Racing Association, and the numberless elegant " turn-outs" of the visitors. Twelve miles E. of the village, on the Hudson River, is the battle-ground where General liurgoyne surrendered to General Gates during the Revolu- tion in 1777. Pop. of village, 7516; of township, 8537. Saratov, or Saratow, s^i-ri-tov', written also Sara- tof and Saratoir, a government of Russia, between lat. 48° 10' and 53° IS' N. and Ion. 42*= 30' and 51° 20' E, Area, 32,622 square miles. Pop. in 1870, 1,751,268. Surface in the W. hilly, and in many parts fertile; but the E. is a wide desert steppe. The principal rivers are the Volga, which bounds it on the E., and its tributaries, besides the Khoperand Medvieditza, tributaries of the Don. Largequan- 125 15 SAU titles of rye, wheat, oats, millet, and poaso are raised, and partly exported. Sheep- and cattle-breeding is conducted on a large scale, and the rearing of bees and silk-worms is increasing. Tho fisheries in the Volga are very valuable, and large quantities of salt iish and caviare are exported. Principal minerals, salt, millstones, and iron. It has manufactures of linen, cotton, and woollen fabrics, hosiery, irtmwares, leather, and earthenwares, also numerous llour- mills and distilleries. Capital, Saratov. Saratov, a town of Russia, capital of tho above, is sit- uated on tho right bank of tho Volga, 290 miles E. of Vo- ronezh. Lat. 51° 31' N.; Ion. about 46° E. Pop. 85,220. It consists of an upper and a lower town, built ohicfly of wood, and has many churches, a mosque, some monasteries, a new and handsome bishop's palace, large government edi- fice, a large bazaar, several hospitals, a college and other schools, an ecclesiastical seminary, manufactures of cotton cloths, cotton and silk hosiery, clocks, watches, leather, to- bacco, rope, and earthenwares, a bell-foundry, breweries, distilleries, and vinegar-factories. From its position on the Volga and between Astrakhan, Moscow, and Nizhnee- Novgorod, it is tho seat of an extensive trade, importing colonial goods and foreign manufactures, ond exporting corn, salted fish, hides, and cattle; it has also three im- portant annual fairs. SaratovUa, or SaratOAVka, si-ri-tov'kS,, a village of Russia, S.E. of St. Petersburg, on the Neva. Sarauli, a town of India, See Saurowlv. SaraAvah, si-ri'wi, or Sarwa, sar'wi, a town of Burmah, on the Xrrawaddy, 80 miles N,W. of Rangoon. Sarawaiiy s4-rd-wdk', a country of Borneo, on the N. coast of the island, near its W. side, extending between lat. 1° and 2° N, and Ion. 109° 40' and 111° 40' E., bounded W. and S. by tho mountain Krimbang, and watered by the river Sarawak and its tributaries. Capital, Sarawak. The rajahship of this country was held from 1S39 to 1868 by Sir James Brooke, and since 1868 has been held by his nephew. The rajah's authority is absolute, and his vassalage to the Sultnn of Borneo is merely nominal. The rule of native chiefs and English officers is combined, and for many years the country has been very prosperous. Exports, sago, gutta- percha, rubber, wax, gold, antimony, &o. Pop. 250,000. SaraAvak, formerly Kucliiu, koo'chin, a town in the W, of the island of Borneo, capital of a rajahship, and on a river of the same name, in lat. 1° 33' N., Ion. 110° 20' E. It consists of a native and a Europeiin town, the former built on each side of two reaches of the river, and divided into kampongs, or clusters, and the latter occupying heights on the left bank of the river. Many of these houses, raised on posts and formed of wood, have a very respectable appearance. An English church mission and a native school have been established. The trade of the town is considerable, and is carried on with Singapore. It has forts, a palace of the rajah, barracks, prison, and court- house. Pop. 18,000. Sarawak, s^-r4-wS,k', or Presqu'ile, prSsk'eel', a post-viUage in Grey co., Ontario, 14 miles N. of Owen Sound, Pop. 125. Sarawan, sa.-rd-wS.n', written also Saharawan, a province of Beloochistan, between lat. 2S° and 30° 20' N. and Ion. 64° and 67° 40' E, Area, 15,000 square miles. Pop. 50,000. Surface mostly mountainous and rugged ; Tukatoo, in the N., rises upwards of 11,000 feet. The prin- cipal towns are Sarawan, Shawl, and Mustung. Sarawan, a town of Beloochistan, capital of the above, 98 miles W. of Kelat. Lat. 28° 47' N, ; Ion. 64° 50' E. It consists of about 500 houses in a barren district, enclosed by a mud wall. Sarayacu, sS,-ri-S,-koo', a town of Peru, on the navi- gable river Ucayale, in lat. about 6° 50' S., Ion. 75° AV. Sarconi, saR-ko'nee, a village of Italy, in Basilicata, 13 miles N.E. of Lagonegro. Pop. 1131. Sarcoxie, sar-kox'ee, a township of Jefferson oo., Kan- sas. Pop. 681. Sarcoxie, a post-village in Sarcoxie township, Jasper CO., Mo., on Centre Creek, and on the Missouri & Western Railroad, 14 miles E.S.E. of Carthage, and 12 miles N.W. of Pierce City, It has a newspaper office, a graded school, a church, and a carriage-factory. Pop. of township, 19S3. Sardam, a town of the Netherlands, See Zaandam. Sardara, sau-di'rS,, a village of Sardinia, 23 miles S.E. of Oristiino. Pop. 2569. SardaAvala, the native name of Serdovol, Sardes, a city of Asia Minor. SeeSABDis. Sardice, a village of Austria. See Scuarditz. Sardinas, saR-dee'n^s, asmallbay of the United States of Colombia, in lat. about 2° N., Ion. 79° W. SAR 1986 SAR Sardinia, Ban-din'e-a (It. (Sarrfegrna, san-din'yi; Fr, Sardaigne, sanMin' ; Ger. Surdfnien, san-dee'ne-^n ; Dutch, Sardinie, san-deen'yeh ; Sp. Sardena, sau-dSn'yi, or Cer- dena, th^u-d^n'yS, ; anc. Sardin'ia and Ichnu'sa ; Gr. Sapfiti, Sardo, or ^apSiov, Scrdoii^ 'Ixvova-a, Ichnouea), the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily, and forming with its surrounding islands, the principal of which are Antioco, San Pietro, Asinara, Magdalena, Tavolara, and Caprera, a compartimento of the kingdom of Italy. It extends from lat. 38° 50' to 41° 15' N,, and from Ion. 8° 5' to 9° 50' E. ; greatest length, from Cape Teulada, in the S., to Longo Sardo, in the N., 152 miles; breadth, 66 miles. Area, including the small islands along the coast, 9399 square miles. It is nearly in the form of a parallelogram, and not without considerable indentations, especially on the S. and W. coasts. On the N. it is separated from the island of Corsica by the Strait of Bonifacio, about 7 miles wide. The coast is rugged and precipitous, presenting a suc- cession of headlands. The principal bay is that of Porto Torres. The AV. coast, stretching S. from Cape Falcon, pre- sents, among other remarkable headlands, that of Cape Ar- gentaro, upwards of 2000 feet in height. The island is generally mountainous, the peak called Genargentu, 5276 feet high, being the most elevated point. There are several extended and beautiful plains, and some stony and sterile tracts. Lead, silver, iron, marble, alabaster, and mercury are found, but are not much wrought. The country as a whole is very fruitful, especially in grain, which, with live- stocky is largely exported. The metliods of cultivation are very primitive. Oil, wine, madder, and tobacco are sec- ondary products of the island. Education is very back- ward J and probably in no part of Europe have the advances of modern civilization made less obvious changes than here. The prevalence of severe endemic fevers, especially dan- gerous to foreigners, has done much to keep Sardinia almost unknown and unvisited by tourists. The people speak strongly-marked dialects of the Italian. They are proud, quarrelsome, and revengeful, but truthful, hospitable, brave, and patriotic. There are two provinces, named from the two chief towns, Sassari and Cagliari. There are a few short railway lines. Sardinia formerly gave name to an important kingdom, which included not only the island, but Piedmont, Savoy, and Liguria, on the mainland, now be- longing principally to the kingdom of Italy (of which these were the germ). The present departments of Alpes-Mari- times, Savoie, and Haute-Savoie, in France, were also parts of the Sardinian dominions. History. — The early history of the island is involved in much obscurity. Its inhabitants were independent, when, about B.C. 530, they were attacked by the Carthaginians and obliged after a valiant resistance to quit the low country and retire into their mountain-fastnesses. Buring the first Punic war the Romans made strenuous exertions to become masters of the island, and ultimately obtained a formal cession of it. This cession left a rankling in the breasts of the Carthaginians, and is mentioned as one of the causes which led to the second Punic war, in which Rome, though finally victorious, was brought to the brink of ruin by Han- nibal. During the struggles between Rome and Carthage, Sardinia often became the theatre of war, and suffered equally from both. At a very early period the inhabitants were converted to Christianity. On the fall of the Western Empire it came successively under the power of the Van- dals, Goths, and Moors. At the end of the twelfth century it was held by the Genoese, and afterwards by the kings of Aragon till 1713. In 1720 it was acquired. by Savoy in exchange for Sicily. Adj. and inhab. Sardinian, sar- din'e-an (It. Sar'do). Sardinia, sar-din'e-a, a post-village in Jackson town- ship, Decatur cc, Ind., about 35 miles N.N.W. of Madison, and 16 miles E, by S. of Columbus. It has 2 churches. Sardinia, a post-village in Sardinia township, Erie co., N.Y., on the Springville & Sardinia Railroad, 3 miles W. of Arcade Station. 8 miles E. by N, of Springville, and 22 miles S.W. of Warsaw. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, a woollen-mill, a carriage-shop, and nearly 45 houses. Pop, about 300; of the township, 1693. Sardinia, a post-village in Washington township, Brown co., 0., on the Cincinnati <& Eastern Railroad, 46^ miles E. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches, a wagon-factory, and a graded school. Pop, 164, Sardinia, a post-office of Clarendon co., S.C. Sardinia Junction, a station in Erie co., N.Y., on the Buffalo, New York & Philadelphia Railroad, at the iunction of the Springville & Sardinia Railroad, 31^ miles S.S.E.of Buffalo. Sar'dis, or Sar'des (Gr.Sapfiiyor Sipfieis: Turk. Sart^ saRt), a ruined city of Asia Minor, in antiquity the capital of Lydia, at the N. foot of Mount Tmolus, 50 miles N.E. of Smyrna. On its summit are extensive remains of a castle, called the house of Croesus; and about 1 mile dis- tant are traces of a vast temple of Cybele. Under Croesus, its king, from whom it was taken by Cyrus, Sardis was one of the most splendid cities of the East. After passing to the Romans it rapidly declined, and during the reign of Tiberius was almost destroyed by an earthquake. It was, however, immediately rebuilt, and acquired new interest from becoming the seat of one of the Apocalyptic churches. Sar'dis, a post-othce of Burke co., Ga. Sardis, a post-village of Mason co., Ky., about 12 miles S.W. of Maysville. It has 3 churches. Pop. 149. Sardis, a post-villa.ge, capital of Panola co., Miss., on the Mississippi & Tennessee Railroad, 50 miles S. of Mem- phis, and 50 miles N. of Grenada. It is the largest village of the county, and contains a newspaper office, 7 churches, a female institute, a bank, and a tannery. Sardis, a post-village in Lee township, Monroe co., 0., on the Ohio River, about 40 miles above Marietta.. It has a chair-factory, a flour-mill, and several stores. Pop. 170. Sardis, a post-hamlet in Franklin township, West- moreland CO., Pa., IS miles E. by N. of Pittsburg. Near it are several churches, Sardis, a post-hamlet of Henderson co,, Tenn., 25 miles E. of Henderson Station. It has a church and 2 or 3 stores. Sardis, a post-office of Cass co., Texas. Sardis, a post-hamlet of Harrison co., W. Ya., 4 miles N.W. of Wilsonburg Station. It has a church. Sardoal, saR-do-il', a town of Portugal, in Beira, 14 miles S.E. of Thomar. Pop. 3934. Sarec'ta, a post-hamlet of Duplin co., N.C., on Goshen Creek, about 55 miles N. of Wilmington. Saree, or Sari, sa--rec', the capital town of the Persian province of Mazanderan, 20 miles E. of Balfurosh. Lat. 36° 30' N.; Ion. 53° 10* E. Pop. 15,000. It is enclosed by a ditch and by a mud wall flanked by pentagonal brick towers but kept in very bad repair. Sarembey, or Sarambey, si-rem-bi', a town of Eastern Boumelia, 65 miles by rail W. of Philippopolis. Sarepta, sa-r^p'ta, a town of Russia, government of Saratov, in its S. part, on the Sarpa, near its influx into the Volga, 15 miles S. of Tsaritsin. It was founded in 1765 by a colony of Germans, and is the centre of numerous colonies of Moravians, Sarepta, a city of Palestine. See Surafkno. Sarep'ta, a post-village of Calhoun co., Miss., 25 miles E. of AVater Valley, and about 50 miles W.N.W. of Aber- deen. It has 3 churches. Sarepta, a hamlet of Warren co., N,J., about 4 miles E.N.E. of Belvidere. It has a flour-mill. Sarep'ta, or Friedsburg:, freedz'burg, a post-village in Huron co., Ontario, 20 miles S.W. of Seaforth. P. 100. Sares-Kend, sS,-rSs-k^nd', a village of Persia, in Azerbaijan, S.W. of Minnna. Near it are two ruined fort- resses, termed Kalah-Zohak. Sarezzo, sA-ret'so, a village of Italy, in Brescia, 2 miles S. by E. of Gardone, on the Mella. Pop. 16S7. Sargadelos, san-gi-d^'Ioce, a village of Spain, in Galicia, province and 18 miles N. of Lugo. Sargana Taluk, sar-gfin'^ tl-look', a native state of India, in Candeish. Area, 360 square miles. Pop. S094. Sargans, san'gS-ns, a town of Switzerland, canton of St. Gall, at a railway, "A miles S.E. of Wallenstadt. P. 1014. Sargeant's Bluff, Iowa. See Sergeant Bluffs. Sar'gent, a post-otRce of Santa Clara co., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 37 miles S. by E. of San Jose. Sargent, a township of Douglas co., III. Pop. 1035. Sargent, a post-oflico of Hamilton co., Kansas, on the Atchison, Topeka k Santa F6 Railroad, 13 miles E. of Granada, Col. Sargent, McKean co.. Pa. See Sergeant. Sargent's, a station of the Savannah, Griffin A North Alabama Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of Newnnn, Ga. Sar'gentville, a post-hamlet of Hancock co., Me., on the E. shore of Penobscot Bay, or Eggemoggin Reach, about 20 miles E.S.E. of Belfast. It is supported b}' fishing and ship-building. Sari, a town of Persia. See Saree. SarinMa, a post-othce of Weld co.. Col. Sarine, a river of Switzerland. See Saane. Sarineiia, si-re-n^n'yA. a town of Spain, province and 26 miles S.E. of Huesoa, in a fertile plain. Pop. 3020. Sarjoo, or Sarjou, a river of India. See Goggra, Sark, or Sercq,saiRk, one of the islands in the Eng- SAR 1' lish Channel, belonging to Grent Britain, 7 miles E. of Guernsey, and 10 miles N.W. of Jersey. Lat. 49° 5' N. ; Ion. 2° 22' W. Area, 1400 acres. It consists of two high peninsulas united by a narrow isthmus. Many sea-fowl and fish are taken around the coasts. It presents very wild and beautiful scenery, and, though a dependency of Guernsey, has a local government of its own. Its only landing-place is at Creux. Pop. 546. Sarkf a small river of Scotland, co. of Dumfries, with a S.W. course of 10 or 11 miles past Springfield, forms for several miles the boundary between Scotland and England, and enters the Solway Firth near its E. o.Ktremity. Sarkad, shliOkod', a town of Hungary, co. of Bihar, 35 miles S.W. of Grosswardein. Pop. TiU'i. Sai'kholniy sark'holm, a small island in the Gulf of Riga. Sarlat) sanMA', a town of France, in Dordogne, on the Sarlat, 44 miles S.E. of P6rigueu."£. Pop. 4521. It has a communal college, and manufactures of edge-tools, oruciblcs, and leather. Sarmatia^ the ancient name of Poland. Sarmatta, san-mit'ti. one of the Serawatty Islands, in the i\Ialay Archipelago, between Timor and Timor Laut, in lat. S° 10' S., Ion. 12S° 45' E., 30 miles in circuit. Sarmiento, san-me-Sn'to, a remarkable mountain of Terra del Fuego, on the S. side of Gabriel Channel, Lat. 54° 27' 12" S.; Ion. 70° 51' 30" W. Its height is 6910 feet above sea-level, rising from a broad base. SariianOj san-ni'no, a town of Italy, province and 10 miles S.S.W. of Macerata. Pop. 43S7. Saruen, san'nen, a town of Switzerland, capital of the canton of Unterwaldon. on the Aa where it leaves the Lake of Sarnen, and at the foot of the Landenberg, 1 1 miles S. of Lucerne. Pop. 3720. In its council-house are some paint- ings and an alto-rilievo model of Switzerland. See also L.IKE OF Sarnen. Sariier-.4a, Switzerland. See Aa. Sariiia, the ancient name of Guernsey. Sariiia, sar'ne-a, an incorporated town of Ontario, capi- tal of the CO. of Litmbton, situated on the river St. Clair, near Lake Huron, and on the Great Western and Grand Trunk Railways, 61 miles W. of London. It has a ferry across the river to Port Huron, and is a port of entry. It has 5 churches, several schools, 2 branch banks, 2 newspaper offices, a brewery, saw-, grist-, and shingle-mills, and manu- factories of iron castings, machinery, wooden-ware, wool- lens, leather, Pacific Railroad, 15 miles E. of Sherman. It has a church, a masonic lodge, and about 16 business houses. Pop. 300. Savoy Centre, a post-office of Berkshire co., Mass. Savu, Malay Archipelago. See Savoo. Savus, the ancient name of the Save. Sawatch, Colorado. See Saguache. Sawbridgeworth, England. See Sabridgeworth. Saw Dust, a post-hamlet of Columbia co., Ga., on the Georgia Kailroad, 21 miles W, of Augusta. It has a church. Saw Dust Valley, a post-village of Maury co., Tenn., 8 miles from Columbia. It has 2 churches, an academy, a flour-mill, Ac. Saw^kehatch'ee or Son^gahatch'ee CreeU, Ala., rises in Lee co., runs westward through Tallapoosa co., and enters the Tallapoosa River. Saw Mill, a post-olRce of Pawnee co., Kansas. Saw'mili Flat, a decayed mining village of Tuolumne CO., Cal., 1 mile E. of Columbia. Sawtelle's (saw-tellz') Peak, a peak of the Rocky Mountains, in Montana, near lat. 44° 32' N., about 3 miles S. of Henry Lake. It is of volcanic origin, and is com- posed of porphyry, basalt, Vi'niar i'zen-flK^), a grand duchy of Central Germany, consisting of three larger portions, Weimar, Neustadt, and Eisenach, and twelve smaller parcels. Weimar proper is bounded on the N. by Prussian Saxony, on the W. by Prussian Saxony and Schwarzburg-Rudoistadt, on the S. by Schwarzbuvg-RudoU stadt, and on the S.E. and E. by Saxe- Altenburg. Neu- stadt lies to the S.E. of the former, and is completely sepa- rated from it, Eisenach, situated considerably to the W.. is bounded on the N. by Prussian Saxony, S. by Bavaria, SAX 1993 SAX and E. by Saxe-Meiningen nnd Saxe-Coburg-Gothft. Area of the whole, 1 104 square uiiles. It almost wholly belongs to the basins of the Elbe and the Wcsor, the former drain- ing Weimar by the Saalo, which traverses it, and the Elster, Oria, Ilm, and Unstrut, tributaries of the Snale, and the latter draining Eisenach by the Werra and its tributaries, Suhl, llorsol, Felda, and Ulster. The lakes are of small extent, but numerous. The principality of Weimar is the most fertile part. Eisenach is the district least adapted for agriculture. In the valley of the Saale muoh hemp is grown, and in some sheltered spots, particularly in the neighborhood of Jena, vineyards are seen. The forests are very extensive, an I form the principal wealth of the grnnd duchy. The most valuable stock is sheep. Swine also are very numerous, and the minerals include silver and copper, no longer worked; iron and manganese, worked to some extent; salt and potter's clay. Manufactures have made most progress in Eisenach, whore woollen, cotton, and linen tissues, ribbons, carpets, A. Sayersville, sa'§rz-vil, or Sayerville,, sa'§r-vil, a post-village of Middlesex co., N.J., 5 miles AV.S.W. of South Amboy. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of fire-bricks and other bricks. Sayles (salz) Bleach'ery, a village in Lincoln town- ship. Providence co., R.I., on the Providence A Worcester Railroad, near Pawtucket. It has extensive bleaching- works, a graded school, and a union chapel. Pop. 450. Saylor, su'i^r, a township of Polk co., Iowa. Pop. 691. See Savlousville. Saylorsburg, sa'l9rz-burg, a post-hamlet of Monroe CO., Pa., about 16 miles N. by W.of Easton. It has a grist- mill, a saw-mill, &c, Saylorsville, sa'l^rz-vll, a post-village in Saylor town- ship, Polk CO., Iowa, on the Des Moines & Minnesota Rail- road, at Saylor Station, 6^ miles N. of Des Moines. It has a church. Sayn, sine, a village of Prussia, government and 6 miles N. of Coblentz, at the confluence of the Brochse and the Saynbach. Pop. 2231, with surroundings. Sayiiy, or Seiny, si'nee, a town of Poland, govern- ment of Suvalki, on the Niemcn, here joined by the Sey- neczka, IS miles E. of Suvalki. Pop. 4035. It has a cathedral, and manufactures of woollen cloth and leather. Saypan, or Seypan, si^pan', one of the Ladrone Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 15° 19' 44" N., Ion. 146° E., 12 miles in length, and having a good harbor on its W. side. Sayre, sa'§r, a post-village of Bradford co., Pa., on the Susquehanna River, 2 miles above Athens, and 20 miles from Elmira. It is the S. terminus of the Southern Cen- tral Railroad, which here connects with the Lohigh Valley Railroad and the Geneva, Ithaca Susquehanna Railroads. Capital, Schenectady. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $15,651,240. Pop. in 1870, 21,347, of whom 17,661 were Americans; in 1875, 22,892. Schenectady, a city, the capital of Schenectady co., N.Y., is on the S. bank of the Mohawk River, and on the Erie Canal, 17 miles N.W. of Albany, and 78 miles E. by S. of Utica. Lat. 42° 48' N. ; Ion. 73° 55' W. It is on the New York Central, Albany k Susquehanna, and Rens- selaer resents on its banks a pleasant promenade named the Plantaadje. It was formerly fortified, but of its four gates only the remains of one now exist; and along the site of the walls stand elegant corn- and malt-mills. The chief editices and institutions are the town hall, the exchange (the tinest building in the town), the Doelen, or gathering-place, the Mu.«is Sacrum, an elegant concert hall, the churches, Latin, drawing, commercial, and other schools, a public library, a jihysical and a musical society, numerous hospitals for the sick, for orphans, and fur aged men and women, and other benevolent institutions. The manufac- tures of Schiedam include copper and iron castings, white lead and litharge, linen-weaving and tlax-spinning; it has also vinegar-works, breweries, rope-walks, and building- yards ; but it is most noted for its production of gin and other liquors. There are 220 distilleries in the town and its vicinity. Large numbers of swine are fattened on the re- fuse of the distilleries. Besides the ti*ade in gin, Schiedam has a considerable commerce in grain and coals. P. 21,880. Schiedam (ske-d3,m') Islands, a group of the Malay Archipelago, in the Sea of Flores, 90 miles N. of Flores. Schierling, sheen'ling, a town of Bavaria, on an island formed by the Gross Labor, about 14 miles S. of Ratisbon. Near it, on April 20, 1809, the Austrians were defeated by the French. Pop. 1659. Schiermonnik-Oog, SKeeR'mon-nik-og\ an island in the North Sea, belonging to the Netherlands, in Fries- land, 10 miles E. of Ameland. Length, 8 miles; breadth, 2 miles. Pop. 1080, engaged in fishing. Schiers, sheens, a town of Switzerland, in Orisons, on the Landquart, 11 miles N.N.E. of Chur. Pop. 1737. Schierstein, sheen'stine, a village of Prussia, in Hesse- Nassau, on the Rhine, 3 miles S.S.W. of Wiesbaden. Pop. 2138. It has manufactures of wine. Schievelbein, or Schiefelbcin, shee'ffl-bine\ a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 36 miles S.W. of Ciislin, on the Rega. Pop. 5638. Schitferstadt, shiffer-stitt^ a village of Rhenish Bavaria, 6 miles N.N.W. of Speyer. Pop. 4027. The Aus- trians were defeated here by the French in 1794. Schihal'lion, or Schehal'lioii, a mountain of Scot- land, CO. of Perth, 4 miles S.E. of Loch Rannoch. Ele- vation, 3564 feet. Schilda, shil'dS,, or Schildau, shil'dow, a town of Prussian Saxony, 40 miles E.N.E. of Merseburg. P. 1489. Schildberg, shilt'b^KG, Schimberg, shim'bSRo, or Ssimperk, sim'pSnk, a town of Austria, in Moravia, 36 miles N.W. of Olmutz. Pop. 1780. Schildberg (Polish, Ostrzeazow, ost-zh4'shov), a town of Prussian Poland, 83 miles S.E. of Posen. Pop. 2875. It has tanneries. Schildesche, shil'dSsh-eh, a village of Prussia, in Westphalia, 23 miles S.W. ofMinden, on the Aa. P. 3148. Schildkroteninseln. See Galapagos. Schilka, a river of Russia. See Shilka. Schiller, shil'ler, a post-hamlet of Brown co., Wis., about 6 miles E. of Green Bay. Schiller Park, a station of the Philadelphia, Newtown & New York Railroad, 5 miles N.E. of West Philadelphia. Schilling (shil'ling) Lake, in East Prussia, 4 miles E. of Osterode, S miles in length by 1 mile in width. Schiltach, shil'tiK, a town of Baden, on the Kinzig, here joined by the Schiltach, 13 miles S.S.W. of Freuden- stadt. Pop. 1453. Schiltigheim, shil'tiG-hime*, a village of Germany, in Alsace, 1 mile N. of Strasburg. Pop. 5653. Schimberg, Austria. See Schildberg. '- sen Schintznach, or Schinznach, shints'nlK, a village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, on the Aar, 4 miles S.W. of Brugg. The Schintznach or Hapsburg baths are the most frequente° 14' 30" N. ; Ion. 15° 45' E. It is a bold, rocky headland, about 200 feet high, with its base deeply scooped out by the action of the waves. It is situ- ated in the narrowest part of the strait, and opposite to the rocks and shoals of Charybdis, where strong currents meet and make wild uproar. The ancients fabled that in a cave at the base of this promontory dwelt Scylla, a fearful mon- ster, who devoured the raah or unwary mariners who ap- proached too near ; under this figure indicating the perils which they supposed to attend on this faUil spot. In mod- ern times, however, gunpowder ha* been emploj'ed in re- moving some of the more formidable rocks, and the action of the water may in course of time have somewhat widened the channel. Owing, probably, in some measure to these causes, modern navigators find it comparatively easy to avoid Scylla without falling into Charybdis. Scilla, shil'li or sheel'lA, or Sciglio, sheel'yo (anc. Sci/l^ai'nm), a town of Italy, province of Reggio di Calabria, at the N. entrance of the Strait of Messina, on the above promontory. Lat. 3S° 14' 5" N. ; Ion. 15° 45' E. Pop. 5835, mostly seafaring people. It has a strong fort. It suflFered greatly in the earthquake of 17S3. Scilly, sil'Iee, a fishing village of Ireland, in Munster, CO. of Cork, forming a maritime suburb of Kinsale. Scilly (sil'Iee) Cove, a village in the district of Trinity, Newfoundland, 33 miles from Harbor Grace. Pop. 560. Scilly (sil'Iee) Islands (Fr, SorlinjueR, sorMAn°'), off the S.W. coast of England, co. of Cornwall, 30 miles W.S.W. of Land's End. Lat. of light-house on St. Agnes, 49° 53' N. ; Ion. 6° 20' W. They consist of about 140 isleU, besides many rocks, the principal of the former being St. Mary's, Tresco. St. Martin, Brehar, St. Agnes, and Samp- son. Aggregate area, 5770 acres. Population employed in fishing, agriculture, and manufacturing kelp. The Scilly Islands rise abruptly from a deep sea, and form a compact group about 30 miles in circumference. They consist for the most part of granite. The climate is mild, and the soil in part fertile, producing good barley, rye, oats, and potatoes. Hughtown, the capital, on the island of St. Mary's, is the seat of a court, which administers the civil government of the islands, and it has a pier, fort, and custom-house, but Tresco is the residence of the lord proprietor. They have several light-houses and secure roadsteads, but numerous shipwrecks have occurred on them. They have been con- sidered the Cassilerides or tin-islands of the ancients, but they have no mines of tin or any other metal. Pop. 20U0. Scilly Islands, a group in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 16° 28' S.; Ion. 156° 10' W. Scinde, a country of Asia, See Sinde. Scindia's Dominion, India. See Gwaltor. Scio, shee'o or si'o, written also Khio, Khios, and Skio (modern Gr. Xto, Chio, Hee'o; anc. CAi''os),an island belonging to Turkey, off the W. coast of Asia Minor, 4 miles W. of Cape Bianco, from which it is separated by the Strait of Scio. Length, from N. to S., 32 miles; greatest breadth, 18 miles. Area, 508 square miles. The surface is very much diversified, and it is one of the richest and most beautiful islands of the Levant. The principal products are wine of superior quality, mastic, silk, wool, cheese, figs, lemons, oranges, and other fruits. Previous to 1822 this island was the most prosperous in the Grecian Archipelago, and had thrivingsilk-manufactories, and considerable trade with Constantinople, Syria, and Egypt j but in the above year, some of its inhabitants having joined tho Samians in their revolt, nearly all the population, comprising from 120,000 to 130.000 persons, were massacred or sold into slavery, and tho buildings and plantations wore for tho most part destroyed. Capital, Scio. Pop. estimated at 50,000. Adj. and inhab. CniOT, kee'ot, or ScioT, shee'ot j or Chi'an when the ancient island is referred to. Scio, or Cas'tro, a town, tho capital of the above island, near tho middle of the E. coast. It consists for the most part of houses of stone or brick, is defended by a castio, has manufactures of velvet and some lighter fabrics, and at its harbor, which is formed by two moles and pro- vided with two light-houses, carries on a considerable trade. It is tho see of a Latin bishop. Pop 14,500. Scio, si'o, a post-hamlet of Washtenaw co., Mich., in Scio township, on the Huron River, and on the Michigan Central Railroad, about 6 miles N.W. of Ann Arbor, and 44 miles W. of Detroit. It has a flour-mill. The village of Dexter is in this township. Pop. of tho township, 2127. Scio, a post-village in Scio township, Alleghany co,, N.Y., on the Genesee River, and on the Erie Railroad, 4^ miles S.S.E. of Belmont. It has 3 churches, and manufac- tures of sUives, heading, and tubs. Pop. about 800; of the township. 1041. Scio, a post-village in North township, Harrison co., 0., at New Market Station on the Pan-Uandle Railroad, 116 miles E. of Columbus. Here is a Methodist institution called "One Study University." It has 3 churches and a money-order post-ofiice. Pop. about 600. Scio, a post-village of Linn co., Oregon, near the North Fork of the Santiam River, 21 miles S.S.E. of Salem. It has 2 churches and the Scio College. Sciola,si-o'la. a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., lowfl, on the Nodaway River, 9 miles N. of Villisea, and about 15 miles E. of Red Oak, It has a church. Sciolzc, shold'zi, a village of Italy, province and 11 miles E.N.E. of Turin. Pop. 1208. Sciota, si-o'ta, a post-village in Sciota township, McDonough co.. 111., on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, 12 miles W, of Bushnell, and about 26 miles S.E. of Burlington, Iowa. It has 2 churches. A large quantity of corn is shipped here. Pop. of township, 1138. Sciota, a township of Shiawassee co., Mich. P. 1312. Sciota, a township of Dakota co., Minn. Pop. 301. Sciota, or Scioto, a post-village in Chazy township, Clinton co., N.Y,, on the New York Rio Grande Railroad, 25 miles S. of Den- ver, and 5 miles from the base of the Rocky Mountains. Sedalia, a post-village in Owen township, Clinton Co., Ind., on the Logansport, Crawfurdsville & Southwestern Railroad, 28 miles S. by W. of Logansport. It has a church, a lumber-mill, and warehouses for grain. Pop. about 300. Sedalia, a post-hamlet of Graves co., Ky., 8 miles from Mayfield. Sedalia, a city, capital of Pettis co.. Mo., is on the Missouri Pacific Railroad where it crosses the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, at the terminus of the Lexing- ton Branch of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 189 miles AV. of St. Louis, 94 miles E.S.E. of Kansas City, 35 miles S.AV. of Boonville, and 111 miles N.E. of Fort Swjtt. It con- tains a court-house, an opera-house, a high school with a brick building which cost .$40,01)0, 2 national bonks, a savings-bank, 9 churches, and several hotels. This city is lighted with gas. Sedalia has Holly water-works which cost §125,000, 3 flouring-mills, a large grain-elevator, an iron-foundry, and manufactures of farniing-ini]>lement3, machinery, wagons, and railroad-cars. Here are located the machine-shops and car-works of the railroads above named. Two or 3 daily and 4 weekly newspapers are pub- lished here. Pop. in 1870, 4560 ; present pop. about 9000. Sedalia, a post-village of Union co., S.C., 12 miles S.AV. of Union Court-House. It has a church, a flour-mill, a saw-mill, . Seine, sin or sin (anc. Svq'iinnn), a river of Franco, rises in JMount Tasselot, near the village of Chanccaux, de- partment of Cote-d'Or, flows N.N.W. past Chatillon, Bar- sur-Seine, .ind Mcry, where it becomes navigable, thence W. and N.W. by Paris (where it is from 300 to oOO feet broad), and enters the English Channel at Havre by an estuary 7 miles wide. Length, 497 miles, for 360 of which it is navigable. Its banks are highly picturesque in the lower part of its course. The chief affluents on the left are the Yoane, Loing, Essonne, Eurc, and Killo: and, on the right, the .^ube, Marne, and Oise. It communicates with the Loire by the canals of Loing, Orleans, and Briare. The Yonne unites it with the Saone and Rhino by the canals of Burgundy and those of the Khone and Rhine. The Oise connects it with the Sommc, Scheldt, and Sambre by the canals of Crozat. Saint-Quentin, and the Sambre, and it communicates with the iMeuse by the Aisne and the canal of Ardennes ; by the canal from"the Marno to the Rhine it communicates with the Weuse, Moselle, and Rhine. Seine, the smallest but most we;ilthy and important de- partment of France, is in the N., formed of part of the old province of Ilo-de-France. Area, 185 square miles. Pop. 2,410,349. The surface of this department, forming the environs of Paris, is covered with towns, villages, villas, and manufactories. It contains Mont-Valerien, Mont- martre, and some other hills, is watered by the Seine and Marne and traversed by the canals of Saint-ftenis and Saint- Martin and by several railways. The department contains valuable quarries of building-stones and gypsum. It fur- nishes Paris with immense quantities of fruits and agricul- tural produce. Its industry is concentrated in Paris, the capital. It is divided into the arrondissements of Saint- Denis and Sceaux. Capital, Paris. Seine>et-iUarue, sin-i-maiin, a department in the N.E. of France, forming part of the old province of Ile-de- France. Area, 2215 square miles. Pop. 347,323. The sur- face is slightly undulating; it is traversed by the rivers Seine and Marne, Jlorin and Yeres, and by the canals of Ourcq and Loing. One-sixth of the department is covered with forests, among which is that of Fontainebleau. Corn is raised much beyond the consumption, and it has excellent pastures, in which numerous cattle are reared. It furnishes Paris with a great quantity of cheese, under the name of the cheese of Brie. The wine is of inferior quality, except the Chasselas of the environs of Fontainebleau, which is the best in France. The roses of Provins are employed in medicine and perfumery. The department is divided into the arrondissements of Coulommiers, Fontainebleau, Meau.x, Melun, and Provins. Capital, Melun. Seine-et-Oise, sin-i-wiz, a department in the N. of France, entirely surrounding the department of Seine. Area, 2164 square miles. Pop. 561,990. The surface is undulating. It is watered by the Seine, Essonne, Oise, Bievre, and Epte. The soil is infertile ; near Paris, how- ever, it is liberally manured. Oats are extensively im- ported ; but other grains are raised in sufficient quantity for home demand. The rearing of cattle and sheep, and the cultivation of fi'uits and vegetables for the Paris mar- kets, are important. The famous Sevres porcelain, printed fabrics, cotton yarn and cloths, hardwares, leather, and chemical products are among the chief goods manufactured. Plaster of Paris and sand are among the mineral prod- ucts. The department is subdivided into the six arrondisse- ments of Versailles, Corbeil, Etampes, Mantes, Pontoise, and Rambouillet. Capital, Versailles. Seine - Inferieure, sin-iNo'fi're-un', a department in the N.W. part of France, forming part of Normandy, bounded N. by the English Ch.annel. Area, 23.30 square miles. Pop. 798,414. The coast has numerous sm.all har- bors ; the chief ports are Havre and Dieppe, on the English Channel, and Rouen, on the Seine. The Seine is the only river of importance. The surface is composed of fertile and well-cultivated plains ; an eighth part of it is covered with forests. Corn, hops, hemp, lint, and fruits are the chief products ; cider is extensively made. The pastures support many horses, cattle, and sheep. Rouen is noted for its cotton, and Elbcuf for its woollen fabrics. The de- partment is divided into the arrondissements of Dieppe, Havre, Ncufchatel, Kouen, and Yvctot. Capital, Rouen. Seinui, sAn'nee\ a frontier town of Burmah, near the river Salwin, 165 miles N.E. of Ava. Seiny, a town of Russia. See Seyny. Seip's, seeps, a post-hamlet of Northampton oo.. Pa., in Palmer township, 3 miles W. of Easton. It has a church and a flour-mill. Seiputsch, si'pdotsh, or Zywiec, ziv'e-«ts(?),a town of Austrian Qalicia, 21 miles S.W. of Wadowice, on the Soola. Pop. 3311. Seir-Beni-Yass, sir-bi'noe'-yiss, an island in the Persian Gulf, off the Arabian coast. Lat. 24° 21' N.: Ion. 52° 46' E. Seisholtzvillc, sees'holtz-vil, a post-village of Berks CO., Pa., about 12 miles S.S.W. of Allontown. Seistan, sAsHin', a former province of Southwest Af- ghanistan, now chiefly belonging to the Persian province of Yezd, between lat. 30° 30' and 32° N. and Ion. 61° and 62° 30' E., intersected by the Uelmund River, and contain- ing the Hamoon morass. Pop. probably 50,000, mostly Tadjiks. It is a mountain-basin, surrounded by deserts, unhealthy, and fertile only on the immediate b.anks of the rivers ; but it presents many traces of former wealth and civilization. It was devastated and its chief town destroyed by Tamerlane in 1383. Seitendorf, si't^n-donr, a village of Prussia, in Si- lesia, government of Breslau, near Waldcnburg. Pop. 2145. Seitendorf, or Seitgendorf, sit'gh^n-donr, a town of Saxony, 27 miles S.E. of Bautzen. Pop. 2003. Seitenstildten, 6i't?n-st50t?n, a town of Austria, 11 miles E. of Steyer. Pop. 1939. It has a rich Benedictine monastery, containing a library, a cabinet of natural his- tory, and numerous Roman antiquities. Seitzland, sits'land, a station of York co.. Pa., on the Northern Central Railroad, 16 miles S. of York. Seix, six (?), a town of France, in Ariege, on the Salat, 9 miles S.S.E. of Saint-Girons. Pop. 1273. Sel, one of the Cape Vcrd Islands. See Sal. Sela, or Selah, a Scriptural name of Petua. Se'lah, a post-oflice of ITakima co., AVashington. Selang, siHing', a small island of the Molucca group, off the S.E. coast of Bachian. Lat. 0° 54' S. ; Ion. 127° 47' E. Selangan, sAMAn^gin', a town contiguous to the town of Mindanao, in the Philippines. Pop. 10,000 (?). Selanild, Turkey. See Salonioa. Selargius, si-lan'je-oos, a village of Sardinia, division and 4i miles N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 2900. Selb, sSlb, a town of Bavaria, 12 miles N.W. of Eger. Pop. 4236. It has cotton-mills, paper-mills, potteries, &c. Selbitz, sSl'bits, a town of Bavaria, 7 miles W. of Hof. Pop. 1620. Selboe, sSl'bo'eh, an islet off the W. coast of Norway, 28 miles S. of Bergen, in Selboe-Fiord. Selboe, a parish of Norwiiy, stift and 25 miles S. of Trondhjem, around the Lake of Selboe, which is 20 miles in length by 3 miles in breadth. It receives the Nea, and communicates with Trondhjem-Fiord. Sel'borne, a village of England, oo. of Hants, 4 miles S.S.E. of Alton. Pop. of parish, 1313. Sel 'by, a town of England, oo. of York, West Riding, on the right bank of the Ouse, connected by canal with the Aire and Calder, 12 J miles S. of Y'ork, with which city, and with Hull and Leeds, it communicates by railways. Pop. 6193. It is well built, and has a fine market-cross, a neat town hall, a church which formed part of an abbey, gram- mar- and blue-coat schools, manufactures of sail-cloth, leather, and iron goods, and slips for building river-craft. The Ousc is here crossed by a movable bridge, and vessels of considerable burden come to the town from Hull. Sel'by, a township of Bureau co.. III. Pop. 1497. Selby, a station on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chi- cago Railroad, 5^ miles W. of AVarsaw, Ind. Selby, a post-office of Putnam co., Tenn. Selby, a post-village in Lennox co., Ontario, 4 miles from Napanee. It contains several stores. Pop. 200. Sel'bysport, a post-hamlet of Garrett co., Md., on the Y'oughiogheny River, about 36 miles W. by N. of Cumber- land. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Sel'byville, a post-hamlet of Sussex co., Del., on the Breakwater & Frankford Railroad, 9 miles N. of Berlin, Md. SeI'den, a post-hamlet of Suffolk co., N.Y., about 20 miles W. of Riverhead. It has a church. Selden, Fayette co., 0. See Jasper Mills. Sele, si'li, or Silaro, se-la'ro (anc. Slla'rus), a river of Italy, rises 12 miles N.E. of Policastro, flows first N.W. SEL 2016 through the Val di Diano, and then S.W., and enters tho Gulf of Salerno 16 miles S.S.E. of Salerno. Length, 60 miles. SelefkehjsA-l^f'k^h (anc. iSeleuee'ia Trachi'a), a town of Asia Minor, on the Ghiuk-Soo (anc. Calycad'nua), 8 miles from its mouth in the Mediterranean, and 65 miles S.W. of Tarsus. It is but a poor collection of huts, but in its vicinity are scattered numerous remains of antiquity. Selendi, sA-lfin'dee, or Selenti, si-I^n'tee, a small town of Asia Minor, on an affluent of the Sarabat (anc. Her'mus), 30 miles N.E. of Ala-Shehr. Selenga^ si-I5ng'gi, a river of Central Asia, rises in the Tangnoo Mountains, in Mongolia, flows mostly N.E., and, after a course of 500 miles, enters Lake Baikal, on its E. side, 30 miles W. of Ilimsk. Selenghinsky sA'iSng-ghinsk', a town of Siberia, gov- ernment of Transbaikalia, on the Selengaj 60 miles N. of Kiakhta. Pop. 1054. It is a depot for goods passing to China. Near it are some saline baths. Selennakf sd.-lSn-n4k', a river of Siberia, rises in the government of Yakootsk, lat. 62° N., flows E.N.E., and joins the Indighirka. Length, 130 miles. Selenter-See, si'len-t^r-sd, a lake in the N.E. part of Holstein. Area, 12 square miles. Depth at some places, 40 fathoms. Seleiiti, a town of Asia Minor. See Silintt. Seleuceia Trachia, Asia Minor. See Selefkeh. Seleucia^ si-loo'she-a, a city of antiquity, in Asiatic Turkey, on the right bank of the Tigris, 20 miles S.E. of Bagdad, and opposite the remains of Ctesiphon. Seleucia, a city of antiquity, in Persiii, Khoozistan, on an iitfluent Of the Jerahi, 65 miles S.E. of Shooster. Seleucia, the ancient name of SuediAh. Seligenstadt, si'lic-^n-st^tt*, a town of Germany, in Hesse, province of Starkenburg, on the Main, 15 miles E.S.E. of Frankfort. Pop. 3189. It has the remains of a Benedictine abbey, containing the tombs of Eginhard, and of Emma, daughter of Charlemagne. There are cop- per- and coal-mines in the vicinity. Seligeiithal, si'lic-^n-t^r, a village of Prussia, 4 miles N.W. of Schmalkalden. Pop. 1121. Seligher, si-le-gaiit', a lake of Russia, governments of Tver and Novgorod, N. of Ostashkov. Length, 30 miles. It is the source of an affluent of the Volga. Se'ligman, a hamlet of AVebsterco., Mo., 10 miles E. of Marshfield. It has 1 or 2 furnaces for smelting lead, which is mined near this place. SeIime,or SeUineh,si-Iee'm?h, an oasis in the desert of Nubia, 220 miles S.W. of Derr, and W. of the third cataract of the Nile. It produces an abundance of salt. Seliiiino,sA-lim'no, or Selimuia,si-lim'ne-i, written alsolslamje and Islam^i,i8-lim'je, a town of Eastern Koumelia, at the S. foot of the Balkan Moiintains, 65 miles N.N.W. of Adrianople. Pop. 20,000, who manufacture coarse woollens, gun-locks, and attar of roses. Se-liing, sA-ling', a city of China, province of Quang- See, on the Tonquin frontier, 45 miles S.W. of Tai-Ping. Selino, s4,-lee'no, a village of Crete, on its S. coast, 35 miles W. of Sphakia. It has a fort and some trade. Se'Iin's Grove, a post-borough of Snyder co., Pa., on the W. bank of the Susquehanna Biver, 6^^ miles below Sunbury, and 48 miles N. of llarrisburg. It is on the Lewistown division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, which here crosses the river and connects with the Northern Cen- tral Railroad. It has a Lutheran seminary, called Mission- ary Institute, 3 churches, a national bank, 2 newspaper offices, and the Snyder County Normal School. Pop. 1453, Selin's Grove Junction, a station in Northumber- land CO., Pa., on the Northern Central Railway, at the junc- tion of the Sunbury & Lewistown Railroad, 5 miles S.S.W. of Sunbury, and li miles E. of Selin's Grove. Selinti, a town of Asia Minor. See Silinty. Sclish Indians. See Flathrad Indians. Selish Lake. See Flathead Lake. Selitrenoi-Gorodok, ei-le-tri-noi'-go-ro-dok', a town of Russia, government and 68 miles N.N.W. of Astra- khan, on the Volga, the old capital of the Tartar khans of the Golden Horde, remains of which ancient town still exist. Selitza, si-lit'sA, a village of European Turkey, in Macedonia, 48 miles S.E. of Monastir. Selitza, a village of Greece, in the Morea, district and 5 miles S.E. of Maina. Sclivri, a town of Turkey. See Silfvui. SelMark, or Selkirkshire, sfirkirk-shir, formerly called the Ettrick Forest, a small inland county of Scotland, in the Lowlands, having W. the co. of Peebles, E. Roxburgh, S. Dumfries, and N. Edinburghshire, Area, 260 square miles. Pop. 14,005. Surface moj^tly mountain- ous. Principal rivers, the Tweed, with its tributaries the Ettrick and Yarrow. Its industry is chiefly pastoral, but its agriculture has been considerably improved. Principal towns, Selkirk and Galashiels. Selkirk, a town of Scotland, capital of the above county, on a declivity beside the Ettrick, 33 miles S.S.E. of Edinburgh. Pop. 4640. It has been mostly rebuilt in a modern style, and has a spacious market-place, in which are the town hall, a public well, and a monument to Sir Walter Scott. The other principal structures are the churches, the jail, nnd a monument to the traveller Mungo Park. It has manufactures of tweeds, blankets, and hosiery. On the Tweed, about 4 miles from Selkirk, is Abbotsford, the seat of the late Sir Walter Scott. Selkirk, a hamlet of Oswego co., N.Y., on Lake On- tario, at the mouth of Salmon River, 4 miles W. of Pulaski. It has about 12 houses. Selkirk, a post-hamlet of Marion co., S.C., 20 miles from Marion Court-House. It has a high school. « Selkirk, a post-village in Haldimand co., Ontario, 11 miles S.S.AV. of Cayuga. It contains several stores, a grist- mill, and a carding-mill. Pop. 300. Selkirk, the chief settlement or colony of Manitoba. See Manitoba. Selkirkshire, Scotland, See Selkirk. Sella, s^l'yS., a river of Spain, after a course of about 36 miles, falls into the Bay of Biscay, forming the bay and port of Ribadesella. Sella, a town of Spain, in Valencia, province and 19 miles N.N.E. of Alicante. Pop. 1694. Sel'lars, a station in Escambia co., Fla., on the Pen- saoola Railroad, 15 miles N. of Pensacola. Selle, or Celle, s^rii', a river of France, departments of Cantal and Lot, joins the Lot 10 miles E. of Cahors. Length, 54 miles. Selle, or Cell^, a river of France, departments of Aisne and Nord, joins the Scheldt (Exaut) near Bouchain. Sell'ers, a township of Hardin co., III. Pop. 560. Sell'ersburg, a post-hamlet in Silver Creek township, Clarke co,, Ind., on the Jefi'ersonville, Madison & India- napolis Railroad, 10 miles N. of Louisville, Ky. It has 2 churches and a manufactory of cement. Sellers' Land'ing, a hamlet of Hardin co.. Ill,, on the Ohio River, 10 miles below Shawneetown. Sell'ersville, a post-village of Bucks co., Pa., in Rock Hill township, on the North Pennsylvania Railroad, 31 miles N. of Philadelphia, It has 2 churches, a carriage- shop, a flour-mill, 2 hotels, a drug-store, several cigar-fac- tories, and about 75 houses. Selles-snr-Cher, sel-siiR-shain, a town of France, in Loir-et-Cher, 10 miles S.W. of Romorantin. Pop. 3187. SelI'man, a post-oflice of Montgomery co., Md., on the Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, at Barnesville Station, 1 mile from Barnesville. Sell's Station, a post-office of Adams co., Pa., on the Frederick division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 4 miles S.W. of Hanover. Sellye, sSll'yA, a town of Hungary, co. and 14 miles S.W. of Neutra, near the Waag. Pop. 1630. SeI'ma, a city, the capital of Dallas co., Ala., is situ- ated on the right or N. bank of the Alabama River, 50 miles W. of Montgomery, 50 miles E. of Deraopolis, and about 160 miles by the road N.N.E. of Mobile. It is the S. terminus of the Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad, and the E. terminus of the Alabama Central Railroad, which connects here with the AVestern Railroad and the Selma, Marion & Memphis Railroad. It is also on the Selma A Gulf Railroad and the New Orleans & Selma Railroad. It is the third city of the state in population. It contains a court-house, 16 churches, a national bank, a savings-bank, 2 academies, gas-works, a cotton-factory, iron-works, a steam planing-milt, manufactures of car-wheels, oil, ice, Ac, and printing-officjs which issue 1 daily and 2 weekly newspapers. Cotton is tho chief article of export, of which about 80,000 bales are received here annually. Pop. 6484. Selma, a post-hamlet of Drew co., Ark., 12 miles N. of Collins Station. It has 2 churches. Selma, McLean co., 111. See Pleasant Hill. Selma, a post-village in Liberty township, Delaware CO., Ind., on tho railroad which connects Muneie with Win- chester, 6 miles E. of Muneie. It has 2 churches. Selma, a township of Wexford co., Mich, Pop. 138. Selma, a township of Cottonwood co., Minn. Pop. 137. Selma, a post-village in Selma township, Johnston CO., N.C., on the railroad which connects Raleigh with Goldsborough, 28 miles S.E. of Raleigh. It has 4 churches and a plough-factory. Pop. of the township, 1167. SEL 2017 SEN Selma, a post-villago in Madison township, Clark co., 0., on the Little Miami Kailroad, 41 miles W.S.W. of Co- lumbus. It has 3 or 4 churches. Selma,a post-hamlet of Bexar co., Tex., about 15 miles N.E. of San Antonio. Selma, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co., Va., 2 miles from Clifton Forge Railroad Station. Sel'mah, a post-village in Hants co., Nova Scotia, on Cobequid Bay, 2 miles from Maitland. Pop. 225, Selmast, sSl'ni3,st, a town of Persia, in Azerbaijan, 15 miles N.W. of Lake Ooroomeeyah. It contains about 1500 families. Selmecz Banya, Hungary. See Schemnitz. Selowitz, or Seelowitz, si'lo-wits', a town of Mo- ravia, 11 miles S. of Briinn, on the Zwittawa. Pop, 2355. Selsate^ s^l-.si't4, a village of Belgium, in East Flan- ders, 12 miles N.N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 3487. Selsea, or Selsey, sel'sec, a village of England, co. of Sussex, occupying the S.W. extremity of the county, half a mile from the sea, and 8 miles S. of Chichester. Here, in the seventh century, was established the first Ko- man Catholic monastery in England. Pop. of parish, 937. The peninsula of Selsea is a large level tract between Chichester Harbor and the English Channel, its S. point being called Selsea-BilJ, Sellers, a village of Germany. See Nieder Selters. Seltschaii, sSlt'shin', or Sedlczaiiy, sMt-chi'nee, a town of Bohemia, 30 miles S.E. of Beraun. Pop. 2457. Seltz, or Selz, sSlts, a town of Alsace, on the Khine, at the mouth of the Seltzbach, 27 miles N.N.E. of Stras- burg. Pop. 1845. Selune^ s^h-lUn', a river of France, department of Manche, enters Cancale Bay (English Channel) 4 miles S.W. of Avranches, after a W. course of 35 miles. Selva^ s^l'vi, a town of Spain, province and 9 miles N.W, of Tarragona. Pop. 3854. Selva, a town on the island of Majorca, on a height, 18 miles N.E. of Palma. Pop. 1510. Selva, a town of Chili. See Copiap(). Selva de iUar, sSl'vS- di maR, a town of Spain, prov- ince of Gerona, with a small harbor on the Mediterranean, 5 miles N.E. of Rosas. Selve, s^l'vi, an island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, between Uibo and Premuda. Length, 4 miles. Selvi, sfil'vee, a town of Bulgaria, on an affluent of the Danube, 50 miles S. of Nicopolis. Pop. 2500. Sel'wyn, a post-village in Peterborough co., Ontario, 5 miles from Lakefield. It contains 2 stores. Pop. 100. Selz, sfilts, a river of Germany, in Hesse, flows N., and joins the Rhine 7 miles W. of Mentz. Length, 30 miles. Selz, a town of Alsace. See Seltz. Sem, a river of Russia. See Seim. Semao, si-m^'o, or Simao, se-mi'o, a small island of the Malay Archipelago, off the S.W. extremity of Timor, from which it is separated by a narrow strait. Length, 20 miles. It exports wax, sandal-wood, and edible birds'-nests. Semavat-Evi, the Turkish name of Olympus. Semboy, Spain. See Sam-Baudillo-de-Llobregat. Semd, s4mt, a village of Hesse, province of Starken- burg, near Umstadt. Pop. 1146. Semendrek, the Turkish name of Samothraki. Semeiidria, se-m5n'dre-5,, or Smerderewo, sm^R- di-ri'vo, a town of Servia, and formerly the residence of its kings, on the Danube, at the influx of the Jessava, 24 miles S.E. of Belgrade. Pop. 5107. It has a citadel and some Roman antiquities, Semenood, sA,-mi-nood', or Samanud, s3i-ma.-nood' (anc. Scben'ni/tiis), a town of Lower Egypt, on the Dami- etta branch of the Nile, 4 miles E. of Mehallet-el-Kebeer. It has some remains of antiquity, and manufactures of earthenwares. Semeuov, or Semenow, si-mi-nov', a town of Rus- sia, government and 36 miles N.N.E, of Nizhnee-Novgorod. Pop. 2961, employed in manufacturing wooden-wares. Semerone, United States, See CiAfARRON. Seiniahmoo, sem-e-ah'moo, a post-hamlet of What- com CO., Washington Territory, on the Gulf of Georgia, in lat. 49° N., about 60 miles N. of Port Townsend. It has 2 churches and a valuable salmon-fishery. Semile, s4-mee'li, Seinilov, or Semilow, si-me- lov', written also Semill, a town of Bohemia, on the Isar, 23 miles N.E. of Buntzlau, Pop. 2509. Seminara, si-me-ni'ri, a town of Italy, in Reggio di Calabria, about 20 miles N.E. of Messina, Pop. 3372. Sem'inary, a post-hamlet of Washita co.. Ark., 20 miles S.AV. of Camden. It has a church and a seminary. Seminary^ a township of Fayette co., 111. Pop. 920. 127 Sem'inole Indians^ a once powerful tribe dwelling in Florida. Most of them have been removed to the In- dian Territory. Seniipalatinsk, si-me-pi-ia.-tinsk', written also Se- mipatalatinsk and Semipolatinsk (i.e., "the seven palaces"), a fortified town of Asiatic Russia, capital of the government of the same name, on the Irtish, 250 miles S.W. of Barnaul. It has Russian government establish- ments, is the seat of some trade, and derives its name from extensive buildings found there by the Russians on their conquest. Pop. 10,140. Semipalatinsk, or Semipolatinsk, a government or province of Asiatic Russia, bounded S.E. by Chinese possessions, and S. in part by Balkash Lake, and traversed by the Irtish. Area, 188,291 square miles. It includes a part of the steppes of the Kirghecz and Calmucks. Capi- tal, Semipaiatinsk. Pop. 510,163, Semiretchinsk, si-me-ri-chinsk' ("seven rivers"), a government of Asiatic Russia, having Semipaiatinsk on the N. and Chinese Toorkistan on the E. Area, 155,290 square miles. It takes its name from its 7 principal rivers, mostly tributariesof Balkash Lake. Capital, Vernoye. Pop. 543,094. Semisopochnoi, sSm^e-so-poK'noi, or Isle of the Seven Mountains, belonging to the Aleutian Archipel- ago, and to the group known by the name of Rat Islands, about lat. bl° 59' N. and Ion, 179° 45' 57" W. Semitch {sA-mitch') Islands, a group of the Aleutian Islands, in Alaska, N.E. of the island of Attoo. Semliansk, s4m-Ie-d.nsk', or Samlensk, s^m-l^nsk', a town of Russia, government and 25 miles N.W. of Voro- nezh, on the Semlianka, Pop. 6270. Semlin, or Zemlin, sem-leen' (Hun, Zimony, zee^- mon'), a fortified frontier town of Austro-Hungary, in Sla- vonia, co. and 40 miles S.E. of Peterwardein, on the right bank of the Danube, 3 miles N.W. of Belgrade. Pop. 12,978, comprising Slavonians, Germans, Greeks, Servians, Croats, gypsies, and Jews. It is the see of a Greek arch- bishop, and has many good houses and churches, but its streets are mostly unpaved. It has numerous schools, a hospital, a theatre, and a large quarantine establishment. It is an entrepot of the trade between Austria and the Danubian principalities. Imports, raw cotton and twist, honey, hare- and rabbit-skins, Ac, ; exports, woollen stuffs, glass-wares, and other manufactured goods. Semnied, sSm^mM', a town and fort of Arabia, in Oman, in an extensive oasis, 55 miles S.W. of Muscat. Semnan, or Semnoon, Persia. See Simnan. Senio'ra» a post-hamlet of Caswell co., N.C., 5 miles from Milton. It has a church. Senioy, or Semois, s^h-mwi', a river of Belgium and France, after a W. course of 100 miles, joins the Meuse 9 miles N. of Mezieres. Sempach, sSm'piK, a town of Switzerland, canton and S miles N.AV. of Lucerne, at the E. extremity of Sempach Lake. Pop. 1109. In its vicinity 1400 Swiss routed 4000 Austrians, on the 9th of July, 1380, and the action, ren- dered memorable by the heroic death of Arnold von Win- kelried, is celebrated by an annual festival. Lake Sem- pach, 4 miles in length by 1 mile in breadth, gives origin to the river Suren, an affluent of the Aar, Sempvo'nius, a post-township and hamlet of Cayuga CO., N.Y., about 20 miles S.S.E. of Auburn, The hamlet is 7 miles E. of Moravia. Pop. 1123. Sempronius, a post-village of Austin co., Tex., 5 miles S.W. of Chapel Hill. It has a church, a seminary, and a steam mill. Sempst, s^mpst, a village of Belgium, in South Bra- bant, on the Senne, 10 miles by railway N.N.E. of Brus- sels. Pop. 7241. Semur-en-Auxois, si^miin'-fiNo-ox^wS,', a town of France, in C6te-d'0r, capital of an arrondissement, on the Armangon, 44 miles W.N.W. of Dijon. Pop. 4022, It has a ponderous castle, a medieval church, a communal college, manufactures of common woollens and yarns, tanneries, and a trade in cattle, hemp, and wool. Semur-en - Brionnais, si^mUR'-6N°-bre'on^ni', a town of France, in Saone-et-Loire, 14 miles S.W. of Cha- rolles. Semussyr, Kooril Islands. See Simooseer. Sena, siV'ni, or Sen'na, a town and the former capi- tal of the Portuguese dominions in East Africa, now the capital of a district, on the right bank of the Zambezi, 110 miles W. of Quilimane. Lat. 17° 30' S.; Ion. 35° 38' 8" E. It is a mere collection of huts and some European houses, interspersed with filthy pools, and having some churches and a mud redoubt. The district is bounded by Sofala, the Zambezi River, and the Channel of Mozambique. SEN 2( Sena, or Sena Julia, the ancient name of Sienna. Sena, a river of France. See Seine. Sena, or Sena Gallica. See Sinigaglia. Sena, the ancient name of St:m. Senachwine, Illinois. See Snachwine. Se-Nan, si'nan', or Sse-Nan-Foo, sVnin'foo', a city of China, province of Koei-Choo, capital of a depart- ment, on the Oo-Kiang, a tributary of the Yang-tse-Kiang, in lat. 28° N., Ion. 108° 25' E. Senato'bia, a post-village, capital of Tate co., Miss., on the Mississippi & Tennessee Railroad, 37 miles S. of Memphis, and 13 miles N. of Sardis. It has a newspaper otRce, 3 churches, a flour-mill, and a seminary. Pop. esti- mated at 1000. Senday, a town of Japan. See Xendav. Sendcnhorst, s5n'den-hoRst\ a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 12 miles S.E. of Munster. Pop. 1SS7, Sendim, a town of Portugal. See Sindim. Sene, seh-ni', a village of France, department of Mor- bihan. Pop. of commune, 2S49. Sen'eca, a county in the W. central part of New York, has an area of about 325 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Cayuga Lake and Seneca River, and on the W. by Seneca Lake. It is partly dra.ined by Clyde River and the outlet of Seneca Lake. The surface is undulating and elevated. Many picturesque ravines occur along the shores of the deep :ind beautiful lakes above named. The soil is calcareous and very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, barley, oats, hay, and butter are the staple products. Among its mineral resources are gypsum, corniferous limestone, and other Devonian rocks. This county is intersected by the New York Central Railroad and the Geneva, Ithaca & Athens Railroad. Capital, Ovid and Waterloo. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $33,479,935. Pop. in 1 S70, 27,823. of whom 23,978 were Americans; in 1875, 27,299. Seneca, a northern county of Ohio, has an area of 540 square miles. It is intersected by Sandusky River, which divides it into nearly equal parts, and is also drained by Green, Honey. Rock, and Wolf Creeks. The surface is partly undulating and partly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the white oak, beech, elm, white ash, hickory, sugar-maple, and other trees. The soil is very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, wool, butter, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Upper Silurian limestones (of the Niagara and Helderberg groups) under- lie a large part of the soil. Corniferous limestone is also abundant here. This county is intersected by 3 railroads, — the Lake Erie & Louisville, the Cincinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland, and the Baltimore & Ohio. Capital, Tiffin. Valuation of real and personal estate, $23,133,987. Pop. in 1870, 30,827, of whom 26,949 were Americans. The Toledo, Tiffin & Eastern Railroad terminates at Tiffin. Seneca, a township of Plumas co., Cal. Pop. 400. Seneca (formerly Crotty), a post-village of La Salle CO., 111., in Manlius township, on the Illinois River, the Michigan & Illinois Canal, and the Chicago, Rock Island A Pacific Railroad, 13 miles E. of Ottawa, and 10 miles W. of Morris. It has a job printing-office, a graded school, a banking-house, 3 churches, a machine-shop, a manufactory of windmills, and 2 large warehouses for grain. Coal is found here. Pop. 091. Seneca, a township of McHenry co., 111. Pop. 1027. Seneca, a post-office of Kossuth co., Iowa. Seneca, a post-village, capital of Nemaha co., Kansas, in Richmond township, on the South Fork of the Nemaha River, and on the St. Joseph & Denver City Railroad, 77 miles W. of St. Joseph, and about 64 miles N. by W. of Topeka. It has a court-house, a state bank, 1 or 2 news- paper offices, a graded school, 4 churches, and a flour-mill. Seneca, a post-office of Montgomery co., Md., about 20 miles N.W. of Washington, D.C. Here is a church. Seneca, a post-township of Lenawee co., Mich., about 12 miles S.W. of Adrian. It contains the village of Mo- renci, and is intersected by the Chicago & Canada Southern Railroad. Pop. 2516. Seneca, a post-village of Newton co., Mo., in Lost Creek township, on the St. Louis »fe San Francisco Rail- road, 88 miles W.S.W. of Springfield, and about 16 miles S.E. of Baxter Springs, Kansas. It has a church. P. 285. Seneca, a post-hamlet of Custer co.. Neb., 48 miles N. of Elm Creek Station. Seneca, a township of Ontario co., N.Y. Pop. 2681. Seneca, a township of Monroe co., 0. Pop. 1242. Seneca, a township of Noble co., 0. Pop. 982. Seneca, a township of Seneca co., 0. Pop. 1583. Seneca, Venango co., Pa. See Salem City. Seneca, a post-village in Seneca township, Oconee co., .8 SEN S.C, on the Atlanta & Richmond Air-Line Railroad where it crossses the Blue Ridge Railroad, 120 miles N.E. of At- lanta, and about 12 miles S.E. of Walhalla. It has achurch, several stores, a large hotel, &c. Gold is said to be found here. Pop. about 300. The name of its station is Seneca City. The township is drained by Kiowee River. P. 2313. Seneca, a post-village in Seneca township, Crawford CO,, Wis., IS miles N.W. of Boscobel, and about 20 miles N.N.E. of Prairie du Chien. It has a church, 2 stores, and 2 hotels. Pop. of the township, 1391. Seneca, a township of Green Lake co., Wis, P. 458. Seneca, a township of Shawano co.. Wis. Pop. 132.- Seneca, a township of Wood co.. Wis. Pop. 349. Seneca, Ontario. See Caledonia. Seneca Castle, a post-office and station of Ontario CO., N,Y., at the hamlet of CastIeton,on the Ontario South- ern Railroad, 12 miles S. of Newark. It has 2 churches. Seneca City, Oconee co., S.C. See Sexkca. Seneca Creek, Maryland, runssouthwestward through Montgomery co., and enters the Potomac River about 9 miles W.S.W. of Rockville. Seneca Creek, Ohio, rises in Monroe co., runs N.W., and enters Wills Creek in Guernsey co. near Cambridge. Seneca Falls, a post-village of Seneca co., N.Y., in a township of its own name, on the Seneca Outlet or River, and on the New York Central Railroad, 16 miles W. of Auburn, 10 miles E. by N. of Geneva, and about 3 miles W, of Cayuga Lake. It contains 6 churches, many hand- some residences, a high school, 2 national banks, 2 news- paper offices, several flouring-mills, and a large manufactory of steam fire-engines. It has also manufactures of woollen goods, pumps, sash, blinds, &c. The river here falls 50 feet and affords abundant motive-power. This is the most popu- lous village in the county. Pop. 5890 ; of township, 7076. Seneca Hill, a hamlet on the New York & Oswego Midland Railroad, on or near the Oswego River, 6 milea S.E. of Oswego, N.Y. It has a church. Seneca Indians, a tribe of the Iroquois or Six Nations, inhabiting certain tracts in the W. part of New York, where they number 3060. A smaller band of this tribe live in the Indian Territory. Seneca Lake, New York, a long, deep, and beautiful lake which extends from Watkins northward to Geneva, forming the E. boundary of Yates co. and part of the W. boundary of Seneca co. It is about 36 miles long, with an average width of about 2 miles, and is 530 feet deep. Steam- boats ply daily in all seasons on this lake, the navigation of which is never closed by ice. Its outlet issues from the N. end of the lake, runs nearly eastward, .and enters Ca- yuga Lake. Seneca Lake lies in a valley of erosion exca- vated in rocks of the Hamilton group and Portage group. The celebrated Watkins Glen is at the head of this lake. Seneca Lane, a station in Guernsey co., 0., on the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleveland Railroad, 7 miles S. of Cambridge. Seneca River, New York, is formed by the junction of the Clyde River and the outlet of Cayuga Lake. These unite about 6 miles N, of Cayuga Bridge. It is the chan- nel by which the surplus waters of Cayuga, Seneca, Can- andaigua, and other lakes are discharged. It runs nearly northeastward, intersects Cayuga co., and unites with the Oneida River to form the Oswego River. Seneca River, South Carolina. See Kiowbe River. Sen'ecaville, a post-village in Richland township, Guernsey oo., 0., on Seneca Creek, about 30 miles E. of Za.nesville. It has 3 churches. Pop. 376. Sen'efer, an island of the Red Sea, 6 miles E. of Tiran, at the entrance of the Gulf of Akabah. Senelt'e, s§h-n^tF', a village of Belgium, province of Hainaut, 16 miles N.E. of Mons. Pop. 5083. Here a san- guinary battle took place in 1674 between Conde and the Prince of Orange, Senegal, sgn^e-gawl' (Fr. SenSgal, si^ni^gAl'), "■ large river of West Africa, rises, under the name of Ba-Fing, in lat. 10° 30' N., Ion. 10° 40' W., near Teeraboo, where its sources are separated from those of the Niger by the high- lands of the Mandingo country. It flows successively N.W. and W. through Senegambia, its basin lying N. of that of the Gambia, and enters the Atlantic Ocean in lat. 16° N., Ion. 16° 33' W. Total course, estimated at 1000 miles. The principal affluents are the Woolima and Falem€, both of which join it in the upper half of its course. At Fel- lore, from 400 to 450 miles from the ocean, it forms a cata- ract, up to which it is always navigable for Hat-bottomed boats. In its lower part it flows through a level and densely- wooded plain, and the tide is perceptible in it for 60 leagues inland. At 35 miles from its mouth it divides into two SEX 2019 SEiV principal arms, the easternmost and largest of which is deep enough for the largest ships, but the muuth of the river is encumbered by a bar, which has seldom more than 10 or 12 feet of water. In the rainy seasons vessels of from 130 to 150 tons can ascend it to Galara, and at the commencement of the inundation, in July, French trading- vessels sail up to that point. Senegal (Fr. Seui(/al or Seuigamhie), uTrench colonial dependency of West Africa, consisting of the island and town of St. Louis, at the mouth of the Senegal, and several forts along the banks of that river, &e., on the Gambia, Goree, and otlier settlements S. of Cape Verd. Total pop. in 1876, 220,863. The exports consist chieBy of gum, hides, wax, ivory, cabinet-woods, ground-nuts, coffee, palm oil, and gold-dust; the imports, of manufactured goods, wines, spirits, and provisions. The governor resides at St. Louis, which is the seat of the chief judicial court. Goree is the residence of a lieutenant-governor. The country is divided into the arrondissements of St. Louis and Goree. The French first settled in Senegal in 1637. Chief towns, St. Louis, Richard Toll, Dagana, Podor, Bakel, Gor6e, Dakar, Kufisque, and Portudal. Seiiigallia, a town of Italy. See Sinigaglia. Seiiegambia, sgn-e-gam'be-a(Fr. Senefjamhie, sA,^ni- g^M^bee' ; Ger. Senegambien, s4-ni-ga.ni'be-§n),an extensive region of West Africa, comprising the countries between hit. 8° and 17° N. and Ion. 4° and 17° 30' W., having E. Soo- dan proper, S. Guinea, W. the Atlantic, and N. the Sahara. It is watered by the Senegal and Gambia Pavers (whence its name), with the Casamanza, Rio Grande, and Nunez. It is mountainous in the E. ; W. parts low and level. In natural products this region is very rich ; but the heat is intense, and climate very unhealthy for Europeans. Wild animals comprise the elephant, hippopotamus, monkeys, antelopes, gazelles, lion, panther, leopard, hyenas, jackal, crocodile, -o^s^ir, a frontier village of France, in Jura, in the mountains, 15 miles N.W. of Ge- neva, Pop. 1319, who manufacture toys and nrtificial gems. Sepul'ga, a post-office of Conecuh co., Ala. Sepulga River, Alabama, rises in Butler co., runs southward through Conecuh co., and enters the Conecuh River in the E. part of Escambia co. Sepulveda, sA-pool-vi'n^, a town of Spain, province and 24 miles N.N.E. of Segovia. Pop. 1920. Sepnlveda, si-pool-vA'dd, a station of the Southern Pacific Railroad, SA miles N. of Los Angeles, Cal. Sequana, the ancient name of the Seine. Seqiiareina, a town of Brazil. See Saqtjarema. Sequatchie, se-kwatch'ee, a county of East Tennessee, has an area of about 250 square miles. It is intersected by the Sequatchie River. The surface is hilly or mountainous, and mostly covered with forests of beech, hickory, maple, oak, Ac. This county comprises part of the Cumbei'land Mountain or Table-Land and part of Walden's Ridge. In- dian corn, grass, and pork are the staple products. Lime- stone, iron, and coal abound here. Capital, Dunlap. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $987,113. Pop. in 1870, 2335, of whom 2327 were Americans. Sequatchie (or Sequatchee) River, Tennessee, rises in Bledsoe co., and runs in a S.S.W. direction through the table-land called Cumberland Mountain. It intersects the cos. of Sequatchie and Marion, and enters the Ten- nessee River near Jasper. The valley of this river is a straight, narrow trough, 60 miles long and from 3 to 5 miles wide, and is bordered on each side by steep and high bluffs. SequillO, si-keel'yo, a river of Spain, rises between the provinces of Palencia and Leon, Hows first S.W., past Medina de Rio Seco, and, after a course of SO miles, joins the Valderaduey. Sequo'yah, a county in the S.W. part of Kansas, has an area of 864 square miles. It is intersected by the Arkan- sas River and the Atchison, Topeka b4d', or Shahabad, sh4h>4-bid', a town of Cashmere, near the E. extremity of the valley, 14 miles S.E. of Islamabad, and 5600 feet above the sea. Shah'bazpoor', a town of Bengal, in Tiperah, lat. 24° 2' 45" N., Ion. 91° 12' E. Pop. 3444. Shahbazpoor Island, Bengal. See Detoan. Shah Bunder, shih bun'der, written also Shah Ban'der, a small town of Persia, province of Kerman, on the river Mecnab, 10 miles from its mouth in the Per- sian Gulf, opposite Ormus. The river is navigable to it from the sea for vessels of 20 tons, and it has a custom- house and some trade. Shah Bunder, a town of India, in Sindo, district and 80 miles S.E. of Kurrachee, in the Indus delta. Pop. 1203. Shahey, shi-hi', a rocky peninsula of Persia, province of Azerbaijan, 35 miles S.W. of Tabreez, and extending into Lake Ooroomeeyah, to which it sometimes gives name. Shah\jehanpoor', a district of India, in Rohilcund, lat. 27° 15'-28° 45' N„ Ion. 79° 23'-S0° 30' E. Area, 2982 square miles. Chief town, Shahjehanpoor. Pop. 949,579. Shahjehanpoor, the capital town of the above dis- trict, on an affluent of the Ganges, 43 miles S.S.E. of Bareilly. Lat. 27° 52' N. ; Ion. 79° 48' E. It has a citadel and numerous mosques. Pop. 72,140. Shahjehanpoor, a town of the Punjab. See Tira. Shahjehanpoor, a town of Central India, in the Gwalior dominions, 36 miles N.E. of Oojein. Shahlimar, shi'le-mar', a fine summer palace and gardens in the Punjab, 3 miles E. of Lahore. The Shahli- mar gardens, celebrated by Moore in " Lalla Rookh," are in Cashmere, bordering on a lake immediately E. of the city of Serinagur. SUA 2028 SHA Sliah'noor', or Sav'anoor', a. town of India, capital of a small native state of the same name, 41 miles S.E. of Darwar. Pop. SG89. Area of state, 69 square miles. Pop. 17,288. Shah^poor'j a small town of Beloochistan, province of Cutch Crundava, 52 miles N. of Shilcarpoor. Shahpoor, a town of the Punjab, India, capital of Shahpoor district, on the Jhylum. Lat. 32° 14' N. ; Ion. 72° 22' E. Shahpoor, a district of the Punjab, Rawil-Pinde di- vision, between the Jhylum and the Chenaub. Area, 4699 square miles. Capital, Shahpoor. Pop. 368,796. Shahpoo'ra, a native state of India, in Rajpootana. Area, 400 square miles. Pop. 36,000. Shahrizul, Turkish Koordistan. See Shehhizoor. Shah Rood, or Shah Rud, shi rood, a river of Persia, province of Irak-Ajemee, joins the Kizil-Oozen or Sefeed Kood 40 miles S.S.W. of Reshd, in the latter part of its course forming the boundary between the provinces of Irak-Ajemee and Ghilan. Shah Rood, or Shah Rud, a town of Persia, prov- ince of Khorassan, 45 miles S.E. of Astrabad. It is about 2 miles in circuit, populous, and surrounded by well-culti- vated grounds. Shaikpoo'ra, or Shaikhpura, shak^poo'ri, a town of Bengal, district and 45 miles S.W, of the town of Mon-' ghir. Pop. 11,676. Shaiii'liiic's, a station of the Chester Valley Railroad, IJ miles S.W. of Norristown, Pa. Shairmad'avy, or Shermadevi, shar-mSd'e-ve, a town of India, 15 miles S.W. of Tinnevelly. Pop. 6064. Shai- Ya, a town of Siam. See Chai-Ya. Sharkers, a post-office in Watervliet township, Albany CO., N.Y., 3 miles S. of Niskayuna Station. Here is a vii- iage of Shakers, who produce brooms, seeds, &a. See also Mount Lebanov. Shaker Station, a post-office in Enfield township, Hartford co.. Conn., on the Connecticut Central Railroad, 10 miles S. of Springheld, Mass. Here is a village of Shakers. Sha'kerstowii,or Watervliet, w3,"t?r-vleet', a ham- let of Van Buren township, Montgomery CO., 0., 4 miles S.E. of Dayton. Shaker Village, a hamlet and Shaker community in New Gloucester township, Cumberland CO., Me., 25 miles N.W. of Portland. Shaker Village, a hamlet in Alfred township, York CO., Me., 2 miles from Alfred. Shaker Village (now called Ferii'side), a decayed hamlet and former Shaker community of Tyringham town- ship, Berkshire CO., Mass., 2 miles N. of Tyringham. Shaker Village, a village and station of Berkshire CO., Mass., on the Boston & Albany Railroad, 4 miles S.W. of Pittsfield. It has a church, 3 woollen-mills, 2 grist- mills, and manufactures of brooms, pails, &c. Here is West Pittsfield Post-Offioe. Shaker Village, a Shaker community in Harvard township, Worcester co , Mass., 3 miles S.E. of Ayer. Shaker Village, a Shaker community of Shirley town- ship, Worcester co., Mass., 2 miles S. of Shirley Village. Shaker Village, a village and Shaker community of Enfield township, Grafton co., N.H., i mile from Enfield. Shaker Village, a post-h.amlet in Canterbury town- ship, Merrimack co., N.H., about 13 miles N. of Concord. It has a Shaker church. Hosiery, corn brooms, and washing- machines are made here. Shaker Village, or Canaan Shakers, a h.amlet and community in the N.E. part of Canaan township, Co- lumbia CO., N.Y. Shaker Village, Livingston co., N.Y. See Sonyea. Shaker Village, or North Union, a Shaker com- munity of Cuyahoga co., 0., 8 miles N.E. of Cleveland. Shaker Village, Hamilton co., 0. See Whitewatek. Shakespeare, shak'speer, a post-village in Perth co., Ontario, on the Grand Trunk R.ailway, 82 miles W. of To- ronto. It contains several stores and hotels. Pop. 400. Shakleford'.s, Virginia. See Cestreville. Shak'opee, or Shak'opee City, a post-village, cap- ital of Scott CO., Minn., on the right or S. bank of the Minnesota River, and on the St. Paul & Siou.\; City and Hastings Providence Railroad, about 30 miles S. by W. of Providence. Shoddy shirtings are manu- factured here. Pop. 85. Shan'non, the principal river of Ireland, rises near the base of the Cuilcagh Mountain, co. of Cavan, flows at first S.W., and then generally S., through Loughs Allen, Baflin, Ree, and Derg, to near Limerick, where it turns W., and joins the Atlantic by an estuary 10 miles in width, im- mediately N. of Tralee Bay. 'lotal course estimated at 224 miles, for nearly all of which it is navigable. Its prin- cipal afliuents from the W. are the Boyle, Suck, and Fer- gus ; from the E. and S. the Inny, Brosna, Mulkerna, and Maig. It is connected all across Leinster with Dublin by the Grand Canal from Shannon Harbor, near Banagher, and by the Royal Canal, which joins it at Tarmonbarry, near Longford. Shan'non, a county in the S. part of Missouri, has an area of about 1050 square miles. It is intersected by Cur- rent River, and also drained by Jack's Fork. The surface is uneven or hilly, and is extensively covered with forests of yellow pine, oak, f Palestine. It has a church, a seminary, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. ShelMahl', a post-village in Palestine township. Story CO., Iowa (and partly in Boone and Polk cos.), on the Des Moines & Minneapolis Railroad, 25 miles N. of Des Moines. It has a church, an elevator, a money-order post-office, a mill, and about 35 houses. SheI'den, a station in Harris co., Tex., on the Texas 4 New Orleans Railroad, 12 miles E. of Houston. Shel'don, a post-village in Sheldon township, Iroquois CO., 111., on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad where it crosses the Cincinnati, Lafayette & Chicago Railroad, 30 miles S.S.E. of Kankakee, and 9 miles E. of Watseka. It has 2 banks, a newspaper office, 3 churches, and manufac- tures of bricks, barrels, brooms, &c. Pop. 231 ; of the township, 812. Sheldon, a post-hanilet of Allen co., Ind., on the Fort Wayne, Muncie & Cincinnati Railroad, 11 miles S. of Fort Wayne. It has a church. Sheldon, a post-village in Eloyd township, O'Brien CO., Iowa, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad where it crosses the Sioux City & St. Paul Railroad, 58 miles N.N.E. of Sioux City, and 86 miles W. of Spencer. It has a newspaper office, a bank, and 3 churches. Sheldon, a post-office of Harvey co., Kansas, S or 9 miles E. by S. of Newton. Sheldon, or Sheldon's Corners. See Canton. Sheldon, a post-village in Sheldon township, Houston CO., Minn., about 28 miles S. of Winona, and 6 miles N.W. of Caledonia. It has a church and a flouring-mill. Pop. of the township, 899. Sheldon, a post-hamlet in Sheldon township, Wyo- ming CO., N.Y., about 10 miles W. of Warsaw, and 30 miles E.S.E. of Buffalo. The township contains the villages of Strykersville and Varysbnrg. Pop. of the township, 2277. Sheldon, a post-office of Susquehanna co.. Pa., 14 miles from Binghamton, N.Y. Sheldon, a post-office and station in Sheldon township, Beaufort CO., S.C., on the Port Royal Railroad, 14 miles N.N.W. of Beaufort. Pop. of the township, 2225. Sheldon, or Sheldon Springs, a post-village in Sheldon township, Franklin CO., A^t., on the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad and the Central Railroad, 10 miles E.N.E. of St. Albans, .and about 1 mile S. of the Missisquoi River. It has 3 churches, several hotels, and boarding- houses. Here are mineral springs which contain soda, iron, orenic acid, Ac, and attract many visitors. Large quantities of the water are bottled for exportation. The township contains North Sheldon, and has a pop. of 1697. Sheldon, a station of the Central Vermont Railroad, 10 miles E.N.E. of St. Albans, and 2 miles N. of Sheldon Springs. Sheldon, a station of the Portland & Ogdensburg Rail- road, 2 miles S. of Sheldon Junction, Vt. Sheldon, a township of Monroe CO., Wis. Pop. 742. Sheldon, a post-village in Simcoe co., Ontario, 10 miles N. by W. of Mono Mills. Pop. 125. Sheldon Junction, a station in Franklin co., Vt., on the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad, and on the Central Vermont R.ailroad, 14 miles E. of Lake Champlain. Sheldon's Grove, a post-hamlet of Schuyler co.. 111., about 30 miles N. of Jacksonville. It has a church. Sheldon Springs, Franklin oo., Vt. See SHELnos. Shel'donville, a post-hamlet in Wrentham township, Norfolk CO., Mass., about 30 miles S.S.W. of Boston. It has a church. SheI'drake, a post-hamlet of Seneca co., N.Y.. at Shel- drake Point, on Cayuga Lake, about 20 miles N.N.W. of Ithaca. It has a church, a steam mill, and a landing for steamboats. Shelghur, shSPgilr', a town of Afghanistan, 15 miles S.E. of Ghuznee. It has a fort, and is inhabited by a tribe of Afghans called Lohanis. Pop. 3000. ShelikofT, Sheligov, SchelikoAV, or Cheligoff, shJ'le-Kof, a strait or channel of Alaska, between the island of Kadiak and the mainland. See also Iliamna Lake. Shell Creek, Nebraska, intersects Platte oo., runs southeastward and eastward, and enters the Platto in Col- fax CO., about 3 miles E. of Schuyler. Length, 80 miles. SHE 2037 Shell Creek, a post-ofRce of Colfax eo.. Neb. Shelliff, 5h«riir or shelMeef, Chelif, or Chiaa liaph, che-n^-lif, one of the principal rivers of Algeria, rises in Mount Atlas, flows through Lake Titteri, and, after a N. and N.W. course of 250 miles, enters the Mediterranean N.E. of Mostaganem. Shell Knob, nob, a post-hamlet of Barry Co., Mo., 40 miles S. of Logan Station. It has a church. Shell Mound, a station of Marion co., Tenn., on the Tennessee River, and on the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad, 22 miles W. of Chattanooga. Shell River, of St. Croix co., Wis., enters the St. Croix River at the N.W. extremity of the county. Its Indian name is Kayesikang. Shell Rock, a post-town in Shell Rock township, But- ler CO., Iowa, on a river of the same name, and on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern and Iowa & Pa- cific Railroads, 16 miles N.N.W. of Cedar Falls, and about S miles W. of Waverly. It has a newspaper office, 2 churches, and manufactures of flour and woollen goods. Pop of the township, 1408. Shell Rock, a post-ofiice of Greenwood co., Kansas, on the Verdigris River, about 20 miles S.W. of Burlington. Shell Rock, a post-hamlet in Shell Rock township, Freeborn co., Minn., 8 miles S.E. of Albert Lea. and about 17 miles W.S.W. of Austin. Pop. of the township, 648. Shell Rock, a post-office of Tarrant co., Tex. Shell Rock Creek, Iowa, rises near the N. border of the state, and unites with Lime Creek, in Floyd eo., to form the English River. Shell Rock River rises in Freeborn co., Minn., passes into Iowa, runs in a S.S.E. direction, intersects the cos. of Worth, Floyd, and Butler, and enters the Cedar River in Black Hawk co., about 6 miles N. of Cedar Falls. Shclls'burg, a post-village in Canton township, Ben- ton CO., low.a, on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad, 14 miles N.W. of Cedar Rapids, and 10 miles E.S.E. of Vinton. It has a bank, a money-order post- office, 3 churches, a graded school, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 700. Shel'ly, a post- village in Richland township, Bucks co.. Pa., on the North Pennsylvania Railroad, 42 miles N. of Philadelphia. It has a cigar-factory. Shelly, a station in Lehigh co., Pa., on the Perkiomen Railroad, 11 miles S. of Allentown. Sheloc'ta, a post-borough in Armstrong township, In- diana CO., Pa., on Crooked Creek, 40 miles E.N.E. of Pitts- burg. It has 2 churches and a carriage-shop. Pop. 113. Shel'ter Cove, a hamlet and shipping-point of Hum- boldt CO., Cal., on the Pacific Ocean, about 30 miles S. of Cape Mendocino. Shelter Island, a post-hamlet, summer resort, and township of Suff'olk co., N.Y., on an island of the same name, between Gardiner's Bay and Peconic Bay, 1 mile S. of Greenport. It has a windmill, a church, and a large hotel. Pop. of the township, 645. Its surface is hilly and presents beautiful scenery. The island is 6 miles long. Shel'ton, a township and chapelry of England, co. of Stafford, 2 miles E.N.E. of Newcastle-under-Lyne. It com- prises the village of Etruria and pa-rt of Cobridge, and is on the line of the Crewe & Derby Railway and the Grand Trunk Canal. Shel'tou, a village in Huntington township, Fairfield CO., Conn., oh the Housatonio River, opposite Birmingham, and i mile from Birmingham Station. It has manufactures of paper, silver-plated goods, hosiery, and pins. Sheltoil, a post-village of Bufl'alo co.. Neb., on Wood River, .and on the Union Pacific Railroad, 13 miles E. by N. of Kearney. It has a flouring-mill. Shelton, a post-hamlet of Fairfield co., S.C., on Broad River, and on the Spartanburg & Union Railroad, 45 miles N.N.W. of Columbia. Here are 2 stores. Slielton's Ford, a post-office of Grainger co., Tenn. Shel'tonville, a post-hamlet of Forsyth co., Ga., on the Chattahoochee River, 3 miles from Suwanee Railroad Station. It has 2 churches. Gold is found here. Slielv'ing Rock, a post-ofiioe of Washington co., N.Y. Shemaka, a town of Russia. See Shamaka. Shembeghewn, sh^m^beh-giin', a town of Burmah, on the Irrawaddy, 68 miles N.W. of Patanago. Lat. 20° 30' N.; Ion. 94° 30' E. Shemoga, a town of India. See Simoga. Shen^ando'ah, a county in the N. part of Virginia, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is intersected by the North Fork of the Shenandoah River, and is partly drained by Cedar Creek. It is a part of the Great Valley of Virginia, and is bounded on the S.E. by the Massanutten SHE Mountain. The surface is diversified with beautiful scenery, and extensively covered "with forests of the oak, hickory, chestnut, and other trees. The soil is fertile. AVheat, In- dian corn, oats, cattle, and grass are the staple products. Among its minerals are limestone and slate. This county is connected with Alexandria by a branch of the Virginia Midland Railroad. It is intersected by the Valley Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Capital, Woodstock. Valuation of real and personal estate, $6,728,100. Pop. in 1870, U,936, of whom 14,782 were Americans. Shenandoah, a post-village in Grant township, Page cov, Iowa, on the Nishnabatona River and the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, 19 miles N.E. of Hamburg, and 18 miles S. by W. of Red Oak. It has a newspaper office, 2 banking-houses, a high school, 3 churches, and 10 stores. Pop. about 1000. Shenandoah, Richland co., 0. See Shanandoah. Shenandoah, a post-borough in Mahanoy township, Schuylkill co.. Pa., on the Lehigh Valley and Philadelphia & Reading Railroads, 2i miles W. of Mahanoy City, about 12 miles N. of Pottsville, and 7 miles E.N.E. of Ashland. It has 10 churches, 2 banks, 2 newspaper offices, and several collieries. From its collieries in prosperous times more than 1,000,000 tons of coal are produced annually. Pop. 2951. Shenandoah Alum Springs, a post-office and watering-place of Shenandoah co., Va., 12 miles W. of Mount Jackson. It has chalybeate springs, and others which contain sulphuric acid. Shenandoah Corners, a hamlet of Dutchess co., N.Y., about 60 miles N. by E. of New York. It has a church, and mines of iron and kaolin. Shenandoah Iron-Works, a post-village of Page CO., Va., on or near the South Fork of the Shenandoah River, 23 miles E. of Harrisonburg. It has 3 churches, 2 iron-furnaces, and a steam forge. Shenandoah River, Virginia, is formed by the North, Middle, and South Rivers, which unite at Port Republic in the Great Valley. It runs northeastward through the cos. of Rockingham, Page, Warren, and Clarke. Finally it in- tersects Jefferson co., W. Va., and enters the Potomac River at Harper's Ferry, just above its passage through the Blue Ridge. Its length is estimated at 200 miles. A small stream called the North Fork runs northeastward through Shenandoah co., and enters the main river in Warren co,, about 2 miles from Front Royal. The river above the mouth of the North Fork is sometimes called the South Fork. The Shenandoah valley is bounded S.E. by the Blue Ridge, and is noted for its beauty and fertility. Shenango, she-nang'go, a township of Lawrence co.. Pa. Pop. 1748. Shenango, a township of Mercer co,, Pa. Pop. 2616. Shenango, a hamlet and transfer-station of Mercer CO., Pa., on the Shenango River, the Erie & Pittsburg Rail- road, and the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, at its junction with the Shenango & Alleghany Raih'oad, 28^ miles S.S.W. of Meadville, and 2 miles S, of Greenville. Shenango River, Pennsylvania, rises in Crawford CO,, runs southward through Mercer co., and unites with the Mahoning River in Lawrence co., about 4 miles S.W. of New Castle. The stream formed by this junction is the Beaver River. The Shenango is nearly 100 miles long. Shendy, Schendi, or Chendi,sh^n'dee\ sometimes written Chandi or Shandy, a town of Nubia, on the E- bank of the Nile, 90 miles N.N.B. of Khartoom. Lat. 16° 38' N.; Ion. 33° 15' E. It was destroyed in 1821, but is again a place of great commerce. Markets are held here twice weekly, at which live-stock of all kinds, fine wheat, straw, jars, aalt, baskets, and cotton cloths are sold. Near it the finest senna is abundant. Shenevus, New York. See Schenevus. Shenkoorsk, Schenkoursk, or Schenkursk, shSn^kooBsk', a town of Russia, government and 192 miles S.E. of Archangel. Pop. 1074. Shen-See, Shen-Si, or Chen-Si, sh5n-see' {/.e., the 'Mvestern frontier"), a province of China, between lat. 32° and 40° N. and Ion. 106° and 111° E., having N. Mon- golia, and on other sides the provinces of Kan-Soo, Se- Chuen, Hoo-Pe, Ho-Nan, and Shan-See. Pop. 10,207,256. The surface is mountainous, and less fertile than the more eastern provinces. The Hoang-Ho forms most of its E. boundary, and it is intersected by the Hoei-Ho. The prod- ucts are millet, iron, porphyry, jasper, copper, gold, musk, ginseng, rhubarb, and timber. The principal manufactures are agricultural and military implements, and felt for mili- tary clothing. It is divided into 7 departments. Chief city, See-Ngan. Sheogawn, a town of India. See Shegao.v. SHE 2038 SHE She^ohur', or Sheohar, she^o-hur', a town of Bengal, 16 miles S.W. of Seetamurhee, with fine temples. P. 5051. Sheoo- Yang-Shan, or Cheou- Vang- Chan, shi^oo^yS-ng^shan', a mountain of China, province of Kan- Soo. Lat. 34° 42' N. ; Ion. 104° 17' E. It is covered with perpetual snow. She^opoor', or Sheopoor Khas, she-o-poor kS-s, a town of India, 3 miles by rail W. of Benares. Pop. 9279. Sheopoor Dear, she-o-poor' de-ar', a town of India, district and about 25 miles E. of Ghazeepoor, near the Ganges. Pop. 0382. She-Pa-Ky, shi^pS,^kee', a town of China, province of Fo-Kien. Shep'ardsville, a post-village of Clinton co., Mich., in Ovid township, on the Detroit & Milwaukee Kailroad, 6 miles E. of St. John's. Shepaug, she-pawg', a station of the Shepaug Railroad, on the Housatonic River, 11 miles N.E. of Bethel, Conn. Shepaug River, Connecticut, a small stream, rises in Litchfield CO., runs southward, and enters the Housatonic River about 10 miles N.E. of Banbury, Shepherd, shep'frd, a station in the District of Co- lumbia, on the Alexandria Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and on the Potomac River, opposite Alexandria, Va., which is 1 mile distant by railway-ferry. Shepherd's Station, N.C. See Granite Hill. Shepherdstown, shep'erdz-town, a post-hamlet of Belmont co., 0., about 28 mile's S.W. of Steuben ville. P. 44. Shepherdstown, a post-hamlet in Upper Allen town- ship, Cumberland co., Pa., | of a mile from Bowmansdale Station, and S or 9 miles S.W. of Harrisburg. It has a church, 2 stores, &c. Pop. about 200. Shepherdstown, a post-village of Jefferson co., W. Va., on the Potomac River, 12 miles above Harper's Ferry, and about 15 miles S. by W. of Hagerstown. It has 5 churches, a savings-bank, a newspaper office, a paper-mill, and a quarry of cement. It is the seat of Shepherd's Col- lege (a state normal school). Pop. 1389. Shepherdsville, shep'§rdz-vil, a post-village, capital of Bullitt CO., Ky., on the East Fork of Salt River, and on the Louisville & Great Southern Railroad, 18 miles S. of Louisville. It has 2 churches, 3 hotels, 4 stores, a grist-mill, and an academy. Pop. about 500. Here is a summer resort, called Paroquette Springs. Shep'ody Bay,' New Brunswick, co. of Albert, is the W. arm of Chignecto Bay, and rec&ives the rivers Petitco- diac and Memramcook. On it are the towns of Hopewell Cape and Dorchester. Shep'pardtown, a post-village of Leflore co., Miss., on the Yazoo River, 36 miles W. of Winona. It has a church, 3 stores, and a saw-mill, Shep'perton, a village of England, in Middlesex, on the Thames, and on a railway, 4 miles S.E. of Staines. Shep'pey, an island of England, co. of Kent, at the mouth of the Thames, between the estuaries of the Med- way and Swale. Length, 9 miles; breadth, 4^ miles. On its AV. side, bordering the Medway, are Queenborough and Shoerness, and S. the islets of Elmley and Harty. Shep'ton-Mal'let (local pron. shep'^n), a town of England, co. of Somerset, on a branch of the Brue, 19 miles S. of Bristol. Pop. 4363. It has some good residences, a handsome church, a market-cross, the county bridewell, an almshouse, a free school, manufactures of crape, beer, and velvets, and interesting Roman antiquities. Sheran'do, a post-village of Augusta co., Va., at the W. base of the Blue Ridge, 7 miles S. of Waynesborough Station, It has a church, a graded school, and manufac- tures of iron, lumber, and woollen goods. Sher'born, a post-village in Sherborn township, Mid- dlesex CO., Mass., on the Boston, Clinton & Fitehburg Rail- road, about 20 miles S.W. of Boston, and 26 miles S.E. of Clinton. It has a public library, an academy, and 2 churches. Pop. of the township,. 999. Sherborne, sher'b9rn, a town of England, in Dorset, on the Ivel, 5 miles by rail E. of Yeovil. Pop. 5545. It is finely situated, partly on a height, is compactly built, has a large church, formerly part of an abbey, and was the see of a bishop from the eighth till the eleventh century. It has an old town hall and market-house, a noted grammar- school, a blue-coat school, almshouses and other charities, and manufactures of silks, twist, and buttons. Sher'boro, or Sher'bro, an island of Africa, opposite the mouth of Sherboro River, 40 miles S.S.E. of Sierra Leone, in lat. 7° 30' N., Ion. 12°40' W. Length, 30 miles; breadth, 10 miles. It produces rice and fruits, which the inhabitants export to Sierra Leone in return for manufac- tured goods. Sherboro, a river of Africa, dividing Sierra Leone from Liberia. It is navigable for large vessels for 50 miles from its mouth, and those of 70 tons may ascend it for 230 miles. It joins the Atlantic by an estuary 20 miles wide. Sher'brooke, a county in the S. part of Quebec. Area, 220 square miles. It is traversed by 3 railways, the Grand Trunk, Massawippi Valley, and St. Francis & Lake Me- gantic International, and watered by the river St. Francis and other streams. Capital, Sherbrooke. Pop. 8516. Sherbrooke, a town of Quebec, capita! of the co. of Sherbrooke, on the river Magog, and on the Grand Trunk and Massawippi Valley Railways, at the W. terminus of the St. Francis & Lake Megantic International Railway, 101 miles E. of Montreal, 121 miles S.S.W. of Quebec, and 196 miles N.N.W. of Portland. It has a bank, a branch bank, 6 churches, offices issuing 3 weekly newspapers, an academy, about 30 stores, and manufactures of woollen and cotton cloths, flannels, iron castings, machinery, axes, pails, (fee. ; also saw-mills, breweries, &o. Pop. 4432, Slierbrooke, a river-port of Nova Scotia, co, of Guys- borough, on the estuary of the river St. Marys, 12 milea from the Atlantic, and 124 miles E.N.E.of Halifax. Ship- building is engaged in, and large quantities of deals are sent hence to England. It contains 2 churches, 2 hotels, 5 or 6 stores, a tannery, and a chair-factory. Pop. 500, See also New Ross. Sherbrooke Gold-Mines. See Goldenville. Sher'burn,atown of England, co. and 13 miles S.S.W. of York, on a railway. Pop. 1542. Sher'burne, a county in the B. central part of Min- nesota, has an area of about 420 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Mississippi River, and inter- sected by the Elk River. The Rum River traverses the N.E. part of the county. The surface is diversified with numerous little lakes and forests of good timber. The soil is fertile. AVheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and lumber are the staples. This county is traversed by the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad. Capital, Elk River. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $1,277,612. Pop. in 1S70, 2050 ; in 1875, 3018. Sherburne, a hamlet of Fleming co,, Ky., on the Licking River, about 27 miles S. by W. of Maysville. It has a church, a flouring-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 158, Here is Sherburne Mills Post-Otfice, Sherburne, a post-village in Manyaska township, Mar- tin CO., Minn., on the Southern Minnesota Railroad, 13 miles AY. of Fairmont. It has a church. Sherburne, a post-village in Sherburne township, Che- nango CO., N.Y., on the Chenango Canal and the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, 11 miles N. of Norwich, and 43 miles S.S.W. of Utica, It contains a union high school, 6 churches, a national bank, a newspaper office, a cotton-factory, a pottery, a woollen-mill, and a sash- and blind-factory. Pop. about 1000. The township is drained by the Chenango River. Pop. 2945, Sherburne, a post-hamlet in Sherburne township, Rut- land CO., Vt., 12 miles E.N.E. of Rutland. It has a church, and some manufactures of lumber. Pop. of the township, 462. Killington Peak, 4221 feet high, is in the S.W. part of Sherburne. Sherburne Four Corners, a post-hamlet of Che- nango CO., N.Y,, on the Oswego Midland Railroad, 8 milea N. of Norwich. It has a cheese-factory and 13 dwellings. Sherburne Mills, Kentucky. See Shebeuhne. Sher'burnville, a post-hamlet of Kankakee co.. 111., 20 miles E.N.E. of Kankakee City. It has a church. Shereeah- el -Kebeer, or Sheriah-eNKebir. See JoKDAN. Sheribon, a town of Java. See Cheribon. Sher'idan, a county in the N. part of Dakota. Sheridan, a county in the N.W. part of Kansas, has an area of 900 square miles. It is drained by the North and South Forks of the Solomon River. The surface is undulating or nearly level. Sheridan, a post-village, capital of Grant co., Ark., about 33 milos S. by W. of Little Rock. Sheridan, a post-hamlet of Placer co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad (Oregon division), 16 miles S.E. of Marysville. It has a church and a flour-mill. Sheridan, a post-village, capital of Pennington co., Dakota, near the Black Hills. It has a court-house and gold-mines. Sheridan, a post-village of La Salle co., 111., on Fox River and the Fox River Branch of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad, 27 miles S.W. of Aurora. It has a church, a newspaper, a graded school, a machine-shop, and a manufactory of farming-implements. Pop, about 500. Sheridan, a township of Logan co.. III. Pop. 1002. SHE 2039 SHE Sheridan, a post-olRce of Hamilton cc, Ind. Sheridan, a township of Canoll co., Iowa. Pop. 511. Sheridan, a township of Cherokee co., Iowa. P. 3S1. Sheridan, a township of Poweshiek co., Iowa. P. 679. Sheridan, a township of Soott co., Iowa. Pop. 121 1. Sheridan, a post-township of Sioux co., Iowa. Pop. 238. Sheridan Station on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad is 7 miles W. of Sheldon. Sheridan, township, Cherokee co., Kansas. P. 1341. Sheridan, a township of Cowley co., Kansas. P. 284. Sheridan, a township of Crawford co., Kansas. Pop. 1459. It contains Cherokee. Sheridan, a township of Linn co., Kansas. Pop. 873. It contains Prcscott. Sheridan, a township of Ottawa co., Kansas. Pop. 461. It contains Delphos. Sheridan, a post-office of Sheridan co., Kansas. Sheridan, a station of Wallace co., Kansas, on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 15^ miles N.E, of Wallace. Sheridan, a village of Barry co., Mich., on Thorn- apple Lalce and the Grand River Valley Railroad, 7 miles E. of Hastings. It has a church, a drug-store, and a dry- goods store. Pop. about 150. Here is Morgan Post-Ofiice. Sheridan, a township of Calhoun co., Mich. P. 1687. Sheridan, a township of Clare co., Mich. Pop. 212. Sheridan, a township of Huron co., Mich. Pop. 196. Sheridan, a township of Mecosta co., Mich. Pop. 160. Sheridan, a post-village in Evergreen and Sidney townships, Montcalm co., Mich., on a branch of the Detroit, Lansing & Northern Railroad, 5 miles S. of Stanton. It has a church, a grist-mill, a stave-factory, and several lum- ber-mills and shingle-mills. Pop. about 700. Sheridan, a township of Newaygo co., Mich. P. 653. Sheridan, a township of Redwood co., Minn. P. 161. Sheridan, a township of Daviess co., Mo. Pop. 923. Sheridan, Ray co.. Mo. See Rayville. Sheridan, a post-hamlet of Madison co., Montana, 20 miles N.W. of Virginia City. It has a church and a flour- mill. Sheridan, a post-hamlet of Nemaha co., Neb., 10 miles W. of Brownville. Sheridan, a post-village of Douglas co., Nevada, about 20 miles S. of Carson City. Sheridan, a post-village in Sheridan township, Chau- tauqua CO., N.Y., on the Erie Railroad, 3 miles E. of Dun- kirk. It has a church and a cheese-factory. Pop. about 250. The township is bounded on the N. by Lake Erie, and has a pop. of 1665. Sheridan, a post-hamlet of Putnam co., 0., 9 miles W. of Ottawa. It has a church and a saw-mill. Sheridan, a post-hamlet of Yam Hill co., Oregon, on the Yam Hill River, 20 miles S.W. of Lafayette. It has 2 churches and a Methodist college. Pop. about 100. Sheridan, a station in Alleghany co., Pa., on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, 4 miles W. of Pittsburg. Sheridan, a post-village in Mill Creek township, Lebanon co., Pa., on the Lebanon Valley Railroad, 17i miles W. of Reading. It has 2 blast-furnaces for pig-iron, a grist-mill, and a store. Sheridan, a township of Colleton co., S.C. Pop. 1121. Sheridan, a township of Dunn co.. Wis. Pop. 302. Sheridan, a post-office and station of AVaupaca co,, Wis., on the Wiscon.5in Central Railroad, 41 miles W.N.W. of Menasha. Sheridan, a post-village in Halton co., Ontario, 4 miles N. of Oakville. Pop. 100. Sheridan Centre, post-office, Poweshiek co., Iowa. Sheridan Coal-Works, apost-villagein Perry town- ship, Lawrence CO., 0., on the Ohio River, 3 miles below the -mouth of Big Sandy River. It has a church and a coal-mine. Sheridan, Mount, Wyoming, is in the National Park of the Yellowstone, about 5 miles S. of Yellowstone Lake, and near lat. 44° 18' N. It is a peak of the main range or *' divide" of the Rocky Mountains, and rises 10,420 feet, giving one a range of vision over an immense area, and presenting to the view several hundred distinct mountain-summits, at distances varying from 30 to 200 miles. A large part of it is formed of porphyry of a pur- plish-pink color. Sheridan's Point, a post-office of Calvert co., Md. Sherkin, an island of Ireland. See Innisherkin. Sherk'ston, a post-village in Welland co., Ontario, on the Buffalo & Goderieh Branch of the Grand Trunk Rail- way, 7 miles E. of Port Colborne. Pop. 100. Sher'lock, a post-office of Palo Alto co., Iowa. Sherlock, a post-hamlet of Sequoyah co., Kansas, on the Atchison, Topeka &, Santa Fe llailroa.d, near the Ar- kansas River, 56^ miles W. by N. of Dodge City. Slierm, sh^am, an Arabic word, signifying a " harbor," the name of several inlets or ports of the E. coast of the Red Sea, as SnEnM-BAREiKAH, Sherm-Reuegh, miles N.W. of Gilmer. It has several churches. Sims, siinz, a township of Grant co., Ind. Pop. 841. Sims, a post-hamlet of Ellis co., Tex., 18 miles from Ennis. It has a church and an academy. Simsbury, sims'ber-e, a post-village in Simsbury township, Hartford co., Conn., on Farmington River, and on the Connecticut Western Railroad, at its junction with the New Haven & Northampton Railroad, 42 miles N. of New Haven. It has 2 churches and a fuse-factory. The township contains a larger village, named Tariflfville. Pop. of the township, 2051. Sims Ci-eek, a post-oflfice of St. Clair eo., Mo. Sims Creek, a post-office of Lampasas co., Tex. Simsport,sxmz'port,apost-viUageof Avoyelles parish, La., on Atehafalaya Bayou, about 60 miles N.N.W". of Baton Rouge. It has 2 churches. Post-office, Simmesport. Sims Store, a post-office of Caldwell co., Ky. Sims'ville, a post-office of Carroll co., Ga. Simusir, Kooril Islands. See Simooseek. Sin, sin or seen, a city of China, province of Shen-See, 120 miles S.E. of See-Ngan. Sin, s4ns or Sin-Ie-Noble, sA-No-l^h-nobM, atown of France, in Nord, 2 miles E. of Douai. Pop. 2269. Si'nJE (Gr. Sifttt), the ancient nameof a people inhabiting the southeasternmost part of Asia, supposed to be the same as the Cochin-Chinese. Sinai, si'ni or si'ni-i, a peninsula between the Gulfs of Suez and Akabah, the scene of the Israelite wanderings in the desert, is about 140 miles in length from N. to S., and as much in breadth at its N. end, whence it gradually tapers S. to its extremity, Ras-Mohammed, in the Red Sea. Lat. 27° 43' N. ; Ion. 34° IS' E. The surface is gen- erally mountainous and rocky; in different localities of it are hieroglyphic and other ancient inscriptions. The high- est points are Mount St. Catharine (8526 feet), Mount Shomer (8449 feet), and Mount Serbal (6734 feet). The peninsula is under Egyptian administration. Sinai, si'ni, a post-office of Anderson eo., Ky. Sinai (sl'ni or si'ni-i). Mount, a mountain of Arabia Petraea, famous in Scripture, and identified with the Jebel- Moosa, or " Mount of Moses," one of a cluster of moun- tains, of which Mount Horeb forms a part of the N. end. Lat. of Sinai, 28° 30' N. ; Ion. 34° E. On its N.E. side is the fortified convent of Sinai, now tenanted by about 20 Greek monks. The name Horeb sometimes appears to be a general name for the mountain-group, and at other times it is synonymous with Sinai. The latter mountain is prop- erly the peak called Sufsafeh, on the N.W. side of the mountain, and not the Jebel-Moosa of the Arabs, which is the S.E. peak of the same mountains. Sinaloa, a state of Mexico. See Cinaloa. Sina liOnga, a town of Italy. See Asinalunga. Sinaruco, se-n3,-roo'ko, a river of Venezuela, joins the Orinoco after an E. course of 100 miles. Sinay, see^ni', a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 16 miles N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 4293. Sincapore, India. See Simgapore. Sin'clair, a post-hamlet of Morgan eo., III., on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Jacksonville. It has 2, churches, and manufactures of carriages and cigars. Sinclair, a post-office of Stone co.. Mo. Sinclair, a post-office of Lexington co., S.C. Sin'clairtown, or Saint Clair'town, a village of Scotland, co. of Fife, adjoining Path-Head. Pop. 2526. Sin'clairville, a post-village in Charlotte township, Chautauqua co., N.Y., on the Dunkirk, Alleghany Valley & Pittsburg Railroad, 22 miles S, by E. of Dunkirk. It has 4 churches, 2 grist-mills, 2 tanneries, a cheese-factory, 2, carriage-shops, a graded school, a manufactory of farm- ing-implements, and a printing-office. Pop. about 800. Sind, Sinde, slnd, or Siiidh, a river of India, be- tween the Chumbul and Betwah Rivers, rises nearSeronge, flows N.E. through the Gwalior dominion, and between it and Bundelcund, and joins the Jumna 26 miles S.E. of Etawah. Total course, 220 miles. Sinde, or Scinde, sind, oalled also Sindh and Sindy (from Sindhoo or Sindhn, a " collection of waters"), a prov- ince of British India, now annexed to the presidency of Bombay, watered by the Lower Indus, and comprising its delta, extending from the Indian Ocean N. to the junction of the Chenaub with the Indus, between lat. 23° 37' and 28° 32' N., Ion. 66° 43' and 71° 3' E. Area, 46,599 square miles. Pop. 2,312,847. It is bounded W. by the Belouchee Mountains, and extends E. into the Desert of Thurr. The delta is encumbered with jungle and tall grass, and the lands bordering it are poor, destitute of fresh water, and, after the inundation, incrusted with salt. Upper Sinde is the most fertile part of the country, being irrigated by canals, and yielding rice, wheat, barley, oil-seeds, millet, opium, indigo, maize, sugar-cane, cotton, pulse, and esculent vegetables, with dates, mangoes, plantains, and the fruits common to Southern Europe. Much of the country has, however, been depopulated and laid waste for hunting- grounds. Mimosas, banyans, palms, and mangroves are among the principal trees. Camels, buffaloes, sheep, goats, horses, and asses are the domestic animals ; wool is an im- poi'tant product, and is manufactured into bngs, ropes, and small cloths. Climate extremely sultry and dry, and epi- demic diseases are frequent and destructive. Tigers, hye- nas, wolves, and other formidable animals are numerous, and crocodiles swarm in the pools of the delta. Coarse cloths, felt, mats, arms, leather, horse-furniture, earthen- wares, cotton, silk, and embroidered fabrics are made in the towns, but few manufactured goods are fit for exportation ; the exports consisting chiefly of the natural produce, rice and other grains, ghee, hides, fish, wool, salt and nitre from the soil, oil and oil-seeds, bark, alkalies, firewood, opium, tobacco, camels, and horses. Imports are chiefly manufactured goods, madder and other dyes, groceries, metals, gems, timber, cordage, bamboos, and dried fruits. Kurrachee, at the mouth of the Indus, is the chief port and seat of foreign trade. The inhabitants are partly Hindoos, partly Beloochees and Mohammedans, the lower classes of the latter being of the Sunnee and the upper or ameers of the Shiah sect. Until lately the country was governed by the ameers, who exercised an aristocratic mil itary despotism ; but, after open hostilities had been evinced by them against the British, their power was completely broken by the forces under Sir C. Napier in 1844, and Sinde became a British dependency. Chief towns, Hyderabad (the capital), Shi- karpoor, Khyerpoor, Kurrachee, Tatta, Mecrpoor, Halla, Larkhana, and Koree. The country is traversed by 2 lines of railway, and has important facilities for navigation af- forded by the Indus and its arms. Sindelfingen, sin'd^I-fing'en, a town of Wurtemberg, 9 miles W.S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 3718. Sindh, or Sindliu. See Indus, Sind, and Sinde. Sindhoo, or Sindhn, the Sanscrit name of the Indus. Sindhoo, or Sindhn, a province of India. See Sinde. Sindia, or Sindhia. See Sinde. Siudim, sin-deeN"', or Sendim, s5n-deeN°', a town of Portugal, in Beira, 13 miles S.E. of Lamego. Pop. 1524. Sindorskoc, sin-don'sko-i, a lake of Russia, govern- ment of Vologda, 85 miles N.N. E. of Oost-Sysolsk. Length, 12 miles, by 5 miles in breadth. Sindy, a province of India. See Sinde. Si'neath's, a station in Charleston co., S.C, on the South Carolina Railroad, 13 miles N.W. of Charleston. Sinendrij, a town of Persia. See Sinna. Sin^epux'ent Bay, of Worcester co., Md., a long, narrow bay, situated on the Atlantic coast, has an inlet of its own name, which is in about 38° 10' N. lat. Sines, see'nes, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 40 miles S.W. of Alcacer do Sal. Pop. 3148. It was the birthplace of Vasco da Gama. Sineu, se-ndh'oo, a town of the island of Majorca, 20 miles E.N.E. of Palma. Pop. :^257. Sin'ew,a river of British America, rises on the E. side of the Rocky Mountains, about lat. o6° N., flows N.E., and joins the Peace River, after a course of about 100 miles. Sineya, Sineia, or Sineja, se-ni'yS,, a river of Rus- sia, rises S.W. of Sebesh, government of Vitebsk, flows N. through the government of Pskov, and, turning E., joins the Velikaia 15 miles above Ostrov. Total course, 100 miles. Singac, sin'jak, a post-hamlet of Passaic co., N.J., on the Passaic River, 5 miles W.S.W. of Paterson. It has a carpet -factory and a saw-mill. It is on the Montclair & Greenwood Lake Railroad, 11 miles N.N.AV. of Newark. Singalapetta, India. See Chingleput. Sin^ali, a town of Turkey. See Sinjar. Si-Ngan, or Siiigan, China. See See-Ngan. Singapore, sing^ga-pore', or Singapoor, sing^ga- poor' {formerly written and often pronounced by Europeans Sinc'apore), one of the Straits Settlements belonging to Great BriUiin, consisting of an island off the S. extremity of the Malay Peninsula, separated from the mainland by a strait in one part only ^ mile across, and having on Its S. side a town of the same name. Lat. 1° 17' N.; Ion. 103° 50' 47" E. Length of island, 27 miles; breadth, 11 miles. Area, 224 square miles. Pop. 97,111. Surface generally low, undulating, and densely wooded. Soil mostly clay, resting on sandstone and granite. The climate is healthy. The island is infested by tigers, whose numbers are reputed to SIN 2057 SIN be reinforced from the mainland, from wiiich they can easily 6wiin. Showers are frequent; and the annual fall of rain is about 100 inches. Chief products, tapioca, cocoa-nut oil, gambler, and fruits. The island is chiefly valuable as a depot for the British and Indian trade with the islands of the Eastern seas. Rice is imported from Java, Bengal, and Sumatra, and live-stock from Malacca. Some manufactures of pearl-sago, agricultural implements, and arms are car- ried on by the Chinese, who, with British residents, are the principal merchants. Exports, teak, tin, pepper, gutta- percha, sago, gambler, rice, coffee, sugar, caoutchouc, hides, gums, tapioca, camphor, nutmegs, canes, oils, cutch, &c. Imports, cottons, woollens, arms, iron, copper, linens, coal, hardware, earthenware, beer and ale, glass, apparel, guano, itc. Singapore was purchased from the Sultan of Johore (Malay Peninsula) and settled by the English in 1819. Since then it has rapidly risen into importance. Singapore (anc. Singhapura, "city of the lion"), a town of India, capital of the above colony, and of the Straits Settlements, is on the S.E. coast, on a small river, in an open bay, with an anchorage 2 miles from the shore. It is regu- larly Laid out, well built, and divided into Malay, Chinese, and European quarters. The chief residence of the Euro- peans is on a hill, 150 feet above the sea, about 1 mile in- land. It has a lunatic asylum, and a hospital for lepers. Pop. 56,000. Chief edifices, town hall, court-house, jail, custom-house, cathedral, and college. It has convenient quays, and goods are shipped and unshipped by lighters; vessels of large burden lying in the roads, from 1 to 2 miles distant. It is protected by a vast system of fortifications. Siiigboom, sing'boom', Singbhoom, or Sing- bhum, sing^b'hoora' (native, *y(*HV<:6/ii(»i,sin^b'hoom'), a dis- trict of Bengal. Lat. 21° 59'-22° 53' N. ; Ion. 85°-8r° E. Area, 4503 square miles. It is a rocky hill-region, abound- ing in serpents and wild beasts. Capital, Chaibassa. Pop. 415,023. Sing-Ching, a city of China. See Canton. Singen, sing'en, a town of Baden, 6 miles W.N.W. of Radolfszell. Pop. 1674. Sing'er's Glen, a post-hamlet of Rockingham co., Va., 4 miles W. of Linville St.ation. It has a church, and a printing-office which publishes periodicals. Singhala and Singhalese. See Ceylon. Singhanip'ton,or Mad River Mills, a post-village in Siuiooe co., Ontario, 13 miles S. of Collingwood. It has a woollen-factory. Pop, 100. Singhapura, the ancient name of Singapore. Singiduiium, the ancient name of Belgrade. Singilei, or Singhilei, sin-ghe-li'e, written also Singilijew, a town of Russia, government and 23 miles S.S.E. of Simbeersk, on the Volga. Pop. 3501. Singkel, sing'kSl', a town of Sumatra, on the W. coast, at the mouth of the Singkel, in lat. 2° 15' N. Singletaryvilie, sing'g?l-ta-re-vil, a post-office of Williamsburg co., S.C. Singleton, sing'g^l-ton, a post-hamlet of Winston co.. Miss., about 40 miles S.W. of Columbus. It has 2 churches. Singoe, sin'gii'eh, an island of Sweden, in the Baltic, 20 miles W. of the Aland Isl.ands. Singo-Sarie, sing'go-si'ree, a village of Java, prov- ince of Passoeroean, with the remains of one of the finest temples in Java. Sing Sing, a post-village of Westchester co., N.Y., in Ossining township, on the E. bank of the Hudson River, and on the Hudson River Railroad, 32 miles N. of New York. It is beautifully situated on a long acclivity, the upper part of which is about 200 feet higher than the river and is occupied by elegant villas. The river, here called Tappan Sea or Bay, is 3 miles wide opposite Sing Sing, and flows through very picturesque scenery. Sing Sing contiiins 7 churches, a national bank, a savings-bank, 4 military boarding-schools, the Mount Pleasant Academy, a seminary for young ladies, a school called Trinity College, and printing-offices which issue 3 weekly newspapers. Here is also one of the New York state prisons, which is located immediately on the ba.nk of the river. The build- ings of this prison are constructed of limestone. The main edifice is 484 feet long, 44 feet wide, and 5 stories high. Some of the convicts are employed in mechanic arts. The number of convicts in 1878 was 1626. The Croton Aque- duct passes through this village, and is carried over a ravine on an arch of masonry of 88 feet span. The state prison is enclosed by a wall 25 feet high. Sing Sing has a large stove-foundry, a water-pipe-foundry, manufactures of hats, cotton-gins, files, lime, and shoes, and a book- bindery. Pop. 4696. Slnigaglia,sene-gil'yi, or Senigallia (anc. Se'na, or Sc'na GaVlica), a town of Italy, on the Misa, at its mouth in the Adriatic, 16 miles W.N.VV. of Ancona. Pop. 4853. It has a cathedral, convents, mint, theatre, a small harbor, and a celebrated annual fair in July and August. Si-Ning-Fou, a town of China. See See-Ning-Foo. Siniookha, Sinioukha, or Siniukha, se-ne-oo'Ki, a river of Russia, government of Kiev, and between Kher- son and Podolia, after a S.E. and S. course of nearly 150 miles, joins the Bug at Olviopol. Siniscola, se-nis'ko-li, a vill.age of the island of Sar- dinia, 25 miles N.E. of Nuoro. Pop. 2604. SinUar', or Singali, sin-g^'lee', a town of Asiatic Turkey, 70 miles W. of Mosul. Siiijar Hills, a range of Asiatic Turkey, about 50 miles in length by 7 to 9 miles in breadth, between the Khaboor and Tigris. They are covered with oak forests and fig- and vine-plantations, interspersed with villages. Sinjawka, a town of Russia. See Sinyavka. Sink'ing Creek, a post-hamlet of Craig co., Va., 25 miles N.W. of Salem. Sinking Fork, a post-office of Christian co., Ky. Sinking Spring, a post-village in Brush Creek town- ship. Highland Co., 0., on Brush Creek, .about 30 miles S.W. of Chillicothe. It has 2 churches and a woollen-factory. Pop. 200. Sinking Spring, a post-village in Spring township, Berks CO., Pa., on the Lebanon Valley and Reading A Co- lumbia Railroads, 6 miles W. of Reading. It has several stores and taverns. Sinking Spring, a post-office of Sevier co., Tenn. Sinking Valley, a post-hamlet of Blair co.. Pa., about 12 miles N.E. of Altoona. Sink's Grove, a post-villnge of Monroe co., W. Va., 6 miles S. of Fort Spring Depot. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 200. Sin-le-Pfoble, a town of France. See Sin. Sinn, a town of Asi.atic Turkey. See Senn. Sinn, Sinn, a river of Germany, after a S. course of 40 miles, joins the Saale near its infiu.v into the Main. Sinna,sin'n4, Senna, s^n'ni, or Sinenilrij, se-nin"- drij', a town of Persia, in Irak-Ajemee, capital of the dis- trict of Ardelan, 80 miles W.N.W. of Hamadan. It is of comparatively modern origin, and has an imposing appear- ance. In its vicinity is a very extensive public garden. Sinnai, sin-ni', a town of the island of Sardinia, 8 miles N.E. of Cagliari. Pop. 2920. Sin'nemaho'ning, or Sin'namaho'ning, a post- village of Cameron co., Pa., on Sinnemahoning Creek, and on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, 52 miles W.N.W. of Lock Haven. It has a flour-mill and a lumber-mill. Sinnemahoning Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters the West Branch of the Susquehanna in Clinton co. Sln'nett's Mills, a post-office of Ritchie co., W. Va. , Sinnie, a river of Guinea. See Ancober. Siunimari, or Sinnainary, seen'ni"m4"ree', a river of French Guiana, enters the Atlantic 78 miles N.W. of Cayenne, after a N. course of 200 miles. At its mouth is the village of Sinnimari. Sinno, sin'no (anc. Si'ris), a river of Italy, in Basili- cata, flows E.,and enters the Gulf of Taranto 19 miles S.W. of the mouth of the Bradano. Length, 60 miles. Sinnore, sin^nor', a town of India, Baroda dominions, on the Nerbudda, 26 miles E.N.E. of Baro.ach. Sinope, sin'o-pe (Turk. Sinoob, Sinonb, or Simth, see~- nooh'), a seaport town of Asia Minor, on the Black Sea, 75 miles W.N.W. of Samsoon, in lat. 42° 2' 12" N., Ion. 35° 12' 30" E. Pop. about 8000. It is on an isthmus con- necting a high, rocky peninsula with the mainland, and has on its S.W. side the best port on the N. coast of Asiatic Turkey. Its walls, composed of fragments of Byzantine architecture, are ivy-clad, and overhang deep wooded ravines crossed by high and narrow bridges. Many of its buildings are surrounded by gardens. Its exports consist of timber, salt, cordage, fish, and oil. Sinopoli, sin-op'o-le, a town of Italy, province of Reggio di Calabria, 17 miles N.E. of Reggio. Pop. 2212. Sinopoli Inferiore, sin-op'ole in-fi-re-o'ri, is a village immediately S.W. of the above. Siuou, se-noo', a little river of Liberia, falls into the Atlantic near 5° N. Int. and 9° W. Ion. Sins, secns, a village of Switzerland, canton of Orisons, on a hill, in the Lower Engadine Valley. Pop. 932. Sinsheim, sins'hime, a town of Baden, 14 miles S.S.E. of Heidelberg. Pop. 2740. Sinsin'awa Mound, a post-village of Grant co.. Wis., 6 miles E. of Dubuque, Iowa. It has a church and SIN 2C a Catholic academy for girls. Here is a mound which is described as a truncated cone, formed partly of Niagara limestone, several hundred feet high. Sili'ta BayoU) bi'oo, of Alabama, flows into the Tom- bigbee near Coffeeville. Siii'-Tchoo', or Sin-Tcheou, sin'che-oo' or sin"- chew', a town of China, province of Quang-6ee. Lat. 23° 20' N.; Ion. 110° E. Sillily or ZiuUf see-noo', a river of the United States of Colombia, rises in Cauca, about lat. 7° N., flows first N.E., then N.N.W., and, after a course of about 200 miles, falls into the Bay of Morrosquillo, in the Caribbean Sea. Sinub, a town of Asia Minor. See Sinope. Sinus ^-daiiiticus. See Gulf of Akabah. Sinus Ambracius. See Gulf of Abta. Sinus CodauuSy the ancient name of the B.^ltig. Sinus Doridis. See Gulf of Symi. Sinus £nidaniis (or Dollarius). See Dollart. Sinus Issicus. See Bay of IsKAHDEitoo.'f. Sinus Felasgicus. See Gulf of Volo. Sinus Saronicus. See Gulf of iBsiNA. Sinus Squilacius. See Gulf of Squillace. Siuyavka, Siniavka, or Sinjawka, sin-yiv'k^, a town of Russia, in the I>on Cossack country, 45 miles W.S.W. of Novo-Cherk.-bsk, at the mouth of the Mertvoi- Donets in the Sea of Azof. Sinzlieim, sints'hime, a village of Germany, 3 miles W. of Baden. Pop. 3321. Sinzig, sint'siG, a town of Uhenish Prussia, 20 miles N.W. of Coblentz, near the left bank of the Rhine. P. 2054. Siohara, India. See Seohara. Si'oii, or Zi'on, a hill or mountain of Palestine, on which Jerusalem was partly built. Sioiiy see'6No', a village of France, in Loire-Inferieure, 12 miles W. of Chateaubriant. Pop. of commune, 2319. Sion, see^on', a town and fort of India, at the N. end of the island of Bombay, with a causeway communication with the island of Salsette. Sioii, see"6N»' (Ger. Sillen, sM'ten: ano. Sedn'ntim), a town of Switzerland, capital of the canton of Valai^, near the Rhone, 50 miles S. of Bern. Pop. 4895. It is a bishop's see, is enclosed by walls, and has 3 castles. Sioot, Siout, Siut, or Syoot, se-oot', written also Osioot, Assioot, or Es Siout (anc. Zi/cop'olis), the principal town and capital of Upper Egypt, near the Nile, in lat. 27° 11' 14" N., Ion. 31° 14' E., 228 miles by rail S. of Cairo. Pop. 27,470. It is the largest and best-built town S. of Cairo, and has well-supplied bazaars, handsome mosques, a palace, public baths, a government school, and a cotton-factory. It was until lately the principal seat of the slave-trade in Egypt, and is the resort of the caravans coming into that country from Darfoor. It is also an im- portant military station, and has a large m.anufactoi-y of pipe-bowls. Around it are traces of the ancient city, and in the adjacent mountains, W. of the Nile, are tombs, grot- toes, and catacombs. SioiiXy soo, a county in the N.W. part of Iowa, borders on Dakota. Area, about 750 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Siou.\ River, and intersected by Rock River and Willow Creek. The surface is undulating. The soil is fertile. This county is traversed by the Sioux City & St. Paul Railroad. , Capital, Orange City. Valuation of real and personal estate, $747,192. Pop. in 1S70, 576; in 1875, 3220. Sioux, a township of Plymouth co., Iowa. Pop. 246. Sioux Centre, a post-office of Sioux eo., Iowa. Sioux City, a city, the capital of Woodbury co., Iowa, is situated on the E. bank of the Missouri River, at the mouth of Fioyd River, 1 or 2 miles below the mouth of the Big Sioux River, and 125 miles above Omaha. Bv rail- ro.ad it is 327 miles W. of Dubuque, 61 miles E.sIe. of Yankton, and about 100 miles N. by W. of Council Bluff's. It is a terminus of 5 important railroads, namely, the Illi- nois Central or Dubuque & Sioux City, the Dakota Southern, the Sioux City & St. Paul, the Sioux City & Pacitio, and the Siou.x City & Pembina. It contains a new court-house, 9 churches, a high school, an academy of music which cost SSO,000, a fine hotel, 2 national banks, a private bank, a savings-bank, gns-work*, an iron-foundry, a machine-shop, several flour-mills, a soap-factory, an oil-mill, some oar- and machine-shops of the Sioux City A St. Paul Railroad, the Sioux City West Side School, which cost $25,000, and printing-offices which issue 1 daily and 3 weekly news- papers. Pop. in 1875, 4290 j present pop. about 7500. Sioux Creek, a post-offico of Barron co.. Wis. Sioux Falls, a post-village, capital of Minnehaha oo., Dakota, is on the Big Sioux River, and on a branoh of the .8 SIU Sioux City i. St. Paul Railroad, .about 60 miles N.N.E. of Yankton. It has a court-house, 2 banking-houses, a news- paper office, a money-order post-office, a United States land-office, 3 churches, and a flour-mill. Pop. about 700. The river here falls nearly 100 feet. Sioux Falls Junction, a station in Nobles co., Minn., on the Sioux City & St. Paul Railroad, 4 miles S.W. of Worthington, at the junction of a branch which extends to Sioux Falls. Sioux Rap'ids, a post-village, capital of Buena Vista CO., Iowa, on the Little Sioux River, 20 miles N. of Storm Lake Station, and about 60 miles W.N.W. of Fort Dodge. It is partly in Barnes township and partly in Lee township. It has a newspaper office, a church, and a flour-mill. Sioux River, Dakota. See Big Sioux River. Sioux Valley, a hamlet of Union oo., Dakota, on the Sioux River, about 60 miles E. by N. of Yankton. Sioux Valley, township, Jackson co., Minn. Pop. 80. Sipan Dagh, se-p.\n' dig, a mountain of Turkish Ar- menia, 40 miles N.W. of Van, on the N. side of Lake Van. Supposed elevation, 11,000 feet. Sipe's Mill, a post-office of Fulton co., Pa., about 22 miles E.S.E. of Bedford. Sipestown, sips'town, a post-hamlet of Lehigh co., Pa., 5 miles W. of Litzenberg. Sipesville, sips'vil, a post-hamlet of Somerset co.. Pa., 7 miles N. of Somerset, and about 56 miles E.S.E. of Pitts- burg. It has a store. Siphanto, sif'an-to or see'fin-to (anc. Siph'nos), an island of the Grecian Archipelago, government and 25 miles S.^V. of Syra. Area, 34 square miles. Pop. 3856. The soil is fertile. The chief products are corn, silk, figs, wax, and honey. In ancient times the island had mines of gold and silver. Sipoiitum, a town of Italy. See Manfredonia. Sipotuba, se-po-too'bi, an auriferous river of Brazil, rises in the province of Matto-Grosso, in lat. 13° 50' S., re- ceiving the Taperapoan, Java, and Jaranbahiba, and, pro- ceeding S. for about 200 miles in a course nearly parallel to that of the Paraguay, joins that river on the right, about 20 miles above Villa Maria. Sippican, Plymouth co., Mass. See Marios. Sip'sey Creek, Alabama, runs in a S.S.E. direction, intersects Winston eo., and enters the Mulberry River'in Walker co., about 12 miles E. of Jasper. It is nearly 100 miles long. Sipsey River, Alabama, rises near the W. border of AVinston co., and runs southward through the cos. of Fay- ette and Tuscaloosa. It enters the Tombigbee River about 20 miles N.W. of Eutaw. It is nearly 150 miles long. Sipsey Turnpike, a post-office of Tuscaloosa co.,Ala., on the Sipsey River, 15 miles W.N.W. of Tuscaloosa. Sir, a mouth of the Indus. See Seer. Siraiig, island, M.alay Archipelago. See Ceram. Sirault, see>ro', a village of Belgium, in Hainault, 9 miles W. of Mens. Pop. 2673. Sir Charles Hardy's Islands. See Hardy's Is- lands. Sircy, a town of India. See Sirsee. Sir-Daria. See Jaxautes, and Syr-Darya. Sirdarud, sir'dd-rood', a village of Persia, province of Azerbaijan, 7 miles S.W. of Tabreez. Sirdliuna, or Sardhana, surd-hun'i, a town of In- dia, 37 miles N.N.E. of Delhi. Pop. 12,469. Sir Edward Pellevv Islands. See Pellew Islands. Sircth,a town of Austria. See Sebeth. Sir Ev'erard Home's Islands, a cluster of islands off" the N.E. coast of Australia, extending about 4 miles from Cape Grenville, in lat. 11° 57' 40" S., Ion. 143° 11' E. Sir 1' raiicis Drake's Bay, in California, about 30 miles W.N.W. of San Francisco, lat. 38° N., Ion. 122° 50' W. Sir George Clark's Isle, an island in the Arctic Ocean, in lat. 69° 30' N., Ion. 118° 40' W. Sirgoojah, sir-goo'ja, or Sargnja, siSr-goo'ja, a na- tive state of Bengal, in Chuta-Nagpoor. Lat. 22° 3'7.5'-24° 6.5' N. ; Ion. 82° 32'-84° 7' E. Area, 6103 square miles. It is a pleasant and fertile hill-country, with coal and valuable ores, but is nearly enclosed by mountain-ranges. The people are of various hill-tribes. Capital, a village called Sirgoojah, or Bisrampoor. The chief has the title of Maha- rajah. Pop. 182,831. Sirhinil, sir-hind', a fortress and town of India, in the protected Sikh territory,. 27 miles N.W. of Umballnh. Sirhind, a territorial division of India, comprising the great plain between the Jumna and Sutlej. Lat. 29° 3-31° 24' N. i Ion. 73° 50'-77° 39' E. Area, 8109 square miles, exclusive of British districts. Pop. 2,193,800. SIR 2059 SIT Siriciisa, the Itolinn name of Syracuse. Sir-i-Kol, sir'ee-kol' or seer^ee-kol', a lake in Asia, on the Pameer Plateau, forming the source of the river Aiuoo- Darya. Elevation, ] 5,600 foet. It is called Victoria by English writers. Sirinagar, a city of Cashmere. See SuniNAGUR. Siri Pool, see'ree pool, a town of Asia, on the N. slope of the Huzaveh Mount;iins, 45 miles S.W. of Balkh, in hit. 36° 21' N.. Ion. 6li° 28' E. Pop. 15,000. It is the capital of a khanate of the same name, one of the Four Domains of Afghan Toorkistan. Siris, the ancient name of the SiNNO. Sir-i-Sungah, slr-ee-sun'gi, a fort of Afgh.anistan, 22 miles S.W. of Cabool. on the route to Ghuznce. Sir James Smith's Islands, part of the Cumber- land group, off the N.E. coast of Australia. The principal island, called Linne Pe.ak, is in lat. 20° 40' 30" S., Ion. 140° 9' 10" E. Sirjaii, a city of Persia. See Kkhman. Sir John's Island, Ontario. See Howe Island. Sir John's Run, a post-hamlet of Morgan co., VV. Va., on the Potomac lliver and the Baltimore & Ohio Kailroad, 50 miles E. of Cumberland. It h.as a church and a mill. Sir Josei)h Banks' Islands. See Ba.\ks' Isla.vds. Sirmio, or Sirmione. See Sermiose. Sirmore, sir-mor', or Surmoor, sur-jnoor', one of the protected Sikh states of India, between the Sutlej and Jumna Kivers, on the route between Seharunpoor and Be- laspoor. The surface is hilly. Area, 1006 square miles. Pop. 90,000. It produces wheat, barley, tobacco, opium, cotton, timber, and iron. The princi])al town is Nahan, 30 miles E.N.E. of Umballah, in lat. 31° N., Ion. 77° E. Sirnach, seeri'nAK, a village of Switzerland, canton of Thurgau, 17 miles S.W. of Constance. Pop. 3141. . Sirohi, India. See SEnoHEE. Sir Rungapiittun, India. See Seulvgapatam. Sirsa, siir'sa. or Sir'siih, a town of India, capital of Bhattiana, 48 miles W.N.W. of Hissar. Pop. Il,0tt0. See also Bhattiana. Sir'see, a town of India, in Rohilcund. Pop. 5147. Sirsee, or Sircy, a town of India, in North Canara, 35 miles N.E. of Honawar. Pop. 5285. Siruela, seer-wi'ljL, a town of Spain, province and 92 miles E.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 4152. Sirwan, sir-wAn', a ruined city of Persian Koordistan, 65 miles S.W. of Kermanshah. Lat. 33° 30' N. ; Ion. 46° 25' E. It presents the most perfect remains of a Sassanian city to be found in Persia. The buildings are composed of massive stone walls, and some of the dwellings are per- fectly preserved, with ancient paintings in some of the vaults appearing quite fresh. It is considered to occupy the site of the more ancient Celonse. Sis, sis or sees, a town of Asia Minor, 40 miles N.E. of Adana, on the Jyhoon, S. of Mount Taurus, and the see of an Armenian patriarch. Sis, a town of Asia Minor, 21 miles S.W. of Seevas, on the Kizil-Irmak. Sisal, se-sil', a seaport town of Yucatan, on its N.W. coast, 30 miles N.W. of Merida, in lat. 21° 10' 6" N., Ion. 90° 2' 45" W. Population mostly Indians. Sisante, se-sin'ti, a town of Spain, province and 45 miles S.W. of Cuenca. Pop. 3349. Sisapo, or Sisapon. See Ai.made.v de la Plata. Sisarga, se-san'gS., a group of islets off the N.W. coast of Spain, in Galicia, province and 23 miles AV. of Corunna. Siseboli, or Sizeboli, se-sSb'o-le (ane. Apullouia, afterwards Sozop'olis), a town of Eastern Roumelia, on the Black Sea, at the entrance of the Gulf of Boorghas, 80 miles N.E. of Adrianople. It has one of the best harbors on the Black Sea, and is mostly inhabited by Greeks. Siskiyou, sis'ke-yoo, sometimes pronounced sis'e-kew, a county in the N. part of California, borders on Oregon. It is about 100 miles long and 50 miles wide, and .has an area of nearly 5000 square miles. It is intersected by the Klamath River, and partly drained by the Sacramento. The surface is diversified by rugged mountains, deep canons, barren table-lands, and "lava-bods." Extensive forests of pine, cedar, and other evergi-een trees grow on the high- lands. The most prominent feature of the county is Mount Shasta, an isolated peak, which has an altitude of 14,440 feet above the level of the sea. (See Mount Shasta.) Vol- canic rocks abound in this county. Among its minerals are gold, quartz, granite, and basalt. The soil of the valleys is partly fertile. Cattle, wheat, hay, barley, and oats are the staple products. Capital, Yreka. Valuation of real and personal estate, S4,002,047. Pop. in 1870, 6S48, of whom 4321 were Americans. ^ Sislavich, sis'li-viK", or Sislawitz, sis'li-Aits^ a village of Austria, in Croatia, on the Kulpa, 9 miles from Karlstadt. Pop. 1480. Sissa, sis'si, a town of Northern Italy, 4 miles N.W. of Parma, near the Taro. Pop. of commune, 4848. Sissach, sis'siK, a village of Switzerland, canton and 13 miles S.E. of Basel. Pop. 1841. Sis'siton Agency, post-ofiice, Pembina co., Dakota. Siss'on, a township of Howell co.. Mo. Pop. 430. Sissonne, sees^sonn', a market-town of France, de- partment of Aisne, 12 miles E. of Laon. Pop. 1455. Siss'onville, a post-hamlet of Kanawha co., W. Va.. on or near the Pocotaligo River, 16 miles N. of Charleston. It h.as a church and a tlour-mill. Sis'ter Bay, a post-hamlet of Door co.. Wis., on Green Bay, with a harbor, 20 miles E. by N. of Menominee, Mich. Sis'terdale, a post-office of Kendall co., Tex. Sister Lakes, a post-office and summer resort of Van Buren co., Mich., 11 miles N.W. of Downginc. Sisteron, sis^t^h-r^N"', a town of France, in Basses- Alpes, on the Durance and Buech, 24 miles W.N.W. of Digne. Pop. 376S. It is enclosed by walls, and com- manded by a citadel. It has a communal college. Sis'ters, two islands of the Pacific, N. of Chatham Island, near New Zealand. Sisters, two islands in Bass's Strait, off the N. extrem- ity of Furneaux Island. Sisters, two islands, Indian Ocean, between Great and Little Andaman Islands. Lat. 11° 10' N. ; Ion. 92° 46' E. Sisters, two islands in the China Sea, province of Quang-Tong, about lat. 23° 22' N., Ion. 117° 47' E. Sisters, two low, woody islands in the Philippines, off the W. coast of Luzon. Lat. 15° 50' N. ; Ion. 119° 49' E. Sisters, three islands at the AV. extremity of Lake Erie, two belonging to Canada and the third to the United States. The largest contains about 25 acres. Sisters (Great and Little), Liberia. See Sestre. Sisters, The Three, three islands of the Seychelles group, Indian Ocean, in lat. 5° 9' 30" S. Sister's Creek, a small stream of Erie co., N.Y., falls into Lake Erie. Sis'tcrsville, a post-village of Tyler co., W. Va., on the Ohio River, 46 miles below Wheeling. It has 3 churches, a high school, a tannery, a barrel-factory, and a woollen- mill. Pop. 364. Sistova, sis-to'v4, or Schistab, shis-t4b', called also Shtab, shtib, a town of Bulgaria, on the Danube, 30 miles E.S.E. of Nicopolis. Lat. 43° 38' N.; Ion. 25° 20' E. Pop. 20,000. Sis'trunk, a post-office of Macon co., Ala. Sit, sit, a river of Russia, rises in the government of Tver, flows E., then N., and joins the Mologa after a course of about SO miles. Sitchevka, Sitchewka, or Sichevka, sitch Sv'kS., written also Sitshevsk, Sitschevsk, and Sitchevsk, a town of Russia, government and 10 miles N.E. of Smo- lensk, on an affluent of the Volg.a. Pop. 4059. Sitges, sit'nes, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, province and IS miles S.W. of Barcelona, on the Mediterranean. Lat. 41° 16' N. : Ion. 1° 54' E. It has a court-house, a large clock-tower, built by the Moors, an ancient castle, now used as a prison, several schools, a college, a music-school, a hospital, and 2 churches, one of them on a rock which serves .as a bastion and overhangs the sea. Pop. 3063. Sitia, se-tee'i, or Settia, sdt-tee'd (ane. Cytlne'iim ?), a town of Crete, on its N. coast, 55 miles E. of Caudia, Near it is Cape Sitia, and Mount Sitia is directly S. of it, inland. Sitka, sit'ka, a post-village, capital of Alaska, on the AV. coast of Barinoff Island, near lat. 57° N. and Ion. 135° IS' AV. It is one of the principal places in Alaska, and has a custom-bouse, a Greco-Russian church, a hospital, 2 saw- mills, 6 stores, and a school. A steamboat plies monthly between this place and Portland, Oregon. The principal business of Sitka is the catching and curing of salmon. Pop. about 500. See also Baranoff. Sitka, a post-office of AVhite eo., Ind. Sitka, a post-office of Newaygo eo., Mich. Sitkhin, sit^Kin', one of the Aleutian Islands. Lat. 52° 4' N. ; Ion. 176° 2' W. It is about 25 miles in circuit, with a volcanic mountain in its centre, 5033 feet high and covered with perpetual snow. Sitkokf, an island of Japan. See Shikokxi. Sitkum, a post-office of Coos co., Oregon. Sitshevsk, or Sitschewka. See Sitchevka. Sittard, sit'tart, or Sittert, sit'tert, a town of the Netherlands, 13 niiles N.E. of Maestriclit. Pop. 479S. Sitten, the Germ.an name of SiON. SIT 2060 SKA Sit'tingbourne, a town of England, co. of Kent, 10 miles E.S.E. of Rochester. Pop. 4301, Sitzendorf, sit's^n-donf\ a town of Lower Austria, on the Great Schmieda, 5 miles E. by S. of Egenburg. P. 1350. Siu-An-Hoa, se-oo^in-Ho'a, a fortified city of China, province of Pee-Chee-Lee, on the Yang-Ho, near the Great Wall, 90 miles N.W. of Peking, Its inhabitants manufacture superior felt caps and other woollen goods. SiueoFoon^-Shau, or Siue-Foung-Chan, see'- u-i^-foong-shin', a mountain of China, in the province of Fo-Kien. Lat. 26° 35' N.; Ion. 119° 5' E. Siue-Shan, or Siue-Chan, see'u-i^-shan' (i.e., " snowy mountain"), the name of many lofty mountains in China, whose summits are covered with perpetual snow, and of which the following are the principal : Siue-Shailf or Siue-Chan, a mountain of China, in the province of Shan-Sec. Lat. 39° N. ; Ion. 111° 30' E. Siue-Shail, or Siue-Chail, a mountain of China, province of Yun-Nan. Lat. 25° 58' N. ; Ion. 102° 52' E. Siue-Shauy Siue-Chan,Vulooiig-Shan,or Yu- loung'^Chan^ yooMoong-shin', a mountain of China, province of Yun-Nan. Lat. 26° 33' N. ; Ion. 99° 20' E. Siue-Shau, or Slue-Chan, a mountain of China, province of Yun-Nan. Lat. 25° 20' N. ; Ion. 98° 22' E. Slue-Shan, or Slue-Chan, a mountain of China, province of Kan-Soo. Lat. 36° 43' N. ; Ion. 104° 41' E. Slue-Shan, or Slue-Chan, a mountain of China, province of Koei-Choo. Lat. 27° 14' N. ; Ion. 105° 4'-E. Slue-Shan, or Slue-Chan, a mountain of China, province of Se-Chuen. Lat. 32° 20' N. ; Ion. 105° 52' E. Slue-Shan, or Slue-Chan, a mountain of China, province of Se-Chuen. Lat, 32° 27' N. ; Ion. 103° 4' E. Siuslaw, si'us-Iaw, a small river of Oregon, rises in Lane co., and runs first northwestward. It finally runs westward, and forms the boundary between the cos. of Douglas and Lane until it enters the Pacific Ocean. Slnslaw, a post-office or hamlet of Lane co., Oregon, 14 miles S.W. of Eugene City. Slut) a town of Egypt. See Sioot. Siva, or Slwa, se-vd' or see'vd, a river of Russia, rises in the government of Perm, flows S., and joins the Kama 24 miles N. of Sarapool. Total course, 100 miles. Siva^lrl, a town of India. See Shevagurry. Sivana, se-vd'nS,, or Samadura, sd-md-dou'rS,, an island of India, formed by the Cavery, in the district of Coimbatoor. Length, 9 miles; breadth, 10 miles. It was the site of the ancient Hindoo city of Ganga Para, and has remains of several temples. The Cavery here forms two fine cataracts. Slvanlvasa, the Hindoo name of Sibnibas. Slvapure, a river of Venezuela. See Suapuue. Slvas, Turkey. See Seevas. Slvash, Sivache, or SiAvasch, seeV^sh', Ghllo- more, or Pu'trld Sea, a lagoon on the N. and E. sides of the Crimea, Russia, communicating on the N. with the Sea of Azof by the Strait of Genitchi, only a furlong in breadth, and elsewhere separated from the sea by the Ara- bat, a narrow sandy tongue of land, 70 miles in length. The shores on its W. side are extremely irregular ; breadth, from 5 to 15 miles ; it receives the Salghir, the principal river of the Crimea. By an E. wind the water of the Sea of Azof is forced through the strait, and often covers the surface of the lagoon; at other times it presents only a pestiferous expanse of mud. Siv'ell's Bend, a post-office of Cooke co., Tex. Siverek, se-veh-r^k', written also Souerek, a town of Turkish Armenia, 40 miles W.S.W. of Diarbekir. Slv'erly, a post-hamlet of Vinton co., 0., 11 miles N.N.AV. of Dundas Station. It has a church. Slv'ley, a post-hamlet of Hamilton co., Tenn., 1 mile from Boyce Station, and 6 miles E. of Chattanooga, It has a church. Slvry, seeVree', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 22 miles S.S.E. of Mons. Pop. 3345. Slvry-sur-Meuse, see^vree'-siiR-muz, a village of France, in Meuse, near Montfaucon. Pop. 1013. Slwa, a river of Russia. See SiVA. Slwah, an oasis of North Africa. See El Seewah. Slwasch, a lake of Russia. See Sivash. Six Cor'ners, a post-hamlet of Ottawa co., Mich., 6 miles N. of Coopersville. Six Islands, Chagos Archipelago. See Egmovt. Six Lakes, a post-village of Montealui eo., Mich., in Belvidere township, on the Chicago, Saginaw & Canada Railroad. It has a saw-mill and a shingle-mill. Six Mile, a post-hamlet of Bibb co., Ala., about 40 miles S. by W. of Birmingham. It has 2 churches. Six lUile, a post-office of AVayne co., 111. Six Mile, Jennings co., Ind. See Hardenburg. Six Mile, a post-office of Pickens co., S.C. Six-Mile-Bridge, a town of Ireland, co. of Clare, on the Ougarnee, 9 miles N.W. of Limerick. Pop. 517. It has a court-house, a bridewell, and a market-house. Six-Mile-Bridge, a town of Ireland, co. and 10 miles S.S.E. of Limerick. Six Mile Creek, a post-hamlet of Erie co.. Pa,, 6 miles S. of Harbor Creek Station. It has a saw-mill. Six-Mile-Cross, a village of Ireland, co. of Tyrone, 8 miles W.S.W. of Pomeroy. Six Mile Cross, or An'derson's Corners, a post- village in Huntington co., Quebec, 35 miles S.S.W. of Caughnawaga. It has a store and a saw-mill. Pop. 180. Six Mile Falls, a post-hamlet of Penobscot co.. Me., on the Kenduskeag lliver, 5 miles N.N.W. of Bangor, It is comprised in the limits of Bangor, and has a carriage- factory, 2 stores, &c. Six Mile Ferry, Pennsylvania. See Hope Church. Six Mile House, a post-office of St. Charles co.. Mo. Six Mile Road, or Hills'borou^^h, a post-village in Cumberland co., Nova Scotia, on Northumberland Strait, 13 miles from Thomson. Pop. 400. Six Mile Run, Bedford co., Pa. See Coaldale. Six Nations. See Iroquois. Six Oaks, a post-office of Olmsted co., Minn. Six Points, a post-hamlet of Butler co.. Pa., 4 miles S.W. of Emienton. It has a church and an oil-well. Six Port'ages, a post-village in Ottawa co., Quebec, on the river Gatineau, SO miles N. of Ottawa. Pop. 125. Six Roads, a post-office of Bedford co., Pa., about 30 miles S. by W. of Altoona. Six Runs, a post-office of Sampson co., N.C. Sixteen Mile Stand, a post-hamlet of Hamilton co., 0., in Symmes township, 2^ miles from Symmes, and 16 miles N. of Cincinnati. It has a church. Sixty Four, a station in Hardeman co., Tenn., on the Memphis & Charleston Railroad, 64 miles E. of Memphis. Sixty Six, a post-hamlet of Orangeburg co., S.C, on the South Carolina Railroad. Slzeboli, a town of Roumelia. See Siseboli. Si'zerville, a post-hamlet of Portage township, Cam- eron CO., Pa., 2 miles from Shippen Station. Sizun, see^zuNo', a town of France, in Finistere, 17 miles S.AV. of Morlaix. Pop. 701. Sjaelland, the Danish name of Seeland. Skagen, sU4'gh§n (anc. Scaveniu?), a village of Den- mark, in North Jutland, on the tongue of land which forms the N. extremity of the province and terminates in Cape Skaw or Skagen. It consists of 3 groups of houses, the in- habitants of which carry on an incessant war with the sands which threaten to engulf them. The church is already buried, but its tower reuuiins and is an important land- mark for mariners. A little to the N. is an important light- house, 67 feet high, built of stone in 1564. Pop. 1619. Skag'er-Rack, or Skag^errak' (i.e., "Skagen- Rack," the " crooked strait of Skagen"), a broad arm of the North Sea, between Norway on the N. and Jutland on the S., communicating with the Cattegat, of which it is some- times considered as the N. portion. Length, from AV.S.W. to E.N.E., about 150 miles ; breadth, about SO miles. N. of the Danish coast the depth varies from 30 to 40 fathoms, near the centre from 60 to 100 fathoms, and off the Norwe- gian coast in some places exceeds 200 fathoms. The stream, when not interrupted by storms, sets in E. along the coast of Jutland and W. along that of Norway. On the former coast there is no secure anchorage, but along those of Swe- den and Norway good harbors abound. Skaggs' Hot Springs, a summer resort of Sonoma CO., Cal., in the Coast Range, 8 miles W. of Geyserville. The water has a temperature of 120° Fahr., and c(mtains bicarbonate of sodium. Here is Skaggs* Springs Post-Office. Skaggstown, Tennessee. See Roseberuy. Skag'it, a post-office of Whatcom co., AVashington. Skagit River rises in the Cascade Rnnge in British Columbia, from which it passes into Washington, traversing the western or main cascades for 20 miles by a deep canon. It runs southwestward through AVhatcom co., and enters a part of Puget Sound called Port Susan. It is about 200 miles long, and is partly navigable. It runs through a fertile country in which lumber abounds. Skagtbls-Tind,skig'toIs-tind\ one of the highest of the Scandinavian Mountains in Norway. Lat. 61° 20' N.j Ion. 8° E. Elevation, 8390 feet. Skal'holt, a town of Iceland, 35 miles E. of Reikiavik. Skalitz, ski'lits, a town of Hungary, co. and 54 miles SKA 2061 SKI N.W. of Neutra, on the March. Pop. 5278. It has manu- factures of linen and woollen cloth. Good wino is raised in its vicinity. Skalkaho, sklk'a-ho, a post-office of Missoula co., Montana. Skamania, ska-ma'ne-a, a county in the S.W. part of Washington, borders on Oregon. Area, about 2650 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Columbia River, and is drained by the Cathlapootle, Klikitat, and White Salmon Rivers. The surface is very mountainous, and extensively covered with forests of good timber. In the N.W. part of the county stands Mount St. Helen's, which is about 12,000 feet high. A large portion of the county is occupied by mountains of the Cascade Range. It has also fertile valleys. Capital, Cascades. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, S15S,439. Pop. in 1870, 133. SUamokaiva, ska-m6k'a-wa, a post-office of Wahkia- kum CO., Washington. Skandcrborg, skin'd^r-bona^ a town of Denmark, in Jutland, 13 miles S.W. of Aarhuus. Pop. 1707. Skan'dia, a township of Murray co., Minn. Pop. 117. Skane, a former province of Sweden. See Scania. Skaneateles, skan-e-at'less, or Skeiieat'eles, a beautiful post-village of Onondaga CO., N.Y., in a township of its own name, and at the outlet and N. end of Skaneat- eles Lake, 7 miles E. by N. of Auburn, and IS miles W.S.W. of Syracuse. It contains 6 churches, 2 banks, 2 newspaper offices, an academy, numerous elegant residences, aflouring- mill, and several manufactories of carriages. The outlet of the lake affords abundant motive-power, which is utilized in several mills. A branch railroad, 5 miles long, connects this village with Skaneateles Junction, which is on the Auburn Branch of the New York Central Railroad. Pop. about 2000 ; of the township, 6049. Skaneateles Falls, a post-hamlet of Onondaga co., N.Y., on a branch of the Central Railroad, 1 miles N. of Skaneateles. It has 2 churches, 2 paper-mills, and a wool- len-mill. Skaneateles Junction, New York. See Hart Lot. Skaneateles !Lake, New York, forms part of the boundary between Cayuga and Onondaga cos. It is about 15 miles long, U miles wide, and 320 feet deep. The head of the lake touches the N.W. corner of Cortland co., from which it extends northwestward to the village of Skaneateles. Its outlet enters Seneca River in Cayuga co., 3 or 4 miles N.E. of Weedsport. Skanee, ska-nee', a post-village in Arvon township, Baraga co., Mich., 18 miles N.W. of L'Anse. It has a church. Skapta (or Skap'tar) JokuII, skip'tS, yo-kool' {jd- Itull signifies "ice-inountain''), an immense glacier-clad mountain or group of mountains in the S.E. of Iceland, noted for its tremendous volcanic eruptions. Skara, nka,'ri, a town of Sweden, lajn and 27 miles S.W. of Mariestad. Pop. 2016. It has a cathedral, a college with botanic gardens, and a veterinary school. It. is a bishop's see. Skaraborg, a ten of Sweden. See Mariestad. Skaro, ski'ro, a town of Greece, on a promontory of the same name, projecting from the W. side of the island of Santorini. The bouses, mostly ruined by volcanic agency, form an extraordinary group around a crag, 1000 feet above the gulf, perched one over another in crevices in the sides of the precipices and in the most frightful positions. Skarzewo, a town of Prussia. See Schoneck. Skaw, The, Denmark. See Capb Skagen. Skeel's Cross Roads, a post-office of Mercer co., 0. Skeen, skin, or Skien, skoen (?), a town of Norway, capital of Uratsberg, on the Skeenself, 7 miles N. of Pors- grund. Pop. 4024. Skeg'ness', a village of England, co. of Lincoln, on the E. coast, 10 miles E.S.E. of Spilsby. It is much re- sorted to as a summer residence. Skeinah, ski'na, a post-office of Fannin co., Ga. SkellefteA, skS'l-lSf'te-o, or Sildal, sil'dil, a river of Sweden, Ian of Westerbotten, rises in the Stor-Afvan Lake, flows S.E., nnd, after a course of 120 miles, enters the Gulf of Bothnia, 70 miles N. of Ume4. Skelleftea, a village and parish of Sweden, laen of Westerbotten, 70 miles N.N.E. of Umei, on the river Skel- lefteil, near its mouth. Skel'ley's, a station in Calhoun co., Ga., on the Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad, 24 miles S. of Dalton. Skelley's, a station in Jefferson co., 0., on the Pan- Handle Railroad, lOJ miles W. of Steubenville. Skel'ligs, three rocky islets off the S.W. coast of Ire- land, CO. of Kerry, in the Atlantic Ocean, 9 miles S.W. of Brea Head, Valentia Island. The Great Skellig rises ab- ruptly to 710 feet in height, and has two light-houses upon it, one 650 feet and the other 371 feet above the sea. Lat. 51° 46' N. ; Ion. 10° 32' W. Skeleton, a post-office and sta-tion of Logan co., 111., on the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western Railroad, 6 miles E. of Lincoln. Skeneateles, New York. See Skaneateles. Skenninge, skSn'ning^gh^h, a town of Sweden, Isen and 20 miles W. of Linkoping. Pop. 1551. Sker'ries, an islet in the Irish Sea, off the N.W. coast of Anglesey, with a light-house. Lat. 53° 25' 3" N. ; Ion. 4° 36' 5" W. Elevation, 117 feet. Sker'ries, a town of Ireland, co. and 17 miles N.N.E. of Dublin, on a headland, S of a mile E. of the Dublin k Drogheda Railway. Pop. 2236. Opposite the town are 4 islets, called the Skerries. Skerries is a general name in Scotland for isolated sea-girt rocks. The Out Skeiiuies are 3 islets in the extreme E. of Shetland, 10 miles S.E. of Fetlar. See also Pentland SKEuniES. Sker'rOAV, Loch, Scotland. See Loch Skebrow. Sker'ryvore liight-House, Hebrides, Scotland, 12 miles S.W. of Tiree Island. Lat. 56° 19' 22" N.; Ion. 7° 6' 32" W. Elevation, 150 feet. It has a revolving light. Skiatho, skee'i-tho (anc. Sciathua), one of the North Sporades, in the Grecian Archipelago, government and 10 miles N. of Euboea, in the jEgean Sea, near the entrance of the Channel of Trikeri. Lat. 39° 12' N. ; Ion. 23° 35' E. Length and breadth, 4 miles each. On its N, side is the village of Skiatho. Skib'bereen', a town of Ireland, co. and 40 miles S.W. of Cork, on the Hen. Pop. 3695. It has a good church, several schools, a bridewell, workhouse, barracks, and sev- eral large flour-mills. Its port is at Aldcourt, 2 miles lower down the river, where vessels of 200 tons load and unload. The princip.al exports are corn, flour, meal, and provisions. Skid'daw, a mountain of England, co. of Cumberland, 4 miles N. of Keswick. Elevation, 3022 feet. Skid'dy, a village of Morris co., Kansas, on Clark's Creek and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad (Neosho division), 13 miles S. by E. of Junction City. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 100. Here is Camden Post-Oflice. Skid'more, a post-office of Clay co., Ky. Skielskor, skeels'kor, a town of Denmark, on the S.W. coast of Seeland, 10 miles S. of Slagelse. Pop. 1533. Skien, a town of Norway. See Skeen. Skierniwice, sk'ySR-ne-Aeet'si, a town of Poland, government of Warsaw, 42 miles W.S.W. of Warsaw by railway. Pop. 5038. It has manufactures of woollen cloth and linens. Skilesville, Muhlenburg co., Ky. See Skylesville. Skill'et Fork, a river of Illinois, rises in Clay and Marion cos., runs southeastward through Wayne co., and enters the Little Wabash River in White co., about 5 miles above Carmi. It is nearly 120 miles long. Skill'man, a station in Somerset oo., N.J., on the Dela- ware (fe Bound Brook Railroad, 16^ miles N. by E. of Trenton. Skin'burness', a hamlet of England, oo. of Cumber- land, on Solway Firth, 2 miles N.E. of Silloth. It is a watering-place, Skinersburg, skl'n^rz-burg, a post-hamlet of Scott CO., Ky,, 9 miles N.W. of Georgetown. It has a store. Skin'ner, a post-office of Green co.. Wis., about 5 miles W. of Monroe. Skinner's Eddy, a post-village of Wyoming eo.. Pa., on the Susquehanna River and the Pennsylvania k New York Railroad, 22 miles W.N.W. of Tunkhannock. It has a church, a graded school, a lumber-mill, a tannery, Ac. Skin'ner's Fond, a post-village in Prince co.. Prince Edward Island, 15 miles from Alberton. Pop. 100. Skinner's Shop, a post-office of Bourbon co., Ky. Skin'nerville, a hamlet of Williamsburg township, Hampshire CO., Mass., near Williamsburg Station. It was a flourishing village, with a silk-factory, but in 1874 was nearly destroyed by a flood. Skinnerville, a hamlet of St. Lawrence co,, N.Y., on the West Branch of St. Regis River, IJ miles from Stock- holm Station. It has manufactures of flour and lumber. Skinnerville, a post-township of Washington co., N.C, Pop. 868. Skino, skee'no, or Skinosa, ske-no'si (anc. Schinn'sa, or Schtntts'sn), a small island of the Grecian Archipelago, 5 miles S. of Naxos. Skin Qnar'ter, a post-hamlet of Chesterfield co., Va., 5 miles N.E. of Mattoax Station. It has 2 stores. Skio, an island of Turkey. See Scio. SKI 2062 SLA Skip'anon, a post-hamlet of Clatsop co., Oregon, on the Pacific Ocean, 7 miles S.W. of Astoria. Skip'pack, a post-village of Montgomery co., Pa., in Perkiomen township, about 25 miles N.N.W. of Philadel- phia, and 2 miles E. of the Perkiomen Railroad. It has a church, a newspaper office, and manufactures of cigars and washing-machines. Pop. about 450. Skippack Creek, Montgomery co., Pa., enters Per- kiomen Creek about 3 miles from its mouth. Skip'per's Gap, a post-office of Erath co., Tex. Skip'perville, a post-hamlet of Dale co., Ala., 28 miles S. of Clayton. Pop. about 100. Skip'ton, a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, on a railway, 16 miles N.W. of Bradford. Pop. 6042. It has a large church, a grammar-school, manufactures of cotton goods, and an active trade, facilitated by the Leeds & Liverpool Canal. Skip'toii, a post-hamlet of Talbot co., Md., about 26 miles E. by S. of Annapolis. It is | of a mile from a nav- igable inlet of Chesapeake Bay, Skive, skee'v^h, a town of Denmark, in Jutland, 17 miles N.W. of Viborg. Pop. 2059. Skivi-a, a town of Russia. See Skviua. Skjold, sk'yold, a post-office of Deuel co., Dakota. Skofde, skof d?h, a town of Sweden, Iten and 21 miles S.W. of Mariestad. Pop. 2731. Skoko'mish, a small river of Washington, is formed by its North and South Forks, which unite in Mason co. It enters Hood's Canal about 10 miles from the junction of its forks. Its valley is fertile. Skokoniish, a post-hamlet of Mason co., Washington, 10 miles N.W. of Oakland, Skole, sko'Ieh, a town of Austria, in Galicia, 24 miles S.W. of Stry, on the Opor. Pop. 1953. Sko'mywong, a small river of Marathon co., Wis., flowing S.W. into the Wisconsin River. Skookumchuck, Washington. See Centreville. Skopelo, sko-pi'lo, or Scopello, sko-pSl'lo, one of the SporaJes Islands, in Greece, 15 miles N. of Euboea, in the jEgean Sea. Area, 32 square miles. Pop. 3750. Prin- cipal product, wine. Skopelo, a town on the S.E. coast of the above island, with an indifferent harbor. Skopia, a town of Turkey. See Uskup. Skopiii, sko-pin' or sko-peen', a town of Russia, gov- ernment and 52 miles S. of Riazan, on the Werda. Pop. 9447. It has manufactures of leather. Skotschau, skot'show, written also Skotschaw, a town of Austrian Silesia, 7 miles E.N.E. of Teschen, on the Vistula. Pop. 2612. SkOAVhe'gan, a post-village, capital of Somerset co., Me., in Skowhegan township, on both sides of the Kenne- bec River, 30 miles N. by E. of Augusta, and about 50 miles AV. of Bangor. It is a terminus of the West Branch of the Maine Central Railroad. It contains a fine court- house, 6 or 7 churches, 2 national banks, a savings-bank, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, a combined academy and high school, a paper-mill, 2 flour-mills, 2 foundries, 2 manufactories of oil-cloth, 2 axe-factories, a woollen-mill, a tannery, and a saw-mill. The river here falls 2S feet perpendicular. Pop. of the township, 3893. Skreen, skreen, or Skryne, skrin, a parish and vil- lage of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Meath. Pop. 638. Ski'iiiice, a village of Bohemia. See Weckeusdorf. Skucz, a town of Bohemia. See Skutsch. Skulany, or Sculani, skoo-U'nee, a town of Russia, in Bessarabia, on the Furth, 14 miles N.E. of Yassy. Skull Bone, a post-office of Scott co., Tenn. Skull Creek, a post-office of Butler co., Neb. Skull Shoals, a post-office of Union co., S.C. Skull Valley, a post-office of Yavapai co., Arizona. Skunk Lake, a post-office of Minnehaha co., Dakota, 15 miles N.W. of Sioux Falls. Skunk River, Iowa, rises in Hamilton co., and runs southward through Story co. Its general direction is south- eastward. It intersects the cos. of Jasper, Mahaska, Keo- kuk, and Henry, and enters the Mississippi River about 9 miles below Burlington. It is nearly 275 miles long. The upper part of this river is sometimes called South Skunk. The North Skunk rises in Marshall co., runs southeastward, and joins the main river in Keokuk co., about 10 miles S.E. of Sigourney. Skutari, a town of Turkey. See Scutari. Skutsch, or Skucz, skootch, a town of Bohemia, 12 miles S.E. of Chrudim. Pop. 2980. Skvira, Skwira, skvee'rJl, or Skivra, skiv'rS,, a town of Russia, 60 miles S.W. of Kiev. Pop. 10,001. Skwierzyna, a town of Prussia. See Schwerin. Skye, ski, the largest island of the Inner Hebrides, in Scotland, co. of Inverness, from the mainltind of which it is separated by the narrow strait of Loch Alsh. Breadth very irregular, varying from -i^ miles to 23 miles, it being indented by Lochs Snizort, Follart, and Bracadale, and by smaller inlets. Estimated area, about 547 square miles. The surface is mountainous; many heights in the centre rise to between 2000 and 3000 feet above the sea, among which the Cuchullin Hills are conspicuous. Its N. part and shores are bold and strikingly picturesque. It is composed chiefly of trap rocks, quartz, limestone, old red sandstone, and lias. Rivulets and small lakes are numerous. The climate is very moist and variable; rain falls three out of every four days. Most part of the island is useless for agri- culture. The majority of the inhabitants are in a very impoverished state. Cattle, fish, and kelp are the chief exports. The inhabitants are mostly of Gaelic descent. The island contains many Danish antiquities. Principal villages, Portree, Stein, Kyle-Haken, Broadford, Oronsay, Armadale, and Uig. Pop. 17,330. Skye, ski, a post-village in Glengarry co., Ontario, 32 miles N. of Cornwall. Pop. 100. Sky'berg", a post-hamlet of Goodhue co., Minn., in Kenyon township, 14 miles N. of Claremont. It has a church and a store, Skylesville, or Skilesville, skils'vil, a post-hamlet of Muhlenburg co., Ky., on Green River, 12 miles S. of Beaver Dam. It has a church and a grist-mill. Skyros, skee'ros (anc. Scy'ros), an island of the Gre- cian Archipelago, in the jEgean Sea, 24 miles N.E. of Cape Kill, in Eubosa. Length, 17 miles; breadth, from 2 to 7 miles. Area, 60 square miles. Pop. 3029. It is separated into two parts by an isthmus. Its S. peninsula rises to 2566 feet above the sea ; its N. part is more level, and productive of corn, wine, and madder; wheat and barley are exported, with madder-roots, wax, honey^, and oranges. Fir and oak wood are plentiful. Goats ai'e of a very superior breed. The only town, St. George, stands on the N. side of the island, and contains most of the popu- lation of the island. Seven miles AV. is Skyro-Poulo, a rocky islet, 617 feet in height. Skywam'ish River, Washington, rises in the Cas- cade Range, runs westward, and unites with the Snoqual- mie to form the Snohomish River. Sla, a seaport town of Morocco. See Sale. Slab, a hamlet of York co.. Pa., near the Susquehanna River, 2 miles from Woodbine Station of the Peach Bottom Railroad. It has 10 or 12 houses. Slab City, a post-office of Decatur co., Kansas. Slack, a post-office of Mason co., Ky. Slack Canon, kan'yon, a post-hamlet of Monterey CO., Cal., 55 miles S.S.E. of Soledad. Slack'water, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co., Pa., on Conestoga Creek, 5 miles below Lancaster. It has a paper- mill. Slade River, Labrador. See East Maix River. Slade's, sladz, a station in AVashington co., Ala., on the Mobile *fc Alabama Grand Trunk Railroad, 44 miles N. of Mobile. Sladesburg, slads'burg, a post-office of Crawford co., Wis., 12 miles N. of Boscobel. Slade's Corners, a post-hamlet of Kenosha co.. Wis., in Wheatland township, 5 miles from Bassett's Station. It has a church and a store. Sladesville, sladz'vil, a post-village of Hyde co., N.C., about 40 miles N.E. of New-Berne. It has 3 churches. Slajjelse, sl4'gh^l-s§h, a town of Denmark, island of Seeland, 10 miles N.E. of Corsoer. Pop. 546S. Slagle, sla'gh^l, a post-hamlet of Keokuk co., Iowa, on South Skunk River, 4 miles from Delta. It has a flour-mill. Slagle, a post-office of Polk co., Mo. Slane, a town of Ireland, co. of Meath, on the Boyne, 8 miles W. of Drogheda. Pop. 473. Slanesville, t^lanz'vil, a post-hamlet of Hampshire CO., W. Va., 14 miles S.E. of South Branch Depot. It has a church. Slan'ey, a river of Ireland, rises in the co. of Wicklojv, flows mostly S. through the cos. of Carlow and Wexford, and expands into Wexford Harbor. It is navigable to Enniscorthy. Length, 60 miles. Slano, sli'no, a town of Dalmatia, on the sea, 16 miles N.W. of Ragusa. Slany, a town of Bohemia. See Schlax. Slash, a post-hamlet of Grant co., Ind., in Green town- ship, 7 miles S, of Mier Station, and 38 miles S.E. of Lo- gansport. It has a church. SLA 12063 SLE Slate, a post-office of Jennings co., Ind., about 20 miles W.N.W. of Madison. Slate Creek, a post-office of Idaho co., Idaho, on Sal- mon Hiver, at the mouth of Slate Creek. Slate Cut, a post-office of Clarke co., Ind. Slate'ford, a village of Scotland, co, of Edinburgh, 3 miles by rail S.W. of Edinburgh. Pop. 647. Slateford, sliit'f9rd. a post-village of Northampton co., Pa., on the Delaware River, 1 mile below the Water Gap, and IV miles above Portlnnd. It is on the Delaware, Lackawanna & AVestern Railroad. It has a church, 40 dwellings, 2 manufactories of school-slates, and several slate-quarries. Pop. 250. Slate IIill,apost-hauiletof Orangeco.,N.Y., in AVawa- yanda township, on the New Jersey Midland Railrond, 6 miles S.S.W. of Middletown. It has 2 churches, a steam mill, and a carriage-shop. Slate Hill, a post-village of York co., Pa., 2 miles from Delta Railroad Station, and about 22 miles S. of Lan- caster. It has a church, a manufactory of slate, and a slate-quarry. Slate Lick, a post-hamlet of Armstrong co., Pa., about 30 miles N.N.E. of Pittsburg, Slate Mills, a post-hamlet of Rappahannock co., Va., 13 miles W.N.W. of Culpeper Court-House. It has a church and a ftouring-mill. Slate Mountain, Colorado, a peak of the Elk Moun- tains, in lat. 39^ N., Ion. 107° 6' W. Altitude, 12,S91 feet above the sea-level. It is partly composed of slate. Sla'ter, a post-office of Saline co.. Mo. Slate Uans^e, a township of Yuba co., Cal. Pop. 8S0. Slate River, Virginia, a small stream, which runs northeastward through Buckingham co., and enters the James River about 10 miles S.E. of Scottsville. Slate River Mills, post-office, Buckingham co., Va. Slater's liundin^, a post-office of Choctaw co,, Ala. Sla'tersville, a post-office of Weber co., Utah, Sla'terville, a post-village of Tompkins co., N.Y., 9 miles E.S.E. of Ithaca, on the N. border of Caroline town- ship. It has a church, a hotel, and a magnetic spring. Slaterville, a post-village of Providence co., R.I., in North Smithfield township, about 15 miles N.N.W. of Providence. It has water-power and several cotton-mills, also a bank and 2 churches. Pop. 963. Slate Spriug, a post-hamlet of Calhoun oo.. Miss., 28 miles E. of Grenada. It contains a college, 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Slatesville, a post-office of Pittsylvania co,, Va. Slatina, sla-tee'nS:, a town of lloumania, on the Aloota, 100 miles by rail W. of Bucharest, Pop. 5550, Sla'tington, a ])ost-borough in Washington township, Lehigh co.. Pa., on the W. bank of the Lehigh River, and on the Lehigh Valley Railroad, at the N. terminus of the Berks & Lehigh Railroad, 16 miles N.N.W. of AUentown. It has 5 churches, a newspaper office, a national bank, and quarries of slate, which is of fine quality. Nearly 500 men are employed here in the production of roofing-slates, school- slates, &c. Pop. 1508. Slatousk, or Slatoustofsk. See Zlatoosk. Sla'ty Point, a post-office of Jefferson co., Tenn. Slaughter, slaw't^r, a post-office of Kent co,, Del., on the Maryland & Delaware Railroad, 47 miles S. by W. of Wilmington. Slaughter, a post-office of King co., Washington. Slaughter's Creek, Texas, enters the Colorado in the lower part of Travis co. Slaughtersville, slaw't§rz-vil, a post-village of Web- ster CO., Ky., on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, at Slaughter's Station, 27 miles S. of Henderson. It has a flouring-mill. Pop. 130. Slaughtersville, a post-office of Lampasas co., Tex., on the Lampasas River, 10 miles E. of Lampasas. Slaupnicz, slowp'nitch. a village of Bohemia, 6 miles from Leitomischl. Pop. 3275. Slave Coast is that portion of the Guinea Coast be- tween the Lagos and Volta Rivers, which separate it re- spectively from Benin on the E. and the Gold Coast on the AV. Slavianoserbsk, sl3.-ve-5.-no-s5ubsk', a town of Rus- sia, government and ISO miles E.N.E. of Yekaterinoslav, on the Donets, Pop. 3156. Slavonia, sli-vo'ne-a, or Sclavonia, skl3,-vo'rie-a, called by the natives Slavonska, sld-von'ski {Ger. Si'i- tJo»iea,sl3,-vo'ne-en; ¥v. Slavonie, sM'vo'nee' ; Hung. T6- torzdg), a titular kingdom of Austro-Hungary, in Trans- leithania, now forming part of the kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia, bounded N. by Hungary, E. by the Banat of Hungary, S. by Bosnia, and W, by Croatia. Area, 3056 square miles. It is of a very irregular form, stretching from \V. to E. for 190 miles, while its average breadth does not exceed 40 miles. Its natural boundaries, however, are well defined by great rivers, — the Drave on the N., the Save on the S., and their junction with the Danube on the E. A branch of the Carnic Alps, entering Slavonia from Croatia on the W., traverses it throughout its whole length, form- ing the watershed between the Drave and the Save, sending down numerous small streams into each, and terminating somewhat abruptly on reaching the banks of the Danube. Mount Papuk, the culminating point of the chain, is not more than 2700 feet above the level of the Danube. On either side the mountains sli»pe rapidly, and give place to a suc- cession first of lower hills and valleys, presenting a beauti- fully undulating surface, clothed with verdure or covered with orchards, and then of plains, which extend without interruption to the banks of the rivers, in some parts inun- dated twice and thrice a year. The tracts thus exposed form meadows on wliich large herds of horses, cattle, and swine are reared. The soil is almost throughout of remark- able fertility. Grain, fruit, flax, hemp, tobacco, liquorice, and madder arc extensively raised. The minerals include several mines of copper and argentiferous lead, abundance of iron, and exhaustless supplies of beautiful marble. The inhabitants are generally ignorant, and of unsettled habits. In the part of their country belonging to the military fron- tier, every man capable of bearing arms is a soldier. There are no manufactures deserving the name, but the transit trade along the navigable rivers within which the country is enclosed is considerable. Capital, Eszek. Pop. 381,480. Slavonia is the only country which has preserved the name of the great Slavic stock. The inhabitants call their country Slnvonska, and themselves Slavovatz, and speak the so-called Illyrian tongue, which, under a great variety of dialects, prevails in many counties of Hungary, and in parts of Croatia, Dalmatia, Servia, Bosnia, and Herzego- vina. The country is divided into civil and military Sla- vonia. {See MiLrTARY Frontier.) Adj. Slavonian, sla-vo'ne-an, Slavon'ic ; inhab. Slavonian. (The adj. Slavonian is often applied to the whole Slavic race, in which are included Russians, Poles, Wends, and many others). SlawkoAV, a town of Moravia. See Austerlitz. Slawkow, a town of Bohemia. See SchlaggenwAld. Slaydcn's (sla'denz) Crossing, a post-hamlet of Marshall co., Miss., about 15 miles N. of Holly Springs. It has a church. Sleaford (slee'ford), New, a town of England, co. of Lincoln, on the Slea, IS miles S.S.E. of Lincoln. Pop. 3592. it has a church, a town hall, and a grammar-school. Sledge Island, Alaska. See Aziak Island. Sleep'er, a station in Laclede co.. Mo., on the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Lebanon. Sleeping Bear, a headland of Leelenaw co., Mich., on Lake Michigan, 3 miles S.W. of Glen Haven. Slee'py Creek Bridge, a post-hamlet of Morgan co., W. Va., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 117 miles W. of Baltimore. It has 2 churches. Sleepy Eye, a post-village of Brown co., Minn., in Home township, on the Winona & St. Peter Railroad, at the S. terminus of the Minnesota Valley Railroad, 14 miles W. of New Ulm, and 26 miles S.E. of Redwood Falls. It has 2 churches and a money-order post-ofiiee. Here is Sleepy Eye Lake Station. Sleepy Eye Creek, Minnesota, rises in Redwood co., runs eastward, and enters Cottonwood River in Brown co. Sleepy Hollow, a hamlet of Mount Pleasant town- ship, Westchester co., N.Y. The Dutch church at this place was erected in 1699. Sleepy Hollow, a township of Barnwell co., S.C. Pop. 1319. Sleightsburg, slits'burg, a village in Esopus township, Ulster CO., N.Y., on the Hudson River, at the mouth of Rondout Creek, about 3 miles S.E. of Kingston. It is separated from Rondout by Rondout Creek. It has a ship- yard, and a manufactory of velocipedes, sleds, &g. Pop. 203. Slem'ons, a post-office of Ashley co., Ark. Sles'wick (Ger. Sdilesicnj, shles'wiG ; Dan. Sleavig, slSs'vic), a former duehy of the kingdom of Denmark, com- prising the S. part of the peninsula of Jutland, separated on the N. by the Konge River from Jutland proper, and on the S. by the Eider and the Holstein Canal from the duchy of Holstein, having E. the Baltic and the Little Belt, in which it comprises the islant^ of Alsen, and W. the North Sea, in which are the islands of Romoe, Silt, Fohr, Pel- worm, Nordstrand, rEnsET. Somerset, a post-village in Reading township. Perry CO., 0., on the Straitsville division of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 24 miles S. by E, of Newark, and about 20 miles S.W. of Zanesville. It has a bank, 4 churches, a news- paper office, a carriage-factory, and a woollen-mill. Coal is found near this place. Pop. 1152. Somerset, a post-borough, capital of Somerset co.. Pa., in a township of the same name, about 36 miles N.N.W. of Cumberland, Md,, and 66 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. A short branch of the Pittsburg, Washington & Baltimore Railroad connects this place with Mineral Point. Somerset has 2 newspaper offices, 2 banking-houses, and 5 churches. Coal is mined here. Pop, 945 ; of the township, 28.36. Somerset, township, Washington co., Pa. Pop. 1325. Somerset, a post-office of Atascosa co., Tex. Somerset, a post-township of Windham co., Vt., about 12 miles E.N.K. of Bennington. It is drained by the Deer- field River. Pop. 80. Somerset, a post-hamlet in Somerset township, St. Croix CO., Wis., on the Apple River, 6 miles W. of New Kichmond, and about 12 miles N.N.E. of Hudson. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. The township is bounded W. by St. Croix River. Pop. of township, 538. Somerset, sum'^r-set, a post-village in Kings co., Nova Scotia, 2 miles from Berwick. Pop. ISO. Somerset, a post-village in Prince co., Prince Edward Island, 12 miles from Summerside. Pop. 250. Somerset, a settlement in Lunenburg co., Nova Scotia, 14 miles from Bridgewater. Pop. 75. Somerset, or Fles'sisville, a village in Megantic CO., Quebec, on the Grand Trunk Railway, 51 miles S.W. of Quebec. It contains several saw-, grist-, and carding- mills, a tannery, an iron-foundry, a church, a convent, hotels, and stores. Pop. 1200. Somerset, or Somerset East, a town of Cape Colony, 80 miles N.AV. of Graham's Town, at the base of the Boschberg. Pop. 2231. Somerset Centre, a post-village of Hillsdale co., Mich., on the Detroit, Hillsdale & Southwestern Railroad, 16 miles N.E. of Hillsdale, It has a grist-mill. Somerset Furnace, a post-office of Somerset co., Pa., about 40 miles W.S.W. of Altoona. Somerset Junction, a station in Warren eo., Iowa, at the junction of the Indianola and Winterset Branches of the Chicago, Rock Island liigen, splU'ghen, a village of Switzerland, in Gri- sons, on the Rhino, 4 miles N. of the summit of the Splii- gen Pass. Spiiigen (splu'ghon ; Ger. pron. spIU'ghjn) Pass, a route across the Rhastian Alps, between the Grisons (Swit- zerland) and Lombardy ; its summit, 6939 feet above the sea, is 23 miles N. of the head of the Lago di Como. The route is carried through three covered galleries, which are the longest in the Alps. A French army crossed the Splugen in 1800. Spokan (spo'kan) Bridge, a post-office of Stevens co., Washington. Spokan Falls, a post-village of Stevens co., Wash- ington, on the Spokan River, about 60 miles N. of Colfa.t. It has a lumber-mill and a newspaper office. Pop. 150. The river here falls }b6 feet. Spokan (or Spo'kane) River rises in the N. part of Idaho, and is the outlet of Coeur d'Alene Lake. It passes into W.ashington, runs in a W.N.W. direction, and enters the Columbia River near lat. 47° 52' N. It is about 120 miles long. SpoletO, spo-li'to (anc. Spolc'tium or Spole'tnm), a city of Italy, in Umbria, strongly placed on an isolated hill, 24 miles N. of Rieti. It is connected across a deep ravine with an adjacent height by a noble bridge and aqueduct 615 feet in height. It has a massive citadel, a cathedral, a Roman arch, remains of a theatre, and other antiquities. It is an archbishop's see of very early date, and has man- ufactures of woollens and hats. Pop. 7033. Spoltore, spol-to'ri, a town of Italy, province of Te- ramo, 10 miles E. of Civita di Penne. Pop. 4274. Spoon Hill (or Spoon'bill) Creek rises near the E. boundary of Wyoming, runs nearly southward, and enters the North Fork of the Platte in Nebraska. Spoon River, Illinois, rises in Bureau co., and runs southward through Stark co. into Peoria. It next flows southwestward through Knox co., changes its course to the south, and intersects Fulton co., then flows southeastward, and enters the Illinois River opposite Havana. It is about 150 miles long. Spoon'ville, a hamlet of Scott co., Ark., 12 miles W. of Arkadelphia. It h,as a church. Spoonville, a post-village of Houston co., Ga., 9 miles from Perry. It has a church. Spoonville, a station on the Chicago & West Michigan Railroad, 18 miles S. by E. of Muskegon, Mich. Sporades, spor'a-d4z (Gr. SiropiJei, i.e., the "scat- tered" islands), a subdivision of the Grecian Archipelago, consisting of the islands surrounding the central group, or Cyclades, and belonging partly to Turkey and partly to Greece. The Turkish Spoi'ades comprise Crete, Scarpanto, Rhodes, Cos, Kalimno, Patmos, Niearia, Samos, Scio, Mitylene, Stalimni, Imbros, Samothraki, Thaso, and other islands along the coasts of Asiatic and European Turkey. The Greek Sporades consist of Skiatho, Skopelo, Kilidromi, Sky ros, .ragueville, spraig'vll, a post-hamlet of Jackson CO., Iowa, about 30 miles S.S.E. of Dubuque. It has a hotel and a grist-mill. Spragueville, a h.amlet of Aroostook co.. Me., in Presque Isle township, IR miles S.W. of Fort Fairfield. Spragueville, a village of Monroe co.. Pa., on the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, 5 miles N.W. of Stroudsburg. It has a church. Here is Analomink Post-Office. Spragueville, a hamlet of Smithfield township. Provi- dence CO., R.I., on the AVoonasquatucket River, 1^ miles from Georgiaville. It has manufactures of print-cloths and hosiery. Pop. 8S. Spra'ker's Basin, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., N.Y., on the Erie Canal and the New York Central Railroad, at Spraker's Station, 52 miles by rail W. by N. of Albany, it has a church. Sprang, spring, a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, 11 miles W.S.W. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 1633. Sprankle's (sprank'elz) Mills, a post-hamlet of Jef- ferson CO., Pa., 9 miles E. of Mayville, and about 54 miles N.W. of Altoona. It has a church, a steam grist-mill, 2 stores, and a saw-mill. Spray, sprii, a station of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, SA miles W. of Indianapolis, Ind. Spray'town, a post-office of Jackson co., Ind. Spread Eagle, spred ee'g'l, a post-village of Chester CO., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, at Eagle Station, 15 miles N.W. of Philadelphia. Spree, spri (anc Spre'a), a river of Germany, rises in the kingdom of Saxony, flows N. and N.W. through the Prussian province of Brandenburg, past Spremberg, Cott- bus, Liibben, and Berlin, which city it divides into two portions, and joins the Havel on the left at SpanJau. Total course, 220 miles. The Frederick William Canal connects it with the Oder. Spremberg, sprSm'bSuG. a town of Prussia, in Bran- denburg, on an island in the Spree, 15 miles S. of Cottbus. Pop. 10,295. It has manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics, pottery, &c, Spremburg (Obkr, o'ber, NiF.DEn, nce'der, and Nun, noi), a village of Saxony, about 18 miles E. of Dresden. Sprendlingen, sprent'ling-en, a village of Hesse, in Starkenburg, circle of Off'enbach. Pop. 2793. Sprigg, a township forming the W. extremity of Adams CO., 0. Pop. 2086. It contains Bentonville. 'sPrincenhage, sprin's^n-hi'ch^h, a village of the Netherlands. See Pkince.vhagk. Spring, a township of Boone co., III. Pop. 1068. Spring, a township of Cherokee co., Iowa. Pop. 96. Spring, a township of Butler co., Kansas. Pop. 490. Post-office, Cave Spring. Spring, a township of Berks co.. Pa. Pop. 2253. Spring, a township of Centre co.. Pa. Pop. 1608. Spring, a township of Crawford co.. Pa. Pop. 1522. It contains Springborough. Spring, a township of Perry oo., Pa. Pop. 1492. Spring, a post-office of Harris co., Tex., on the Inter- national & Great Northern Railroad, 23 miles N. of Houston. Spring Ar'bor, a post-village in Spring Arbor town- ship, Jackson eo., Mich., on -the Air-Line division of the Michigan Central Railroad, 8 miles S.W. of Jackson. It has 2 churches and a seminary. P. of the township, 1123. Spring Arbour, a post-village in Norfolk co., Ontario, 21 miles S.S.E. of Tilsonburg. It contains 2 stores and 2 saw-mills. Pop. 100. Sirring Rank, a post-office of Dixon co., Neb. Spring'bank, a post-village in Middlesex co., Ontario, 7 miles N. of Strathroy. Pop. 150. Spring Bay, a post-village of Woodford co.. III., in Spring Bay township, 24 miles from Mossville Station, and on the Illinois River, here called Peoria Lake, about 10 miles above Peoria. It has a town hall, a brewery, a grist- mill, and a graded school. Pop. 235 ; of the township, 475. Springborough, spring'bar-riih, a post-village in Clear Creek township, Warren co., 0., about 16 miles S. of Dayton, and 8 miles N. of Lebanon. It has a money-order post-office, 6 churches, 1 or 2 flouring-mills, a woollen-mill, the Miami Valley College, and a carriage-factory. Pop. 477. Springborough, a post-borough in Spring township, Crawford Co., Pa., on Conneaut Creek, near Spring Station of the Erie & Pittsburg Railroad, 33 miles S.S.W. of Erie, and 18 miles N.AV. of Meadville. It has 3 churches, a hotel, a graded school, a newspaper office, an academy, a carriage- factory, and a tannery. Pop. 323. Spring BlufT, a post-village of Lake co., 111., on Lake Michigan, and on the Chicago & Milwaukee Railroad, 45 miles N. of Chicago. It has mineral springs, a large cheese- factory, and manufactures of brooms and carpets. Spring Blulf, a post-office of Franklin co.. Mo. Spring Blutr, a post-hamlet of Adams co.. Wis., 37 miles N.N.W. of Portage. Spring Branch, a post-office of Comal co., Tex. Spring Brook, a post-hamlet in Jackson township, Jackson co., Iowa, about 30 miles S.S.E. of Dubuque. It has a church. Spring Brook, a post-office of Gratiot co., Mich. Spring Brook, a post-village in Elma township, Erie CO., N.Y., on the BulTalo, New York & Philadelphia Bail- road, 10 miles S.E. of Buffalo. It has 2 or 3 churches, and a lumber-mill on Cazenovia Creek, Spring Brook, a post-office and station of Lackawanna CO., P.a., in Spring Brook township, on the Lehigh &, Sus- quehanna Railroad, 6 miles S. of Scranton. Pop. of the township, 426. Spring Brook, township, Dunn co., Wis. Pop. 1176. Spring'brook', or MacKen'zie's Corner, a post- village in Rawdon township, Hastings co., Ontario, 34 miles N.N.W. of Belleville. It contains 2 stores, 2 hotels, 3 saw-mills, and a grist-mill. There are 6 churches and 6 cheese-factories in the township. Pop. 200. Springbrook, Wellington co., Ontario. See Wyandot. Spring Church, a post-hamlet of Armstrong co.. Pa., 5 miles from Apollo, and about 14 miles S. of Kittanning. It has 2 churches. Spring City, a post-village of Humboldt co., Nev., 57 miles N. of AVinnemucca. It has about 75 houses. Silver is mined here. Pop. about 900. Spring City, or Spring'ville, a post-borough in East Vincent township, Chester CO., Pa., on the Schuylkill River, opposite Royer's Ford, and on the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad ('at Royer's Ford Station), 33 miles N.W. of Philadelphia. It has a'bank, 2 churches, a stove-foundry, a flour-mill, a newspaper office, a manufactory of wood paper, a tile-factory, Ac. The name of its post-office is. Spring City. Spring City, a post-hamlet of Rhea co., Tenn., on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, 2 miles from Rhea Springs. It has a church. Spring City, a post-villageof San Pete co., Utah, near the W. base of the AVahsatch Mountains, about 12 miles N.N.E. of Manti. It has a church, a tannery, and 2 lumber- mills. Pop. 623. Spring Cot'tage, a post-office of Marion co.. Miss. Spring Creek, Georgia, runs southward through Early and Jliller cos., and enters the Flint River in Decatur CO., about 4 miles from its mouth. It is nearly 80 miles long. Spring Creek, Illinois, rises in Ford co., runs north- eastward in Iroquois co., and enters the Iroquois River about fi miles N.AV. of AVatseka. Spring Creek, Missouri, rises in Putnam co., runs southeastward, and enters the Chariton River in Adair co. SPR 2104 SPR Spring Creek, Centre co., Pa., runs northward, and enters Bald Eagle Creek. Bellefonte is on Spring Creek. Spring Creek, Texas, runs nearly eastward, forms the N. boundary of Harris co., and enters the San Jacinto River about 20 miles N.N.E. of Houston. Spring Creek, Travis co., Tex., enters the Colorado River from the W., opposite Austin City. Spring Creek, a post-village of Lee co., Ark., about 25 miles W.N.W. of Helena. It has 3 churches and 2 schools. Spring Creek, Iroquois co., 111. See Dei. Rey. Spring Creek, a township of Pike co.. 111. P. 1009. Spring Creek, township, Black Hawk co., Iowa. P. 680. Spring Creek, a post-township of Tama co., Iowa, about 12 miles N.E. of Marshalltuwn. Pop. 713. Spring Creek, a post-office of Chautauqua oo., Kansas, 35 miles W. of Independence. Spring Creek, township, Coffey co., Kans.is. Pop. 375. Spring Creek, township, Cowley co., Kansas. P. 218. Spring Creek, a township of Greenwood co., Kansas. Pop. 220. Post-office, Collins. Spring Creek, a township of Saline oo., Kansas. Pop. 227, exclusive of Brookville. Spring Creek, a post-office of Clay co., Ky. Spring Creek, a post-office of Goodhue co., Minn., about 30 miles S.W. of Red Wing. Spring Creek, township, Dent oo., Mo. Pop. 1281. Spring Creek, township, Douglas oo.. Mo. Pop. 386. Spring Creek, township, Howell co.. Mo. Pop. 44S. Spring Creek, a township of Maries co.. Mo. P. 244. Spring Creek, a post-township of Phelps co.. Mo., about 60 miles S. of Jefferson City. It is drained by a creek of the same name. Pop. 1119. Spring Creek, a post-office of Lewis and Clarke co., Montana, on the Missouri River. Spring Creek, a post-office of Johnson co.. Neb., about 44 miles S.E. of Lincoln. Spring Creek, post-township, Madison co., N.C. P. 944. Spring Creek, a township of Miami co., 0. P. 1606. Spring Creek, a township of Elk co., Pa. Pop. 357. Spring Creek, a post-village in Spring Creek town- ship, Warren co.. Pa., on Broken Straw Creek, and on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, 6 miles S.E. of Corry, and 22 miles W. of AVarren. It has a tannery. Pop. of the township, 1116. Spring Creek, a post-village of Madison co., Tenn., 13i miles N.N.E. of Jackson. It has 2 churches. Spring Creek, a post-office of Throckmorton co.,Tex. Spring Creek, a post-hamlct of Rockingham co., Va., 7 miles W. of Mount Crawford. It has a tannery and a grist-mill. Spring Creek, a post-office of Adams co.. Wis. Spring Creek, a township of Sauk co.. Wis. P. 1049. Spring'dale, a post-hamlet of Washington co.. Ark., 10 miles N. of Fayetteville. It has a church, a tannery, and an institution called Springdale College (Baptist). Springdale, a mining-camp of Boulder oo.. Col., 12 miles from Boulder. It has a hotel, a saw-mill, a smelting- furnace, and a mineral spring. Tellurium is found here. Springdale, a post-hamlet in Stamford township, Fairfield co.. Conn., about 3 miles N.E. of Stamford. It has 2 churches. Springdale, a post-hamlet of Ripley co., Ind., 4 miles from Pierceville Station. It has a church. Springdale, a post-village in Springdale township, Cedar co., Iowa, about 14 miles E. of Iowa City, and 24 miles N.N.AV. of Muscatine. It has 2 churches, a seminary, and a carria.ge-factory. The township is intersected by the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad. Pop. of the township, 1481. Springdale, Kansas. See Alexandria. Springdale, a post-hamlet of Mason co., Ky., on the Ohio River, 6 miles above Maysville. Springdale, a post-office of Wexford CO., Mich. Springdale, township. Redwood co., Minn. Pop. 180. Spring Dale, a post-village of Lafayette co.. Miss., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 12 miles S. of Oxford. It contains an academy and a church. Springdale, a post-office of Valley co.. Neb. Springdale, a post-office of Haywood co., N.C. Springdale, a post-village in Springfield township, Hamilton co., 0., 2 miles from Glendale Station, about 15 miles N. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches and 2 wagon- Bhops. Pop. 382. Springdale, a post-village of Alleghany co.. Pa., on the Alleghany River and the ^V'estern Pennsylvania Rail- road, 17 miles N.E. of Pittsburg. Springdale, a post-office of Claiborne co., Tenn. Spring Dale, a post-office of Fayette co., W. Ya. Springdale, a post-township of Dane co.. Wis., about 16 miles W.S.W. of Madison. Pop. 1018. It contains a village named Mount Vernon. Springe, spring'^h, a town of Hanover, 14 miles S.W. of Hanover. Pop, 2392. Spring'erton, a post-hamlet of White co., 111., on the Springfield division of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, at Springer Station, 14 miles S. of Fairfield. It has a church and a plough-factory. Spring'field, a village of Scotland, co. of Dumfries, on the Sark, 9 miles E. of Annan, and adjoining Gretna Green. Spring'lield, a hamlet of Greene co., Ala., 3 miles N.E. of Eutaw, and about 32 miles S.S.W. of Tuscaloos.a. It has a church. Springfield, a post-village of Conway co.. Ark., about 45 miles N.N.W. of Little Rock. It has a medicinal spring. Springfield, a mining-village of Tuolumne co., Cal., about 62 miles E. by N. of Stockton. It has a church. Gold is found here. Springfield, a post-village of Bon Homme co., Dakota, on the Missouri River, 25 miles W. of Yankton. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, and manufactures of carriages and gloves. Pop. about 500. Springfield, a post-village, capital of Effingham co., Ga., 28 miles N.N.AV. of Savannah. It has a court-house, 2 churches, and an academy. Pop. 32. Springfield, a city, capital of the state of Illinois, and seat of justice of Sangampn co., is situated 4 miles S. of the Sangamon River, 96 miles N.N.E. of St. Louis, Mo., 80 miles S. of Peoria, and 185 miles S.W. of Chicago. Lat. 39° 48' N. ; Ion. 89° 33' W. It is regularly planned, with wide, straight streets, having a public square, in the centre of which stands the court-house, surrounded on four sides by massive blocks of business houses. The city contains the State-house, one of the finest public buildings in the Union, costing $5,000,000, a state arsenal, a handsome and substantial post-office and court-house, which cost §1300,000, 22 churches, 2 colleges, 2 academies, a convent, and 6 banks. Three daily and 4 weekly newspapers and 1 monthly maga- zine are published here. The seat of the state government was established here in 1837, and in 1840 Springfield was made a city, since which time it has become a flourishing place. It i.s situated upon the Chicago, Alton & St. Louis Railroad, at the point of intersection of the AVabash Railroad, and is a terminus of the Gilman, Clinton & Springfield and Springfield & Northwestern Railroads; a branch of the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad also passes through it. The city has 4 iron-foundries, 5 steam flouring-mills, 2 manufactories of woollen goods, 1 of watches, employing 250 hands, 3 planing-mills, a paper-mill, and large iron-works employing about 600 men. It is surrounded by fertile prairies con- taining large quantities of bituminous coal; and 6 coal- shafts are operated on its outskirts. The machine-shops of the Wabash Railroad are located here. The city is governed by a m.ayor and a board of 18 aldermen, which acts in the capacity of a city council. It has gas-works, a paid fire department, 2 lines of street railw.ay, and an ample supply of good water obtained from the Sangamon River. Springfield is memorable as having been the resi- dence of Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth president of the United States; and in the beautiful Oak Ridge Cemetery rest his remains within the crypt of the nringville, a township of Adams oo.. Wis. Pop. 371. Springville, a post-village in Jcfl'erson township, Ver- SPR 2109 SSI non CO., Wis., on the Bad Axe River, 32 miles S.S.E. of La Crosse, and about 5 miles N.AV. of Viroqua. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 150. Springville, a post-village in Peterborough CO., On- tario, 6 miles S.W. of Peterborough. Pop. 150. Springville, a post- village in Pictou co., Nova Scotia, on the East River, 10 miles from New Glasgow. Pop. 350. Spriag Warrior, a post-office of Taylor co., Fla. Spring'water, a post-office of Winneshiek co., Iowa, 6 miles N. of Decorah. Springwater, a township of Rock co., Minn. P. 110. Springwater, a post-village in Springwater township, Livingston co., N.Y., 1 mile from Springwater Station of the Rochester division of the Erie Railroad, which is 4i miles S. of Rochester, and about 9 miles N.E. of Dansville. It has 2 churches, a foundry, a manufactory of farming-im- plements, and about 60 houses. P. of the township, 2129. Springwater, a post-office of Clackamas co., Oregon. Springwater, a post-township of Waushara co.. Wis., about 37 miles W.N.W. of Oshkosh. Pop. 471. Spring'wells, a township of Wayne co., Mich., on the Detroit River, about 3 miles W. of Detroit. It is inter- sected by the Michigan Central Railroad. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of bricks, machinery, and tobacco. Pop. 5019. Springwells Post-Offloe has been changed to West End. Spring'wood, a post-hamlet of Thomas co., Ga., lOJ miles S.W. of Thomasville. It has 2 churches and a lum- ber-mill. Sprinkle's (sprink'elz) Mills, a post-hamlet of Gallia CO., 0., in Walnut township, about 12 miles W. of Gal- lipolis. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Sprbckhdvel, sprok'hoVel, Nieder, nee'd^r, and Ober, o'b^r, two villages of Rhenish Prussia, government of Arnsberg. Pop. respectively 1952 and 1542. Sprogoe, spro'go^eh, a small island of Denmark, in the Great Belt, 7 miles E.N.E. of Nyborg. It has a light- house. Lat. 55° 20' N. ; Ion. 10° 57' E. Sprottau, sprot'tow, a town of Prussian Silesia, 38 miles N.W. of Liegnitz, on the Bober, here joined by the Sprotta, and on the railw.ay to Glogau. Pop. 6916. It has manufactures of woollens and linens. Sprout Brook, a post-hauilet of Montgomery co., N.Y., 5 miles N.E. of Cherry Valley, and about 50 miles W.N.W. of Albany. It has a church and a woollen-mill. Spruce, a hamlet and township of Bates co.. Mo., about 8 miles N.W. of Appleton City. Pop. 1506. Spruce, a post-hamlet of Indiana co.. Pa., 16 miles E. by N. of Indiana. It has a church. Spruce Cor'ner, a hamlet in Ashfiold township, Fr.mklin co., Mass., 12 miles S.W. of Shelburne Falls. It has a saw-mill and a manufactory of wooden-ware. Spruce Creek, a post-village in Morris township, Huntingdon co., Pa., on the Little Juniata River, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 22 miles N.E. of Altoona. It has 2 churches, a flouring-mill, and a woollen-mill. Spruce'dale, a hamlet of Windham co.. Conn., 4 miles from Putnam. Spruce Grove, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co.. Pa., on the Peach Bottom Railroad, 6 miles W. of Oxford. It has 2 grist-mills. Spruce Hill, a post-hamlet and township of Douglas CO., Minn., 40 miles N.W. of Melrose. Pop. 125. Spruce Hill, a post-office of Juniata co.. Pa., in Spruce Hill township, 6 miles S.S.W. of Port Royal, and about 25 miles N.N.W. of Carlisle. It has an academy. Pop. of the township, 889. Spruce Mount, a post-office and mining-camp of Elko CO., Nev., 38 miles from the Central Pacitic Railroad. Spruce Pine, a post-office of Franklin co., Ala., 33 miles S. of Tuscumbia. Spruce Pine, a post-office of Mitchell co., N.C. Spruce Vale, a hamlet in St. Clair township, Colum- biana CO., 0., 7i miles N. of East Liverpool. Spruce'ville, a hamlet of Delaware co., N.Y., at Kelly's Corners Station. Spry Bay, a seaport of Nova Scotia, co. of Halifax, on the Atlantic coast, 66 miles N.E. of Halifax. Pop. 200. Spui, or Het Spui, hSt spoi, a stream of the Nether- hands, province of South Holland. It is a branch of the Old Maas, separates the islands of Beyerland and Voorn, and falls into the Haringvliet. Spurgeon, spur'jun, a post-village in Monroe town- ship. Pike CO., Ind., 15 miles N.E. of Booneville. It has 2 or 3 churches and a mill. Pop. 200. Coal abounds here. Spurgersville, spur'gherz-vil, a hamlet of Tyler co., Tex., 50 miles from Beaumont Station. It has a church. Spur'lockville, a post-office of Lincoln co., W. Va. Spurn Head, a promontory on the E. coast of Eng- land, CO. of York, East Riding, at the N.E. entrance to the Humber, 20 miles S.E. of Hull, with two light-houses. Spurr Mine, a station of the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon Railroad, 38i miles W. of Marquette, Mieh. Spurr Mountain, a post-office of Baraga co., Mich. Spurr's Cove, a village adjoining Fairville, St. John CO., New Brunswick, 3 miles from St. John. It contains 3 steam saw-mills. Pop. 300, Spuyten Duyvii, spi't'n di'vil, a post-village of New York CO., N.Y., on the Hudson River, and on the Hudson River Railroad, 12 miles N. of the city hall in New York. It has several iron-foundries. Spuyten Duyvii Post-Office is a branch of the New York post-office. Spuyten Duyvii Creek, a tidal channel within the limits of the city of New York, and forming the N. bound- ary of Manhattan Island. It extends from Hudson River on the W. to Harlem River on the E. Spy, spi, a village of Belgium, province and about 7 miles N.W. of Namur. Pop. 1347. Squak, skwawk, a post-office of King co., Washington. Squam (skwom, or An'nisquam) Bay, of Essex co., Mass., between Cape Ann and Castle Neck, extends inland about 4 miles. Squam Lake, New Hampshire, is about 7 miles E. of Plymouth, and is partly in Grafton co., from which it ex- tends into Carroll co. It is nearly 8 miles long and 4 miles wide. It is surrounded by beautiful scenery. The surplus water passes through a short outlet into the Merrimac River. Sqnammagonic, New Hampshire. See Gonic. Squaniscot River, N.II. See Exeter River. Squan, Monmouth co., N.J. See Manasquan. Squankum, Gloucester co., N.J. See Williamstown. Squankum, Monmouth CO., N.J. See Lotveb Squankum. Squan'nacook, a small river of Middlesex eo., Mass., runs southeastward, and enters the Nashua River about 10 miles E. of Fitchburg. Square Pond, a post-hamlet of Tolland co., Conn., about 5 miles W. by S. of Stafford Springs. Squaw, a township of Warren co., Iowa. Pop. 764. SquaAV Creek, a post-office of Boise co., Idaho. Squaw Grove, a township of De Kalb co.. 111. P. 886. Squaw Mountain, Colorado, is in lat. 39° 40' 36" N., Ion. 105° 29' 30" W. It has an altitude of 11,733 feet above the sea-level. Squillace, skwil-la'chi (anc. Scylace'um or Scyla'- eium), an episcopal town of Italy, in Calabria, 10 miles S.W. of Catanzaro. P. 2759. See also Gulp of Squillace. Squince, an island of Ireland. See Quince. Squinzano, skwin-z^'no, a town of Italy, province of Leoce, 7 miles N.W. of the city of Lecce. Pop. 3507. Squiresville, skwirz'vil, a post-office of Owen co., Ky. Squir'rel Creek, Colorado, rises in El Paso eo., runs southw.ard, and enters the Arkansas River in Pueblo co., about 12 miles below Pueblo. It is nearly 90 miles long. Squirrel Island, a village and summer resort of Lin- coln CO., Me-, in the Atlantic Ocean, on a small island near the mainland, about 14 miles S.E. of Bath. Squir'rel Kiver, of Marathon eo.. Wis., flows into the Little Wisconsin River from the right. Squog Kiver, N.II. See Piscataquog River, Sravana Belgula, Br^-vi'na, bSI-goo'I4, a well-built village in Mysore, India, 33 miles N. by W. of Seringa- patam. There is here a colossal statue, 73 feet high, of Gomuta Raya, cut out of the solid rock. Srebernik, srd^b^it-nik' or sri'b^R-neek', written also Srebernicza, a town of Bosnia, 30 miles N.W. of Zvornik. Pop. 1500. Srebernik is also the name of a village 23 miles S. of Zvornik. Both have silver-mines in their vicinity. Sredne Kolymsk, srM'ni ko-limsk', a town of East Siberia, province of Yakootsk, on the W. bank of the Koly- ma, 150 miles from its mouth in the Arctic Ocean. P. 590. Srigundi, sre-gun'de, or Srigonda, sre-gon'da, a town of India, Ahmednuggur district. Pop. 6175. Srimenanti, sre-mi-nin'tee, apetty state of the Malay Peninsula, lat. 3° N., Ion. 103° E., N. of Johore and Rum- howe. Estimated pop. 8000, who send tin, sapan-wood, wax, rattans, and rice to the British settlement of Malacca. Sri Muttra, sree mQt'tra, a town of India, 48 miles W.N.W. of Gwalior. Srinagar, Indi.a. See Sebinagur. Sse-Nan-Fou, China. See Se-Nan. Sse-Tching-l'oo,a town of China. See Se-Tching. Sse-Tchouan, or Sse-Tchuan. See Se-Chcen. Ssimperk, a town of Austria. See Schildberg. SSJ 2110 STA Ssjedletz, Russia. See Siedlec. Ssoshy a river of Russia. See SozH. Ssurash, a town of Russia. See Soorazh. St. John. See Saint John. St. Louis. See Saint Louis; and so for all other names having the prefix St. or Saint. Staab, or Staat, Bohemia. See Stab. Staatsboygden, sta.ts'boig-tl§n, a village of Norway, 12 miles N.W. of Trondlijem, on the N. side of its fiord. Staatsburg, stdts'blirg, a post-village in Hyde Park township, Dutchess co., N.Y., on the Hudson River, and on the Hudson River Railroad, 84 miles N. of New York. It has 2 churches. Stab, or Staab, std.b (Bohemian, Stoda, sto'dS.), a town of Bohemia, 11 miles S'W. of Pilsen. Pop. 1834. Stabio, st^'be-o, or Stabbio, stab'be-o (ane. Stabu- lam.f), a village of Switzerland, canton of Ticino, 10 miles S.S.E. of Lugano. Pop. 1813. Sta'blersville, a post-hamlet of Baltimore co., Md., about 30 miles N. of Baltimore. Stabroek, or Stabroeck, st^'brook, a town of Bel- gium, province and 8 miles N.N.W. of Antwerp. Pop. 2336. Stabroek, a town of Guiana. See Georgetown. Staceyville, a plantation of Penobscot co., Me. P. 138. Stachelberg, st^K'§l-bfinG\ a mountain of Switzer- land, canton of Glarus, at the foot of which, in the Linth Valley, is a bathing-establishment, which has recently risen into repute. Stachir, the ancient name of the Gambia.. Sta'cy, a post-office and station of Chisago co., Minn,, on the Lake Superior & Mississippi Railroad, 34 miles N. of St. Paul. It has a church. Sta'cyville, a post-village in Stacyville township, Mitchell CO., Iowa, on the Little Cedar River, about 32 miles N.E. of Mason City, and 12 miles N. of Osage. It has 3 cliurches. Pop. of the township, 580. Stad-aaii-t'Hariiigvliet, st;lt-?int-hi'ring-fleet\ a town of the Netherlands, in South Holland, in the island of Overaakkee, 12 miles S.S.E. of Briel, on the Haringvliet. Stadacona, sti-dak'o-ni, a village in Quebec co., Que- bec, on the river St. Charles, 3 miles from Quebec. It con- tains 3 ship-yards and several saw-mills. Pop. 500. An Indian village named Stadacona occupied the site of Quebec. Stade, sti'deh, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, on the Schwiuge, near its mouth in the Elbe, 22 miles W.N.W. of Hamburg. Pop. 8758. It has a gymnasium, a normal school, and manufactures of various kinds. Stadt-amoHof, stitt-3,m-hof (anc. liiparia ?), a town of Bavaria, Upper Palatinate, on an island formed by the Dunube, here joined by the Regen, and opposite Ratisbon, with which it is united by a long stone bridge. Pop. 2906. Stadtberge, Prussia. See Marsberg. Stadtel Enzersdorf, Austria. See Enzersdohf. St£idterdorf, a town of Transylvania. See Resinar. Stadthagen, sta,tt'hS,-ghen, awalled town of Germany, in Schaumburg-Lippe, 9 miles N.E. of Biickeburg, on the Hanover & Minden Railway- Pop. 3203. It has a castle and a ducal mausoleum. Stadt-Ilm, a town of Germnny. See Ilm. Stadtlohn, st^tt'lon, or Stadtloen, stitt'lon, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 30 miles N.W. of Munster, Pop. 2051. It has manufactures of linen, &e. Stadtoldendorf, statt^ol'den-donf, a town of Ger- many, in Brunswick, 8 miles N.E. of Holzminden. Pop. 2313. It has manufactures of linen. Stadt-Sulza, stitt-soolt'sa, a town of Saxe-Weimar, 15 miles N.E. of Weimar. Pop. 1921. Staeden, stiVden, a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 18 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 4434. Stafa, or Staefa, sta'f^, a villageof Switzerland, can- ton and 13 miles S.E. of Zurich, on the N. shore of its lake. Po|i. 3841. Statfa, staf'fa, a small island, one of the Inner Hebri- des, in Scotland,' co. of Argyle, from 6 to 8 miles W. of Mull. It is of an irregular oval shape, about li miles in circumference. It is composed of a ledge of rocks of con- glomerated trap or tufa, to which succeeds a columnar ba- salt, which is covered by a mass of shapeless basalt with small columns interspersed through it. The whole facade of the island, nnd the arches and floorings of the caves, strongly resemble architectural designs. The coast is indented with caverns, of which the most remarkable is Fingal's Cave, the opening into which is a magnificent archway 66 feet high at mean tide, supporting a massive entabhiture of 30 feet additional, and receding 227 feet inwards, the entire front, as well as the great cavernous sides, being composed of countless complicated ranges of gigantic columns, beauti- fully jointed and of most symmetrical though varied forms. A deeply-channelled fissure, parallel to the sides, extends along the whole length of the ceiling, which is ornamented by pendent clusters of columns, whitened with calcareous stalagmite. The water at the entrance is 18 feet deep, at the inner extremity about 9 feet. There are several other caves along the coast of the island, of which the most note- worthy is called Claih-Shell Cave, 30 feet in height, from 16 to 18 feet broad, and 130 feet long. Staf'fa, a post-village in Perth co., Ontario, 2i miles from Carronbrook. It contains 3 stores and a flouring- mill. Staffelstein, std.f'fei-stine\ a town of Bavaria, on the Lauter, 15 miles N.N.E. of Bamberg, on the Nuremberg & Hof Railway. Pop. 1665. Stafford, or Staifordshire, staff^rd-shir, an inland county of England, having E. Derbyshire, N. Cheshire, W. Shropshire, and S. the cos. of Warwick and AVorcester. Area, 1145 square miles. Pop. (1871) 858,326. Its N.E. corner is chiefly moorland, rising in some places to 1200 and 1500 feet above the sea, and continues N. with the high- lands separating Yorkshire nnd Lancashire. The eentro of the county is level or undulating; in the S. it is again hilly. The Trent rises in this county, intersects its centre, and then with the Dove forms all the E. boundary. Mining and manufactures are more important than agriculture, and this county ranks among the first in England for manufac- turing industry. Very productive coal-ticlds exist in both the N. and S., where are the extensive iron-manufactures of Wolverhampton, Wednesbury, Walsall, Tipton, Bilston, and Dudley ; and around Stoke-upon-Trent and Burslem is the district of the potteries. The iron goods made com- prise all articles, from nails to steam machinery. Copper, lead, limestone, sandstone, marble, alabaster, and pottery- clay are important mineral products; and around Cheadle there are extensive copper- and brass-works. In addition to all kinds of earthenwares, silks, cotton, ale, glass, car- pets, hats, boots, shoes, and chemical products are made. Nearly all parts of Staff'ordshire are intersected by canals and railwaj'S. It contains the city of Lichfield, and the boroughs of Stafford, Walsall, Tamworth, Wolverhampton, Newcastle- under-Lyme, Stoke-upon-Trent, and Dudley, besides nearly 20 market-towns and upwards of 1000 villages and ham- lets. Exclusive of boroughs, it sends four members to the House of Commons. Stafford, a town of England, capital of the a.bovo county, on the Sow, at a railway junction, 25 miles N.N.W. of Birmingham. Pop. 12,212. It is irregularly but neatly built. In the centre of its main street is the market- square, with the county hall, and near this are the 2 parish churches. The other chief edifices are the castle, the county jail, lunatic asylum, general infiruiary, and grammar- school. Shoes and leather are largely made. The town sends two members to the House of Commons. Stafford, Stafford, a county in the N.E. part of Vir- ginia, has an area of about 260 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Potomac River, and on the S.W. by the Rappahannock, and is partly drained by Acquia Creek. The surface is hilly, and nearly half of it is covered with forests. The soil is not very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, and oats are the staple products. Gold and granite are found in this county. It is intersected by the Richmond, Fredericks- burg & Potomac Railroad. Capital, Stafford Court-House. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 6420, of whom 6369 were Americans. Stafford, a post-town of Tolland co., Conn,, watered by the head-streams of the AVillimantic River, and intersected by the New London Northern Railroad, 20 miles N. by W, of Willimantie, and about 25 miles N.E. of Hartford. It contains several manufacturing villages, the most important of which are Stafford (or Stafford Furnace), Stafford Springs, Staffordville, and West Stafford. The village of Stafford, or Stafford Furnace, has 2 churches, a hotel, several stores, and a woollen-factory. Pop. of the township, 3405. Stafford, a township of De Kalb co., Ind. Pop. 584. Stafford, a township of Greene co., Ind. Pop. 841. Stafford, a post-village of Pratt co., Kansas, 30 miles S.E. of Larned. It has several stores. Stafford, a township of Ocean co., N.J. Pop. 1514. Stafford, a post-village of Genesee co., N.Y., in Staf- ford township, on Black Creek, on a branch of the New York Central Railroad, and on the Atlica Branch of the Erie Railroad, oi miles E. of Batavia, and 4 miles W. of Le Roy. It has"2 churches. Pop, of the township, ISIS. It contains Roanoke and Morganville. Stafford, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., 0., in Franklin to^vnship, about 24 miles N.N.E. of Marietta. It has 3 STA 2111 STA churches, a flour-mill, a planing-mill, a woollen-mill, a town hall, and a high school. Pop. about 250. Stafford, a post-village of Fort Bend co., Tex., on the Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railroad, 20 miles S.W. of Houston. Stafford, a post-village in Renfrew co., Ontario, 47 miles from Sand Point. Pop. 100. Stafford Court-House, a post-village, capital of Stafford CO., Va., 2i miles from Brooke's Station, about 2 miles W. of the Potomac River, and 73 miles N. of Rich- mond. It has a church. Stafford Point, a post-office of Catahoula parish, La. Staffordshire, England. See Staffoud. Stafford Springs, a post-borough in Stafford town- ship, Tolland co.. Conn., at the junction of the head-streams of the Willimantio River, and on the ^few London North- ern Railro-ad, .S7 miles N. by W. of Norwich, and about 25 miles N.E. of Hartford. It contains i churches, 2 national banks, a savings-bank, a large hotel especially designed for summer boarders, a newspaper office, 2 cotton-mills, and 4 woollen-mills. Here are mineral springs which have for many years been resorted to on account of the medicinal quality of the waters. Stafford Store, a post-office of Stafford co., Va. Staf'fordsville, a post-village of Giles co., Va., 12 miles from Dublin. It has 2 churches, a flouring-mill, and a saw-mill. Staf'fordville, a post-village of Toll.xnd co.. Conn., in Stafford township, 4 miles N.E. of Stafford Springs. It has 2 churches, an iron-foundry and machine-shop, and several woollen-mills which produce cassimeres and satinets. Staffordville, a post-hamlet of Ocean co., N.J., on the Tuckerton Railroad, 5 miles N.N.E. of Tuckerton. It has a church. Stage Pond, a post-hamlet of Hernando co., Fla. Stageton, sta.i't9n, a station in Pickaway co., 0., on the Scioto Valley Railroad, 25 miles S. of Columbus. Stagg's Creek, a post-township of Ashe co., N.C. Pop. 861. Stagira, the ancient n.ame of Stavkos. Stag Island, or lie aux Cerfs, eel o s^Rf, a small island in the river St. Clair, 6 miles below Port Sarnia. Staglieno, stil-yi'no, a village of Italy, 2 miles E. of Genoa, on the right bank of the Bisagno. Stagno Grande, stin'yo grin'di, or Stol, stol, a town of Dalmatia, 26 miles N.W. of Ragusa, on the penin- sula of Sabioncello. It has extensive salt-works. Stagnone, stin-yo'ni, a group of islets in the Medi- terranean, off the W. coast of Sicily, from which they are separated by a narrow channel, 1.3 miles S.S.W. of Trapani. The largest is about 2 miles long. Stagno Piccolo, stin'yo pik'ko-lo, a village of D.xl- matia, N.N.E. of Stagno Grande, with a good harbor on the Channel of Narenta. Stag'ville, a post-hamlet of Orange eo., N.C, 10 miles N.E. of Durham Station. Stahlstown, stawlz'town. a post-hamlet of Westmore- land CO., Pa., about 45 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. Staines, stinz, a town of England, in Middlesex, at its S.W. extremity, on the Thames, at the influ.x of the Colne, 19 miles W.S.W. of St. Paul's, London, at a railway junc- tion. Pop. 3464. Staked Plain, Texas. See Llano Estacado. Stal'bridge, a town of England, in Dorset, on a branch of the Stour, 6i miles E.N.E. of Sherborne. Pop. 2096. Sta'ley's Station on the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western Railroad is 3i miles W. of Champaign, III. Stalimni, sti-lim'nee, or Limni, lim'nee, written .also Staliinene (ano. Lemnos ; Gr. Aijui/ot, Lemnos), an island belonging to Turkey, in the ^gean Sea, 40 miles E.S.E. of MolinrAthos. Area, 160 square miles. Pop. 8000. It consists of two peninsulas, separated by the harbors of Paradiso and San Antonio. The surface is mountainous, with extinct craters. The soil is fertile in corn, oil, wine, fruits, Ac. The capital, Lem.vos, on the W. coast, has 1000 inhabitants, a citadel, a harbor, and ship-building docks. Stalla, sta.1'15, or Bivio, bee've-o, a village of Swit- zerland, canton of Grisons, 10 miles N.E. of Chiavenna, at the foot of the Col du Julier, 5774 feet above the sea. Stailati, stil-la'tec, a town of Italy, province and 11 miles S.S.E. of Catanzaro. Pop. 2206. Stailupohnen, stal'Ioo-po'nen, a town of East Prus- sia, 16 miles E.N.E. of Gumbinnen. Pop. 3760. Sta'lybridge, or Sta'ley Bridge, a town of England, cos. of Lancaster and Chester, at the junction of several railways, 7 miles N.E. of Stockport. Pop. 21,092, mostly engaged in cotton-manufactures. Stambool, or Stamboul. See Constantinople. Stambruges, stftji'briizh', or Estambruges, Js*- t5M'bruzh', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 11 miles W.N.W. of Mons. Stam'ford, a borough of England, cos. of Lincoln and Northampton, on the AVelland River, at a railway junction, 11 miles W.N.W. of Peterborough. Pop. 78-lfi. The prin- cipal buildings are 5 parish churches, the town hall, thea- tre, and assembly-rooms. The Welland is navigable hence to the sea. The malting and retail trade is considerable. Stamford sends two members to the House of Commons. Immediately S. of the town is Burleigh, the seat of the Marquis of E.xcter. Stamford, stam'fprd, a handsome post-town in Stam- ford township, Fairfleld co., Conn., on Long Island Sound, and on the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, 36 miles N.E. of New York, and 22 miles W.S.W. of Bridge- port. It has a good harbor for vessels drawing S feet of water, and has daily communication with New York by steamboat. It contains a fine town hall of stone and brick which cost §140,000, many elegant residences, 10 or 12 churches, a high school, 2 national banks, 2 savings-banks, 2 newspaper ofiioes, and the Stamford Military Institute. The hills in the vicinity of Stamford have been embellished with villas and parks by citizens of New York who pass the summer here. Stamford has a woollen-factory and other factories, and here are the extensive works of the Yale Lock Manufacturing Company. P. of the township, 9714. Stamford, a post-village in Stamford township, Dela- ware CO., N.Y., on the Ulster & Delaware Railroad, 70 miles N.W. of Kingston, and about 30 miles S.E. of Cooperstown. It has 2 or 3 churches, a newspaper office, and manufactures of woollen goods and water-wheels. The township is drained by the West Branch of the Delaware River, and contains Uts.ayantha Mountain, said to be 3365 feet high. Pop. of the township, 1571. Stamford, a post-hamlet of Bennington co., Vt., in Stamford township, 5 miles N.E. of North Adams, Mass., and 12 miles S.S.E. of Bennington. It has 2 churches, 2 lumber-mills, a stave-factory, and chemical works. Pop. of the township, 633. Stam'ford, a post-village in Welland co., Ontario, 3 miles N.W. of the Falls of Ni.agar.a. Pop. 300. Stampsc, the supposed ancient name of Etahpes. Stampalia, stim-pi-lee'S,, or Istampalia, is-tim- pd-Iee'^, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, 20 miles S.E. of Amorgos. Area, 50 square miles. Pop. 1500. The chief villages .are Sant" Andrea and Livorno. Stamp Creek, a post-office of Bartow co., Ga. Stamp'er's Creek, a post-township of Orange co., Ind. It contains 2 churches. Pop. 827. Stamper's Creek Post-Oflice is about 35 miles W.N.W. of New Albany. Stampfen, stamp'f?n, a town of Hungary, co. and 10 miles N.N.W. of Presburg. Pop. 3182. Stamphane Islands. See Steivali Islands. Stamp'ing Ground, a post-hamlet of Scott co., Ky., 21 miles N.N.W. of Lexington. It hiis 2 churches. Stamps Land'ing, Wilkinson co.. Miss., is on the Mississippi River, 19 miles W. of Woodville, Here is a large island, bounded on several sides by the Homochitto River and Buffalo Bayou. Stan'ard Rock, or Stan'nard's Rock, a reef and shoal of Lake Superior, 25 miles S.E. of Keweenaw Point. Here a light-house is in construction. Stan'ard's Corners, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co., N.Y., 3 miles S.E. of Wellsville. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Stan'ardsville, a post-village, capital of Greene co., Va., about 5 miles E. of the Blue Ridge, and 20 miles N. of Charlottesville. It has 2 churches. Stan'bridge East, a post-village in Missisquoi co., Quebec, on Pike River, 7 miles from Stanbridge Station. It has good water-power, a grist-mill, a tannery, 2 churches, an academy, mechanics' shops, &e. Pop. 500. Stanbridge Station, a post-village in Missisquoi CO., Quebec, on the Central Vermont Railway, 43 miles S.E. of Montreal. It has 3 hotels and 2 stores. Pop. 300. Stan'bury, a post-village in Missisquoi co., Quebec, 6 miles from West Farnhara. Pop. 175. Stanch'lield, a post-township of Isanti co., Minn., 10 miles W. of Rush City. Pop. 408. Stanchio, or Stancho, an island. See Cos. Stand'ard, a post-office of De Kalb co.. Mo. Standard, a station in Alleghany co.. Pa., on the Al- leghany Valley Railroad, 4 miles N.E. of Pittsburg. Stand'art Grove, a post-office of Iowa co., Wis. Stand'fold, or Stan'fold, a post-hamlet of Barron STA 2112 STA CO., Wis., on the Red Ced.ar River, about 56 miles N. by W. of Eau Claire. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Stand'iilg Rock, a post-office of Boreman co., Da- kota, on the Missouri River, 60 miles below Bismarck, Standing Stone, a post-hamlet in Standing Stone township, Bradford co.. Pa,, on the left bank of the Sus- quehanna River, and on the Pennsylvania & New York Railroad, 8 miles below Towanda, It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 905. Standing Stone, a post-office of Putnam co., Tenn. Stand'ing Stone Creek, of Pennsylvania, enters the Juniata in Huntingdon co. Stan'dish, a post-village in Standish township, Cum- berland CO., Me., about 16 miles W.N.W. of Portland, and 2 miles S. of the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad. It has 4 churches, and manufactures of coopers' ware, sugar-boxes, and lumber. The township is bounded B. by Sebago Lake, and W. by the Saco River. Pop. of township, 2089. Standish, a post- village in Granton township, Bay co., Mich., on the Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw Railroad, 35 miles N. of Bay City. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of lumber and shingles. Stand'ley, a station of the Baltimore Sc Ohio Railroad, Chicago division, Si miles E. of DeBanee, 0. Stan'don, or Saint te'on, a post-village in Dor- chester CO., Quebec, 38 miles from Quebec, Pop, 250, Stan'lield Mills, a village in Prince co,. Prince Ed- ward Island, 20 miles from Summerside. Pop, 120, Stanfold, Wisconsin, See Staxdfold, Stan'fold, or Princeville, a village in Arthabaska co,, Quebec, on the Grand Trunk Railway, 55 miles from Quebec. It contains a foundry, a tannery, a carding-mill, a church, a college, and 15 stores. Pop. 2500, Stan'ford, a township of Clay co., 111. Pop. 1349. Stanford, a post-village in Allen township, McLean CO., 111., on the Jacksonville Branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 12 miles W.S.W. of Bloomington. It has 3 churches. Pop. 274, Stanford, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., Ind,, 10 miles W,S.W, of Bloomington, and about 50 miles S,E, of Terre Haute, It has 2 churches. Stanford, a post-hamlet of Marshall co., Iowa, about 15 miles N.W. of Marshalltown. It contains a Friends' seminary and 2 churches. Stanford, a post-hamlet of Kingman co., Kansas, 26 miles S. of Hutchinson, Stanford, a post-village, capital of Lincoln co., Ky., on the Knoxville Branch of the Louisville G' E. Pop. 16,647. It exports timber. Stavang'er, an amt in the S.W. of Norway, having the sea on the S, and W. Area, 3421 square miles. Capital, Stavanger. Pop. 110,965. Stav'anger, a post-hamlet of Yellow Medicine co., Minn., about 22 miles N. of Marshall. Stavele, sti'vd-leh, a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 30 miles S.\V. of Bruges. Pop. 1174. Stavelot, std'vQli-lot\ a town of Belgium, province and 24 miles S.E. of Liege. Pop. 3787. Stavcnhagen, sti'ven-hi^gh^n, or Stavehagen, sti'veh-hi^gh^n, a town of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 29 miles E.S.E. of GUstrow. Pop. 2866. Stavenisse, st3,'v§h-nis^seh, a village of the Nether- lands, in Zealand, on the N.W. point of the island of Tho- len, about 33 miles S.AV. of Rotterdam. Stavoren, stS,'vo-ren, a town of the Netherlands, in Frieshind, on the Zuyder Zee, 13 miles N. of Enkhuysen. Stavropol, or Stawropol, stiv-ro'pol, a town of Russia, capital of the government of Stavropol, on the Atchla, 59 miles W.N.W. of Alexandrov. Lat. 44° 43' N. ; Ion. 41° 38' E. Pop. 23,612. It is well built and strongly fortified, and has manufactures of soap and leather. Stavropol, a government of Russia, in Ciscaucasia, generally level, and in part swampy or unproductive. Area, 27,020 square miles. Capital, Stavropol. Pop. 437,118. Stavros,stav'ros' {aae. Stagi'i-a), a village of European Turkc}', in Macedonia, on the Oulf of Contessa, 38 miles E, of Salonica. Sta'well, a borough of Victoria, Australia, 18 miles by rail W.N.W. of Ararat. It has gold-mines. Pop. 5166. Stawp'ley's, a station on the Natchez, Jackson & Co- lumbus Railroad, 20 miles E. of Natchez, Stayner, sta'ner, a post-village in Siraeoe co., Ontario, on the Northern Railroad, 85 miles from Toronto. It has 5 churches, 20 stores, 2 woollen-mills, 2 flouring-mills, 2 saw-mills, a tannery, and a foundry. Pop. 1000. Stayton, sta't^n, a post-village of Marion co., Oregon, on the North Fork of the Santiam River, 9 miles E. of Marion Station, and about 20 miles S.S.E. of Salem. It has a church, a flour-mill, a large saw-mill, and manufac- tures of chairs, furniture, sash, &,c. Pop. about 250, Steady (sted'e) Run, a township of Keokuk co., Iowa.. Pop. 948. It contains Martinsburg. Steam'boat Creek, a small stream of Washoe co., Nevada, rises in the S. part of the county, and flows north- ward into Truekee River. Steamboat Rock, a post-village in Clay township, Hardin co., Iowa, on the Iowa River {which here affords extensive water-power) and the Central Railroad of Iowa, 4 miles N. of Eldora. It has 2 banks, 3 churches, a flour- mill, and a plough-factory. Pop. about 500. Steamboat Springs, a post-office and summer resort of Routt CO., Col., on the Yauipah River, 12a miles N.W. of Georgetown. It has hot and cold mineral springs and a hotel. Steamboat Springs, a summer resort of Washoe co., Nevada, on the Virginia & Truekee Railroad, at Steamboat Station, 11 miles S. of Reno. Here are many hot sulphur springs and a hotel. Steam'burg", a post-village in Cold Spring township, Cattaraugus co., N.Y., on the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, 22 miles E. of Jamestown. It has a manufactory of hubs and spokes. Steamburg,a hamlet in Hector township, Schuyler co., N.Y., about 18 miles W.N.AV. of Ithaca. Steam burg, a small post-hamlet of Ashtabula co., 0., 4 miles N. of Leon Railroad Station. It has a church. Stcamburg, a post-hamlet of Crawford co,. Pa., about 20 miles W.N.W, of Meadville. It has a church and a steam saw-mill. Steam Cor'ner, a post-hamlet of Fountain co,, Ind., about 34 miles S.W, of Lafayette. It has a saw-mill. Steam Corners, a post-office of Morrow co., 0. Steam Mill, a post-ofiice of Decatur co., Ga., on the Chattahoochee River, 25 miles W.N.W. of Bainbridge. Steam Mill Village, a post-village in Kings co., Nova Seotia, on the Canard River, 2 miles from Kentville. Steam Valley, a post-ofliee of Lycoming co.. Pa. Stearnesville, sternz'vil, a post-hamlet of Pike co., Ga., 7 miles from Gritfi'n. It has a church. Stearns, st^rnz, a county in the central part of Min- nesota, has an area of about 1300 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Mississippi River, and is inter- sected by Sauk River and partly drained by the North Fork of Crow River. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with numerous small lakes and extensive forests of the oak, ash, elm, sugar-maple, &c. In 1870 it had 172,866 acres of woodland. The soil is fertile. AVhcat, oats, hay, cattle, and butter are the staple products. Large prairies occur in the S.W. part of this countv. It is traversed by the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad. Capital, St. Cloud. Valuation of real and personal estate, ?5, 092,280, Pop, in 1870, 14,206, of whom S9S9 were Americans; in 1875, 17,797. Stearnsville, sternz'vil, a village of Berkshire co., Mass., in Pittsfield township, 3 miles S.W. of Pittsfield. It has 3 woollen-factories. Steb'binsville, a post-hamlet of Rock co., AVis., in Porter township, 20 miles S.S.E. of Madison. It has a church and a flour-mill. Steck'born, a town of Switzerland, canton of Thurgau, on the Unter-Sce (Lake of Constance), 8 miles W. of Con- stance. Pop. 1654. STE 2117 STE Stecoahf stek'o-a, a post-township of Graham co., N.C., about 50 miles S'.S.E. of Knoxville, Tenn. Sted'man, a post-hamlct of Chautauqua cc, N.Y., about lo miles W.N.W. of Jamestown. Steed'maii's, a post-office of Lexington co., S.C. Steele, sti'leh, or Steyle, stl'leh, a town of Khenish Prussia, on a railway, 21 miles N.lj. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 5920. Coal is raised in its vicinity. Steele, a county in the S.E. part of Minnesota, has an area of 432 square miles. It is drained by the Straight River, which runs northward through the middle of the county. The surface is undulating. The soil is very fer- tile. It is liberally supplied with timber, and has extensive prairies. Wheat, oats, hay, butter, and cattle are the staple products. Limestone underlies part of the soil. This county is intersected by the Winona & St. Peter Railroad and the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Capital, Owatonna. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,896,606. Pop. in 1870, 8271; in 1875, 10,7.S9. Steele, St. Clair co., Ala. See Steel's Depot. Steele, a township of Daviess co., Ind. Pop. 738. Steele Centre, a post-oflice of Steele co., Minn., about 22 miles S. of Faribault. Steele City, a post-village of Jefferson co.. Neb., on Little Blue River, and on the St. Joseph & Denver City Railroad, 11 miles S.E. of Fairbury. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Steel Creek, a post-ofBce in Steel Creek township, Mecklenburg co., N.C., about 9 miles S.W. of Charlotte. Pop. of the township, 1951. Steele's, a post-hamlet of Rush co., Ind., on the rail- road between Rushville and Connersville, 8 or 9 miles from each place. Steele's, a township of Richmond co., N.C. Pop. 1656. Steele's, a station in Alleghany co., Va., on the Ches- apeake & Ohio Railroad, 5 miles S.E. of Covington. Steele's Mills, Steel'ville, or Georgetown, a post-village of Randolph CO., 111., on the Wabash, Chester & Eastern Railroad, 10 miles E.N.E. of Chester. It h.as a newspnper office, a graded school, several churches, a flour- mill, and a woollen-mill. Post-office, Steele's Mills. Steele's Store, a post-hamlet of Brazos co., Tex., 13 miles W. of Bryan. It has 2 churches and 2 stores. Steele's Tav'ern, or Mid'way, a post-hamlet of Augusta CO., Va., 18 miles S. by W. of Staunton. It has 2 churches, 2 flour-mills, a tannery, and 1 or 2 foundries. The name of its post-office is Steele's Tavern. Steel'inantown, a hamlet of Cape May co., N.J., 2 miles from Woodbine Station. Steel'manville, a post-hamlet of Egg Harbor town- ship, Atlantic CO., N.J., 3 miles S.W. of Pleasantville. It hiis a churcll. Steel Run, a post-oflice of Washington co., 0. Steel's Depot, a post-hamlet of St. Clair co., Ala., on the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad, at Steele Station, 49 miles N.E. of Birmingham. It has a church. Pop. 50. Steelville, Illinois. See Steele's Mills. Steel'ville, or Steels'ville, a post-village, capital of Crawford co., Mo., in Meramec township, on the Mara- mec River, and on the St. Louis, Salem &, Little Rock Railroad, 100 miles S.W. of St. Louis. It has 2 newspaper oflices and 2 churches. Pop. 232. Steelville, a post-hamlet of Chester oo.. Pa., on Ootorara Creek, 5 miles S. of Atglen. It has a grist-mill. Steel VVorks,or Steelton,Pa. See Baldwin. Steen, a township of Knox co., Ind. Pop. 1285. Steenbergen, stain'bjito-en, a town of the Nether- lands, in North Brabiint, 20 miles W. of Breda. P. 1941. Steenhuffel, stain'hiif'fel, a village of Belgium, in Brabant, 12 miles N.N.W. of Brussels. Pop. 1665. Steenhuyze Wyuhuyze, stain'hoi^zeh win'hoi^zeh, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 18 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 1683. Steenkerke, stain'kSnk'^h, or Steenkerque, stain- kaink', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 15 miles N.N.E. of Mons. The Allies, commanded by William III. of Eng- land, were here defeated by the French, July 24, 1692. Steenockerzeel Hunielghem, sti'nok-ker-zail' hii'mjl-gh&n", a village of Belgium, in Brabant, 9 miles N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1649. Steen's Creek, a post-office of Rankin oo., Miss. Steen'sPrairie,pra'ree, apost-ofliceof Mariesco., Mo. Steenvoorde, or Steenwoorde, stain'voud', a town of France, in Nord, 6 miles by rail N.N.E. of Ilazebrouck. Pop. 2261. Steenwerck, stain'*Srk, a town of Fr.ance, in Nord, 7 miles by rail N. of Hazebrouck. Pop. of commune, 4309. Steenwyk, or Steenwijk, stain'Aik, a town of the Netherlands, in Overyssel, 9 miles N.E. of Blokzyl. It has a harbor and a trade in grain, &c. Pop. 4094. Steep lirook, a post-h:vmlet of Bristol co., Mass., on the Taunton River, and on the Old Colony Railroad, 4 miles N.N.E. of Fall River. It has 2 churches. Steep Creek, a post-village in Guysborough eo.. Nova Scotia, on the Gut of Canso, 7 miles from Port Mulgrave. Steep Falls, a post-village in Standish township, Cum- berland CO., Me., on the Saco River, and on the Portland & Ogdeiisburg Railroad, 24 miles W.N.W. of Portland. It has a church and several saw-mills. Steep-Holmes Island, a rocky island in the Bristol Channel, at the mouth of the Severn, 10 miles S.S.E. of Cardiff. Circumference, about lA miles. Steer Creek, a post-office of Gilmer oo., W. Va. Steer'pen, a township of Chesterfleld oo., S.C. P. 545. Stef fenville, a post-village of Lewis co.. Mo., 9 miles S. by W. of Lewistown Station. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Steffisburg,stSt'fis-bo6KG\a town and parish of Swit- zerland, canton and 15 miles S.S.E. of Bern. Pop. 3462. Steg'all's', a station in Bartow co., Ga., on the West- ern & Atlantic Railroad, 43 miles N.W. of Atlanta. Stegalls, a post-oflice of Anson co., N.C. Stege, sti'gheh, a town of Denmark, island of Moen, on its W. coast, 13 miles S.E. of PraDstoe. Pop. 1960. Stegen, sti'gh^n, an island and village of Norway, province of Nordland. Lat. 68° N.; Ion. 14° 30' E. Steiermark, or Steyermark. See Styria. Steilacooin (stil'a-kflom) City, a post-village, capi- tal of Pierce CO., Washington, on the S.E. shore of Paget Sound, 4i miles from Lakeview Station of the Northern Pacific Railroad, about 20 miles E.N.E. of Olympia, and 12 miles S.W. of Tacoma. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a tannery, &a., with abundant water-power and timber. Pop. about 600. Stein, stin, or Kamnig, kim'nie, a town of Austria, 14 miles N. of Laybach, on the Foistritz. Stein, a town of Lower Austria, on the Danube, oppo- site Mautern, 40 miles W.N.W. of Vienna. Pop. 3870. Stein, stine, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton and S. of Appenzell. Pop. 1705. Stein, a town of Switzerland, 11 miles E.S.E. of Schaff- hausen, on the right bank of the Rhine. Pop. 1361. Steinach, sti'naic, a town of Baden, on the Kinzig River, and on the railway from Mannheim to Freiburg, 3 miles S.E. of Biberach. Pop. 1337. Steinach, a village of Saxe-Meiningen, on the Stei- nach, an afliuent of the Rodach, 4 miles N.N.W. of Sonne- berg. Pop. 3914. Stein-am-Anger, stlne-im-^ng'er (Hun. Szomba- tliehj, Bom'boll'tei'), a town of Hungary, co. of Eisenburg, on the Guns, 12 miles E.S.E. of GUns. It is the see of a bishop, and has an episcopal palace and a cathedral. It occupies a part of the site of the ancient Sabaria, which, under Claudius, was named Claudia Augusta. Pop. 7561. Steinau, sti'now, a town of Prussian Silesia, 34 miles N.W. of Breslau, on the Oder. Pop. 3299. Steiiiau, a town of Prussian Silesia, 24 miles S.W. of Oppeln. Pop. 1981. Steinau, a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, 27 miles E.N.E. of Hanau, on the Kinzig. Pop. 2179. Steinaur, sti'nBwr, a post-hamlet of Pawnee CO., Neb., 8 miles W. of Table Rock. It has 2 churches. Steinbach, stine'baiv, a town of Baden, 2 miles N.E. of Buhl, on the Mannheim & Basel Railway. Pop. 2015. Steinbach, or Steinbach-Hallenberg, hil'Ien- b4RG\ a town of Prussia, 5 miles E.S.E. of Schmalkalden. Pop. 3000, mostly employed in iron-forges and wire-works. Steinen, sti'nen, a village of Switzerland, canton and 3 miles N.W. of Schwytz. Pop. 1359. Steinersville, sti'nerz-vil, a hamlet of Belmont co., 0., on Captina Creek, 13 miles S. by W. of Bellaire. P. 73. Steinfeld, stine'f^lt, a village of Bavaria, circle of Lower Franconia, near Rothenfels. Pop. 1140. Steinfurt, stine'fooRt, or Burgsteinfurt, booRG- stine'fooRt, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 18 miles N.AT. of Miinster, on the Aa. Pop. 3684. Steinhatchee, steen'hatch-ee, a post-office of Lafa- yette CO., Fla. Steinheim, stine'hime, a town of Prussia, in West- phalia, 30 miles S.S.E. of Minden. Pop. 2322. Steinheim, or Gross Steinheim, groee stine'- hime, a town of Hesse, province of Starkenburg, on the Main, 20 miles N.E. of Darmstadt. Pop. 1661. Steinheim, or Steinheim-am-Aalbuck, stine'- STE 2118 STE hime-5,m-^rb6ok, a town of WUrtemberg, 4 miles N.W. of Heidenheiin. Pop. 1730. Steinheim, a village of Wiirtemberg, 2 miles N.E. of Mavbach. Pop. 1092. Steinhude (stine'hoo-d§h) Lake (Ger. Steinhnder- Meer, stine'hoo^der-maiii), a lake of North Germany, be- tween Schaumburg-Lippe and the Prussian province of Hanover, 17 miles N.W. of Hanover. Length, 6 miles. In it is an island, with the fortress of Wilhelmstein, belonging to Schaiimburg-Lippe, and also the village of Steinhude. Pop. 1264. Steinitz, sti'nits, wi-itten also Stanitz and Zdo- nice, a town of Moravia, 20 miles E.S.E. of Briinn. Steinmauern, stine'mow'ern, a village of Baden, at the confluence of the Murg and the Khine, 4 miles N. of Kastadt. Pop. 1517. Steinsburg, stinz'burg, a post-hamlet of Bucks oo., Pa., in Milford township, 2-^ miles from Shelly Station, and 12 miles S. by E. of Allentown. It has a church, a tan- nery, and a grist-mill. Stein Schonau, stine sho'now, a town of Bohemia, N.E. of Leitmeritz. Pop. 3100. Steinseifersdorf, stine'si'fers-doRf, a village of Prussian Silesia, government nnd S.W. of Breslau. P. 1609. Steinsville, stInz'vil,or Stiiies'ville,a post-village of Lehigh co.. Pa., on the Berks & Lehigh Railroad, 20^ miles N. of Keading. It has a carriage-factory and 2 stores. Steinthal, Alsace. Sec Ban-de-la-Roche. Steinthal,stine't3,l, a post-office of Manitowoc co., Wis. Steiiiweiler, stine'wiMer, a village of Bavaria, in the Palatinate, near Kandel. Pop. 1531. Steinwiesen, stine'\Vee^zen, a village of Bavaria, in Upper Franconia, on the left bank of the Rodach. P. 1722. Steisslingen, stlce'ling-en, a village of Baden, Lake circle, N.W. of Constance. Pop. 1227. Stekene, sti'ki-neh, a town of Belgium, in East Flan- dors, 18 miles N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 6231. Stelapolis, Iowa oo., Iowa. See Chester. Stella, stSrii, a river of North Italy, enters the Adri- atic near its head, after a S. course of 35 miles. It is navi- gable from Palazzolo to the sea. Stel'la, a post-office of Lowndes co., Ga. Stella, a post-office of Gratiot co., Mich., 40 miles N. of Lansing. Stel'la, a post-village in Lennox co., Ontario, on Am- herst Island, in the Bay of Quinte, 15 miles W. of Kingston. Stellartoii, Nova Scotia. See Albion Mines. Stel'laville, a post-office of Jefferson co., Ga. Stellenbosch, stsl'len-bosk', a division of Capo Col- ony, South Africa, having N. the division of Paarl, B. the division of Caledon, S. the ocean, and W. the Cape division. Area, 457 square miles. Pop. 10,541. Stellenbosch, the capital town of a division of its own name, of Cape Colony, 25 miles by rail E. of Cape Town, has a neat church, several schools, and a savings- bank. Pop. 3173. Stel'ton, a post-hamlet in Raritan township, Middlesex CO., N.J., on the railroad between Elizabeth & New Bruns- wick, 2 miles E. of New Brunswick. It has a church. StePvid'eo, a post-hamlet of Darke co., 0., on the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroad, 16 miles W. of Piqua. It has a church. Stelvio (stSl've-o), Pass of (Ger. Slilfserjoch, stilf'ser- yoK^), Tyrol, in the N. part of the Valtellina, leads from Bormio to Glurns. It is the loftiest carriage-route in Europe, its summit being 9100 feet above the sea. Stem'bersville, a post-hamlet of Carbon co., Pa., S miles E. of Mauch Chunk. It has a slate-factory. Stem'mer's Run, a station of the Philadelphia, Wil- mington & Baltimore Railroad, S miles E. of Baltimore, Md. Stem'ton, a post-village in Allen township, North- ampton CO., Pa., on the Lehigh River, 6 miles above Allen- town, and on the Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroad, at Laubach Station. It has a church, and manufactures of railroad-cars, flour, and wagons. Stenay, st?h-ni', a town of France, in Meuse, 8 miles W.S.W. of Montmedy, on the Meuse. Pop. 2376. Sten'cil House, a post-office of Hyde co., N.C. Stendal, stSn'd41, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the Uchte, 40 miles N.N.E. of Magdeburg by railway. It has manufactures of woollen and cotton stuffs, gloves, tobacco, and leather, with a brisk trade in linens. Pop. 12,851. Sten'dal, a post-hamlet of Pike co., Ind., 38 miles N.E. of Evansville. It has a church and a woollen-mill. Sten'ness, an isle on the N. coast of the mainland of Shetland. Stephens, ste'venz, a county in the N. p>art of Texas, has an area of 900 squ.are miles. It is intersected by the Clear Fork of Brazos River. The surface is partly covered with forests. The soil is mostly uncultivated, and produces pasture for many cattle. In 1870 there were 43,230 cattle in this county. Capital, Breekenridge. Pop. in 1870, 330, of whom 323 were Americans. Stephens, Oglethorpe co., Ga. See Antioch. Stephens, a post- village in Mayfield township, Lapeer CO., Mich., on the Fish Lake Branch of the Detroit \ miles S.E. of Grand Blanc. It has a church. Stony Run, a post-township of Yellow Medicine co., Minn., 25 miles N. of Marshall. It has a church. P. 522. Stony Run, a post-hamlet of Berks co,. Pa., in Albany township, 2 miles from Kempton Station, which is 24 miles N. of Reading. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 120. Stony Stratford, England. See Stratford. Stooka, or Stuka, stoo'ki, a town of Morocco, prov- ince of Soos, 65 miles S.W. of Terodant. Stor, a Danish and Swedish word signifying "great," prefixed to a number of names, as Storsion, " great lake." See Storsion. Stor, stoR, a river of Denmark, in Jutland, amt of Ring- kiobing, enters Nissum-Fiord, after a W. course past Hoi- stebroe. Stor, a river of Prussia, Holstein, flows S.S.W. , and joins the Elbe 2i miles N. of Gluckstadt. Length, 50 miles. Stor-Afvan, stoR-if'vin, a lake of Sweden, lajn of Westerbotten, receives from the N.W. the waters of the Horn-Afvan. and on the S.E. discharges its own by the river Skellefted into the Gulf of Bothnia. Stora-Kopparberg, sto'ri-kop'par-b^RG', a name of the lojn of Falun, Sweden. See Falun. Stora IjUleA Wattnen, sto'rd, loo'li-o witt'n^n, Sweden, is a long expansion of the river LuIeA, between lat. 67° and 68° N. and Ion. 17° and 20° E. Length, from N.W. to S.E., 90 miles; greatest breadth, 5 miles. Storchnest, stonK'nSst, or Osieczno, o-se-5tch'no, a town of Prussian Poland, 37 miles S.S.W. of Posen. Stor'den, a post-office of Cottonwood co., Minn. Storeheddinge, sto'reh-hed'ding-eh, a town of Den- mark, in SeeJand, 26 miles S. of Copenhagen. Pop. 1291. Storeville, stor'vil, a post-village of Anderson co., S.C., 12 miles S. of Anderson Court-House. Storey, stor'e, a county in the W. part of Nevada, has an area of about 460 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Truckee River, and on the S. by Carson River. The surface is mountainous, and the soil is sterile. In the S.AV". part of the county Mount Davidson, a peak of the Washoe Range, rises to the height of 7820 feet. Here are rich mines of gold and silver, which are the chief articles of export. The reported value of the gold and silver mined in this county sometimes amounts to over $7,000,000 per annum. These metals are obtained from quartz rock. Among the mines of this county is the famous Comstock Lode. The Central Pacific Railroad passes along the N. border of this county, which is the most populous in the state. Capital, Virginia City. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $6,343,948. Pop. in 1S70, 11,359 j in 1875, 19,528. Storkow, stoR'kov, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, on the Storkow Canal, 26 miles W.S.W. of Erankfort-on- tho-Odcr. Pop. 2162. Storm Bay, on the S.E. side of TasmUnia, S. of lat. 43° S. and about Ion. 147° 40' E. Storin Lake, a post- village, capital of Buena Vista co., Iowa, near a lake of the same name, and on the Dubuque &, Sioux City Railroad, 53 miles W. of Fort Dodge. It has a newspaper office, 3 banks, 4 churches, a graded school, a flouring-mill, and a manufactory of gloves and mittens. Pop. about 600; of township, 750. Stor'mont, a county of Ontario, has an area of 290 square miles. It is watered by several small streams flow- ing into the St. Lawrence, which forms its S.E. boundary, and is traversed by the Grand Trunk Railway. Capital, Cornwall. Pop. 11,873. Stormont, Nova Scotia. See Isaac's Harbor. Stormstown, Centre co., Pa. See Half Moon. Storm'ville, a post-hamlet of Bolivar co., Miss., on the Mississippi lliver, 18 miles above Arkansas City. It has a church. Stormville, a post-hamlet of Dutchess co., N.Y., on the Boston, Hartford &, Erie Railroad, 2^ miles from Adriance Station, and about 16 miles E. by N. of Newburg. Stormville, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., Pa., 4 miles S.W. of Stroudsburg. Stormville, a post-office of Wood co., Tex. Stor'noway, or Stor'naway, a seaport town of Scotland, co. of Ross, on the E. side of the island of Lewis, on a fine bay, 38 miles W.N.W. of the nearest point of the mainland. Pop. 2498. It is the largest town in the Heb- rides, nnd has substantial slated houses nnd good shops, with a church, a female seminary and other schools, a town house, news-room, public library, custom-house, and a branch bank. The harbor is formed by a pier; the bay, which is deep and safe, is sheltered by two headlands. Stornoway has some wool-carding-, corn-, and malt-mills, an extensive distillery, and rope-walks, but its chief trade is in fish and kelp. Stor'noway, a post-village in Compton co., Quebec, 26 miles N.E. of Robinson. Pop. 150. Storbe, sto'ro'^h, an island of Norway, stift and 30 miles S. of Bergen. Length, from N. to S., 15 miles; breadth, 7 miles. Storrington, Ontario. See Inverary. Storsion, or Storsjon, stor'se-bn or stors'yon (r.e., "great lake"), a lake of Sweden, near lat. 63° ]0' N., Ion. 14° 30' E. Length, from 20 to 30 miles. The town of Os- tersund is situated on its E. shore. Another lake of the same name lies W.S.W. of (iJefie. Length, 15 miles. Stor-Uman, stor-oo'min, a lake of Sweden, Isen of Westerbotten, in lat. 65° N., Ion. from 16° 30' to 17° E., 25 miles in length by 6 miles in greatest breadth, and trav- ersed from N.W. to S.E. by the river Umea. Sto'ry, a county in the central part of Iowa, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the South Skunk River, and also drained by Indian and Montgomery Creeks. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and groves, the former of which are more extensive than the latter. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and cattle are the staple products. This county is a part of the coal-field of Iowa. It is intersected by the Chicago A Northwestern Railroad, and connected with Des Moines City by the Des Moines k Minneapolis Railroad. Capital, Nevada. An agricultural college has been established in this county by the state. Valuation of real and personal estate, $6,277,342. Pop. in 1870, 11,651, of whom 9642 were Americans. Story, a station in Story eo., Iowa, on the Des Moines & Minneapolis Railroad, 13 miles N. of Ames. Story City, a post- village in Lafayette township. Story CO., Iowa, on the South Skunk River, 48 miles by rail N. of Des Moines. It has a church. Storzing, a town of the Tyrol. See Sterztng. Stot'ler's Cross Roads, a post-office of Morgan eo., W. Va. Stots'ville, a station in Chester co.. Pa., on the Penn- sylvania (fc Delaware Railroad, 1 mile S. of Pomeroy. Stotterits, stot'teh-rits\ a village of Saxony, 2 miles S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 4699. Stott'ville, a post-village in Stockport township, Co- lumbia CO., N.Y., 4 miles N.E. of Hudson, and about 25 miles S. of Albany. It has 2 churches, a large woolleu- factory, a cotton-mill, and nearly 100 houses. Stott'ville, a post-village in St. Johns co., Quebec, on the Grand Trunk Railway, 39i miles S.E. of Montreal. Pop. 250. Stouchsburs;, stowKs'burg, a post-village of Berks co.. Pa., in Marion township, 2i miles from Sheridan Station, and 20 miles AV. of Reading. It has 3 churches, an acad- emy, a coach-factory, and 3 stores. Pop. 397. Stouff'ville, a post-village in York co., Ontario, on the Toronto Union Railroad, 37 miles N.W. of Columbia. It has a store. Stroud, strowd, a town of England, co. and 9 miles S.S.E. of Gloucester, on a branch railway. Pop. 70S2. The town, on an eminence at the confluence of the Frome and Slade Rivers, is well built, and has many woollen- and fulling-mills and dyeing-establishments. It sends two members to the House of Commons. Stroud, or Strood, a town of England, co. of Kent, on the W. bank of the Medway, continuous across a bridge with Rochester. Pop. 4186. Stroud, a township of Monroe co., Pa. Pop. 2160. Stroud City, Kentucky. See Owensborough Junction. Stroud's, a village and station of McLean co., Ky., on the Owensborough &, Nashville Railroad, 27 miles S. of Owensborough. Stroudsburg, strCwdz'biirg, a post-borough, capital of Monroe co., Pa., in Stroud township, on Brodhead's Creek and the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, 53 miles S.E. of Scranton, about 24 miles N. of Easton, and 4 miles N.W. of the Delaware Water Gap. It is sur- rounded by attractive scenery, and contains a court-house, 3 or 4 churches, 2 banks, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 1793. Stroudwater, str6wd'wS--t9r, a post-hamlet of Cumber- land CO., Me., in Deering township, 3 miles W. of Port- land. It has a church. Strout, strowt, a post-hamlet of Pike co., III., on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 40 miles S.W. of Jacksonville. Struga, stroo'gd, written also Strouga, a town of European Turkey, in Albania, 6 miles W. of Ochrida. STR 2 Struma, a river of Turkey. See Kaha-Soo. Struppa, stroop'p^, a village of Itnly, 3 miles N.E. of Genoa, on the Bisagno, near its mouth in the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. of commune, 3137. Struther's (strfiTH'erz) Station, a post-village in Poland township, Mahoning co., 0., on the Ashtabula & Pittsburg Railroad, and on the Mahoning River, 4i miles S.E. of Youngstown. It has a church and a blast-furnace for iron. Pop, about 300. Stry, strce, a river of Austrian Galieia, rises in the Carpathians, flows N. and N.E., and, after a course of 110 miles, joins the Dniester 4 miles N.E. of Zydaczow. Stry, a fortified town of Galieia, on the Stry, 42 miles S.S.W. of Lemberg. Pop. 9880. Stryeii, or Strijen, stri'^n, a village of the Nether- lands, in South Holland, S miles S. of Dort. Pop. 3251. Stry'ker, a post-village in Springfield township, Wil- liams CO., 0., on Bean Creek, and on the Air-Line division of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 47 miles W. by S. of Toledo, and 8 miles E.N.E. of Bryan. It has 5 churches, a cheese-factory, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 671. Strykersville, or Strikersville, stri'k^rs-vil, a post- village in Sheldon township, Wyoming co., N.Y., about 28, miles S.E. of Buffalo. It has 2 churches and several mills. Pop. about 400. Strymon, a river of Turkey. See Kaka-Soo. Strymonicus Sinus. See Gulf of Orphano. Strynoe and Strynoe-Kalp, strii'no^eh-kilp, two islets of Denmark, between the islands of Langeland, Taa- singe, and ^Eroe. Strypen, stri'p^n, a village of Belgium, in East I'lan- ders, 13 miles S. of Ghent. Pop. 1210. Stryvelyne, a burgh of Scotland. See Stirling. Strzelno, strzh^l'no, or Strscheino, a town of Prus- sia, in Posen, 13 miles S.S.W. of Inowrazlaw. Pop. 3493. Strzyzow, strzhee'zov, a village of Austrian Galieia, near Jaslo, on the Wisloka. Pop. 1273. Stu'art, an island in Bebring's Sea, in lat. 63° 33' N., Ion. 162° 19' W., about 20 miles in circuit. ' Stu'art, a post-office of Cross co., Ark. Stuart, a post-village in Penn township, Guthrie co., Iowa, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 40 miles W. by S. of Des Moines. It has a bank, 2 news- paper offices, 5 churches, a school-house, and a machine-shop, Stuart's Draft, a post-oflice of Augusta eo., Va. Stubbekiobing, stoob'b^h-k'yd'bing, a maritime town of Denmark, on the N.E. coast of the island of Faister, 15 miles S. of Prcestoe. Pop. ]247. Stubblefield, stub'bel-feeld, a post-hamlet of Bond CO., 111., on the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, 47 miles E.N.E. of St. Louis, Mo. It has a church. Stubblcfield, a post-hamlet of Graves co., Ky., 3 miles from Wingo*s Station. It has a church. Stnck'eyville, a post-office of Bedford co.. Pa,, about 35 miles S. by W. of Altoona. Studenecz,stoo'deh-nStch\or Studanka, stoo-dd,n'- ki, a village of Bohemia, circle of Bidschow, on the road to Starkenbach. Pop. 2133. StudMand, a village of England, co. of Dorset, in the island of Purbeck, 3 miles N. of Swanage, bounded on the N. by Poole Harbor, Studland Bay, on its E. side, is a fair anchorage, and near it is Brownsea Island, with a castle, defending the entrance of Poole Harbor. StuhlAveissenburg,stool-ivi's?n-bo6RG* (or -biirg), a town of Hungary, capital of a county, in a marshy tract, 16 miles N.E. of Lake Balatony. Pop. 22,683. It has some handsome buildings, including the bishop's palace and offices, county hall, the Marienkirche, in which 14 kings of Hungary were buried, a gymnasium, other Roman Catholic schools, a military academy, a Magyar theatre, manufactures of flannels and leather, a trade in wine, and large cattle-markets. StuhlAt'eissenbur^, or Weissenburg (Hung. S'^ekea-Feher, si'k^sh-feh-hir'), a county in the S.W, of Hungary, bounded E. by the Danube, Area, 1605 square miles. It is level in the S,, but broken in the N. Wine and tobacco are leading products. Pop. 196,234. Stuhm,stoom, a town of West Prussia, 13 miles N.N.E. of Marienwerder, between two lakes. Pop. 2146. It has an old castle. Here Giistavus Adolphus defeated the Poles in 1630. Stuka, a town of Morocco. See Stooka. Stukely, Quebec. See South Stukely. Stumke's { stiim'kjz ) Corners, a post-hamlct in Franklin township, Ripley co., Ind., 3 miles from Milan. It has a church. i4 STU Stump'ey Point, a post-oflice of Dare co,, N.C. Stump Knob, a post-ofiico of Johnson co., Tenn. Stump Sound, a post-township of Onslow co., N.C, on the Atlantic Ocean, 25 miles N.E. of Wilmington. Here are forests of pine. Pop. 1515. Stura, stoo'rS, (anc. Stu'ra), a river of North Italy, in Piedmont, after a S.E. course of 35 miles, joins the Po 3 miles N. of Turin, Stura, a river of North Italy, flows for 70 miles N.E., and joins the Tanaro on the left, near Cherasco. Stur'bridge, a hamlet of England, co. and \^ miles N.N.E. of Cambridge. Stur'bridge, a post-village and township of Worcester CO., Mass., on the Quinebaug River, about 30 miles E. of Springfield, and 20 miles S.W. of AVorcester. It has 3 churches. The township contains Fiskedale, and has manu- factures of cotton print cloth, bits, augers, carriages, and women's shoes, and a pop. of 2213. Graphite is mined here. Stur'devant, a post-office and station of Tallapoosa CO., Ala., near Tallapoosa River, and on the Savannah A Memphis Railroad, 40 miles W.N.W. of Opelika. It has a grist-mill, Sturge, sturj, an isl.ind of the Antarctic Ocean, the easternmost of the five which compose the Ealleny group, in lat. 66° 44' S., Ion. 163° 1 1' W. It is very elevated, the highest peak being about 5000 feet. Sturgeon, stiir'j^n, a lake of Canada, 27 miles long by 6 miles broad, connected with Pine Island Lake by the river Saskatchewan, in lat. 54° N., Ion. 102° W. It re- ceives Sturgeon River, a rapid stream, 30 miles long. Sturgeon, stur'J9n, a station in Baraga co., Mich., on the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon Railroad, 16 miles S.E. of L'Anse. Sturgeon, a post-village of Boone co,, Mo., on the St. Louis, Kansas City Oswego Midland Railroad, at the junction with the Elienville Branch of the same, 15 miles N.N.W. of Middletown. Summitville, a post-hamlet of Columbiana co,, 0., on the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad, 24i miles S.S.E. of Alliance. It has 2 churches. Summitville, Cambria co.. Pa. See Summit. Summitville, a post-hamlet of ColTeo co., Tenn., on the MeMinnville & Manchester Railro.ad, 8 miles N.E. of Manchester. It has a church and a saw-mill. Sum'mum, a post-village in Woodland township, Ful- ton CO., 111., about 12 miles W. by S. of Havana. It has 3 churches, and manufactures of furniture, »tc. Pop. 200. Sum'ner, a county in the S. part of Kansas, has an area of 1188 square miles. It is drained by the Arkansas River, which here runs southward and crosses the eastern border of the county several times. It is also drained by the Good River and by Cowskin and Slate Creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is fertile. This county contains extensive prairies, which produce natural pasture. Capital, Wellington. Pop. in 1870, 22, of whom 19 were Americans; in 1875, 4925; in 1878, 12,078. Sumner, a county in the N. central part of Mississippi, is drained by the Big Black River. The surface is undu- lating and partly covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Capital, Walthall. Sumner, a county in the N. part of Middle Tennessee, borders on Kentucky. Area, about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Cumberland River, and partly drained by small affluents of the Big Barren River. The surface is undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests of chestnut, oak, hickory, m,aple, walnut, and pop- lar or tulip-tree. The soil is fertile. Maize, wheat, oats, tobacco, cattle, and pork are the staples. Blue limestone (Silurian) underlies part of this county, which is traversed by the Louisville »fe Nashville Railroad. Capital, Gallatin. Valuation of real and personal estate, 1^14,615,194. Pop. in 1870, 23,711, of whom 23,555 were Americans. Sumner, a post-village of Kern Co., Cal., on the South- ern Pacific Railro.ad, about 2 miles from Bakersfield, and 302 miles from San Francisco. It has a church. Pop. .about 300. Sumner, a post-hainlet of Worth co., Ga., on the Brunswick A Albany Railroad, 26 miles E. of Albany. It has 2 churches. Yellow-pine timber abounds here. Sumner, a township of Kank,akee co., III. Pop. 1081. Sumner, a post-village in Christy township, Lawrence CO., 111., on the Ohio &, Mississippi Railroad, 12 miles E. of Olney, and 19 miles W. of Vincennes. It has a bank, 3 churches, a newspaper office, 2 flouring-mills, a woollen- mill, and a fine school-house. Pop. 672. Sumner, a township of Warren co.. 111. Pop. 998. SUM 2144 :SUN Sumner^ Warren co., Ind. See Johnsonville. Sumner, a post-village of Bremer co., Iowa, in Sumner townsliip, about 22 miles N.B. of Waverly. It has a bank, a church, and a carriage-factory. Pop. of township, 704. Sumner, a township of Buchanan co., Iowa. P. 562. Sumner, a township of Iowa co., Iowa. Pop. 785. Sumner, a township of Webster co., Iowa. Pop. 730. Sumner, a township of Winneshiek co., Iowa. P. 949. Sumner, a township of Osborne co., Kansas. P. 711. Sumner, a post-township of Sumner co., Kansas, about 28 miles S. by W. of Wichita. Pop. 162. Sumner, a post-hamlet of O.tford co.. Me., in Sumner township, about 40 miles W. of Augusta. It has 2 churches and several saw-mills. Pop. of the township, 1170. Sumner, a post,village in Sumner township, Gratiot CO., Mich., on Pine River, .13 miles W. of Ithaca. It has manufactures of. lumber. It is locally known as Estella. Pop. of township, 942. Sumner, a township of Fillmore oo., Minn. P. 1027. Sumner, a station in Houston co., Minn., on the Mis- sissippi Kiver and tire Chicago, Dubuque ten Sankarnainarkovil, a town of India, district and 30 miles N.W. of Tinnevelly. Pop. 11,632. Sunkheira Mehwass, sun-ki'rS, m^h-w&ss', a native state of India, in Rewakanta. Area, 431 square miles. Pop. 46,961. Sunk Island) formerly an islet in the estuary of the Humber, in England, on its E. side, S.W. of Patrington, but now forming part of the mainland. It belongs to the crown, and has an area of 6914 acres. Sunk Landy a post-office of Craighead co., Ark. Sun'man, a post-village in Adams township, Ripley CO., Ind, on the Indianapolis, Cincinnati & Lafayette Rail- road, 201 miles N.W. of Lawrenceburg. It has steam brick -works. Sun'nidale, a post-village in Siracoe co., Ontario, on the Northern Railway, 2 miles from New Lowell. P. 100. Sun'ny Brook, a post-office of Baltimore co., Md. Suu'uydale, a post-viliage of Chattooga co., Ga., 10 miles from Winston's Station of the Alabama Great South- ern Railroad. It has 2 churches and an academy. Sun'ny Dale, a post-office of Sedgwick co., Kansas. Sunny Dale, a post-office of Pickens co., S.C. Sunny Hill, a hamlet of Leon co., Fla., 14 miles S. of Thomasville, Ua. It has a saw-mill, a grist-mill, and 9 residences. Sunny Hill, a post-office of Henry co.. 111. Sunny Hill, a post-office of Tangipahoa parish. La. Sunny Lane, a post-hamlet of Butler co., Ky., 12 miles S. of Morgantown. It has 2 churches. Sunny Plains, a post-office of Orangeburg co., S.C. Sunny Point, a hamlet of Davidson co., Tenn., 3 miles from Edgefield Junction, which is 10 miles N. of Nashville. It has a church. Sunny Side, a post-office and landing of Chicot co., Ark., on the Mississippi, about 50 miles below Arkansas City. Sunny Side, a post-office of Union co., Dakota. Sbnny Side, a post-village of Spalding co., Ga., on the Central Railroad, 6 miles N. of Griffin. It has an academy. Sunnyside, Marion co., Ind. See Sabine. Sunny Side, a post-hamlet of Buchanan co., Iowa, about 13 miles N. of Vinton, It has 2 churches. Sunny Side, a post-office of Butler co., Kansas. Sunny Side, a post-office of Wright co.. Mo. Sunny Side, a post-hamlet in Clinton township, Hun- terdon CO., N.J., miles N. of Fleraington, and 1 mile from Stanton Station. It has an academy, a flour-mill, &c. Sunny Side, a post-hamlet of Halifax co., N.C., 3 miles from Littleton. Near it is Panacea Spring, a summer resort, with a mineral spring. Sunny Side, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co., Pa., on the Monongahela River, 20 miles S. by E. of Pittsburg. Sunny Side, a post-office of Sequatchie co., Tenn. Sunny Side, a post-office of Waller co., Tex., 7 miles from Pattison. Sunny Side, a post-office of Cumberland co., Va. Sunny Slope, a post-office of Sumner co., Kansas. Sunny Slope, a post-office of Lawrence co., Tenn. Su^nol^len', a post-hamlet of Alameda co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad, 36 miles E.S.E. of San Francisco. Sun Prairie, pra'ree, a post-village in Sun Prairie township, Dane co., Wis., on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad (Madison Line), 12 miles N.E. of Madison, and 25 miles W. of Watertown. It has 5 churches, a graded school, a cheese-factory, and a money-order post-office. Pop. 589 ; of the township, additional, 972. Sun'rise, a township of Chisago co., Minn, Pop. 235. Sunrise, a post-office of Hickman co., Tenn. Sunrise, a post-office of Bath co., Va. Sunrise City, a post-village in Sunrise township, Chi- sago CO., Minn., on the Sunrise River, about 1 mile from its entrance into the St. Croix River, and 36 miles N. of Stillwater. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Sun River, a post-hamlet of Lewis and Clarke co., Montana, on the Sun or Medicine River, about 80 miles N. by E. of Helena. See also Medicine Riveu. Suns'bury, a township of Monroe co., 0. Pop. 1428. Sunsbury, a hamlet in German township, Montgomery CO., 0., about 14 miles S.S.W. of Dayton. Sun'set, a post-offico of Yavapai co., Arizona. Sunset, post-office, Story co., Iowa, 10 miles from Colo. Sunset, a post-hamlet of Washington co.. Pa., in Ain- well township, on the Waynesburgtt Washington Railroad. It has a church. Sunset, a post-office of Pocahonti^ co., W. Va. Sun'shine, a post-office of Arkansas co., Ark. Sunshine, a post-office and mining-camp of Boulder CO., Col., 6 miles W.N.W. of Boulder Station. It has sev- eral gold-mines. Pop. about 900. Sunshine, a post-office of Montgomery co., Md., is at a village named Unity. Sunth, a state of India. See Satjntb. Sun View, a post-office of El Paso co., Col. Sun'ville, a post-hamlet in Plum township, Venango CO., Pa., 10 miles N, of Franklin. It has 2 churches. Sunyperk, a town of Bohemia. See Sonnenberg. Supaiwasi (?), 8oo-pi-w4'see, or Unayna Potosi (hwi'n^ po-to-see') Peak, a peak of the Bolivian Andes, Lat. 16° 17' S. ; Ion. 68° 10' W. Height, 20,260 feet. Superior, soo-pe're-or, a township of Dickinson co,, Iowa. Pop. 67. Superior, a post-hamlet in Superior township, Mc- Pherson co., Kansas, 16 miles N. of Hutchinson. It has a church. Pop. of township, 290, Superior, a township of Osage co., Kansas. Pop. 706, exclusive of Osage City. Superior, township, Washtenaw co., Mich. P. 1161. Superior, a post-office of Missoula co., Mont:i,na. Superior, a post-hamlet of Nuckolls co.. Neb., 28 miles S. of Edgar. Superior, a township of Williams co., 0. Pop. 1627. Superior, a post-village, capital of Douglas co., Wis., in Superior township, is situated at the W. end of Lake Superior, at the mouth of the Nemadji River, 7 miles S.E. of Duluth. It has a safe harbor, 3 churches, a newspaper office, a graded school, and several steam saw-mills. Pop. of the township. 741. Superior, Lake, the largest body of fresh water on the globe, and the most elevated of the five great lakes which are formed in the depressions of the basin of the St. Lawrence River. It is bounded on the N. and E. by Can- ada, on the S. by Michigan and Wisconsin, and on the N.W. by Minnesota. It is about 400 miles long, measured on a right line drawn from Duluth to the outlet or E. extremity. The greatest width is about 160 miles, and the area is com- puted to be 32,000 square miles. The mean depth is said to be 900 feet, and the greatest depth about 200 fathoms. Its surface is about 635 feet higher than the level of the sea. It has an irregular form, is widest at the middle, and is narrowed towards each end, especially the W. The surplus water is discharged into Lake Huron through a strait called St. Mary's River, which issues from the E. or S.E. extremity of the lake. The water of Lake Superior is remarkable for its purity and transparency, and is well supplied with fish, among which are trout and white-fish. This lake receives no large rivei*s. Its principal tributary is the St. Louis, which enters at the AV, end of the lake and is the remotest source of the river St. Lawrence. " The great lakes which form its upper course," says Professor Guyot, ** being simple depressions on the top of the swell, the watershed which surrounds them is hardly more than a few miles from their shores, leaving but a limited zone of drainage." The largest island enclosed by this lake is Isle Royale, which is about 4o miles long, and belongs to the United States. The rocks found along the shores are mostly azoic, Huronian, or primordial. "Along Lakes Superior and Huron," says Dana, *' the fragmental Huronian beds, in the closing part of the azoic age, accumulated to a thickness of 10,000 feet. On Lakes Superior and Huron in the copper region there is a great thickness of the pri- mordial strata in connection with eruptions of trap. The rocks rise in some places to a height of 3000 or 4000 feet, and consist of these igneous rocks mingled with the sand- stone and a scoria conglomerate." On the S. side of Lake Superior, in Michigan, are rich copper-mines, the product of which is about 16,000 tons per annum. On the border of Schoolcraft co., Mich., occur vertical clifl's which rise from the water to a height of 200 feet and are called " Pic- tured Rocks." " The Potsdam Epoch," says Dana. " is represented by the famous ' Pictured Rocks,' which form bluffs of 50 to 200 feet on the S. shores, and are variegated in color with vertical bands and blotches." The chief ports on this lake are Duluth, Houghton, and Marquette. A ship- canal at SaultSte. Marie enables large steamboats to pass from Lake Superior to Lake Huron. Supihora, a town of Bohemia. See GEiERsnEnc. Supino, soo-pce'no, a town of Italy, 7 miles AV.S.W. of Frosinone. Pop. 3109. See also Sepino. Su'plee', a post-hamlet of Chester co., Pa., on tho Wilmington &, Reading Railroad, at Waynesburg Junction, 2 miles from Waynesburg, and 27 miles S. of Reading. Sup^ply', a post-hamlet of Brunswick co., N.C., 2B miles S.W. of Wilmington. It has a steam saw-mill, a grist-mill, and a turpentine-distillery. SUP 2147 sus Supoi, a river of Russia. See Soopoi. Sur, a seaport of Arabia. See Soor. Sura, a river of Russia. See Soora. Surabaya, a town of Java. See Sobkabaya. Surafeud,soo'ri-f^Dd'(anc. Sarepta; Scriptural, Zare- phath), a large village of Palestine, on a hill-slope, near the Aleaiterranean, 10 miles S.W. of Sidon. Principal edifice, a mosque erected over the reputed spot where Elijah raised the widow's son from the dead. Sarepta was an- ciently famous for its wine. Under the Crusaders it was erected into a bishop's see. In the adjacent hills are many excavated tombs. SuraJ, a town of Russia. See Soorazh. Surajigur, sooVi-je-gur', or Suraj^ur'rah, a town of Bengal, on the Ganges, district and 18 miles W.S.W. of Monghir. Pop. 79oa. Surakarta, or Surakerta, Java. See Soerakarta. Surat, sooVAt' {Ft. Snratef sli^rit'), a town of India, capital of Surat district, on the Taptee, 150 miles by rail N. of Bombay. It is a place of great antiquity and fame, and in 1796 had an estimated population of 600,000. Pop. in 1872, 107,149. Within the town there is an establiehment under the French flag. Surat, a district of British India, in Guzerat, bounded W. by the Gulf of Cambay and the Arabian Sea. Area, 1578 square miles. Capital, Surat. Pop. 607,087. SurUar, surMar', a village of Persia, province of Irak - Ajemee, near Jlcnjeel, on the Sefeed Rood, at the frontier of Ghilan. Near it are alum-mines. Sure, sUr or sii'r^h, or Sauer, sow'er, a river of Bel- gium and Dutch Luxemburg, after an E. course of 90 miles, joins the Moselle 7 miles S.W. of Treves. Sure, a river of Ireland. See SuiR. Sureudal, soo'ren-d4r, a village of Norway, 73 miles S.AV. of Trondhjem." Suresnes, sii^rain', a village of France, in Seine, W. of Paris, at the foot of Mont-Valerien. Pop. 5907. Surgeon's (sur'jgnz) Hall, a post-hamlet of Alleghany CO., Pa., about 9 miles S. of Pittsburg. It has a church. Surgeres, silR'zhaiR', a village of France, in Charente- Inferieure, 15 miles N.E. of Roehefort. It has large dis- tilleries. Pop. 3246. Surgoinsville, sur-goinz'vil, a post-office of Haw- kins CO., Tenn. Surgut, a town of Siberia. See Soorgoot. Suriapet, soo*re-4-pet', a town of India, in the Dec- can, in Nizam's dominions, on the Mutty, 76 miles E.S.E. of Hyderabad. Surigao, soo-re-gi.'o, a town of the Malay Archipelago, in the Philippines, at the N. extremity of Mindanao. Lat. 9° 51' N. ; Ion. 125° 25' E. The Surigao Islands are on the N.E., and the Surigao Passage is on the N.W. Surinam, soo-rin-im', a river of Dutch Guiana, trav- erses the centre of that colony, which is sometimes called by its name, and, after a N. course of 300 miles, enters the Atlantic near Paramaribo. It receives several affluents, and its banks are in general densely wooded; below Paramaribo they are laid out in thriving plantations. Its entrance is defended by the forts of New Amsterdam and Zelandia. Surmoor, a state of India. See Sirmore. Sur^prise' VaI'ley, a township of Siskiyou cc, Cal. Pop. 649. Sur'rency, a post-village of Appling co., Ga., on the Macon .fc Brunswick Railroad, 60 miles N.W. of Brunswick. Surrentum, the ancient name of Sorrento. Sur'rey, or Sur'ry (Saxon, Suth'rice, the *' south king- dom"), a county of England, having N. the Thames, sepa- rating it from Middlesex and Bucks, S. Sussex, E. Kent, and W. Hants and Berks. Area, 755 square miles. Pop. 1,091,635. The North Downs intersect the county from W. to E., dividing it into two parts, the N. having a fertile and diversified slope to the Thames, the S. hilly and broken. An expanse of heath-land covers the W. of the county, and in the S.W. hill-chain is Leith Hill, which rises to nearly 1000 feet above the sea. A large portion of the soil is under tillage. In the N. a great deal of land is in gardens for the supply of vegetables to the London markets. The only river of consequence is the Wey, forming a part of the W'ey & Arundel Canal to Guildford. The Basingstoke Canal is in the N.W., and various railways traverse the county. Lent assizes are held at Kingston, and summer assizes at Croydon and Guildford. It returns eleven mem- bers to the House of Commons, of whom six are for the county. Besides Guildford, the capital, it contains the par- liamentary boroughs of Southwark, Lambeth, and Reigate, and the towns of Kingston-on-Thames, Wandsworth, Croy- don, Epsom, Ewell, Dorking, Godalming, and Chertsey. Sur'rey, a township of Clare co., Mich. Pop. 358. Surrey, a post-office of Portage co., Wis., about 20 miles E. of Grand Rapids. Sur^round'ed Hill , a post-office and station of Prairie CO., Ark., on the Memphis & Little Rock Railroad, 52 miles E. of Little Rock. Sur'ry, a county in the N.W. part of North Carolina, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded oij the S. by the Yadkin River, and intersected by the Ararat River. The Blue Ridge extends along the N.W. border of this county, the surface of which is mostly hilly or moun- tainous. In the S.E. part is Pilot Mountain, remarkable for its cylindrical form. Forests of the oalt, hickory, chest- nut, ash, and other trees cover nearly half of the surface. The soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, wheat, cattle, pork, and tobacco are the staple products. Capital, Dobson. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $2,605,860. Pop. in 1870, 11,252, of whom 11,240 were Americans. Surry, a county in the S.E. part of Virginia, has an area of nearly 300 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the James River, here 2 or 3 miles wide, and on the S.W. by the Blackwater River. The surface is undulating or uneven, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is sandy and rather poor. Indian corn, pease, beans, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Surry Court- House. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,153,934. Pop. in 1870, 5585, of whom 5574 were Americans. Surry, a post-village of Hancock co.. Me., in Surry town- ship, on the W. bank of Union River, 7 miles S.W\ of Ells- worth, and about 32 miles S.S.E. of Bangor. It has 2 churches and a high school. Pop. of the township, 1242. Surry, a post-office of Cheshire co., N.H., in Surry township, on the Ashuelot River, about 8 miles N. by W. of Keene. Pop. of the township, 318. Surry Court-House, a post-village, capital of Surry CO., Va., about 34 miles E. by S. of Petersburg, and 5 miles S. of the James River. Sur'ryville, a post-office of Brown co., 0., 7 miles S.E. of Williamsburg. Sursee, soon'si\ a town of Switzerland, canton and 12 miles N.N.W. of Lucerne, on the Suren, an affluent of the Aar. Pop. 1896. Surubia, soo-roo'be-ii, a river of Brazil, province of Pard,, joins the Amazon opposite Santarem. Suruga, a town of Japan. See Soorooga. Surulii, soo-roo-hee', a village of Brazil, province of Rio de .Janeiro, about 6 miles W. of Mage, with a harbor in the river Suruhi, which enters the Bay of Rio Janeiro. Sury-le-Comtal, sU^ree'-leh-kiN^'tir, a village of France, in Loire, 7 miles S.E. of 'Montbrison. Pop. 1933. Surzur, sUr^zUr', a village of France, in Morbihan, 7 miles S.E. of Vannes. Pop. of commune, 2147. Sus, Morocco and Persia. See Soos. Susa, soo'si (anc. Seffiisiiini), a town of Italy, in Pied- mont, 37 miles by railway W. of Turin. It is situated on the right bank of the Dora Ripaira, at the junction of the two routes across the Alps by MontS Ceuis and Genevre; Pop. 3254. Numerous antiquities are here interspersed among modern edifices, and it has a remarkable arch and a Gothic cathedral. Above the town are extensive ruins of the fortress of La Brunetta, and a steep height, 11,000 feet above the sea, crowned by a chapel. Near it are iron- mines and marble-quarries. Su'sa, or Shoosh, an ancient city of Persia, of which only a few ruins now remain. See Shooster. Susa, or Susan, a town of Tunis. See Soosa. Susam, an island of Asia Minor. See Samos. Susan'nah Island, British India, in the Mergui Archipelago, lat. 10° 30' N., Ion. 98° E., between Dome and St. Matthew Islands. Length, 12 miles; breadth, 5 miles. Susan (soo'zan) River, California, rises in the Sierra Nevada, runs nearly eastward, and enters Honey Lake in Lassen co. Susanville, soo'zan-vil, a post-village, capital of Las- sen CO., Cal., on the Susan River, at the upper end of Honey Lake Valley, about 110 miles N.E. of Marysville. It is 8 miles N.E. of the Sierra Nevada, at an altitude of 4180 feet above the sea-level. It has 2 newspaper offices, 2 churches, and a graded school. Sus^col', or Sos^col', a post-office of Napa co., Cal., on the Napa Branch of the Central Pacific Railroad, 11 miles N. of Vallejo. Susiana, soo-se-^'nS,, a province of ancient Persia, answering to the modern Khoozistan. Susi^hirli-Su, Asia. See Soosighirlee-Soo. Suspen'sion, a post-office of Bullock co., Ala., on the Mobile & Girard Railroad, 8 miles E. N.E. of Union Springs. sus 2148 SUS Suspension Bridge, or Niagara City, a post-vil- lage and port of entry of Niagara co., N.Y., on the Niagara River, 2 miles below the cataract, and on a branch of the New York Central Railroad, which here connects with the Great Western of Canada. The trains of these roads cross the river on a noble suspension-bridge, which is 800 feet long and about 240 feet above the water. It has 2 floors, the upper for railroad trains and the lower for carriages. This village is nearly opposite the magnificent lower rapids. A large trade with Canada has its channel at this port. During 1879 the exports and imports amounted to $12,649,729, and the duties collected to S4 91, 785.48. The village contains 6 churches, numerous hotels, a newspaper office, and De Veaux College (Protestant Episcopal). Pop. 2276. The name of its post-office is Suspension Bridge. Sus'quehan'na, a county in the N.E. part of Penn- sylvania, bordering on Now York, has an area of about 850 square miles. It is drained by the Susquehanna River, which twice crosses the northern border of the county, and by Tunkhannook and Wyalusing Creeks. The Lackawanna River rises in the eastern part. The surface is diversified by hills of moderate height, and is extensively covered with forests of beech, chestnut, oak, pine, ash, sugar-maple, Ac. The soil is adapted to pasturage and dairy-farming. Hay, butter, oats, cattle, Indian corn, potatoes, and wool are the staple products. Leather is one of the chief articles of export. Devonian sandstone and slate crop out in this county. It is intersected by the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad and a branch of the Erie Railroad. The main line of the Erie Railroad crosses the N. part of the county. Capital, Montrose. Valuation of real and por- aonal estate, §16,680,300. Pop. in 1870, 37,523, of whom 33.519 were Americans. Susquehanna, township, Cambria CO., Pa. Pop. 1106. Susquehanna, a township of Dauphin co.. Pa., is bounded on the W. by the river of the same name. The S.W. part of it is contiguous to Ilarrisburg. Pop. 2264. Susquehanna, township, Juniata co., Pa. Pop. 890. Susquehanna, township, Lycoming oo.. Pa. Pop. 346. Susquehanna, a village and station of Lycoming oo.. Pa., on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, and on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, 6 miles W. of Williams- port. Here is Nisbet Post-Office. Susquehanna, a post-borough in Oakland township, Susquehanna CO., Pa., on the Susquehanna River, and on the Erie Railroad, 22 miles S.E. of Binghamton, and 38 miles N. of Carbondale. It is the N. terminus of the Jef- ferson Branch of the Erie Railroad. It has a hotel, 2 news- paper offices, a n.ational bank, a graded school, and 5 churches. Here are large railroad shops, in which loco- motives and cars are made and repaired. Pop. 2729. Susquehanna River is formed by its North and West Branches, which unite at Northumberland, Pa. It runs southward to Harrisburg, and before it reaches that city forms the boundary between Dauphin and Perry cos. Below Harrisburg it flows nearly southeastward, and forms the boundary between the cos. of Lancaster and York. Pass- ing next into Maryland, it separates Cecil Co. from Harford CO., and enters the N. end of Chesapeake Bay at Havre de Grace. The Philadelphia A Baltimore Railroad crosses it at its mouth by a bridge about 1 mile long. This river is about 150 miles long, or, if we include its North Branch, 600 miles. It traverses a hilly, fertile, and picturesque country, but its navigation is obstructed by rocky rapids. The chief towns on this river and branches are Bingham- ton, Owego, Wilkesbarre, Williamsport, Danville, Harris- burg, and Columbia. Its largest affluent is the Juniata. The North or East Branch rises in Otsego oo., N.Y., and is the outlet of Otsego and Schuyler Lakes. The part of this stream which is included in New York is usually called the Susquehanna. It runs southwestward to Great Bond, in Pennsylvania, from which it returns into New York and intersects the cos. of Broome and Tioga. Turning next to the left, it enters Bradford co. of Pennsylvania, and runs southeastward to the rich coal-mines of the Wyoming Val- ley. Below Pittston it runs southwestward through Luzerne and Columbia cos. to Northumberland. The West Branch rises on the W. slope of the Alleghany Mountains, and drains Clearfield co. and intersects Clinton and Lycoming cos. Its general direction is eastward. It is nearly 250 miles long, and is inferior to the other branch. Sus'sex (anc. Sath-Seaxe, the " South Saxons"), a county of England, bordering the English Channel from Solsea to Rye, having W. Hampshire, and N. Surrey and Kent. Area, 1466 square miles. Pop. 417,457. The South Downs, a range of chalk hills covered by fine turf, continuous with the downs of Hants near Petorsfield, traverse the county E. to Beachy Head, where they terminate in a lofty cliff. N. of this chain, extending to the hills of Surrey, is a fer- tile and richly-timbered tract, termed the Weald. Between the Downs and the sea is a good deal of fertile soil, as also in the marsh lands E. of Beachy Head. The principal rivers are the Arun, Rother, Ouse, and Adur, all small and flowing S. to the Channel. The climate is mild, and the harvests early. Wheat, oats, barley, and turnips are the principal crops. In the E. many hops are raised. The Southdown sheep and the Sussex cattle are breeds in high repute. Limestone, charcoal, salt, gunpowder, potash, bricks, and earthenwares are the other principal products. The Guildford, Arundel & Chichester Canal intersects the W. and S. of the county, which is also traversed by many lines of railway. Sussex composes the diocese of Chichester ; besides which city, its capital, it contains the boroughs of Brighton, Lewes, New Shoreham, Hastings, Horgham, Arundel, and Rye, with the towns of East Grin- stead, Winchelsea, Petworth, Cuckfleld, Battle, Worthing, *tc. Most of the towns on its coast are resorted to as water- ing-places in summer. With its boroughs it sends fifteen members to the House of Commons, four of whom are re- turned for the county. Sussex composed, with a great part of Surrey, the second kingdom erected by the Saxons in England. Sus'sex, the southernmost county of Delaware, border- ing on Maryland, has an area of about 950 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, and is drained by the Nanticoko and Indian Rivera and by Mispillion and other creeks. The surface is nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is mostly fertile. Indian corn, wheat, cattle, pork, lum- ber, and potatoes are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Delaware Railroad and the Junction & Breakwater Railroad. Capital, Georgetown. Valuation of real and personal estate, $21,001,060. Pop. in 1870, 31,696, of whom 31,599 were Americans. Sussex, the northernmost county of New Jersey, bor- ders on New York. Area, about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Delaware River, and on the S. by the Musoonetcong. It is also drained by the Wallkill and Paulinskill Rivers, which rise in it, and by Poquest Creek. The surface is mostly hilly, and is diversified by several high ridges, one of which, called the Blue Mountain, ex- tends in a N.E. and S.W. direction and is only a few miles from the Delaware River. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Butter, hay, Indian corn, oats, rye. and pork are the staple products. In 1S70 it produced 1,455,788 pounds of but- ter, and more than any other county of the state. Among its mineral resources are iron ore, zinc, slate, and limestone. It has a largo deposit of franklinite, a rare and valuable mineral, a compound of zinc, iron, and manganese. It is intersected by the Sussex Railroad and the New Jersey Midland Railroad. Capital, Newton. Valuation of real and personal estate, §22,446,043. Pop. in 1870, 23,168, of whom 22,069 were Americans. Sussex, a southeastern county of Virginia, h.as an area of about 420 square miles. It is intersected by the Notto- way River, and is bounded on the N.E. by the Blackwater River. The surface is uneven or nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil produces a little Indian corn, oats, and grass. Lumber is one of the chief articles of export. This county is intersected by the Peters- burg <& AVeldon Railroad and the Atlantic, jVIississippi A Ohio Railroad. Capital, Sussex Court-House. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,343,560. Pop. in 1870, 7885, of whom 7876 were Americans. Sussex, a post-village in Lisbon township, Waukesha CO., Wis., about 20 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. It has a church. Sussex Court-House, a post-village, capital of Sussex CO., Va., near the Nottoway River, about 26 miles S. by E. of Petersburg. It has several churches, Sussex Corner, a post-village in Kings co.. New Brunswick, 2 miles from Sussex Vale. Pop. 200. Sussex Lake, British North America, N. of Lake Aylmor, is the source of Back or Great Fish River. Sussex Mills, a post-office of Sussex co., N.J. Sussex Portage, port'ij, a post-village in Kings co., New Brunswick, 2 miles from Annagance. Pop, 150. Sussex Station, a village in Kings oo., New Bruns- wick, on the Intercolonial Railway, 44 miles from St. John. Sussex Vale, a post-village in Kings co.. New Bruns- wick, 2 miles from Sussex Station. It has an iron-foundry, cheese-factory, salt-factory, and several stores. Pop. 400. Sussicze, a town of Bohemia. See SciinTTENHOPES. Sussuki, a river of Brazil. See Sacui. sus 2149 SUW Susuiy soo-soo'ee, one of the smaller of the Feejee Islands, about lat. 17° 21' S., Ion. 178° 68' W. Susz, the Polish for Rost:NBHitG, in Prussia. Sutal'lee, a post-office of Cherokee co., Ga., about 34 miles N. by W. of Atlanta. Sutchana? soo-chA'na, a town of India, in the Guzerat Peninsula, on the Gulf of Cutch. Sutchou, a city of China. See Soo-Chow-Foo. Sutera, soo-ti'ri, a town of Sicily, 21 miles N. of Cal- tanisetta. Pop. 3897. Su'tersville, or Su'ter, a post-hamlet of Westmore- land CO., Pa., on the Youghioghcny River and the Pitts- burg, Washington & Baltiiuore Railroad, at Suter Station, 29 miles S.S.E. of Pittsburg. Sutherland, suTH'er-land, a highland county of Scot- la-nd, near its N. extremity, extending from the sea, be- tween the COS. of Russ and Caithness, having N. and W. the Atlantic Ocean, E. Caithness and Moray Firth, and S. the Firth of Dornoch and the cos. of Ross and Cromarty. Area, 1886 square miles. Pop. 2i,317. The surface, ex- cepting along the E. shore, is rugged and mountainous, and interspersed with morasses and large deer-forests. The principal rivers are the Oikel, Fleet, Drola, and Helmsdale. The principal lakes are Lochs Shin, Hope, Assynt, More, and Naver. The chief employments are sheep- and cattle- breeding, especially the former. Ptarmigan, grouse, black- cock, Alpine hares, &q,, are abundant. Lime and freestone are obtained. The trade of the county consists chiefly in the exchange of sheep, wool, cattle, and fish for woven fabrics and other manufactured goods and colonial produce. The herring-fishery is successfully carried on, both on the E. and W. coasts. The principal town is Dornoch. The county sends one member to the House of Commons. Sutherland, siiTH'§r-land, a station in Daviess co., Ky., on the Owensborough & Nashville Railroad, 7 miles S. of Owensborough. Sutherland, a post-hamlet of Dinwiddle co., Va., on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, about 10 miles W. by S. of Petersburg. It has a church. Sutherland Falls, a post-village in Rutland town- ship, Rutland CO., Vt., on Otter Creek, and on the Central Vermont Railroad, 7 miles N.W. of Rutland. It has a quarry of statuary marble, and a fine waterfall. Sutherland's, a post-office of Ashe co., N.C. Sutherland Springs, a post-village of Wilson co., Texas, on the Cibolo, about 30 miles E.S.E. of San Antonio. It has a church, a saw-mill, a grist-mill, and a mineral spring. Sutherland's River, a post-settlement in Pictou co., Nova Scotia, 8 miles from New Glasgow. Pop. 150. Sutherlin, suTH'^r-lin, a post-hamlet of Halifax co., Va., on the Richmond & Danville Railroad, at the junc- tion of the Milton A Sutherlin Railroad, 10* miles E. of Danville. It has a flouring-mill, a plough-factory, a foun- dry, and a saw-mill. Suthrice, the Sa.von name of Surrey, England. Suth-Seaxe, the ancient name of Sdssex, England. Sutkee'ra, or Satkhira, sut-kee'ra, a town of Ben- gal, 55 miles E. by N. of Calcutta, with many temples, a dispensary, and a large trade in rice and sugar by its navi- gable canal. Pop. 8979. Sutlej, or Sutledge, siit'l4j, written also Setledge, Sutliu, and Sutlege {Sutoodra, "the hundred-chan- nelled ;" anc. Hesiidnts ?), the easternmost and largest of the " five rivers" of the Punjab, of which it forms all the S.E. boundary, rises in Thibet, about lat. 31° 5' N., Ion. 81° 6' E., near the sources of the San-Poo (Brahmapootra), Goggra, Ganges, and Indus, and at least 20,000 feet njjove the sea, flows at first N.W., and, having joined the river Spiti, 8494 feet above the sea, breaks through the Hima- layas, taking thenceforth mostly a S.W. course to its junc- tion with the Chenaub, 33 miles W. of Bhawlpoor. Total length, nearly 1000 miles. Principal affluent, the Beas, with which river it encloses the JuUinder Doab, and after the influx of which it is often termed the Ghara. In the upper part of its course it is a raging torrent; at Rampoor it is about 100 yards across; at Ropur, S. of the Hima- layas, 30 feet deep, and more than 600 yards across at its greatest fulness; at Filer, near Loodianah, 700 yards wide, depth from 12 to 18 feet, and up to this point it is navi- gable at all seasons from the Indus for vessels of from 10 to 12 tons' burden. Sut'phen's Mill, post-office, Dickinson co., Kansas. Sntri, soo'tree (anc. Su'lriiim), a town of Italy, 14 miles S.S.E. of Viterbo. Pop. 2358. Sutschawa, a town of Austria. See Suczawa. Su'tro, a post-village of Lyon co., Nevada, in the Car- son Valley, at the mouth of the Sutro tunnel, about 10 miles S. of Virginia City. It has a newspaper oSieo. Pop. about 350. The tunnel is nearly 4 miles long, and extends into the Corastock lode, rich in silver. Its cost is stated at about $5,000,000. Sut'ter, a county in the N. central part of California, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Feather River, and on the W. and S.W. by the Sacramento River. The surface is nearly level, and is diversified by undulating prairies. In the N.W. part are three hills, called Sutter Buttes. This county is destitute of forests. The soil is fertile. Wheat, barley, hay, wine, wool, and pork are the staple products. Oranges, olives, and figs ripen here in the open air. This county is inter- sected by the Oregon division of the Central Pacific Rail- ro.ad. Capital, Yuba City. Valuation of real and personal esUte, $3,707,648. Pop. In 1870, 5030, of whom 3949 were Sutter, a township of Amador co., Cal. Pop. 1966. Sutter, a township of Sacramento co., Cal. Pop. 1078. Sutter, a township of Sutter co., Cal. Pop. 1075. Sutter, a post-office of Hancock co.. 111., about 9 miles S.S.E. of Warsaw. Sutter Creek, a post-village of Amador eo., Cal., is on Sutter Creek, about 45 miles E.S.E. of Sacramento, and 4 miles N.W. of Jackson. It has 2 churches, a money- order post-office, 2 iron-foundries, and productive gold- mines, one of which, it is said, has been worked to a depth of 2250 feet. Pop. about 1500. Sut'terville, a hamlet of Sacramento co., Cal., on the Sacramento River, 3 miles below the city of Sacramento. Sut'ton, a station in Worcester co., Mass., on the Prov- idence & Worcester Railroad, at Wilkinsonville, about 3 miles N.E. of Sutton village. Sutton, a post-village in Sutton township, Worcester CO., Mass., 8 miles S. by E. of Worcester, and 3 miles S. of the Providence &, Worcester Railroad. It has a high school and 3 or 4 churches. The township is drained by the Blnck- stone River, and has cotton-manufactures at Wilkinsonville and Manchaug. Pop. 3051. Sutton, a station in St. Louis co.. Mo., on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 7i miles W. of St. Louis. Sutton, a post-village, capital of Clay co.. Neb., on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, 68 miles W. by S. of Lincoln, and 13 miles E. of Harvard. It has a news- paper ofiice, 2 churches, a high school, a bank, a carriage- shop, &,c. Pop. about 1000. Sutton, a post-hamlet in Sutton township, Merrimack CO., N.H., about 26 miles W.N.W. of Concord. It has a church and a manufactory of clothes-pins. The township contains other hamlets, named North Sutton and South Sutton. Pop. of the township, 1165. Sutton, a township of Meigs co., 0. Pop. 4369. Sutton, a post-hamlet of Robertson co., Tex., on the Houston & Texas Central Railroad, 64 miles S. of Hearne. Sutton, a post-village in Sutton township, Caledonia CO., Vt., 18 miles N. of St. Johnsbury, and 3 miles from West Burke Station of the Passuinpsic Railroad. It has a church and about 25 houses. Pop. of the township, 920. Sutton, West Virginia. See Braxton Court-Hocse. Sutton, York co., Ontario. See Georgina. Sut'ton-Cold'field, a town of England, co. of War- wick, 7 miles N.E. of Birmingham. Pop. of parish, 5936. The town is neat, and well supplied with water. It has a public hall, a workhouse, a jail, a handsome church, a Roman Catholic college, almshouses, a wooded park, &c., and some manufactures of hardware, tools, and gun-barrels. Sutton Flats, a post-village in Brome co., Quebec, on the N. branch of the Missisquoi River, and on the South- eastern Railway, 67 miles E.S.E. of Montreal. It contains 3 churches, 2 hotels, 7 or 8 stores, and grist- and saw -mills. Iron, copper, soapstone, and other minerals are found in the vicinity. It is a port of entry. Pop. 350. Sutton's, a township of Williamsburg co., S.C. P. 466. Sutton's Bay, a post-hamlet in Bingham township, Leelenaw co., Mich., on the W. shore of Grand Traverse Bay, 16 or 18 miles N. of Traverse City. It has 2 churches and 2 saw-mills. Sutton's Mills, Mass. See North Andover Depot. Suvaiki, soo-vil'kee, a government of Russia, in Po- land, bordering on Prussia, and having the Niemen on the E. and N. Area, 4846 square miles. Capital, Suvaiki. Pop. 524,489. Suvaiki, a town of Poland, capital of the government of the same name, 19 miles N. of Augustovo. Pop. 15,585. Suwanee, or Suwannee, su-waw'nee, a counly in the N. part of Florida, has an area of about 650 square suw 2] 50 miles. It is bounded on the W. and S.W. by the Suwanee River. The surface is nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is partly sandy. Indian corn, sugar-cane, and cotton are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mo- bile Railroad. Capita!, Live Oak. Valuation of real and personal estate, $516,667. Pop. in 1870, 3556, of whom 3550 were Americans. Suwanee, a post-hamlet and station of Suwanee co., Fla., on the Atlantic &, Gulf Railroad, near the Suwanee River, 8 miles N. of Live Oak. It has 2 churches and a sulphur spring, which is visited by many invalids. Suwanee, a post-hamlet of Gwinnett co., Ga., on the Atlanta & Richmond Air-Line Railroad, 31 miles N.N.E. of Atlanta. It has 2 churches, a cotton-gin, 4 stores, and an academy. Suwanee Shoals, a post-office of Columbia oo., Fla., 9 miles N.N.E. of Lake City. Suwanee River (Indian name, Suwannee Hatehee) rises in the Okefinokee Swamp, in the S. part of Georgia, and soon passes into Florida. It runs nearly southward, forms the W. boundary of Suwanee and Alachua cos., and enters the Gulf of Mexico at the S. end of Lafayette co. Suwanoo'chee Creek, Georgia, rises in Clinch co., runs in a S.S.E. direction, and enters the Suwanee River. Suwar'row Islands, a group in the PaciBc Ocean, in lat. 13° 20' S., Ion. 163° 30' W. Suweik, soo^waik', a maritime village of Arabia, do- minions and 70 miles W.N.W. of Muscat. Suzdal, a town of Russia. See SoozDAL. Suze, La, Id siiz, a town of France, department of Sartbe, 11 miles S.W. of Le Mans, on the Sarthe. P. 1764. Suzzara, soot-si'i-A, a village of Italy, in Lombardy, 11 miles S.S.W. of Mantua. Pop. 3644. Svanike, svi'ne-keh, a town of Denmark, on the E. coast of the island of Bornholm, in the Baltic Sea. P. 1112. Srapa, or Swapa, svi'pi, a river of Russia, flows S.S.W., and joins the Seim in the government of Koorsk. Total course, SO miles. SvartsioBlandet, svant's'yo-linMet, or Svartsjo- lande, svaRt's'yo-lan^deh, an island of Sweden, in Lake Muelar, lien and 10 miles 'W. of Stockholm. Sveaborg, or Sweaborg, svi'3,-boRg\ a fortified town of Russian Finland, on 7 islands in the Gulf of Fin- land, immediately S.E. of Ilelsingfors. Its quarters are connected by pontoons. It has numerous military works and batteries, a military arsenal, and an excellent harbor. Svedese. See Sweden. Sveer, Svir, or Swir, sveer, a river of Russia, gov- ernment of Olonets, leaves Lake Onega near its S.AV. ex- tremity, and, after a W. course of 130 miles, enters Lake Ladoga on its E. side, 28 miles W.S.W. of Ladeinoo-Pole. The Canal of Sveer runs parallel to Lake Ladoga on the S. Svendborg, svfind'bouG, a town of Benmark, on the S. coast of the island of Funen, opposite tlie island of Taa- singe. Pop. 2421. It has docks, distilleries, a good har- bor, and an active export trade. Svenigorod, svi-ne-go-rod', written also Swenigo- rod, a town of Russia, government and 35 miles W. of Moscow, on the Moskva. Pop. 1759. Svenigorodka, svi-ne-go-rod'ki, a town of Russia, government of Kiev, 19 miles S. of Bogooslav. Pop. 11,375. Sventsiany, a town of Russia. See Sviecianv. Sverige, Sverig, and Svezia. See Sweden. Sviaga, or Swiaga, sve-^'gi, a river of Russia, gov- ernment of Simbeersk, flows N. into the government of Kazan, and joins the Volga on the right, near Sviazhsk. Length, 200 miles. Sviatoi-Nos, svo-i'toi-nos, a he.adland of Russia, in Archangel, at the W. entrance of the "White Sea. Sviazhsk, Sviaschsk, or Sviajsk, sve-izhsk', a town of Russia, government and 21 miles W.S.W. of Ka- zan, on the Sviaga (or Svi.aja), near its confluence with the Volga. It has 7 churches and a monastery. Pop. 2523. Svieciany, or Swieciany, svo-St-se-3,'nee, written also Sventsiany, a town of Russia, government and 45 miles N.E. of Vilna. Pop. 5854. Svir, a river of Russia. See Sveer. Svislotch (Svislotsh, or Swislotsch), a river of Russia, rises in the government of Grodno, a little N.W. of the town of Minsk, flows S.E., and, after a course of about 100 miles, joins the Beresina. Svizzera, Svizzero. See Switzerland. Swabia, or Suabia, swi'bo-a (Ger. Schwnben, shwi'- b?n ; Fr. Souabe, soo-4b' or s\vib),'one of the old circles of South Germany, enclosed by France, Switzerland, and the circles of Upper Rhine, Franconia, and Bavaria. It is now subdivided among' the dominions of Wiirtemberg, Baden, Bavaria., and Prussia (Hohenzollern). The Bavarian circle of Swabia is watered by the Mindel, Lech, and Iller. Area, 3858 square miles. Pop. 601,910. Adj. and inhab. Stva- BIAN, swi'be-an. Swabian Alps, mountains of Wiirtemberg. See Alb. Swaburg, swaw'biirg, a post-ofiice of Dodge co., Neb. Swad'lingcote, a hamlet of England, co. of Derby, 4 miles S.E. of Burton-on-Trent. Swaff'ham, a town of England, in Norfolk, 14 miles E.S.E. of Lynn-Regis. Pop. of parish, 3700. The town, on a height, is one of the best built in the county, and has streets diverging from a spacious mnrket-plaee, an elegant church, a market-cross, a town hall, an assembly-room, theatre, free school, and county jail. Swain, a county in the W. part of North Carolina, borders on Tennessee. It is drained by the Little Tennes- see River. The surface is mountainous, and partly covered with forests. Capital, Charleston. Swain, a station in Cape May co., N.J., on the West Jersey Railroad, 3 miles N.E. of Cape May Court-House. Swain, a post-hamlet of Alleghany co., N.Y., on the Erie Railroad, 17 miles N.W. of Hornellsville. It has manufactures of lumber, barrels, and handles. Swaiiie's Island, on the N.side of Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland, 4 miles from Green's Pond. It is inhabited by fishermen, and has a fine harbor. Pop. 266. Swains'borough, a post-village, capital of Emanuel CO., Ga., about 76 miles S.S.W. of Augusta. It has 2 churches, an academy, and a newspaper office. Pop. 108. Swain's Hill, a post-oflice of Randolph co., Ala. Swakop, swi'kop' (or Somerset) River, in South- west Africa, enters Walvisch Bay, in the Atlantic Ocean, in lat. 22° 45' S. Swale, swail, a river of England, co. of York, North Riding, rises near the border of Westmoreland, flows E. and S.E. past Richmond, and joins the Ure near Boroughbridge. Total course, 70 miles. Swale, East and West, in England, two branches or rather two mouths of the Medway River, in Kent, bounding the island of Sheppey. East Swale enters the Thames at Whitstable Bay, and is noted for its oyster-beds. Swale, swail, a post-office of Steuben co., N.Y. Swal'low Blun, a post-hamlet of Decatur oo., Tenn., on the Tennessee River, about 48 miles E. by S. of Jackson. Swally, sw61'lee, a maritime village of British India, presidency of Bombay, district and forming the outport of Surat (from which it is 20 miles AV.), at the mouth of the river Taptee. SAVamp Mills, a post-office of Sullivan co., N.Y. Swamp Run, a post-office of Dpshur co., W. Va. Swamp'scott, a post-village and fashionable water- ing-place in Swampscott township, Essex co., Mass., on Massachusetts Bay, and on the Eastern Railroad, 13 miles N.E. of Boston, and 2 miles N.E. of Lynn. Here are good beaches, 4 hotels, and many cottages and boarding-houses. The village has 4 churches, a newspaper office, a public library, and a town hall. Pop. of township, 2128. Swan, swAn, a river of the Punjab, rises in a range of the Himalayas, in lat. 33° 55' N., Ion. 73° 10' E., flows S.W., and, after a course of about 120 miles, joins the Indus on the left, 10 miles below Mukkud. Swan, a township of Warren co.. 111. Pop. 1007. Swan, a post-hamlet in Swan township, Noble co., Ind., on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, 19 miles N. by W. of Fort Wayne. It has a church, a saw-mill, and a graded school. Pop. of the township, 1295. Sif'an, a township of Marion co., Iowa. Pop. 883. Swan, Hocking co., 0. See New Mount Pleasant. Swan, a township of Vinton co., 0. Pop. 1062. Swan'age, or Swan'wick, a town of England, co. of Dorset, on the coast of the Isle of Purbeck, 5 miles S.E. of C'orfo Castle. Pop. of parish, 2151. It has a bay for vessels of 300 tons, a herring-fishery, and stone-quarries. It is resorted to for sea-bathing. Swan Itlutr, a post-hamlet of Hickman Co., Tenn., 26 miles W. of Columbia, Swan City, a hamlet of S.aline co.. Neb., on Turkey Creek, about 40 miles S. by W. of Lincoln. Swan Creek, of Michigan, enters St. Joseph's River near the W. lino of Branch co. SAVau Creek, of Monroe co., Mich., flows into Lake Eric. Swan Creek, ^lissouri, runs southward through Chris- tian CO., and enters White River at Forsyth, in Taney co. Swan Creek, Ohio, intersects Luciis co., and enters the Maumco River at Toledo. SAYA 2 Swan Creek, a post-village in Swan township, War- ren CO., III., on the Rockford, Rook Island & St. Louis Rail- road, 17 miles S. uf Monmouth, It has a church, an ele- vator, a 6our-uitl, a plough-factory, and 5 stores. Large quantities of corn and pork are here shipped. Coal is found near this place. Pop. about 250; of township, 542. Swan Creek, a post-office of AUegan co., Mich., 7 miles from AUegan. Swan Creek, a haralet and station in Swan Creek township, Saginaw co., Mich., on the Saginaw Valley A St, Louis Railroad, 7 miles S.AV. of Saginaw. It has 2 saw- mills. Pop. of the township, 5-t2. Swan Creek, St. Clair co., Mich. See Fair Haven. Swan Creek, a township of Fulton co., 0. Pop. 1100. Swan Creek, a post-hamlet of Gallia co., 0., on the Ohio River, about 16 miles below Gallipolis. Swan'der, a station in Seneca co., 0„ on the Mans- field, Coldwater &, Tiffin Railroad, 5 miles E.S.E. of Tiffin. Swan'der's Cross'ing, a post-office of Shelby co., 0., on the Dayton & Michigan Railroad, 5 miles N. of Sidney. Swan'go, a haralet of Edgar co.. III., on the Paris & Banville Railroad, 5 miles S. of Paris. Swan Island, a post-office of Hancock co., Tenn. Swan Islands, a group in Banks' Strait, '^k miles N.E. of Tasmania. Swan Islands, Caribbean Sea. See Santanilla. Swankville, Pennsylvania. See Schwenksville. Swan Lake, Nicollet co., Minn., is about 12 miles W. of St. Peter. It is nearly 9 miles long. Swan Lake, Wisconsin, is in Columbia co., about t mile N.E. of Portage City. It is about 4 miles long, and is an expansion of Fox River, which issues from its W. end. The water is deep and pure. Swan Lake, a post-village of Arkansas co., Ark., on the Arkansas River, about 20 miles E. by S. of Pine Blutf. It has 3 churches and an academy. Swan Lake, a post-village, capital of Turner co., Da- kota, on a small lake, surrounded by a rolling prairie, 30 miles N.N.E. of Yankton. It has a church and a news- paper office. Pop. about 250. Swan Lake, a township of Emmett co., Iowa, P. 47. Swan Lake, township, Pocahontas co., Iowa. Pop. 36. Swan Lake, township. Meeker co., Minn. Pop. 772. Swan Lake City, a post-office of Emmett co., Iowa. Swann, a township of Taney co., Mo. Pop. 1787- Swan'nano'a, a post-township of Buncombe co., N.C, about 10 miles N.E. of Asheville. Pop. 1526. Swann's Station, a post-village in Greenwood town- ship, Moore no., N.C, on the Western Railroad of North Carolina. It has 3 churches and 3 turpentine-distilleries. Swan Quar'ter, a post-village, capital of Hyde oo., N.C, in Swan Quarter township, on the N. shore of Pam- lico Sound, about 60 miles E.N.E. of New-Berne. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1115. Swau River, Minnesota, rises in Swan Lake, Itasca CO., runs southward, and enters the Mississippi River near lat. 47° N. The lake is about 7 miles in extent. Swan River, a post-hamlet and township of Morrison CO., Minn., on the Mississippi River, near the mouth of Swan River, about 30 miles N. of St. Cloud. Pop. of town- ship. 330. Swan River, the principal river of West Australia, rises, under the name of Avon, near lat. 32° 30' S., Ion. 117° E., flows successively N. and W. through the cos. of Grantham, York, and Perth, and enters the Indian Ocean at a bay called Melville Water, in lat. 32° S.and Ion. 115° 42' E. The affluents are numerous, and on its banks are raanv tracts of fertile land, and the settlements of Free- mantle, Perth, Guildford, Toodyoy, Northam, York, and Beverley. It is liable to sudden and violent floods, which inundate the surrounding country. It gave name to the first colonial settlement in Western Australia, founded in 1829. See Wkstehn Austhalia. Swansborough, swAnz'bur-riih, a post-village in Swansborough township, Onslow co., N.C, on an inlet of the sea, about 34 miles W. of Beaufort. It has a church, 2 turpentine-distilleries, and a saw-mill. Pop. 141; of the township, 1475. Fish and oysters abound here. Swansea, swSn'see (Welsh, ^6cr- ymo^jah'b^rtow'ee), a seaport town of Wales, co. of Glamorgan, on the W. side of the Towy, at its mouth in Swansea Bay, Bristol Chan- nel, 28 miles W.S.W. of Merthvr-Tydvil. Lat. of the light- house, 51° 37' N.; Ion. 3° 56' W. It is well built, and has a good market-house, court-house, infirmary, assembly- rooms, a theatre, reading- and news-rooms, royal and me- chanics' institutions, various chapels, a synagogue, many )1 SWA schools and public endowments, many banks, handsome residences near the sea, a county house of correction, the remains of an old castle, now used for barracks, a prison, and stores. The harbor, at the mouth of the river, is nearly enclosed by two handsome piers, on the W. side of whiuh is a light-house. Floating docks have been constructed here, and Swansea communicates with London by the South AVales Railroad, and with Neath and the coal and iron dis- tricts by various local lines of which it is the terminus. The vicinity of extensive mines of coal of a quality pe- culiarly adapted for smelting-purposes, and the easy access to the town both by sea and inland navigation, have made it the principal seat of the copper-trade, almost all the cop- per ore obtained in Great Britain and Ireland, and more from foreign mines, being smelted at the furnaces, of which there are many within and close to the town. Next to cop- per-smelting furnaces, the most important industrial estab- lishments are iron-works (including foundries), zinc-works, tinplate-works, breweries, roperies, potteries, and yards for the building and repairing of ships. Owing to the height to which the tide rises in the Bristol Channel, vessels of large burden easily get to the town, but at ebb the harbor is left almost dry. A very large proportion both of its ves- sels and tonnage is employed in the coasting-trade. The chief imports are copper ore, grain, and provisions from Ireland, timber from America and the Baltic, hemp, tallow, and Hour; the chief exports, copper, iron, coal, culm, lime, and earthenware. The borough is governed by a mayor, 5 aldermen, and IS councillors, and unites with Neath, Castel-Llychwr, Aberavon, Ac, in sending a member to Parliament. Pop. 51,702. Swansea, swon'ze, or Swan'zey, a post-village of Bristol CO., Mass., in a township of its own name, 4 or 5 miles N.N.W. of Fall River. The township is bounded on the S. by Mount Hope Bay, and intersected by the Provi- dence, Warren & Fall River Railroad. It contains 5 churches and 3 grist-mills. Pop. of the township, 1308, Swansea, a post-office of Renville co., Minn. Swansey, Cheshire co.. N.H. See Swanzey. Swan's Island, a post-office of Hancock co., Me., about 25 miles S.E. of Castine. It is on Swan's Island, which is in the Atlantic Ocean, and is about 5 miles long and 2A miles wide. It has a safe and capacious harbor, which is seldom obstructed by ice. The inhabitants are supported chiefly by the fishing-business. Pop. of the island, 451. See also Pkrkins. Swan'sonville, a post-office of Pittsylvania co., Va. Swan'ton, a post-office of Butler co., Iowa, about 20 miles W.N.W. of Cedar Falls. Swanton, a post-haralet of Garrett co., Md., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 14 miles W. of Piedmont. Elevation, 2500 feet. It has a lumber-mill. Swanton, a post-village of Fulton co., 0., in Swan Creek and Fulton townships, on the Lake Shore &■ Michi- gan Southern Railroad, 19 miles W. by S. of Toledo. It has a church, and manufactures of lumber, staves, and heading. Much grain, lumber, ttc, is shipped here. Swanton, a township of Lucas co., 0. Pop. 447. Swanton, or Swanton Falls, a post-village in Swan- ton township, Franklin co., Vt., on the Missisquoi River and the Central Vermont Railroad, at the junction of the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad, 10 miles N. of St. Albans, and 2 or 3 miles E. of Lake Champlain. It contains 1 or 2 churches, an academy, a bank, a newspaper office, 2 tan- neries, 2 eaw-mills, a flour-mill, &c. Here is Swanton Post- Offioe. The township is bounded on the W. by Lake Cham- plain. Here are quarries of white and variegated marble. Pop. of the township, 2S66. Swauton Centre, a post-office of Franklin co., Vt., about 30 miles N. by E. of Burlington. Swanton Junction, a post-hamlet in Swanton town- ship, Franklin co., Vt., on the Central Vermont Railroad, at the junction of the AVestern division with the Northern division, 6 miles N. of St. Albans. Swanville, swon'vil, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co., Ind., 5 miles N.E. of Lexington. Swanville, a post-hamlet in Swanville township, Waldo CO., Me., 6 miles N. of Belfast. Pop. of the township, 770. Swanville, a hamlet of Saline co., Neb,, about 38 miles S.S.W. of Lincoln. It has 2 churches, Swanville, a post-hamlet of Erie co.. Pa., on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 9 miles W,S.W. of Erie. It has a paper-mill. Swanwick, a town of England. See Swanage. Swanwick, swSn'wik, a post-hamlet of Perry co.. 111., on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 20 milea N.W, of Duquoin. It has a church and 2 stores. SWA 2 Swanwick, swon'wlk, a. post-hamlet of Ray co., Mo., on the St. Joseph division of the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 5 miles N.W. of Richmond. Swanzey, swon'zc, a post-hamlet in Swanzey township, Cheshire co., N.H., near the Cheshire Railroad, 4 miles S. of Keene. It has a church, and manufactures of lumber, pails, and wooden-ware. The township is drained by the Ashuelot River, and contains a village named West Swan- zey, in which is Swanzey Station of the Ashuelot Railroad. Pop. of township, 1626. SAVapa, a river of Russia. See Svapa. Swarth'morc, a post-office in Springfield township, Delaware eo., Pa., at Swarthmore College, on the West Chester & Philadelphia Railroad, 11 miles W.S.W. of Phil- adelphia. Swarthmore College (of the Society of Friends) was organized in 1869, is open to both sexes, and has about 20 instructors and 225 students. Swarts'wood, a post-hamlet of Sussex co., N.J., in Stillwater township, 5 miles W. of Newton. It has 2 churches. Here is a fine lake, 2^ miles long. Swart'wood, a post-office and station of Chemung co., N.Y., in Van Etten township, on the Utica, Ithaca & E\- mira Railroad, 21 miles N.E. of Elmira. It has a church, a lumber-mill, and a carriage-shop. It is 15 miles by air- line from Elmira. Swart'wout, a hamlet of San Jacinto co., Tex., on the Trinity River, about 100 miles N. of Galveston. Swartz Creek, a post-hamlet in Clayton and Gaines townships, Genesee co., Mich., at Hamilton Station, about 10 miles AV.S.W. of Flint. It has a church, a flour-mill, and 3 stores. Swartz'ville, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co,. Pa., about 12 miles S.W. of Reading. It has a church, a flour- mill, and a saw-mill. Swatara, swa-tah'ra, a township of Lebanon co., Pa. Pop. 2015. Swatara, a post-hamlet of Schuylkill co., Pa., in Reilly township, on the Tremont Railroad, 10 miles W. by S. of Pottsville. It has a church and a colliery. SAVatara Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in Schuylkill co., runs southwestward through Lebanon and Dauphin cos., and enters the Susquehanna River at Middletown. It is about 65 miles long. Swatara Gap, a station in Lebanon co., Pa., on the Lebanon & Tremont Branch of the Reading Railroad, 13^ miles N. of Lebanon. Swatara Station, a post-hamlet of Dauphin co., Pa., in Derry township, on the Lebanon Valley Railroad, 12 miles E. of Harrisburg. Swatch of No- Ground, a depression or basin in the sea-bottom, in the Bay of Bengal, off the mouths of the Ganges. Lat. 21°-21° 22' N. It is nearly circular, and has never been sounded, though all around it the water is comparatively shoal. Swatow, sw&^tow', a treaty-port of China, province of Quang-Tong, on the estuary of the river Hang-Kiang, 5 miles from the open sea, and 225 miles E.N.E. of Canton. It is the seat of an active foreign commerce, and has man- ufactures of sugar, paper, porcelain, and fans. The town is mostly built of concrete, and the people are noted for their enterprise. Pop. 30,000. Swea, Ewe'a, a post-oSice of Kossuth co., Iowa, 25 miles N. of Algona. Sweaborg, a town of Russia. See Sveaborg. Sweabur^, swe'a-burg, a poet-village in Oxford co., Ontario, 6 miles S. of Woodstock. It contains a grist-mill, 3 saw-mills, and 2 stores. Pop. 200. Swea-rika. See Sweden. Swedeburg,sweed'burg, post-office, Saunders co.. Neb. Swede (sweed) Creek, a post-office of Marshall co., Kansas, 9 miles from AVaterville. Swede Grove, a village in Acton township, Meeker CO., Minn., 7 miles W. of Litchfield. It is on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad. 85 miles W. of St. Paul. It has 2 churches. Here is Grove City Post-Office. Swede Grove, township, Meeker co., Minn. P. 618. Swedeland, Morris co., Kansas. Sec Whitk Citv. Swedeland, Montgomery co., Pa. See Swedesbuug. Swe'den (Sw, ^uen'^e, svi're-gh^h, or Swect~nka,s'wh.'^- ree'kS, ; Dan. Sveriff, svi'rig; Ger. Schweden^ shwA'den ; Dutch, Zweden, zwi'd^n ; Fr. Sii^de, swaid or swM ; Sp. Suecta, swA'the-i ; It. Svezia, svi'ze-i; L. Sne'dut), a country of North Europe, forming the E. and larger portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, and one of the kingdoms composing the monarchy of Sweden and Norway, situote between lat. 55° 20' and 6S»° N. and Ion. 11° 15' and 24° E., bounded E. by the Baltic, the Gulf of Bothnia, and Rus- SWE , S. by the Baltic, W. by Norway, the Cattegat, and the ind. Capital, Stockholm. Area and pop. as follows: Lsen or Province. Square miles. Pop. (Dec. 31, 1877). 1 "h 1,781 2,507 1,104 3,841 4,292 4,258 4,226 1,893 3,3(jY 4,948 1,891 1,227 343,074 230,809 134,005 108,031 JiinkiJDinc 193,113 Kalmar 241,939 208,584 Halmstad 133,988 250,712 288,963 64,964 35,335 2,507,194 13 2,995 2,063 2,516 2,623 3,502 7,346 11,421 165,077 140,006 107,121 143,926 120,753 181,236 208,557 189,650 32,409 1,323,526 7,5Cl 9,493 20,880 21,942 39,791 169,194 168,134 78,387 101,449 86,655 99,073 593,819 107,477 4,484,539 Sweden is divided into 24 Itens or provinces, subdivided into 117 fogder, excepting the capital, which forms a gov- ernment by itself. These administrative divisions are grouped in three regions, Norrland, Sweden proper or Svealand, and Gothland, Swedish towns are thinly inhab- ited, being left almost entirely to manufacturers and mer- chants, while there are no beggars; and all landed proprie- tors, and even nobles, engage in agricultural operations. The Scandinavian Alps traverse the country in the W., and separate it from Norway; many of their summits arc con- stantly snow-clad. From this mountain-region the country slopes E. to the Gulf of Bothnia, forming in its descent two elevated table-lands; the first or westernmost is 2000 feet and the easternmost 360 to 800 feet above the sea. The tract of country bordering the Baltic is under 300 feet in elevation. The greater part of the surface is fiat, and the S. portion constitutes the plain of Scania. A line is sup- posed to traverse the country in lat. 66° 3' N., on which the land is turning as on a pivot; towards the N. elevation is proceeding at rates varying up to about 4 feet in a cen- tury, while S. of it there is a slow and gradual subsidence. The country is watered by numerous streams, none of which are large; the principal are, from N. to S., the Torned, LuleA, Pited, UmeA, Angermann, Ljusne, and Dal, which flow S.E. to the Gulf of Bothnia, the Motala, which traverses Lake Wetter to the Baltic, and the Gotha, which drains Lake Wener to the Cattegat. Nearly one-eighth of the superficies is covered by lakes, some of which are very ex- tensive. The largest are Wener, Wetter, Mielar, and Hjel- mar, all in the S. provinces; they afi'ord great advantages for navigation. These lakes are connected by canals, the chief of which are those of Sodertelge, Hjelmar or Arboga, Strbrasholm; and Trolhatta, which, with two other canals, unite the Atlantic Ocean with the Baltic Sea and are called conjointly the Gotha Canal. There arc extensive marshy tracts along the shores. The coa^t, which has a develop- ment of 1400 miles, is deeply indented, forming vast bays and fiords, and studded with a multitude of low snndy itslands, the chief of which are Gottlond and Oland in the Baltic. The latter is separated from the mainland by Kalmar Sound, and has good pasture-ground. The cli- mate of Sweden is mild for its northern position, the mean temperature of the year at Stockholm being 42.2° Fahr, The W, coasts are more mild and moist than the E. coasts. The summers arc very hot, and the winters extremely cold. Spring is almost unknown. In the N. the rivers are frozen and snow covers the ground for five or six months in the SWE 2 year; in the central regions winter lasts for three or four months. N. of hit. 61° mercury often freezes. In Swedish Lapland the summer lasts 66 days, from June 23 till Au- gust 18, when the ground is again covered with snow and ice. The amount of rain is much less than in Norway. The air is generally pure, and there are no contagious dis- eases. The prcFailing winds are S.W. and W. The soil is not generally fertile; but the produce is adequate to the consumption. The part of Sweden comprised between the Sound and the river Dal hiis made great progress in agri- culture within the last 20 or 30 years. Barley is cultivated as far N. as lat. 69°, but the crops frequently fail. Rye, hemp, and potatoes are grown to 66° N. Oats ripen to lat. 63° 30'; wheat and hops cease to bo cultivated with ad- vantage beyond lat. 62° N. Fruit trees are limited to the S. of lat. 62°, but N. of this latitude two species of brier are cultivated for their delicious berries, which are very much used in a variety of forms. The reindeer-moss furnishes food for these animals and for cattle. One-fourth of the surface is covered with forests, but the produce of timber is small; much of it is used fur fuel and made into charcoal for use in the mines. The principal trees are the pine, fir, and birch, which extend to the extreme N. of the country, the lime, elm, ash, willow, and alder, between lat. 61° and 63° N., the oak, to lat. 61°, and beech, to lat. 57°. Tar and pitch are extracted from the roots of the pine. Rearing of live-stock is an important branch of industr3% but the pas- tures are poor, horses and cattle small, and the sheep yield an inferior wool. Great encouragements, however, are given to improvements in the breed ; and the introduction of the merino and Saxony sheep promises complete success. In 1873 the woods and forests covered 11,489,395 acres, the area under crops, fallow, and grass was 3,303,668 acres, and meadows and permanent pasture extended over 4,884,881 acres. The pasture-lands abound in horses, cattle, sheep, &c. ; but N. of lat. 64° the reindeer is the only domestic animal. Among wild animals are the bear, which, how- ever, is scarce, the wolf, lynx, fox, marten, lemming, hare, and squirrel. Fish are abundant on the coasts and in the lakes and rivers. The mining districts of Sweden, mostly in the central provinces, extend over 16,000 square miles ; the mines are open like stone-quarries; the chief product is iron, which is distributed over nearly all the country, but the best is found in the province of Upsal ; the annual prod- uce of all the mines is about 70,000 tons of bar iron. The richest copper-mines are at Falun; the annual produce in all is about 1000 tons. Gold is procured only to a small ex- tent. The other mineral products are silver, alum, man- ganese, zinc, sulphate of iron, cobalt, and coal of inferior quality. Industry, notwithstanding recent progress, is still little developed. The exports, per annum, of timber, grains, iron, steel, and tar amount to the value of $60,000,000; the imports, of cotton, iron, coals, wool, hides, machinery, hardwares, coffee, apparel, oils, indigo, copper, logwood, soda., sugar, &c., to $72,000,000. The manufactures are woollens, sugar, tobacco, paper, linens, cotton (in small quantity), gloves, and mathematical and other instruments; and tanning is an important branch of industry. Ship- building is carried on to some extent. Distilling and brew- ing are extensively prosecuted. The internal commerce of Sweden is considerable, and Swedish vessels visit most of the Atlantic ports of South America, and the Mediterranean, England, and Russia. In January, 1878, there were 3007 miles of railway in oper.ation, chiefly connecting Stockholm with the ports on the W. coast. Government is a limited constitutional monarchy; its administration is entirely dis- tinct from that of Norway, and the king shares the legis- lative power with the assembly of the states, which is com- posed of four chambers. The established religion is Lutheran ; there are a few Roman Catholics, Jews, Baptists, Methodists, &c. ; bat all sects are tolerated. An archbishop, chosen by the king, resides at Upsal, and the people nominate their own pastors. Education is widely diffused, and well con- ducted in gymnasia and high and burgher schools. It has been stated that there is not one person in 1000 who cannot read and write. The simple and almost patriarchal hospi- tality of the Swedes is very marked, especially in the more isolated provinces. There are universities at Upsal and Lund. According to the official report, the total revenue for the year 1878 was 820,500,000, and the expenditures were carefully kept within this amount. On January 1, 187S, the aggregate public debt, incurred in railway con- struction, and bearing interest at from '^h to 5 per cent,, was $50,500,000. The army, at the end of September, 1879, was: line, 37,277; reserves, 107,673: militia, 8237; making a total of 153,187, besides which there is a sort of independent volunteer organization of 18,361. The naval J3 SWE force, at the same time, comprised 14 iron-cliids, 28 unarin- oreil steamers, 7 sailing-vessels, and 89 galleys, with a total armament of 384 guns and a regular force of 4209 men ; there was reported a naval reserve force of 40,000 men. In l;i94 the crown of Sweden was united to those of Denmark and Norway by Margaret of Denmark, who had defeated Albert, King of Sweden, and who formed the famous union of Kalmar. The Swedes recovered their independence under Gustavus Vasa in 1521. The House of Vasa ascended the throne in 1523, and gave to Sweden the celebrated Gustavus Adolphus. It was succeeded by the House of Deux-Ponts, which furnished the famous Charles XII. : to this succeeded the Houses of Hessen-Cassel and Holstein-Gottorp. In 1810 Marshal Bernadotte of France was chosen crown-prince, and ascended the throne as Charles John XIV. in 1818. Norway was annexed to Sweden in 1814. Adj. Swe'dish (Sw. Svensk, sv^nsk j Fr. SuEDors, swiMwi' : Ger. Schwedisch, shwi'dish ; Sp. SuEco, awi'ko; It. Svedese, svi-di'si) : inhab. Swede (in Swedish, French, Spanish, and Italian the inhab. is the same as the adj.; Ger, Schwede, shwi'd^h). Swe'den, a post-office of Pembina co., Dakota. Sweden, a post-township of Oxford co., Me., about 45 miles N.W. of Portland. Pop. 649. Sweden, a post-hamlet in Sweden township, Monroe CO., N.Y., about 18 miles W. of Rochester. It has 2 churches. The township is intersected by the Erie Canal and the New York Central Railroad. It contains Brock- port, with a state normal school. Pop. of township, 5164. Sweden, a post-township of Potter co.. Pa., about 25 miles N.E. of Emporium. Pop. 357. Sweden Centre, a hamlet of Monroe CO., N.Y., 2 miles from Brockport. It has 2 churches. Swede Point, a post-village in Douglas township, Boone co., Iowa, on the Des Moines River, about 25 miles N.N.W. of Des Moines. It has 3 churches, a flour-mill, a lumber-mill, and a graded school. Coal is found here. Swedesborough, sweedz'bur-ruh, a post-village in Woolwich township, Gloucester co., N.J., at the head of sloop navigation on Raccoon Ci-eek, 11 miles S.W. of Wood- bury, and 20 miles S.S.W. of Philadelphia. It is connected with these places by a branch of the West .Jersey Railroad. It contains 4 churches, a newspaper office, an academy, a foundry, &c. Swedesburg, sweedz'burg, a post-hamlet of Henry co., Iowa, 10 miles N. of Mount Pleasant. Swedesburg, a village in Upper Merion township, Montgomery co., Pa., on the Schuylkill River, and on the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, at Swedeland Station, 15 miles N.W. of Philadelphia. Pop. 386. Swedes (sweedz) For'est, a township of Redwood CO., Minn., on the Minnesota River. Pop. 185. Swedetown, sweed'town, a station of the Mineral Range Railroad, 3 miles N.E. of Hancock, Mich. Swedona, swe-do'na, a post-village of Mercer CO., II!., in Richland Grove township, 3 miles from Cable Station, and about 17 miles S. by E. of Rook Island. It has 4 churches, a graded school, and manufactures of carpets, wagons, etc. Pop. 359. Swedona, a post-office of Sumner co., Kansas. Sweed'lin Hill, a post-office of Pendleton co., W. Va. Sweerali, or Suira, Morocco. See Mogadoke. Sweet Air, a post-hamlet of Baltimore co., Md., about 20 miles N. by E. of Baltimore. Sweet Chalybeate, ka-lib'e-at, a post-vill.nge and summer resort of Alleghany CO., Va., 9 miles S. of Alleghany Station. Here are mineral springs and accommodations for 400 guests. Sweet Grass, a post-office of Gallatin co., Montana. Sweet Hall, a post-office and station of King AVilliam CO., Vo., on the Richmond, York River & Chesapeake Rail- road, 31 miles E. of Richmond. Sweet Home, a post-hamlet of Pulaski co., Ark. It has a lumber-mill. Sweet Home, a post-office of Smith co., Kansas. Sweet Home, a township of Clarke co.. Mo. P. 1000. Sweet Home, a post-hamlet of Nodaway co., Mo., 12 miles E. of Maryville, and about 46 miles N. of St. Joseph. It has 2 churches. Sweet Home, a post-office of Iredell co., N.C. Sweet Home, a post-village of Linn co., Oregon, 22 miles E.N.E. of Halsey. It has 2 churches and a saw-mill. Sweet Home, a post-hamlet of Lavaca co., Tex., 18 miles S. of Flatonia. It has 2 stores. Sweet'land, a post-hamlet of Nevada co,. Cal., 12 miles N.W. of Nevada City. Here are rich gold-mines and 2 hotels. Pop. about 200. SWE 2154 SWI Sweetland, townehip, Muscatine oo., Iowa. P. 1415. Sweetlaiid Centre, a post-office of Muscatine co., Iowa, about 7 miles N.E. of Muscatine. Sweet Lips, a post-office of MoNairy co., Tenn., 8 miles E. of Henderson Station. Here is a church. Sweet O'wen, a post-hamlet of Owen co., Ky., about 60 miles K.N.E. of Louisville. It has a church. SAveet's Bridge, a post-office of Manistee co., Mich. SAVeets'burgh, a post-village in Missisquoi co., Que- bec, on the Southeastern Railway, 67 miles S.E. of Mon- treal. It has a church, a high school, a tannery, and sev- eral stores and hotels. Sweet's Corners, a post-hamlet of Berkshire co., Mass., in Williamstown township, 3 miles S. of Williams- town. Here are a church and a grist-mill. Sweetser's, sweet'z^rz, a post-village of Grant co., Ind., on the railroad between M.arion and Logansport, 6 miles W. of Marion. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 250. Sweet Springs, a post-village and summer resort of Monroe co., W. Va., is pleasantly situated near the Alle- ghany Mountains, about 12 miles S. by E. of the AVhite Sulphur Springs. It is 11 miles S. of Alleghany Station of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. It has '6 churches. Sweet's Station, a hamlet of Muskegon co., Mich., on the Chicago & West Michigan Railroad, 10 miles N.W. of Muskegon. It has 2 churches and 2 saw-mills. Sweet VaI'ley, a post-hamlet of Luzerne CO., Pa., in Ross township, about 16 miles W.N.W. of Wilkesbarre. Sweet'water, a large county of Wyoming. It is drained by the Rig Horn, Green, Wind, Big Sandy, and Sweetwater Rivers. The surface is diversified by moun- tains and plains, and extensively covered with forests of evergreen trees. It is partly occupied by the Wind River Mountains. Among its remarkable features are Fremont's Peak, and the South Pass, which was once a great thor- oughfare between the Atlantic and Pacific. It is 7S57 feet above the level of the sea, and is several miles wide. The road which crosses the Rocky Mountains through this pass attains the summit by a gradual and easy ascent. This ■pass is in lot. 42° 24' N., Ion. 109° 26' W. Gold and granite are found in this county. It is intersected by the Union Pacific Railroad. Thick beds of good tertiary coal have been opened near the railroad, and iron ore is abun- dant. Capital, Green River City. Pop. in 1870, 1916. SAVeet Water, a post-office of Marengo eo., Ala. Sweetwater, a post-office of Gwinnett co., Ga., about 28 miles N.E. of Atlanta. Sweetwater, a post-village of Menard co.. III., about 20 miles N. of Springfield. It has 2 churches. Pop. 230. Sweetwater, a post-office of Buffalo co.. Neb. Sweetwater, a post-village of Esmeralda, co., Nov., about 70 miles S. by E. of Virginia City. Sweet Water, a post-village of Monroe co., Tenn., on the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad, 42 miles S.W. of Knoxville. It is near the Hiwassee College (Meth- odist Episcopal South), which was organized in 1849. It has a newspaper office, a high school, 5 churches, a machine- shop, and a foundry. Pop. said to be 1000. Sweet Water, a post-village, capital of Nolan oo., Tex., 60 miles W. of Calhahan. Sweetwater Creek, Georgia, dra.ins part of Cobb co., runs S., and enters the Chattahoochee in Douglas co. Sweetwater River, Wyoming, rises in the southern end of the Wind River Mountains. It crosses the Rocky Mountains at the Soutli Pass, at an elevation of about 7500 feet, runs eastward, and enters the North Fork of the Platte near lat. 42° 30' N., Ion. 107° W. It is about 175 miles long. Gold is found near this river, and near South Pass City, which is 7857 feet above the sea-level. It flows along a deep caiion. Its valley is described by Hayden *' as one of erosion on a most remarkably grand scale." Sweet Wine, a post-office of Hamilton oo., 0., at Wineburg, a hauilet on the Ohio River, 12 miles above Cin- cinnati. It has 2 churches and a foundry. Sweideeyah, or Sweidiyah, swi-dee'yi, written also Suadiah or Suadeiali, a large village of Syria, in a v.alley, 14 miles W. of Antiooh. Swellendam, Africa. See Zwkllesdam. Swena'da, or Sweno'da, a post-township of Swift CO., Minn. Pop. 242. Swengel, swSng'g^l, a post-hamlet in Lewis township, Union CO., Pa., on the Lowishurg Centre *fc Spruce Creek Railroad. It has a church. Swenigorod, a town of Russia. See Svenigorod. Swep'soiiville, a hamlet of Alamance oo., N.C., on Haw River, 6 miles from Haw River Station. It has a ootton-factory. Swerige, or Sverige, See Sweden. Sweringolowsk, Siberia. See Zvehingolovsk. Swerzendz, a town of Prussia. See Schwersenz. Sweveghem, swA'veh-chSm', a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 27 miles S. by E. of Bruges. Pop. 4370. Swevezeele, swi'v^h-zi'l^h, a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 10 miles S. of Bruges. Pop. 4763. Swiaga, a river of Russia. See Sviaga. Swid, a river of Russia. See Siida. Swiecia, a town of Prussia. See Schwetz. Swieciany, a town of Russia. See S\teciant. Swienemiinde, Prussia. See SwinemUnde. Swienta Sierka, Baden. See Heiligenberg. Swift, a county in the AV. part of Minnesota, has an area of 864 square miles. It is intersected by the Chip- pewa, Minnesota, and Pomme de Terre Rivers. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and mostly destitute of for- ests. The soil is fertile, and adapted to the production of grain and grass. It is traversed by the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad. Capital, Benson. The census of 1870 gives no statistics of this county. Pop. in 1875, 2269. Swift Creek, North Carolina, runs southeastward through Franklin and Nash cos., and enters Tar River about 5 miles N.W. of Tarborough. It is nearly 70 miles long. Swift Creek, North Carolina, rises in Pitt co., runs southeastward, and enters the Neuse River in Craven co. Swift Creek, South Carolina, flows into the Wateree River near the N.AV. extremity of Sumter co. Swift Creek, Hardin co., Tenn., flows into the Ten- nessee River. Swift Creek, in the S.E. part of Virginia, flows through Chesterfield co., and unites with the Appomatto.\ River a few miles below Petersburg. Swift Creek, township, Edgecombe eo., N.C. P. 2.^83. Swift Creek, a township of Pitt co., N.C. Pop. 1800. Swift Creek, a township of Wake co., N.C. P. 1445. Swift Creek, a post-office of Darlington co., S.C. Swift Creek Bridge, N.C. See Dehganton. Swift Falls, a post-hamlet of Swift co., Minn., on a branch of the Chippewa River, 11 miles N.E. of Benson. It has a church and a flour-mill. Swift Island, a post-office of Montgomery co., N.C. Swif'ton, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Ark., on the Cairo & Fulton Railroad, 101 miles N.E. of Little Rock. It has a church. Swift River, Massachusetts, is formed by branches which rise in Franklin and Worcester cos. It runs south- ward through Hampshire co., and unites with the Chicopee River at Three Rivers, 16 miles E.N.E. of Springfield. Swift River, New Hampshire, runs eastward, and enters the Saco River near Conway, in Carroll co. Swift River, a post-hamlet in Cummington township, Hampshire CO., Mass., on the Wcstfield River, about 22 miles E. of Pittsfield. It has a grist-mill, 2 saw-mills, and manufactures of handles for tools, brushes, brooms, Ac. S wifts'ville (Leo Post-Office), a hamlet of Jackson co., 0., in Jackson township, about 20 miles S.E. of Chillicoihe. It has a church and a steam flour-mill. Pop. about 75. Swihow, Bohemia. See Schwihau. Swil'ly, Lough, I6h, an inlet of the Atlantic, in the N. part of Ireland, in Ulster, co. of Donegal, extends inland 25 miles S., where it receives the river Swilly. SAvim'ming Pens, a township of Sumter co., S.C. Pop. 1634. Swin'don, a town of England, co. of Wilts, at a rail- way junction, 29 miles E.N.E. of Bath. It is built on an eminence, and has a free school and several charities. In the part called New Swindon are large railway -shops and warehouses. Pop. of New Swindon, 4002 ; of Old Swindon, 7628. Swine'ford, a town of Ireland, co. of Mayo, 15i miles E.N.E. of Castlebar. Pop. 1366. Swinemiinde, or Swienemiinde, swee'nfh-miin'- d^h, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 36 miles N.N.W. of Stettin, in the island of Usedom, on the Swine, an outlet of the Stettiner-Haff in the Baltic. Its harbor has been im- proved by the erection of piers, on one of which is a light- house. It has a pilot-board, and here large vessels unload cargoes for Stettin, of which it is the outport. Pop. 7977. Swineshead, swinz'hM, a town of England, co. of Lincoln, 6 miles W.S.W. of Boston. Pop. of parish, 1918. 'The sea formerly reached this town. Swinesund, swee'n^h-soond^ an inlet of the Skager- Rack, between Norway and Sweden. Swin'ford-Regis, or King's Swin'ford, a village of England, co. of StaSbrd, on the Stafiordshiro i Wor- cestershire Canal, 3 miles N.N.W. of Stourbridge. Tho vil- SWI 2 lage has a massive oliuroh, coal-, iron-, glass-, brick-, and tile-works, arid numerous potteries. Swin'son's Cut, a post-office of Brunswick oo., N.C., on the Carolina Central Railroad, 18 miles W. of Wil- mington. Sivin'ton, a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, parish of Watli on Dearne, 5 miles N.N.E. of Rotherham, on the Midland Railway. Pop. 5150. Swir, a river of Russia. See Sveek. Swish'er, a county of the N.W. part of Texas, trav- ersed by lied River. Area, 9(10 square miles. Sivislotsch, a viver of Russia. See Svislotch. Swiss, a post-otfice of Gasconade co., Mo. Swiss Alp, a post-office of Fayette co., Tex. Swiss'vale, a post-village of Alleghany eo., Pa., on the Monongahela River and the Pennsylvania Railroad, 8 miles E.S.E. of Pittsburg. It has a car-factory, many resi- dences of business men of Pittsburg, and a church. Coal is mined near it. Switz City, a post-hamlet of Greene co., Ind., 6 or 7 miles W. of Bloomtiekl. It is on the Indianapolis & Vin- cenncs Railroad, 3Si miles N.E. of Vinoennes. It has 2 churches. Coal is found here. Switzerland (Ger. Schweh or Schweitz, shwits; It. SvizzerOf svit'si-ri; Fr. Suisse, sweess ; Sp. Suiza, swee'- thil; Port. A Term due Siii<;oa, 3, tfia'lifl- doce swee'soco, "the land of the Swiss ;" L. //e?tie'(i'ii), a federal republic of Central Europe, situated between lat. 45° 50' and 47° 50' N. and Ion. 6° and 10° 25' E., bounded on the N. by Baden, from which it is separated for the most part by the Rhine, N.E. by Wiirtomberg and Bavaria, from which it is sepa- rated by the Lake of Constance, E. by the principality of Liechtenstein and the Tyrol, S. by Italy, from which it is separated by the Alps and the Lake of Geneva, and W. and N.W. by Franco, from which it is separated in part by the Jura Mountains and the river Doubs. The greatest length, from W. to E., near the parallel of 46° 35' N., is 216 miles ; the greatest breadth, about 140 miles. The following table gives the areas of the cantons into which the country is divided, with the official estimates of the population for 1876: Cantons. Zurich Bern Lnceme Uri Schwytz Unterwftlden (Upper). Uilterwaldeii (Lower), GLaiuB Zng Freyburg Soleure Basel Town Basel Land Schifflmilsen Appenzell Saint GalL Grisous Aargau Thurgau Ticino Vaud Valais Neufchatel Geneva Total Area. Pop. in 1876, 687 2,660 294,094 528,670 583 133,316 422 16,900 3o0 40,485 263 15,009 11,993 230 36,179 93 21,775 66i) 255 113,062 77,803 185 51,515 65,548 . 116 153 38,025 60,635 749 2,975 196,834 92,906 503 270 201,567 95,074 1,037 1,244 2,026 281 91 121,763 242,439 100,490 102,843 99,362 15,792 2,759,972 Switzerland belongs to the region of the Central Alps, extending between Mont Blanc, in Savoy, and the Gross Glockner, in the Tyrol. The immense mass of Mount St. Gothard forms the centre or nucleus of a system of moun- tains, covered with perennial snow and glaciers, the peaks of which are from 9000 to 12,500 feet above the level of the sea. The Alps, the highest point of which is Monte ■Rosa, 15,208 feet above the sea, cover all the central, S., and S.E. portion of the country, and occupy more than one-half of its superficies. The Jura Mountains extend along the N.W. borders; of these the culminating points are the Dole and Mont Tendre, and between these is an undulating plain or table-land, 135 miles in length, with an extreme breadth of 50 miles, extending from the Lake of Geneva, in the S.W., to the Lake of Constance, in the N.E. Next the Alps it is 2000 feet above the sea, sloping towards the Jura, where it is 1350 feet. It has numerous valleys, some of which are of considerable extent. Among its mountains and hills are the Jorat, in the Valais; the 55 SWI Albis, between Zug and Zurich ; the Aliman, in the E. of Zurich ; and the Iluucnstcin, between Basel and Soleure. Tho high Alps form vast reservoirs whence issue thousands of fertilizing torrents. The chief rivers How by the Rhine to the North Sea, by the Rhone to the Mediterranean, by the Ticino to the Po and the Adriatic, and by the Inn to the Danube and Black Sea. The other principal rivera are the Thur and the Aar, affluents of the Rhine ; and tho Emmen and Limmat, atilueuts of the Aar. No country in Europe, except Scandinavia, has, in proportion to its size, so many lakes as Switzerland. Those of the Alpine regions occupy the lower parts of the valleys. They vary in depth from 500 to 1900 feet, and are situated at an elevation of from 1200 to 1800 feet above the sea; the chief of these are the lakes of Geneva, Brienz, Thun, Lucerne, Zug, Wal- lenstadt, Zurich, Constance, and on the S. of the Alps Lago di Lugano and Lago Maggiore. Most of these are traversed by steamboats. 'The table-land contains the lakes of Moral, Sempach, Baldegg, Hallwyl, Greitt'ensee, and Pfiiflikon. In the Jura are tho lakes of Neufchatel and Bienne. The climate of Switzerland, owing to its elevation and to other causes, is much more severe than is due to its position nearly in mid-distance between the equator and the north pole. It presents the greatest extremes and the most violent contrasts. In Geneva, at an elevation of 1230 feet, the mean pressure of the barometer is 27 inches, the ther- mometer ranges from 34° to 60° Fahr., and the average annual rainfati is 29 inches : on Mount St. Bernard, ba- rometer 21 inches, thermometer 18° to 43° Fahr., and an- nual rainfall 65 inches. The elevation of the lower limit of snow in the mountains is 8U00 feet. On the table-land and in the lower mountains snow falls in greater abundance th;in in other countries of the same latitude in Europe. On St. Gothard snow falls at least once a month in summer. The large lakes are seldom frozen. In the upper valleys of the Jura winter lasts six months ; it is longer in those of tho Alps. S.W. winds, which are frequent, usually bring rain; the N.E. wind, which blows on the table-land in spring, is cold and dry. The warm S. wind greatly fa- vors the climate of the canton of 'Ticino ; under the name of Fohtiy the sirocco of the Alps, it blows with extreme violence, and causes great damage on the lakes. At an elevation of from 1000 to 1600 feet the climate is pure and salubrious ; but it is unhealthy in many of the deep and narrow valleys. Vegetation corresponds with the ex- tremes of climate. In the Valais the Hg and grape ripen at the foot of ice-clad mountains, while near their summits the rhododendron and the lichen grow at the limit of the snow-line. The grain raised in Switzerland is not nearly sufficient for the supply of its population. The most pro- ductive cantons are those of the N, .and W. Here the vine ripens at an elevation of 1900 and in some places at 2100 feet above the sea. It is cultivated on the slopes of the Jura, and in the valleys of the Rhine, Rhone, Reuss, Lim- mat, and 'Thur; and wine is exported. Buckwheat ripens at an elevation of 2200 feet, and with a S. exposure at 3000 feet ; wheat, at 3600 feet : oats, at 4300 feet ; barley, at 5100 feet. Flax and hemp are extensively grown ; irrigation is judiciously managed ; and, in general, agriculture is making considerable progress. The slopes of the Jura and of the Alps, and the high regions of the table-land, are covered with valuable timber trees,— the oak, beech, larch, and birch. The pine and larch grow to an elevation of 6500 feet, shrubs to 7400 feet. 'The principal wealth of Switzerland consists in its rich and excellent pastures, which in summer support vast numbers of cattle ; the finest breeds are those of the Simmenthal, Gessenay, tjruyJre, Zug, and Schwytz. The silk-worm is reared in the valleys S. of the Alps, and of late also in the N. The forests abound in game ; the lammergeyer inhabits the highest mountains, and the cha- mois is hunted in tho Valais and in the Oberland. Fish of excellent quality abound in the lakes and rivers. Iron is found in the mountains generally, but chiefly in the Jura ; there are mines of lead and zino in the Grisons. Turf is abundant in the marshy districts, and coal is found in the table-land. The principal salt springs are at Bex, in the valley of the Rhone. Switzerland contains npwards of 300 mineral springs. 18 bath establishments of the first and 186 of the second class. Cheese is a valuable product; it is made chiefly in Gessenay, the Simmenthal, and the Emmenthal ; that called Gruyere is highly valued and ex- tensively exported. Kirschwasser, cider, and perry are made. The country has made rapid progress in manufac- turing industry. Cotton goods are made chiefly in Appen- zell and St. Gall. Silks are woven in Zurich .and Basel, and linens at Bern. Neufchatel has superior printing es- tablislunents. Watches, jewelry, and musical-boxes are SAVI 2156 SYD the principal manufactures of the W. cantons ; here 230,000 watches are made every year. In 1877 there were 1478 miles of railway in operation, and the length of tele- graph line at work was 4322 miles. In winter the popula- tion of the Alps inhabit villages scattered over the lower valleys. In May the cattle are led to the lower pastures ; in July they ascend to regions 6000 feet above the sea ; and about August 10 they pasture on the highest mountains, whence they descend to the valleys about October 10. The principal races inhabiting the country are the Teu- tonic and the Celtic. The German language is spoken in a variety of patois by the population in the N. and E. French is spoken in the Jura, and on the table-land W. of the Lakes of Bienne and Morat and of the river Sarine, in part of the Valais, and the Alps in its vicinity, S. of the Alps the Italian language is used ; the Romanche is spoken in the Engadine and in the valleys of the Rhine. The in- habitants of the Alps are mostly Roman Catholics. In the Jura and on the table-land, Protestants are most numerous. In 1870 the proportions were : Protestants, 1,566,347 ; Ro- man Catholic, 1,084,369; other sects, 11,435; Jews, 6996. All Christian sects are tolerated, but the Jesuits are ex- cluded. Switzerland has universities at Basel, Bern, and Zurich; and there are superior gymnasia in all the chief towns. Public instruction is widely disseminated, and in the Protestant cantons Sunday- and infant-schools arc on the increase. School attendance is compulsory from the age of five to eight. In the Protestnnt cantons the proportion of children at school is as 1 to 5 of the population, in the mixed cantons 1 to 7, and in the Catholic cantons 1 to 9. In 1863 the state had 435 journals : 185 political, 22 liter- ary and scientific, 20 religious — 15 Protestant and 5 Roman Catholic; 231 are printed in German, 105 in French, 8 in Italian, and 3 in patois. The Swiss Confederation is com- posed of 22 cantons, forming 25 independent states, united in a perpetual league. The central and W. part was called Helvetia by the Romans, and the E. part, or the Grisons, Rhastia. The Confederation was founded January 1, 1308, by the three cantons Uri, Schwytz, and Unterwalden. In 1353 it numbered eight cantons, and in 1513 it was com- posed of thirteen cantons. This old confederation of thir- teen cantons was increased by the adherence of several subject territories, and existed till 1798, when it was re- placed by the Helvetic Republic, which lasted four years. In 1803, Napoleon I. organized a new confederation, com- posed of nineteen cantons, fay the addition of St. Gall, the Grisons, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, and Vaud. This con- federation was modified in 1815 ; the number of cantons was increased to twenty-two by the admission of Valais, Neufchatel, and Geneva. The federal government was com- posed of a diet and of a Vorort or federal directory. By the new constitution of 1848 the federal assembly is com- posed of two divisions, a national council and a senate, and Bern was chosen as the federal city. Every parish supports its own poor. In 1879 the citizens liable to military duty numbered 202,397, of whom 105,578 were in the reguhir army and 97,019 in the land%vehr. Total revenue (1879). 41,065,000 francs: expenditure, 42,121,000 francs. SAVit'zerland, a county in the extreme S.E. part of Indiana, borders on Kentucky. Area, about 240 square miles. It is bounded on the E. and fi. by the Ohio River. The surface is mostly hilly, except the level river-bottom, which is nearly 3 miles wide. Forests cover nearly one- third of the area. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, hay, and pork are the staple products. Silurian limestone crops out in this county. Capital, Vevay. A'^aluation of real and personal esUte, $10,949,015. Pop. in 1870, 12,134, of whom 11,719 were Americans. Switzerland, a township of Monroe co., 0. P. 1342. Swit'zerville, a post-village in Lennox co., Ontario, 6 miles N.E. of Napanee. Pop. 250, Swoope's Depot, a post-hamlet of Augusta co., Va., on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 8 miles VV. of Staunton. Swords, sords, a town of Ireland, co. and S miles N.N.E. of Dublin, on the Swords River, 5 miles from the Irish Sea. Pop. 1296. Swords Creek, a post-office of Russell co., Va. SwosOAVice, or Swoszowice, sho-sho-vect'si, writ- ten also Swosgowice, a town of Austrian Galicia, near Wadowice, with noted sulphur-mines. Swratauch, svri'towK, or Zwratauch, zvrS,'towK, a village of Bohemia, 21 miles S.E, of Chrudim. P. 1782. Swynaerde, svvi'naiiM^h, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, on the Scheldt, 3 miles S. of Ghent. Syalkote, a town of India. See Sealkotb. Syambazar, si^ilm-bi-zar', a town of Bengal, in Burd- wan. Lat. 23° 35' 10" N.; Ion. 87° 32' E. Pop. 19,635. Syang, si'ing', an island of the Malay Archipelago, in the Gilolo Passage, 35 miles N.W. of AVaigeoo. Lat. 0° 20' N.; Ion. 129° 54' E. Syanuh, a town of India. See Seeanuh. Sybaris, the ancient name of the Coscile. Sy'bertsville, a post-village in Sugar Loaf township, Luzerne co., Pa., in the Conyngham Valley, 20 miles S.S.AV. of Wilkesbarre. It has 2 churches and about 25 houses. Syc'amore, a post-village of Colusa co., Cal., on the AV. bank of the Sacramento River, 60 miles above Sacra- mento. It has a church, a hotel, a machine-shop, a larg^ warehouse for grain, a flour-mill, «&c. Much produce is shipped here in steamboats. Sycamore, a station in Fresno co., Cal., on the Central Pacific Railroad (Visalia division), 10 miles N.N.W. of Fresno City. Sycamore, a post-office of Irwin co., Ga. Sycamore, a post-town, capital of De Kalb co.. 111., in Sycamore township, on the Kishwaukee River, 60 miles W. by N. of Chicago, and about 28 miles N.AV. of Aurora. A short railroad connects this place with Cortland Station on the Chicago Syracuse Branch of the Delaware, Lackawanna &, Western Railroad, and the N. terminus of the Bingham- ton Branch of that road. It is 38 miles from Oswego, 84 miles from Binghamton, and 91 miles by the New York Cen- tral Railroad from Rochester. Syracuse has rail-connection in all directions by the roads named, and by the Syracuse, Chenango A New York, the Rome, Watertown k Ogdensburg, and several branches of the New York Central Railroad; the Erie Canal likewise passes through the city, and it is the S. terminus of the Oswego Canal. It is thus the centre of an extensive trade, including grain, lumber, and other staples: bnt the salt manufacture and export have always constituted the controlling interest. The salt springs were first visited by French Jesuit missionaries in 1654. The Indians carried on the salt-manufacture to a considerable extent until, about 1787, an interest was awakened among the white people of the surrounding country, and since then the business has steadily grown, until now the product is nearly 10,000,000 bushels annually. This industry was made the subject of special legislation by the state as early as 1797, and it is still regulated by state laws. In addition to the salt-works, there are upwards of 90 manufacturing establishments, including Bessemer steel works, a blast-fur- nace, foundries and machine-shops, rolling-mills, engine- and boiler-manufactories, planing-mills, door-, sash-, and blind-factories, furniture-factories, manufactories of mowers and reapers and agricultural implements generally, bolts and nuts, saddlery, saddlery hardware, boots and shoes, clothing, extension-tables and other specialties in furniture and cabi- net-ware, picture-frames, musical instruments, silverware and jewelry, Ac., besides flour-mills, breweries, stone-works, gas-works, Ac. There are 10 national, state, and private banks, 2 savings-banks, and a trust and deposit company. The city has a high school and upwards of 20 graded public schools, and there are numerous private and denominational schools; the higher education is provided for by Syracuse University, with 3 colleges, having together 35 professors and nearly 400 students and a library of about 10,000 vol- umes. Four daily and 9 weekly newspapers and numer- ous other periodicals are published here. There are 50 churches, with Sunday-schools, missions, Ac. The Young Men's Christian Association has a free library and reading- room; but the principal library is the Central Library, a public institution, under the control of the Board of Edu- cation, which has 15,000 volumes. The city government is vested in a mayor and a board of aldermen. Syracuse has efficient police and fire departments, an adequate supply of good water and gas, and 6 lines of street rail- way. In 1789, Asa Danforth having established a salt- works here, the vicinity began slowly to be settled, and a village grew up, called Bogardus Corners; it changed it"? name several times, until in 1824 it was designated Syra- cuse, and in 1825 was incorporated under that name. In 1847 the adjoining village of Salina was merged in Syra- cuse, and the city was incorporated. Pop. in 1S50, 22,271 ; in 1860, 28,119; in 1870, 43,051: present pop. about 60,000. SYR 2159 SZA Syracase, a post-village in Sutton township, Meig3 CO., 0., on the Ohio River, 6 miles above Pomeroy, and 60 miles below Parkersburg. It is mainly supported by the manufacture of salt and the coal-business. It has 4 churches and a college. Coal is mined here. Pop, 1273. Syr-Darya, or Sir-Daria, sir- (or seer-) dar'yi, a government or province of Asiatic Russia, in Toorkistan, including most of the valluj' of the Jaxartes after it leaves Ferghana. Area, 165,996 square miles. Chief town, Tash- kend. Pop. 848,489. See also Jaxartes. Syria, slr'e-a, or Suria, soo're-a (Turk. Sham Vllmjeti, shim ve-li-iV'tee; Arab. £''(-iS'/ia/n, fis-shim ; It. Soria, &o- ree'i ; Fr. Syi-ie, seeVoe' ; Ger. Stfrieny see're-^n), a large division of Asiatic Turkey, which, including Palestine, Hes mostly between Int. 31° and 37° N. and Ion. 34° 30' and 40° E., bounded N. by the Amanian Mountains, K. by the Euphrates and the Arabian desert, S. by Arabia Petraea, and W. by the Mediterranean Sea. Estimated area, 146,070 square miles. Pop. about 2,760,000, mostly Mohammedans, but including about 350,000 Greek Christians, 260,000 Mar- onites and Roman Catholics, 175,000 Jews, 48,000 Druses, and 17,000 Metualis and Yezidis. The W. or coast portion is mountainous ; the E. is chiefly an elevated plain. The mountain-ranges proceed mostly N. to S., — the Alma-Dagh and Mount Lebanon, in which Jebel-Makmel, 10,000 feet, is the highest point in Syria. These terminate on the coast in bold headlands, as do several spurs of Anti-LibamtJi, which range in Palestine, enclosing the fertile valley Coele- Syria. The mountains are rugged, consisting of limestone, overlying slate, and other Silurian rocks, which appear in the summits of Libanus ; but at their bases are many fer- tile tracts, in the basins of small rivers, and here are sev- eral plains of high fertility, as those of Haooran in the E., Antioch and Aleppo in the N., Esdraelon and Sharon in the S. In the S. and E., granite, gneiss, and dolomite mountains skirt the volcanic region of the Dead Sea, which is entered by the river Jordan ; besides which, the chief rivers are the Orontes or El Aasy, the Litany, and the Nahr-el-Kebeer, entering the Mediterranean, and the Bar- rada, which waters Damascus, The principal lakes are the Dead Sea, Tiberias, and Bahr-el-Hooleh, in the valley of the Jordan ; with some smaller lakes or marshes near Da- mascus and Antioch, The surface being very uneven, the climate and products vary greatly within short distances. Along the coasts, and in the valley of the Jordan, the heat is great, and the orange, banana, and date flourish, while the summits of the mountains are seen covered with snow. In the N., and on the elevated plain E. of the mountains, the climate is colder; but at Aleppo frosts are seldom severe, and snow rarely lies on the ground for more than a day at a time. The corn is ripe early in May, and from June to September summer heats prevail, unbroken by any rain, though tempered in the W. by sea-breezes. The eamiel, a wind like the simoom of the desert, sometimes occurs at this season, and shocks of earthquake are frequent. There are heavy rains in spring and autumn, and the trees fre- quently retain their foliage till the beginning of December. Wheat, barley, maize, millet, lentils, and sesamum are raised in the plains, principally in the Haooran, which has always been considered the granary of Syria. Cotton and the mulberry flourish on the coast, and silk is extensively produced on the slopes of Lebanon. Other chief products are sheep's wool, olive oil, sugar, indigo, scaramony and other gums, safflower, dates, timber, hides, and skins. The wild animals include the buffalo, hyena., and jackal; the camel and mule are employed as beasts of burden ; horses are small, but strong and active. Sheep and live-stock form, as in ancient times, a chief part of the wealth of the inhabitants ; and, all merchandise being con- veyed on the backs of animals, it is estimated that the transit trade employs 80,000 beasts and about 30,000 drivers. About 10,000 pounds of sponge, fished on the coast, are sent annually to the ports of the Mediterranean. Damascus had, till 1860, many looms employed in the manufacture <)f silks, and the same manufacture is carried on to a con- siderable extent in Aleppo and Beyroot. Cotton and some woollen fabrics, shawls, and gold and silver thread stuff's are also woven there and elsewhere. Glass, earthenwares, leather, and soap are made in the above and other towns, and in Palestine ecclesiastical ornaments are manufactured for sale. Commerce is greatly impeded by the want of roads, those that exist being mere mule- or camel-tracks. The only carriage-road is that from Beyroot to Damascus, opened in 1863 ; a second is being made between Beyroot and Saida. But as Syria is on the high route from Bagdad, Mosul, and Erzroom to Mecca, caravans annually traverse it, bringing galls, indigo, Mocha coffee, skins, Cashmere shawls, and other Indian manufactures, also the products of Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and Persia, which are ex- changed here for European manufactures and cochineal. Exports, grain, seeds, cotton, galls, wool, madder-root, gum, «fco. imports, cottons, copper, iron, tin, woollens, coals, indigo, pepper, coffee, apparel, Jcc. Latakeea, Tripoli, Beyroot, Cjesarea, and Jaffa are the principal seaport towns. The trade of Syria is chiefly conducted by Christians, Jews, or Armenians. The Mohammedans arc most numerous in the secondary towns and in the rural districts. The Druses, a peculiar tribe, are chiefly agricultural, but partly occupied in domestic weaving and other manufactures ; they inhabit a part of Mount Lebanon, where they live under an emir or prince of their own race. The Maronitcs are also a pe- culiar people, and have a patriarch, 12 bishops, and nu- merous convents. The Metualis are Mohammedans of the Persian or Shiah sect; and the Yezidis and some other tribes are adherents of idolatrous or heretical creeds. Syria proper is divided into the vilayets of Syria and Aleppo and the districts of Beyroot, Lebanon, and Jerusalem ; the chief cities are Aleppo, Damascus, Beyroot, Antioch, Hamah, Homs, Jerusalem, Nabloos, Saida, and Gaza. The great majority of the Christian population of Syria belong to the Roman Catholic church, or some of its Eastern forms, as Maronites, Greek Catholics, &c. In consequence of an out- break among the Druse population, caused by religious fanaticism and political jealousy and ending in the mas- sacre of the Christians, a French army occupied the country from August 17, 1860, to June, 1861. The massacre left 10,000 orphans to be provided for. The government is conducted in the same corrupt and extortionate manner as in the other provinces of Turkey. Public revenue, derived from taxation of every kind, is estimated at $2,000,000. See Palestine. Syriam, sirVe-dm', a town of British Burmah, in Pegu, 15 miles E. of Rangoon, on a branch of the Irrawaddy, in its delta. Synnia, sir'me-3,, or Syrmien, sScn'me-^n, the east- ernmost county of Slavonia, in Austro-Hungary, between the Danube and Drave. It gives title to a bishop. Capi- Ul, Vukovar. Pop. 122,592. Syrtis Minor, See Gulp of Cabes. Syrtis Major, the ancient name of the Gulp op SirniA. Sysola, sis-so'li, a river of Russia, rises in the N.E. of the government of Viatka, flows circuitously N.N.VV., and joins the Vitchegda after a course of about 200 miles. Sysseele, sis'siM^h, a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 40 miles E. of Bruges. Pop. 1808. Sytchewskf a town of Russia. See Sitchevka. Syzran, siz-rAn', a town of Russia, government and 70 miles S. of Simbeersk, on the Syzran, near its confluence with the Volga. Pop. 19.443. It has various factories, numerous churches, and public schools. Szabadszallas, s6h'b6d's5.ria,sh', a village of Hun- gary, in Curaania. 23 miles S.W. of Kecskemet. Pop. 6071. Szabadka, Hungary. See Therrsiknstadt, Szabolos, soh^boltch', a county of Hungary, the capi- tal of which is Nagy Kallo. Area, 1890 square miles. Pop. 220,708. Szalad, sohMod', or Zaia, a county of Hungary, N.W. of Balatony Lake, and named from the river Szala, a tribu- tary to the lake. Capital town, Szala-Egerszeg. (See Eci-ins- ZEG.) Area, 1969 square miles. Pop. 333,237. Szalt, silt or s'sAlt (anc. Amathus ?), a. town of Syria, at the S. foot of Mount Gilead, 42 miles N.E. of Jerusalem. It stands on the declivity of a height crowned by a fortress, and exports raisins, sumach, and woven fabrics. It has about 500 houses. Szamos, soh^mosh', a river of Transylvania and Hun- gary, formed by the union of the Great and Little Szamos, 10 miles N.ofSzamos-Ujvar, flows N.AV., and joins the Theiss near the mouth of the Kraszna. Total course, 200 miles. Szamos-Ujvar, soh^mosh'-oo^e-vS-n', or Armenier« stadt, an-mi'ne-er-stitt, a town of Transvlvania, co. of Inner Szolnok, on "the Szamos, 22 miles N.E. of Klausen- burg. It has a castle, and salt springs and mines in its vicinity. Szamotuly, a town of Prussia. See Samteu. SzantOy son'to, a town of Hungary, co. of Aba Uj Var, 12 miles N.N.W. of Tokay. Pop. 4142. Szany, son, a town of Hungary, co. of Oedenburg, 23 miles S.AV. of Ua.ab. Pop. 2374. Szarvas, soR'vosh\ a town of Hungary, co. of B^kes, on the Koros, 22 miles N.E. of Csongrad. Pop. 22,446. Szas-Regen-, s|s-ri'gh5n', a town of Transylvania, co. of Thorad, on the Maros, 19 miles N.N.E. of Maros-Vdsilr- hely. Pop. 4771. SZA 2160 TAB Szasz-Sebcs, TriinsyK-nnid. See MUHlbach. SzaszvaroSjsis'vi'rosh^ (Ger. Brooa, br53), a town of Transylvania, in Saxonland, on an aifiuent of the Maros, 24 miles S.W. of Karlsburg. Szathmar, sol'min', or Szathmar-Varmegye, sot~niaR'-van'in6d'yi>, a county in the E. and S.B. of Hun- gary. Area, 225S square miles. Pop. 308,883. Szatlimar»rfeiTieth, sot'mAn'-nA'ujJt', a town of Hungary, capital of the co. of Szathmar, on the Szaraos, 60 miles N.E. of Debreozin. Pop. 18,353. It consists of Ne- methi on the right or N. banlt and Szathmar on an island in the river, the latter fortified. It has a cathedral, a col- lege, and a trade in wine and woollen fabrics. Szava, a river of Hungary. See Save. Szczuzin, or Schtschiitschin, sh'choo'ohin\ a town of Poland, in Lomza, 35 miles S.W. of Augustovo. P. 4457. Szeben, a town of Hungary. See Seben. Sze-Chuen, a province of China. See Se-Chue.n. Szecseny^ siVh^fi', a town of Hungary, co. of Neo- grad, on the Ipoly, near Balassa-Gyarmath. Pop. 3582. Szegcdin, s^g'5d-in* or s^g'^d^een', or Zegedin, a town of Hungary, capital of the co. of Csongrad, on the Theiss, at the influx of the Maros, 53 miles W.N.W. of Arad. Lat. 46° 17' N. ; Ion. 20° 10' E. Pop. 70,179. It is divided into the Palanka, or central town, in which the residences of the merchants are grouped around an old square Turkish fortress, the upper and lower towns, and New Szegedin, on the E. bank of the Theiss, reached by a bridge of boats. It has a vast market-place, numerous churches, convents, high schools, hospitals, and a theatre. Szegedin has many soap- factories, manufactures of woollens, leather, and tobacco, boat-building yards, a large export trade in corn, rape-seed, and tallow, and imports of Tokay wines, timber, and manu- factured goods from Vienna, Bohemia, Ac. In 1879 it was nearly destroyed by a great flood. Szeghalom, sSg^ohMom', a village of Hungary, co. of B«k«s, SO miles S.E. of Pesth. Pop. 6410. Szegvar, s5g*v§,R', a village of Hungary, co. of Cson- grad, 80 miles S.E. "of Pesth. Pop. 5611. Szekely, Transylvania. SeeUnvAnHELr. Szekely-Keresztur, si'kM'-kiVSs^toon', a town of Transylvania, on the Great Kokel, 12 miles N.E. of Schass- burg. Pop. 7212. Szekler-Land, a subdivision of Transylvania, named from the Szeklers, a race near kindred to the Magyars. Szekszard, or Szegszard, s^K'sond', a town of Hun- gary, CO. of Tolna, 30 miles N.E. of Fiinfkirchen, noted for its good wine. Pop. 9786. Szemptz, a town of Hungary. See Warteerg. Szeiiicz, si'nits', a town of Hungary, co. and 44 miles N.N.W. of Neutra. Pop. 2710. Szenta, a town of Hungary. See Zenta. Szentes, s^n'tSsh', a town of Hungary, co. of Csongrad, near the Theiss, 30 miles N. of Szegedin. Pop. 27,015. Szent Gyorgy, sSnt d'yondj, a town of Hungary, co. and 8 miles N.N.E. of Presburg, at the foot of a castle- crowned height. It has Roman Catholic churches, a Prot- estant church, a college, and sulphur baths. Szent Gyorgy, a village of Hungary, in Jazygia, on the Zagy va, an affluent of the Theiss, 12 miles S.E. of Jasz- Bereny. Pop. 2740. Szent Jaiios, a village of Hungary. See Saint John. Szent Martony, Hungary._ See MAnroNHEGY. Szent Mihaly,s5nt mee'liil', a village of Hungary, 12 miles from Tokay, with a trade in agricultural produce. Pop. 4785. Szent Mihaly, O, o s8nt meeHi&I', a village of Hun- gary, CO. of Temes, on the Bega Canal, B.N.E. of Temesvar. Pop. 2130. Szent Miklosa See Gvergyo-Szent-Miki.os. Szeut Miklos, sSnt mee'klosh\ a village of Hungary, CO. of Stuhlweissenburg, 12 miles from Ftildvar. Szent Miklos, a town of Hungary, capital of Liptau, on the Waag, 34 miles N.E. of Neusohl. Pop. 2179. It has a church, a synagogue, breweries, and salt-refineries. Szent Miklos Bar, s^nt mee'klosh^ ban, a village of Hungary, Hither Danube, co. and 32 miles N. of Presburg, on the Miava. Pop. 2388. Szent Miklos Kun. See Kdn-Szent-Miklos. Szent Miklos, Pfagy, nodj sSnt mee'klosh', a market- town of Hungary, in Thither Danube, co. of Torontal, 35 miles W.S.W. of Arad, on the Maros. It contains a Roman Catholic and a Greek non-united parish church and a practico-economical industrial school. Pop. 9750. Szent Miklos Sziget, s8nt mee'klosh* sig'St', a vil- lage of Hungary, 4 miles S. of Pesth, on an island formed by the left arm of the Danube. Pop. 2187. Szent Miklos Tordk, s^nt mee'klosh^ tii'rok', a town of Hungary, co. of Heves, 58 miles S.W. of Debreczin. Pop. 10,437. Szent Peter, s^nt pi'tSr, a market-town of Hungary, 00. of Borsod, on the Sajo, 8 miles N.N.W. of Miskolcz. Pop. 2730. Szeny, a town of Croatia. See Zengg. Szepsi, a town of Hungary. See Moldau. Szered, si'rM', a town of Hungary, co. of Presburg, on the Waag, 40 miles E.N.E. of Presburg by railway. It has a castle of Prince Esterhazy. Pop. 3434. Szeszuppe, shi-shoop'pi, a river of Poland and Prus- sia, joins the Niemen 6 miles E. of R.agnit, after a N.W. course of 140 miles. Principal affluent, the Schirwind. Szigeth, see'ghit* (sometimes written Ziget), a town of Hungary, capital of the co. of Marmaros, on the Theiss, 90 miles N. of Klausenburg. Pop. 8833. Near it are salt- mines. Szigetvar, see'gh^tVin', a village of Hungary, co. of Sumegh, 21 miles W. of FUnf kirchon. Pop. 4703. Szivacz, see'vits", united villages of Hungary, co. of Bacs, 14 miles E.S.E. of Zombor. Pop. 6900. Szmygiel, a town of Prussia. See Schmiegel. Szoboszio, so^bo3'slo\ a town of Hungary, in the Haiduck district, 12 miles S.W. of Debreczin. P. 13,800. Szolna, sol'n6h\ or Zsolna (Ger. Sillein, sil'line), a town of Hungary, co. and 35 miles N.E. of Trentschin, on the Waag. Pop. 2870. Szolnok, soFnok', a market-town of Hungary, co. of Heves, on the Theiss, 54 miles E.S.E. of Pesth. P. 15,847. Szolnok, Inner and Middle, two counties of Tran- sylvania, watered by the Szamos and its affluents. Szombathely, Hungary. See Stein-am-Anger. Szomolnok, a town of Hungary. See ScuMiJi-NiTZ. Szrein, a town of Prussia. See Schrimm. Szroda, a town of Prussia. See Schroda. Sztanic.sics, sti'nee'ohitch', a town of Hungary, co, of Bacs, 11 miles N.N.E. of Zombor. Pop. 5731. Sztapar, stOh^p^R' (?), a village of Hungary, co. of Bacs, 8 miles S.S.E. of Zombor. Pop. 3100. Szubin, a town of Prussia. See Schubin. Szurul, soo'rool', the highest mountain of the Lower Carpathians, between Transylvania and Wallachia, near the Rothenthurm Pass. Height, 7547 feet. Szvvabenicze, Moravia. See Schwabenitz. T. Taas, Taes, or Taez, t&z or t|s, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, 55 miles E.N.E. of Mocha. It has numerous Taasinge, to'singVh^h, written also Thorsenge, an island of Denmark, immediately S. of Funen. Area, 27 square miles. Pop. 4360. Surface undulating and highly fertile. On its W. side is the village of Trbense. Tab, tab, called also Zohreh and Zoreth (anc. Oron'- tis ? or Afu'ui^ /), a river of Persia, separates the provinces of Fars nnd Khoozistnn, and, after a W. course of 150 miles, enters the Persinn Gulf near its N. extremity. Tabarea, tl-bau'ki, Nueva Tabarca, nwi'vi ti- bau'kA, or Isia Plana, ecs'li pl4'n&, a small island in the Mediterranean Sea, coast of Spain, 5 miles S. of Ali- cante, hit. 38° 9' N., Ion. 0° 30' W., about li miles in length, and 5 furlongs in breadth. Pop. 500. Tabareeyeh, or Tabariyeh, tiVi-ree'ya, written also Tabaria (anc. Tihe'rias), a town of Palestine, 27 TAB 2101 TAB miles E.S.E. of Acre, on the W. shore of the Lake of Tibe- rias. It is seated on a narrow strip of undulating land, between the lake and a mountain-knot connected with Tabor, and it is enclosed landward by a strong wall flanked with towers. The principal edifice is a castle at its N.W. extremity. Near it are some hot baths, adjacent to which is a palace erected in IS.3.3 by Ibrahim Pasha during the Egyptian occupation of Syria. See L.tKE of Tabareeveh. Tabas, td'bis', or Tubblis, tub'bus' (anc. Tabse), a town of Persia, province and 155 miles N.E. of Yezd. Its interior is a mass of ruinous huts, inhabited by 100 families. Tabasco, ti-nis'ko, or Grijota, gre-no'ti, a river of Mexico, states of Chiapa and Tabasco, after a N. course of 250 miles, enters the Gulf of Mexico, lat. 1S° 35' N., Ion. 92° 37' W. Affluents, the Usumasinta, Chilapa, Chila- pilla, and Tabasquillo. At San Juan Bautista its arm the Chiltepee proceeds direct to the Gulf of Mexico, and it is navigable for 70 or SO lengues above that town. Tabasco, a state of Mexico, bounded on the N. by the Gulf of Mexico, E. by Campeachy, S. by Chiapa, S.W. by Oajaca, and N.W. by Vera Cruz. It extends from lat. 17° to 18° 40' N., and from Ion. 91° 20' to 94° 40' W. Length, from W. to E., measured on the parallel of 1 S° N., about 200 miles; mean breadth, about 60 miles. Area, 11,846 square miles. It has a long extent of coast-line, con- taining among other remarkable indentations that of the large Laguna de Terminos on the N.E., with its beautiful islands of Laguna, Carmen, and Puerto- Ileal. The surface consists almost entirely of a great flat, sloping gradually to the sea, but in many parts so low as to be subject to inun- dations, which often isolate its villages and leave no means of communication except by canoes. The streams, though numerous, are short and shallow, and generally obstructed at their mouths by bars and flats. 'The more important are the Usumasinta and Tabasco, which converge and have a com- mon outlet; the Chiltepee, the Santa Ana, remarkable for the size of its estuary, the Tonala, the Uspanapan, and the Guachapa or Paso, forming part of the boundary between Tabasco and Vera Cruz. The climate is excessively hot, and very unhealthy. A large portion of the state is still cov- ered with primeval forests of oak, cedar, mahogany, and ironwood, with occasional spaces in which indigo and v.anilla are found. The soil is very fertile. The products com- prise maize, excellent sugar-cane and cacao, timber, and dyewoods of superior quality ; coifee and cotton thrive. The principal exports are logwood and cacao. The streams abound with fish, and the bees of the forests yield large supplies of honey and wax. The inhabitants are chiefly Indians. Principal towns, San Juan Bautista and Frontera. Pop. 83,707. Tabasquillo, ti-Bis-keeryo (the "Little Tabasco"), a river of Mexico, joins the Tabasco from the W., 8 miles S.AV. of Frontera. Its banks are lined with fine timber. Tabatinga, tJL-ba-tin'gi, a town of Brazil, on the Pe- ruvian frontier, on the left bank of the Amazon, near lat. 4° 35' S., Ion. 70° 20' W., with a fort, government build- ings, and barracks. Taberg, ti'bSng, a mountain of Sweden, 10 miles S.S.W. of Jonkoping. Height, 1129 feet. Ta'berg, a post-village in Annsville township, Oneida CO., N.Y., on Fish Creek, 26 miles W.N. W. of Utica, 2 miles N. of Taberg Station, which is at Blossville, on the Rome, Watertown k Ogdensburg Railroad. It has 2 or 3 churches, a furnace, a cotton-mill, and other mills. Pop. 400. Tabe rnacle, tab'§r-na-kel, a post-haralet of Burlington CO., N.J., in Shamong township, on the New Jersey South- ern Railroad, about 35 miles E.S.E. of Camden, It has a church. Tabernacle, township, Randolph co., N.C. P. 1296. Tabernacle, a post-hamlet of Marion co., S.C, 9 miles S. of Marion. It has a church. Tabernacle, township, Orangeburg eo., S.C. Pop. 355. Tabernacle, a hamlet of Tipton co., Tenn., about 7 miles S.E. of Covington. It has 2 churches. Tabemas, til-BeR'nas, a town of Spain, province and 15 miles N.E. of Almeria. It has coal-, lead-, and iron- mines in its vicinity. Pop. 4549. Tabernas de Valldigna, ti-B5n'nis di val-deeg'- ni, a town of Spain, 22 miles from Valencia. Pop. 5771. Ta'bertown, a township of Cass co., Ind. Pop. 447. Ta'berville, a post-hamlet of St. Clair co., Mo., on the Osage River, about 66 miles S.S.W. of Sedalia. It has a grist-mill. Pop. 160. Tablas, ti'sUs (?), one of the Philippine Islands, 30 miles S.E. of Mindoro. Length, 30 miles; breadth, 3 miles. Lat. 12° 34' N. ; Ion. 122° 18' E. Tablat, ti'bljlt or ta'bla', called also Sanct Fiden, 136 s&nkt fee'd§n, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton and within 1 mile of St. Gall. Table (ta'b'l) Bay, an inlet of the Atlantic, on the S.W. coast of Africa, Cape Colony, Green Point being in lat. 33° 53' 12" S., Ion. 18° 24' '30" E. Breadth of en- trance, about 6 miles. Cape Town is on its S. shore, at the back of which is the conspicuous Table Mountain. The bay is capable of sheltering the largest fleet, and, except from June to August, always afi'ords secure anchorage. It is defended by several forts, and has a light-house near its W. extremity. Table Bluff, a post-township of Humboldt eo., Cal. Pop. 408. Table Cape, New Zealand. See Cape Table. Table Grove, Fulton co., 111. See Laurel Hill. Table Mound, township, Dubuque co'., Iowa. P. 1137, Table Mountain, Ireland, co. of Wicklow, between the rivers Avoca and Slaney. Height, 2312 feet. Table Mountain, a remarkable mountain of South Africa, Cape Colony and district, immediately S. of Cape Town and Table Bay. Height, 3816 feet. It is of primitive formation, owes its name to its peculiar shape and flattened summit, and is often seen covered with a white cloud, named the *' Table-cloth." Table Mountain, Marin co., California, called also Tamel Pais or Tamal Pais, is a few miles N.W. of the Golden Gate. Its altitude is about 2600 feet. Table Mountain, Tuolumne co., California, is a flat- topped mountain of basalt or lava. It is about 30 miles long and 2000 feet high, and has perpendicular sides. 'Fable Mountain, South Carolina, is a natur.al curi- osity and place of resort in Pickens eo. It is said to be 4000 feet high, and has on one side a perpendicular face nearly 1100 feet high. Table Mountain, a post-hamlet of Pickens co., S.C, near a mountain of the same name, 10 miles W. of Easley Station. It has a church and an academy. Table Rock, Sierra co., Cal. See HowLAsn Flat. Table Rock, a township of Siskiyou cb., Cal. P. 327. Table Rock, a post-oftice of El Paso co.. Col. Table Rock, a post-village of Pawnee co.. Neb., on the Big Nemaha River and the Atchison & Nebraska Rail- road, 63 miles S.E. of Lincoln, and 6 or 7 miles N.E. of Pawnee City. It has 2 churches, a bank, and a money-order post-oflice. Table Rock, a post-hamlet of Burke co., N.C, 10 miles N.W. of Morganton. Table Rock, a post-hamlet of Adams co.. Pa., 6 miles N. of Gettysburg. It has a grist-mill and a store. Table Rock, a post-otfice of Raleigh co., W. Va, Table Rock, a station of the Union Pacific Railroad, 70 miles E. of Green River City, Wyoming. Tabo, tah'bo, a post-village of Lalayette co.. Mo., about 18 miles S. by E. of Lexington. Taboa, ti-bo'i, a town of Portugal, in Beira, on the Mondego, 12 miles S.S.E. of Viseu. Pop. 2571. Taboaco, ti-bo-i'so, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 15 miles E. of' Lamego. Pop. 1282. Taboga, ti-bo'gi, an islet of the United States of Colombia, in the Gulf of Panama, 10 miles S. of Panama. Taboguilla, ti-IO-gheel'ya, an island of the Bay of Panama, U miles N.E. of the island of Taboga. Tabon, ti-bon', an island of Chili, off' the N.E. coast of the island of Chiloe, about lat. 42° S., Ion. 73° 10' AV. Taboose, ta-boos', a post-ofiice of Inyo co., Cal. Tabor, ti'bor (Bohemian, C/iomow, Ko'mov), a walled town of Bohemia, capital of a circle, on the Luschnitz, an affluent of the Moldau, 49 miles S.S.E. of Prague. Pop. 6717. It has manufactures of coarse woollens and paper- hangings. It was founded by the Hussites, a sect of whom derive from the name of this town the appellation of Ta- borists. Ta'bor, a post-office of Lake co., Col. Tabor, a post-office of Bon Homme co., Dakota. Tabor, a post-village in Ross township, Fremont CO., Iowa, 10 or 11 miles N. of Sidney, and about 32 miles S.S.E. of Om.aha, Neb. Here is Tabor College (Congrega- tional), organized in 1866 and open to both sexes. Tabor has 3 churches. Pop. 310. Tabor, a post-office of Clay co., Kansas, 45 miles N.N.W. of Junction City. Tabor, a hamlet of Saline co., Neb., 5 miles E.S.E. of Friend. Tabor, a station of the North Pennsylvania Railroad, 5 miles N. of Philadelphia, Pa. Tabor, a post-office of Racine co.. Wis. Tabor, Mount, Palestine. See Mount Tabor. TAB 21 Tabreez, or Tabriz, ta'breez', written also Tauris and Tebriz (anc. Gaz'aca), a city of North Persia, capi- tal of the province of Azerbaijan, in a plain, on a river flow- ing into the Lake of Oorooiuee3'ah. Lat, 38° 2' N. j Ion. 46° 12' E. Estimated pop. 100,000. It is beautifully situ.ated among forests, and is about 3^ miles in circumference, en- closed by a brick wall, and entered by 7 gates, outside of which are large suburbs and fine gardens, said to occupy 30 miles in circuit. The town is miserably built, and, except its citadel and the fine remains of a mosque, it has no edi- fice worthy of notice ; but its bazaars and caravansaries are extensive, and it is an important entrep6t of the trade be- tween Persia, India, Russia, Constantinople, and the Black Sea. It is also the seat of some manufactures of silk stuffs. Tabria, t&-bree'i, a town of West Africa, in Nyffe, 80 miles N. by E. of K.atunga. Pop. about 18,000. Tabusiiitac, tab^u-sin'tak, a post-village and settle- ment in Northumberland CO., New Brunswick, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Tabusintac River, 35 miles from Chatham. Pop. 400. Tacaleeclie, tahMta-Iee'che, a post-ofiice of Benton CO., Miss. Tacaloa, t3,-ki-lo'^, a village of the United States of Colombia, state of Magdalena, at the junction of the Cauca and Magdalena, 24 miles N.W. of Mompox. Tacanies, a seaport of Ecuador. See Ataca.mes. Tacanova, Feejee Archipelago. See Paoo. Tacape, or Tacapa. See Cabes.,j Tacarigua, Lake of. See Lake of Vale.vcia. Tacaroate, ti-k^-ron'ti, a village of the Canaries, in Teneriffe, 3 miles from San Cristoval de la Laguna. Tacazze, or Takazze, ti-kit'si, written also Ta- katse, Takatsy, and Tecazze, a river of Abyssinia, state of Tigre, rises near lat. 12° N., Ion. 39° 30' E., flows N.W., and near lat. 14° 40' N., Ion. 36° E.. receives the Atbara, which name it afterwards assumes to its junction with the Nile at Ed-Damer. Tachau, ti'Kow, written also TaschoAV or Ta- chow, a town of Bohemia, 33 miles W. of Pilsen. Pop. 4111. It has iron-forges, and the oldest glass-works in Bohemia. Tachira, tJl-chee'ri, a state of Venezuela, bounded W. and S.W. by the United States of Colombia. Area, 4825 square miles. It is mountainous, produces wheat, coffee, and cacao, and has coal-beds and petroleum. Capital, San Cristoval. Pop. 68,619. Tack'ett's Mills, a post-ofiice of Stafford co., Va. Taclagur, tak^li-giir', a town of Asia, in Nepaul, among the Himalayas, about 110 miles S.S.E. of Garoo. Lat. 30° 24' N. ; Ion. 81° 5' E. It is a mart for wax, borax, wool, cloth, gold, and tea, and the seat of a large fair in October and November. Tacloban, t^-klo-biln', a town of the Philippines, on the N.E. coast of the island of Leyte, at the S.E. entrance of the Straits of .San Juanico. Tacna, t3,k'ni, a town of Peru, capital of the depart- ment or province of Tacna, on the river Tacna, 1700 feet above the ocean, 40 miles by rail N. of Arica, near the mouth of the river in the Pacific. Lat. 18° 0' S. ; Ion. 72° 10' W. Pop. 10,000. Its fertile vicinity forms a contrast to the desert tracts all around. The department of Tacna has a pop. of 36,019. Taco, ta'ko, or Tah'co, a river of British America, reaches an inlet of the Pacific, on the coast of Alask.a, opposite Admiralty Island. Lat. 57° 54' N. ; Ion. 133° 37' W. The river is ascended by canoes for 100 miles, and pursues a serpentine course between mountains. It rises in a large lake of the same name. Tacoary, a river of Brazil. See Taquari. Tacoma, ti-ko'ini, a post- village of Pierce co., AVash- ington, on the E. shore of Puget Sound, at the W. ter- minus of the Northern Pacific Railroad, which connects here with the Pacific division of th.at road. It is 105 miles N. by E. of Kalama, and about 25 miles N.E. of Olympia. Onedaily newspaper is published here. Tacoma has 2 churches, 1 or more lumber-mills, and a foundry. Pop. about 1000. Ta^coii'ic, or Ta^ghan'ic, a mountain-ridge in Berk- shire CO., Mass., and Bennington CO., Vt. Some writers treat it as a branch or continuation of the Green Moun- tains. It extends in a nearly N. and S. direction, and is formed partly of slate and limestone. The highest peaks of this range are Equinox Mountain, in Vermont (3872 feet), and Greylock, in Massachusetts, 3505 feet above the level of the sea. Tacoiiy, ta-ko'no, a post-office of Philadelphia co.. Pa., is a branch of the Philadelphia post-office. It is on the i2 TAF Delaware River, at Tacony Station of the Philadelphia & Trenton Railroad, 11 miles from West Philadelphia, and about 8 miles N.E. of Independence Hall. Tacony Creek, or Fraiik'ford Creek, Pennsyl- vania, rises in Montgomery co., runs southward through Philadelphia Co., and enters the Delaware River about 1 mile below Frankford. Tacora, til-ko'ri, a mountain of Bolivia, department of La Paz, in the West Cordillera of the Andes, near lat. 17° 10' S., Ion. 70° W., and rising 18,890 feet above the ocean. The village of Tacora, 13,690 feet in elevation, is at the S.W. base of Mount Chipicani. Tacoronte, a village of Teneriffe. See Tacaeonte. Tacuba, ti-koo'ua, or Tacubaya, ti-koo-Bi'i, a town of Mexico, 7 miles N.E. of Mexico. Pop. 2500. Taciinga, t4-koong'gj|,, or ]La Tacunga, li ti- koong'gil, a town of Ecuador, between the Cordilleras of the Andes, 55 miles S. of Quito. Pop. 15,000, mostly Indians. It is built of pumice-stone, and has repeatedly suffered from earthquakes. Tacu'sah, a township of Christian co.. 111. P. 11S2. Tacutu, ti-koo-too', a river in South America, rises in the N.E. of Brazilian Guiana, flows first N., then S.W., and joins the Rio Branco at Fort Sao Joachim. Length, 150 miles. Tad'caster (anc. Calaria ?), a town of England, co. and ainsty of York, on the Wharfe, and on a railway, 9 miles S. of York. It has a church, several chapels, a grammar-school, and an almshouse. Pop. 2443. Tadjiks, a people of Asia. See Taujiks. Tadjurah, a seaport of Africa. See Tajoorah. Tadmor, a ruined city of Syria. See Palmyra. Tad'mor, or Tad'iner, a post-oBice and station of Montgomery co., 0., on the Miami River and tlie Dayton & Michigan R.ailroad, 10 miles N. of Dayton. It has 2 warehouses for grain. Tadousac, ti-doo-s5,k', a post-village .and watering- place of Quebec, capital of the co. of Saguenay, situated at the E. entrance of the Saguenay River, 5 miles above its confluence with the St. Lawrence, 25 miles from Riviere du Loup, and 130 miles from Quebec. It has a good hotel and a number of handsome villas, and is much frequented by tourists and health-seekers during the summer months. It was at an early period the capital of the French settle- ments, and for a long time was one of the chief fur-trading- posts. 'Tadousac contains several grist- and saw-mills, and h.as a large lumber-trade. Salmon and other fish .are plen- tiful in the waters here. Pop. 765. Tadvan, tid-vin', a village of Turkish Armenia, on the W. side of Lake Van, an inlet of which is called the Bay of Tadvan. Tae-Chow-Foo, China. See Tai-Ciiow-Foo. Tae-Shaii, or Tai-Chan, China. See Tai-Shan. Taez, or Taes, a town of Arabia. See Taas. Taf, or Taff, a river of Wales, co. of Glamorgan, rises in the mountains of Brecon by two branches which unite near Merthvr-Tydvil, and flows S.E. to the estuary of the Severn, which it enters a little S.W. of Cardiflf. Length, 40 miles. The Taffvale Railw.ay accompanies it through- out the CO. of Glamorgan. Tafalla, ta-fiU'ya (anc. Tnbalia?),a. town of Sp.ain, in Navarre, 22 miles S. of Pamplona. It has a ruined palace of the kings of Navarre. Pop. 5213. Tafeliieh, ta-f^l'neh, written also Tafelane and Te- felneh, a fortified maritime town of Morocco, 30 miles S. of Mogadore. Pop. 3000. Taff, a river of AVales. See Taf. Taffoeri, t.\f-foo'reo (?), an island of the Malay Archi- pelago, between Celebes and Gilolo. Lat. 1° N. j Ion. 126° 10' E. Taftlet, ti-fe-ISt', or Tafilelt, tl-fe-l^lt', written also Tafillelt, td-fe-lSlt', one of the great subdivisions of the empire of Morocco, E. of Mount Atlas. Soil very fer- tile. It is used as a place of banishment for political offenders. The town of Tafilet is near lat. 31° 45' N., Ion. 4° 3' W., and near here is the village of Rossant, where the governor of the province resides. Taft, tift, a town of Persia, province and 55 miles W.N.W. of Yezd. Pop. 6000, who manufacture carpets which have a high repute. Taftoii, a post-h.amlet of Pike CO., Pa., 3 miles S. of Hawley, and about 30 miles E.N.E. of Soranton. Tafts'ville, a post-village in Woodstock township, Windsor Co., Vt., on the Quechco Rivor and the Woodstock Railroad, 3 miles E. of Woodstock, and about 28 miles E. of Rutland. It has manufactures of axes, scythes, 5 miles j greatest breadth, 20 miles. The soil is highly fertile. Tantal'on, a station in Franklin co., Tenn., on the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad, 94 miles S.S.E. of Nashville. Tanuirath Doora (or Dura), t^-nwe-rith' doo'ril (?) (the Adora'im of Scripture and Adu'ra of Josephus), a large village of Palestine, 5 miles W.S.W. of Hebron, on the E. slope of a hill, enclosed by olive-grounds. It is the residence of a sheikh. Tan-Yang, t^n'yilng', a town of China, province of Kiang-Soo, on the Imperial Canal, 60 miles E. of Nanking. Tao, t^'o, a town of China, province of Hoo-Nan, near lat. 25° 30' N. and Ion. 112° E. Tao-Hing-Teng-Shan (or -Chan), t3,'o-hing^- t^ng-shin', a mountain of China, province of Koei-Choo. Lat. 28° 4' N.J Ion. 108° 27' E. It is covered with per- petual snow. Taoneroa, New Zealand. See Tuiianga. TaooK, Taouk, ta'ook', or ToaU, to'Ak', a town of Turkish Koordistan, on an affluent of the Tigris, 30 miles S. of Kerkook. Taopiy ta-o'pe, a post-office of Minnehaha co., Dakota. Taopi, a post-village in Lodi township, Mower co., Minn., on the Chicago, Milwaukee A St. Paul Railroad, 18^ miles E.S.E. of Austin. It has 2 churches. Taormina, ti-on-mee'ni (anc. Taurome'nium), a town of Sicily, 30 miles S.W. of Messina, near the E. coast of the island. Lat. 37° 48' N. ; Ion. 15° 18' E. Pop. 2458. It has many large churches and convents, a hospital, and splendid remains of antiquity, comprising a theatre capa- ble of accommodating 40,000 spectators, and one of the finest ancient structures extant, commanding a magnificent prospect. It has also remains of the aqueduct and reser- voir which supplied the ancient city, sepulchres, cenotaphs, tessellated pavements, and ruined edifices. Taos, tS-'oce, almost towss, the most northwestern county of New Mexico, borders on Colorado. It is intersected by the Rio Grande, the Rio de Chaco, and other rivers. The surface is diversified by high mountains and table-lands or plains. This county comprises the southern part of the vast and fertile San Luis Park. Between the Rio Grande and Rio de Chaco is a mountain-range called Sierra San Juan. The soil is fertile if irrigated. Wheat, Indian corn, and wool are the staple products, and gold is one of the chief articles of export. Capital, Fernandez de Taos. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $1,550,000. Pop. in 1870, 12,079, of whom 11,980 were Americans. Taos, a post-office of Cole co.. Mo., 7 or 8 miles S.E. of Jefferson City. Taos, New Mexico. See Fernandez de Taos. Tao-Thseu-Shan, or Tao-Thseu-Chan, Wo- t'sfi-oo^-shS.n', a mountain of China, province of Pe-Chee- Lce. Lat. 39° 52' N. ; Ion. 114° 45' E. It is covered with perpetual snow, Taoudiny, or Taoudyny, Africa. See Taudeny. Taouk, a town of Koordistan. See Taook. Taouka, tS,-oo'kd., one of the Society Islands. Tapagipe, tS.-pi-zhee'pi, or Itapagipe, ee-ti-p^- zhee'pd, a village of Brazil, 10 miles N. of Bahia, on a peninsula in All Saints* Bay. It has extensive building- docks and a summer residence of the archbishop. Tapajos, tA-p4'zhoce, or Topayos, to-pi'yoce, a river of Brazil, province of Par^, after a N. course of 500 miles joins the Amazon near Santarem, its basin lying be- tween those of the Madeira and Xingu. Among its prin- cipal affluents are the Arinos and the Juruena, and it is navigable from the Amazon along the former to within 20 miles of the head of navigation of the Cuyabd, an affluent of the Paraguay. Ta-Pa-Ling,ta,^p4Ming', a mountain of China, prov- ince of Shen-See. Lat. 32° 42' N. ; Ion. 106° S' E. It is covered with perpetual snow. Tapanhnacanga, ta-p^n-yoo-^-kang'gS,, a village of Brazil, in Minas-Geraes, 20 miles S.W, of Minas-Novas. TAP 2170 TAR Tapeantana, ti-pi-in-ti'ni, one of the Sooloo Islands, S. of Biiseelan. Lat. 6° 14' N. ; Ion. 122° 8' E. Tapera^ ti-pi'r^, a village of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, 22 miles S.W. of Serro Frio. Taphros, or Taplirae, Russia. See Pehekop. Tapiau, ti'pe-6w^, a town of East Prussia, 22 miles E.S.E. of Konigsberg, on the Pregel. Pop. 2679. Tapicooma (ti-pe-koo'md) Lake, in British Guiana, CO. of Essequibo, is an artificial reservoir for the water- supply of certain estates. Tapisi, ti-pe-see', or Tapiche, ti-pee'chi, a river of South America, rises in the N.E. of Peru, flows N.N.W., expanding into a lake of its own name, enters Ecuador, and, after a course of above 200 miles, joins the Ucayale, a branch of the Amazon. Tap'ley, a post-oflice of Osborne co., Kansas, 22 miles N.N.E. of Victoria. Tap'leytown, a post-village in Wentworth co., On- tario, 4 miles from Stony Creek. Pop. 100. Tap'leyville, a post-village of Essex co., Mass., in Danvers township, about 7 miles N.N.W. of Salem. It has a church, 3 stores, and manufactures of carpets, shirts, and shoes. Tapool (ti^pool') Isles, a group of the Sooloo Archi- pelago, 15 miles S.W. of the island of Sooloo. Lat. 6° 40' N. ; Ion. 120° 50' E. 'Tap'pahan'nock, a post-village, port of entry, and capital of Esse.x co., Va., is on the right or S.W. bank of the Rappahannock River, about 48 miles N.E. of Rich- mond. It contains a custom-house, 3 churches, and a sumach-mill. Steamboats ply regularly between this place and Baltimore. Tappan, Harrison co., 0. See Frankli.v. Tap'pan' (or Tap'paan') Bay, or Tap'pan' Sea, an e.Kpansion of the Hudson River between Rockland and Westchester cos., N.Y. It is about 12 miles long and 3i miles wide. Tappanooly , tS,p-p3,-noo'Iee, a district of Sumatra, on a fine bay on the W. coast. Lat. 1° 43' N. ; Ion. 98° 45' E. Tap'pautOAVn, a post-village in Orangetown township, Rockland co., N.Y., at Tappan Station on the Northern Railroad of New Jersey and the Jersey City .& Albany Railroad, 24 miles N. of New York, and about li miles W. of the Hudson River. It has 2 churches. Major Andre was here tried and executed as a spy in October, 1780. Tap'piil, or Tapal, tap'pQl, also called Tup'pul, a town of India, in Alighur, 40 miles N.W. of Cool. P. 6031. Taprobane, the ancient name of Ceylon. Tap'tee', Tup'tee, or Tap'ty, a river of India, rises in the centre of the peninsula, near Baitool, flows W. through the S. part of the Gwalior dominions and the dis- tricts of Candeish and Surat, and enters the Gulf of Cam- bay 20 miles W. of Surat. The principal affluent is the Poornah, from the S. It is navigable only a short distance above Surat. Taquari, ti-kwi-rce', written also Tacoary, a river of Brazil, province of Matto-Grosso, flows N.W. and S.W., and joins the Paraguay near lat. 20° 20' S., Ion. 58° W. Total course, 400 miles. Taquari, ti-kwi-ree', or Tebicuari, ti-be-kwi-ree', a river of Brazil, rises in the province of Rio Grande do Sul, in lat. 18° S., flows S., and, after a course of about 140 miles, joins the Jacuhy. It is navigated by small craft for about 80 miles. Tara, tah'ra. a p.arish of Ireland, in Leinster, co. of Meath, 2 miles 'W. of Skreen. The hill of Tara was in antiquity a chief seat of the Irish monarchs, and from it was originally brought the famous stone long used in the coronation of the Scottish kings at Scone. It is now in the chair of Edward the Confessor, at Westminster. Tara, ti'ra, a river of Siberia, joins the Irtish 25 miles S.E. of the town of Tara, after a W. course of 200 miles. Tara, a town of Siberia, government of Tobolsk, on the Irtish, 135 miles N. of Omsk. Pop. 6469. It consists of a fortified quarter on a height, and a suburb on the river-bank, inhabited by Tartars, who carry on trade with Toorkistan. It has manufactures of leather, hats, and vitriol. Ta'ra, a post-hamlet of Webster co., Iowa, on the Des Moines & Fort Dodge Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Fort Dodge. It hiis a church and a cheese-factory. Ta'ra, a post-village in Bruce co., Ontario, on the river Au Sauble, 16i miles S.W. of Owen Sound. It contains 2 churches, 5 stores, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, a wooUcn-mill, a tannery, 4 sash- and door-factories, a fanning-mill-fac- tory, a pump-factory, cabinet-works, lime-kilns, a carriage- factory, agricultural implement works, &c. Pop. 450. Tarabesoon, or Tarabozan. See Trebizond. Tarabloos,Tarablous,orTarabIus.SeeTiiiPOLi. Tarachtcha, a town of Russia. See 'Iarashcha. Tarakai. See Tarrakai, Bay of. Tarakai, an island of Asia. See Saghalih. Tarakli, a town of Asia Minor. See Terekli. Taraiiaki, New Zealand. See New Plymouth. Tarancoii, ti-rin-kon', a town of Spain, province and 38 miles W. of Cuenca. Pop. 3393. Taraneh, a town of Egypt. See Terraneh. Taraiisay, an island of Scotland. See Tarrissay. Taranto, t^'r^n-to (Gr. Tapas, Tapaj-Tos; L. Taren'tum), a fortified city and seaport of Italy, province of Lecce, on an island formerly a peninsula, separating the Mare Pic- colo (m^'ri pik'ko-lo, " Little Sea"), its inner harbor, from the Gulf of Taranto, or Mare Grande (mi'ri grin'di, "Great Sea"), 44 miles W.S.AV. of Brindisi. Lat. 40° 27' N. ; Ion. 17° 16' E. Pop. 20,547. The city, on the site of the ancient citadel, is of an oval shape, and has a cathedral, several other churches and convents, a diocesan school, orphan asylum, hospitals, manufactures of linen and cotton fabrics and velvets, and a considerable trade in olive oil, fruits, cotton, and shell-fish, which last abound here in great variety. The inner harbor is excellent as respects both depth and security, but the entrance has become so choked that it is accessible only by boats. The outer harbor, or Mare Grande, is safe, extensive, and defended by the islands of St. Peter and St. Paul. The channel between them is crossed by a bridge 160 yards in length, over which is an aqueduct conveying water to the city from Mutina, 12 miles distant ; and here are the remains of an am]>hitheatre and a few other antiquities. Tarentum, reputed to have been founded by colonists from Sparta about B.C. 700, was long a wealthy seat of commerce, literature, and science. See Gulf of Taranto. Tarapacii, ti-r4-pi-ki', a town of Peru, on a river, 10 miles from its mouth in the Pacific Ocean, and 145 miles S.E. of Ilo. Tarapaca, a maritime department in the extreme S. of Peru, noted for its wealth in saliter and borax. It is an arid region. Pop. 42,002. Tarapia, a town of Turkey. See Therapia. Tarapoto, a town of Peru, 70 miles S.S.E. of Moyo- bamba. It has a cotton-factory. Pop. 5350. Tarare, ti'raR', a town of France, in Rhone, 27 miles by rail W.N.W. of Lyons. Pop. 13,563. It has a chamber of commerce, and extensive manufactures of plain and figured muslins, plush, velvet, and other silk stufis, mostly con- ducted in the homes of the weavers, whose condition is among the best of any in France. Tarascoii, ti"ris"k6N"' (anc. Tarnscon or Tarascon), a town of France, in Bouches-du-Rhone, on the left bank of the Rhone, opposite Beaucaire, with which it communicates by a suspension-bridge, 12 miles S.W. of Avignon. Lat. 43° 48' N.; Ion. 4° 40' E. Pop. 7777. It has a communal college, a church of the eleventh century, thentre, town hall, court-house, barracks, hospitals, manufactures of woollen and silk fabrics, brandy, and leather, some boat- building, and an active general trade. Near it are large nursery-grounds. Teasels, madder, and almonds are raised extensively in the vicinity. Tarascoii-sur-Ariege, ti'rJs'kiNo'-siiR-iVe-aizh', a town of France, in Ariege, 8 miles S. of Foix, on the right bank of the Ariege. Pop. 1513. It has iron-forges and tanneries. Tarashcha, Tarachtcha, or Taraschtscha, tJ- rish'chd, a town of Russia, government and 60 miles S. of Kiev. Pop. 11,420. Tarasp, tJL^rJsp', a village of Switzerland, canton of Grisons, in the Engadine, on the right bank of the Inn, about 10 miles N.E. of Cernetz, 4265 feet above the sea. It has a mineral spring, with hotels and lodging-houses. Taraway, ti^i-wi', written also Knoy, an island in the North Pacific, in the Gilbert Archipelago. Lat. 1° 29' N. ; Ion. 173° 5' E. It is 20 miles long. Tarazona, ti-ri-tho'ni (anc. Turia'ao or Turiaa'au), a town of Spain, province and 52 miles W.N.W. of Sara- gossa, on the Queiles. Lat. 41° 55' N. ; Ion. 1° 43' W. Pop. 8261. It- has a cathedral, 4 parish churches, a bish- op's palace, hospital, and poor-house, with manufactures of coarse woollens, caps, and leather. Tarazona de la Mancha, ti-ri-tho'ni di li min'- ch3i, a town of Spain, province and 25 miles N. of Albaccte, with 4199 inhabitants, and manufactures of printed cottons and handkerchiefs. Tarbagatai, tan-bi-gi-ti', or Tarbagtai, taR-big- ti' (Chinese, Sotii-Taiinj-Chiiig, soo'ee-tsing-ching), a small TAR 2171 TAR territory of Chinese Toorkistan, between Kooltlja and the Siberian province of Semipalatinsk. Its chief town, Tchoo- goochak, was once importiint. Tarbagatai, tan-bi-gi-ti', a mountain-chain of Asia, chiefly in the Russian province of Semipalatinsk, but form- ing part of its boundary, and dividing it from Chinese ter- ritories, between Lakes Zaisan and Balkash. Tarbeua, taR-Ei'nd, a town of Spain, in Valencia, province and about 36 miles N.E. of Alicante. Pop. 1973. Tar'bert, a seaport town of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Kerry, on the S. bank of the Shannon, near its mouth, 4 miles W.N.W. of Glin. Pop. 1021. Tarbert, Loch, Scotland. See East Loch Taiibert and West Loch Taubert. Tarbes, tanb (anc. Tnr'ha or Tarhel'Ucx), a town of France, capital of the department of Hautes-Pyrenees, on the left bank of the Adour, 23 miles E.S.E. of Pau. Pop. lljOSU, It is situated in a fine plain, and separated into three nearly ec[ual parts by two hirge open spaces. Tarbes has a public library, a cathedral, a lycee or college, a cham- ber of commerce, a forest board, scliools of design and architecture, manufactures of copper-wares, cutlery, and paper, a national stud, an active trade in horses, and ex- tensive markets every fortnight. Tarbet, Loch, Scotland. See East Loch Tardet. Tar'bet Island, Ireland, in Connaught, co. of Gralway, is oft' the W. coast, 3 miles S.B, of Achris Head. Tarbet Ness, a promontory of Scotland, cos. of Ross and Cromarty, separating Dornoch and Moray Firths. Tar'bolton, a burgh of Scotland, co. of Ayr, on the Faile, 8 miles S. of Kilmarnock. Pop. 829. It has a church, a subscription library, and manufactures of cotton, ■woollen, and linen fabrics. Tarborough, tar'bur-riih, a post-hamlet of Camden CO., Ga., 15 miles from Waynesville. It has a church, and a manufactory of naval stores. Tarborough, a post-village, capital of Edgecombe co., N.C., in Tarborough township, on the Tar River, about 70 miles E. by N. of Raleigh. It contains 2 academies, a newspaper office, a bank, and 8 churches. Small vessels can ascend the river to this place, and a short branch con- nects it with the Wilmington lating or nearly level. The soil is fertile. Cotton and maize are the staple products. It is traversed by the New Orleans, St. Louis &. Chicago Railroad. Capital, Senatobia. Tate, a township of Clermont co., 0. Pop. 2678. Tate Creek, a post-office of Braxton co., W. Va. Tate Springs, a post-office and watering-place of Grainger co., Tenn., 10 miles N.W. of Morristown. Here is a mineral spring. Tatesville, taits'vil, or Tateville, a post-hamlet of Pulaski CO., Ky., on Cumberland River, and on the Cincin- nati Southern Railroad, 12 miles S. of Somerset. It has a church. Tatesville, a post-hamlet of Bedford co.. Pa., on the Huntingdon & Broad Top Railroad, 12 miles E.N.E. of Bed- ford borough. Tatesville, a post-office of Grundy co., Tenn. Ta-Thsing-Shan, or Ta-Thsing-Chan, ti^- tsing^sh3,n' {i.e., "great blue mountain"), a mountain of China, province of Shan-See, lat. 41° 50' N., Ion. 109° 37' E. It is covered with perpetual snow. Tatihon, ti^tee^6N°', an island of France, off the coast of Manche, strongly fortified, and forming one of the de- fences of the roadstead of Hague. Tat'lock, a post-village in Lanark co., Ontario, 20 miles W.S.W. of Almonte. Pop. 100. Tatnall, tat'nal, a county in theS.E. part of Georgia, has an area of about 1200 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Cannouchee River, and on the S.W. by the Altamaha River. It is also intersected by the Great Ohoo- pee River. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests of pine and other trees. The soil is sandy. Cattle, Indian corn, oats, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Reidsville. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $875,000. Pop. in 1870, 4860, of whom 4827 were Americans. Taton'ka, a post-office of Ellsworth co., Kansas. Ta'ton's, a township of Columbus co., N.C. Pop. 879. Tatrang, ti'tr^ng^, or Tirlunschien, teeii'loon- sheen\ a town of Transylvania, S.E. of Kronstadt. P. 2813. Tatra Range, Hungary. See Cahpathians. Tat-Seen-Loo, or Ta-Tsien-Lu, t&t^seenMoo', a fortified town of China, province of Se-Chuen, 125 miles W.S.W. of Ching-Too-Foo. Lat. 30° 8' N. ; Ion. 102° E. It has an extensive trade with Thibet. Pop. about 500,000. Tatta, or Tattah, tdt't^, a town of India, in Sinde, in the delta of the Indus, W. of its main stream, and 43 miles S.S.W. of Hyderabad. Lat. 24° 46' N. ; Ion. 68° E. Pop. 7951. It is supposed to be the Pattala of Alexander's historians ; its antiquity is unquestioned, ruins surround- TAT 2174 TAU ing it on all sides. Its outward appearance is imposing. The principal edifice is the brick mosque of Shah-Jehan. It has some manufactures of silk and cotton. Tatta, tit'td, a town and caravan-station of Morocco, on the Drah, and on the borders of the desert, 200 miles S. of Morocco. Tattaraii, tatH^-r5,n', one of the Sooloo Islands, be- tween the Baseelan and Belaun Islands. Lat. 6° 10' N. ; Ion. 122° E. Tat'tershall, a town of England, co. of Lincoln, 8 J miles S.S.W. of Horncastle, on the Great North Lincoln Railway. It has a beautiful cruciform church, and in the vicinity are the ruins of Tattershall Castle. Tauaif Hawaii Islands. See Atauai. Taiibate, tow-b^'ti, a town of Brazil, province and 80 miles N. of Sao Paulo. Pop. of the district, 10,000. Tauber, tow'b^r, a river of Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, and Baden, rises near Rothenburg, flows N.W. past Mergen- theim and Bischofsheim-am-Tauber, and joins the Main at Wertheim. Course, 70 miles. Tauber - Bischofsheim. See Bischofsheim-am- Tauber. Taucha, tow'Ki, a, town of Saxony, 6 miles K.N.E. of Leipsic, on an affluent of the Elster. Pop. 2698. Taudeny, Toudeuy, or Taoudyny, t6w'de-nee\ a town of Africa, on the Great Desert, noted for its salt-mines. Lat. about 22° N. ; Ion. 4° W. Tau^^haiinock, taw-gan'nok, a station in Tompkins CO., N.Y., on the Cayuga Southern Railroad, 12 miles N. of Ithaca. Taughannock Falls, a post-office of Tompkins co., N.Y., on the Geneva, Ithaca A Sayre Railroad, 1 mile from Cayuga Lake, and 10 miles N.W. of Ithaca. Here is a fine cascade 190 feet high, formed by a small creek, the water of which is precipitated into a deep chnsm, with cliff's on either side 300 feet in height. This fall forms one of the most romantic and picturesque scenes in the whole of Western New York. Taugon-la-Ronde, to^gANo'-lfL-r^Nd, a village of France, in Charente-Inferieure, arrondissement of La Ro- chelle. Pop. 1361. Taujgaon, a town of India. See Tazgaon. Taujiks, taw'jeeks', Taevanceville,a post-hamlet of Belmont co., 0., 40 miles N.N.E. of Marietta. It has a church. Pop. 120. Temperancevil I e, a former borough of AUeghanv co.. Pa., on the S. bank of the Ohio River, U miles below Pitts- burg. It has 6 churches, a bank, salt-works, a rolling-mill, 2 breweries, and a planing-mill. It was incorporated with Pittsburg in IS73. Pop. 2060. Temperancevil I e, a post-hamlet of Accomack co., Va., 16 miles S. of Newtown, Md. It has 2 churches and a s.aw-mill. Temperanceville, Ontario. Sec Orwell. Tempesca, tiim-pfis'ki, n river of Europe, rises in the N. slope of Mount Argcntaro, in the S.E. of Servia, flows TEM circuitously N.N.W., and, after a course of 60 miles, joins the Morava on the right, 6 miles below Perekop. Tempe Vale, a hamlet of Scioto co., 0., 2 miles W. of Portsmouth. It has a flour-mill and 10 houses. Tempio, t^m'pe-o, or Tempio Pausania, t^m'pe-o pow-si'ne-S,, a town of the island of Sardinia, on a moun- tain, 31 miles E.N.E. of Sassari. Pop. 5003. Tempisque, t^m-pees'ki, a river of the W. part of Costa Rica, after a S. course, enters the Gulf of Nicoya 8 miles N. of Nicoya. Tern Piute, pi-yute', a post-office and silver-mining camp of Lincoln co., Nev., ISO miles S. of Eureka. Temple, tem'p^l, a post-hamlet of Hillsborough co., N.H., in Temple township, 4 miles N.W. of Greenville Station, and about 25 miles W.S.W. of Manchester. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 421. Temple, a post-village in Muhlenberg township, Berks CO., Pa., on the East Pennsylvania Railroad, 5 miles N. of Reading. It has iron-furnaces and a carriage-factory. Temple Hill, a post-village of Barren co., Ky., 9 miles S. of Glasgow. It has a church and 3 stores. Templeman's (tem'pel-manz) Cross Roads, a post-village of AVestmoreland co., Va., 50 miles S.E. of Fredericksbui'g. It has 2 churches. Temple Mills, a post-hamlet of Franklin co.. Me., in Teoiple township, 6 miles W.N.W. of Farmington. It has 3 churches. Tem^plemore', a town of Ireland, co. of Tipperary, on the Great Southern & Western Railway, 8 miles N. of Thurles. It chiefly consists of one street, and has a hand- some church, a Roman Catholic chapel, endowed school, hospital, dispensary, bridewell, and large barracks. Temples, tem'pelz, a hamlet of Jeff"erson co.. Pa., 9 miles from Brookville. Temple's Ittills, a post-office of Bradford co,, Fla., at or near Temple Station. Templeton, tem'p^l-ton, a post-village of Benton co., Ind., on the Cincinnati, Lafayette & Chicago Railroad, .nt its junction with a branch of the Wabash, Railroad, 19 miles W.N.W. of Lafayette. Templeton, a post-village in Templeton township, Worcester co., Mass., ^ mile from Templeton Station of the Ware River Railroad, and 10 miles S. of Winchendon. It has a savings-bank, a hotel, 6 churches, and manufac- tures of chairs, furniture, tin-ware, woollen goods, and boots and shoes. Pop. 2764. The township also contains East Templeton, Baldwinsville, and Otter River. Templeton, a station of the Vermont & Massachusetts Railroad, 19 miles W. of Fitchburg, Mass. Templeton, a township of Atchison co.. Mo. P. 974. Templeton, a post-hamlet and station of Armstrong CO., Pa., on the Alleghany River and the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 9 miles N. of Kittanning. It has 3 churches. Templeton, a post-hamlet of Prince George co., Va., about 14 miles S. by E. of Petersburg. It has a plough- factory and a wagon-shop. Templeton, formerly Gatineau (giHee^no')Point, a post-village in Ottawa co., Quebec, at the confluence of the rivers Gatineau and Ottawa, 2 miles from Ottawa. It contains 6 stores and a saw-mill. Pop. 200. Templeuve, tftM^pluv', a village of Belgium, in Hai- naut, on the French frontier, 5 miles N.W. of Tournay, on the railway to Brussels. Pop. 3415. Templeuve, a village of France, in Nord, 8 miles S.E. of Lille. Pop. 912. Tempi eville, tem'pel-vil, a post-hamlet of Queen Anne co., Md., about 50 miles E.S.E. of Baltimore. Templin, tem'plin, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, on Lake Dolgen, 24 miles S.E. of Neu-Strelitz. Pop. 4012. Tem'plin, a post-hamlet of Wabaunsee co., Kansas, 18 miles from Council Grove. It has a church. Tem'po, a village of Ireland, co. of Fermanagh, on the Tempo, 8 miles E.N.E. of Enniskillen, Pop. 422. Tem'po, a post-village in Middlesex co,, Ontario, 4 miles W. of Glanworth. Pop, 150. Temrook, Temrouk, or Temruk, t^m-rook', a fortified town of Russia, on a peninsula on the S. side of the Sea of Azof, about 30 miles E. of the Strait of Yeni- kale. Lat. 45° 15' N, ; Ion, 37° 10' E. Pop. 7426. Temsche, or Temsica. See Tamise. TenaAy, ten'if-lee, a post-hamlet in Palisade township, Bergen co., N.J., on the Northern Railroad of New Jersey, 16 miles N. of Jersey City, and nearly 1 mile W. of the Hudson River, It has 3 churches, and manufactures of rubber goods and of boots and shoes, Ten'allytown, a post-village of the District of Colum- bia, 6 miles N.N.W. of the capitol. It has 2 churches. 51 TEN Tenancin^o, ti-nft-n-sing'go, a town of Mexico, state and 30 miles S.S.W. of the city of Mexico. Tenangon, a river of Michigan. See Ontonagon. Ten'ant's Har'bor, a post-village in St. George township, Knox co., Me., on a small inlet of the ocean, about 12 miles S.S.W. of Rockland. It has a fine harbor, a church, a high school, and a hotel. Tenasserim, t^n-as'seh-rim, or Tanas'serem, a river of Tenasserim, rises in lat, 14° 30' N., flows S. through a narrow valley, but near the town of Tenasserim turns sharply W., and enters the Indian Ocean in hit. 12° N., by 3 principal mouths, enclosing two islands, on the N, of which stands the town of Mergui. Total course, 220 miles. Tenasserim, a town in the southernmost part of Ten- asserim, taken from the Burmese in 1826, on the S. bank of the river Tenasserim, 50 miles E.S.E, of Mergui. Lat. 11"^ 49' N.; Ion, 99° 10' E. Tenasserim, a division or comniissionership of British Burmah, comprising the districts of Toungoo, Shway-gyeen, Salwin, Amherst, Tavoy, and Mergui. Area, 43,047 square miles. Capital, Maulmain, Pop. 596,525, chiefly Karens, Burmese, Shans, and Peguans. It is mostly a long, narrow strip, having Siam on the E. and the sea on the W, ; but its N. extension lies between Pegu on the W. and the Shan country and Laos on the N, and E. The surface is mostly mountainous, and covered with fine forests; but there are some alluvial plains well adapted to the culture of cotton, indigo, and tobacco, which, with rice, sugar-cane, numerous fruits, excellent teak and sapnn-wood, in the N., bamboos, rattans, various drugs and gums, betel, cocoa-nuts, bala- chong, tortoise-shell, horns, and coal at Mergui, are the chief products. The principal rivers are the Salwin, the At- taram, the Ye, the Tavoy, and the Tenasserim. Along the shore islands of various magnitude occur, the principal of which is the island of Balu, opposite Maulmain, which has a greater number of inhabitants, in proportion, than any other part of these provinces. The climate is healthy, the thermometer ranging from 75° to 98°. The annual fall of rain is 108 inches. The rainy season continues from May to October, after a dry season of six months. Iron and tin are plentiful in the provinces of Tavoy and Mergui, but few mines are wrought. Elephants, rhinoceroses, tigers, the wild hog, and great numbers of deer abound in the forests. The population are mostly Booddhists, except the Karens; they manufacture cotton and some silk fabrics. The ports are free, and many vessels are built on the coast. The country passed into the hands of the British by the peace of Yandabo, which terminated the Burmese war, in 1826. Tenay, t?h-ni', a village of France, in Ain, 30 miles from Bourg-en-Bresse. It has silk- and woollen-mills. Pop. 2459. Ten'brook, a post-oflBce of Lake co., Tenn. Tenbury, t^n'ber-e, a town of England, co. and 18 miles W.N.W. of Worcester, on the S. bank of the Teme. Pop. 1210. It has various schools, a trade in hops and cider, tanning, and glove-making, and a popular mineral spring. Ten'by (Welsh, I>enbych-y-Pys/o?-y.— Tennessee was permanently colonized in 1754, from North Carolina, of which province this region was a part. It was officially named the District of Washington, in 1776; but the people (I785-S8) organized and main- tained a separate government under the name of "the State of Franklin." In 1789 the whole was merged into •' the United Stivtes Territory south of the Ohio." In 1794 Tennessee became a separate territory, and in 1796 a state. In June, 1861, a majority of the people voted for secession ; but East Tennessee had a large majority of active Union- ists throughout the war of 1861-65. This state was the scene of several active campaigns, and severe battles took place at Fort Pillow, Stone River, Island No. 10, near Memphis (naval), Nashville, Chickamauga, Lookout Moun- tain, Missionary Ridge, Knoxville, Franklin, and many other places. Since the war there have been many difficult financial and social problems, and the labor-system has been disorganized, but the state has made much progress, especially in her manufacturing interests. The Population in 1790 was 35,691 ; in 1800, 105,602 ; in 1810, 261,727 ; in 1820, 422,771 ; in 1830, 681,904 ; in 1840, 829,210; in 1850, 1,002,717; in 1860, 1,109,801; in 1870, 1,258,520, of whom 936,119 were white. Tennessee, a post-village in Tennessee township, McDonough co., 111., on the Chicago, Burlington &, Quincy Railroad, 9 miles W.S.W. of Macomb, and 51 miles N.E. of Quincy. It has a graded school and valuable coal-mines. The township contains a village named Colchester. Pop. of the township, 2126. Tennessee Colony, post-office, Anderson co., Tex. Tennessee Pass, Colorado, a pass over the main range of the Rocky Mountains, has an elevation of 10,418 feet. Lat. 39° 2V 30" N. ; Ion. 106° 18' W. It is the easiest pass over this range in Colorado. Tennessee Ridge, a post-office and station of Hous- ton CO., Tenn., on the Louisville «fe Memphis Railroad, 33 miles W. of Clarksville. It has a store. Tennessee River is formed by the Clinch and Hol- ston Rivers, which rise in Virginia and unite at Kingston, Roane co., Tenn. It flows southwestward to Chattanooga, where it turns abruptly to the right, and soon strikes a mountain -ridge which compels it to run southwestward to Guntersville, Ala. Below this point it pursues a "W.N.W. direction until it touches the N.E. part of the state of Mississippi. It next bends to the right, returns into the state of Tennessee, runs northward, and forms the boundary between the cos. of Perry, Humphreys, Houston, and Stewart on the right, and Decatur, Benton, and Henry on the left. It finally runs nearly northwestward through Kentucky, and enters the Ohio River at Paducah. It is the largest affluent of the Ohio River, and is about 800 miles long, excluding the branches. Large steamboats can ascend it to Florence, about 270 miles from its mouth. Near Florence the navigation is obstructed by rocky rapids, called Muscle Shoals, above which the river is navigable for steamboats to Kingston. The chief towns on this river and branches are Knoxville, Chattanooga, Florence, and Paducah. It has an affluent called Little Tennessee (which see). About $700,000 has been expended in an unsuccessful effort to improve the navigation by a canal at the Muscle Shoals. Seven steamboats are employed on this river above the Muscle Shoals. Since the civil war the government has appropriated large sums for the improve- ment of the navigation of this river. Tennessee River, Tennessee. See Danville. Tennessee Rolling- Works, a post-village of Lyon CO., Ky., on the E. or right bank of the Cumberland River, about 27 miles E. of Paducah. It has 2 churches and a rolling-mill which makes good boiler-iron. Pop. 700. Tennille, ten'nil, a post-village of Washington co., Ga., on the main line of the Central Railroad of Georgia, at the junction of a railroad to Sandersville, 55 miles E. by N. of Macon. It has 2 churches and a high school. Tennis, a town of Algeria. See Tenes. Tennstedt, t^nn'st^tt, a town of Prussian Sa.\ony, 15 miles N.N.W. of Erfurt. Pop. 2762. Tenochtitlan, ti-notch-tit-lin', the ancient name of the city of Mexico, and of the table-land on which it stands, elevation averaging 7500 feet. Tenos, the ancient name of TiNO. Ten Pound Island, Massachusetts, f of a mile S. of Gloucester. Lat. 42° 35' N. ; Ion. 70° 40' W. Tenriu, tSnVe-oo', a river of Japan, in the island of Hondo, which it traverses N. to S., and falls into the Pa- cific a little W. of the Bay of Totomina. Total course, about 100 miles. Ten'sas, a parish in the N.E. part of Louisiana, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Mississippi River, and on the W. by the Tensas River and Macon Bayou. The surface is level, and but little higher than the river. The soil is fertile. Forests of cypress, ash, oak, hickory, honey-locust, and other trees cover a large part of the surface. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products, and of the former over 25,000 bales are sometimes produced in a year. Capital, St. Joseph. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,887,117. Pop. in 1870, 12,419, of whom 12,151 were Americans. Ten'sas (or Tensaw), a post-hamlet of Baldwin co., Ala., on the Tensas River and the Mobile A Montgomery Railroad, 17 miles N.E. of Mobile. Here is Tensas Station. Here much timber is taken from the rafts of the Tensas and sent by rail to Pensacola. Tensas (or Ten'saw) River, Louisiana, rises in the N.E. part of the state, and runs nearly southward. It forms the boundary between Franklin and Catahoula par- ishes on the right and Madison and Tensas on the left, and enters the Ouachita River at Trinity. It is nearly 240 miles long. Steamboats can ascend it about 150 miles. Tensas (or Tensaw) River, in Baldwin co., Ala., flows S. to Mobile Bay, in a course generally parallel to that of the Mobile River, of which it may be regarded as a bayou or side-channel, Tensift, tSn^sift' or tSn^seeft', a principal river of Mo- rocco, which kingdom it divides into two nearly equal parts, after a W. course of 190 miles, enters the Atlantic 45 miles N.N.E. of Mogadore. Tenter, an island of Russia. See Tendra. Ten'terden, a town and borough of England, co. of Kent, 17 miles S.E. of Maidstone. Pop. of the borough, 3669, chiefly agricultural. Tenth Legion, le'jun, a post-hamlet of Rockingham CO., Va., 6 miles S. of Newmarket, and 3 miles from Broad- way Depot. It has a church. Tentugal, t^n-too-gS,!', a town and parish of Portugal, province of Douro, 10 miles N.W. of Coimbra, near the right bank of the Mondego. Pop. 2065. Tentyra, the ancient name of Denderah. Teny (ten'e) Cape, a post-village in Hants co., Nova Scotia, on a headland at the mouth of a river of the same TEN 2185 TER name in Cobequid Bay, 23i miles from Newport. Manga- nese is found in the vicinity. Pop. 250. Tenysville, ten'iz-vil, post-office, Baker co., Oregon. Teocalli (te-o-kal'lee) illouutaili, Colorado, a peak of the Elk Range, in lat. 38° 57' 40" N., Ion. 106° 53' W. It has an altitude of 13,113 feet above the sea-level. The strata composing this mountain are nearly horizontal, and so broken as to form a series of steps from the base to the summit. It resembles the teocallis of the Aztecs. Teoge, ti-o'gi, a river of South Africa, an affluent from the N. of Lake Ngaini. Teohante, Quebec. See Mei.ocheville. Teonista Creek, Pa. See Tioxesta Creek. Teopi\ca, ti-o-pi.x'ki, a town of Me.xico, state of Chiapa, IS miles from Ciudad Real. Teora, ti-o'ri, a town of Italy, province of Avellino, 6 miles S.S.E. of Sant' Angelo del Lombard!. Pop. 4319. Teotihuacaii, tA-o-te-wi-kin', a plateau of Mexico, about 15 miles N.N.E. of Tezcoco, surrounded on all sides, e.YCept the E., by ridges and mountain-spurs, and celebrated for two remarkable pyramids which stand near its centre. The one measures 6S2 feet at its base and terminates in a level platform 121 feet high. The other is smaller. Tepeaca, tA-pA-i'ki, a town of Mexico, state and 20 miles S.E. of Puebla. It has a Franciscan convent, manu- factures of woollen stuffs, and trade in corn. Tepeje,or Tepexe,tA-pi'Hi, a town of Mexico, state and 50 miles S. of Puebla. Tepel, a town of Bohemia. See Tepl. Tepeleni, ti-pi-li'nee, written also Tep'aleen'and Tep'aleil', a town of Albania, 32 miles E.S.E. of Avlona, on the Voyussa. It is .almost wholly in ruins. The prin- cipal edifice is the palace of Ali Pash.i of Yanina, born here about a.d. 1750. Tepetitan, tA-pite-tin', a town of Mexico, state of Tabasco, on the river Tepetitan, an affluent of the Chila- pilla, 60 miles N.W. of Ciudad Re.al. Pop. 1000. It is irregularly built of mud and sun-dried bricks. Tepic, t6p-ik' or tA-peek', a town of Mexico, state of Jalisco, on a height, 25 miles E. of San Bias. Pop. 10,000. It is the principal town in the state after Guadalajara, and is the residence during the rainy season of most of the wealthy inh.abitants of San Bias. Tepl, Tepel, tep'l, or Tepla, t^p'lA, a town of Bo- hemia, 29 miles N.W. of Pilsen. Pop. 2421. Near it is the abbey of Tepl or Teipl. Teplik, tep'lik, a town of Russia, in Podolia, 32 miles N.N.E. of Olgopol. Pop. 1500. Teplitz, Toeplitz, tSp'lits, or Top'litz (Hung. Xis-Teplicz, kish-tSp'lits), several market-towns of Hun- gary, the principal in the co. of Liptau, 20 miles S.W. of Kesmark. Pop. 1220. Teplitz, or Toeplitz, Bohemi.a. See Toplitz. Teposcolula, or Tepozcoliila, tA-pos-ko-loo'li, a town of Mexico, state and 45 miles N.W. of Oajaca. Tequam'enon, or Tahquam'eiiaw, a bay at the E. extremity of Lake Superior, and contiguous to Chippewa CO.. Mich. Tequendama Falls, South America. See Bogota. Tequia, tA-kee'A, a town of the United States of Co- lombia, st.ate of Boyaca, 45 miles S.S.W. of Pamplona. Ter, tSr, a river of Spain, in Catalonia, rises in the Py- renees, flows S. and E. past Gerona, and enters the Medi- terranean by several mouths S. of the Gulf of Rosas. Total course, 90 miles. It is almost everj^vhere fordable, and its waters near the sea are mostly diverted for irrigation. Ter, a district of Russia. See Teiiek. Tera-Kako, t^r'a-kA'ko, a peninsula on the E. coast of New Zealand, North Island, bounding the entrance to Hawke's Bay on the N.E. Teramo, ter'A-mo (anc. Interam'itia), a city of Italy, capital of the province of Teramo. 27 miles N.E. of Aquila. Lat. 42° 40' N. ; Ion. 13° 48' E. Pop. 8S29. It has a cathedral, severjil convents, a college, clerical seminary, botanic garden, orphan school, foundling and other asylums. Its neighborhood is very fertile in corn, wine, and oil. Teramo, formerly Abriizzo Ultra I., i-broot'so ool'- trA pree'mo, a province of Italy, in the Abruzzi. Area, 1284 square miles. Pop. 246,004. Teraneh, a town of Egypt. See Terraneh. Tera-Wera (tA'rA-wA'i-A) Lake, of New Zealand, North Island, 40 miles in length, discharges its waters N.E. into the Bay of Plenty by Tera-Wcra River. Terceira, tSn-sA'e-rA, one of the Azores Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, central group, N.E. of Fayal and Sao Jorge, lat. 38° 30' N., Ion 27° 10' W., about 70 miles N.W. of St. Michael (Sao Miguel). Greatest length, 20 miles ; average breadth. 13 miles. The coast almost everywhere pre- sents bold and inaccessible cliffs. The interior risos by gentle slopes towards the centre, where it becomes mountainous, and then descends abruptly towards the N.W. The whole surface bears the impress of volcanic agency. The soil, composed of decomposed lava and other volcanic matters, possesses the greatest natural fertility. Heavy crops of yams, grain, and pulse of all sorts are raised. Fruit also of exquisite flavor is very abundant, and oranges and lemons are now raised to a great extent. Pumice is the only mineral which seems capable of being turned to any account, and there are no manufactures worthy of the name. The capital of the island is Angra, which gives its name to a department including the three islands of Terceira., Sao Jorge, and Gr.aciosa. Pop. 40,000. Terceira signifies "third" island, it being the third in length of the group. Tercero, tSa-sA'ro, a river of the Argentine Republic, states of Cordova and Santa Fe, after an E. course joins the Paranii at the influx of the Rio Salado, whence it is navigable to a point 100 miles S.E. of Cordova. Terchova, t3iOKo'voh\ a village of Hungary, co. of Trentschin, 12 miles from Szolna. Pop. 3450. Terdoppio, tda-dop'pe-o, a river of Italy, rises a little S. of Lago Maggiore, flows S.S.E., and joins the Po. Length, 53 miles. Tereblestie, tA-ri-bl^s'tee, a village of Austria, prov- ince of Bukowina. Pop. 3190. Terek, tA-r^k', a river of Russia, after an E. course of 350 miles, enters the Caspian Sea by several mouths, near hit. 44° N., Ion. 46° to 48° E. It is rapid, and has numer- ous affluents. Terek, or Ter, a government of Russia, in Ciscaucasia, extending from the crest of the Caucasus N.E. to the Cas- pian Sea. Area, 23,267 square miles. It is traversed by the Terek. Its N. portion is composed of steppes and marshes. Chief town, Vladikavkas. Pop. 485,237. Terekli, tSr'e-klee\ written also Tarakfi, a small town of Asia Minor, 36 miles E.S.E. of Ismeed. Terence Bay, Nova Scotia. See Tukn's Bay. Tereshka, tA-resh'ka, a river of Russia, rises on the N. frontiers of the government of Saratov, and flows nearly parallel to the Volga, which it joins 30 miles N.N.E. of the city of Saratov. Length, ISO miles. Terette, t4-rSt'tA, a town of Italy, in Ca.serta, S.E. of Sora, on the top of an almost inaccessible height. P. 1830. Terga, t^R'gA, a town of Morocco, kingdom and 70 miles N.N.E. of Fez, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 3000. Tergeste, Tyrol. See Tkiest. Tergestiiius Sinus, Tyrol. See Gulf of Triest. Terglon, t^r'gloo, a mountain of the Carnic Alps. Height, 93S0 feet. Tergnier, t^m'ye-A', a village of France, in Aisne, 19 miles by rail W.N.W. of Laon. Here are machine-shops of the railroad. Pop. 3079. Ter-Goes, Netherlands. See Goes. Tergouw, Netherlands. See Gooda. Tergovist, Tirgovist, t^r-go-veest', or Targu- Vestea, tar'goo-ves-tA'A, a town of Roumania, on the Jalomnitza, 4S miles N.W. of Bucharest. Pop. 8190. Terk, t§Rk, a pretty little town of North Persia, prov- ince of Azerbaijan, 70 miles S.E. of Tabreez. Terlizzi, tin-lit'see, a town of Italy, in Bari, 17 miles S.E. of Barlctta, and 7 miles from the Adriatic. Pop. 18,175. It has a cathedr.al and a church, and 3 convents. Termeh, a town of Turkey. See Thebmf,h. Termini, t^n'me-ne (anc. Ther'mx), a seaport town of Sicily, on the N. coast, near the mouth of the river Ter- mini, 20 miles E.S.E. of Palermo. Lat. 37° 67' N. ; Ion. 13° 42' E. Pop. 19,560. It is enclosed by walls, and de- fended by a castle on a lofty rock. It has warm mineral baths, whence its name, a caricaiore or depot for grain, and an active anchovy-fishery. Six miles E. are the ruins of the ancient flimera. Terrainos, Laguna de. See Lacuna de Termixos. Ter'minus, a post-otfice and railroad station of Pinal "Terminus, a post-office of Oneida co., Idaho, at Oneida Station. Termoli, t^n'mo-le, a town of Italy, province of Campobasso, on a peninsula in the Adriatic, 16 miles S.E, of II Vasto. Pop. 31S9. Termonde, Belgium. See Dexdermonbe. Termonfeck'an, or Torfeck'an, a village of Ire- land, CO. of Louth, on the E. coast, 2 miles S.S.W. of Clogher. It is a place of resort for sea-bathing. Ternate, ter'nAt' or ter-ni'tA, an island of the Malay Archipelago, on the W. coast of Giiolo, E. of Celebes, and TER TER N. of Coram. Lat. 0° 48' N. ; Ion. 127° 18' E. On it is a remarkable volcano, over 5000 feet in height, at the base of which, on the S., is the town of Ternate, the residence of the sultan .and of the Dutch regent of the island. The island is nearly circular, about 10 miles in diameter, and thickly wooded. Cocoa-nuts, sago, and other tropical products are plentiful, and tobacco and cotton are grown. Sulphur, salt- petre, pumice-stone, and lime are the chief minerals. Teruate, a residency of the Dutch possessions in the East, including Ternate Island, part of Celebes, the N. coast of Papua, and the adjoining islands of Waigeoo, Sala- watty, Mysol, &e. Capital, Ternate. Pop. 99,821. Tei-nate, a town situated on the E. coast of the island of Ternate. It is neatly built, has broad, paved streets, a large market-place, a mosque, and a Protestant church, and hard by the Dutch fort and the sultan's palace. The town is picturesquely situated, and is the capital of the Northern Moluccas. It has a large trade in tortoise-shell, trepang, wax, birds of paradise, and massay bark. Pop. 9000. Ternava, a town of Hungary. See Tyrnaii. Terneuse, t^R'nuz', a town of the Netherlands, in Zealand, on the left bank of the Scheldt, 6 miles W.N.W. of Axel. Pop. 3093. Terni, tfiii'nee (anc. Iiiteram'na), a town of Italy, province of Perugia, picturesquely seated near the Nera, 49 miles N.N.E. of Rome. About 4 miles to the E., on the Velino, a stream which flows into the Nera, is a celebrated cascade, called the Cascata del Marmoue (k4s-k4'ti d^l man'mo-rA). The water falls, by three leaps, about 750 feet, producing one of the most beautiful and romantic cataracts in the world. The town is enclosed by turreted walls, and has a noble cathedral with some fine paintings, a theatre, a bathing-establishment, and active manufactures of woollen and silk fabrics. Among its remains of an- tiquity are the vaults of an amphitheatre. Pop. 9115. Teriiova, a town of Bulgaria. See Tirxova. Terodaiit, ti-ro-dant', written also Taroodant, Taroudant, and Tarudant, a town of Morocco, capi- tal of the province of Soos, on the river Soos, 125 miles S.AV. of Morocco. Pop. 15,000. It stands in a fertile plain, and its thick and lofty walls enclose a large area. Its in- habitants excel in the art of dyeing. Teror, ti-ron', a town of the Canaries, island of Gran Canaria, with a large and handsome church, an episcopal pal.ace, a primary school, and manufactures of woollen and linen cloth. Ter'race, a post-office of Box Elder eo., Utah, on the Central Pacific Railroad, 100 miles W. of Corinne. Terracina, t4R-Ri-chee'ni (anc. Anx'ui; afterwards Terraci'na), a seaport town of Italy, at the S. extremity of the Pontine marshes, and on the Gulf of Terracina in the Mediterranean, 58 miles S.E. of Rome. Pop. 6224. On the height above it are the cathedral, and ruins of the ancient Anxur, and above these, on a bold height, the re- mains of the palace of Galba. The harbor is accessible only to small coasting-vessels, and there is little trade. The celebrated Appian Way, between Rome and Terracina, is still traceable. Ter'ra Cot'ta, a post-office of Ellsworth CO., Kansas. Ter'ra del Fue'go (Sp. Tierra del Fuego, te-^R'ni dSl fwA'go, the "land of fire;" Port. Terra do For/o, t^R'ni do fo'go; Fr. Terre de Fen, taiR d?h fuh ; Ger. Feuerland, foi'?r-lilnt"), a large group of islands at the S. extremity of South America, between lat. 52° 40' and 56° S. and Ion. 63° 40' and 75° W. It is separated from the mainland by the Strait of Magellan, and its other sides are washed by the Atlantic on the E., the Pacific on the W., and the Ant- arctic on the S. Besides numberless small islands, it con- sists of one very large island, East Terra del Fuego, or King Charles' South "Land, measuring from E. to W., near its S. shore, 385 miles, with an extreme breadth, from N. to S., of above 200 miles, and of four very considerable smaller islands, — Nav.arino and Hoste on the S., separated from East Terra del Fuego by Beagle Channel, and Clarence and Land of Desolation on the W. All of the islands are deeply penetrated by arms of the sea, and composed of mountains which are either covered with perpetual ice and snow or are clothed with stunted forests, chiefly of evergreen beech. The term Land of Desolation, which Cook applied to the large western island, is strictly applicable to the whole group. The climate is one of the most wretched which it is possible to imagine; mist, rain, and snow, with con- tinued storms, follow one another in constant succession. The zoology of the group is very scanty. Besides cetacea, the only mammalia are a bat, rats, seals, mice, the fox, sea- otter, guanaco, and deer. Birds, however, particularly Bea-fowl, are numerous. The natives of the N.E. part of Terra del Fuego resem- ble the Patagonians in color and stature ; those of the S.E. portion are low in stature, ill-looking, and badly propor- tioned. Terra del Fuego was discovered by Magellan in 1 520, and named " Land of Fire," from the fires he saw on its coast during the night. Those fires are supposed to have been volcanic. Inhab. Fuegian, fu-ee'jan. Terra del Sole,teR'R4 Ai\ so'li, a town of Italy, province and 46 miles N.E. of Florence, on the Montone. Pop. 4215. Terra di Lavoro, Italy. See Caserta. Terra di Otraiito, Italy. See Lecce. Terralba, tSn-Rirba, a village of the island of Sar- dinia, 12 miles S.S.E. of Oristano. Pop. 4283. Terran, European Turkey. See Tirana. Terraneh, tSr-ri'nfh, Teraneh, or Taraneh, ta- ri'n^h, a town of Lower Egypt, on the Rosetta arm of the Nile, 7 miles W. of Mcnoof. Terranova, t^R-R^-no'vi, a town of Italy, in Basili- cata, 23 miles S.S.W. of Tursi. Pop. 1996. Terranova, a town of Italy, province of Cosenza, 8 miles S. of Cassano. Pop. 2558. Terranova, a town of Italy, province of Reggio di Calabria, 9 miles E.S.E. of Palmi. It was founded at a very early period, and had risen to be one of the finest places in the province, when it was in great part destroyed by the earthquake of 1783. Terranova (anc. Oh'hia), a town of the island of Sar- dinia, on a bay of the N.E. coast, 26 miles S.E. of Longo- Sardo. Pop. 1976. Terranova, a seaport town on the S. coast of Sicily, near the mouth of the Terranova, 18 miles E. of Alieata. Pop. 14,686. It has a castle, several churches and con- vents, a hospital, and a handsome palace. Coarse cloth is manufactured here, and finds a good market at the annual fair in August. The town has also a caricaiore or corn-, magazine, and an export trade in corn, wine, sulphur, and soda. Terra Nova. See Newfoundland. Terranuova, tjR'ni-noo-o'vi, a town of Italy, prov- ince of Florence, 7 miles S.E. of Figline. Pop. 6669. Ter'rapin Creek, Colorado, rises about 30 miles S.E. of Denver, runs northward through Arapahoe co., and enters the South Platte River in Weld co., about 10 miles E. of Evans. It is nearly 75 miles long. Terrapin Hill, a post-office of Coosa co., Ala. Terra Santa, the Italian name of Palestine. Terrasson, t^R^R^s^siN^', a town of France, in Dor- dogne, 16 miles N.N.E. of Sarlat. Pop. 2586. Tcrrazzo, tSr-rat'so, a village of Italy, province of Verona. Pop. 2853. Terre Bonne, tdrr'bonn', ab,ayou of Louisiana, runs nearly southward in the parish of its own name, and enters the Gulf of Mexico. The name is French, and signifies " good land." Terre Bonne, a southeastern parish of Louisiana, has an area of about 1850 square miles. It is bounded on the S. and S.W. by the Gulf of Mexico, and on the W. by the Atchafalaya Bayou. It is drained by Caillou, Chene, Black, and Terre Bonne B.ayous. The surface is level and partly subject to inundation, and extensively covered with forests and shallow lakes. The soil is fertile. Sugar, mo- lasses, and Indian corn are the staple products. Among the forest-trees are the cypress and live-oak. Morgan's Louisiana & Texas Railroad passes along the N. border of this parish. Capit.al, Houma. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $4,193,117. Pop. in 1S70, 12,451, of whom 12,237 were Americans. Terre Bonne, a post-hamlet of Terre Bonne parish, La., on Morgan's Louisiana A Texas Railroad, at the junction of the ilouma Branch, 55 miles W. by S. of New Orleans. Terrebonne, tSrr'bon', a county in the S.W. part of Quebec, has an area of 545 square miles. It is drained by the North River, which flows into the Ottawa, and other small streams. Capital, St. Jer6me. Pop. 19,591. Terrebonne, a town of Quebec, in the co. of Terre- bonne, on the river Jesus (a branch of the Ottawa), 16 miles N. of Montreal. It has a Roman Catholic college, with 17 professors and an average attendance of 200 pupils, 2 churches, saw-, grist-, and oarding-mills, and manufactories of cloth, leather, iron eastings, and agricultural imple- ments. It possesses unsurpassed water-power ; there are extensive limestone-quarries in the vicinity. Pop. 1050. Terre Coupee, t4r're ko'pe (Fr. pron. tain koo'pi'), a post-hamlet of St. Joseph co., Ind., 2 miles N.W. of Terre Coupee Station of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern TER 2187 TES Railroad. It has a church. Terre Coupee Station is 12 miles W. of South Bend. Terre de Feu. See Teura del Fuego. Terre -de- Haul, taiR-d?h-h6', and Terre-de- Bas, taiu-d^h-bd', two islets of the French West Indies, together forming the group of Petite-Terre, 26 miles E, of Guadeloupe. Two other islets with these names are in the group called Les Saintes. Terre Haute, tJr'reh hot, a post-village in Terre Haute township, Henderson co., 111., about 13 miles S.S.E. of Burlington, Iowa. It has 2 churches and a carriage- factory. Pop. 139; of the township, 1132. Terre Haute, usually pronounced tSr'reh hot, a flour- ishing city, the capital of Vigo co., Ind., is situated on tlie E. bank of the Wabash River, and on the Wabash & Erie Canal, 73 miles W.S.W. of Indianapolis, 69 miles N. of Vincennes, 166 miles E. by N. of St. Louis, and 1S6 miles S. of Chicago. It is built on ground which is elevated about 60 feet above the river, and it has a beautiful situa- tion. The plan of the city is rectangular; the streets are wide, and bordered with numerous shade-trees and gardens. About half of the houses are built of brick, and the others of wood. The principal public buildings are a court-house, a fine opera-house, 7 large public school-houses, the Indiana State Normal School, the Providence Hospital, IS churches, some of which are spacious and ornamental edifices, 7 banks, and the Polytechnic Institute. Three daily and 5 weekly newspapers are published here. The opposite banks of the river are connected by a fine bridge, over which the National Road passes. Large quantities of grain, flour, and pork are exported from this place, which is the centre of an active trade and is fast becoming a manufacturing town in consequence of its proximity to the great block- coal-mines of Clay CO., 12 miles distant. It has 2 blast- furnaces, a large nail-factory with a rolUng-mili, and a separate rolling-mill. Terre Haute is a terminus of the following important railroads, viz., the Terre Haute & In- dianapolis, the Evansville & Terre Haute, the Illinois Mid- land (which extends to Peoria), the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute, the Logansport & Terre Haute, the Terre Haute & Cincinnati, and the Evansville, Terre Haute & Chicago. The Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad also passes through this place. Pop. in 1860, 8594; in 1S70, 16,103; present pop. about 27,000. Terre Haute, a post-village of Becatur co., Iowa, on the Crooked Fork of Grand River, 9 miles S.W. of Leon. Terre Haute, a post-hamlet of Putnam co.. Mo., 16 miles S.W. of Unionville, and about 52 miles N.N.E. of Chillicothe. It has a church and 2 stores. Pop. 65. Terre Haute, a post-hamlet of Champaign co., 0., in Mad River township, about 30 miles N.N.E. of Dayton. It has 2 churches. Terre Hill, or Fair'vil I e, a post-hamlet of Lancaster CO., Pa., 16 miles S.S.W. of Reading. It has 2 churches. Ter^rell', a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is drained by Ich- awaynochaway and Kinchafoona Creeks. The surface is nearly level, and the soil is fertile. Forests of pine and other trees cover nearly one-third of the county. Cotton, maize, and lumber are the staples. This county is inter- sected by the Southwestern Railroad. Capital, Dawson. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,606,199. Pop. in 1870, 9053, of whom 9025 were Americans. Terrell, a post-town of Kaufman co., Tex., on the Texas & Pacific Railroad, 32 miles E. of Dallas. It con- tains several churche.^, the Terrell Institute, 2 banks, 2 newspaper offices, 2 grain-elevators, a flouring-mill, *tc. ; and here are several flowing wells of good water. Many cattle are shipped here, the value of which sometimes amounts to nearly $500,000 per annum. Pop. about 2500. Terrene, tSr-reen', a post-hamlet of Bolivar co.. Miss., on the Mississippi River, opposite the mouth of White River. Steamboats procure fuel here. Terre-Neuve. See NEWFotrMDLAxn. Terrenoire, or Terre-Noire, tSu'nwaR', a village of France, department of Loire, 2 miles from Saint-Etienne. It has mines of coal, 3 blast-furnaces, iron-forges, and a manufactory of Bessemer steel. Pop. 2856. Terre Noire (t^r noir; Fr. pron. tfin nwan, i.e., "black land") Creek, Arkansas, runs southeastward in Clark CO., and enters the Little Missouri River about 3 miles from its mouth. Terre Rouge (t^r roozh) Creek, Arkansas, rises in Hempstead co., runs in an E.N.E, direction, and enters the Little Missouri River in Nevada co. Terressa, t^a-rSs's^, one of the Nicobar Islands, in the Indian Ocean, in lat. 8° 20' N., Ion. 93° 15' E. Terricciola, tSR-nit-cho'ia., a village of Italy, prov- ince and 19 miles S.E. of Pisa. Pop. 3428. Ter'rill's Corners, a post-village of Waushara co., Wis., in Leon township, 10 miles N.W. of Berlin. It has a church, a cheese-factory, and a steam saw-mill. Ter'ry, a county of Texas, on the Staked Plain. Area, 900 square miles. Terry, a post village of Hinds co.. Miss., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 16 miles S. by W. of Jackson. It has 3 churches, 8 stores, and a hotel. Many peaches, pears, grapes, and plums are shipped here. P. 125. Terry, a post-office of Orange co., Tex., on the Texas *fc New Orleans Railroad, 13 miles W. of Orange. It is on or near the Sabino River. Terry Station, a post-office of Bay co., Mich., on the Michigan Central Railroad, 10 miles N. by W. of Bay City. Ter'rysville, or Ter'ryville, a post-vilhige in Ply- mouth township, Litchfield co., Conn., 1 mile from the New York & New England Railroad, and 22 miles W.S.W. of Hartford. It has 2 churches, a graded school, an iron- foundry, and manufactures of locks, knives, shears, &c. Ter'rytOAVn, a post-hamlet in Terry township, Brad- ford CO., Pa., on the Susquehanna River, 2 miles from Wyalusing Station, and about 40 miles N.W. of Scranton. It has a church. Ter'ryville, a post-village of De Witt co., Tex., 14 miles E. of Cuero. It has 3 churches and a plough-factory. Terschelling, ter-SK^l'ling, an island of the Nether- lands, in the North Sea, province of Friesland, between Vlieland and Ameland. Length, 16 miles. Pop. 2775. Tertenia, t^R-ti'ne-^, a village of the island of Sar- dinia, 15 miles S.S.E. of Lanusei. Pop. 1519. Teruel, ti-roo-fil', a town of Spain, capital of a prov- ince, on a hill, near the Guadalaviar, 72 miles N.W. of A''alencia. Pop. 10,432. It is enclosed by walls, and has a cathedral, a bishop's palace, and a handsome seminary. Teruel, a province of Spain, in Aragon. Area, 5494 square miles. Pop. 252,201. Tervueren, t^R-vU'ren, a village of Belgium, in South Brabant, 7 miles B. of Brussels, with a royal residence. Teschen, tSsh'en, a walled town of Austrian Silesia, on the Olsa, a tributary of the Oder, 38 miles E.S.E, of Troppau. It has 2 ducal castles, a gymnasium with a li- brary, and manufactures of woollen cloths, cassimores, linen, leather, liqueurs, and fire-arms. Pop. 9779. A treaty be- tween Austria and Prussia was concluded here in 1779. Tesegdelt, ti^sSg-dfilt', a town of Morocco, 30 miles S.E. of Mogadore. It has a handsome mosque. Tesha, Techa, tgsh'4, or Tiasha, te-^'shd, a river of Russia, rises in the S. of the government of Nizhnee- Novgorod, flows N., then W. to the frontiers of Vladimeer, and joins the Oka above Moorom. Length, 110 miles. Teshoo-Loomboo, t^sh^oo'-loom'boo', frequently written Chashe-Lo-Um-Boo, a town of Thibet, 160 miles W. by S. of Lassa. Lat. 29° 4' N.; Ion. 89° 7' E. It is properly a large monastery, consisting of 300 to 400 houses, the habitations of the Booddhist monks, besides temples, mausoleums, and the palace of the Teshoo-Lama. Above 4000 friars and nuns perform daily their devotions here. Here is a large manufactory of idols, at which the most skilful workmen are employed. Tesino, Switzerland. See Ticino. Tesora, a town of Celebes. See Wajo. Tesouras, ti-s6'rS,s, a river of Brazil, rises among the mountains of Tesouras, receives the Peixa, and, after a course of about 200 miles, joins the Araguay. Tesouras, a town of Brazil, province and SO miles N.N.W. of Goyaz. It owes its existence to the great quan- tities of gold which were furnished for a time by the small stream of the same name; but since the washings ceased to be productive many of the inhabitants have emigrated. Tess Cor'ners, a post-hamlet of Waukesha co., Wis,, 11 miles S.E. of AVaukesha, and about 13 miles S.W. of Milwaukee. It has a church. Tesse, a river of Russia. See Teza. Tessel, North Sea. See Texel. Tessenderloo, tfis-s5n'der-lo\ a village of Belgium, in Limbourg, 15 miles N.\V. of Hasselt. Pop. 3540. Tessierville, tes^secr'vil, or Saint Ul'ric, a post- village in Riinouski co., Quebec, on the river St. Lawrence, 24 miles below Metis. Pop. 150. Tessin, t^s-seen', a town of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 20 miles N.N.E. of Gustrow, on the Recknitz. Pop. 2736. It has manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics. Tessin, Switzerland. See Ticino. Testaccio, tSs-tit'cho, a village of Italy, in a beauti- ful valley in the S, part of the isle of Ischia. TES 2188 TEX Teste-de-Buch, La. See La Teste-de-Buch. Testigos, t^s-tee'goce, a group of islets in the Carib- bean Sea, belonging to Venezuela, oO miles N.W. of Mar- garita, in lat. li° 23' N., Ion. 63° 12' W. Tes'ton, a post-village in York co., Ontario, 3 miles from Richmond Hill. Pop. 125. Tet, t^t or ti, a river of France, department of Pyrg- nees-Orientales, after an E.N.E. course, enters the Medi- terranean 7 miles E. of Perpignan. Leng.th, oo miles. Tet, or Tett, t^t, a decayed town of Morocco, near Blanco, 8 miles S.W. of Mazagan. Pop. 1000. Tet'bury, a market-town of England, co. and 17 miles S.S.E. of Gloucester. Pop. 3349. It is near the source of the Avon, and has 2 market-houses, a handsome church, and various chapels. Some manufactures of woollen are carried on, and it has a. trade in yarn, cheese, and butter. Tete, ti'ti, or Tette, tet'ti, a town of East Africa, capital of a government of the Portuguese territory, on the Zambezi, 100 miles N. of Sena. It is large, well built, and healthy from occupying an elevated site. Tete-a-Gouche, tait''a^goosh', a settlement in Glou- cester CO., New Brunswick, on the T^te-^-Gouche River, 3 miles from Bathurst. Pop. 300. The T^te-a-Gouche River is one of the best salmon-streams in the province. Tete des Morts, tait di moRt, a township of Jackson CO., Iowa. Pop. 979. Tete-Noire, t^t-nwaR or tit-nwaR' ("black-head"), a pass of the Alps, between Switzerland and Savoy, 7 miles S.W. of Martigny. See Morcles, Dent de. Teterev, or Teterew, ti-ti-r^v', a river of Russia, governments of Volhynia and Kiev, joins the Dnieper 36 miles N, of Kiev, after a N.E. course of 150 miles. TeteroAV, td.'teh-rov\ atown of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, duchy and 16 miles E. of Giistrow. Pop. 5247. It has tobacco- and woollen-cloth-factories, and bleaching-estab- lishments. Te'tersburg, a post-hamlet of Tipton co., Ind., 40 miles N. of Indianapolis. It has a church and a saw-mill. Tetiooshi, Tetioushi, or Tetiushi, ti-te-oo'shee, a town of Russia, government and 60 miles S.S.W. of Kazan, on the Volga. Pop. 3297. Tetir, ti-teeR', or Vega de Tetir, vi'gS, di ti-teen', a town of the Canaries, island of Fuerteventura. Teton {ta-ton') Basin, a fertile plain in Oneida co., Idaho, partly surrounded by mountains. "This basin." says N. P. Langford, "is more than 800 square miles in extent, is covered with perennial grasses, and well watered by large streams fringed with an abundant growth of cot- tonwood. There is not a finer stock-raising region on the continent." Teton, Grand, Wyoming. See Mount Hayden. Teton Range, Idaho, a branch of the Rocky Moun- tains, near Snake River, is mostly formed of granite and gneiss. The highest peak of it is Mount Hayden, which rises 13,858 feet above the sea. The timber-line on this range is about 9000 feet high. Below this line the moun- tains are covered with forests of fir and pine, which are said to furnish " the finest timber in the world." " The scenery of the Teton range," says Prof. Hayden, " is truly Alpine in its character, approaching that type more nearly than any other known in the AVest." Mount Hayden and two other peaks are called " the Three Tetons," and are prominent landmarks to travellers on Snake River. Teton River, Montana, rises in the Rocky Mountains, in Deer Lodge co,, runs eastward in Choteau co., and enters the Missouri (or Maria's) River about 12 miles N.E. of Fort Benton, Length, nearly 160 miles. Its average width is said to be 25 or 30 yards. Its mouth appears to be about 1 mile from the mouth of the Maria's. Tetooan, Tetouan, Tetuan, tSt^oo-5,n', or Tet^- Wan' (anc. Jagath ?), a walled seaport town of Morocco, in the province of El Garb, IS miles S. of Ceuta, 35 miles S. of Gibraltar, and 6 miles from the Mediterranean. Lat. 35° 50' N. ; Ion. 5° 20' AV. Pop. 18,000. of whom 6000 are Jews, a few Christians, and the remainder Mussulmans. The climate is healthy and delightful. The environs are planted with vineyards and gardens, and superior fruit abounds, especially oranges, which are reckoned by some as superior to any in the world. The town contains many mosques, some of them spacious and of handsome Moorish architecture, IS small synagogues, and a Roman Catholic church built by Spain in 1862. It contains several palaces, in architecture similar in miniature to the Alcazar of Seville and the Alhambra of Granada. The town is built on an elevation, and commands a magnificent view of the luxuriant scenery all around and of the sea in the distance. The harbor is protected by a fort at the mouth of the river. Commerce is limited to the supply of a small province and the exportation of fruit. The principal manufactures are of wool, silk, leather, and small-arms. Tetooan was founded in 1492 by the refugees from Granada, and many of the families still retain the title-deeds of their former estates in Spain. It was taken by Spain in 1859, and in 1861 ran- somed by the Sultan of Morocco for the sum of $20,000,000. Tetscheu,t^t'shen, atown of Bohemia, IS miles N. N.E. of Leitmeritz, on the right bank of the Elbe. Pop. 35S0. It has mineral springs, and an ancient castle. Tette, a town of Africa. See Tete. Teuchern, toiK'ern, a town of Prussian Saxony, 17 miles S. of Merseburg. It has a castle. Pop. 3907. Teuffen, or Teufen, toif fen, a town of Switzerland, canton and 4 miles N. of Appenzell. Pop. of parish, 4953. Teuk-Cham, ti'ook-shdm', a city of Formosa, capi- tal of its northern provinces, 45 miles S.W. of the treaty- port of Tamsui. Exports, sugar, and large amounts of excellent peanut oil. Pop. 50,000. Teulada, t^'oo-la'Da, a town of Spain, in Alicante, near the Mediterranean, 9 miles S. of Denia. Pop. 2384. Teulada, Cape, Sardinia. Sec Cape Tkulada. Teutoburger-Wald,toi'to-bo6R'gher-wait(anc. Te?*- tohnrgen'sis Sal'tus), a mountain-range of little elevation in North Germany, extending from the Erz-Gebirge, in West- phalia, N.W. to near Osnaburg in Hanover, a distance of about 100 miles. Teutopolis, tew-top'o-lis, a post-village in Teutopolis township, Effingham co., III., on the St. Louis, Vandalia «fe Terre Haute Railroad, 4 miles E.N.E. of Effingham, and about 26 miles S. by W. of Mattoon. It contains St. Joseph's Ecclesiastical College (Catholic), a Catholic chapel, and a Franciscan monastery. Pop. of the township, 1033. Tevere, a river of Italy. See Tiber. Teverone, ti-vi-ro'ni, or Aniene, i-ne-i'ni (anc. A'uio), a river of Central Italy, flows N.W. and W. past Subiaco and Tivoli, and joins the Tiber 4 miles N. of Rome. Total course, 55 miles. In ancient times it supplied water to Rome by two aqueducts, one 43 miles long. Teviot, tiv'e-ot, a river of Scotland, co. of Roxburgh, joins the Tweed at Kelso, after a N.E. course of 34 miles. Hawick is the only town on its banks. Teviotdale, a name applied to the co. of Roxburgh, Scotland. Teviotdale, tiv'e-ot-dale, a post-village in Wellington CO., Ontario, 23 miles W.N.W. of Elora, It contains saw-, grist-, and planing-mills. Pop. 100. Tewkesbury, or Tewksbury, tuks'ber-e, a borough of England, co. and 10 miles N. N.E. of Gloucester, on the Avon, at its junction with the Severn, and connected with the Birmingham & Gloucestershire Railway by a branch 2 miles in length. Pop. 5409. It has a magnificent abbey church, town hall, market-house, jail, penitentiary, various chapels, a literary and scientific institution, mechanics' institute, dispensary and lying-in charity, a blue-coat school, free grammar-school and other schools, and almshouses and other charities. It has manufactures of stockings, bobbinet lace, nails, and leather. It returns two members to the House of Commons. The battle of Tewkesbury was fought in the "Bloody Meadow," immediately S. of the town. TcAVkesbury, a village in Quebec co., Quebec, 20 miles from Quebec. Pop, 200. Tewksbury, tfiks'ber-e, a post- village in Tewks- bury township, Middlesex co., Mass., on the Lowell & An- dover and Salem & Lowell Railroads, 5 miles E.S.E. of Lowell, and about 23 miles N.N.W. of Boston. It contains a church, and near it is the state almshouse. At Tewks- bury Junction, 6 miles E.S.E. of Lowell, the Salem & Lowell Railroad joins the Lowell & Lawrence Railroad and is crossed by the Lowell & Andover Railroad. The township is bounded N. by the Merrimac River, and AV. by the Concord River. Pop. of township, 1997. Tewksbury, township, Hunterdon co., N.J. P. 2327. Texan'a, a post-village, capital of Jackson co., Tex., on the Navidad River, at the head of steamboat navigation, about 95 miles S.W. of Houston, and 30 mites N. of In- dianola. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 200. Texarkana, tex-ar-kan'a, a post-town, capital of Miller co., Ark., 145 miles S.W. of Little Rock, 5S miles N.N.E. of Jefferson, and 222 miles E. by N. of Dallas, Tex. It is partly in the state of Texas, and is an important rail- road centre. It is the E. terminus of the Trans-Continen- tal Branch of the Te.\as ifc Pacific Railroad, and the S. ter- minus of the St. Louis &, Iron Mountain Railroad. Another branch of the Texas & Pacific Railroad extends southward from Texarkana to Marshall. It has 3 churches, 2 news- paper offices, and several schools. Pop, about 2000. Texarkana Junction, a station in Bowie co., Tex., on the Texas & Pacific llailroad, at the junction of the Trans-Continental with the Jefl'erson division, 5 miles W. of Texarkana. Texas, tSx'as (Sp.pron.ti'His, said to signify "friends" in the Caddo hmguage, and derived immediately from the Tachiesj a tribe of Indians whose descendants, called Ionics or Inies, now live in the Indian Territory), the south- westernmost of the Gulf states of the American Union, is bounded N. by New Mexico, the Indian Territory, and Ar- kansas, E. by the Indian Territory and Louisiana, S.E. by the Gulf of Mexico. S.W. by Mexico, and AV. by Mexico and New Mexico. From New Mexico it is divided by the line of 32° N. lat. eastward from the Rio Grande to Ion. 103° W., and thence northward by that meridian. Its northernmost limit is 36° 30' N. lat. (but this part of its boundary appears to be uncertain, the county of Greer, Ac., having been claimed by the United States as a portion of its unorganized domain). From Ion. 100° W. eastward the Red River is the northern limit. The eastern line of the state follows the meridian of 94° W. Ion. southward until the river Sabine is reached, from which point to the Gulf it follows that stream. The Rio Grande divides it from Mexico. Area, according to United States census, 274,356 square miles, or 175,587,840 acres. (The settlement of its questioned northern limit may increase or decrease these figures, but not largely in any event.) This area very far exceeds that of any other state, being about six times that of Pennsylvania. It extends farther S. than any state except Florida. Face of the Country. — Between the Sabine and Trinity Rivers there are extensive level and sandy pine forests, northward of which the country is rolling, well timbered, and fertile. Central Texas, as far W. as the Colorado, is very generally prairie, with timber belt along the streams j but in the N. there is an extensive forest called the " Cross- Timbers," consisting mainly of post-oak and black-jack; and northwestward is a great region called the "mezquite timber," from the abundance of its mezquite trees. Between the Upper Colorado and the Brazos extend the Comanche and Leun River mountain-ranges, and still farther to the N.W. are the Church and the Double Mountains, and the country is generally broken until we reach the Llano Esta- cado, or Staked Plain (named from the abundant stake-like stems of the yucca), an elevated plateau where water and grass are almost wanting, and where the best fuel is afforded by the great woody roots of the dwarfed and scanty shrub- bery. Western Texas is generally a dry, healthful, pas- toral region, with pure and invigorating climate, varied scenery, and a generally ample supply of clear water in its streams, wells, and springs; but northward there are tracts where the water is salt or ?n other cases is so charged with lime-salts as not to be potable. Along the Rio Grande the country is frequently barren, and its growth of mezquite and post-oak is so small as to constitute no longer a forest, but a thicket or chapparal. South of New Mexico the country is mountainous. Here are the Organ Moun- tains, the Sierras del Alamo, del Diablo, Blanca, Aquila, Monina, Guadalupe, Apache, Pancut, Charrote, Ac, extend- ing for the most part indefinitely and irregularly eastward, interspersed with salt plains and table-lands, where slender arroi/08 and infrequent water-holes alone prevent the country from being impassable. The coast-lands of Texas are everywhere low, and frequently sandy or marshy, . Geology. — Azoic or primitive rocks appear in the moun- tain-ridges on the Upper Rio Grande, and also in the valley of the river Llano; and these rocks appear to be flanked eastwardly by Silurian deposits. The upper valleys of the Red River and the Brazos appear to be of triassic age ; but the great formations of Texas are the cretaceous and the tertiary. A line running from the N.E. angle of the state, on the Arkansas line, southwestward to Austin, and thence to San Antonio, and extending in the same general course to the Rio Grande, would roughly divide the tertiary on the left hand from the cretaceous on the right; but on the sea-coast the tertiary gives place to quaternary and recent formations. The cretaceous covers a large part of the remainder of Texas, probably including the Staked Plain ; but from Cooke co. westward nearly to that plain there is a large expanse of the carboniferous, reappearing (perhaps in a detached field) in the upper valley of the Colorado. The Texas coals are entirely unexploited, but promise well as regards quality and quantity. They are supplemented by the abundant black and brown lignites of the tertiary. Iron ore has been wrought to a limited ex- tent in the tertiary. Lead, copper, silver, bismuth, and other metals are known to exist in the interior, and the ores of all are reported to be abundant and rich. The Spaniards of Mexico once wrought silver-mines in this state. Salt springs and lakes are numerous in the north- west, and along the gulf shore, especially southwestward, there are extensive and productive salt lagoons. Useful mineral springs abound. Gypsum, limestone, and sand- stone afford serviceable building materials. Rivers. — The rivers Sabine and Neches reach the sea through the Sabine Lake audits Pass, and both afford some navigation, chiefly for timber-schooners. The Angelina, an affluent of the Neches, is also navigated in high water. Into Galveston Bay flow the Trinity River and Buffalo Bayou, both navigable for steamboats. The Brazos has been navigated by steam for 300 miles, but at low water ita channels are encumbered by shifting shoals. Matagorda Bay receives the Colorado, which has been rendered navi- gable to Austin. The Guadalupe, San Antonio, and Nueces afford but few commercial facilities. The Rio Grande in its lower course is deep, crooked, and swift, with a bad bar at its mouth, but steam navigation is practicable for some distance upon it. Its principal tributary is the Pecos, a long but slender stream. East of the 100th meridian Texas is for the most part well watered, with numerous streams. The Red River receives from Texas the Canadian, Pease, Big Wichita, and Little Wichita Rivers, and the Sulphur Fork, besides several upper forks and head-streams. The great affluents of the Brazos are the Leon, Clear Fork, and Navasota. Into the Colorado flow the Llano, Concho, San Saba, and Salt Fork ; the San Marcos into the Guadalupe, the Medina into the San Antonio, and the Rio Frio into the Nueces. The Red River and Big Cypress Bayou afford valuable steamboat navigation for the N.E. The Coast-Line is 400 miles in extent. The low penin- sulas of Bolivar and Matagorda, and the sand islands of Galveston, San Luis, Matagorda, St. Joseph, Mustang, Padre, and Brazos, fence four-fifths of the main coast-line from the waves of the gulf, being separated from the main- land by a series of bays and lagoons, of which the prin- cipal are East, Galveston, West, San Luis, Matagorda, Tres Palacios, Lavaca, Espiritu Santo, St. Charles, and Cor- pus Christi Bays, and the Laguna del Madre. Galveston, Indianola, Corpus Christi, Brazos Santiago (with Browns- ville), and El Paso on the Upper Rio Grande are ports of entry ; and , Sabine City, Velasco, Matagorda, and Port Lavaca have also some commerce by sea. Galveston is the seat of most of the maritime trade. Texas ships immense quantities of cotton, with hides, horns, and other cattle- products, deer-skins, wool, beeves, wax, pecan-nuts, osage- orange seed, tfec, and by rail and on the hoof she sends northward great numbers of beef-cattle every season. She imports sawn lumber from the more eastern Gulf states, and manufactured goods of every kind from the North, and there is a brisk trade with Mexico. Climate. — The gulf coast has a long and hot summer, tempered by sea-breezes, and qualified by occasional "northers" (as the cold storm-winds are called), which sometimes last four or five days. The high inland prairies have a delightful climate throughout the year. AY. of 100° W. Ion. the summers are too dry for agriculture, except where irrigation is practicable. As a whole, Texas is re- markably healthful, except that in the low grounds and moist prairies malarial fevers prevail. The coast-towns are exposed to occasional visitations of yellow fever; and along the Rio Grande the singular break-bone fever, or Native Productions, — Among the wild animals are bears and deer (abundant in the eastern pine forests), the bison, peccary, civet, armadillo, raccoon, coyote, opossum, Ac. The tarantula, scorpion, gallinipper, sand-fly, centipede, wood- tick, locust, chigoe, and mosquito are troublesome insect pests in some parts. Here are found the interesting agri- cultural ants, which sow, harvest, and store away their hoards of grain ; and elsewhere the sugar-ants, whose neuters secrete sacs of honey-like food for the young brood. Many birds visit this state which are never seen elsewhere in the United States, The buffalo and mezquite grasses sus- tain immense flocks and herds in the W. and N.AV. ; and there are in the remote districts many wild horses of the kind known as the mustang or broncho. Among the trees are long- and short-leaved pine, cypress, live- and post-oak, blackjack, pecan, hickory, mulberry, plane, buckeye (one or more peculiar species), walnut, bois d'arc, and locust. The mezquite affords excellent fuel, besides gum, tanners' bark, and edible pods and seeds. The mustang grape and post-oak grape are among the excellent native fruits, and the former is thought to be of a species peculiar to Texas, Palm trees grow in the S.W. In the W, grow native species TEX 2190 TEX of ebony and Hgnuni-vitie, and there are many large and small species of cactus, some of which, when deprived of their spines, are fed to cattle by the Mexicans of the W. A characteristic plant of the \V. is the yucca, which stands erect like a post, its top crowned with sharp bayonet-like leaves, and in the proper season it bears huge corymbs of delicate white flowers. Agriculture. — On the coast sea-island cotton is grown. The deep, stiff alluvion of the river-bottoms near the gulf is adapted to sugar-culture, and is unsurpassed for cotton. The prairies (both black and chocolate) are fine corn- and cotton-lands. In the S.E. rice does well ; and as a rule all the eastern and central sections are adapted to cotton and corn and to the raising of stock and fruits. Swine thrive upon the abundant mast of the timbered lands. Wheat of special excellence is grown in the N., centre, and W. ; but the general occupation westward is cattle-raising and wool- growing. The broken and hilly country presents facilities for irrigation, which is destined greatly to extend the area of cultivable land. Besides the staple crops mentioned above, the leading products are oats, barley, pulse, sweet and true potatoes, hay, and tobacco. Those of Mexican stock cultivate a small bean or frijol, besides the chick- pea, onion, and the chile Colorado or red pepper, their favorite articles of food. Wine is produced to a consider- able extent. The European wine-grape does well in the N.W., and El Paso formerly was noted for her pleasant " Pass" wines and brandies. Figs and oranges thrive in the southward parts of Texas. Manufactures are not yet extensively established; but carriages, wagons, bricks, flour, condensed milk, meat ex- tracts, furniture, castings, lumber, beer, cotton-seed oil, saddlery, harnesses, lime, salt, woollens, home-made cloths, and some other indispensable branches of manufacture flourish. The abundance of raw materials, the water-power of the W. central region, and the high price of manufac- tured goods, promise good returns to the capitalist who in- vests in this branch of industry. Some beginning has al- ready been made in the cotton-manufacture. Railroads. — In 1354 there were 54 miles of railroad; in 1860, 307 miles; in 1865, 465 miles; in 1870, 711 miles; in 1875, 1685 miles; in 1878, 2133 miles. Average cost per mile, 541,600; net earnings per mile in 1878, §1837. The great railroad lines are — 1, the Houston &, Texas Central, from Houston to Red River City (345 miles), with branches to Austin and Ross (in all, 521 miles), connecting with the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad; 2, the International & trreat Northern, which combines a number of railroad lines, mainly centring in Houston, one of which lines is to be pushed to the Rio Grande; it at present afifords air-line com- munication from Austin to Little Rock, Ark., Cairo, 111., and St. Louis, Mo. ; and 3, the Texas & Pacific, which is designed for a tr-ans-continental road to San Diego, Cal., via Shreveport, La., and El Paso, Tex. This important route is in active progress, and is in the hands of two companies, one of which (the Southern Pacific) is building eastward from the Pacific coast. Texas has given large grants of hind in aid of all the more important roads, for the public lands of Texas belong to the state and not to the general government. Finances. — In 1875 the state debt amounted to $4,721,914.36, without counting certain doubtful bonds is- sued to the university and school funds to the amount of $829,687.66. The debt has been mainly contracted for do- mestic purposes. Railroad loans, not to exceed §10,000,000, are permissible, but do not now exist. In the fiscal year 1875-76 the treasury receipts were $2,004,477.70. Co(in()"e8.— These in 1879 numbered 175, of which 24 were not organized, and 1 was not positively determined to be within the state; while a large portion of the N.W., the so-called territories of Bexar and Young, has been lately divided into some 60 unorganized counties. The other counties are : Anderson, Angelina, Aransas, Archer, Atascosa, Austin, Bandera, Bastrop, Baylor, Bee, Bell, Bexar, Blanco, Bosque, Bowie, Brazoria, Brazos, Brown, Burleson, Burnet, Caldwell, Calhoun, Callahan, Cameron, Camp, Cass, Chambers, Cherokee, Clay, Coleman, Collin, Colorado, Comal, Comanche, Concho, Cooke, Coryell, Crock- ett, Dallas, Dawson, Delta, Denton, De Witt. Dimmitt. Du- val, Eastland, Edwards, Ellis, El Paso, Encinal, Erath, Falls, Fannin, Fayette, Fort Bend, Franklin, Freestone, Frio, Galveston, Gillespie, Goliad, Gonzales, Grayson, Greer, Gregg, Grimes, Guadalupe, Hamilton, Hardeman, Hardin, Harris, Harrison, Haskell, Hays, Henderson, Hidalgo, Hill, Hood, Hopkins, Houston, Hunt, Jack, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Jones, Karnes, Kaufman, Kendall, Kerr, Kimble, Kinney, Knox, Lamar, Lampasas, La Salle, Lavaca, Lee, Leon, Liberty, Limestone, Live Oak, Llano, McCulloch, McLennan, McMullen, Madison, Marion, Ma- son, Matagorda, Maverick, Medina, Menard, Milam, Mon- tague, Montgomery, Morris, Nacogdoches, Navarro, Newton, Nolan, Nueces, Orange, Palo Pinto, Panola, Parker, Pecos, Polk, Presidio, Rains, Red River, Refugio, Robertson, Rockwall, Runnels, Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, San Jacinto, San Piitricio, San Saba, Shackelford, Shelby, Smith, Somerville, Starr, Stephens, Tarrant, Taylor, Throckmor- ton, Titus, Tom Green, Travis, Trinity, Tyler, Upshur, Uvalde, Van Zandt, Victoria, Walker, Waller, Washington, AVebb, V/harton, Wichita, Wilbarger, AVilliamson, Wilson, Wise, Wood, Young, Zapata, and Zavala. The chief cities and towns, according to the census of 1870, were Galveston, a seaport, with the best harbor in the state (pop. 13,818); San Antonio, the western metropolis (12,256) ; Houston, a railroad and manufacturing city and cotton centre, on the navigable Buffalo Bayou (9382); Aus- tin, the state capital (4428); Brownsville, on the Rio Grande (4905) ; Jefferson, a river-port, on Big Cypress Bayou, the seat of an extensive trade (4190). Since 1870 the increase of population has been immense; and many thriving cities have sprung into existence since the census was taken. We may further enumerate among the important towns Bren- hara, Bryan, Calvert, Corpus Christi, Corsicana, Dallas, Denison, Fort Worth, Tndianola, McKinney, Marshall, Na- cogdoches, Navasota., New Braunfels, Palestine, Paris, Sher- man, Tyler, Victoria, and Waco. Government, kinsville, a post-village in Castleton township, Richmond co., N.Y., on New York Day and the N.E. coast of Staten Island, 6 miles S. by W. of New York. It has 4 churches, several factories, and numerous suburban resi- dences. It is on the Staten Island Railroad. TompkinsviHe, apost-bamletof Lackawanna co.. Pa., about 7 miles W, by N. of Carbondale. It h.as a church. Tomp'son's Station, a post-office and station of Au- drain CO., Mo., on the St, Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad. Tom's Brook, apost-bamletof Shenandoah oo., Va., on the Valley Branch of the Baltimore A Ohio Railroad, 23 miles S.W. of AVinchester. It has a manufactory of staves and heading. Tom's Creek, apost-hamlot of Surry co., N.C., about 56 miles N. of Salisbury. Tom's Creek, a post-office of Perry co., Tenn. Tom's Fork, a station in Doddridge oo., W. Va., on the Middle Island Railrcad, 6 miles S. of Smithton. Tomsk, tomsk, a government of West Siberia, between lat. 49° and 61° N. and Ion. 75° and 90° E., having S. Chinese Toorkistan, and on other sides the governments of Tobolsk, Yeniseisk, and SemipaJatinsk. Area, 329,024 square miles. Pop. 838,756. Principal rivers, the Obi and the Ishim. In the S. it includes the larger part of Lake Balkash, and on the S.E. it extends to the Little Altai, in which part, and in the district of Barnaul, are some im- portant mining establishments. Tomsk, a city, capital of the above government, on the Tom, a tributary of the Obi. Lat. 06° 29' 26" N. ; Ion. 84° 57' 57" E. It is mostly built of wood, but has substantial public buildings, comprising a cathedral, tribu- nals, treasury, fur-magazines, barracks, hospitals, and an orphan a.sylum. It is the residence of a bishop, of a civil governor, and of the superintendent of the Altai mines, and carries on a brisk trade in cattle and furs. Pop. 25,605. Toms River, a- small stream of Ocean co., N.J., runs southeastward, and enters Barnegat Bay about 6 miles E. of the village of Toms River. Toms River, a post-village and summer resort, capi- tal of Ocean co., N.J., in Dover 'township, on a small river of its own name, and on the Toms River Branch of the New Jersey Southern Railroad, about 5 miles from Barne- gat Bay, and 40 miles E.S.E. of Trenton. Itha54 churches, a national bank, a fine hotel, a newspaper office, and a manufactory of winter-green oil. Sloops can ascend the river to this place. Cranberries are extensively cultivated here. Pop. about 1200. Tonara, to-n^'ri, a town of Sardinia, 12 miles E. of Busachi. Pop. 2073. Tonawanda, ton'a-wSn'da, a post-village, of Erie and Niagara cos., N.Y^., on the Niagara River, at the mouth of Tonawanda Creek, 11 miles N. of Buffalo, and 11 miles S.E. of Ni.agara F'alls. It is mostly in Tonawanda township, Erie CO., is at the junction of several branches of the New York Central Railroad, and is on the Erie Canal. It has a good harbor, and contains 5 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, a machine-shop, and several mills. Pop. 2812 ; of the township, 4278. Tonawanda Creek, New York, rises near the north- ern border of AVyoming eo., and runs northward to Ba- tavia. Below this town it flows nearly westward, forms the boundary between Erie and Niagara cos., and enters Ni- agara River 10 miles N. of Buffalo. Length, 75 miles. Tonbridge, or Tonbridge Wells. See Tunbridge. Toudella, ton-dgl'lS,, or Bestieros, bgs-te-A'roce, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 10 miles S.W. of Viseu. Tondern, ton'dern, or Tondere, ton'der-eh, a town of Prussia, in Sleswick, 25 miles W.N.W. o'f Flensburg. Pop. 3440. It has manufactures of fringe, lace, and wool- len and linen fabrics. Tondi, ton'dee, a town of India, presidency of Madras^ 64 miles E. of Madura, on Palk's Strait. Tondiman, India. See Poodoocottah. Tondja, a river of Roumelia. See TooN.rA. Tondo, ton'do, a town of the Philippine Islands, in Luzon, capital of a province of its own name, on the Pasig, nearly opposite Manila. It has a governor's house, a hand- some church, manufactures of silk and cotton goods, a valu- able fishery, and a considerable trade, chiefly in the hands of Metis and Chinese. TonMon', a town of Manchooria, on the Anioor, at the mouth of a small river of its own name. Lat. 49° 30' N. ; Ion. 136° E. Tone, a river of England, co. of Somerset, rises S. of Brendon Hill, flows S.E. and N.E., and joins the Parret about midway between Langport and Bridgewater. Course, 30 miles, for the last 10 of which it is navigable. Taunton is on its S. bank. Tonedagana, a county of Michigan. See Emmett. Tone's Bayou, a post-office of Caddo parish. La. Tonewanto, a creek of New Y'ork. See Tonawanda. To'ney Creeli, a post-liamlet of Anderson co., S.C, 6 miles E. of Belton. To'ney River, a seaport of Nova Scotia, co. of Pictou, at the mouth of a river of the same name in Northumber- land Strait, 11 miles from Pictou. Pop. 300. TON 2214 TOO To'neytank, a hamlet of Wioomieo oo., Md., 2 miles from Salisbury. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Tonga (tong'ga) Islands, a group in the Pacific Ocean, composing a section of the Friendly Islands, lat. 20° S., Ion. 176° W., and comprising at least 150 islands, the principal of which are Tongataboo, Boscawen, and Kep- pel Islands, Vavao, Hapai, and Eoa. Pop. (including the outlying islands of Ono, Michaeloff, Simonoff, and Pyl- staart), 25,000. The people are Christians. See Fkie.ndly Islands. Tongaloo, Mississippi. See Tougaloo. Tonganoxie, ton-ga-nox'e, a post-village of Leaven- worth CO., Kansas, in Tonganoxie township, on the Leaven- worth Branch of the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 13 miles N.E. of Lawrence, and 21 miles S.S.W. of Leavenworth. It has a graded school, a flouring-mill, a cheese-factory, and 4 churches. Pop. about 500'; of the township, 1758. Tongataboo, or Tongatabu, tong'a-t^'boo, written also Tonga, or Amsterdam Island, one of the south- ernmost of the Tonga Islands, and the residence of their sovereign, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 21° 4' S. ; Ion. 175° 28' W. Circuit, upwards of 50 miles. Surface low; soil very fertile ; products comprise yams, plantains, bananas, sugar-cane, fine timber, coir, and abundant supplies of hogs and other provisions adapted for shipping. The inhab- itants have been converted to Christianity. Principal towns, Moa and Nakualo. This island was discovered by Tasman in 1643. Tong-Chang, tong'ching', a town of China, prov- ince of Shan-Toong, on a river aowing into the Gulf of Pe-Chee-Lee, b^ miles S.W. of Tsee-Nan. Tong-Chow, tongVhow', a town of China, province of Pe-Cbee-Lee, on the Pei-Ho, 25 miles E.S.E. of Peking. Tongerloo, tong^§r-lo' or tong^ner-lo', a village of Belgium, province and 23 miles E. of Antwerp, on the Wimpe and Steenloop. Pop. 1919. Near it is the abbey of Tongerloo. Tong-Gin,tong'gbin' or tongVheen', a town of China, province of Koei-Choo. Lat. 27° 40' N. ; Ion. 108° 55' E. Tongho, British Burmah. See Toungoo. TongMtoo' Bay, or Urm'ston Harbor, an anchor- age in the estuary of the Canton River, China, on its E. side, 6 miles N. of the island of Lantao, and between the island of Tongkoo and the mainland. Tongoos Tartars, Siberia. See Toongooses. Tongoy, or Tongoi, ton-go'e, sometimes written Tongay, a town of Chili, on Tongoy Bay, province and 30 miles S.S.^y. of Coquimbo. It is connected by rail with Tamaya and Ovalle. It has smelting-works, and exports copper. Pop. 1533. 'Tongres, toxgr (Flemish, Tonrfern, tong'ern or tong'- Hern ; anc. Tiiugri), a town of Belgium, in Limbourg, on the Jaar, 13 miles S.S.E. of Hasselt. Pop. 7147. It has breweries, tanneries, manufactures of hats and chiccory, and an active trade in hogs and corn. Tongsan, tong^sAn', or Tung-Shan, tung'shln', an excellent harbor on the S.E. coast of China, province of Fo-Kien. Lat. 23° 40' N.; Ion. 117° 30' E. Tong-Tchoo, or Tong-Tchou, tong'choo', a town of China, in Sbon-Seo, 60 miles N.E. of See-Ngan. Tong-Tchuen, tong'choo-Sn', a town of China, prov- ince of Se-Chuen, near its S. boundary and near the Yang- tse-Kiang. It is important as a military post. Tong-Ting-Hoo, or Tong-Ting-Hou, tong*- ting^hoo', a large lake of China, province of Hoo-Pe, near the limit of Hoo-Nan. It receives several large rivers, and communicates at its N. extremity with the Yang-tse-Kiang. Tongue (tung) River rises in the Big Horn Moun- tains, in the N. part of Wyoming, passes into Montana, runs in a N.N.E. direction, and enters the Yellowstone River near lat. 46° 20' N., Ion. 1 06° W., about 35 miles above the mouth of Powder River. It is about 200 miles long. Tonica, ton'e-ka, a post-village in Eden township. La Salle co., III., on the Illinois Central Railroad, 9 miles S. of La Salle, and about 15 miles N.W. of Streator. It has a bank, a gratied school, 2 newspaper offices, 3 churches, and a flouring-mill. Tonk, a native state of India, the only Mohammedan principality in Rajpootana. Area, 2730 square miles. It is composed of 6 detached districts, part of which are in Central India. Capital, Tonk. Pop. 320,000. Tonk, tonk, a town of India, capital of the above, 48 miles S. of Jeypoor. It stands in a hollow, and is protected by a stone wall. Tonkin, a province of Anam. See Tonquin. Tonnay- Charente, ton^ni'-sha~r6Nt', a town of France, in Charente-InfSrieure, on the Charente, 3 miles E. of Rochefort. Pop. 2203. It has a port on the river for vessels of 600 tons. Tonneins, ton^nis'', a town of France, in Lot-et- Garonne, on the right bank of the Garonne, and on the railway from Bordeaux to Cette, 10 miles S.E. of Mar- mande. Pop. 5803. It has manufactures of tobacco and cordage, and a trade in prunes, wine, brandy, hemp, .tc. Tonnerre, ton'nain', a town of France, in Y^onne, on the left bank of the Armangon, and on the railway from Paris to Lyons, 20 miles E.N.E. of Auxerre. Pop. 4991. It has a communal college, a fine hospital, with a monu- ment to Margaret of Burgundy, tanneries, foundries, and manufactures of woollen goods, chocolate, nails, and re- nowned wine. TonneAvanda, New York. See Tonawanda. Tiinning, ton'ning, Tonningen, or Toenningen, ton'ning-en, a fortified town of Prussia, 29 miles W.S.W. of Sleswick, on the Eider, 11 miles from its mouth in the North Sea. Pop. 3130. Tonquin, or Tonkin, ton'keen', the northernmost province of Anam, Southeast Asia, between lat. 19° and 23° N. and Ion. 102° and 108° 30' E., having N. the Chi- nese provinces Quang-Tong, Quang-See, and Yun-Nan, W. the Laos country, S. Cochin-Chinn, and E. the Gulf of Tonquin. Area and population uncertain. The surface near the sea is a rich alluvial plain, and the country ap- pears to be watered by numerous rivers, and of high fer- tility. Rice is the chief grain raised : other products are sugar, cotton, spices, tea, indigo, saffron, silk, gums, var- nishes, the precious metals, and many of the other most valuable articles of commerce. Elephants are numerous, and other wild animals are in great variety. The inhab- itants are mostly Booddhists. Ketcho, the capital, and Hean, on the Sang-Koi River, are the principal towns known to Europeans, by whom the interior has not been explored. Tonquin was conquered by the Chinese in 1406, and by the Anamese in 1790. See also Sang-Koi and Gulp OP Tonquin. Tonsberg, tons'bSRG, a seaport town of Norway, stiff of Aggershuus, on an inlet of the Christiania Fiord, 47 miles S.W. of Christiania. Pop. 4541. It has tobacco- factories, distilleries, and a good harbor; it exports timber and fish. The Gulf of Tonsberg is an inlet of the Skager- Rack, on the W. side of the Christiania Fiord. Tonti, ton'te, a station of the Illinois Central Railroad (Chicago division), 13 miles N.E. of Centralia, 111. Tontogany, ton"tog'a-ne, a post-village of Wood co., 0., in Washington township, on the Dayton & Michigan Railroad, 20 miles S.S.W. of Toledo. It has 3 churches and a money-order post-office. A short railroad connects it with Bowling Green. Pop. about 600. Tontoli, ton-to'lee, a town on the N.W. coast of Cele- bes, on a bay, capital of a state of its own name. Near it are gold-mines. To'ny, a post-office of Lewis co., Tenn., 42 miles S.W. of Columbia. Tonyn (to'nin) Islands, a small group in the Malay Archipelago, Strait of Macassar, W. of Celebes. Lat. 5° 33' S. ; Ion. 118° 34' E. Tooareeks, Tuariks, Touariks, or Tonaryks, too-^-reeks' or too-a-riks', a people of Africa, in Sahara. Tooat, Tonat, Tuat, too>at', or Tawat, ti-wit', an oasis of Africa, in Sahara, nearly equidistant from Mo- rocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Fezzan. Chief town, Agably. Toobaung, a lake of Canada. See Doobaunt. Toobonai, too^bo-ni', an island of the Pacific Ocean, lat. 23° 23' S., Ion. 149° 24' W.,one of the Society Islands, 6 miles in circuit. It was discovered by Cook in 1777. Toobooai, Toubouai, or Tubuai, too-boo-i', or Aus'tral, a group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, S. of the Society Islands and Low's Archipelago. Lat. 21° 50' to 23° 42' S.; Ion. 147° 11' to 155° W. The principal islands of the group are Vavitao, the largest; Toobooai proper, which is not more than 5 miles in extent ; and Ohe- teroa, which is 1300 feet high, and has a numerous and inoff'ensive population. Tooele, too-el'e, a large county in the W. part of Utah, borders on Nevada. It is bounded on the N.E. by Great Salt Lake, and on the E. by the Oquirrh Mountains. It comprises part of the Groat Basin, or Salt Lake Desert, in which timber and fresh water are very scarce. The sur- face is mostly an arid treeless table-land. The soil re- quires irrigation to render it fertile. Wheat, wool, oats, and potatoes are the staple products. Capital, 'Tooele. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $464,670. Pop. in 1870, 2177, of whom 1350 were Americans. TOO 2215 TOO Tooele, a post-villago, capital of Tooele oo., Utah, on the Utah Western Railroad, 32 miles S.W. of Salt Lake City. It has 3 churches, a tannery, a flour-mill, and 2 saw-mills. Pop. about 12U0. Tooggoort, Touggourtjor Tuggurt, toog'goort', a town of North Africa. Lat. 32° 46' N. ; lun. 5° 40' E. Toola, Toula, or Tula, too'Ii, a river of the Chi- nese Empire, in Khalkas Country, joins the Orkhon 110 miles S.S.W. of Kiakhta, after a S.W. and N.W. course of 200 miles. Toola, too'li, or Tola, to'li, an island on the coast of Zanguebar, lat. 1° 0' S., Ion. 42° 3' 3U" E., belonging to the Juba group, is long and narrow, and has on its shores ruins of chapels, castellated buildings, and factorial resi- dences connected with the early Portuguese settlements. The Soallese, who inhabit it, feed their cattle and sheep on its low bushes and stunted grass. Toola, or Tola, a river on the above island, is shallow at the entrance, but deep within. Toola, Toula, or Tula, too'li, a government of European Russia, nearly in its centre, mostly between lat. 53° and 55° N., Ion. 36° and 3S° 40' E., having E. Riiwan, S. Orel, W. Kalooga, and N. the government of Mos- cow. Area, 11,956 square miles. Pop. in IS70, 1,187,878. It is densely peopled. The surface is undulating. The Qka forms all the N.E. and N. boundary, and the Don and Oopa rise in this government. The chief crops are corn, beans, mustard, turnips, hemp, tobacco, and potatoes. Sheep, cattle, and horses are extensively reared. Some inferior coal is met with, and iron-mines extend over an area of 10 square miles near the capital, but iron is a chief import for the manufactures of Toola. Toola has exten- sive breweries and distilleries, manufactories of leather and beet sugar, and exports corn, hemp, flax, cutlery, fire-arms, hardware, and jewelry. The chief towns are Toola, Venev, Odoiev, and Novosil. Toola, Toula, or Tula, capital of the above gov- ernment, is an important manufacturing town on the Oopa, 105 miles S. of Moscow. Pop. in 1870, 57,374. It is the " Sheffield and Birmingham" of Russia, and has a fine ap- pearance. It is well built, and has several convents, about 30 churches (one of which is a very handsome structure, adorned with marble columns), a free school and gym- nasium, trades, foundling, and other hospitals, a house of correction, prison, arsenal, theatre, museum, and a vast manufactory of arms, which owes its origin to Peter the Great. The articles produced are of good quality, and. the workpeople enjoy peculiar privileges and immunities. Toola has also manufactures of mathematical and scientific instruments, jewelry, platina-wares, silks, hats, and leather. It is the residence of a military governor, a bishop's see, and the seat of a chamber of manufactures. In its vicinity are many gardens, orchards, and nursery-grounds. Toolcha, Toultcha,or Tultcha, tool'chi, written also Tuldja, a town of lioumania, in Dobrudja, on the Danube, 40 miles from its mouth. Tooley's, too'liz, a post-office of Concordia parish, La. Tooley's Corners, Ontario. See Cartwhight. Toolos, Toulos, or Tulos, too'los, a lake of Rus- sia, in the N.W. of the government of Olonets, about 24 miles long from N.W. to S.E. by 6 miles broad. Its banks are steep, and it contains several islands. It has no visible outlet, though several lakes send their waters into it. Toolsborough, toolz'biir-rilh, a post-village in Jef- ferson township, Louisa co., Iowa, on the Iowa River, about 2 miles from its mouth, and 22 miles S. of Muscatine. Pop. 160. Toomat, Toumat, or Tumat, too^mit', written also Malcg, a river of Central Africa, in South Nubia, joins the Bahr-el-Azrek near lat. 11° 20' N., Ion. 34° 45' E. Too'mavar'ra, a village of Ireland, in Munster, co. of Tipperary, 7 miles E.S.E. of Nonagh. Pop. 885. Toombsborough, toomz'biir-ruh, or Tooms'bor- ough, a post-village of Wilkinson co., Ga., on the Oconee River, and on the Central Railroad of Georgia, 36 miles E. of Macon. It has 2 or 3 churches, and grist- and saw- mills. Toombuddra, toombiid'dra, or Toongabuddra, toon-ga-biid'dra, a river of India, formed by the junction of the Toonga and Buddra in Mysore, flows N. and E., and joins the Kistnah 15 miles N.E. of Kurnool. In parts of its course it separates the presidency of Madras from the Bombay presidency and territory of the Nizam. Length, 213 miles; or to remotest source, about 390 miles. Toomcoor, toom'koor', or Toom'koor', a town of India, capital of Toomcoor district, 45 miles N.W. of Bangalore. Pop. 11,170. Toomcoor, Toomkoor, or Tumkur, toom'koor', a district of India, in the E. central part of Mysore. Area, 3603 square miles. Capital, Toomcoor. Pop. 632,239, Tooineii, Tounieii, or Tuinen, too-mSn', a river of Corea, forms a part of the boundary between it and Manchooria, and enters the Sea of Japan near lat. 42° 30' N., after a N.E. and S.E. course of 200 miles. Toomes's Grant, a township of Tehama co., Cal. Pop. 40. Toomsal, or Tumsal, toom'sal, written also Toomsur and Tumsar, toom'sur, a town of India, district and 20 miles N.N.E. of Bhundara. Pop. 7367. Toomsuba, toom-soo'ba, a post-hamlet of Lauderdale CO., Miss., on the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad, 13 miles E.N.E. of Meridian. It has 3 churches. Toon, toon, a town of Persia, province of Yozd, 45 miles E.N.E. of Tabas. Toone's Station, a post-village of Hardeman co., Tenn., on the New Orleans, St. Louis A Chicago lUilroad, 20 miles S. of Jackson, and 7 miles N. of Bolivar. It has 2 churches. Toongabuddra, a river of India. See Toombuddra. Toong-Hai. See China Sea. Toong- (Toung- or Tung-) Kiang, toong'ke-ing' ("east river"), a river of China, rises in a mountainous district near the S. frontiers of the province of Kiang-See, enters the province of Quang-Tong, flows S.W. to Hoei- Choo, then nearly W., and, dividing into several branches, falls into the bay 21 miles E.S.E. of the town of Canton, after a course of about 250 miles. Toongooses, Toungouses, or Tunguses, toong- goo's^z, or Toongoos Tartars, a wandering people of Siberia, chiefly in the government of Yeniseisk. Toongooska, Toungouska, or Tunguska, toong-goos'ki, three rivers of Siberia, tributary to the Yenisei, and all flowing to it from the E. Toong-Tao, a Chinese name of Figasi-Sima. Tooivja, Toundja, or Tiindja, toon'ji, a river of Roumelia, in Adrianople, rises on the S. slope of the Bal- kans, flows first E., then S.E., and falls into the Maritza near Adrianople. Length, 150 miles. Too'noor', a city of India, in Mysore, 10 miles N.W. of Seringapatam. It has a large reservoir of water. Too-Ping-Ling, or Tou-Ping-Ling, too'ping^- ling', a mountain of China, province, of Kan-Soo. Lat. 35° 23' N. ; Ion. 103° 55' E. It is covered with perpetual snow. Toora, Toura, or Tura, too'ri, a river of West Si- beria, governments of Perm and Tobolsk, joins the Tobol 70 miles S.S.W. of Tobolsk, after a S. course of 300 miles. Tooravanoor, tooVi-vi-noor', a town of India, in Mysore, 60 miles S.W. of Bellary. Pop. 5072. Toorboot, Tourbout, or Turbut, toor^boot', a town of Persia, in Khorassan, 60 miles S. of Mesiied. Toorcoraans, Asi.a. See ToonKOHAxs. Too'rek, or Turek, too'rek, a town of Russia, gov- ernment and 28 miles N.E. of Kalisz. Pop. 7110. Toorfan, Tourfan, or Turfan, toor'fin', an active volcano in a mountain-chain N. of the town of Toorfan. Toorfan, Tourfan, or Turfan, a town of Chinese Toorkistan, 180 miles W. of Khamil. Toorgai, or Turgai, toou-ghi', a province of Asiatic Russia, extending N. and N.E. from the Aral Sea. Area, 202,183 square miles. Capital, Toorgai. Pop. 289,930. 'Toorgai, a town of Asiatic Russia, capital of the prov- ince of Toorgai, 280 miles W. by S. of Akmollinsk. Toorinsk, Tourinsk, or Turinsk, too-rinsk', a to\vn of Siberia, government and 140 miles AV.S.W. of Tobolsk, on the Toora, an aflluent of the Obi. Pop. 3646. Toorinsk, Tourinsk, or Turinsk, too-rinsk', NizHNEE, nizh'nee, and Verkhnee, vSrK'nee, two con- tiguous towns of Asiatic Russia, government of Perm, im- mediately E. of the Ural Mountains, 50 miles S.W. of Verkhotoorie, with valu.able iron-mines. Toorkhal, Tourkhal, Turkhal, or Turkhall, toorMi^l' (anc. Scbastop'olu), a town of Asia Minor, about 35 miles S.E. of Amasia, on the Yeshil-Irmak, at the foot of an almost perpendicular rock, surmounted by an old castle. It consists of 800 or 900 houses, and its environs, as in the time of Strabo, are covered by fine vineyards, cultivated by Armenians and Greeks. Lat. 39° 53' N. ; Ion. 36° 48' E. Toorkistan, or Turkistan, toon"kis-tJln', a wide region of Central Asia, partly included in the Chinese Em- pire, and partly subdivided among several independent states and hordes, its two portions being separated chiefly by the table-land of Pameer, the Bolor-Tagh, and the Mooz- Tagh. In maps it is sometimes called Bucharia, — Great TOO TOP BucHAniA being a name applied to West Toorliistan, and Little Bucharia to Chinese or Bast Toorkistan. West Toorlvistan is principally included in the Russian provinces of Central Asia., — the nominally independent states, Mice Bokhara, being really under Russian control, except in the S., where there are several extensive districts which ac- knowledge the authority of the Ameer of Cabool, for which reason this territory is sometimes called Afghan Toorkistan. Chinese Toorkistan (Chinese, Thian-Shun-Nan-Luo ; i.e., the "country S. of the Thian-Shan") is between lat. 35° and 43° N. and Ion. 72° and 96° B. ; bounded N. by the ,Thian-Shan Mountains, which separate it from Soongaria, W. by the table-land of Pameer. S. by the Kucn-Luu Moun- tains, dividing it from West Thibet, S.E. and S. by the Desert of Gobi, of which it includes a portion. Length, from W. to E., about 1250 miles; breadth, estimated at from 300 to 550 miles. Area, 500,000 square miles. It is enclosed on three sides by lofty mountain-ranges, and on the E. by a plateau. The centre of tlie country forms the basin of the Lop Nor, a lake 70 miles in length, fed from the W. by the Tarim and its five great tributaries, the Zer- afshan, Kashgar, Yarkand, Yurung-Kash, and Aksoo Rivers. Its basin is almost wholly a sandy waste, and it is estimated that three-fourths of Chinese Toorkistan are covered with deserts; but around the declivities and bases of the moun- tains in the N.W. and S. the lands are in some districts very fertile. The heat in summer is great ; in winter, frost and snow, though common in the W., are rare in the E. Abundant rains occur at this season in the mountains, but seldom in the lower country, where water for irrigation is carefully preserved in reservoirs. On the declivities and borders of the mountains, rice, wheat, millet, pulses, and grains common in Europe, with sesamum and other oil- seeds, cotton, &c., are raised in considerable quantities, besides hemp, fla.\, and dye-plants. Grapes, melons, pome- granates, and other fruits of southern climates come to great perfection ; mulberry plantations are numerous, and much silk is produced. The rearing of live-stock is the chief branch of rural industry. Most of the surface, where it is i-endered verdant by sufficient irrigation, is employed in pasturing horses, yak, and other cattle, camels, and sheep; the horses of this region are in high repute, and are sent in large numbers to China, Thibet, and adjacent coun- tries. Wild horses, camels, and asses abound in herds on the Lop desert. The argali or wild sheep, some antelopes, the tiger, wolf, jackal, lynx, and fox, are among the other wild animals ; the ranges of the Thian-Shan are the native country of the two-humped or Bactrian camel. Gold is found in the Thian-Shan, and in the affluents of the Yurung- Kash; copper, iron, nitre, asbestos, and agate are also met with; sal-ammoniac and sulphur in great quantities in the volcanic districts of Bogdo Oola and around Toorfan. The most remarkable mineral product is jasper, which is raised from the bed of the Yurung-Kash and Karakash, in the Yarkand province; and about 70 miles S.E. of Yarkand is ft rock stated to be wholly composed of this stone. At all these localities Chinese soldiers are stationed to supervise the operations for procuring the jasper, the whole of the produce being officially sent to Peking. Chinese Toorkistan has an extensive trade, chiefly with Cashmere, the Russian Empire, China, and Thibet. The caravans from Peking to Yarkand employ from three to six months on their route, and bring tea, silver, porcelain, and numerous other manufactured goods, taking back silk, horses, cattle, and dyes. From Cashmere, by way of Yar- kand, are brought shawls, kincobs, and white cloth, in re- turn for Russian goods, tanned leather, gold and silver, embroidery, rice, China wares, and Thibet shawl-wool ; from Budukhshan, slaves and gems, in return for silver and tea. From Andad-Khan, in Ferghana, woollens and other manufactured goods are brought on horses, males, and camels to Kashgar, where they are exchanged for Chinese produce; the routes from the two latter countries respectively tr.averse the two main passes across the lofty table-land of Pameer. Many merchants of Chinese Toor- kistan go to Tobolsk with cotton stuffs, tea, rhubarb, and sal-ammoniac, and return with broadcloth, brocades, bul- lion, gold coin, copper, iron, steel, and furs ; and the same kinds of merchandise come, by way of Kooldja, to Aksoo, the exports from which town are chiefly cotton, silk, cotton fabrics, leather, pottery, and fruit. Yarkand is the chief emporium of trade, and is a large mart for Chinese goods. The other principal cities and towns are Khamil, Pijan, Toorfan, Karaohar, Kutche, Aksoo, and Useh, along the N. route, below the Thian-Shan; Kashgar, the city second in importance, towards the W. frontier; and Karakash, Kho- ten, Kiria, and Peim, in the S. The great bulk of the inhabitants are of the Turkish race, or Oozbeks ; they are superior in civilization to the Oozbeks of Bokhara, and speak the purest of Turkish dialects. Taujiks or Persians, Bleuths, Cashmerians, Tungani, Cincinnati Railroad. It has a church and a saw-mill. Travis, Michigan, is a station on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, 8 miles N. of Kalamazoo. Travis, a post-hamlet of Austin co., Tex., about 10 miles S. of Brenham. It has 4 churches. Travis Peak, a post-office of Travis oo., Tex. Trav'isville, a post-hamlet of Fentress co., Tenn., on Wolf River, 14 miles N. of Jamestown. Traviiik, triv^nik' or triv^neek', a town of Bosnia, on an affluent of the Bosna River, 45 miles N.W. of Bosna- Serai. Pop. 12.000, all Mohammedans, except a few Jews. The town is ill built. Chief edifice, an old citadel. It has a manufacture of sword-blades. Traylorsville, tra'lgirz-vil, a post-office or hamlet of Henry CO., Va., 40 miles W. of Danville. Trazegnies, tri'zSn^yee', a village of Belgium, prov- ince of Hainaut, lOA miles E. by N. of Mens. The castle of Trazegnies, in the vicinity, is a noble structure of the ninth century. Pop. 2010. Treadha'ven Creek, in the E. part of Maryland, flows through Talbot co., and communicates with the mouth or estuary of the Choptank River. It is navigable at high tide to Easton, about 12 miles. Treadwell, tred'w?!, a post-village in Proscott oo., Ontario, on the river Ottawa, 15 miles W. of L'Orignnl. Treasure (trSzh'ilr) City, a mining village of White Pine CO., Nev., about 3 miles S.E. of Hamilton, and near the summit of Treasure Hill, at an elevation of about 9000 feet above the level of the sea. Here is a rich silver-mine. Treasury Mountain, Colorado, a mountain of the Elk Range, in lat. 39° 1' N., Ion. 107° 6' W. Its altitude is 13,200 feet above the sea-level. Silver is found here. Treaty, treet'?, a post-village of Wabash co., Ind., in Liberty township, on the Cincinnati, Wabash &, Michigan Railroad, 5 miles S. of Wabash. It has a store, a saw-mill, and a warehouse. Treaty (or Petty's) Island, an island in the Dela- ware River, opposite Philadelphia, belonging to New Jer- sey. Length, about 2 miles. Trebbin, tr^b-been', a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, 15 miles S.S.E. of Potsdam, on the Berlin A Leipsic Railway. Pop. 2175. Trebein's, tre-binz', a post-ofiice of Greene co., 0. Trebes, tr^b or trib, a town of France, in Aude, 4 miles E. of Carcassonne, on the river Aude. Pop. 1400. Trebia, tri'be-i, or Trebbia, trSb'b^-i, a river of North It.aly, rises on the N. side of the Apennines, 10 miles N.E. of Genoa, flows N.N.E. past Bobbio, and, after a rapid course of 55 miles, joins the Po on the right bank, 3 miles N.W. of Piacenza. On the adjacent plain, Hannibal de- feated the Romans B.C. 218, and on June 19, 1799, the French, under Macdonald, were defeated by the Austro- Russian army under Suwarow. Trebigne, tr4-been'y4, or Trebinje, tri-bin'yi, a fortified town of Herzegovina, 62 miles S.S.E. of Mostar. It is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, and stated to have 10.000 inhabitants. Trebitsch, tri'bitch, written also Trzebiczke, a walled town of Moravia, 18 miles S.E. of Igian, on the Iglawa. Pop. 6084. It has a castle, and manufactures of woollens. Trebitsch, a vill.age of Prussia, province of Branden- burg, 4 miles S.W. of Uriesen. Trebizond, trSb'e-zond\ written also Tarabozan (called by the Turks raradesooii, ta-r&*be-soon'; anc. Trap'e- zna ; Fr. Trebizoude, tri'beo'z6.N'd' ; Gor. Trapezunt, ixi.- pSt-soont'), an important fortified seaport city of Asiatic Turkey, capital of a vilayet of its own name, on the S.E. coast of the BInck Sea, 120 niiles N.W. of Erzroom. Lat. 41° 1' N. ; Ion. 39° 46' E. It stands on the slope of a hill facing the sea, and defended by a citadel on an adjacent height. Outside of the walls aresever.al suburbs, in which are most of the Christian dwellings, with the principal bazaars .and khans. The houses are mostly of one story, built of stone and lime and roofed with red tiles. The city has IS mosques and about 20 Greek churches, and a fort on either side of a peninsula projecting into the Black Sea ; but it possesses neither inns nor lodging-houses. Nearly all its mosques have been formerly Christian places of worship. The principal .articles of trade in the bazaars are alum and copper, brought from the mines in the interior, the cop- per being here manufactured into articles for domestic pur- poses. From its position, Trebizond is the natural entrepot of the trade of Armenia and North Persia with Europe ; and, owing to the establishment of ste.im navigation be- tween Trebizond and Constantinople, its trade has received a remarkable extension. Its exports consist chiefly of silk, wool, tobacco, wax, galls, oil, opium, and other drugs ; honey, butter, timber for ship-building, the produce of ,^sia Minor, and silk fabrics; Cashmere shawls, carpets, saffron, cotton, camel- skins, and specie. The imports comprise cot- ton goods, colonial produce, spices, and iron from Great Britain, hardwares and glass from Germany, winoa from France, corn from Russia, fire-ai"ms, tin, and salt, three- fourths of all which are destined for Persia. At this city TKE 2229 TRE Xenophon and the Ten Thousand Greeks reached the sea in their memorable retreat. From 1203 until the sub- version of the Eastern Empire, Trebizond was the capit-al of an independent dominion, extendini; from the Phasis to the Halys. Pop. estimated at 40,000, of whom about 30,000 are Moliammedans inhabiting the walled city. Trebizond, or Trebisond, a vilayet of Turkish Armenia, extending along the coast of the Black Sea. be- tween lat. 40° 30' and 41° 30' N. and Ion. 38° and 42° E, The surface is mostly mountainous, and the coast-line, clothed with dense forests, rises to from 4000 to 5000 feet above the sea. Many tracts are highly fertile and well cul- tivated ; and it produces large quantities of wheat, barley, and maize, with hemp, flax, tobacco, wool, honey, wax, fruits, charcoal, and timber, which, with some linen cloths, carpets, leather, soap, salted fish, wine, tar, and leeches, form the chief exports. Its E. part, called Lazistan, is destitute of towns, being inhabited by Lazes, a rude people, numbering about 50,000 ; but the greater part of Lazistan is now included in the Russian government of Kars. The principal towns are Trebizond, Keresoon, Tireboii, and Reezah, all on its coast. Trebnitz, trfib'nits, a town of Prussian Silesia, 15 miles N.N.E. of Breslau. Pop. 4744. It has manufactures of woollen cloths and linens., breweries, and a trade in fruits. Trebowa, a town of Austria. See TrObau. Trebi^eua, or Trebu\eiia, tri-boo-ni'ni, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, province and 26 miles N.N.E. of Cadiz. Pop. 3078. Trebur, tri-booR' (?), or Tribur, tree-boon' (?) (anc. Triburium), a town of Hesse, province of Starkenburg, on the Rhine, 12 miles W.N.W. of Darmstadt. Pop. 1774. Tre-Castagne, tri-k^s-tdn'yi, a town of Sicily, 8 miles N.N.E. of Catania, on the S. slope of Mount Etna. Pop. 2957. Trecate, tri-ka.'tA, a town of Italy, 6 miles E.S.E. of Novara, near the Ticino. It has silk-factories. Pop. 5190. Trecchina, tr^k-kee'nd, a town of Italy, in Basilicata, 7 miles S. of Lagonegro. Treceuta, tri-chen'ti, a town of Italy, province of Rovigo, and 15 miles W.S.W. of Rovigo. Pop. 4710. Tred'egar, a town of England, co. of Monmouth, 16 miles N.W. of Newport; it is the capital of a populous dis- trict, famous for extensive coal-mines and iron-works. It has risen recently from an insignificant hamlet to a town with a population of 12,389. It has a church, Independent, Baptist, and Methodist chapels and schools, and its district is traversed by many branches of railway, by which, and by the Monmouthshire Canal, its iron and coal are exported. Tredyf'frin, a township of Chester co., Pa. Pop. 1897. Treene, tri'n^h, a river of Prussia, rises in Sleswick, 3 miles S. of Flensbarg, flows S.S.AV., and joins the Eider at Friedrichstadt. Total course, about 40 miles. Trees Point, a post-ofiice of Charles City co., Va., on the Potomac, 7 miles S.E. of Charles City Court- House. Treffurt, trSf'fooat, a town of Prussian Saxony, 36 miles W.N.W. of Erfurt, on the Unstrut. Pop. 1865. Tref-y-Clawdd, a town of Wales. See Knightox. Trega'ron, a town of Wales, co. of Cardigan, 10 miles N.E. of Lampeter- Pop. 1788. Tre'go, a county in the W. central part of Kansas, has an area of 900 square miles. It is intersected by the Saline and Smoky Hill Rivers and Big Creek, all of which run eastward. The Saline River touches the N.W. and N.E. corners of the county, and between these points is only 2 or 3 miles from the N. boundary. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is fertile, and under- laid by chalk and limestone. This county is intersected by the Kansas Paciflc Railroad. Capital, Wa Keeney. Pop. in 1870, 166; in 1879, 1100. Trego, a station of Trego co., Kansas, on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 33 miles W.N.W. of Hays City. Trego'ney, or Trego'ny, a town of England, co. of Cornwall, on the Fal, 11 miles N.E. of Falmouth. Pop. 745. Treguier, tr4'ghe-i', a town of France, in Cotes-du- Nord, at the confluence of the Jaudy and Gruindy, 37 miles N.W. of Saint-Brieuc, and 5 miles from the English Chan- nel. Pop. 3611. The port is well sheltered and deep. It has tanneries and oil-mills. Treichler, trik'ler, a station on the Lehigh &. Susque- hanna Railroad, 27 mUes W. of Easton, Pa. Treichlersville, trlk'l^rz-vil, a village in Hereford township, Berks co., Pa., 2 miles from Palm Station. It has 2 flour-mills and 2 saw-mills. Treider-Aa, a river of Russia. See Aa. Treignac, trin^yik', a town of France, in Corr^ze, on the Vezere, 18 miles N. of Tulle. Pop. 1772. Treis, trice, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 18 miles S.AV. of Coblentz, on the Moselle, here joined by the Deim. Treisa, a town of Germany. See Treysa. Treisam, tri'sim, a river of Baden, after a N.W. course of 30 miles, joins the Eltz 3 miles S. of Kenzingen. Treishnish (treesh'nish) Islands, a cluster of small islets on the W. coast of Scotland, co. of Argyle, between the island of Mull and the island of Coll. Treja, tri'yi, a town of Central Italy, 8 miles AY. of Macerata. Pop. 2227 ; of commune, 9286. Trelawny, England. See Looe. Trelon, trdU^No', a town of France, in Nord, 8 miles S.E. of Avesnes. Pop. 2718. Tremad'oc, a town of Wales, co. of Carnarvon, near the N. extremity of Cardigan Bay, 4 miles E.N.E. of Crickeith, and about 1 mile from Portniadoc. Tremaine's (tre-manz') Cor'ners, a post-hamlet of JeS"erson co., N.Y., in Rodman township, 7 miles from Adams Centre. Tremainsville, tre-manz'vil, a station in Lucas co., 0., on the Canada Southern Railroad, 7 miles N. of Toledo. Tremblade, La, lA tr6M^blid', a town of France, de- partment of Charente-Inferieure, 5 miles from the sea, and 4 miles S.S.W. of Marennes, It exports oysters to Bor- deaux. Pop. 2568. Trembowla, trSm-bov'li, a town of Austrian Galicia, 18 miles S.S.E. of Tarnopol. Pop. 5506. Tremecen, a town of Algiers. See Tlemcen. Trementines, tri'm6N°'teen', a town of France, in Maine-et- Loire, on the Evre, 11 miles S.E. of Beaupreau. Tremessen, a town of Prussia. See Tuschemesno. Tremiti (tr^m'e-te or tri'me-te) Isles (anc. Dioine'- dese lu'sulic), a group of five islands in the Adriatic Sea, oflT the coast of Italy, province of Foggia. Lat. 42° 8' N.; Ion. 15° 30' E. The largest, San Domino, is 4 miles in circumference. San Nicolo, 3 miles in circumference, hos a town with a monastery. The best port is in the island of Caprara. Tremles, trem'l^s, written also Treinlitz and Stri- milow, a town of Austria, in Bohemia, 29 miles S.E. of Tabor. Pop. 2630. Tremley, trem'Ie, a station of the Central Railroad of New Jersey (New York & Long Branch division), 4 miles S.S.W. of Eliza.bethport, N.J. Tremlingen, a village of Switzerland. ScoTramelan. Tremonia, a Latin name of Dortmund. Tre^mont', a station in Cook co., 111., on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, 9 miles S. of Chicago. Treinont, a post-village of Tazewell co.. 111., in Tre- mont township, on the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western Railroad, 9 miles E.S.E. of Pekin, and about 14 miles S.S.E. ^ of Peoria. It has 5 churches. Pop. 437 ; of township, 1365. Tremont^ a post-village in Tremont township, Han- cock CO., Me., on the Atlantic Ocean and the S. coast of Mount Desert Island, about 25 miles E.S.E. of Castine. Tremont Post-Office is at Bass Harbor. The township pre- sents picturesque scenery. Pop. of the township, 1822. Tremont, a village in Wareham township, Plymouth CO., Mass., and a station on the Cape Cod Railroad, at its junction with the Fairhaven Branch, 16 miles N.E. of New Bedford. It has a nail-factory. Here is West Wareham Post-Office. Tremont, a post-ofiice of Itawamba co., Miss., 12 miles E. of Fulton. Tremont, a township of Buchanan co., Mo. Pop. 1106. Tremont, a post-village of New York co., N.Y.. on the New York ^ Harlem Railroad, about 10 miles N.N.E. of the City Hall at New York, and 1 mile S. of Fordham. It contains numerous fine residences. Pop. 2025, Tremont Post-Office is a branch of New York Post-Office. Tremont, a post-village in German township, Clark CO., 0., 1 mile W. of Tremont Station, and 7 miles N. of Springfield, It has 2 churches, a graded school, and a flour-mill. Pop. 218. Here is Tremont City Post-Office. Tremont, a station of the Cincinnati, Sandusky &> Cleveland Railroad, 6 miles N. of Springfield, 0. Tremont, a post-borough in Tremont township, Schuyl- kill CO., Pa., on the Lebanon & Tremont Branch of the Reading Railroad, and on the Mount Eagle Branch Rail- road, 31 miles N. of Lebanon, and about 14 miles W.S.W. of Pottsville. It is situated in a hilly region, which eon- tains abundance of anthracite coal. It has a newspaper office, a national bank, 6 churches, and some iron-works. Pop. 1709; of the township, 754. Tremont, a post-office of Cheatham co,, Tenn. Tremont, Jackson co.. Wis. See Hatfield. Tremont, Kings oo., Nova Scotia. See Canaan Road. TRE 2230 TRE , Tremont Valley, a post-office of Calaveras co., Cal., 9 miles from Milton. Tremp, tr§mp, a fortified town of Spain, in Catalonia, province and 38 miles N.W. of Lerida, on the Noguera- Pallarosa. Pop. 2189. Trempealeau, tr5m'pa-lo, a small river of Wiscon- ain, rises in Jackson co., and runs westward through Trem- pealeau CO. It next runs southward, and enters the Missis- sippi River about 5 miles below Winona. It is here bordered by picturesque scenery and bluffs about 550 feet high. Trempealeau, a county in the W. part of Wisconsin, borders on Minnesota. Area, about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Black River, on the S.W. by the Mississippi, and is drained by the Trempealeau River and Buffalo and Beaver Creeks. The surface is undu- lating, and extensively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Wheat, oats, hav, Indian corn, and butter are the staple products. It is intersected by the Green Bay & Min- nesota Railroad and the La Crosse, Trempealeau & Prescott Railroad, a branch of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Capital, Galesville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,660,594. Pop. in 1870, 10,732; in 1S75, 14,992. , Trempealeau, a post-village of Trempealeau co.. Wis., in a township of the same name, on the Missis- sippi River, on the Minnesota division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, and on the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 13 miles E.S.E. of Winona, about 20 miles above La Crosse, and 38 miles W. of Sparta. It is the principal market for the products of the county, which are shipped here in steamboats. It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a graded school a lumber-mill, a plough -factory, a public park, and a brewery, &e. Pop. of the township, 1678. Trenchara (tr^n-ch3,'ri, orTrinchera, trin-chi'ri) Peak, a mountain of the Sangre de Cristo Range, in the S. part of Colorado, about 2U miles S.E. of Fort Garland, and near lat. 37° IS' N. Altitude, 13,546 feet. Trenchara (or Trinchera) River, Colorado, rises in the Rocky Mountains, runs nearly southwestward through Costilla co., and enters the Rio Grande in San Luis Park. It is perhaps 75 miles long. Trenholm, tren'hom, a post-village in Drummond co., Quebec, on the river St. Francis, 5 miles N. of Richmond. It has 2 saw-mills, a grist-mill, and a woollen-mill. P. 150. Trent, a river of England, through the centre of which it flows, ranking in importance immediately after the Thames and Severn. It rises in the moorlands of Stafford- shire, near Eurslem, flows through the cos. of Stafford, Derby, Nottingham, and Lincoln, and joins the Ouse to form the Humber about 15 miles W. of Hull. Length, 140 miles. It is navigable from the Humber to Gains- borough for vessels of 200 tons' burden, and for barges as high as Burton. It is connected with all the rivers of Cen- tral England by canals, the principal of which is the Trent & Mersey Canal. The Trent is of high importance as a means of exporting the products of the manufacturing dis- tricts, coal from Derbyshire, and agricultural produce. Trent (It. TreJi'to ,- Gor. Trient, tre-^nt' ; Fr. Trente, trfiNt; anc. Triden'tum), a city of Austria, in the Tyrol, on the left bank of the Adige, 13 miles by rail N.N.E. of Roveredo. Lat. 46° 8' N. ; Ion. 15° 30' E. Pop. 17,073. It has manufactures of silks, leather, glass, and tobacco, a traffic in corn, wine, iron, and other produce, and a large transit trade. It is surrounded by embattled walls, which, with its church-towers, palaces, and ruined castle, give it, when seen from a distance, a very imposing appearance. The houses are all in the Italian style, and the streets are for the most part wide and commodious. It is traversed by canals, and contains a handsome square with a beauti- ful marble fountain, an old Gothic castle of vast extent and picturesque appearance, but almost in ruins, a marble cathedral in the Byzantine style, 3 other churches, one of which, Santa Maria Maggiore, a modernized building of red marble, is interesting as the place where the Council of Trent held its sittings (1545-1563), 2 episcopal palaces, a court-house, a town house, a theatre, elegant private pal- aces, 3 convents and a nunnery, an ecclesiastical seminary, a high school and a school of design, a gymnasium, an or- phan and a foundling hospital, an ordinary hospital richly endowed, a poor-house, and a house of correction. Trent is the see of a bishop and the seat of a civil, criminal, and mercantile court. It is a place of great antiquity, and is said by Pliny to have been founded by the Rhietians of Etruria. It afterwards became a Roman colony. In the Middle Ages its bishops made themselves independent, and Bat in the Germanio diet as princes of the empire. Trent, a small river of North Carolina, rises in Lenoir 00,, flows E., and falls into the Neuse at New-Berne. Trent, a river of Ontario, co. of Northumberland, rises in Trent Lake, in lat. 45° N., Ion. 78° W., and, after a tor- tuous S. and E. course, enters the Bay of Quinte, Lake On- tario, 10 miles N.E. of Newcastle. Total length, 100 miles. Trent, a post-office of Polk co., Iowa, at Oralabor Sta- tion on the Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad, 9 miles N, of Des Moines. Trent, a post-hamlet in Casenovia township, Muskegon CO., Mich., on Crockery Creek, 4 miles W. of Trent Station, and 20 miles E. of Muskegon. It has a flour-mill, a saw- mill, and 3 stores. Trent, Muskegon co., Mich. See MoNTGorEnY. Trent, a township of Lenoir co., N.C. Pop. 761. Trentola, tr^n-to'lfl, a town of Italy, in Caserta, prov- ince and 9 miles N.N.W. of Naples. Pop. 2049. Tren'ton, a post-office of Jackson co., Ala., on Paint Rock River, about 24 miles E. of Huntsville. Trenton, a post-hamlet of Phillips co.. Ark., 3 miles from Poplar Grove Station, and about 17 miles W. of Helena. It has 3 churches. Trenton, a post-village, capital of Dade co., Ga., on the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad, 18 miles S.S.W. of Chattanooga. It is on Lookout Creek, at the E. base of Lookout Mountain, and has 2 churches and 2 furnaces for pig-iron. Pop. 223. Trenton, a village of Bureau co., III., on the Illinois River and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, about 12 miles W. of La Salle. Trenton, a post-village of Clinton co.. 111., on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 30 mil6s E, of St. Louis, Mo., and 17 miles W. of Carlyle. It has 6 churches, a money-order post-office, a public school, and 1 or 2 mills. Coal is mined here. Pop. 948. Trenton, a township of Blackford co., Ind. Pop. SO. Trenton (Priam Post-Office), a hamlet of Blackford CO., Ind., about 44 miles S. of Fort Wayne. It has a church. Trenton, Randolph co., Ind. See Huntsville. Trenton, a post-village in Trenton township, Henry CO., Iowa, about 9 miles N.W. of Mount Pleasant, and 18 miles S. of Washington. It has a church. The township is intersected by the Skunk River. Pop. of the township, 1457. Trenton, a township of Edwards co., Kansas. P. 561. Trenton, a post-village of Todd co., Ky., on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 16 miles S.E. of Hopkins- ville. It has 5 churches. Pop. 221. Trenton, a post-village of Ouachita parish. La., on the W. bank of the Ouachita River, 2 or 3 miles above Monroe. It has several warehouses, a steam flour-mill, and a number of stores. Pop. 429. Trenton, a township of Hancock co., Me. Pop. 678. Trenton, a post-village of Baltimore co., Md., about 25 miles N.N.W. of Baltimore. Trenton, a post- village in Monguagon township, AVayne co., Mich., on the Detroit River, and on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad and the Canada Southern Railroad, 16 miles S. by W. of Detroit. It has 3 churches, a public hall, a flouring-mill, a lumber-mill, a ship-yard, and manufactures of ploughs, handles, sash, blinds, Ac. Pop. about 1200. Trenton Station of the Canada Southern Railroad is 21 miles from Detroit. Trenton, a post-office of Freeborn co., Minn., about 32 miles S.S.E. of Mankato. Trenton, a post-hamlet of Smith co.. Miss., about 40 miles E. by S. of Jackson. It has a church. Trenton, a post-village, capital of Grundy oo., Mo., in Trenton township, on the Crooked Fork of Grand River, and on the Southwestern Branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 102 miles N.E. of Leavenworth, Kansas, and about 24 miles N. of Chillicothe. It has a court-house, a high school, 2 newspaper offices, a national bank, 1 other bank, large machine-shops of the railroad. 5 churches, 3 flour-mills, and a woollen-mill. Pop. 920 ; of the township, 2934. Trenton, a city, capital of the state of New Jersey and of the CO. of Mercer, is situated on the Delaware River, at the head of tide-water and of navigation, about 28 miles by river from Camden, 33 miles by rail from Philadel- phia, and 57 miles from New York. Lat. 40° 14' N. ; Ion. 74° 46' 30" W. The city is divided by Assnnpink Creek into two parts, Trenton and South Trenton. Trenton is regularly laid out, with straight, broad streets, well paved, well lighted, and, away from the active business portions, delightfully shaded. The city is a peculiarly pleasant and inviting place of abode, and there are many spacious and handsome residences, and yet it is an important centre of vast manufactures, having a number of extensive estab- TRE TRE lishments for iron and steel manufacturing and working in all their stages, with about $5,000,000 of capital and an annual production approximating $10,000,000. There are also woollen-raitls, fire-brick- and terra-cotta-works, rubber- works, zinc-works, &c. But the leading industry of Tren- ton is the manufacture of crockery and pottery. There is more of this ware made here than in all the rest of Amer- ica, and Trenton-ware has a world-wide reputiition as un- excelled. Trenton already employs water-power from the Delaware to the amount of 2000 horse-power, and the amount can readily be quintupled. Ample facilities for shipping the products of Trenton industries to home and foreign markets are afforded by the Pennsylvania Rail- road and its branches and connections, the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad (Bound Brook Branch), the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad and its branches, the Delaware dfc Raritan Canal, and various steamboats to Philadelphia. There are two fine bridges across the Dela- ware. Among the public buildings of Trenton are the state house, a handsome, commodious building, the county court-house, the city hall, state lunatic asylum, peniten- tiary, state arsenal, state normal school. United States post- office, (fee, 35 churches, a high school and 11 or more graded public schools, and a number of denominational and pri- vate schools, &c. There are charitable institutions, asylums, &a., and several excellent libraries. Six daily and 6 weekly newspapers and 1 German semi-weekly are published here. The city is governed by a mayor and common council. It has an efficient tire department, an ample water-supply, and is lighted with gas. Pop. in 1S40, 4035; in 1S60, 17,228; in 1870, 22,874; present pop. about 30,000. Trenton, a post-village in Trenton township, Oneida CO., N.Y., on Cincinnati Creek, and on the Utica & Black River Railroad, 16 miles N. of Utica. It has 2 churches and a cheese- factory. Pop. 294. Trenton, a post-township of Oneida co., N.Y., about 10 miles N. of Utica, is intersected by the Utica & Black River Railroad. The Trenton limestone (Lower Silurian) is developed here. Pop. 3134. This township contains villages named Holland Patent, Prospect, Stittville, Tren- ton, and Trenton Falls. Trenton, a post-village, capital of Jones co., N.C., in Trenton township, on the Trent River, about 22 miles W.S.W. of New-Berne. It is situated in a level, sandy region, which has extensive forests of pine. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 814. Trenton, a post-village in Madison township, Butler CO., 0., on the W. bank of the Great Miami River, and on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad, 8 miles N.N.E. of Hamilton. It. has 4 churches and a carriage- factory. Pop. 340. Trenton, a township of Delaware co., 0. Pop. 907. Trenton (Tuscarawas Post-Office), a village of Tus- carawas CO., 0., in Warwick township, on the Tuscarawas River, the Ohio Canal, and the Pittsburg & Columbus Rail- road, 53 miles W. of Steubenville. It has 3 churches. Pop. 292. Trenton, a post-village of Edgefield co., S.C., on the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta Railroad, 59 miles W.S.W. of Columbia. It has 2 churches. Trenton, a post-village, capital of Gibson co., Tenn., on the North Fork of the Forked Deer River, and on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 28 miles N. by W. of Jackson, and 59 miles S. of Columbus, Ky. It has a court-house, 8 churches, 2 newspa.per offices, a high school, 2 flour-mills, 2 foundries, and a planing-mill. Pop. 1909. Trenton, a township of Dodge co.. Wis. Pop. 1762. Trenton, a post-hamlet in Trenton township, Pierce CO., Wis., on the Mississippi River, about 2 miles N. of Red Wing, and 16 miles S.E. of Prescott. Pop. of the township, 304. Trenton, township, Washington co.. Wis. Pop. 1912. Trenton, a port of entry of Ontario, co. of Hastings, on the Trent, at its entrance into the Bay of Quinte, 101 miles E. of Toronto. It contains 4 churches, a grammar- school, town hall, branch bank, printing-office, 2 steam saw-mills, 4 grist-mills, 2 tanneries, a tin-factory, paper- mill, carding-mill, an iron-foundry, and a number of stores. It also has excellent facilities for ship-building, and a trade in exporting square and sawed timber. Pop. 2000. Trenton I* alls, a pot^t-village and popular place of resort in Trenton township, Oneida co., N.Y., on West Canada Creek, and on the Utica & Black River Railroad, 17 miles N. of Utica, Here are 5 cascades, with a total descent of about 400 feet in a course of 2 miles. The creek flows through a deep, narrow ravine between perpendicular walls of 'fine Trenton limestone, which in some places are nearly 200 feet high. The volume of water ia not large, but the place is remarkable for tlio beauty and wildness of its scenery. Pop. about 250. Trenton Junction, a.station in Mercer co., N.J., on the Delaware River, and on the Delaware & Bound Brook Railroad, at its junction with the Belvidere Delaware Rail- road, 3i miles N.W. of Trenton. A bridge over the river connects this place with Yarxlleyville. Trenton Mills, a post-office of Cumberland co., Va. Trentschin, trSnt-sheen', written also Trentsen and Trentsin (Hun. Treucein, trSn'cheen'), a town of Hungary, capital of a county, on a castle-crowned height, on the Waag, 40 miles N. of Neutra. Pop. 3449. Trentschin, a county in the extreme N.W. of Hungary. Area, 1784 square miles. Capital, Trentschin. Pop. 248,026, mostly Slovaks. Trepassey, tre-pas'se, a port of entry of Newfound- land, 81 miles S.W. of St. John's. It has a fine harbor, and a large trade in the fisheries. Pop. 514. Treport, Lk, a town of France. See Lk Trepout. Treptow, Neu, a town of Prussia. See Nku-Treptow. Trepuzzi, tri-poot'see, a town of Italy, province and N.W. of Lecce. Pop. 3278. Tres Alamos, trSs i'li-moce, a post-office and settle- ment of Pima CO., Arizona, in San Pedro Valley, 50 miles E. of Tucson. Tres Barras, or Rio de Tres Barras, ree'o di trfis ban'nds {i.e., the "river with three bars"), a river of Brazil, falls into the Tapajos near lat, 8° S., Ion. 57° W. TrescUow, tres'ko, a mining, post-village in Banks township. Carbon co., Pa., on the Lehigh Valley Railroad and the Central Railroad of New Jersey, about 24 miles N.E. of Pottsville. It has a large colliery. P. about 600. Tres'co, or Tres'caw, one of the Scilly Islands, in the English Channel, W. of Annet Island. Pop. 226. It has about 800 acres of fertile land, a village named Dol- phin, and some decayed batteries. Tres'cott, a township of Washington co., Mo., 22 miles E.N.E. of Machias. Pop. 603. , Tres Herinanos, islands. See Hermanos. Treskowitz, tr§s'ko-wits\ or Troskotowice, tros- ko-to-weet'si, a market-town of Austria, in Moravia, circle of Brunn, near Durnholz. Pop. 1160. Tres-Montes, trSs-mon'tSs (''three mountains"), a peninsula of South America, W, of Patagonia, between the Chqnos Archipelago and the Gulf of Pefias. Tres-lVuragrnes, trSs-noo-ra'gh^s, a village of the island of Sardinia, 9 miles N.W. of Cagliari. Pop. 1324. Tres Falacios (tr^s pi-li'se-oce) River, a hamlet of Matagorda co., Tex., 40 miles from Columbia. It has a church. Tres Finos, trSs pee'noce, a post-hamlet of San Benito CO., Cal., on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 100 miles S.S.E. of San Francisco, and 6 miles S.E. of HoUister. Tres-Pontes, trfis-pon'tSs ("three bridges"), a town of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, between the Rio Grande and the Rio das Mortes, 25 miles E. of Lavras-de- Funil. Tres Tabernae, the ancient name of Zabern. Trestenburg, a town of Transylvania. See Tasxai). Trets, tri, a town of France, in Bouches-du-Rhono, 15 miles E.S.E. of Aix. Pop. 2694. Coal is mined here. Treuchtlingen, troiKt'ling-en, a town of Bavaria, on the Altmiihl, 13 miles W.N.W. of Eichstadt. It has man- ufactures of ribbons, pottery, Ac. Pop. 1928. Trenen, troi'en, a town of Saxony, 9 miles E.N.E. of Plauen. Pop., 5409, mostly employed in weaving and spinning. Treuenbrietzen, troi'en-breet'sQn. a town of Prus- sia, province of Brandenburg, 22 miles S.S.A\''. of Potsdam. Pop, 5466. It has numerous manufactures of linen, woollen* and cotton fabrics, and leather. Trevandruin, India. See Trivanduum. Trevanion, tre-vS,'ne-on, or Guerta, ghSr'tS,, an island in the South Pacific. Lat. 10° 40' S. ; Ion. 165° 45' 30" E. It is nearly 10 miles in circuit. Trevelez,tri-vi'lSth, orEntrevelez, ^n-tri-vi'lSth, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, province and about 35 miles from Granada. Pop. 1399. Trevennen, Marquesas Islands. See RoAPOA. Treves, treevz (anc. Augns'ta Treviro'mm ; Fr. Treves, traiv or trSv ; Ger. Trier, treer), a city of Rhenish Prussia, capital of a government of its own name, on the right bank of the Moselle, here crossed by an ancient Roman bridge 690 feet long, 57 miles S.W. of Coblcntz. Lat. 49° 47' N. ; Ion. 6° 38' E. It is considered the oldest city in Germany, and is by far the richest of its cities in Roman remains, though. 2232 TRt these are more remarkable for vastness than for beauty. Modern Treves consists of the town proper and of 9 suburbs. It is surrounded by walls with S gates. The principal buildings are the cathedral, an irregular structure in the earliest Romanesque style, remarkable for its altars and marble gallery, the church of St. Simeon, the palace of the electors and bishops, now converted into a barrack, the ancient remains of the Roman baths, in a very shattered state, the Roman amphitheatre scooped out of the hill ()f the Marsberg, the town library, which belonged to its university, suppressed in 1794, the museum, gymnasium, theatre, provincial, industrial, and numerous other schools, the school of design, savings-banks, burgher hospital, poor- house, house of correction, Ac. Its manufactures consist of woollen and linen cloth, worsted, carpets, hats, porcelain, soap, glue, leather, tobacco, and refined wax. Treves is a bishop's see, and the seat of a provincial council and a tri- bunal of commerce. When Julius Caesar led his armies into the district it was the capital of a powerful people, whom he calls the Treviri. Under Augustus it was made a Roman colony, called Augusta Trevirorura ; it subsequently became the capital of (Jallia Belgica. It was the residence of Con- stantino the Great and other Roman emperors, and became the second metropolis of the empire. During the invasion of the Goths, Huns, and Vandals it was almost annihilated, but revived, and rose to great splendor under the arch- bishop-electors, who possessed extensive domains, often maintained large armies, and exercised great political in- fluence. St. Ambrose, one of the fathers of the church, was born here, and St. Jerome, another of its fathers, studied here. In the Middle Ages it suffered repeatedly from wars, and in the eighteenth century it was five times taken by the French. Pop. 22,027; or, with suburbs, 32,972. Trevico, tri-vee'ko (anc. Trioi'cum), a town of Italy, province of Avellino, 10 miles S.S.E. of Ariano, with a cathedral, convents, and hospital. Pop. 3490. Treviglio, tri-veel'yo, or Triviglio, tre-veel'yo, a town of Northern Italy, province of Bergamo, ISA miles E.N.E. of Milan, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. 8575. It stands in a rich plain between the Adda and the Serio, and has a large trade in raw silk. Trevigno, a town of Austria. See Rovigno. Trevilian's (tr?-viryanz) Depot, a small post-vil- lage of Louisa CO., Va., on the Chesapeake & Ohio Rail- road, 66 miles W.N.W. of Richmond. Treviso, tr6v-ee'zo or tri-vee'so (Fr. Treoiee, triVeez' ; anc. Tarvi'aium), a city of Italy, 16 miles by rail N. of Venice, capital of a province, on the Sile. It has spacious streets and large squares, and a great number of handsome houses, generally lined by arcades, and often possessed of small but well-planted gardens, which give the town a very pleasing appearance. The principal buildings are the cathe- dral, the church of San Nicolo, a large Gothic edifice, the court-bouse and prison, town house, register- office, hospital, library, a moiite-de-pietd, 2 theatres, and the civil hospital. The manufactures consist chiefly of silk and cotton goods, paper, and cutlery; the trade is in corn, cattle, and fruit, and there is an important annual fair. Treviso is the see of a bishop, the seat of provincial and city courts and offices, and possesses a botanic garden, agricultural society, dio- cesan seminary, and athenaeum of science and literature. It was formerly the seat of the celebrated university after- wards transferred to Padua. It is a place of great an- tiquity, and is supposed to have been a municipal free town under the Romans. On the decline of the empire it was taken possession of by the Huns, then by the Ostro- goths, and afterwards by the Lombards. During the feuds between the Guelphs and Ghibellines it formed part of the Lombardic league and became independent. In 1344 it voluntarily placed itself under the government of Venice. Totila, King of the Goths, and Pope Benedict XI., were born in Treviso. Pop. 16,824. Treviso, a province of Italy, in Venetia, bordering on the Gulf of Venice. Area, 939 square miles. Capital, Treviso. Pop. 352,538. Trevi-Tliebana, tri'vee-ti-bi'n4, a market-town of Italy, 16 miles N.N.W. of Frosinone. Pop. 1591. Trevi-Trebia, tri'vee-tri'be-i, a town of Italy, in tJmbria, 10 miles N. of Spoleto, picturesquely situated on the Flaminian Way. Pop. 5082. Trevoes, tri-vo'5.NS, a town of Portugal, province of Beira, 18 miles S.S.E. of Lamego. Pop. 1142. Trev'ortoii, a post-village in Zerbe township, North- umberland CO., Pa., on the Mahanoy &■ Shamokin Raili-oad, 7 miles W. of Shamokin. It has 4 churches. Coal is mined near this place, which is 13i miles E.N.E. of Trev- orton Junction. Pop. about 1400. Trevorton, or Trevorton Junction, Pennsyl- va.nia. See Herndon. Trevose, tre-vos', a station of the North Pennsylvania Railroad, 17 miles N.N.E. of Philadelphia, Pa. Tr^voux, triS'oo' (anc. Trivia >), a town of France, department of Ain, on the Saone, 12 miles N. of Lyons. Pop. 2127. It has a palace, a hospital, and manufactures of edge-tools and jewelry. Trex'ler, a post-village of Berks co., Pa., on the Berks k Lehigh Railroad, 24i miles N. of Reading. It has a tannery. Trex'lertown, a post-village in Upper Macungie township, Lehigh co.. Pa., on the Catasauqua k Fogelsville Railroad, at the junction of the Breinigsville Branch, 12 miles S.W. of Catasauqua, and 8 miles W.S.W. of Allen- town. It has a church, a tannery, 2 or 3 stores, Ac. P. 500. Treysa, or Treisa, tri'si, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cassel, province of Ober-Hessen, 20 miles E.N.E. of Marburg. Pop. 2228. Trezevant, trez-vant', a post-village of Carroll co., Tenn., on the South Fork of Obion River, and on the Louis- ville & Memphis Railroad, 39 miles N. by E. of Jackson. It has 2 churches, a masonic institute, and a foundry. Pop. about 250. Trezzano, trSt-si'no, a village of Italy, province of Milan, 5 miles S.W. of Milan. Pop. 1106. Trezzo, trSt'so, a market-town of Lombardy, 19 miles N.E. of Milan, on the Adda, with manufactures of silks. It was formerly fortified. Pop. 3381. Ti'iadel'phia, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co., Md., on the Patuxent River, about 25 miles W. of Baltimore. Triad el phia, a post-hamlet of Morgan co., 0., about 20 miles S. of Zanesville. It has a church. Pop. 34. Triadelphia, a post-village of Ohio co., W. Va., on the Wheeling &. Pittsburg Branch of the Baltimore i Ohio Railroad, 6 miles E. of Wheeling. It has 3 churches and 2 cigar-factories. Pop. 239. Triaditza, Bulgaria. See Sophia. Tri'al Bay, a commodious harbor of New South Wales, about 40 miles N. of Port Miicquarie. Triana, tri-in'ah, a post-luimlet of Madison co., Ala., on the Tennessee River, about 16 miles S.S.W. of Hunts- ville. It has a church. Triangle, tri'ang-ghel, a post-village of Broome co,, N.Y., in Triangle township, about 18 miles N. of Bingham- ton. It has 3 churches. Pop. 273; of the township, 2122. The township contains a larger village, named Whitney's Point. It is drained by the Tioghnioga and Otselic Rivers. Triangle, a post-olHoe of Lincoln co., N.C. Triangles, The, a group of islets in the Malay Archi- pelago, in the Strait of Macassar, immediately between Celebes and Borneo. Triangles, The, a group of islets off the W. coast of Yucatan, in the Gulf of Mexico. Tribau, a town of Austria. See TrUb.iu. Tribe's (tribz) Hill, a post-village of Montgomery CO., N.Y., on the N. bank of the Mohawk River, and on the New York Central Railroad, 38 miles W.N.W. of Albany, and 5 miles E. of Fonda. It is mostly in Mohawk town- ship. It has 3 churches, a broom-factory, and quarries of limestone. Pop. 365. Tribsees, a town of Prussia. See Triebsees. Tribula'tion, a post-office of McDonald co.. Mo. Tribur, or Triburium, Germany. See Treeur. Tricala, a town of Thessaly. See Trikhala. Tricarico, tre-ki're-ko, a town of Italy, province and 17 miles E. of Potenza, between the Ba.sicnto and tlie Bra- dano. Pop. 6710. It is enclosed by old walls, and has a cathedral, and manufactures of silks, woollen cloths, caps, leather, and tobacco. Tricase, tre-ki'sA, a town of Italy, province of Lecoe, 23 miles E.S.E. of Gallipoli. Pop. 2527. Tricassa;. See Troyes. Tricca, Turkey. See Trikhala. Trich'angode, or Tir'uchango'du, a town of India, district and 29 miles S.W. of Salem. Pop. 6153. TrichUndoor', or Tritchindur, tricVin-door', written also Tiruciiendur, a town of India, on the sea, district and 35 miles S.E. of Tinnevelly. Pop. 7051. Trichinopoly, or Trichinopoli, trich-in-op'o-le, a district of British India, near its S. extremity, presidency of Madras. Area, 3515 square miles. Pop. 1,200,408. The river Cavery traverses it from W. to E. Trichinopoly, or Trichinopoli, a town of British India, ytrcsidency of Madras, capital of the above district, on the Cavery, 30 miles W. of Tanjore, Pop. 76,530. Though one of the hottest stations in the Carnatic, it is the TRT 2233 TRT head-quartfers of the S. division of the Madras army, which has here good cantonments. The mai'kets are well sup- plied. The foi'tifications are in decay; but a citadel is treated on a lofty rock in its centre, on which are also a large pagoda, a powder-magazine, and in one of its angles a cave-temple. The arsenal contains many thousand stand of arms. The population manufacture jewelry, cotton cloths, and horse-equipments, for which, and for other goods, Trichinopoly is a Nourishing emporium. Trichoor, tre-choor', a town of India, state and 40 miles N. by W. of Cochin. It contains a citadel and pal- ace, a college for Brahmins, many pagodas, good barracks, a hospitiil, magazine, and storehouses. It is celebrated for its sanctity, is the place of a large annual festival, and is the most important trading-emporium in Cochin. Trickham, trik'am, a post-village of Coleman co., Tex.. 125 miles N.W. of Georgetown. It has a church. Trick'um, a post-hamlct of Whitfield co., Ga., 25 miles from Chattanooga, Tenn. It has a church. Tric'olum, or Trik'kolam, a town of India, in Malabar, 21 miles by rail S.E. of Calicut. Pop. 8317. Tricot, tree^ko', a village of France, department of Oise, 12 miles N.E. of Clermont. Pop. 1045, who weave fabrics which have hence derived their name. Tridentum, the ancient name of Trent. Triebsees, treeb'sis, or Tribsees, trib'sSs, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, government and 20 miles S.AV. of Stralsund. Pop. 3082. Triel, tre-Sl', a town of France, in Seine-et-Oise, on the right bank of the Seine, and on the Havre Railway, 4 miles N.N.W. of Poissy. Pop. 1734. Trie-le-Chateau, tree-leh-shaHo', a town of France, department of Oise, 15 miles S.W. of Beauvais. Triengen, treen'ghen, a village of Switzerland, can- ton and 16 miles N.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 1632. Trient, the German name of Trknt, Trier, the German name of Treves. Triesch, treesh, a town of Austria, in Moravia, 9 miles S.S.W. of Iglau. It has manufactures of linen and woollen fabrics. Pop. 4500. Triest, tre-§st' (Fr. Trieste, tre-5st' ; It. Trieste, tre- ^s'ti ; anc. Terges'te), the principal seaport city of Austro- Hungary, capital of Kustenland, on the Gulf of Triest, at the N.E. extremity of the Adriatic Sea, 73 miles E.N.E. of Venice. Lat. 45° 38' N. : Ion. 13*^ 46' E. Mean tempera- ture of the year, 55.3°; winter, 39.4°; summer, 71.4° Fahr. It is the terminus of a railway system. The city consists of an old town, built on the declivity of a steep hill, and enclosed by old walls, and the new town, or There- sienstadt, Josephstadt, and the Franzenvorstadt, bordering the sea on a plain at its foot. It has altogether a thriving appearance, and its streets are crowded with men of all European nations. The new town especially is well built. A broad canal, deep enough to float vessels of large burden, runs up from the harbor through this part of the town, and enables the merchants to receive or deliver cargoes at their doors. Between the old and new town winds the Corao, a spacious thoroughfare, opening successively into several handsomfi squares, in the principal of which are a tine public fountain, the chief hotel, and the column and statue of the Emperor Charles VI. (to whom Triest owes its modern im- portance); the exchange, the finest edifice in Triest; the Dom, or cathedral, of great antiquity, resembling St. Mark's at Venice, and surmounted by a tower which is said to stand on a temple of Jupiter ; the church of St. Peter, the Jesuit church, the Protestant church, synagogue, cus- tom-house, post-office, and theatres. Outside the town, on the sea-shore, is the new lazaretto, one of the best-arranged in Europe. The harbor admits vessels of 300 tons to its quays, and vessels of any size anchor safely at a short dis- tance. It is in the form of a crescent, one side of which is formed by the mole, which projects N.W, into the sea and terminates in a broad platform, occupied partly by a fort, and partly by an intermittent light lOfi feet above the sea. On its N. side is a quarantine dock, surrounded with hotels and every other convenience. Close to the harbor are ex- tensive building-docks, Triest is the great emporium for the trade of the empire by the Adriatic. It is a depot for warehousing goods from the Black Sea, Turkey, and Egypt, and of late the route through it has been successfully employed for the transit of the overland mails between England and India. The trade began rapidly to increase about the middle of the last century, when the Empress Maria Theresa made great im- provements on the harbor, constructed the canal, and de- clared it a free port. The principal exports are corn, rice, wine, oil, wax, flax, hemp, tobacco, silk, wood, hides, mar- ble, iron, lead, quicksilver, copper, alum, vitriol, silk stuffs, printed cottons, coarse and fine linens, soap, leather, glass, and liqueurs. The principal imports are colonial produce, raw and spun cotton, cotton goods, dried fruits, hides, salt fish, camels' hair, &c. Triest possesses a large mercantile navy, and is the head-quarters of the Austrian Lloyd's, which occupies a large building called the Tergestcum. The value of its imports amounts to about $70,000,000 and its exports to $50,000,000 per. annum. Triest is a bishop's see, the seat of an imperial academy, a school of navigation, and many other schools and learned associations. It has many banking establishments, insu- rance offices, newspapers, &c., and is the residence of consuls of most commercial nations. Its manufactures are numer- ous, and in some branches extensive. The principal articles are white lead, wax candles, soap, rosoglio, spirits, earthen- ware, and morocco leather. A great number of vessels also are built, and an active shipping is carried on in the bay. Triest existed under the Komans, but never rose to much importance till about the middle of the last century, when the Empress Maria Theresa laid the foundation of a pros- perity which has ever since continued to advance, and con- verted a comparatively insignificant town into the first port of the empire. Pop. 70,274; or, with suburbs, 109,324. Triest, a district of Austria, forming part of Kusten- land, on the Adriatic, bounded landward by Istria and Gdritz. Principal town, Triest. Area, 26 square miles. Pop. 123,098. See also Gulf of Triest. Trigg, a county in the W. part of Kentucky, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the AV". by the Tennessee River, and intersected by the Cumberland Kiver, both of which here run nearly northward and are navigable by steamers. The surface is undulating or hilly. The soil is fertile. Forests of good timber cover one-third or more of the surface. Indian corn, tobacco, wheat, and pork are the staple products. Among its minerals are iron ore and limestone. Capital, Cadiz. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,390,440. Pop. in 1870, 13,686, of whom 13,653 were Amerioiins. Trigg Furnace, a post-village of Trigg co., Ky., 17 miles S. of Princeton. It has 2 churches, and an iron- furnace which employs about 400 men. Triggiaiio, trid-ji'no, a town of Italy, 5 miles S.S.E, of Bari, and 3 miles from the Adriatic. Pop. 6921. Trigno, treen'yo (anc. Trin'iHa),a. river of Italy, rises in the Apennines, about 9 miles W. of Campobasso, flows N.W. and N.E. past Trivento and Celenza, and enters the Adriatic 5 miles S.E, of II Vasto. Length, 50 miles, Trigo, tree'go, a station in San Joaquin co., Cal., on the Stockton per-mines. Trundle's (trun'd^lz) Cross Roads, a post-office of Sevier co., Tenn. Trunk'eyville, a post-office and station of Forest co.. Pa., on the Pittsburg, Titusville & Buffalo Railroad, and on the Alleghany River, 9.^ miles N. of Tionesta. Tru'ro, a seaport town of England, co. of Cornwall, 8 miles N.N.E. of Falmouth, on the rivers Allen and Kenwyn, which unite to form the river Truro, that opens into Fal- mouth harbor. Pop. 11,049. 'The town is the largest in the county, its prosperity partly owing to its being the centre of an important manufacturing district and a prin- cipal stannary town. Chief edifices, St. Mary's church, various chapels, a town hall, coinage-hall, custom-house, county infirmary, lying-in institution, barracks, theatre, workhouse, museum, grammar-school, mining college, and a royal institution for science and literature. Vessels of 100 tons come up to its quays. Imports, chiefly coal, tim- ber, and articles required in mining operations. Exports, tin, copper, paper, carpeting, pottery-ware, and pilchard oil. The borough sends two members to tho House of Com- mons. In 1S77 it became a bishop's see. Tru'ro, a post-township of Knox co.. 111., about 16 miles E. of Galesburg. Pop. 899. Truro, a post-village in Truro township. Barnstable co., Mass., on Cape Cod Bay, 1 mile E. of the Old Colony Rail- road. It is about 60 miles by water, or 110 miles by rail- road, E.S.E. of Boston. The township is a part of tho narrow peninsula called Cape Cod, and is bounded on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean. 'The inhabitants are mostly em- ployed in navigation and the fisheries. Pop. 1098. TRU 2241 TSO Truro, a township of Franklin oo., 0. Pop. 1866. Tril'ro, a town of Nova Scotia, capital of Colchester CO., 2 miles above the head of Cobequid Bay, on the Inter- colonial Railway, 61 miles N. by K. of Halifax, and 215 miles E. of St. John. It is one of the prettiest towns in the province, and contains the county buildings, several churches and hotels, a branch bank, the Provincial normal and model schools, and manufactories of engines, iron castings, axles, machinery, boots and shoes, lasts and pegs, hats, leather, wooden-ware, woollens, &o. Pop. 25U0. Truss'ville, a post-village of Jetferson co., Ala., on the Alabama & Chattanooga llailroad. Hi miles N.E. of Birmingham. It has 2 churches, a seminary, a woollen- factory, &c. Coal is found near this place. Trutnow, a town of Bohemia. See Trautestad. Truxillo, Spain and Spanish America. See TnujiLLO. Trux'ton, a post-office of Bureau co., III., about 24 miles S. of Sterling. Truxton, a post-village of Lincoln co.. Mo., 12 miles N. of Pendleton Station, and about 64 miles W.N.W. of St. Louis. It has a church, a lumber-mill, and a ilour-mill. Truxton, a post-village in Truxton township, Cortland CO., N.Y., on the East Branch of the Tioghnioga Kiver, and on the Auburn Branch of the Oswego Midland Rail- roiid, about 2S miles S. by E. of Syracuse, and 36 miles W.N.W. of Norwich. It contains 3 churches, a cheese- factory, a grist-faiill, and 2 saw-mills. Butter and cheese are its staple products. Pop. 314; of the township, 1468. Truyere, or Trueyre, trii'yain', a river of France, rises in the Cevennes, department of Lozere, and joins the Lot at Entraigues. Total course, 81 miles. Try'an, a post-office of Coffee co., Ala. Try'gil'lo, a post-office of Oldh.am co., Tex. Try'on, a township of Polk co., N.C. Pop. 640. Try 'on, a seaport of Prince Edward Island, co. of Queens, on the S. coast, at the head of a small bay, in lat. 46° 17' N., Ion. 63° 38' W. Tryon City, a post-offioo of Polk oo., N.C, in Tryon township, on the Spartanburg & Asheville Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Columbus. Tryon Mountain, in the vicinity, rises about 4800 feet above the sea-Ievel. Tryon Corner, a post-village in Prince co.. Prince Edward Island, 24 miles from Charlottetown. Pop. 100. Tryon Factory, Georgia. See Trios Factouv. Try'onville,a post-village in Steuben township, Craw- ford CO., Pa., on Oil Creek, and on the Pittsburg, Titusville & Buffalo Railroad, 8 miles N.N.W. of Titusville. It has a church, a graded school, and manufactures of lumber, wagons, and wooden bowls. Try'sil, a post-office of Cass oo., Dakota. Trzcianka, or Trzianka. See Schoslanke. Trzebiczke, a town of Moravia. See Trebitsch. Trzebochowice, Bohemia. See Hohenbruck. Trzemeszno, a town of Prussi.a. See Trschemesno. Tsad, a lake of Central Africa. See Chah. Tsadda, a river of Centr.al Africa. See Benuwe. Tsanspaynago, tsdm-pi-nd'go, a town of Burmah, on the Irrawaddy, 76 miles N. of Ava. Tsana, a lake of Abyssinia. See Dembba. Tsang, the Chinese name for Thibet. Tsanta, tsin'ti', a fortified city of China, in Tun-Nan, near the Burmese frontier, 50 miles N.E. of Bhamo. Tsao-Tchoo, or Tsao-Tchon, tsa'o-choo', a town of China, in Sh.an-Toong, 140 miles S.W. of Tsee-Nan. Tsarevokokshaisk, or Tzarevokokshaisk, tsi- ri-vo-kok-shisk', a town of Russia, government and 72 miles N.W. of Kazan. Pop. 1124. Tsarevosantchoorsk, or Tzarevosantchursk, tsd-r^vo-sS,nt-choorsk', a town of Russia, government of Viatka, 33 miles S.W. of Yaransk. Pop. 992. Tsaritsin, Tzaritzin, or Zaritzyn, ts&rit-sin', a fortified town of Russia, government of Saratov, on the Volga., 110 miles S.S.W. of Kamishin. It was formerly an important station of defence, and is celebrated for its min- eral waters. Pop. 11,826. Tsarskoe-Selo, or Tzarskoe-Selo, tsans'ko-A- si'lo, a town of Russia, government and 17 miles S. of St. Petersburg by railway, capital of a circle. Pop. 14,465. It has a college, a military school, and manufactures of car- pets, but is chiefly noted for a summer residence of the em- , peror, built and furnished in a style of great magnificence. Tsatsak, a town of Servi.a. See Csatsak. Tsa-Yuen, ts^-yoo-Sn', a town of China, province of Che-Kiang, S.AV. of Hang-Chow-Foo. It is a large and important place, and has opposite to it a curiously-shaped hill, composed chiefly of granite of a beautiful green color, which is much prized by the Chinese. 141 Tschartorisk, or Czartorysk, ohaR-to-risk', a town of Russia, in Volhynia, on the Styr, 30 miles N.N.E. of Lootsk. Pop. 280U. Tscheben, a village of Hungary. See Czebe. Tscheboksary, a town of Russia. See Cheboksari. Tscheljabinsk, Russia. See Chei.iabinsk. Tschenikend, or Chenikend, chSm-kSnd', a town of Asiatic Russia, government of Syr-Darya, 75 miles N. by E. of Tashkend. Pop. 5422. Tschenkowitz, tsk4n'ko-wits, a village of Bohemia, E. of Chrudim. Pop. 1570. Tscherikov, or Tschirikow. See Cherikot. Tscherkassy, a town of Russia. See Cherkasee. Tschernembel, tsh^R'nSm-b^l, a town of Austria, in Carniola, 16 miles S.of Neustadtl. Pop. 1300. (For other names sometimes spelt with Tscli, refer to Ch, Ten, or Cz.) Tschernigoff, or Tschernigoir. See Chernigov. Tschernowitz, Austria. See Czernowitz. Tschoil, a town of West Africa. See TcHOW. Tschuliin, a river of Siberia. See Choolim. Tsee-Nan, or Tsi-Jfan, tsee'nin', a city of China, capital of the province of Shan-Toong, on the left bank of the Ta-Tsin River, 100 miles from the Gulf of Pe-Chee-Lee. It is large, populous, and venerated as the residence of a former dynasty. It has manufactures of gray silks and glass-wares. Tse-Kee, or Tse-Ki, tsi'kee', a town of China, province of Che-Kiang, W. of Ning-Po. Tsepel, a river-island of Hungary. Seo Csepel. Tse-Tchoo, or Tse-Tchou, tsil'choo', a city of China, in Shan-See, 40 miles N. of the Hoang-Ho. Tsiekhanovets, Russia. See Ciechanowiec. Tsien-Kiang, tse-^n^ke-4ng', a river of China, prov- ince of Se-Chuen, tributary to the Kia-Ling. Tsien-Tang-Kiang, a river of China, province of Che-Kiang, joins the sea by a wide estuary E. of the city of Hang-Chow-Foo. Tsikugo-Gawa, tse-koo'go-gaw'w3, (?), a river of Japan, the largest in the island of Kioo-Sioo. It rises in the mountains on the W. side of Bungo, flows through the province of Tsikugo, and, after receiving many rivulets, forms two mouths as it falls into the Gulf of Simabara, near the town of Saga, in lat. 33° 10' N. Tsikuzen, tse-koo-z^n' (?), a province of Japan, occu- pying the N.E. portion of the island of Kioo-Sioo, and comprising about 56 islands and islets. Tsina, an ancient name of China. See Chinese Empire. Tsing-Hai, Chinese Empire. See Koko-Nor. Tsin-Tchoo, or Tsin-Tchou, tsinVhoo', a city of China, province of Quang-Tong, 65 miles W. of Oo- Tchoo, on a tributary of the ilong-Kiang. Tsin-Tchoo, or Tsin-Tchou, a city of China, province of Shan-Toong, 80 miles E. of Tsee-Nan. Tsitsikar, tsit-se-kar', a town of Manchooria, near the border of Mongolia, on the Nonni (or Non) River, 240 miles S.W. of Saghalin-Oola. Tsiuen-Tchoo (or -Tchou). See Chinchew. Tsivilsk, a town of Russiii. See Tzivilsk. Tso-Mapham, Thibet. See Manasarowar. Tsong- Gan- Hien, tsong*gin^he-5n', a town of China, province of Fo-Kien, on an affluent of the Min. L.at. 27° 47' 38" N. ; Ion. 118° 15' E. Its staple trade is black tea. Throughout the town are large tea-hongs, where the teas are sorted and packed for foreign markets, and many tea-merchants from Canton and all parts of China come here to make purchases. Pop. about 10,000. Tsong-Ming, an island of China. See Tsung-Ming. Tsoogar, a strait of Japan, See Sangar. Tsookasaki, or Tsukasaki, tsoo'kS,-s&'kee, a small town of Japan, island of Kioo-Sioo, near Uresino, from which it is separated by three high mountains called Sansaka. It is much frequented by invalids on account of its hot baths of the temperature of 121° Fahr. Tsoorooga, or Tsuruga, tsoo-roo'gi, a town of Japan, on the Bay of Tsoorooga, and on the W. side of Hondo, 200 miles W. of Tokio. It has a good port, and exports lime, granite, and the manufactured goods and agricultural products of a large district. Pop. 20,000, Tsoosima, or Tsusima, tsoo-see'mi, an island of Japan, in the Strait of Corea. Lat. (of N. extremity) 34° 40' N.; Ion. 129° 29' E. Length, 45 miles; breadth, 12 miles. Surface mountainous and rugged. Tsootsi-Yamma, or Tsutsi-Yamma, tsoot'see- yJm'm2l,and Tsoova (Tsuva), tsoo'vi, two small islands of Japan. Tsoo-Yung, or Tsu-Yung, tsoo'yiing', a city of China, province and 70 miles W. of Yun-Nan. TSO 224'2 TUO Tsoanouthouan, tsoo-non-thoo-an', or Great Jllountain, a mountain on the N. bank of the river Jacques-Cartier, about 24 miles N.AV. of Quebec. It forms the southern angle of the Laurentian Range of mountains, which extend from Labrador to Hudson's Bay. Its eleva- tion is about 200U feet. Tsour, a town of Syria. See Soon. Tsugar, a strait of Japan. See Sangar- Tsukasaki, a town of Japan. See Tsookasaki. Tsung-Ijiiig;, Asia. See Karakorum Mountains. Tsung-3Iing, tsung^ming', an island of China, prov- ince of Kiang-Soo, off the E. coast, at the mouth of the Yang-tse-Kiang. Its E. extremity is, in lat. 31° 28' N., Ion. 121° 51' E. Length, 36 miles; breadth, 10 miles. On its S. coast is a town of the same name. Tsun-Hoa, tsiin^ho-i', a city of China, province of Pe-Chee-Lee, SO miles E.N.B. of Peking. Tsun-Y, tsun'ee', a city of China, province of Koei- Choo. 70 miles N. of Koei-Yang. Tsu-Vung, a city of China. See Tsoo-Yung. Tsyosien, the Chinese name of Corea, Tsypa, or Tzipa, tsip'i, a river of Siberia, govern- ment of Irkootsk, joins the Vitim after a N.E. course of 230 miles. Tua, too'i, a river of Portugal, province of Tras-os- Montes, joins the Douro after a S.W. course of 70 miles, Tualatin^ or Tualitin, twal'§-tin, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Oregon, near the Tualatin Kiver. Tualatin River, Oregon, rises near the W. border of Washington co., runs eastward, and enters the Willamette in Clackamas co., near Oregon City. Length, 75 miles. Tu'am, an episcopal town of Ireland, co. and 19 miles N.N.E. of Galway, on the Clare. Lat.>3° 30' N. ; Ion. 8° 50' W. Pop. of town, 4223. It consists of 5 principal streets and a market-place, and has Roman Catholic and Protestant cathedrals, an episcopal palace (Anglican), an archiepiscopal palace (Roman Catholic), a Roman Catho- lic college, diocesan schools, a court-house, bridewell, work- house, barracks, market-house, reading- and assembly- rooms, ruins of a castle, and manufactures of linen and canvas. Tu'atn, a post-village in Simcoe co., Ontario, on the Nottawasaga River, 15 miles S.W. of Bradford. It con- tains a distillery, a flouring-mill, 2 saw-mills, and several stores. Pop. ISO. Tuariks, a people of Africa. See Tooareeks. Tuat, an oasis of Central Africa. See Tooat. Tua-Tieii, a town of Anam. See Hue. Tubac, too-bak', a post-hamlet of Pima co., Arizona, 50 miles S. of Tucson. It has a church. It is a very old Jesuit mission. Tubai, too-bi', and Tubuai-Manu, too-boo-i'-mi- noo', two of the Society Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. Tubal, too-Bil', a river of Chili, which has its mouth in the Pacific, close to the Bay of Arauco. Lat. 37° 14' 25'' S. It was once navigable for nearly a mile, but an earth- quake in 1S35 so raised the bar that it is now accessible only to small boats. Tubariyeh, a town of Palestine. See Tabareeyeh. Tubberan, toob-bi-rin', a town of Persia, province and 100 miles N.N.E. of Kerman. Tubbus, a town of Persia. See Tabas. Tubet, a region of Asia. See Thibet. riibingen, tii'bing-en, a town of Wiirtemberg, Black Forest, on the Nockar, at the influx of the Ammer, IS miles S.S.W. of Stuttgart. Lat. 48° 31' N. ; Ion. 9° 4' E. Its celebrated university, which had among its earliest pro- fessors the Reformers Melanchthon and Reuchlin, is seated in the ancient castle of the counts-palatine, and has an observatory, a botanic garden, a cabinet of natural history, and a library of 200,000 volumes. The town has manufac- tures of woollen cloth and gunpowder. Pop. 10.,471. Tubize, tU'^beex', a town of Belgium, in South Brabant, on a railway, 13 miles S.S.W. of Brussels. Pop. 2S03. Tucacas, too-ki'k5,s, a seaport of Venezuela, on the Caribbean Sea, state of Falcon, 25 miles N. by W. of Puerto Cabello. A railway extends hence 70 miles S.W. to Aroa. Tucano, too-ki'no, a town of Brazil, province of Ba- hia, 8 miles from the river Itapicuru. Pop. 1200. Tucapel, a river of Chili. See Laxa. Tuchel, too'Kel, a town of West Prussia, 15 miles S.E. of Konitz. Pop. 2780. Tuck, a town of India. See Tak. Tuckahoe, tuk>-ho', a post-village in Upper town- ship. Cape May co., N.J., on both sides of Tuckahoe Croek, about 20 miles W.S.W. of Atlantic City, and 11 miles S. of May's Landing. It has 2 churches. Tuckahoe, a post-village in East Chester township, Westchester co,, N.Y., on the New York & Harlem Rail- road, 16 miles N.N.E. of the Grand Central Depot, N.Y. Marble is quarried here. It has 3 churches and a manu- factory of rubber goods. Tuckahoe, a post-office of Jones co., N.C. Tuckahoe Creek, Maryland, rises in Queen Anne CO., runs southward, forms the W. boundary of Carroll co., and enters the Choptank River about 6 miles S.W. of Denton. Tuckahoe Creek, New Jersey, runs southward and eastward, forms the boundary between Atlantic and Cape May COS., and enters Great Egg Harbor Bay, Tuckalee'chee Cove, a post-office of Blount co., Tenn., about 22 miles S.E. of Knoxville. Tuckasegee, tuk-a-see'ghce, a station of the Caro- lina Central Railroad. See Woodlawn. Tuck'er, a county in the N.E. part of West Virginia, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by the Cheat River, and also drained by the Dry Fork of that river. The surface is diversified by several ridges of the Alleghany Mountains, and is mostly covered with forests of the oak, hickory, chestnut, sugar-maple, &c. The val- leys produce Indian corn, oats, and pasture. Capital, St. George. Valuation of real and personal estate, $505,285. Pop. in 1870, 1907, of whom 1887 were Americans. Tucker, a post-office and station of Kankakee co., 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad, 4 miles I^. of Kankakee. Tuck'erman, a post-office and station of Jackson co., Ark., on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, 10 miles N,N,E, of Newport. Tucker's Beach, N.J. See Tucker's Island, Tuck'ersburg, a post-village of Chambers co., Ala., on the East Alabama & Cincinnati Railroad, about 10 miles N. of Opelika. Tuck'er's Cross Roads, a post-hamlet of Wilson CO., Tenn. Tucker's Gap, a post-office of Wilson co., Tenn. Tucker's Hill, a post-office of Westmoreland co., Va. Tucker's Island, a low coral island, covered with cocoa-nut trees, in the North Pacific. Lat. 7° 22' N. ; Ion. 140° 48' E. Pop. 350. Tucker's Island, or Tucker's Beach, is on the inlet to Little Egg Harbor Bay, N.J. Tucker's Pond, a post-office of Edgefield co., S,C. Tuck'erton, a post-village and port of entry of Bur- lington CO., N.J., on Little Egg Harbor Bay, at the S. ter- minus of the Tuckerton Railroad, about IS miles N. of Atlantic City. It has 3 churches, 3 or 4 stores, and manu- factures of fish oil and guano. The shipping of the dis- trict amounts to about 8000 tons. Pop, about 1400. Tuckerton, a post-hamlet of Berks co., Pa., on tho Schuylkill River and the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, 5 miles N, of Reading. It has a church. Tuck'erville, a post-office of Custer co.. Neb. Tucovia, too-ko've-S,, an island of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 12° 16' S.; Ion. 168° 42' E. Tucson, too-son' or tuk-son', a post-town, capital of Pima CO., Arizona, on the Rio Santa Cruz, and on the Southern Pacific Railroad, about 2o0 miles E. of Yuma. Founded in 1560 by Jesuits. It contains a church, the Institute of St. Joseph, 2 free schools, a bank, a newspaper office, a court-house, a United States depository, many stores, and 2 flour-mills. Gold-dust, hides, and wool are its chief exports. It was the capital of Arizona from 1867 to 1877. Pop. nearly 4000, two-thirds Mexican. Tucuman, too-koo-min', a province of the Argentine Republic, between lat. 26° and 27° 30' S. and Ion. 62° and 66° W., having E. the Gran Chaco, and on other sides tho departments of Salta, Catamarca, and Santiiago. Area, 12,226 square miles. The surface in the W. is mountainous and covered with forests of lofty trees and fine pastures. Its centre is one of the richest parts of the republic, yield- ing fine crops of wheat, maize, rice, tobacco, and sugar. Many mules are exported, and the cattle are of good breeds. The province contains mines of gold, silver, copper, and lead ; the other products are cacao, cotton, indigo, honey, wax, dye-woods, salt from mines and lakes, and a little wine. It has manufactures of leather, cotton and woollen fabrics, and cheese. Chief town. Tucuman, Pop. 108,953. Tucuman, or Sau iUiguel de Tucuman, siln me- gh^l' dA too-koo-min', a town of the Argentine Republic, capital of tho above province, on a head-stream of the Rio Dulce, 94 miles N.W. of Santiago. It has a cathedral, sev- eral convents, a Jesuits* college, and a trade in oxen and mules sent into Bolivia. Pop. 17,438. Here independence was first promulgated, and the first Congress of tho re- public was held in 181C, TUC 2: Tliczno, a town of Prussia. See TijTZ. Tudie, or Tiidoe ad Fines, ancient names of Tfy. Tud cla, too-Di'13, (anc. Titte'ta), a city of Spain, province of Navarre, on the right bank of the Ebro, here crossed by a stone bridge of 17 arches, q2 miles N.W. of Saragossa. Pop. S925. Itisneat, but dull. It has remains of ancient fortifica- tions. Its cathedral contains the tomb of Blanche of Castile, and it has many other churches, convents, and hospitals, a workhouse, prison, schools, manufaotui-es of coarse woollens, hair fabrics, soap, tiles, bricks, and earthenwares. Ben- jamin of Tudela was born here. On November 23, 180S, the French here gained a victory over the Spaniards. Tudela de Duero, too-BA'li di dwi'ro, a town of Spain, 6 miles E.S.E. of Valladolid. Pop. 2377. Tueda, the ancient name of the Tweed. Tuejar, or Tuexar, too-A-HaR', a town of Spain, province and 43 miles N.W. of Valencia, on a slope above the Chelva. Pop. 1857. Tiifara, too-fS,'rA, a town of Italy, province and about 15 miles E.S.E. of Campobasso. Pop. 2285. Tuff6, tiiffi', a town of France, department of Sarthe, 16 miles N.E. of Lo Mans. Pop. 1044. Tufino, too-fee'no, a village of Italy, province of Ca- serta, N.E. of Nola, with a church and 2 chapels. P. 2690. Tuftonborough, tSf'ton-biir-ruh, a post-village in Tuftonborough township, Carroll co., N.H., 6 miles W.N.W. of Ossipce, and about 18 miles N.E. of Laconia. Bobbins and hoops are made here. The township is bounded on the S.W. by Lake Winnepesaukee, and contains Melvin Vil- lage. It has 5 churches. Pop. of the township, 949. Tugalo, tu-gah-lo', a post-hamlet of Habersham co., Ga., 1 mile from Tugalo Station of the Atlanta an', a maritime town of Mexico, state and 145 miles N.W. of Vera Cruz, on a river, 5 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. It has a large trade, and exports much cedar, vanilla, honey, fustic, and coffee. Pop. 5000. Tusquitee, tus-kwit'e, or Tusquit'tee, a post- township of Clay CO., N.C. Pop. 341. Tus'sey's Mountain, Pennsylvania, a ridge of the Appalachian chain, traverses Bedford co. in its whole length from S.W. to N.E., forms the greater part of the boundary between Blair and Huntingdon cos., and may bo traced through Centre co. Tus'seyville, a post-hamlet of Centre co., Pa., in Potter township, 9 miles from Spring Mills. It has a church and a store. Tus'teii, a township of Sullivan co., N.Y. Pop. 102S. Tus'ten, or Tus'tin, a post-hamlet of Waushara co.. Wis., on Poygan Lake, about 22 miles N.W. of Oshkosh. It has a lumber-mill. A steamer plies daily between Osh- kosh and Tusten. Tusteren, toos't?r-§n, an island off the W. coast of Norway, E. of Christiansund. Length, 12 miles; breadth, 6 miles. Tus'tin, a post-hamlet of Osceola co., Mich., on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, 86 miles N. by E. of Grand Rapids. It has a lumber-mill and a planing-mill. Tustiii City, a post-hamlet of Los Angeles co., Cal., 9 miles S. of Anaheim. Tut'bury, a town of England, co. of Stafford, on the Dove, and on a railway, 4i miles AV.N.W. of Burton-on- Trent. It has a cotton-factory and glass-works, and large fairs. Pop. of parish, 2149. Tutela, the ancient name of Tudela. Tut'hill, a village in Gardiner township, Ulster co., N.Y., on the Wallkill River, and 1 mile from Gardiner Station, which is on the Wallkill Valley Railroad, 20^ miles S.S.AV. of Kingston. It has a grist-mill, a woollen-factory, a saw-mill, and 2 hotels. TutUcor'in, a maritime town of British India, presi- dency of Madras, 65 miles N.E. of Cape Comorin, with a pearl-fishery in the Gulf of Manaar. Pop. 10,565. Tutoya, too-to'y&, a town of Brazil, province and 100 miles from Maranhrio, on the Tutoya, which forms the westernmost branch of the Parnahiba. Tutschkow, tootch-kov', a town of Russia, in Bessara- bia, on the Danube, 3 miles E. of Ismail. Tut'tle Grove, a post-office of Guthrie co., Iowa, about 24 miles S.W. of Jefferson. Tut'tle's Corners, a hamlet of Sussex co., N.J., about 12 miles N. of Newton. It has a saw-mill. Tattle's Cross Roads, post-office, Caldwell co., N.C. Tut'tlingen, a town of Wurtemberg, circle of Black Forest, on the Danube, 20 miles W.S.W. of Sigmaringen. Pop. 7231. It has manufactures of woollen, linen, and silken fabrics, and paper. Tiitz, tUtz, or Tuczno, toots'no, a town of Prussia, in West Prussia, on three lakes, 26 miles S.S.E. of Dram- burg. Pop. 1S95. Tutzis, the ancient name of Ghyrche. Tux'ford, a town of England, co. and 22 miles N.N.E. of Nottingham. It has a free grammar-school, P. 1016. Tuxpan, or Tuxpam. See Tuspan. Tuxtla, tooxt'la, a town of Mexico, state of Chiopa, near the Tabasco, 37 miles W. of Ciudad Real, with a trade in tobacco and cacao. Pop. 5000. Tuy, twee (anc. Tii'dse, or Ta'dm ad Fi'nes), a town of Spain, province and 27 miles S.S.E. of Pontevedra, on the Minho, opposite the Portuguese town of Valenpa do Minho. Pop. 27S1. It has a cathedral, and manufactures of table-linens, hats, leather, and liqueurs. Tuy, twee, a river of Venezuela, flows E., and enters the Caribbean Sea 60 miles E. of Caracas. Length, 90 miles. Tuz-Ghieul (-Gol or -Gholi). See Tooz-Golee. Tuz-Gul, Toorkistan. See Tooz-Gool. Tuzkurmaty, Toorkistan. See Toozkoormaty. Tuzia, a river of Asiatic Turkey. See Toozla. Tver, or Twer, tveu or tvain, a government of Rus- sia, between hit. 56° nnd 59° N., Ion. 32° and 38° 20' E., having E. Yaroslav, S. Smolensk, Moscow, and Vladiracer, W. Pskov, and N. the government of Novgorod. Area, 25,223 square miles. Pop. 1,528,881. Surface more ele- vated than in most parts of Russia, and here the Volga and its affluents, the Tvertsa, Mologa, and Medvieditza, rise. The N. of the government is hilly; elsewhere the surface is chiefly level, abounding in small lakes. The soil is poor; but corn, hemp, flax, and beans are raised. Forests are extensive, particularly in the N. The manufactures com- prise bricks, glass-ware, woollen cloths, leather, spirits, zim-kool-w5,'na, a river of South- east Africa, forming the S.W. frontier of Natal. Umzinyati, iim-zin-yA'tec, or Buffalo River, a river of Southeast Africa, in the colony of N.atal, rises in the Quatbliimba Mountains, flows E.S.E., and joins the Tugela 50 miles from its mouth in the Indian Ocean. Una, oo'na, a river of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, flows E. for 60 miles, and falls into the sea by a largo mouth 40 miles N. of the mouth of the Iguape. Una, a river of Brazil, forming the boundary between the provinces of Alagoas and Pernambuco, enters the ocean about 60 miles S. of Recife, after a course of 160 miles. Una, a river of Brazil, province of Bahia, flows E., passing the town of Olivenza, and about 4 miles below falls into the ocean. Una, a small river of Brazil, province of Rio de Janeiro, falls into the sea N. of Cape Frio. Unadilla, yu-na-dil'lah, or Mi'lan, a post-village in Unadilla township, Livingston co., Mich., on the Portage River, about 32 miles S.E. of Lansing, and 24 miles N.E. of Jackson. It has 2 flour-mills, a bank, and 3 churches. The township contains 6 churches. Pop. ahout 200 ; of the township, 1066. The name of its post-office is Unadilla. Unadilla, a post-office of Chippewa co., Minn. Unadilla, a post-village of Otoe co.. Neb., on the Little Nemaha River, and on the Nebraska Railroad, 28 miles W. of Nebraska City. It has a church, a flour-mill, and a car- riage-shop. Unadilla, a post-village of Otsego co., N.Y., in Una- dilla township, on the Susquehanna River and the Albany k Susquehanna Railroad, 43 miles E.N.E. of Binghamton, and about 18 miles S.S.E. of Norwich. It contain 4 churches, the Unadilla Academy, a banking-Iiouse, a newspaper ofiice, a cotton-factory, a paper-mill, a foundry, and a machine-shop. Pop. 875 ; of the township, 2547. The township is bounded on the W. by the Unadilla River, and on the S.E. by the Susquehanna. Unadilla Centre, a post-hamlet of Otsego co., N.Y., in Unadilla township, about 15 miles S.E. of Norwich. It has a church, Unadilla Forks, a post-village of Otsego co., N.Y., in Plainfield township, at the confluence of the branches of the Un.adilla River, and on the Utica division of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, 19 miles S. of Utica. It has 2 churches, a flouring-mill, m.achine-shop, Ac. Unadilla River, New York, drains part of Herkimer CO., runs nearly southward, and forms the boundary be- tween Madison and Chenango cos. on the right and Otsego CO. on the left. It enters the Susquehanna River about 4 miles E. of Bainbridge. U'naka, a post-village of Greene co., Tenn., 12 miles S. by E. of Greeneville. It is at the base of the Unaka Moun- tains. It has a church, and a blast-furnace for pig-iron. Unaka mountains, a ridge which stands between Cherokee co., N.C., and Monroe co., Tenn. It appears to be a continuation of the Iron or Smoky Mountains. See Smoky Mountains. Unalaschka, Alaska. See Oonalaska. Unare, oo-ni'ri, a river of Venezuela, enters the Caribbean Sea 40 miles W. of Barcelona, after a N. course of 120 miles. Near its source is the village of Unare. Un'casville, a post-village in Montville township, New London co., Conn., on the Thames River and the New London Northern Railroad, 4 mile from Montville Station, and 6 miles N. of New London. It has 2 churches, a cotton-fac- tory which produces ticks, ehcviots, &c., and a factory in which dyewoods are prepared. Uncle (iink'el) Sam, a post-hamlet of Lake co., Cal., about 25 miles N.E. of Cloverdale, and 50 miles N. of Peta- luma. It is near a mountain of its own name, which is on the W. side of Clear Lake. Borax and quicksilver arc obtained near this place. Pop. about 250. . Uncomi)ahgre, un-k9m-pa'gre, a post-office of San Juan CO., Col. Uncompahgre Peak, Colorado, a mountain in lat. 38° 4' 21" N., Ion. 107° 27' 32" W. It has an altitude of 14,235 feet above the sea-level. It is of volcanic formation, and is a peak of the Sierra San Juan. Uncompahgre River, Colorado, rises in the San Juan or Uncompahgre Mountains, runs in a N.N.W. direc- tion, and enters the Gunnison River. Un'dercliffe, a maritime tract of the Isle of AVight, UND 2260 UNI extending along its S. coast from Niton 5 miles eastward to Bonchurch. It has been formed by a land-slip from a range of chalk cliffs forming an abrupt wall from 90 to 120 feet in height. Un'dercliffe, a post-office of Pueblo co., Col. Un'derhiU,a post-village in Underbill township, Chit- tenden CO., Vt,, on the Burlington & Lamoille Railroad, about 16 miles E. by N. of Burlington. It has 3 churches, an academy called the Belle Institute, and a cheese-fac- tory. The E. border of the township is contiguous to Mount Mansfield, and presents admirable scenery. Pop. of the township, 1655. Underhill Centre, a post-village in Underbill town- ship, Chittenden co., Vt., about 18 miles E. of Burlington, und 5 miles SAY. of Mount Mansfield. It has 2 churches, the Green Mountain Acadeuiy, and manufactures of car- riages and butter-tubs. UnMeroot', or Auderot, Indian Ocean, the largest of the Laccadivb Islands (which see). Underwaiden, Switzerland. See Unterwalden. HJu'derwood, a post-office of Scott co., Ind. Underwood, a station in Hopkins co., Ky., on the Elizabethtown A Paducah Railroad, 3 miles ^Y. of Norton- ville Junction. Underwood, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co., N.J., on the Bridgeton & Port Norris Railroad, 16 miles S.S.E. of Bridgeton. Un'derwood, a post-village in Bruce co., Ontario, 13 miles W. of Paisley. Pop. 100. Undiue, un'deen\ or Salmon River, a post-settle- ment in Victoria co., New Brunswick, on a tributary of the St. John, 9 miles from Grand Falls. Pop. 150. Unelli, a district of France. See Cotestin. Ungarn, Ungheria, or Ungria, See Huxgary. Ungava, ung-gah'va (or South) Bay, a bay in the N. part of Labrador, extending southward from Hudson's Strait. It receives the Caniapuscaw River. Unger's (ung'gherz) Store, a post-hamlet of Morgan CO., W. Va., IS miles 'S. of Sir John's Run Station. It has a church. Unghvar, or Ungvar, oongVa.R', a market-town of N.E. Hungary, capital of a county, on the Ungh, 80 miles N.N.E. of Debreczin. Pop. 5000. It has Roman Catholic and Greek United churches, and a trade in wines. Ungi, a river of Asiatic Turkey. See Tavoos. Ungool, a state of India. See Angool. Unicoi, yu'ne-koi, a county of East Tennessee, border- ing on North Carolina, is drained by the Nolachucky River. The surface is mostly mountainous. Capital, Van- derbilt. Unie, oon'yi, an island in the Adriatic, 16 miles S.E. of Istria. Length, 6 miles; breadth, 2 miles. Pop. 300. Unieli, a village of Asiatic Turkey. See Unveh. Unika Mountains. See Unaka Mountains. Union, yiin'yun, a county in the S. part of Arkansas, bordering on Louisiana, has an area of about 1050 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. and E. by the Ouachita River, and is drained by Cypress Bayou and Corm and Cor- neille Creeks. The surface is undulating or hilly, and nearly half of it is covered with forests of the oak, hickory, beech, maple, pine, cypress, &c. The soil is fertile. Cotton, In- dian corn, pork, cattle, and sweet potatoes are the staple products. Capital, El Dorado. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $2,880,000. Pop. in 1S70, 10,571, of whom 10,528 were Americans. Union, a county forming the S.E. extremity of Dakota, borders on Iowa. It is bounded on the E. by the Big Sioux River, and on the S.W. by the Missouri River. The former enters the latter river at the S.E. extremity of the county. The surface is diversified with level river-bottoms, undu- lating prairies, and woodlands. The soil is very fertile. AVheat, maize, oats, and butter are the staple products. It is intersected by the Dakota Southern Railroad. Capital, Elk Point. Valuation of real and personal estate, §910,000. Pop. in IS70, 3507, of whom 2503 were Americans. Union, a county in the N. part of Georgia, bordering on North Carolina, has an area of about 350 square miles. It is drained by the Notley and Tocoa Rivers.' The surface is mountainous and extensively covered with forests. The Blue Ridge occupies the S. part of the county. Among its remarkable features is Pilot Mountain. Indian corn, grass, and pork are the staple products. Gold and marble are said to be found here. Capital, Blairsville. A^'aluation of real and personal estate, $569,910. Pop. in 1870, 52G7, of whom 5265 were Americans. Union, a county in the S. part of Illinois, borders on Missouri. Area, about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Mississippi River, and is partly drained by Clear Creek and the Big Bluddy River, which enters the Mississippi in the N.W. part of the county. The surface is undulating or hilly, and is extensively covered with forests of the ash, hickory, oak, maple, tulip-tree, &c. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, pork, and grass are the staple products. Among its minerals are limestone and bituminous coal. This county is intersected by the Illinois Central Railroad and the Cairo & St. Louis Railroad. Capi- tal, Jonesborough. Valuation of real and personal estate, §6,733,348. Pop. in 1870, 16,513, of whom 15,866 were Americans. Union, a county in the E. part of Indiana, bordering on Ohio, has an area of 16S square miles. It is intersected by the East Fork of the Whitewater River. The surface is undulating or level. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, pork, and oats are the staple products. Silurian limestone underlies the soil. This county is liberally sup- plied with timber. It is intersected by the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad. Capital, Liberty. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $10,665,870. Pup. in 1870, 6341, of whom 6050 were Americans. Union, a southern county of Iowa, has an area of 432 square miles. It is intersected by Grand River, and also drained by the Platte River and several creeks. The sur- face is undulating or nearly level, and is diversified with prairies and woodlands. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and hay are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Burlington &, Missouri River Railroad. Capital, Afton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,214,065. Pop. in 1870, 5986 j in 1875, 8827. Union, a county in the W. part of Kentucky, bordering on Illinois, has an area of about 430 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. and W. by the Ohio River, and on the S. by the Tradewater River. The surface is partly hilly, and in some parts nearly level. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, tobacco, wheat, cattle, and pork are the staple products. This county has plenty of timber, and mines of bituminous coal. Capital, Morganfield. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,396,183. Pop. in 1870, 13,640, of whom 13,276 were Americans. Union, a parish in the N. part of Louisiana, borders on Union co.. Ark. Area, about 1100 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Ouachita River (which is navi- gable), and is intersected by the Bayou d'Arbonne. The surface is moderately hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests of pine, oak, hickory, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Farmersville. Valuation of real and personal estate, §1,480,023. Pop. in 1870, 11,655, of whom 11,646 were Americans. Union, a county in the N. part of Mississippi, has an area of about 440 square miles. It is drained by the Tal- lahatchee River and Oldtown Creek, The surface is ex- tensively covered with forests of the beech, hickory, mag- nolia, oak, tulip-tree, &,c. The soil is fertile. Cotton and Indian corn are the staple products. Caj^ital, New Albany. The census of 1870 gives no statistics of this county, which was formed after that date. Union, a county in the N.E. part of New Jersey, has an area of about 100 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Newark Bay and Staten Island Sound, and on the N.W. by the Passaic River. It is drained by the Railway River. Tlie surface is nearly level, except in the N.W. part. The soil is fertile. Butter, hay, Indian corn, and potatoes are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Central Railroad of New Jersey and the Pennsyl- vania Railroad. Capital, Elizabeth. Valuation of real and personal estate, $50,219,332. Pop. in LS70, 41,859, of whom 30,942 were Americans. Union, a county in the S. part of North Carolina, bor- dering on South Carolina, has an area of about 600 squ:ire miles. It is bounded on the N. by Rocky River, and is partly drained by Lane's and Waxhaw (or AVaxsaw) Creeks. The surface is undulating or hilly, and about one-hiilf of it is covered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, cotton, wheat, and pork are the staple products. Among its minerals are granite and slate. It is intersected by the Carolina Central Railroad. Capital, Monroe. Viil- uation of real and personal estate, i?3. 373,846. Pop. in 1870, 12,217, of whom 12,209 were Americans. Union, a county in the AV. central part of Ohio, has an area of about 440 square miles. It is intersected by BokeV, Darby, Mill, and Rush Creeks, all affluents of the St-ioto River. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively cov- ered with forests of the oak, ash, elm, hickory, sugar- maple, etc. The soil is fertile. Indian tjorn, wheat, wool, vm 2261 uxr cattle, hay, pork, ami oats are the staple products. This county hiis quarries of limestone. It is intersected by the Atlantic & GrCiit Western Railroad, the Cleveland, Colum- bus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railroad, and the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroad. Capital, Marysville. Valuation of real and personal estate, SU,115,9-1G. Pop. in 1870, ISjVofl, of whom 17,929 were Americans. Union, the most northeastern county of Oregon, bor- ders on Idaho. It is bounded on the E. by the Snake or Lewis River, and is drained by the Powder and Grande Rondc Rivers, The surface is partly' mountainous. Among its prominent physical features are the Blue Mountains. The soil of the valleys is fertile, and adapted to jiasturage. Wheat, oats, hay, cattle, lumber, and butter are the staple products. Among its mineral resources is gold. Volcanic rocks are found in this county. Capital, La Urandc. Val- uation of real' and personal estate, $1,500,000. Pop. in 1870, 2552; in 1S75, 3408. Union, a county in the E. central part of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 280 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, is intersected by Penn's Creek, and is also drained by Butfalo and White Deer Creeks. The surface is diversified by several ridges of the Alleghany Mountains. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and butter are the staple products. Limestone underlies part of the surface. This county is intersected by the Lewis- burg Centre & Spruce Creek Railroad. Capital, Lcwisburg. Valuation of real and personal estate, 822,090,675. Pop. in 1870, 15,565, of whom 15,300 were Americans. Union, a county in the N. part of South Carolin.a, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Broad River, on the S.W. by the Ennoree River, and is intersected by the Pacolett and Tiger Rivers. The surface is hilly, and extensively covered with forests of the oak, hickory, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Cotton, In- dian corn, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Granite and iron ore are found in this county. It is intersected by the Spartanburg & Union Railroad. Capital, Union. Valuation of real and personal estate, S4,2S7, 180. Pop. in 1870, 19,248, of whom 19,183 were Americans. Union, a county of East Tennessee, has an area of about 260 square miles. It is intersected by the Clinch River, and is bounded on the N. by Powell's River. The surface is mountainous, diversified by ridges and valleys, and partly covered with forests of the oak, hickory, chestnut, sugar-maple, &.c. Indian corn, oats, pork, and butter are the staple products. Capital, Maynardville. Valuation of real and personal estate, 82,017,653. Pop. in 1870, 7605, of whom 7599 were Americans. Union, a post-hamlet of Greene co., Ala.. 33 miles S.S.W. of Tuscaloosa. It has a store and a masonic hall. Union, a post-olHce of Fulton co., Ark. Union, a hamlet of Merced co., Cal., is 10 miles from Plainsburg Railroad Station. It has a church. Union, a township of San Joaquin CO., Cal. Pop. 333. Union, a post-hamlet of Tolland co., Conn., in Union township, about 34 miles E.N.E. of Hartford. It has manufactures of boots and shoes. Pop. of the township, 627. Union, a post-office of Codington co., Dakota. Union, a post-hamlet of Stewart co., Ga., 28 miles from Columbus. It has a church and a store. Union, a station in Clark co.. 111., on the Paris Jfc Dan- ville Railroad, at West Union, 12 miles S. of Marshall. Union, a township of Cumberland co.. 111. Pop. 1836, Union, a township of Effingham co,, 111. Pop. 637. Union, a township of Fulton co., 111. Pop. 1914. Union, a township of Livingston co.. 111. Pop. 711. Union, a post-village of McHenry co., 111., in Coral township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad {Free- port line), 20 miles N.W. of Elgin, It has 3 churches. Union, a township of Union co,. 111. Pop. 781. Union, a township of Adams co., Ind. Pop. 865. Union, a township of Bartholomew co., Ind. P. 1008. Union, a township of Benton co., Ind. Pop. 340. Union, a township of Boone co., Ind. Pop. 1057. Union, a township of Clarke co., Ind. Pop. 1022. Union, a township of Crawford co., Ind. Pop. 1082. Union, a township of De Kalb co., Ind. Pop. 3059. It contains Auburn and Waterloo. Union, a township of Delaware co., Ind. Pop. 1244. Union, a township of Elkhart co., Ind. Pop. 1221. Union, a township of Fulton co., Ind. Pop. 1200. Union, a township of Hendricks co., Ind. Pop. 1326. Union, a township of Howard co., Ind. Pop. 1745. Union, a township of Huntington co., Ind, Pop, 1016. Union, a township of .Tasper co., Ind. Pop. 196. Union, a township of Johnson co., Ind. Pop. 14611. Union, a township of La Porto co., Ind. Pop. 685. Union, a township of Madison CO., Ind. Pop. 851. It contains Chestorfiold, Union, a township of Marshall co., Ind. Pop. 1335. Union, a township of Miami co., Ind. Pop. 982. Union, a township of Montgomery co., Ind. Pop. 4746, exclusive of Crawfordsville. Union, a township of Ohio co., Ind. Pop. 069. Union, a township of Parke co., Ind. Pop, 1256, Union, a township of Perry co., Ind. Pop. 1365. Union, a post-hamlet of Pike co., Ind., in Clay town- ship, about 16 miles S. by E, of \'incennes. Union, a township of Porter co,, Ind. Pop. 1057. Union, Randolph co., Ind. Seo Union City. Union, a township of Rush co., Ind. Pop. 1206. Union, a township of St. Joseph co., Ind. Pop. 1801. Union, a township of Shelby co., Ind. Pop. 12(10. Union, a township of Union co., Ind. Pop. 1289. Union, a township of Vandorburg co., Ind. Pop. 1040. Union, a township of Wells co., Ind. Pop. 1263. Union, a township of White co., Ind. Pop. 1832. It contains Monticello. Union, a township of Whitley co., Ind. Pop. 1294. It contains Coesse. Union, a township of Adair co., Iowa. Pop. 290. Union, a township of Adams co., Iowa. Pop. 360. Union, a township of Appanoose co., Iowa. Pop. 619. Union, a township of Benton co., Iowa, Pop. 829. Union, a township of Black Hawk co., Iowa. P. 431. Union, a township of Boone co., Iowa. Pop. 445. Union, a township of Carroll co., Iowa. Pop. 331. Union, a township of Cass co., Iowa. Pop. 284. Union, a township of Crawford co., Iowa. Pop. 443. Union, a township of Dallas co., Iowa. Pop. 1180, exclusive of De.xter. Union, a township of Davis co., Iowa. Pop. 1158. It contains Troy. Union, a township of Delaware co., Iowa, Pop, 684. Union, a township of Des Moines co., Iowa. P. 1456. Union, a township of Floyd co., Iowa. Pop. 1258. Union, a township of Guthrie co., Iowa. Pop. 286. Union, a post-village of Hardin co., Iowa, in Union township, on the Iowa River, and on the Central Railroad of Iowa, 9 miles S. by E. of Eldora, and 18 miles N.N.W. of Marshalltown. It has 2 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, a graded school, a carriage-factory, &c. Pop. 471 ; of the township, excluding the village, 1068, Union, a township of Harrison co., Iowa. Pop. 371. Union, a township of Jackson co., Iowa. Pop. 206, exclusive of Sabula. Union, a township of Johnson co., Iowa. Pop. 713. Union, a township of Louisa co., Iowa. Pop. 581. Union, a township of Lucas co., Iowa. Pop. 726. Union, a township of Madison co., Iowa. Pop. 109S. Union, a township of Mahaska co., Iowa. Pop. 1186. Union, a township of Marion co., Iowa. Pop. 700. Union, a township of Mitchell co., Iowa. Pop. 578, Union, a township of Monroe co,, Iowa, Pop. 1084. Union, a township of Plymouth CO., Icwa., Pop. 145. Union, a township of Poweshiek co., lofra. Pop. 7S5, Union, a township of Ringgold co., Iowa. Pop. 209. Union, a township of Shelby co., Iowa. Pop. 390. Union, a township of Story co., Iowa. Pop. 1119. Union, a township of Union co., Iowa. Pop. 617, ex- clusive of Afton. Union, a township of Van Buren co., Iowa. Pop. 892, exclusive of Birmingham. Union, a township of Warren co., Iowa, Pop, 695, ' Union, a township of Wayne co., Iowa. Pop. 1101. Union, a township of Woodbury co., Iowa. Pop. 444. Union, a township of Worth co., Iowa. Pop. 386. Union, a township of Butler co., Kansas. Pop. 292. Union, a township of Dickinson co., Kansas. P. 506. Union, a township of JeiFerson co.. Kansas. Po]i. 772. Union, township, McPherson co,, Kansas. Pop. 779. Union, a township of Republic co., Kansas. Pop. 555. Union, a township of Rice co., Kansas. Pop. 906. Union, a township of Sedgwick co., Kansas, Pop. 694. Union, township, Washington co., Kansas. Pop. 279. Union, a post-hamlet of Boone co., Ky., about 15 miles S.W. of Covington. It has 2 or 3 churches. Union, a post-village of Knox co.. Me., in Union town- ship, on a small lake, 14 miles N.W. of Roekland. It con- tains 3 churches and the Union High School. The town- ship has manufactures of carriages, furniture, organs, mowing-machines, stoves, &c. Poj). of township, 1701. UNI 2262 UXI Union, a township of Branch oo., Mioh. Pop. 2250. Union, a post-hamlet of Cass co., Mich., about 120 miles E. of Chicago. Union, a township of Isabella co., Mich. Pop. 970. Union, a post-township of Houston co., Minn. Pop. 4.56. Union Post-Offioe is about 15 miles W.S.W. of La Crosse, Wis., and 7 miles N. by E. of Caledonia. Union, a post-hamlet of Newton co., Miss,, about 30 miles N.W. of Meridian. It has 2 churches. Union, a township of Barton co., Mo. Pop. 152. Union, a township of Benton co.. Mo. Pop. 1186. Union, a township of Bollinger co.. Mo. Pop. 1436. Union, a township of Clarke co.. Mo. Pop. 1155. Union, a hamlet of Clarke co.. Mo., fi miles from Ca- hoka. It has a church. Here is Enterprise Post-Office. Union, a township of Crawford co.. Mo. Pop. 1015. Union, a township of Daviess co.. Mo. Pop. 1515. Union, a township of Dunklin co.. Mo. Pop. 797. Union, a post-village, capital of Franklin co., Mo., in Union township, on or near Bourbeuse Creek, about 52 miles W.S.W. of St. Louis, and 6 miles S. of the Missouri Pacific Railroad. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, a brewery, and a steam flour-mill. Pop. of township, 2855. Union, a township of Harrison co.. Mo. Pop. 1193. Union, a township of Holt co.. Mo. Pop. 1118. Union, a township of Iron co.. Mo. Pop. 743. Union, a township of Laclede co.. Mo. Pop. 1850. Union, a township of Lincoln co., Mo. Pop. 1361. Union, a township of Marion co., Mo. Pop. 1471. Union, a township of Monroe co.. Mo. Pop. 156B. Union, a township of Nodaway co.. Mo. Pop. 1308. Union, a township of Pulaski co., Mo. Pop. 958. Union, a township of Putnam oo., Mo. Pop. 2053. It contains Unionville. Union, a township of Randolph co., Mo. Pop. 1136. Union, a township of Ripley co.. Mo. Pop. 855. Union, a township of St. Genevieve co.. Mo. P. 1577. Union, a township of Scotland co., Mo. Pop. 1404. Union, a township of Sullivan co., Mo. Pop. 1222. Union, a township of Washington co.. Mo. Pop. 1187. Union, a township of Webster co.. Mo. Pop. 1593. Union, a township of Worth co.. Mo. Pop. 1199. Union, a post-hamlet of Cass co., Nebraska, 12 miles N. of Nebraska City. Union, a post-village in Wakefield township, Carroll CO., N.H., on the outlet of several lakes, and on the Eastern Railroad, 14 miles N. of Rochester. It has a church, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a felt-mill. Union, a township of Bergen co., N.J. Pop. 2057. Union, a village and township of Hudson co., N.J., on the Hudson River, opposite New York, and 1 mile N. of Hoboken. Pop. of village, 4640 ; of township, 6737. Union, a township of Hunterdon co., N.J. Pop. 1051. Union, a township of Ocean co., N.J. Pop. 1923. Union, a ]30st-township of Union co., N.J. Pop. 2314. It contains part of Roselle village. Union Post-OISce is at Connecticut Farms. Union, a post-village in Union township, Broome Co., N.Y., i mile N. of the Susquehanna River, and on the Erie Ptailroad, 8 miles W. of Binghamton. It has a news- paper office, a banking-house, and 3 churches. Pop. about 700; of the township, 2638. The township is bounded S. by Susquehanna River, and drained by Nanticoke Creek. Union, a station in Rockland co., N.Y., on the New Jersey & New York Railroad, 32 miles N. of New York. Union, a post-village of Hertford co., N.C., 7 miles S.W. of Winton. It has a church, a grist-mill, a steam cotton-gin, and a saw-mill. Union, a township of Lincoln co., N.C. Pop. 1331. Union, a township of Nash co., N.C. Pop. 1039. Union, a township of New Hanover co., N.C. P. 1381. Union, a township of Randolph co., N.C. Pop. 597. Union, a manufacturing village of Randolph co., N.C, 8 miles from Ashborough. It has 2 churches. Pop. 368. Union, a township of Rutherford co., N.C. Pop. 492. Union, a township of Wilkes co., N.C. Pop. 894. Union, a township of Auglaize oo., 0. Pop. 1462. Union, a township of Belmont CO., 0. Pop. 1684. It contains Murristown. Union, a township of Brown co., 0. Pop. 6399. It contains Levanna and Ripley. Union, a township of Butler co., 0. Pop. 2013. It contains Westchester. Union, a township of Carroll co., 0. Pop. 609. Union, a township of Champaign co., 0. Pop. 1600. Union, a township of Clermont co., 0. Pop. 1920. It oontains Mount Carmol and Withamsville. Union, a township of Clinton co., 0. Pop. 4227. It contains Wilmington. Union, a township of Fayette co., 0. Pop. 4471. It contains Washington. Union, a township of Hancock co., 0. Pop. 1546. Union, a township of Highland co., 0. Pop. 1455. Union, a township of Kno.x co., 0. Pop. 1017. It contains Danville and Millwood. Union, a township of Lawrence co., 0. Pop. 1940. Union, a township of Licking co., 0. Pop. 1865. It contains Hebron and Luray. Union, a township of Logan co., 0. Pop. 753. Union, a township of Madison co., 0. Pop. 3109. It contains London. Union, a township of Mercer co., 0. Pop. 1475. It contains Mendon. Union, a township of Miami co., 0. Pop. 3291. It contains Milton. Union, a post-village in Randolph township, Mont- gomery CO., 0., on the Southwest Branch of the Miami River, about 12 miles N.W. of Dayton. It has a church, a pottery, and a flour-mill. Pop. 212. Union, a township of Morgan co., 0. Pop. 1583. It contains Morganville, Rosseau, and Ringgold. Union, a township of Muskingum co., 0. Pop. 1643. It contains New Concord and Norwich. Union, a township of Pike co., 0. Pop. 651. Union, a township of Putnam co., 0. Pop. 1031. It contains Kalida. Union, a township of Ross co., 0. Pop. 2790. Union, a township of Scioto co., 0. Pop. 552. Union, a township of Tuscarawas co., 0. Pop. 742. Union, a township of Union co., 0. Pop. 1336. It contains Milford Centre. Union, a township of Van Wert CO., 0. Pop. 524. Union, a township of Warren CO., 0. Pop. 1089. It contains Deerfield. Union, Warren co., 0. See Union Village. Union, a township of Washington co., 0. Pop. 862. Union, a post-village of Union co., Oregon, on the Grande Ronde River, at the S. end of the Grande Ronde Valley, about 9 miles S.E. of La Grande. Gold is found near this place. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and a planing-mill. Union, a township of Adams co.. Pa. Pop. 1105. Union, a former borough of Alleghany co., Pa., near the Ohio River, a few miles S.W. of Pittsburg, to which it was united in 1872. Union, a township of Alleghany co.. Pa., is bounded on the N. by the Ohio River. Pop. 19S6. Union, a township of Bedford co.. Pa. Pop. 1791. Union, a township of Berks co.. Pa. Pop. 2165. Union, a township of Centre co.. Pa. Pop. 847. Union, a township of Clearfield co.. Pa. Pop. 400. Union, or Union City, a post-borough of Erie co.. Pa., in Union township, on a branch of French Creek, and on the Philadelphia & Erie and Atlantic & Great West- ern Railroads, 11 miles W. of Corry, 26 miles S.E. of Erie, and 25 miles N. by W. of Titusville. It is the N. terminus of the Union & Titusville Railroad, It contains 2 news- paper offices, a national bank, a savings-bank, 5 churches, a cliair-faetory, and the Union City Iron-Works. Pop. in 1870, 1500. The name of its post-office is Union City, Union, a township of Erie co.. Pa. Pop. 1334. Union, a township of Fulton co.. Pa. Pop. 424. Union, a township of Huntingdon co.. Pa. Pop. 789. Union, a township of Jefferson co.. Pa. Pop. 695. Union, a hamlet of Lancaster co.. Pa., in Colerain township, 48 miles W. of Philadelphia, and 1 mile from White Rock Station. It has a church and 14 dwellings. Here is Colerain Post-Office. Union, Lancaster co., Pa. See Union Statio-N. Union, a township of Lawrence co.. Pa. Pop. 1434. Union, a township of Lebanon co., Pa. Pop. 1614. Union, a township of Luzerne co.. Pa. Pop. 1637. Union, a township of Mifilin co., Pa. Pop. 1469. Union, a township of Schuylkill co., Pa. Pop. 1110. Union, a township of Snyder co.. Pa. Pop. 1091. Union, a township of Tioga co.. Pa. Pop. 1098. Union, a township of Union co.. Pa. Pop. 840. Union, a township of Washington co.. Pa. Pop. 1418. Union, York co., Pa. See Buoocevillk. Union, or Unionville, a post- village, capital of Union CO., S.C., in Union township, on the Spartanhurg & Union Railroad, about 70 miles N.N.W. of Columbia. It is sur- rounded by a hilly country, in which granite is found. It has an aoademy, a national bank, a newspaper office, and 5 UNI 2263 UNI churches. The name of its post-offico is Union. Pop. of the township, 2S45. Union, Obion co., Tenn. See Usios City. Union, a post-village of Salt Lake oo., Utah, 12 miles S. by E. of Salt Lake City. It has a church. Union, a handsome post-village, capital of Monroe Co., W. Va., about 86 miles S.E. of Charleston, and 20 miles S.S.W. of the White Sulphur Springs. It contains a high school, 4 churches, 2 newspaper oflices, a bank, a female seminary, and a tannery. Pop. 419. . Union, a township of Door co., "Wis. Pop. o.'iO. Union, a township of Eau Claire co., Wis. Pop. 617. Union, a township of Pierce co.. Wis. Pop. 579. Union, a post-hamlet of Kock co., M'is., in Union town- ship, about 20 miles S. by E. of Madison. It has achurch. The township is traversed by the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, and contains Evansrillc. Pop. of township, 2025. Union, a township of Vernon co.. Wis. Pop. 623. Union, a township of Waupaca co.. Wis. Pop. 389. Union, a post-village in Elgin co., Ontario, on Beaver Creek, 6 miles S. of St. Thomas. It contains saw-, grist-, and woollen-mills, and several stores. Pop. 350. Union, a village in Colchester oo.. Nova Scotia, on the Intercolonial Railway (Pictou Branch), 70 miles from Hal- ifax. Pop. 100. Union Bluff, a post-office of York co.. Me. Union Bridge, a post-village of Carroll co., Md., on an affluent of the Monocacy River, and on the Western Maryland Railroad, 12 miles W. of Westminster. It has a church, a high school, an ice-cream factory, and a machine- shop. Pop. 323. Unionburg, yun'yun-burg, a post-hamlet of Harrison CO., Iowa, about 22 miles N. of Council Bluffs. It has 2 churches. Union Camp, a post-hamlet of Macon co., Tenn., 7 miles E. of Lafayette. It has a church. Union Centre, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co.. 111., about 20 miles S.E. of Mattoon. Union Centre, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Iowa, 6 miles E.S.E. of Maquoketa. It has a church. Union Centre, a post-village of Elk co., Kansas, on Elk River, about 44 miles E.N.E. of Winfield, and 25 miles S. of Eureka, Pop. of township, 920. Union Centre, a post-office of Le Sueur co., Minn. Union Centre, a post-hamlet of Broome co., N.Y., in Union township, on Nanticoke Creek, about 10 miles W.N.W. of Binghamton. It has 2 churches, 2 planiug- mills, and 2 steam saw-mills. Union Centre, or Og'densburg, a post-village of Tioga CO., Pa., in Union township, on a ridge of the Alle- ghanies, about 28 miles N. of WilliauiS|)ort. P. about 350. Union Centre, a post-village in Woncwoc township, Juneau co.. Wis., on Baraboo River, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 37 miles E.S.E. of Sparta. It has a church. Union Church, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co.. Miss., about 40 miles E. by N. of Natchez. It has an academy, 3 churches, and a plough-factory. Pop. 120. Union Church, Albany co., N.Y. See U.mos.ville. Union Church, a post-office of Moore co., N.C. Union Church, a post-hamlet of Huntingdon co., Pa., 6 miles E.N.E. of Huntingdon. It has a church, and a pottery for stone- ware. Union Church, a post-office of Knox co., Tenn. Union Church, a post-office of Racine co.. Wis. Union City, a post-village of New Haven co.. Conn., on the Naugatuck Railroad, near the Naugatuck River, 4 miles S. of \Vaterbury, and 1 mile from Naugatuck. It has manufactures of cutlery, machinery, thimbles, &c. Union City, or Union, a post-village in Wayne township, Randolph co., Ind., 9 miles E. of Winchester, 30 miles W. by N. of Piqua, and 47 miles N.W. of Dayton, 0. It is the N.W. terminus of the Dayton & Union Railroad, ■which connects here with the Clevel.ind, Columbus & In- dianapolis Railroad and the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroad. It is on the E. boundary of the state, and is partly in Darke CO., 0. It contains 6 churches, a national bank, I other bank, 2 newspaper offices, 2 steam grist-mills, and manufactures of sash, doors, and farming- implements. Pop. 1439. Union City, township, Allamakee CO., Iowa. Pop. 405. Union City, a hamlet of Union co., Iowa, about 15 miles S.W. of Afton. Union City, a post-village of Madison co., Ky., 7 miles N.E. of Richmond. Union City, a post-village in Union township, Branch CO., Mich., on the St. Joseph River, at the mouth of the Coldwater River, and on the Air-Line division of the Mich- igan Central Railroad, 41 miles W.S.W. of Jackson, and about 11 miles N.W. of Coldwater. It contains a national bank, 3 churches, a union school, a newspaper othce, 2 flour-mills, 3 carriage-shops, a manufactory of farming- implements, a foundry, a stave-factory, and sash- and door- factories. Pop. about 1200. Union City, a village of Darke co., 0., in Jackson township, on the Dayton &, Union Railroad, 13 miles N.W. of Greenville. P. 792. It is contiguous to Union City, lud. Union City, Erie co.. Pa. See Union. Union City, a post-village of Obion oo., Tenn., on the Mobile han school, the Madison College, 2 iron-foundries, and a planing-mill. Pop. 2503. UuiontOAvn, Union co.. Pa. Sec CAino. Uniontown, post-office. Whitman co., Washington. Uniontowil, a post-office of Wetzel co., W. Va. Union Vale, township, Dutchess co., N.Y. Pop. 1446. Union Valley, a post-office of Lincoln co., Kansas. Union Valley, a post-office of Nodaway co.. Mo. Union Valley, a village of Passaic co., N.J., about 20 miles N.W. of Paterson. Union Valley, a post-hnmlet of Cortland co,, N.Y., about H() miles N. of Binghamton. It has a church. Union Valley, a post-office of Williamson co., Tenn. Union Village, a hamlet of Johnson co., Ind., in Union township, about 21 miles S. of Indianapolis. Union Village, New York. See tiuEENWicH. Union Village, a Shaker village in Turtle Creek township, Warren co., 0., 4 miles W. of Lebanon. It has manufactures of brooms and botanic medicines, and a church. Pop. 232. Union Village, a post-village of Orange co., Vt., on the S. border of Thetford township, 3 miles from Pompa- noosuc Station, and about 3S miles E.N.E. of Rutland. It has a church, and manufactures of carriages and marble monuments. Unionville, yun'ynn-vil, a post-village in Farmington township, Hartford CO., Conn., on the Farmington River, and on the Coliinsville Branch of the New Haven & North- ampton Railroad, about 14 miles W. of Hartford, and 34 miles N. of New Haven. It has 4 chhrches, and manufac- tures of paper, furniture, light hardware, &c. Unionville, a post-office of Monroe co., Ga., about 40 miles N.W. of Macon. Unionville, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., Ind., 9 miles N.E. of Bloomington, and about 30 miles W. of Columbus. It has 2 churches and a tannery. Unionville, a hamlet of Ohio co., Ind., on Laughery Creek, about 6 miles S.W. of Aurora. Unionville, a post-village in Udell township, Appa- noose CO., Iowa, on the Southwest Branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & P.aciflc Railroad, 12 miles N.E. of Centre- ville. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of flour, fur- niture, and lumber. Pop. 183. Coal is found here. Unionville, a post-hamlet of Frederick co., Md., 15 miles E. of Frederick City, and 36 miles W.N.W. of Balti- more. It has 2 churches and a woollen-factory. Pop. 120. Unionville, a post-village of Tuscola co., Mich., in Akron, Columbia, and Geneva townships, 21 miles E; by N. of Bay City. It has 3 churches, a grist-mill, a pl.aning- mill, a saw-raill, &c. Pop. about 300. Unionville, a post-village in Union township, capital of Putnam co.. Mo., on the Burlington & Southwestern Railroad, 44 miles W.S.W. of Bloomtield, Iowa, and about 60 miles N.N.E. of Chillicothe. It has 2 newspaper offices, a bank, and 4 churches. Pop. 462. Unionville, a post-office of Lewis and Clarke co., Montana. Unionville, a post-village of Humboldt co., Nev., is at the eastern base of the Humboldt Mountain range, 20 miles S. of Mill City, and about 108 miles (direct) N.E. of Vir- ginia City, it has a church, 2 quartz-mills, and a silver- mine. Pop. 470. Unionville, a post-village of Gloucester co., N.J., in Clayton township, on the West .lersey Railroad, 20 miles S. of Ca[udcn. It has a church. Unionville, a hamlet of Hunterdon oo., N.J., 3 miles from Ringoes Station. Unionville, a hamlet of Morris co., N.J., 3 miles from German Valley Station. Pop. about 50. Unionville, a hamlet of Albany co., N.Y., about 10 miles S.W. of Albany. The post-office is Union Church. Unionville, a hamlet of Jefferson co., N.Y., 4i miles from Adams Centre. It has a tannery. Unionville, a village of Kings co., N.Y., .at Gunter's Station on the Brooklyn, Bath & Coney Island Railroad, 12 miles E. of Brooklyn. It has a church. Unionville, Monroe co.. N.Y. See Noiith Parma. Unionville, a post-village in Minisink township, Orange co., N.Y., on the New Jersey Midland Railroad, 14 miles S.S.W. of Middletown. It has 3 churches, a cheese- factory, and a chair-factory. Unionville, a hamlet of Ulster co., N.Y., in Saugerties township, 6 miles from Tivoli Station. It has a church and a quarry of bluestone. Unionville (Neperan Post-Office), a hamlet of West- chester CO., N.Y., on the New York & Harlem Railroad, 29 miles N. of the Grand Central Depot, N.Y. It has a church. Unionville, a post-village of Lakeco., 0., in Madison township, on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Rail- road, 13 miles E. by N. of Painesville, and 4 miles from Lake Erie. It has a tannery and a drug-store. Unionville (Meigsville Post-Office), a hamlet of Mor- gan CO., 0., about 22 miles N.W. of Marietta. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 92. Unionville, a village in Union township, Berks co.. Pa., 1 mile from the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, and 15 miles S.E. of Reading. It has 2 or 3 churches, an iron- furnace, a flour-mill, and a high school. The name of its post-office is Browcr. Unionville, a .borough of Centre co., Pa., in Union township, on Bald Eagle Creek, and on the Bald Eagle Valley Railroad, 29 miles S.W. of Lock Haven, and 6 miles W. of Bellefonte. It has a flour-mill, a tannery, and 4 churches. The n.ame of its post-office is Fleming. P. 320. Unionville, a post-village in East Marlborough town- ship, Chester co.. Pa., 9 miles S.W. of West Chester, 34 miles W. by S. of Philadelphia, and 2 miles S. of the AVil- mington & Reading Railroad. It contains 3 churches, the Unionville Institute, a tannery, a public hall, and a public library. Pop. about 300. Unionville, a village in North Whitehall township, Lehigh co.. Pa., about 10 miles N.W. of Allcntown. It has a church and a coach-factory. Pop. about 150. Here is Nefi"s Post-Office. Unionville, South Carolina. See Union. Unionville, a post-village of Bedford co., Tenn., 12 miles N.W. of Shelbyville, and about 35 miles S. by E. of Nashville. It has a high school, 2 or 3 churches, a steam grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 150. Unionville, a post-hamlet of Orange co., Va., on the Potomac, Fredericksburg & Piedmont Railroad, 12 miles E. of Orange Court-House. It has a church. Unionville, a post-village in York co., Ontario, on the river Rouge, 20 miles by rail N. by E. of Toronto. It has a flour-mill, a saw-mill, 6 stores, and 3 hotels. P. 250. Unionville Centre, a post-hamlet of Union oo., 0., on Darby Creek, and on the railroad which connects Colum- bus with Urbana (Unionville Station), 22 miles AV.N.W. of Columbus. It has 2 churches, a tannery, a grist-mill, Ac. Pop. about 200. Uniop'olis, a post-hamlet of Auglaize co., 0., about 10 miles S. by E. of Lima. Pop. 120. Uniqne, yu-ncek', a post-ottice of Humboldt co., Iowa. Unison, yu'ne-zon, a post-hamlet of Loudoun co., Va., 10 miles S.S.W. of P'urcellville. Unitaria, yu-ne-ta're-a, a hamlet in Colesville town- ship, Broome co., N.Y., 5 miles from Nineveh Junction. United States of America, The (Fr. Emis-Unis, iHiz'-ii'nee' ; Port, and Sp. Estados Unidox, 8s-ti'dos oo- nee'dos or Ss-t3,'l>oce oo-nee'Doce ; It. Stati Unitij sti'tee oo-nee'tee; Ger. Vercinlrjte Staaten von Nord-America, fer- I'niG-teh sta'ten fon nout-3,-m§r'e-k^, less correctly Vev- einifjte ^S'faa^en simply ; Dutch, Vereenigde Staaien, ^er-k'- nis-d^h st^'ten), a federal republic of North America, comprising, exclusive of Alaska, which lies entirely N. and Vf. of the strict boundaries, a vast tract extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and bounded on the N. by the Do- minion of Canada, and on the S. by the Gulf and the Re- public of Mexico. At the N.E., more than half of M.aine extends in cone-form into Canada, with New Brunswick on the N.E. and Quebec on the N.W.; thence the N. line runs along the 45th parallel to the river St. Lawrence ; thence a line intersecting that river and Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, and Superior forms the boundary to the N.E. point of Min- nesota, lat. 48° 25' N., Ion. 89° 38' W., whence the line curves slightly northward to the Lake of the Woods, lat. 49° 24' N., Ion. 94° W., and from this lake W. the 49th parallel forms the N. boundary to the Gulf of Georgia and Fuca Strait. At the S.E., the peninsula of Florida projects out nearly 400 miles towards Cuba, washed by the Atlantic on the E., and enclosing the Gulf of Mexico on the W. and S.W., with the connecting Gulf of Florida flowing past its S. extremity ; a small part of Alabama, passing the AV. end of the mainland strip of Florida, reaches the Gulf; a slmi- l9, 000,000, besides much that enters the country as contra- band. Venezuela has no metallic currency of its own, and the moneys of all nations are in circulation. Its revenue amounts to about $5,500,000 per annum, expenditure to $5,200,000, and public debt about $46,000,000. The govern- ment is vested in a senate and house of representatives, the executive power being in the hands of a president and vice- president, each state being administered by a governor. Venezuela had been in almost constant disturbances by war- ring factions from 1S4S till October, 1863, when Puerto Ca- bello, the last refuge of the insurgents, surrendered to the gov- ernment. On December 10 of the same year a provisional constitution was formed, guaranteeing to the people entire personal freedom, the freedom of the press, and many im- portant privileges. Shivery, capital punishment, and ban- ishment were also thereby abolished. In 1S6-4, live states, on the plea that the finances of the state were badly conducted, separated from the confederation and declared themselves independent. The territory of Venezuela is divided into 21 states (each of which has its intendant or governor) and 3 territories, with area and population as follows : States and territories. 'CarScas (Federal District), Guarico Bolivar Aragua .Caiubobo Cojedes Barquesimeto \ 'Yaracuy J Falcou Portuguega Nueva Esparta Barcelona ..... Cumana, Maturiu , Marino (Territory) Trujillo Tachira Zulia Goajira (Territory) Apure Guayana Amazonas (Territory) Total 25,482 5,515 2,575 2,247 11,252 6,815 17,030 442 13,812 3,898 13,055 475 4,328 5,930 4,825 26,436 2,498 18,859 203,369 13,580 401,928 Pop. 1873. 60,010 191,000 129,143 94,151 117,605 85,678 r 143.818 [ 71,689 99,920 79,934 59,449 30,983 101,396 55,479 47,863 6,705 108,672 67,849 68,619 59,235 29,263 18,635 34,053 23,048 Capitals. 1,784,197 AragUa. Valencia. Sau Carlos. Barquesimeto. San Felipe. Coro. Guanare. Barinas. Asuncion. Barcelona. Cumana. Maturin. Trujillo. Merida. San Cristoval. Maracaybo. The chief cities of the republic are Caracas (the cap- ital), Valencia, Maracaybo, BarcLuesimeto, Cumanii, and Barcelona. Ve'ni, a post-office of Effingham co., 111. Veiiicarlo, a town of Spain. See Bbnicaulo. Venice, v^n'iss (It. Venezia, vi-nSd'ze-S, ; Fr. Feiti'se, y§h-neez' ; Ger. Venedigj vd.-ni.'diG ; Sp. Venecia^ vi-nA'- the-A; anc, Vene'tia), a fortified city of Italy, capital of the province of its own name, situated in the lagoons of Venice, a sort of vast lake separated from the Adriatic by a long belt of low land which is divided into islands by six channels between the mouths of the Picve and Adige, 37 miles E. of Padua, on the Turin, Milan &, Venice Railway. One of the islands thus formed by the channels is named the Lido ; N. of it is the Porto di Lido, the channel through which the fleets of Venice passed in former times, but which is now the entrance for small craft only. Immedi- ately W. of the Lido are the islands on which Venice is built, and immediately S. of it is the Porto di Malamocco, now the deepest entrance to the lagoon, and the sea-way for vessels of the greatest draught. Lat. of observatory, 45° 25' 49.0" N. ; Ion. 12° 21' 8" E. Pop. (1871) 128,901. Mean temperature, January, 35.5°; July, 75.1° Fahr. Venice, for many years the capital of a celebrated republic, the first maritime and commercial power of the world, and one of the finest cities in Europe, is unique, both as regards its position and construction, its antique architectural mon- uments, its artistic treasures, its historic fame, and the gay temperament of its inhabitants. Tho islands upon which the city is built are SO in number, arc intersected by 147 canals, communicate with one another by hundreds of bridges, and are divided into two great groups by the Grand Canal, which winds in serpentine fashion through the eity. This renowned sea-thoroughfaro is about 2 miles long and •9 YEN from 160 to 230 feet broad. Two Islands, separated from Venice proper by the wide channel of the Giudecca Canal, rise up on theS., and might be termed the southern suburbs of the city. The buildings that crowd the islands, and seem to rise — a baseless fabric — from the surface of the water, i-est on foundations of piles and stone. Their facades front the canals. Very often no door is to be seen, and the only access to the building is oflered by an entrance at the back from the interior of the island, which is covered with narrow streets and lanes. The superb bridge of the Kialto spans the Grand Canal at its narrowest part. It consists of one arch (span 91 feet), is 72 feet wide, or nearly as broad as it is long, and is divided in the direction of its length into five strips, or sections : two of these are rows of shops and three of them are footways. Mngnifieent pal- aces, built by eminent Italian architects, and the interiors of which are enriched by the works of Italy's most re- nowned painters, rise along the borders of the Grand Canal, and make it the finest ** street" in the world. Tho whole of the land on the left side of the canal, passing up from S.E. to N.W., was at one time called RiaUo, and Venice as a city first existed on this quarter, and near that part of it connected by the bridge of the Rialto with the quarter on the other side of the canal. Two other (iron) bridges cross this canal. A fine viaduct, 2A miles long and 30 feet wide, carries the Paduan Railroad across the lagoon and connects Venice with the continent. The streets or lanes (calli) are for the most part so narrow and intricate as to render the city a vast labyrinth, and in place of wheel-carriages small barges called gondolas traverse the principal canals, pre- senting one of the chief characteristics of the city. The principal promenades are the square of St. Mark and the public gardens, which are nearly surrounded by the sea. Venice contains a vast number of magnificent churches and palaces, adorned with the paintings of Titian and the fres- cos of Tintoretto and Paul Veronese. The chief edifices are the palace of the Procuratie Vecchie, standing upon 50 arches, and the Procuratie Nuove, which occupy the greater part of the square of St. Mark, around which extends a vast gallery, containing elegant shops and cafes. The old library of St. Mark occupies a magnificent hall, and in the same building is the Zecca, or mint, where, in 1284, the celebrated ducat of Venice, the most ancient coin in Europe, was struck. From this establishment the zecchino or se- quin, the ancient gold coin of the republic, derived its name. The former palace of the Doge, or ducal palace, on the E, side of the Piazzetta, begun under Marino Faliero in the fourteenth century, is remarkable for its architec- tecture and its imposing mass ; its interior is decorated with many of the finest works of the great masters. The Bridge of Sighs connects this palace with the former prisons and dungeons of the Inquisition. Among the ecclesiastical edifices the most magnificent is the church of St. Mark, founded in 977, and made a cathedral in 1S07, with its golden ceilings, its pavement of jasper and porphyry, and its 500 columns of black, white, and veined marble, bronze, alabaster^ porphyry, verd-antique, and serpentine. It con- tains the celebrated Palla d'Ora, a species of mosaic, in gold, silver, and enamel, made at Constantinople in tho tenth century, and a vast reliquary, with many antiquities and objects of art. Over the portals of this magnificent temple the four celebrated bronze horses which were founded at Corinth, and successively adorned Athens, Rome, Con- stantinople, Venice, and Paris, were replaced in 1815. In front of St. Mark are three bronze pedestals, from which once floated the three gonfalons of silk and gold, emblematic of the three dominions of the republic, Venice, Cyprus, and the Morea; and near it are the campanile, or bell-tower, the Torre dell' Orlogio, or clock tower, which, when it strikes two o'clock, assembles every day a vast number of pigeons, which are fed at the expense of the government, and two red granite columns, one surmounted by the bronze lion of St. Mark and the other by the statue of St. Theo- dore, also the square pillars of St. John of Acre. The other churches are La Madonna dell' Orto, formerly the richest church in Venice, the church of SS. Giovanni e Paolo, filled with numerous monuments of the Doges, San Giorgio Mag- giore, the church of the Salute, the churches of the Jesuits, magnificently decorated, the Scalzi, and those of Mira- coli and of St. Peter, formerly the patriarchal see, the cathe- dral of Venice till 1807, and the church of the Frari, with fine monuments by Canova. The armory contains many interesting objects. Most of these, with the dogana or custom-house, the Palazzo Balbi Grimani (now the post- ofiice), and other splendid palaces, the municipal museum, &o., are situated on the Grand Canal. Venice has several theatres, an opera-house, and palaces of the Prince of Wiir- YEN 2300 VEiN teinberg and of the Arohdukc Ludwig Victor. The arsenal, containing four basins, situated on an island, surrounded by- high walls nearly two miles in circuit, was long the first in Europe. During the past few years extensive alterations and improvements have been carried out in the city. A great deal has been lately done in widening the thorough- fares and deepening the canals. Large graving-, ware- housing-, and dry-docks, and a patent slip, have been recently completed. Near the principal gateway stand the two colossal marble lions brought from Athens in 1687. The chief scientific and literary institutions are the lyceum, with a rich cabinet of natural history and a botanic gar- den ; 2 royal gymnasia, and the seminary of the Salute, occupying the former convent of that name, with valuable scientific collections and a rich library; the new art mu- seum ; normal high school, marine college, academy and school of the fine arts, with an extensive Pinacoteca, con- taining paintings by Titian, Tintoretto, and other celebrated artists of the Venetian school, the oldest of its kind in ex- istence; and the Palazzo dei Poli, where Marco Polo lived, and died in 1323. The library of St. Mark, comprising about 120,000 volumes and 10,000 MSS., with a fine cabinet of antiquities and medals, is one of the richest in Italy, and among the largest in Europe. One of the most remarkable institutions in Venice is that of the Archivio Generale, at- tached to the church of the Frari, which contains an immense mass of documents relative to the history of Venice, said to fill 295 rooms. The Venetian dialect has great softness and pleasantness of sound, and was formerly so much cher- ished as a token of nationality that the speakers in the senate were compelled to employ it in preference to the Tuscan, or volgare. Many of the inhabitants are employed in fishing and in navigating vessels belonging to the port, of which there are about 30,000. In 1869, 5920 foreign vessels (exclusive of coasters), of 825,2-15 tons, entered and cleared the port, conveying imports valued at about 830,000,000, and exports of $21,000,000. In 1875 the number of vessels that entered was 2751 ; tonnage, 531,010. Value of imports, $24,000,000; of exports, $12,500,0u0. The trade of Venice, which had suffered from the increasing prosperity of Triest, is now gradually increasing. It was a free port until 1873, and within a few years extensive moles have been formed with great success. In the Middle Ages, Venice had a monopoly of the manufacture of glass, but this has greatly declined, and its manufactures are now confined to mirrors, jewelry, artificial pearls, colored beads, silks, laces, velvets, soap, sugar-refineries, &c. Printing is largely carried on, and its book-trade is still extensive. Cotton-spinning, the manufacture of candles (wax and composite), bronze casting, the making of the old brocades and more costly laces, the manufacture of imitations of antique furniture, and the preparation of hides and leather, are among the recently-established in- dustries in the city and province of Venice. One of the glass-factories has been in continuous work for upwards of twelve centuries. In 1874 the value of the glass ex- ported was $1,500,000. General imports comprise sugar, coff'ee, and other colonial produce, cotton and woollen fabrics, cotton yarn and raw cotton, hardware, dye-stuffs, salted fish, and grain. Exports, silk and silk goods, glass- wares, and books. Outside of the city, on an island, is San Lazaro, the Armenian convent, a centre of Armenian literature, where Byron studied the language. Venice is not well supplied with water, although several artesian wells have been sunk. It is mainly dependent on its cis- terns, and on supplies brought from the mainland in barges ; but an aqueduct is now being constructed to bring drinking- water from the Canal della Seriola Veneta. The origin of Venice dates from the period of the invasion of Attila, A.D. 452, when a number of the inhabitants of Venetiaand other parts of Italy, taking refuge in the islands of the Adriatic, formed a confederation to oppose the barbarians. In 697 they elected, as the head of their government, a doge or duke (dux). The Venetian States formed themselves into a republic in 809. In 997 they took possession of the town of Narenta, a nest of pirates, and thus commenced their maritime power ; they afterwards subjugated all the towns of Dalmatia. The Crusades were a source of aggran- dizement for Venice. At the end of the twelfth century the Venetians made themselves masters of part of the Morea, Corfu, Cephalonia, and Crete, During two cen- turies they monopolized the commerce of India by the route of Egypt; but they lost this on the discovery of the passage by the Cape of Good Hope. The State attained the height of its prosperity in the fifteenth century. It began to decline at the beginning of the sixteenth century, and its overthrow was completed by the Prenoh in 1797. By the treaty of Presburg, in 1805, it was made over, with the provinces of the continent, to the kingdom of Italy, and was held by the French till 1814, when it re- verted to Austria. In 1848 the Venetians revolted against the Austrians, and held the city for several months. The city, with the province, was re-annexed to Italy by the treaty of peace of Vienna, October 3, 1866, and the King of Italy entered Venice in triumph, November 7 of the same year. Adj. and inhab. Venetian, ven-ee'shun (It. Veneziano, vi-ned'ze-i-no ; Fr. Vexitien, vi-nee'te- irp' ; Ger. adj. Venedisch, vd-na'dish, inhab. Venetianer, vi-n5t-se-i'n§r). Venice, a province of Italy, is bounded on the S.E. by the Adriatic, and comprises the several islands and lagoons of the capital. Area, 850 square miles. Capital, Venice. Pop. in 1871, 337,538. Venice, ven'iss, a township of Tulare co., Cal. P. 490. Venice, a post-village of Madison co., 111., near the Mississippi River, on the Chicago «& Alton Railroad and the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 4 miles N.E. of St. Louis, Mo. It has a church, a drug-store, *fcc. Venice, a township of Shiawassee co., Mich. P. 1076. Venice, a post-hamlet in Venice township, Cayuga co., N.Y., on the Utica, Ithaca & Elmira Railroad, 23 miles N.N.W. of Freeville, and about 15 miles S. of Auburn. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 1757. Venice, Butler co., 0, See Ross. Venice, a post-village of Erie co., 0., on Sandusky Bay and the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 3 miles AY. of Sandusky. It has 2 flouring-mills and a church. Venice, a township of Seneca co., 0. Pop. 1781. Venice, a post-hamlet of Washington co., Pa., about 20 miles S.VV. of Pittsburg. Venice, ven'iss, a post-village in Missisquoi co., Que- bec, 8 miles S.W, of Dcs Rivieres. Pop. 120. Venice Centre, a post-hamlet in Venice township, Caj'uga CO., N.Y., on the Ithaca, Auburn & Western Rail- road, about 15 miles S. of Auburn. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Venice, Gulf of. See AnniATic. Venice Switch, a station in Erie co., 0., on the Cin- cinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland Railroad, 4 miles S.W. of Sandusky. Venise, a city of Italy. See Venice. Venitia (ve-nish'e-.a) Grove, a post-office of Howard CO., Ark. Venloo, vSn-lo', or Ven^lo', a town of the Nether- lands, Limburg, on the Meuse, at the junction of several railways, 15 miles N.N.E. of Roermond. Lat. 51° 22' N. ; Ion. 0° 10' E. Pop. 7907, employed in brewing, tanning, and in tin-, lead-, tobacco-, and vinegar-factories. Venloon, Netherlands. See Loox-op-Zand. Vennachar, Loch. See VEXAcnoin, Loch. Vennes, a town of France. See Vanxes. Venosa, vi-no'sS, (anc. Veiut'aia), a town of Italy, province and 23 miles N.N.E. of Potenza. Pop. 7222. It has a noble cathedral, 5 parish churches, a market-hall, and Roman remains. It is the birthplace of Horace. Venray, or Venraij, v^n-ri', a village of the Nether- lands, in Limburg, 22 miles N. of Roermond. Pop. of com- mune, 5093. Venta Belgarum, the ancient name of WiNcnESTEu. Venta del Moro, vSn'tS, d^l mo'ro, a village of Spain, iu New Castile, province and about 60 miles from Cuenca, on the Gabriel. Pop. 2165. Venta Icenornm, See Caistor and Norwich. Ventana, Sierra, se-^R'ui v6n-tA,'n&., a mountain of the Argentine Republic, province and 320 miles S.W. of Buenos Ayres, in lat. 38° 5' S. It is of quartz formation, bare and jagged, and attains a height of 3500 feet. Ventas con Pena Aguilera, v^n'tAs kon pin'yi S,-ghe-li'ri, a village of Spain, in New Castile, province and IS miles S.W, of Toledo. Pop. 1592. Ventimiglia, a town of Italy. See Vintimiglia. Ventipoor, v5n-te-poor', a village of Cashmere, near the Jhylum, 10 miles S.E. of Serinagur. Vent'nor, a town on the S. coast of the Isle of Wight, 10 miles by rail S. of Ryde. It stands sheltered by high land on the N. and E., and it has risen since 1830 from a mere hamlet into a fashionable watering-place. It has chapels and schools, handsome terraces, and many detached villas, and is the seat of the Royal National Hospital for Consumptives, Vent'nor, or Adam's Mills, a post-village in Gren- ville CO., Ontario, on the Petite Nation River, 4 miles from Spencei-villo. It contains 4 saw- and 2 grist-mills. P. 150, VentoMX, Mont, France. See Mont Ventoux. YEN 2301 VER Ven'try, a maritime parish of Ireland, co. of Kerry, with a harbor which affords excellent anchorage, Ventura, ven-too'ri, a county in the S. part of Cali- fornia, is bounded on the S.W. by the Pacific Ocean. It is partly irrigated by the Santa Clara River. The surface is diversified with mountains and fertile valleys. Capital, San Buenaventura. Ventura, a post-hamlot in Holland township, Ottawa CO., jVIiuh., on Lake Michigan, about 25 miles W.S.W. of Grand Rapids. It has a church and a saw-mill. Venus Bay, Australia. See Akderson's Inlet. Venusia, a town of Italy. See Vexosa. Ve'nus Point, the most N. point of the island of Ta- hiti ; hit. 17° 29' S., !on. 149° 29' W. Venzago, a village of Italy. See Vanzago. ■ Vera, v;Vrd, a town of Spain, province and 30 miles N.E. of Aimeria, near the Mediterranean. Pop. 6017, It htis a small harbor, manufactures of nitre, an active fishery, and some export and import trade. Near it are traces of ancient Ur'ci. Vera, a town of Spain, province of Navarro, on the Bidassoa, 40 miles N. of Pamplona. Pop. 191S. Ve'ra, a post-hamlet of Fayette co.. 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles N. of Vandalia. It has a church. Vera Cruz, vi'r3, krooss, a state of Mexico, consisting of a belt of territory stretching along the S.W. part of the Gulf of Mexico, and bounded N. and N.W. by the states of San Luis Potosi and Queretaro, W. by Mexico and Puebla, S. by Oajaca, and E. by Tabasco. It extends from lat, 17° 30' to 22° 15' N., and from Ion. 94° 30' to 99° W. Length, from N.N.W. to S.S.E., nearly 500 miles; breadth, about 80 miles. Area, 20,225 square miles. The coasts are gener- ally low, level, and sandy, and the streams which fall into the Gulf are either obstructed by bars at their mouths, or navigable for only a short distance. The most important of these are the Tampico, the Alvarado, and the Coat- zacoalcos. A characteristic feature of the coast is the num- ber of its lagoons. One of these, the Tamiagua, in the N., is about 55 miles long by 20 miles broad, and. communicates with the Gulf by two mouths which form the island of Tuspan. The lagoon next in size, and still farther N., is Tampico, 12 miles long by 9 miles broad j the largest in the S. is that of Alvarado, subdivided into S smaller lagoons. The interior, after the low belt of sea-shore is passed, rises gradually, and becomes clothed with magnificent forests, or with pasture and cultivated fields. Its most mountainous region is near the centre, to the W. of the capital, where the volcanic peak of Orizaba rises to the height of 17,380 feet. The climate is pestilential on the coast, where from May to November yellow fever always prevails, but be- comes healthy in the higher districts. The products em- brace maize, barley, wheat, tobacco, coffee, sugar, cotton, sarsaparilla, vanilla, pine-apples, oranges, bananas, and similar fruits, dye-woods, and many valuable species of timber. Horned cattle, horses, and sheep are numerous. The railway to Mexico from the Atlantic lies through this state. Capital, Vera Cruz, Pop. 504,950, composed of mixed races, chiefly Creoles and Indians, with some Hav- auese, foreigners, negroes, and on the coasts a considerable number of zambos. Vera Cruz, or Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, veel'- yi ree'kS, di IS. vi'rd krooss (the ** rich city of the true cross"), a seaport town of Mexico, capital of the above state, in a sandy, marshy, and unhealthy plain on the S.AV. shore of the Gulf of Mexico, 185 miles E. of Mexico. Lat. 19° 11' 54" N. ; Ion. 96° S' 36" W. It is connected by railways with Mexico, Jalapa, and Medellin, It presents an im- posing appearance from the sea, is defended by the strong castle of San Juan de Ulua, built upon an island about half a mile from the shore, and consists of several squares and regular streets, with houses of coral limestone, sometimes 3 stories high, ilat-roofed, and generally provided with wooden balconies. The principal buildings are 16 churches (of which, however, only one is in use, though the cupolas of all still remain, and form very conspicuous objects), the government house, which is tolerably handsome, and some dilapidated monasteries. The town has a good water-sup- ply, but is very sickly, yellow fever being endemic. Tihe harbor, a mere roadstead between the town and the castle, is very insecure, having neither good anchorage nor suf- ficient protection from N. winds. It is provided, however, with a good stone mole, and on the island of San Juan de TJlua there is a light-house showing a brilliant revolving light, 89 feet above the sea. The tide ebbs and flows here only once in 24 hours; the highest rise observed is 24 feet. The trade of Vera Cruz is equal to that of all other Mexican ports combined. The exports consist principally of bullioUj cochineal, sugar, flour, indigo, provisions, drugs, vanilla, logwood, and pimento ; the imports, of woven fabrics, cacao, coffee, paper, brandy, wines, machinery, and metals. Vera Cruz was founded in the latter part of the sixteenth century, and obtained the rank of a city in 1615. Its castle, which completely commands it, was taken by the French in 1829. Vera Cruz was bombarded and taken by the army of the United States, under General Scott, in 1847. Pop. 16,000. Vera Cruz, Old, a village of Mexico, 15 miles N.W. of Vera Cruz. Here Cortez disembarked in 1518. Vera Cruz, ver'a krooz, a post-village of AVells co,, Ind., on the Wabash River, 6 miles S.E. of Bluflfton, and about 30 miles S. of Port AVayno. It has 3 churches. Vera Cruz, a post-hamlet in Perry township. Brown CO., 0., about 32 miles E.N.E. of Cincinnati. It has a church. Vera Cruz, a post-hamlet of Lehigh co., Pa., 9 miles S. of Allentown, and 1 mile from Vera Cruz Station of the Perkiomen Railroad. It has a church and a coach-factory. Veragua, ve-rah'gwa (Sp. pron. ■vA-rS.'givi), or San- tiago de Veragua, sin-te-^'go di vi-r4'gw3,, a town of the United States of Colombia, state and 125 miles W.S.W. of Panama, near the coast. It is well built, and has some trade in gold-dust, copper, cotton, and dyes. Pop. 5000. Vera Paz, Alta, il'tS- vi'rS. p3,z, a province of Guate- mala, bordering on the Mexican states of Campeachy and Tabasco. Capital, Coban. Verapoli, vA-rS,p'o-le, a town of India, 7 miles N.E. of Cochin. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishop. Verawow, v§r^a-wow', or Vir^awah', a town of In- dia, in Sinde, on a fresh-water lake 3 miles in circuit. Lat. 24° 33' N.; Ion. 70° 46' E. Pop. 1141. Ver'bank, a post-hamlet of Dutchess co., N,Y., in Union Vale township, ^ mile from Verbank Station of the Dutchess & Columbia Railroad, and 26 miles N.E, of New- burg. It has a church and 1 or 2 grist-mills. Pop. 100. Verbanus Lacus, Italy. See Lago Maggioue. Verbas, v^r^bis', or Verbitza, v^R-bit'sA, a river of Bosnia, joins the Save 13 miles E. of Gradiska, after a N. course of 100 miles. Ver'beck, a post-hamlet of Barton co., Kansas, 14 miles from Bunker Hill. Verbe'na, a post-hamlet of Chilton co.. Ala., on the South & North Alabama Railroad, 31 miles N. by W. of Montgomery. It has a church. Verbenico, v^R-bi'ne-ko, a village and seaport of Austria, on the island of Veglia. Pop. 1348. Verbicaro, vda-bc-kS-'ro, a town of Italy, province of Cosenza, 28 miles N. of Paola, and 5 miles from the Medi- terranean, Pop. 5159. Verbicz, vSu^bits'. a town of Hungary, co. of Liptau, on the Waag, 1 mile S.S.E. of Szent Miklos. Pop. 2OO0. Verbitza, a river of Bosnia. See Verbas, Verbowez, v6R-bo-vgts', a town of Russia, in Podolsk, 18 miles N.W. of Moheelev. Pop. 2121. Vercelli, v^a-ch^l'lee (anc. Vercel'lw), a city of Italy, in Piedmont, province of Novara, on the right bank of the Sesia, here crossed by a handsome bridge, 14 miles N. of Casale. Pop. 20,140. It is enclosed by boulevards, re- placing its old fortifications, is well built, and has an ap- pearance of prosperity. Its cathedral, one of the finest in Piedmont, contains the tomb of St. Amadeus of Savoy, and a valuable library of old manuscripts, including a copy of' the laws of the Lombards, and a manuscript of the gospelS written by St. Eusebius, the founder of the see, in the fourth century. It has a large hospital, a royal palace, a clerical seminary, manufactures of woollen and silk fabrics, and a large trade in rice raised in its vicinity. A canal connects it with Ivrea. Vercelli-Borgo, v^R-chSl'lee-bon'go, a town of Italy, 4 miles N.E, of Vercelli, near the Sesia. It has a palace occupying the site of an old castle. Verchferes, vSa^shaiu', a county in the S.W. part of Quebec, hounded by the St. Lawrenftb on the W. and the Richelieu on the E. Area, 78 square miles. Capital, Ver- cheres. Pop. 12,717. Vercheres, a post-village, capital of the co. of Ver- ch^res, tiuebec, on the S, shore of the St. Lawrence, 24 miles below Montreal. It has a chnrch, a college, a con- vent, 7 or 8 stores, a foundry, 2 tanneries, a saw-mill, and a grist-mill. Pop. 900. Verdachellum, v^r-d3,-ch^l'lum, a town of British India, in Madras. 96 miles S. of Arcot. Pop. 5439. Verde, v^n'dA, a post-office of Yavapai co., Arizona. Verde, Rio, ree'o v^a'di, a river of Brazil, province of Bahia, flows N., and joins the Sao Francisco nearly opposite the town of Pilao Arcado. . VER 2302 VER Verde, Kro, a river of Brazil, province of &oyaz, rises in the N. slope of the Serra dos Pirenneos, flows N., and joins the Maranhao. Verde, Rio, a river of Brazil, province of Matto-Grosso. It takes a northerly direction, and, after a course nearly parallel with that of the Q-uapore, joins that river about 100 miles from the town of Matto-Grosso. Verde, Rro, a river of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, rises S.W. of the town of Ajuruoca, flows circuitoiisly first N. and then W., and, after a course of about 150 miles, joins the Sapucahi. Verde, K-io, an auriferous river of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, rises in the marshes to the W. of Serra Grao Mogor, flows N., then N.W., and then W., and joins the Sao Francisco on the right, nearly opposite the mouths of the Japoi'6 and Carinhenha. Verde Islands, West Africa, Sec Cape Verd Islands. Ver'den (Ger. pron. feu'den), a town of Prussia, in Han- over, on the Aller, and on the railway to Hanover, 21 miles S.E. of Bremen. Pop. 7669. It is enclosed by walls, and lias an ancient cathedral, manufactures of tobacco, brew- eries, distilleries, and an export trade in corn and cattle. Verdi, ver'de, a post-village of Washoe co., Nevada, on the Central Pacific Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Reno. It has 2 stores, a hotel, a planing-miU, 2 saw-mills, 2 shingle- mills, and 40 houses. Verdiere (ver-deer') Point, a post-office of Putnam CO., Fla. Verdierviile, v§r-deer'vil, a post-hamlet of Orange CO., Va., on the Potomac, Fredericksburg c.), lUit- land (marble-works, &c.), Burlington (lumber, &q.), Fair Haven, Castleton, &c. (marble- and slate-work), St. Albans (machinery, railroad-works, &c.), Mclndoe's Falls (lum- ber-sawing), Hartford (miscellaneous goods), and Bellows Falls (paper, wood-pulp, &,q.). Agricultural implements, paper, cotton and woollen goods, boots and shoes, bricks, carriages, cooperage, fiour, furniture, cbairS, hosiery, leather, limo, lumber, machinery:, cut stone and slates, starch, metallic and wooden wares, and a great variety of other goods are extensively produced. Mailroads. — In 1850, Vermont had 290 miles of railroad; in 1855, 527 miles; in 1860, 554 miles; in 1S65, 589 miles; in 1870, 614 miles; in 1873, 873 miles. Average cost per mile, 337,730; net earnings per mile for 1878, $1218. Several lines of this and the contiguous states are leased or otherwise controlled by the Centi-al Vermont Kailroad corporation. Financial J/n(rs.— The bonded debt of the state in 1874 amounted to $226,500, all in war-loan bonds bearing 6 per cent, interest. Commerce. — The through or transit shipments by rail between the West and Canada on the one hand, and the ports of Boston, Mass., and Portland, Me., on the other, are very great, Burlington has an immense lumber-trade with Canada, and is the great centre of distribution of Canadian lumber in New England. There are custom-houses at Bur- lington and Island Pond. Important articles of export from Vermont are butter, cheese, and potatoes. St. Albans is one of the principal butter-markets in New England. Much of the trade of Lake Champlain passes by canal to Albany and the Hudson Elver. The Counties number 14, as follows: Addison, Benning- ton, Caledonia, Chittenden, Essex, Franklin, G-rand Isle, Lamoille, Orleans, Orange, Rutland, Washington, AVind- hara, and Windsor. The principal citiea avd towns (census of 1S70) are Burlington, oh Lake Champlain (pop. 14,387) ; Montpelier, the capital (3023); Rutland (9834); Brattle- borough (4933); Brandon (3571); Castleton (3243); Ben- nington (5760); Colchester (3911); St. Albans (7014); St. Johnsbury (4065), and Vergennes (1570). The only incor- porated cities are Burlington and Vergennes. Education. — Free public schools are maintained by means of state and local taxes and the income of a permanent school-fund. There are state and town superintendents, and in the larger towns graded and high schools are sus- tained. There are normal schools at Castleton, Randolph, and Johnson. There are also many private and denomi- national schools and academies. The University of Vor- monty at Burlington, embraces the state agricultural col- lege and a school of medicine. Norwich University, at Northfield, makes a specialty of mathematics, engineering, and military science. Middlebury is the seat of Middle- bury College, Montpelier of a college for women, and Fair- fax of a Baptist theological institute. Government, Sc. — The governor, the principal executive officers, and the legislature are chosen by the people bien- nially. All judges are elected for fixed terms of service, those of the supreme court being chosen by the legislature, and others by the people. Citizens of the United States resident for one year in Vermont, and of quiet and peace- able behavior, are entitled to vote. Vermont sends three members to the lower house of Congress, and is entitled to five electoral votes. Among the public institutions are the state prison at Windsor, the state reform school at Ver- gennes, and the asylum for the insane at Brattlcborough. History. — Vermont, which is said to have had but very few permanent Indian inhabitants, was first settled by people from Massachusetts, who built Fort Hummer, near Brattlcborough, in 1724. Many of the early settlers came from Connecticut. Some of the southern towns were char- tered by Massachusetts. New York and New Hampshire both laid claim to the country, and the King of Great Britain decided in favor of New York. Acts of hostility towards the New York authorities followed, and in 1777 the people declared themselves independent and drew up a state constitution. In the actions at Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and at the battles of Bennington, Stillwater, and Ilubbardton, the "^ Green Mountain Boys" vindicated their patriotism and courage. In 1791, after much opposi- tion on the part of New York, Vermont was admitted to the Union, the first state received in addition to the origi- nal thirteen. During the war of 1861-65 the troops of Vermont well sustained the ancient reputation of the " Green Mountain Boys," and in the battle-mortality roll she ranked as the second among the loyal states, Kansas taking the lead. Population. — In 1790, Vermont had 85,425 inhabitants ; in 1800,154,465; in 1810, 217,895; in 1820, 235,981; in 1830, 280,652; in 1340,291,948; in 1850,314,120; in 1860, 315,093; in 1870,330,551. Vermont, a post-village in A^'ermont township, Fulton CO., 111., on the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Rail- road where it crosses a branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 24 miles N. of Beardstown, and 15 miles N.N.E. of Rushville. It has a newspaper office, a banking-house, 3 churches, and manufactures of bricks, carriages, spokes, and tiles. Pop. of the township, 2289. Here is an artesian well 900 feet deep. Vermont, a post-hamlet of Cooper co., Mo., on the Boonville Branch of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 17i miles S. of Boonville. It has an elevator and a store. Vermont, Chautauqua oo., N,Y. See Gerry. Vermont, a township of Dane co., Wis. Pop. IIIS. Vermont'ville, a post-village in Vermontvillc town- ship, Eaton CO., Mich., on the Thornapple Ptivcr, and on the Grand Rapids division of the Michigan Central Railroad, 48 miles E.S.E. of Grand Rapids, and about 28 miles W.S.W. of Lansing. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, a union school, 2 flouring-mills, and a saw-mill. Pop. 544; of the township, 1718, Vermontville, a hamlet of Franklin co., N.Y., in Franklin township, about 33 miles S. by E. of Malone. It has a church, a foundry, and a saw-mill. Vern, vainn, a village of France, in Maine-et-Loirc, 15 miles N.AV. of Angers. Pop. 697. Ver'nal, a post-office of Greene co., Miss., about 40 miles N.W. of Mobile, Ala. Vernaria, the ancient name of TnoiA, Veruasca, v^R-n3,s'kS,, a town of Italy, province of Piacenza, Pop. 4487. Vernazza, v^n-n^t's^, a village of Italy, province of Genoa, on the sido of a rock jutting into the sea. It has the ruins of an old castle. Pop. 2213. Vern'dale, a post-village of Wadena co., Minn., on the Northern Pacific Railroad, about 40 miles W. of Brainerd. Verner, Alleghanyco., Pa. See Veroxa. Verneuil, vSr' nul', a town of France, in Eure, on the Avre, 24 miles S.S.W. of Evreux. Pop. 3267. It was for- merly fortified, and has a church with a lofty tower, a cop- per-foundry, 10 fiour-mills, and a ribbon-manufactory. Verneuil, a village of Franco, in Hauto-Vicnne, on the Vienne, 6 miles W.N.W. of Limoges. Pop. of com- mune, 2220. Vernon, v^u^nftN^', a town of France, in Eure, on the left bank of the Seine, here crossed by a fine bridge, and on the Paris Richmond Air-Line Railroad, 15 miles W. by S. of Spartanburg. Ver'nonville, a post-village in Northumberland co., Ontario, 14 miles N. of Grafton. Pop. lOU. Vernoux, vfiii'noo', a town of France, department of Ardcche, 11 miles N. of Privas. Pop. 1619. Veriioye, or Wernoje, ver-no'yeh, a town of Russia in Asia, capital of the government of Semiretchinsk, about 250 miles W. of Kooldja. Pop. 11,584. Verocz, v^'rots', Veriicze, viVot'seh, or Verovi- tica (Ger. Weroiolta, vi'ro-wits'), a town of Austro-Hun- gary, in Slavonia, 65 miles W.N.W. of Eszek. Pop. 5501. Verodnnum, the ancient name of Verdun. Verola Nuova, vi-ro'la nwo'vS,, a town of Italy, in Lombardy, 16 miles S.W. of Brescia. Pop. 4206. Verola Vecchia, vA-ro'lS, v^k'ke-S,, a town of Italy, 1 mile W. of Verola Nuova. Pop. 2240. Verolengo, vA-ro-lSn'go, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 17 miles N.E. of Turin. Pop. of commune, 5S53. Veroli, vi'r6-lee (anc. Ver'nlss), a town and bishop's see of Italy, province of Rome, 5 miles N.E. of Frosinone. Po]>. 3410. Here are several suppressed convents. Veroniandui, the ancient name of Veumandois. Verona, vA-ro'n^ (Fr. Veroiie, v^^ von' ; tLnc.Vero'na), a fortified city of Italy, capital of the province of Verona, on the Adige, here crossed by 4 bridges, and-on the railway from Milan to Venice, 22 miles N.N.E. of Mantua. Lat. 45° 26' N. ; Ion. 11° 1' E. Pop. 66,086. Situated near the gorges of the Tyrol, and surrounded by the fortresses of Peschiera, Mantua, and Legnano, Verona has always been an important position for the defence of North Italy. It is enclosed by a series of turreted walls and fortifications which' are among the most remarkable works of military engineering in Europe, Its garrison is capable of accom- modating 20,000 men. From its fine situation, rich histor- ical remains, and literary institutions, it is one of the most interesting cities in Italy. The principal public edifices are the church of St. Zeno, supposed to date from the seventh century; the cathedral, built in the ninth century; the church of St. Anastasia, remarkable for its size and its monuments; the church of St. George, noted for its fine paintings; 45 other churches; two magnificent gates; the palace of the Grand Gnardia ; the palace of coneiglio / and the custom-house. It has many noble private palaces. Its antiquities comprise the celebrated Roman amphitheatre, a building of imposing grandeur, still used for public specta- cles, and traces of a Roman theatre. The literary institu- tions of Verona comprise a lyceum with fine scientific col- lections, episcopal seminary, 3 gymnasia, a school of paint- ing and design, academy of agriculture, commerce, and arts, a botanic garden, a philharmonic academy, 2 valuable public libraries, and a museum with remarkable Etruscan inscriptions. Verona is renowned for its dye-works. It has manufactures of woollens and cottons, numerous silk- mills moved by water-power, and an extensive trade in silk and rural produce. It is the see of a bishop, and the seat of several superior courts and public oSices. It is supposed to have been founded in the fourth and to have been sub- jected to the Romans in the second century before the Christian era. It rose to great importance, and was adorned with numerous magnificent structures. On the decline of the Roman Empire it was taken by the Goths and made by Theodoric the capital of his empire. In 774 it was taken by Charlemagne, and, so long as the power of the emperors in Italy lasted, took a lead among the Italian cities. It afterwards became an independent republic, lost its liberty, passed through the hands of various masters, and at length, weary of the vicissitudes to which it had been subjected, voluntarily ceded itself to Venice, under which it remained till 1797. During the French domina- tion it was annexed to their kingdom ; and in 1866 it was incorporated with the present kingdom. It was the birth- place of Cornelius Nepos, Catullus, the elder Pliny, Paul Veronese, and many other distinguished men. Verona is celebrated for the beauty of its environs. Adj. and in- hab. Veronese, v^r^o-neez' (It. Veronese, vi-ro-nA'si), Verona, a province of Italy, in Venetia, partly enclosed by TyroJ and the Lago di Garda. Area, 1102 square miles. Capital, Verona. Pop. 367,437. Verona, v^-ro'na, a post-village of Grundy co., III., in Vienna township, on the Chicago, Pekin A Southwestern Railroad, 70 miles S.W. of Chicago, and 19 miles E.N.E. of Streator. It has 2 or 3 churches and a money-order post-oflice. Pop. about 300. Verona, a post-oflice of Poweshiek co., Iowa. Verona, a post-village of Boone co., Ky,, on the Louis- ville, Cincinnati &, Lexington Railroad, 26 miles S.S.W. of Cincinnati. Verona, a township of Hancock co.. Me. Pop. 352. Verona, a township of Huron co., Mich. Pop. 366. Verona, a township of Faribault eo., Minn. P. 607. Verona, a post-village of Lee co.. Miss., on the Mobile &, Ohio Railroad, 4^ miles S. of Tupelo. It has 2 semi- naries, a money-order post-ofiice, 2 churches, and 14 stores. Verona, a post-village of Lawrence eo., Mo,, in Spring River township, on the Atlantic &. Pacific Railroad, 36 miles W.S. W. of Springfield. It lias a graded school, 3 churches, a machine-shop, 2 grist-mills, and a saw-mill. Pop. 240. Verona, a post-village in Caldwell township, Essex co., N.J., 7 or 8 miles N.N.W. of Newark. It has a church, a brush-factory, and a flour-mill. The Newark Reform School is located here. Verona, a post-village in Verona township, Oneida co., N.Y., 1 mile E. of Verona Station of the New York Cen- tral Railroad, 4 miles E.N.E. of Oneida, and 8i miles S.W. of Rome. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a tannery, etc. Pop. 229. The township is bounded on the W. by Oneida Lake and on the S.W. by Oneida Creek, and is in- tersected by the Erie Canal and the Central Railroad. It contains Durhamville and New London. Pop. 5487. Verona, a borough of Alleghany co., Pa., on the Alle- ghany River and the Alleghany Valley Railroad, 12 miles E.N.E. of Pittsburg. It has 5 churches, a newspaper office, an academy, a paper-mill, a saw-mill, the Verona Tool- Works, a round-house, *fec. Pop. about 1600. Hulton is the name of its post-office and station. Verona Station on the same railroad is 10 miles from Pittsburg. Verona, a post-hamlet of Westmoreland co.. Pa,, on Conemaugh Creek, and on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 48 miles W.S.W. of Altoona. It has about 20 houses and a stave-factory. Verona, a post-village of Marshall co., Tenn., 5 miles N.E. of South Berlin. It has a church, and a grist-mill on Rock Creek. Verona, a post-office of Collin co., Tex. Verona, a post-hamlet of Augusta co., V.a., on the Val- ley Branch of the Baltimore &- Ohio Railroad, bh miles N.E. of Staunton. It has a church and a flour-mill. Verona, a post-hamlet in Verona township, Dane co., AYis., 10 miles S.W. of Madison. It has 2 churches. Pop. of township, 1039. Verona 3Iills, a post-office of Huron co., Mich. Verone, the French name of Verona. Veroqua, Wisconsin. See Viroqua. Verovitica, Austro-Hungary. See Verocz. Ver'plank, or Verplanck's Point, a post-village of Westchester co., N.Y., in Cortlandt township, on the Hudson River, 3 miles below Peekskill, 40 miles N. of New York, and 2 miles from Montrose Station of the Hudson River Railroad. It has 3 churches, several manufactories of bricks, a fine public school-house, and a depot of the Knickerbocker Ice Company. It exports great quantities of bricks and lime. Pop. 1500. Verrader's Island, Pacific. See Traitor's Island. Ver'ree's' MilJs, a post-office of Philadelphia co., Pa. (a branch of the Philadelphia post-office), is at Ver- reevilie, a village 1\ miles AV. of Bustleton Stntion. The village has a church, a flour-mill, and a manufactory of edge-tools. Verres, v^u'r^s, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, 19 miles E. of Aosta. Pop. 1206. Ver'ret Lake, Louisiana, is in Assumption parish, about 2 miles E. of Grand River, with which it is connected by a short outlet. It is nearly 12 miles long. Verrieres, v^u^Re-aiii', a village of Switzerland, can- ton of Neufchatel, on the French frontier, 6 miles E. of Pontarlier. Pop. 1900. Verro, or Werro, vSu'no, a town of Russia, in Livo- nia, on the Verro, and on Lake Tammula, 44 miles S.S.E. of Dorpat. Pop. 2010. The Canal of Verro unites the Gulfs of Finland and Livonia. Verruchio, v^R-noo'ke-o, a village of Italy, province of Forii, 3 miles N.W. of San Marino. Versailles, v^r-sdlz' (Fr.pron. vfiR^sil' or v^R^sa'y^h), a city of France, capital of the department of Seinc-et- Oise, 10 miles S.W. of Paris, with whicli it communicates by lines of railway. Lat. 48° 48' N, j Ion. 2° 8' E. Pop. 49,552. It is divided into the quarters of St. Louis and Notre Dame, to which Montreuil is attached, and is re- markable for the elegance and regularity of its construction. Versailles is justly regarded as one of the handsomest towns in Europe. The Place Hoohe has a statue of General Hoclie, and from the Place du Chateau diverge the 3 grand VER 2307 VES avenues of Paris. St. Cloud, and Sceaux, finely planted with trees. The chief edifices are the church of St. Louis, the prefecture, the chancery, and the magnificent Palace of Versailles, now used as an historical museum, with its im- mense galleries freshly decorated and containing a series of paintings and statues arranged in chronological order from Clevis downwards. Connected with the palace are a superbly decorated chapel and theatre, an orangery, spacious flower- gardens, and a park, in which are numerous statues and splendid fountains, supplied with water by the machine of Marly, and at the extremity of the park the two palaces called the Great and Little Trianon. Versailles is a bishop's see, and has a national college, a normal school, many scientific and literary societies, a public library of 60,000 volumes, and a chamber of commerce. The Palace of Ver- sailles, built by Louis XIV., was from 1672 to 1790 the residence of the Kings of France. Many treaties have been signed here, at one of which, in 17S3, England recognized the independenceof the United States of America; and here, on the 20th of June, 1789, the representatives of the com- munes of France constituted the national assembly and took the famous oath of the Jeu-de-Pmime. From 1790 to 1S37 Versailles was nearly deserted, but since the opening of the museum in the latter year it has regained its former importance. In 1870 it became the head-quarters of the German invaders, and here the German Empire was pro- claimed. In 1S75 it was declared the legal capital of France, which it continued to be until 1879. Versailles, ver-sailz', a post-village in Sprague town- ship, New London co., Conn., on the Shetucket Kiver and the New York & New England Railroad, 13 miles S.E. of Willimantic, and about 7 miles N.N.E. of Norwich. It has a church and a manufactory of cassimeres. Versailles, a post-village in Versailles township, Brown CO., 111., on the Wabash Railroad, 48 miles E. of Quincy, and 30 miles W.N.W. of Jacksonville. It has 3 churches. The township is bounded on the E. by the Illinois River. Pop. of the township, 1471. Versailles, a post-village, capital of Ripley co., Ind., in Johnson township, on Laughery Creek, about 27 miles N. by E. of Madison, and 22 miles "VV. of Aurora. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, and a money-order post-office. Pop. 495. Versailles, a beautiful post-town, capital of Woodford CO., Ky., is about 14 miles AV. of Lexington, 14 miles S.E. of Frankfort, and 5 miles E. of the Kentucky River. It contains a brick court-house, 7 churches, a national bank, a banking-house, a newspaper office, a high school, an academy, the Cleveland Orphan Institute, and several dis- tilleries. It is supplied with pure water issuing from a cave or natural conduit which extends under the founda- tions of the houses. Pop. 3268. Versailles, a post-village, capital of Morgan co., Mo., about 30 miles S.E. of Sedalia, and 40 miles W.S.W. of Jefferson City. It has 2 newspaper offices, a high school, 4 churches, a bank, and 10 furnaces for smelting lead. Large quantities of lead (galena) are mined in Morgan co. Pop. 503. Versailles, a post-village in Perrysburg township, Cat- taraugus CO., N.Y., on Cattaraugus Creek, about 30 miles S. by W. of Buffalo. It has water-power, a church, and 2 flour-mills. Pop. about 300. Versailles, a post-village in Wayne township, Darke CO., 0., on the railroad between Sidney and Union City, 17 miles E. of Union City. It has a bank, a money-order post- office, a newspaper office, 4 churches, and a union school. Versailles, a post-hamlet of Rutherford co., Tenn., about 30 miles S. by E. of Nashville. It has several churches in its vicinity. Versailles, v^r-sailz', or Soixaiite, sw3,-z6Nt', a post- village in Iberville co., Quebec, on the Stanstead, Shefford &. Chambly Railroad, 7 miles E. of St. John. Pop. 150. Verschoyle, v^r-shoil', a post-village in Oxford co., Ontario, 6i miles S. of IngersoII. Pop. 175. Versecz, Versetz, VVerschetz, v^u'shSts', orVer- SChitZ, vSn''shits\ a fortified town of the Hungarian Banat, CO. and 41 miles S. of Temesvar. Pop. 19,643. It is the see of a Greek bishop, and has a college and cavalry bar- racks. In its vicinity large quantities of wine, silk, and rice are raised. Vershire, v^r'sheer, a post-village in Vershire town- ship. Orange co., Vt., 6 or 7 miles S.E. of Chelsea, and about 2S miles S.S.E. of Montpelier. It has 2 churches. The township has mines of copper, which employ about 300 men. Pop. of the township, 1140. Versmold, f^its'molt, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 24 miles E.N.E. of Munster. Pop. 1486. Versovah, v3r-so'vi, a town of India, 14 miles N. of Bombay, on the W. coast of the island of Salsette. Veriaison, vfiR'tA-z6N°', a town of France, in Puy-de- Dome, 9 miles E. of Clermont-Ferrand. Pop. 2005. Vertou, v^aHoo', a village of France, in Loire-Inferi- ure, near the Sevre-Nantaise, 5 miles S.E. of Nantes. P. 737. Vertus, Lks, 14 v^nHU', a town of France, department of Marne, 16 miles W.S.W. of Chalons-sur-Marne. P. 2371. VerulaJ, the ancient name of Veroli. Vervicli, or Werwicq, v^u'vik, a town of Belgium, in West Flanders, on the Lys, 9 miles S.S.E. of Ypres. It has tobacco-manufactures and linen-weaving. Pop. 6797. Verviers, vfia^ve-i', a town of Belgium, province and 14 miles E. of Liege, on the railway to Cologne, and on the Vesdre. Pop. 32,381. It has celebrated manufactories of woollen cloth and yarn, for which various steam and water mills are employed,* it has also dyeing- and soap-works, breweries, <&c. Vervil'la, a post-village of Warren oo,, Tenn., 3 miles from Morrison Station. It has 3 churches, a masonic high school, and manufactures of flour and lumber. Verviiis, vSa^v5.Na' (anc. Vervi' num, or Verhi'mim), a town of France, department of Aisne, 22 miles N.N.E. of Laon. Pop. 2889. It has a tribunal of commerce, a col- lege, and manufactures of tricots and cotton fabrics. In 1598 a treaty of peace was concluded here between Henry IV. and Philip II. of Spain. Verzuolo, v^u-zwo'lo, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, province and 3 railes S. of Saluzzo. Pop. 3981. Vescovana, v^s-ko-v&.'nS., a village of Italy, in Padua, 8 miles S.E. of Este. Pop. 3783. Vescovato, vSs-ko-va'to, a town of Northern Italy, 8 miles N.E. of Cremona. Pop. 2242. Vesdre, v^sd'r, a river of Rhenish Prussia and the Belgian province of Liege, joins the Ourthe 3 miles S.E. of Liege, after a W. course of 45 miles, past Limbourg and Verviers. Its valley is highly picturesque. Vesegonsk, vi-si-g6nsk', written also Wessje- gonsk, a town of Russia, government and 134 miles N.E. of Tver. Pop. 3586. Vesle, or Vele, vail or vel, a river of France, depart- ments of Marne and Aisne, after a N.E. course of 65 miles, past Reims, joins the Aisne 6 miles E. of Soissons, Vesontio, the ancient name of Besan^on. Vesoul, v^h-zool', a town of France, capital of the de- partment of Haute-SaOne, at the foot of a vine-clad height, the Motte-de- Vesoul, near the Burgeon, an affluent of the Saone, 27 miles N. of Besanjon. Lat. 47° 38' N. ; Ion. 6° 10' E. Pop. 9097. It has a lycee or college, a normal school, a public library, and manufactures of calicoes, caps, and leather. Ves'per, a post-office of Lincoln co., Kansas. Vesper, a post-hamlet in TuUy township, Onondaga CO.. N.Y., about IS miles S. of Syracuse. It has 2 churches. Vesper, a post-office of Clatsop co., Oregon. Vesper, a post-village in Seneca township, Wood co., Wis., 9 miles N.W. of Centralia. It has a large lumber- mill. Vesprim, a town of Hungary. See Veszprim. Vest, a post-office of Phelps co.. Mo. Ves'ta, a post-village of Johnson co.. Neb., 9 miles W. of Tecumseh, and about 40 miles S.W. of Nebraska City. Ves'taburg, a post-office and station of Montcalm co., Mich., on the Chicago, Saginaw &. Canada Railroad, 16 miles W. of St. Louis. Ves'tal, a post-village of Broome co., N.Y., in Vestal township, on the Susquehanna River, about 9 miles W. of Binghamton, and i mile S. of the Erie Railroad. It has a church and about 40 houses. Pop. of the township, 2026. Vestal Centre, a post-hamlet in Vestal township, Broome co., N.Y., on Choconut Creek, 7 miles S.W. of Binghamton. It has 2 churches and a saw-mill. Ves'tel, a post-office of Deer Lodge co., Montana. Vestervik, a seaport town of Sweden. See Westeuvik. Vest's, a post-office of Cherokee co., N.C., 13 miles W. of Murphy. Vesuiina, an ancient name of Pkrigueux. Vesuvius, ve-su'vi-us (It. Vesuvlo, vi-soo've-o), a celebrated mountain of South Italy, and the only active volcano of any consequence on the continent of Europe, on the E. side of the Bay of Naples. Lat. of crater, 40° 49' N. ; Ion. 14° 26' E, It rises out of a fertile and luxuriant plain to the height of 3948 feet above the sea, the diameter of the circular area occupied by it and Monte Somma being about 8 miles. Its lower part is a sloping plain, covered with stones and scoriaa, 3 miles in length, and rising to 2000 feet, above which a cone of black stones extends to VES VIA 3500 feet. It is flanked on the land-side by Monte Somma, an abrupt circular precipice. The Bummit of its cone is 2000 feet in diameter, and, after the eruption of 18.39, had in its centre a crater 1500 feet in diameter and 500 feet deep. Sorama and Vesuvius are very different in their geological formation : the former consists of leucite, por- phyry, tufa, and rocks containing shells ; Vesuvius is almost wholly composed of lava and scorige. Around it large num- bers of simple minerals have been discovered, and the vege- table products on its flanks comprise many plants not found elsewhere in Italy. The famous wine Lar/rima Ghristi is raised on its sides. The earliest eruptions of Vesuvius are lost in remote antiquity, and no symptoms of its activity had been evinced within the memory of man till A.n. 6.3, when an earthquake damaged many of the surrounding cities. In 79 it again began to show symptoms of activity, and immediately thereafter sent forth the terrible eruption which buried the cities of Herculaneura, Pompeii, and Stabiaa. A succession of eruptions followed, more especi- ally in 203, 472, 612, and 993, but were not attended with any flow of lava, the ejected matter consisting .apparently only of stones, ashes, or volcanic sand, and fragments of older lava. The first recorded discharge of liquid lava took place in 1036. Since then various eruptions, some of them extremely violent, have occurred. Among others may be specified those of 1779, 1794, 1S34, 1838, 1847, 1850, 1855, 1858, 1861, 1867-68, 1872, and 1876. Adj. Vesuvian, ve-su've-an. Vesuvius, ve-su'vi-us, a station in Lawrence co., 0., on the Iron Railroad, 6 miles N. of Ironton. Veszprim, Vesprim, vfo'prim\ or Wesprim,iV^s'- prim\ a town of West Hungary, capital of a county, on the Sed, 60 miles S.W. of Buda. Pop. 12,002. It is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, and has a fine cathedral, an episcopal palace, Piarist and Roman Catholic colleges, and a brisk trade in salt, corn, wine, potash, and glass. Veszprim, or Wesprim, a county in the S.W. part of Hungary, It is occupied in the S. by part of Lake Bala- tony. Pop. 201,431. Vet'eraii, a township of Chemung co., N.Y. P. 2373. Vetlooga, Vetlouga, or Vetluga, vet-loo'gd, writ- ten also Betluga and Wetluga, a river of Russia, chiefly in the governments of Kostroma and Nizhnee-Novgorod, flows S., past Vetlooga, and joins the Volga, after a course of 300 miles. Vetlooga, Vetlouga, Vetluga, or Betluga, a town of Russia, government of Kostroma, on the right bank of the Vetlooga, 75 miles E. of Makariev. Pop. 3939. Ve'to, a post-office of Franklin co.. Miss. Veto, a post-oflice of Washington co., 0., 12 miles W.S.W. of Marietta. Veto, a post-hamlet of Giles co., Tenn., on the line between Alabama and Tennessee, and on the Nashville &, Decatur Railroad, about 44 miles S. of Columbia. Vetralla, vi-tril'la, a town of Italy, 7 miles S.W. of Viterbo. Pop. 3741. Vetschau, f^t'sh5w, a town of Prussia, in Branden- burg, 44 miles S.W. of Frankfort. Pop. 227S. Veules, vtil, a town of France, in Seine-Inferieure, on the English Channel, 13 miles W.S.W. of Dieppe. Veurne, a town of Belgium. See Furnes. Vevay, ve-vi' or veh-vi' (Ger. Vinis, vee'vis), a town of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, on the Lake of Geneva, 11 miles E.S.E. of Lausanne. Pop. 7887. The church of St. Martin contains the tomb of the regicide Ludlow, who died here in exile. It has manufactures of leather, wool- lens, and jewelry, and a trade in wine. Vevay, ve-va', a post-village, capital of Switzerland CO., Ind., in Jefferson township, is finely situated on the Ohio Rivei", 20 miles above Madison. It has 5 churches, a national bank, 2 newspaper offices, and manufactures of chairs, cigars, furniture, and woollen goods. It was settled in 1813 by a company of Swiss emigrants. Hay and onions are the chief articles of export. Pop. about 1200. Vevay, a township of Ingham co., Mich. Pop. 2597. Vexio, a town of Sweden. See Wuxio. Veyle, vil, a river of France, rises in the department of Ain, flows first N., and then W., and joins the Saone a little below Macon, after a course of about 65 miles. Vezeer- (or Vezir-) Kopri, vi-zeer'-ko'preo, or Kedikalah, ki'dce-ki'li, a town of Asia Minor, 42 miles W.S.W. of Samsoon. Pop. 5000. It is divided into quarters by intersecting walls, and has a tolerable bazaar. Vezelay, v^h-z^h-lA', a town of France, in Yonne, 8 miles W.S.W. of Av.allon. It was the birthplace of Theo- dore de Beza and Vauban. St. Bernard preached the crusade to the parliament of Vezelay in 1145. Vezere, vi^zain', a river of France, in CorrSze and Dordogne, joins the Dordogne 20 miles E. of Bergerae, after a S.W. course of 100 miles. Vezere, Haute, hot vi'zaiB', a river of France, de- partments of Correze and Dordogne, joins the Isle 6 miles B. of Perigueux, after a S.W. course of 50 miles. Vezon, veh-zdN**', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 24 miles W. of Mons. Pop. 1781. Vezouze, v^h-zooz', a river of France, in Meurthe, rises in the Vosges Mountains, flows W., and joins the Meurthe at Luneville. Total course, 45 miles. Vezza, vSt'si, a village of Italy, province and 66 miles N.E. of Bergamo, on the Val-Grande. Pop. 1850. Viacula, India. See Beacull. Viadana, ve-i-di'nS,, a town of Italy, province of Mantua, on the Po, 21 miles S.W. of Mantua. Pop. 5453. It has linen-factories. Viadeiros, ve-4-di'e-roce, a mountain-range of Brazil, province of Goyaz. Viagrande, ve-a,-gr5.n'di, a town of Sicily, 7 miles N.E. of Catania, on the slope of Mount Etna. Pop. 2289. Via Mala, ve'i ma'14 (" bad or difficult way"), a deep defile of Switzerland, canton of Grisons, along the Upper Rhine, between Chur and the Splugen, about 4 miles in length, and walled in by precipices in some places 1600 feet in height. Viamao, ve-i-mowNo', a lake of Brazil, province of Rio Grande do Sul. It stretches from N. to S. over a large space between the mouth of the Jacuhy and the Lake of Patos, and receives, besides the Jacuhy, other streams. Viamao, a village of Brazil, province of Rio Grande do Sul, on the E. shore of the above lake, about 12 miles E.S.E. of Porto-AIegre. Viaiia, ve-i'ni, or Viaua do Castello, a seaport town of Portugal, province of Minho, at the mouth of the Lima, 40 miles N. of Oporto. Pop. 8871. It is enclosed by turreted walls, and has a harbor defended by batteries, an active coasting-trade, a fishery, and a large annual fair. Viaiia, ve-3,'ni, a town of Spain, in Navarre, near the Ebro, 45 miles S.W. of Pamplona. Pop. 2979. It has manufactures of coarse woollens and hats. Vianen, ve-i'nen, a town of the Netherlands, in South Holland, on the Leek, 7 miles S.S.W. of Utrecht. P. 3259. Vianiia, ve-in'na, a town and parish of Portugal, prov- ince of Alemtejo, 20 miles S.S.W. of Evora, near the Jarama. Pop. 3984. Viaiios, ve-5,'noce, a town of Spain, in New Castile, province and about 45 miles from Albacete. Pop. 1631. Viar, ve-an', a river of Spain, rises near Montemolin, province of Badajos, flows about 50 miles S.E., and joins the Guadalquivir at Cantillana, 16 miles N.E. of Seville. Viareggio, ve-^-r§d'jo, a seaport town of Central Italy, 13 miles W. of Lucca, on the Mediterranean, with 9371 in- habitants, a harbor defended by a fort, and export trade in statuary marble. It is a favorite watering-place. Viasma, a town of Russia. See Viazma. Viatka, or WJatka, ve-it'k4, a river of Russia, trav- ersing all the centre of the government to which it gives name, rises 17 miles N. of Glazov, flows N.W. and S., and joins the Kama in the government of Kazan, after a course of 500 miles. Viatka, or WJatka, a large government of European Russia, in its E. p.art, between lat. 55° 30' and 60° N. and Ion. 46° and 54° E., having N. Vologda, E. Perm, W. Kos- troma, and S. Nizhnee-Novgorod, Kazan, and Orenboorg, from which last it is separated by the Kama. Area, 59,114 square miles. Pop. 2,406,024, comprising many Tartar tribes and about 50,000 Mohammedans. Its E. part is covered with the extreme ra.mihcations of the Ural Moun- tains ; surface elsewhere undulating or level. A surplus of corn over home consumption is raised. Principal crops, rye, barley, and oats, with some wheat, and pease, lentils, flax, and hemp. The climate is too severe for fruits to ripen, and potatoes are grown only in gardens. Forests of fir, oak, elm, and birch are very extensive. Cattle-rearing is of less importance than agriculture. Furs, tar, iron, and copper are the chief products. Manufactures are increasing; there lately were about 60 woollen, linen, and other fac- tories for woven goods in the government. Paper, soap, potash, leather, and copper-wares are made; fire-arms are manufactured at Sarapool, and at Viatka anchors, gun- carriages, and iron machinery on a large scale. The ex- ports are corn, timber, and manufactured goods. The im- ports comprise salt, tea, and other Asiatio produce. Viatka, or Wjatka, a city of Russia, the capital of the above government, on the Viatka, near the influx of the Tcheptsa. Lat. 58° 24' N.; Ion. 50° E. Pop. 21,240 VIA 2309 VIC It has 2 convents, diocesan and high schools, gymnasium, extensive distilleries and iion-works, and is the great centre of the commerce of the government. Viatlsk, a town of Russia. See Velsk. Viaur, ve-oii', a river of France, rises in the depart- ment of AvejTon, flows cirouitously S.W., forms part of the boundary between the departments of Tarn and Avey- ron, and joins the Aveyron. Length, 60 miles. Viazma, or Viasma, ve-iz'mi, a town of Russia, government and 100 miles E.N.E. of Smolensk, on the Viazma, an afiluent of the Dnieper. Pop. 11,6S7. It has 22 churches and convents, several schools, and a trade in linen, hemp, linseed, and hempseed. The French were defeated here by the Russians, October 22, 1S12. Viazniki, or Wiasniki, ve-is-nee'keo, a town of Russia, 78 miles E. of Vladimeer, on the Kliasma. Pop. 4411. It has manufactures of linens and leather. Vib'bard, a post-village of Ray co., Mo., on the St. Joseph division of the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 25 miles N.W. of Lexington. Vxbinuniy the ancient name of BoviNO. Vibo, an ancient name of BlvoNA. Vibo, an ancient name of Monteleone. Viboldone, ve-bol-do'ni, or Vicoboldone, ve-ko- bol-do'ni, a village of Itsily, province and 8 miles from Milan, between the Lambro and the Olona. Viborg, or VViborg, vee'bouG, a town of Denmark, on the small lake of Viborg, .S6 miles N.W. of Aarhuus. Pop. 6422. It has a cathedral, manufactures of woollen fabrics, cards, leather, and tobacco, and is a bishop's see. Viborg, Wiborg, Wyborg, vee'boRg, or Vibourg, vee'booRg, written also Wiburg and Vyborg (Finnish, WUpurt, wii-poo'ree), a seaport town of Finland, capital of a government, on a deep inlet of the Gulf of Finland, 74 miles N.W. of St. Petersburg. Pop. 12,009. It consists of the town proper and the St. Petersburg and Viborg suburbs. The citadel is built on the site of the original town, founded by the Swedes in 1293. Viborg has a college and a female school, and an active export trade. In its vicinity is the park of Monrepos, a favorite holiday resort of the inhabitants. Viborg, a government of Russia, in Finland, on the Gulf of Finland. Area, 16,62.3 square miles. Pop. 278,754. Vibraye, vee'bri', a town of France, in Sarthe, 25 miles E. of Le Mans. Pop. 1531. Vicalvaro, ve-kil-v^'ro, a village of Spain, in New Castile, province and about 4 miles from Madrid, with fine alabaster-quarries. Pop. 2412. Vicarello, ve-ki-r41'lo (anc. Vi'as Aure'lii?), a, vil- lage of Central Italy, near the N. side of the Lake of Brac- ciano, with ruins of an imperial villa of the time of Trajan, and mineral waters (the ancient Ther'mm Aure'lisE?]. Vicari, ve-ki'ree, a town of Sicily, province and 49 miles S.S.E. of Palermo. Pop. 4328. Vic'ar's Switch, a post-office of Montgomery co., Va., on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 5 miles W.S.W. of Christiansburg. Vic en Bigorre, veek 6n« bee^gou', a town of France, in Hautes-Pyrenees, 11 miles N. of Tarbes. Pop. 3472. Vicenza, ve-sSn'za or ve-ch^n'za (anc. VicenHia), a city of Italy, capital of the province of Vicenza, on the Bacchiglione, 40 miles W. of Venice, with which it commu- nicates by railway. Lat. 45° 32' N. ; Ion. 11° 33' E. Pop. 26,944. It is enclosed by dry moats and decaying walls, but it has many handsome edifices, built by Palladio, a native of the city. Its public buildings comprise a cathe- dral and several other churches, episcopal and numerous other palaces, a city hall, a theatre, a triumphal arch lead- ing to the Campo Marzo, lyceum, clerical seminary, orphan asylum, and several hospitals. It has a public library, 2 gymnasia, a society of agriculture, and manufactures of silk, woollen, and linen fabrics, hosiery, hats, paper, porce- lain and eartlienware, leather, gold and silver articles, Ac, with a brisk trade in its manufactures, in timber, corn, and other agricultural produce. Vicentia, after being pil- laged successively by Alaric, Attila, the Lombards, and the emperor Frederick II., came early in the filleenth century into the possession of the Venetians, who held it till the downfall of their republic in 1796. Adj. and inhab. ViOENTiNE, ve-sSn-teen' (It. Vicentino, ve-ch5n-tee'no). Vicenza, a province of Italv, in Venetia. bordering on the Tyrol. Area, 1041 square iniles. Pop. 363,161. Vic Fezensac, veek fi'26N''*zik', a town of France, in Gers, on the Losse, 16 miles N.W. of Auch. Pop. 3000. It has manufactures of chemicals, leather, and wine. Vich, vik, or Vique, veek (anc. Ausona, afterwards Yicm ?), a city of Spain, province and 37 miles N.N.E. of Barcelona. Pop. 13,712. It has a cathedral with some curious architecture and which in the tenth century was the metropolitan see of Catalonia, and manufactuics of linen, hempen, printed cotton, and coarse woollen fabrics. It is famous for its sausages. Vichada, ve-chi'ni, a river of the United States of Colombia, flows E. through the great N. plain of South America, and joins the Oi-inoco, after a course of 260 miles. Vichera, a river of Russia. See Vishera. Vichy, vee'shee', or Moutiers-les-Baius, moo^te- i'-li-bilN" (anc. A'qiiie Cal'idic), a town of France, in AUier, 1 mile W. of Cusset, on the right bank of the Allier. It has mineral springs, well-frequented baths, hotels, and lodging-houses, 2 hospitals, and a fine park. The baths were known to the Romans. Pop. 6154. Vick'ery's Creek, Georgia, runs southwestward through Milton co., and enters the Chattahoochee River about 20 miles N. of Atlanta. Vickery's Creek, a post-hamlet of Forsyth co., Ga., on a creek of the same name, about 32 miles N. by E. of Atlanta. It has 2 churches. Vick'eryville, a post-hamlet of Montcalm co., Mich., about 40 miles N.W. of Lansing. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Vick'ner Bayou, bl'oo, a post-office of Ascension parish. La. Vicks'burg, a township of Jewell co., Kansas. P. 392. Vicksburg, a post-hamlet in Allen township, Jewell CO., Kansas, about 16 miles S.B. of Jewell Centre. Vicksburg, a post-village in Brady and Schoolcraft townships, Kalamazoo CO., Mich., on a small lake, ne.ar Por- tage River, and on the Chica.go & Lake Huron Railroad where it crosses the Grand R.apids & Indiana Railroad, 6 miles E.N.E. of Schoolcraft, and 13 miles S. by E. of Kalamazoo. It has a newspaper office, a bank, 2 churches, a graded school, 2 flour-mills, 2 planing-inills, &c. Pop. about 1000. Vicksburg, a post-office of Renville co., Minn. Vicksburg, the largest city of Mississippi, and the capital of Warren co., is situated on the Mississippi River, about 1 mile below the mouth of the Yazoo, and 400 miles above New Orleans. It is 45 miles W. of Jackson, with which it is connected by the Vicksburg k Meridian Rail- road, and is the E. terminus of the Vicksburg, Shreveport k Texas Railroad, the trains of which cross the river by a ferry-boat. Its site is elevated and uneven. Vicksburg is a port of entry, and has an extensive trade. About 90,000 bales of cotton are shipped here in a year. It contains a court-house, 4 churches for freedmen, 6 other churches, 2 banks, printing-offices which issue 2 daily and 3 weekly newspapers, 5 grammar-schools, a manufactory of railroad- cars, gas-works, and several iron-foundries. It is the N. terminus of the Mississippi Valley &> Ship Island Railroad. Pop. in 1860, 4591; in 1870, 12,443. During the civil war Vicksburg was strongly .fortified by the Confederates, who repulsed several times the land and naval forces of the Union ; but, after a long siege, General Pemberton surren- dered the place to Gcner.al Grant, July 4, 1863. Vicksburg, a post-office and station of Onion co., Pa., on the Lewisburg Centre &■ Spruce Creek Railroad, 5 miles S.W. of Lewisburg. Vicks'ville, a post-office of Southampton co., Va. Vic-le-Conite, veek-leh-k^Nt, a village of France, in Puy-de-D6me, 12 miles S.E'. of Clermont. Pop. 2134. Vico, vee'ko, a town of Italy, province of Foggia, on Monte Gargano, 14 miles AV. of A'"iesti. Pop. 7682. It has manufactures of woollens and wax candles, and a trade in wine, olives, and saffron. Vico, ve'ko, a town of Corsica, 17 miles N. of Ajaccio. Pop. 1406. Vicoboldone, a village of Italy. See Viboldone. Vico Equense, vee'ko i-kw5n'si (anc. E'qua?), a town of Italy, province and 16 miles S.E. of Naples, on a headland in the Bay of Naples. Pop. of commune, 11,208. Viconiarino, vee^ko-m^-ree'no, a village of Italy, 17 miles S.W. of Piaccnza. Pop. of commune, 5154. Viconago, ve-ko-ni'go, a village of Italy, province and 27 miles from Como. It has mines of argentiferous lead, copper, and antimony. Viublic halls, and a iJour-mill. Pop. about 1600. Visalia, a post-hamlet of Kenton co., Ky., on the Licking River, and on the Kentucky Central Railroad, 15 miles S. by E. of Covington. It has a church and 3 stores. Visan, veo'z6s»', a town of France, in Vaucluse, 16 miles N.E. of Orange. Pop. 1009. Visavili, the ancient name of Bissolee. Viscardo, Cape. See Cape Viscardo. Viscari, a town of Sicily. See BiscAEt. Viscaya, a province of Spain. See Biscay. Visclie, vis'ki, a village of Italy, province of Turin, 10 miles S.S.E. of Ivrea, on the Dora Baltea. It has an old castle. Pop. 2382. Vischegrad, vish^?h-grid', a village of Bosnia, on the Drin, 40 miles E.S.E. of Bosna Serai. VIS VIT Vischera, a river of Russia. See Vishera. Visch'er's Fer'ry, or Am'ity, a post-hamlet of Saratoga co., N.Y., on the Mohawk River, and on the Erie Canal, 1 mile from Niskayuna Sbition, and about 12 miles N.W. of Troy. It has 2 churches, a flouring-mill, &o. Vischnii Yolotchok. See Vishnee Volotchok. Vise, vee^zi' (Ger. Weeet, vt-X's^t), a town of Belgium, 8 miles N.E. of Liege, on the Meuse. Pop. 2354. Viseu, vec'si-oo, a city of Portugal, province of Beira, 46 miles N.N.E. of Coimbra. Pop. 6SoS. It is ill built and dirty, but its cathedral contains some good works of art, and it has a college, a large hospital, many Moorish and Gothic edifices, Roman antiquities, and an annual fair. Vishera, Vischera, Vichera, or Wiscliera, ve- shi'ri or vish-A-ri', a river of Russia, government of Perm, rises in the Ural MounUiins, flows W. and S., and, after receiving some large affluents, joins the Kama 2-i miles N.AV. of Solikamsk, Course, 2011 miles. It is navigable, and traverses a densely-wooded country. Vishuapura, India. See Bissuhpoor. Vishnee (or Vishnii) Volotchok, vish'nee or vish'- n'yee vo-lo-chok', written also Vischnii Volotchok and >Vischnei Wolotschok, a town of Russia, govei-nment and 70 miles N.W. of Tver, on .the Zna, at the commence- ment of the canal which unites it with the Tvertsa, and on the great route between Moscow and St. Petersburg. Pop. ir,4US. It has a cathedral, bazaar, and 3 annual fairs. The canal between the Zna and Tvertsa, constructed under Peter the Great, connects the navigation of the Baltic and Cas- pian Seas, and is frequented by upwards of 2000 vessels an- nually, rendering the town a large entrepot. Vishnu Prayaga, visli'noo pri-yi'gi, a place of pil- grimage in India, at the junction of two heads of the Gan- ges. Lat. 30*=» 34' N. ; Ion. 79° 4' E. Visiapour, India. See Bejapoor. Visingsd, vee'sings-o\ an island of Sweden, in the S, of Lake Wetter. It is a narrow strip little more than a mile wide, stretching about 6 miles N. to S., with the re- mains of two old castles of great historical interest. Visioogan, or Visiugan, ve-se-oo-gan', a river of Siberia, rises in the E. of the government of Tobolsk, lat. 5S° 30' N., flows E.N.E., and, after a course of about 170 miles, joins the Obi about 30 miles below Narym. Viso, El, ^1 vee'so, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, province and 41) miles N, of Cordova. Pop. 3166. Viso del Alcor, vee'so d^l il-kon', a town of Spain, province and 14 miles E.N.E. of Seville. Pop. 5249. Viso del Marques, vee'so dfil man'kSs, a town of Spain, province and 28 miles S.E. of Ciuda4 Real, at the foot of the Sierra Morena. Pop. 3136. Viso de los Pedroches, vee'so dk loce pi-Dro'ch5s, a town of Spain, province and 35 miles N.N.W. of Cordova, at the foot of the Sierra Morena. Pop. 3166. Visoka, ve-so'ki, a town of Bosnia, on the Bosna River, 17 miles N.W. of Bosna Serai. Pop. 2000. Near it are iron-mines and medicinal springs. Viso, Monte. See Monte-Viso. Vissegrad, vish^i^grod' (Ger. PUntenburg, plin't^n- booiiG'), a town of Hungary, co. and 21 miles N.N.AV. of Pesth, on the right bank of the Danube. Vis'ta, a post-hamlet of Westchester co., N.Y., about 44 miles N.E. of New York. It has 2 churches. Vistorio, vis-to're-o, a village of Italy, province of Turin, about 10 miles W.N.W. of Ivrea. Pop. 6166. Vistre, veest'r, a river of France, in Gard, after a S.W. course of 30 miles, joins the canal connecting Beaucaire ■with the Mediterranean, near Aigues-Mortes. Vistritz, vis'trits, or Vistritza, vis-trit'sS, (anc. Er'i- gon), a river of European Turkey, Macedonia, after a N.E. and S.E. course of 80 miles, joins the Vardar near its mouth in the Gulf of Saloniea. Vistula, vis'tu-l4 (Ger. IVeic/tseZ, -ftik'sel ; Polish, Wie- la, \tees'l^; anc. Via'tula), a river of Eui'ope, rises in the Carpathian Mountains, flows into Austrian Silesia, partly separates Galicia from Poland, traverses Poland and East Prussia, forming the main channel of trade in these coun- tries, past Cracow, Warsaw, Plock, Thorn, Culm, Graudenz, and Dantzic, and enters the Baltic by several mouths, of which the most E., called the Nogat, enters the Frische-Haff' N.W. of Elbing. The W. branch again divides into 2 arms, one of which enters the Baltic near Dantzic. Total course, including windings, 530 miles. Principal affluents, on the right, the Wisloka, San, Wieprz, and Bug; on the left, the Pilica and Bzura. Vis'tula, a post-hamlet of Elkhart co., Ind., on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 13 miles E. by N. of Elkhart. It has 2 churches. Pop. 150. Visurgus, the ancient name of the Weser. Vita, vee'ti, a town of Sicily, near the source of the Birgi, 45 miles S.W. of Palermo. Pop. 4438. Vita, an island and town of Africa. See Mombas. Vitchegda, Vytchegda, Vychegda, ve-ch5g'd3,, or Witschegda, a river of Russia, traverses the centre of the government of Vologda, chiefly in a W. direction, and joins the Dwina 12 miles W. of Solvitchegodsk. Total course, 380 miles, mostly navigable. Affluents, the Yolva, Yarcnga, and Sysola. Vitebsk, or Witepsk, ve-tfibsk', a government of Rus- sia, mostly between lat. 54° 5S' and 57° 20' N. and Ion. 25° 30' and 32° E., surrounded by the governments of Mohee- lev, Minsk, Courland, Livonia, Pskov, and Smolensk. Area, 17,439 square miles. Pop. in 1S70, 888,727, mostly Roman Catholics. Surface generally level. The soil, though inter- spersed with sandy and marshy tracts, is pretty fertile, and more corn is raised than is required for home consumption, as well as large quantities of hemp and flax, pease, beans, hops, and fruits. Principal river, the Duna, which traverses its S. part, and by which, and the canals uniting it with the Berezina and Lovat, its trade is greatly facilitated. Forests and pasture-lands are extensive, nnd in the latter many cattle and coarse-woolled sheep are reared. The manufac- tures comprise those of woollen cloth, leather, glass, and earthenware. The exports are mostly confined to agri- cultural produce, timber and masts, hides, wool, tallow, honey, and wax. Principal towns, Vitebsk (the capital), Velizh, Dunaburg, Rozhitza, and Polotzk. Vitebsk, or Witepsk, a town of Russia, the capital of a government of its own name, is situated on both sides of the Duna, here joined by the Viteba, 95 miles N. of Mo- heelev. Pop. 31,182. It is enclosed by old walls, and built mostly of wood, but has numerous churches, convents, and synagogues, an old castle, a bazaar, a college of nobles, a medical direction, and several hospitals, with manufactures of woollen cloth and leather. It is^iie residence of a civil governor and a military governor. Vitei'bo, ve-t^R'bo, a city of Central Italy, at the foot of Monte Cimino, in the Campagna di Roma, 42 miles N.N.W. of Rome. Pop. 16,326. It is enclosed by turreted walls, chiefly constructed by Desiderius, the last Lombard king of Italy, is generally well built of volcanic tufa, and has many handsome residences and public fountains. Seve- ral of the churches are rich in works of art, and in one is a masterpiece of Sebastian del Piombo. The bishop's palace and city hall are fine buildings, and the latter, as well as the museum of the academy, contains various Etruscan an- tiquities. Alum, vitriol, and sulphur abound in its vicinity, in which are also many medicinal springs. This city was one of the principal in the Etruscan league, and it was the capital of the Patrimony of St. Peter, bestowed in the twelfth century upon the papal see. Vitim, vi'tim^ or ve-teem', a river of East Siberia, rises in the Vitim Steppe, S.E. of Lake Baikal, government of Irkootsk, flows N.E. and N. for nearly 900 miles, forming the boundary between that government and the province of Yakootsk, and joins the Lena opposite Yitimsk. It has several large affluents. Vitolia, a town of Turkey. See Monastir. Vitoria, ve-to're-i, or Vittoria, vit-to're-i, a town of Spain, capital of the province of Alava, 29 miles S. of Bilbao, on the road from Madrid to Bayonne. Pop. 18,728. It consists of an old and a new town, which contrast strongly with each other; it has a spacious market-square, several churches, a town hall, custom-house, orphan asylum, gene- ral hospital, public library, and museum of antiquities. The manufactures comprise brass- and iron-ware, earthenware, ebony-wares, candles, table-linen, and leather, and it is an important entrepot between the interior of Spain, Navarre, and Bilbao, especially for crude and manufactured iron, chocolate, confectionery, woollen and silk fabrics, shoes, and hats. Vitoria is celebrated in the annals of the Peninsular war as the scene of a signal victory gained by the English over the French on the 21st of June, 1813. Vitr6, veeHrd', a town of France, in Ille-et-Vilaine, on the Vilaine, 21 miles E. of Rennes. Pop. 8475. It has a college, manufactures of tricots, hats, hosiery, and leather, and a trade in wax, honey, and cantharides. One mile S. is the Chateau des Rochers, celebrated as the residence of Madame de Sevigne. Vitry, vee^tree', a town of France, in Pas-de-Calais, with a station on the North Railway, 10 miles E.N.E. of Arms. Pop. 2637. Vitry-le-Fran<^ois, vee'tree'-leh-frON^'swi', a forti- fied town of France, in Marne, on the Paris & Strasburg Railway, 19 miles S.S.E. of Chalons, on the right bank of VIT 2324 VOG the Marne. Pop. 7580. It has a communal college, a pub- lic library, and manufactures of hosiery, hats, and leather, with a brisk trade in grain. Vitry-sur-Seilie, veeHree'-siiR-sin, a town of France, in Seine, 5 miles S.E. of Paris, on the left bank of the Seine. Pop. 3718. Vittel, veetHSl', a town of France, in Vosges, 2Z miles W. of Epinal. Pop. 1303. Vittoria, vit-to're-i, a town of Sicily, province of Syr- acuse, on the Camarino, 1-i miles W.N.W. of Modiea. It has silk-manufactures. Pop. 17,821. Vittoria, a town of Spain. See Vitoria. Vitto'ria, a post-village in Norfolk co., Ontario, on Young's Creek, 7 miles S. of Simcoe. It has 5 churches, a tannery, a pl.aning-niill, and a flouring-mill. Pop. 600. Yittoriosa, vit-to-re-o'si, a strongly fortified suburb of Vaietta, Malta, on the S.E. side of its great harbor. See Valetta. Viu, vee-oo', a village of Italy, in Piedmont, 20 miles N.W. of Turin, on the Chiara. Pop. 6723. 'Vivara, ve-v&'r^, an islet of Italy, between Procida and Ischia, at the entrance of the Bay of Naples. Vivarois, or Vivarais, veeVi'ri', an old district of France, in L»nguedoc, now comprised in the departments of Ardeche and Haute-Loire. Its capital was Viviers. Vivero, ve-vd'ro, a town of Spain, province and 45 miles N. of Lugo, at the mouth of the Landrova in the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 2500. It has a seminary, a hospital, a gov- ernment factory of arms, and manufactures of linens, quilt- ings, and pottery. The port has a bar at its mouth. Viveroiie, ve-vi-ro'ni, a village of Italy, 10 miles S. of Biella, on a lake of the same name. Pop. 1524. Vivian, ve've-an, a post-hamlet in Vivian township, Waseca co., Minn., about 24 miles S.S.E. of Mankato. Pop. of the township, 347. Viviers, vee*ve-i', a town of France, in Ardeche, on the Rhone, 17 miles S.S.E. of Privas. Pop. 2053. Vivis, the German name of Vevay. Vivoniie, vce^vonn', a town of France, in Vienne, 11 miles S.S.W. of Poitiers. Pop. 1180. Vix, veex, a village of France, in Vendue, 8 miles S.S.W. of Fontenay-le-Comte. Pop. 2123. Viza, Visa, or Wisa, vee'zi (ano. Bi/zia ?), a town of Turkey, in lloumelia, 74 miles N.W. of Constantinople, on the route to Kirk-Kilisseh. It is enclosed by walls, and has a ruined fortress. Viza§^apatam, ve-zi^ga-pa-tim', a maritime district of British India, presidency of Madras, having E. the Bay of Bengal, and landward the districts of Rajahmundry, G-anjam. and Masulipatam. Area, 18,344 square miles. Pop. 2,159,199. Vizagapatain, a city of British India, capital of the above district, on the Coromandel coast, 57 miles E. of Golconda. Lat. 17° 42' N.; Ion. 83° 24' E. It has a court-house, barracks, and many good European buildings. Pop. 32,191. Vizcaya, a province of Spain. See Biscay. Vizella, ve-/iri4, a village of Portugal, province of Minho, 5 miles S.E. of Guimaraens, in a picturesque vale. It is greatly frequented for its warm sulphur baths, known to the Romans, whose tessellated pavements and bathing- sites have been discovered here. Viziadroog, vee^ze-a-droog', a seaport town of British India, presidency and 1 65 miles S. of Bombay, with one of the best harbors on the Malabar coast. Viziaiiagram, vee'ze-a-na-grim', a town of British India, presidency of Madras, district and 25 miles N.E. of Vizagapatam. Though large, it is meanly built. Prin- cipal edifice, a stone fort, with the rajah's palace. Pop. 20,169. Vizille, vee^zeei', a town of France, in Isere, on the Romanche, 10 miles S. of Grenoble. Pop. 3539. It has a castle, a foundry, a paper-mill, and manufactures of fou- lards and other silk goods. Vizzini, vit-see'nee, a town of Sicily, province and 29 miles S.W. of Catania. Pop. 14,831. Vlaaiideren. See Flanders. Vlaardingen, via,R'ding-?n, a town of the Nether- lands, in South Holland, with a port on the Mouse, 6 miles W.S.W. of Rotterdam. Pop. 8656, mostly employed in the herring-fishery. Vladi-Kavkas, vlA'dee-kiv-kis', a town of Russia, capital of Terek district, Ciscaucasia, the S.E. terminus of the Moscow-Caucasus Railway, 47 miles S.S.E. of Mos- dok. Pop. 20,836. Vladimeer, or Vladimir, vl^'do-raoer', written also Wladimir, a government of Russia, nearly in its centre, mostly between lat. 55° and 57° N. and Ion. 37° 40' and 43° 20' E., surrounded by the governments of Moscow, Tver, Yaroslav, Kostroma, Nizhnee-Novgorod, Tambov, and Riazan. Are.a, 18,863 square miles. Pop. in 1870, 1,259,923. Surface level ; the Kliiisma River intersects its centre, and the Oka its S.E. part. Soil not fertile, and the grain produced is insufiicient for home consumption. Prin- cipal crops, rye, barley, oats, some wheat, hemp, flax, millet, pease, apples, cherries, hops, and cucumbers. Cattle-rear- ing is of inferior importance. Forests are very extensive; in that of Moorom are valuable iron-mines, and some of the most extensive iron-works in Russia are at Vixa, on the Oka. The sterility of the soil has caused the inhabitants to direct attention greatly to manufactures. Cotton goods are made at Shooya and Ivanovo, woollens and linens are next in importance, and there are many iron-foundries, glass- and crystal-works, and manufactories of leather, earthenwares, Ac. Exports of these products are mostly sent down the Volga, or W. overland to Moscow. 'The prin- cipal imports are corn, cotton twist, and flax, from the N. and N.E. Principal towns, Vladim'eer, Moorom, Shooya, Pereslavl-Zalieski, Soozdal, and Alexandrov. Vladimeer, Vladimir, or Wladimir, a town of Russia, capital of the above government, on the Kliasma, 120 miles E.N.E. of Moscow. Lat. 56° 10' N. ; Ion. 40° 20' E. The road to Moscow is through a succession of populous villages. Pop. 16,422, comprising many Jews. It has a cathedral with five domes, an archbishop's palace, a court-house, the governor's residence, a college and other schools, and manufactures of linens and leather. It was capital of the grand duchy of Russia from 1157 to 1328. Vladimeer, or Vladimir (Pol. Wlodzimiem, vlod- zee'me-aiRzh^), a town of Russia, in Volhynia, 27 miles S.S.W. of Kovel. Pop. 5239, mostly Jews, who trade in silks and salt and have 4 annual fairs. Vladsloo, vl4d-slo', a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 16 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 2170. Vlamertinghe, vli'mer-ting'Heh, a village of Bel- gium, in West Flanders, 29 miles S.W. by S. of Bruges, on the Kemmelbeke. Pop. 2684. Vlaskim, a town of Bohemia. See Wlaschim. VIe.senbeek, vli'z^n-bik\ a village of Belgium, prov- ince of Brabant, 6 miles S.W. of Brussels. Pop. 1428. Vlie, or Het Vlie, hSt vlee, or De Vliestroom, deh viees'trom, the name given to the current that flows from the North Sea towards the Zuyder Zee, through the entrance between the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling. Vlielaiid, vlee'lint, an island of the Netherlands, in North Holland, off the entrance to the Zuyder Zee, between the islands of Texel and Terschelling. Length, 10 miles; greatest breadth, lA miles. Vliermael, vleen'mil, a village of Belgium, in Lim- bourg, 7 miles N. of Tongres. Pop. 1752. Vlierzele, vlecR'zVleh, a village of Belgium, rn East Flanders, 12 miles S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 1771. Vlissingen, Netherlands. See Flushing. VIotho, flo'to, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 9 miles S.S.W. of Minden, on the Weser. Pop. 3074. It is en- closed with walls, and has manufactures of chiccory, colors, soap, tobacco, and paper. Vlymen, vli'ni^n, a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, 8 miles W. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 2838. Voak, vok, a post-hamlet of Yates co., N.Y., 5 miles W. of Bellona Station. It has a church. Vo'ca, a post-ofiice of McCulloch co., Tex. Vocklabriick, vtik'klS,-brUk\ a town of Upper Aus- tria, circle of Hausruck, at the confluence of the Agger and Voekla, 20 miles S.W. of Wels. Pop. 1292. Vode, vo'diV, or Vede, vi'di, a river of Roumania, in Wallachia, flows S.S.E., and joins the Danube on the left, about 7 miles below Sistova. Length, 120 miles. Vodina, vo-dee'ni, or Vode'iia (anc. Eclee'm),a, town of European Turkey, Roumelia, 46 miles N.W.of Siilonica, on the Vistritza. Pop. estimated at 12,000, who weave cotton and woollen fabrics. Vodia, vod'lA, a lake and river of Russia, government of Olonets: the lake, 22 miles E. of Lake Onega, 30 miles in length by 12 miles in breadth, discharges its surplus waters by the river, which enters Lake Oneg.a on its E. side, after a course of 120 miles. Voel, Loch, Scotland. See Loch Voel. Vo'gansville, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co.. Pa., about 12 miles N.E. of Lancaster. Vogelberg, vog'^l-b^rg (Ger. pron. fo'ghel-biiio^), a mountain-range of Hesse and Prussia, between tho Main and the Weser. Highest point, 2430 feet. Vo'gel Centre, a post-hamlet of Missaukee co., Mich., VOG 2325 VOL on Clam River, 21 miles E. of Cadillac. It has a church and a saw-mill. Vogesus Mons, or Vogesen. See Vosges. Voghera, vo-gi'rd., a town of Italy, province of Pavia, 19 miles E.N.E. of Alessandria, on the Stafibra. Lat. 4-1:° 69' N.; Ion. 83° 24' E. Pop. 10,813. It is enclosed by walls, and has manufactures of woollen and silk fabrics. Vo'gler's Cove,a post-hamlet in Lunenburg co., Nova Scotia, on the Atlantic coast, 7i miles from Port Medway. Pop. 250. Vogogna, vo-g6n'yi, a town of Italy, province of No- vara, on the Tosa, 8 miles S. of Domo d'Ossola. Pop. 1620. Vohburg, vo'booRG, a town of Upper Bavaria, 9 miles E. of Ingolstadt, on the Danube. Pop. 1509. On a rock in the vicinity is the rained castle of Vohburg. Voheraar, Vohemare, vo'hi-mar', or Vohemaro, vo-hi-mi'ro, a river and bay of Madagascar. Vohringeu, vo'ring-§n, a village of WUrtemberg, Black Forest, 2 miles S.E. of Sulz. Pop. 1327. Yoigtland, foigt'lint, an old subdivision of the king- dom of Saxony, now comprised in the circle of Zwickau. Voiron, vwA^-6no', a town of France, in Isere, 15 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. 7909. It has extensive manu- factures of hempen cloth ^called toiles de Voiron), iron and steel goods, paper, silk stuffs, edge-tools, &c. Voitsberg, voits'bSuo, a town of Styria, 13 miles W. of Gratz. It has coal-mines and metallic-works. Pop. 2045. Voj, or Voje, a lake of Russia. See Vozh. Vokhan, vo^Kin', or Wachau, wi^xin', a town of Central Asia, in the Bolor-Tagh, on an affluent of the Budukhshan River. Lat. 38° 20' N.j Ion. 70° 34' E. Volano, vo-la'no, a town of Italy, province of Ferrara, 8 miles N.N.E. of Comacchio, on the Po di Volano, at its mouth in the Adriatic. Vo'laiit, a post-office of Lawrence co., Pa., on Neshan- nock Creek and the New Castle & Franklin Railroad, 13 miles N.N.E, of New Castle. Volaterrae, the ancient name of Volteura. Volcau de Agiia^ vol-kan' dd i'gwS- (i.e., "water-vol- cano"), a remarkable volcano of Guatemala, from 25 to 30 miles S.W. of the city of Guatemala. Old Guatemala (Gua- temala la Vieja) in 1541 was destroyed, it is said, by the irruption of enormous masses of water from this volcano, whence its name. Volcan de Fuego, vol-kin' di fwi'go (or foo-i'go) (i.e., "fire-volcano"), a mountain of Guatemala, 20 miles W. of the Volcan de Agua ("water-volcano"). Violent eruptions frequently take place, and smoke is commonly seen issuing from one of its peaks. Volca'iio, an island of the South Pacific Ocean, off the N.E. coast of Papua, lat. 5° 3' S., Ion. 145° 30' E. It has the form of a truncated cone, about 2500 feet high, with a diameter of 3700 feet at the base, and looks as if it had risen directly from the depths of the ocean. When dis- covered, in 1700, it was in a state of activity, venting fire and smoke, but in 1827 it was extinct, and clothed with an agreeable verdure on the E. face. Volcano, an island of Italy. See Vulcano. Volcano, a group of islands in the North Pacific Ocean. The central one, Sulphur Island, lat. 24° 48' N., Ion. 141° 13' E., is about 5 miles long, and is evidently volcanic. Volcano, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, S.E. of Japan. Lat. 34° 5' N. ; Ion. 139° 35' E. Volcano, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, one of the Japan Islands. Lat. 30° 43' N. ; Ion. 130° 17' E. Volcano, Bay of Bengal. See Barren Island. Volca'no, a post-village of Amador co., Cal., on Sutter Creek, 12 miles N.E. of Jackson. It has a church and a banking-house. Here are gold-mines. Pop. of Volcano township, 1357- Volcano, a post-village of Wood co,, W. Va., on the Laurel Fork & Sand Hill Railroad, 10 miles E. by N. of Parkersburg, and 11 miles S. by E. of Marietta, 0. It has a money-order post-ofRce. Petroleum is found here. Volcano Inland, Pacific Ocean. See Tinacoro. Volca'noville, a mining-camp of El Dorado co., Cal., on the Middle Fork of the American River, 26 miles N.E. of Auburn. It has 2 stores. Gold is found here. Volga, or Wolga, vol'gi (anc. Eka), a river of the Russian Empire, and the largest in Europe, rises in Lake Seligher, on the plateau of Valdai, government of Tver, in lat. 57° N., Ion. 33° 10' E., at an elevation of 550 feet above the sea, and flows E.N.E., E.S.E., S.S.W., and S.E., past Kiev, Tver, Yaroslav, Kostroma, Nizhnee-Novgorod, Kazan, Sim- beersk, Saratov, and Astrakhan, near which it enters the Caspian Sea by 60 or 70 mouths, 83 feet below the level of the ocean. The extent of its basin is estimated at 400,000 square miles, and, including windings, its course is 2500 miles, during which its entire fall is only 633 feet. The principal affluents on the right are the Oka and the Soora ; on the left, the Tvertsn, Mologa, Sheksna, and Kaiim. Its affluents, which are connected by several canals with the Neva, establish a communication between the Caspian and the Baltic, White, and Black Seas. It contains an abun- dance of fish; and salmon, sturgeon, »&c., are extensively exported. The Volga forms the principal channel of com- merce in Russia. It is navigable by barges of 1200 tons, but its navigation is interrupted by sand-banks and the changes of its channel, and it is frozen over 170 days in the year. It is a very important channel of steam navigation. Volga, vol'g^, a post-office of Jeff'erson co., Ind., 8 or 9 miles AV.N.W. of Madison. Volga, a township of Clayton co., Iowa, is intersected by the Turkey River, and also drained by the Volga River, which here enters the former, about '10 miles W.N.W. of Dubuque. Pop, 1214. Volga City, a post-village in Sperry township, Clay- ton CO., Iowa, on the Volga River, and on the Iowa Pacific Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of El Kader, and 65 miles W.N.W. of Dubuque. It hns 2 churches. 2 hotels, a flouring-mill, and a drug-store. Pop. about 300. Volga River, a small stream of Iowa, rises in Fayette CO., runs nearly eastward, and enters the Turkey River in Clayton co., about 10 miles S.E. of El Kader. Volgsk, a town of Russia, See Volsk. Volhynia, or Wolhynia,vol-hin'e-a( Polish, Wolyyisk, ^o-Ieensk'), a government of Russia, between lat. 49° 25' and 52° 10' N. and Ion. 23° 30' and 29^ 12' E., having S.E. Galicia, AV. the kingdom of Poland, and on other sides the governments of Grodno, Minsk, Kiev, and Podolia. Area, 27,736 square miles. Pop. in 1870, 1,704,018, mostly of the Greek United Church. The surface is undulating or flat, in the N. marshy. The Bug forms the W. boundary, TV j other principal rivers are the Styr and Gorin. The soil is fertile, and this is one of the most valuable agricultural provinces of Russia: a considerable surplus of grain over home consumption is usually produced, besides large quan- tities of hemp and flax. The pastures are good, live-stock numerous, and forests extensive. The fishing is of some importance. The mineral products comprise bog iron, mill- stones, potter's clay, nitre, and flint. Leather, glass, earth- enwares, paper, potash, tar, and charcoal are made in many places. The principal exports are grain, cattle, and hides. The chief towns are Zhitomeer (the capital), Kremenets, Rowno, Constantinov, Dubno, and Ovrootch, which last is the seat of a large annual fair, Volinia, vo-lin'e-a, apost-haralet of Cass co., Mich., in Volinia township, 10 miles N.E. of Cassopolis. Pop. 100. Volinia Station, 89 miles S.W. of Lansing, is on the Chicago & Lake Huron Railroad. Pop. of township, 1445, Volkach, fol'k^K, a town of Bavaria, in Lower Fran- conia, on the Main, 15 miles N.E. of Wurzburg. P. 1943. Volkerak, vol'keh-rik^ or Volkrak, vol'krik, Neth- erlands, the stream coming out of HoUands-Diep, between the islands of Overflakke and Schouwen, and separating the province of South Holland from Zealand. Volkermarkt, fol'ker-raaukt', a town of Austria, in Carinthia, 15 miles E.N.E. of Klagenfurth, on the Drave. It has large cattle-markets. Pop. 1638. Volkhov, or VVolkhow, voI-kov', a river of Russia, governments of Novgorod and St. Petersburg, issues from Lake Ilmen, on its N, side, near Novgorod, which town it intersects, flows in a very direct course N.N.E. for 130 miles, and enters Lake Ladoga at Ladoga, on its S. side. It is deep and navigable, but its navigation is impeded by its rapidity and by falls. Volkmarsen, folk'man^s^n, a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, IS miles N.N.W. of Cassel. Pop. 2316. It has manufactures of woollen cloths and of leather, and 4 annual fairs, Volkovisk, or Wolkowisk, vol-ko-visk', a town of Russia, government and 42 miles S.S.E. of Grodno, on a small affluent of the Nicmen. Pop. 5595. VoUenhove, vol'len-ho'v^h, a town of the Nether- lands, in Overyssel, on the Zuyder Zee, 13 miles N.N.Wi of ZwoUe. Pop. 1543. Vollezeele, vol'leh-ziMeh, a village of Belgium, prov- ince of Brabant, 16 m'iles S.W. of Brussels. Pop. 1775. Volmar, or Wolmar, vol-mart', a town of Russia, in Livonia, on the Aa, 65 miles N.E. of Riga. Pop. 2051, mostly of German descent. It has a church. In 1622 it was taken by Gustavus Adolphus. Vol'ney, apost-hamlet of Allamakee co., Iowa, on Yel- VOL 2326 low River, about 22 miles S.S.W. of Lansing. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Volney, or Voliiey Centre, a post-hamlet in Vol- ney township, Oswego co., N.Y., 3 miles from Fulton Sta- tion, and about 12 miles S.E. of Oswego. It has a church. The township is bounded S.E. by tho Oswego River, and intersected by the New York & Oswego Midland Railroad. It contains the village of Fulton, with 2 bnnks, and manu- factures of paper, machinery, woollen goods, Ac. P. 5773. Volo, vo'lo, a town of European Turkey, Thessaly, on the N. side of its gulf. Lat. 39° 24' N.; Ion. 22° 56' 30" E. Pop. 2000. See also Gulf of Volo. Vo'lo, a post-hamlet of Lake co., 111., about 20 miles W. by S. of Waukegan. It has 2 churches. Volo, a post-office of Belt co., Tex. Vologda, or Wologda, vo-Iog'dS,, a vast government of European Russia, and its largest next to Archangel, im- mediately S. of which it lies, mostly between lat. 58° and 64° 30' N. and Ion. 3S° and 60° E., having W. the govern- ments of Olonets and Novgorod, S. Yaroslav, Kostroma, Viatka, and Perm, and E. the Ural Mountains, separating it from Siberia. Area, 155,492 square miles. Pop. in 1870, 1,003,039. Except in the E., where it is covered by rami- fications of tho Ural Mountains, the surface is an undu- lating plain, watered by the Bwina and its affluents the Sookhona, Ac., by which it is almost wholly drained, and the Upper Petchora. Lakes numerous ; the principal is that of Koobinsk, in tho W. In the S. and S.W. some of the soil is fertile ; elsewhere it is mostly sandy, marshy, or covered with pine, oak, and beech woods. Climate very severe ; rye and barley are the only grains raised, and scarcely in sufficient quantity for home consumption. Other crops are hemp, flax, hops, and pulses. Horses and cattle are numerous; bears, wolves, and great quantities of game afi"ord an abundance of objects of chase. Copper, iron, marble, granite, salt, and flint are the chief mineral prod- ucts. The government has from 150 to 200 factories of woollen and linen fabrics, soap, leather, candles, glass, paper, rope, &c., with iron-foundries, brick-kilns, distilleries, and salt-works ; and it sends furs, tallow, pitch, wooden- wares, timber, masts, turpentine, and other raw prod- ucts into the governments of Archangel and Tobolsk. Pop- ulation mostly Russians, with some Finns, and in the N. wandering Saraoied tribes. Vologda is divided into 10 districts. Chief towns, Vologda (the capital), Totma, Kad- nikov, Solvitehegodsk, and Oostioog Velikee. Vologda, or VVologda, a city of Russia, capital of a government, near its W. extremity, on the Vologda, an affluent of the Sookhona, 110 miles N. of Yaroslav. Lat. 59° 13' N.; Ion. 40° 10' E. Pop. 17,223. It is chiefly built of stone, lias 2 cathedrals, and is the residence of the archbishop and governor. It has manufactures of candles, woollens, soap, potash, cordage, bells, ropes, leather, and spirits. Its trade is large, and facilitated by the Dwina, which connects it with the White Sea; it has also an active trade overland with Siberia, and a large annual fair in January and February. Volokolamsk, or Wolokolamsk, vo-lo-ko-ia.msk', a town of Russia, 64 miles W.N.W. of Moscow, on the Lama, at the influx of the Gorodenka. Pop. 2851. Voiotchok, Russia. See Vishnee Volotchok. - Volpiano, vol-pe-S,'no, a town of Italy, province and 11 miles N.N.E. of Turin. Pop. 3889. Volsiniam, an ancient name of Bolsena. Volsk, or Wolsk, volsk, written also Wolgsk and Volgsk, a town of Russia, government and 70 miles N.E. of Saratov, on the Volga. Pop. 31,269. It has manufac- tures of leather, and a large trade by vessels on the Volga. Volta, vol'tS., Aswada, is-\vi'di, or Adirri, 4-deeu'- nee, a river of Guinea, rises in the Kong Mountains, flows S.E. and S. through the E. part of the Ashantee territory, and enters the ocean at Adda, in lat. 5° 45' N., Ion. 0° 40' E., after a course estimated at 360 miles. Voltas, vol'tis, a cape of South Africa, at the S. en- trance of the Orange River into the Atlantic. Lat. 28° 44' S. ; Ion, 16° 32' E. Voltchaiisk, Voltschansk, or Woltschansk, vol- chS.nsk', a town of Russia, government and 42 miles N.E. of Kharkov, on the Volteha. Pop. 9365. Volterra, vol-tSii'nd (anc. Volaier'rie), a town of Italy, province and 32 miles S.E. of Pisa. Pop. 5324. It stands on a lofty rock of tertiary sandstone, is enclosed by walls of curious Etruscan architecture, and has 2 ancient gates. Principal buildings, a citadel, divided into an old and anew portion, the former of which is now converted into a crim- inal house of industry ; a cathedral and several churches with tine paintings ; a Piarist college, classical seminary, hospital, orphan asylum, and some handsome private pal- aces. The chief interest of the town, however, is in its Etruscan antiquities, its curious necropolis, warm baths, amphitheatre, and Etruscan museum in the town hall. It has manufactures of alabaster, and there are copper- mines at Monte-Catini in the vicinity. Voltorino, vol-to-ree'no, or Volturino, vol-too-ree'- no, a town of Italy, province of Foggia. Pop. 2928. Voltoya, vol-to'y4, a river of Spain, rises in the S.W. part of Old Castile, flows N.W., then N.E., and joins tho Eresma 15 miles below Segovia. Length, 60 miles. Voltri, vol'tree, a town of North Italy, 9 miles W. of Genoa, on the Gulf of Genoa. Pop. 5943. It has manu- factures of paper. Volturara, vol-too-ri'ri, a town of Italy, province and 25 miles W. of Foggia, in the Apennines. Pop. 2302. Volturno, vol-tooR'no (anc. Ytdtur'tuis), a river of Italy, rises in the province of Campobasso, flows mostly S.E., separating that province from Caserta, to its junction with the Calore, and afterwards W., past Capua, and enters the Mediterranean 20 miles S.E. of Gaeta. Course, 90 miles. By its chief affluent, the Calore, it drains almost all tho province of Avellino. Vol'untown, a post-village in Voluntown township, AVindham co.. Conn., 7 miles E. of Jewett City, and 13 miles E.N.E. of Norwich. It has 3 churches, 2 cotton- factories, and a saw-mill. Pop. of the township, 1052. Volusia, vo-lu'se-a or vo-lu'she-a, a county in the E. part of Florida, bordering on the Atlantic Ocean, has an area of about 2100 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the St. John's River. The surface is level and low, and partly occupied by lagoons and swamps. Cattle, cotton, and sugar-cane are the staple products. Capital, En- terprise. Valuation of real and personal estate, §598,962. Pop. in 1870, 1723, of whom 1695 were Americans. Volusia, a post-bamlet of Volusia co., Fla., on the St, John's River, about 40 miles S. of Palatka. Volusia, a post-hamlet of Chautauqua co., N.Y., 5 miles S.S.W. of Westfield, and about 22 miles W.N.W. of Jamestown. Volvera, vol-vi'ra,, a village of Italy, province of Turin, district of Pinerolo, near None. Pop. 2373. Volvic, vorveek', a town of France, in Puy-de-D6me, 4 miles W.S.W. of Riom. Pop. 2265. It has extensive quarries of lava, of which the town is built, and which is sent in large quantities to Paris for flagging. Voniauo, vo-m^'no (anc. Yoma'nus), a river of Cen- tral Italy, province of Terarao, after an E. course of 50 miles, enters the Adriatic Sea 17 miles N.N.AV. of Pescara. Vomo, vo'rao, one of the Feejee Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. 17° 29' S. ; Ion. 177° 13' E. It is 2 miles in circuit. Von, a post-office of Humboldt co., Iowa. Vonitza, or Vonizza, vo-nit's^, a town of Greece, government of Acarnania, on the Bay of Vonitza, an inlet of the Gulf of Arta, 8 miles S.E. of Prevesa. Pop. 2500. Voovburg, voR'buuG, a village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 2 miles E.S.E. of the Hague. Pop. 2307. Voorde, vou'deh, a village of Belgium, in East Flan- ders, 24 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 1069. Voor'hees, a station in Somerset co,, N.J., on the rail- road between New Brunswick and Millstone, 4 miles W.S.W. of New Brunswick. Voor'heesville, a post-hamlet of Albany co., N.Y., near New Scotland Station on the Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, 11 miles W. of Albany. It has 15 dwellings. Voorheesville, Montgomery co., N.Y. See Glen. Voorhles, voor'hees, a post-office of Piatt co., 111., on the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, 4 miles S. of Bement, and 20 miles E. of Decatur. Voormezeele, von'm^h-zi'l^h, a village of West Flanders, 27 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 1057. Voorn, voRn, an island of the Netherlands, between the Mouse and Haringvliet, in the North Sea. Length, 13 miles ; breadth, 6 miles. On it are the towns of Helvoet- sluis and Briel. Voorschoten, vou'sKoH^n, a village of tho Nether- lands, in South Holland, on the railway between Leyden and the Hague, 3 miles S.S.W. of Leyden. Pop. 2166. Vootchang, Voutchang, or Vouchang, voo^- ching', a city of China, province of Hoo-Pe, on the Yang- tse-Kiang, at the influx of tho Han-Yang. Voo-Tching, or Vou-Tching, voo'ehing', a city of China, province of Kiang-See. Voo-Tilig, or Vou-Ting, voo^ting', a city of China, province of Yun-Nan. Voi'arlberg, for'aRl'b^RG, the most western district of VOR 2327 vou the Austrian Empire, at tiio W. extremity of the Tyrol, in which it ii officially included, though its govorniuent is dis- tinct. (See Tyrol.) Area, lUOo square miles. Capital, Bregenz. Pop. 102,2fiJt, mostly Geruian-speaking Catholics. Vorcliheiin, a town of Bavaria. See FoncHUKiM. Vordate, voii-di'ti, the northernmost island of the Timor Laut group, in the Malay Archipelago. Vordernbei'g, vou'd§rn-b^UG\ a town of Styria, 14 miles W.N.W. of Bruek. with iron-mines. Pop. 246S. Vordiiigborg, or Wordiiisrborg, vou'ding-boRG\ a town of Denmark, on the S. coast of the island of Seeland, opposite Faister. It has a ruined castle. Pop. 17S0. Voreppe, voV5pp', a town of France, in Isere, 9 miles N.W. of Grenoble. Pop. 1445: of commune, 2H64. Vorey, roVi', a village of France, in Haute-Loire, 10 miles N. of Le Puy. Pop. 7S0. Voria, or Woria, vo're-S-, a river of Russia, rises near Gzhatsk, government of Smolensk, flows S.S.W., and joins the Oogrn. Total course, 60 miles. Vorms, or Worms, voruis, an island in the Baltic, belonging to Russia, government of Revel, between the island of Dagije and the mainland. Length, 10 miles j breadth, 5 miles. Population of Swedish descent. Voroiia, or Worona, vo-ro'ni, a river of Russia, gov- ernments of Penza, Tambov, and Voronezh, flows S.W., and, after a course of 220 miles, joins the Khoper 6 miles S.S.E. of Novo-Khopersk. Voronezh, or Voronej, vo-ro-n3zh', written also Vorouiej, Voroneje, Voronetz, Woronetz, and Woi'Onesch, a government of Russia, mostly between lat. 4S° 40' and 5^° N. and Ion. 37° 40' and 43° E., sur- rounded by the governments of TamboT, Orel, Koorsk, Kharkov, Yekaterinoslav, Saratov, and the Don-Cossack country. Area, 25,438 square miles. Pop. 2,152,696. Sur- face level or undulating. Principal rivers, the Don and its affluents, which drain nearly the whole ; the Oskol, in the W., and the Donets, which forms the S. boundary. Soil fertile. Climate comparatively mild, and most of the prod- ucts of temperate countries are raised. The vine is culti- vated in some parts. Honey, iron, limestone, and nitre are important products. Cattle and horses are numerous. Manufactures, of coarse woollens, soap, <&c., have increased very rapidly. Principal exports, corn, cattle, skins, honey, wax, fruits, and iron-wares. Principal towns, Voronezh (the capital), Ostrogoisk, Pavlovsk, Bogoochar, Korotayak, and Novo-Khopersk. Voronezh, or Voronej, written also Voroniej, Voroneje, Voronetz, Woronetz, and Woronesch, a city of Russia, capital of the above government, situated on the Vorona, near its confluence with the Don, 130 miles E. of Koorsk. Lat. 51° 40' N. ; Ion. 39^^ 22' E. Pop. 42,142. It stands on a steep height and is naturally strong. It con- sists of an upper and a lower town, and suburbs. The latter are black and gloomy; but the town has many spacious thoroughfares, and its principal street is lined by noble edi- fices, including the governor's and vice-governor's resi- dences, the tribunals, post-office, commissariat, academy, *tc. In Moscow street are the cathedral and bishop's palace, and there are 20 churches, several convents, a bazaar, many good shops, numerous superior schools, a hospital, a military orphan asylum, and manufactures of soap, tallow, leather, and vitriol. Peter the Great here founded a palace and large dock-yards and arsenals, and here was built the first vessel of his fleet for the Sea of Azof j but the naval estab- lishments have been removed. Voronezh has become one of the chief commercial towns in Russia. It exports iron, corn, flour, oil, wine, rope, sail-cloth, woollens, lime, &c,, and carries on a considerable trade with the Black Sea, the Crimea, and Turkey, and some of its merchants travel an- nually to Tobolsk for furs. Vorospatak, vo'rosh^pohHok', a village of Transyl- vania, on both sides of the Voros, 25 miles N.AV. of Karls- burg. It consists of about 600 welNbuilt houses, and is famous for its gold-mines, which have been wrought from very early times and are still valuable. Vorselaer, voR'seh-lS.R\ avilliige of Belgium, in Ant- werp, 2 miles W.S.W.'of turnhout. Pop. 1901. Vorskla, voRsk'li, a river of Russia, governments of Kharkov and Poltava, flows S.W, past Poltava and Koby- liaki, and, after a course of 150 miles, joins the Dnieper 40 miles N.W. of Yekaterinoslav. Vorst, voRst, a village of Belgium, province and E. of Antwerp. Pop. 2059. Vorst, a village of Belgium. See Foret. Vorst, foRst, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government of Dusseldorf, 6 miles S.S.E. of Kempen. Pop. 4700. Vosburg, voz'biirg, a post-office of Pratt co., Kansas. Vosburg, a post-hamlet of Wyoming oo., Prt., on the Susquehanna River, and on the Pennsylvania & New York Riiilrond, 4^ miles N.W. of Tunkhannock. It has a church. Vosch, a lake of Russia. See Vozh. Vosges, vozh {anc. Vog^aita Muns / Ger. Vof/esen, fo'- gh?h-z?n, or WuHtjauyehirge, wis-gow-ga-bei3U'ga), a chain of mountains in the N.E. of Franco, the S.E. of Belgium, and the W. of Germany. It commences on the limits of Alsace and the departments of Ilaute-SaOne and Doubs, and terminates in Germany on the left bank of the Rhino, near Mentz. It is connected on the S.W. with the moun- tains of theCote-d'Or, which arc prolonged to thcC6venTies, on the S. with the Jura Mountains, and in the N.W. with the Ardennes. The mountains often assume a rounded form, and are hence called bultona ; the culminating points are the Ballon d'Alsace, 468S feet, and the Ballon de Gueb- willer, 4690 feet in elevation. Their summits are covered with vast forests, and they contain silver, cojiper, lead, and coal ; but the most valuable mineral product is rock salt. The Vosges give rise to the rivers Saone, Moselle, Meuse, Marne, and Aube. Vosges, a department in the N.E. of France, formed of the S. part of the old province of Lorrnine. Area, 2230 square miles. Pop. in 1S76, -107,082. Surface generally mountainous, having the Vosges in the E. and the Faucillo Mountains in the S. Chief rivers, the Meurthe, Mortagne, Moselle, Madon, and Meuse. One-third of the surface is covered with forests. The plain in the W. and N.W. is fer- tile in wheat, maize, hemp, and excellent flax; cherries are extensively grown for the manufacture of Icirscheiiwasscr. Many cattle are reared, and butter ;ind cheese are impor- tant products. The department is rich in mines of iron, copper, silver, and marble. It has numerous mineral springs, the chief of which are those of Plombieres and Bains. It is divided into the arrondissements of Epinal, Mireeourt, Neufchateau, Remiremont, and Saint-Die. Cap- ital, Epinal. Voskresensk, or Woskresensk, vos-kri-s5nsk', a town of Russia, government and 34 miles AV.N.W. of Mos- cow. Pop. 5959. Here is a famous monastery, termed the New Jerusalem. Vosiieseiisk, orWosnesensk, vos-ni-sSnsk', a large town, the chief of the military colonies of South Russia, government of Kherson, on the Bug, 85 miles N.W. of Kherson. Pop. 9458. Vostani, vos-ti'nee, or Wustanee, wus-ti'nce, some- times called Middle Egypt, a region of Egypt, generally understood to extend from the neighborhood of Cairo south- ward to near 27° 30' N. lat. Vostizza, vos-tit'si (anc. ^'ginm), a town of Greece, Morea, government of Achaia, on the Corinthian Gulf, IS miles E.S.E. of Patras. Pop. 3936. It has a good harbor, and an active commerce in currants and pine timber. Vostochnii Nos, vos-toK'nee nos, one of the Russian names of East Cape. Votka, or Wotka, vot'kS,, a town and important manu- facturing district of Russia, government of Viatka, on the Izh (Ij), 12 miles from its influx into the Kama. Pop. 6000. Here are extensive imperial iron-works, anchor-forges, and musket-factories, also an arsenal and a hospital, Vottem, vot'tem, a town of Belgium, 2 miles N. of Liege, on an atflueiit of the Meuse. Pop. 1897. Vouchang, a town of China. See Vootchang, Vouching, a town of China. See Voo-Tching. Vouga, vo'gS., a river of Portugal, province of Beira, enters an inlet of the Atlantic 5 miles N. of Aveiro, after a AV.S.W. course of 60 miles. Vouille, voo^yi' or vooPyi', a town of France, in Vienne, 10 miles W.N.W. of Poitiers. Pop. 1756. Voulima, a river of Africa. See Woolima. Voulte, La, li voolt (anc. Vol'ta ?), a town of France, Ardeche, 12 miles E.N.E. of Privas, on the right bank of the Rhone. Pop. 3285. It has iron-mines and furnaces. Vouneuil-sur-Vienne, voo'nul'-siiR v^-enn', a vil- lage of France, in Vienne, 8 miles S. of Chatellerault. Voutchaiig, China. See Vootchang. Voutchiug, China. See Voo-Tching. Voutezac, voo*teh-zik', a town of France, in CorrSze, II miles N.N.W. of Brives. Pop. 416. Vou-Tiiig, a town of China. See Voo-Ting. Vouvray, voo'vri', a village of France, in Indre-et- Loire, on the Loire, and on the railway to Orleans, 7 miles E. of Tours. Pop. 1394. Vouziers, voo^ze-i', a town of France, in Ardennes, on the Aisne, 25 miles S. of Mezieres, Pop. 3425. Vouzon, voo^z6no', a town of France, in Loir-et-Cher, 27 miles N.E. of Romorantin. Pop. 1460. vow 2328 WAB Vow'els, a station in Jasper oo., Iowa, on the Chicago, Kocli Island & Pacific Railroad, 5^ miles S.W. of Newton. Voyavad, Asia Minor. See Boi-Abad. Voyls, a post-offico of Rice co., Kansas. Voyussa, vo-yoos'sa (anc. Ao'ua), a river of European Turitey, Albania, rises near Mezzovo, and, after a W. course of 13U miles, enters the Adriatic Sea 1^ miles N. of Avlona. Its affluents are the Deropuli and Desvitza. Vozh, or Voj, vozh, written also Vosch and Voje, a lake of Russia, at the N.E. extremity of the govern [nent of Novgorod, 40 miles N.E. of Lake Bielo-Ozero. Length, 25 miles ; breadth, 10 miles. It receives the river Vozhda, and discharges its surplus waters northward by the Svid into Lake Latcha. Vracene, vri'si*neh, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 25 miles N.E.' of Ghent. Pop. 3919. Vracliori, vr4-ko'ree, a town of Greece, in iEtolia, 25 miles N.W. of Lepanto. Five miles S.E. is Lake Vrachori, the ancient Trichonis, 6 miles in length from E. to W., by 4 miles in breadth. Vraita, vri'ti, or Varaita, vk-ri'tk, a river of Italy, rises on the E. slope of the Maritime Alps, and joins the Po about 3 miles above the confluence of the Maira. Vraiia^ vri'n4, a village and ruined fortress of Dalma- tia, circle and 20 miles S.E. of Zara, on the Lake of Vrana, which is 8 miles in length and nearly the same in breadth. Vrana, a village and convent of Greece, in Attica, on the plain of Marathon, 20 miles N.E. of Athens. Vrana, a town of Servia, 43 miles E. of Pristina. Pop. 3000. Near it are some iron-mines. Vranduk, or Vrandouk, vrdnMook', a town of Bos- nia, on the Bosna, 28 miles N.E. of Travnik. Vrangel (Giieat and Little). See Wrangel. Vreden, vri'den, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, 35 miles W.N.W. of Miinster, on the Berkel. Pop. 1921. Vreeswyk, or Vreeswijk, vrais'wilO, a village of the Netherlands, 6 miles S.W. of Utrecht, on the Leek. P. 1313. Vries, vrees, a village of the Netherlands, in Drenthe, 5 miles N. of Assen. Pop. 2197. Vrieseveen, vree'seh-vain\ a village of the Nether- lands, in Overyssel, 23 miles E.S.E. of ZwoUe. Pop. 3217. Vriesland, Netherlands. See Feieslasd. Vriesland, vreez'land, a post-hamlet of Ottawa co., Mich., in Zeeland township, 16 miles S.W. of Grand Rapids. It has 2 churches and a graded school. It is on the Chi- cago & West Michigan Railroad. Vrigne-aux-Bois, vreen-o-bwi, a village of France, in Ardennes, on the Vrigne, 4 miles N.W. of Sedan. Pop. 2142, engaged in iron-works. Vroo'manton, a post-village in Ontario co., Ontario, 3 miles from Sunderland. It contains a church, a chapel, and a saw- and grist-mill. Pop. 250. Vue de l'£au, vii de 15, a station of the Providence, Warren & Bristol Railroad, on the E. shore of Narragan- sett Bay, 4 miles E. of Providence, R.I. Vukovar, voo'ko-vaR', a town of Austro-Hungary, Slavonia, capital of the co. of Syrmia, on the right bank of the Danube, at the influ.K of the Vuko, which divides it into an old and a new town, 24 miles S.E. of Eszek. Pop. 6590. It is the see of a Greek protopapas, and has several churches, a monastery, and a high school. Vul'can, a post-otiice of Menominee co., Mich., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Vulcanise Insulae. See Lipari Islands. Vulcano, vool-ka'no, or Volcano, vol-ki'no (anc. Vulca'nia), the most S. of the Lipari Islands, in the Medi- terranean Sea, and 12 miles N. of the coast of Sicily. Lat. 3S° 22' N.; Ion. 14° 55' 15" E. It is about 7 miles in length by 3 miles in breadth, mountainous, and has near its centre a crater about one-fourth of a mile in circumference and one-fourth of a mile deep, which constantly emits vapor charged with sulphur, alum, vitriol, and ammonia. Off its N. coast is the islet of Vulcanello, vool-ki-nSl'lo ("Little Vuleano"), joined to it by a low rock formed of its own lava, and in which are two small craters, one frequently emitting smoke. Vulsinii, or Volsinii. See Bolsesa. Vul'ton Creek, a post-hamlet of Graves co., Ky., 5 miles from Mayiield. It has a church. Vulturnus, the ancient name of Volturso. Vuna, voo'ni, one of the principal of the Feejee Islands, South Pacific Ocean, lat. 17° 2' S., Ion. 179° 56' E., 25 miles long and 5 miles broad. Pop. 7000. Vuoxen, voo-o.t'en, a river of Finland, flows S.S.W. through numerous lakes, including Lake Saima, on emerg- ing from which it forms the grand cataract of Imatri; after a northward turn it enters Lake Ladoga at Ke.xholm, on its W. side. Total course, estimated, 300 or 350 miles. Vupabui;u, voo-p5.-boo-soo', a lake of Brazil, province of Minas-Geraes, near the frontiers of the province of Bahia. It was once celebrated for its gold and emeralds. Vusitrin, voo-se-trin', written also Veltchisteru and Welika-Krsna, a town in the S.W. part of Servia, on the Ibar, 35 miles S.E. of Novi-Bazar. Pop. 2248. Vyborg, a town of Finland. See Vidorg. Vynckt, vinkt, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 12 miles W. of Ghent. Pop. 1925. Vysert, a river of Russia. See Bisert. Vytcliegda, a river of Russia. See Vitchegda. Vytegra, or VVytegra, ve-ti'gri, a town of Russia, government of Olonets, on the Vytegra, 12 miles from Lake Onega, and 73 miles S.E. of Petrozavodsk. Pop. 2SS0. It has manufactures of linen and candles, with ship-building docks, and is connected by its river with Lakes Onega and Ladoga. It carries on a large trade with St. Petersburg and Archangel. w. Waadt, Switzerland. See Vaud. Waag, Mg, or Vaag, a river of West Hungary, rises in the Carpathian Mountains, and, after a S.W. and S. course of 200 miles, joins the Danube at Comorn, in con- junction with the Neutra. Chief affluent, the Arva. Waago, Fiiriio Islands. See Faroe Islands. Waal, or Wahl, wal (anc. Vahalh), a river of the Netherlands, being one of the principal arms of the Rhine. See Rhine. Waalhem, a town of Belgium. See Waelheji. Waalwyk, wJll'wik, a town of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, lo" miles W. of Bois-le-Duc. Pop. 3235. Waarmaarde, Belgium. See Waermaerde. Waasis, wah'sis, a post-village in Sunbury eo., New Brunswick, on the Fredcricton Branch Railway, 10 miles from Fredericton. Pop. 125. Waatzen, a town of Central Hungary. SccWaitzen. Wabash, waw'bash, a county in the S.E. part of Illi- nois, has an area of about 200 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Wabash River, and on the W. by Bon- pas Creek. The surface is diversified with prairies and forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. It is traversed by the Cairo &, Vincennes Railroad. Capital, Mount Carmel. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,328,972. Pop. in 1870, 8841, of whom 8290 were Americans. Wabash, a county in the N.E. central part of Indiana, has an area of about 430 square miles. It is intersected by the Wabash, Eel, and Mississinewa Rivers, and is partly drained by the Salamonie River. The surface is undu- lating, and about one-third of it is covered with forests of the ash, beech, elm, oak, sugar-maple, Ac. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, hay, cattle, pork, and butter are the staple products. This county is intersected by the AVabash A Erie Canal and by 3 railroads,— the Wabash, the Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan, and the Eel River. Capital, Wabash. Valuation of real and personal estate, S14,169,092. Pop. in 1870, 21,305, of whom 20,399 were Americans. Wabash, a township of Clark co., 111. Pop. 2945. Wabash, a township of Wabash co.. 111. Pop. 1120. Wabash, a post-office of Wayne co., III. Wabash, a station in White co., HI., on the Wabash River, and on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, S miles E.S.E. of Carmi. Wabash, a township of Adams co., Ind. Pop. 957. WAB 2; Wabash, a township of Fountain co., Ind. Pop. 12S4. AVabash, Wuync co., III. See Scottsville. Wabash, a township of Gibson co., Ind. Pop. 442. Wabash, a township of Jay co., Ind. Pop. 933. Wabash, a township of Parke 00., Ind. Pop. 7S1. Wabash, a township of Tippecanoe co., Ind. P. 2129. Wabash, a city, the capital of AVabash co., Ind., is on the river of the same name, on the Wabash & Erie Canal, and on the Wabnsh Railroad, at its junction with the Cin- cinnati, Wabash & Michigan Railroad, 30 miles E. of Logansport, 42 miles W.S.W. of Fort Wayne, and about 32 miles S. of Warsaw. It contains a court-house, 8 churches, a national bank, 2 other banks, a high school, 3 newspaper offices, and a female academy. Among its numerous manu- facturing establishments are the Monitor Sash-Works, the Wilson Machine-Works, and the workshops of the Cincin- nati, Wabash & Michigan Railroad. Pop. 2881. Wabash, a township of Darke co., 0. Pop. 824. Wabash, a post-office of Giles co., Va. Wabasha, wah'ba-shaw\ or Wabashaw, a county in the S.E. part of Minnesota, bordering on Wisconsin, has an area of about 570 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by Lake Pepin, on the E. by the Mississippi River, is intersected by the Zumbro, and also drained by the Min- neiska River. The surface is undulating, and is diversitied with prairies and woodlands. The soil is calcareous and very fertile. Wheat, oats, Indian corn, hay, and butter are the staple products. Magnesian limestone (Lower Si- lurian) crops out here in the bluffs of the Mississippi, which are nearly 400 feet high, and present picturesque scenery. The Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad passes along the E. border of this county. Capital, Wabasha. Valuation of real and personal estate, $7,418,044. Pop. in 1870, 15,859, of whom 11,321 were Americans; in 1875, 17,296. Wabasha, a post-town, capital of Wabasha co., Minn., is situated on the S.W. bank of the Mississippi River, nearly 2 miles below the foot of Lake Pepin. It is on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, at the E. ter- minus of the Minnesota MidUind Railroad, 33 miles N.N. W. of Winona, and 30 miles E.S.E. of Red Wing. It is built on sloping ground, between the river and a high bluff which is about ^ mile from the shore. It contains a stone court-house, 5 churches, a union school, a banking-house, a newspaper office, a flouring-mill, a foundry, a ship-yard, and manufactures of boilers, threshing-machines, furniture, sash, machinery, &c. Pop. 1S8(>. Wabash River rises in Mercer co., 0,, passes into Indiana, and runs northwestward to Huntington. It next flows nearly westward to Logansport, and thence south- westward to Covington. Turning to the left, it runs south- ward to Terre Haute, a few miles below which it strikes the W. boundary of Indiana. It forms the boundary be- tween Illinois and Indiana for nearly 200 miles. Below Vincennes it runs in a S.S.W. direction until it enters the Ohio River, at the S.W. extremity of Indiana, near lat. 37° 49' N. Its length is estimated at 550 miles. The chief towns on its banks, besides those mentioned, are La- fayette and Peru. Wabaunsee, wa-bawn'se, a county in the N.E. cen- tral part of Kansas, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Kansas River, and is drained by Mill Creek and several head-streams of the Osage River. The surface is undulating. The soil is fer- tile. Indian corn, wheat, cattle, hay, and oats are the staple products. The greater part of the county is prairie. Good limestone is abundant here. Capital, Alma. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $1,987,654. Pop. in 1870, 3362; in 1875, 4649; in 1878, 5386. Wabaunsee, a post-village of Wabaunsee co., Kansas, in a township of the same name, on the S. bank of the Kansas River, 6 miles S. of Wamego, and about 38 miles W. by N. of Topeka. It has a stone church and a hotel. Pop. of the township in 1878, 716. Wabiiska, wa-biis'ka, a post-office of Lyon co., Nev. Wacahootie, wah-ka-hoo'te, or Wacahoo'ta, a post-office of Marion co., Fla. Wacasassee, wah-ka-sas'see, or Wacassas'sa, a post-office of Alachua co., Fia. Wac'cabuc, a post-office of Westchester co., N.Y. Wac'camaw, township, Brunswick co., N.C, P. 452. Waccamaw, township, Georgetown co., S.C. P. 4310. WaccamaAV River rises in the southern partof North Carolina, and passes into South Carolina, It runs south- westward through Horry co., and enters the Pedee River at the border of Georgetown co. Shad are found in this river. Wacedah, or Wauceda, waw-see'da, a post-office of Menominee co., Mich. 19 WAD Wachan, a town of Central Asia. See Vokhan. Wachenheim, ^ViK'^n-himc^ a town of Rhenish Ba- varia, 14 miles N.W. of Speyer. Pop. 2349. Wachtendonk, wilK't§n-donk\ a town of Rhenish Prussia, 25 miles N.W. of Dussoldorf, It has manufac- tures of ribbons, leather, and linen. Pop. 2543. VVachusett (waw-choo's^t) Mountain, Worcester co., Mass., is about S miles S.S.AV. of Fitchburg. It rises 2018 feet above the sea-level, and commands a beautiful view. Wachusett Village, ahamlet of Worcester co., Mass., in Westminster township, 6 miles S.W. of Fitchburg, and li miles from Westminster Station. It has a paper-mill. Wacken, wik'k^n, a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 20 miles S.S.E. of Bruges. Pop. 2316. Waco, wa'ko, a post-hamlet of Franklin co., Ala., in Russell's Valley, 20 miles S. by E. of Tuscumbia. Waco, post-township, Sedgwick co., Kansas. Pop. 559. Waco, a post-hamlet of Sedgwick co., Kansas, in Salem township, 12 miles S. of Wichita. It has a church. Waco, a post-village of Madison co., Ky., 8 miles N. of Richmond. It contains the Waco Seminary, 3 churches, 2 flour-mills, 2 woollen-mills, a newspaper office, and sev- eral manufactories of stone-ware. Waco, a post-office of Jasper co., Mo, Waco, a post-office of York co., Neb. Waco, a flourishing city, capital of McLennan co., Tex., on the W. bank of the Brazos River (here crossed by a wire suspension-bridge), at the mouth of the Bosque, and on the Waco Branch Railroad, which connects at Bremond with the Houston & Texas Central Railroad, about 100 miles N.N.E. of Austin, and 43 miles N.W. of Bremond. It contains a court-house, a national bank, 1 other bank, the Waco Female College, the Waco University (Baptist), which was organized in 1861 and is open to both sexes, a commer- cial college, a convent, 13 churches, 2 flouring-mills, 2 foundries, gas-works, and manufactories of cotton and wool, ice, lumber, Iousa, wAd'e-moo'si, a valley of Arabia Petraja, opening on the W. into Arabah, the great depression between the Bead Sea and the Gulf of Akabn.h. At its S.E. extremity are the ruins of Petra. Wady Noon, a town of Morocco. See Wadinoon. Wad'y Pe'tra, a post-hamlet of Stark co., 111., on the Peoria A Rook Island Railroad, 25 miles N. by W.of Peoria. Waelder, wail'd^r, a post-village of Gonzales eo., Tex., on the Galveston, Harrisburg k San Antonio Railroad, 50 miles W. of Columbus. It has a church. WAE 2; Waelhem, or Waalhem, MrhSm, n village of Bel- giuDi, 12 miles S. of Antwerp, on the Nethe. Pop. 1016. Waepiiig, a town of China. See Waiping. Waereghein, wiVr^h-ghSm", a village of Belgium, province of West Flanders, on the Brussels & Tournay Rail- way, 9 miles N.E. of Courtrai. Pop. 6S39. Waermaerde, or Waarniaarde, *lit'mi\RMfh, a village of Belgium, province of West Flanders, on the Scheldt, 2S miles S.S.E. of Bruges. Pop. 104.S. Waerschoot, Mu'sKot', a village of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 9 miles N.N.W. of Ghent. Pop. 5293. Waerteil, a town of Belgium. See Wahxetox. Waertowii, New Jersey. See Wahetown. Waesmiiiister, w4s'mun"stfr, a town of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 16 miles E. by N. of Ghent, on the Burme. Pop. 546S. It has ootton-mills. Waes, Pays de,pi^ee' d^h wi~A', .an ancient district of Belgium, province of East Flanders. It is one of the most fertile tracts in Europe, and was formerly called the "pleasure-garden of Flanders." Waetoue, wS,'i"too', a town of Belgium, in West Flan- ders, 12 miles S. of Furnes. Pop. 2736. Waga, a river of Russia. See Vaga. Wagai, a river of Siberia. See Vagal Wag'amaii, a station of the New Orleans & Texas Railroad, 10 miles W. of New Orleans, La. Wagenfeld, ^i'ghen-f6It\ a commune of Prussia, in Hanover, about 10 miles'S.E. of Diepholz. Pop. 2966. Wageiiiiigen, \V^'ghenHng-§n, a town of the Nether- lauds, in Gelderland, on the Rhine, 11 miles W, of Arnhem. Pop. 5724, who trade in corn and cattle. Wageoo Island, Malay Archipelago. See Waigeoo. Wager (wi'j^rj River, a large estuary or inlet of British North America, W. of Southampton Island, its centre near lat. 66° N., Ion. 90° W. Wag'goner's Ripple, a post-hamlet of Adams co., 0., in Green township, on Brush Creek, 19 miles E. by N, of Maysville, Ivy. Wa'ghen, or Wawn, a parish of England, co. of York, East Riding, with a village, 4 miles E.S.E. of Bev- erley. Here are remains of Melsa Abbey, founded in the twelfth century. Wag'iier, a post-hamlet of Clayton co., Iowa, in Wag- ner township, about 10 miles N. of El Kader, and 14 miles AV. by S. of McGregor. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 889. Wagner, a post-hamlet of MiflBin co., Pa., in Decatur township, on the Lewistown & Selin's Grove Railroad, 12i miles E.N.E. of Lewistown. It has a church. Wagoner's Station, a post-office of Miami co., Ind., on the Indianapolis, Peru Ji Chicago Railroad, 18 miles N. of Peru. Wag'ontown, a post-hamlet of Chester 00., Pa., on the Wilmington & Reading Railroad, 40 miles W. of Phila- delphia. Wag'on Wheel Gap, a post-office of Rio Grande CO., Col. Wagon Works, a post-office of Lucas 00., 0., is in the limits of the city of Toledo, at Wagon Works Junction, which is on the Toledo division of the Canada Southern Railroiid, at its junction with the Detroit division of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad. Here is a manufactory of wagons. Wagram, wa'gram or -fti'grAm, a village of Lower Austria, on the left bank of the Rossbach, 11 miles N.E. of Vienna. It is famous for the victory of Napoleon over the Austrians, July 6, 1809, which was followed by the treaty of Schonbrunn. Wi^g'ram, a post-hamlet of Licking co., 0., in Etna township, 3 miles from Summit Station. Wagram, a post-office of Accomack co., Va. Wagrovviec, Prussia. See Wongrowitz. Wagstadt, wig'stitt, a town of Austri.an Silesia, 14 miles S.E. of Troppau, on the Waag. Pop. 3720. It has a castle, and manufactures of linens and woollens. Wahal, Netherlands. See Waal. Wahalak, waw-hal'ak, a post-village of Kemper co., Miss., on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 15 miles S. of Macon. It has a church. Here are forests of ash and white oak. Wah-a-toy-a. See Spanish Peaks. Wahee, wah'hee', township, Marion co., S.C. P. 1429. Wah-el-Dakhleh, Egypt. Sec El-Dakhel. Wah'Jamega, or Waj'amega, a post-village of Tuscola CO., Mich., on the Cass River, 12 miles E.N.E. of Vassar. It has a flour-mill and lumber-mill. Wahjamega Station on the Caro Branch Railroad is 9 miles N.E. of Vassar. [1 AVAI Walikiakaniy wah-ke-ak'um, a small county in the S.AV. part of Washington. It is bounded on the S. by the Columbia River. The surface is partly covered with for- ests. The soil produ-ces potatoes, grass, &c. Capital, Cath- lainet. Valuation of real and personal estate, $U75,000, Pop. in 1S70, 270, of whom 190 were Americans. Wah'kon'sa, a township of Webster co., Iowa. P. 921. >Vahlahgas, a river of Maine. See Alleguash. Walileren, wi'lA-r^n, a village of Switzerland^ canton and 9 miles S.W. of Bern. Pop. 5290. Wahlershausen, Wil'l^rs-how^z^n, a village of Hesse- Cassel, in Nicderhesson, circle of Cassel. Pop. 1553. Wahlstatt, >v-Arstfltt, a village of Prussia, in Silesia, 4 miles S.E. of Liegnitz. Here, in, 1241, Henry of Lieg- nitz was defeated by the Mongols ; and here, August 20, 1S13, the French were defeated by the Prussians under 131U- chcr, who thence derived his title of Prince of Wahlstadt. Waholock) Kemper co., Miss. See Wahalak. Wahoo, one of the Hawaii Islands. See Oahu. Wahoo, wah-hoo', a post-hamlet of Lumpkin co., Ga., 17 miles N. of Gainesville. It has 1 or 2 churches and a grist-mill. >Vahoo, or Waiihoo, a post-village, capital of Saun- ders CO., Neb., on Cottonwood Creek, at the mouth of Wahoo Creek, on the Omaha & liepublican Valley Rail- road, IS miles S.S.W. of Fremont, and 54 miles AV. of Omaha. It has a newspaper office, a bank, and a graded school. Pop. about 500. Wahpeton, wah'pe-ton, a post-village, capital of Rich- land CO., Dakota, on the Red River of the North. Wahring, or Wtiring, ^i'ring, a village of Austria, adjoining Vienna on the W. Pop. 16,023. It gives name to a circle of Lower Austria. Wah^satch' Range, or Wasatch (wah^satch') Mountains, Utah, a long range which forms the eastern boundary of the Great Basin, extending from the northern border of Utah southward through the middle of the terri- tory nearly to the Colorado River. The highest peaks are about 11,500 feet high, on the sides of which deep and pic- turesque canons occur. The basis-rocks of this range ore a series of alternating layers of quartzose, mica, and horn- blendic schists. Above these rest, in the following order, beds of quartzite limestone (probably of Silurian age), a group of clays, shales, quartzites, Ac, and a great thick- ness of limestones containing many organic remains of the carboniferous age. Silver is found in this range. The Pa- cific Railroad crosses it near Ogden. Wahsatch, a station of the Union Pacific Railroad, in Utah, 11 miles S.W. of Evanston, AVyoming. Wahungen, M'ho6ng-§n, or Wasungeu, *^'soong- en, a town of Germany, duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, on the Werra, 7 miles N.N.W. of Meiningen. Pop. 2459. It has manufactures of linen fabrics and cutlery. Waia, wi'i, one of the Feejee Islands, South Pacific Ocean. Lat, 17° 7' S. ; Ion. 177" 4' E. Pop. about 3000. Waiblingen, wl'bling-en, a town of Wiirtemberg, cir- cle of Neckar, on the Rems, 7 miles N.E. of Stuttgart. Pop. 4128. The emperors of the Hohenstauffen family received their name of Gkibellinea from this town, which was for- merly called WlBELINGEX. Waibstadt, \Vib'stitt, a town of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, 24 miles S.E. of Mannheim. Pop. 1958. Waidhofeii, wid'ho-fen, a town of Austria, on the Ips, 43 miles W.S.W. of St'. Polten. Pop. 3497. It is the centre of the iron-manufacture of Lower Austria. Waidhofeu, Bohmisch {i.e., "Bohemian"), bo'mish ^id'ho-f^n, a town of Lower Austria, on the Thaj'a, 32 miles N.AV. of Krems. Pop, 1984. Waidsborough, wadz'bur-ruh, a post-office of Frank- lin CO., Va. Waigats, or Waigatz, Russia. See Vaigats. Waigeoo, Waigiou, Way^eou, or Waygiou, wi'ghee-(Jo', written also Wageoo, an island in the Pacific Ocean, N. of New Guinea, forming part of the region called Papualand. Lat. of the Bay of Offak, 0° 1' 8" S.; Ion, l^O** 43' E. It is mountainous in the centre, and covered with vast marshes on the shores. Wai-Ho, New Zealand. See Thames. Waihu, an island of Chili. See Easter Island. Waikato, wi-ki'to, the principal river of New Zea- land, North Island, rises in Lake Taupo, flows N., and enters the ocean at Waikato Harbor, on the W. coast, 35 miles S. of Auckland. Total course, estimated at 250 miles. Principal affluent, the Waipa. Wailesborough, walz'bur-ruh, or Waylesburg, walz'burg, a post-hamlet of Bartholomew co., Ind., on the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis Railroad, at Whales- WAI 2332 WAK boroagh Station, 5 miles S. of Colambas. It laas 2 churches. Pop. 101. VVaiii'fleet, a town of England, co. of Lincoln, 15 miles N.E. of Boston. Pop. 2076. VVaiii-Gunga, a river of India. See Wyne-Ganga. Waiping, or Waepiiig, wi'ping', a walled town of China, province of Che-Kiang, near the frontiers of Kiang- Soo, S.W. of Hang-Chow. Pop. about 150,000. Wairau, wi'raw, a river of New Zealand, South Island, enters Cloudy Bay. It is navigable to some distance above its mouth. A massacre of English settlers took place on its banks in April, ISiS. Wairoa, wi-ro'i, a river of New Zealand, North Island, enters Kaipara Harbor 55 miles N.W. of Auckland. Wairoa, a bay of New Zealand. See Hawke's Bay. Waite, wate, a post-township of Washington co., Me., about 28 miles W.N.W. of Calais. Pop. 122. Waitra, a town of Lower Austria. See Weitra. Wait's, a post-office of Scioto co., 0., on the Ports- mouth Branch of the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, about 8 miles E. of Portsmouth. Waits'burg, a post-village of Walla Walla co., Wash- ington. Pop. in 1870, 107. Waits'field, a post-village of Washington co., Vt., in Waitslield township, about 30 miles S.E. of Burlington. It has 3 churches and a starch-factory. Pop. of the town- ship, 948. VVait's River, Orange co., Vt., runs southeastward, and enters the Connecticut River at Bradford. Wait's River, a post-hamlet of Orange co., Vt., on a river of its own name, 23 miles S.E. of Montpelier. Waitzen, wit'sen, or Waatzen, wit'sen (Hun. Vacz, vits), a town of Central Hungary, co. of Pesth, on the right bank of the Danube, 20 miles N. of Pesth, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. 12,894. It is the see of a bishop, and has a fine cathedral, an episcopal palace, a town hall, a Piarist college, a military school, a seminary, a deaf and dumb asylum, paper-mills, large cattle-fairs, and a trn.de in wine. Wait'ville, or Waiteville, a post-offlce of Monroe CO.. W. Va. Wa,jamega, Tuscola co., Mich. See Wahjamega. Wajerezy, a town of Prussia. See HoYERSWEUD.i. Wajo, wi'yo, a kingdom of Celebes, on its W. arm, N. of the state of Boni, on the Gulf of Boni. Its capital is Tesora (ti-so'ri), a large straggling town, with extensive ruins. Pop. now reduced to about 6000. Wakaiida, a township of Carroll co.. Mo. Pop. 5342. Wakaiida Creek, Missouri. See Waconda Creek. Wakarusa, waw-ka-roo'sa, a small river of Kansas, rises in Wabaunsee co., runs nearly eastward through Shaw- nee and Douglas cos., and enters the Kansas River 8 miles E. of Lawrence. Wakarusa, a post-village of Elkhart co., Ind., in Olive township, 10 or 11 miles W.S.W. of Goshen. It has a newspaper office, 4 churches, a graded school, and a grist- mill. Pop. 245. Wakarusa, township, Douglas co., Kansas. P. 2083. Wakarusa, a post-hamlet of Shawnee co., Kansas, on Wakarusa Creek, and on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Vi Railroad, 12 miles S. by W. of Topeka. It has a church. Wak'atom'ica, a post-hamlet of Coshocton co., 0., 20 miles N. of Zanesville. It has a church. Wake, the most populous county of North Carolin.a, is near the middle of the state. Area, about 900 square miles. It is intersected by the Neuse River, and is also drained by Little River and Middle and Swift Creeks. The surface is hilly, and extensively covered with forests. The soil is mostly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, sweet potatoes, and pork are the staple products. Granite underlies a large part of the surface. This county is intersected by the North Carolina Railroad. The Raleigh &, Gaston Railroad connects with the Raleigh & Augusta Railroad at Raleigh, which is the capital of this county and of the state. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, $12,259,352. Pop. in 1870, 35,617, of whom 3o,3S7 were Americans. Wake, North Carolina. See Wake Forest College. Wa Kee'ney, a post- village, capital of Trego co., Kan- sas, on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 32 miles W.N.W. of Hays City. VVake'field, a town of England, co. of York, West Riding, on the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway, 9 miles S. of Leeds. Pop. of parish in 1871; 43,493 ; of parlia- mentary borough, 28,069. The town is on the sloping N. bank of the Calder, here crossed by a stone bridge of 8 arches. It is well built, and has several handsome churches, an elegant chapel, projecting over the E. side of the bridge. supposed to date from 1340, a grammar-school, library and news-rooms, corn exchange and saloon, court-iiouse, prison, dissenting chapels, and a Doric market-cross. The gram- mar-school, founded by Queen Elizabeth, has a large rev- enue, and six e.xhibitions to the universities: in it Arch- bishop Potter and Dr. Bentley were educated. Here are many charitable endowments, the AVest Riding Lunatic Asylum, a fever hospital, masonic lodge for the AVest Riding, literary, philosophical, and horticultural societies, a me- chanics' institution, and a theatre. The town has iron- foundries, breweries, large chemical works, and manufac- tures of woollen yarn. The chief trade is in corn, wool, and cattle. It has also coal-mines, and an active export of coal. It sends one member to the House of Commons. Wake'field, a post-hamlet of Richland co.. 111., 12 miles N.AV. of Olney. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Wakefield, a post-village in Republican township. Clay CO., Kansas, on the Republican River, and on tlie Junction City & Fort Kearney Branch of the Kansas Pa- cific Railroa.d, 19 miles N.N.W. of Junction City. It has a church and several stores. Wakefield, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., Md., on the Western Maryland Railroad, 38 miles N.W. of Baltimore. It has a creamery. Wakefield (formerly South Reading), a post-vil- lage of Middlesex CO., Mass., in Wakefield township, on the Boston &, Maine Railroad, 10 or 11 miles N. of Boston. It is connected with Salem by a branch of the Eastern Rail- ro.ad. It has 7 churches, a public hall, a national bank, a savings-bank, a newspaper office, a high school, an iron- foundry, and extensive manufactures of boots, shoes, shoe- tools, rattans, &,e. Pop. of the township in 1875, 5349. Wakefield, a township of Stearns co., Minn. P. 746. Wakefield, often called Wakefield Corner, a post- village in Wakefield township, Carroll co., N.H., on the Conway division of the Eastern Railroad, 12 miles S. of Ossipee, and 20 miles N. of Rochester. It contains a church and an academy. The township contains several lakes, and a village named Union. Pop. of the township, 1185. Wakefield, Wake co., N.C. See Rosinburg. Wakefield, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co.. Pa., about 22 miles S. of Lancaster. Wakefield, a post- village in South Kingston township, Washington co., R.I., on an inlet of the sea, and on the Newport & Kingston Railroad, about 5 miles S. of Kings- ton, and 30 miles S. by W. of Providence. It has 3 churches, 2 national banks, a newspaper office, and a wool- len-factory. Pop. 406. Wakefield, a post-olEce of Outagamie CO., Wis., 6 miles from Appleton. Wake'field, a post-village in Ottawa co., Quebec, on the river Gatineau, 23 miles N.W. of Ottawa. It contains a woollen-factory, a saw-mill, and several stores. Pop. 200. Wakefield Centre, a station of the Boston A Maine Railroad, 10 miles N. of Boston, Mass. Wakefield Corner, N.H. See Wakefield. Wakefield Station, a post-office of Sussex co., Va., on the Atlantic, Mississippi «fe Ohio Railroad, 29 miles S.E. of Petersburg. Wake For'est College, a post-village of AVake co., N.C, on the Raleigh & Gaston Railroad, at AA^ake Station, 17 miles N.N.E. of Raleigh. It has a church. Here is the AVake Forest College (Baptist), which was organized in 1838. Wakelee, wak'lee, a post-office of Cass co., Mich., on the Chicago & Lake Huron Railroad, about 90 miles S.AA'. of Lansing. Wakeman, wak'man, post-office, Norton co., Kansas. Wakeman, a post-village of Huron co., 0., in AA'ake- man township, on the Vermilion River, and on the Lake Shore-A Michigan Southern Railroad, 12 miles E. of Nor- walk, and 10 miles W.S.AV. of Oberlin. It has 4 churches, a money-order post-office, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 1000: of the township, 1216. Waken'da (formerly bugene City), a post-village of Carroll CO., Mo., in Eugene township, on the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, 73 miles E. of Kansas City. It has a church, a lumber-mill, and a manufactory of farming-implements. Wakesh'ina, a post-township forming the S.E. ex- tremity of Kalamazoo CO., Mich. Pop. 1460. Wakiacum, AVashington. See AVAHKiAcust. Wakulla, wah-kul'la, a small river of Florida, flowing into an arm of Appalachee Bay. Wakulla, a county in the N. part of Florida, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by St. Mark's River, on the S.E. by the Gulf of Mexico, WAK WAL and on the W. by the Ooklookonneo River. A large part of the surface is covered with forests of pine and other trees. Cotton, Indian corn, and cattle are the staple products. It is traversed by the Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Rail- road. Capital, Crawfordville. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $317,403. Pop. in 1870, 2506, of whom 2483 were Americans. Wakulla Spring, a post-office of Wakulla co., Fla. Walachia. See Wallachia. Waladia, El, SI w4-li'de-i, a maritime town of Mo- rocco, with a harbor at the mouth of a river in the Atlan- tic, 100 miles N.W, of Morocco. Walahmutte, Oregon. See Willamette. Walajanagur, wi-Ii-ji-ni-gur', a considerable town of British India, presidency and tio miles W.S.W. of Mad- ras, district of North Arcot, on the Palaur. Wal'bach, a post-office of Laramie co., Wyoming. Walbeck, wil'bSk, a village of Prussian Sa.-cony, 28 miles W.N.W. of Magdeburg, on the Aller. Pop. 1266. Walbert, wol'b?rt, a station on the Catasauqua & Fo- gelsville Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Catasauqua, Pa. Walbridge, wSl'brij, a post-village of Wood co., 0.,in Lalie township, on the Columbus &, Toledo Railroad, at the junction of the Toledo &, Mansfield Railroad, 5 miles S.S.E. of Toledo. It has a church, a saw-mill, and a stave- factory. Walcheii-See, *ilK'§n-si, a lake of Upper Bavaria, near the Tyrol. Length, 4 miles,- breadth, 3 miles. It has a productive fishery. Walcheren, ■S-il'K^r-en, the most W. of the islands of the Netherlands, province of Zealand, between the East and West Scheldt, and having W. the North Sea. Length, 11 miles; breadth, 10 miles. Lat. 51° 30' N. ; Ion. 3° 30' E. Pop. 40,000. It is fertile, but below the level of the sea, against which it is protected by extensive dunes and dikes. Chief town, Middelburg. The English, under the Earl of Chatham, occupied it in 1S09, Walcott, wol'k^t, a post-office of Greene co., Ark. Walcott, Scott CO., Iowa. See Wolcott. Walcott, a township of Rice co., Minn. Pop. 615. Walcott, a station of the Union Pacific Railroad, 21 miles E. of Rawlins, Wyoming. Walcourt, w-irkoon', a town of Belgium, province and 27 miles S.W. of Namur, on the Sambre A Meuse Railway. Pop. 1345. It has a church, with an image of the Virgin, which attracts numerous devotees. Wald, ^ilt, a town of Rhenish Prussia, government of Dusseldorf, circle of Solingen, about 7 miles S.W. of Elber- feld. Pop. 7701. It has manufactures of hardware and of cotton, linen, and woollen fabrics. Wald, Val'degrave Island, South Australia, on the S. side of Anxious Bay, Eyre Land, and N.E. of Flinders Island. Lat. 33° 35' S. ; Ion. 134° 37' E. Wal'demar, a post-village in Wellington co., Ontario, on the Toronto, Grey & Bruce Railway, 58J miles W.N.W. of Toronto. It lias a hotel, a store, and an ashery. Walden, wird9n, a post-village of Bibb co., Ga., on a railroad. It has 3 churches and an academy. Walden, a station in Cedar co., Iowa, on the Iowa di- vision of the Chicago Sl Northwestern Railroad (Tipton Brancli), 4 miles N. of Tipton. Walden, a post-office of Keokuk co., Iowa, about 20 miles N.E. of Ottumwa. Walden, a post-village of Orange co., N.Y., in Mont- gomery township, on the Wallkill River and the Wallkill Valley Branch of the Erie Railroad, 74 miles N. by W. of New York, and 11 miles W. by N. of Newburg. It con- tains 3 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, a foundry, a woollen-mill, and manufactures of engines and knives. Pop. in 1870, 1254. Walden, a post-hamlet of Caledonia co., Vt., in Wal- den township, on the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad, 33 miles E.S.E. of Hyde Park, and about 2a miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. of the township, 992. Waldenbuch, ftild'^n-booK', a town of Wiirtemberg, 10 miles S.S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 1895. Waldenburg, *^ld'en-booKG\ a town of Prussian Si- lesia, 43 miles S.W. of Breslau, on the Polsnitz. Pop. 11,307. It has manufactures of linens and porcelain. Near it are extensive coal-mines. Waldenburg, a town of S.axony, on the Muldo, 14 miles W. of Chemnitz. Pop. 5353. It is enclosed by walls, and has a fine castle. Waldenburg, a town of Wiirtemberg, 28 miles N.W. of EUwangen. Pop. 1324. Waldenburg, Aild'en-boorg*, a town of Switzerland, canton of Basel, 6^ miles S. of Liesthal. Pop. 866. Waldenburg, wil'd§n-burg, a post-hamlet of Macomb CO., Mich., 5 miles N.W. of Mount Clemens. Walden-Saffron. See Saffros-Waluen. Walden's Creek, a post-office of Sevier co., Tenn. Waldenses, w6I-dSn's^z, a people inhabiting a seques- tered district of Piedmont, called the Four Valleys. 'They are remarkable for having been the first community in the West of Europe that separated from the church of Rome, and for the great persecutions and hardships which they have suffered. They still exist as a distinct people, in- habiting three of the Four Valleys, namely, Perosa, Lu- cerna, and San Martino; Agogna no longer belonging to them. The district of the Waldenses is situated on the French frontier, about 30 miles W.N.W. of Saluzzo. Length, about 20 miles ; breadth, 10 miles. WaI'den's Ridge, in the S. part of East Tennessee, is a steep sandstone ridge between the Tennessee River and the long, narrow Sequatchie Valley, which separates it from the Cumberland Mountain. Coal is found in this ridge. Waldheim, ^ilt'hime, a town of Saxony, 33 miles S.E. of Leipsic. Pop. 6712. It has manufactures of linen and woollen stuffs, fustian, tobacco, tfec. Walditz,wirdits, Gross, groce, and Kleix, kline, two nearly contiguous villages of Prussia, province of Silesia, government of Liegnitz. Pop. 1545. Waldkappel, or Waldcappel, ftilt'kSp'p?], a town of Germany, Hesse-Cassel, 20 miles S.E. of Cassel. P. 1030. Waldkircb, wilt'keenK, a walled town of Baden, on the Eltz, 8 miles N.E. of Freiburg. Pop. 3098. Waldkircb, wilt'kSeRK, a village and parish of Swit- zerland, canton and W. of St. Gall. ■ Pop. 2634. Waldkirchen, wilt'keeaK'en, a village of Lower Ba- varia, 13 miles N. of Passau. Pop. 1269. Waldkirchen, a village of Sa.xony, 7 miles S.E. of Chemnitz. Pop. 1543. WaldHiichaelbach,*ilt"miK'4-el-b4K\ a village of Hesse, 23 miles S.S.E. of Darmstadt. 'Pop. 2167. Waldmohr, wilt'nioR, a village of Rhenish Bavaria, on the Glan, II miles N. of Deux-Ponts. Pop. 1092. Waldmiinchen, wilt'miinK'en, a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper Palatinate, on the Schwarzach, 38 miles N.E. of Ratisbon. .Pop. 2621. It has manufactures of linens and glass, with a trade in flax and yarn. Waldniel,*ilt'neel,orBurgwalduiel,booRG-AJlt'- neel, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government and W. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 1300. WAL 2334 WAL WaI'do, a county in the S. part of Maine, has an area of about SOO square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Penobscot River, on the S.E. by Penobscot Bay (part of which is called Belfast Bay), and on the N.W, by the Se- basticook River. The surface is undulating, and is ex- tensively covered with forests of the beech, elm, birch, ash, sugar-maple, oak, , or Fw^agiae, vi'^li^kee' ; Sp. Fa/a- qiiia, vi-li-kee'd ; L. Vala'chia^ or Wala'chia), one of the former Danubian principalities of Europe, now a part of Roumania, between lat. 43° 40' and 45° 40' N., and ex- tending from about Ion. 22° 30' to the Black Sea. It is bounded N. and N.AV. partly by the Carpathians (which separate it from Transylvania and the Banat of Hungary) and partly by Moldavia and Russia ; W. and S. by Servia and Bulgaria, from which it is principally separated by the Danube ; and E. by the Black Sea. Area, about 31,000 square miles. Its surface may be regarded as a vast in- clined plane, sloping from the Carpathians towards the Danube. Among the mountains of the N. and W. the elevation averages from 3000 to 4000 feet, but rises in par- ticular summits to 7000 feet, and in Mount Buthest exceeds 8000 feet ; but this elevation is soon succeeded by a region of hills and undulating plains, which finally merge intD extensive flats, often swampy. Wallachia has valuable mines of rock salt, and abundance of petroleum and as- phaltum. Copper, gold, iron, silver, lead, sulphur, and marble are also found here, but they have not been devel- oped to much extent. The drainage belongs to the basin of the Danube, which receives on its left bank numerous affluents, among which are the Schyl, Aloota, united Vode and Teliorman, Arjish, Jalomnitza, and Sereth. The climate in the mountainous districts is severe, but the soil is fertile. With very imperfect culture, wheat, barley, and maize are everywhere raised in abundance. Tobacco, hops, and flax are also extensively grown ; the vine thrives well, and there is a profusion of all the ordi- nary fruits. Cattle, sheep, and goats are reared in vast numbers. The manufactures are insignificant. The in- habitants are chiefly pure Wallachians, who are believed to have descended without much intermixture from the an- cient Dacians. They mostly belong to the Greek church. Chief town, Bucharest. Pop. about 4,000,000. Adj. and inhab. AVallachian, w6l-lA'ke-an, and AVallach, wAl'- IdK (Fr. Valaque, v^'l^k'j Ger. adj. Wallachisch, V^'il'- li-Kish ; inhab. Wallach, WM'IAk). See Roumania. Wallajabad, w^l-li-jd-bid', a town of British India, presidency of Madras, 14 miles N.W. of Chingleput, with extensive military cantonments. Wallainette, a river of Oregon. See Willamette, Wallanchoon, wdrian-choon'. or Walloons:, w6P- loong', a large village of Eastern Nepaul, on the Wallan- choon or Tambur River, 60 miles E.S.E. of Mount Ever- est, and 10,3S5 feet above sea-level. It has some transit trade with Thibet through the Wallanchoon Pass, 16,756 feet high, and about two days' journey to the N. Wallarob'ba, a village of New South Wales, Aus- tralia, CO. of Durham, 12 miles N.AV. of Clarence, in a fine grazing-district, between Pateraon and William Rivers. WAL 2337 WAL Wallastook River, Maine. See Walloostook River. Walla AValla, w6ria w6ria, a small river which rises on or near the N. border of Oregon. It runs westward, and enters the Columbia River at Wallula, in Washington. Walla Walla, a county in the S.E. part of AVashing- ton, borders on Oregon. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Snake or Lewis River, and on the W. by the Columbia River, and is drained by the Walla Walla River. The surface is partly hilly. The soil is fertile. Wheat, oats, cattle, hay, wool, and butter are the staple products. It produced in 1S70 more wheat and more oats than any other county in the territory. Volcanic rocks underlie a part of the soil. Capital, Walla Walla. Valuation of real and personal estate, §3,187,555. Pop. in 1S70, 5300, of whom 4692 were Americans. Walla Walla, a city, capital of Walla Walla co., Wash- ington, is situated in a valley, on a river of the same name, about 160 miles E. by N. of The Dalles, Oregon, and 75 miles W.S.W. of Lewiston, Idaho. It is the E. terminus of the Walla Walla & Columbia River Railroad, and con- tains several hotels, 3 newspaper offices, 2 banks, several flour-mills, 8 churches, a foundry, and manufactures of fur- niture, sash, doors, &c. Pop. 1394. Wall'bridge, a post-village in Hastings co., Ontario, 7 miles N.W. of Belleville. Pop. 100. Walldorf, ^5-11'doRf, a village of Germany, in Saxe- Meiningen, principality and 4 miles N. of Meiuingen, on the Werra. Pop. 1516. Walldiirn, a town of Baden. See WaldIJrn. Wal'le, a post-office of Grand Forks co., Dakota. Walled Lake, a post-village of Oakland co., Mich., on a small lake of its own name, 2 miles from Wixom Station, and 30 miles N.W. of Detroit. It has 2 churches. Wal'len, a post-hamlet in Washington township, Allen CO., Ind., on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, 8 miles N. of Fort Wayne. It has a church. Walleiidorf, ^S-l'Ien-doRr (Hun. Olaszi, oMos'see^), a town of North Hungary, co. of Zips, on the Hernad, 12 miles S.E. of Leutschau. Pop. 3000. Walleufels, ^dri?n-f§ls', a town of Bavaria, circle of Upper Franconia, on the Rodaeh, 7 miles E.N.E. of Kro- nach. Pop. 1630. WalMenpau'pack Creek, in the N.E. part of Penn- Bylvania, forms part of the boundary between Pike and Wayne cos., and enters the Lackawaxen at Hawley. Wallenstadt, -^S-l'l^n-stlltt^ a lake and small town of Switzerland, canton of St. Gall; the lake (in German Wal- lenstadter-See, -frS-ri^n-stlt't^r-si') is 11 miles in length by 2 miles across, 9 miles S.E. of the Lake of Zurich, with which it is connected by the Linth Canal. Shores moun- tainous and grand, the precipices along its N. side being 2000 to 3000 feet high. It receives the rivers Linth and Seez. The town Wallenstadt, at its E. extremity, is a depot for the transit trade between Germany and Italy. P. 2705. Wal'leusteiu, a post-village in Waterloo co., Ontario, 19^ miles from Listowell. Pop. 100. Wal'ler, a county in the S.E. part of Texas, is bounded on the W. by the Brazos River. The surface is slightly undulating. The soil is fertile. Indian corn and cotton are among its staple products. It is intersected by the Houston & Texas Central Railroad. Capital, Hempstead. Waller, Ross co., 0. See Massieville. Waller, a post-office of Columbia co., Pa. Wall'er, a station of the Houston &, Texas Central Rail- road, 10 miles E.S.E. of Hempstead, Tex. Wallerfangen, ^al'Ier-fang'en, a village of Rhenish Prussia, government of Treves, on the Saar. Wallern, T^S-l'l^rn, a town of Bohemia, circle and 30 miles S.S.W. of Pisek. Pop. 2712. Wallers, viriaiR', a village of France, in Nord, arron- dissement of Valenciennes, on the railway from Calais to Paris, 1 mile from Valenciennes. Pop. 34:75. Wallerstein, "ftal'ler-stine^ a town of Bavaria, circle of Swabia, 30 miles S.S.W. of Anspach. Pop. 1402. It has a castle, the residence of the Princes Oettingen-Wal- lerstein. Wal'lerville, a post-hamlet of Union co., Miss., 20 miles N.W. of Tupelo, It has a church. Wall-Faced 31ouiitain, New York, one of the Adi- rondacks, is in Essex co., about 7 miles E. of Mount Seward, and 3 miles W, of Mount Mclntyre, from which it is sepa- rated by a deep narrow gorge called Adirondack Pass. This pass is 2300 feet above tide-water. On one side of it rises an immense precipice 1000 feet perpendicular. It is de- scribed by Prof. Emmons in these terms: "The object of greatest interest is the perpendicular precipice of 1000 feet, — a naked wall of rock. The face of this wall rises from 147 the midst of an immense mass of loose rocks, which have been falling from its side from time immemorinl, and prob- ably the bottom of this perpendicular precipice is really as deep below as its top is high above the surface. The whole rock exposed is the hypersthene." Wallhausen, -^iVhow^z^n, a town of Prussian Saxony, government of Merseburg, on the Helme, 4 miles W. of Sangershausen. Pop. 1514. Wall Hill, a post-hamlet of Marshall co.. Miss., 17 miles W. of Holly Springs. It has a church and a mill. Pop. 75. Wallia, a Latin name of Wales. Wal'lingford, a parliamentary and municipal borough, and town of England, chiefly in the co. of Berks, on the right bank of the Thames, here crossed by several bridges, I2i miles N.W. of Reading. Pop. of municipal borough in 1871, 2972. The town has 3 churches, a town hall, market- house, small jail, and various dissenting chapels. It has some trade in malt, corn, and flour, and communicates by canals with Bath and Bristol. The borough sends one mem- ber to the House of Commons. It confers the title of Vis- count on the Earl of Banbury. The Wallingford-Road Sta- tion of the Great Western Railway, 3 miles from the town, is 47^ miles N.W. of London. Wal'lingford, a post-village in Wallingford township, New Haven co.. Conn., is finely situated on the Quinepiao River and the New Haven, Hartford & Springfield Rail- road, 12 miles N.N.E. of New Haven, and 24 miles S. by AV. of Hartford. It contains a town hall, 4 churches, an ele- gant summer hotel, a high school, and a banking-house, and has manufactures of britannia-ware, silver-ware, and but- tons. Pop. of the township, 3676. The township is inter- sected by the Boston & New York Air-Line Railroad. Wal- lingford Station on this road is at East Wallingford. Wallingford, a post-hamlet in Wilton township, Will CO., 111., about 14 miles S.S.B. of Joliet. Wallingford, a post-office and station of Delaware co.. Pa., on the West Chester & Philadelphia Railroad, 1^ miles E. of Media. Wallingford, a post-village in Wallingford township,. Rutland co., Vt., on Otter Creek and the Harlem Extension Railroad, 9 miles S. of Rutland, and about 10 miles S.W* of Killington Peak. It contains 3 churches and a graded school, and has manufactures of hay-forks, manure-forks,, doors, sash, and blinds. Pop. of the township, 2023. Wal'lington, a post-office of Wayne co., N.Y., on the Sodus Point & Southern Railroad where it crosses the Lake Ontario Shore Railroad, 4 miles S. of Sodus Point. Wal'lin's Creek, a post-office of Harlan co., Ky. Wal'linsville, a hamlet of Allegan co., Mich., in Sau- gatuck township, 2 miles from Saugatuck village. It has a tannery and a grist-mill. Wallis, a canton of Switzerland. See Valais. Wal'lisburg, a post-office of Smith co., Tex. Wallischbirken, ^fil'lish-beeR'k^n, a town of Bo- hemia, about 60 miles S.W. of Prague. Pop. 2293. WaI'lis Creek, of New South Wales, East Australia, CO. of Northumberland, flows N., dividing the boroughs of East and West Maitland, and joins the river Hunter. WaI'lis Island, of New South Wales, Bast Australia, CO. of Northumberland, in Port Hunter, opposite Fullarton Cove. Lat. 10° 51' S. ; Ion. 142° 4' E. Wallis Island (native, Ueoj oo-i'i), the principal of a group in the South Pacific Ocean. Lat. 13° 24' S.; Ion, 176° 10' W. Wallis Lake, of New South Wales, co. of Gloucester, bordering the coast near Cape Havvke, Length, 10 miles; breadth, 5 miles. Wallis Run, a post-office of Lycoming co.. Pa, Wal'lisville, a post-hamlet, capital of Chambers co., Tex., on Trinity River, about 42 miles N. by E. of Galves- ton. It has a church. Pop. 27. Wall'kill, a township of Orange co., N.Y. Pop. 9477, It contains Middletown. Wallkill River rises in Sussex co., N.J., from which it passes into Orange co., N.Y. It runs in a N.N.E. di- rection, intersects Orange and Ulster cos., and unites with the Rondout River about 6 miles S.W. of the town of Ron- dout. It is nearly 120 miles long. Wall Lake, a post-office of Sao eo., Iowa. Wall Lake, a township of Wright co., Iowa. P. 230. Wallo'nia, a post-hamlet of Trigg co., Ky., 15 miles S.S.E. of Princeton. It contains a church and the Wallo- nia Institute. Walloom'sac, a small river which rises in Bennington CO., Vt., runs northwestward into New York, and enters the Hoosac River at or near Hoosic Junction. WAL 2338 WAL Walloomsac, a station of the Troy 4. Boston Rail- road, 27i miles N.B. of Troy, N.Y. Walloons, a village of Nepaul. See Wallanchoon. WalUoostook' (or WalUastook') River, Maine, rises in Somerset oo., and runs nearly northeastward into Aroostook oo. It unites with the St. Francis on the bound- ary between Maine and Canada to form the St. John Kiver. Wal'IOAVa, a post-offlee of Union co., Oregon, is in the Wallowa Valley, near Snake River, in the N.E. corner of the county. Wall'pack Centre, a post-hamlet in Wallpaek town- ship, Sussex CO., N.,J., about 15 miles N.W. of Newton. It has a church. Pop. of township, 647. Wall Rose, a post-office of Beaver co., Pa., 17 miles N.N.W. of Pittsburg. Walls and rio'ta,a united parish of Scotland, co. of Orkney, comprising the S. half of the island of Hoy, with the islands of Flota, Faray, Cava, and 6ra;msay. Walls and Sand'ness', a united parish of Scotland, CO. of Shetland, comprising the westernmost part of the Shetland Mainland and the islands of Fowla, Linga, Papa- Stour, and Vaila. Wall's Bridge, a post-office of Surry co., Va., on Blackwater River. Walls'burg, a post-office of Wasatch oo., Utah. Wall's Cross Roads, a post-hamlet of Howard oo., Md., 9 miles N.W. of Laurel Station. It has several churches near it. Wall'send, a town of England, co. of Northumber- land, 4 miles E.N.E. of Newcastle, and intersected by the Newcastle & Shields Railway. Pop. 4169, chiefly engaged in collieries, but partly in lime-kilns, manufactures of cop- peras and earthenwares, and ship-building. The Wallsend coal is of very superior quality, and upwards of 2,000,000 tons are annually imported into London. Wall's Mill, a post-office of Knox co.. Neb. Wallstadt, *Jll'sta,tt, Gross, groce, and Klein, kljne, two contiguous market-towns of Bavaria, circle of Lower Franconia, on the Main, 34 miles W.N.W. of Wiirzburg. Pop. of the former, 1317; of the latter, 1805. Wall Street, a post-office of Linn co., Kansas, 16 miles W. of Pleasanton. Walls'ville, a post-hamlet of Lackawanna co., Pa., 2 miles from Dalton, and 13 miles N. of Soranton. It has a church and 2 saw-mills. Wal'lula, a post-village of Walla Walla co., Washing- ton, on the Columbia River, 32 miles W. of Walla Walla. It is the W. terminus of the Walla Walla & Columbia River Railroad, and is the chief shipping-point for the Walla Walla Valley. Wal'raer, a parish of England, co. of Kent, on the E. coast, comprising the villages of Upper Walmer, which adjoins Deal, and Lower Walmer. The latter is near the shore, and contains a church, some good residences, and marine villages, resorted to for sea-bathing. Facing the sea, opposite the Downs, is Walmer Castle, built by Henry VIII. WaI'mer, a post- village in O.'iford co., Ontario, 5 miles from Bright. Pop. 150. Walmsley, Adams co., 0. See Wamsley's. Walms'Iey, a seaport of Nova Scotia, co. of Pictou, on Pictou Harbor, opening into Northumberland Strait, 115 miles N.E. of Halifax. Wal'ney Island, a chapelry of England, oo. of Lan- «aster, between Moreeambe Bay and the estuary of the Duddon. Length, 9 miles. At its S. extremity is a light- house, and near this the " Pile of Fowdrey," a castle for- merly of groat strength, erected in 1327 for the protection of the harbor. Walnford, wSn'f^ird, a post-office of Monmouth co., N.J., about 14 miles S.E. of Trenton. Wal'nut, a post-offiee of Jackson co., Ga. Walnut, a post-village in Walnut township. Bureau CO., 111., on Green River and the Mendota S.ls'roMeh, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 45 miles S.W. of Liineburg, on the Bohme. Pop. 1959. Waltenberg, ftirten-b5RG\ a market-town of Tran- sylvania, CO. of Szolnok, 39 miles N.W. of Klausenburg. Walterborough, wol'tfr-biir-ruh, a post-village, capl- WAL 2340 WAL tal of Colleton co,, S.C, 12 miles N. of Green Pond Station, and about 45 miles W, by N. of Charleston. It has a news- paper office, 4 churches for whites, and 3 colored churches. Pop. 636. Walter Chap'el, a post-office of Lonoke oo., Ark. Walter Hill, a post-hamlet of Rutherford co., Tenn., 6 miles N. of Murfreesborough. It has 2 or 3 churches, 2 stores, and a grist-mill. Walter's, a post-office of Bedford co., Pa., 1 mile from Cessna Station. Waltersburg, wol't^rz-burg, a post-hamlet of Pope CO., 111., 20 miles from New Burnside. Waltersdorf, 'ft'^l't^rs-doRr, a village of Germany, Saxony, circle of Bautzen, on the Bohemian frontier, 7 miles ^V. of Zittau. Pop. 1470. Waltersdorf, a village of Prussian Silesia, 40 miles S.W. of Breslau. Pop. 1240. Waltersdorf, a village of Prussia, province of Bran- denburg, 38 miles S. of Berlin. Waltersdorf, a village of Germany, East Prussia, gov- ernment of Kbnigsberg. Waltersdorf, a village of Germany, grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar, 7 miles E.S.E. of Weida. Waltersdorf, a village of Bohemia, about 30 miles from Gitscbin. Pop. 1400. Waltersdorf, a village of Bohemia, circle of Chrudim, on a small stream, 10 miles from Landskron. Pop. 1700. Waltersdorf, Alt, 3,lt, a village of Prussian Silesia, government of Breslau, circle of Habelschwert. P. 1240. Waltersdorf, WUste, ^iis't^h, a village of Prussian Silesia, government of Breslau, circle of Waldenburg. Walter's Falls, a post-village in Grey co,, Ontario, on Big Head River, 14 miles S.W. of Meaford. There is a very pretty waterfall here, about 50 feet high. The village contains several mills and stores. Pop. 100. Waltershausen, \V^rt§rs-how'zen, a town of Central Germany, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 7 miles W. S.W. of Gotha, on the Bodewasser. A railway connects it with Friedrichroda. Pop. 4437. It has manufactures of linen, paper, leather, &e. Waltersliof, 'ft'irt^rs-hof^ a town of Bavaria, Upper Palatinate, 20 miles E. of Baireuth. Pop. 1109. Wal'terville, a post-office of Lane co., Oregon. Walthall, wol'thall, a station of the Stockton & Cop- peropolis Railroad, 9 miles E. of Stockton, Cal, vValthall, a post-village, capital of Sumner co., Miss., about 36 miles E.S.E. of Grenada. Walthall, a post-office of Taylor co., Tex. Walthall's Store, a post-office of Brunswick co., Va. Waltham, w6l'tam, a parish of England, co. of Lin- coln, 4 miles S.S.AV. of Grimsby, with a station on the East Lincolnshire Railway. Wal'tham, a township of La Salle co., III. Pop. 1115, Waltham, a post-hamlet of Tama co., Iowa, on Salt Creek, about 22 miles S.W. of Vinton. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Walthaiiiy a post-office of Hancock co,. Me., in Wal- tham township, 24 miles E.S.E. of Bangor. Here is a church. Pop. of the township, 366. Waltham, a beautiful post- village of Middlesex co., Mass., in Waltham township, on the Charles River, and on the Fitchburg Railroad, 10 miles W. of Boston. It is built principally on one street, which is more than a mile in length. It contains several fine churches, the New Church Institute of Education, a national bank, a savings-institu- tion, water-works, gas-works, and printing-offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers. The first large cotton-mill in the United States was erected here about 1S14. Waltham has now several cotton-factories which employ about COO hands. Here is also a manufactory of watches, — the largest in the Union, — employing 700 men and women. These watches have a high reputation. Prospect Hill, near this village, is about 480 feet high, and affords an extensive view of the surrounding country and of Boston. Pop. of the township in 1S50, 4464 j in 1860, 6397; in 1870, 9065; in 1875, 9967. Waltham, a township of Mower co., Minn., about 10 miles N.E. of Austin. Pop. 289. Waltham, a township of Addison co., Vt. Pop, 249. Waltham, Marathon co.. Wis. See Spencer. Waltham, a post-village in Pontiac co., Quebec, on Black River, a tributary of the Ottawa River, 65 miles N.W. of the city of Ottawa. Walt'ham-Ab'bey, or Holy Cross, a town of England, co. of Essex, on the Lea, 13 miles N.N.E. of London. Pop. 299S. The church, partly a portion of a famous abbey founded in the time of Canute and restored by Harold II., is one of the earliest specimens of Norman architecture in England. The Lea is here diverted into several channels, turning 4 powder-mills belonging to the government. Waltham has also corn- and silk-mills, a pin- factory, and malt-kilns. At Enfield Lock, 2 miles S., the government has a factory supplying annually about 10,000 percussion muskets. Waltham, Bishop's, England. See Bishop's Walt- ham. Waltham-Cross, a hamlet of England, co. of Herts, on the W. side of the river Lea, IJ miles W.S.W. of Walt- ham Abbey, and deriving its name from a cross erected here at one of the halting-places of the funeral procession of Eleanor, queen of Edward I., on its way to London. Walt'hamstow, a village of England, co. of Essex, on the Lea, 7 miles N.N.E. of London. It is chiefly inhabited by wealthy merchants of the metropolis, and is pleasantly situated on the borders of Epping Forest. Walthourville, w6I-thoor'vil, a post-village, capital of Liberty co., Ga., 44 miles S.W. of Savannah, and 2^ miles N.W. of AValthourville Station of the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad. It has 3 churches and an academy. Wal'toii,a hamlet of England, co. of Leicester, 4 miles N.E. of Lutterworth. Pop. 647. Walton, wol'tpn, a county in the N.W. part of Florida, bordering on Alabama and the Gulf of Mexico, has an area of about 1550 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Choctawhatchee River, and is drained by Shoal and Yellow Rivers. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively covered with forests of pine and other trees. The soil is sandy. Cattle, lumber, cotton, pork, and sugar-cane are the staple products. Capital, Euchee Anna. Valuation of real and personal estate, $250,000. Pop. in 1870, 3041, of whom 3018 were Americans. Walton, a county in the N. central part of Georgia, has an area of about 460 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Appalachee River, and is intersected by the Alcovy or Ulcofauhatchee River, one of the head- streams of the Ocmulgee. The surface is diversified by high ridges or hills, fertile vallej-s, and extensive forests of the oak, hiokory, and other trees. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, and pork are the staple products. Among its min- erals are granite and iron ore. The Georgia Railroad passes through the S. part of this county. Capital, Monroe. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $1,864,953. Pop. in 1870, 11,038, of whom 11,036 were Americans. Walton, a post-hamlet and station of Lee co.. Ill,, in Marion township, on the railroad between Amboy and Sterling. It has 2 stores and an elevator. Walton, a post-village of Cass co., Ind., on the rail- road which connects Logansport with Kokomo, 10 miles S.E. of Logansport. It has a newspaper office, a normal school, 4 churches, a flour-mill, 2 saw-mills, &c, Walton, a post-hamlet in AValton township, Harvey CO., Kansas, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa FI Railroad, 7 miles N.E. of Newton. It has a church and 2 stores. Pop. of the township, 429. Walton, a township of Labette co., Kansas. Pop. 568. Walton, a township of Sumner co., Kansas. Pop. 497. Walton, a post-village of Boone co., Ky., on the Louis- ville, Cincinnati & Lexington and Cincinnati Southern Railroads, 20 miles S. by W. of Cincinnati, 0. It has 3 churches, an academy, and a tobacco-factory. Walton, a township of Eaton co., Mich. Pop, 1645. Walton, a post-hamlet of Grand Traverse co., Mich., is at the junction of two branches of the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, 26 miles S.E. of Traverse City, and 21 miles N. of Cadillac. AValton, a post-office of Lafayette co., Miss. Walton, a station in Bergen oo., N.J., on the Northern Railroad of New Jersej^, 13 miles N. of Jersey City. Walton, a post-village in Walton township, Delaware CO., N.Y., on the Delaware River, in a deep valley, and on the New York tt Oswego Midland Railroad, at the junction of the Delhi Branch with the main line, 102 miles N.AV. of Middletown, and 17 miles S.W. of Delhi. It has 3 churches, an academy, a bank, a newspaper office, a tan- nery, and a foundry. Pop. 866 ; of the township, 3367. Walton, a post-ofiice of Newberry oo., S.C. Walton, a post-office of Van Zandt co., Tex. Walton, a post-hamlet of Roane co., W. Va., on the Pocotaligo River, 30 miles N. of Charleston. It has 3 stores, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Wal'tonborough, a post-office of Gallatin co., lU. AVal'ton-le-I>ale,a township of England, co. of Lan- caster, on a height beside the Derwent, near tho Wyre & Preston Railway, 2 miles S.S.E. of Preston. Pop. 8117, chiefly engaged in cotton-manufactures. WAL 2341 WAN Walton Mills, a post-village of Washington co., Mo., 8 miles W. of Potosi. It has 2 churches. Lead is found near here. Walton-on-So'ken, a village and parish of Eng- land, CO. of Essex, on the coast, 12 miles S.E. of Manning- tree. The village is resorted to as a watering-place, and has a handsome terrace, hotel, and jetty. On the Naze is a brick tower, SO feet in height, forming a sea-mark. Pop. of parish, 1070. VValton-on-the-Hill, a town and parish of Eng- land, CO. of Lancaster, 3 miles N.E. of Liverpool. It has several cotton-manufactories, endowed schools, and man- sions belonging to Liverpool merchants. Pop. of parish, 150,939. Walton's, a station in Alleghany co.. Pa., on the Pittsburg, Virginia & Charleston Railroad, 24 miles S. by E. of Pittsburg. Walton-upon-Thames, a parish of England, co. of Surrey, on the Thames, here crossed by a bridge, with a station on the London & Southwestern Railway, 17 miles W.S.W. of London. The church has some fine monuments, and in the parish are many elegant villas and seats. Pop. 5383. Walt's Mills, a post-ofiBce of Westmoreland co., Pa. Waltz, a post-hamlet in Waltz township, AVabash co., Ind., 4 miles S. of Wabash, and about 30 miles E. by S. of Logansport. It has 2 churches and a woollen-mill. The township is intersected by the Mississinewa River, and con- tains a village named Somerset. Pop. 2361. Waltz, a post- village in Huron township, Wayne co., Mich., near the Huron River, and on the Flint & Pero Marquette Railroad, 14 miles N. of Monroe. It has 2 churches, 2 hotels, a lumber-mill, &c. Pop. about 300. Waluiki, a town of Russia. See Valooiki. Walvisch Bay, Africa. See Walfish Bay. Wal'worth, a ehapelry of England, co. of Surrey, a suburb of the metropolis, 2-i miles S. of St. Paul's, London. Walworth, wol'worth, a southern county of Wisconsin, bordering on Illinois, has an area of 576 square miles. It is drained by Turtle Creek, an affluent of Rock River, and by Honey, Geneva, and Sugar Creeks, affluents of the Fox or Pishtaka River. The surface is undulating, and is finely diversified with prairies, forests, and small lakes. Geneva Lake, the largest of these, is about 9 miles long. Among the forest trees are the ash, elm, hickory, and oak. The soil is very fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, wool, cattle, hay, pork, and butter are the staple products. Silu- rian limestone underlies a large part of the surface. This county is intersected by the Western Union Railroad and a branch of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Capi- tal, Elkhorn. Valuation of real and personal estate, $29,560,000. Pop. in 1S70, 25,972, of whom 20,822 were Americans; in 1875, 26,259. Walworth, a post-village in Walworth township, Wayne co., N.Y., about 20 miles E. of Rochester, and 5 miles N. by W. of Palmyra. It has 2 churches, an acad- emy, and a nursery. Pop. 362; of the township, 2394. Walworth, a post-village and township of Walworth CO., Wis., about 24 miles E.S.E, of Janesville, and 3 miles W. of Geneva Lake. It has 2 churches, 2 stores, and a grist-mill. Total pop. 1270. Walzenhausen, w5.1t'sen-how^z^n, a village of Swit- zerland, canton of Appenz.ell, on a hill at the extremity of the Rheinthal, with a church so commandingly situated that the Tyrolese mountains are seen and 92 churches counted from it. Pop. 2235. Wambeek, ^^m'bik\ a village of Belgium, province of Brabant, 9 miles W. of Brussels. Pop. 1481. Wamberg, ^am'bSRG, a town of Bohemia, 24 miles E.S.E. of Koniggratz. Pop. 2733. Wambool, New South Wales. See Macqtjarie. Wambrechies, v6M'breh-shee', a town of France, de- partment of Nord, 4 miles N. of Lille. Pop. 2112. WamegO, wah-me'go, a post-village of Pottawatomie CO., Kansas, in Wamego township, on the N. bank of the Kansas River, and on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, 37 miles W. by N. of Topeka, and 15 miles E. of Manhattan, It has a money-order post-office, a bank, a newspaper office, a high school, and 2 churches. Pop. of township, 1000. Wamel, wa'm^l, a village of the Netherlands, in Gel- derland, on the Waal, opposite Thiol. Wamnia, an island of the Aroo group. Chief town, DoBBO (which see). Wampoo, wom'poo, a post-office of Pulaski co., Ark. Wamps'ville, a post-village in Lenox township, Madison co., N.Y., on the New York Central Railroad, 2.S miles E. of Syracuse. It has a church and about 25 houses. "Wam'pum, a post-village in Big Beaver township, Lawrence co., Pa., on the Beaver River, and on the Pitts- burg & Lake Erie Railroad, 9 miles S, of New Castle. Wams'ley's, or Walms'ley, a post-hamlet of Adams CO., 0., 14 miles N. of Rome. It has 2 churches, a grist- mill, and a lumber-mill. Wan, a city of Turkish Armenia. See Van. Wanamie, wan'a-mee, a post-office and mining village of Luzerne co.. Pa., in Newport township, on the Nanticoke Branch of the Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroad, 12 miles W.S.W. of Wilkesbarre. It has 2 churches, and 2 large coal-breakers. Anthracite is quarried here. Wanainingo, wan^a-ming'go, or Wanaminga, wan^a-ming'ga, a post-village in Wanaraingo township, Goodhue co., Minn., on the North Fork of the Zumbro River, about 24 miles E. of Faribault, and 22 miles S.W. of Red Wing. Pop. of the township in 1875, 1559. Wanaque, wah'na-kee, or Wyn'okie, a post-village of Passaic co., N.J., on Ringwood River, and on the Mont- clair & Greenwood Lake Railroad, 23 miles N. of Newark. Wanari, wah'na-re, a post-office of Bon Homme co., Dakota. Wanas, wS.'n3,s, a town of Sweden, ]a?.n of Linkoping, with an important fortress at the mouth of the Canal of Gotha, in Lake Wetter. Wanatah, wah'na-tah, a post-village of La Porte co., Ind., in Clinton township, on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad where it crosses the Louisville, New Al- bany & Chicago Railroad, 9 miles E.S.E. of Valparaiso, and 21 miles S. of Michigan City. It contains the Enterprise Seminary and 4 churches. Pop. about 700. Wanchow, wS,n-chow', or Tuiigow-Ching, tun^- gow^-ching', written also Wen-Tcheou-Fou, a town and treaty-port of China, province of Che-Kiang, 150 miles S. of Ning-Po, at the mouth of a river of its own name. Lat. 28° N. Its streets are intersected by canals and ex- posed to frequent inundation. It has manufactures of silk, shamsoo, and soy. Pop. 200,000. Wanda, won'da, a post-office of Madison co., 111., on the St. Louis & Edwardsville Railroad, about 16 miles N.E. of St. Louis. Wandersleben, ^S,n'ders-li^ben, a market-town of Prussian Saxony, 10 miles S.W. of Erfurt. Pop. 1102. Wandipoor, wS,nMe-poor', a town of Bootan, 18 miles E. of Tassisudon, on an isolated rock. It has many eccle- siastical establishments. Wandiwash, w^nMe-wish', a town of British India, presidency and 58 miles S.W. of Madras. Here, in 1760, the French were defeated by the British. Wandorf, ^d^n'doaf, a town of Hungary, co. and about 2 miles from Oedenburg. In the vicinity are the extensive coal-mines of Brennberg. Wandr6, -^ftiipMri', a village of Belgium, province and 4 miles E.N.E. of Liege. Pop. 2936. Wandsbeck, ^^nds'bSk, a town of Prussia, in Hol- stein, 3 miles N.E. of Hamburg. Pop. 13,528. It has a royal castle and park, 4 well-frequented annual fairs, and manufactures of chemicals, woollen cloth, leather, &c. It is a favorite summer resort of the merchants of Hamburg. Wandsworth, w6nz'w9rth, a large village of England, CO. of Surrey, on the Wandle, near its mouth in theTharaes, on the Southwestern Railway, 5 miles S.W. of St. Paul's, and now included within the city of London. Pop. in 1871, 19,783. It contains a royal hospital for incurables, royal patriotic asylum, county prison, and lunatic asylum. The village, on and between two low hills, has numerous manu* factories for bolting-cloths, vinegar, white lead, and othep chemical products, distilleries, calico-printing- and iron- works, and linseed-oil-, flour-, and other mills. Around tho village are many handsome detached mansions. Waneka, wan'e-ka, a post-office of Dunn co.. Wis., about 12 miles AV, of Eau Claire. Wanfercee-Baulet, ■*6N'»^f5R'si'-boMi', a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 8 miles N.N.E. of Charleroi. Pop. of commune, 3940. Wanfried, win'freet, a walled town of Germany, in Hesse-Casscl, province of Nieder-Hessen, on the Werra, 5 miles E. of Eschwege. Pop. 2020. Wanganui, wa.n-g3.-noo'ee, a river of New Zealand, North Island, enters the ocean on its W. coast, 60 miles S.E. of New Plymouth. On it is the village of Petre. Wangari, wAn-gi'ree, a bay of New Zealand, on the E. coast of North Island, 65 miles N.N.W. of Auckland. Wangaroa, wS,n-gS,-ro'4, a bay of New Zealand, on the E. coast of North Island, 140 miles N.N.W. of Auckland. Wangaroa, a harbor and river of New Zealand, North Island, 53 miles S. of Auckland. WAN 2342 WAR Wangaruru, win-gA-roo'roo, a bay of New Zealand, E. coast of North Island, 110 miles N.N.W. of Auckland. Wangen, <^S.ng'en, a town of Wiirtemberg, circle of Danube, on the Ober-Argen, 50 miles S.W. of Ulm. Pop. of town, 220S ; of commune, 2604. Wangen, a town of Switzerland, canton of Bern, on the Aar, about 24 miles N.N.E. of Bern. Pop. 1107. Wangen, a village of Wiirtemberg, circle of Neckar, near Cannstadfc, on the Neckar. Pop. 1839. Wangen, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton of Schwytz, about 24 miles S.E. of Zurich. Pop. 1524. Waiigerin, \Ving-eh-reen', a town of Prussian Pome- rania, 24 miles N.E. of'Stargard. Pop. 2587. Wangeroog, *5,ng'er-og\ or Wangeroge, Mng'§r- o^gheh, an island of North Germany, grand duchy of Ol- denburg, in the North Sea, otf the estuary of the Jahde and Weser. Pop. 350. It has extensive oyster-beds, Wiingi, \t5ng'ghee, a village of Switzerland, in Thurgau, on the Murg, 5 miles S.E. of Frauenfeld, Pop. 681. Wangs, a post-oBice of Goodhue co., Minn, Wan'kaneer^ a town of India, Baroda dominions, peninsula of Guzerat, 70 miles N.N.E. of Joonaghur. Waulin, winHeen', written also Ouanlin and Ooan- ]in, a town of Manchooria, on the Soongaree ; lat. 47i° N. Wan'lock-Head, a mining village of Scotland, co, of Dumfries, at the head of the Wanlock Rivulet, 5^ miles E.N.E. of Sanquhar, and 13S0 feet above the sea. Pop. 772, employed in mines belonging to the Duke of Buccleugh, which yield chiefly lead ore, but also small quantities of copper, manganese, and gold. The neat village, on a hill- side amidst fine mountain-scenery, has a church and a miners' library. Wannebecq, w4n'neh-bailO, a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, 24 miles N.N.E. of Mons. Wanseiij -ft^in's^n, a town of Prussian Silesia, 23 miles E.S.E. of Breslau, on the Ohlau. Pop, 1913. Wans'ford, a parish of England, co. of Northampton, with a station on the Peterborough Branch of the London A Northwestern Kailway, 7 miles W. of Peterborough. Wan'ship, a post-hamlet of Summit co., Utah, on We- ber River, about 40 miles E. of Salt Lake City. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a hotel. Pop. about 300. Waii'skuck, a village in the 10th ward of Providence, R.I., 2i miles N. by W. of the central portion of the city. It has a woollen-mill and 3 churches. Pop. in 1875, 905. Wan'stead, a parish and town of England, co, of Essex, on the Roding, 6 miles N.E. of London. Pop. of parish, 5119. It has an orphan asylum, founded in 1841. Wan'tage, a parish and market-town of England, co. of Berks, in the Vale of the White-Horse, on a branch of the Ock, and on the Wilts & Berks Canal, 3 miles S. of the Great Western Railway, 21 miles W.N.W. of Reading. Pop, of the town, 3295. It has a handsome cruciform church, manufactures of sacking and coarse cloths, and an active trade in malt and corn. Wantage, won'taj, a township of Sussex co., N.J. Pon. 3636. It contains Deckertown. Wantoong, or Wautung, w^nHoong', North and South, two islets in the Canton River, China, between the islands of An-Ung-Hoy and Tycocktow. Wanyanee, or Wanyani, w^n-y^'nee, one of the principal arras or channels by which the waters of the In- dus enter the sea. Its length is nearly 20 miles. Wanzenau, w^nt'seh-now\ or La Wantzenau (Fr. pron. Id. v6Nt^z§h-no'), a village of Germany, in Alsace, near the Rhine, 6 miles N.N.E. of Strasburg. Pop, 2154. Wanzleben, wints'li^ben, a walled town of Prussian Saxony, 10 miles S.W. of Magdeburg. Pop. 3977. Wapakoneta, wah-pa-kon-et'ta, a post-village, capi- tal of Auglaize co., 0., in Duchouquet township, on the Auglaize River, and on the Dayton *& Michigan Railroad, 12 miles S. by W. of Lima, and 31 miles N. of Piqua. It contains a court-house, 6 churches, a banking-house, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, a union school, 2 steam flouring-mills, and a woollen-mill. It has also manufactures of sash, tiles, wheels, &c. Pop. 2150. Wapella, wah-pel'la, a post-village of De Witt co., 111., in Wapella township, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 18 miles S. of Bloomington, and 4 miles N. of Clinton. It has 4 churches, a graded school, a flour-mill, and a repair- shop of the railroad. Pop. of the township, 1437. Wapello, waw'pel-lo, a county in the S.E. part of Iowa, has an area of 432 square miles. It is intersected by the Des Moines River, which runs southeastward and di- vides it into nearly equal parts. It is also drained by Cedar and Soap Creeks. The surface is gently undulating, and is extensively covered with forests of the ash, elm, hickory, black walnut, white oak, maple, wild cherry, Ac. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, hay, cattle, pork, and butter are the staple products. Among its mineral resources are bituminous coal, which is abundant, and good limestone. This county is intersected by the Keokuk & Des Moines and Burlington & Missouri River Railroads. The St, Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad terminates at Ottumwa, which is the capital of this county. Valuation of real and personal estate, $8,556,779. Pop. in 1870, 22,346, of whom 2168 were Americans ; in 1875, 23,865. Wapello, a ]>ost-village, capital of Louisa co., Iowa, in Wapello township, on the W. bank of the Iowa River (here crossed by a bridge), about 6 miles W. of the Mississippi River, and 21 miles S. by W. of Muscatine. It is on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railroad, 30 miles N. of Burlington. It contains a court-house, 5 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a banking-house, a large flouring -mill, a woollen-mill, and a foundry. Pop. 933; of the township, excluding the village, 959. Wapeton, Dakota. See AVahpeton. Wapinitia, w6p-e-nish-e-a, a post-office of Wasco co., Oregon. Waplesville, wop'elz-vil, a post-hamlet of Sussex co., Del., near Indian River, 8 miles W. of Ocean View. It has a church and a grist-mill. Wapping, wip'ping, a parish of England, co. of Mid- dlesex, 2 miles E.S.E. of St. Paul's, London, and included within the metropolis. It borders on the Thames, on which are many large warehouses, and the entrances from the Thames to the London Docks. Wapping, wop'ping, a post-hamlet of Hartford co., Conn., 2 miles from South Windsor Station, and about 7 miles E.N.E. of Hartford. It has 2 churches and a brick- yard. Wapping, a hamlet of Eranklin co., Mass., in Deer- field township, 1 mile from Deerfield Station. It has about 20 houses. Wapping, a station in Warren co., Va., on the Vir- ginia Midland Railroad (Manassas division), 4^ miles E. of Front Royal. Wappinger's (wop'pin-jers) Creek, Dutchess co., N.Y., runs nearly southwestward, and enters the Hudson River 8 miles S. of Poughkeepsie. Wappinger's Falls, a post-village of J)utchess co., N.Y., on Wappinger's Creek, 14 miles from its entrance into the Hudson River, and 8 miles S. of Poughkeepsie. It is mostly in Fishkill township, and partly in Poughkeep- sie. It contains 5 churches, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, a savings-bank, several machine-shops, an overall-factory, a cotton-mill, calico-printing-works, and 2 comb-factories. The creek aflTords much water-power here. In 1876 this place and Channingville were incorporated, under the name of "Village of Wappinger's Falls." Pop. in 1870, 2263. Wapsin'onoc, a township of Muscatine co., Iowa. Pop. 1944. Wap^sipin'icon River rises by two branches near the northern boundary of Iowa, in Howard and Mitchell cos., and runs in aS.S.E. direction to Independence, below which it flows nearly southeastward through the cos. of Linn and Jones. It finally forms the boundary between Clinton and Scott COS., and enters the Mississippi River about 12 miles below the city of Clinton. Its length is about 250 miles. Wapwallopen, wap'wol-lo-peu, a creek of Luzerne CO., Pa., flows into the Susquehanna. Wapwallopen, a post-village of Luzerne co.. Pa., in Conyngham township, on the Susquehanna River, 2 miles S.E. of llicks Ferry Station, and 20 miles S.W. of Wilkes- barre. It has a church. Waqua, wa'kwa, a post-office of Brunswick co., Va. Waquoit, waw-kwoit', a post-hamlet of Barnstable co., Mass., in Falmouth township, on a small inlet of the ocean, about 24 miles E. by S. of New Bedford. It has a church and a woollen-factory. Wara, w5,'r^, a town of Central Africa, state of Waday, about 30 miles N. of Abesher. Waradein, See Grosswardein. War^aju' River, in the southern part of Minnesota, falls into St. Peter's River, W. of Miirrahtanka Lake. Length, about 80 miles. Warangol, wi-rin-gol', or Warangnl, wi-riu-gul', a city of India, Decoan, Nizam's dominions, 87 miles N.E, of Hyderabad. Warasdin, or Varasdin, vi'rAs-din* (Hun. Vamsd, v5hVoshd')j a fortified town of Austrian Croatia, capital of the county, on the Drave, 28 miles N.N.E. of Agram. Pop, 10,623. It has a Roumn Catholic college, a high school, manufactures of stone-wares, silks, tobacco, and WAR 2 vinegar. In the yicinity are sulphur baths and extensive vineyards. Warberg, -ftaR'bSRO, a seaport town of South Sweden, lasn and 36 miles N.W. of Halmstad, on the Cattegat. Pop. 2407. Its harbor is safe and convenient. It is much frequented in summer for sea-bathing. War'blington, a parish of England, eo. of Hants, 7 miles S.E. of Havant. It has an ancient church, and pic- turesque ruins of a castle. Warburg, ■fraR'booRO, a walled town of Prussian West- phalia, 37 miles S.S.E. of Minden, on the Diemel. Pop. 43S0. It has manufactures of linens and tobacco. Ward, a post-office of Yell co.. Ark. Ward, Randolph oo., G-a. See Nochway. Ward, a township of Randolph co., Ind. Pop. 1614. Ward, a township of Clarke co., Iowa. Pop. 421. Ward, a post-office of Wilson co., Kansas, about 22 miles S. by W. of Humboldt. Ward, a post-office of White Pine co., Nevada. Ward, a township of Alleghany co., N.Y. Pop. 745. Ward, a township of Hocking oo., 0. Pop. 1305. Ward, a township of Tioga co., Pa. Pop. 285. Ward, a post-office of Overton co., Tenn. Ward, a station of the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fg Rail- road, 4 miles E. of Richmond, Tex. War'da, a post-office of Fayette co., Tex. Ward'borough, a hamlet of Warren oo., N.Y., 17 miles S.W. of Ticonderoga. Ward City, a post-office of Johnson co., Ky. Ward District, a post-office and mining-camp of Boulder co., Col., S miles N. of Caribou. Gold and silver are found here. Warde, a town of Denmark. See Varde. Wardein, Hungary. See Grosswardein. Wardena, Fayette co., Iowa. See Wadena. War'densville, a post-hamlet of Hardy co., W. Va., on the Great Cacapon River, about 25 miles W.S.W. of Winchester, Va. It has 2 churches. Wardoe, an island of Norway. See Vardoe. Wardsborough, warJz'bilr-rfih, a post-village in Wardsborough township, Windham co., Vt., about 25 miles E.N.E. of Bennington. It has manufactures of butter- tubs, &e. Pop. of the township, 866. Ward's Corners, a post-hamlet of Buchanan co., Iowa, about 18 miles N.E. of Independence. It has a church and a wagon-shop. Wards'fork Mills, a post-hamlet of Charlotte co., Va., 10 miles from Pamplin City. It has a church, a flour- mill, and a saw-mill. Ward's Grove, township, Jo Daviess co.. 111. P. 530. Ward's Harbor, a hamlet in the district of Twillin- gate and Fogo, Newfoundland, at the mouth of Hall's Bay, 23 miles from Tilt Cove. Large quantities of salmon are annually preserved here. Pop. 290. Ward's Island, New York co., N.Y. Pop. 1760. Ward's Mill, a post-office of Williamson co., 111. Ward's Mill, a post-office of Onslow co., N.C. Ward's Mill, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., Va., about 30 miles S. of Max Meadows. Ward's Mills, a post-office of Claiborne parish. La. Ward's Peak, Montana, a peak of the Rooky Moun- tains, in lat. 45° 30' N. Its altitude is computed to be 10,371 feet above the level of the sea. Ward's Springs, a post-office of Pittsylvania co.,Va., on the Virginia Midland Railroad, 28 miles N. of Danville. Here is a sulphur spring. Ward's Station, a post-hamlet of Washington co., 0., 19 miles E.N.E. of Marietta. It has 2 churches. Ward's Store, a post-office of Robeson co., N.C. Ward's Turn-Out, a post-hamlet of Edgefield co., S.C, on the Charlotte, Columbia i, Augusta Railroad, about 40 miles W. of Columbia. It has a church. Wards'ville, a village in Middlesex co., Ontario, on the river Thames, 3 miles from Newbury. It contains sev- eral churches, an iron-foundry, and a number of stores and mills. Pop. 539. Ward'ville, a village of Genesee oo., N.Y., in Bergen township, near Black Creek and the New York Central Railroad, 18 miles W.S.W. of Rochester, and about J mile N. of Bergen. Pop. 788. Wardville,a post-hamlet of Chowan co., N.C, 4 miles E. of the Chowan River. It has 2 stores. Ware, a market-town of England, co. and 2i miles E.N.E. of Hertford, on the left bank of the Lea, and on the Enfield Branch of the Eastern Counties Railway. Pop. 4917. It is well built, and has a large cruciform church, and an active trade. The town was founded by Edward the t3 AVAR Elder, at the j)lace of a wear or dock previously formed by the invading Danes. Ware, a southern county of Georgia, bordering on Flor- ida, has an area of about 850 square miles. It is inter- sected by the Satilla (or Santilhi) River, The surface is level, and mostly covered with forests and swamps. The southern part is occupied by the Okefinokee Swamp. Among its indigenous trees are the bay tree, palmetto, and pine. The soil is sandy and inferior. Cattle, sugar-cane, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad and the Bruns- wick & Albany Railroad. Capital, Way Cross. Valuation of real and personal estate, $'i02,504. Pop. in 1870, 2286, of whom 22S0 were Americans. Ware, a post-village in Ware township, Hampshire co., Mass., on a river of the same name, and on the Ware River Railroad, 27 miles E.N.E. of Springfield, and about 26 miles W. of Worcester. It contains 4 or more churches, a high school, a national bank with a capital of $400,000, a savings-bank, a gas-light company, several cotton-factories and woollen-mills, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. of the township, 4142. Ware, Oceana co., Mich. See Weare. War £agle, a post-office of St. Charles co., Mo. War Eagle Mills, a post-office of Benton co., Ark. War £agle River, Arkansas, a small stream which rises in Madison co., runs northward and northwestward, and enters White River about 15 miles S.E. of Bentonville. Ware'ham, a parliamentary and municipal borough and town of England, co. of Dorset, between the Frome and Piddle, each here crossed by a bridge, about 1 mile from their mouths in Poole Harbor, and with a station on the Southwestern Railway, 15^ miles E.S.E. of Dorchester. Pop. of parliamentary borough in 1871, 6532 j of the town, 2536. The town is laid out with great regularitj', and sur- rounded by an earth rampart, between which and the streets are many gardens for market produce, and traces of ancient buildings. It has an old church, a new town hall, a free school, other endowed schools, almshouses, a union work- house, and manufactures of stockings, shirt-buttons, and straw plait. About 10,U00 tons of pipe-clay are annually exported J but its trade has declined with the shallowing of its harbor, which is now accessible only by small craft, AYith Corfe Castle it sends one member to Parliament. Ware'ham, a post-village in Wareham township, Ply- mouth CO., Mass., on Buzzard's Bay, and on the Old Colony Railroad, 49 miles S.S.E. of Boston, and about 16 miles N.E. of New Bedford. It has 2 or 3 churches, a national bank, a savings-bank, a newspaper office, and manufactures of nails, brass, &c. Pop. of the township, 2874. It con- tains also Tremont, or West Wareham. Ware'house Point, a post-village in East AVindsor township, Hartford co., Conn., on the E. bank of the Con- necticut River, opposite the village of Windsor Locks, 12 miles N. of Hartford. It has 3 churches and a silk-thread- mill. Pop. about 1100. Warehouse Point Station on the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad is 1^ miles N. of the village. Here is a noble iron railroad-bridge over the Connecticut River. Waremme, *ah-Sra', written also Warem, a, small town of Belgium, province and 13 miles W. of Liege, on the railway between Brussels and Cologne. Pop. 1990. Waren, -fri'ren, a town of Germany, in Mecklenburg- Schwerin, duchy and 54 miles E.S.E. of Schwerin, on Lake MUritz. It has manufactures of brandy, woollen cloth, linen, machinery, &c. Pop. 5852. Warendorf, *S,'ren-doRf, a town of Prussian West- phalia, 16 miles E. of Munster, on the Ems. Pop. 4761. It has manufactures of damask, cotton goods, linens, &c. Ware River, Massachusetts, rises in Worcester co., runs southwestward, and unites with the Swift River near the N. border of Hampden co. It is one of the branches of the Chicopee. Waresborough, wairs'bur-riih, a post-village of Ware CO., Ga., near the Satilla River, and on the Brunswick & Albany Railroad, 67 miles W. of Brunswick. It has 2 churches, a steam saw-mill, S stores, &c. Pop. about 400. It is surrounded by forests of yellow pine. Waresville, wairz'vil, a post-office of Uvalde co., Tex. Waresville, a post-office of Fauquier co., Va. Ware's Whari, a post-office of Essex co., Va. Ware'towa, or Waer'town, a post-village of Ocean CO., N.J., on Barnegat Bay, and on the Tuckerton Railroad, at its junction with the New Jersey Southern Railroad, 14 miles N.N.E. of Tuckerton, and 12 miles S. of Toms River, It has 3 churches. Pop. about 350. WaretOAvn Junction. See Barnegat Junction. WAR 2344 WAR Warfiiim, waRf'foom, a village of the Netherlands, in Groningen, 14 miles W.N.W. of Appingedam. Pop. of commune, 2072. War'field, a post-village, capital of Martin oo., Ky., on the Tug Fork of Sandy Kiver, about 150 miles E. of Lex- ington. It has manufactures of salt. Coal is found here. Warfleld, a post-office of Buchanan eo.. Mo. War'fleldburg, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., Md., 3 miles S. of Avondale Station, and about 30 miles N.W. of Baltimore. It has 1 or 2 churches. Pop. 100. War'fordsburg, a post-hamlet of Fulton co.. Pa., on Conoloway Creek, about 30 miles S.E. of Bedford. It has a tannery and several churches. War Gap, a post-hamlet of Hawkins co., Tenn., 13 miles N.N.W. of Uogersville. Marble is found near it. Wargia, a town of Algeria. See Ooargla. Warhem, van^Sm', a village of France, in Nord, 7 miles S.E. of Dunkirk. Pop. 1123. Warili, wi-reen', a town of North Germany, in Meok- lenburg-Schwerin, 12 miles S.E. of Wismar. Pop. 1743. waring, a village of Austria. See Waheing. War'ing, a station in Alleghany co.. Pa., on the Alle- ghany Valley Railroad, 6i miles N.E. of Pittsburg. War'ingstown, a town of Ireland, Ulster, co. of Down, 6i miles E. of Portadown. Pop. 671, employed in extensive cambric- and linen-manufactures. Wark'worth, a parish and village of England, eo. of Northumberland, on the Coijuet, 1 mile from the North Sea, with a station on the Newcastle & Berwick Railway, 6^ miles S.E. of Alnwick. Warkworth Castle, much dilapi- dated, is on the S. bank of the Coquet; and about 1 mile distant is Warkworth Hermitage, also on the Coquet. Wark'worth (formerly called Percy), a post-village in Northumberland co., Ontario, on Mill Creek, 15 miles N. of Colborne. It has 3 churches, 2 hotels, about 20 stores, and several mills and factories. Pop. 800. War'lick's Mills, a post-hamlet of Burke co., N.C., 5 miles S. of loard Station. It has a church, an oil-mill, and a tannery. Warloy-Baillon, vaR^lw3,'-b4h'y6N»', a village of France, in Somme, 13 miles N.E. of Amiens. Pop. 1861. Warmbruun, ^aam'bRoon', a town of Prussian Sile- sia, 31 miles S.W. of Liegnitz, on the Zacken. Pop. 2998. It hiis sulphur baths and manufactures of linens. Warm Fork, a post-office of Oregon co.. Mo. Warmia and Warinie. See Ermeland. War'ininster, a market-town of England, co. of Wilts, at the W. extremity of Salisbury Plain, on the Wiley, and on a branch of the Great Western Railroad, 21 miles W.N.W. of Salisbury. Pop. 5786. It has manufactures of hair-cloth, and weaving and malting are the principal branches of industry. Near it many Roman antiquities have been discovered. War'minster, a post-hamlet in Warminster township, Bucks CO., Pa., 18 miles by rail N. of Philadelphia. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 840. Warminster, a post-hamlet of Nelson co., Va., on the James River, about 36 miles N.N.E. of Lynchburg. It has a church, a seminary, and a mine of manganese. War'ininster, a post-village in Simcoe co., Ontario, 8 miles W.N.W. of Orillia. Pop. 120. Warm Springs, a post-hamlet of Randolph co.. Ark., 30 miles from O'Kean Station. Here are mineral springs. Warm Springs, a post-ofRce and summer resort of Meriwether CO., Ga., is finely situated on a spur of Pine Mountain, about 40 miles N.N.E. of Columbus. Here is a remarkable mineral spring which has a temperature of 90° Fahr. and discharges about 1400 gallons in a minute. The water contains magnesia, carbonic acid, &c. Fine bathing-houses and a large hotel have been erected here. Warm Springs, a post-office of Deer Lodge co., Mon- tana, 17 miles S. by W, of Deer Lodge City. Warm Springs, a post-village and summer resort of, Madison co., N.C., in Warm Springs township, on the French Broad River, near the E. base of the Iron Mountain, and about 70 miles E. of Knoxville, Tenn. It is surrounded by picturesque scenery. Pop. of the township, 49S. vVarm Springs, a post-office of Wasco co., Oregon. Warm Springs, a hamlet of Perry co., Pa., 7 miles S.S.W. of New Bloomfield. Here are medicinal springs. Warm Springs, Virginia. See Bath Couut-Hoose. Warm Springs, a post-office of Carbon co., Wyoming, 26 miles S. of Fort Fred Steele. Here is a mineral spring. Warna, Bulgaria. See Varna. Warnabin, or Warnavin, See Varnavih. Warnemunde, ftaR'n^h-miin^^h, a seaport town of North Germany, in Meoklenburg-Sch\verin,at the mouth of the Warnow in the Baltip, 7 miles N.N.W. of Rostock, of which it is the outport. Pop. 1765. War'ner, a township of Chippewa co., Mich. P. 238. Warner, a post-office of Kandiyohi co., Minn. Warner, a station in Douglas oo., Neb., on the Omaha & Northwestern Railroad, 12 miles N.N.W. of Omaha. Warner, a post- village in Warner township, Merrimack CO., N.H., on a river of the same name, and on the Concord & Claremont Railroad, 18^ miles W.N.W. of Concord, and about 6 miles S. of Mount Kearsarge. It has 2 churches, a national bank, a savings-bank, a free high school, and manufactures of straw board. Pop. of township, 1667. Warner, a post-hamlet of Washington co., 0., in Salem township, on the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleveland Railroad, 18 miles N. of Marietta. It has several churches. Warner's, a post-hamlet of Onondaga co., N.Y., on the New York Central Railroad, 9 miles W. by N. of Syra- cuse. It has a church. Warner's Ranch, a township of San Diego co., CaL Pop. 246. War'nersville, a post-hamlet in Fairfield township, Madison co., 0., about 20 miles S.W. of Columbus. It has a church. War'nerville, a post-hamlet of Meriwether co., Ga., 14 miles S. of Senoia. It has a church. Warnerville, a post-office of Middlesex co., Mass. Warnerville, a post-village in Richmondville town- ship, Schoharie oo., N.Y., on Cobleskill Creek, and on the Albany &. Susquehanna Railroad, 48 miles W. of Albany. It haa 2 churches and 1 or 2 tanneries. Warneton, *aRn't6No', or Waerten, *|R'ten, a fron- tier town of Belgium, in West Flanders, on tlie Lys, 8 miles S.E. of Ypres. Pop. 3131, engaged in breweries, salt- refineries, and manufactures of chocolate and starch. War'ning, Mount, New South Wales, East Australia, on the Tweed, lat. 28° 24' S., Ion. 153° 15' E., ia 3300 feet in elevation. War'nock, a post-village of Belmont oo., 0., on the Central Ohio Railroad, 12 miles W. of Bellaire. It has 2 churches. Warnow, \VaR'now or waR'nov, a river of Germany, rises S. of Sternberg, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, flows first W., then N.E., then N., and falls into the Baltic at Warne- miinde. Length, 70 miles. Warnsdorf, ftanns'doRf, orWermirowice,ft5n-me- TO-vreat'sk, a village of Moravia, circle of Prerau. P. 1180. Warnsfeld, waRns'fSlt, or Warnsveld, waRns'f^lt, a village of the Netherlands, province of Gelderland, 22 miles S.W. of Arnhem. Pop. 2329. War'pole, a post-office of Wyandot co., 0. Warree, war'ree\ a town of Guinea, in the delta of the Niger, 58 miles S. of Benin. Lat. 5° 32' N. ; Ion. 5° 28' E. War'ren, a county in the N.E. pfirt of Georgia, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Ogeechee River, and is partly drained by Little River and Rocky Comfort Creek. The surface is uneven or hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests. The soil is mostly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. This county has an abundance of granite. It is intersected by the Georgia Railroad. Cap- ital, Warrenton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,619,238. Pop. in 1870, 10,545, of whom 10,500 were Americans. Warren, a county in the N.W. part of Illinois, has an area of 540 square miles. It is drained by Henderson's River and Swan Creek. The surface is nearly level. The soil is very fertile. A large part of it is prairie. Indian corn, oats, hay, cattle, wheat, pork, and butter are the staple products. Among its mineral resources are bituminous coal and limestone. This county is intersected by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad and the St. Louis, Rock Island & Chicago Railroad. Capital, Monmouth. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, $5,187,544. Pop. in 1870, 23,174, of whom 20,884 were Americans. Warren, a county in the W. part of Indiana, border- ing on Illinois, has an area of about 360 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Wabash River, and is inter- sected by Big Pine Creek. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and woodlands. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, cattle, wheat, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. Bituminous coal is found here. This county is travei-sed by the Wabash Railroad. Capital, Williamsport. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 10,204, of whom 9744 were Americans. Warren, a county in the S. centra! part of Iowa, has WAR 2345 WAR an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the North, Middle, and South Rivers, affluents of the Des Moines, which runs through the N.E. part of the county. It is also drained by Otter and White Breast Creeks. The surface is undulating. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, hay, cattle, oats, pork, and butter are the staple products. This county has plenty of hard timber, including oak, ash, and hickory, and has mines of bitu- minous coal. It is intersected by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, Capital, Indianola. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,914,000. Pop. in 1870, 17,980, of whom 17,262 were Americans. Warren, a county in the S. part of Kentucky, has an area of about 580 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Green River, and intersected by the Big Barren River, which enters the former at the N.W. extremity of the county. The surface is undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the ash, hickory, oak, maple, &c. The soil is fertile. Maize, tobacco, wheat, oats, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Cavernous limestone under- lies a large part of this county, which is traversed by the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. Capital, Bowling Green. Valuation of real and personal estate, $9,045,529. Pop. in 1S70, 21,742, of whom 21,198 were Americans. Warren, a county in the W. part of Mississippi, bor- dering on Louisiana, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Big Black, on the W. by the Mississippi River, and is intersected by the Yazuo River. The surface is partly level, and is extensively cov- ered with forests of cypress, gum, hickory, &c. The soil is very fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and sweet potatoes are the staple products. In 1870 this county produced 32,175 bales of cotton. It is intersected by the Vicksburg & Me- ridian Railroad. Capital, Vicksburg. Valuation of real and personal estate, $9,815,338. Pop. in 1370, 26,769, of whom 25,183 were Americans. Warren, a county in the E, part of Missouri, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Missouri River, and drained by several creeks. The surface is undulating or uneven, and more than one-third of it is covered with forests of the oak, hickory, ash, maple, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and pork are the staples. Coal and limestone are found in this county. It is intersected by the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad. Capital, Warrenton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $8,650,000. Pop. in 1870, 9673, of whom 7182 were Americans. Warren, a county in the N.W. part of New Jersey, bor- dering on Pennsylvania, has an area of about 350 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. and AV". by the Delaware River, and on the S.E. by the Musconetcong River. It is also drained by the Paulinskill and by Pequest Creek. The surface is diversified by fertile valleys and long parallel ridges called Blue Mountain and Jenny Jump Mountain, the direction of which is N.E. and S.W. On the N.W. border of this county the Delaware River finds a passage through the Blue Mountain at the Water Gap. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, and butter are the staple products. Among its mineral resources are limestone, iron ore, and rooflng-slate. This county is intersected by the Morris Canal, the Morris & Essex Railroad, and the Belvidere Dela- ware Railroad. Capital, Belvidere. Valuation of real and personal estate, $39,887,178. Pop. in 1870, 34,336, of whom 31,046 were Americans. Warren, a county in the E. part of New York, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the narrow and beautiful Lake George, is intersected by the Hudson River (which also forms part of its southern boundary), and is partly drained by Schroon River, The surface is mountainous, andextensively covered with forests of the beech, elm, hickory, oak, pine, sugar-maple, &q. Many of the mountains and hills are steep and present a hirge surface of naked rock. Hay, butter, oats, potatoes, and lumber are the staple products. Gneiss and granite are the predominant rocks of this county. Trenton limestone and Potsdam sandstone crop out in the S.E. part of it, and black marble is found at Glens Palls. It is traversed by the Adirondack Railroad. Capital, Caldwell. Valuation of real and personal estate, S7,989,8S5. Pop. in 1870, 22,592, of whom 20,014 were Americans; in 1875, 23,295. Warren, a county in the N. part of North Carolina, bordering on Virginia, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is drained by the Roanoke River, which runs through the N.E. part, and by Fishing Creek, which rises in it. The surface is undulating, and nearly half of it is cov- ered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. Maize, tobacco, cattle, and pork are the staples. This county is intersected by the Raleigh & Gaston Railroad, Capital, Warrenton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,796,722. Pop. in 1870, 17,768, of whom 17,730 were Americans. Warren, a county in the S.W. part of Ohio, has an area of about 370 square miles. It is intersected by the Little Miami River, and drained by Csesar's and Todd's Creeks. The Great Miami also traverses the N.W. part of the county. These streams all run nearly southwestward. The surface is undulating, and extensively covered with forests of the ash, hickory, buckeye, oak, sugar-m.aple, *fcc. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, hay, oats, butter, and pork are the staple products. Good Lower Si- lurian limestone underlies a large part of the soil. This county is intersected by 3 railroads, — the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley, the Marietta & Cincinnati, and the Little Miami. Capital, Lebanon. Valuation of real and personal estate, $35,496,536. Pop. in 1870, 26,689, of whom 25,046 were Americans. Warren, a northwestern county of Pennsylvania, bor- dering on New York, has an area of about 880 square miles. It is intersected by the Alleghany River, and is also drained by Broken Straw, Conewango, and Tionesta Creeks. The surface is hilly or undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the pine, sugar-maple, hickory, oak, beech, ash, &c. The soil is mostly fertile. Butter, hay, oats, and cattle are the staple products of the farms. Lumber and petroleum are the chief articles of export. The value of the petroleum exported from it in 1870 was $1,423,935. This county is intersected by the Philadelphia & Erie, Atlantic & Great Western, and Oil Creek & Alleghany River Railroads. Capital, Warren. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,931,930. Pop. in 1870, 23,897, of whom 19,991 were Americans. Warren, a county of Middle Tennessee, has an area of about 370 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Caney Fork of the Cumberland, and by Rock River, which enters the Caney Fork on the E. border of this county. The surface is hilly or undulating, and nearly half of it is covered with forests of the ash, black walnut, hickory, maple, oak, &g. The soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and pork are the staj^le products. This county is partly traversed by the McMinnville & Manchester Railroad. Capital, McMinnville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,791,994. Pop. in 1870, 12,714, of whom 12,620 were Americans. Warren, a county in the N. part of Virginia, has an area of about 270 square miles. It is drained by the Shenan- doah River and its North and South Forks, which unite near the middle of the county. It is a part of the Great Valley of Virginia, and is bounded on the S.E. by the Blue Ridge. The surface is hilly or undulating. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, grass, Ac, are the staple products. This county has plenty of timber. Among its minerals are limestone and iron ore. It is intersected by the Manassas division of the Virginia Midland Railroad. Capital, Front Royal. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,637,184. Pop. in 1870, 5716, of whom 5675 were Americans. Warren, a post-village, capital of Bradley co., Ark., 2 or 3 miles W. of the Saline River, and about 95 miles S. of Little Rock. It has a newspaper office, 2 churches, and the Centennial Institute. Warren, a post-hamlet in Warren township, Litchfield CO., Conn., about 8 miles W. of Litchfield, and 40 miles W. of Hartford. It has 2 churches and a cheese- factory. Pop. of the township, 673. Lake Waramaug (or WauremaugJ, a summer resort, is on the S. border of this township. Warren, a hamlet of Henderson co., HI., about 7 miles E. by S. of Burlington, Iowa. Pop. 84. Warren, a post-village in Warren township, Jo Daviess CO., 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad, at its junction with the Mineral Point Railroad, 27 miles E. by N. of Galena, and 24 miles N.W, of Freeport. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, a banking-house, 3 hotels, a high school, a foundry, a flouring-mill, and a manufactory of wood car- pets. Pop. about 2400. Warren, a township of Lake co.. 111. Pop. 1235. Warren, a township of Clinton co., Ind. Pop. 1134. Warren, a post-village in Salamonie township, Hun- tington CO., Ind., on the Salamonie River, and on the To- ledo, Delphos & Burlington Railroad, 15 miles S.W. of Bluffton, and about 35 miles S.S.AV. of Fort Wayne. It has 2 flour-mills and a planing-mill. Pop. 358. Warren, a township of Marion co., Ind. Pop. 2291. Warren, a township of Putnam co., Ind. Pop. 1087. Warren, a station in Randolph co., Ind., on the Pitts- burg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of Union City. WAR WAR Warren, St. Joseph oo., Ind. See Waiiren Centre. Warren, a township of St. Joseph co., Ind. Pop. 760. Warren, a township of Warren co., Ind. Pop. 1208. Warren, a township of Bremer co., Iowa. Pop. 1002. Warren, a township of Keokulc co., Iowa. Pop. 707. Warren, a post-village of Lee co., Iowa, in Harrison township, on the Burlington & Southwestern Railroad, 17 miles W. of Fort Madison. It has a church. Warren, a township of Lucas co., Iowa. Pop. 957. Warren, a township of Poweshiek co., Iowa. P. 1092. Warren, a township of Wayne co., Iowa. Pop., ex- cluding Allerton, 654. Warren, a post-office of Cloud oo., Kansas, about 52 miles N. by W. of Salina. Warren, a post-village in Warren township, Knox co., Me., on St. (jeorge*s River, about 18 miles from the ocean, 8 miles W. of Rockland, and 2 miles N. of the Knox & Lincoln Railroad. It contains 2 churches, a high school, a powder-mill, a woollen-factory, and a shoe-factory. Ves- sels of large size can ascend the river to this place, which has extensive water-power. Limestone abounds in this township. Pop. of the township, 1974. Warren, a post-village of Baltimore CO., Md., on Gun- powder River, li miles E. of Cockeysville, which is 15 miles N. of Baltimore. It has a church, and a manufactory of cotton duck and bags. Pop. 317. Warren, a post-village in Warren township, Worcester CO., Mass., on the Chicopee River and the Boston & Albany Railroad, 73 miles W. by S. of Boston, and 25 miles E.N.E. of Springfield. It has a hotel, 4 churches, a high school, steam pump-works, &c. Pop. about 1500. The township contains also West Warren, and has a total pop. of 3260. Warren, a post-hamlet in Warren townsliip, Macomb CO., Mich., on the Detroit & Bay City Railroad, 14 or 15 miles N. of Detroit. The township contains 2 churches and a pop. of 2214. Warren, a post-offioe of Cottonwood co., Minn. Warren, a township of Winona co., Minn. Pop, 934. Warren, a township of Camden co.. Mo. Pop. 472. Warren, a post-hamlet in Warren township, Marion CO., Mo., 10 miles N. of Monroe City, and about 22 miles W. by N. of Hannibal. It has a church, a drug-store, 1 other store, and a wooUen-mill. P. of the township, 2425. Warren, a post-office of Madison co.. Neb. Warren, a station of the Union Pacific Railroad, 30 miles W.N.W. of Plum Creek, Neb. Warren, a post-village in Warren township, tfrafton CO., N.H., on the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad, 70 miles N. by W. of Concord. It contains a church and a hotel. The township has m.anufactures of bobbins, car- riages, lumber, shoes, &q. On its northern border stands Moose Hillock Mountain, which is 4800 feet high and com- mands a grand view. Tourists can ride in a carriage to its summit. Pop. of the township, 960. Warren, a post-township of Herkimer co., N.Y. Pop. 1461. Warren Post-Office is at Little Lakes. Warren, Rockland co., N.Y. Sec Haverstbaw. Warren, a township of Belmont co., 0. Pop. 4099. Warren, a township of Jefferson co., 0. Pop. 1637. Warren, a township of Tuscarawas co., 0. Pop. 822. Warren, a township of Washington co., 0. P. 1604. Warren, a township of Bradford co.. Pa. Pop. 1421. Warren, a township of Franklin co., Pa. Pop. 606. Warren, a post-borough, capital of Warren co., Pa., is pleasantly situated on the N. bank of the Alleghany River, at the mouth of the Conewango, 29 miles E. by S. of Corry, 35 miles N.E. of Titusville, and about 20 miles S. of James- town, N.Y. It is on the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad and the Dunkirk &, Alleghany Valley Railroad. It has wide and straight streets which cross one another at right angles, and contains a court-house, 8 churches, 2 national b.anks, 2 savings-banks, 2 newspaper otRces, a public library, a union school, several tanneries, and manufactories of engines and boilers, wooden-ware, lumber, sash, doors, and blinds. Small steamboats can ascend the river to this place. Lumber and petroleum are the chief articles of export. Pop. 2014. Warren, a post-village in Warren township, Bristol CO., R.I., on the E. or N.E, shore of Narragansett Bay, and on the Providence, Warren <& Bristol and Old Colonv Railroads, 10 miles S.S.E. of Providence, and 6 miles AV.N.W.of Fall River. It has a good harbor, 3 or 4 national banks, 4 churches, a high school, a newspaper ofiice, and manufactures of cotton goods, braid, and twine. Pop. of the village, 3103; of the township, 4005. Warren, a township of Colleton oo., S.C. Pop. 1631. Warren, a post-office of Comanche co., Tex., 16 miles N. of Brownwood. Warren, a post- village in Warren township, Washington CO., Vt., about 20 miles W.S.W. of Montpelier. It is in a narrow valley on Mad River. It has a church, and manu- factures of leather, clapboards, and wooden bowls. Pop. of the township, 1008. Warren, a post-hamlet of Albemarle co., Va., on the James River, about 20 miles S. of Charlottesville. Warren, a post-hamlet in Warren township, St. Croix CO., Wis., about 8 miles E. of Hudson. The township is intersected by the West Wisconsin Railroad. Pop. of the township, 683. Warren, a township of Waushara oo.. Wis. Pop. 632. War'ren, a post-settlement in Cumberland co.. Nova Scotia, 6 miles from Amherst. Pop. 150. Warren Centre, a post-village in Warren township, St. Joseph CO., Ind., at AVarren Station on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 6 miles W.N.W. of South Bend. Warren Centre, a post-hamlet in Warren township, Bradford co.. Pa., 12 miles S. of Owego, N.Y. Warren Grove Mills. See North Rivek. War'renham, a post-office of Bradford co., Pa., about 22 miles N.E. of Towanda. Warren Mills, a post-hamlet and station of Monroe CO., Wis., on the West Wisconsin Railroad, 21 miles S.E. of Black River Falls, and 12 miles N. of Tomah. It has a large lumber-mill. Warren Plains, a post-hamlet of Warren co., N.C., 3 miles N.W. of Macon Depot. Warren Point, a post-office of Franklin co.. Pa. Warren's, a station in Monroe co.. Wis., on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 32 miles N. by W. of Elroy. War'rensburg, a post-village in Illini township, Macon CO., 111., on the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad, 8 miles N.W. of Decatur. It has 2 churches, a graded school, 2 grain-elevators, a tile-factory, and a drug-store. Pop. about 250. Here are quarries of fine sandstone, and coal is mined near this place. Warrensbnrg, a post-town, capital of Johnson co.. Mo., in Warrensburg township, on Black River, and on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 29 miles W. of Sedalia, and 64 miles E.S.E. of Kansas City. It contains a court-house, a national bank, 2 savings-banks, 3 newspaper offices (1 of which issues a daily paper), a large steiim elevator, 13 churches, 3 flouring-mills, a foundry, 1 or 2 woollen-mills, and the South Missouri State Normal School, which has about 425 students. Large quantities of wheat and other grain are shipped here. Pop. 2945; of the township, 4804. Warrensburg, a post-village in Warrensburg town- ship, Warren co., N.Y., on the Schroon River, 3 miles from its mouth, about 30 miles N. of Saratoga Springs, and 3 miles E. of the Adirondack Railroad. It is partly sur- rounded by high hills. It has an academy, 5 churches, and manufactures of leather and lumber. Pop. 715 ; of town- ship, 1618. The township is bounded W. by the Hudson. Warrensburg, a post-hamlet of Greene co., Tenn., is near the Nolachucky P^iver, about 48 miles E. by N. of Knoxville. It has 2 churches. Warren's Corners, a post-office or hamlet of Niagara CO., N.Y., 5 miles N.W. of Loekport. Warren's Store, a post-village of Hale oo., Ala., S miles N.E. of Greensborough. It has 3 churches. Warren Summit, a post-hamlet in Warren township, Grafton oo., N.H., 10 miles S.E. of Haverhill. It is near the Moose Hillock Mountain, and on the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad. It has 1 or 2 saw-mills. Warrensville, of Connecticut and New Jersey. See Warrenville. War'rensville, a post-village in Winfield township, Du Page CO., 111., about 9 miles N.E. of Aurora. It has 2 churches. Warrensville, or Warren's Mill, a hamlet of Ma- haska CO., Iowa, on the South Skunk River, about 15 miles N.W. of Oskaloosa. Warrensville, a post-office of Sampson co., N.C., 7 miles S.W. of Clinton. Warrensville, a post-township of Cuyahoga co., 0., about 10 miles E. by S. of Cleveland. It is intersected by the Mahoning division of the Atlantic it Great Western Railroad. Pop. 1429. Warrensville, a post-village in Eldred township, Lycoming co.. Pa., 8 or 9 miles N.N.E. of Williiimsport. It has 2 churches, 2 flour-mills, and a saw-mill. War'ren Tav'ern, a post-hamlet in East Whitoland township, Chester co.. Pa., on the Chester Vallcv Railroad, 12 miles W.S.W. of Norristown. It has 2 churches. The name of its station is Valley Store. WAR 2347 WAR War'renton, a station in Dallas co., Ala., on the Selma & Gulf Railroad, 21 miles S. of Selma. Warreiiton, a post-hamlet of Marshall cc, Ala., about 36 miles S.S.E. of Huntsville. Pop. 60. Warrenton,a post- village, capital of Warren co., Ga., on the Macon & Augusta Branch of the Georgia Railroad, 50 miles AV. by S. of Augusta. It has a court-house, 4 churches, a newspaper office, an academy, and a steam grist-mill. Pop. 620. Warreiiton, a station in Lake co., 111., on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 37 miles N. by W. of Chicago. Warreiiton, a hamlet of Gibson co., Ind., 3 miles from Haubstadt, and 15 miles N. of EvansviUe. It has a church. Warreiiton, a post-village of Warren co., Miss., near the Mississippi River, and on the Mississippi Valley & Ship Island Railroad, 7 or 8 miles S.S.W. of Vioksburg. It has 4 churches and an academy. Warreiiton, a post-village, capital of Warren co., Mo., in Elkhorn township, 1 mile from Warrenton Station of the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railroad, and 58 miles AV. by N. of St. Louis. It has a bank, 2 newspaper offices, the Central Wesleyan College, 2 grist-mills, a plough-fac- tory, and 3 churches. Pop. 588. Warrenton, a post-village, capital of Warren co., N.C., in Warrenton township, near the Raleigh & Gaston Railroad, 62 miles N.N.E. of Raleigh, and 35 miles W. of Weldon. It has a court-house, 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a savings-bank, and a tobacco-factory. Pop. 941 ; of the township, 28S6. Warrenton, a post-village in Warren township, Jef- ferson CO., 0., on the Ohio River, and on the River division of the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad, 14 miles S. of Steu- benville, and 10 miles above Wheeling. It has 2 churches. Pop. 241. Warrenton, a hamlet of Abbeville co., S.C., about 7 miles W. of Abbeville. Warrenton, a post-village of Fayette co., Tex., 12 miles N.E. of La Grange. It has 2 churches and 2 semi- naries. Warrenton, a post- village, capital of Fauquier co., Va., about 100 miles N. by W. of Richmond, and 55 miles W.S.W. of Washington, D.C. The Warrenton Branch Railroad, 9 or 10 miles long, connects it with the Virginia Midland Railroad. Warrenton contains a court-house, 6 churches, a banking-house, a newspaper office, and 2 free schools. Pop. 1256. Warrenton Junction, Virginia. See Owl Run. War'renville,a post-office in Ashford township, Wind- ham CO., Conn., about 30 miles E. by N. of Hartford. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill, Warrenville, a post-hamlet of Somerset co., N.J., in Warren township, 4 miles W, of Plainfield, and about 10 miles N. of New Brunswick. It has 2 churches and a cop- per-mine. War'rick, a county in the S.W. part of Indiana, bor- ders on Kentucky. Area, about 380 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Ohio River, on the S.E. by Little Pigeon Creek, and is intersected by Big Pigeon Creek. The surface is undulating, and about one-third of it is covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, oats, and pork are the staple products. In 1870 this county produced 3,611,775 pounds of tobacco, and more than any other county of the state. Capital, Boone- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $8,500,000. Pop. in 1870, 17,653, of whom 16,265 were Americans. War'rington,a parliamentary and municipal borough, town, parish, and township of England, co. of Lancaster, on the Mersey, 16 miles from Liverpool, with which town and with Manchester and Preston it is connected by rail- way. Pop. of the parliamentary borough in 1871, 33,050. It has a church of Saxon origin, numerous chapels, the town hall, market-house, assembly-rooms, several cloth halls, theatre, infirmary, and several cotton and other mills and factories. A subscription library was established in 1758; and here the first newspaper in Lancashire and the first stage-coach in England were started. The principal manu- factures are of fustians, twills, corduroys, and other cotton goods, sail-cloth, sacking, glass-wares, hardwares, files and other tools of the finest quality, pens, soap, leather, and ale, for which last Warrington is famous. The Mersey is navigable up to the bridge for vessels of 100 tons' burden. The borough sends one member to the House of Commons. The town is of high antiquity. In the civil wars it was the place of many actions between the royal and the par- liamentary forces. Warrington, a post-village of Escambia co., Fla., on the Gulf of Mexico, 7 miles from Pensacola, and 2 miles from Fort Pickens. It has 6 churches and a money-order post-office. It is located on a government reservation, and supported by the navy-yard. Pop. estimated at 600. Warrington, a post-village in Brown township, Han- cock CO., Ind., about 30 miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis. It has a church, a graded school, a steam flour-mill, &c. Warrington, a post-hamlet of Warren co., N.J., in Paulinskill Valley, 3 miles from the Delaware Water Gap, and on the Blairstown Railroad, about 8 miles S.W. of Blairstown. It has a flour-mill and a slate-factory. Pop. 75. Warrington, a post-township of Bucks co.. Pa. It has 3 churches. Pop. 949. Warrington Post-Office is 3 miles from Doylestown. Warrington, a township of York co., Pa. Pop. 1726. War'rior, a post-office of Bibb co., Ga., 13 miles W.S.W. of Macon. Warrior's Mark, a post-village in Warrior's Mark township, Huntingdon co.. Pa., 20 miles N.E. of Altoona, and 3 miles E. of Bald Eagle. It has 3 churches and a coach-factory. Pop. of the township, 1209. Warrior Stand, a post-office of Macon cc, Ala. Warrior Station, a post-village of Jeiferson co., Ala., on the Black Warrior River, and on the South & North Ala- bama Railroad, 24 miles N.of Birmingham. It has a church, about 8 stores, and valuable coal-mines. Warr^nambool', a seaport of Australia, in Victoria, on the Pacific, at the mouth of the Merri, 170 miles W.S.W. of Melbourne. It has a safe and capacious harbor. P. 4600. War'saw (Polish, Warszatca, vaR-shi'vS, or ^aR-shS,'- ^S.; Ger. Wamchau, ■^an'show ; Fr. Varsovie, vaR^soS'cc' ; It. and Sp. Varsovia, vaR-so've-i j L. Warao'via), a city of Russia, capital of a government of its own name, and formerly capital of the kingdom of Poland, is on the left bank of the Vistula, across which it communicates by a bridge of boats with its fortified suburb of Praga. Lat. of observatory, 52° 13' 5" N. j Ion. 21° 1' 52" E. Pop. in 1860, 162,805; in 1874, 302,475. Mean temperature of year, 44.1° Fahr. ; winter, 24.9°; summer, 63.2°. It is sur- rounded by ramparts and trenches, and has elegant suburbs ; but the streets in the city are ill paved and lighted, and its stone buildings are interspersed with hovels of timber. The principal edifices are the Zamek, a vast palace of the former kings of Poland, now an imperial residence, and contain- ing the hall of the Polish diet and archives of the king- dom; the Saxon Palace, having attached to it fine gardens open to the public j the government palace, containing the National Theatre, custom-house, high tribunals, and gov- ernment offices, and also having attached to it gardens which are a fashionable place of resort; the Casimir Palace, with a statue of Copernicus ; modern palace of the minister of finance ; exchange; Briihl and Radzivill palaces; many colossal churches, including the Roman Catholic cathedral of St. John, the church of the Holy Cross, the Augustine and Alexander churches, the church of St. Borromeo, a Lu- theran church ; and the citadel. The Marieville Bazaar is a large square surrounded by arcades. Warsaw has a Greek United cathedral, Armenian and English chapels, many synagogues, several hospitals and theatres, barracks, a mint, a school of artillery, 2 colleges replacing its university (sup- pressed in 1834 and its library of 160,000 volumes removed to St. Petersburg), a theological seminary, rabbinical col- lege, observatory, botanic garden, musical conservatory, 2 gymnasia, school of arts, numerous Russian schools, libra- ries, and learned associations. Its public places abound with statues : the principal of these are the bronze statue of Sigis- mund III. and the equestrian group of Poniatowski. It has good promenades, and in the immediate vicinity is a villa formerly the residence of Stanislaus Augustus, con- taining fine paintings and surrounded by public grounds, in which is an equestrian statue of John Sobieski. Warsaw has manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics, hosiery, hats, gold- and silver-wares, saddlery, paper, and tobacco, chemical and cotton-printing works, numerous breweries, tanneries, distilleries, .fee. In 1873 there were 259 factories in the town, employing 8823 workmen. The value of the produce for that year was $10,600,000. It is the centre of the industry and literary activity of the kingdom, and the great entrepGt of commerce in Poland; it is the seat of the national bank, and has large fairs in May and September, frequented by merchants of both Europe and Asia. Its imports amount to $70,000,000 and its exports to $60,000,000 per annum. It communicates by railway with Vienna, Broiuberg, Cracow, and St. Petersburg. It 1874 a railway iron bridge was made across the Vistula, thus connecting the railway systems on both sides of it. WAR 2348 WAR Warsaw succeeded Cracow as the capital of Poland in 1566. In 1S07 it was made capital of the grand duchy of War- saw. In 1830 the Russians were driven from it by the Poles, but they retook it in 1831. Warsaw, a government of Russia, in Poland, bounded on the N. by Plock and Lomza, E. by Siedlec, S. by Petri- kau and Radom, and W. by Kalisz and the Prussian prov- ince of Posen. Area, 56.22 square miles. It is a level country, and is drained by the Vistula and its tributaries. Capital, Warsaw. Pop. 925,639. War'saw, a post-village of Sumter co., Ala., on the Tombigbee River, 10 miles above Gainesville. It has a church, an academy, 4 stores, and a steam mill. Cotton is shipped here in steamboats. Warsaw, the largest town of Hancock co., 111., is finely situated in Wileox township, on the Mississippi River, about 3 miles below Keokuk, and 40 miles above Quincy. It is the W. terminus of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, and is 116 miles W.S.W. of Peoria. It has an elevated site and a favorable position for trade, and contains 8 churches, a national bank, a high school, 3 grammar-schools, 1 or 2 newspaper offices, an iron-foundry, a woollen-mill, and a plough-factory. The largest steamers can ascend the river to this place. Pop. 3583. Warsaw, a city, capital of Kosciusko co., Ind., in Wayne township, on the Tippecanoe River, and on the Pitts- burg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, at its junction with the Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan Railroad, 40 miles W. by N. of Fort Wayne, 24 miles E.S.E. of Plymouth, and 25 miles S. of G-oshen. It contains a court-house, 5 churches, a national bank, 1 other bank, 2 newspaper offices, graded schools, 2 flour-mills, a foundry, several grain-elevators, and manufactures of woollen goods, lumber, sash, doors, &c. Pop. 2206. There are 3 lakes near Warsaw. Warsaw, a village of St. Joseph co., Ind., on the Kan- kakee River, about IS miles S.W. of South Bend. Warsaw, a post-hamlet of Wayne co., Iowa, about 30 miles S. of Chariton. It has a grist-mill. Warsaw, a post-village, capital of Gallatin co., Ky., on the Ohio River, about 30 miles above Madison, and 35 miles by land S.W. of Cincinnati, 0. It has 5 churches, a flour-mill, a newspaper office, and a bank. Pop. 715. Warsaw, a post-hamlet of Franklin parish, La., on the Tensas River, about 40 miles W. of Vicksburg, Miss. Warsaw, a township of Goodhue co., Minn. P. 1027. Warsaw, a post-village in Warsaw township, Rice co., Minn., on the Cannon River, 8 miles S.W. of Faribault, and about 13 miles N.N.W. of Owatonna. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. about 450. The township contains a lake, and has plenty of timber. Pop. of the township, 1113. Warsaw, a post-village, capital of Benton co.. Mo., in Lindsey township, on the N. bank of the Osage River, about 36 miles S. by W. of Sedalia. It has a court-house, 2 newspaper offices, 2 or 3 churches, and manufactures of lumber and wagons. Iron ore abounds here. Warsaw, a post-office of Howard co.. Neb., about 30 miles W. by N. of Central City. Warsaw, a post-village and summer resort, capital of Wyoming co., N.Y., in Warsaw township, in the beauti- ful valley of the Oatka, and on the Erie and Rochester er house, and a house of representatives. A territorial peni- tentiary is on McNeil's Island, and an insane asylum at Steilacoom City. The counties are 24 in number, as follows : Chehalis, Clallam, Clarke, Columbia, Cowlitz, Island, Jefi'erson, King, Kitsap, Klikitat, Lewis, Mason, Pacific, Pierce, San Juan, Skamania, Snohomish, Stevens, Thurston, Wahkiahkum, Walla Walla, Whatcom, Whitman, and Yakima. The largest town is Walla Walla ; Olympia is the capital ; Seattle is the seat of a large trade; Tumwater is a suburb of Olympia; Nesqually is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop ; Port Townsend, Steilacoom City, Tacoma, Kalama, Vancouver, and Waitsburg are places of importance. Among the smaller towns are Montesano, New Dungeness, Coveland, Whatcom, Colfax, Yakima, Port Madison, Cla- quato, Oakland, Oysterville, Friday Harbor, Cascades, Sno- homish, Fort ColviUe, and Cathlamet. Education. — Free public schools are established by law, the cause of education being under the care of territorial and county superintendents. There are also Roman Cath- olic and other private and mission schools. Seattle is the seat of the territorial university, and Vancouver of Holy Angels' College, Roman Catholic. Indians. — There are about 13,500 tribal Indians, on seven reservations, with an aggregate area of 3,933,508 acres. These Indians are making good industrial and educational progress, and for the most part have adopted the dress of civilized life. There are also many Indians not upon the reservations, very generally engaged as laborers. The Indians are of many minor tribes and bands. History. — This territory, formerly a part of Oregon, was organized in 1853, and received its present limits in 1863. In 1870 the San Juan Islands, 10 in number, which had long been claimed and jointly occupied by both the United States and Great Britain, were decided to be United States territory by the Emperor William of Germany, to wh(»u the matter in dispute was referred. The population in 1860 was 11,594, and in 1870 23,955, exclusive of untaxed and tribal Indians; iu 1879, 57,784. Washington, a county in the S.W. part of Alabama, bordering on Mississippi, has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Tombigbee River, WAS WAS and is partly drained by tho Bscatawpa River. The sur- face is undulating or uneven, and is extensively covered with forests. The soil is sandy and poor. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Mobile & Ohio Railroad. Capital, St. Stephens. Valuation of real and personal estate, ^406,189. Pop. in 1S70, 3912, of whom 3900 were Americans. Washington, a county in the N.W. part of Arkansas, borders on the Indian Territory. Area, about 850 square miles. It is drained by the head-streams of White Kiver and those of the Illinois River. The War Eagle River touches the N.E. part of the county. The surface is hilly, and is diversified with prairies and forests of yellow pine, chestnut, hickory, white oak, red oak, wild cherry, &e. The soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, wheat, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Among its minerals are bituminous coal and a sandstone called millstone grit. Capital, Fayette- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, §6,626,589. Pop. in 1870, 17,266, of whom 17.175 were Americans. Washington, a county in the N.W. part of Florida, bordering on the Grulf of Mexico, has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Choctaw- hatchee River, and is partly drained by Holmes Creek. The surface is uneven or nearly level. The soil is inferior. Sugar-cane, cotton, and maize are the staples. Capital, Vernon. Valuation of real and personal estate, S300,000. Pop. in 1870, 2302, of whom 2293 were Americans. Washington , a county in the E. central part of Georgia, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Ogeechee River, and on the W. by the Oconee River. It is also drained by the Great Ohoopee River and Buffalo Creek. The surface is partly hilly, and in some parts nearly level. The soil is mostly fertile. For- ests of the ash, hickory, oak, walnut, magnolia, and other trees cover nearly half of the surface. Cotton, Indian corn, pork, and cattle are the staple products. This county has an abundance of limestone. It is intersected by the Cen- tral Railroad of Georgia. Capital, Sandersville. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, §2,413,827. Pop. in 1870, 15,842, of whom 15,805 were Americans. Washington, a county in the S. part of Illinois, has an area of about 550 square miles. It is partly bounded on the N. by the Kaskaskia River, and is drained by Beau- coup and Crooked Creeks. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests of ash, hickory, elm, white oak, black walnut, wild cherry, maple, &c. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and pork are the staple products. About half of this county is prairie. Among its minerals are coal and lime- stone. It is intersected by the Illinois Central Railroad and the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad. Capital, Nash- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $12,319,788. Pop. in 1870, 17,599, of whom 13,734 were Americans. Washington, a county in the S. part of Indiana, has an area of about 530 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Muscatatuck River and the East Fork of White River, and is drained by the Blue River, which rises in it, and Lost Creek, the course of which is partly subterranean. The surface is mostly undulating, and partly hilly. The soil is fertile. Forests of the hickory, oak, maple, walnut, elm, and other trees cover about one-thii'd of the surface. Indian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Among its minerals is cavernous limestone. This county is intersected by the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad. Capital, Salem. Valuation of real and personal estate, $15,000,000. Pop. in 1870, 18,495, of whom 18,143 were Americans, Washington, a county in the S.E. part of Iowa, has an area of about 575 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Iowa River, and is intersected by the English River, and also drained by Crooked Creek and by Skunk River, which runs through the S.W. part of the county. The surface is undulating, and extensively covered with forests of good timber. The soil is fertile. Among the forest trees are the ash, elm, hickory, sugar-maple, white oak, and black walnut. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and pork are the staple products. A large portion of this county is prairie. Good carboniferous limestone abounds here. It is intersected by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Capital, Washington. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, 812,250,000. Pop. in 1870, 18,952, of whom 17,254 were Americans. Washington, a county in the N. part of Kansas, bor- dering on Nebraska, has an area of 900 square miles. It is intersected by the Little Blue River, and also drained by the Little Black, and by small affluents of the Republican iliver, which almost touches the S.W. part of the county. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and groves. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, hay, oats, and butter are the staple products. Limestone is found here. This county is intersected by the St. Joseph & Den- ver City Railroad and the Central Branch of the Union Pacific Railroad. Capital, Washington. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,765,432. Pop. in 1870, 4081, of whom 3513 were Americans; in 1878, 10,319. Washington, a county of Kentucky, is near the middle of the state. Area, about 370 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by Chaplin's Fork of the Beech (or Salt) River. The surface is undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the ash, elm, maple, oak, tulip-troe, &c. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Limestone of good quality is found in this county. Capital, Springfield. Valuation of real and personal estate, $6,194,852. Pop. in 1870, 12,464, of whom 12,311 were Americans. Washington, a parish in the E. part of Louisiana, borders on Mississippi. Area, about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Pearl River, and is intersected by the Bogue Chitto. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is mostly covered with forests of pine and other trees. The soil is sandy, and produces a little sugar-cane, cotton, &G. Capital, Franklinton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $226,690. Pop. in 1870, 3330, of whom 3319 were Americans. Washington, a county in the extreme S.E. part of Maine, has an area of about 2950 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the St, Croix River, which separates it from New Brunswick, and on the S. by the Atlantic Ocean. It is drained by Denny's River and the Machias and East Machias Rivers. The coast is indented by inlets which form good harbors. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with numerous lakes and extensive forests of pine, ash, beech, oak, and other trees. Hay, potatoes, but- ter, and oats are the staple products of the farms, and lumber is the chief article of export. The European & North American Railroad passes through the N. part of this county. Capital, Machias. Valuation of real and personal estate, $26,615,048. Pop. in 1870, 43,343, of whom 36,118 were Americans. Washington, a county in the N. part of Maryland, bordering on Pennsylvania, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the S.W. by the Potomac River, and is intersected by Antietam, Conecocheague, and Lick- ing Creeks. The Blue Ridge or South Mountain extends along the eastern border of this county. Tho surface is moderately hilly and extensively covered with forests. The soil is fertile. AVheat, Indian corn, hay, cattle, butter, and pork are the staple products. Among its mineral re- sources are limestone (Lower Silurian) and iron ore. It is traversed by the Washington County division of the Balti- more & Ohio Railroad, and by the Cumberland Valley Rail- road. Capital, Hagerstown. The Chesapeake & Ohio Canal passes along the S.W. border. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $27,550,552. Pop. in 1870, 34,712, of whom 33,861 were Americans. Washington, a county in the E. part of Minnesota, bordering on Wisconsin, has an area of about 375 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the St. Croix River, and on the S. by the Mississippi River. The surface is undu- lating, and is diversified with numerous little lakes and forests of the pine, oak, ash, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Wheat, lumber, oats, butter, Indian corn, and hay are the staple products. This county is intersected by the St. Paul, Stillwater & Taylor's Falls Railroad and the Lake Superior & Mississippi Railroad. Capital, Stillwater. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $8,026,898. Pop. in 1870, 11,809, of whom 6440 were Americans. Washington, a county in the W. part of Mississippi, has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Mississippi River, which separates it from Arkansas, and is intersected by the Sunflower River. The surface is level, partly subject to inundation, and exten- sively covered with forests of the cypress, oak, hickory, magnolia, and other trees. The soil is alluvial and fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, Ciittle, oats, and pork are the staple products. In 1870 this county produced 35,902 bales of cotton, and more than any other county of the United States. Capital, Greenville. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $6,191,200. Pop. in IS70, 14,569, of whom 14,286 were Americans. Washington, a county in the E. S.E. part of Missouri, has an area of about 750 square miles. It is drained by Big River, the Mineral Fork, and small affluents of the M^rameo River, which touches the northwestern part of WAS 2352 WAS the county. The surface is hilly, and extensively covered with forests of the ash, elm, hickory, white oak, black wal- nut, and other trees. Indian corn, oats, grass, lumber, and pork are the staple products. Among its mineral resources are iron ore, lead, copper, and limestone. It is intersected by the St. Louis & Iron Mountain Railroad. Capital, Potosi. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,550,000. Pop. in 1870, 11,719, of whom 11,143 were Americans. Washington, a county in the E. part of Nebraska^ bordering on Iowa, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Missouri Kiver, and on the S.W. by the Elkhorn River, and is drained by Big Papillon and Belle Creeks. The surface is undulating. The soil is deep, calcareous, and fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, butter, and potatoes are the staple prod- ucts. Sandstone underlies a part of the soil. The greater part of this county is prairie. It is intersected by the Omaha & Northwestern Railroad and the Sioux City & Pa- cific Railroad. Capital, Blair. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $1,702,767. Pop. in 1870, 4452, of whom 3442 were Americans; in 1876, 62S6. Washington, a county in the E. part of New York, bordering on Vermont, has an area of about 870 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by Lake George, and on the W. by the Hudson River. It is drained by the Hoosac, Pawlet, and Poultney Rivers and by Batten Kill and Wood Creeks. Lake Champlain forms part of the eastern bound- ary of this county. The surface is hilly, and presents pic- turesque scenery on the shores of the narrow and beautiful lakes above named, which are navigable by steamboats. Forests of the beech, elm, hickory, oak, sugar-maple, and other trees cover a large part of the county. The soil is mostly fertile. Hay, butter, potatoes, oats, flax, Indian corn, wool, and cattle are the staple products. In 1870 it produced 2,141,464 bushels of potatoes, and more than any other county of the state. Silurian limestone and slate un- derlie a large part of the soil. Among its mineral resources are iron ore, lead, slate, and water-limestone. This county is intersected by two branches of the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad, and by the Cbamplain Canal. Capitals, Salem and Sandy Hill. Valuation of real and personal estate, $45,345,288. Pop. in 1870, 49,568, of whom 41,274 were Americans; in 1875, 48,167. Washington, a county in the E. part of North Caro- lina, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Albemarle Sound. The mouth of the Roanoke River touches the N.W. part of the county. The surface is level, and partly occupied by swamps and forests of cypress, cedar, and other trees. Cotton, Indian corn, lumber, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Plymouth. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, Sli242,594. Pop. in 1870, 6516, of whom 6508 were Americans. Washington, a county in the S.E. part of Ohio, bor- dering on West Virginia, has an area of about 650 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. and S. by the Ohio River, intersected by the Muskingum River, and also drained by the Little Muskingum and Duck Creek. The surface is diversified with verdant hills and valleys, and forests of the hickory, ash, oak, maple, chestnut, &o. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, tobacco, hay, butter, cattle, wool, and oats are the staple products. Bituminous coal and petro- leum are found in this county, and the latter is one of the chief articles of export. It is intersected by the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad and the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleve- land Railroad. Capital, Marietta. Valuation of real and personal estate, $17,161,659. Pop. in 1870, 40,609, of whom 36,679 were Americans. Washington, a county in the N.W. part of Oregon, has an area of about 850 square miles. It is drained by the Tualatin River and Dairy Creek, and is bounded on the N.W. by the Coast Range. The surface is partly moun- tainous, and mostly covered with noble forests of fir, pine, &c. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, butter, and wool are the staple products. It is intersected by the Oregon Central Railroad. Capital, Hillsborough. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,197,290. Pop. in 1S70, 4261, of whom 4038 were Americans; in 1875, 4963. Washington, a southwestern county of Pennsylvania, bordering on West Virginia, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Monongahela River, and is also drained by Chartiers, Raccoon, and Buffalo Creeks. The surface is an undulating or hilly upland, in which the streams have formed narrow valleys or deep ravines. It has forests of the hickory, maple, ash, oak, tulip-tree, &c. The soil is very fertile. Wool, Indian corn, oats, hay, wheat, butter, cattle, and pork are the staple products. In 1870 this county produced 1,862,752 pounds of wool, surpassing every other county in the United States in the production of that article. Among its mineral resources are bituminous coal and limestone. The value of the coal mined here in 1870 was $696,080. This county is traversed by the Chartiers Railroad, the Pan-Handle Line, and a branqji of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Capital, Washington. Valuation of real and personal estate, $69,288,390. Pop. in IS70, 48,483, of whom 45,690 were Americans. Washington, the most southern county of Rhode Island, borders on Connecticut. Area, about 370 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by Narragansett Bay, and on the S. by the Atlantic Ocean. It is drained by the Pawcatuck, Wood, and Usquepaug (or Usquebaugh) Rivers. The surface is uneven or hilly, and a large part of it is cov- ered with forests. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, oats, hay, and butter are the staple products. This county has extensive manufactures of woollen goods. It is intersected by the Stonington & Providence Railroad. Capital, Kings- ton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $18,864,294. Pon. in 1870, 20,097, of whom 18,197 were Americans. Washington, a county of East Tennessee, bordering on North Carolina, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by the Watauga River and the South Fork of the Holston, and is intersected by the Nola- ehucky River. The surface is partly mountainous, and is extensively covered with forests of the hickory, chestnut, sugar-maple, oak, pine, and other trees. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Among its minerals are iron ore and limestone. This county is intersected by the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad. Capital, Jones- borough. Valuation of real and personal estate, $8,039,246. Pop. in 1870, 16,317, of whom 16,287 were Americans. Washington, a county in the S.E. central part of Texas, has area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Yegua Creek, and on the E. by Brazos River. The surface is undulating, and extensively covered with forests of the live-oak, hickory, pecan, red cedar, ash, and other trees. The soil is deep and very fertile. Cotton, cattle, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. In 1870 this coiinty produced 22,452 bales of cotton, a greater quantity than was raised in any other county of the state. It had in the same year 141,185 acres of woodland. It is intersected by the Houston & Texas Central Railroad. Capital, Breuham. Valuation of real and personal estate, 84,578,381. Pop. in 1870, 23,104, of whom 20,926 were Americans. Washington, the southwesternmost county of Utah, bordering on Arizona, has an area of about 1500 square miles. It is intersected by the Rio Virgen, an affluent of the Colorado, which touches the S.E. extremity of the county. The surface is hilly or uneven, and consists partly of arid table-lands. Wheat, Indian corn, wool, and pota- toes are the staple products. Capital, St. George. Valu- ation of real and personal estate, $772,194. Pop. in 1870, 3064, of whom 2455 were Americans. Washington, a county in the N. central part of Ver- mont, has an area of about 640 square miles. It is drained by the Winooski or Onion River and the Waterbury River. The surface is diversified with beautiful mountain-scenery, and extensive forests of the beech, elm, oak, sugar-maple, pine, and other trees. This county comprises a part of the Green Mountains. Among its prominent features is a peak called the Camel's Hump, which rises 40SS feet above the level of the sea. The soil is fertile, and adapted to pastu- rage. Butter, hay, oats, wool, cattle, maple sugar, and po- tatoes are the staple products. Quarries of slate and fine granite have been opened in this coanty. Dolomite, ser- pentine, and verd-antique marble are found in it. It is in- tersected by the Vermont Central Railroad, and partly traversed by the Montpelier i& Wells River Railroad. Capital, Montpelier, which is also the capital of the state. Valuation of real and personal estate, $18,614,189. Pop. in 1870, 26,520, of whom 24,164 were Americans. Washington, a southwestern county of Virginia, bor- dering on Tennessee, has an area of about 550 square miles. It is intersected by the North and South Forks of the Hol- ston River, which run southwostward through long and fertile valleys. These are separated by a long ridge called Walker's Mountain, and the county is bounded on the N.W. by Clinch Mountain. The surface is mostly covered with forests of the white oak, sugar-maple, hickory, wild ohorry, chestnut, &q. Indian corn, wheat, oats, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Among its mineral resources are gypsum, Silurian limestone, and salt. Thick beds of solid salt occur here. This county is intersected by the Atlantic, WAS AVAS Mississippi (fc Ohio Railroad. Capital, AbingJon. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,899,831. Pop. in 1S70, 16,816, of whom 16,737 were Araericims. Washington, a county in the S.E. part of Wisconsin, has an area of 432 square miles. It is intersected by the Mil- waukee River, and also drained by the Mequon and Rubicon Rivers. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is very fertile. Forests of the ash, hickory, oak, sugar- maple, and other trees cover about one-third of the surface. Wheat, oats, Indian corn, hay, cattle, and butter are the staple products. Silurian limestone, a good material for building, is abundant here. This county is traversed by the Chicago & Nortliwestern and Milwaukee A St. Paul Railroads. Capital, West Bend. Valuation of real and personal estute, $11,310,144. Pop. in 1370, 23,919, of whom 13,868 were Americans; in 1375, 23,362. Washington, a post-village, capital of Hempstead co.. Ark., about ll5 miles S.W. of Little Rock, and U miles N.E. of Fulton. It contains 7 churches, a seminary for both sexes, and a newspaper office. Pop. about 750. Washington, a post-hamlet of Nevada co., Cal., 12 miles from Emigrant Gap, and about 32 miles E.N.E. of Grass Valley. Pop. of tuwnship, 638. Washington, a township of Plumas co., Cal. P. 520. Washington, a township of Sonoma co., Cal. P. 548, Washington, a township of Stanislaus co., Cal. P. 231. Washington, a village of Yolo co., Cal., on the W. bank of the Sacramento River, i mile from Sacramento City. Pop. of township, 809. Washington, a post-village in Washington township, Litchfield CO., Conn., 1 mile from Washington Depot (which is on the Shepaug Railroad, 13 miles S.S.W. of Litchfield), and 15 miles W.N.W. of Waterbury. The township is intersected by Shepaug River, and presents picturesque scenery. It contains New Preston and Washington Depot, and has quarries of white marble. Pop. of township, 1563. Washington, a city of the United States, and the po- litical metropolis of the Republic, is finely located in the District of Columbia, on the Potomac River, in lat. (Obser- vatory) 38° 53' 39" N. and Ion. 77° 2' 48" W. from Green- wich. It is itself a meridian, and many of our maps reckon their longitude from this city. Its distances from the prin- cipal cities of the United States are — from Baltimore, 38 miles; Philadelphia, 136; New York, 226; Albany, 376; Boston, 432 ; Detroit, 526 ; Chicago, 763 ; San Francisco, about 2000 (in an air-line) ; St. Louis, 856 ; Cincinnati, 497 ; Pittsburg, 223 ; Richmond, 122; Charleston, 544; Mobile, 1033 ; New Orleans, 1203 ; and Nashville, 714. General Aspect. — Washington is situated on the loft bank of the Potomac, between two small tributaries, the one on the E. called the East Branch, and the one on the W. called Rock Creek. The latter separates it from Georgetown. The plan of the city is unique, and everything is laid out on a scale that shows an anticipation of a great metropolis. It? plot extends 4^ miles N.W. and S.E., and about 2^ miles N.E. and S.W., covering an area of nearly 11 square miles. The city was planned by an architect named L'Enfant. Taking the Capitol Hill for a centre, he laid down streets parallel thereto, and in due lines from E. to W. These are distinguished by letters, — the street immediately N. of the Capitol being called A Street North; that immediately S. of the Capitol, A Street South, and so on through most of the alphabet. Another set of streets, running from N. to S., intersect the lettered streets at right angles, and are dis- tinguished by numbers, the first street E. of the Capitol being 1st Street East; the first street W. of the Capitol, 1st Street West, and so on. The city is supplied with the great- est abundance of water, which is brought from the Great Falls of the Potomac, distance some 18 miles, by an aque- duct which passes through 11 tunnels and over 6 bridges, one of which, crossing the Cabin John Creek, is a beautiful piece of architecture, being of white marble, with a single arch of 220 feet span. The supply from this aqueduct is estimated at 36,000,000 gallons a day. Public Buildmga.—First of these, in architectural merit and in point of interest, is the Capitol, situated on an emi- nence (looking towards the W.) of 72 feet above tide-water, and consisting of what is known as the Centre Capitol and extensions. The centre building, which is of freestone painted white, was commenced in 1792, when the corner- stone was laid by Washington. The extension, of pure whitemarble, was commenced in 1851, under President Fill- more. The centre or original Capitol is 352 feet long by 121 feet in depth; the extenfeions comprehend two wings, each 238 by 140 feet, connected by corridors 44 feet long. The whole building is 737 feet long, and covers an area of 3^ acres. A rotunda 96 feet in diameter, in the centre of 143 the building, is surmounted by a dome of iron, upon the top of which is Crawford's bronze statuo of Liberty, the head of which is 287 feet above the basement of the Capitol. This rotunda is filled with historical paintings, such as The Declaration of Independence, the Surrender of General Bur- goyne, the Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, and General Wash- ington Resigning his Commission at Annapolis, all by Trum- bull; the Embarkation of the Pilgrims from Ley den, by Weir; the Landing of Columbus, by Vandcrlyn ; the Bap- tism of Pocahontas, by Chapman ; and the Discovery of the Mississippi, by Powell. Other apartments of note in the Capitol are the Senate chamber, in the N. extension, 113 feet long by 80 feet wide, and surrounded by galleries for spectators; the hall of the House of Representatives, in the S. extension, 139 feet long by 93 feet wide, with a gallery ; the old Senate chamber, now the Supreme Court room, in the central building; the old hall of the House of Repre- sentatives, now devoted to collections of historical statues and paintings; the library of Congress, a fine room, 91 feet long by 34 feet wide, with two wings, each 90 feet long by 30 feet wide, and containing about 350,1)00 volumes. One and a half miles N.W. of the Capitol stands the President's House, with a front on Pennsylvania Avenue of 170 feet by &6 feet deep, 2 stories high, built of freestone painted white, and surrounded by extensive grounds. Near this, on the E., is the Treasury building, an immense edifice, about 600 feet long, by 200 feet wide. This edifice has about 500 rooms, and contains, besides the accommodations for an array of clerks, an immense engraving and printing estab- lishment. Other edifices of note are the building of the State Department, now in course of construction, AV. of the President's House, and designed to accommodate the War and Navy Departments, which at present occupy large brick structures in the immediate vicinity; the General Post- Office, fronting E street, one of the finest edifices in Wash- ington, of white marble, 204 feet long by 102 feet deep, and containing over 200 rooms ; the Patent Office, between Eighth and Ninth and F and G streets, covering an entire square, and unsurpassed by any structure in Washington for extent or elegance, if we except the Capitol ; the Smith- sonian Institution, one of the noblest institutions in Wash- ington, with a structure 450 feet long by 140 wide, built of red sandstone, in the Romanesque or Norman style, em- bellished by 9 towers from 75 to 150 feet in height; and the Department of Agriculture, a spacious brick and brown- stone building at the foot of Thirteenth street, with a library and museum, herbarium, and greenhouses. Washington is also the seat of the United States Naval Observatory, one of the institutions most creditable to the government, occupying a commanding site on the banks of the Potomac, S.W. of the President's House. Here also are Columbian University, a noted Baptist institution, with 10 instructors; Howard University (non-sectarian and open to both sexes, regardless of color), with 23 instructors; the National Deaf-Mute College, with 7 instructors; the Gov- ernment Asylum for the Insane of the army and navy and the District of Columbia, and the Soldiers' Home for dis- abled soldiers of the regular army. The Arsenal, on Green- leaf's Point, at the junction of the East Branch with tho Potomac, is one of the principal establishments of its kind in the United States, containing vast stores of arms and ammunition, including an immense park of artillery of about 1000 pieces. About li miles N.E. from the arsenal, and the same distance S.E. of the Capitol, on the East Branch, is the navy-yard, covering about 30 acres, and enclosed by a wall. Other celebrated institutions are the Corcoran Art Gallery, founded and endowed by W. W. Cor- coran, and containing a splendid collection of paintings and statuary, and the Louise Home for impoverished ladies of education, also founded and endowed by Mr. Corcoran. Railroadaj &c. — Washington has direct communication with the N. by the Baltimore &, Ohio and Baltimore & Potomac Railroads, with the W. by the Baltimore & Ohio, and with the S. by the Alexandria it Washington Railroad, which crosses the Potomac on the celebrated " long bridge." Ferry steamers run regularly to Alexandria, Va., and other lines of boats ply hence upon tbe Potomac. Ohjects of Interest in the Vicinitij, — Fifteen miles S. of Washington, on the Potomac, is Mount Vernon, once the home and now the tomb of Washington. Thirteen miles above Georgetown are the Great Falls of the Potomac, thought by many to equal, in wildness and picturesque in- terest, any in the country. The Little Falls, which have in all a descent of 15 feet, are only 3 miles above Georgetown. Washington contains 6 banks, about 120 churches, em- bracing nearly all of the different denominations known in the United States, and offices which, issue 8 daily and 11 WAS 2354 WAS weekly newspapers. (For government, manufactures, and commerce, see District of Columbia.) The site for the capital was selected at the original suggestion of President Washington, but not without great opposition. The act making the selection was passed July, 1790, and in 1800 the government was removed thither. In 1S14 the city was taken by the British, when the Capitol, President's House, and the library of Congress were either wholly destroyed or greatly injured by fire, and other public works defaced. Pojntlatioit. — The resident population of Washington in 1S70 was 109,199, of whom 3o,455 were colored and ].?,757 were foreigners. But this number is greatly increased during the sessions of Congress, by the accession of not only the members and their families, but of visitors and persons spending the winter or a portion of it here, for the pur- pose of enjoying the society and gayety of the capital. Washington, a post-village, capital of Wilkes co., 6a., is about 55 miles in a direct line and 76 miles, by railroad W.N.W. of Augusta. It is the N. terminus of the Wash- ington Branch Railroad, which connects at Barnett with the Georgia Railroad. It has a court-house, 6 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, 2 semin.aries, mineral springs, and manufactures of furniture and carriages. Pop. 1506. Washington, a post-village of Idaho co., Idaho, about 100 miles by air-line N.N.E. of Boise City. It has gold- mines. Washington, a township of Carroll co., III. Pop. 603. Washington, a post-village in Washington township, Tazewell CO., III., on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Rail- road, at its junction with the Chicago & Alton Railroad, and on the Chicago, Pekin or 7 miles across. Lat. of Cape Wessel, at its N. extremity, 10° 69' S., Ion. 136° 45' E. Wessem, wSs's^m, a town of the Netherlands, in Lim- burg, on the Meuse (Maese), oi miles S.W. of Roermond. Wes'siiigtou, a post-office of Wetmoro co., Dakota. Wessjegonsk, a town of Russia. See Vesegonsk. Wes'son, or Wes'sen, a post-village of Copiah co., Miss., on the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 9 miles N. of Brookhaven, and I mile from Beauregard. It has 3 churches, and a large manufactory of cotton and wool- len goods, which employs about 600 hands. Many citizens of New Orleans spend the summer here. Pop. about 1600. West. For names with this prefix not below, see ad- ditional word. West, a township of Effingham co,. 111. Pop. 859. West, a township of McLean co., 111. Pop. 941. West, a township of Marshall co., Ind. Pop. 1489, West, a township of Montgomery co., Iowa. Pop. 812. West, a township of Columbiana co., 0. Pop. 1985. West, a township of Huntingdon co., Pa. Pop. 1367. West, a post-office of Wetzel co., W. Va. West Ab'ington, a post-village in Abington town- ship, Plymouth co., Mass., 2 miles from North Abington Station. Pop. about 200. West Ac'ton, a post-village in Acton township, Middle- sex CO., Mass., on the Fitchburg Railroad, 27 miles W.N.W. of Boston. It has a graded school, 2 churches, and manu- factures of cider and wooden-ware. West Ad'dison, a hamlet of Steuben co., N.Y., in Rathbone township, on the Erie Railroad, about IS miles W. of Corning. West Addison, a post-hamlet in Addison township, Addison co., Vt., on Lake Champlain, about 10 miles S.W. of Vergennes. It has a church. West Albany, all'ba-ne, a post-haralet of Fayette co., Iowa, on the Volga River, 4 miles W. of Fayette. It has a ftour-mill and about 25 houses. West Albany, a post-hamlet in West Albany town- ship, Wabasha CO., Minn., near the Zumbro Riv^er, 2- miles from Tracey Station, and about 20 miles S.S.E. of Red Wing. It has a flour-mill. Pop. of township, 815. West Albany, a post-village in Watervliet township, Albany co., N.Y., on the New York Central Railroad, 3 miles N.W. of the capitol at Albany. Here are some engine- houses and workshops of the railroad company, which em- ploy many men in the manufacture of locomotives and cars. Large stock-yards are located here. West Alburg:, awl'burg, or Wind'mill Point, Grand Isle co., Vt., is on Lake Champlain and the Central Vermont Railroad, 1^ miles E. of Rouse's Point. West Alden, all'd^n, a post-hamlet in Alden town- ship, Erie co., N.Y., about 18 miles E. of Buffalo. It has a church. West Alexan'der, a post-borough of Washington co., Pa., on the National Road and the Wheeling & Pittsburg Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 16 miles E. of Wheeling. It has 3 churches, an academy, a cigar-factory, and a carriage-shop. Pop. about 500. West Alexan'dria, a post-village of Preble co., 0., on Twin Creek, 5 miles E. of Eaton Station, and about 20 miles W. of Dayton. It is partly in Lanier and partly in Twin township. It has 3 churches, a carriage-shop, and manufactures of cigars and furniture. Pop. 455. West AIM en, a post-ofRce of Alleghany co., N.Y. West'all Point, South Australia, Byre Land. Lat. 32° 52' S. : Ion. 133° 59' E. A mountain named Westall, East Australia, near Shoal Bay, is an important landmark. West Al'mond, a post-hamlet in West Almond town- ship, Alleghany co., N.Y., about 13 miles W. of Hornells- ville. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 798. West Alton, all'ton. a post-haralet in Alton township, Belknap co., N.H., on Winnepesaukee Lake, about 9 miles E. of Laconia. It has a church. West Am'boy% a post-hamlet in Araboy township. Oswego CO., N.Y., about 25 miles N. by E. of Syracuse. It has a church and a cheese-factory. West Amesbury, Massachusetts. See Merrimac. West Am'well, a township of Hunterdon co., N.J. Pop. 4S72. It contains Lambertville. West An'dover, a post-hamlut in Andover township, Merrimack co., N.H., on the Northern Railroad, 33 miles N.W. of Concord, and 4 miles N. of Mount Kearsarge. West Andover, a post-village of Ashtabula co., 0., in Andover township, about 14 miles S.E. of Jefferson. West Andover Village, avillage of Essex co., Mass., in Andover township, 1 mile from the Boston & Maine Railroad. It has a church. West Apop'ka, a post-office of Sumter co., Fla. West Ap'pleton,a post-office of Knox co.. Me., about 25 miles E. of Augusta. West Arichat, i-re-sh3t', a maritime village of Nova Scotia, CO. of Richmond, on Chedabucto Bay, 7 miles from Arichat. Pop. 350. West Ar'lington, a post-hamlet in Arlington town- ship, Bennington co,, Vt., on the Batten Kill River, about IS miles N. of Bennington. It has a church and a brush- handle-factory. West Ash'er, a post-office of Mitchell co., Kansas. West Ash'ford, a post-hamlet of Windham co., Conn., about 10 miles N. of Willimantic. West Ath'ens,a post-office of Somerset co.. Me., about 50 miles N. by E. of Augusta. West Auburn, aw'burn, a post-village of Androscog- gin CO., Me., in the city of Auburn, near Auburn Lake, 5^ miles N.W. of Lewiston. It has a church and manufac- tures of boots and shoes. West Auburn, a post-office of Susquehanna co., Pa., about 33 miles N.W. of Scranton, West Auckland, a township of England, co. of Bur- ham, 4 miles S.W. of Bishop-Auckland. Pop. 3187, era- ployed in various manufactures. It gives the title of earl to the Eden family. West Augus'ta, a post-office of Augusta co., Va. West Aurora, aw-ro'ra, a station in Kane co., 111., on the Chicago & Iowa Railroad and the Chicago, Burlington (fc Quincy Railroad, 1 mile W. of Aurora. West Aus'tintown, a post-hamlet of Mahoning co,, 0., on a branch of the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad, about 11 miles S. of Warren. It has 2 churches. West Australia. See Western Australia. West A'von, a post-hamlet in Avon township, Hart- ford CO., Conn., about 12 miles W. of Hartford. It has an academy, a church, and 1 or 2 lumber-mills. West Ita'den, a post-hamlet and watering-place of Orange co., Ind., 18 miles S.E. of Shoals, and about 50 miles W.N.W. of New Albany. It has a sulphur spring and several boarding-houses. West Bain'bridge, a post-hamlet in Bainbridge township, Chenango co., N.Y., 4 miles from Bainbridge Station, It has 2 churches. West Bald'win, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co., Me., in Baldwin township, on the Saco River and the Port- land & Ogdensburg Railroad, 33 miles W.N.W. of Portland. West Baltimore, bawl'te-more, a post-village of Montgomery co., 0., on the Dayton & Union Railroad, 21 miles W.N.W. of Dayton. It has a church and a flouring- miil. Pop. about 250. West Ban'gor, or Bangor, apost-hamlet in Bangor township, Franklin co., N.Y., about 9 miles S.W. of Ma- lone. It has 2 grist-mills, a saw-mill, &c. West Bangor, a p(ist-village in Peach Bottom town- ship, York CO., Pa., about 22 miles S. of Lancaster, and i mile from Delta Station of the Peach Bottom Railroad. It has 3 churches, a high school, and a manufactory of slate. West Bar'net, a post-hamlet in Barnet township, Caledonia co., Vt., 4^ miles from Barnet, and about 25 miles E. of Montpelier. It has a church and a manufactory of wooden-ware. West Barnstable, barn'sta-b'l, a post-village of Barnstable co., Mass., in Barnstable township, near an inlet of the sea, on the Cape Cod Railroad, 69 miles S.E. of Bos- ton. It has a church and a graded school. West Bar're, a post-hamlet of Orleans co,, N.Y., about 32 miles W. of Rochester. It has a church. West Bata'via, a post-hamlet in Batavia township, Genesee co., N.Y., on the New York Central Railroad, at Croft's Station. 6^ miles W.S.W. of Batavia. West Bath, township, Sagadahoc co., Me. Pop. 373. West Baton Rouge, bat'on roozh, a parish in the S.E. central part of Louisiana, has an area of about 200 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Mississippi WES 2378 WES River. The surface is level and is partly subject to inunda- tion, A large portion of it is covered with forests and cy- press-swamps. The soil is fertile. Cotton and sugar-cane are the staple products. Capital, Port Allen. Valuation of real .and personal estate, $8,916,616. Pop. in 1S70, 3114, of whom 5U28 were Americans. West Baton Rouge, a former post-village of West Baton Rouge parish. La. See Allain. West Bay, a post-settlement in Inverness co.. Nova Scotia, on an arm of Bras d'Or Lake, 13 miles from Port Hawkesbury. Steamers run hence to Sydney. Pop. 200. West Bay City (formerly Wenoiia), a post-village in Bangor township. Bay co., Mich., on the Saginaw River, opposite Bay City, and on the Saginaw division of the Michigan Central Railroad, 13 miles N. of East Saginaw. In addition to the former village of Wenona, it comprises the villages of Banks .and Salzburg. It has a state bank, a normal school, a newspaper office, and 4 churches. It exports large quantities of lumber, and has manufactures of lumber and salt. Pop. about 3000. West Bear River, township, Yuba co., Cal. Pop. 407. West Beaver, bee'ver, post-office, Columbiana co., 0. West Beaver, a township of Snyder co.. Pa. P. 1131. West Beck'et, a post-hamlet in Becket township, Berkshire co., Mass., 17 miles S.S.E. of Pittsfield. It has a church and 1 or 2 lumber-mills. West Bed'ford, a post-village in Bedford township, Coshocton CO., 0., about 24 miles N.E. of Newark. It has 2 churches, a union school, and a steam flour-mill. P. 152. West Belleville, bel'vil, a post-hamlet of St. Clair CO., 111., on the St. Louis, Alton A Terre Haute Railroad, 1 mile W. of Belleville. West Bend, a post-hamlet in West Bend township, Palo Alto CO., Iowa, on the West Fork of the Des Moines River, 20 miles S.W. of Algona. Pop. of township, 246. West Bend, a post-office of Powell co., Ky., 35 miles E. by S. of Lexington. West Bend, a post-village, capital of Washington CO., Wis., in West Bend township, on the Milwaukee River and the Chicago A Northwestern Railroad, 34 miles N.N.AV. of Milwaukee, and about 20 miles W. of Ozaukee. It contains 6 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a bank, a high school, and several mills. Pop. 1225; of township, 893 additional. West Bergen, ber'gh^n, a post-hamlet in Bergen township, Genesee co., N.Y., on the New York Centra! Railroad, 22 miles W.S.W. of Rochester. West Berkeley, berk'lee, a post-village of Alameda CO., Cal., adjacent to Berkeley. It has a church. West Berkshire, bjrk'shir, a post-hamlet in Berk- shire township, Franklin co., Vt.', about 20 miles N.E. of St. Albans. It has a church, a tannery, and a carriage-shop. West Ber'lin,a post-hamlet in Berlin township, Wor- cester CO., Mass., on the Boston, Clinton & Fitchburg Kail- road, 42 miles W. of Boston. West Bernard, Texas. See New Philadelphia. West Berne, Albany co., N.Y. See Peoria. West Beth'any, a post-office of Genesee co., N.Y., about 37 miles E. of Buffalo. West Bethany, a hnmlet of Westmoreland co.. Pa., on the Southwest Pennsylvania Railroad, near Tarr, 12 miles S. of Greensburg. It has a distillery. West Beth'el, a post-village in Bethel township, Ox- ford CO., Me., near the Androscoggin River, and on the Grand Trunk Railroad, 74 miles N. by W. of Portland. It has a church and a steam saw-mill. West Beth'lehem, Lehigh co.. Pa., is a suburb of Bethlehem, and is on the Lehigh River, in Hanover town- ship, on the Lehigh Valley Railroad. It has a church. Pop. about 1200. West Bethlehem, a township of Washington co., Pa. Pop. 1964. West Bev'ilport, a post-office of J.asper co., Tex. West Bingham, bing'am, post-office. Potter co.. Pa. West Black Stocks, a township of Chester co., S.C. Pop. 1278. West Bloom'field, a township of Oakland co., Mich. Pop. 1046. West Bloomlield, a post-village in West Bloomfield township, Ontario co., N.Y., about 20 miles S. by E. of Rochester, and 1 or 2 miles S. of the New York Central Railroad. It has 2 churches. Pop. about 300 ; of the township, 1570. West Bloomfield, a post-office of Waushara eo.,Wis. West Bloom'ingdale, a station of the New Jersey Midland Railroad, 17 miles W.N.W. of Paterson, N.J. West Blue Mound, a post-hamlet of Iowa co., Wis., about 28 miles W. by S. of Madison. Lead is found here. West Bolton, boi'ton, a post-office of Chittenden co., Vt., about 17 miles E. by S. of Burlington. West Bolton, a post-village in Brome co., Quebec, 10 miles S.W. of Waterloo. Pop. 150. Westborough, west'biir-riih, a post-village in West- borough township, AVoreester co., Mass., on the Boston & Albany Railroad, 12 miles E. of Worcester, and 32 miles W. by S. of Boston. It contains 6 churches, a national bank, a savings-bank, a w.ater-cure, a high school, a news- paper office, and the Willow Park Seminary. A state re- form school is located in the township. It has manufactures of boots and shoes, straw goods, spring beds, and sleighs. Pop. of the township, 5141. Westborough, a post-village of Clinton co., 0., in Jefferson township, on the Hillsborough Branch of the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, 45 miles E.N.E. of Cin- cinnati. It has 3 churches. Pop. 237. Westborough, a post-h.amlet of Taylor co.. Wis., on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 83 miles N.N.W. of Stevens Point. It has a lumber-mill. West'bourne, or White Mud River, a post-village of .Manitoba, on White Mud River, 70 miles W. of Winni- peg. It is admirably situated on the route of the Canada Pacific Railway, and promises to become an important town. A .splendid bridge spans the river at this place. Pop. 200. West Bowdoin, bo'd^n, a post-hamlet of Sagadahoc CO., Me., about 11 miles E.S.E. of Lewiston. It has a church and manufactures of lumber. West Bowersville, bSw'^rz-vII, a post-village of Franklin co., Ga., on the Elberton Air-Line Railroad, 21 i miles S.S.E. of Toccoa. It has a grist-mill and a steam saw-mill. West Box'ford, a post-hamlot of Essex co., Mass., about 7 miles E. of Lawrence. It has a church. West Boylston, boilz'ton, a post-village in West Boylston township, Worcester CO., Mass., on the Worcester & Nashua Railroad, 8-i miles N. of Worcester, and about 40 miles W. of Boston. It has 4 churches, and manufactures of cotton goods, boots, &c. The township contains another village, named Oakdale, and has manufactures of woollen goods and several cotton-mills. Pop. of the township, 2902. West Brad'ford, township, Chester co.. Pa. P. 1536. West Brain'tree, a post-hamlet of Orange co., Vt., on the Central A'erinont Railroad, 26 miles S.S.W. of Mont- pelier. It has a church. West Branch, a post-office of Butte co., Cal. West Branch, a post-village in Springdale township. Cedar co., loiva, on the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & North- ern Railroad, 28 miles S.S.E. of Cedar Rapids. It has a money-order post-office, a newspaper office, a bank, 2 churches, and a flour-mill. Pop. about 500. West Branch, a post-village of Ogemaw co., Mich., on the Saginaw division of the Michigan Central Railroad, 66 miles N. of East Saginaw. It has an active trade in lumber. West Branch, a post-office of Pawnee co.. Neb., about 60 miles S. by E. of Lincoln. West Branch, a post-hamlet in Lee township, Oneida CO., N.Y., 10 or 12 miles N. of Rome. It has a grist-mill. Pop. .about 150. West Branch, a post-office of Potter co.. Pa. West Branch, Richl.andco., Wis. SeeSpniNG Vai.i.ev. West Branch, a post-hamlet in Kent co., New Bruns- wick, on the West Branch of the Nicholas River, 12 miles from Kingston. Pop. 200. West Bran'dywine, a township of Chester co.. Pa. Pop. 933. West Brat'tleborough, a post-village in Brattle- borough township, Windham CO., Vt., 2 miles from Brattle- borough Station, and about 30 miles E. of Bennington. It has 2 churches and an academy. West BreAV'ster, a post-hamlet of Barnstable co., Mass., about 36 miles E.S.E. of Plymouth. West Bridgeton, brij'ton, a post-hamlet of Cumber- laud CO., Me., about 33 miles W. of Lewiston. West Bridgewater, brlj'wi-tjr, a post-village in AVest Bridgewater township, Plymouth co., Mass., 1 mile from the Old Colony Railroad, and 25 miles S. of Boston. It contains 3 churches and the Howard Seminary, with a building which cost $60,000. The township has 2 foun- dries, a grist-mill, 2 saw-mills, and manufactures of boots, shoes, shovels, &c. Pop. of the township, 1758. West Bridgewater, Pa. See Buidgewater. West Bridgewater, a post-hamlet of AA'indsor co., Vt., about 11 miles E. of Rutland, and 3 miles E. of Kil- lington Peak. It has manufactures of wooden bowls and chair-stretchers. WES 2379 WES West Brid'port, a post-office of AilJison oo., Vt., on Lake Chanipliiin, J mile from Crown Point, N.Y. West Brighton, bri't^n, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., N.Y., near the Genesee River, 2 miles S. of Rochester. West Brim'fleld, a post-hamlet in Brimfield town- ship, Hampden co., Mass., on the Boston A Albany Rail- road, 19 miles E. of Springfield, It has a church and a brick-j'ard. It is on the Chicopee River. West Bris'tol, a post-office of Lincoln oo., Me. West Bristol, a post-office of Ontario co., N.Y. West Brome, a post-village in Brome co., Quebec, on a branch of the Yamaska River, and on the Southeastern Railway, 39 miles E.S.E. of Montreal. It contains a church, a woollen-mill, and a saw- and grist-mill. P. 125. West Broin'wich, a village of England, co. of Staf- ford, 2^ miles S.E. of Wednesbury, It has numerous places of "worship, a branch bank, and mines of coal and iron. West'brook, a post-village of Middlese.K co., Conn., in Westbrook township, on tho Shore Line Railroad, 28 miles E. of New Haven, and about 1 mile from Long Island Sound. It has 2 churches and an academy. Pop. of the township, 987. Westbrook, a station of Cumberland co., Me., in Westbrook township, on the Maine Central Railroad and the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad, 4 miles N.W. of Port- land. Pop. of the township (which contains Saccarappa and Cumberland Mills), 65S3. Westbrooli, a post-office of Cottonwood co., Minn., 8 miles S.W. of Lamberton Station. West Brook, a post-office of Delaware co., N.Y'. West Brook, a post-office of Bladen oo., N.C. Westbrook, a post-office of Blanco co., Tec., about 50 miles W. of Austin. West Brooli, a post-village in Frontenac co., Ontario, 7 miles W.N.W. of Kingston. Pop. 100. West Brook'fleld, a post-village in West Brookfield township, Worcester co., Mass., on the Boston k Albany Railroad, 69 miles AV. by S. of Boston, and 29 miles E.N.E. of Springfield. It has 2 churches and a corset-factory. The township is bounded on the W. by Ware River, and is partly drained by the Chicopee River. It has several manufac- tories of boots and shoes. Pop. of the township, 1903. West Brool^field, a post-village in Tuscarawas town- ship. Stark CO., 0., 2 or 3 miles W. of Massillon. It has 4 churches and a steam mill. It is often called Brookfield. Pop. about 400. West Brook'lyn, a post-village of Lee co., 111., at Brooklyn Station, 10 miles E. of Arnboy. West Brooklyn, a post-office of Susquehanna co.. Pa. West'brooks, township, Sampson co., N.C. P. 1449. West Brooks'ville, a post-hamlet in Brooksville township, Hancock co., Me., on the E. side of Penobscot Bay, about 14 miles E. of Belfast. West Brook'ville, a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., N.Y., on the Delaware & Hudson Canal, 13 or 14 miles N.E. of Port Jervis, Bluestone for flagging is shipped here. West Broughton,bro'ton, a post-village in Beauce co., Quebec, 15 miles E.N.E. of St. Joseph de Beauce. P. 150. West Browns'ville, a post-borough of Washington CO., Pa., on the W. bank of the Monongahela River, oppo- site Brownsville, It has a church, and boat-yards in which steamers and other boats are built. Pop. 547. West Bruns'ivick, a township of Schuylkill co.. Pa. Pop. llfiS. West Buffalo, township. Union co., Pa. Pop. 104(5. West'burg, a township of Buchanan CO., Iowa. P. 593. Westbnrg, a post-office of Washington co., Miss. West Burke, burk, a post-village in Burke township, Caledonia co., Vt., on the Passumpsie Railroad, 16 miles N. of St. Johnsbury. It has 2 churches, a s.aw-mill, Ac. West Bur'lington, a post-hamlet of Otsego co., N.Y., about 30 miles S. of Utiea. It has 2 churches. West Burlington, a post-hamlet in West Burlington township, Bradford co.. Pa., on Sugar Creek, about 12 miles W. of Towanda. It has a church. Pop. of township, 896. Westbury, wSst'ber-e, a parliamentary and municipal borough and town of England, co. of Wilts, on the N.W. side of Salisbury Plain, with a station on a branch of the Great Western Railway, 4i miles S.S.E. of Trowbridge. Pop. of borough, 6396. The town is irregularly built; chief edifices, a town hall, a church, 2 chapels of ease, and a national school. Westbury returns one member to the House of Commons. Westbury, wfet'b?r-e, a post- village of Cayuga co., N.\^., in A'ietory township, about 22 miles S.S.W. of Oswego. It has 2 churches. Pop. 152. Westbury, a station and hamlet of Queens co., N.Y., on the Long Island Railroad, 22 miles E. of Brooklyn. It has a church. Westbury, w^st'b^r-e, a post-village in Compton co., Quebec, !1 miles N.E. of Sherbrooke. Pop. 100. West Bush, a hamlet of Fulton co., N.Y., 14 miles from Gloversville. It has a church. West But'ler,a post-hamlet of Wayne co., N.Y'., about 42 miles E. of Rochester. West Butte, buto (formerly Barbers), a post-hamlet of Sutter CO., Cal., 18 miles N.W. of Marysville. It has a church. West Bux'ton, a post-village in Buxton township, York CO., Me., on the E. bank of the Saco River, 20 miles W. of Portland. It has 3 churches, a savings-bank, a graded school, and manufactures of woollen goods, lumber, and sugar-bo.\es. West Cairo, ka'ro, or Cairo, a post-village of Allen CO., 0., on the Dayton & Michigan Railroad, 7 miles N. of Lima. It has 3 churches, a tlour-mill, and a saw-mill. The name of its post-office is West Cairo. West CaI'der, a parish of Scotland, co. and 13 miles S.W. of Edinburgh. It has an old castle, and the traces of a Roman camp. West Cain, kaln, township, Chester co.. Pa. P. 1398. West Cambridge, kam'brij, a post-office of Wash- ington CO., N.Y., on the Greenwich A Johnsonville Rail- road, 7 miles N. of Johnsonville, West Cain'den, a post-hamlet of Knox co.. Me., in Camden township, 44 miles N. of Rockland. It has a church. West Camden, a post-hamlet of Oneida co., N.Y., on the Rome, AV'atertown A Ogdensburg Railroad, 23 miles W.N,W, of Rome, It has a church and a tannery. West Camp, a hamlet of Ulster co., N.Y., on the Hudson River, about 40 miles below Albany, and 1 mile froui Gcrmantown Station. It has a church. West Campbell, kam'el, post-office, Ionia co., Mich. West Cami>'ton, a post-village of Grafton co., N.H., in Carapton township, 7 or 8 miles N. of Plymouth. It has a church, and manufactures of bobbins and lumber. West Canaan, ka'nan, a post-hamlet of Grafton co., N.H., on the Northern Railroad, 56 miles N.W. of Concord. It has a saw-mill. West Canaan, Madison co., 0. See Amity. West Can'ada Creek, New York, drains part of Hamilton co., and runs southwestward through Herkimer CO. to TiEKSTO-X Falls (which see). It finally flows south- ward, and enters the Mohawk River at Herkimer. West Can'dor, a post-office of Tioga eo., N.Y., near West Candor Station of the Utica, Ithaca A Elmira Rail- road, which is 23 miles S. of Ithaca. West Cape, a post-village in Prince co.. Prince Ed- ward Island, on Northumberland Strait, 47 miles from Summerside. It has 4 stores and several mills. Pop. 100. West Cape Howe, on the S. coast of Australia, 18 miles S.W. of Albany. Lat. 35° 9' S. ; Ion. 117° 40' E. Westcapelle, Belgium. See West Kapelle. West Carlisle, kar'lir, a post-village in Pike town- ship, Coshocton CO., 0., 22 miles N.E. of Newark. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and a carriage-shop. Pop. 175. West Car'roli, a parish in the N.E. part of Louisiana, bordering on Arkansas. It is drained by Bayous Boeuf and Macon. The surface is partly covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cotton is its staple product. This parish was in 1870 a part of Carroll parish. Capital, Floyd. West Car'rollton, a post-village of Montgomery co., 0., in Miami township, on the Miami River, 8 or 9 miles below Dayton, is on the Cincinnati, Hamilton A Dayton Railroad, at Carrollton Station. It has 3 churches, a graded sch'ool, 2 paper-mills, and 2 cigar-factories. Pop. about 500. West Carthage, kar'thij, a village of Jefferson co., N.Y., in Champion township, on Black River, opposite Carthage, and \ mile f'roin Carthage Station. It has a church and uianufactures of flour and butter-tubs. West Cas'co, a post-office of Allegan co., Mich., on Lake Michigan, 6 miles N. of South Haven. West Castleton,kas'sel-ton, a post-hamlet in Castle- ton township, Rutland Co., Vt., on Bomaseen Lake, about 15 miles W. by N. of Rutland. It has manufactures of slate mantels, writing-slates, and other slate goods. West Ce'dar, a post-office of Phillips oo., Kansas, 55 miles S. of Kearney, Neb. West Charleston, eharlz'tgn, a post-hamlet of Pen- obscot CO., Mc, 24 miles N.W. of Bangor. West Charleston, a post-hamlet of Miami eo., 0., in Bethel township, 2 miles from Tippecanoe, and 12 miles N, by E. of Dayton. It has a church. Pop. 130. WES 2380 WES West Charleston, a post-village in Charleston town- ship, Orleans co., Vt., on Clyde River, 9 miles E. by S. of Newport, and about 66 miles N.N.E. of Montpelier. It has 2 churches, an academy, and manufactures of carriages, lumber, starch, &a. West Charlotte, shar'lot, a post-hamlet in Charlotte township, Chittenden co., Vt., on the Vermont Centra! Rail- road, 12 miles S. of Burlington, and 1 mile E. of Lake Champlain. Here is a church. West Charl'ton,a post-hamlet of Saratoga co., N.Y., about 30 miles N.W. of Albany. It has a church. West Chatham, ohat'am, a post-hamlet in Chatham township, Barnstable co., Mass., on the ocean, 5 miles E. of Harwich Station, and about 52 miles E. of New Bedford. West Chazy, shaz'ee\ a post-village in Chazy town- ship, Clinton co., N.Y., on the Montreal & I'lattsburg Rail- road, at the junction of a branch to Mooers, 10 miles N. by W. of Plattsburg. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, a tan- nery, and a saw-mill. West Cheha'lem, a post-office of Yam Hill co., Ore- gon. West Chelms'ford, a post- village in Chelmsford town- ship, Middlesex Co., Mass., on the Stony Brook Railroad, 5 miles W.S.W. of Lowell. It has a church. West Chelsea, ohel'se, Connecticut, is that part of Norwich known as West Side. West Chenango, she-nang'go, a post-office of Broome CO., N.Y. West Cheshire, chSsh'ir, a post-village in Cheshire township. New Haven co.. Conn., on the New Haven & Northampton Railrcad, 15 miles N. of New Haven. It contains the factories of the Cheshire Brass Company and the Cheshire Manufacturing Company. West'chester, a county in the S.E. part of New York, bordering on Connecticut, has an area of about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Hudson River, on the S.E. by Long Island Sound, and is intersected by the Croton River, and partly drained by the Bronx River. The surface is hilly and diversified with beautiful scenery. The soil is fertile and adapted to pasturage. Hay, milk, butter, potatoes, and Indian corn are the sta.ple products. Many residents of Now York city have fine villas and country- seats in this county. The rocks which underlie the soil are mostly azoic or eozoic. Here are several quarries of marble and dolomite (magnesian limestone). Good quicklime is prepared from the latter. This county is intersected by the Hudson River Railroad, the New York & Harlem Railroad, and the New York & New Haven Railroad. It contains the large villages of Yonkers, Peekskill, and Sing Sing. Capital, White Plains. Valuation of real and personal es- tate, Slo8,-H0,460. Pop. in 1870, 131,348, of whom 94,004 were Americans. In 1873 the southern part of this county was annexed to the city of New York. This annexed dis- trict comprised the populous townships of Morrisania, West Farms, and Kingsbridge. Pop. in 1875, 100,660. Westchester, a post-hamlet of New London co.. Conn., about 20 miles W. of Norwich. It has a church, a paper- mill, and a tannery. Westchester, a station of the Boston & New Y'ork Air-Line Railroad. See North Wkstchester, Conn. Westchester, a post-hamlet of Jay co., Ind., about 50 miles N. of Richmond. It has a church. Westchester, township. Porter co., Ind. Pop. 1364. West Chester, a post-village in Franklin township, Washington CO., Iowa, on the Oskaloosa Branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 8 miles W. of Washington. It has 2 churches. Westchester, a post-village of Westchester co., N.Y., in a township of the same name, on a navigable creek of its own name, and on the New York & New Haven Rail- road, 12 miles N.E. of the city hall of New York. It has 5 churches. The township is bounded on the S.E. by Long Island Sound, and contains many fine residences. P. 4763. West Chester, a post-village in Union township, But- ler CO., 0., near the railroad which connects Cincinnati with Dayton. J of a mile from Chester Station, and 20 miles N. of Cincinn.ati. It has 2 churches. Pop. 257. Westchester, a village in Perry township, Tuscarawas CO., 0., 15 miles S. of Uhrichsville. It has 2 churches. Pop. 198., West Chester, a handsome post-borough, capital of Chester co,, Pa., is finely situated, on elevated ground, 27 miles by railroad W. of Philadelphia. It is the W. ter- minus of the West Chester &. Philadelphia Railro.ad. It contains a beautiful court-house, the front of which is adorned with six Corinthian columns, 8 churches, the West Chester State Normal School, which occupies a large stone edifice, 2 national banks, 1 other bank, several banking- houses, a cabinet of natural sciences, a horticultural hall, 3 newspaper offices, a convent, an academy, 2 boarding- schools, the law department of Lincoln University, which was organized in 1870, 2 foundries with machine-shops, a steam fiour-mill, 2 nurseries, and manufactories of hosiery, soap and candles, and tin- ware. One daily paper is published here. Pop. 5630. West Chester, township, Chester co., S.C. Pop. 2795. West Chester, a post-village in Cumberland co.. Nova Scotia, 9 miles from Thomson. Pop. 150. West Ches'terfleld, a post-hamlet of Hampshire co., Mass., on the Westfield River, about 30 miles N.W. of Springfield. It has a church, and manufactures of turbine water-wheels, saw-handles, j miles E.S.E., is surmounted by two light- houses, respectively 540 and 250 feet in height, in lat. 52° 57' 9" N., Ion. 6° W. Wick'loAV, a post-office of Lake co., Dakota. Wicklow, a post-hamlet in Carleton co.. New Bruns- wick, on the St. John River, 6 miles from Floreneeville. Wicklow, a post-village in Northumberland co., On- tario, 2^ miles from Grafton. Pop. 100. Wickrath, -frik'rat, a town of Prussia, on the Niers, a few miles by rail S.W. of Dusseldorf. It has factories, paper-mills, 4c. Pop. 4790. Wicks'btirg, a post-office of Dale co., Ala. Wick'war, a market-town and parish of England, co. of Gloucester, on the Midland Railway, 13 miles N.E. of Bristol. Pop. of parish, 902. Wickwire Station, Nova Scotia. See Milford. Wicoin'ico, a county in the S.E. part of Maryland, bordering on Delaware, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by tho Pocomoke River, on the N.W. by the Nanticoke, and is drained by the Wicomico River. Chesapeake Bay touches tho S.W. part of this county, which is a portion of the section called the Eastern Shore. The surface is nearly level, and is extensively cov- WIG 2409 WIE ered with forests of the hickory, oak, pine, cedar, and other trees. Indian corn, lumber, potatoes, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Eastern Shore Railroad and the Wicomico & Pocomoke llailroad. Capital, Salisbury. Valuation of real and personal estate, 84,422,290. Pop. in 1870, 15,802, of whom .15,765 were Americans. Wicomico Church, a post-office of Northumberland CO.. Va., about 70 miles E.N.E. of llichmond. Wicomico River, Maryland, rises in Wicomico co., runs southwestward, and enters Chesapeake Bay on the boundary-line between Somerset and Wicomico cos. Small vessels can ascend it to Salisbury. Wiconisco, wik^o-nis'ko, a post-village of Dauphin CO., Pa., in AViconjsco township, on the Summit Branch Railroad, 1 mile N. of Lykens, and about 30 miles N. by E. of Harrisburg. Coal is mined in this township. Pop. of the township, 2993. Wiconisco Creek, Pennsylvania, rises in Schuylkill CO., runs nearly westward through Dauphin co., and enters the Susqueiianna River at Millersburg. Wicze, a village of Austria. See Witsche. Wiczemilow, the Bohemian name of Nimburg. Widawka, we-dav'ki, or Widawa, ^c-da'v^, a town of Russian Poland, government and 4i miles S.E. of Kalisz, on the Widawka. Pop. 2175. It has manufactures of linens and hosiery. Wid'der, or Pine Hill, a post-village in Lambton co., Ontario, 2^ miles from Widder Station. Pop. 100. Widderii, wid'dern, a town of Wiirtemberg, on the Jaxt. 8 miles N.N.W." of Oehringen. Pop. 1305. Wid'der Station, or Thed'ford, a post-village in Lambton co., Ontario, on the Grand Trunk Railway, 136J miles W. of Toronto. It contains saw-, grist-, and woollen- mills, several stores, and hotels. A weekly newspaper is published here. Pop. 500. Wide Bay, an inlet of Queensland, East Australia,' lat. 20° S. It receives the Mary River, and has opposite to it a part of Great Sandy Island. Widefield, wid'feeld, a station in El Paso co., Col., on the Denver & Rio G-rande Railroad, 9 miles S.S.E. of Col- orado Springs. Widcman, wid'man, a post-office of Izard co., Ark., 15 miles N. of Melbourne. Wideman's, a post-ofEiee of Abbeville co., S.C. Widin, Widdin, wid'din\ or Vid'din (L. Vi'da; Pr. Vidine, ve'deen'), a strongly fortified town of Bulgaria, on the Danube, near the Servian frontier, 46 miles S. of Gla- dova. Pop. about 25,000. It is the residence of a Greek archbishop, and has numerous mosques, and some trade in rock salt, corn, and winej but its only good building is the office of the Austrian Steam Navigation Company. Widnau, -ivid'now, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton of St, Gall, near the Rhine. Wid'ner, a township of Knox co., Ind. Pop. 1704. Wid'nes, a town and township of England, in Lan- cashire, on the Mersey, opposite Runcorn, with which it is connected by a bridge. It has manufactures of chemicals, copper, and oil. Pop. 14,359. Wied, weed, a river of Rhenish Prussia, rises in the "Wcsterwald, flows S., and falls into the Rhine near Neuwied. Wieda, wee'dS,, a village of Brunswick, circle of Blank- enburg, 4 miles N.N.W. of Walkenried. Pop. 1397. Wiedenbrucli, ■ft'ee'den-briik*, a town of Prussian Westphalia, 40 miles S.W. of Minden, on the Ems. P. 2856. Wiedikon, \Vee'de-kon, a village of Switzerland, can- ton and close to the botanical garden of Zurich. Pop. of commune, 2848. Wiegstadtl, or Wigstadtl, ^eec'stStt'l, a town of Austrian Silesia, 12 miles S.S.W. of Troppau. Pop. 2763. Wiegstadtl, a market-town of Bohemia, 36 miles E.S.E. of Koniggratz. Pop. 700. Wiehe, ^Vee'eh, or Weche, ^fiK'eh, a town of Prussian Saxony, 27 miles W.S.AV. of Merseburg, capital of the cir- cle of Eckartsberge. Pop. 211G. Wiekevorst, wee'keh-voRst\ a village of Belgium, province and 22 miles E.S.E. of Antwerp, on the Wimpe. Wiek Loningcn, Germany. See Lomingen. Wielbark, a town of Prussia. See Willenberg. Wielichowo, we-iMe-Ko'vo, a town of Prussian Po- land, 32 miles S.W. of Posen. Pop. 1424. Wieliczka, ^Ve-litch'ka or v'yi-litch'ki, a mining town of Austria, in Galicia, 18 miles 'W. of Bochnia. Pop. 4536. It is celebrated for its salt-mine, probably the largest and most productive in the world, yielding annually upwards of 700,000 cwt. of rock salt. Within this mine are a fresh- water lake, a rivulet, and chapels hewn out of rock salt. Wieliz, a town of Russia. See Velizh. AVielsbeke, weels'bi,^k^h, a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, on the Lys, 18 miles S. of Bruges. P. 1694. Wielun, \Ve-A.'!oon, a town of Russian Poland, prov- ince and 44 miles S.E. of Kalisz. Pop. 4413, many of whom are Jews. It has manufactures of woollen cloths. Wiemelhausen, -^ee'm^l-how^z^n, a town of Prussia, in Westphalia, near Bochum. Pop. 2760. Wien, the capital city of Austria, See Vienna. Wien, ween, a post-hamlet of Charlton co., Mo., 9 miles from New Cambria. Wien, a township of Marathon co.. Wis. Pop. 224. Wiener-Neustadt, Austria. See Neustadt. Wienerwald, wce'ner-wfi,lt^ (the "Vienna Forest"), a mountain-range of Austria, a branch of the Noric Alps, extending from the Styrian frontier N.E. to the Danube, near Vienna, and separating Lower Austria into the circles above and below the Wienerwald. Wieprz, -vVyfipnzh or we-6puzh', a river of Russian Poland, government of Lublin, rises S. of Zamosz, flows N, and W., and, after a course of 150 miles, ioins the Vistula. Wierde, weeii'd^h, a village of Belgium, 4 miles S.E. of Namur, on a stream of the same name. Pop. 1399. Wierden, ween'den, a village of the Netherlands, in Overyssel, IS miles N.E. of Deventer. P. of commune, 5639. Wiering:en, wee'ring-en, an island of the Netherlands, in North Holland, in the Zuyder Zee, 9 miles S.E. of Holder. Length, 6 miles. Pop. 1966. Wiers, weeiis, a village of Belgium, in Hainaut, on the Canal of Antoing, 22 miles W. of Mons. Pop. of com- Wieruszow, \Ve-i-roo-shov', atown of Russian Poland, province and 31 miles S. of Kalisz, on the Prosna. P. 2681, Wierzbolow, ^e-aiRzh-bo'lov,WirhaI!en,orWyr- ballen, wiR-bal'len, a town of Russian Poland, province of Suvalki, 8 miles' W.S.W. of , Wilkowiszki. Pop. 3554. Wiesbaden, wees'baVlen, or Wisbaden, wis'b^Men, a town and one of the principal watering-places of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, on the Salzbaeh, an atfluent of the Rhine, and at the S. foot of the Taunus Mountains, 5 miles N.N.W, of Mentz. Pop. 43,674. The chief edifices are a cathedral, infantry and artillery bar- racks, mint, and theatre; the Kursaal, a large edifice, contains a vast saloon and many fine apartments. It has many good inns and lodging-houses, an old and a new castle, Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, a hospital, orphan asylum, public library with 50,000 vol- umes, museum of antiquities, and gallery of paintings. Its springs, the ancient Aqute Mattiaci, are saline, contain- ing silica, iron, and free carbonic acid; and the hottest, the Kochbrunn, has a temperature of 150° Fahrenheit. Wiese, wee'zeh, Wiesen, -free'zen, or Wiesa, wee'zi, a river of Germany, rises on the Feldberg, in the S. of Baden, flows first S.W., then W.S.W. , and joins the Rhine on the right, about 2 miles below Basel. Length, 45 miles, Wiese, Wee'zeh, or Wiesa, wee'zS,, a vilhige of Saxon}', 15 miles S.S.E. of Chemnitz, with public baths. Pop. 646. Wiese, Griiflich, grSf'IiK ^'ee'zeh, a village of Prus- sian Silesia, in Oppeln, circle of Neustadt. Pop. 1740. WieseSburg, i^ee'zel-boGnG^ (Ilun. Moaoui/, mo^shon')» a town of Hungary, capital of a county, on an arm of the Danube, 21 miles S.S.E. of Presburg. Pop, 4429. Wieselburg, a market-town of Lower Austria, at the confluence of the Great and Little Erlaf, 23 miles W.S.W. of St. Pcilten. Wiesen, Germany and Switzerland. See Wiese. Wiesenbronn, *ee'zen-bronn\ a village of Bavaria, in Lower Franconia, near Kitzingen. Pop. 1020. Wiesensteig, wee'zen-stiG\ a town of Wiirtemberg, circle of Danube, on the Fils, 19 miles N.W. of Ulm. Wiesenthal, -free'z^n-tar (Ober, o'ber, and Unter, oon'ter), two towns of Saxony, circle of Zwickau, on tho Bohemian frontier, 27 miles S. of Chemnitz. United pop. 2S28, chiefly engaged in mining. Wiesenthal, a town of Bohemia, circle and 20 miles N.E. of Elbogen, on the Erz-Gebirge, Pop. 880, employed in silver-, copper-, and tin-mines. Wiesenthal, a town of Germany, grand duchy of Baden, 3 miles E.S.E. of Philipsburg. Pop. 2276. Wiesentheid, -ft-ee'zen-tite^ a market-town of Bava- ria, 20 miles E.N.E. of Wlirzburg. Pop. 1302, Wiesloch, ^ees'loK, a town of Baden, circle of Lower Rhine, on the Leimbach, and on the Baden Railway, 8 miles S. of Heidelberg, Pop. 3068. Wiess (wis, or Weiss) Blulf, a post-hamlet of Jasper CO., Tex., on the Neches River, about 90 miles N.E, of Gal- veston. It has a store and 7 families. WIE 2410 WIL Wiestetz-Kralowy. See Konigstadtl. Wiewalitz, a village of Prussia. See Langendoup. Wieze, wec'z^h, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 18 miles E.S.E. of Ghent. Pop. 1708. Wiflisburg, a town of Switzerland. See Avenches. Wig'an, a borough and town of England, co. of Lan- caster, on the Douglas River, on the Leeds & Liverpool Canal, and on the Northwestern Railway, at the intersection of the Lancashire & Yorkshire Line, 16i miles S. of Pres- ton. Pop. 39,110. The town, the centre of a productive coal-held, is pretty well built and improving, but it has a blackened appearance from numerous furnaces. The church is a stately old edifice, containing several tine monuments ; and here are several dissenting chapels, a large town hall, sessions hall, comtnercial hall for the sale of manufactures, a borough jail, subscription library, mechanics* institute, dispensary, barracks, grammar-school, and a school of mines. The population are extensively engaged in the manufacture of woollen and cotton goods, and in iron- works, and factories for edge-tools, nails, brass-wares, ma- chinery, and agricultural implements. Wigan returns two members to the House of Commons. Wiggher, wik'k^r, a river of Switzerland, canton of Lucerne, Hows N., and joins the Aar on the right at Aar- burg. Length, 21 miles. '4't^ig'giiis' Cross Roads, post-ofBce, Gates oo., N.C. Wig'giiisville, a post-village of Marion co., Ga., 24 miles S. of Geneva. It has 2 churches. Wig'gousville, a post-village in Tate township, Cler- mont CO., 0., 10 miles S.E. of Amelia. It has 2 churches and a steam saw-mill. Wigg's, a station on the JefFcrsonville, Madison & In- dianapolis Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of Columbus, Ind. Wight, Isle of. Sec Isle of Wight. Wignehies, veen"yeh-ee', a village of France, in Nord, 7 miles from Avesnes. It has a woollen-mill, a brewery, and manufactures of hosiery. Pop. 3251. Wigry, wee'gre or vee'grih, a lake of Poland, govern- ment of Suvalki, about 6 miles S.E. of Suvalki. Greatest length, from N. to S., 6 miles ; mean breadth, about 1 mile. On an island in the lake is an old monastery, now the resi- dence of the Bishop of Lithuania. Wigstadtl, a town of Austria. See "Wiegstadtl. Wig'ton, a market-town of England, co. of Cumber- land, on the Carlisle & Whitehaven Railway, Hi miles S.W. of Carlisle. It is pleasantly situated, and has an endowed grammar-school, a Friends' school, a hospital for widows of the clergy, several branch banks, and manufactures of ging- hams, muslins, fustians, and checks. A large horse-fair, and 6 other annual fairs, are held here. Pop. 3425. Wig'town, Wig'ton, or Wigtownshire, wig'ton- shir, or West GaI'loway,the most southwestern county of'Scotland, having on the E. the stewartry of Kirkcud- bright, N. Ayrshire, W. the North Channel, and S. the Irish Sea. Area, 512 squ.are miles. Pop. 3S,S30. On the S. it is indented by Wigtown and Luce Bays, and the latter, with Loch Ey.au on the N.W., nearly shut off from the rest of the area, forms the peninsula called the Rhinns of Gal- loway. Surface undulating, rising towards the N. to 1500 feet above the sea. Principal rivers, the Crce, which forms the E. boundary, Bladenoch, Tarf, and Luce, all flowing S. About one-third of the county consi.sts of moorlands, inter- spersed with small lakes, the principal of which are Dowal- ton and Castle Kennedy Loehs. Principal crops, oats and barley; but considerable quantities of wheat, potatoes, and turnips are raised. Breeds of cattle are very superior. Principal towns, Wigtown, Stranraer, and Whithorn. The county sends one member to the House of Commons. It abound with antiquities, chiefly those antecedent to the Roman dominion. Wigtown, or Wigton, a royal parliamentary borough and seaport of Scotland, capital of the above county, near the mouth of the Bladenoch in Wigtown Bay, 9 miles N. of Whithorn. Pop. of burgh, 1841. It is well built and clean, and has a town house, with a court-room and assembly- rooms, a subscription library, prison, custom-house, stamp- office, and an elegant market-cross. The harbor, about i of a mile distant, belongs to the port of Dumfries. Steamers ply to Liverpool. The burgh unites with Stranraer, Whit- horn, and New Galloway in sending one member to the House of Commons. Wigtown Bay, an inlet of the Irish Sea, between Wigtownshire and the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, is 15 miles in length; breadth at entrance, 12 miles. At its head it receives the Cree. Wiheries, vee"?h-ree', a village of Belgium, in Hai- naut, 2 miles S.W. of Mous. Pop. 20S0. Wijchen, a village of the Netherlands. See Wtchen. "Wijhe, a village of the Netherlands.. See W-YHe. Wijk, a village of the Netherlands. See Wyk. Wijk bij Duurstede. See Wyk bei Dudkstede. Wijnkoopsbaai, De. See Wvnkoopsbaai. Wikle's Store, a post-office of Macon co., N.C. Wil'bar, a post-ofhce of Wilkes co., N.C., 50 miles N.N.W. of Statesville. Wil'barger, a county in the N. part of Texas, has an area of 900 square miles. It is bounded on the N.E. by Red River, and drained by several of its small tributaries. Wil'ber, a post-hamlet in Big Bend township, Republic CO., Kansas, 25 miles S. by W. of Belvidere, Neb. Wilber, a post-village of Saline co.. Neb., on or near the Big Blue River, and on the Beatrice Branch Railroad, 31 miles S.S.W. of Lincoln. It has 2 cliurches. Wil'berforce, a post-office of Greene co., 0. Wil'berforce, a village of New South Wales, Aus- tralia, CO. of Cook, on Hawkesbury River, 30 miles N.W. of Sydney. Wil'bourne, a post-office of Jackson co., Ala. Wil'braham, a post-village in Wilbrah,am township, Hampden co., Ma,ss., 10 miles E. by N. of Springfield, and 2 miles S. of Wilbraham Station (Collins Depot) of the Boston & Albany Railroad. It contains 2 or 3 chui'ches, also the Wesleyan Academy, a celebrated Methodist insti- tution. The township is bounded on the N. by the Chico- pee River, and has manufactories 6f woollen goods and a paper-mill. Pop. of the township, 2576. Wil'bur, a post-hamlet of Morgan co., Ind., in Gregg township, 6 miles W. of Centreton. It has 2 churches and a grist-mill. Wilbur, a post-village of Ulster co., N.Y., on Rondout Creek, 2 miles from its mouth. It has an extensive trade in flagging-stone or bluostone, wliich is sawed and jorepared here. It is now part of the city of Kingston. Wilbur, a post-hamlet of Douglas co., Oregon, 8 miles N. of Roseburg. It contains the Umpqua Academy. Wilbur, a station in Shelby co., Tenn., on the Padu- cah & Memphis Railroad, 6 miles N. of Memphis. Wil'burton, a township of Fayette co.. 111. P. 1509. Wilchingen, wil'King-en, a village of Switzerland, canton and 8 miles W. of Schafi'hausen. Pop. 1300. Wil'cox, a county in the S.W. central part of Alabama, has an area of about 1000 square miles. It is intersected by the Alabama River, which is here navigable by steam- boats, and is partly drained by Cedar and Pine Barren Creeks. The surface is undulating or uneven, and is ex- tensively covered with forests of pine and other trees. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, pork, and sweet potatoes are the staple products. Capital, Camden. Valua- tion of real and personal estate, $3,975,671. Pop. in 1870, 28,377, of whom 28,291 were Americans. Wilcov, a county in the S, central part of Georgia, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Oomulgee River, and is partly drained by the Alla- paha River. The surface is nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests of pine, oak, and other trees. The soil is sandy and rather poor. Cotton, Indian corn, and cattle are the staple products. Capital, Abbeville. A'al- uation of real and personal estate, §488,967. Pop. in 1870, 2439, of whom 2436 were Americans. Wilcox, a township of Hancock co.. 111. Pop. 4058. Wilcox, a post-village of Elk co., Pa., on the Clarion River and the Philadelphia & Erie Railroad, 15 miles N. of Ridgway. It has a church, a hotel, a large tannery, and a lumber-mill. Wilcox, a station of the Union Pacific Railroad, 57 miles N.N.W. of Laramie City, Wyoming. Wilcox's, a station in Bradford co.. Pa., on the State Line & Sulliv.an Railroad, 12 miles S. of Townnda. Wilcox Wharf, a post-ofiice of Charles City co., Va., near the Potomac, 3 miles W. of Charles City Court-House. Wild Ain^inonoo'suc, a small ri\'er of Grafton co., N.H., enters the Lower Ammonoosuc at Bath. Wildbad, Ailfbit, a town of AViirteniberg, circle of Black Forest, on the Enz, in a deep valley, 28 miles W.S.W. of Stuttgart. Pop. 2700. It has warm baths. Wildbad-Gastein, Austria. See Gastei.v. Wildberg, ^i'ilt'bSuG, a town of Wiirtemborg, circle of Black Forest, on the Nagold, 23 miles W.S.W. of Stuttgart. Wild'brier, a post-hamlet of Chester co., Pa., 2J miles from Brooklyn Station, and about 12 miles W.N.W.of West Chester. Wild Cat, a post-hamlet of Carroll eo., Ind., 15 miles from Cutler Station, and about 22 miles E. of Lafayette. It has a church. WIL 2411 WIL Wild Cat, a township of Tipton co., Ind. Pop. loilT. Wild Cat, ii.towiisliip of Ellv co., Kansas. Pop. 092. Wild Cat, a post-hamlet of Riloyoc, Kansas, 10 miles W. by N. of Manhattan. It has a church and a ohecse- faotory. Wi'ld Cat, a post-office of Whitley co., Ky. Wild Cat, a post-office of Gage co., Neb., IS miles S.E. of Beatrice. Wild Cat, a post-office of Lancaster co,, S.C. Wild Cat Creek, Indiana, rises in Tipton co., runs westward through the cos. of Howard and Carroll, and enters the Wabash River 4 or 5 miles above Lafayette. It is nearly 90 miles long. "Wild Cherry, a post-offiee of Pulton co., Ark. AVildemaiin, \Virdeh-minn\ a mining town of Prussia, in Hanover, in the Harz, 3 miles N.W. of Clausthal. Wildeiifels, wirden-f5l8\ a town of Saxonj', 18 miles S.W. of Chemnitz, witli a noble residence. Pop. 313.3. Wildeiischwert, or Wildenschwerd, vvil'den- shw5ut\ a town of Bohemia, 25 miles E. of Chrudira, on the Adler, and on the railw.ay from Briinn to Prague. Pop. 4121. It has manufactures of linen and woollen fabrics. Wilder, wil'd^r, a post-hamlet of Johnson co., Kansas, on the Kansas City division of the Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 17 miles W.S.W. of Kansas City. Wilder, a station in Jackson co., Minn., on the Sioux City & St. Paul Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Windom. Wilderman, wil'der-man, a station on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Hauto 'Railroad, 3 miles S.E. of Belle- Tille, 111. Wil'deruess, a post-office of Clay co., Fla., 15 miles E. of Starke. Wilderness, a post-office of Spottsylvania co., Va., about 2 miles S. of the Rapidan River, and 15 miles W. of Fredericksburg. A great battle was fought here between General Grant and General Lee, May o and 6, 1864. Gold is found near this place. Wild'ers, a township of Johnston co., N.C. Pop. 1203. Wildersville, wild'erz-vil, a post-hamlet of Hender- son CO., Tenn., 15 miles S. of Huntingdon. It has a church. Wildervank, wil'der-vanlO or wirder-fank\ a village of the Netherlands, in Groningen, 9 miles S.W. of Win- schoten. Pop. of commune, 7375. Wildervil le, wild'er-vil, a post-hamlet of Josephine CO., Oregon, 75 miles S. of Roseburg. Gold is found near here. Wilderville, a post-hamlet of Falls co., Tex., 18 miles N.W. of Calvert. It has a church, 2 stores, and a mil!. Wildeshausen, wil'des-how^zen, a town of Prussia, in Oldenburg, on the Hunte, 20 miles S.W. of Bremen. Pop. 1958. Wild Flower, a post-office of Fresno co., C.al. Wild Goose, a post-office of McNairy co., Tenn. Wildhaus, wilt'howss, a mountain-village of Switzer- land, canton and 15 miles S. of St. Gall, with the house in which the reformer Zwingli was born, January 1, 1484. Wild Horse, a post-hamlet of Graham co., Kan.sas, 27 miles N.E. of Wa Keeney. It has a flour-mill. Wildon, wil'don, a market-town of Austria, in Styria, 6 miles by rail S. of Gratz. Pop. 1008. Wild Rice, a post-office of Polk co., Minn. AVild Rice River, Minnesota, issues from Rice Lake, which is on the W. border of Beltrami co. It runs west- ward through Polk co., and enters the lied River of the North near lat. 47° 16' N. It is nearly 120 miles long. Wild Rose, a post-haralct of Waushara co., Wis., 15 miles E. of Plainfield. It has 2 stores. Wildschiitz, wilt'shiits, or Wiltsch, *iltsh, a village of Bohemiii, 27 miles N.E. of Bidschow. Pop. 1248. Wildschiitz, or Wiltsch, a village of Moravia, circle of Troppau, in the valley of Buchberg. Pop. 1341. Wilduiigeii, Alt, iilt ^il'do6ug-en, a town of Ger- many, 7 miles S.S.E. of Waldeck, on tlie Wilde. Pop. 450. Wildungen, Nieder, nee'der *il'doong-en, a town of Germany, S. of Alt Wildungen. It has a lyceum and min- eral springs. Pop. 1780. Wildwood, wlld'wood, post-office, Randolph eo., Ala. Wildwood, a post-office and station of Dade co., Ga., on the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad, 9 miles S.W. of Chattanooga. Wildwood, a post-office of Rice co., Kansas, about 38 miles N.W. of Hutchinson. Wildwood, Louisiana. See Denmark. Wildwood, a township of Craven co., N.C. Pop. 2241. Wildwood, a station in Alleghany eo.. Pa., on the Alleghany A'alley Railroad, 3 miles N.E. of Pittsburg. Wiley, wl'le, a post-hamlet of Greene co., Pa., about 54 miles S. of Pittsburg. Wiley's Cove, a post-hamlet of Searcy co., Ark., about 10 miles S.S.E. of Marshall. It has 2 churches. Wiley Station, a post-office of Darke co., 0., on the railroad between Greenville and Richmond, 11 miles N.E. of Richmond, Ind. Wileysville, wi'liz-vil, a post-hamlet of Steuben co., N.Y., 22 miles S. of Hornellsville. It has a lumber-mill. Wileysville, a post-oflice of Wetzel co., W. Va. Wil'frid, a post-village in Ontario co., Ontario, 8i miles W. of Cannington. Pop. 110. Wilhelmsburg, wil'h9lms-booRG\ a town of Lower Austria, on the Trascn, 6 miles S. of St. Pblten. P. 1442. Wilhelnisburg, a market-town of Bavaria, circle of Middle Franconia, 17 miles N.W. of Nuremberg. Wilhelmsburg, an island of Prussia, in the Elbe, op- posite Hamburg. Pop. 4303. Wilhelmsdorf, wil'h^lms-doRf, is the name of villages in Bavaria and Prussian Silesia. Wilhelmshafen, wil'hflms-ha^fen, a seaport of Ger- many, in the Jahde Territory, and on the Jahde estuary, 33 miles N.W. of Bremen. Pop. 10,158. It is fortified, and is one of the principal naval stations on the North Sea, founded in 1869. See also Jahde. Wil'helm's Hohe, ho'eh, a post-office of Sherman CO., Neb. VVilhelmsthal, ftil'helms-tAr, a town of Prussian Si- lesia, near the Austrian frontier, 19 miles S.S.E. of Glatz. Wilhernisdorf, wil'h^Rms-donr, a market-town of Bavaria, W.N.W. of Nuremberg. Pop. 1348. Wil'liite, a post-office of Morgan co., Ala., on the South & North Alabama Railroad, 10 miles N. of Cullman. Wilia, a river of Russia. See ViLiA. Wilkes, wilks, a county in the N.E. part of Georgia, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by Broad River, and on the S. by Little River, and is drained by Fishing Creek. The surface is undulating and extensively covered with forests. The soil is mostly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Among its minerals are granite and iron ore. A branch of the Georgia Railroad terminates at Washington, the capital of this county. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,254,231. Pop. in 1870, 11,796, of whom 11,734 were Americans. Wilkes, a county in the N.W. part of North Carolina, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is intersected by the Yadkin River, and also drained by Reddies River and Elkin Creek. The surface is partly mountainous, and is mostly covered with forests of the .ash, hickory, chestnut, oak, and other trees. The Blue Ridge extends along the northern border of this county. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Iron ore is found in this county. Capital, Wilkes- borough. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,135,730. Pop. in 1870, 15,639, of whom 15,535 were Americans. Wilkesbarre, wilks'bir-re, a city, the capital of Lu- zerne CO., Pa., is on the E. or left bank of the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, and on the Lehigh Valley Rail- road and the Lehigh & Susquehanna Railroad, 144 miles N. by W. of Philadelphia, 18 miles S.W. of Scranton, and 50 miles E.N.E. of Danville. The city is situated in the beautiful and fertile valley of Wyoming, and is surrounded by attractive scenery. A bridge over the river connects it with Kingston, which is on the Lackawanna «t Bloomsburg Railroad. It contains a court-house, a stone prison which cost S200, 000, an opera-house, a first-class hotel, 22 churches, 3 national banks, 4 savings-banks, a female seminary, a high school, and printing-offices which issue 1 or 2 daily and 6 weekly newspapers. It has manufactures of locomotives, machinery, iron castings, mining-engines, carriages, ropes, railroad-cars, pottery, and miners' tools. Here are rich mines of excellent anthracite coal, and about 8 companies engaged in mining the same. The great bed called the " Mammoth Vein," which is here exposed to view, is 29J feet thick, and is nearly pure throughout. Pop. in 1870, 10,174; of Wilkesbarre township, 7090 additional; present pop. about 25,000. Wilkesborough, wilks'bur-rOh, or Wilkesburg, wilks'bQrg, a post-office of Covington co., Miss. Wilkesborough, a post-village, capital of Wilkes en., N.C, in Wilkesborough township, on the Yadkin River, 38 miles N.N.W. of Statesville, .and about 70 miles N. by W. of Charlotte. It has 3 churches, an academy, and a news- paper office. Pop. of the township, 1300. VVil'keson, a post-village of Pierce co., AVashington, on the Puyallup Branch of the Northern Pacific Railroad, 32 miles from New Tacoma. It has 2 churches, a coal- mine, and a lumber-mill. WIL 2itl2 WIL WilkesviUe, wilks'vil, a post-village in AVilkesville township, Vinton co., 0., about IS miles W. by N. of Pome- roy. It has 3 churches, a flour-mill, and an academy. The township is intersected by Raccoon. Creek. Pop. of the township, U72. Wil'kin, a county in the W. part of Minnesota, borders on I>akota. Area, about 940 square miles. It is intersected b}' the Red River of the North, which also forms the greater part of the western boundary. The surface is level and nearly destitute of forest trees. The soil is fertile. Wheat, oats, potatoes, grass, (fcc, are the staple products. It is traversed by the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad and the Red Rivor & Manitoba Railroad. Capital, Breekenridge. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $180,720. Pop. in ISS'O, 295; in 1S75, 528. Wil'kins, a station in Burlington co., N.J., on the Mount Holly, Lumberton & Medford Railroad, 1 mile N. of Medford. Wilkins, a township of Alleghany co., Pa. Pop. 3455. Wil'Uinsburg, a pust-village of Alleghany co., Pa., on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 7 miles E. of Pittsburg, of which it is a part. It has 6 churches, a newspaper office, car-works, a foundry, a floui'-mill, and steel-works. Wilkins Mills, a post-office of Upshur co., Tex. Wil'kinson, a county in the central part of Georgia, has an area of about 420 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Oconee River, and is intersected by Big Sandy and Commissioner Creeks. The surface is undulating, and a large part of it is covered with forests of pine, oak, and other trees. The soil is partly fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. This county is trav- ersed by the Central Railroad of Greorgia. Capital, Irwin- ton. Valuation of real and personal estate, $3,325,918. Pop, in 1870, 9333, of whom 93fi6 were Americans. Wilkinson, the most southwestern county of Missis- sippi, borders on Louisiana. Area, about 650 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Homochitto and on the W. by the Mississippi River, and is partly drained by the Buffalo Creek. The surface is undulating, and extensively covered with forests of the ash, cypress, elm, magnolia, white on.k, pine, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and cattle are the staple products. Capital, Wood- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, §2,212,616. Pop. in 1870, 12,705, of whom 12,558 were Americans. Wilkinson's, a station in Berrien co., Mich., on the Chicago Vil'le-sow\ a town of Switzerland, canton and 15 miles W.N.W. of Lucerne, on the river Wigger. Pop. 1579. Wil'lisburg, a post-hamlet of AVashington co., Ky., about 48 miles S.S.E. of Louisville. It has a church. Willis Creek, a post-hamlct of Bladen co., N.C., on Cape Fear River, at the mouth of Willis Creek, 10 miles below Fayetteville. It has a turpentine-distillery. Willis tirove, a post-office of Knox co., Ind. Willis Place, Mass. See Griswolo's Uppkr Mill. Willis River, a small affluent of James River, Vir- ginia, rises in Buckingham co. Flowing eastward and nortlieastward, it crosses Cumberland co., and falls into James River near Cartersville. Wil'listoii, a post-hamlet of Brie co., N.Y., about 20 miles E. by S. of Buffalo. It has a church. M'illiston, a post-office of Potter co., Pa., about 24 miles N. of Emporium. Willistoil, a post-village of Barnwell co., S.C., on the South Carolina Railroad, 38 miles E. of Augusta, Ga., and 21 miles E.S.E. of Aiken. It has 2 churches and an acad- emy. Pop. 300. Williston, a post-hamlet of Fayette co., Tenn., on the Memphis & Charleston Railroad. It has a church and an academy. Williston, a post-village in Williston township, Chit- tenden CO., Vt., about 8 miles E.S.E. of Burlington, and 2i miles S.W. of Williston Station of the Central Vermont Railroad. It has 3 churches and an academy. The town- ship is bounded on the N. by the Winooski River. Willis- ton Station is at North Williston. Pop. of township, 1441. Wil'listowii, a township of Chester co.. Pa. P. 1552. Willistown Inn, a post-office of Chester co.. Pa., about 18 miles W. of Philadelphia. Willits, Mendocino co., Cal. See Little Lake. Willitts, a station in Van Buren co., Iowa, on the Bur- lington & Southwestern Railroad, 31 miles W. of Fort Madison. Will'mar, a post-village, capital of Kandiyohi co., Minn., in Willinar township, on a small lalvc, and on the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 104 miles W. of St. Paul. It has a newspaper office, a bank, a graded school, and 4 churches. Pop. of the township, 1005. Will'mathsville, a post-hamlet of Adair co.. Mo., 16 miles N.E. of Kirksville. Pop. 100. Willo'pa (or Willo'pah) River, Washington, rises in ChehaUs co., and enters Shoalwater Bay in Pacific eo. The tide ascends it to the rapids, 17 miles from its mouth. Willoughby, wil'lo-bc, a post-hamlet of Butler co., Iowa, on the West Fork of Cedar River, about 12 miles S.W. of Waverly. Willou^-jhby, a post-village in Willoughby township, Lalco CO., 0., on Chagrin River, and on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 18 miles N.E. of Cleveland, and 10 miles S.W. of Painesville. It contains 4 churches, and the Willoughby College (Methodist), which was organ- ized in 1865. It has a newspa|ier office, a foundry, and^ manufactures of carriages and farming-implements. Pop. 867. The township is bounded on the N.W. by Lake Erie, and has a pop. of 2516. Willoughby Cape, the E. point of Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Lat. 35° 54' S. ; Ion. 138° 15' E. Willoughby Lake, a lake and summer report in West- more township, Orleans co., Vt., about 24 miles N. of St. Johnsbury. The lake, 6 miles long and 2 miles wide, is situated between two mountains, the bases of which meet under the lake. One of these mountains is about 3800 feet above the level of the se.a. Willow, wil'lo, or Willows, a post-village of Colusa CO., Cal., on the California Northern Railroad, 67 miles N.N.W. of Woodland, and about 45 miles N.W. of Marys- ville. It has a church, a newspaper office, 2 drug-stores, 3 hotels, and a carriage-shop. Pop. about 1100. Willow, a post-hamlet of Jo Daviess co.. 111., 12 miles S.W. of Lena, and about IS miles W. by S. of Freeport. It has 2 churches. WillOAV, a township of Cherokee co., Iowa. Pop. 200. Willow, a post-office of Cuyahoga co., 0. Willow, a township of Richland co.. Wis. Pop. 851. Willow Bend, a post-office of Monroe oo., W. Va. Willow Branch, township, Piatt co., 111. Pop. 1438. Willow Branch, a post-office of Hancock co., Ind., about 18 miles S. of Anderson. Here is a church. Willow Branch, a post-office of Gates oo., N.C. WillOAV Brook, a post-hamlet of Buchanan co., Mo., i miles from Agency. It has a church. Willow Brook, a post-office of Dutchess co., N:Y., on the Poughkeepsie & Eastern Railroad, about 17 miles N.E. of Poughkeepsie. Here Is Upton's Lake. Willow Brook, a post-hamlet of Coshocton co., 0., 3 miles from Franklin Station. Willow Creek, Umatilla co., Oregon, runs in a N.N.AV. direction, and enters the Columbia River. Willow Creek, Wisconsin, rises in Waushara CO., runs eastward, and enters Poygan Lake. Willow Creek, a post-office of Siskiyou co., Cal. Willow Creek, a township of Lee co., III. Pop. 1019. Willow Creek, a post-office of Clay co., Iowa, 30 miles N.E. of Cherokee. Willow Creek, a post-office of Blue Earth co., Minn. Willow Creek, a post-office of Gallatin co., Montana, about 70 miles S. by E. of Helena. Willow Creek, a post-office of Saunders co., Neb., 10 miles S. of North Bend Station. Willow Creek, a post-office of Humboldt co., Nev. Willow Creek, a post-office of 'Xompkins co., N.Y., on tlie Geneva, Ithaca & Sayre Railroad, 6 miles W.N.W. of Ithaca. Willow Creek, a station in Hancock oo., 0., on the Lake Erie & Western Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of Findlay. Willow Dale, a hamlet of Ida co., Iowa, on Maple River, about 30 miles N.N.W. of Denison. It has a flour- Willow Dale, a post-township of Dickinson co., Kan- sas. Pop. 610. Willowdale, a post-office of Antelope co.. Neb. Willowdale, a post-hamlet of Chester co.. Pa., 2 miles from Kcnnett Station, and about 11 miles N. by W. of Wil- mington, Del. Pop. 20. Willowdale, a hamlet of Comanche co., Tex., 80 miles from Waco. Wil'lowdale, a post-village in York co., Ontario, 5 miles S.E. of Thornhill. Pop. 160. Willow Dell, a post-hamlct of Darke co., 0., in Pat- terson township. It has a church. Will'owemoc', a post-hamlet of Sullivan co., N.Y., about 37 miles N. of Port Jervis. It has a saw-mill. Willow Fork, township, Moniteau oo.. Mo. P. 2242. Willow tilen, a hamlet of Onondaga co., N.Y., on the Skancateles Railroad, li miles N. of Skaneateles. It has a paper-mill .and a woollen-mill. Willow Green, a post-office of Greene co., N.C. Willow Grove, a post-hamlet of Kent co., Del., about 9 miles S.W. of Dover. Willow Grove, a post-office of Red Willow co.. Neb. Willow Grove, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co., N.J., about 14 miles N.E. of Bridgeton. It has a church. Willow Grove, a hamlet of Union co., N.J., 2 miles from Westfield. It has a church. Willow Grove, a station in Columbia co.. Pa., on the Lackawanna & Bloomsburg Railroad, 8 miles E.N.E. of Bloomsburg. Willow Grove, a post-hamlet in Moreland township, Montgomery oo.. Pa., on the Northeast Pennsylvania Rail- road, 13i miles N. of Philadelphia. It has a mineral spring and 2 or 3 hotels. Willow Grove, a post-office of Clay co., Tenn. Willow Grove, a post-office of Shenandoah co., Va. Willow Grove, a post-office of Jackson co., W. Va., on the Ohio River, 4 miles above Ripley Landing. WillOAV Grove, a post-village in St. John co., New Brunswick, on Negro Lake, 13 miles from St. John. It has a cotton-factory. Pop. 100. Willow Grove, a po.st-village in H.ildimand co., On- tario, 4 miles S.W. of Caledonia. Pop. 80. Willow Hill, a township of .Jasper co.. 111. Pop. 1552. Willow Hill Post-Officc is at New Liberty. Willow Hill, a post-office of Franklin co.. Pa. Willow Hole, a post-hamlet of Madison co., Tex., 22 miles N.E. of Bryan. It has a church. Willow Island, a post-hamlet of Dawson co.. Neb., on Platte River, and on the Union Pacific Railroad, 250 miles W. of Omaha. It has a church and a broom-factory. Willow Island, a post-office of Pleasants co., W. Va. Willow Point, a post-office of Humboldt co., Nov. WilloAV Point, a post-office of Wise co., Tex. Willow Ranch, a post-hamlet of Modoo co., Cal., near the E. shore of Goose Lake, about 200 miles N.E. of Red Bluff. It has 4 churches. Willow River, of Ricliland oo., Wis., is a small stream wliich flows southward and enters the Pino Rivor. WIL 2417 WIL Willow River, a small stream of St. Croix co., Wis., runs poLithwestw.ard, and enters St. Croix Eiver at Hudson. Willow River, a post-office of Aitkin co., Minn. >Villows, Colusa CO., Cal. See Willow. Willows, a post-office of Calvert co., Md. Willows, a post-hamlet of Umatilla co., Oregon, on or near the Columbia River. WilloAV Shade, a hamlet of Metcalfe co., Ky., 23 miles E.S.E. of Glasgow. It has a church. Willow Spring, a post-office of Harrison co.. Miss. Willow Spring, a post-office of Russell co., Va. Willow Springs, a post-villago in Lyons township, Cook CO., 111., on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, IS miles S.W. of Chicago. It has .■! churches. Willow Springs, a post-village in Willow Springs township, Doughas co., Kansas, about 10 miles S. by W. of Lawrence. Pop. of the township, 1174. Willow Springs, a post-township of Howell co., Mo. Pop. 60S. Willow Springs, a post-hamlet of Wheeler co.. Neb., 90 miles N.N.W. of Grand Island. Willow Springs, a post-office of Jackson co., Oregon. Willow Springs, a post-office of Columbia co.. Pa., about 18 miles E.N.E. of Danville. Willow Springs, a village of Erath co.,Tex. P. 238. Willow Springs, a station in Gregg co., Tex., on the Texas ct Pacific Railroad, 3i miles W. of Longview. Willow Springs, a township of Lafayette co.. Wis. Pop. 1064. Willow Street, a post-hamlet of Lancaster co.. Pa., on or near the Lancaster & Quarryvillc Railroad, about 6 miles S. by E. of Lancaster. It has a church and 2 stores. Willow Swamp, a post-office of Orangeburg co., S.C. Willow Town, a post-office of Taylor co., Ky. Willow Tree, a station in Pulaski co., Ky., on the Cincinnati Southern Railro.ad. Willow Tree, a post-office of Greene co.. Pa. Willow Tree, a post-office of Mason co., W. Va. Willow Vale, a hamlet of Oneida co., N.Y., in New Hartford township, 1 mile from Washington Mills. Willow Vale, a hamlet of Columbia co.. Pa., in Frank- lin township. It has a flour-mill and a saw-mill. Willow Valley, a station in Martin co., Ind., on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 7 miles E. of Shoals. Willow Valley, a post-office of Greenwood co., Kan- sas, 30 miles S. of Emporia. Willow Wood, Lawrence co., 0. See Millville. Wills, a township of La Porte co., Ind. Pop. SS4. Wills, a township of Guernsey co., 0. Pop. 1670. Willsborough, wilz'bur-ruh. a post-village in Wills- borough township, Essex co., N.Y., on the Boquet River, about 2 miles W. of Lake Champlain, and 14 miles S.W. of Burlington, Vt. It is on the New York & Canada Rail- road, 26 miles S. of Plattsburg. The township has manu- factures of lumber, iron, Ac, and quarries of bluestone. Pop. of the township, 1764. Willsborough Point, a post-hamlet of Essex co., N.Y., on Lake Champlain, 9 miles from Burlington, Vt., and 25 miles S. of Plattsburg. It has a stone-quarry. Willsburg, wilz'barg, a hamlet of Page co., Iowa,, in Colfax township, about 20 miles S.W. of Clarinda. Wills Creek, Alabam.a, rises in De Kalb co., runs southwestward to Attala, and enters the Coosa River in Etowah CO., about 5 miles below Gadsden. Its valley is nearly 60 miles long and about 5 miles wide. Will's Creek, Ohio, runs northward through Guernsey CO., from which it flows westward, and enters the Mus- kingum River about 9 miles S. of Coshocton. It is nearly 60 miles long. Will's Creek, a post-oflice of Coshocton co., 0., on a stream of its own name, 20 miles N.N.E. of Zanesville. Wills Creek, a station in Bedford co.. Pa., on the Bedford & Bridgeport Railroad, 22 miles S.S.W. of Bedford. Will'seyville, a post-hamlet of Tioga co.,N.Y.,on the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad and the Utica, Ithaca & Elmira Railroad, 14 miles N. by W. of Owego, and 17 miles S.S.E. of Ithaca. Here is Wilseyville Station. Will'shire, a post-village in Willshire township. Van Wert CO., 0., on the St. Mary's River, and on the Toledo, Delphos & Burlington Railroad, 26 miles W.S.W. of Del- phos, and 9 miles S.E. of Decatur, Ind. It has a church. a planing-mill, and a flour-milL Pop. 268: of the town- ship, 1644. Wills Moun'tain, a ridge extending from the S.W. part of Bedford co.. Pa., E. of Wills Creek, into Alle- ghany CO. in Maryland. Will's Point, a post-village of Van Zandt co., Tex., on 152 the Texas & Pacific Railroad, 47 miles E. of Dallas. It has 2 churches, a bank, a newspaper office, 2 drug-stores, Ac. Pop. 600. Willstedt, *ill'statt, a market-town of Baden, 5 miles N.N.W. of Offonburg. Pop. 1455. Will'ville, a post-office of Lake co., Mich. Wiriyden'is, a post-office of Graham co., Kansas. Wilmanstrand, Finland. See Vilmansthand. Wilmar, Minnesota. Seo Willmau. Wil'marth, a hamlet of Elk co., Pa., on the Clarion River and the Philadelphia &, Erie Railroad, 9 miles N. by E. of Ridgway. It has 1 or 2 lumber-mills. Pop. about 200. Here is Rolfe Post-Office. Wil'inerding, a station on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 13 miles E. of Pittsburg, Pa. Wilmersdorf, \vil'mers-doRf\ a village of Prussia, 3 miles S.W. of Berlin. Pop. 2367. Wilmette, wil-met', a post-villago in New Trier town- ship. Cook CO., 111., on the Chicago A Milwaukee Railroad, 14 miles N. of Chicago. It is on the shore of Lake Michi- gan, which is here bordered by a bluff' about 100 feet high. It has a chnroh. Pop. about 500. Wil'mington, a post-office of Walker co., Ala. Wilmington, a hamlet of Union co.. Ark., on the Ouachita River, .about 34 miles S.E. of Camden. Pop. 320. Wilmington, a post-village in Wilmington township, Los Angeles co., Cal., on the Pacific Ocean, and on the Los Angeles division of the Southern Pacific Railroad, 20 miles S. of Los Angeles. It contains Wilson College and 2 churches. Pop. of township, 942. Wilmington, a city and port of entry of Now Castle CO., Del., is situated on the Delaware River, and on Brandy- wine and Christiana Creeks, which unite i mile from the river. It is 28 miles S.W. of Philadelphia, and 70 miles E.N.E. of Baltimore. Lat. 39° 41' N. ; Ion. 75= 2S' or 30^ W. It is on the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, and is the southern terminus of the Wilmington & Reading Railroad, which connects here with the Wilming- ton & Western Railroad. This city is also the northern terminus of the Delaware Railroad. It is built on three slopes of a hill, the summit of which is 240 feet above the level of tide-water and commands an extensive view of the Delaware River and of the city itself. Wilmington is regularly planned, has wide and straight streets, and is gener.ally well built of brick. The streets which are par- allel to the Christiana are Water, Front, 2d, 3d, &c., up to 23d street, beyond Brandywine Creek. These are in- tersected at right angles by Market street, the principal thoroughfare of business, which extends the whole length of the city, and is about 2 miles long, including the bridges over Brandywine and Christiana Creeks. Tho streets which are parallel with Market street are designated by proper names, as King, Shipley, French, Ac. The city contains 46 churches, namely, 9 Methodist, S Episcopal, 7 Pres- byterian, 5 Baptist, 2 Friends', 6 Catholic, 1 German Lutheran, 1 Swedenborgian, 1 Unitarian, and 6 African. Grace church (Methodist) is a beautiful Gothic edifice of green serpentine. The Old Swedes' church of this place was built in 1698. Among the public buildings are a granito custom-house, a town hall, a large opera-house, a hospital, and the Wilmington Institute, a brick structure which con- tains a spacious hall, a scientific lecture-room, and a library of about 11,000 volumes. The Clayton House is a com- modious first-class hotel, built of fine brick and stone. Three d,aily and 5 or 6 weekly newspapers are published here. Wilmington contains also the Delaware State Nor- mal University, founded in 1866, the Wesleyan Female College, the Rugby Academy (for boys), the Delaware In- stitute (for both sexes), several boarding-schools, 17 public schools, a home for aged women, 24 building and loan asso- ciations, 2 savings-banks, 4 national banks, tho capital of, which amounts to $1,013,185, and a .state bank, which has a capital of $236,000. The streets, stores, and residences; are lighted with gas, and the city is supplied with water from the Brandywine. It has an efficient fire department, with S steam firc-ongincs which are drawn by horses. Wilming- ton is the metropolis of Delaware, and by far the most im- portant and populous town in tho state. It is remarkable for its manufactures, of which the following are the most important products: iron steamboats, railway-cars, steam- engines, machinery, powder, cotton goods, carriages, flour, morocco, leather, farming-implements, iron castings, wool- len goods, locomotive- and car-springs, and parlor matches. Here are .about 5 iron-foundries, 6 largo machine-shops, 6 rolling-mills, 6 cotton-factories, several manufactories of woollen goods, 2 large saw-mills, and flour-mills on the Brandywine which grind 1,000,000 bushels of wheat in a WIL 2418 Wlli year. The powder-works of Dupont & Co., 2 miles from the city, have long been celebrated. Horse-ears run from the Philadelphia A Baltimore depot via Market street and Delaware avenue to the N.W. extremity of the city. Steamboats ply daily between this place and Philadelphia. The Brandywine Creek near Wilmington flows through attractive scenery. In 1870 this city was divided into 9 wards. Pop. in 1830, 6628; in 1850, 13,979; in 1870, 30,841; present pop. about 45,000. Wilmington, a hamlet of Greene co.. 111., 1 mile from Drake Station on the Chicago, Alton k St. Louis Railroad. It has a church and a saw-mill. Here is Breese Post-Office. Wilmington, a post-town of Will eo.. 111., in Wil- mington township, on the Kankakee River and the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 15 miles S. by W. of Joliet, and 53 miles S.S.W. of Chicago. It contains a national bank, a news- paper office, a graded school, and 5 churches. It has fine drives along the river. Pop. 1828 ; of the township, 2766. Wilmington, a post-village of Dearborn co., Ind., in Hogan township, near the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 3 miles W. of Aurora. Pop. 301. Wilmington, a station on the Lake Shore &, Michigan Southern Railroad, 4 miles E. of Waterloo, Ind. Wilmington, a township of De Kalb co., Ind. Pop. 2296. It contains Butler. Wilmington, a post-hamlet of Wabaunsee eo., Kan- sas, 7 or 8 miles W. of Bnrlingame. It has a hotel, 2 stores, &c. Pop. of township, 808. Wilmington, a station of the Boston & Maine Rail- road, 16i miles N. of Boston, Mass. See North Wilmington. Wilmington, a post-village in Wilmington township, Middlesex co., Mass., on the Boston, Lowell &• Nashua Railroad, at the junction of the Lawrence Branch, 15 miles N. of Boston. It has 2 churches, a high school, and a tannery. Near it is Wilmington Station on the Boston & Maine Railroad. Pop. of the township, 879. Wilmington Junction and Wilmington Station on the Salem k Lowell Railroad are also in Wilmington township. Wilmington, a post-township of Houston co., Minn., about 40 miles S. of Winona, and 25 miles S.W. of La Crosse. It contains 2 churches. Pop. 1253. Wilmington, a post-hamlet in Wilmington township, Essex CO., N.Y., at the base of Whiteface Mountain, a peak of the Adirondacks, 4918 feet high, about 30 miles S.W. of Plattsburg. It has a hotel called the Whiteface Mountain House. The township has 3 churches, some iron-works, and a pop. of 876. Wilmington, a city, port of entry, and capital of New Hanover eo., N.C., is situated on the E. or loft bank of the Cape Fear Riiver, about 30 miles from its mouth, 134 miles S.S.E. of Raleogh, and 189 miles E. of Columbia, S.C. It is the S. terminus of the Wilmington k Wcldon Railroad, and the E. terminus of the Wilmington, Columbia k Au- gusta Radlroad. The Carolina Centr.al Railroad extends from this plac« to Charlotte, 187 miles. Lat. 34° 11' N. ; Ion. 78° 10' W. It Js the largest and most commercial town in the state. It contains a court-house, a custom- house, 21 churehes, a national bank, 3 other banks, 2 or 3 academies, a normal school, a eotton-factory, 5 steam saw- mills, 2 flour-mills, 2 riee-mSUs, and 10 turpentine-distil- leries. Two daily and 5 weekly newspapers are publfshed here. Steamboats ply daily between this port and Balti- more, Charleston, ka. Other steamboats navigate the Cape Fear River between Wilmington amd Fayetteville. Pop. in 1870, 13,446. Wilmington, a post-village, capital of Clinton co., 0., in Union township, on the Cincinnati k Muskingum Val- ley Railroad, 55 miles E.N.E. of Cineinnati, and 22 miles . W.S.W. of AVashington. It is pleasantly situated on un- dulating ground, and contains a court-house, a graded school, 9 churches, 2 national banks, 2 newspaper oHicea, and the Wilmington College (Friends'), which was organized in 1871 and is open to both sexes. It has also a woollen-mill, a planing-mill, and an iron-bridge company. Pop. 2023. Wilmington, a station on the New Castle k Frajaklin Railroad, 9 miles N.N.E. of New Castle, Pa. Wilmington, a township of Lawrence co., Pa. Pop. 1634. It contains New Wilmington. Wilmington, a township of Mercer co.. Pa. Pop. 548. Wilmington, a post-village in Wilmington township, Windham co., Vt., on the Deerfield River, about 18 miles E. of Bennington. Pop. of township, 1246. Wilmington, a post-hamlet of Fluvanna co., Va., near the Rivanna River, about 20 miles S.B. of Charlottesville. It has a church and a tobacco-factory. Wilmington Island, of Chatham co., Ga., at the mouth of the Savannah River, is enclosed on the N.E. and N.W. by small outlets of the Savannah River. Length, 5 miles ; greatest breadth, about 4 miles. Wilmington Junction, a station of the Boston k Maine Railroad, at the junction of the Salem k Lowell Railro.ad, and on the Lawrence Branch of the Boston k Lowell Railroad, 18 miles N. by W. of Boston, Mass. Wil'more, a post-office and station of Jessamine co., Ky., on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, 6 miles S. of Nicholasville. Wilmore, a post-borough in Summer Hill township, Cambria Co., Pa., on the Conemaugh River and the Penn- sylvania Railroad, 25 miles S.W. of Altoona. It has 4 churches and a grist-mill. Coal is found here. Pop. 393. Wil'mot, a post-office of Noble co., Ind., about 33 miles W.N.W. of Fort Wayne. Wilmot, a post-office of Cowley co., Kansas. Wilmot, a post-office of Furnas co.. Neb. Wilmot, a post-hamlet in Wilmot township, Merrim.ack CO., N.H., 35 miles N.W. of Concord, and 2 miles W. of the Northern Railroad. It has 2 churches. The township contains a village named Wilmot Flat, and has manufactures of woollen hosiery, leather, and lumber. On its border is Mount Kearsarge. Pop. of the township, 1072. Wilmot, a post-village of Stark co., 0., in Sugar Creek township, 3 miles from Barr's Mills Station, and about 16 miles S.W. of Canton. It has 3 churches, a wool- len-mill, a flour-mill, a union school, and a manufactory of agricultural implements. Wilmot, a post-township in the S.E. part of Bradford CO., Pa., about 36 miles W.N.W. of Scranton. It is bounded on the N. by the Susquehanna River, and has 3 churches, and manufactures of lumber. Pop. 1365. Wilmot, a post-hamlct of Kenosha co., Wis., on Fox River, about 26 miles S.W. of Racine. Wil'mot, or Farm'ington, a post-village of Nova Scotia, CO. of Annapolis, on the Annapolis River, about 40 miles from its entrance into Annapolis Bay, and on a rail- road, 98 miles N.W. of Halifax. It contains several stores and mills, and some excellent mineral springs. Pop. 200. Wilmot Flat, a post-village in Wilmot township, Mer- rimack CO., N.H.. about 30 miles N.W. of Concord, and 4 miles N.W. of Mount Kearsarge. It has a church and a manufactory of hosiery. Pop. about 200. Wil'moths, a post-office of Barbour co., W. Va. Wilmott, or Wilmot, a post-office of Ray co.. Mo. Wil'mur, a post-village in Addington eo., Ontario, 24 miles N. of Kingston. It contains 4 saw-mills, and in the vicinity are extensive lead-mines. Pop. 300. Wil'murt, a post-township forming the N. extremity of Herkimer co., N.Y., is nearly 50 miles long. It has a mountainous surface, which is mostly covered with forests and diversified by numerous lakes. Pop. 1S5. Wilna, a government and town of Russia. See Vilna. Wil'na, a post-office of Harford co., Md., 7 miles N. of Magnolia Station. Wilna, a post-township of Jefferson co., N.Y., bounded S.W. by Black River. It contains the village of Carthage, and has a pop. of 4265. Wilna Post-Office is about 20 miles E. by N. of Watertown. Wil'necote, a hamlet of England, eo. of Warwick, parish and 3 miles S.S.E. of Taraworth, on the Birmingham k Derby Railway. Wilnis, wil'nis, a village of the Netherlands, province and 15 miles N.W. of Utrecht. Pop. 1659. Wilryk, wil'rik, a village of Belgium, province and 4 miles S. of Antwerp. Pop. 2355. Wils'den, a town of England, in Yorkshire, 4 miles S.E. of Keighley. Pop, 3127. WilsdrulT, wils'droof, a town of Sa.xony, 9 miles W. of Dresden, on the Wilde-Sau. Pop. 2569. Wilsele, wil'si-l^h, a village of Belgium, in Brabant, on the Dyle, 15 miles E.N.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1195. Wilseyville, New York. See Willseyville. Wil'seyville, a post-office of Defiance co., 0. Wilsnach, \Vils'n3,K, a town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, 60 miles N.W. of Potsdam. Pop. 2180. Wil'son, a county in the S.E. part of Kansas, has an area of 576 square miles. It is intersected by the Verdi- gris River, which runs nearly southward, and is partly drained by Fall River. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with upland prairies and wide river-bottoms, on which groves of oak, hickory, white ash, black walnut, and other trees are found. The soil is fertile, and adapted to pasturage. Indian corn, hay, wheat, and cattle are the staple products, and coal is abundant here. Capital, Fro- donia. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,811,332. Pop. in 1870, 6694; in 1876, 9749; in 1878, 11,760. WIL 2419 WIL Wilson, a county in the E. central part of North Caro- lina, has an area of about 350 square miics. It is inter- sected by Moccasin Crceli, and also drained by Contentnea Creelt. The surface is undulating or nearly level, and is mostly covered with forests of pine and other trees. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, grass, and porl^are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Wil- mington & Wcldon Railroad. Capital, Wilson. Valuation of real and personal estate, S2,9oG,2Sa. Pop. in 1870, 12,258, of whom 12,209 were Americans!%^ Wilson, a county of Middle Tennessee, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is bounded on the N. by the Cumberland River, which is here navigable by steamboats. The surface is moderately hilly or undulating, and ex- tensively covered with forests of the ash, beech, cedar, hickory, oak, and other trees. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, butter, and pork are the staple products. Silurian limestones (Trenton and Niishville) underlie nearly all parts of tlie surface. This county is connected with N.oshville by the Tennessee & Pacific Railroad. Capital, Lebanon. Valuation of real and personal estate, $12,500,000. Pop. in 1870, 25,881, of whom 25,814 were Americans. Wilson, a county in the S. central part of Texiis. It is intersected by the San Antonio River, and bounded on the E. by the Cibolo. The surface is partly covered with forests. The soil is fertile. Cattle, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Floresville. Valuation of real and personal estate, S4.S9,271. Pop. in 1870, 2556, of whom 2215 were Americans. Wilson, a post-hamlet of Escambia co., Ala., on the Mobile & Montgomery Railroad, 41 miles N.E. of Mobile. It has a church, and a manufactory of rosin and turpen- tine. Pop. about 200. Wilson, a post-hamlet of Suwanee co., Fla., 10^ miles S. of Wellborn, It has 2 churches. Wilson, a township of De Witt co., III. Pop. 640. Wilson, a station on the railroad between Logansport and Marion, 22 miles E.S.E. of Logansport, Ind. Wilson, a post-hamlet of Montgomery CO., Iowa, on East Nishnabatona River, 14 miles N. by E. of Red Oak. Wilson, a post-village in Wilson township, Ellsworth CO., Kansas, on the Kansas Pacific Railroad, about 15 miles N.W. of Ellsworth. It has a graded school, about 30 houses, and a broom-factory. Goal is found near it. Pop. of township, 892. The name of the station at this place is Bosland. Wilson, a township of Marion co., Kansas. Pop. 531. Wilson, a post-office of Worcester co., Md. Wilson, a post-hamlet in Wilson township, Winona co., Minn., 8 miles S. by W. of Winona. The township has 3 churches. Pop. of the township, 1086. Wilson, a post-hamlet in Wilson township, Adair co., Mo., about 24 miles N. of Macon City. The township con- tains 4 churches, and has a pop. of 1119. Wilson, a township of Audrain co.. Mo. Pop. 1740. Wilson, a township of (ireene co.. Mo. Pop. 1053. Wilson, a post-office of Colfax co.. Neb., 11 miles N. of Richland Station of the Union Pacific Railroad. Wilson, a post-village and shipping-port in AVilson township, Niagara co., N.Y., on Lake Ontario, about 32 miles N. of Buffalo, and 14 miles N.N.W. of Lockport. It has a good harbor, 3 or 4 churches, a union school, 2 iron- foundries, and a steam lumber-mill. It is i mile from Wilson Station, which is on the Lake Ontario Shore Rail- road, 14 miles N.E. of Lewiston. Pop. 661 ; of the town- ship, 2847. Wilson, a post-village, capital of Wilson co., N.C., in Wilson township, on the Wilmington & AVeldon Railroad, 24 miles N. of Goldsborough, and about 44 miles E. of Raleigh. It has 5 churches, a national bank, 2 newspaper offices, the Wilson Collegiate Seminary for young ladies, and Wilson College, also a tannery, a foundry, 2 plough- factories, 2 carriage-factories, a steam mill, &c. Pop. 1036 ; of the township, 3170. Wilson, a post-office of Adams co., 0., is at Newport, a hamlet 20 miles S.E. of Hillsborough. Wilson, a township of Clinton co., 0. Pop. 1157. Wilson, a post-village in Springfield township, St. Croi.x CO., Wis., on the West Wisconsin Railroad, 32 miles E. of Hudson. It has 2 churches, a newspaper office, and a large lumber-mill, &c. Here are e.\tensive pine forests. Wilson, a township of Sheboygan co.. Wis. P. 1222. Wil'sonburg, a post-hamlet of Richland co.. 111., in Denver township, 5 miles N. of Noble, and about 9 miles W.N.W. of OIney. It has a church. Wilsonbnrg, a post-hamlet of Harrison co., W. Va., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 4 miles W. of Clarks- burg. It has a church. Coal is mined here. Wilson Creek, a post-office of Wilson co., Kansas. Wilson Creek, a post-office of Tioga co., N.Y., about 20 miles N.W. of Binghamton. Wilson Cross Roads,post-office, Hempstead co., Ark. Wilson Grove, a post-office of Butler co., Iowa. Wilson's, a station of the Western Railroad of Ala- bama, 13 miles E.S.E. of Selma, Ala. Wilson's, a station of the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, llj miles N. of New Albany, Ind. Wilson's, a station and hamlet of Garrett co., Md., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, J of a mile E. of Altamont. It has a church and 6 families. Wilson's, a station in Prince George's co., Md., on the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad, 9 miles N.E. of Washington. Wilson's, Crawford co.. Mo. See Wilson's Mills. Wilson's, a station of the Painesville & Youngstown Railroad, 3i miles S. of Painesville, 0. Wilson's, a post-office of Anderson co., Tenn., about 15 miles N.AV. of Knoxville. Wilson's Beach, a post-village in Charlotte co.. New Brunswick, on the E. end of Campo Bello Island, at the entrance to the Bay of Fundy, 3 miles from Eastport, Me. Pop. 600. Wilson's Crossing, a post-office of Rockingham co., N.H., on the Manchester & Lawrence Railroad, at Wilson's Station, 8 miles S.S.E. of Manchester. Here is a shoe-fac- tory. Wilson's Depot, a post-hamlet of Dinwiddle co., Va., on the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad, 27 miles W.S.W. of Petersburg. Wilson's Land'ing, a hamlet of Charles City co., Va., on James River, about 30 miles S.E. of Richmond. Wilson's Mills, a post-office of Oxford co.. Me., on the Magalloway River, about 60 miles N.N.W. of Paris. Wilson's Mills, a post-office of Crawford co., Mo., on the St. Louis, Salem & Little Rock Railroad, at Wilson's Station, 19 miles N. by E. of Salem. Here is a flour-mill on the Maramec River. Wilson's Mills, a post-hamlet of Johnston co., N.C., on the Raleigh division of the North Carolina Railroad, 22J miles S.E. of Raleigh. It has a church, a saw-mill, and a machine-shop. Wilson's Mills, a post-hamlet of Cuyahoga co., 0., on Chagrin River, about 18 miles E. by N. of Cleveland. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Wilson's Mills, a post-office of Venango co.. Pa., about 12 miles W.N.W. of Oil City. Wilson's Point, a post-hamlet of East Carroll parish, La., on the Mississippi River. Wilson's Prom'ontory, in the British colony of Vic- toria, forms the S. extremity of the continent of Australia, in Bass's Strait. Lat. 39° 8' S. ; Ion. 1 46'^ 23' E. It is 3000 feet above the sea. Around it are many small islands, and on its E. side are Corner Inlet and Waterloo Bay. Wilson's Store, a post-office of Stokes co., N.C., 20 miles N. of Winston. Wil'sontown, a village of Scotland, co. of Lanark. Pop. 585. VVil'sonville, a post-village of Shelby co., Ala., on the Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad, 28 miles S.W. of Tal- ladega. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of lumber and sorghum. Wilsonville, a post-hamlet of Windham co., Conn., on the Norwich & Worcester Railroad, about 20 miles S. of Worcester, Mass. It has a woollen-factory. Wilsonville, a post-hamlet of Douglas co., Ga., 8 miles N.E. of Whitesburg. It has a church, a woollen- factory, a flour-mill, &c, AVilsonville, a post-office of Van Buren co., Iowa. Wilsonville, a post-office of Allen co., Kansas, 25 miles W.N.AV. of Fort Scott. Wilsonville, a post-hamlet of Spencer co., Ky., about 20 miles E. by S. of Louisville. Wilsonville, a post-office of Furnas co.. Neb., 65 miles S. by W. of Plum Creek. Wilsonville, a hamlet of Pike co.. Pa., 1 mile from Hawley Railroad Station. It has 2 saw-mills. Wilsonville, a post-hamlet of Obion co., Tenn., 9 miles N. of the village of Obion. It has 2 churches. Wilsonville, a post-office of San Pete co., Utah. Wilsonville, a post-office of Highland co., Va., about 40 miles W. of Staunton. Wilster, ^il'st^r, a town of Prussia, in Holstein, on the Wilsteraue, 9 miles N.N.W. of Gliickstadt. Pop. 2370. It has a considerable trade in corn. WIL 2420 Wilten, -^il'ten, a village of Austria, Tyrol, circle of Schwatz, near Imst. Pop. 2575. Wil'ton, a parliamentary borough of England, co. of Wilts, 3i miles W.N.W. of Salisbury. Pop. S865. Chief edifices, the church, town hall, dissenting chapels, and the hospital of St. John. It has an endowed school. "Wilton has long been celebrated for a manufactory of carpets bearing its name. The borough returns one member to the House of Commons. Wilton House, the magnificent seat of the Earl of Pembroke, and containing a fine gallery of paintings, stands on the site of a famous abbey^ founded A.D. 800. Wilton, a suburb of Hawick, Koxburgh co., Scotland. Pop. 2986. Wil'ton, a post-office of Pike co., Ark., about 48 miles W. of Arkadelphia. Wilton, a post-village of Fairfield co., Conn., in Wil- ton township, on the Danbury & Norwalk Railroad, 16 miles S. of Danbury, and 6 miles N. of Norwalk. It has 2 churches and 2 academies or boarding-schools. Pop. of the township, 1994. Wilton, a township of Will co., III. Pop. 1118. Wilton, or Wilton Junction, a post-village in Wil- ton township, Muscatine co., Iowa, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, at its junction with the South- west Branch of the same, 12 miles N.of Muscatine, and 25 miles W. of Davenport. It contains 4 churches. 1 or 2 newspaper offices, a bank, and a Baptist college. The name of its post-office is Wilton Junction. Pop. 1351 ; of the township (additional), 1047. Wilton, a post-village in Wilton township, Franklin CO., Me., 7 miles S.W. of Farmington, 1 mile W. of the Androscoggin Railroad, and about 32 miles N.W. of Augusta. It has 2 churches and the Wilton Academy. The township contains another village, named East AVilton, and has manu- factures of woollen goods, scythes, &e. Pop. of the town- ship. 1 906. Wilton Station is SA miles S.W. of Farmington. Wilton, a post-village in Wilton township, Waseca co., Minn., on the Le Sueur River, about 26 miles S.W. of Fari- bault, and 28 miles E.S.E. of Mankato. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 643. Wilton, a post-office of Boone co., Mo., on the Missouri River, 18 miles above Jefferson City. Wilton, a post-village and summer resort in Wilton township, Hillsborough co., N.H., on the Souhegan River and the Wilton Branch of the Boston, Lowell & Nashua Railroad, 15 miles W.N.W. of Nashua. Pop. of the town- ship, 1974. Wilton, a post-hamlet of Saratoga co., N.Y., in Wilton township, about 7 miles N. by E. of Saratoga Springs. It has several saw-mills. The township is intersected by the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad. Pop. of township, 1218. Wilton, a post-hamlet of Granville co., N.C., about 30 miles N. of Raleigh. Here is the Wilton Academy. Wilton, a post-office of Middlesex co., A''a. Wilton, a post-hamlet of Monroe co., Wis., on the S. border of Wilton township, and on the Chicago Vonimelghem,wom'mel-Gh^m\ a village of Belgium, province and 6 miles E. of Antwerp. Pop. 1483. Wonansquatocket. See Woonasquatucket. Wonck, w6nk, a village of Belgium, province of Lim- bourg, on the Jaar, 16 miles S.E. of Hasselt. Pop. 1726. Wonda, or Ouonda, won'di, a river of North Africa, rises in the S.E. part of Senegambia, flows N.N.W., and joins the Kokoro (an aflluent of the Woolima), after a course of about 130 miles. ■ , Wondelgheni, won'd?l-Gh5m', a village of Belgium, province of East Flanders, on the Canal of Terneuzen, and on the Lieve and the Caele, 2 miles N. of Ghent. Pop. 1181. Wonders, wiin'derz, post-ofBce, Nacogdoches co., Tex. Wone, won, a ruined town of India, in Candeish, with 8 large and 4 small pagodas of hewn granite and of a pyramidal form, with numerous carvings, decorations, and colossal statues. Wonewoc, won'e-wok, a post-village in Wonewoo township, Juneau co.. Wis., on Baraboo River, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, at Wonowoc Station, 67 miles N.W. of Madison, and 64 miles S. of EIroy. It has 2 or 3 churches, a newspaper office, a seminary, and manu- factures of flour, furniture, lumber, and wagons. Pop, about 700 ; of the township, 1495. WongrOAVitz,*on'gro--ftits' (Polish, Wongromiec, *on- gro've-Sts), also written WagroAviec, a town of Prussian Poland, 32 miles N.E. of Posen, on the Welna. Here is a Cistercian monastery. Pop. 4236. Won'sevu, a post-office of Chase co., Kansas. Wonterghem, w8n'ter-GhSm*, a village of Belgium, in East Flanders, 15 miles' W.S.AV. of Ghent. Pop. 968. Woo- Chang, a large city of China, province of Hoo- Pee, on the Yang-tse-Kiang, opposite Han-Keoo. It is a walled town, is the seat of a great native and foreign trade, and has important native educational establishments. Pop. 800,000. Woo-Choo, or Wu-Chu, woo-choo', also called Woo-Cliow-Foo, a town of China, province of Quang- See, on the navigable river Hong-Kiang, about 180 miles above Canton. It is the seat of a great trade. Wood, a county in the S.E. part of Dakota, containing many small lakes. Area, 576 square miles. Vermilion River rises in this county. Wood, a northern county of Ohio, has an area of about 570 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Mau- mee River, is intersected by the Portage River, and is partly drained by Beaver Creek. The northern border of this county is about 3 miles from Toledo. The surface is a nearly level plain, with a gentle slope to the N.E. Dense forests of the ash, beech, elm, hickory, white oak, sugar- maple, tulip-tree, tfec, cover a large part of its area. The soil is deep and fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, cattle, butter, lumber, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by 3 railroads, — the Baltimore & Ohio, the Columbus k Toledo, and the Dayton 4 Michi gan. It is also connected with Cleveland by the Lake Shore &, Michigan Southern Railroad. Capital, Bowling Green. Valuation of real and personal estate, $11,908,537. Pop. in 1870, 24,596, of whom 21,445 were Americans. Wood, a county in the N.E. part of Texas, has an area of about 500 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Sabine River, and is intersected by the Lake Fork of that river. The surface is diversified with prairies and exten- sive forests of the ash, elm, hickory, oak, pecan, Ac. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, cattle, and pork are the staple products. It is intersected by the Texas &, Pacific Railroad. Capital, Quitman. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $712,412. Pop. in 1870, 6894, of whom 6880 were Americans. Wood, a western county of West Virginia, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is bounded on the N.W. by the Ohio River, which separates it from the state of Ohio, and is intersected by the Little Kanawha River. The sur- face is hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the ash, hickory, oak, tulip-tree, <&c. The soil is fertile. woo 2435 WOO Indian corn, wheat, oats, and butter are the staple products. Among its mineral resources are bituminous coal and pe- troleum. This county is intersected by the Parkersburg Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Capital, Par- kersburg. Valuation of real and personal estate, $10,000,000. Pop. in 1S70, 19.000, of whom 17,713 were Americans. Wood, a county in the central part of Wisconsin, has an area of S2S square miles. It is intersected by the Wis- consin River, which here runs south westward, and is also drained by the Yellow River and Mill Creek. The surface is mostly covered with forests of pine, sugar-maple, and other trees. The soil is partly fertile. Oats, hay, Indian corn, and potatoes are the staple products, and lumber is the chief article of export. Granite is found here. This county is intersected by the Wisconsin Central Railroad and the Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad. Capital, Grand Rapids. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,402,374. Pop. in 1870, 3912, of whom 2538 were Americans. Wood, a township of Clarke cc, Ind. Pop. 730. Wood, a station in Monroe co., Mich., on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 17 miles N.W. of Toledo, Ohio. Wood and Richland^ a township of Texas co., Mo. Pop. 834. Wood'ard, a post-office of Onondaga co., N.Y., on the Syracuse Northern Railroad, 8 miles N. of Syracuse. Wood'ard's Landing, a post-office of Pacific co., Washington. Wood'bank, a hamlet of Marion co., Ind., on Fall Creek, 1 mile from Malott Park Station, and about 5 miles N. by E. of Indianapolis. It has 2 churches. Wood'berry, a post-office of Reno co., Kansas, 25 miles N.W. of Wichita. Woodberry, a post-village of Baltimore co., Md., on the Northern Central Railroad, 4 miles N.N.W. of Balti- more. It has 5 or 6 churches, 5 cotton-mills, a foundry, a machine-shop, 3 public schools, and a newspaper office. Part of this village is called Hampden. Woodberry, Bedford co., Pa. See Woodburv. Woodberry, a township of Blair co., Pa. Pop. 2107. Wood'bine, a post-township of Jo Daviess co.. III., about 16 miles E.S.E. of Galena. It contains 2 churches and 2 flour-mills. Pop. 950. Woodbine, a post-village in Boyer township, Harrison CO., Iowa, on the Boyer River, and on the Chicago & North- western Railroad, 38 miles N. of Council Bluffs. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a money-order post-office. Pop. about 500. Woodbine, a post-hamlet of Dickinson co., Kansas, on Lyons Creek, about 16 miles S.S.W. of Junction City. It has a church. Woodbine, a post-hamlet of Whitley co., Ky., about 65 miles S.S.E. of Danville. Woodbine, a post-village of Carroll co., Md., on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 37 miles W. by N. of Baltimore. Woodbine, a station in Cape May co., N.J., on the West Jersey Railroad, 16 miles S.E. of Millville. Woodbine, a station in Chester co.. Pa., on the Penn- sylvania Railroad, 31 miles W. of Philadelphia. Woodbine, a post-hamlet of York co.. Pa., in Lower Chanceford township, on the Peach Bottom Railroad. It has a grist-mill. Woodbine, a post-office of Prince William co,, Va., 6 miles from Manassas. Wood'bourne, a post-village in Fallsburg township, .Sullivan co., N.Y., on the Neversink River, about 32 miles N. of Port Jervis. It has 2 churches. Pop. 140. Woodbonrne, a station in Bucks co., Pa., on the North Pennsylvania Railroad, 24 miles N.E. of Philadel- phia. Woodbonrne, a station in Susquehanna co.. Pa., on the Montrose Railroad, 9 miles S. of Montrose. Wood'bridge, a market-town and river-port of Eng- land, CO. of Suffolk, on the Deben, 7i miles E.N.E. of Ips- wich. Pop. 4403. The town has a church, dissenting «hapels, schools, almshouses, sessions- and market-houses, a custom-house, bonding warehouses, a theatre, and a house of correction. It has exports of corn, flour, and malt, and imports of coal, timber, &c. Ship-building is actively carried on. The mouth of the Deben forms an excellent haven, and the river is navigable 8 miles up to the town. Wood'bridge, a post-village of San Joaquin co., Cal., on the Mokelumne River, and on the Central Pacific Rail- road, 14 miles N. of Stockton. It has a college, 2 churches, and a newspaper office. Woodbridge, a township of New Haven co., Conn., 6 miles N.W. of New Haven. Pop. 830. Woodbridge, a hamlet of Cedar co., Iowa, about 20 miles E.N.E. of Iowa City. Woodbridge, township, Hillsdale co., Mich. P. 1386. Woodbridge, a post-office of Lenawee co., Mich. Woodbridge, a post-village in Woodbridge township, Middlesex co., N.J., on the Perth Amboy & Woodbridge Railroad, 5 miles S. of Rahway, and 24 miles S.W. of New York. It has 5 churches, a newspaper office, and manu- factures of fire-bricks and tiles. The township is bounded on the E. by Staten Island Sound. Pop. of township, 3717. Woodbridge, a post-hamlet of Craven co., N.C., 1 mile from the Atlantic & North Carolina Railroad, and 15 miles S. of New-Berne. It has a church and a lumber-mill. Woodbridge, a hamlet of Fayette co., Pa., about 55 miles S. of Pittsburg. Wood Bridge, a post-village of Prince William co., Va., on Occoquan River, and on the Alexandria & Freder- icksburg Railroad, 16^ miles S.W. of Alexandria. It has 2 churches, a bank, and a high school. Wood'bridge, or Bur'wick, a post-village in York CO., Ontario, on the river Humber, and on the Toronto,. Grey & Bruce Railway, 16i miles N.W. of Toronto. It contains 3 churches, stores, hotels, and saw-mills, and has manufactories of iron castings, mill-machinery, agricul- tural implements, engines, boilers, woollens, Ac. P. 1000. Woodbridge's Corners, Lincoln co., Me., is the same as NoitxH New Castle, Wood'burn, a post-village in Bunker Hill township, Macoupin eo., 111., about 14 miles N.E. of Alton, and Z miles W. of Bunker Hill Railroad Station. It has 3 churches. Pop. about 600. Woodburn, a post-office and station in Allen co., Ind,, on the Wabash Railroad, Ifi miles E.N.E. of Fort Wayne. Woodburn, a post-village in Jackson township, Clarke CO., Iowa, on the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad, 16 miles W, of Chariton. It has 3 churches and a flour-mill. Woodburn, a post-village of Warren co,, Ky., on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 11 miles S. by W. of Bowling Green. It has a church, and is the seat of Cedar Bluff College. Pop. about 400. Woodburn, a hamlet of Morehouse parish. La., 8 miles E. of Bastrop. Here is a church. Woodburn, a post-hamlet of Platte co., Neb., on Loup River, 17 miles W. of Columbus, Woodburn, a post-hamlet of Marion co., Oregon, on the Oregon & California Railroad, 16 miles N. of Salem, It has a church and a warehouse for grain, Woodburn, a post-hamlet of Loudoun co., Va., 3i miles W. of Leesburg. It has a church. Wood'burn, a post-village in Wentworth co., Ontario, 8 miles S. of Stony Creek. It contains 2 stores and a grist- mill. Pop. 100. Woodbury, wood'ber-e, a county in the W. part of Iowa, bordering on Nebraska, has an area of about 870 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Missouri and Sioux Rivers, which unite about 2 miles above Sioux City. It is intersected by the Little Sioux River and its West Fork, and is partly drained by the Maple River. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and groves. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, hay, oats, and cattle are the staple products. This county is traversed by 3 railroads, — the Sioux City & Pacific, the Sioux City & St. Paul, and the Dubuque & Sioux City (or Illinois Cen- tral). Capital, Sioux City. Valuation of real and personal estate, 54,816,502. Pop. in 1870, 6172, of whom 4653 were Americans. Woodbury, a post-village in Woodbury township, Litchfield co,, Conn., in a beautiful valley, on the Pomeraug River, 12 miles W. of Waterbury, and about 25 miles N.W. of New Haven. It contains several fine residences, an academy, a bank, and 4 churches. The township has a paper-mill, 2 woollen-mills, a manufactory of knives and shears, a stockinet-mill, and a powder-flask-factory. It contains another village, named Hotchkissville. Pop. of the township, 1931. Woodbury, Meriwether co., Ga. See Sandtown. Woodbury, a hamlet in Woodbury township, Cumber- land CO., HI., on the Embarras River, and on the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, 16 miles E.N.E. of Ef- fingham. Pop. of the township, 1067. Woodbury, a post-haralet of Hancock co., Ind., on the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railroad, about 18 miles E.N.E. of Indianapolis. It has a church. Woodbury, township, Woodbury co., Iowa. Pop. 351, Woodbury, a post-village of Butler co., Ky., on the Green River, at the mouth of the Big Barren River, about 20 miles by land and 30 miles by water N.W. of Bowling woo 2436 WOO Green. It has 2 churches, a flour-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 171. Woodbury, Maryland. See Woodbekhv. Woodbury, a post-township of Washington cc, Minn., about 7 miles S.B. of St. Paul, and 1 or 2 miles E. of the Mississippi River. It has 3 churches. Pop. 1153. Woodbury, a hamlet of Webster co.. Mo., about 36 miles E.N.E. of Springfield. Woodbury, an incorporated town, capital of Gloucester CO., N.J., on Woodbury Creek, on the West Jersey Rail- road, at the junction of the Swedesborough Railroad, and at the E. terminus of the Delaware Shore Railroad, 9 miles S. of Philadelphia. It contains a court-house, an academy, a graded public school, 2 public libraries, a newspa])er office, a national bank, and 9 churches (2 colored). Many persons residing here do business in Philadelphia, to which city there are several trains daily. Pop. about 3000. Woodbury, Orange co., N.Y. See Woobbuey Falls. Woodbury, a post-office and station in Oyster Bay township, Queens co., N.Y., on the Long Island Railroad, 33 miles E.N.E. of New York City. Woodbury (Woodview Post-Office), a hamlet in Perry township, Morrow co., 0., 14 miles S.S.W. of Mansfield. Woodbury, or Woodberry, a post-village of Bedford CO., Pa., in Middle Woodbury township, about 22 miles S. of Altoona. It has 2 churches. Pop. 294. Woodbury, a township of Marion co., S.C. Pop. 210. Woodbury, a post-village, capital of Cannon co., Tenn., about 50 miles E.S.E. of Nashville. It has 4 churches, a college, a newspaper office, and a flouring-mill. Pop. 329. Woodbury, a post-hamlet of Hill co., Tex., 40 miles from Waco. It has 2 churches. Woodbury, a post-township of Washington co., Vt., about 15 miles N.E. of Montpelier. Pop. 902. Woodbury, or Force's Corners, a post-village in Brant CO., Ontario, 3 miles S. of Princeton. Pop. 160. Woodbury Falls, a post-hamlet of Orange co., N.Y., in Monroe township, on the Newburg & New York Branch of the Erie Railroad, at Woodbury Station, 12 miles S.S.W. of Newburg. It has a grist-mill. Woodbury's, a station of the Eastern Railroad (Essex Branch), 9 miles N.E. of Salem, Mass. Wood Centre, a post-office of Clayton co., Iowa. Wood'coek, a post-borough in Woodcock township, Crawford co.. Pa., 8 miles N.E. of Meadville, and 2 miles from Venango Railroad Station. It has 2 churches and several cheese-factories. Pop. 220. The township is bounded on the W. by French Creek, and contains also the borough of Scegertown. Pop. of township, 1723. Wood Creek, Washington co., N.Y., runs in a N.N.E. direction, and enters Pawlet River at Whitehall. Wood'dale, a post-office of New Castle co., Del., on the Wilmington & Western Railroad, 9 miles W.N.W. of Wilmington. Wood'end, Pulaski co.. Mo., a station on the St. Louis & San Friincisco Railroad, 85 miles N.E. of Springfield. Woo'densburg, a post-hamlet of Baltimore eo., Md., 20 miles N.N.W. of Baltimore. It has 2 churches. P. 54. Wood'ey, a post-office of Lincoln co., Kansas. Wood'ford, a county in the N. central part of Illinois, has an area of about 520 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by Peoria Lake, an expansion of the Illinois River, and is drained by Mackinaw and Crow Creeks. The surfa.ce is undulating or nearly level, and is diversified with prairies and woodlands, the former of which are more extensive than the latter. The soil is very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Mines of bituminous coal have been opened in this county. It is intersected by 3 railroads, — the Illinois Central, the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw, and the Chicago & Alton. Capital, Met- amora. Valuation of real and personal estate, .$3,881,548. Pop. in 1870, 18,956, of whom 14,891 were Americans. Woodford, a county in the N. central part of Kentucky, has an area of about 250 square miles. It is bounded on the W. and S.W. by the Kentucky River, and al3o drained by the South Fork of Elkhorn Creek. The surface is un- dulating. The soil is deep and very fertile. Indian corn, wheat, oats, pork, and butter are the staple products. Among the forest trees are the ash, hickory, oak, black wal- nut, and maple. Good Lower Silurian limestone underlies a large part of the soil. . This county is intersected by the Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington Railroad. Capital, Ver- sailles. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,981,130. Pop. in 1870, 8240, of whom 8110 were Americans. Woodford, a post-hamlet in Minonk township, Wood- ford CO., 111., on the Illinois Central Railroad, 25 miles N. of Bloomington. Woodford, a post-office of Montgomery co., Tenn. Woodford, a post-hamlet in Woodford township, Ben- nington CO., Vt., about 7 miles E. of Bennington. It has a church. Pop. of the township, 371. Woodford, a post-office and station in Caroline CO., Va., on the Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Railroad, 46i miles N. of Richmond. Woodford's, a post-hamlet of Alpine co., Cal., about 36 miles S. of Carson City, Nev. Woodford's, a post-hamlet of Cumberland co.. Me., on or near Casco Bay, and on the Maine Central and Port- land & Rochester Railroads, 2 miles W. of Portland. It has 2 churches and the Deering High School. Wood Grove, a post-hamlet in Manchester township, Morgan co., 0., 10 miles W.S.W. of Caldwell. Wood Grove, a hamlet of Loudoun co., Va., 1 mile from the Blue Ridge, and 1 mile from Round Hill Railroad Station. It has 2 churches. Wood'ham, a post-village in Perth co., Ontario, lOJ miles from St. Marys. Pop. 100. Wood Har'bor, a post-settlement in Shelburne co., Nova Scotia, on the Atlantic coast, 19 miles from Barring- ton. Pop. 500. Woott Ha'veil, a post-village in Jamaica township. Queens CO., N.Y., on the Long Island Railroad, about 8 miles S.E. of New York. It has 2 churches. Wood Hill, a post-ofiice of Dallas co.. Mo. Wood'hull, a post-village in Clover township, Henry CO., 111., on the Chicago, Burlington &■ Quincy Railroad (Galva & Keithsburg Branch), 14 miles W. of Galva, and about 16 miles N. by B. of Galesburg. It has a bank, a money-order post-office, and 3 churches. Pop. about 700. Woodhull, a post-ofiice of Chase co., Kansas, about 30 miles W. of Emporia. Woodhull, a post-township forming the S.W. extrem- ity of Shiawassee co., Mich. It contains 2 churches. Pop. 756. Woodhull Post-Office and Station are on the Chicago & Lake Huron Railroad, 16 miles S.W. of Corunna. Woodhull, or New'ville, a post-village in Woodhull township, Steuben co., N.Y., on Tuscarora Creek, about 32 miles W. of Elmira. It has 2 or 3 churches, an academy, a cheese-factory, a foundry, and a grist-mill. The name of its post-office is Woodhull. Pop. 392 ; of township, 1978. Woodhull, a post-offlce and st.ation in Fond du Lac CO., Wis., on the Sheboygan & Fond du Lao Railroad, 5 miles W. of Fond du Lac. Wood'ington, a post-hamlet of Darke co., 0., on the railroad between Piqua and Union City, 7 miles E. of the latter. It has 2 churches and a saw-mill. Wood Island, an islet in the Strait of Belle Isle, between Labrador and Newfoundland. Wood Island, at the entrance of Saco River, Me. On the E. side is a revolving light, 45 feet above the level of the sea, lat. 43° 27' N., Ion. 70° 15' W. Wood Island, a station within the limits of Boston, Mass., on the Boston, Revere Beach & Lynn Railroad, and on an island in Boston Harbor, 1 mile from East Boston. Wood'lake, a post-office of Franklin co., Ky. Wood Lake, a post-hamlet of Montcalm co., Mich., on the Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, 30 miles N. by E. of Grand Rapids. It has manufactures of pine lumber. Wood Lake, a post-township of Yellow Medicine co., Minn., comprising several lakes. Pop. 167. Wood Lake, post-township, Burnett co., Wis. P. 195. Wood'land, a post-village, capital of Yolo co., C.il., in Cache Creek township, on the California Pacific Railroad, 22 miles W.N.W. of Sacramento, and 81 miles N.N.E. of San Francisco. It has a court-house, 5 churches, 2 news- paper offices, a bank with a capital of $500,000, and the Hesperian College (Christian), which was organized in 1861; also 3 hotels, a flour-mill, a machine-shop, 2 brew- eries, and manufactories of wine and brandy. It is lighted with gas. Pop. about 2500. Woodland, a hamlet of Putnam co., Fla., about 15 miles S. of Palatka, and 6 miles E. of St. John's River. Woodland, a township of Carroll co.. III. Pop. 906. Woodland, a township of Fulton co.. 111. Pop. 1602. Woodland, a post-hamlet of Iroquois co., 111., on the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, 4 miles S. of Watseka. Woodland, a post-hamlet in Madison township, St. Joseph CO., Ind., about 10 miles S. by E. of South Bend. It has a church. Woodland, a post-hamlet in Richland township, De- catur CO., Iowa, near Grand River, 15 miles N.W. of Leon. "VVoodland, a station in Barren co., Ky., on the Louis- ville & Great Southern Railroad, 2 miles N.E. of Cave City. woo 2437 WOO Woodland, a post-office of East Feliciana parish, La,, 9 miles N.E. of Clinton. Here is a church. Woodland, a plantation of Aroostook oo.. Me., 60 miles N.W. of Houlton. Pop. 174. Woodland, a post-hamlet of Talbot oo., Md., on the Maryland & Delaware Kailroad, 4 miles N. of Easton. Woodland, a post-village in Woodland township, Barry CO., Mioh., about 33 miles E.S.E. of Grand Rapids, and 30 miles W. of Lansing. It has a drug-store, a flour- mill, and 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 1451. Woodland, a township of Wright oo., Minn. P. 836. Woodland, a post-office of Marion co., Mo., on the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad, 19 miles W. of Hannibal. Woodland, township, Burlington co., N.J. Pop. 389. Woodland, a post-hamlet in Shandaken township, Ulster CO., N.Y., about 24 miles W.N.W. of Rondout. Woodland, a post-hamlet of Northampton co., N.C., about 24 miles E. of Halifax. It has a church. Woodland, a station in Mahoning oo., 0., on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 4 miles W, of Salem. Woodland, a post-hamlet of Union co., 0., on the At- lantic it Great Western Railroad, lOJ miles S.W. of Marion. It has a church, 2 saw-mills, and a planing-mill. Woodland, a post-village of Clearfield co., Pa., on the Tyrone & Clearfield Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 6i miles E. by S. of Clearfield. It has 1 or 2 churches, a lumber-mill, and a manufactory of fire-bricks. Woodland, a station in Delaware co., Pa., on the Philadelphia i Baltimore Central Railroad, 25 miles W.S.W. of Philadelphia. Woodland, a post-hamlet of Red River co., Tex., 10 miles from Bonnet's Station of the Texas & Pacific Railroad. It has a church and an academy. Woodland, a post-hamlet of Dodge co.. Wis., on the Northern division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 46 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. It has 2 churches. Woodland, a township of Sauk co., Wis. Pop. 1220. Woodland Mills, a post-hamlet of Morgan co., Ala., about 20 miles S. of Huntsville. It has a steam flour-mill, a store, &c. Woodland Mills, a post-hamlet of Obion co., Tenn., on the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Hickman, Ky., and 162 miles W. of Nashville. It has a church, a steam grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Woodlands, a post-hamlet of Marshall co., W. Va., on the Ohio River, about 22 miles below Wheeling. Wood'Iandtown, a post-hamlet of Dorchester co., Md., 30 miles S. of Cambridge. It has a church. Wood'laudville, a post-office of Boone oo.. Mo., 15 miles W.N.W. of Columbia. Wood'lark Island, or Mayon, mi-Dn', Louisiade Archipelago, is N.N.E. of the S.E. extremity of Papua. WoodMawn', a post-hamlet of Ouachita co., Ark., 15 miles W. by S. of Camden. It has a church. Woodlawn, a post-hamlet of Murray co., Ga., in a beautiful valley, 14 miles N.E. of Dalton. It has 2 churches and a seminary. Woodlawn, a village of Richmond co., Ga., is a west- ern suburb of Augusta. Woodlawn, a post- village of Jefferson co., 111., on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 7 miles W. of Mount Vernon. It has a plough-factory and a wagon-shop. Pop. nearly 200. Woodlawn, a station on the Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington Railroad, 6i miles E. of Louisville, Ky. Woodlawn, a post-village of Cecil co., Md., about 40 miles N.E. of Baltimore. It has a church and an academy. Woodlawn, a station of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, 13 miles W. of St. Louis, Mo, . Woodlawn, a post-hamlet in Woodlawn township, Monroe CO., Mo., on the Middle Fork of Salt River, about 18 miles N.E. of Moberly. It has 4 stores. Pop. of the township, 935. Woodlawn, a post-ofiice and station in Lancaster co., Neb., on the Nebraska Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of Lincoln. Woodlawn, a post-office of New York co., N.Y., on the New York & Harlem Railroad, 12 miles N.N.E. of Grand Central Depot, N.Y". It is a branch of the New York Post-Office. Woodlawn, a hamlet of Gaston co., N.C., on or near the Catawba River, and on the Carolina Central Railroad, at Tuckasegee Railroad Station, 11 miles N.W. of Char- lotte. It has an academy and a cotton-mill. There are 3 churches in the vicinity. Woodlawn, a station on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad, 14 miles N. of Cincinnati, 0. Woodlawn, a post-village in Hopewell township, Beaver co., Pa., on the Ohio River, and on the Pittsburg & Lake Erie Kailroad, about 7 miles S. of Rochester. It has a grist-mill and a saw-mill. Woodlawn, a post-office of Edgefield co., S.C, 15 miles N.W. of Augusta, Ga. Woodlawn, a post-hamlet of Montgomery co,, Tenn., 10 miles W. of Clarksville. It has 2 churches and a to- bacco-factory. Woodlawn, a post-office of Harrison co., Tex., on the Texas & Pacific Railroad, 6i miles AV. of JeS'erson. Wood Ijawn, a post-hamlet of Carroll co., Va., 24 miles from Max Meadows. It has an iron-forge. Woodlawn Mills, a post-office of Maury co., Tenn. Wood'leaf, a post-office of Rowan oo., N.C. Woo'dle Island, one of the Gilbert Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, is in lat. 0° 17' N., Ion. 173° 27' E. Wood'lyn,a station of the Jacksonville, Northwestern tfc Southeastern Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Jacksonville, III. Wood'njan, a post-village in Woodman township. Grant co.. Wis., on the S. bank of the Wisconsin River, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St, Paul Railroad, at the junction of the Chicago & Tomah Railroad, 22 miles E. by N. of Prairie du Chien. It has a church and a graded school. Pop. of the township, 562. Wood'mansie, a post-hamlet of Burlington co., N.J., on the New Jersey Southern Railroad, 8 miles S.W, of Whiting. It has a saw-mill and about 10 houses. Cran- berries abound here. Wood'mont, a post-office of New Haven co.. Conn., on the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, 6 miles S.W. of New Haven. Wood Park, a post-office of Plaquemines parish. La. Wood Point, a seaport of New Brunswick, co. of Westmoreland, on Cumberland Basin, 5 miles from Sack- ville. Pop. 150. Wood'port, a post-hamlet of Morris co., N.J., in Jef- ferson township, on Hopatcong Lake, 8 miles N.W. of Dover. It has a church. Wood Ridge, a post-village in Lodi township, Bergen CO., N.J., on the New Jersey & New York Railroad, 11 miles N. of Jersey City. It has a church and a sash- and blind-factory. Wood'ridge, a post-office of Albemarle co., Va. Woodridge, a post-village in Prince co., Prince Ed- ward Island, 40 miles N. by W. of Summerside. Pop. 200. Wood Riv'er, a mill-stream of Rhode Island, rises in Kent CO., and unites with Charles River in Washington CO., to form the Pawcatuck River. Wood River, a post-hamlet of Hall co.. Neb., on the Union Pacific Railroad, near the Platte River, 16 miles W, by S. of Grand Island. It has 2 churches. Wood River Junction. See Richmond Switch. Wood'row, a post-office of Washington co., Pa. Wood'rutr, a county in the N.E. central part of Arkan- sas, has an area of about 530 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the White River, and is intersected by the Cache River. The surface is nearly level, and is exten- sively covered with forests of cypress, ash, hickory, oak, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Augusta. Val- uation of real and personal estate, $2,880,000. Pop. in 1870, 6891, of whom 6838 were Americans. Woodrutr, a hamlet of Hopkins co., Ky., on the Pa- ducah & Elizabethtown Railroad, 6 miles W. of Nortonville. Woodrutr, a post-office of Rich co., Utah. WoodrntT's, a station in Cumberland co., N.J., on the New Jersey Southern Railroad, 3 miles N.E. of Bridgeton. WoodrutPs, a post-hamlet of Spartanburg co., S.C, 18 miles S. of Spartanburg. It has a church and an academy. Woodruff's Creek, Michigan. See HunoN River. Woods, a station in Madison co., 111., on the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad, 44 miles N. of Alton Junction. See also Wood's Station. Wood's, a post-hamlet of Panola co., Tex., 40 miles S. of Marshall. It has 2 churches and an academy. Wood's Bluff, a post-office of Clarke co., Ala. Woods'borough, a post-village of Frederick co., Md., on the Frederick division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 11 miles N.E. of the city of Frederick. It has 2 or 3 churches. Pop. about 400. Woods'burg, a post-village and summer resort of Queens co., N.Y., in Hempstead township, near Rockaway Beach, and on the South Side Railroad, 20 miles E.S.E. of New York City. It has 4 churches, also 2 summer hotels, one of which has accommodations for 450 guests. Woods- burg commands a near view of the ocean. woo 12438 WOO Wood's Corners, a post-hamlet of Ionia co., Mich., on the Detroit, Lansing & Northern Railroad, 46 miles N,W. of Lansing, and 8 miles N. of Ionia. It has a church and a saw-mill. Wood's Creek, a small stream of Tuolumne co., Oal., rises at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, and, flowing in a general S.W. course, enters the Tuolumne Uiver. Wood's Cross, a post-office at Bountiful Village, Davis CO., Utah, on the Utah Central Kailroad, 9 miles N. of Salt Lake City. Wood's Cross Roads, a post-hamlet of Gloucester CO., Va., 12 miles E.S.E. of West Point. Pop. 22. Woods'dale, a post-hamlet of Person co., N.C., in Woodsdale township, about 58 miles N.N.W, of Raleigh. Pop. of the township, 1596. Woodsdale, a post-hamlet of Butler co., 0., in Madi- son township, on the Miami River, about 6 miles above Hamilton. It has a paper-mill. Wood's Falls, a post-hamlet of Clinton eo., N.Y., on the Chazy River, and on the Ogdensburg & Lake Champlain Railroad, 18 miles W.S.W. of Rouse's Point. It has a lum- ber-mill, a starch-factory, &c. Woods'field, a post- village, capital of Monroe co., 0., in Centre township, about 33 miles N.E. of Marietta, and 30 miles S.W. of Bellaire. It is surrounded by a hilly country. It contains 5 churches, a bank, and 2 newspaper ofl5ces. Pop. 753. Woods Hill, a post-ofRce of Carroll co., Tenn. Wood's Holl, hoi, a post-village in Falmouth town- ship, Barnstable co., Mass., on the strait which connects Buz- zard's Bay with Vineyard Sound, 20 miles E.S.E. of New Bedford. It is also on a branch of the Cape Cod Railroad, 71 miles S. by E. of Boston. It has a safe harbor which is deep enough to admit large ships, and in which vessels find refuge in stormy weather. It contains a church and sev- eral summer boarding-houses, and a factory for fertilizers. Two steamboats ply between this place and Oak Bluflfs and Nantucket. Wood'side, a town of Scotland, forming a northwestern suburb of Aberdeen. Pop. 4290. Wood'side, a post-hamlet of San Mateo co., Cal., in a beautiful valley at the base of an evergreen mountain, 6 miles W. of Redwood City, and 36 miles S. of San Fran- cisco. It has several saw-mills, and a large trade in lumber. Woodside, a post-office and station in Kent co., Del., on the Delaware Railroad, 54 miles S. of Wilmington. Woodside, a post-hamlet in Woodside township, San- gamon CO., III., on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 6 miles S. of Springfield. It has a church. Pop. of township, 1385. Woodside, a post-office of Winneshiek co., Iowa. Woodside, a post-office of Avoyelles parish. La. Woodside, a township of Essex co., N.J., with a sta- tion on the Erie Railroad (Paterson & Newark Branch), li miles N. of Newark. Pop. of township, 1172. Woodside, a post-office of Queens co., N.Y., on the Flushing & North Side Railroad, 6 miles E. of New York. It has 2 churches and several florists' establishments. Woodside, a station in Dauphin co., Pa., on the Sum- mit Branch Railroad, 3 miles E. of Millersburg. Woodside, a station on the Philadelphia, Newtown & New York Railroad, 13 miles N.E. of the initial station in Philadelphia, Pa. Woodside, a station in Luzerne co.. Pa., the terminus of a branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 1 mile N. of Jeddo. Here coal is mined. Woodside, a post-office of Henrico co., Va. Woodside, a post-office of St. Croix co., Wis. Wood'side, a post-village in Megantic co., Quebec, 14 miles S.E. of Somerset. Pop. 100. Woodside Park, a station of the Orange Branch of the Montclair & Greenwood Lake Railroad, 9? miles W. of Jersey City, N.J. Woods'lee, a post-village in Essex co., Ontario, on Belle River, and on a railway, 21 miles from Amherst- burg. It contains an iron-foundry, 3 stores, and 3 saw- mills. Pop. 150. Wood'son, a county in the S.E. part of Kansas, has an area of 504 square miles. It is drained by the Neosho River, which runs through the N.E. part, and by Owl and Turkey Creeks. The Verdigris River touches the S.W. corner of the county. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and groves. The soil is fertile. Maize, oats, wheat, hay, and cattle are the staple products. Limestone is found here. This county is traversed by the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad. Capital, Yates Centre. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,600,411. Pop. in 1870, 3827, of whom 3436 were Americans ; in 1878, 5514. Woodson, a post-hamlet of Morgan co., 111., on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 8 miles S. of Jacksonville. It has a church. Pop. about 200. Woodson, a post-office of Summers co., W. Va. Wood'sonville, a post-hamlet of Hart co., Ky., on Green River, opposite Munfordville, and on the Louisville & Great Southern Railroad, which here crosses the river on a fine bridge. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a nursery. Pop. 140. Wood's Run, a post-office of AVasbington co., Pa. Wood's Station, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co., Ala., on the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad, 4 miles E.N.E. of Birmingham. Wood's Station, a post-hamlet of Butler co., 0., on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Indianapolis Railroad, 9 miles N.W. of Hamilton. It has a church. Wood Station, a post-office of Catoosa co., Ga. Wood'stock, a parliamentary and municipal borough and town of England, co. a,nd 8 miles N.N.W. of Oxford, on the Glyme. Pop. of parliamentary borough, 7477. It has a church, several chapels, a town hall, and a market- place. It sends one member to the House of Commons. Adjoining the town, on the S., is Blenheim, the seat of the Duke of Marlborough. (See Blenheim Park.) Under the Saxon and Norman dynasties Woodstock was a royal resi- dence; and here King Alfred resided while translating Eoethius. Wood'stock, a post-office of Bibb co., Ala., on the Alabama & Chattanooga Railroad, 29 miles S.W. of Bir- mingham. Woodstock, a post-township of Windham co.. Conn. Pop. 2955. It contains 6 post-villages, — namely, Woodstock, East Woodstock, North Woodstock, South Woodstock, West Woodstock, and Woodstock Valley. Woodstock, a post-village in Woodstock township, Windham co., Conn., on a high hill, 41 miles E.N.E. of Hartford, and 5 miles N.W. of Putnam. It has an acad- emy (a large and fine building), 2 churches, and a superior summer hotel. The scenery of this place is admirable. Woodstock, a post-office of Nassau co., Fla., on the St. Mary's River. Woodstock, a post-hamlet of Cherokee co., Ga., about 28 miles N. by W. of Atlanta. It has a church, an acad- emy, and a cotton-factory. Gold is found near this place. Woodstock, a post-town, capital of McHenry co., 111., in Dorr township, on the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- road, 51 miles N.W. of Chicago, and about 32 miles E. of Rockford. It contains a court-house, 6 churches, a national bank, 1 other bank, 2 newspaper offices, the Todd Seminary for boys, and a large manufactory of pickles. Pop. 1574. Woodstock, a township of Schuyler co., 111. P. 1503. Woodstock, a township of Wright co., Iowa. P. 216. Woodstock, a post-office of Jefferson co., Kansas, 12 miles N. of Lawrence. Woodstock, a post-haralet of Pulaski co., Ky., 14 miles S.S.W. of Crab Orchard. It has a church. Woodstock, a township of Oxford co.. Me., on the Grand Trunk Railway, 12 miles N.W. of Paris. It con- tains Bryant's Pond. Pop. 994. Woodstock, a post-office and station in Howard co., Md., on the Patapsco River, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 25 miles W. by N. of Baltimore. Here is a Jesuit college and divinity school. Woodstock, Michigan. See Kelly's Corners. Woodstock, township, Lenawee co., Mich. Pop. 1315. Woodstock, a post-hamlet in Woodstock township, Grafton co., N.H., on the Pemigewasset River, 18 miles N. of Plymouth. Pop. of the township, 405. Woodstock, a post-village in Woodstock township, Ulster CO., N.Y., about 14 miles W.N.W. of Kingston. It has 3 churches, a tannery, and quarries of blue flagstone, the working of which is the principal business of the place. The township contains Overlook Mountain, which is about 3500 feet high and commands an admirable view. Pop. of the township, 1945. Woodstock, a post-village in Rush township, Cham- paign CO., 0., on the Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Railroad, 33 miles W.N.AV. of Columbus. It has 2 churches and a carriage-factory. Pop. 300. Woodstock, a post-office of Shelby co., Tenn., on tho Paducah & Memphis Railroad, 10 miles N.E. of Memphis. Woodstock, a beautiful post- village, capital of Wind- sor CO., Vt., in Woodstock township, on the Quechee River, and on the Woodstock Railroad, 14 miles W. of AVhito River Junction. It contains a court-house. 6 churches, a high school, a national bank, a savings-bank, 2 newspaper offices, a woollen-factory, several machine-shops, saw-mills, woo 2 planing-mills, flour-mills, Jko. In the centre of the village is a park, on which are situated many fine buildings. The township contains Taftsville, and has a pop. of 2910. Wood- stock Station on the Vermont Central Railroad is about 4 miles N.AV. of White River Junction. Woodstock, a hamlet of Accomack co., Va., 32 miles from Franklin Station. It has 2 churches and 3 stores. Woodstock, a post-village, cjipital of Shenandoah CO., Va., is situated in the fertile Shenandoah Valley, 1 mile W. of the North Fork of the Shenandoah River, and on the Valley Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 63 miles N.N.E. of Staunton. It contains 4 or o churches, a bank, 2 newspaper offices, a graded school, and a foundry and machine-shop. Pop. 859. Woodstock, a post-hamlet of Richland co., Wis., about d4 miles E.S.E. of La Crosse. It has 2 churches and 2 grist-mills. Wood'stock, a town and port of entrj"" of Ontario, cap- ital of the CO. of Oxford, on the river Thames and Cedar Creek, and on the Great Western Railway, 49 miles W. of Hamilton, and 29 miles E.N.E. of London. It is a place of considerable trade, has good water-power, and contains, besides the county buildings, 8 churches, 13 hotels, 65 stores, 2 branch banks, 2 printing-offices issuing weekly newspapers, grist-mills, oat- and woollen-mills, and several furniture-factories. It has 2 literary institutes, and a flour- ishing educational establishment with nearly 200 students and a full stafi" of professors and teachers. This place is visited by large numbers of Americans in the summer. Pop, 5000. Woodstock, an incorporated town of New Brunswick, capital of the co. of Carleton, on the left bank of the river St. John, at the N. terminus of the New Brunswick & Canada Railway, 94 miles N. of St. Andrews, and at the W. terminus of a branch of the New Brunswick Railway, 61 miles N.W. of Fredericton, and 130 miles from St. John. It contains 5 churches, a college, a convent, a grammar- school, 2 printing-offices issuing weekly newspapers, a number of stores, several hotels and mills, and manufac- tories of iron castings, mill-machinery, agricultural imple- ments, leather, furniture, &c. Extensive deposits of red hematite iron ore are found a short distance above the town, along the banks of the Meduxnikeag, at its entrance into the St. John. Large quantities of this iron have been exported to England for use in plating heavy-armored ships. Woodstock is a port of entry. Pop. 2000. Woodstock Valley, a post-hamlet in Woodstock township, Windham co.. Conn., about 20 miles N.N.E. of Willimantic. It has a church, a grist-mill, a tannery, and a manufactory of roller-cloth. Woods'town, a post-village of Salem co., N.J., in Polesgrove township, on Salem Creek, 3 miles from York- town Station, about 10 miles N.E. of Salem, and 24 miles S.S.W. of Philadelphia. It contains 4 churches, a national bank, an academy, and a newspaper office. Wood's Valley, a post-hamlet of Dickson eo.,Tenn., 24 miles S.W. of Clarksville. It has a grist-mill. Pop. 50. Woods'ville, a post-village in Haverhill township, Grafton co., N.H., on the Connecticut River, at the mouth of the Lower Ammonoosuc, opposite the village of Wells River, Vt., and on the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad, at its junction with the White Mountain Railroad, 93 miles N. by W. of Concord. Woodsville, a post-hamlet of Mereer co., N.J., 12 miles N. by W. of Trenton. Woodsville, a hamlet of Orange co., N.Y., in Green- ville township. 8 miles S.W. of Middletown. Wood'vale, a borough of Cambria co., Pa., 2 miles from Johnstown. It has a flour-mill, a tannery, and a woollen-factory. Woodvieiv, Morrow co., 0. See Woodbury. Wood'ville, a post-hamlet of Jackson co., Ala., on the Memphis & Charleston Railroad, 25 miles S.E. of Hunts- ville. It has a church and a flouring-mill. Woodville, a post-hamlet of Tulare co., Cal., 7 miles from Tipton Station of the Central Pacific Railroad, and about 12 miles S.E. of Visalia. It has a church. Woodville, a post-hamlet in Washington township, Litchfield co., Conn., about 20 miles N.W. of Waterbury. It has a church. Woodville, a post-hamlet of Greene co,, Ga., on the Athens Branch of the Georgia Railroad, 35 miles S. S.E. of Athens, and 10 miles N.E, of Greensborough. It has a church. Woodville, a post-hamlet of Adams co., 111., on the Carthage division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, about 22 miles N.N.E. of Quincy. 59 WOO Woodville, a township of Greene co.. 111. Pop. 1352. Woodville, a station in Carroll co., Ind., on the Lo- gansport, Crawfordsville & Southwestern Railroad, 10 miles S.S.W. of Logansport. Woodville, a hamlet of Jackson co., Ind., about 48 miles N.N.W. of New Albany. Woodville, a post-office of Winneshiek co., Iowa, 10 miles E.S.E. of Decorah. Woodville, a post-office of Russell co., Kansas. Woodville, a post-hamlet of McCracken co,, Ky., 15 miles AV.N.W. of Paducah. It has an academy. Woodville, a hamlet of Taylor co., Ky., 7 miles N.W. of Campbellsville. The name of its post-office is Sugar Tree Spring. Woodville, a post-office of Penobscot co., Me., in Wood- ville Plantation, 57 miles N. by E. of Bangor. Woodville, a post-hamlet of Frederick co., Md. Woodville, Prince George's co., Md. See Aquasco. Woodville, a post-hamlet in Hopkinton township, Middlesex co., Mass., about 14 miles E. by S. of Worcester. It has a church and a manufactory of boots. Woodville, a post-hamlet of Newaygo co., Mich., is at Traverse Road Station on the Chicago & West Michigan Railroad, 11 miles W.S.W. of Big Rapids, Woodville, a township of Waseca co., Minn. P. 579. Woodville, a post-village, capital of Wilkinson co.. Miss., 35 miles S. of Natchez, 15 miles E.of the Mississippi River, and 24 miles N. of Bayou Sara, La. It contains 7 churches (2 colored), a banking-house, a newspaper office, an academy, and a carriage-factory. Woodville is the N. terminus of a railroad which connects it with Bayou Sara. Pop. about 1200. Woodville, a post-hamlet of Macon co., Mo., 12 miles S.E. of Macon. It has 2 dry-goods stores. Woodville, a post-office of Platte co.. Neb. Woodville, a hamlet of Mercer co., N.J., in Hopewell township, 3 miles from Hopewell Station. It has a church. Woodville, a hamlet of Somerset co., N.J., li miles from Roysfield. Woodville, a post-village in EUishurg township, Jef- ferson CO., N.Y., on North Sandy Creek, about 2 miles from Lake Ontario, and 20 miles S.W. of Watertown. It has a church, a paper-mill, a flour-mill, and manufactures of carriages, sash, and blinds. Woodville, a hamlet in West Sparta township, Liv- ingston CO., N.Y., 2 miles from Dansville. It has a church and a flour-mill. Woodville, a hamlet of Ontario co., N.Y., on Canan- daigua Lake, at its head or S. end, 16 miles S. of Canan- daigua. It has a hotel and 2 or 3 warehouses. Woodville, a township of Bertie co., N.C. Pop. 1535. Woodville, a post-hamlet of Perquimans co., N.C, 60 miles S. of Norfolk, Va. It has 3 churches. Woodville, Clermont co., 0. See AVest Woodville. Woodville, a post-village in Woodville township, San- dusky CO., 0., on Portage River, and on the Toledo, Tiffin & Eastern Railroad, 17 miles S.S.E. of Toledo, and 4 miles S.W. of Elmore. It has 4 churches, a flour-mill, and a saw- mill. It is the S. terminus of the Toledo & Woodville Rail- road. Pop. of the township, 1418. Woodville, a post-office of Jackson co., Oregon. Woodville, a post-village of Alleghany co.. Pa., on Chartiers Creek and the Chartiers Railroad, 10 miles S.W. of Pittsburg. It has 2 churches. Coal is mined near it. Woodville, a village in North Providence township, Providence co., R.I., 2 miles from Centredale. It has dye- ing- and bleach-works. A line of omnibuses connects it with Providence, Pop. 132. Woodville, a post-hamlet of Washington co., R.I., on Wood River, and on a branch of the Stonington & Provi- dence Railroad, about 33 miles S.S.W. of Providence, It has a church and 2 woollen-mills. Pop. 136. Woodville, a post-office of Greenville co., S.C, Woodville, apost-hamlet of Haywood co., Tenn., about 60 miles N.E. of Memphis. It has 2 churches. Woodville, a post-village, capital of Tyler co., Tex., about 110 miles N.E. of Houston. It has a church and a high school. Woodville, a post-hamlet of Rappahannock co., Va., about 44 miles S. of Winchester. Woodville, a township of Calumet co., Wis. P. 1329. Woodville, a post-office of St. Croix co., Wis., on the West Wisconsin Railroad, 4 miles E. of Baldwin. Woodville, a post-village in Hants co., Nova Scotia, 5 miles from Newport. Pop. 100. Woodville, a post-village in Victoria co., Ontario, on 2 railways, 58 miles N.W. of Port Hope, and 63 miles woo woo N.N.E. of Toronto. It contains a foundry, a flouring-mill, 6 stores, and 3 hotels. Pop. 400. Woodvilie, a hamlet in Kings co., Nova Scotia, 2i miles from Cambridge. Pop. 300, Woodville Plantation, a township of Penobscot co., Me. Pop. 170. Wood'ward, a hamlet of Butler co., Kansas, on the Florence, El Dorado & Walnut Valley Railroad, 8 miles N. of El Dorado. Woodward, a post-hamlet in Haines township, Centre CO., Pa., about 20 miles S. by E. of Lock Haven. It has 2 churches, and manufactures of flour, lumber, and whisky. Woodward, a township of Clearfield co., Pa. P. 1034. Woodward, a township of Clinton co., Pa. P. 1061. Woodward, a townsTnip of Lycoming co., Pa. P. 737. WoodAVard, Fairfield co., S.C. See Yonguesville. Woodward's Creek, a post-office of Estill co., Ky. "Woodward's Hollow, a post-hamlet of Erie co., N.Y., 24 mHes S. by E. of Buffalo. It has a saw-mill. Wood'wardville,apost-office of Anne Arundel CO., Md. Wood'wortli, a post-hamlet of Iroquois co., 111., in Ash Grove township, 9 miles W.N.W. of Milford. It has 2 churches. Woodworth, a post-hamlet in Boardman township, Mahoning co., 0., about 7 miles S. of Youngstown. It has 4 steam saw-mills, Woodworth, a post-hamlet in Bristol township, Ke- nosha CO., Wis., on the Kenosha &, Rockford line of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 10 miles W, of Kenosha. It has a cheese-factory and a mineral spring. Woodworth Bay, a settlement in Kings co., Nova Scotia, on the Bay of Fundy, 13 miles from Port Williams Station. Pop. 100. Wood'yard, a station in Edgar co., 111., on the Paris & Danville Railroad, 20 miles S. of Danville. Woodyard, a station on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, 4i miles N.N.W, of Bloomington, Ind. Woodyards, a post-office of Athens co., 0, Woody Island, in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, is 10 miles from Harbor Buffet. Woody's Corner, a post-office of Parke co., Ind. Woo-Hoo, a treaty-port of China, province of Ngan- Hoei, on the Yang-tse-Kiang, about 50 miles above Nan- king. It has a trade in silk goods, tea, cotton, Ac, which is facilitated by several canals. Pop. about 40,000, Wool, a post-office of Pope co., 111. Wool'dale, a town of England, in Yorkshire, West Riding, 5 miles S, of Huddersfield. It has manufactures of woollen stuffs. Pop. 4454. Wool'er, a market-town and parish of England, co. of Northumberland, on a small affluent of the Till, 46 miles N.W. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Pop. 1610. The town is situated on the declivity of the Cheviot Hills. In the vicinity are remains of ancient fortifications, and a stone pillar commemorative of the victory of the Percies over the Soots in the reign of Henry IV. Wool'er, or Smith's Corners, a post-village in Northumberland co., Ontario, on Cold Creek, 9 miles N.W. of Trenton. It contains 2 stores and a saw- and grist-mill. Pop. 120. Woolfolk, wool'fok, a post-office of Orange co., Va. Wooli, woo'lee, a state of West Africa, in Senegambia, having N. Bambook. Woolima, wool'e-m3,^, written alsoYoulima, a river of West Africa, Mandingo country, falls into the Senegal. Woo-Ling-Shan, or Wou-Ling-Chan, a moun- tain of China, province of Pe-Chee-Lee. Lat. 40° 43' N. ; Ion. 117*" 27' E, Woollam, wool'lam, a post-office of Gasconade co., Mo., about 38 miles e!S.E. of Jefferson City. WooUey's (wool'liz) Ford, a post-office of Hall co., Ga., 9 miles N.W. of Gainesville. Wooll'ya, a native settlement of South America, Terra del Fuego, on the N.W. shore of Navarin Island. Lat. 55° S. ; Ion. 68° W. It is of pleasing appearance, rising gently from the water-side into moderate hills, clothed with the finest timber in the country, is well watered, and has rich grass. Woolsey, wool'se, a village of Escambia co., Fla., on the Gulf of Mexico, 7 miles S.W. of Pensacola. It is ad- jacent to Warrington and the United States Navy-Yard. It has a church. Woolsey's, a station of the Mercer & Somerset Rail- road, 2 miles S. of Pennington, N.J. Woolsey's College, a post-office of Greene co., Tenn. Wool 'stock, a post-office of Wright co., Iowa, in Woolstook township, about 10 miles N. of Webster City. Wool'ton, or Much Woolton, a town of England, CO. of Lancaster, 5 miles S.W. of Prescott. Pop. 4643. Woolwich, wool'itch or wool'ij, a town and formerly a naval port of England, co. of Kent, on the Thames, 7 miles E.S.E. of St. Paul's, London, and now included in the metropolis. Pop. 35,597. The town, about 1 mile in length, is on an elevated site, separated from the Thames by the dock-yard. It has 2 churches, several chapels and dissenters' meeting-houses, numerous schools, and a theatre. The dock-yard, the most ancient in the kingdom, has been enlarged of late years, and has some very fine docks. Wool- wich has the largest arsenal in Britain, covering more than 100 acres, and containing nearly 24,000 pieces of ordnance, besides other warlike materials for the army and navy, a royal laboratory, (fee. It is the headquarters of the royal horse- and foot-artillery and royal sappers and miners, for whom, and other corps, there are extensive barracks here. On a fine parade-ground, S. of the town, are a repository for military models and an observatory. It is the seat of a royal military academy for engineering and artillery. Wool'wich, a post-village of Sagadahoc co., Me., in AVoolwich township, on the E. bank of the Kennebec River, and on the Knox & Lincoln Railroad, 1 mile N.E.of Bath. The township contains 6 churches, and is bounded on the S.E. by an inlet of the sea. About 80,000 tons of ice are exported from it annually. Pop. of the township, 1168. Woolwich, township, Gloucester co., N.J. Pop. 3760. Woon, or Wun, woon, atown of India, in Berar,about 40 miles N.W. of Chanda. Pop. 3882. Woo^nasquatuck'et, or Wo^nasquatock'et, a small stream of Providence co., R.I., flows S.E., and falls into Narragansett Bay at Providence. Woon^sock'et, a post-town of Providence co., R.I., is situated on both sides of the Blackstone River, 16 miles N. by W. of Providence, 38 miles S.W. of Boston, and 28 miles S.S.E. of Worcester. It is on the Providence & Worcester Railroad, at its junction with the Woonsocket division of the Boston, Hartford & Erie Railroad. Another railroad connects it with Hopkinton, Mass. It contains 6 national banks, a high school, the Harris Institute with a library of about 7500 volumes, printing-offices which issue 1 daily and 2 weekly newspapers, and 7 or 8 churches. The prosperity of this town is derived mainly from manufactures of cottons, woollen goods, &c. The celebrated Harris cloths are made here. About 4000 persons are employed here in the manu- facture of cotton, and 2400 in the woollen-mills. It has a foundry, a machine-shop, and a manufactory of rubber shoes. Pop. 13,168. Near this town is Woonsocket Hill, which is said to be the highest land in the state, and com- mands a fine view of the populous valley of the Blaokstone River. Woos'ter, a post-office of Kosciusko co., Ind., on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 6 miles E. by S. of Warsaw. Wooster, a post-village in Cedar township, Jefferson CO., Iowa, on Big Cedar Creek, 9 miles S.E. of Fairfield. Wooster, a city, the capital of Wayne co., 0., is situ- ated on Killbuck Creek, and on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, 25 miles W. of Massillon, 40 miles E. of Mansfield, and about 55 miles S. by W. of Cleveland. It is well built, and surrounded by a beautiful and undulating country, of which it commands an extensive view. It is the seat of the University of Wooster (Presbyterian), which was organized in 1870 and has 15 instructors and about 165 students. Wooster contains 13 churches, a high school, a court-house, 2 national banks, and 2 newspaper offices, and has manufactures of engines, reapers, mowers, flour, threshing-machines, furniture, organs, brushes, wagons, whips, &c. Pop. 5419. Woos'tertown, a hamlet of Scott co., Ind., about 20 miles W. of Madison. It has a church. Woo-Sung, a small maritime town of China, province of Kiang-Soo, at the mouth of the Woo-Sung River, 10 miles N. of Shang-Hai, It was strongly fortified by the Chinese, but was taken by the British in 1843. Woo^sung', a post-hamlet of Ogle co.. 111., on the Illi- nois Central Railroad, 6 miles N.W. of Dixon. It has a church. Woo'ten, a post-office of Blount co,, Ala., about 50 miles S. of Huntsville. Wooten's, a station in Gaston co., N.C., on the At- lanta & Richmond Air-Line Railroad, 25 miles W. of Charlotte. Woot'ten's Mill, a post-office of Telfair co., Ga. Woot'ton-Bas'set, a disfranchised borough, market- town, and parish of England, co. of Wilts, on the Great Western Railway, 6 miles W. of Swindon. Pop. of parish, WOR 2441 AVOR 2392. The town haa a market-house in its centre. The church is an ancient structure, and here are also a chapel for Independents, and an endowed grammar-school. Worb, *ORp, a villago of Switzerland, canton and 5 miles E.S.E. of Bern. Pop. of parish, 3066. Worbis, i^oR'bis, a town of Prussian Saxony, 43 miles N.W. of Erfurt, on the Wipper. Pop. 1939. ■\Vorbis, Breiteu, bri't^n *oR'bis, a village of Prus- sian Saxony, i miles E.S.E. of Worbis, on the Wipper. Pop. 190+. Worcester, woos'ter, or Worcestershire, woos't^r- shir, an inland county of England, with a very irregular outline and many detached portions, but mostly bounded by the cos. of Warwick on the E., Gloucester on the S., Hereford on the W., and Salop and Stafford on the N. Area, 738 square miles. Pop. in 1871, 338,837. It is fer- tile, well watered, and richly wooded. Principal rivers, the Severn, and its affluents the Avon and Teme, all having a S. course. The Malvern Hills in the S.W. separate it from Herefordshire. Wheat is extensively raised ; hops are an important crop in some parts ; orchards are numerous, and a great deal of eider and perry is made. Coal is found at Dudley; in a N. detached district at Droitwich are brine springs; building-stone and clay are other chief minerals. Carpets are made at Kidderminster, glass- and iron-wares at Dudley and Stourbridge, gloves and porcelain at Wor- cester, and needles and fish-hooks at Redditch. Numerous canals, and the Birmingham & Gloucester Railway, inter- sect the county. AVorcestershire is divided into 10 divisions, in the diocese of Worcester, and Oxford circuit. After Worcester, the capital, the principal towns are Evesham, Droitwich, Kidderminster, Dudley, Oldbury, Malvern, and Stourbridge. The county with its boroughs sends eight members to the House of Commons. Worcester, a city and parliamentary and municipal borough of England, a county of itself, and capital of the county of Worcester, on the left bank of the Severn, with stations on branch lines of the Great Western and Midland Railways, 25 miles S.W. of Birmingham. Pop. of city in 1871, 33,326. It is one of the best-built and handsomest cities in the kingdom. The streets are regular, wide, and well paved. On the S. the cathedral and college precincts occupy an extensive area. The c,athodr.al was founded in 680; the present edifice, dating from the fourteenth cen- tury, is an elegant plain Gothic building, with a fine cen- tral tower 200 feet in height. Adjoining it are the cloisters, with residences of the cathedral dignitaries, the chapter- house, with a valuable library, a large ancient hall, now occupied by the King's school, and the bishop's palaee. It has several churches, the principal of which are St. An- drews, St. Clement, .and St. Nicholas, besides chapels for Roman Catholics, Independents, Calvinists, Baptists, and Wesleyans, and Huntingdon and Friends' meeting-houses. It has a guild hall, county court, county and city jails, mar- ket-house, house of industry, county infirmary, buildings of various schools and charity institutions, a museum of natural history, a theatre, a royal grammar-school, founded by Henry VIII., a free grammar-school, founded by Queen Elizabeth, Laneasterian and several other endowed schools, several hospitals and charities, a female penitentiary, oph- thalmic, lying-in, and other medical institutions, a dis- pensary, and humane and other societies. The principal manufactures are china-wares, gloves, lace, spirits, leather, nails, and turned wares. There are extensive iron-works on the canal and river-banks ; and the city is the centre of a large trade in corn and hops. Warehouses and quays border the Severn, which is here navigable for large barges, and Worcester is the entrep6t for a large and populous dis- trict. It sends two members to the House of Commons. Under the name of Caer Guorangon, it was one of the prin- cipal cities of the ancient Britons, and in the early Saxon period became the second bishopric in Mercia. Worcester, woos'ter, the most southeastern county of Maryland, bordering on Delaware, has an area of about 440 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and is intersected by the Pocomoke River. The surface is level, and nearly half of it is covered with forests of the oak, cedar, pine, and other trees. The soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, oats, lumber, and pork are the staple products. This county is partly traversed by the Wicomico & Pocomoke Railroad. Capital, Snow Hill. Valuation of real and personal estate, $6,585,057. Pop. in 1870, 16,419, of whom 16,390 were Americans. Worcester, woos'ter or woors'ter, the largest and most central county of Massachusetts, borders on Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. Area, about 1500 square miles. It is drained by the Assabet, Blackstone, Chicopee, Miller's, French, Nashua, Quinebaug, and Ware Rivers, which rise in it and run in various directions, affording abundant water-power. The surface is undulating or hilly, and a large part of it is covered with forests of the ash, beech, elm, hickory, white oak, sugar-maple, and other trees. In the N. central part of the county, Wachusett Mountain rises to the height of 2018 feet. The soil is fer- tile and adapted to pasturage. Hay, butter, milk, potatoes, cheese, Indian corn, and apples are the staple products. Gneiss, mica, slate, and granite underlie a large part of the soil. Many of the inhabitants are employed in manufac- tories of boots and shoes, cotton goods, woollen goods, tfec. The value of the boots and shoes made here in 1870 was 318,904,922, and the value of all the goods manufactured in this county in that year was $74,579,769. It is inter- sected by railroads named the Boston &, Albany, the Boston, Hartford &, Erie, the Boston, Clinton & Fitohburg, the Worcester &, Nashua, and the Boston, Barre k Gardner. Capitals, Worcester and Fitchburg. Valuation of real and personal estate, $195,671,745. Pop. in 1870, 192,716, of whom 146,365 were Americans; in 1875, 210,295. Worcester, a city and one of the capitals of Worcester CO., Mass., on Blackst'me River, in lat. 42° 16' 17" N., Ion. 71° 48' 13" W., and on several railways, the chief of which are the Boston & Albany, Providence & Worcester, Norwich A Worcester, Worcester k Nashua, and Boston, Barre & Gardner. It is 44 miles S.W. of Boston, 43 miles N.W. of Providence, R.I., and is near the geographical centre of the state. It is finely laid out and well built, and has lines of street-i'ailway, a good water-supply, gas-works, an extensive drainage system, and a well-organized fire department. The city has important manufactures of a very great variety of articles, such as farm-implements, boots and shoes, woollens, cottons, all kinds of machinery, furniture, card-elothing, stone-ware, tools, carpets, wire goods, boilers, hardware, musical instruments, arms, wrenches, corsets, skates, en- velopes, (tc, the manufacture of boots and shoes being a leading industry : in this single branch there are 26 manu- factories, producing about $5,000,000 worth of boots and shoes yearly. For the manufacture of woollen goods there are about 14 establishments. The iron-manufacture is the next in importance to that of boots and shoes, one branch of which, that of wire, employs many m6n, the wire- mills being the most extensive in the world. Worcester has 7 national banks, 4 savings-banks, a clearing-house, 4 pri- vate banking-houses, and 5 insurance companies, and is the seat of publication of 2 daily and 4 weekly newspapers, one of which, the " Massachusetts Spy," has been printed con- secutively for 110 years. It has many important public in- stitutions, among which are 2 extensive state lunatic hos- pitals, a city hospital, a home for aged women, a home for old men, and an orphans' home. The system of public in- struction is very effective, with schools of every grade. Among the more noted institutions are the Jesuit College of the Holy Cross, with extensive buildings (the principal educational establishment of the Romari Catholics in New England), the Oread Institute (for ladies), occupying a large and picturesque edifice, Worcester Academy (a Bap- tist school, with a large endowment), the State Normal School, the Highland Military Academy, the Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Science (a well-endowed institution, with costly workshops and a fine school build- ing), 2 convents, schools for Roman Catholic children, a music school, the American Antiquarian Society, with a large library and valuable cabinets, a free public library and reading-rooms having 48,000 volumes, a county law library, a mechanics' association with library and read- ing-room, and a horticultural hall and library. There are 33 churches, 8 of which are Congregational Trinitarian, 7 Methodist, 6 Catholic, 4 Baptist, 2 Unitarian, 2 Episco- palian, 1 Universalist, 1 Friends', 1 Second Advent, and 1 Disciples of Christ. The new All-Saints' church (Episco- pal) is regarded as the finest; though the unfinished St. Paul's church (Roman Catholic), a noble granite pile, will be much the larger. The Old South church, still standing on the Common, dates back to Revolutionary days, the first reading of the Declaration of Independence in Massachu- setts having been made from its porch. The Union Depot, for the principal railways, is a large, handsome, and expen- sive granite building. The county court-houses, and the high-school building, one of the finest in New England, are notable and costly structures. There are two public parks, in one of which there is a very handsome monument to the Worcester heroes of the late war, also one to Colonel Timothy Bigelow, a hero of the Revolution. Worcester (at first called Quonsigamog or Quinsigamond) was settled in 1675, but afterwards abandoned on account of Indian at- WOR ,2442 WOR tacks ; permanently settled in 1713 j incorporated as a town in 1684, and as a city in 1848. It has for many years ranked as the second city of the state in population. From its numerous schools it has been called " the Academic City," and, from its situation and its political and social in- fluence, " the heart of the commonwealth." Its site is ele- vated and pleasant, part of the town lying in a valley, and other parts occupying the surrounding hills. Within the city limits are several suburban villages, the area of the municipality being over 36 square miles. Noted chiefly for its manufactures, its schools, and its situation as a railway centre, Worcester has also a large and increasing trade. Its population has rapidly increased since 1860. Pop. in 1850, 17,049; in 1860, 24,960; in 1870, 41,105; in 1875, 49,265; present pop. about 60,000. Worcester, a post-oflice of Audrain cc. Mo. Worcester, a post-village in Worcester township, Ot- sego CO., N.Y., on the Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, 62 miles W. of Albany, and about 12 miles S.E. of Coopers- town. It has 2 or 3 churches, a graded school, 2 grist-mills, a bank, and a newspaper office. The township contains East Worcester and South Worcester, and has a paper-mill and 7 churches. Pop. of the township, 2417. Worcester, a post-township of Montgomery co.. Pa. Pop. 1587. Worcester Post-OfBce is about 7 miles N. of Norristown. Worcester, a post-hamlet in Worcester township, Washington co., Vt., 9 miles N. of Montpelier. It has 2 churches, a good hotel, and manufactures of lumber. Here is admirable mountain-scenery. Pop. of tlie township, 775. Worcester, a hamlet of Chippewa co., Wis., on the Wisconsin Central Railroad, 266 miles N.W. of Milwaukee. Worcester, woos'ter, a town of Cape Colony, Africa, 80 miles by rail N.E. of' Cape Town. Pop. 3788. Worcestershire, England. See Worcester. Worden, wor'den, a post-village of Madison co.. 111., on the Wabash Railroad, 30 miles N.E. of St. Louis, Mo. It has 3 churches, a flouring-mill, a chair-factory, &o. Pop. about 400. Worden, Wisconsin. See Doudville. Wordingborg, Denmark. See Vordingborg. Woria, a river of Russia. See Voria, Work'ington, a seaport town of England, co. of Cum- berland, at the mouth of the Derwent, on a railway, 7 miles N.N.E. of Whitehaven. Pop. 7979. The lower part of the town is old, with narrow streets, but in the upper part are many good residences, and a square, in which the corn-market is held ; it has a handsome church, dissenting chapels, assembly- and news-rooms, a small theatre, a har- bor, with good quays and a breakwater, some ship-building, manufactures of sail-cloth and cordage, a valuable salmon- fishery, and coal-mines in the vicinity from which much coal is exported. At Workington Hall, the fine castellated mansion of the Curwen family, on a wooded height above the town, was a refuge of Mary Queen of Scots after her flight from Langside. Work'sop, a market-town and parish of England, co. and 25 miles N. of Nottingham, on the Ryton, at the N. extremity of Sherwood Forest, and with a station on the Manchester, Sheffield & Lincolnshire Railway. P. 10,409. Workum, wott'kum, a town of the Netherlands, in Friesland, near the Zuyder Zee, 21 miles S.W. of Leeu- warden. Pop. 3401. It has a harbor and a fishery. See also WOUDRICHEM. Work'way, one of the Aroo Islands, containing the villages of Nieuw-Affara, Oud-Aff'ara, Goor, Longar, and Tree. It is noted for its trepang-fisheries. Worlitschka, *oH-litch'ki, a village of Bohemia, near Landskron, on the Adlerbaoh. Pop. 1300. Wdrlitz, ftoR'lits, a town of (Jermany, duchy of An- halt, capital of a district, near the Elbe, and on a small lake, 9 miles E. of Dessau. Pop. 1887. It has a ducal summer palace, with fine parks and gardens. Wormditt, *oRm'dit, a town of East Prussia, 43 miles S.S.W. of Konigsberg, on the Drewonz. Pop. 4673. It has manufactures of woollen cloth and Iea.ther. Wormeldingen, O-on'm^l-ding'en, a village of the Netherlands, province and 12 miles E. of Luxemburg, on the Moselle. Pop. 1510. Wormer, wou'mer, a village of the NetherLands, in North Holland, 18 miles S.W. of Hoorn. Pop. 1657. Wormerveer, won'mer-vaiR', a village of the Nether- lands, in North Holland, 12 miles N.W. of Haarlem. Pop. of commune, 3637. Wormhoudt, voR^moo', a village of France, in Nord, 11 miles S.S.E. of Dunkirk. Pop. 1104. Wormleysburg, Pennsylvania. See Bridgeport. Worms, an island of the Baltic. See Vorms. Worms, a town of Italy. See BoRMio. Worms (anc. Borbetom' agua ; L. Worma'tia), a city of Germany, in Hesse, province of Rhein-Hessen, 26 miles S.E. of Mentz, on the Rhine. Pop. 16,597. It was formerly an imperial city, and is very ancient, having existed before the arrival of tiie Romans. Its Dom or cathedral, with 10 towers, is externally one of the finest Romanesque churches in the world. It had a palace in which Charlemagne often resided. In the thirteenth century its population is said to have amounted to 70,000. In 1689 it was taken and burned by the French, the cathedral and a few houses only having escaped the flames. It has a gymnasium, manufactures of tobacco, and trade in agricultural produce and in the fine wines of its vicinity. Among many diets held at Worms, the most celebrated were that of 1495, convoked by Maxi- milian I., and that of 1521, before which Luther appeared. Worms, a post-office of Bon Homme co., Dakota. Wornitz, a river of Bavaria. See AVernitz. Worona, a river of Russia. See Vorona. Woronej, Woronetz, or Woronesch, Russia. See Voronezh. Wor'rell's, a post-haralet of Southampton co., Va., 10 miles N. of Newsom's Depot. Worringen,ftoR'Ring-§n(anc. i?ii)'«»'cti»i.?), a market- town of Rhenish Prussia, 9 miles N.N.W. of Cologne, on the left bank of the Rhine, formerly fortified. Pop. 4841. Worrstadt, voR'stitt, a market-town of Germany, in Hesse, province of Rhein-Hessen, capital of a county, 13 miles S.S.W. of Mentz. Pop. 1943. Worsham, wur'sham, a post-hamlet of Sumner co,, Tenn., 5 miles N.E. of Hendersonville. It has a church, Worsham, a post-village of Prince Edward co., Va., 7 miles S.S.W. of Farmville, and 1 mile from Hampden Sid- ney College. It has a church, an academy, 3 stores, and 25 residences. Wors'ley, a township of England, co. of Lancaster, 6 miles S.S.E. of Bolton. Pop. 15,837. It is intersected by the Wigan & Leigh Canal, and has extensive coal-mines, with subterranean canals and tunnels the total extent of which is estimated at IS miles. Worteghem, woR't?-Gh5m\ a village of Belgium, prov- ince of East Flanders, 15 miles S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 2635. Wortendyke, wiirt'?n-dik, a post-h.amlet of Bergen CO,, N.J., on the New Jersey Midland Railroad, 26 miles N.N.W. of Jersey City. It has a church, and a manufactory of cotton yarn and counter-twist wick. Worth, ^ORt, a market-town of Bavaria, on the Main, 34 miles W. of Wiirzburg, with a castle. Worth, a market-town of Bavaria, 14 miles E. of Ratis- bon. Pop. 1439. Worth, the German name of Woerth-sur-Sauer. Worth, wurth, a county in the S.W. part of Georgia, has an area of about 800 square miles. It is partly bounded on the W. by Flint River, and is drained by Little River. The surface is nearly level, and is mostly covered with for- ests of yellow pine and other trees. The soil is sandy. Cot- ton, Indian corn, cattle, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Brunswick & Albany Railroad, Capital, Isabella. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $687,963. Pop. in 1870, 3778, of whom 3774 were Americans. Worth, a county in the N. part of Iowa, bordering on Minnesota, has an area of 432 square miles. It is inter- sected by Shell Rock River, and is partly drained by Lime Creek. The surface is undulating or nearly level. The soil is fertile. AVheat, Indian corn, oats, and hay are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Central Railroad of Iowa. Capital, Northwood. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $1,305,380. Pop. in 1870, 2892, of whom 1799 were Americans. Worth, a northern county of Missouri, bordering on Iowa, has an area of about 280 square miles. It is inter- sected by Grand River, and is partly drained by the Little Platte River. The surface is undulating, and is diversified with prairies and woodlands. The soil is fertile. Indian corn, oats, hay, pork, and cattle are the staple products. Among its forest trees are the ash, elm, hickory, and oak. Capital, Grant City, Valuation of real and personal estate, SI, 600,000. Pop. in 1870, 5004, of whom 4906 were Amer- icans. Worth, a township of Cook co.. III. Pop. 1747. Worth, a township of Woodford co.. 111. Pop. 1000. Worth, a township of Boone co., Ind. Pop. 1343. Worth, a post-hamlet of Harrison Co., Ind,, on the Ohio River. It has a church. Worth, a township of Boone co,, Iowa. Pop. 733. WOR 2443 WRE Worth, a township of Sanilac co., Mioii. Pop. 1474. Worth, a village of Tuscola co., Mich. See Tuscola. Worth, a post-hamlet in Saratoga township, Winona en., Minn., about 22 miles W.S.W. of Winona. It has a church and a wagon-shop. Worth, a township of Butler co., Pa. Pop. 893. Worth, a township of Centre co., Pa. Pop. 650. Worth, a post-township of Mercer co.. Pa., about 15 miles S.W. of Franklin. Pop. 10S4. Worth Post-Office is at Greenfield. Worthara, wGr'Tnam, a post-village of Freestone co., Tex., on the Houston &'Te.xas Central Railroad, 76 miles S. by E. of Dallas. It has 4 churches. Worth Centre, a post-hamlet in AVorth township, Jefferson oc, N.T., 10 miles E.S.E. of Adams. It has 1 or 2 saw-mills. Pop. about 140. Worth'ing, a maritime town of England, co. of Sussex, on the English Channel, with a station on the South Coast Railway, 10 miles W. of Brighton. Pop. 7413. Its rise from an insignificant village into a favorite watering-place was due to the visits of George III. Its climate is mild and salubrious, and fine sands here extend along the sea for several miles on either side. Worthington, Barnes co., Dakota. See Valley City. Worthington, wur'THing-tQn, a post-village in Jef- ferson township, Greene co., Ind., on the AVest Fork of White River, at the mouth of Eel River, and on the In- di.anapolis A Vincennes Railroad, 46 miles N.E. of Vin- cennes. It has 2 newspaper offices, a bank, 6 churches, a graded school, 2 planing-mills, 2 flour-mills, a woollen-mill, a pottery, &c. Pop. about 1400. Worthington, a post-village in Dodge township, Du- buque CO., Iowa, on the Dubuque Southwestern Railroad, 30 miles W. by S. of Dubuque. It has 2 churches. Worthington, a post-hamlet of Jefferson co., Ky., 3 miles from Anchorage. It ha^ an academy. Worthington, apost-haralet in Worthington township, Hampshire co., Mass., about 30 miles N.W. of Springfield. It has 2 churches, a cheese-factory, and a bedstead-factory. Pop. of the township, SIS, Worthington, a post-village, capital of Nobles co., Minn., near Lake Okabena, and on the Sioux City & St. Paul Railroad, 30 miles W.S.W. of Windsor, and 92 miles N.N.E. of Sioux City. It has 2 newspaper offices, a money- order post-office, a bank, a graded school, 3 churches, a United States land-office, a flour-mill, and an elevator. Worthington, a post-village in Sharon township, Franklin co., 0., near the Olentangy River, and on the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnaii & Indianapolis Railroad, 9 miles N. of Columbus. It contains 3 churches and the Ohio Central Normal School. Worthington, a township of Richland co., 0. P. 1876. Wortiiington, a post-borough of Armstrong co.. Pa., 6 miles W. of Kittanning. It has an academy, 4 churches, and a woollen-factory. Pop. 216. Worthington, a post-hamlet of Marion co., W. Va., on the West Fork of the Monongahela River, about 55 miles S.S.E. of Wheeling. It has 3 churches and a flouring- mill. Pop. 127. Worthington Crossing, a post-hamlet of Wells co., Ind., on the Fort Wayne, Muneie & Cincinnati Railroad, 31 miles S. by W. of Fort Wayne. It has a church and a saw-mill. Worthington's, a station in Greenup co., Ky., on the Eastern Kentucky Railroad, 5 miles S. of Riverton. Worthville,wurth'vil, a post-hamlet of Butts Co., 6a., 18 miles S. of Covington. It has a church. Worthville, a station in Johnson co., Ind., on the Jeffersonville, Madison win'gung-gg., a river of India, in the Deccan, joins the 'Wurdah 20 miles S. of Chamoory. Length, 230 miles. ■Principal affluent, the Khahaun, from the N.AV. Wyiiema, California. See Hoeneme. Wynetka, Illinois. See Winnetka. Wyngene, wing'ni-neh (Fr. pron. v3-N«Vihain'), a vil- lage of Belgium, in West Flanders, 8J miles S.S.E. of Bruges. Pop. 6620. It has linen-factories. Wynigen, -^ee'ne-ghen, a village and parish of Swit- zerland, canton of Bern, 4 miles N.E. of Burgdorf, on the Oeschbach. Pop. 27.00. Wynkel, wln'k^l, a village of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 9 miles N.N.E. of Ghent. Pop. 2008. Wynkel-Sant-Eloi, win'k?l-s4nt-i-loi', a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 21 miles S. of Bruges. P. 2458. Wynkoopsbaai, or Wijnkoopsbaai, De, de win- kops-bi'i, a bay on the S. coast of the island of Java, on the W. side of the residency of Preanger, between the mouth of the Tjibarenok and Point Sodong-parat. Off it is iin island of the same name. Wynn, win, a post-office of Franklin co., Ind., about 30 miles S. of Richmond. Wynnewood,wln'wood, a station of the Pennsylvania Railroad, OJ miles W. of AVest Philadelphia, Pa. Wyiin's Mill, a post-office of Henry co., Ga. Wyiiiisville, winz'vil, a post-hamlet of Martin co., N.C., 25 miles E. of Tarborough. It has a church. Wynntoii, win'ton, a village of Muscogee eo., Ga., is adjacent to Columbus, of which it is a suburb. Wynnville, win'vil, a post-office of Blount co., Ala., about 50 miles N.N.E. of Birmingham. Wynokie, Passaic co., N.J. See Wanaque. Wyiioochee, or Wynouchee, wi-noo'chee, a small river of Chehalis co., Washington, flows southward, and enters the Chehalis River at Montesano. Wyocena, wi'o-se'na, a post-village of Columbia co., Wis., in Wyocena township, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 8 miles S.E. of Portage City. It has 2 churches, a cheese-factory, and 3 stores. Pop. 270 ; of the township, 1120. Wyoma, wl-o'mJ, a village of Essex CO., Mass., in the city of Lynn, IJ miles from the Central Station. It has a church and a morocco-factory. Wyoming, wi-o'ming, a territory of the United States, bounded N. by Montana, E. by Dakota and Nebraska, S. by Colorado and Utah, and W. by Utah, Idaho, and Mon- tana. It is quadrangular, and its bounding lines are the meridians of 104° and 111° W. and the parallels of 41° and 45° N. Area, 97,883 square miles. Face of the Countnj. — From N.W. to S.E. extends the Wind River or main chain of the Rocky Mountains, in a course parallel to, but at some distance from, the diagonal line of the territory. The southwestern part of the terri- tory is therefore on the Pacific slope, and is drained prin- cipally by the Green and Snake Rivers and their many tributaries. Its surface is broken by mountain-ranges and buttcs. The Atlantic or northeastern slope is drained by the Yellowstone, Big Horn, Powder, Big Cheyenne, and North Platte Rivers, and their numerous tributaries, — all direct or indirect affluents of the Missouri. In the N.W. is the Upper Valley of the Yellowstone, in which an area of 3525 square miles, mostly within this territory, has been reserved as a national park. Here occur the grandest and most numerous geysers (or spouting, intermittent thermal springs) in the whole known world ; while the mountains rising into the region of perpetual snows, the deep river- canons, and the headlong cataracts render it a region of great interest to the tourist. Between the Medicine Bow spur of the Rocky Mountains on the S.W. and the Lara- mie Mountains on the N.E. lie the great Laramie Plains, a cold and elevated region, some of whose surrounding peaks are clad with eternal snows. Northward and northeast- ward from the Laramie Mountains there is a prairie- or plain-region, crossed by low anticlinals, which connects the Laramie Mountains with the Big Horn Mountains to the N. and the Black Hills to the N.E. A characteristic feature in the landscapes of Southern Wyoming are the flat-topped hills, or " buttes," arising in valleys or upon plains, and often presenting the appearance of walled cities, ruined castles, pyramids, or mounds. Geologij. — The principal mountain-systems may be said to be composed of a core, or nucleus, of red syenite, or quartzite, or other archaic rock, with borders exhibiting Silurian, Devonian, carboniferous, triassic, Jurassic, cre- taceous, and tertiary and pleistocene strata ; but most of the plain or prairie country is cretaceous or tertiary. South- west of the Big Horn Mountains the triassic and Jurassic formations seem to prevail, and in the National Park there are abundant evidences of recent volcanic action. Gold and silver have been obtained in the territory quite abun- dantly ; vast beds of iron are found throughout the terri- tory, and an excellent quality of coal of tertiary origin is mined upon a large scale. This coal supplies the Pacific railroads and much of the population of the plains with a cheap and serviceable fuel. It appears to be well adapted to iron-smelting in the Siemens' furnace. Gyp- sum, salt, soda, soda-sulphate, graphite, copper, petroleum, sulphur, Ac, are among the useful mineral products. Me- WYO 2448 WYO dicinal waters abound. The general elevation of the plains and valleys is from 5000 to 7000 feet above sea-level, but the climate is healthful, and, except on the mountains, the snow-fall is light. Objects of Interest to Tourists. — Among these are the strange weather-worn sandstone and clay 'buttes of the Bridger Basin in the S.W. ; the Grand Canon of the Yellow- stone ; and the geysers, hot springs, and mud volcanoes of the National Park. The upper fall of the Yellowstone (140 feet), and the lower fall of 397 feet perpendicular, and the cataracts of Fall River and Cascade Creek, are among the very numerous objects of interest which the territory pre- sents. Fremont Peak, rising 13,576 feet, Laramie Peak (10,000), Medicine Bow (12,231), Mount Moran (12,809), Mount Hayden (13,858), and Chimney Rock (11,853), are among the highest measured peaks. Agriculture. — The principal cereals, except Indian corn, do well here ; but the soil is better suited to turnips, pota- toes, pease, beans, and other like crops. The Laramie Plains have short summers and long, severe winters. Pas- toral pursuits, and especially wool-growing, promise better here than does farm-tillage. Much of the country requires irrigation to make it productive. At present the mining of coal along the Union Pacific Railroad and the rearing and tending of sheep and cattle are the leading productive industries of Wyoming. Manufactures. — The mountains, which are generally well wooded with pines and other coniferous trees, afford timber, from which lumber and lailroad-ties are sawn. Besides this, there is some quartz-milling and considerable railroad repairing and machine-work done at the principal towns along the Union Pacific Railroad. There is a good amount of water-power developed in the mountains and canons ; and when suitable processes for working the iron ores of Wyoming with her own coals shall have been introduced, it is probable that the metallurgical interests of the terri- tory will become important. Railroads. — The Union Pacific Railroad traverses the territory from E. to W., running 455 miles within its bor- ders. In 1867 this road had 87 miles in Wyoming, and in 1870 it was finished and opened across the territory. The Denver Pacific Railroad has 10 miles in this territory, and the Colorado Central 8 miles. Counties. — There are five organized counties : Albany, Carbon, Laramie, Sweetwater, and Uintah. In 1876 there were 46 post-offices in the territory. The only large towns are Laramie, Cheyenne, and Evanston ; the first an im- portant industrial and commercial town, the second the territorial capital, and the third the principal seat of the coal-mining interest. Green River City, Rawlins, Sherman, and Fort Laramie are all places of some importance. Government. — As in all territories, the governor and prin- cipal executive and judicial officers are of federal appoint- ment. A peculiarity in the social and political character of the territory is the existence of woman-suffrage. Women also sit upon juries, and are eligible to public offices. Education. — In 1874 there were 14 public school dis- tricts, with 10 school-houses, valued in all at $31,600, em- ploying 5 male and 15 female teachers, whose pay amounted in the aggregate to $14,200. The total number of public- school pupils was 1000. There is a territorial superin- tendent of public instruction, assisted by county superin- tendents. Indians of the Dakota, Cheyenne, Arapahoe, Shoshone, Bannaok, Sheepeater, and other tribes are placed upon reservations in this territory to the number of about 4000. History. — Wyoming Territory was organized in 1S68 (though the name and organization had been proposed in 1865) from areas previously in Dakota, Idaho, and Utah, but derived more remotely from the original territories of Nebraska, Utah, and Oregon, a portion having at one time belonged also to Washington Territory. The Population in 1870, exclusive of Indians, was 9118, it being smaller than any other state or territory, except Alaska and the Indian Territory in its white population. Wyoming, a county in the W. part of New York, has an area of about 580 square miles. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Genesee River, and is drained by Allen's, Cat- taraugus, and Tonawanda Creeks, which rise in it. The surface is undulating, and extensively covered with forests of the ash, beech, elm, hickory, oak, sugar-maple, tulip- tree, etc. The soil is very fertile. Hay, butter, wheat, oats, wool, cheese, barley, and cattle are the staple products. Devonian sandstones and shales underlie a large part of this county. On the S.E. border the Genesee River runs in a narrow gorge between perpendicular cliSs 350 feet high. Here are several picturesque cataracts, one of which is 110 feet high. This county is intersected by the Erie Railroad and the Rochester & State Line Railroad, and is connected with Rochester by the Genesee Valley Canal. Capital, Warsaw. Valuation of real and personal estate, $27,717,538. Pop. in 1S70, 29,164, of whom 25,113 were Americans; in 1875, 30,595. Wyoming, a county in the N.E. part of Pennsylvania, has an area of about 400 square miles. It is intersected by the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, and is drained by Bowman's, Mehoopany, and Tunkhannock Creeks. The surface is diversified by high ridges and bluffs, which rise nearly 1000 feet above tho river. A large part of it is cov- ered with forests of beech, hickory, oak, pine, sugar-maple, Ac. Tho soil is partly fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, Indian corn, and butter are the staple products. This county is intersected by the Lehigh Valley Railroad and the Dela- ware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad. Capital, Tunk- hannock. Valuation of real and personal estate, $9,353,330. Pop. in 1870, 14,585, of whom 13,960 were Americans. Wyoming, a county in the S. part of West Virginia, has an area of about 600 square miles. It is drained by the Guyandotte River, which rises in it. The surface is mountainous, and mostly covered with forests of the hickory, oak, chestnut, sugar-maple, and other trees. Indian corn, oats, grass, tfee., are the staple products. Capital, Oceana, Valuation of real and personal estate, $873,025. Pop. in 1870, 3171, of whom 3168 were Americans. Wyoming, a post-village of Kent co., Del., on the Delaware Railroad, 50 miles S. of Wilmington, and 3 miles S.S.W. of Dover. It has several churches, and the Wyo- . ming Institute. Pop. 280. Wyoming, a township of Lee co.. 111. Pop. 1280. AVyoming, a post-village of Stark co.. III., in Esses and Toulon townships, on the Peoria & Rock Island Rail- road where it crosses the Buda & Rushville Branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 31 miles N. by W. of Peoria, and 6 miles E.S.E. of Toulon. It has a news- paper office, a high school, 2 banking-houses, and 5 churches, also 3 flouring-mills and a machine-shop. Coal is mined here. Pop. 1100. Wyoming, a post-village of Jones co., Iowa, in Wy- oming township, on the Davenport & Northwestern Rail- road, 52 miles N.N.W. of Davenport, and about 18 miles E.S.E. of Anamosa. It has a newspaper office, a money- order post-office, a national bank, 1 other bank, a graded school, 3 churches, and a flour-mill. Pop. 689 ; of the town- ship, excluding the village, 1014. Wyoming, a post-hamlet of Marshall co., Kansas, about 25 miles S.E. of Marysville. It has a church. Wyoming, a post-hamlet of Bath co., Ky., on the Licking River, at the mouth of Slate Creek, about 32 miles S. of Maysville. It has 3 churches, an academy, and a saw- mill. Pop. 120. Wyoming, a village of Middlesex co., Mass., on the Boston A Maine Railroad, 6J miles N. of Boston. Wyoming, a township of Kent co., Mich. Pop. 2008. Wyoming, a post-hamlet of Chisago co., Minn., in Wyoming township, on the Lake Superior & Mississippi Railroad, 30 miles N. of St. Paul. Pop. of township, 291. Wyoming, a post-hamlet of Otoe co., Neb., on the Missouri River, about 10 miles above Nebraska City. Wyoming, a post-village in Middlebury township, Wyoming co., N.Y., on Oatka Creek, and on the Rochester & State Line Railroad, 38 miles S.W. of Rochester, and 5 or 6 miles N.N.E. of Warsaw. It has 3 churches, an acad- emy, a flour-mill, and a cheese-factory. Pop. 338. Wyoming, a post-village of Hamilton co., 0., in Spring- field township, on tho Cincinnati, Hamilton A Dayton Rail- road,- about 12 miles N. of Cincinnati. It has 2 churches, a private bank, a graded school, and many fine residences. Pop. about 1000. Wyoming, a post-villoge of Luzerne co., Pa., in the valley of Wyoming, on the W. bank of the Susquehanna River, 5 miles above Wilkesbarre, and on the Lackawanna & Bloomsburg Railroad, 3 miles S.W. of Pittston. It has 3 churches, a high school, a carriage-factory, a woollen- mill, terra-cotta-works, Ac. Coal is mined here. AVyoming,a post-village in Hopkinton and Richmond townships, Washington co., R.I., on Wood River, i mile from Hope V.allcy Station, and 30 miles S.S.W. of Provi- dence. It has 3 churches and a cotton-factory. Pop. 358. Wyoming, a post-hamlet in Wyoming township, Iowa CO., Wis., 42 miles W. of Madison. It has 2 churches. Pop. of the township, 720. Wyoming, a village of Albany co., Wyoming, on the Central Pacific Railroad, 15 miles N. by W. of Laramie City. Here is a lumber-mill on the Little Laramie River. WYO 2449 XEN ' Wyo'ming, a post-village in Lambton co., Ontario, on the Great Western Railway, 45 miles W. of London. It is a place of considerable trade, being in the centre of the western oil-regions, and contains several oil-refineries, a carding-mill, a grist-mill, an iron-foundry, a printing-office, and a number of stores. Pop. 500. Wyoming Monntain, Pennsylvania, in Luzerne co., extends 15 or 20 miles along the S.E. bank of the Susque- hanna. Its height is about 1200 feet. Wyoming Valley is in Luzerne co.. Pa., and has the form of a long oval or ellipse, about 5 miles wide and .30 miles in length. The North Branch of the Susquehanna Kiver runs through it in a S.W. direction. A long ridge, called Wyoming Mountain, extends along the S.E. border of the valley. It is remarkable for its beauty and fertility, and has inexhaustible mines of the best anthracite coal. The Wyoming Mountain rises about 1200 feet above the river above named. The scenery of the valley combines great richness, beauty, variety, and grandeur. Few land- scapes can vie with the valley of the Wyoming. Wyota, Iowa and Wisconsin. See Wiota. Wy'raghur', a town of India, Central Provinces, dis- trict and 80 miles S.E. of Nagpoor, on an affluent of the Wyne-Gunga. Wyrballen, Russian Poland. See Wierzbolow. Wyre, a river of England, co. of Lancaster, formed by many small moorland streams, flows W. and N., expanding into a navigable estuary which joins the Irish Sea at Fleet- wood. See Fleetwood. Wysauking, wi-saw'king, station-name of Wrsox, Pa. Wyse's Ferry, a post-office of Edgefield co., S.C. Wysoke-Meyto, Bohemia. See Hohesmauth. Wy'sox, a township of Carroll oo.. 111. Pop. 1331. Wysox, wi'sox, a post-hamlet of Bradford co.. Pa., in Wysox township, on the Susquehanna River and the Le- high Valley Railroad (Wysauking Railroad Station), 4 miles E, of Towanda. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a plaster- mill. Pop. of the township, 1290. Wyssebrod, a village of Bohemia. See Hohenfurt. Wystyten, Russian Poland. See Wistitten. Wyszgorod, *ish-go'rod, a town of Russian Poland, 21 miles E.S.E. of Plook, on the Vistula. Pop. 4423. Wyszkow, *ish'kov, a town of Russian Poland, gov- ernment of Plock, on the Bug, S. of Pultusk. Pop. 1290. Wysztynie, *ish-tin'yi, or Wyzayny, ftiz-i'nee, a town of Russian Poland, province of Suvalki, 30 miles N.W. of Seyny, on the frontier of Prussia. Pop. mostly Jews. Wysztytten, Russian Poland. See Wistitten. Wytegra, a town of Russia. See Vytegra. Wythe, with (rhyming with emit/i), a county in the S.W. part of Virginia, has an area of about 550 square miles. It is intersected by New River, and also drained by Reed and Cripple Creeks. The surface is diversified by a long ridge called Walker's Mountain, and the Iron Mountain, which extends along the southern border of the county. Between these ridges is a wide and fertile valley. Forests of the hickory, chestnut, beech, oak, Bugar-m.aple, wild cherry, &c., cover nearly half of the entire area. AVheat, Indian corn, oats, cattle, and pork are the staple products. Among the minerals are iron ore, bituminous coal, gypsum, limestone, lead, and zinc. This county is intersected by the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad. Capital, Wythe- ville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $4,041,571. Pop. in 1870, 11,611, of whom 11,491 were Americans. Wythe, a township of Hancock co.. 111. Pop. 1219. Wythe Depot, Shelby co., Tenn. See Withe Depot. Wytheville, with'vil, a post-village, capital of Wythe CO., Va., on the Atlantic, Mississippi &, Ohio Railroad, 66 miles E.N.E. of Abingdon, and 133 miles W.S.W. of Lynch- burg. It is finely situated in an elevated valley, and is surrounded by mountains. It contains a bank, 7 churches, and printing-offices which issue 2 weekly newspapers. It has manufactures of flour, furniture, leather, wagons, ploughs, and woollen cloth. Pop. 1671. Wytoo'nee, one of the Disappointment Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. Length, 6 miles. Lat. of S.E. point, 14° 12' S. ; Ion. 141° 12' W. WyUop'itlock, a post-office of Aroostook co., Me., on. the Mattawamkeag River and the European & North Amer- ican Railroad, 76 miles N.N.B. of Bangor. Wytschaete, wlt^SKl'teh, a village of Belgium, prov- ince of West Flanders, 6 miles S. of Ypres. Pop. 2950 Wyzayny, a town of Poland. See Wtsztynie. X. Xabary, a river of South America. See Jababt. Xabea, a town of Spain. See Jabea. Xabugo, a town of Spain. See Jabugo. Xaca, a town of Spain. See Jaca. Xadraqne, a town of Spain. See Jadraque. Xaen, a city of Spain. See Jaen. Xagua, a river of Honduras. See Jagua. Xalapa, a city of Mexico. See Jalapa. Xalisco, a state of Mexico. See Jalisco. Xalon, a river and village of Spain. See Jalon. Xamilena, a town of Spain. See Jamilena. Xamiltepec, or Jamiltepec, ni-meel-tA-pSk', a town of Mexico, state and 70 miles S.S.W. of Oajaca, on the Chicometepec, near the sea. Pop. 4000. Xana, La, a town of Sp.ain. See La Jana. Xanten, ksin't^n, San'ten, or Sanc'ten, a town of Rhenish Prussia, government of Dusseldorf, 15 miles S.E. of Cleves, near the Rhine. Pop. 3292. It has manufac- tures of woollen cloth, cassimeres, velvets, and cotton, dis- tilleries, breweries, and vinegar-factories. It occupies the site of the Roman Colonia Trajana. Xanthi, zan'thee or zin'tee, a mountain of European Turkey, in Roumelia, N.W. of the Gulf of Lagos, .fflgean Sea, and rising to 3800 feet in elevation. Xanthns, zan'thiis (Gr. Siv0o^; Turkish, Etchen-Chai, i^chfin-ohi'), a small river of Asia Minor, rises in the Taurus Mountains, and falls into the Mediterranean near Patara. It is navigable for a considerable part of its course. Xanthus, an ancient city of Asia Minor, the remains of which, on the E. bank of a river of its own name, 20 miles S.E. of Makree, lat. 36° 21' N., Ion. 29° 23' E., con- sist of temples and tombs, having elaborate bas-reliefs, many of which have been recently deposited in the British Museum. 154 Xapeco, or Chapeco, shi-pi'ko, a river of Brazil, province of Sao Paulo, joins the Uruguay. Xarafuel, a town of Spain. See Jarafuel. Xaraicejo, a town of Spain. See Jaraicejo. Xarama, a river of Spain. See Jarama. Xarandilla, Spain. See Jarandilla. Xarayes, shi-ri'Ss (Sp. pron. ni-ri'^s), the name origi- nally given to certain low tracts of Brazil, situated to the S. of the town of Matto-Grosso or Villa Bella, and annually inundated for three months over a space of about 240 miles. Much of the water never retires, but forms exten- sive lakes, abounding in fish, frequented by immense flights of water-fowl, and tenanted by the jacar^, a species of crocodile, of less size than that of Egypt. Xarral, or Jarral, Han-R^l', a town of Mexico, state and 55 miles N. of Guanajuato. Pop. 3000. Xativa, Spain. See San Felipe de Jativa. Xaiixa, a river and town of Peru. See Jauja. Xavalquinto, a town of Spain. See Javalquinto. Xaverov, zi-ve-rov', a town of Russia, in Volhynia, 32 miles S.S.E. of Ovrootch. Pop. 1500. Xavier, an island of Patagonia. See Saint Xavier. Xelsa, or Gelsa, hSI'sS,, a town of Spain, on the Ebro, province and 36 miles S.E. of Saragossa. Pop. 2250. Xenday, sh^n-di', or Senday, s5n-di', a town of Japan, near a bay of its own name, E. coast of Hondo. Lat. 38° 30' N. Xenia, zee'ne-a, a post-village in Xenia township. Clay CO., 111., on the Ohio A Mississippi Railroad, 8 miles W. of Flora, and 17 miles E. of Salem. It has several churches and a money-order post-office. P. 916 ; of township, 2479. Xenia, a post-village in Jackson township, Miami co., Ind., at Converse Station on the railroad which connects Logansport with Marion, 28 miles E.S.E. of Logansport. XBN 2450 TAD It has 3 churches, a newspaper office, a graded school, the Xenia College, and manufactures of furniture and lumber. Pop. about 1200. Xenia, a post-hamlet of Dallas co., Iowa, about 26 miles N.W. of Des Moines. Xenia, a post-village in Franklin township, Bourbon CO., Kansas, 20 miles W.N.W. of Fort Scott. It has a church. Xenia, Putnam co.. Mo. See Lemon's. Xenia, a post-hamlet of Sarpy co., Neb., near the N. bank of tlie Platte Kiver, about 25 miles S.W. of Omaha. It has a church, a cheese-factory, and a broom-factory. Xenia, a handsome city, the capital of Greene co., 0., on the Little Miami River, 65 miles N.N.E. of Cincinnati, 16 miles E. by S. of Dayton, 20 miles S. by W. of Spring- field, and 55 miles W.S.W. of Columbus. It is directly connected by several railroads with all these cities. It is regularly planned and well built, and contains, besides many handsome residences, a iine court-house, 15 brick churches, a high school, 2 national banks, 3 newspaper offices, the Xenia College (Methodist Episcopal), which was organized in 1851 and is open to both sexes, the Nor- mal Department of Wilberforce University, a theological seminary {United Presbyterian), a hospital, and the Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home. Xenia is surrounded by a fertile, undulating country, which is liberally supplied with water-power and good limestone. One daily and 3 weekly newspapers are published here. There are planing- mills, saw-mills, glass-works, oil-mills, marble- and granite- works, and manufactures of agricultural implements and of cordage, twine, pumps, carriages, and wagons. Pop. about 10,000; of Xenia township, 2254 additional. Xenia, a post-hamlet of York co., Pa., about 8 miles S.E. of Hanover. Xenil, a river of Spain. See Genil. Xeres, Spain. See Jerez, and Jerez de la Frontera. Xeres, or Jerez, ni-r^s', a town of Central America, republic of Honduras, S. of Comayagua. Xeres de los Caballeros. See Jerez de los Ca- BALLEBOS. Xerica, a town of Spain. See Jerica. Xerochori, zSr-o-Ko'ree, a town of Greece, in Euboea, about 40 miles E. of Lamia. Xerona, a city of Spain. See Gerona. Xeros, Gulf of. See Gdlp of Sards. Xerte, a town and river of Spain. See Jerte. Xertigny, z^R'teen'yee', a market-town of France, in Vosges, 9 miles S. of Epinal. Pop. 2025, partly employed in forges and blast-furnaces. Xexuy, a river of Paraguay. See Jejuy. Xiberras", Mount, Malta. See Valetta. Xicotlan, a village of Mexico. See Zacatlan. Xieng-Mai, ze-4ng'mi'e, the capital city of Laos, on -the Menam. Lat. 18° 30' N. ; Ion. 99° B. It has a trade in teak, and in woollen and silk goods, which are manufac- tured here. Xiloca, and Xilon, two rivers of Spain, in Aragon. See JiLOCA. Xilo-Castron, zee'lo-kis'tron or ze-lo'-kis-tron (anc. yEgyra ?), a village of Greece, government and 24 miles W.N.W. of Corinth, at the mouth of the Xilo-Castron in the Gulf of Corinth. It has an active trade in currants. Ximena. See Jimena, and Jimena de la Feontera. Ximera de liivar. See Jimera de Livar. Ximo, one of the Japanese Islands. See Kioo-Sioo. Xingu,or Chingu, shing-goo',a river of Brazil, prov- inces of Matto-Grosso and Pard, and one of the chief tribu- taries of the Amazon, rises near lat. 15° S., Ion. 59° W., and, after a N. course of 1300 miles, joins the Amazon 240 miles W. of Pard. Steamboats can ascend it 100 miles. Xiouz, zee'onts, a town of Prussia, 28 miles S.E. of Posen, with manufactures of linens and leather. Pop. 1019. Xiron, town. United States of Colombia. See Giron. Xiximani, United States of Colombia. See Cartagena. Xixona, a town of Spain. See Jijona. Xiz, sheez, or Shiz, the Arabian name of the fire-tem- ple and city of Atropatenian Ecbatana identified by Major Rawlinson with Tukhti Suleiman. Xoa, a state of Abyssinia. See Shoa. Xociiicaico, Ho-cbe-kil'ko, a ruined pyramid 60 miles S. by W. of the city of Mexico. Xochimilco, HO-che-meel'ko, a village of Mexico, on Lake Xochimilco, 8 miles S.S.E. of Mexico, and once an Aztec town of importance. Xochitepec, Ho-che-ti-p3k', a village of Mexico, state and nearly 60 miles S.W. of the city of Mexico. Xodar, a town of Spain. See JodAr. Xorella Islands, Malay Archipelago. See XuLLA. Xorquera, a town of Spain. See Jobquera. Xorullo, or Xurullo, Mexico. See Jorcllo. Xuandai, shoo-in-di', a fine harbor of Anam, Farther India, province and 20 miles N.E. of Phu-Yen, on the Cochin-Chinese coast. Lat. 13° 22' N. Xubera, a town of Spain. See Jdbera. Xubrique la Jfueva. See Jubrique la Ndeta. Xucar, a river of Spain. See Jucab. Xucaray, Hoo-ki-ri', a river of South America, in Ecuador, tributary to the Amazon. Xuchitan, a town of Mexico. See Juchitan. Xulla, zool'ia, (Zulla, zool'li, or Zorel'Ia) Islands, a group in the Malay Archipelago, 70 miles E. of Celebes, and comprising Taliabo, Mangola, and Basi, which last is about 35 miles in length. Xumilla, a town of Spain. See Jhmilla. Xutay, a river of South America. See Jutat. Xynara, xin'i-ri (?), a village of the island of Tino, Grecian Archipelago. It has a Roman Catholic seminary, and is the residence of a Roman Catholic bishop. Y, ee, or Ij, ee (Dutch, Set 'y),a, branch of the Zuyder Zee, Netherlands, formerly extending inland 16 miles W. to IJeverwyk ; average breadth, 2 miles. On its S. side is the city of Amsterdam. The greater part of the Y has been drained in connection with the construction of the ship-canal to Amsterdam. Yablonev, lablonev, or Jablonev, yl-blo-nSv', a market-town of Russia, government of Poltava, on the Orzhitza, 20 miles W.S.W. of Loobny. Pop. 1000. Yablonoi, lablonoi, or Jablouoi (yi-blo-noi') Mountains, a chain in East Asia, forming a part of the boundary-line between Siberia and Manchooria, continuous E. with the Stanovoi Mountains (which see). Yachil-Irmak (or -Ermak). See Yeshil-Irmak. Yacova, lacova, or Jakova, yi-ko'vi, a town of Albiinia, 67 miles E.N.E. of Scutari, on the White Drin. Yadlki, a town of India, Bellary district. Pop. 7202. Yad'kin, a county in the N.W. part of North Carolina, has an ai-ea of about 375 square miles. It is bounded on the N. and E. by the Yadkin River, and is also drained by Deep Creek. The surface is hilly, and nearly half of it is covered with forests. The soil is partly fertile. Indian corn, oats, tobacco, and pork are the staple products. Cap- ital, Yadkinville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $1,931,606. Pop. in 1870, 10,697, of whom 10,695 were Americans. Yadkin, a township of Stokes co., N.C. Pop. 1758. Yadkin College, a post-village of Davidson co., N.C, 9 miles N.W. of Lexington. It has a church, a saw-mill, and a steam cotton-gin. Here is Yadkin College, which was chartered in 1861. Yadkin River, North Carolina, rises in the Blue Ridge, in Caldwell co., and runs nearly eastward through Wilkes CO. Its general direction is S.S.E. It forms the boundary between the cos. of Yadkin, Davie, Rowan, Stanley, and Anson on the right, and Forsyth, Davidson, Montgomery, and Richmond on the left. It enters South Carolina about 10 miles above Cheraw, below which place it is called the Pedee River (which see). The length of the Yadkin from its source to the boundary of South Carolina is esti- mated at 300 miles. Its navigation is obstructed by rooky rapids. Near the mouth of the Uharie it passes through a narrow and picturesque gorge. Yadkin Valley, a post-office of Davidson co., N.C. YAD 2 Yad'kinville, a post-village, capital of Yadkin co., N.C., in Liberty township, about 70 miles N. of Charlotte. Pop. 133. Yadriu, ladrin, or Jadrin, yi-dreen', a town of Russia, government and 110 miles W. of Kazan. P. 2365. Vafa, or Vafia, a village of Palestine. See Jaffa. Yagotin, lagotin, or Jagotin, yi-go-teen', a town of Rui^sia. government and 138 miles W.N.W. of Poltava. Yagua^ yi'gwi, a village of the United States of Co- lombia, Cundinamarca, province and 70 miles S, of Neyva. Yaguache, yi-gwi'chi, a village of Ecuadofj depart- ment and IS miles N.E. of Guayaquil. Yaguanique, yi-gw3,-nee'ki, a port of Cuba, on its N. coast, iO miles N.E. of Baracoa. Yaguaron, yA-gwi-ron', a river of Uruguay, forming part of the N.E. boundary, flows S.E., and falls into Lake .Mirim. Yagui, a river of Mexico. See Yaqui. Yahutat Bay, Alaska. See Behring Bay. Yaik, a river of Russia. See Ural. YainaXf yi'nax, a post-office of Lake co., Oregon, 2 miles S. of Sprague River. Yainur, yi-niir', a town of British India, in Madras, 22 miles N.E. of Mangalore. Yakima, ya,k'e-mi, a county in the central part of Washington, is bounded on the W. by the Cascade Range of mountains. It is chiefly drained by the Yakima River, an affluent of the Columbia, and by the Pisco and Naches Rivers. The surface is partly covered with forests of fir and other trees. Wheat, wool, cattle, and oats are the staple products. Capital, Yakima. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $192,052. Pop. in 1S70, 432, of whom 410 were Americans. Rocks of volcanic origin underlie a large part of this county. Yakima, a post-hamlet, capital of Yakima co., Wash- ington, is on the Yakima River, about 90 miles N.N.E. of The Dalles, Oregon. It has 2 churches, a college, and a newspaper office. ^ Yakima River, Washington, rises in the Cascade Range, near the Snoqualmie Pass, and runs southeastward and southward. Below the mouth of the Pisco River it flows eastward, and enters the Columbia River about 10 miles above the mouth of the Snake. It is about 260 miles long, and traverses a country of volcanic origin. Yako'ba, a city of Africa, capital of a southern prov- ince of Saccatoo, 200 miles E.N.E. of Egga. It has a great trade and active manufactures of cottons. Pop. 150,000. Yakoono Seema, or Yakouno Sima, ya,-koo'no Bee'mi, written also Jakuiio Sima, an island of Japan, 40 miles S. of Kioo-Siuo. Lat. 30° 23' N. ; Ion. 130° 30' E. Length, 20 miles; breadth, 8 miles. The surface is level and wooded. Yakootsk, Yakoutsk, lakoutsk, Yakutsk, or Jakutsk, y3,^kootsk', a vast province of Siberia, occu- pying most of its E. half from lat. 54° N., and between Ion. 105° and 164° E., having W. the government of Yeni- seisk, S. Irkootsk, and the Yablonoi Mountains separating it from Manchooria, E. the maritime provinces and the Chookchee country, and N. the Arctic Ocean, in which it ■comprises the islands of Kotelnoi and New Siberia. Area, 1,517,063 square miles. Pop. 231,977. The surface is moun- tainous in the S., and watered by the Upper Lena and its -affluents the Aldan and Yitim, which latter forms the fron- tier on the side of Irkootsk. In the N. it is an immense level, traversed by the Lena, Yana, Indighirka, and Kolyma Rivers. In some parts rye, barley, and small quantities of other grains are raised, and large herds of cattle are reared near Yakootsk ; but in most of its extent this province is a bare desert, the soil of which is frozen to a great depth. Next to cattle and game, salmon and other fish, iron, salt, and talc are the chief products. Coal is stated to exist in some places on the Upper Lena. Principal trade, furs and walrus-teeth. After Yakootsk, the capital, the principal villages are Amginsk, Olekminsk, and Oost Viliooisk. Yakootsk, Yakoutsk, Yakutsk, or Jakutsk, a town and the great commercial emporium of East Siberia, capital of the above province, on the Lena. Lat. 62° N. ; Ion. 129° 44' E. Mean annual temperature, 13.5° Fahr. ; winter, 36.3° ; summer, 61.7°. Pop, 4S30, half of whom are Russians, and the rest native Yakoots and others. It stands on a plain surrounded by lofty heights, and consists of about 400 houses of European structure, standing apart, while the intervening spaces are occupied by winter yvorts, or huts of the northern nomades, with earthen roofs, doors covered with hairy hides, and windows of ice. The princi- pal buildings are a large stone cathedral, 7 churches, a stone market-place, a monastery, a hospital, and a fort. The YAL trade is of great importance. Caravans witli Chinese and European goods brought from Irkootsk by the boats on the Lena proceed ei'ery year over the mountains to Okhotsk, and also collect the produce of the whole line of coast on the Polar Sea between the parallels of 70° and 74°, from the mouth of the Lena to the farthest point inhabited by the Choolichees. Among the principal articles of this latter trade are the skins of the polar fox. Anoc ^r important article is fossil ivory, obtained from the antec luvian ani- mals found buried in the deep alluvium of the Lena and its tributaries and along the shores of the Arctic Ocean. Yalabusha, or Yalobusha, yaPa-boo'sha, a county in the N. part of Mississippi, has an area of about 470 square miles. It is drained by Loosascoona Creek and Yockeney River. The surface is nearly level, and a large part of it is covered with forests of beech, cypress, elm, hickory, magnolia, white oak, tulip-tree, Ac. The soil is very fertile. Cotton, Indian corn, and pork are the staple products. This county is intersected by the New Orleans, St. Louis k Chicago Railroad and the Mississippi &, Ten- nessee Railroad. Capital, Coffeeville. Valuation of real and personal estate, S4,133,707. Pop. in 1870, 1.3,254, of whom 12,887 were Americans. Yalabusha (or Yallobusha) River, Mississippi, rises in Chickasaw co., runs in a W.S.W. direction through the COS. of Calhoun and Grenada, and unites with the Tal- lahatchee River in Leflore co. The stream formed by this confluence is the Yazoo River. Yal'colb, a post-office of Clarke co., Washington. Yaldiiig, yawl'ding, a parish of England, co. of Kent, on the Medway, and on a branch of the Southeastern Rail- way, dJ miles S.W. of Maidstone. Yale, a post-viIla.ge in Granville township, Jasper co., 111., about 32 miles S.S.E. of Mattoon. It has 2 churches. Yale, a post-office of Ottawa co., Kansas, about 32 miles N.N.W. of Abilene. Yale, a town of British Columbia, on Eraser River, 90 miles above New Westminster. Yale College. See New Haven. Yale Sem'iiiary, a post-hamlet of Henderson co., Tex., 5 miles from Goshen. Here is a school, named Yale Seminary. Yalesville, yalz'vll, a post-village in Wallingford township, New Haven co.. Conn., on the Quinepiac River, and on the Hartford & New Haven Railroad, 15 miles N. by E. of New Haven. It has 3 churches, a graded school, and several factories. Yaletown, yal't5wn, a village in Maskinonge co,, Quebec, 30 miles from Three Rivers. It contains a large tannery, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 125, Yaleville, yal'vil, a hamlet of St. Lawrence co,, N.T,, 5 miles from Potsdam. Yali, yS,'lee (anc. latroaf), a small island off the S,E. coast of Asia Minor, at the entrance of the Gulf of Cos, 7 miles S, of Cos. Yallaha, yi-Whi., or Yalaha, a post-village of Sumter co., Fla., on the S. shore of Lake Harris, about 75 miles S. of Palatka. It has a church, and is surrounded by large groves of oranges, lemons, bananas, and guavas, the products of which are shipped here. Yalo, y^'Io, a village of Palestine, on a hill, 12 miles N.W. of Jerusalem, and supposed by Robinson to occupy the site of the ancient Ajalou. Ya-Long-Kiang, yi-Iong-ke-ing', a river of East Thibet and the Chinese province of Se-Chuen, after a generally S. course of 600 miles, joins the Yang-tse- Kiang near lat. 26° 35' N., Ion. 102° E. Ya-Long-Kiang, a river of Corea, flows W., and enters the Yellow Sea. Course, 130 miles. Ya-Loo-Kiang, or Ya-Iiou-Kiang, yi-loo-ke- ing', a river of the Chinese Empire, flows S.W., separating Corea from the province of Leao-Tong, and enters the Yel- low Sea after a course estimated at 300 miles. Yalootrovosk, laloutrovosk, or Jalutrowosk, yi-loo-tro-vosk', written also laloutorovsk, Jaluto- rowsk, and JalutoTOVsk, a town of Siberia, govern- ment and 120 miles S.S.W. of Tobolsk, at the junction of the Iset and Tobol Rivers. Pop. 3936. Yalpookh, lalpoukh, or Jalpuch, yil-pooK', a river of Russia, rises in the government of Bessarabia, flows S., and, after a course of 80 miles, expands into a lake of the same name. Principal affluent, the Lunge. Yalpookh, lalpoukh, or Jalpuch, a lake of Rus- sia, formed by the expansion of the above river, in the S. of Bessarabia, about 36 miles long by 6 miles broad, and communicating with the Danube by several mouths. Yalta, lalta, or Jalta, yd,rt£, a small seaport town YAL 2452 YAN of the Crimea, South Kussia, province of Taurida, 32 miles W.S.W. of Sevastopol. It was large and prosperous until destroyed by an earthquake in the fifteenth century. The new town( rebuilt on the ruins, has a custom-house, a good harbor, and a small quay. It is a chief station for the Odessa steamers. Pop. I:i69. Yalta, lalta, or Jalta, a town of Russia, in Yeka- terinoslav, on tbe N. side of the Sea of Azof. Yama, lama, or Jama, yi'mi, a river of Siberia, rises in the E. side of the Stanovoi Mountains, government of Okhotsk, flows E.S.E., and falls into the Gulf of Yamsk, a part of the Sea of Okhotsk. Length, 80 miles. Yamachiche, yam^a-chee'che, a post-village of St. Maurice Co., Quebec, on the river Yamachiche, 16i miles W.S.W. of Three Rivers. It contains a church, a convent, an academy, a woollen-factory, a tannery, saw- and grist- mills, and about a dozen stores. Pop. 1300. Yamaska, yi-mis'ki, a central county of Quebec, drained by the Nicolet, St. Francis, and Yamaska Rivers. It is bounded on the N.W. by Lake St. Peter. Capital, St. Franfoia du Lac. Pop. 16,317. Yamaska, a post-village in Yamaska co., Quebec, on the river Yamaska, 31 miles N. of St. Hyacinthe. It con- tains 4 stores and several mills. Pop. 800. Yamaska River, Quebec, takes its rise in Bromo Lake, Bromo co., flows through a fertile country, and falls into Lake St. Peter. Yambiri, a river of Peru. See Paucaktasibo. Yambo, a port of Arabia. See Yembo. Yamboli, tamboli, or Jamboli, yim'bo-le, a town of Europe, in E.ostern Roumelia, 56 miles N. of Adrianople, on the Toonja. It has several mosques, and manufactures of woollen cloths. A railway connects it with Tirnova. Yamboorg, lambourg, or Jamburg, ylm'booRG, a town of Russia, government and 68 miles S.W. of St. Petersburg, on the Looga. Pop. 2490. Yamdok'cho, a lake of India, in Brahmapootra. Lat. 90° 30' E. Elevation, 13,600 feet above the sea. Yam Hill , a small river of Oregon, runs northeastward through Yam Hill co., and enters the Willamette River. Yam Hill, a county in the N.W. part of Oregon, has an area of about 700 square miles. It is bounded on the E. by the Willamette River, and drained by the Yam Hill River. The Coast Range of mountains extends along the W. border of the county. The surface is extensively cov- ered with forests of fir, pine, oak, and other trees. The soil is fertile. Wheat, oats, hay, wool, lumber, and butter are the staple products. This county is connected with Portland by the Oregon Central Railroad. Capital, La- fayette. Valuation of real and personal estate, $2,500,000. Pop. in 1870, 5012, of whom 4798 were Americans; in 1875, 5447. Yamina, yi-mee'ni or yi'me-ni, a town of Africa, state of Bambarra, on the Niger River. Lat. 12° 40' N. ; Ion. 6° 50' W. It is the second town of the state in im- portance. Yam'mie, or Yam'my, a town of Central Africa, in Ashantee, 70 miles N.W. of Coomassie. Yam'pah (or Bear) River, Colorado, rises in the Rocky Mountains, runs westward in Grand co., and enters the Green River about Ion. 109° W., near the boundary between Colorado and Utah. Length, about 200 miles. Yamparaes, y3,m-pi-ri'Ss, a town of Bolivia, depart- ment and 20 miles N.W. of Chuquisaca, on an affluent of the Pilcomayo. Yampol, lampol, or Jampol, yim'pol, a town of Russia, government of Podolia, 75 miles E.S.E. of Kamie- niec, on the Dniester. Pop. 4305. Yamsk, lamsk, or Jamsk, yimsk, a maritime town of East Siberia, on the Gulf of Yamsk, an inlet of the Gulf of Jijiginsk, 380 miles E. of Okhotsk. Yamuna, an ancient name of the Jumna. Yana, lana, or Jaiia, yi'ni, a river of Siberia, which rises in the government of Yakootsk, on the N. slope of the Tukalan Mountains, near lat. 65° N., and, after a course of nearly 600 miles, falls by several mouths into the Arctic Ocean, in lat. 72° N., Ion. 137° E. Its principal affluents are the Adiga, Dulgalak, Shemanova, and Bootaktai. Yanaon, y3,^ni'6N"', a village and one of the French colonial possessions in India, on its E. or Coromandel coast, at the delta of the Godavery River, and accessible from the sea by vessels of 200 tons' burden, 22 miles N.N.E. of Pon- dioherry. Its district, e.ttending for 6 miles along the Godavery, has an area of 8147 acres, about half being under cultivation. Pop. 6756. Yanbo, a town of Arabia. See Yembo. Yancey, yan'se, a county in the W. part of North Carolina, bordering on Tennessee, has an area of about 350 square miles. It is drained by the Nolachucky and Cane Rivers, and is bounded on the S.E. by the Blue Ridge, The surface is mountainous, and mostly covered with for- ests of fir, spruoe, and other trees. It comprises the highest peaks of the Black Mountains, namely, the Black Dome, or Mitchell's Peak, 6707 feet high, and Clingman's Peak, which is said to rise 6941 feet above the level of the sea. These are both in the S. part of the county. The soil of the valleys is fertile. Indian corn, wheat, grass, and pork are the staple products. Capital, Burnsville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $861,012. Pop. in 1870, 5909, of whom all were Americans. Yancey's mills, a post-ofBce of Albemarle oo., Va., is at Hillsborough. Yancey's Store, a post-hamlet of Person co., N.C., 20 miles N.W. of Oxford. Yanceyville, a post-village, capital of Caswell co., N.C., in Yanceyville township, 15 miles S. of Danville, Va., and about 68 miles N.W. of Raleigh. It contains a court-house, 3 churches, and a tobacco-factory. Pop. of the township, 2203. Yancy Mills, a post-hamlet of Phelps co., Mo., 13i miles S. of RoUa, It has a flour-mill. Yan'dabo', or Yandaboo, yS,nMa-boo', a town of Burmah, on the left bank of the Irrawaddy, 60 miles W.S.W. of Ava. Here the treaty of peace between the British and Burmese was ratified, February 26, 1826. Yandoon, a town of British Burmah. See Yewndoun. Yangain-Chain-Ya, ying-ghin'-chin-yi, a town of Pegu, on the Irrawaddy, 45 miles N.W. of Rangoon. Yang-Chow, China. See Chang-Choo-Foo. Yangero, a town and country of Africa. See Janjeko. Yang-Hissar, ying-hls-sar', a town of Chinese Toor- kistan, 82 miles N.B. of Yarkand. Yang-Ho, y^ng^ho', a river of China, province of Pe-Chee-Lee, passes by the city of Siu-An-Hoa, and unites with the Sang-Kan-Ho, 2j miles S.E., to form the Hoen- Ho River, which traverses the province S.W. of Peking. Yang-Ling, or laug-Ling, ying-ling', a mountain of China, in Koei-Choo. Lat. 26° 34' N. ; Ion. 105° 37' E. Yang-Tchoo, or Yang-Tchou, yAng^choo', writ- ten also Yang-Tcheou, a city of China, province of Kiang-Soo, capital of a department, on the Imperial Canal, near the Yang-tse-Kiang River, and 50 miles N.E. of Nan- king. It is stated to be 5 miles in circumference, and to have a large trade in salt. Near it is an imperial residence. Yang-tse-Kiang, yS,ngHse-ke-ing', or Yang- tseu-Kiang {i.e., the " son of the great water," or the " son of the sea"), more commonly called by the Chinese Ta-Iiiang, ta'ke-ang', or "Great River," and some- times written on old maps Kiang-Ku or Kian-Ku, a large river of China, its course lying S. of that of another great river, the Hoang-Ho. It is formed by the junction of the Ya-Long-Kiang and Kin-Sha-Kiang Rivers, which have their sources in East Thibet, near those of the Me- Kong and Irrawaddy, and which unite on the boundary between the provinces of Se-Chuen and Yun-Nan, near lat. 26° 30' N., Ion. 102° E. Thenceforth the Yang-tse- Kiang has a very tortuous E.N.B. course through the prov- inces of Se-Chuen, Hoo-Pe, Ngan-Hoei, and Kiang-Soo, and it joins the sea by an estuary 30 miles across, in lat. 32° N., Ion. 121° E. Total course estimated at from 2500 to 3000 miles. Its principal branch, the Kin-Sha-Kiang (or Kin-Cha-Kianq, keen-shi-ke-^ng', i.e., the "river of golden sands"), is estimated to have a length of nearly 1000 miles. The Yang-tse-Kiang receives numerous large afflu- ents, drains all the central provinces of China, and brings down great quantities of mud, which has formed several low islands at its mouth. It is crossed by the Imperial Canal, by which it communicates with the Hoang-Ho River and with most parts of China proper. The tide ascends it to Lake Po-Yang, 450 miles from the sea, beyond which it is navigable for 250 miles, and it may be navigated to 200 miles from its mouth by ships of the largest class. Coal is said to be plentiful in many places along its banks. Yani, j'i'nee, or Nyani, ne-i'nee, a state of West Africa, in Senegambia, on the N. bank of the Gambia River, between lat. 13° and 14° N. and Ion. 14° and 16° W. The principal towns are Pisania, Yanneraaroo, Kartabar, and Kontana. Yanik, yi'neek', a fertile district of Asia Minor, pa- shalio of Trebizond, immediately around Samsoon. Leeches are exported from it to Europe in large quantities. Yanina, lanina, or Jannina, yin'ne-nS, (improp- erly Joannina ; probably the ancient Eurma), a city of European Turkey, capital of the vilayet of Yanina, on the YAN 2453 YAR W. side of the Lake of Yanina, 44 miles N. of Arta. Lat. 39° 48' N. ; Ion. 21° E. Pop. estimated at 36.000, of whom 20,000 are Greeks and from 6000 to 7000 Jews. It was much more populous before 1S20, when it was burnt down by order of Ali Pasha. The town, on a peninsula stretching into the lake, is meanly built. Its principal edifice is the fortress, containing the palace of the pasha. Yanina is the residence of the head collector of customs for Yanina, and of foreign consuls. It had formerly a large trade with Albania, Roumelia, Ac, and an important annual fair, to which Italian produce and French and German manu- factures were brought ; but its commerce has greatly de- clined. The Lake of Yanina is 5 miles in length by 3 miles in greatest breadth. Opposite the city is a small island, to which Ali Pasha retired from the sultan's troops before being put to death in February, 1822. Yanina, a vilayet of European Turkey, in the S. part of Albania, bordering on Greece, extending from the Adri- atic to the iEgean Sea. Area, 13,861 square miles. Pop. 711,250. Surface mountainous, the range of the Pindus dividing it into the provinces of Epirus and Thessaly. Flocks of goats and sheep constitute one of the chief sources of wealth. Olives and tobacco are grown, and wine is produced. The commerce of the country, which was formerly considerable, is rapidly declining. Princip.al towns, Janina (the capital), Larissa, Arta, Trikhala, Argyro- Castro, and Avlona. Yanitza, a town of Turkey, in Macedonia, 30 miles W.N.W. of Salonioa. Pop. 6000. Yank'ee, a post-office of Clay co., Iowa. Yankee Hill, a post-hamletof Butte co., Cal.,18 miles N. of Oroville. Gold is mined here. Yankee Hollow, a post-office of Jo Daviess eo., 111., about 24 miles W. of Freeport. Yankee Jim's, a post-hamlet of Placer co., Cal., 22 miles N.E. of Auburn. Yankee Ridge, a post-office of Harrison co.. Mo. Yankee Ridge, Ohio. See Tivehto.n Centre. Yankee Spring, a post-township of Barry co., Mich., about 25 miles S. by E. of Grand Rapids. Pop. S33. Yankee Town, a post-village of Warrick co., Ind., 10 miles S. of Booneville. It has 2 churches and a graded school. Pop. 150. Yankee Town, a village of White co.,Tenn., 30 miles from McMinnville. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Here is Spring Mills Post-Office. Yankee Town, a post-office of Crawford co.. Wis. Yank'ton, a county in the S.E. part of Dakota, bor- ders on Nebraska. Area, about 450 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by the Missouri River, and intersected by the Dakota or James River. The surface is diversiiied with undulating prairies and groves. The soil is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, hay, and wool are the staple products. This county is traversed by the Dakota Southern Railroad. Capital, Yankton. Valuation of real and per- sonal estate, $2,561,388. Pop. in 1870, 2097, of whom 1356 were Americans. Yankton, the capital of Dakota Territory and of Yank- ton CO., is situated on the N. (left) bank of the Missouri River, and on the Dakota Southern Railroad, 61 miles W.N.W. of Sioux City, and 140 miles in a direct line N.N.W. of Omaha. It is nearly 200 miles by water above Omaha. Elevation above the level of the sea, about 1200 feet. Lat. 42° 50' N. ; Ion. 96° 44' W. The site is a level plateau, enclosed on several sides by a semicircle of bluifs. It contains a court-house, a high school, a jail, 4 hotels, a national bank, 2 other banking-houses, about 7 churches, and printing-offices which issue 3 weekly newspapers. It has also a iiour-mill, a steam saw-mill, 2 breweries, machine- shops of the railroad, and several grain-elevators. Steam- boats ply regularly (except in winter) between Yankton and other ports, and ascend the river as far as Fort Benton. Pop. about 2500. Yankton Reservation, Charles Mix co., Dakota, is on the Missouri River, 65 miles above Yankton. Here is a tract of land reserved for the Yankton Sioux Indians. Yannemaroo, Yannemarou, or Yannemaru, yin^n§-mS,-roo', a town of Senegambia, West Africa, state of Yani, 110 miles E. of Bathurst, near the river Gambia. Lat. 13° 45' N. ; Ion. 15° W. Yanooshpol, or Yanouchpol, yi-noosh-pol', writ- ten also lanouchpol, lanutzpol, and Janutzpol, a town of Russia, government of Volhynia, district and 36 miles S. of Zhitomeer. Pop. about 1500. Yanopol, lanopol, or Janopol, yl-no'pol, a town of Russian Poland, government of Vilna, 148 miles N.E. of Vilna. Pop. 1500. Yanov, lanov, Janow, or Janov, yi'nov, several market-towns of Russia, the principal in the government of Podolia, on the Bug, 14 miles N.E. of Lityn. Yan-Phing, or Yen-Ping, a city of China, prov- ince of Fo-Kien, capital of a department, on the Min River, 90 miles N.W. of Foo-Choo, and stated to be one of the handsomest cities in the empire. Yan-Tchoo, or Yan-Tchou, yinVhoo', a city of China, province of Shan-Toong, capital of a department, 75 miles S. of Tsee-Nan. Yan-Tchoo, or Yan-Tchou, a city of China, prov- ince of Che-Kiang, capital of a department, on the Tsien- Tang-Kiang River, 115 miles S.W. of Ning-Po. Yanteles, yin-ti'l^s, a mountain-peak of the Andes, in Patagonia. Lat. 43° 30' S. Height, 8030 feet. Yan'tic, a post-village of New London co.. Conn., in Norwich township, on the Yantic River and the New Lon- don Northern Railroad, 3 miles N.W. of Norwich, It has an Episcopal chapel and a manufactory of flannel. Yantic River, New London eo., Conn., runs nearly southeastward, and unites with the Shetucket at Norwich to form the Thames River. Yant'ley Creek, a post-office of Choctaw co., Ala. Yao-Nan, yi"o-nin', a city of China, province of Y'un- Nan, capital of a department, 95 miles W.N.W. of Yun- Nan. It is stated to have a large trade in musk, and in salt produced from a lake in its vicinity. Yaooree, Yaouri, or Yauri, yi'oo-ree or yow'ree, a large town of Central Africa, capital of a state, on the left bank of the Quorra (Niger), 65 miles N. of Boossa. It is enclosed by a high and strong clay wall, and entered by 8 gates. Its inhabitants manufacture coarse gunpowder, saddlery, and clothing, raise indigo and tobacco, and rear large herds of live-stock. The state of Yaooree is reported to be extensive and flourishing. Yao-Tchoo, or Yao-Tchou, y?l"o-ohoo', a eity of China, province of Kiang-See, capital of a department, on a river, near its mouth in Lake Po-Yang. Yap, yip, Ouap, wip, or Gouap, gwip, one of the Caroline Islands, Pacific Ocean, its S. extremity in lat. 9° 25' N., Ion. 138° 1' E. Length, 9 miles. Pop. 2000. Yaphank, yap'ank or yap-ank', a post-village of Suf- folk CO., N.Y., in Brookhaven township, on the Connectiquot River and the Long Island Railroad, 15 miles W.S.W. of Riverhead. It has 3 churches, 2 grist-mills, 2 stores, and the county almshouse. Pop. about 350. Yap'par, a river of Queensland, Australia, flowing into the S.E. angle of the Gulf of Carpentaria, in Ion. 140° 45' E. W. of it is a tract of undulating and hilly forest-land. Yapura, a river of South America. See Japuua. Yaque, yi'ki, or Yaqui, yi-kee', a mount,ain-peak and two rivers of Hayti. The mountain belongs to the Cibao chain, in the centre of the island. The Grand Yaque River flows from it N.W. through the plain of Santiago, and enters the bays of Monte Christo and Manzanilla by several mouths, after a total course of 100 miles. The other Yaque River flows S. and joins the Neyva. Yaqui, yi-kee', or Huaqui, hwi-kee', a river of Mexico, state of Sonora, rises N. of lat. 32° N., flows S. and S.W., and enters the Gulf of California 25 miles S.E. of Guaymas, after a course of 400 miles. Yaquima (or Yakima) River. See Yakima. Yaqui'na, a small river of Benton co., Oregon, runs N.W. and W., and enters the Pacific Ocean at Newport. Yar, a river of England, in the Isle of Wight, enters the Solent at Yarmouth, after a short N. course. Yaracuy, yi-ri-kwee', a navigable river of Venezuela, department of Caracas, after a N.W. course of 80 miles, enters the Gulf of Triste 25 miles W. of Puerto Cabello. At its mouth is the village of Yaraeuy. Yaracuy, or Yaracui, a state of Venezuela, enclosed by Falcon, Carabobo, Cojedes, and Barquesimeto. It is fertile, and rich in metals. Capital, San Felipe. Pop. in 1873, 71,689. Yara-Dzang-bo-Tsoo.SeeYAKOo-DzANG-BO-Tsoo. Yaransk, Jaransk, yi-rinsk', or Yarensk, yi- rSnsk', a town of Russia, government and 110 miles S.S.W. of Viatka, on the Yaran. Pop. 2939. It is mostly built of wood, and has several churches, and a flourishing trade in furs, honey, wax, and hops. See also Yarensk. Yarapason, y3,"ri-pi-son', a village of Asia Minor, in Karamania, on the Kizil-Irmak, 40 miles N.W. of Mount Argasus, and apparently the ancient Osiana. Yar'borough, a post-office of Grimes co., Tex. Yard'ley Go'bions, a hamlet of England, co. of Northampton, 3i miles N.W. of Stony Stratford. P. 654. Yard'ley-Ha'stings, a village and parish of Eng- YAR 2454 land, CO. and 8 miles E.S.E. of Northampton. It has a very ancient Norman church, with a square tower. Pop. 1188. Yard'leyville, a post-village of Bucks co.. Pa., on the Delaware Kiver, and on the New York (Bound Brook) di- vision of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad (which here crosses the river), 30 miles from Philadelphia, and about 5 miles ahove Trenton. It has 4 churches, a graded school, a newspaper office, 2 flour-mills, and a saw-mill. Yard'ville, a post-village of Mercer co., N.J., in Ham- ilton township, on Doctor's Creek and the Camden & Amboy Railroad, 3 miles N.E. of Bordentown, and 5 miles from Trenton. It has 2 churches, a lumber-mill, and a flour- mill. Pop. about 300. Yare (anc. Garienie ?), a river of England, co. of Nor- folk, passes Norwich, where it becomes navigable, and enters the North Sea 2^ miles S. of Yarmouth, after having ex- panded into Bredonwater, which receives the rivers Bure and Waveney. Yarenga, larenga, or Jareiiga, yi-rSn'g^, a river of Russia, rises in the government of Vologda, flows S. past the town of Yarensk, and, after a course of nearly 90 miles, joins the Vitchegda. Yarensk, larensk, Jarensk, yi-r^nsk', or Ya- ransk, a town of Russia, government and 355 miles E.N.E. of Vologda. Pop. 1169. See also Yaransk. Yarkand, yarMtind', or Yarkund, yar^kund', a flour- ishing city of Chinese Toorkistan, in a fertile plain, on the Yarkand River, 100 miles S.E. of Kashgar, in lat. 38° 19° N., Ion. 76° 7' 45" E. It is enclosed by an earthen rampart, and entered by 5 gates, outside of which are some very straggling suburbs, and a stone citadel on the S. Another and much larger citadel within the walls is now all but abandoned. Its houses are built of stone and clay, and mostly of one story ; its streets are intersected by canals and aqueducts. It has two large bazaars, besides inferior ones, many caravansaries and mosques, and 10 or 12 large Mohammedan colleges. It is said to be more ex- tensive than Kashgar, and is now the chief emporium of the trade between the Chinese Empire and the countries beyond its W. frontier. Silk, cotton, linen, and woollen cloths are manufactured. The inhabitants are chiefly Turks or Oozbeks, and Mohammedans ; among them are, however, some Eimauks or Persians, Calmucks, Armenian Christians, and about 200 Chinese traders. Y'arkand is a great mart for horses, and horse-flesh is sold in its markets. Pop. about 120,000. It was formerly the capital of the Moham- medan kingdom of Kashgar. In 1863 a revolt broke out, which resulted in the formation of a Mohammedan govern- ment, which lasted till 1878, with the capital at Kashgar. Yarkand (or Yarkiang, yar^ke-ing') River, a river which rises on the N. side of the Karakorum Mountains, flows mostly N.E., and near lat. 40° N., Ion. 80° 30' E., unites with the Kashgar, Aksoo. and Yu-Rung-Kash, to form the Tarim, which finally enters Lop Nor, a lake of the Desert of Gobi. Total course, 500 miles. Yar'ker, a post-village in Addington co., Ontario, on the river Napanee, 13 miles N.E. of Napanee. It contains a woollen-factory, a large flouring-mill, a saw-mill, an iron- foundry, and several stores. Pop. 400. Yarm, a town and parish of England, co. of York, North Riding, on the Tees, 9 miles E.S.E. of Darlington. Pop. 1340. Its commerce has declined with the rise of Stockton, but it exports salmon and provisions to London. Yarin, a post-hamlot of Pontiac co., Quebec, 5 miles N. of Clarendon Centre. Yar'inouth, Great, a parliamentary and municipal borough, seaport town, and parish of England, co. of Nor- folk, on its E. coast, on the Norfolk Railway, 19 miles E. of Norwich. It stands on a narrow strip of land between the sea and the river Yare, across which it communicates by a drawbridge with South-Town, or Little Yarmouth, and with Gorlfston. The quay, considered one of the finest in Britain, extends along the river for about 1 mile, and here are the town hall and council chamber. It has numerous churches, a borough jail, theatre, custom-house, large ware- houses, a hospital for children, grammar-school, fishermen's hospital, and a military lunatic asylum. On the coast are several batteries, and barracks for 1000 men. The harbor is in the Yare, and is accessible by vessels of about 200 tons, and the town has an extensive trade in agricultural prod- uce, malt, and fish. Yarmouth is the great seat of the English herring-fishery, and 9000 tons of fish have been sent hence by rail in a year. Ship-building is carried on, and it has a manufactory of silk goods. Yarmouth com- municates by steam-packets with London, Hull, and many other ports on the E. coast. Near it are the ruins of Caister Castle and the Roman station Garianouum. Pop, of the town in 1871, 34,452. The Yarmouth Roads are between the coast and a line of outer sand-banks marked by buoys and floating lights. Yarmouth, a maritime and market town and parish of England, Isle of Wight, on its N.W. coast, at the mouth of the Yar, 9 miles W. of Newport, and opposite Lyming- ton, to which it has a ferry. Pop. 806. Yarmouth, yar'muth, a county at the western ex- tremity of Nova Scotia, bordering on the Atlantic, and in- tersected by Tusket River. The coasts are deeply indented, and the surface is extremely diversified with mountains, rivers, and lakes. Area, 752 square miles. Pop. 18,550. Capital, Yarmouth. Yarmouth, yar'muth, a station in Des Moines co., Iowa, on the Burlington & Northwestern Railroad, 24 miles N.W. of Burlington. Yarmouth, apost-village in Yarmouth township, Cum- berland CO., Me,, on Casco Bay, on Royals River, and on the Grand Trunk Railroad, tl miles N. by E. of Portland, and 1 mile S. of the Maine Central Railroad. It has 4 churches, an academy, and manufactures of cotton and paper, a foun- dry, and quarries of granite. Vessels are built here. Yar- mouth Station of the Maine Central Railroad is 15 miles N.N.E. of Portland. Pop. of the township, 1872, Yarmouth, a post-village in Yarmouth township, Barnstable co., Mass., near the ocean, 76 miles S.E. of Boston, and 1 mile from Yarmouth Station of the Cape Cod Railroad. It has a high school, a carriage-factory, a bank, a newspaper office, and 4 churches. The township is a part of the Cape Cod peninsula, and is bounded on the N. by Cape Cod Bay. It contains a larger village, named Yar- mouth Port. Pop. of the township, 2264. Yarmouth, a seaport town of Nova Scotia, capital of the above county, on a small bay, 205 miles S.W. of Hali- fax, and 88 miles from Annapolis. The surrounding coun- try is fertile and well cultivated. The town contains many fine public buildings, as churches, educational institutions, banks, hotels, lills, a post-village in York co., Ontario, on a branch of the Humber River, 3 miles from AVeston. It contains 2 churches, a tannery, saw- and flouring-mill, stores, hotels, Ac. Pop. 350. York, Mount, of Australia, New South Wales, co. of Cook, 60 miles N.W. of Sydney. Height, 3300 feet. York New Sa'lem, a post-borough of York oo., Pa., in North Codorus township, 1 mile from Graybill Station, which is 5 miles S.W. of York. It has a church, 4 stores, 2 hotels, and 2 wagon-shops. York Peninsula, in Queensland, the body of land lying on the E. side of the Gulf of Carpentaria, and termi- nating at the N. end in Cape York. York River, the name given to an inlet or arm of the sea in York co.. Me. Length, about 7 miles. York River, in the E. part of Virginia, is formed by the union of the Pamunkey and Mattapony Rivers, at the S.E. extremity of King William co., and, flowing in a southeasterly direction, falls into Chesapeake Bay nearly opposite Cape Charles. It is so broad through its whole course as to present rather the appearance of a bay than of a river. Its whole length is about 40 miles, and at its mouth it is probably not less than 3 miles in width. This river divides the counties of New Kent, James City, and York on the right from King and Queen and Gloucester COS. on the left. York River, Quebec, a river in. the co. of Gaspe, flows E., and falls into Gaspe Bay. Length, 100 miles. York River, a post-village in Hastings co., Ontario, on a river of the same name, 17 miles N. of Thanet, and 60 miles S.W. of Pembroke. Pop. 125. York Road, a post-office and station in Carroll co., Md., on the Western Maryland Railroad where it crosses the Frederick division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 48 miles N.W. of Baltimore, and i mile from Bruoeville. York Road, Montgomery co.. Pa. See Shoemaker- tows. York Road, a station in York co.. Pa., between Han- over and Hanover Junction, 2 miles E. of the former. York's Corners, New York. See East Galway. Yorksliire, England. See York. Yorkshire, Broome eo., N.Y. See Centre Lisle. Yorkshire, york'shir, a post-village in Yorkshire town- ship, Cattaraugus co., N.Y., 1 mile W. of Arcade Station of the BuETalo, New York & Philadelphia Railroad, and about 36 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. It has a church, a cheese-fac- tory, a grist-mill, a saw-mill, and a foundry. Pop. about 300. Pop. of the township, 1689. Yorkshire Station is at Yorkshire Centre. Yorkshire Centre, a post-village in Yorkshire town- ship, Cattaraugus co., N.Y., on the Bufi'alo, New York k Philadelphia Railroad, at Yorkshire Station, 38 miles S.S.E. of Buffalo. It has 2 churches, a grist-mill, a lumber- mill, a cheese-factory, and manufactures of carriages, sash, blinds, ka. Pop. about 500. York Sound, an inlet of British North America, in Frobisher Strait. Lat. 63° N. ; Ion. 70° W. York Sound, an inlet on the N.W. coast of Australia, between Montague Sound and Prince Regent River. Lat. 15° S. ; Ion. 125° E. York Springs. See York Sulphur Springs. York Station, a post-village of Sumter co., Ala., on the Alabama k Chattanooga Railroad, at the W. terminus of the Alabama Central Railroad, 81 miles W. of Selma, and 27 miles E.N.E. of Meridian, Miss. It has 2 churches. Cotton and corn are shipped here. York Station, Medina co., 0. See Mallet Creek. York Station, Sandusky co., 0. See York. York Sulphur Springs, or York Springs, a poet- borough and summer resort of Adams co., Pa., about 24 miles YOR YOU S.S.W, of Harrisburg. It has 4 churches, 2 hotels, a drug- store, 3 general stores, and manufactures of reapers, corn- ehellers, fodder -cutters, &.c. Pop. 356. York'town, a post-hamlet of Bureau cc, 111,, about 27 miles S.W. of Dixon. It has a church. Yorktown, a township of Henry co., 111. Pop. 659. Yorktown,a post-village in Mount Pleasant township, Delaware co., Ind., on White River, and on the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati &, Indianapolis Railroad, 6 miles W. of Muncie. It has 2 churches, a graded school, a flour- mill, and a woollen-factory. Yorktown, a post-hamlet of Salem co., N.J., on the Salem Branch of the West Jersey Railroad, 9 miles E. of Salem. It has a chapel, a spindle-factory, and a brick-yard. Yorktown, a post-hamlet of Westchester co., N.Y., in Yorktown township, on the New York, Westchester & Put- nam Railroad, 7 miles E. of Peekskill. The township is intersected by the Croton River. Pop. 2617. Yorktown, a station in Tusciirawas co., 0., on the Marietta, Pittsburg & Cleveland Railroad, 6^ miles S. of Dover. Yorktown, a coai-mining town of Carbon co., Pa., im- mediately adjoining Audenried. Yorktown, a post-village of De Witt co., Tex., 14 miles S.W. of Cuero, and about 70 miles E.S.E. of San Antonio. It has 2 churches, a money-order post-office, and a manufactory of saddles. Pop. about 600. Yorktown, a post-village, capital of York co., Va., is Bituated on the right bank of York River, nearly 10 miles from its mouth, and 36 miles N.N.W. of Norfolk. It was the scene of a very important event in American history, — the surrender of Lord Cornwallis to General Washington, which occurred October 19, 1781. In the civil war it was fortified by the Confederates, who, having been besieged by General McClellan, evacuated the place May 4, 1S62. York'ville, a post-office of Mendocino co., Cal., 18 miles N.W. of Cloverdale. Yorkville, a post-office of Fremont co., Col. Yorkville, a post-office of Brown co., Dakota. Yorkville, a post-hamlet of Paulding co., Ga., 6 miles from Rockmart. Yorkville, a post-village, capital of Kendall co., 111., in Kendall township, on the S. bank of Pox River, and on the Chicago, Burlington &■ Quincy Railroad (Fox River line), 12 miles S.W. of Aurora. It has a bank, 2 news- paper offices, a church, a paper-mill, and a graded school. Yorkville, a post-office of Dearborn co., Ind., about 13 miles N.W. of Lawrenceburg. Yorkville, a post-village of Kalamazoo co., Mich., in Ross township, on Gull Lake, and on the Northwestern Ohio Railroad, 13 miles N.E. of Kalamazoo, and about 12 miles W. by N. of Battle Creek. It has a church and a flour- mill. Pop. about 200. The lake is 6 miles long. Yorkville, a village in Whitestown township, Oneida CO., N.Y., on Sadaquada Creek. Here are cotton-mills. Pop. 213. Yorkville, a post-hamlet in Bladen township, Bladen CO., N.C., on the Carolina Central Railroad. It has a cburch and a turpentine-distillery. Yorkville, a post-office and station in Jefferson co., 0., on the Ohio River, and on the Cleveland & Pittsburg Rail- road, 12 miles N. of Bellaire. Here is a church. Yorkville, a township of Schuylkill co.. Pa. Pop. 553. Yorkville, a post-village, capital of York co., S.C., about 85 miles N. of Columbia, and 30 miles S.W. of Char- lotte, N.C. It is on the Kings Mountain or Chester A Lenoir Railroad, which extends to Chester Court-House. It has a court-house, a private bank, a newspaper office, 7 churches (2 colored), a female college, a military school, and a carriage-shop. Pop, about 1800. Yorkville, a post-village of Gibson co., Tenn., about 42 miles N. by W. of Jackson. It bas 3 churches and a seminary. Yorkville, a post-hamlet in Yorkville township, Ra- cine CO., Wis., about 12 miles W. of Racine. It has a church. The township is intersected by the Western Union Railroad. Pop. of the township, 1587. York'ville, a village in York co., Ontario, about 2 miles N. of Toronto, of which it may be considered a suburb. It has 4 churches, several schools, a medical college, a town hall, breweries, factories, stores, &,c. Pop. 2203. Yorkville Station, a post-office of New York co., N.Y., is a branch of the New York post-office. Yoruba, a state of Africa. See Yarriba. Yosemite, yo-sem'i-te, a post-office of Mariposa co., Cal., is near the Yosemite Valley, about 25 miles N.E. of Mariposa. Yosemite Fall (Indian name, Cholook), California, is formed by a creek of the same name, which is an affluent of the Merced River and rises about 20 miles N. of the Yosemite Valley. The volume of water at the ordinary stage of summer is about 20 feet wide and 2 feet deep on an average. This cataract surpasses all others on the globe in height and in the stupendous character of the surrounding scenery. From the edge of the cliff over which the water plunges to the bottom of the valley the vertical distance is about 2550 feet j but the fall is not in one perpendicular sheet. Yosemite Valley, California, is in Mariposa co., about 140 miles E. by S. from San Francisco, and midway between the E. and AV. bases of the Sierra Nevada. It is a narrow gorge or valley, through which the Merced River runs southwestward, and is a nearly level area about 8 miles in length and varying in width from ^ mile to 1 mile. Elevation above the level of the sea, 4060 feet. On each side of the valley rise enormous domes and almost vertical cliffs of granite, one of which is 4737 feet higher than the river running at its base. Among the other prominent ob- jects are Cathedral Rock, Sentinel Dome, a dome-shaped mass of granite, 4150 feet higher than the valley, Mount Broderick, a stupendous and inaccessible peak, and the Three Brothers, a triple row of summits rising in steps one above the other to a height of about 4000 feet. This val- ley has been ceded to the state of California by Congress on condition that it shall be kept as a public park or free domain ** inalienable for all time." Yosida, yo-see'dd., a town of Japan, island of Hondo, 160 miles S.W. of Tokio. It contains about 1400 houses. Yost's, Montgomery co., N.Y. See Randall. Yost'viUe, a post-ofl5ce of Lackawanna co., Pa. Yosyvara, yo-se-vS,'ri, a small town of Japan, island of Hondo, 60 miles S.AV. of Tokio. Yo-Tchou, Yoo-Tchoo, Yotcheoo, yo^cboo', or Yo-Tcheou, yoVhS-oo', a city of China, province of Hoo-Nan, capital of a department, on the Yang-tse-Kiang where it leaves Lake Tong-Ting-Hoo. Lat. 29° 23' N. ; Ion. 112° 35' E. You-An-Tcheou, See Yuen-Tchoo. You Bet, a poEt-hamlet in Little York township, Ne- vada CO., Cal., 5 miles W. of Dutch Flat Station of tbe Central Pacific Railroad. Yougan, a river of Russia. See Yoogan, Youghal,or Youghall (pronounced yfih'hil or yawl), a parliamentary and municipal borough, seaport town, and parish of Ireland, Munster, co. and 27 miles E. of Cork, on the W. side of the estuary of the Blackwater, which forma its harbor and is here crossed by a wooden bridge. Pop. 7846. It stands at the foot of a steep height on the W., and was formerly enclosed by walls flanked with towers, parts of which remain, and outside of which some poor suburbs ex- tend up the acclivity. The town is antiquated,- its main street is crossed near the centre by an old archway, besides which its chief structures are the large Gothic parish church, having near it the ruins of an abbey, a chapel of ease, Ro- man Catholic and other chapels, the town house, assembly- rooms, court-house, custom-house, savings-bank, fever and lying-in hospitals, prison, several almshouses, the barracks, and the house of Sir AValter Raleigh, which is preserved nearly entire. The harbor, a dependency of that of Cork, admits at highest tides vessels drawing 12 feet of water, Youghal is the seat of an active export trade in corn, live- stock, and other rural produce, and imports coal, timber, tallow, herrings, salt, and colonial produce. It has some potteries, brick-works, and a valuable salmon-fishery. It sends one member to the House of Commons. Youghal, yfih'hil, a hamlet in Gloucester co.. New Brunswick, 2 miles from Bathurst. Pop. 100. Youghiogheny (y6h-ho-ga'nee) River rises near the S.E. extremity of Preston co., W. Va., and runs northward through Maryland into Pennsylvania. It next flows in a N.N.W. direction through the cos. of Fayette and West- moreland, and enters the Monongahela River at McKees- port, after a course of about 150 miles. The trains of the Pittsburg, Washington & Baltimore Railroad run along this river about 70 miles. Youkon, a river of Alaska. See Yukon. Younaska, Aleutian Islands. See Yoonaska. Y''oung, yung, a county in the N. part of Texas, has an area of about 900 square miles. It is intersected by the Brazos River, and partly drained by the Clear Fork of that river. The surface is partly covered with forests. The soil is fertile, and produces pasture for many cattle. Capital, Graham. Valuation of real and personal estate, $330,840. Pop. in 1870, 135, of whom all were Americans. / YOU 24 Youngy a post-office of Onondaga co., N.Y. Young, a township of Indiana co., Pa. Pop. 1650. Youug, a township of Jefferson co., Pa. Pop. 954. Young, a post-town and gold-flold of New South Wales, 240 miles W. of Sydney. Pop. about 5000. Young Amer'ica, township, Edgar co.. 111. P. 6S7. Young America, Warren co., 111. See Kiukwood. Young America, a post-office of Cass co., Ind. Young America, a post-village in Young America township, Carver co., Minn., on the Hastings & Dakota Railroad, about S6 miles W.S.W. of Minneapolis. It has 2 churches and a flour-mill. Pop. of the township, 1204. Young America, a post-village of Washington co.. Wis., on the Milwaukee River and the Chicago A North- western Railroad, 29 miles S.S.E. of Fond du Lac. Youngbenza, or Yewngbenza, yoong-bSn'zi, a town of British Burmah, in Pegu, on the m.ain arm of the Irrawaddy, in its delta, 20 miles S.S.E. of Heuzada. Young Blood, a post-office of Morgan co., 111. Y''onng Cane, a post-office of Union co., Ga., about 90 miles N. by E. of Atlanta. Young'er's, a post-office of Boone eo.. Mo. Young Hick'ory, township, Fulton co.. 111. Pop. f 92. Young Hickory, a post-hamlet of Steuben co., N.Y., 13. miles S.E. of Andover. Young Hickory, Muskingum co., 0. See Meigsville. YoungmanstOAVn, Pennsylvania. See Mifflixduhg. Young-Niug, a town of Toorkistan. See Oochee. Young' 1, a hamlet of Delaware co., N.Y., in Sidney township, a the Oswego Midland Railroad, about 26 miles S.S.E. of Norwich. It has a church. Young's, a township of Laurens co., S.C. Pop. 1961. Young's Cove, a hamlet in Qi eens co., New Bruns- wick, on Grand Lake, 18 miles N.E. of Gagetown. P. 200. Young's Creek, a post-office of Orange co., Ind. Young's Creek, a post-office of Whitley co., Ky. Young's Creek, a post-office of Audrain co., Mo. Young's Cross Roads, a post-office of Granville CO., N.c. Young's Mills, a post-office of Kanawha CO., W. Va. Young's Point, a post-office of Custer co., Montana, on the Yellowstone River. Young's Point, a post-village in Peterborough co., Ontario, 17 miles N. of Peterborough. Pop. 100. Youugs'port, a post-village of Bell co., Tex., 35 miles N. of Round Rock. It has a church, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Young's Springs, a post-village and watering-place of Bath CO., Ky., 7 or S miles from CornwcU. It has a church and a sulphur spring. Young's Station, a station in East Feliciana parish, La., on the Clinton &. Port Hudson Railroad. Young's Store, a post-office of Laurens co., S.C. Young's Store, a post-office of Franklin co., Va. Youngs'town, a post-hamlet in Swan township. War- den CO., 111., on the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Rail- rond, ISi miles S. of Monmouth. It has a church. Youngstown, a post-hamlet of Vigo co., Ind., on the Evansville & Terre Haute Railroad, 8 miles S. of Terre Haute. It has 2 churches. Youngstown, a post-village in Porter township, Ni- agara CO., N.Y., on the Niagara River, about 1 mile from its mouth, 14 miles N. of Niagara Falls, and 34 miles N. by W. of Buffalo. It contains 3 churches, and has a good harbor lormed by the mouth of the river. The steamboats that navigate Lake Ontario touch at this place. Pop. 476. Youngstown, the largest town of Mahoning co., 0., is finely situated in Y'oungstown township, on the Mahoning River, 66 miles E.S.E. of Cleveland, 9 miles S.E. of Niles, and 14 miles S.W. of Sharon, Pa. It is on the Ashtabula & Pittsburg Railroad and the Mahoning division of the Atlantic &, Great Western Railroad, also on the Pittsburg &, Lake Erie, Painesville & Youngstown, and 2 other rail- roads. It contains a court-house, a jail, an opera-house, 2 national banks, a savings-bank, a college, a high school, about IS churches, many handsome residences, and printing- offices which issue 1 daily and 4 weekly newspapers. Iron ore, bituminous coal, and limestone are abundant near this place. It has 1 or 2 rolling-mills, 5 blast-furnaces for the production of pig-iron, and manufactures of machinery, n of Malmohus, 36 miles E.S.E. of Malmo, on the Baltic. Pop. 6203. It has manufactures of tobacco and snuff, chiecory, soap, woollen cloths, and leather, and some ship-building. Its harbor is safe and spacious, and it has a regular steam communication with Stralsund. Yst'with, a river of Wales, co. of Cardigan, after a W. course of 23 miles, enters Cardigan Bay at Aberystwith. Yt, an island of Norway. See Vigten. Ytapua, a town of Paraguay. See Itapua. Ythan, Ithan, i'than, or Yeth'an, a river of Scot- land, CO. of Aberdeen, flows tortuously E., and enters the North Sea at Newburgh. Length, 20 miles. Ythan Wells, a town of Scotland, co. of Aberdeen, about 10 miles S.W. of Turriff. Pop. U91. Ytoii, a river of France. See Iton. Ytu, or Hytu, a town of Brazil. See Itu. Yuab, a county of Utah, See Juab. Yuan- Thee- Shan, or Yuan- Thi- Chan, yoo-^n'- t'hee-shiln, a mountain of China, in Hoo-Pe. Lat. 30*^ 15' N. ; Ion. 109° 4' E, It is covered with perpetual snow. Yu'ba, a county in the N. part of California, has an area of about 800 square miles. It is bounded on the S. by Bear River, on the W. by Feather River, and is drained by the Yuba River and its Middle (or North) Fork. The sur- face is diversified by high hills, deep canons, and fertile valleys or plains. The southwestern part is nearly level. This county has abundance of good timber on the high- lands. Among the forest trees are the fir and pine. Bar- Icy, wheat, cattle, wine, hay, and fruits are the staple prod- ucts. The orange, lemon, and olive flourish here in the open air. The placer gold-mines of this county are very rich. Yuba co. is intersected by the Oregon division of the Central Pacific Railroad. Capital, Marysville. Valuation of real and personal estate, $5,887,764. Pop. in 1870, 10,851, of whom 6141 were Americans. Yuba, a post-hamlet of Grand Travei-se co., Mich., on the E. arm of Grand Traverse Bay, about 12 miles N.E. of Traverse City. It has a church. Yuba, a post-hamlet of Richland co., AVig., 15 miles S.W. of AVonewoc. Yuba City, a post-village, capital of Sutter co., Cal., on the W. bank of the Feather River, opposite the mouth of the Yuba River, and on the Oregon division of the Cen- tral Pacific Railroad, 2 miles S.W. of Marysville, and 50 miles N. of Sacramento. It has 2 churches and a news- paper office. Yuba River, California, is formed by three branches, the North, Middle, and South Yuba, which rise near the Sierra Nevada and unite about 9 miles N.W. of Nevada. It runs S.AV. through Yuba co., and enters the Feather River at Marysville. Gold is found near this river. Yucatan, yoo-kd.-tJln', sometimes called Merida, m^r'- e-dA, a peninsular state of Mexico, washed E. by the Carib- bean Sea, N.E. by the Channel of Yucatan (which separates it from the W. extremity of Cuba), and N. and W. by the Gulf of Mexico, and bounded on the S. by the state of Cam- peachy. Area, 29,560 square miles. The coast is very little broken, has in general a very bleak and arid appearance, and is destitute of any important river. Maize, cotton, rice, tobacco, pepper, sugar-cane, dyewoods, and hides are ex- ported. The principal towns are Merida (the capital), Val- ladolid, and Sisal. The former state of Yucatan was divided in 1861 into the two states of Yucatan and Campeachy. Pop. 422,365. The Bai/ of Yjicatan is a name sometimes given to the sea immediately N. of the Bay of Honduras. The Channel of Yucatan, between Yucatan and Cuba, is 120 miles across. Yucatan', a post-office in Yucatan township, Houston CO., Minn., on an affluent of Hokah River, about 26 miles S. of Winona, Pop. of the township, 783. Yucay, a river of Peru. See Vilcabamba. Yue-Foong-Shan, or Yue-Foung-Chan, yoo- i'foong-shS,n', a mountain of China, province of Hoo-Nan. Lat. 26° 56' N. ; Ion. 109° 32' E. It is covered with per- petual snow. Yuen-Hwa, yoo-^n^hwS.', a town of China, province of Che-Kiang, at some distance N. of Hang-Chow-Foo. It has a large siik-trade. Pop. 100,000. Yuen-Kiang, yoo-Sn'ke-^ng', a river of China, prov- ince of Hoo-Nan, enters Lake Tong-Ting-Hoo on its W. side, after a N.E. course estimated at 400 miles. Yuen-Ming -Yuen, yoo-^n'ming-yoo-^n', an im- perial suburb, 5 miles AV. of Peking, China, celebrated for its royal palaces and grounds. Yuen-Shan, or Yuen-Chan, yoo-gn'sha.n, a town of China, province of Kiang-See, in a valley, 230 miles S.W. of Ning-Po. Yuen-Tchoo, Yuen-Tchou, yoo-en^choo', or You-An-TcheoH, yoo^d.n'ch^-oo', a town of China, province of Hoo-Nan, capital of a department, on the Yuen-Kiang. Lat. 27° 24' N. ; Ion. 109° 40' E. Yuen-Tchoo, or You-An-Tcheou, a town of China, province of Kiang-See. capital of a department. Lat. 27° 45' N. ; Ion. 114° 10' E. Yugan Bolshoi. See Yoogan Bolshoi. Yugyakarta, Java. See Djok.iokarta. Yu-Ho, Eu-Ho, yoo^ho', or Yun-Iiiang, yiin- le-ang', a large river of China, rises in the southeastern part of the province of Shan-See, from which it flows N.E,, and falls into the Gulf of Pe-Chee-Lee in lat. 38° 59' N., Ion. 117° 22' E. Its length is about 140 miles. Yukon, or Youkon, yoo'kon, a large river of Alaska, rises in British America, about lat. 57° 45' N., Ion. 130° 45' AV., runs generally westward, and enters the Pacific Ocean by several mouths, one of which is called Kwikhpak. Its length is estimated at 2000 miles, for three-fourths of which it is navigable by steamers, even through the Rocky Moun- tains, which it traverses by a narrow, deep, and very swift channel, without falls or obstructions. The scenery of this pass is very grand. The Yukon receives many large tribu- taries, and is itself the largest American river flowing to the Pacific. Yuk-Shan, or Yuk-Chan, yvlk^shin', a town of China, province of Kiang-See, near the source of the Kan- Kiang, here crossed by a handsome stone bridge. Lat. 28° 40' N. ; Ion. 118° 40' E. It has an important transit trade, the merchandise of the Bohea Mountains and of the coun- tries E. of Po-Yang Lake being gathered here for transport. Yulee, yu'lec, a post-othce of Alachua co., Fla. Yule Island, a small island near the entrance of Hall Sound (a bay of Papua), and 270 miles E. of Torres Strait. Yuma, yoo'mS, or Yuna, yoo'nfl,, a river of Hayti, rises in the mountains of Cibao, flows N.N.E., then E.S.E., and falls into the Atlantic by a broad estuary. Length, about 70 miles. YUM 2467 ZAA Xuma, Bahama Islands. See Exuma. Yuma, yoo'mi, the southwesternmost county of Ari- zona, borders on California. It is intersected by the Gila Kiver, and is bounded on the W. by the Colorado River, which is here navigable by steamboats. The surface is nearly destitute of timber. The soil is sterile, and not well watered. Copper, gold, and silver are found in this county. Capital, Yuma. Valuation of real and personal estate, $563,595. Pop. in 1870, 1621, of whom 619 were Ameri- cans; in 1876, 2212. Yuma, formerly Arizo'na City, a post-vill.age, cap- ital of Yuma co., Arizona, is on the Colorado River, 175 miles from its mouth, and at the mouth of the Gila River, near lat. .32° 42' N., 250 miles N.W. of Los Angeles, Cal. It is the W. terminus of the Southern Pacific Railroad of Arizona. It has a church, a convent, a newspaper office, <&c., also the Arizona prison, a court-house, a jail, and other public buildings. Steamboats ascend the river from the Gulf of California to this place and many miles above it. It is opposite Fort Yuma, Cal. Pop, 1500. Yuug"Niiig:, yuni^'ning', a city of China, province and 230 miles N.N.W. of Yun-Nan. Yung-Pe, yung'pi', a city of China, capital of a de- partment, 160 miles N.^V. of Yun-Nan. Yung-Ping, yiing^ping', a city of China, province of Pe-Chee-Lee, capital of a department, on the Lanho, 130 miles E. of Peking. Yung-Tchang, yiing'ching', or Yong-Tchang, yong^ching', a city of China, province and 210 miles W. of Yun-Nan, capital of a department, 130 miles N.E. of Bhamo in the Burmese dominions. Yung-Tchoo, or Yung-Tcliou, yung'ehoo', a city of China, province of Hoo-Nan, capital of a department, in lat. 26° 10' N., Ion. 111° 30' E. Yun-Hing, yiin'hing', a city of China, province of Ho-Nan, capital of a department. Lat. 33° N.; Ion. 114° E. Yun-Iiiang, a river of China. See Yr-Ho. Yun-Nan, yQn'nin', the most S.W. province of China, mostly between lat. 22° and 28° N. and Ion. 98° and 106° E., having on the N. and E. the provinces of Se-Chuen, Koei-Choo, and Quang-See, and on other sides Thibet and the Burmese, Laos, and Anamese dominions. Area, 107,969 square miles. Pop. 5,561,320. The surface is broken with numerous mountains, several of which rise above the line of perpetual snow. This province contains the sources of many important rivers, as the Salwin, the Menam, the Hong-Kiang, and the Sang-Koi, and furnishes important contributions to the Yang-tse-Kiang and the Me-Kong. It is one of the richest provinces of China in mineral prod- ucts, yielding gold, copper, tin, rubies, sapphires, and other gems, besides a variety of gums, varnishes, ivory, musk, flax, and horses. There is in the province of Yun-Nan a remarkable iron chain suspension-bridge, thrown across a frightful mountain-gorge, at a height (if we may credit the Chinese geographers) of not less than 3000 or 4000 feet. It was constructed about the middle of the first century of the Christian er.a. Several other bridges of the same class are found in diifcrent parts of China. Yun-Nan, a city of China, capital of the above prov- ince, situated on the N. side of a lake. Lat. 25° 10' N. ; Ion. 102° 40' E. It is intersected by canals, and is reported to have a flourishing trade in metals, with manufactures of silk fabrics and fine carpets. Vun-Pin, a town of Toorkistan. See Oochee. Yunquera, yoong-ki'ra, a town of Spain, province and 33 miles W.N.W. of Malaga. Pop. 4162. It has manufac- tures of woollen cloths, brandy-distilleries, and several flour- and oil-mills. Yun-Yang, yun^yjng', a city of China, province of Hoo-Pe, capital of a department, on a tributary of the Hoang-Ho. Lat. 32° 50' N. ; Ion. 110° 40' E. Yupura, a river of South America. See Japdka. Yurburg, a town of Russia. See YooBDOono. Yurung-Kash, yoo'rung'-kish, a town of Chinese Toorkistan, E. of Khoten, comprising 1000 houses. Yurung-Kash (orKhoten, Ko't^n') River, Chinese Toorkistan, after a northward course, joins the Yarkand and Aksoo Rivers to form the Tarim, near lat. 40° N., Ion. 80° 30' E. Khoten is the principal town on its banks. Total length estimated at 250 miles. Yuste, yoos'ti, a monastery of Spain, province of Caceres, near Plasencia. Here Charles V. of Spain retired after his abdication, and died in 1558. Yuthia, a city of Siam. See Ayuthia. Yut'ta (the Jut'tah of Scripture), a town of Palestine, 4 miles S. of Hebron. Yu-Yeoo, Yu-Yeou, or Yon-Yeou, yoo\ye-oo', a walled town of China, province of Che-Kiang, N.W. of Ning-Po, on the river of that name. It encloses a large hill crowned with many Booddhist temples. Yuzgat, or Yuzkat, Russia. See Yoozgat. Yverdun, eeh'SK^diiNo', or Yverdon (Ger. Yferien, ee'fijr-ten ; anc. Ebrodu'num), a town of Switzerland, can- ton of Vaud, 18 miles N. of Lausanne, near the mouth of the Orbe (here called the Thielo) in the Lake of Neuf- chatel. Pop. 5889. It has a town house, a church, a hos- pital, and a good trade in French wines ; also an old castle, in which Pestalozzi established his celebrated educational institute in 1805. Yves-Gomez6e, eev-go'meh-zi', a village of Bel- gium, 24 miles S.W. of Namur, on the Yves. Pop. 1953. Yvetot, eevHo' (anc. Imnis f), a town of France, in Seine-Inferieure, capital of an arrondissement, 20 miles N.W. of R3uen, on the railway to Havre. Pop. 7636. It has a tribunal of commerce, and manufactures of woollen, cotton, and mi.xed goods, printed cottons, velvets, hosiery, and hats. Yvias, eeVe-4', a village of France, in Cotes-du^ Nord, 22 miles N.W. of Saint-Brieuc. Pop. 1584. Yvoir, eevVvaR', a village of Belgium, province and 9 miles S. of Namur, on the Meuso. Pop. 695. Yvoire, eevHvau', a village of France, in Haute-Savoie, on the S. bank of the Lake of Geneva, 7 miles W. of Thonon. Yvonand, eeVo^nONo', a village of Switzerland, canton of Vaud, 6 miles N.E. of Yverdun. Yvorne, ee'voun', a village of Switzerland, canton of V.aud, 1 mile N. of Aigle, with vineyards which yield a wine in high repute. Pop. 880. Yvre - le -Polin, eeVri'-leh-po"llN°', a village of France, department of Sarthe, 13 miles E.N.B. of La Fleehe. Pop. 1428. Yvr6-l'Eveque, eeVri'-liVaik', a village of France, department of Sarthe, 3 miles E. of Le Mans, on the right bank of the Huisne. Pop. 2334. Yzabal, a village of Guatemala. See Izabal. Yzalco, San Salvador. See Izalco. Yzendyke, Yzendyk, or Ijzendijk, i'zen-dik\ a town of the Netherlands, province of Zealand, on the island of Cadsand, 10 miles E.N.E. of Sluis. Pop. 2532. Yzernay, ce'z^R'nA', a village of France, department of Maine-et-Loire, arrondissement of Boaupreau. P. 1993. Yzeure, or Izeure, ee^zon', a town of France, in Allior, 2 miles from Moulins. Pop. 3337. Yzenres, ee'zun', a village of France, department of Indre-et-Loire, on the right bank of the Creuse, 24 miles S.S.W. of Loches. Pop. 1908. Zaab, zab, a district of Africa, in Algeria, S. of the Greater Atlas Mountains, and watered by the Adjedi and Abiad Rivers, which flow into Lake Melgig. Zaab, two rivers of Koordistan. See Zab. Zaamslag, zims'l^G, a village of the Netherlands, in Zealand, 18 miles S.E. of Middelburg. Pop. 2494. Zaandam, zjn-d&m' (written also Zaardam, Zar- dam, and Saardam), a town of.the Netherlands, prov- ince of North Holland, on the Zaan, an affluent of the Y, which divides it into East and AVest Zaandam, 5^ miles N.W. of Amsterdam. Pop. 12,129, chiefly engaged in ship- building and in seafaring occupations. In its vicinity are numerous windmills. Here is the house in which Peter the Great resided while he wrought in the dock-yard. Zaandyk, zin-dik', a village of the Netherlands, on the Zaan, 8 miles' N.AV. of Amsterdam. Pop. 2283. 2468 ZAI Zaanen,urZaneii (zii'nen), Oost or East, a village of the Netherlands, in North Holland, 5 miles N. of Am- sterdam. Pop. 1622. Zaanen, West, a vil!n,ge of the Netherlands, in North Holland, 7 miles N.E. of Haarlem, near theY. Pop. 2'449. Zaardam, a town of the Netherlands. See Zaandam. Zab, or Zaab, zS.b, commonly called the Greater 2ab (line. Zab'utuB and Ly'cns, Za'ha or Za'bis), a river of Turkish Koordistan, tributary to the Tigris, rises W. of Lake Ooroomecyah, near lat. 38° N., Ion. 44° 30' E., flows very tortuously S.S.W., and joins the Tigris about 25 miles S. of Mosul. The total course moy be estimated at 200 miles. It passes through many precipitous ravines, and it is rapid and deep. Zabakano, z^-ba-k^'no, a town of West Africa, lat. 11° 20' N., Ion. 2° 5' E., 250 miles N. by E. of Abomey, beautifully situated on a commanding height. It is clean and open. Pop. about 9000. Zab Asfal, ^s'f^r (the "Lesser Zab"), also called Al- tOOU-Soo (anc. Capnts '/), a river of Turkish Koordistan, tributary to the Tigris, has its course S.E. of the Great Zab, and joins the Tigris 78 miles S.E. of Mosul. The country between these rivers is undulating, and near its centre is the town of Arbil (anc. Arbtla). Zabbanago, zib^bi-ni'go, a town of Burmah, on the "W. bank of the Irrawaddy, 55 miles N. of Amarapoora. Near it are some ruby-mines. Zabara, zi-bjl'rd, a town of Arabia, on the Persian Gulf, E. of the Bahrein Islands. Lat. 26° N. Zaberu, tsS,'benn, or Saverne, saVainn' (anc. Tres Taber'iite), a town of Germany, in Alsace, on the navigable Zorn, an affluent of the Rhine, and on the Paris & Stras- burg Railroad, 20 miles N.W. of Strasburg. Pop. 5774. It has manufactures of woollen cloth, hosiery, hardwares, (fee., and some trade in timber from the Vosges Mountains. Zabid, a town and river of Arabia. See ZCeeed. Zabis, an ancient name of the Zab. Zablatov, or Zablatow, za'bla-tov^ (?), a town of Austrian Galicia, 13 miles E.S.E. of Kolomea. Pop. 2173. Zabliak,or Zsabliak, Montenegro. See Chabliak. Zabloodov, Zabloudov, or Zabludov, zd^-bloo- dov', a market-town of Russian Poland, government of Grodno, 10 miles S.E. of Bialystok. Pop. 2000. ZaborOAVO, z5,-bo-ro'\Vo, a town of Prussian Poland, 44 miles S.S.W. of Posen. Zaborze, tsS,-boRt'seh, a town and commune of Prussian Silesia, government and 45 miles S.E. of Oppeln. P. 5914. Zacapa, s^-ki'p^, a town of Guatemala, 70 miles N.E. of the city of Guatemala, near the river Motagua. Esti- mated pop. 8000. It is regularly built. The principal edifices are a handsome church and a court-house. Zacata, sS,-k^'ti, a village of Peru, department of Cuzco, province and 30 miles S.W. of Chucuito. Zacatapeques, Guatemala. See Sacatkpec. Zacatecas, zS,k-a-ti'k3LS or si-kS.-ti'kS.s, a state of Mexico, mostly between lat. 21° 30' and 24° 50' N. and Ion. 100° 10' and 103° 40' W., surrounded by the states of Aguas Calientes, Jalisco, Durango, Cohahuila, Nuevo Leon, and San Luis Potosi. Area, 22,992 square miles. Pop. 397,945, who live mostly by mining and agriculture. It belongs to the central table-land of Mexico, which is for the most part inhospitably arid, though it has a valuable agricultural tract in the state of Aguas Calientes, and ex- tensive pastures, on which vast herds of cattle are raised. Zacatecas is a rich mining state, having extensive veins of silver, upon which many shafts have been opened, and it has been estimated that its mines have produced silver to the value of $1,000,000,000. Chief cities and towns, Zaca- tecas, Sombrerete, and Fresnillo, North and E. of Zaca- tecas the country is divided into large breeding-estates and is very thinly peopled. Zacatecas, the principal mining city and capital of the state of Zacatecas, Mexico, is in a narrow valley, 150 miles N.N.AV. of Guanajuato. Pop. 15,427. It is* built over a vein of silver, and contains good residences, various religious edifices, a powder-mill, a mint, a theatre, a hos- pital, and a literary institute. Zacatlaii, si-kSt-Un', or Xicotlau, Hc-ko-tlin', a village of Mexico, 40 miles N.N.E. of Pucbla. Zacatula, sS,-ki-too'li, a town of Mexico, in the state of Mexico, on the Bolsas River, near its mouth in the Pacific, ISO miles W.N.AV. of Aenpulco. Zachan, tsA'Kin, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, 11 miles E.S.E. of Stargard. Pop. 1481. Zackeii, tsi'ken, a river of Prussian Silesia, has its source in the Riesen-Gebirge, flows N.E., and joins the Bober near Ilirschberg. ZackVille, a post-hamlet of Wirt co., W. Va., 40 miles S. of Parkersburg. It has 2 churches. Zacualpan, s4-kwS,l-pAn', a village of Mexico, state and 65 miles S.S.W. of Mexico, with some silver-mines. Zacualtipaii, sS,-kwal-te-pS,n', atownof Mexico, state and 100 miles N.E. of the city of Mexico. Zacyuthus, Ionian Islands. See Zante, Za'doc, a post-office of York co., S.C., 7 miles N. of Yorkville. Zadoiisk, or SadonsU, zil-donsk', a town of Russia, government and 53 miles N.N.W. of Voronezh, on the left bank of the Don. It has several ecclesiastical jind educa- tional institutions. Pop. 9073. Zafar, a town of Arabia. See Bhofar. Zafaraii-Boli, z^-f4-ran'-bo'lee, a town of Asia Mi- nor, in Anatolia, at the junction of two small aflluents of the Bartan-Soo (anc. Parthe'nins), about 60 miles E.N.E. of Boli, and 90 miles N. of Angora. Pop. 15,000, mostly Mohammedans. It has a tolerable market, 4 handsome mosques, 2 large khans, several public baths, a large trade in saffron (whence its name), and some Byzantine antiquities. ZatTarano, dzdf-f^-rfl'no, a market-town of Sicily, in- tendency and 12 miles N. of Catania, on the E. declivity of Mount Etna. Pop. 36S3. Zaffarin,z^f-fa-reen' (Zafarine, zS-fi-reen', orZa- phran, z^-fran') Islands, a group in the Mediterranean, belonging to Spain, off the coast of Morocco, near the fron- tier of Algeria, and opposite the mouth of the river Mul- weeya, W. extremity in lat. 35° 11' N., Ion. 2° 27' 7" W. Zatferabad, z^ffer-i-bid', a town of British India, district and 14 miles N. of Jounpoor. Zaffraii, zaf-frdn', or Zafferan, z^f-fer-^n', a mari- time town of North Africa, dominions and 240 miles E.S.E. of Tripoli, on the shore of the Gulf of Sidra. Lat. 31° 12' 10" N. ; Ion. 17° E. Zafra, thi'frS, (anc. Scgeda? and Iteatituta?), a town of Spain, province and 37 miles S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 5965. It has manufactures of hats, earthenware, and leather, and a castle, chui'ch, and hospital. Zagarise, dzS,-g^-ree'si, a town of Italy, province and N.N.E. of Catanzaro. Pop. 1545. Zagarolo, dz^-gS,-ro'lo, a town of Italy, province and 19 miles E.S.E. of Rome. Pop. 5197. It has a palace. Zagazeesr, or Zagazi^, zi'g^-zeeg' (also written Sagasig), a town of Egypt, capital of a province, at the junction of several railways, and on the sweet-water cnniil leading from the Nile to the isthmus, 75 miles by rail N.W. of Suez. It is near the ruins of Bnbastia, and is a great cotton-mart. Pop. 38,000. Zagerii, a village of Austria. See Zagra. Zagora, zd-go'rd, a market- town of Turkey, in Albania, 15 miles S.E. of Paramythia. Zagora, a village of European Turkey, in Thessaly, near the coast. 9 miles N.E. of Volo. Cape 'Zagora is a head- land, 2 miles N.E. of this village, and Mount Zagora is the modern name of Mount Pelion (immediately W.), also of the ancient Mount Helicon. See Helicon. Za^oshi, an island of Guinea. See Zegozhee. Zagra, z6g'roh\ or Zagerii, ts^'ghern, a village of Austria, Transylvania, 24 miles from Bistritz. Pop. 1000. Zagrab, a city of Austro-Hungary. See Agram. Zagros, z^'gros'', a mountain-range of Asia, forming a part of the boundary between Persia and the Turkish pashalic of Bagdad. Lon. 46° E., and between lat. 33° and 35° N. Zagyva, zoh^ghee'voh\ a river of Hungary, flows S. past Paszto, Hatvan, and Jasz-Bereny, and joins the Theiss at Szolnok, after a course of 90 miles. Zahara (Great Desert). See Sahara. Zahara, thS,-S,'r^, a town of Spain, Andalusia, province of Cadiz, on a lofty hill, crowned by a castle. Pop. 12S1. ZahMeh, a town of Syria, 35 miles N.W. of Damascus. Pop. about 10,000. It was nearly destroyed during the Druse insurrection of 1860. Zahna, ts^'ni, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the Ber- lin &. Leipsic Railway, 7 miles E.N.E. of Wittenberg. Pop. 2341. It has manufactures of linen fabrics. Zahii'ville, a post-office of Cloud co., Kansas. Zahoo, or Zahil, zS,-hoo', a town of Asiatic Turkey, 64 miles N.N.W. of Mosul, on the Khaboor, an affluent of the Tigris. Zai, or Sai, zi, a river of Russia, rises in the N.W, of the government of Orenboorg, flows N.N.W., and joins the Kama on the left, near the junction of the governments of Orenboorg, Viatka, and Kazan, after a course of 120 miles. Zaidpoor, zad-poor', a town of India, in Bengal, province of Oudo. Pop. 10,680. ZAI 2469 ZAN Zaikany, zrkin', a village of Transylvania, co. of Hunyad, 2S miles S.S.W. of Deva. Zainah, zi'nil*, a town of Algeria, province and 70 miles S.S.W. of Constantine. It is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Zama. Zainsk, ztnsk, a town of Russia, government of Oren- boorg, 45 miles S.W. of Menselinsk. Pop. 1700. Zaire, or Zahir, a river of Africa. See Congo. Zaisaii,or Zaizaii, zi-zin', written alsoDzaisang, dzi-zdng' (Chinese, Komj-Ko-To), a lake of Chinese Toor- kistan, in Soongaria, hit. 47° 30' N., and between Ion. 83° 15' and S4° 40' E., near the frontier of the Russian govern- ment of Tomsk. Length, from E. to AV., 80 miles : breadth, 20 miles. It receives numerous rivers, the principal of which, the Irtish, enters it at its E. extremity and emerges from it on its N. side. Zaisenhausen, tsl'zen-how'zen, a town of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, bailiwick of Bretten. Pop. 1223. Zakalia, an island of Africa. See Zara. Zaklikov, or Zaklikow, zi-klee'kov, a town of Rus- sian Poland, 39 miles S.W. of Lublin, on the Sanna. Zakluczyn, zi-kloo'chin, a village of Austrian Gali- cia, Hi miles S.E. of.Bochnia. Zakopaiia, za-ko-p^'ni, a village of Austrian Galieia, about 20 miles S.W. of Neu Sandec, on the frontiers of Hungary. Pop. 2185. It has iron-mines. Zakopy, a town of Bohemia. See Reichstadt. Zakotnaia, or Zakotnaja, zi-kot-ni'i, a town of Russia, in Voronezh, 85 miles S.W. of Pavlovsk. Zala, a county of Hungary. See Szalad. Zalamea, thi-U-mi'^ (anc. lUpa?), a town of Spain, province and 74 miles E.S.E. of Badajos. Pop. 4436. Near it is a parish church, with a tower which is the most re- markable object in the place, having belonged originall}' to a monument erected in a.d. 103 in honor of the Emperor Trajan. An ancient mine of argentiferous lead is in opera- tion : iron ore is also found in abundance. Zalamea la Real, Va&Ah-mk'i. IS, ni-JLl', a town of Spain, province and 35 miles N.E. of Huelva. Pop. 2235, who manufacture woollens, leather, and cordage. Near it are the famous copper-mines of Rio Tinto. Zalathiia, zohMot'nSh, or Zlakna (Ger. Klcinacldat- ten, klln-shlit'ten), a town of Transylvania, on an affluent of the Maros, IS miles W. of Karlsburg. It has a mining tribunal, and mines of gold, silver, lead, and mercury. Zaiesczyky, or Zaieszczyky, zi-l5sh-chik'ee, a town of Austrian Galieia, 26 miles S. of Czortkow, on the Dniester. Pop. 1516. Zales'ki, a post-village in Madison township, Vinton ■- CO., 0., on Raccoon Creek, and on the Marietta & Cincin- , nati Railroad, 41 miles E. of Chillicothe, and 20 miles W. by S. of Athens. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, and a colliery. The machine-shops and car-shops of the rail- road are located here. Pop. 690. Za'lia, a post-office of Union co., Iowa. ZalHnaf, a group of islets in the Strait of Macassar, W. of Celebes. Lat. 5° 30' S. ; Ion. 118° 30' E. Za^loon', a town of British Burmah, on the main Ir- rawaddy, about 30 miles below Henzada. Pop. 5105. Zaiosze, or Zaiosce, z4-losh'i, a market-town of Austrian Galieia, on the Sered, 23 miles S.S.E. of Brody. Pop. 4820. It h.as an ancient castle, a convent, and manu- factures of fine woollen cloths. Zait Bommel, Netherlands. See Bommel. Zambales, s5,m-b3,'18s, a province of the Philippines, on the W. of the island of Luzon, forming a long and nar- row belt stretching about 90 miles between the Bay of Lingayen on the N. and that of Subie or Suba on the S. Capital, Iba. Pop. 37,035. Zamberg, a town of Bohemia. See Sesftenberg. Zambezi, or Zambeze, zim-bi'zee, called also Cnama, kwa'mi, a river of East Africa, enters the Indian Ocean by numerous mouths between 17° and 19° S. lat. The Quilimane River, formerly regarded as its main mouth, has been ascertained to be a distinct stream, except in floods, when the two rivers communicate. The upper part of the Zambezi is called Leeba and Leeambye. "The lower Zam- bezi receives, through the river Shire, the waters of the great lake Nyassa. It is noted for its cataracts, of which the Victoria Falls (lat. 17° 55' S., Ion. 26° 32' E.) are the principal. At the mouths of the Zambezi are bad bars, and the river is navigable only for small vessels. It is about ISOO miles long, and is by far the largest stream on the eastern vergent of Africa. Zaraboan^a, and Zamboangan. See Sahboanga. Zamora, thi-mo'ri (anc. Ocellodarum ?), a city of Spain, capital of the province of Zamora., on the Douro, 31 miles N.N.W. of Salamanca. Pop. 12,416. It is enclosed by decayed walls, and has a cnthedrnl, hospitals, barracks, a court-house, public granary, bishop's palace, the remains of an ancient castle, and manufactures of serges, hats, leather, liqueurs, and gunpowder. 'The town is entered by 7 gates. In early history, Zamora was an important fron- tier town against Moorish invasions. It was recovered from the infidel in 748 by Alfonso I., El Cntdlico. In July, 939, it was besieged by Abd-er-Rahman III., when a desperate battle was fought for its relief by Ramiro II., and the Mos- lems were defeated. Zamora was then enclosed by 7 lines of walls, and the spaces between were defended by moats ; 40,000 Moors are said to have been killed in these trenches. In 985 it was taken and destroyed by the great Al-Mansoor ; but it was rebuilt by Ferdinand I. Zamora, a province of Spain, in Leon, bounded W. by Portugal. Area, 4135 square miles. Pop. 250,968. Zamora, si-mo'ra,, a town of Ecuador, department of Asuay, province and 25 miles E. of Loja, on the Zamora River, an affluent of the Amazon. Zamora, si-mo'ri. a m.arket-town of Mexico, state of Michoaean, 76 miles W.N.W. of Morelia. Zamora, a S.W. central state of Venezuela. Area, 17,030 square miles. Pop. 59,449. Capital, Barinas. Zamora, si-me'ri, or Calca, kil'kJi, a town of Peru, department and 20 miles N. of Cuzco. Zamora, z3,-mo'ra, or Comora, ko-nio'n\, a market- town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 20 miles N.E. of Lisbon. Zamora, zi-mo'rior zi'mo'ril' (anc. Hnr'rea Ce'lia),a, small town of Algeria, 105 miles S.E. of Algiers. Zamo'ra, a post-vill.age of Hamilton co., Kansas, on the Atchison & Topeka Railroad, about 100 miles AV. of Dodge City. Zamosz, zi'mosh, or Zamosc, zi'm5sts, a strongly fortified town of Russian Poland, government and 45 miles S.E. of Lublin, on the Wieprz. Pop., excluding garrison, 6781. It has an extensive arsenal, which h.as been fortified since 1807 as a bulwark on the line of the Vistula. Zamosz, Stari, st&'ree zi'mosh, a town of Russian Poland, 13 miles iSl.N.W. of Zamosz. Pop. 4008. It has a lyceum, .and is strongly fortified. Zamota, z3,-mo'ti, a market-town of Russia, govern- ment of Minsk, 47 miles W. of Disna. Pop. 1550. Zana, a lake of Abyssinia. See Dembea. Zancara, thin-ki'ri, a river of Spain, joins the Gua- dian.a. Total course, exclusive of windings, 114 miles. Zaiichwitz, Prussia. See Ziaxdowitz. Zaiicle, the ancient name of Messi.va. Zandobbio,dzan-dob'be-o, a village of Italy, province and 11 miles E. of Bergamo. Pop. 1167. Zandvliet, zind'vleet', a fortified town of Belgium, province and 10 miles N.N.W. of Antwerp, near the right bank of the Scheldt. Pop. 1200. ZaiiC, a township of Logan co., 0. Pop. 879. Zaiien, Netherlands. See Zaasex. Zancsfield, zanz'feeld, a post-village in Jeff'crson town- ship, Logan CO., 0., on Mad River, 5 miles E. of Bellefon- taine. It has 3 churches. Pop. 282. Zanesville, zanz'vll, a post-hamlet in Z.anesvillo township, Montgomery co.. 111., fi miles W. of Raymond, and about 12 miles N. of Litchfield. It has a church and a flour-mill. Pop. of the township, 1901. Zanesville, a post-hamlet of Wells co., Ind., on Bee Creek, about 1 8 miles S.W. of Fort Wayne. It is partly in Allen CO. It has 2 churches, and flour- and saw-mills. Zanesville, a city, capital of Muskingum co., 0., is situated on the Muskingum River, at the mouth of the Licking, and on the National Road, 59 miles E. of Columbus, 78 miles W. of Bellaire, and 168 miles B. N.E. of Cincinnati. Lat. 39° 57' N. ; Ion. 81° 58' W. It is on the Cincinnati & Muskingum Valley Railroad, and the Central Ohio division of the Baltimore it Ohio Railroad, the trains of which here cross the Muskingum River on an iron bridge 538 feet in length. Steamboats can ascend th.at river to this city. It is regularly planned, has wide streets, and is lighted with g.as. The water of the river is distributed through the city from a reservoir which contains about 2.000,000 gallons. Zanesville contains a court-house, 19 churches, a high school, a national bank, 3 other banking-houses, and print- ing-offices which issue 1 daily and 6 weekly newspapers. Several bridges across the river connect Zanesville with the suburbs of Putnam, West Zanesville, Ac. Its prosperity is partly derived from extensive manufactures of steam-en- gines, flour, iron, glass, carriages, paper, woollen goods, and sash, blinds, Ac. It contains a cotton-factory, 5 flouring- mills, 2 or 3 glass-factories, 3 manufactories of engines and boilers, 3 iron-foundries, 3 woollen-mills, 2 paper-mills, an ZAN 2470 ZAR iron-furnace, a rolling-mill, and 2 tile-factories. Pop. in 1860, 9229 J in 1870, 10,013, or, including Putnam nnd West Zanesville, 13,805. Bituminous coal abounds in the hills which surround Zanesville. Zaiig, a town of Thibet. See Teshoo-Loomgoo. !^angeia, z^ng-g^'y^,, a town of Central Africa, in Houssa, 50 miles S.E. of Kano. Zangnomang, z^ng'no-mS.ng', a town of British Bur- mah, province of Pegu, on the Pegu River, immediately opposite the city of Pegu. Zauguebar, zilngVhi-bar', a name frequently given by geographers to a long tract on the E. coast of Africa. The word Zanguebar (properly Zangebar, with g bard) is equivalent to the Arab expression Ber ez-Zing or es-Zinj, the " land of the Zvnj or Zing," being derived from Zinj or Zing, the ancient Arabic name of the East African negro, and the Persian or Indian word Bar, "country." Zanguebar commences where the indigenous black population takes the place of the swarthy Somaulee race, that is, at the S. side of the river Juba, near the equator; it originally ex- tended S. much farther than at present, but the Portuguese, drawing a distinction between Zanguebar and the coasts which they claimed or occupied, fixed its S. limit at Cape Delgado. See Zanzibak. Zanica, dzil-ne'ka, a village of Italy, province and 5 miles S.S.W. of Bergamo. Pop. 1923. Zaniemyschl, ts^'nee-mishTor zan'yi-mishT, atown of Prussian Silesia, S.E. of Posen, Pop. 1520. Zanow, tsS,'nov, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 7 miles E.X.E. of Coslin. Pop. 2323. It has distilleries. Zanshauseu, tsans'huw'zen, a village of Prussian Pomerania, province of Brandenburg, 9 miles N.E. of Landsberg, with iron-works. ZaiisM^ai'S a river of Ladakh, or Middle Thibet, rises near lat. 32° -10' N. and Ion. 78° E., flows N.AV., then N.N.E. to its junction with the Indus, near lat. 34° 10' N. and Ion. 77° 25' E.* Length, UO miles. Zanskar, an elevated region of Ladakh, or Middle Thibet, between lat. 33° and 31° N. and Ion. 76° 20' and 77° 30' E. It is traversed from S.E. to N.W., near its S. frontier, by a mountain-chain about 18,000 feet high, here forming the watershed between the Chenaub and the Indus. Zanta, a lake of Turkey. Seo Scutari, Zante, zan'te or z^n'ti, or Zacynthus, z^-sin'thUs (Gr. Za/cui/^os, Zakunthos), one of the Ionian Islands, Medi- terranean, about 10 miles S. of Cephalonia, and 15 miles from the nearest point of the Morea. Lat. of N. point, 37° 56' N.; Ion. 20° 41' E. It is about 24 miles long by 12 miles broad, and is indented with a deep bay at its S.E. extremity. The E. coast has a harbor, within which is situ- ated the town of Zante. The greater part of the interior consists of an extensive plain, which is extremely fertile. Gypsum appears in various parts; but the most remarkable mineral feature of Zante is its pitch-wells, situated about 10 miles from the town, and celebrated since the time of Herodotus. Earthquakes frequently occur. The chief ex- ports are currants, oil, soap, and a little wine. Pomegran- ates, melons, peaches, citrons, and other fruits are grown. Area, 277 square miles. Pop. 44,557. Zante, a town of the Ionian Islands, capital of the above island, on its E. side, at the head of a bay or harbor. It is built chiefly in the Italian style, the houses being seldom more than one story liigh. The principal street is broad and handsome; the market-place is spacious, and serves both for an exchange and a public promenade. The churches are numerous, generally substantial, and richly decorated within. Its port is protected by a wall, and has a light-house. Zante is the see of a Greek protopapas and a Koman Catholic bishop. It was nearly destroyed by an earthquake on October 30, 1841, Pop. 17,616. Zanzibar, z^nze-bar' (Fr. Zanzibar, z&N°^ze^bau', or Saneibar), a sultanate or empire of Eastern Africa, com- prising the islands of Zanzibar, Monfia, and Pemba, and many smaller coast-islands, with a narrow strip along the coast of the mainland from about lat. 2° 30' N. to 10° 45' S. Its ruler (called the sultan by Europeans, and aayyeed by Arabs and natives) became independent of the Imaum of Muscat in 1S62, when the African portion of the Muscat territory passed to one of the sons of a deceased sovereign. The sultanate is untler the tacit protection of Great Britain, ■whose influence is here dominant. Commerce is largely in the hands of East Indians of the class called Banyans. Chief towns, Zanzibar (the capital), Mombas, and Quiloa. The ruling class is Arabic, the bulk of the people African, or of mixed descent. Zanzibar, zS-n^ze-bar', or Zanguebar, zing^ghe- bar', an island of the sultanate of Zanzibar, on the E. coast of Africa, extending from lat. 5° 43' to 6° 28' S., about 50 miles in length, and with a breadth of 15 or 18 miles. Area, 650 square miles. It is separated from the mainhind by a strait about 25 miles wide, thinly beset with coral reefs. 'The island of Zanzibar, like all the islands on this coast, is of coral formation, and comparatively low. Its E. side presents a continuous and tolerably uniform wall of coral rock, often 30 feet or more above the sea, and overhanging the waves. On the "W. side the shores are much lower and much more irregular. The surface of Zanzibar is undulating, and the soil is extremely rich. It presents, therefore, an agree:tble scene, the variety and luxuriance of the vegetation com- pensating for the monotony of the ground. It is sufficiently watered, though the rivulets are small. Zanzibar is now the chief market in the world for the supply of ivory, gum copal, and cloves. Its imports consist chiefly of American, English, and Indian cottons, cowries, hides, salt fish, rice, beads, ghee, muskets, gunpowder, sandal-wood, bullion, Ac, to the value of about §2,300,000 per annum. The exports comprise ivory, cloves, gum copal, hides, cowries, sesamum, cocoa-nuts, timber, oil, red pepper, itc. ; value per annum, about $2,000,000. The cloves are entirely the produce of the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba. The first clove trees were introduced in 1840, from the Mauritius : being found to thrive, they were extensively planted, and their cultivation has now almost superseded that of sugar and rice, which were formerly the chief products of these islands. The average crop of cloves is about 7,000,000 pounds. Cotton and sugar-cane grow in great perfection, but are not ex- ported. Pop. of the island, probably 300,000. The town of Zanzibar (native, Ungnja), the capital of the island and sultanate, is situated on the \Y. coast of the island, and con- tains a pop. of about 80,000. It has a large French hos- pital, and the fine cathedral church of the Anglican bishop ; ship-buihling, stone-masonry, goldsmiths', silversmiths', coppersmiths', and blacksmiths' work, besides manufac- tures of cotton goods and trinkets, are carried on. 'The foreign trade is very extensive and important. The harbor of Zanzibar (anc. Menu'ihias Si'nue) is commodious and perfectly safe. Zapadnaia-Kolinia. See Indtghirka. Zapara, s;L-pi'ra, an island and castle of Venezuela, 18 miles N.E. of Maracaybo, opposite the mouth of Lake Maracaybo. Length of the island, 12 miles. Zapata, sa-p^-'tS,, a county in the S. part of Texas, bordering on Mexico, has an area of about 1500 square miles. It is bounded on the W. by the Rio Grande. The surface is mostly level. The soil produces pasture for many sheep, horses, and cattle. Wool is one of the chief articles of export. Capital, Carrizo. A'aluation of real and per- sonal estate, $267,642. Pop. in 1870, 1483, of whom 321 were Americans. Zapatera, s^-p5.-ti'ri, one of the largest islands of Lake Nicaragua, in the republic of Nicaragua. It has a mountainous surface nearly 2000 feet high. Zapati, zS,-pi'tee, a post-office of Costilla co.. Col. Zapatosa, or Zapatoza (zS,-pS.-to'5i or si-pS,-to'sa, ; Sp. pron. tha-p&-to'thd), a lake of the United States of Colombia, 35 miles S.E. of Mompox, is an enlargement of the river Scsar before it joins the Magdalena. Length, about 25 miles; breadth, 22 miles. Zapiiran Islands. See Zaffarix Islands. Zapotla, th^-pot'ld, a town of Mexico, state of Jalisco, lOO miles N.E. of Colima. It has a great trade in cochi- neal. Pop. 20,000. Zara, z3,'r5, (It. pron. dyA'r^; anc. Jadera), a city of Austria, the capital city of Dalmatia, on a peninsula, op- posite the island of Ugliano in the Adriatic, 73 miles N.W. of Spalato, and T70 miles S.E. of Venice. Lat. 44° N. : Ion. 15° 14' E. Pop. about 8000, mostly of Italian descent; and the villages of its immediate vicinity have from 20,000 to 30,000 inhabitants. It is surrounded with walls of Venetian construction, which form its chief public promenade, and is strongly fortified. It has a cathedral and 6 other churches, many convents and monasteries, a naval and military ar- senal, a thentre, barracks occupying a Koman edifice, a lyceura, a gymnasium, an episcopal seminary, a museum, and a number of Roman remains. Its harbor is small, but it has active fisheries and a good coasting-trade. The prin- cipal manufactures are of maraschino and leather, and of silk and linen fabrics. Zara is the see of an archbishop. Near it are remains of a fine aqueduct built by Trajan. See Zaka-Vkcohia. Zara, zVrJl', a village of Asia Minor, pnshalic and 40 miles N.E. of Secvas. Pop. about 300 families. It has a large mosque ami a neat Armenian church. Zarafshan, Russian Toorkistan. See Zerafshan. ZAR 2471 ZEB Znragoza, a town of Spain. See Saragossa. Zaraisk, a town of Russia. See Saraisk. Zarand, zotiVond', aS.E. county of Hungary, bordering on Transylvania. Area. 501 square miles. Pop. G3,:JS2. Zarand, a town of Hungary, co. of Arad, 60 miles N.E. of Temesvar. It has manufactures of tobacco. Zaransk, a town of Russia. See Saransk. Zarauz, tbi-rowth', a town of Spain, province of Gui- pnzcoa, on the Bay of Biscay, 3 miles W. of St. Sebastian. Zara-Vecchia, zi'ri- (or dzi'ri-) v61c-ke-i, "Old Zara" (Illyrian, Slari Zadar, or Biograd ; anc. Blando'na, or Al'ba Marit'ima), a village of Dalmatia, 17 miles S.E. of Zara. It was once an important place, and tbe residence of the Croat kings, but was ruined during the wars of the Venetians with the kings of Hungary. Pop. 450. Zara (or Zer'ah) Zakalia, zi'ri" z^-ki'le-i, the southernmost of the Kerkini Islands, off the E. coast of Tunis, North Africa. Zardam, Netherlands. See Zaanbam. Zarephath, a Scriptural name of Surafend. Zarevokokshaisk, or Zarewokokschaisk, zi- riVo-kok-shisk', a town of Russia, government and 70 miles N.ff. of Kazan. Pop. 1124. Zarevosantschursk, or Zarewosantschursk, z4-rVvo-zin-chooRsk', a town of Russia, government and 145 miles S.W. of Viatka. Pop. 992. Zarew, zd-rSv', a town of Russia, in the government of Astrakhan. Pop. 7996. Zargoon, Zargoun, or Zargun, zarVoon', a small town of Persia, province of Ears, 14 miles N.E. of Sheeraz. Zaria, or Zariya, zi'ree^ya, tbe capital town of Zeg-Zeg, a country of Central Africa, near 12° N. lat. and S° E. Ion. Pop. estimated at 40,000. Zariaspa, an ancient name of Bai.kh. Zaritzyn, or Zarizyn, Russia. See Tsaritsis. Zarki, zan'kee, a town of Russian Poland, government of Kielce, 26 miles N.N.W. of Olkusz. Pop. 2700. Zar'nah, a ruined city of Persian Koordistan, in the Zagros Mountains, 65 miles S.W. of Ivermanshah, and con- jectured by Major Rawlinson to have been the capital of Elyraais, and the Hara of the Captivity. Zariio, dzaR'no, a market-town of Austrian Galicia, 11 miles N.N.W. of Tarnow. Pop. 1500. Zarnow, zan'nov, a towji of Russian Poland, govern- ment of Radom, 12 miles W.N.W. of Konskic. ZariiOAvice, zaR-no-'w^eet'si, a town of Poland, govern- ment and 44 miles S.W. of Kielce, with a ruined castle, near the Pilica. Pop. 1200. Zarrentin, tsaR-RSn-teen', a village of Mecklenburg- Sehwerin, on the S.W. shore of Lake Schall, 20 miles W.S.W. of Schwerin. Pop. 1777. Zarskoe-Selo, Russia. Seo Tsarskoe-Selo. Zarta, a town of Albania. See Arta. - Zaruma, z4-roo'm3,, a town of Ecuador, 25 miles N.W. of Loja, on the Tumbez. Pop. 6000. In its vicinity are excellent silver-mines. Zarza Capilla, than'tha ki-peel'yi, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, province and 80 miles from Badajos, on the Sujar. Pop. 1570. Zarza de Alaiige, than'tha, di a-ling'ni, a town of Spain, province of Badajos, on the Guadiana, II miles S.E. of Merida. Pop. 3002. Zarza de Granadilla, thaR'thS, di gr3,-na,-Dcery3,, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, province of Caceres, on a low plain. Pop. 1319. Zarza de Montanches, than'tha di mon-tan'ehSs, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, province and about 20 miles from Caceres. Pop. 1071. Zarza la Mayor, than'tha li mi-OK', commonly called Zarza- Qnemada, thaR'thd ki-ma'na, a town of Sp.ain, 13 miles N.E. of Alcantara. Pop. 3315. Zarziss, zaR'ziss^ a maritime town and castle of Tunis, on the frontier of Tripoli, 60 miles S.E. of Cabcs. Zashiversk, za-she-vainsk', a village of East Siberia, province of Yakootsk, on the right bank of the Indighirka. Lat. 66° 30' N. ; Ion. 142° E. Zaslav, Zaslaw, zils-lav', or Iziaslav, e-ze-a,s-15,v', a town of Russia, in Yolhynia, on the Gorin, 20 miles S.E. of Ostrog. It has manufactures of cloth. Pop. 7360, com- prising many Jews. Zasmuk, tsas'mook or zas'mook, a town of Bohemia, 4 miles S.E, of Kaurzim. It has 2 castles, a Franciscan convent, and some breweries .and distilleries. Pop. 2089. Zastaw'iia, a town of Austria, province of Bukowina. Pop. 2S67. Zatas, zi'tis, or Zoraya, so-ri'3., a river of Portugal, formed by the junction of the rivers Sora and Erva, joins the Tagus 26 miles N.E. of Lisbon, after having formed the boundary between the provinces of Alemtejo and Por- tuguese Estremadura. Zatecz, the Bohemian for Saatz. Zator, tsi'tor, a town of Austrian Galicia, on tho Vis- tula, 9 miles N.N.W. of Wadowice. Pop. 1370. Zaiiditz, tsijw'dits, or Saudice, sow-dee'tsi, written also Sudzice, a town of Prussian Silesia, government of Oppeln, 7 miles S.W. of Ratibor. Pop. 1200. Zavala, za-v4'l.\, a county in the S. part of Te.xas, has an area of about 1050 square miles. It is intersected by the Rio Nueces and the Leona. The surface is uneven or nearly level. The soil is mostly uncultivated. Pop. in 1870, 133, of whom 99 were Americans. Zavanasco, dzi-vi-nis'ko, a village of Italy, prov- ince and 9 miles N. of Pavia, on tho Pavia Canal. Zavatarello, dzi-va-ti-rSl'lo, a town of Italy, prov- ince of Pavia, 10 miles N.W. of Bobbio. Pop. 1813. Za'vis, a post-ofBco of Kewaunee eo., Wis. Zawila, a town of Africa. See Zueela. Zawoja, zi-wo'yi, a town of Austri.a, in Galicia, circle of Wadowice. Pop. 4808. Zayeiideh-Rood,a rivorof Persia. See Ze.xdarood. Zayi, zS,'yco, a ruined city of Mexico, in Yucatan, 70 miles S. of Merid.a, finely situated among a range of hills, its remains comprising a vast building. Zbarasz, zlji'rish, or Zbaraz, zb^'rizh, a town of Austrian Galicia, 12 miles N.E. of Tarnopol, on the Ikva. Pop. 6772. It has an ancient castle, Roman Catholic and Greek churches, a Bernardine monastery, and a trade in corn and pork, Zbirow, zbee'rov, a town of Austria, in Bohemia, 24 miles S.W. of Prague. It has iron-works. Pop. 1991. Zbo'ro', a town and two castles of North Hungary, co. of Saros, 27 miles N.N.E. of Eperies. Zborow, zbo'rov\ a town of Austria, in Galicia, circle of ZIoczow. Pop. 307S. Zbrazlawitz, zhbriz-li'ftits, a market-town of Bo- hemia, 13 miles S.W. of Czaslau. Pop. 1200. Zdiar, a town of Moravia. See Saar. Zdonice, a town of Moravia. See Steixitz. Zdiiny, zhdU'nee (?), a town of Prussian Poland, 57 miles S.S.E. of Posen. Pop. 3352. Zea, or Zia, zee'i (anc. Ce'oa ; Gr. Kew), an island of the Grecian Archipelago, belonging to the group of the Cyclades, 13 miles E. of Cape Colonna. Greatest length, from N.N.E. to S.S.W., 13 miles; centr.al breadth, S miles. Lat. (Mount St. Elias) 37° 37' IS" N.; Ion. 24° 21' 45" E. It is of a very compact and somewhat oval form. Beyond the coasts, which are generally low, the ground rises in fine terraces towards tbe centre, where it culminates in Mount St. Elias. The climate is salubrious, and the soil fertile and well cultivated, producing in abun- dance barley, silk, cotton, wine, valonia, and figs. P. 3789. Zea (anc. hdis), a town of tho Grecian Archipelago, capital of the above island, on a small stream, about 3 miles from the N.W. shore. Zealand, zee'land (Dutch, Zeeland, zi'llntl, the most S. province of the 'Netherlands, between ]at. 61° 14' and 51° 45' N. and Ion. 3° 30' and 4° 7' E., having E. tbe province of North Brabant, S. and S.W. the Belgian prov- inces of Antwerp and West Flanders, W. the North Sea, and N. the province of North Holland. Area, 1101 square miles. Pop. in 1877, 187,046. Zealand proper comprises ; the islands of Waleheren, Beveland, Tholcn, Duiveland, and Schouwen, between the mouths of the Scheldt and the Mouse. The surface is little above the level of the sea, and is protected against its irruption by dams and dikes ; besides the islands the province comprises a portion of the continent S. of the Sclieldt. 'The principal products are grain, cattle, butter, madder, seeds, potatoes, hemp, and turnips. Linen-weaving, distilling, brewing, salt-refining, tile-making, and ship-building are the chief branches of manufacturing industry. The principal towns are Middel- burg (the copital), Flushing, Zierikzee, and Goes. Zealand, or Zeeland, a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, 17 miles E. of Bois-le-Duo. Pop. 1719. Zealand, a post-hamlct of Addington co., Ontario, 25 miles N.W. of Perth. Zealand, an island of Denmark. See Seeland. Zealand, New. See New Zealand. Zeandale, zeen'dal, a township of Riley co., Kansas. Pop. 431. Zebayer, ze-bi'er, a group of islands in the Red Sea, about lat. 15° N. and Ion. 42° E. It consists of Jibbel- Zebayer, the easternmost and largest ; Saba, N.W. by W. of the former j Connected Island, an extraordinary high 2472 rugj^ed-topped rock, joined to Saba by a reef; Saddle, Table Peak, Rugged, and Haycock Islands, and Jibbel- Teer, 34 miles N.N.W. of Jibbel-Zebayer. Saddle Island was in eruption on August 1-1, 1846. Zebeed, or Zebid, zeb^ced' or zij-bced' (ano. Sabat), a fortified town of Arabia, district of Yemen, on the river Zebeed, 15 miles from its mouth in the Red Sea, and 110 miles S.W. of Sana. Pop. 7000. It is enclosed by high walls flanked with numerous towers, and is of great an- tiquity. The river, stated to be almost the only stream in Arabia which continues to the coast, flows N. through a fertile valley for about SO miles. Zebeiiy, a town of Hungary. See Seben. Zcbrak, zhi'brik (sometimes written Schebrak), or Bettlern, bStt'ISrn, a town of Bohemia, 10 miles S.W. of Beraun. Pop. 1703. Zebu, ze-boo', or Cebu, so-boo' (Sp. pron. thi-boo'), an island of the Malay Archipelago, Philippine Isles, sep- arated on the \V. from the island of Negros by the Strait of Tairon, and having on the E. the dependent islands of Mac- tan a.nd Bohol, between lat. 9° 20' and 11° N. and Ion. 12,S° and 124° E. It forms a long n.nd comparatively narrow belt, with a sandy and somewhat stony soil, not so well adapted to culture as most of the other Philippine Islands. It suffers much from want of water, as rain seldom falls, and when it does fall is quickly absorbed. It has, notwith- standing, many fertile valleys, which yield good crops of rice, sugar, cotton, tobacco, millet, and tho best cocoa in the Philippines ; also extensive pastures, on which great num- bers of cattle, sheep, and goats are fed. The climate is remarkably pleasant, the excessive heat being tempered by an evening and a morning breeze. Pop. 320,000. The capital town is situated near the centre of the E. shore, opposite the island of Mactan, is divided by a stream into two parts, and has a fine cathedral, a handsome episcopal palace, and a lepers' hospital. It has a good harbor and an important trade, chiefly with Manila. On the island of Mactan, Magellan (Magalhaens) was killed in a skirmish in 1521. Pop. of town, 30,000. Zebu, or Cebu, a province of the Philippines, which includes, in a.ddition to the island of Zebu, the islands of Mactan, Batayan, Sieijon, Bohol, and Camotes, and forms 44 pueblos. Pop. 389,073. Zeb'ulon, a post-village, capital of Pike co., Ga., 12 miles S. by ^V. of Grifiin, and about 50 miles S. of Atlanta. It has 2 churches and a high school. Sechin, z^K'in, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, near Kiistrin. Pop. 1700. Zedeighem, zi'd?l-GhJm\ a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 6 miles S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 3429. Zedenick, or Zehdenik, tsi'deh-nik', a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, on the Havel, 11 miles S.S.W. of Templin. Pop. 2904. Zedik, zWeek' (?), a town of Persia, province of Ghi- lan, 20 miles W. of lieslid. It consists of about 500 houses, built on a steep mountain-side. Zed'lar's Mill, a pott-ofiice of Gonzales co., Tex. Zeelaud, an island of Denmark. See Seel.ind. Zeeland, Netherlands. See Zealand. Zee'Iand, a post-village in Zeeland township, Ottawa CO., Mich., near Black River, on a branch of the Chicago & West Michigan Railroad, 20 J miles S.W. of Grand Rapids, and 5 miles N.E. of Holland. It has 2 churches, a graded school, .and a banking-house. Pop. of the township, 2576. Zegan, a town of Prussia. See Sag.\n. Zegediu, a town of Hungary. See Szegedin. Zeggers Cappel, zJg'ghers k^p'pSl (Fr. pron. zi'- zhain' kip^pSI'), a village of Fr.ance, in Nord, 10 miles S. of Dunkirk. Pop. 1768. Zeghen, zi-ghSn' (?), or Zeghan, a town of Central Africa, in Fezzan, about 100 miles N.N.E. of Moorzook. It is surrounded by palm-groves. Zegozhee, z3g"o-zheo', written also Zagoshi, Guinea, an island in the Niger River, opposite the town of Rabba. Zegwaard, zSg'wlret', a village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 8 miles E. by S. of The Hague. P. 1397. Zeg-Zcg, z^g^zSg', a kingdom or country of Soodan, intersected by the 12th parallel of N. latitude and the 10th meridian of E. longitude. Capital, Zaria. Zehden, tsi'den, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- denburg. 40 miles N. of Frankfort. Pop. 1939. Zehdenik, a town of Prussia. See Zebenick. Zehol, a palace of Peking. See Zhehol. Zehree, zi'roe^ or v.in'r'ee, a town of Beloochistan, capital of the province of Jhalawan, 35 miles S.E. of Kelat, in a fertile district of its own name, and reported to be of some importance. Zeiden, tsi'den, or Feketehaloii, fi^kiHVhVlon^ a market-town of Transylvania, in Saxonland, at the foot of a mountain, co. and 8 miles N.W. of Kronstadt. Pop. 3220, many of whom are occupied in cotton-weaving, Zeidler, tsi'dler, a village of Austria, in Bohemia, circle of Leitmeritz. Pop. 1671. Zeiglersville, zeeg'lerz-vil, a post-vill.age of Mont- gomery CO., Pa., in Frederick township, on the Perkiomen Railroad, 31 miles S. of Allentown, and 37 miles N.N.W. of Philadelphia. It has manufactures of carria.ges and harness, 2 stores, and a grist-mill. Zeijst, Netherlands. See Zeist. Zeil, tsile, a town of Bavaria, circle of Lower Fran- conia, near the Main, 4 miles S.S.E. of Hassfurt. Pop. 1368. It has a monument to the Emperor Maximilian. Zeila, or Zeileh, a town of Africa. See Zeyla. Zeiskam, tsis'kam, a village of Bavnria,in the Palat- inate, canton of Germersheim. Pop. 1824. Zeist, Zeyst, or Zeijst, zlst, a parish and village of the Netherlands, province and 5 miles E. of Utrecht. Pop. 5626. It has a colony of Moravian Christians, who manu- facture lacquered wares, jewelry, gloves, and soap. Zeitoon, Zcitoun, or Zeituu, zi'toon', a place of Asia Minor, on the route from Arabgheer to Aleppo, with mines from which e.xcellent iron ore is obtained. Zeitooii, Zeitoun, or Zeitun, ziHoon', a district of Persia, province of Fars, E. of Behbehan, and highly fertile and populous. Its village, Zeitoon, is in ruins. See also Lajiia, and Gulp of Laj[ia. Zcitz, tsits, a w.alled town of Prussian Saxony, govern- ment of Merseburg, on the White Elster, 23 miles S.W. of Leipsic. Pop. 16,480. It has a cathedr.al, a Protestimt gym- nasium, 2 castles, one of which now serves as a house of cor- rection, ,and manufactures of cotton goods, earthenware, leather, pianos, silk fabrics, linens, and woollen goods, with breweries, distilleries, and cotton-printing-works. There are some large coal-mines in its vicinity. Zekanovets, or Zekanovetz. See Ciechasowiec. Zelts'ville, a post-office of Montgomery co., Va. Zela, an ancient name of Zilleh. Zelada, dzA-la'di, a village of Italy, province and 8 miles N.W. of Pavia, on the Ticino. Zelan'dia (Dutch pron. zi-lin'de-a), a fort of Dutch Guiana., and the residence of ij^s governor, immediately N. of tho town of Paramaribo, in lat. 6° 47' N., Ion. 68° 32' W. Zelania, Nova Zembla. See Jelania. Zelanz, a town of Austria. See Klagenfurth. Zelaya, or Celaya, si-li'yi, a town of Mexico, state and 35 miles S.E. of Guanajuato, on the route to Queretaro and Mexico. Pop. about 10,000. It has a fine square, several convents rich in works of art, and 2 magnificent churches. It is the seat of some cotton-manufactures. Zele, zi'leh, a town of Belgium, in East Flanders, 4 miles N.W. of Dendermonde, on the Scheldt and Durme. Pop. 11,665. It has .a hospital, several schools, and manu- factures of cotton cloths, sail-cloth, ,tc. Zelechow,zi-li'Kov, a town of Russian Poland, prov- ince and 30 miles S.W. of Siedlec. Zelhem, zSl'hSm, a town of the Netherlands, in Gel- derland, 20 miles E. of Arnhem. Pop. 3724. Zelienople,ze-le-en-o'p'l, apost-borough of Butler co., Pa., in .Jackson township, on Conequenessing Creek, and on the Pittsburg, New Castle & Lake Erie Railroad, 35 miles N. by W. of Pittsburg, and 12 miles E.N.E. of New Brigh- ton. It has 5 churches, 2 tanneries, and a manufactory of threshing-machines. Pop. 387. Zell, or Zelle, a town of Hanover. See Celle. Zell, a town of WUrtemberg. See Liebeszell. Zell, tsM\, a market-town of Rhenish Prussia, 29 miles S.W. of Coblentz, on the Moselle. Pop. 2274. Zell, a town of the grand duchy of Baden, 2} miles E. of Offenburg. Pop. 1545. Zell, a market-town of the grand duchy of Baden, on tho Wiessen, 20 miles S. of Freiburg. Pop. 2156. Zell, a village of Switzerland, canton and 18 miles N.W. of Lucerne. Pop. 1171. Zell, a village of Switzerland, canton and 15 miles E.N.E. of Zurich, on the Toce. Pop. 1S5S. Zell-am-Harmersbach, IsSll-ilni-hau'mfrs-biK', a town of Baden, circle of Middle Rhine, on tho Kinzig, 10 miles S.E. of Ofi'enburg. Pop. 1394. Zellerfeld, or Cellerfeld, ts3ri?r-fSlt\ a town of Prussia, in Hanover, opposite Clausthal, from which town it is separated by the Zellerbach. Pop. 4260. It has a gymnasium and a mint. Zellersee, the same as Unter-See (Switzerland). Zellin, tsSl-leen', a town of Prussia, province of Bran- 2473 ZEV donburg, government and 23 miles N.N.W. of Frankfort on the Oder. Pop. 2155. Zellingen, tsSI'ling-^n, a, village of B.avaria, on the Main, 9 miles N.N.W. of Wurzburg. Pop. 1991. Zell, Lake of. See Lake op Zell. Zell'wood, a post-office of Orange co., Fla. Zeltingen, ts41t'ing-?n, a village of Rhenish Prussia, 22 miles N.E. of Treves, on the Jloselle. Pop. 1500. Zelva, 7.^1'vi, or Zelwia, zSl've-i, a river of Russia, government of (-rrodno, joins the Niemen. Length, 70 miles. Zelva, or Zelwia, a town of Russia, government and 52 miles S.E. of Grodno, on the above river. Pop. 1000. Zelzaete, z51-zi'ti, a village of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 12 miles N. by B. of Ghent. Pop. 2750. Zembin, zfim-bin' or z^m-been', a town of Russia, gov- ernment of Minsk, 22 miles N.W. of Borissov. Pop. 1500. Zeme, dzi'mi, a village of Italy, in Pavia, about 6 miles from Mortara. Pop. 2164. Zemlia Boiska Don Skago. See Cossacks. Zemlin, a town of Austria. See SE\fLiN. Zemninki, a town of Asiatic Russia. See Troitsk. Zempelburg, tsSm'pel-boonG*, or Zemplen,ts^mp'- len, a town of West Prussia, 61 miles AV.S.W. of Marien- werder. Pop. 3516. It has Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, and manufactures of woollen cloth and linens. Zem'plin (Hun. pron. zSm^plin' or zGm^pleen'), a county of Hungary, Hither Theiss, bounded N. by Galicia. Area, 2392 square miles. Ujhely-Satoralja is the capital. Pop. 292,771. It is partly mountainous, and is famous for tlie production of the Tokay wines. Zemplin, a town of Hung.ary, on the Bodrog, 8 miles E.N.E. of Ujhely-Satoralja. Pop. 720. Zem Zem, a post-office of Lake co., Cal. Ze'na, a post- hamlet of Polk co., Oregon, Smiles "W. of Salem. It has a church, a carriage-shop, and a store. Ze'nas, a post-village of Jennings co., Ind., 4J miles N. of Nebraska, and about 30 miles N. of Madison. It has a church. Pop. 150. Zenasco^ dzi-nS,s'ko, a village of Italy, in Novara, near Cava, and on the left bank of the Po, from the in- undations of which it often sulTcrs. Zendarood, Zendariid, or Zendah-Rud, z6n'- di-rood' {i.e., "living stream"), written also Zayendeh- Rood, a largo river of Per.sia, province of Irak-Ajemee, rises in the Bakhtiyari Mountains, near the sources of the Karoon, flows E. past Ispahan, and is lost in the sands of the Persian Desert, about 150 miles E. of that city. Zengg, or Zeng, z5ng or z^nk, written also Senyand Szeny (It. Segna, sSn'yS. ; anc. Se'iiia), a fortified seaport town of Croatia, 48 miles S.W. of Karlstadt, on the Adri- atic, opposite the island of Veglia. Pop. 3496. It is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop, and has a Franciscan convent, a cathedral, a seminary, and a lyceum. Zenghi, zSng'ghee, or Zengue, zeng'ghSh, a river of Georgia, in Russian Transcaucasia, flows S. from Lake Goktsche-Denghis into the Aras. Length, 60 miles. Zenghian, or Zengaii, Persia. See Zen.ian. Ze'ni, a post-village of Valencia co.. New Mexico, 300 miles AV.S.AV.of Las Vegas. It has a church. Ze'nith, a post-oflice of Reno co., Kansas. Zenit'za, or Sienitza, se-i-nit'sS,, a town of Bosnia, 30 miles N.W. of Novi-Bazar. Pop. 2000. Zenjaii, z5n-j4n', a river of Persia, flows N.AV., and joins the Kizil-Oozen to form the Sefeed Rood. Length, 90 miles. Zenjaii (or Zengan, z5n-g3,n'), written also Zen- ghian, z8n-ghe-in', a town of Persia, province of Irak- Ajemee, on the river Zenjan, and on the route from Ta- breez to Ilamadan, about 133 miles N. of the latter. Pop. 15,000 (?). It is enclosed by walls, has a handsome palace, and is the seat of an active trade in carpets, woollen cloths, arms, lead, and gunpowder. Zenkov, a town of Russia. See Senkov. Ze'no, a post-hamlet of Muskingum co., 0., in Meigs township, about 16 miles S.E. of Zanesvillc. It has a church. Coal is found here. Zeno, a post-office of York co., S.C. Zen'orsville, a post-office of Boone co., Iowa. Zen'son, a town of Italy, province and about 25 miles N.W. of Treviso. Pop. 1605. Zen'ta, or Szenta, sSn't6h\ a market-town of Hun- gary, CO. of Bics, on the right bank of the Theiss, 24 miles S. of Szegedin. Pop. 19,938, mostly engaged in cattle- rearing and in fishing. It is celebrated for the victory of Prince Eugene over the Turks in 1696. Zephyr, zSf'er, a post-office of Mitchell co., Kansas, 12 miles S. of Glen Elder. Zephyr, z^f'^r, a post-village in Ontario co., Ontario, 13 miles N.W. of Uxbridge. It contains 2 hotels, a store, a saw-mill, a shingle-mill, and a cheese-factory. Pop. 300. Zepita, or Sepita, sA-pee'ti, a town of Bolivia, de- partment and 74 miles N.W. of La Paz, on a headland in Lake Vinamarca, a branch of Titicaca Lake. Zepperen, z4p'per-en, a village of Belgium, province of Limbourg, 9 miles S.W. of Hasselt. Pop. 1332. Zerafshan, Zer-Afshan, or Zer-AI'chan, zSr-if- shan', a river of Toorkistan, in Bokhara, rises in the high- lands E. of Samarcand, flows westward past that city and Bokhara, and is supposed to enter the Tarim after a total course estimated at 400 miles. It supplies many canals, and is the great fertilizer of the country it traverses. See SOGHD. Zer'afshan', or Ser'afshan', a government of Asi- atic Russia, in Toorkistan, E. of Bokhara and W. of Fer- ghana. Area, 19,625 square miles. Capital, Samarcand. Pop. 271,000. Zerah Zakalia, Kerkini Islands. See Zara Zakalia. Zerain, a village of Palestine. See Zereen. Zerani, Malay Archipelago. See Ceram. Zerba, dzSit'bi, a village of Italy, province of Pavia, on the Trebia, near Ottone. Pop. 1048. Zerba, an island of North Africa. See Jerba. Zerbe, township, Northumberland co., Pa. Pop. 1446. Zerbolo, dzSa'bo-lo, a village of Italy, province of Pavia, near the Ticino, from the inundations of which it often suffers. Pop. 1993, Zerbst, tsSupst, a town of Germany, duchy of Anhalt, 22 miles S.E. of Magdeburg. Pop. 11, '996. It is enclosed by walls, and has 4 churches, a high school, a town hall, a penitentiary, a public libr.ary, an orphan asylum, and manu- factures of jewelry, silk, earthenwares, and breweries of the celebrated Zerbst bitter beer. Zereen, or Zerin, ze-reen', written also Zerain (anc. Jez'reel), a small village of Palestine, about 62 miles N. of Jerusalem, on the ro.ad to Nazareth. Zereh, or Zerreh, a lake of Seistan. See Zurrah. Zerere, zi-ri'ri, a small river of Brazil, province of Matto-Grosso, rises in the Serra de Santa Barbara, flows N.E., and joins the Mondego. Zeri, dzi'rec, or Cerri, ch^'nee, a village of Italy, 7 miles from Pontremoli, with a ruined castle. Pop. 3606. Zerin, a town of Palestine. See Zereen. ZerkoAVO, z^R-ko'wo, a town of Prussian Poland, 38 miles S.E. of Posen. Pop. 1957. Zermatt, ts^R-mitt' or zgu'mJltt', a hamfet of Switzer- land, canton of Valais, in a remote situation at the head of the Visp Valley, 9 miles N.E. of Mont Cervin (Matter- horn), of which it commands a magnificent view. It is a popular resort of tourists. Zernagora, dz^R-na-go'r^ (Turkish, Kara-tar/h, kS,'- riHig, *' bla.ck mountains"), a mountain-region of Europe, between lat. 42° and 43° N. and Ion. 19° and 19° 30' E., and situated chiefly in the territory of Montenegro. Zernetz, or Zernez, Switzerland. See Cernetz. Zernitz, Deutsch, doitch tsSR'nits, avillage of Prus- sian Silesia., government of Oppeln. Pop. 1160. Zernogora, Tzernogora, or Cernogora, the native name of Montenegro. Ze'ro, a post-office of Lucas co., Iowa, 12 miles S.E. of Chariton. Zerowicz, a town of Bohemia. See Serowitz. Zerrah, a lake of Seistan. See Zfrrah. Zeska, a river of Syria. See Jaiiok. Zethau, tsi'tow, a village of Saxony, 25 miles S.S.W. of Dresden. Pop. 1374. Zet'land, a post-village of Huron co., Ontario, on Mait- land River, 6i miles by rail N.W. of Bluevale. Zetland Islands, Scotland. Sec Siietlanii Islands. Zetrud-Lumay-Autgaerden, zi'triid-lU-mi'-owt- gau'den (?), a village of Belgium, province of Brabant, on the Grande Geete, 30 miles E.S.E. of Brussels. Pop. 1488. Zeula, tsoi'li, or Markt-Zeula, mankt-tsoi'U, a town of Bavaria, on the Main, 4 miles N.E. of Lichtenfels. Zeulenroda, tsoi'len-ro'da, or Zeullnrode, tsoil'n- ro'deh, a town of Germany, principality of Reuss-Greitz, 9 mile's S.W. of Greitz. Pop. 6300. It is enclosed by walls, .and has a cathedral, and manufactures of woollen stuffs, hosiery, and watches. Zentern, tsoi't^rn, a village of Baden, 6 miles N.E. of Bruchsal. Pop. 1603. Zeven, tsA'ven, a town of Prussia, in Hanover, 24 miles S.W. of Stade, oii an affluent of the Oste. Pop. 1306. Zevenaar, zAVen-^u', a small town of the Nether- lands, in Gelderland,'8 miles S.E. of Arnhem. Pop. 3958. ZEV 2474 ZIO Zevenbergen, zi'ven-b^R'Ghen, a village of the Neth- erlands, in North Urabant, on a canal, 9 miles N.W. of Breda. Pop. 5961. Zevenhuizeii, zi'ven-hoi'z^n, a village of the Neth- erlands, in South Ilolland, 9 miles N.N.E. of Rotterdam. £cvio, dzi've-o, a market-town of Italy, 7 miles S.E. of Verona, on the Adige. Pop. G045. Zeyla, Zeylah, Zeila, or Zeileh, zd'13, or z^'leh, a seaport town of Adel, Northeast Africa, on the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, near the frontier of Abyssinia, Lat. 1 1° 17' N. ; Ion, 43° E, It stands on a low sandy cape, is en- closed by ruined walls mounting a few guns, and is garri- soned and subject to the Khedive of Egypt. It has 6 mosques, but is principally composed of thatched huts. Zeyring, Ober, o'ber tsi'ring, and Zeyring Prob- stei, tsi'ring prop'sti, two nearly contiguous places of Austria, Styria, 9 miles N.W. of Judenburg. Pop. 3300. Zeyst, a village of the Netherlands. See Zeist, Zezere, zi-z^'ri, a river of Portugal, provinces of Beira and Alemtejo, joins the Tagus at Punhete, after a S.W. course of 100 miles. Zhchol, Gehol, Jehol, or Zehol, zhi'hol', written also Jeho and Geho, zhi^ho', a celebrated imperial palace, 120 miles N.E. of Peking, China. Zhelania, Nova Zembla. See Jelani.i. Zhitomeer, Jitomir, Jytomir, or Zytomir, zhit- o-meor', written also Sliitomir, Schitomii',and ZytO" iniers, a town of Russia, capital of the government of Volhynia, on the Tcterev, SO miles S.W. of Kiev. Pop. 43,047. It has Russo-Greek, Lutheran, and Roman Cath- olic churches, a gymnasium, theological seminary, govern- ment library, manufactures of bats and lenther, and a flourishing trade in woollens, silk and linen fabrics, salt, and agricultural produce. Zhizdra, or Jizdra, zhis'dri, written also Schis- dra, a town of Russia, government and SO miles S.W. of Kalooga., capital of a circle, on the Zhizdra., an affluent of the Oka. Pop. 11,703. It has manufactures of woollen cloth, and glass- and iron-works. Zia, Grecian Archipelago. See Zea. 25ia, zee'ii, an Indian village of Santa Ana co.. New Mexico, 25 miles N. by W. of Albuquerque. Ziandou, a town of Bohemia. See Sandau. Ziandowitz,tso-^n'do-\vits\or ZanchwitZjtsanK'- ■frits, a village of Prussian Silesia, government and 24 miles from Oppeln. Pop. 3449. Zi'ba, a post-office of Ellsworth co., Kansas. ZibelJo, dzc-b§l'lo, or Gibello, jc-bel'lo, a village of Italy, 27 miles N.W. of Parma, near the Po. Pop. 4106. Zibkov, Novo, Russia. See Novosibkov. Zicavo, dze-ka'vo, a market-town of Corsica, 19 miles E. of Ajaooio. Pop. 1367. Zicbingen, tsee'bing-en, a town of Prussia, in Bran- denburg, near Frankfort on the Oder. Pop. 2343. Ziestelhauseii, tsce'ghel-liow^zen.avillage of Baden, on the Neckar, 2 miles E.'N.E, of Heidelberg. Pop. 1997. Ziegcnhain, tsee'ghen-hin\ a fortified town of Prus- sia, in IIcsse-Nassau, on the Scbwalm, 23 miles E.N.E. of Marburg. Pop. 1394. It has an ancient castle. Ziegenhals, tsee'ghen-hils\ a town of Prussian Si- lesia, on the Biela, 34 miles S.W. of Oppeln. Pop. 582S. It has manufactures of leather, pottery, linen, &c. Ziegenort, tsee'ghen-out^ (Gross, groce, and Klein, klin), two contiguous villages of Prussia, in Pouierania, 15 miles N, of Stettin, at the mouth of the Oder in the Stet- tiner-Hair. Pop. 1904. Zicgenriick, tsec'g?n-riik", a town of Pru.ssian S.ax- ony, government of Erfurt, capital of a. detached circle, on the Saale, enclosed by the Saxon duchies, 7 miles W,N,W. of Schloitz. Pop. 965. Zieglerville, zee'gler-vil, or Duboisville, doo- bois'vil, a hamlet of Wayne co., Mich., in Bedford town- ship, 3 miles from Fisher's. It has a grist-mill. Zieleiizig, tsee'len-tsiG\ a walled town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, 26 miles E.N.E. of Frankfort on the Oder. Pop. 5732. It has manufactures of linens, hosiery, leather, hats, and gloves. There are coal-mines in its vicinity. Zielona, tsee-lo'ni, a town of Austria, in Galicia, 36 miles W, of Kolomea, Pop. 1799. Zierenberg, tsee'ren-b§BG\, a town of Prussia, in Hesse-Nassau, on the Warme, an affluent of the Diemel, 10 miles W.N.AV. of Cassel. Pop. 1601. Zicrikzee, zee'rik-zi\ a fortified town of the Nether- lands, province of Zeal.and, on the island of Schouwen, near the East Scheldt. Lat. 51° 38' 2" N. ; Ion. 3° 56' E. Pop, 7941. It has salt-refineries and a large oyster-fishery. Zierikzee is the oldest town in Zealand, and formerly belonged to the Hanseatic League. Ziesar, tsee'zar, a town of Prussian Saxony, 29 miles E.N.E, of Magdeburg, Pop. 2791. It has manufactures of woollen cloth, linens, and hosiery, Zieza, a town of Spain. See Cieza, Zif, a post-township of Wayne co,, 111, Pop, 480, Zig, a post-office of Adair co., Mo. Ziget, a town of Hungary. See Szigeth. Zigiiago, dzeen-ya'go, a village of Northern Italy, province of (ienoa, 10 miles N.E, of Sestri a Lcvante, Zihl, a river of Switzerland, See Thiele. Zihischlacht, tseel'shliict, a village of Switzerland, canton of 'Xhurgau, near Biscbofszell, Pop. 1452, Zilah, a town of Transylvania, See Waltenbeug. Zilgia, zil'ghe-a, a town of Chinese Toorkistan, 45 miles W. of Khoten. Pop. 7500. Ziliten, ziPe-ten', or Zlitoun, zlee'toon', a town of Africa, on the Gulf of Sidra, 86 miles E.S.E. of Tripoli. Ziliebeke, zil'leh-bi^keh, a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 30 miles S.S.W. of Bruges, Pop, 1536. Zil'leh (anc, Ze'la, or Ziela), a town of Asia Minor, vilayet of Seev.as, 36 miles W.S.W. of Tokat. Pop. 2000 families, who manufacture coarse cotton cloths, ^c. It has a fortress on the site of an ancient temple, large khans, good shops, and an annual fair. This fair lasts for fifteen or twenty days from the middle of November, and is often frequented by from 40,000 to 50,000 persons from all the commercial towns of Asiatic Turkey. Zillerthal, tsil'ler-tar, a valley of the Tyrol, on the right bank of the Inn, which receives the Ziller, by which the valley is watered, about 2 miles below Innspruck, Zilli, a town of Styria, See Cilly, Zilwaukee, zil-waw'kee, a post-village in Zilwaukee township, Saginaw co., Mich., on the Saginaw River, and on the Michigan Central Railroad, 4 miles N. of East Siiginaw. It has 4 churches, several steam saw-mills, salt-works, hotels, and a steamboat-landing. Pop. of township, 1419, Zimapan, se-m3,-p4n', a village of Mexteo, state and 95 miles N. of the city of Mexico. Zimatlan, se-mi-tlan', a village of Mexico, state and 25 miles S, of Oajaca, Zimbo, zeem'bo, .a promontory of Brazil, province of Santa Catharina, 40 miles N. of Desterro. Breadth, 4 miles, Zimite, se-mee'ti, a town of the United States of Colombia, state of Magdalena, 90 miles S,S.E. of Mompox. Zim'mermaii, a post-bamlet of Greene co., 0., at Shoup's Station of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, 8 miles E. of Dayton, It has a flour-mill and a Zim'merman, a post- village in Haltonco,, Ontario, on Twelve Mile Creek, 8 miles N, of Burlington, It contains a store, a grist-mill, and a saw-mill. Pop. 100. Zimmerii, or Gross Zimmern, groce tsim'mern, a town of Germany, in Hesse, province of Starkenburg, 9 miles E. of Darmstadt. Pop. 2686, mostly employed in Ziinmei'wald,tsim'mer-^jilt\ a village and parish of Switzerland, 5 miles S.S.E. of Bern, on the Langenberg. Zimony, the Hungarian name of Semlis. Zin'der, a town of Central Africa, in Borneo, capital of a province of its own name, 300 miles W,N.W. of Kooka.. Pop. about 10,000. Zindev, a province of Centr.al Africa, forming the N.W. frontier of the territory of Bornoo, is between lat, 13° 20' and 14° N, and Ion. 4° 30' and 10° 50' E. Ziligst, tsingst, an island of Prussia, in Pomerania, 10 miles N.W. of Stralsund, in the Baltic, immediately off the German coast. Length, 14 miles; breadth, 2 miles. On it is the village of Zingst, with a pop. of 2025, Zinji, zin'jee, a large village of Turkish Koordistan, pashalic and 40 miles E.N.E. of Mosul. Ziiikov, or Zilikow, zin-kov',a town of Russia, gov- ernment of Podolia, 35 miles N.N.E. of Kamieniec, Zinna, tsin'nS,, a town of Prussia, province of Bran- denburg, 27 miles S, of Potsdam, on the railroad from Berlin to Wittenberg, Pop, 1704, It has manufactures of woollen cloth, cotton stuffs, and leather, Zinten, tsin't^n, a town of East Prussia, 20 miles S,S.W. of Konigsberg. Pop. 3201. Zinti, a town of Bolivia. See Cinti. Zinu, United States of Colombia. See Sisu, Zinwald, tsin'*41t, a town of Bohemia, 18 miles N,W, of Leitmeritz. Pop. 1265. Zion, a hill of Palestine. See SiON. Zi'oil, a post-village of Henderson co., Ky,, 6 miles E, of Henderson, It has 2 churches. ZIO 2475 ZOP Zion, a post-hamlet of Cecil co., Mtl., about 14 miles N.E. of Havre de Grace. It has 2 ohm-ches and a seminary. Ziou, a post-office of Lowndes co., Miss., 7 miles from Columbus. Zion, a post-hamlet in Buckshoal township, Yadkin Co., N.C., 2i miles N. of Statesville. It has a church. Zion, a post-office of Clackamas co., Oregon. Zion, a post-hamlet of Centre co., Pa., ti miles E. of Bellefontc. It has 3 churches and a printing-office. Ziou Hill, a post-office of Amite co., Miss. Zion Hill, a po.st-hamlet of Bucks oo., Pa., 1 mile from Shelly Railroad Station, which is 13 miles S. of Beth- lehem. It has 2 churches. Zion's, a post-office of Stearns co., Minn. Ziou's Grove, a post-village in North Union town- ship, Schuylkill co., Pa., 1 mile from Rarick's Station of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, and about U miles E.S.E.of Catawissa. It has a church. Pop. about 200. Zion's Hill, a post-office of Botetourt co., Va. Zion's Mills, a post-office of Lee co., Va. Zion Station, a post-hamlet of Grant co., Ky., on the Louisville, Cincinnati i Lexington Railroad, 32 miles S.S.W. of Cincinnati. It has a church, 3 stores, and a grist-miU. Zi'onsville, a post-village in Eagle township, Boone CO., Ind., on Eagle Creek, and on the Indianiipolis, Cin- cinnati & Lafayette Railroad, 15 miles N. by W. of India- napolis. It has 2 banking-houses 2 newspaper offices, a high school, 5 churches, and umnufactures of carriages, sash, doors, and blinds. Pop. 95G. ZiOBSVille, a post-hamlet of Lehigh co., Pa., on the Perkiomen Railroad, 12i miles S. of Allentown. It has 2 churches and a carriage-shop. Zionsville, a post-office of "Washington co., Tex. Zion Valley, a post-township of Barton co., Kansas. It is a Mormon settlement. Zipaciuira, se-pi-kee'rS., a small town of the United States of Colombia, state of Cundinamarca, 20 miles N.N.E. of Bogota. - Ziph, zif, a ruined town of Palestine, district of Da- mascus. Its remains, 2 miles S.E. of Hebron, consist of "walls and cisterns. Zippezerbst, or Zipperzorbig. See Zoebig. Zips, zipsh, a county of Hungary, bounded N. by Gali- cia. Greatest length, from N.AV. to S.E., 65 miles; mean breadth, 24 miles. Capital, Leutschau. Pop. 144,986. Zips, a village of Hungary, in the county to which it gives name, near Kirchdorf. It has imposing ruins of the ancient royal castle of Zips. Ziranka, ze-r3.n'k3,, a river of East Siberia, rises in the N. part of the government of Yakootsk, in lat. 65° N., flo\v3 E., and joins the Kolyma. Length, about 170 miles. Zii'CZ, a town of Hungary. Sec Zirtz. Zirke, tseen'keh, a town of Prussian Poland, 38 miles ■W.N.W. of Posen,'on the Warta. Pop. 2542. Zirknitz, or Czirknicz, tseeRk'nits, a market-town of Austria, in Carniola, 8 miles E. of Adelsberg, on the N. side of its lake. Pop. 1500. The Lake op Zirknitz is 6 miles long and 3 miles broad. Its bottom is formed of lime- stone rock, and is full of clefts and fissures, through which the water passes into subterranean caverns. It is frequently dry in summer, and sometimes, during the dry season, the bottom of the lake is covered with luxuriant herbage. Zirniie, zlr'mee' or zeer'niee', or Zurinie, zoor^mee', a town of Central Africa, in Houssa, on a peninsula in the Quarrama, a tributary of the Niger, 60 miles AV. of Katsena. Zirndorf, tseenn'doRf, a town of Bavaria, 4 miles W. of Nuremberg, with a ruined castle. Pop. 2309. Zirona, dze-ro'na, a small island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, 14 miles S.W. of Spalato. Zirtz, or Zircz, zeeRts, a town of Hungary, co. and 11 miles N. of Veszprim, with a Cistercian abbey. Pop. 2035. Zis'ka, a post-hamlet of Victoria co., Ontario, 5 miles N. of Bracebridge. Zis'kov, a post-office of Yankton co., Dakota. Zistersdorf, tsis'ters-doRP, or Zisterdorf, tsis'ter- doRf, written alto Zissersdorf, a town of Lower Aus- tria, 32 miles N.E. of Vienna. Pop. 1940. Zittau, tsit'tow, a town of Saxony, 26 miles S.E. of Bautzen, on the left bank of the Mandau, at the head of a branch railway to Dresden and Gorlitz. Pop. 20,417. It is the centre of the linen-manufactures of Lusatia, and has numerous churches, a gymnasium, a town hall, a mu- nicipal library of 30,000 volumes, a theatre, hospitals, and manufactures of cotton and woollen cloths, piano-fortes, damask, machinery, and pottery. Near it arc the springs of Aitgusivshad. Ziz, ziz or zeez, a river of Morocco, province of Tafilet, rises S. of the Atlas Mountains, and, after flowing S.E. past Tafilet, is lost in the sands of the Sahara. Zizelitz, tsits'eli-lits^ a market-town of Bohemia., on the Czidlina, 38 miles S.S.E. of Bidsohow. Pop. 1739. Zizers, tsits'^rs, a town of Switzerland, canton of Ori- sons, near the Rhine, 7 miles N. of Chur. Poji. 1016. Zjechnnow, zh^K'Jl-nov, a city of Russian Poland, government of Plock. Pop. 4867. Zlabings, tsli'bings, a town of Moravia. 29 miles S.S.W. of Iglau. It contains cloth-mills and mineral springs. Pop. 2791. Zlakna, a town of Transylvania. See Zalathna. Zlatoosk, Zlatousk, Zlatusk,or Slatousk, z13.- toosk', written also Zlatoust, Slatonstofsk, and Kli-' uchi, a town of Russia, government of Oofa, on the Ooi, .among the Ural Mountains, 140 miles E. by N. of Oofa. Pop. 16,629. It is the centre of the southern imperial mines, and has an extensive manufactory of damasked scimetars ond articles of inlaid and embossed steel. Zleb, zhISb or tslSb, written also Zleby or Schleb,a market-town of Bohemia, 4 miles E.N.E. of Czaslau. It has potash- and woollen-mills. Pop. 1849. Zlin, zhlin (?), a town of Moravia, 14 miles N.E. of Ilradisch, on the Drewniza. Pop. 2831. Zlitoitn, a town of North Africa. See Ziliten. ZIoczow, zhlo'chov, a town of Austria, in Galicin., 45 miles E. of Lcmberg. Pop. 5196. It has an ancient castle and linen-works. ZIotowo, a town of Prussia. ,See Flatow. Zmeinogorsk, Siberia. See Smeinogorsk. Zmiev, or Smiew, a town of Russia. See Smiet. Zmigrod, zhmee'grod, a market-town of Austria, in Ga- licia, about 9 miles S. of Jaslo, on the Dembowka. P. 2093. Zna, Tzna, or Tsna, tsni, a river of Russia, gov- ernment of Tver, after a N.E. course joins the Msta, which it connects with the Tvertsa and Volga by the Vishnce Volotchok Canal. Zna, Tzna, or Tsna, a river of Russia, government of Tambov, joins the Moksha 38 miles S.E. of Yelatom, after a N. course of 200 miles. Znaim, or Znaym, znime or tsnime, a town of Mo- ravia, on the left bank of the Thaya, 36 miles S.S.W. of Brunn, and 47 miles N.W. of Vienna. Pop. 10,600. It has a gymnasium and a school for the children of the mili- tary. The vine is cultivated in its vicinity, and it has manufactures of woollens, tobacco, and mustard. Znin, tsneen, a town of Prussian Poland, 23 miles S.S.W. of Bromberg. Pop. 2407. Zoagli, dzo-Al'yee, a market-town of North Italy, on the Gulf of Genoa, 4 miles Vf. of Chhavari. Pop. 3524. Zo'ar, a ])ost-hamlet in Charlemont township, Franklin CO., Mass., on the Decrfield River, and on the Vermont & Massachusetts Railroad, 4 miles S.E. of the entrance of the Hoosao Tunnel, and 11 miles E.S.E. of North Adams. It has a church and a manufactory of wooden-ware. Zoar, a post-office of Union co., N.C. Zoar, a post-village in Lawrence township, Tuscarawas CO., 0., on the Tuscarawas River and the Ohio Canal, about 14 miles S. of Massillon, and 3 miles from Zoar Station. It has a church, a hotel, planing-works, a tannery, and a woollen-mill. It is occupied by a society of Christian so- cialists, of German origin. Pop. 326. Zoar, a post-office of Winnebago CO., Wis., on Poygan Lake, about 15 miles N.W. of Oshkosh. Zoar Bridge, a post-hamlet of New Haven co.,Conn., on the Housatonic, 7 miles above Derby. It has a church. Zoar Station, a post-hamlet of Tuscarawas co., 0., on the Tuscarawas River, and on the Tuscarawas Branch of the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad, 6 miles N.E. of Canal Dover. It has a church. Zobeir, zo'bir', a town of Asiatic Turkey, vilayet of Bagdad, 8 miles S.W. of Bassorah. Zoblitz, tsob'litz. a town of Saxony, 19 miles S.E. of Chemnitz. Pop. 2017. Zobten, tsob'ten, a town of Prussian Silesia, 20 miles S.W. of Breslau, at the foot of the Zobtenberg Mountain. Here is a chapel resorted to in pilgrimage. Pop. 2061. Zoelen, zoo'len, a village of the Netherlands, in Gel- derland, 2 miles N. of Thiel. Pop. 2332. Zoersel, zoor'e^I, a village of Belgium, province and 15 miles E. of Antwerp. Pop. 998. Zoest, a village of the Netherlands. See Soest. Zolingen, or Zoflingen, tsof'fing-en (anc. Tohi- 7utim?), a town of Switzerland, 9 miles S.S.W. of Aarau, on the Wiggher. Pop. 3916. It has a public library, and manufactures of cotton, linen, ribbons, and silk fabrics. ZOG 2476 ZUJ Zogama, n. city of Africa. See Sogasfa. Zogno, clz6n'yo, a village of Italy, province nntl 6 miles N. of Bersiuno, on the Brembo. Pop. 1617. Zohab, zoMiAb', a town of Persian KoorJistan, 66 miles Af.N.W. of Kerui.inshah. It once consisted of 1000 houses enclosed by an earthen rampart, but has now decayed. Zohreh, or Zoreth, a river o£ Persia. See Tab. Zola, dzo'ld, a town of Italy, province of Bologna and near the city of Bologna. Pop. 4aOi. Zolder, zol'd?r, a town of Belgium, in Limbonrg, on the Mangclbeek, 6 miles N.N.W. of Hasselt. Pop. 192.3. Zolkiew, zol'ke-^v, or Zolkiev, zoIk'ySv\ a town of Austria, in Galicia, on an affluent of the Bug, 16 miles N. of Leiuberg. Pop. 4402. It has 2 convents, a hospital, and mjinufactuves of woollens, leather, and porcelain. Zol'larsville, a post-hamlet of Washington Co., Pa., about 25 miles S. of Pittsburg. It h.as 2 churches. Zoll Eiigers, a village of Prussia. See E.vgkrs. Zollvereiii,tsoll'fer-ine\ or " CusTO)is-UNiox,"a com- mercin.1 league formed in Gernia.ny for the purpose of es- tablishing a uniform rate of customs. It includes nil the empire, e.vcept the free ports of Altona. Bremen, Bremer- haven, Brake, Geestemiihde, and Hamburg, with theirterri- tories, and also some communes of Baden, on the Swiss fron- tier. The grand duchy of Luxemburg also belongs to the Zollverein, with a very small part of the Austrian territory. Zolochev, or Solotschew, zo-Io-chev', written also Solotchev, a town of Russia, government and 25 miles N.N.W. of Kharkov, on the Ooda, with remains of ancient fortiflcations, and 6 annual fairs. Pop. 5995. Zolotoi-Ostrov, zo-lo-toi'-os-trov', an island of Rus- sia, in the N. part of the Ca.spian Sen, formed of deposits by the two arms into which the Ural divides at its mouth. Zolotonosha, or Zolotonoclia, zo-lo-to-no'sha, a town of Russia, capital of a district, government and 105 miles W. of Poltava, Pop. 7S96. It has 2 convents and an active trade in cattle. Zoloto'pol, a market-town of Russia, government of Kiev, 42 miles S.E. of Svenigorodka. Pop. 1500. Zoltance, tsol-tSn'tsi. a village of Austria, in Galicia, a few miles N. of Lemberg. Pop. 2197. Zolyom, a county of Hungary. See Sohl. Zom'bor, or Som'bor (anc. Zomhorhuiiu?), a town of Hungary, capital of the co. of BiJcs, 27 miles N.N.W. of Pesth. Pop. 24,-309. It is situated near the Francis Canal, by which it communicates with the Danube, and has a normal school, manufactures of silks, and trade in grain and cattle. Zone Mills, Ontario. See Florexcf.. Zonho'veii, or Soiiho'ven, a village of Belgium, in Limbourg, 4 miles N. of Hasselt. Pop. 2748. Zoiiiiebcke, zon'neh-bi'k^h, a village of Belgium, in West Flanders, 25 miles S.S.W. of Bruges. Pop. 2616. Zonoma, California. See Sonoma. Zoiis, tsons (anc. Sontinum ?), a walled town of Rhenish Prussia, Si miles S.S.E. of Dusseldorf, near the left bank of the Rhine, and near the ancient Roman fort Genosia, which, it is supposed, was its original site. Pop. 204S. Zoilt-Leeuw, a village of Belgium. See Leau. Zoiizoiiate, San Salvador. See Sonsoxate. Zooai, zoo-i', or Zawai, za,-wi', a lake of Abyssinia, in Shoa, said to contain 5 islands, which have 3000 Chris- tian inhabitants. Zoobtsov, a town of Russia, See Soobtsov. Zoos;a, a river of South Africa. See N'gami. Zoppio, dzop'Io, a village and commune of Italy, in Udine, near Pordenone. Pop. 3967. Zorbig, tsoR'biG, Kleiiizerbst,klin'ts^npst, Zippe- zerbst, tsip'peh-ts^npst', or Zipperzorbig, tsip'per- tsou^biG, a town of Prussi.an Saxony, on the Strenkbach and Fiihne, 12 miles N.N.E. of Halle. Pop. 3322. Zorella Islands. See Xulla Islands. Zoreth, a river of Persia. See Tab. Zorge, tsoR'Gheh, a village of Germany, in Brunswick, 18 miles S.W. of Blankenburg. Pop. 1454. Zorita, tho-ree'ti, a village of Spain, in Estrcmadura, province and 37 miles S.E. of Caceres. Pop. 2799. Zorn, zoRn (Ger. pron. tsoRn), a river of Germany, in Alsace-Lorraine, rises in the Vosges Mountains, flows E. past Zabern and Brum.ath, and joins the Moder on the right, 8 miles S.E. of Haguenau. Course, 45 miles. Zorn'dorf (Ger. pron. tsonn'doRf), a village of Prus- sia, province of Brandenburg, 5 miles N. of Kiistrin. Zorowe, a town of Prussi.a. Sec Soraii. Zossen, tsos'.s?n, a walled town of Prussia, province of Brandenburg, 22 miles S. of Berlin. Pop. 3103. It is surrounded by small lakes, and has manufactures of linens. Zotes del Paramo, tho't^s dSl p5.'ra-mo, a village of Spain, province of Leon, and 24 miles from the city of Leon. Pop. 1368. Zoubtzov, a town of Russia. See Soobtsov. Zouga, a river of South Africa. See N'gathi. Zouila, a town of Africa, in Fezzan. See Zueel.a. Zsabliak, a town of Montenegro. See Chabuak. Zsambek, siip^b^k', a market-town of Hungary, co. and 15 mites W.N.W. of Pesth, with the remains of an old Gothic church .and of several mosques and baths. P. 462S. Zschoppau, tslKjp'pow, a river of Saxony, rises on the N. slope of the Fitflitcl-Berg, on the frontier of Bohemi.a, flows circuitously N., and, after a course of nearly 60 miles, joins the Mulde about 5 miles below Dobeln. Zschoppau, a town of Saxony, on the Zschoppau, 9 miles S.E. of Chemnitz. Pop. 8045. It has manufactures of woollen and cotton fabrics, fringe, and hosiery, printing- and bleaehing-establisfaments, breweries, and potteries. Zschorlau, tshoR'Iow, a village of Saxony, circle of Zwick.au, to the S. of Schneeberg. Pop. 2348. Zsolna, a town of Hungary. See Szolna. Zsomboly, a town of Hungary. See Hatzfeld. Zubia, La. li soo'Be-a, a village of Spain, in Andalusia, province and 3 miles S. of Granada, on the skirts of the Sierra Nevada. It has tlie ruins of a convent founded by Ferdinand and Isabella. Pop. 2632. Zubiena, dzoo-be-4'nii. a town of North Italy, in Novara, 6 miles S.S.W. of Biella. Pop. 2242. Zubsuche, tsoob'soo-K?h, a town of Austria, in G,alicia, near Nou Sandec. Zucapa, soo-ki'pi, a town of Guatemala, between the coast and Old Guatemala. Zucarello, dzoo-ka-rSI'lo, a town of North Italy, 7 miles N.W. of Albenga. Pop. 912. Zuckmantel, tsoSk'manHel, a frontier town of Aus- trian Silesia, 32 miles N.W. of Troppau. Pop. 4904. It has manufactures of cotton and linen fabrics, and rosogUo. Zueela, Zuela, or Zouila, zoo-ee'13,, or Zawila, z^-\vee'I4, a town of Africa, in Fezzan, about 100 miles E. by N. of Moorzook. Zuera, thwi'r^, a town of Spain, Aragon, province and 11 miles N.N.E. of Saragossa, on the Gallego. Pop. 2120. Zueros, thwi'rocc, a town of Spain, province and 28 miles S.E. of Cordova. Pop. 2010. Zuffenhausen, tsoof'fen-bow'zen, a village of WUr- temberg, 6 miles from Ludwigsburg, on the Friedrichshafen Railway. Pop. 2506. Zuf'ferwall, a town of India, in Bengal, division of Amritsir. Pop. 5641. Zug, zoog or tsooG. a central canton of Switzerland, and the smallest in the Confederation, surrounded by the can- tons of Schwytz, Unterwalden, Lucerne, Aargau, and Zu- rich. Length, 15 miles; gre.atest breadth, 9 miles. Area, 92 square miles. Pop. 21,775. Surface mountainous in the S. and S.E. ; highest point, the Kaiserstock, S25S feet in elevation ; the principal portion lies in the basin of the Reuss, and is watered by the Reuss and the SihI. The greater part of the Zugersee and the whole of Lake Egeri are within the canton. The soil is fertile. Butter and cheese arc extensively made ; cattle-rearing and fishing are important. The other branches of industry comprise paper-making, tanning, and silk- and cotton-spinning. Zug (anc. Tiifiium?), the capital of the above canton, is situated on the E. shore of the Zugersee. at the foot of the Zugerberg, 52 miles E.N.E. of Bern. Pop. 4277. It has a gymnasium, a public library, tanneries, manufactures of paper, and trade in cattle, kirschwasser, cider, and dried fruits. Zugerberg, zoo'gher-b5RG\ amountain of Switzerland, canton of Zug, E. of the Zugersee. Height, 3261 feet. Zugersee, zoo'ghor-si', or Lake of Zug, a Lake in the S.W. part of the canton of Zug, bounded E. and S. by the Zugerberg and Righi Culm, which separate it from the cantons of Schwytz and Lucerne. It is 9 miles long and from 2 to 3 miles broad, and 1361 feet a.bove the sea. Zuheros, a town of Spain. See Zueros. Zuid Braband. See South Brabant. Zuider-See, or Zuiderzee. Sec Zuvder Zee. Zuidhorn, zoid'horn, a village of the Netherlands, province and 6 miles W.N.W. of Groningen. Pop. 2452. Zuidland, zoid'lint, a village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 8 miles S.E. of Briel. Pop. 1680. Zuidlaren, soid-li'ren, a village of the Netherlands, province of Drenthe, 9 miles E.N.E. of Assen. Pop. 1662. Zuidzande, zoid'zS-nd^^h, a village of the Netherlands, in Zealand, 15 miles S.W. of Middelburg. Pop. 1047. Zigar, thoo'nar (anc. HKtera ?), a town of Spain, prov- ZOJ 2477 ZUR ince and 5S miles N.E. of Granada, near the Darbata. Pop. 2620, It has mineral springs and copper-mines. Ziijar, a river of Spain. See Sujar. Zulia, soo'Ie-i, a state of Venezuela, between lat. S° and 12° N". and Ion. QS° and 73° W., having on the S. and 'W. the United States of Colombia, and on the N. the Carib- bean Sea. Area, 26,^36 square miles. Pop. 59,235. It bounds (on the W. and S., and partlxon the E.) Lake of its river^'lire tri%jt eluding the Zulia, whence its name, Maracaj^o is th< caybo, to which most Ijtarj', in- capital. »^ Zulia (or Sulia, soo'le-a.) Ki^^ South America, rises in the N. part of the United States of Colombia, flows N.N.AV. into Venezuela, turns gradually N.E., and, dividing into three branches, falls into Lake Maracaybo. Total course, ISO miles. Zulla, Abyssinia. See Adulis. Zulla Islands. See Xulla Islands. Zullchow, tsiirKov, a town of Prussia, near Stettin. Pop. 4615. Ziillichaii, tsiil'le-kow^, a walled town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, 50 miles E.S.E. of Frankfort. It has a cas- tle, a gymnasium with 7 professors, an orphan asylum, and manufactures of woollens, linens, and leather. Pop. 7378. Zuli>ich9 tsiil'piK, a town of Rhenish Prussia, 22 miles S.W. of Cologne. Pop. 1750. It is believed to be the ancient Tolbiacum, near which Clovis defeated the Germans in the year 496. Zulte, zul'teh, a village of Belgium, province of East Flanders, 16 miles S.W. of Ghent. Pop. 1770. Zulu, zoo'loo, a post-office of Rice co., Kansas. Zululaud, zoo'loo-land, a region of Africa, bounded E. by the Indian Ocean, S. by Natal, and W. by the Trans- vaal, and extending N. to the Portuguese district near Delagoa Bay. It is a well-watered and fertile country, forming part of the region called Kaffraria, and is inhabited chiefly by the Zulus, or Amazulu, a fine, warlike people of the Bantu stock. Their government had the character of a formidable military despotism; but in 1S79, after a bloody war with the British, the Zulus were compelled to accept the supervision of a British resident, with re- stricted territorial limits. Ziilz, tsults, Biala, be-a'l^, orBia1o,be-^'1o, a town of Prussian Silesia, 23 miles S.S.W. of Oppein, on the Biala. Pop. 2729. Zu'ma, a township of Bock Island co.. III. Pop. 787. Zuin'bo, a Portuguese settlement of Africa, on the Zambezi, 200 miles N.W. of Tete. Zum'broFans,a post-village of Wabasha co., Minn., on the Zumbro River, and on the Midland Railroad, 41 miles W.S.W. of Wabasha, and IS miles E. of Zumbrota. It has a church, 5 stores, and an elevator. Zumbro River, Minnesota, is formed by two branches which unite in the AV. part of Wabasha co. It runs east- ward, and enters the Mississippi River about 5 miles below Wabasha. The North Branch rises in Rice eo., and runs eastward through Goodhue co. The South Branch drains parts of Dodge and Olmsted cos. The Zumbi'O runs in a deep chasm cut in strata of Silurian limestone. Zumbrota, zum-bro'ta, a post-village of Goodhue co., Minn., in Zumbrota township, on the North Branch of the Zumbro River, and on the Minnesota Midland Railroad, at the junction of a branch of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 25^ miles N. by W. of Rochester, and 59 miles W. by S. of Wabasha. It has 4 churches, a newspaper office, a high school, and manufactures of flour, &c. Pop. of the township, 1053. Zumpau£;o, soom-p^ng'go, a market-town of Mexico, state and 30 miles N. of Mexico, on the border of the small lake of Zumpango. Pop. 4000. Zundert,Groot,grotznn'dert, a village of the Nether- lands, province of North Brabant, 10 miles S.W. of Breda. Pop. of commune, 4071. Zungoli, dzoon-go'lee, a town of Italy, province of Avellino, 6 miles S.E. of Ariano. Pop. 2343. Zun^ri, dzoon'gree, a village of Italy, province of Ca- tanzaro, near Monteleone. Pop. 1554. Zuui, zoon-yee' or soon-yee', a pueblo, or Indian town, of Socorro co., New Mexico, 170 miles S.W. of Santa Fe. Lat. 35° 2' N.; Ion. 107° 56' W. It is on a small river of the same name, which flows into the Chiquito Colorado (i.e., "Little Colorado"). The houses are built of stone, plastered with mud. They ore terrace-shaped, each story, of which there are generaWy three, being smaller laterally, so that one answers in part for the platform of the one above. There are no doors or windows in the lower story j the ascent is on the outside, by means of ladders, which may be drawn up so as to cut off all communication from below. The inhabitants, nearly 2000 in number, cultivate the soil, and have large herds of sheep and droves of horses. There is in the town a Catholic church, built of adobes. Zufii Lake, near the Zuni country, in New Mexico, and not far from the Arizona line, in a desolate volcanic region, is only 1 mile across, and 5 feet in greatest depth. Its waters arc intensely salt, and a large flowing salt spring is said to be the chief feeder of the lake. Here is a large deposit of pure crystalline salt. There is no outflow from this lake. Zuili Mountaius, a detached range in the central part of New Mexico, in lat. about 35° N., Ion. 108° 20' W. Zu'ni Statiou, a post-village of Isle of Wight co., Va., on the Blackwater River, and on the Atlantic, Missis- sippi & Ohio Railroad, 41 miles W. of Norfolk. It has a church, a saw-mill, 3 stores, and a coach-factory. ZuraAvno, tsoo-riv'no, a town of Austria, in Galicia, near Stry. Pop. ol25. Zurgeiia, or Zurxena, thoon-ni'nii, a town of Spain, province and oS miles N.E. of Almeria, on the right bank of the Almanzora. Pop. 1323, who manufacture linens, woollens, flour, and nitre. Zuri, dzoo'ree, an island of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, 12 miles S.W. of Sebenico. Length, 7 miles. On it is a village of the same name, and ofl'its coast a coral-fishery is carried on. Zurich, zoo'rik (Ger. Ziirich, tsii'riK), a canton in the N. part of Switzerland, bounded E. by the cantons of Thurgau and St. Gall, S. by Schwytz and Zug, W. by Aar- gau, N. by Schaff'hausen and the grand duchy of Baden. Area, 6S7 square miles. Pop. 294,994, of whom nearly all are Protestants, and use the German language. Surface undulating, mountainous in the S.E., where the Schnebel- horn is 4298 feet in elevation, and in the S.W., where the Albis or Uetliberg rises to the height of 2S64 feet. It is watered by the Rhine, Thur, Toss, Glatt, Limmat, Sihl, and Reuss. It possesses a great portion of the Lake of Zurich, besides which it has the Greiffensee and the Pfaffikon and several smaller lakes. The climate is mild, but subject to sudden changes. The soil is not fertile. It has numerous mineral springs. Zurich is one of the most industrial cantons in Switzerland : the chief manufactures are cotton, silk, and ribbons; most of the rural population are employed in silk- and cotton-spinning. Schools are numerous and attendance is compulsory. Zurich holds the first rank among the can- tons of the Swiss Confederation. The chief towns are Zu- rich (the capital), Eglisau, Wadenschwyl, and Winterthur. Zurich, or Zurich (anc. Tu'ricum; L. TignHum), a city of Switzerland, capital of the above canton, is situated on the Limmat, at its exit from the N.W. extremity of the Lake of Zurich, 60 miles N.E. of Bern. Pop. in 1870, 21,199, nearly all Protestants. The Limmat divides it into two parts, which communicate by 3 fine bridges. It is surrounded by old walls, and has an arsenal with a fine collection of armory. Chief public buildings, the cathedral, the church of St. Peter, of which Lavater was minister for 23 years, town house, post-office, orphan asylum, and the tower of Wallenberg. It has a university, established in 1832, attended by above 200 students, a cantonal school, several polytechnic schools, a public library of 45,000 volumes, a cabinet of medals and natural history, a botanic garden, and many learned societies. It has important manufactures of silks, cotton fabrics, and ribbons, also dye- works and tanneries. Zurich is the birthplace of the naturalist Gesner, Zimmermann, Lavater, and Pcstalozzi. Near it the Swiss defeated the Austrians on the 22d of July, 1443, and the French defeated the Russians and Austrians on the 26th of August, 1799. See also Lake of ZuniCH. Zurich, zoo'rik, a post-hamlet of Hall co., Neb., 7 miles N.N.W. of Alda. Zurich, a post-hamlet of Wayne co., N.Y., on theSodus Point tfe Southern Railroad, 7 miles N. by E. of Newark. Zurich, zoo'rik, a post-village in Huron co., Ontario, 18 miles S.W. of Seaforth. It contains 2 woollen-factories, a tannery, a pottery, saw- and grist-mill, 3 stores, and several churches. Pop. 200. Zurmie, a town of Central Africa. See Zirmie. Zurrah, zur'ra, or Dur'ra, written also Zereh and Zerreh, a brackish lake of Seistan, near the limits of Persia, Afghanistan, and Beloochistan, lying S.E. of the Hamoon Lake. The shores are overgrown to a consider- able distance with rushes and reeds, interspersed with pools of standing water. The lake is nearly dried up. Zuruma, soo-roo'md., a river of Brazilian Guiana, after a southeastward course of 80 miles, joins the Takutu in lat. 3° 22' N. and about Ion. 60° W. ZUR 2478 ZYW Zui'uma, soo-roo'nii, a town of Ecuador, in Asuay, in a mining-district, on the ^V. declivity of the Andes, 28 miles N.W. of Loja. Pop. 6000. Its gold- and silver- mines rendered it formerly very populous, but its impor- tance has greatly declined. Zurumillo,soo-roo-meel'yo, a village of Peru, province and N.W. of Pataz, on the right bank of the Amazon. Zurxeiia, a town of Spain. See Zurgkxa. Zurzach, tsoor'tsak, a village of Switzerland, canton of Aargau, on the Rhine, 16 miles N.N.E. of Aarau. Near it is a cataract of £he Rhine. Pop. 819. Zusain, tsoo'sd.m, a river of Bavaria, after a course of 40 miles, joins the Danube opposite Donauworth. Zuscheu, tsoosh'en, a town of Germany, principality of "VValdeek, 15 miles S.W. of Cassel, on the Elbe. Zusmarshauseii, tsoos'mars-how^zen, a town of Ba- varia, in Swabia, on the Zusam, an affluent of the Danube, 14 miles W.N.W. of Augsburg. Pop. 966. Zutkuerqiie, zUt^kw^Rk', a village of France, in Pas- de-Calais, 10 miles N.W. of Saint-Omer. Pop. 1680. Zutphen, zut'f?n (L. Zntj^hania), a town and fortress of the Netherlands, province of Gelderland, on the Yssel and its affluent the Berkel (which traverses the centre of the town), 17 miles N.N.E. ofArnhem. Pop. 14,570. It has an ancient cathedral, a town house, tanneries, oil-works, and manufactures of cotton, paper, and glue. Zutphen formerly belonged to the Hanseatie League. It was taken by Don Frederick of Toledo in 1572, by Prince Maurice in 1591, and by the French in 1672. ZuUrbraak, ziir'brS.k', a village of South Africa, Cape Colony, district of Zwellendnm, 140 miles E. of Cape Town, on the Buffeljagts. It is a station of the London Missio'h- ary Society, and has mission- and school-houses, a chapel, (fee. Zuvia, thoo've-d., a town of Spain, 4 miles S.E. of Granada, on the left bank of the Genii. Pop. 3095, Zuyder (or 2uid.er) Zee, zi'd^r zee (Dutch pron. zoi'der zk ; anc. Fle'vns La'cus), a gulf of the German Ocean, in the Netherlands, between the provinces of Over- yssel and Friesland in the E., Utrecht and Gelderland in the S., and North Holland in the W. On the N. it is nearly enclosed by the islands of Texel, Vlieland, Ter- schelling, and Ameland. Length, from N. to S., 45 miles; greatest breadth, 35 miles. On the S.W. it forms the inlet called the Y, on which Amsterdam is situated. It contains 4 small islands. Chief affluents, the Zwarte-Water and several branches of the Rhine. Its fisheries are important. The Zuyder Zee, formerly a lake, was united to the German Ocean by an inundation in 1282. Under the French the provinces of North Holland and Utrecht formed the de- partment of Zuyder Zee, with Amsterdam as its capital. Zuydhorn, a town of the Netherlands. See Zuidhorn. Zuydland, a town of the Netherlands. See Zuidland. Zuzweil, tsoots'wile, a village and parish of Switzer- land, canton and U miles W.N.W. of St. Gall, Pop. 1107, Zveiiigorod, a town of Russia. See Svenigouod. Zvenigorodka, a town of Russia. See Svenigorodka. Zveritigolovsk, or Sweringolowsk, zvi-rin-go- lovsk', a town of Siberia, government of Orenboorg, on the Ooi, an affluent of the Tobol, 130 miles E. of Troitsk. Zvoi-'nik, or Zwornik (Turk, hvornih or Izvorneek, izVor-neek'), a fortified town of Europe, in Bosnia, on the Drin, 30 miles from its mouth in the Save. Pop. 8O0O. It has several mosques and Greek and Roman Catholic churches. Zwart-Berg, zwant-b^RG ("black mountain"), two mountain-ranges of South Africa, Cape Colon3\ districts of Zwellendam and George, bounding the Little Karroo Plain and the upper valley of Olifant's River. The more Northern or Great Zwart-Berg Range is rugged, and in some places 4000 feet in height. Zwart-Dooni, zwaut-donn, a river of South Africa, Cape Colony, district of Clanwilliam, enters the Atlantic in lat. 31° S., Ion. 17° 40' E. ZwarteAval, zwan'teh-^ilr, a village of the Nether- lands, province of South Holland, 3 miles S. of Briel. Zwartkoxis, 2waRt'kops\ a river of South Africa, Cape Colony, tributary to the Little Doom River, which it joins after a W. S.W. course of 100 miles. The Zwaiitland is a fertile tract in the districts of Cape and Stellenbpsch. Zivartsluis, zwant'slois^, or Zwartesluis, zwan'- teh-slois\ a town of the Netherlands, in Overyssel, on the Zwarte-Water, an affluent of the Vecht, near its mouth in the Zuyder Zee, 9 miles N. of Zwolle. Pop. 43^8, Zweden, the Dutch for Sweden. Zweibviicken, Bavaria. See Deux-Ponts. Zweisimmen, tswi'sim^men, a village and parish of Switzerland, canton and 27 miles S.S.W. of Bern, agreeably situated in a valley, on the Simmen. Pop. 2128. ZAveHendam, zwgri5n-dam' or Swerieiidam', the most S. division or district of Cape Colony, South Africa, terminating in Cape Agulhas, is bounded on the S. by the ocean, E. by the district of George, N. by Worcester, ancl W. by Caledon and Breadasdorp. Area, 7616 square miles. Pop. 9964. It is traversed on the N. by the Zwart-Berg Mountains, and watered by the Breede River. Chief prod- ucts, corn,^soap, butter, tallow, brandy, and irine. Principal towns, Zwellendam, Caledon, and Port Beaufort, ZAVellendam, a town of South Africa, Cape Colony, capital of the division of Zwellendam, 110 miles E. of Cape Town. It has a chiJi'ch, jail, and reading-room. Pop. 2679. Zwenigorodka, Russia. See SvESiGonoDiCA. Zwenkau, tsw^nk'ow, a town of Saxony, 9 miles S.S.W. of Leipsic, on the Elster. Pop. 3058. It has saltpetre- and woollen-mills; and in its vicinity is a powder-mill. Zwesten, tswest'^n, a village of Hesse-Nassau, Nieder- Hessen, circle of Fritzlar, on the Wetzelbach. Pop. 1156. ZAVettel, zw^t'tel (Ger. pron. tsw^t'tel), written also Zwetl, a town of Lower Austria, on the Kamp, at the mouth of the Zwettel, 24 miles N.W. of Krems. Pop. 2918. It has miinufactures of woollen cloths, linens, and ribbons. Near it is a Cistercian abbey with a rich library. Zweybrucken, Bavaria. See Ddux-Ponts. ZAVickau, tswik'ow, a town of Bohemia, circle of Jung- Buntzlau, 19 miles W. of Reichenberg. Pop. 4667, mostly employed in manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics. Zwickau, a town of Saxony, on the left bank of the Mulde, and on the Saxon & Bavarian Railway, 60 miles S.W. of Dresden. Pop. 31,491. It has a church ivith a lofty tower, a gymnasium with a library of 30,000 volumes, and manufactures of woollen cloths, cotton goods, chemical products, paper, oil, flour, glass, &c. In its vicinity are extensive coal-mines. Zwiesel, tswee'zel, a market-town of Lower Bavaria, on the Regen, 32 miles N.N.W. of Passau. Pop. 2537. Zivijndrecht, Netherlands. See Zwyndrecht. ZAVingeiiberg, tswing'en-b^RG\ a town of Germany, in Hesse, province of Starkenburg, and on the Frankfort & Mannheim Railway, 10 miles S. of Darmstadt, Pop. 1445. Zwingle, zwing'gh^l, a post-village of Dubuque and Jackson cos., Iowa, 14 miles S. of Dubuque. It has a church, a steam mill, and a normal institute. The post- office is in Dubuque co. ZAvittau,tswit't6w, or Zwittawa, z\Vit-t3,'vJl, a river of Moravia, after a S. course of 55 miles, joins the Schwarza at Briinn. Zwittau, or ZAVittawa, a walled town of Moravia, circle of Olmutz, near the Bohemian frontier, on the rail- way to Prague, 40 miles N. of Brunn. Pop. 5781. It has manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics, and an active trade in wool and flax. ZwittaAvka, zwitrt^v'kS,, a market-town of Moravia, on the Zwittau, 22 miles N. of Briinn. Pop. 700. Zwolle, zwol'leh, a fortified town of the Netherlands, capital of the province of Overj'ssel, 62 miles E.N.E. of Amsterdam, on the Zwarte-Water. Pop. 21,593. It was formerly a free imperial city, and belonged to the Hanseatie League. It has a cathedral, town hall, a tribunal of com- merce, manufactures of woollen and linen cloths, sugar- and salt-refineries, and an active trade with Germany. Near Zwolle there formerly stood a priory, the residence of Thomas a Kempis. ZwoHeii, zwol'len, a town of Russian Poland, govern- ment and 19 miles E.S.E. of Radom. Pop. 2026. Zwdnitz, tswb'nits, or ZAVomitz, ts^^o'mits, a town of Saxony, 15 miles S.S.W. of Chemnitz, on the Zwonitz. Pop. 2687. It has manufactures of linens, cottons, and lace. Zivornik, a town of Turkey. See Zvornik. Zwrataiich, a village of Bohemia. See Sw'ratauch. Zwyndrecht, or Zwijiidrecht, zwin'drSict, a village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, 10 miles S.E. of Rot- terdam, on the Meuse, opposite Dort. It supplies large quantities of vegetables for passing vessels. Pop. 3206, Zwyndrecht, a town of Belgium, in East Flanders, 17 miles N.E. of Dendermonde, on the Scheldt. Pop. 2061. Zydaczow, zid-itch'ov or zid'fl-chov\ a town of Aus- tria, in Galicia, 16 miles N.E. of Stry, near the mouth of the Stry in the Dniester. Pop. 2146. Zyghur, zrgur', or Jayghur, jTgur', a town of India, 14 miles above the mouth of a river in the bay of its own name, and 118 miles S. by E. of Bombay'. The river at its entrance is defended by a fort, and lined by struggling vil- lages up to the town, which is a place of considerable size. Zyory, a town of Prussian Silesia. See Sohrau, Zytomir, or Zytomiers. See ZniTosrEER. Zy wiec, a town of Austria, in Galicia. See Seiputsch. ^*^P^ MMM^OBmlSm ^mtMsm^^ Y'h j)|3(r^l>;>> g iniyjpP>ps|0):si>)a Wl^STMM -miT^ ^{mTirym^-^m •omirf -■^- ■" ^^' p' o^- i? '>' , 'T'. ,'^'